3./7.2L< 
 
 LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 BR 784 .L62 1892 
 Lockhart, William, 1820- 
 1892. 
 
 The Church of Scotland in 
 the thirteenth century 
 
THE 
 
 CHUECH or SCOTLAND 
 
 THE THIETEENTH CENTUEY 
 
19; 
 
 THE ''^i;2L>»lc*l Si** 
 
 ^*, 
 
 CHURCH OF SCOTLAND 
 
 IN 
 
 THE LIFE AND TIMES OF 
 
 DAVID DE BERNHAM OF ST ANDREWS 
 
 (BISHOP) A.D. 1239 TO 1253 
 
 WITH 
 LIST OF CHURCHES DEDICATED BY HIM, AND DATES 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM LOCKHART, A.M. 
 
 FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, AND 
 illNISTER OF COLINTON PARISH, MID-LOTHIAN 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 MDCCOXCII 
 
IN MEMORIAM DILECTISSIMI FRATRIS, 
 REV. ROBERTI LOCKHART, A.M., QUI POST 
 MINISTERIUM BREVE SED FERVIDUM IN 
 ECCLESIA SCOTICANA APUD KILMAURS IN 
 VICE-COMITATU DE AYR, IBI MORTUUS EST 
 XII° DIE MENSIS AUGUSTI MDCCCLVII. 
 
PRE FA CE, 
 
 This Work has been undertaken solely in the 
 interests of Archceological research — to state and 
 elucidate facts in connection ivith the Medieval 
 Church in Scotland. The subject was originally 
 touched on by the ivriter in a 'paper communi- 
 cated by him to the Society of Antiquaries of 
 Scotland, and ptiblished by them in their Pro- 
 ceedings for the years 1885-86, Vol. VIII. , New 
 Series, jyp. 190-200. Even yet, although much 
 new matter has been added, the writer feels that 
 he has only furnished an imperfect contribu- 
 tion to the ecclesiastical doings of a century 
 associated ivith the heroic names of Wallace 
 and Bruce, and rich ivith many striking and 
 important events in the Medieval History of 
 Scotland. 
 
 COLINrON MANSE, 
 
 1st February 1889. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. PAGE 
 
 I. THE MONARCHS OP SCOTLAND IN THE THIRTEENTH 
 
 CENTURY, ....... 1 
 
 II. GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY AND THE CHURCH, 9 
 
 III. DAVID DE BERNHAM, . . . . . 17 
 
 IV. ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS, . . 24 
 V, FREDERICK II., EMPEROR OP GERMANY, AND THE 
 
 CHURCH, ....... 36 
 
 VI. THE " PONTIFICALE," OR BOOK OP CEREMONIES, 
 
 WITH LIST OF DEDICATIONS, .... 42 
 
 VIL MODES OP DEDICATING CHURCHES, ... 66 
 
 VIIL THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS, . . 82 
 IX. CEREMONIAL AT DUNFERMLINE IN HONOUR OF 
 
 QUEEN MARGARET, ..... 94 
 
 X. ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL LEGISLATION 
 
 IN SCOTLAND, ...... 102 
 
 XI. ON THE SCOLOCS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, . 122 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 XII, MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING, . . . 129 
 
 XIII. DILAPIDATION OF THIRTEENTH-CENTURY CHURCH 
 
 EDIFICES IN SCOTLAND, .... 142 
 
 XIV. CONCLUDING REMARKS DEATH OP DAVID DE 
 
 BERNHAM, . . . . . . .150 
 
THE CHUECH OF SCOTLAND 
 
 IN THE 
 
 THIETEENTH CENTIJEY, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ^fje Jlonarcfjs of ^cotlanK in tfje Ejjirteentji 
 
 TTTHEN the thirteenth century dawned upon 
 * ' Scotland, William the Lion was upon the 
 throne. He was the brother of Malcolm IV. — his 
 predecessor — second son of the lamented Prince 
 Henry, grandson of David I., and great-grandson 
 of Malcolm III. (Canmore) and his Saxon queen, 
 Margaret. William, who was born in 1143, 
 ascended the throne on 9th December 1165, and 
 was crowned at Scone on Christmas Eve of that 
 year. Having in the early part of his reign 
 imprudently quarrelled with Henry II. of Eng- 
 land about the territory of Northumberland, and 
 
 A 
 
2 THE MONARCHS OF SCOTLAND 
 
 having still more imprudently risked his person 
 in an encounter at Alnwick, he was captured 
 by some Norman barons, and sent a prisoner to 
 the castle of Falaise, in Normandy. This un- 
 fortunate result was most prejudicial to the in- 
 terests of Scotland. For, in order to obtain his 
 liberty, William, with the consent of his barons 
 and clergy, entered into a treaty with Henry, by 
 which he made dishonourable concessions to the 
 English monarch, and bartered away the inde- 
 pendence of his country. Not only so, but as a 
 security for the fulfilment of the treaty obliga- 
 tions, hostages were demanded by Henry, and 
 the fortresses of Edinburgh, Berwick, Roxburgh, 
 Jedburgh, and Stirling were garrisoned by Eng- 
 lish troops. The terms of this treaty, however, 
 although degrading to the country, did not in 
 any way compromise the liberties and indepen- 
 dence of the Church of Scotland. The clergy of 
 that Church, at all times jealous of the claims 
 put forth by the Metropolitan Sees of York and 
 Canterbury, boldly asserted their independence 
 in presence of a Papal Legate, in a conference at 
 Northampton (1176-77); and this independence 
 was confirmed by Pope Clement III. in a decree 
 issued by him in the year 1188. When Henry 
 II. died, and Richard Coeur de Lion was seated 
 
IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 3 
 
 on the English throne, the latter monarch, being 
 in want of money for a crusade, William, by a 
 payment of ten thousand merks, obtained back 
 again the privileges and rights which had been 
 surrendered by the Treaty of Falaise ; and that 
 document having been delivered up and cancelled, 
 the independence of Scotland was once more 
 secured. The Scottish monarch seems to have 
 profited by this unfortunate occurrence. For 
 ever afterwards he showed the most sterling 
 qualities, and stood manfully up for the inde- 
 pendence of his kingdom and the Church. He 
 had frequently to put down insurrections in 
 Galloway, E-oss, and Caithness, caused chiefly by 
 jealousies between his Celtic and Anglo-Norman 
 barons ; and after a reign of nearly half a century 
 — the longest, indeed, of any Scottish monarch — 
 William died at Stirling on the 4th December 
 1214, in the seventy-second year of his age. His 
 remains were interred in the magnificent Bene- 
 dictine Monastery of Aberbrothoc (Arbroath), 
 which in 1173 he had founded and endowed, and 
 dedicated to St Mary and the pious memory of 
 Thomas a-Becket. 
 
 William was succeeded on the throne by his 
 son Alexander II., a youth then only in the 
 seventeenth year of his age ; but whose early 
 
4 THE MONARCHS OF SCOTLAND 
 
 promise after-years fully justified, for he became 
 one of the ablest, wisest, and most active of 
 Scottish kings. Alexander was born in 1198, 
 his mother's name being Ermengarde, and he was 
 crowned at Scone in circumstances of great pomp 
 by William de Malvoisin, Bishop of St Andrews, 
 on the Friday before the Feast of St Nicholas, 
 1214, being the day after his father's death, in 
 presence of the Earls of Fife, Stratherne, Atholl, 
 Angus, Menteith, Buchan, and Lothian. On 
 the 25th June 1221, Alexander married Joan, 
 daughter of King John, and eldest sister of Henry 
 III. of England ; and the Queen of Scotland hav- 
 ing died without issue on 4th March 1237-38, he 
 married again on 15th May 1239, Mary, daughter 
 of Ingelram de Couci of Picardy, and by her he 
 had a son, Alexander, born at Roxburgh on 4th 
 September 1241. In the early part of his reign, 
 and indeed before his first marriage, the Scottish 
 monarch took part with the barons of England in 
 resisting the tyranny of King John, and thereby 
 assisted to call forth that famous instrument 
 known as " Magna Charta." For this action Alex- 
 ander was excommunicated by the Pope ; but not 
 only did this high-minded monarch, and great 
 Church protector, disregard the spiritual sentence 
 of Home, but when a Papal Legate (Otho) sub- 
 
IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 5 
 
 sequently entered the kingdom, and held a council 
 at Edinburgh, the sovereign refused to see him, 
 and only permitted the council to be held upon 
 condition that it should not be drawn into a 
 precedent. In the year 1244, Alexander was 
 prudent enough to avoid a war with Henry III. 
 of England, although the Scottish monarch mus- 
 tered an army of 100,000 men in the prospect of 
 a conflict ; but having on one occasion led an ex- 
 pedition against some troublesome petty chiefs in 
 the West Highlands of Scotland, the king was 
 seized with a fever, and died in the small island 
 of Kerrera, near Oban, on 8th July 1249, in the 
 fifty-first year of his age and the thirty-fifth of 
 his reign. His remains were interred in Mel- 
 rose Abbey. 
 
 Alexander III. was only in the eighth year of 
 his age when his father died. He was crowned 
 at Scone on 13th July 1249, by David de Bern- 
 ham, Bishop of St Andrews, in presence of the 
 principal nobles and clergy of the kingdom. On 
 the 26th December 1257, he married Margaret, 
 daughter of Henry III. of England, and there 
 were three children born of this marriage — viz., 
 Margaret, born in 1262, married Eric, King of 
 Norway, in 1281, died in 1283, leaving one child, 
 Margaret, the Maiden of Norway; Alexander, 
 
6 THE MONARCHS OF SCOTLAND 
 
 born at Jedburgh on 21st January 1263-64, died 
 after marriage without issue on 28th January 
 1283 - 84 ; and David, born in 1270, died in 
 nonage. The Queen of Scotland having died 
 on the 26th February 1274-75, the king married 
 a second time in 1285, Joletta, daughter of the 
 Count de Dreux ; but there was no issue of this 
 marriage, and all the children of the sovereign 
 being now dead, there remained only the tender 
 infant, Margaret of Norway, as heiress to the 
 Scottish throne. 
 
 Perhaps the most remarkable event in the 
 reign of Alexander III. was the invasion of the 
 kingdom on its northern and western parts by 
 Haco, King of Norway, in 1263. The Scottish 
 army, under the command of the king and his 
 general, Alexander Steuart, met and defeated 
 the Norwegian troops in battle near Largs in 
 Ayrshire ; and almost the entire fleet of the 
 Scandinavian monarch having been destroyed by 
 a storm which arose on September 30th and 
 lasted two days, Haco withdrew to Orkney, and 
 died in the Bishop's Palace at Kirkwall on the 
 15th December 1263. A warm friendship, how- 
 ever, soon sprang up between the two countries. 
 By a treaty concluded in July 1266, and for a 
 money payment, the Sudreys or Western Isles 
 
IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 7 
 
 were annexed to Scotland. In 1281, as has been 
 said, Eric, King of Norway, married Margaret, 
 the daughter of the Scottish king. But disasters 
 were at hand. In 1283, the Queen of Norway- 
 died, and her father, the Scottish king, riding 
 on the evening of the 16th March 1285-86 — a 
 dark night — from Dunfermline to Kinghorn, where 
 the queen then was, fell from his horse near the 
 latter town, and was killed ; thus leaving the in- 
 fant Margaret as his only successor to the Scottish 
 throne. Margaret, too, on her way to occupy 
 the throne of her ancestors, and to gratify the 
 eager wishes of the Scottish people by coming 
 among them, died in Orkney in September 1290, 
 in the seventh or eighth year of her age, and the 
 fifth of her reign. 
 
 These sad events were followed by years of 
 sorrow and disaster to Scotland. For nearly 
 the remainder of the century the throne was 
 vacant. John Baliol only began to reign on 
 17th November 1292, and he resigned the crown 
 on 2d July 1296. Contending factions sprang 
 up throughout the country. Edward I. of Eng- 
 land, one of the ablest and most ambitious of 
 monarchs, craftily endeavoured to destroy the 
 independence of the kingdom. After years of 
 negotiation war began, which, whilst it arrested 
 
8 THE MONARCHS OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 the growing prosperity of the kingdom, drew 
 forth the splendid heroism of Wallace, the 
 soldierly and kingly qualities of Bruce, and de- 
 veloped in the breasts of the Scottish people a 
 resoluteness and daring which finally triumphed 
 on the memorable field of Bannockburn (25th 
 June 1314). 
 
CHAPTER IL 
 General Aspect of tije Countrg antJ tfje (fTjjurc!). 
 
 TTTHEN David de Bernham rose up to take the 
 ' ' foremost place in the Church of his native 
 land, the condition of things in Scotland was 
 very different from what they are now. Six 
 hundred years is a long interval in the life of a 
 nation. Literature, art, science, politics, gov- 
 ernment, the general aspect of the country, the 
 social and religious habits of the people, have all 
 undergone vast and important changes during 
 that time. In the middle of the thirteenth 
 century the great continent of America was un- 
 known to European States. Great Britain had 
 not come into existence. England and Scotland 
 were separate and independent kingdoms. The 
 British colonies had not been acquired. The 
 mariner's compass, gunpowder, and the deadly 
 weapons of modern warfare, had not been dis- 
 covered. Printing was unknown. Books were 
 only in manuscript. The English language was 
 
10 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 not yet fully formed. Literature, with few ex- 
 ceptions, was confined to the great remains of 
 Greek and Roman genius. The Latin tongue 
 was the language of the Church. Universities, 
 schools, academies, courts of law, as now consti- 
 tuted — as far as Scotland was concerned — had 
 not yet come into existence. The great battles 
 of Bannockburn and Flodden had not been 
 fought. Dante, Wickliffe, Luther, Knox, Shake- 
 speare, Galileo, Newton, Scott, Burns, and other 
 illustrious individuals, were only to be names of 
 the future ; whilst as regards the physical sciences 
 and the applications of steam, magnetism, elec- 
 tricity, and their varied and marvellous forces to 
 the necessities and uses of mankind — these were 
 to be the discoveries of later ages, and indeed the 
 most outstanding characteristics of the nine- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Nevertheless the thirteenth century was one of 
 great advancement and prosperity to Scotland. 
 The race of kings which sprang from Malcolm 
 and Margaret and their successors, and which, as 
 far as the male line was concerned, terminated 
 with the death of Alexander III., had all been men 
 of great ability and energy. Consequently the 
 country flourished during their respective reigns. 
 When Alexander III. died, the kingdom of Scot- 
 
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 11 
 
 land, with the exceptions of Orkney and Shetland, 
 was coextensive with its present limits. Its nat- 
 ural features of mountain, forest, lake, and river, 
 were perhaps more grand and imposing than they 
 are now. The Celtic, Anglic, British, and Nor- 
 man populations were being welded together into 
 one harmonious whole. Burghs and towns were 
 coming into existence. Beads were being formed 
 where formerly only mere bridle-paths had been. 
 Bridges were beginning to span the great rivers. 
 Villages were springing up near mills, and other 
 scenes of industry. Agriculture was progressing. 
 Norman architecture and civilisation were pene- 
 trating into almost every corner of the land. The 
 rivers abounded with fish. The great forests — 
 the noble trees of many of which had not yet 
 been levelled to the ground to meet the exigen- 
 cies of agriculture and war — were filled with deer 
 and other kinds of game. Horses, sheep, and 
 cattle browsed upon the rich pastures. Money 
 was becoming plentiful ; and everywhere through- 
 out the country there were signs of prosperity 
 and comfort — a prosperity and comfort, however, 
 that were to be rudely disturbed when, towards 
 the close of the century, the throne was left 
 vacant, and the War of Independence began. 
 As regards the ecclesiastical condition of Scot- 
 
12 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 land in the thirteenth century, it is perhaps im- 
 possible now to form just and accurate conceptions. 
 Great changes in the religious life and habits of 
 the people, as well as in the doctrine, discipline, 
 and government of the Church, have taken place 
 since then ; and yet such changes seem to be a 
 natural law of all human existence. In David 
 de Bernham's days the Columban Church had 
 gone. The Culdee establishments were either 
 wholly swept away, or about to be merged in 
 that new order of things which Malcolm III. and 
 Margaret, and the monarchs immediately de- 
 scended from them, had helped to introduce. 
 Monasticism was in the very greatness and plen- 
 itude of its power and influence. There was a 
 magnificent Benedictine Monastery at Dunferm- 
 line, a Cistercian Abbey at Balmerino, a Priory 
 of Canons-Kegular of St Austin at St Andrews, 
 another of Benedictines at Lindores, and sev- 
 eral other religious houses of a more or less 
 imposing character, all in the county of Fife. 
 On the borders of Scotland there were the fa- 
 mous monasteries of Melrose, Kelso, Jedburgh, 
 and Dryburgh. In Renfrewshire there was a 
 Clugniac Abbey at Paisley. In the county of 
 Clackmannan there was an Abbey of Canons- 
 Regular at Cambuskenneth ; and in almost every 
 
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 13 
 
 county of Scotland there were edifices of a more 
 or less imposing description, giving abundant 
 evidence of the existence of monastic and con- 
 ventual religious life all throughout the land. 
 King Edgar, in 1098, founded the large and 
 beautiful Benedictine Priory of Coldingham, in 
 Berwickshire, where formerly a Saxon nunnery 
 had been. Alexander I. brought into existence 
 the monastery of Aberbrothoc ; whilst David, 
 the youngest brother of the two preceding kings, 
 in 1128, founded Holyrood, and many other re- 
 ligious establishments throughout the country. 
 In this century, too, the great cathedral churches 
 of St Andrews, Glasgow, Dunkeld, Dunblane, 
 Moray, Aberdeen, Brechin, Galloway, Caithness, 
 Boss, Orkney, and Argyle, were all in existence, 
 although some of them were only partially com- 
 pleted.^ In all probability, moreover, most of 
 the ancient parish churches of Scotland had been 
 erected, and some of them even now in Norman 
 type, giving evidence of the great spread of 
 Christianity, the interest taken in religion, and 
 the power of the clergy to draw forth the aspi- 
 rations as well as the liberality of the people. 
 
 1 St Giles', Edinburgh, was only a collegiate church before the 
 Eeformation. It became a cathedral church when, in 1636, Charles 
 I. created the Protestant Bishopric of Edinburgh, out of what was 
 the ancient Ai-chdeaconry of Lothian in the Diocese of St Andrews. 
 
14 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 That, however, which chiefly distinguished the 
 Church of the middle ages in Scotland from the 
 Church of the later centuries, was the existence 
 at the former period of great religious houses, 
 and cells connected with them, where separate 
 communities of individuals of both sexes lived 
 either a coenobitical, eremitical, or conventual 
 life. This peculiar feature of Christianity — 
 which may almost be said to be coeval with its 
 rise, and which perhaps the early persecutions 
 helped to introduce — was not, however, confined 
 to Scotland. In almost all the countries of 
 Europe and Asia during these times, there were 
 to be found edifices of the stateliest and most 
 imposing description, inhabited separately by 
 men and women, who from the deepest feelings 
 of devotion sought a home in these quiet and 
 hallowed retreats. Nor were such persons, who 
 thus voluntarily separated themselves from the 
 businesses and pleasures of the world, the igno- 
 rant or inexperienced among mankind, those to 
 whom life had become a burden and duty a pain. 
 On the contrary, in many instances they were 
 said to be the very flower of honourable manhood 
 and womanhood. Ladies and gentlemen of rank 
 and position, even in early youth, would forsake 
 the companionship of friends, and renounce the 
 
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 15 
 
 fascinations of worldly society, in order that they 
 might give their days and nights to devotion, 
 and to a more constant and uninterrupted fellow- 
 ship with God, in preparation for an eternal 
 world. The monarch would leave his throne, 
 the baron his castle, the soldier the excitement 
 of the camp, and the lady of rank the boasted 
 charms of life, so that in these retired abodes 
 they might carry out more effectively the rigid 
 and self-denying precepts of the Saviour of the 
 world. This was a marked and undoubted fea- 
 ture of Christianity in Scotland in the days of 
 David de Bernham. These monasteries were 
 homes of shelter, charity, and devotion, where the 
 poor were attended to, and where even the soli- 
 tary wanderer at midnight, guided by the monas- 
 tery's light, would receive a kindly welcome, and 
 be asked to take part in the prayers and praises 
 that might then be rising to God. Not only so, 
 but these religious houses were the seminaries 
 of learning in the middle ages — where youth 
 was instructed, where books were written, and 
 manuscripts copied and preserved. They were, 
 moreover, nurseries of industry, where agriculture 
 was studied, and around which large tracts of 
 waste land were brought into cultivation ; and 
 when, in addition to all this, it is remembered that 
 
16 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 they were the principal missionary institutions of 
 these ages, and that to them many of the parishes 
 in Scotland owe their existence, we may reason- 
 ably come to the conclusion, that although, like 
 all human institutions, they had their imperfec- 
 tions, yet they served important ends in their 
 day. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 ©abiU tie Bernfjam. 
 
 A MONG the comparatively scanty records of 
 ^-*- the thirteenth century it is impossible now 
 to furnish anything like a detailed or complete 
 biography of David de Bernham. There can be 
 no doubt, however, from the high position which 
 he occupied, and the offices which he filled, that 
 he was one of the foremost, if not the very fore- 
 most man of his day. The diocese of St Andrews, 
 of which he became bishop, was at this time, and 
 for centuries before and after, the chief ecclesi- 
 astical district in Scotland. It was the recog- 
 nised head of the other dioceses of the kingdom — 
 the Canterbury of the country — and it extended 
 territorially from the English border on the south- 
 east to districts contiocuous to Aberdeen in the 
 north. The town of St Andrews itself, on the 
 north-east of the county of Fife, was the great 
 
18 DAVID DE BERNHAM. 
 
 centre of ecclesiastical power and influence in 
 Scotland in the middle ages. By certain legends ^ 
 associated with the Apostle Andrew, the place 
 got its name from this disciple of Christ, and so 
 deeply did he imj^ress the mind of the people of 
 Scotland, that he ultimately became patron saint 
 of the entire kingdom, having his festival day on 
 the 30tli November. From the beginning of the 
 tenth down to the sixteenth century St Andrews 
 was the chief ecclesiastical place in the country. 
 Many of the most striking events in Scottish 
 history are associated with it. Its bishop was 
 " Maximus Episcopus Scottorum," whilst in the 
 days of Patrick Griaham (a.d. 1471) it was made 
 an archbishopric, and in those of the all-powerful 
 but unfortunate David Beaton, Chancellor of the 
 kingdom, this archbishop was raised to the lofty 
 dignity of a cardinal. 
 
 ^ For an account of these legends, see Skene, Celtic Scotland, vol. 
 i. pp. 296, 297 ; Grierson's St Andrews, pp. 2-9 ; and Fordun's 
 Scotichronicon, lib. ii. cap. 30. Grierson seems to make the date of 
 St Regulus's arrival with the bones of St Andrew the 29th October 
 369 or 370 ; but Skene, on better authority, apparently (Tighernac), 
 connects the Greek monk and the foundation of Kilrimont or St 
 Andrews with the year 761, when Angus, son of Fergus, a sanguin- 
 ary tyrant, was king of the Picts, with his capital at Abernethy. 
 The land where the town stands was at that time called Muckross, 
 or the land of boars — mud; in the Pictish language, signifying a 
 boar, and ross a land or promontory. 
 
DAVID DE BERNHAM. 19 
 
 David de Bernham was born about the end of 
 the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, in the ancient town of Berwick-on- Tweed. 
 Whether on the English or Scottish side of the 
 classic river, it is now impossible to say. But, 
 judging from the fact that he became connected 
 with the Scottish Church, and remembering, 
 moreover, that in this century the town on the 
 north side of the Tweed belonged to Scotland, 
 it may be inferred that he was born there, and 
 that therefore he was a Scotchman.^ He is said 
 to have been descended from an ancient family of 
 burgesses in Berwick ; whilst in the Chartulary 
 of the Priory of St Andrews "he is designed 
 Camerarius Scotise," and is mentioned along with 
 his brother, ^' Robertus Bernham, Burgensis de 
 Berwick" who is probably the same person that 
 was "major" (mayor) of the town in 1249.^ 
 
 Bernham was evidently a patronymic — the sur- 
 
 1 The town of Berwick-on-Tweed, on the Scottish side, seems to 
 have oscillated for centuries between Scotland and England. It 
 was burned in 1173 and again in 1216. It was taken from Scotland 
 and annexed to England in 1333 ; annexed to Scotland in 1354, to 
 England in 1355, to Scotland in 1378, to England in the same year. 
 Scotland had it in 1384, England in 1385, and finally ceded in 1502. 
 Cromwell took it in 1648, and General Monk on October 29th, 
 1659.— (Tegg's Diet, of Chron., p. 79.) 
 
 ^ Keith's Catalogue of Scottish Bishops, p. 16. 
 
20 DAVID DE BERNHAM. 
 
 name of the family — or probably at first the name 
 of a property held by them in Berwickshire.^ It 
 is sometimes written Bernhame, and often Benham, 
 without the " c?e " preceding it. Nothing is said 
 in any ancient record of the place where the 
 bishop received his early education ; but judging 
 from the fact that he was destined for the clerical 
 profession, he would, no doubt, like others, be 
 trained in one of the schools belonging to some of 
 the great monasteries or priories of the kingdom, 
 where he would give evidence of those great 
 qualities that were soon to raise him to one of 
 the highest positions in the country. 
 
 The first recorded appearance of David de 
 Bernham in public is as an ecclesiastic — a sub- 
 deacon of the Church — attached to the Court of 
 Alexander II. This monarch, as has already 
 been indicated, ascended the throne of Scotland 
 on the 4th December 1214, and David de Bern- 
 ham ultimately became his Camerarius, or Cham- 
 berlain. In the Chartulary of Dunfermline Abbey 
 (Regist. de Dunf , p. 64, c. No. 107) he appears 
 along with others as a witness in a charter of 
 Bishop William de Malvoisin, giving a grant of 
 the teinds of the church of Kinglassin (Kinglassie 
 
 ^ Surnames were becoming common in England and Scotland in 
 the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 
 
DAVID DE BERNHAM. 21 
 
 in Fife) to the church of the Holy Trinity of 
 DunfermHne, and the monks serving God there. 
 The signature takes the following form — viz., 
 
 noAgRis BB DE Bernham ; 
 
 and the charter is dated at Dunfermline in the 
 year 1234, and on the day of the Feast of the 
 Purification of the Virgin. Another charter 
 (No. 116) appears in the same chartulary, re- 
 garding the church of Abercrumbi de Fifl' but 
 whether it is by Bishop William or Bishop 
 David is not stated. The next deed, however 
 (No. 117), is by David de Bernham himself, he 
 having at this time become Bishop of St Andrews ; 
 and in this charter he grants to the abbot and 
 convent of Dunfermline the church of Kirkcaldy, 
 with all its pertinents, they, the said abbot and 
 convent, being held bound to provide vicars for 
 the said church, and hospitality to the bishop 
 himself This deed is dated at '' InchemurtJioc 
 Vr Id. Nouemhr "—thsit is, the 8th November 
 1240 (Regist. de Dunf , p. 70), [Dal. Mon. Antiq., 
 pp. 67, 68], (Hend. An., p. 76), and it is confirmed 
 by a charter of the Prior and Canons of St 
 Andrews, whose confirmation evidently was re- 
 quired (Regist. de Dunf, c. 118, p. 70). There 
 is a document of the same kind, in the same 
 
22 DAVID DE BERNHAM. 
 
 place, by which David de Bernham grants to 
 the monks of Dunfermline the churches of Wool- 
 met in Mid-Lothian, and Little Kinghorn in Fife 
 (" Wymet [et] de parua Kingorn"), for charitable 
 purposes ; and this deed, which is duly sealed 
 and attested by witnesses, is dated at '^Tinighd," 
 Tyningham in East Lothian, the 12th kalend of 
 January — that is, the 21st December — 1240. 
 Keith, in a note in his ' Catalogue of Scottish 
 Bishops' (p. 16) refers to a confirmation by Bishop 
 David in the Chartulary of Paisley, dated in the 
 year 1247, and the same writer (p. 396) has the 
 following in connection with David de Bernham : — 
 " Scotland- Well, situate on the north side 
 of the water of Leven, in the shire of Kinross, 
 called in Latin Fons ScoticB, was an hospital, first 
 founded by William Malvoisine, Bishop of St 
 Andrews, who died about the year 1238 ; which 
 was afterwards bestowed upon the Bed Friars 
 by David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews, 
 his immediate successor. His charter is dated 
 'in Crastino Circumcisionis Domini, anno 1250.' 
 The parish church of Moonzie, on the top of a hill 
 to the south of Carny in Fife, in the Presbytery 
 of Cupar, with the parish church of Carnock, in 
 the Presbytery of Dunfermline, belonged to this 
 place. This foundation and gift occasioned the 
 
DAVID DE BERNHAM. 23 
 
 regular canons of St Andrews to complain to the 
 Pope that the bishop had introduced the Red 
 Friars into a parish belonging to them, ' eorun- 
 dem prioris et capituli neglect o consensu ' ; where- 
 upon we have a Bull of Pope Innocent IV., about 
 the year 1250, for preventing such enterprises to 
 the prejudices of the chapter of St Andrews. The 
 ruins of the church and house are yet to be seen 
 at the foot of the Bishop's Hill." 
 
 Walcott (Anc. Ch. of Scot., p. 351) says that 
 David de Bernham founded the religious house 
 of Scotland's Well on January 2, 1250, "on the 
 site of a Culdee house," so that Bishop Malvoisin's 
 foundation of a hospital seems to have come be- 
 tween the Culdee establishment and the house 
 of the Red Friars. Walcott adds in the same 
 place, that " it contained a famous spring, to 
 which, amongst others, Robert Bruce resorted 
 when afflicted by the terrible disease of leprosy 
 in later life. The income was £102 in money, 
 and the ministers held the churches of Carnock 
 and Auchtermonsy [or Muchty]. The lands 
 were given to David Arnot in 1591." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 Election to tjie ^ee of S ^ntfrelws, 
 
 "DEFORE David de Bernham's day the See of 
 -'-' St Andrews had been filled by a succession 
 of great and accomplished men — Godric, who 
 crowned King Edgar ; Turgot, the confessor and 
 biographer of Queen Margaret ; Robert, founder 
 of the Priory (1120); Arnold, founder of the 
 Cathedral (1159); Roger, who built the Castle 
 (1200); WilHam de Malvoisin, and others. The 
 last-named prelate died at the Palace of Inch- 
 murtach (Inchmartin) on the 15th July 1237, 
 and a few days afterwards his remains were in- 
 terred in the New Church at St Andrews.^ 
 
 1 William de Malvoisin, who was Bishop of St Andrews for 
 thirty-five years, is said to have been a man of great wisdom and 
 courage. He was either a Frenchman, or spent much of his youth 
 in France. He christened and crowned Alexander II. ; founded 
 the hospital of Loch Leven, called Scotland Well; attended a 
 General Council in Eome in 1215, &c. Fordun (lib. vi. cap. 42) nar- 
 rates the following amusing incident in William's life : " Abstulit 
 a domo de Dunfermelyn, voluntarie ut dicitur, collationem vicari- 
 arum de Kinglassy et de Hales, quia quadam vice dum apud 
 
ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 25 
 
 David de Bernham, however, was not the person 
 first thought of for the vacant See. In the 
 Diocese of Dunkeld at that time there lived one 
 Galfridus Liverance (al de Liberatione — viz., 
 Captivorum), a monk of the order of Red Friars,^ 
 who had only two years before been settled as 
 bishop of this diocese. He was evidently an 
 able, lovable, and popular man ; for on the 
 vacancy occurring in St Andrews, the whole of 
 the people interested apparently fixed upon Gal- 
 frid as the proper man to succeed William de 
 Malvoisin. Not only so, but he was actually 
 
 Dunfermelyn per noctaret, defecit sibi potus vini ad coUationem 
 in camera sua, et hoc non ex defectu ministrorum monachorum, 
 sed suorum, qui deliberate sibi ad sufficientiam minus caute ex- 
 pendendo, ante tempus consumpserunt." That is to say, he dejirived 
 the monastery of certain rights to two churches — namely, King- 
 lassie in Fife, and Hales or Colinton in Mid- Lothian — because he 
 supposed the servants of the Abbey had drunk the wine intended 
 for his supper, which his own servants had taken. This was before 
 Dunfermline was created a mitred abbacy, which was not till 1244. 
 — See also about William de Malvoisin, in Pinkerton's Hist, of Scot., 
 vol. i. pp. xiv to xix. 
 
 ^ An order of monks, whose office was to redeem Christian cap- 
 tives from Turkish slavery. On 21st June 1209 they had six 
 monasteries in Scotland — at the Eeformation thirteen. Their 
 houses were called hospitals or ministries ; their superiors " min- 
 istri" or ministers, a name which has always been given to the 
 Presbyterian clergy of Scotland. The habit of the Red Friars Avas 
 white, with a red and blue cross patee upon their scapulai'. They 
 held a chapter yearly at Whitsunday.— (See Keith's Spottiswoode, 
 Rel. Ho., pp. 394-398 ; Walcott, An. Ch., pp. 348-351 ; Proc. of Soc. 
 Antiq. of Scot., December 12, 1887. 
 
26 ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 
 
 postulated ^ to the vacant office — that is to say, 
 he was unanimously elected by the Prior and 
 Convent of St Andrews,^ with whom at that time 
 the power of electing apparently lay ; and yet, 
 notwithstanding this unanimity of choice and 
 desire on the part of clergy and people alike to 
 have Galfrid, the King (Alexander II.) interfered,'^ 
 the proceedings were cancelled, a new writ was 
 issued, and the Court favourite, David de Bern- 
 ham, ultimately became Bishop of St Andrews. 
 The following is Wynton's account of the matter 
 (Oryg. Chron., vol. ii. p. 272, Skene) : — 
 
 "And efftyre that this William was dede, 
 Thare postulyd was intil his sted, 
 Off Dunkeldyn the Byschape 
 Joffray. But till hym the Pape 
 Be na way grawnt wad hys gud will ; 
 Bot leve the chanownys he gave till 
 
 1 " A bishop is said to be postdated when he has been already in 
 possession, or is only elect of another see. For the Canon Law 
 supposes that a bishop is married to his diocese, and so cannot be 
 elected into another. However, it allows a bishop already in pos- 
 session, or only elected into a see, to be postulated by another, and 
 that such bishop may be removed or translated to the other see ; 
 only the word advanced ov promoted must not be used. [See Arch- 
 bishop Chicheley's Life, p. 37.] Another sense of the word postu- 
 lation is, when two-thirds of the votes do agree in the election." 
 —(Keith, Cat. of Scot. Bish., p. 19.) 
 
 2 In all probability the Culdees still occupied the convent, and 
 took part in the election. 
 
 3 Spottiswoode, lib. ii. p. 43 ; Keith, Cat, of Scot. Bish., p. 16. 
 
ELECTION TO THE SEE OP ST ANDREWS. 27 
 
 Agayne to mak electyown, 
 And for to dies a gud person. 
 Then chesyd thai Dawy off Barname, 
 Ane honest clerk and off guid fame, 
 Chwmyrlane that time off Scotland ; 
 That to the Pape wes welle lykand. 
 And in Scotland by byschapes thre 
 Confermyd and sacryde bathe wes he, 
 Off Glasgw, Brechyn, and Catenes ; 
 This Dawy by theme mad byschape wes." 
 
 On the 1st October 1239, the following Bull 
 was issued from Avignon by Gregory IX., making 
 the appointment of David de Bernham. 
 
 " Gregorius episcopus, etc. Venerabilis frat- 
 ribus . . . Glasguensi, . . . Cathanensi et 
 . . . Brechenensi Epis., salutem, etc. Postula- 
 tione facta pridem de venerabili fratri nostro 
 Dunkeldensi Epo. in vacante ecclesia Sancti 
 Andree de Scotia, que ad nos nullo medio per- 
 tinet, non admissa, et dilectis filiis . . . Priori 
 et Conventui eiusdem ecclesie a nobis iterum 
 eligendi potestate concessa, ipsi, prius a carissimo 
 in Christo filio nostro . . . lUustri Bege Scotie 
 iuxta morem petita et obtenta eligendi licentia, 
 vocatis omnibus, qui debebant et poterant evocari, 
 prefixa electioni die, convenientes in unum vota 
 sua in dictum Priorem et quatuor alios ex eisdem 
 Canonicis contulerunt, qui pari voto et unanimi 
 voluntate dilectum filium Magistrum David de 
 
28 ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 
 
 Bernham subdiaconem, Camerarium Regis eius- 
 dem, virum utique genere nobilem, ornatum mori- 
 bus et scientia, ac in spiritualibus et temporalibus 
 circumspectum, in suum Episcopum elegerunt. 
 Nos quidem electionem ipsam, cui dictus Rex 
 assensum suum prebuisse dicitur, examinari sicut 
 convenit facientes, quia per Magistrum Riccardum 
 Vairement canonicum secularem et procuratorem 
 eiusdem ecclesie, uno canonicorum sublato de 
 medio, et altero gravi infirmitate detento, qui 
 propter hoc cum ipso Ric. ad presentiam nostram 
 destinati fuerant, de premissis fieri non potuit 
 plena fides, fraternati vestre per apostolica scripta 
 mandamus, quatenus inquisita de modo electionis, 
 studiis[que] eligentium, et electi meritis dili- 
 gentius veritate, si electionem ipsam inveneritis 
 de persona idonea canonice celebratam, ipsam 
 auctoritate apostolica confirmantes, faciatis eidem 
 electo obedientiam et reverentiam debitam ex- 
 hiberi, ac munus consecrationis impendi, recepturi 
 ab eo prius pro nobis et ecclesia Romana fideli- 
 tatis solite iuramentum iuxta formam, quam vobis 
 sub bulla nostra mittimus interclusam. Forma 
 autem iuramenti, quod ipse prestabit, de verbo 
 ad verbum nobis per eiusdem patentes litteras suo 
 sigillo signatas per proprium nuncium quantocius 
 destinetis. Alioquin eadem electione rite cassata, 
 
ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 29 
 
 faciatis ipsi ecclesie cle persona iclonea per elec- 
 tionem canonicam provider!. Contradictores, etc. 
 Quod si noil omnes, etc. Datum Anagnie Kalendis 
 Octobris, Pontificatus nostri anno tertio-decimo." — 
 Theiner, Vetera Mon. Hib. et Scot., p. 36. (Pont. 
 Ec. S. And., pp. vi, vii.) 
 
 The following is a free translation : — 
 " Gregory, Bishop, &c. To the venerable 
 brethren, the Bishops of Glasgow, Caithness, and 
 Brechin, health, &c. The postulation made some 
 time ago of our venerable brother the Bishop 
 of Dunkeld to the vacant Church of St Andrews, 
 in Scotland, which pertains immediately to us, not 
 being admitted, and the power of electing being 
 again conceded by us to the beloved sons — the 
 Prior and Convent of the same church — they 
 themselves in the first instance, according to 
 custom, having sought and obtained liberty to 
 elect from our dearest son in Christ, the illus- 
 trious King of Scotland, all parties being called, 
 who ought and could be called, the day of election 
 having previously been fixed, being assembled 
 together, they gave their votes to the said prior, 
 and four other of the same canons, who, with 
 equal vote and unanimity, of consent elected as 
 their bishop the beloved son, Mr David Bern- 
 ham, sub-deacon, chamberlain of the same king, 
 
30 ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 
 
 a man truly of noble family, distingxilshed in 
 manners and learning, and circumspect both in 
 spiritual and temporal concerns : Being indeed 
 desirous that this election, to which the said 
 king is said to have yielded his consent, should 
 be scrutinised, as may be convenient, because 
 through Mr Richard Vairement, secular canon 
 and procurator of the same church, — one of the 
 canons being taken away in the interval, and 
 another detained through severe affliction, who 
 on account of this business were with Richard 
 himself commissioned to our presence, full confi- 
 dence cannot be placed concerning the premisses, 
 — we by apostolic writing command your brother- 
 hood, that having inquired so far as to the manner 
 of the election, and the learning of those electing, 
 and more particularly concerning the truth as to 
 the merits of the person elected, if ye shall find 
 the election to be of a proper person canonically 
 made — confirming it by apostolic authority, ye 
 shall cause due obedience and reverence to be 
 shown to the same elected person, and the cere- 
 mony of consecration to follow, the accustomed 
 oath, of fidelity first of all, however, to be received 
 from him to us and the Roman Church, according 
 to the form which we send to you enclosed under 
 our Bull. And the form of oath, which he shall 
 
ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 31 
 
 swear, word for word, ye shall transmit to us by 
 a proper messenger, as soon as possible, by his 
 letters patent, signed under his seal. Other- 
 wise the same form of election being lawfully 
 cancelled, ye shall cause the church to be pro- 
 vided with a proper person, by an election canon- 
 ically made. Opposers, &c., which if not all, &c. 
 Given at Anagni, the 1st of October, in the 
 thirteenth year of our Pontificate." 
 
 Now, it will be seen from the above document 
 that Galfridus, Bishop of Dunkeld, was actually 
 elected to the vacant bishopric of St Andrews, 
 for that is virtually implied in the term " postu- 
 lation " ; but nothing is said as to the source from 
 whence the opposition to him proceeded. It 
 might have been the Pontiff who was opposed to 
 Galfridus, but in all probability it was the king, 
 who wished to get his " Camerarius " promoted. 
 The monarch, however, was met by the great 
 popularity of the Bishop of Dunkeld, and before 
 anything could be done in the way of helping 
 David de Bernham to the vacant office, the 
 Prior and Convent of St Andrews had made 
 choice of Galfridus, their favourite ecclesiastic. 
 Means, however, were found of setting the election 
 aside. All that is said in regard to this in the 
 above rescript is the expression " non admissa " ; 
 
32 ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 
 
 and now, having obtained permission from Rome, 
 as well as the assent of the Scottish sovereiofn, 
 the Prior and Convent proceed to make a new 
 election, and this time they fix upon the person, 
 who was evidently the Court favourite — namely, 
 David de Bernham. 
 
 It will be noticed, also, that in the above Bull 
 the Pontiff makes the assertion that the See of 
 St Andrews belongs immediately to him — " que 
 ad nos nullo medio pertinet " — thus showing the 
 bold and pretentious character of the Roman See 
 in regard to Scottish ecclesiastical affairs at that 
 time. After the new election had been made, 
 certain parties from St Andrews were evidently 
 deputed to go to Anagni with the information, 
 and to obtain the necessary powers for the con- 
 secration of the new bishop. One of the can- 
 ons, however, who had been so deputed, had in 
 the meantime evidently been removed by death 
 — " uno canonicorum suhlato de medio ; " and 
 another was laid up by affliction — " e^ alter o 
 gravi inJlrTnitate detento ; " so that the only per- 
 son, apparently, who presents himself before the 
 Pontiff in regard to this business, is Mr Richard 
 Vairement, secular canon and procurator of the 
 Church of St Andrews. This person was evi- 
 dently one of the most able and conspicuous 
 
ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 33 
 
 ecclesiastics in the town of St Andrews at that 
 time. If we are to beHeve the statements of 
 recent inquirers into early Scottish history, 
 Ricardus Veremundus or Vairement was by 
 birth a Spaniard, and one of the very earliest 
 — if not, indeed, the earliest — of Scottish his- 
 torians. In the Harleian MS. (4628) there is 
 said to be a list of the contents of the Great 
 Register of the Priory of St Andrews, which, 
 according to Sir James Dalrymple, has been miss- 
 ing since the year 1660, and which is believed 
 to be lost. In this list there is the following 
 entry, viz. : — 
 
 "17. Historia originis Scotorum ex Egypto ad 
 Hispaniam, in Hiberniam, breviter inde in Brit- 
 anniam, fol. 57," — the document itself extending 
 to 41 pages. 
 
 Now this ' Historia,' from which Fordun evi- 
 dently obtained the materials for the early and 
 fabulous part of his ' Scotichronicon,' is believed 
 to have been written by this Richard Vairement, 
 who thus in this way gave a colour to a great 
 part of Scottish history which it does not actually 
 possess. Not only so, but Richard — who seemed 
 also to belong to the community of the remaining 
 Culdees who were still at St Andrews, for he is 
 styled " Keledeus " in another document — is also 
 
 c 
 
34 ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 
 
 charged with being the forger of certain letters 
 patent said to have been granted by William the 
 Lion to the Earl of Mar about that period; so that 
 this procurator of the Church of St Andrews in 
 the thirteenth century must have been a many- 
 sided individual, a person of considerable ability 
 and great versatility of character — indeed, one of 
 the foremost of churchmen, and most prominent 
 among the few literary men of that period. (See 
 Skene's Preface to Fordun, vol. i. pp. xxxv to xl, 
 also Note, pp. xxxviii, xxxix ; and Celtic Scotland, 
 vol. iii.. Appendix, pp. 441-447.) 
 
 When Richard, however, appeared at Avignon, 
 Gregory IX. was evidently not satisfied with 
 the account of the proceedings reported from St 
 Andrews, and so he issues his Bull to the Bishops 
 of Glasgow, Caithness, and Brechin (William, Gil- 
 bert, and Gregory respectively-^), requiring them 
 to make strict inquiry into the matter, and go 
 through the other necessary forms ; and they 
 having done so, and being satisfied evidently 
 with all that had taken place, that everything 
 was done in due form, the same prelates, accord- 
 ing to instructions, consecrated David de Bern- 
 
 ^ Keith and Spottiswoode erroneously put Clement, Bishop of 
 Dunblane, among the consecratoi'S, instead of the Bishop of 
 Brechin. 
 
ELECTION TO THE SEE OF ST ANDREWS. 35 
 
 ham in the Cathedral Church of St Andrews on 
 St Vincent's Day (22d January), 1239-40.1 
 
 To sum up : the election of David de Bernham 
 is said to have taken place at St Andrews in June 
 1239. The Papal Bull is dated 1st October of the 
 same year ; and the consecration took place on 
 22d January 1239-40. 
 
 ^ The year at that time commenced in March ; so that, although 
 it was A.D. 1240 according to our reckoning, it was a.d. 12.39 to the 
 people of the thirteenth century. 
 
 Geoffrey or Eulf rid, the popular Bishop of Dunkeld, is said to have 
 died at Tibbermuir in Perthshire on 22d November 1249. His 
 body was buried at Dunkeld (Walcott, Anc. Ch., p. 212). 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 JJ^ret(ericfe M., Emperor of (Kermang, 
 anti tfje Cjjurcjj* 
 
 A LMOST the first important matter to which 
 ■^^ David de Bernham had to turn his atten- 
 tion on being created Bishop of St Andrews, was 
 the great controversy that was then raging be- 
 tween Pope Gregory IX. and Frederick II., Em- 
 peror of Germany.^ The quarrel, however, be- 
 tween the civil and ecclesiastical powers, began 
 before this. For it commenced as soon as Fred- 
 erick entered upon public life, and it did not 
 terminate until he was laid in his grave. It was 
 a controversy, therefore, not with one, but with a 
 succession of celebrated Pontiffs, and these often 
 
 1 " At the head of all the enemies of Christianity," says Mosheim, 
 (Church Hist., Part I., chap. ii. sect. 3, p. 437), "stood the Em- 
 peror Frederick II., if credit is to be given to the sovereign Pontiff 
 Gregory IX., who in the year 1239 charged him before all the kings 
 and princes of Europe with" the language of blasphemy. "This 
 heavy charge the Emperor deemed it necessary to refute by a public 
 profession of his religious faith." 
 
FREDERICK II. AND THE CHURCH. 37 
 
 in alliance with the Lombard cities of Italy and 
 other enemies of the Emperor. Frederick was 
 again and again excommunicated. But no decree 
 or censure of the Church had the least effect upon 
 his dauntless spirit ; and although at last he had 
 to give way, yet it was perhaps rather from the 
 increasing difficulties of his reign — caused by the 
 different nationalities over which he held sway, 
 and with which he had often to contend — than 
 from the power and weapons of the Church. 
 
 The German Empire at this time-^that is, in 
 the thirteenth century — was the dominant power 
 in Europe. It occupied the proud place which 
 Imperial Home had once held, and which was 
 subsequently occupied by a succession of Frankish 
 monarchs. Although in the tenth and eleventh 
 centuries it was in the zenith of its greatness, 
 yet in the days of Frederick I. (Barbarossa), 
 grandfather of Frederick II., it was without a 
 rival among European States. Not only did it 
 embrace the various nationalities of Germany, 
 but it included within its far-reaching sover- 
 eignty Naples, Sicily, and other important por- 
 tions of Italy. Frederick II. was one of the 
 greatest of German monarchs. Indeed no more 
 conspicuous figure appears on the page of his- 
 tory during the middle ages than this illustrious 
 
38 FREDERICK II. AND THE CHURCH. 
 
 man. As a sovereign, a statesman, a scholar, 
 and a military commander, he was unsurpassed 
 by any of the other great men of these times. 
 He knew Latin, Greek, French, German, Arabic, 
 and Hebrew — took the greatest interest in archi- 
 tecture — fostered the infancy of Italian sculpture 
 and painting — restored or founded universities 
 and medical schools — was the generous patron 
 of learning, and the patron and friend of liter- 
 ary men. 
 
 This celebrated monarch was born at Seri, near 
 Ancona, on the 26th December 1194, and elected 
 King of the Eomans in 1196. He was the son of 
 Henry YI., Emperor of Germany, by Constance, 
 daughter and heiress of William II., King of 
 Sicily. Henry died in 1197, and Constance in 
 1198, leaving Frederick, a child of only some four 
 years of age, under the guardianship of the then 
 reigning Pontiff, Innocent III. The young sov- 
 ereign was well brought up, and an early friend- 
 ship was formed between him and the head of the 
 Church. But it did not long survive after the 
 former grew up to manhood's years. Frederick 
 had to fight his way to the throne of his an- 
 cestors ; and as his mental faculties developed, 
 and the stern duties and great responsibilities of 
 his high position became more discernible, he felt 
 
FREDERICK II. AND THE CHURCH. 39 
 
 himself compelled to differ from the sentiments 
 and wishes of the sovereign Pontiff; so that he 
 who commenced life in warm friendship with the 
 Church, soon became its bitterest foe. Innocent 
 III., Honorius III., Gregory IX., and — passing 
 over the short Pontificate of Celestinus IV. — 
 Innocent IV., were all the enemies of Frederick, 
 whom they regarded as the great foe to Chris- 
 tianity. But the independent mind, the great 
 genius, the vast resources of the Emperor, enabled 
 him to overcome all opposition, and for long to 
 baffle the skill and evade the strategies of all his 
 adversaries. 
 
 In 1239, Gregory IX. excommunicated Fred- 
 erick, and in the following year, 1240, he sum- 
 moned a General Council to meet at Rome, with 
 the view of hurling the Emperor from the throne. 
 To this council two Scottish bishops, David de 
 Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews, and William de 
 Bondington, Bishop of Glasgow, were summoned ;^ 
 
 1 It is evident that the Bishop of Glasgow who accompanied 
 Bishop de Bernham to the General Council at Rome which was 
 called by Pope Gregory IX. in 1240, was William de Bondington, 
 a native of Berwickshire, and formerly rector of [Edelstone] Eddle- 
 ston, in Peeblesshire. The bishop previously held various offices 
 under Alexander II., was elected Bishop of Glasgow in 1232, "and 
 consecrated in the Cathedral Church by Andrew, Bishop of 
 Moray. Dominica post nativitatem beatse Marise, anno Dom. 
 1233 [Melros]." This bishop finished the Cathedral Church of 
 
40 FREDERICK II. AND THE CHURCH. 
 
 and these prelates were far on their way, when 
 Frederick, marshalling his forces, advanced into 
 the States of the Church, captured Ravenna, and 
 other important towns in Italy. Not only so, 
 but learning that the Genoese fleet had been put 
 at the service of the Pope, and that it was being 
 made use of to convey many of the prelates of 
 Christendom by sea to Eome, he, aided by his 
 natural son Enzio, King of Sardinia in 1241, 
 gained a brilliant victory over this fleet, captured 
 it, and having the bishops in his power, threw 
 them into prison. David de Bernham and William 
 de Bondington were no doubt among the prisoners. 
 But the Emperor, not willing to increase the 
 Church's animosity, released them on condition 
 that they would return to their homes. They 
 gave this promise, but sent on their procurations 
 by some ecclesiastic to Bome.^ The two Scottish 
 bishops, along with their brother prelates, being 
 thus dismissed, Frederick proceeded to deal still 
 more vigorously with Gregory ; and having 
 
 Glasgow out of Lis own liberality, and in the last year of his life 
 introduced into his diocese the use of the liturgical form of the 
 Church of Sarum or Salisbuiy. Some say he died in 1257, others 
 in 1283. He was interred in the Abbey Church of Melrose, near 
 the high altar (Keith, Cat. of Scot. Bishops, pp. 238, 239). 
 
 ^ Mosh., Cent. XIII., Part II., chap. ii. sec. 10 ; and Spottiswoode, 
 lib. ii. pp. 43, 44. Lond., 1655. 
 
FREDERICK II. AND THE CHURCH. 41 
 
 started on the march to Borne, he was nearing 
 the Imperial city, when the news reached him 
 that Gregory IX. was dead. The council, there- 
 fore, was never held. 
 
 After Gregory's death Celestinus only occupied 
 the Papal Chair for two years. He was succeeded 
 by Innocent IV. — a man of great determination. 
 This Pontiff escaped to Lyons in France, sum- 
 moned a General Council there, and on the 17th 
 July 1245 excommunicated Frederick, and de- 
 clared his throne vacant. On the 18th February 
 1248, Frederick's army was defeated in battle, 
 and other disasters coming upon him, this "Stupor 
 Mundi," as he has been called, died somewhat 
 suddenly at his hunting-lodge, near Lucera, on 
 the 13th December following, leaving the vast 
 Empire which he had ruled with such ability in 
 confusion. 
 
 The CJironica de Mailros says that the cap- 
 tivity of the Bishops of St Andrews and Glasgow 
 took place in 1245. This would rather seem to 
 point to the council of Innocent lY. at Lyons on 
 17th July 1245. But Mosheim and Spottiswoode, 
 above referred to, indicate the council of Gregory 
 at Borne summoned in 1240. 
 
CHAPTER VL 
 
 ^i}c *' Pontifical^/* or Book of Ceremonies, 
 toitj} Hist of ©etiications* 
 
 TN the summer of the year 1240, David de Bern- 
 -*- ham, as Bishop of St Andrews, commenced 
 the dedication or consecration of those chm^ches 
 in Scotland, the only record of which is con- 
 tained in the Pontifical now lying in the National 
 Library of France. 
 
 Of the history and vicissitudes of this interest- 
 ing and valuable thirteenth - century Scottish 
 manuscript, it is now impossible to give full 
 details. The attention of British scholars was 
 fii'st called to it by M. Leopold Delisle, Admin- 
 istrateur - General of the National Library of 
 France. According to M. Delisle, this Service 
 Book of the ancient Church of Scotland was 
 probably in the chapel of the French king 
 somewhere about the fifteenth century. In the 
 year 1712 it was seen by two Benedictines, "dom 
 Martene et dom Durand," in the Theological 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE. 43 
 
 Seminary (Seminaire), or Priests' College of 
 Chalons -sur-Marne. In 1740 it was acquired 
 by the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, along 
 with the manuscripts of Marechal de Noailles ; 
 and in that celebrated library it is now preserved, 
 catalogued, however, erroneously as " Pontificale 
 Anglicanum" instead of Pontificale Scoticanum, 
 and is numbered " 1218 fonds Latin." It is said 
 to be a small quarto, well and correctly written 
 in a clear thirteenth - century hand, and with 
 musical notation; and consists of "142 folios, 
 vellum, each measuring 6^ inches in width, by 
 9^ inches in height." Each page has thirteen 
 lines, and the offices contained in it are those for 
 the consecration of a church, an altar, a cemetery 
 or burying-ground, and for the reconciliation of a 
 church ; and one such church is mentioned as 
 having been so " reconciled " — namely, that of the 
 Holy Trinity at Berwick, "post effusionem san- 
 guinis," as the result of a deadly quarrel there be- 
 tween two " scolocs," " scologs," or " Clerici Scho- 
 lares." On the second and third folios of this 
 ancient book of ceremonies there is the record 
 of the dedication of many churches and chapels 
 in the diocese of St Andrews in Scotland, for 
 which the volume was used — in the case of 140 
 of these churches — by Bishop David de Bernham, 
 
44 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 during the years 1240-1249; and in the case of 
 two, by Bishop William Wishart in the year 1276. 
 (Pont. Eccl. S. And,, pp. ii, iii, iv, vi.) 
 
 The Pontifical itself ('' Pontificale Ecclesiae S. 
 Andrese ") was published at Edinburgh (Pitsligo 
 Press) in 1885, under the editorship of Chr. 
 Wordsworth, M.A., Rector of Glaston, and con- 
 tains the list of churches above referred to. The 
 identification of many of these with the names 
 of the saints is due to the research of the Rev. 
 Dr James Gammack, formerly of Drumlithie, 
 now of Aberdeen. " Listun " and " Egleman- 
 echy^^ are evidently, however, churches in Lin- 
 lithgowshire, not in Forfarshire. This list of 
 churches was first printed in Scotland by Dr 
 Joseph Robertson, of the Register House, Edin- 
 burgh, on 26th June 1866, in the Appendix to 
 the Preface of the ' Concilia Scotiee ' (Tomus 
 Primus, pp. ccxcviii-ccciii), who received it from 
 the Episcopal Bishop of Brechin. It is right to 
 add, in conclusion, that much credit is due to the 
 Rev. Walter Bell for the publication of the Ponti- 
 fical itself. 
 
LIST OF DEDICATIONS 
 
46 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 The following list is taken from the " Ponti- 
 ficale":— 
 
 Hee sunt ecclesie quas dedicavit epc. Dauid. 
 
 (1) U Ecdia de Lessewade dedicata fuit anno grade 
 
 M°cc°xr, ij° Non. Maij. 
 
 (2) Ecca. fratrum predicatorum de pert, eodem anno, iij. 
 
 id. Maij. 
 
 (3) Ecd. sci. Nidiolai de Berewych, eodem anno, viij. id. 
 
 Julij. 
 
 (4) Ecd. de Kirketun. Anno etc, xlj°, xvij. Kal. Sep- 
 
 temb. 
 
 (5) Ecd. de Mertun juxta drihgh. 
 
 (6) Ecd. de Yestrith. 
 
 (7) Eccl. de Lintun. 
 
 (8) Eccl. de Fertheuiet. 
 
 (9) Eccl. de Kinettles. Anno eodem, iij. id. Novembr. 
 
 (10) Ecd. de Calledouere Coin. Anno eodem ij. id. 
 
 Martij. 
 
 (11) Eccl. sci. Cuthberti de edeneburgh. sub castro. Anno 
 
 eodem, xvij. Kal. April. 
 
 (12) Eccl. de Childenechirch. Anno eodem x. Kal. April, 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE." 47 
 
 3Li0t toitfj iEipIanatfons. 
 
 These are the Chu7xhes lohich Bishop David 
 dedicated : — 
 
 A.D. 1240. 
 
 (1) St Edwin's Church, Lass wade, was dedi- 
 
 cated in the year of grace, &c., . . 6th May. 
 
 (2) Church of the Preaching Friars of Perth, 13th May. 
 
 (3) St Nicholas' Church, Berwick, . . 8th July. 
 
 A.D. 1241. 
 
 (4) Church of Kirkton, now St Ninian's, 
 
 Stirlingshire, 16th Aug. 
 
 (5) Church of Mertoun, Berwickshire, near 
 
 to Dryburgh, . . N"o month or day mentioned. 
 
 (6) St Cuthbert's Church, Yester, in Gifford, 
 
 Haddingtonshire, No month or day mentioned. 
 
 (7) St Baldred's Church, Linton, Hadding- 
 
 tonshire, . . . No month or day mentioned. 
 
 (8) Church of Forteviot, Perthshire, 
 
 No month or day mentioned. 
 
 (9) Church of Kinnettles, Forfarshire, . 11th Nov. 
 10) St Cuthbert's Church, Mid-Calder, 
 
 Mid-Lothian, 14th Mar. 
 
 (11) St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh, 
 
 under the Castle, .... 16th Mar. 
 
 (12) Holy Innocents' Church, Channelkirk, 
 
 Berwickshire, 23d Mar. 
 
48 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 (13) Eccl. de Gordun. Anno etc. xlij° v. Kal. April. 
 
 (14) Eccl. de Stichill. Anno eodem, iij° Kal. April. 
 
 (15) Capella domini W. fit. con. apud Foggho. Anno 
 
 eodem, iiij° non. April. 
 
 (16) Eccl. de Grenlawe. Anno eodem, ij. non. April. 
 
 (17) Eccl. de Langetun, eodem anno, viij" id. April. 
 
 (18) Eccl. de Poulwurth, eodem anno, vij. id, April. 
 
 (19) Eccl. de Cherneside, eodem anno, iiij. id. April. 
 
 (20) Eccl. see. Trinitatis de Berewych reconciliata post 
 
 effusionem sanguinis, in eodem anno xvij. Kal. 
 Maij. 
 
 (21) Eccl. de Baruwe, eodem anno, \aij. Kal. Maij. 
 
 (22) Eccl. de Penkathland, eodem anno, Kal. Maij. 
 
 (23) Eccl. de Kokepen, eodem anno, iiij. Non. Maij. 
 
 (24) Eccl. de Linletlicu, anno eodem xj. Kal. Junij. 
 
 (25) Eccl. de Culas prope Pert, anno eodem pridie Non. 
 
 Junij. 
 
 (26) Eccl. que vocatur Varia capella, eodem anno pridie 
 
 Id. Junij. 
 
 (27) Eccl. de Strachyn, eodem anno xvj. Kal. Julij. 
 
 (28) Eccl. de Nig ultra lemonetti, anno eodem tercio Kal. 
 
 Augusti. 
 
 (29) Eccl. de Aberbuthenotli, anno eodem. 
 
 (30) Eccl. de Kineff, eodem anno Non. Augusti. 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE. 
 
 49 
 
 (13) 
 (14) 
 (15) 
 
 (16) 
 
 (IV) 
 (18) 
 
 (19) 
 (20) 
 
 (21) 
 
 (22) 
 
 (2.^ 
 (24) 
 
 (25) 
 
 (26) 
 
 (27) 
 
 (28) 
 
 (29) 
 
 (30) 
 
 A.D. 1242. 
 
 St Michael's Church, Gordon, Berwick- 
 shire, 28th Mar. 
 
 St Nicholas' Church, Stitchell, Rox- 
 burghshire, 30th Mar. 
 
 Chapel of Lord W. son of Con, Fogo, 
 Berwickshire, 2d April. 
 
 Church of Greenlaw, Berwickshire, . 4th April. 
 
 Church of Langton, Berwickshire, . 6th April. 
 
 St Kentigern's Church, Polwarth, Ber- 
 wickshire, 7th April. 
 
 Church of Chirnside, Berwickshire, . 10th April. 
 
 Church of the Holy Trinity, Berwick, 
 reconciled after the shedding of blood, 15th April. 
 
 Church of Baro in Garvald, Hadding- 
 tonshire, 24th April. 
 
 Church of Pencaitland, Haddington- 
 shire, 1st May. 
 
 Church of Cockpen, Mid-Lothian, 
 Church of St Michael (the Archangel) 
 
 Linlithgow, .... 
 Church of Collace, near Perth, S. Ucan 
 
 4th May. 
 
 22d May. 
 4th June. 
 
 Church of Falkirk, " Ecd. qiie vacatur 
 varia capdla" ..... 12th June. 
 
 Church of Strachan, Kincardineshire, 
 B.V.M., 16th June. 
 
 Church of Nigg, " beyond the month," 
 St Pontinus, Bp., Kincardineshire, . 30th July. 
 
 St Ternan's Church, Arbuthnott, Kin- 
 cardineshire, . . No month or day mentioned. 
 
 St Arnold's Church, Kinneff, Kincar- 
 dineshire, 5 th Aug. 
 
 D 
 
50 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 (31) Eccl. de Egglesgerch, eodem anno vij. id. Augusti. 
 
 (32) Eccl. de Aberluthenoth, eodem anno, v. idus Augusti. 
 
 (33) Eccl. de Tanetheys, eodem anno, iij. idus Augusti. 
 
 (34) IT Eccl. de Inuerculethere, eodem anno, xvj. Kal. 
 
 Septembr. 
 
 (35) Eccl. sci. Vigiani de Aberbroth, eodem anno, xiiij. 
 
 Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (36) Eccl. de Aberlimenach, eodem anno, xij. Kal. Sep- 
 
 tembr. 
 
 (37) Eccl. de Forfare, eodem anno, x. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (38) Eccl. de Glamnes, eodem anno, viij. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (39) Eccl. de Erolyn, eodem anno, vj. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (40) Eccl. de Kewetyl, eodem anno, iiij'° Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (41) Eccl. de Fugeles, ij. Kal. Septembr. et eodem anno. 
 
 (42) IT Eccl. de Perth, eodem anno, Non. Septembr. 
 
 (43) Eccl. de ebedyn, eodem anno, Non. Septembr. 
 
 (44) Eccl. de Flisch, eodem anno, vij. Id. Sept. 
 
 (45) H Eccl. de Wymetti, iiij. Non. Octobris, et eodem 
 
 anno. 
 
 (46) Eccl. de Seethun, eodem anno, ij. Non. Octobris. 
 
 (47) Eccl. de Golyn, eodem anno, viij. Id. Oct. 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE. 
 
 51 
 
 (P.l) St Cyrus' Church ^ (Cyricus), Eccles- 
 
 greig, Kincardineshire, . . . 7th Aug. 
 
 (32) Church of Marykirk, B.V.M., Kincar- 
 
 dineshire, 9th Aug. 
 
 (33) St Arnold's Church, Tannadice, Forfar- 
 
 shire, 11th Aug. 
 
 (34) Church of Inverkeilor (St Macconoc), 
 
 Forfarshire, 17th Aug. 
 
 (35) St Vigean's Church, Arbroath, Forfar- 
 
 shire, 19th Aug. 
 
 (36) Church of Aberlemno, Forfarshire, . 21st Aug. 
 
 (37) St James' Church, Forfar, Forfarshire, 23d Aug. 
 
 (38) St Fergus' Church, Glamis, Forfarshire, 25th Aug, 
 
 (39) St Medan's Church, Airlie, Forfarshire, 27th Aug. 
 
 (40) Church of Newtyle, Forfarshire, . . 29 th Aug. 
 
 (41) St Mernan's Church, Fowlis Easter, 
 
 (with Lundie), Perthshire, . . 31st Aug. 
 
 (42) Church of St John the Baptist, Perth, 5th Sept. 
 
 (43) Church of Abdie, Fifeshire, . . . 5th Sept. 
 
 (44) Church of Flisk, St Macgridan or St 
 
 Adrian, Fifeshire, .... 7th Sept. 
 
 (45) Church of Woolniet in Newton, Mid- 
 
 Lothian, 4th Oct. 
 
 (46) Church of Seaton, Haddingtonshire, . 6th Oct, 
 
 (47) St Andrew's Church, Gullane, Hadding- 
 
 tonshire, 8th Oct. 
 
 1 Nine dedications marked with an asterisk in Bishop de Bern- 
 ham's list are also mentioned in the Regist. Prior. S. Andrece, p. 
 348. These are St Cyrus, Linlithgow, Fowlis Easter, Scoonie, St 
 Andrews, Markinch, Portmoak, Kossie in Inchture, and Lathrisk. 
 Where two saints are mentioned, probably the saint of Catholic 
 fame was given at the dedication, and the name of the old Celtic 
 saint retained. 
 
52 THE " PONTIFICALE. ' 
 
 (48) Eccl. monialium conuentual. de Northbewycti, eodem 
 
 anno, vj. Id. Octobris. 
 
 (49) Eccl. de Inuerwych, eodem anno, xvj. Kal. Noveinbr. 
 
 (50) Eccl. de Aldhamstoch, eodem anno, xiiij. Kal. Nov- 
 
 embr. 
 
 (51) Eccl. de Leiardewde, eodem anno, iij. Kal. Novembr. 
 
 (52) M Eccl. de Wedal, eodem anno, iij. Non. Novembr. 
 
 (53) Eccl. de Erseldun, eodem anno, xiij. Kal. April. 
 
 (54) IT Eccl. de Kalcho, anno etc. xliij°, vj. Kal. April. 
 
 (55) Eccl. de Fogeho, eodem anno, iiij° Kal. April. 
 
 (56) Eccl. de Leinhah, eodem anno, ij° Kal. April. 
 
 (57) Eccl. de Hiltun, eodem anno, iiij. Nonas Aprilis. 
 
 (58) Eccl. de Woruerden, eodem anno, ij° Non. Aprilis. 
 
 (59) Eccl. de Hotiin, eodem anno, viij. Idus Aprilis. 
 
 (60) Eccl. de Aldha, ix. Kal. Maij, eodem anno. 
 
 (61) Eccl. de Smalha, iij. Kal. Maij, eodem anno. 
 
 (62) Eccl. de Kerintun, eodem anno, vj. Non. Maij. 
 
 (63) Eccl. de Eathewe, eodem anno, iij. Non. Maij. 
 
 (64) Eccl. de Karreden, eodem anno, Non. Maij. 
 
 (65) Eccl. de Ertti, vj. Id. Maij, eodem anno. 
 
 (66) Eccl. de magna Kingorn, eodem anno, xvj. Kal. Junij. 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE. 
 
 53 
 
 (48) 
 
 Conventual Church of North Berwick, 
 Nuns of Monastery of S. Mary, Had- 
 
 
 
 dingtonshire, ..... 
 
 10th Oct. 
 
 (49) 
 
 Church of St Michael (the Archangel), 
 
 
 
 Innerwick, Haddingtonshire, . 
 
 17th Oct. 
 
 (50) 
 
 Church of Oldhamstocks, Haddington- 
 
 
 
 shire, 
 
 19th Oct. 
 
 (51) 
 
 Church of Legerwood, Berwickshire, . 
 
 30th Oct. 
 
 (52) 
 
 Church of Wedale, Stow, B.V. Mary, 
 
 
 
 Mid-Lothian, 
 
 3d Nov. 
 
 (53) 
 
 Church of Earlston, Berwickshire, 
 A.D. 1243. 
 
 20th Mar. 
 
 (54) 
 
 Church of Kelso, B.V.M. and S. John, 
 
 
 
 Roxburghshire, .... 
 
 27th Mar. 
 
 (55) 
 
 Church of Fogo, Berwickshire, 
 
 29th Mar. 
 
 (56) 
 
 Church of Lennel, Coldstream, Ber- 
 
 
 
 wickshire, 
 
 31st Mar. 
 
 (57) 
 
 Church of Hilton, Whitsome, Berwick- 
 
 
 
 shire, 
 
 2d April 
 
 (58) 
 
 Church of Horndean, Ladykirk, Ber- 
 
 
 
 wickshire, ..... 
 
 4th April. 
 
 (59) 
 
 Church of Hutton, Berwickshire, 
 
 6th April. 
 
 (60) 
 
 Church of Aldham, St Baldred's, Had- 
 
 
 
 dingtonshire, 
 
 23d April. 
 
 (61) 
 
 Church of Smailholm, Eoxburghshire, . 
 
 29th April 
 
 (62) 
 
 Church of Carrington, Mid-Lothian, . 
 
 2d May. 
 
 (63) 
 
 Church of Ratho, B.V.M., Mid-Lothian, 
 
 5th May. 
 
 (64) 
 
 Church of Carriden, Linlithgowshire, . 
 
 7th May. 
 
 (65) 
 
 Church of Airth, Stirlingshire, . 
 
 10th May. 
 
 (66) 
 
 Church of Kinghorn, Fifeshire, . 
 
 17th May. 
 
54 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 (67) Eccl. de parua Kingorn, xiiij. Kal. Jiinij, eodem anno. 
 
 (68) Eccl. de Kinglassyn, eodem anno, vj. Kal. Junij. 
 
 (69) Eccl. de Sconyn, eodem anno, iij. Kal. Junij. 
 
 (70) Eccl. parrochialis sci. Andree, eodem anno, xv. Kal. 
 
 Julij. 
 
 (71) Eccl. de Kellyn, eodem anno, xiij. Kal. Julij. 
 
 (72) Eccl. de Karal, xj. Kal. Julij, eodem anno. 
 
 (73) Eccl. de Kilretheny, eodem anno, vj. Kal. Julij. 
 
 (74) Eccl. de Eynstrother, eodem anno, iiij. Kal. Julij. 
 
 (75) Eccl. de Kilcunewatlh, eodem anno, iiij. Id. Julij. 
 
 (76) Eccl. de Nithbren, eodem anno, idus Julij. 
 
 (77) Eccl. de largath, eodem anno, xvj. Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (78) Eccl. de Marking, eodem anno, xiiij, Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (79) Eccl. de portlimoocft, eodem anno, x. Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (80) IF Eccl. de Kilgoueryn, eodem anno, vij. Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (81) Eccl. de losserecft, eodem anno, v. Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (82) Eccl. de callesyn, eodem anno, iij. Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (83) Eccl. de deruesyn, eodem anno, iiij. Non. Augusti. 
 
 (84) Eccl. de Cuilte, eodem anno, vj. Id. Augusti. 
 
 (85) Eccl. de Erot, eodem anno, v. idus Augusti. 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE. 
 
 55 
 
 (67) Church of Kinghorn {" ParuaKingorn"), 
 
 Fifeshire, Kirkton, Burntisland, St 
 Serfs, 
 
 (68) Church of Kinglassie, St Glascianus' 
 
 Fifeshire, ..... 
 
 (69) Church of Scoonie, St Memma V. 
 
 Fifeshire, .... 
 
 (70) St Andrews Parochial Church, Holy 
 
 Trinity, Fifeshire, 
 
 (71) Church of Kelly, Carnbee, Fifeshire, 
 
 (72) Church of Crail, St Maelrubha, Fife- 
 
 shire, ..... 
 
 (73) Church of Kilrenny, St Ethernanus 
 
 Fifeshire, .... 
 
 (74) Church of Anstruther, St Adrian's 
 
 Fifeshire, .... 
 
 (75) Church of Kilconquhar, St Monan's 
 
 Fifeshire, .... 
 
 (76) Church of Newburn, Fifeshire, . 
 
 (77) Church of Largo, Fifeshire, . 
 
 (78) Church of Markinch, St John Baptist 
 
 and St Modrust, Fifeshire, 
 
 (79) Church of Portmoak, St Stephen's and 
 
 St Moan's, Kinross-shire, . 
 
 (80) Church of Kilgowrie, Kilgorn, Falk- 
 
 land, Fifeshire, 
 
 (81) Church of Lathrisk, St John Evan, and 
 
 St Athernisc, Fifeshire, . 
 
 (82) Church of Collessie, Fifeshire, 
 
 (83) Church of Dairsie, B.V. Mary, Fife 
 
 shire, ..... 
 
 (84) Church of Cults, .... 
 
 (85) Church of Errol, Perthshire, 
 
 19th May. 
 
 27th May. 
 
 30th May. 
 
 17th June. 
 19th June. 
 
 21st June. 
 
 26th June. 
 
 28th June. 
 
 12th July. 
 15th July. 
 17th July. 
 
 19th July. 
 
 23d July. 
 
 26th July. 
 
 28th July. 
 30th July. 
 
 2d Aug. 
 8th Aug. 
 9tli Aug. 
 
56 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 (86) Eccl. de Inchethor, eodem anno, iij. id. Augusti. 
 
 (87) Eccl. de Eossinclerach, eodem anno, Id. Augusti. 
 
 (88) IT Eccl. de Barri, eodem anno, xv. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (89) Eccl. de Inchebriocft, eodem anno, x. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (90) Eccl. de login cuthel, eodem anno, viij. Kal. Sep- 
 
 tembr. 
 
 (91) Eccl. de Aldebarr, eodem anno, vj. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (92) Eccl. de Eustinoth, eodem anno, iij. Kal. Septembr. 
 
 (93) IF Eccl. de Edvin, eodem anno, Kal. Septembris. 
 
 (94) Eccl. de Mathynlur, eodem anno, iij. Non. Sep- 
 
 tembris. 
 
 (95) Eccl. de Inverarethin, eodem anno, viij. Id. Sep- 
 
 tembr. 
 
 (96) Eccl. de Baneuyn, v. Id. Septembr. eodem anno. 
 
 (97) Eccl. de Logynduct, eodem anno, iij. Id. Septembr. 
 
 (98) Eccl. de Blare, eodem anno, Id. Septembr. 
 
 (99) Eccl. de Vrchardereth, eodem anno, v. Kal. Octobr. 
 
 (100) •C'^ Eccl. de Leuingest, eodem anno, ij. Kal. Octobris. 
 
 (101) IT Eccl. sci. Egidii de edenbgh, eodem anno, ij. Non. 
 
 Octobr. 
 
 (102) Eccl. de Ellum, eodem anno, v. idus Martij. 
 
 (103) IT Eccl. de Elftanefford, ann. &c. xliiij'° vij. id. April. 
 
 (104) Eccl. de Trauernent, eodem anno, iij. Idus April. 
 
 1 The 'C' marks the 100th entry in the list. Wliat follows is in 
 a different hand. 
 
THE PONTIFICALE. 
 
 57 
 
 (86) Church of Inchture, Perthshire, 
 
 (87) Church of Eossie, Inchture, St Laur- 
 
 ence M. and St Coman C, Perthshire, 
 
 (88) Church of Barry, Forfarshire, . 
 
 (89) Church of Craig, St Braoch's, Forfar- 
 
 shire, . . • , . 
 
 (90) Church of Logic, St Martin's, Forfar 
 
 shire, ..... 
 
 (91) Church of Aklbar, Forfarshire, . 
 
 (92) Church of Eestennet, St Peter's, For- 
 
 farshire, ..... 
 
 (93) Church of Kirkden, Idvies, Evies, St 
 
 Ptuffus, Forfarshire, 
 
 (94) Church of Meithie-lour, Forfarshire, 
 
 (95) Church of Inverarity, St Monan's 
 
 Forfarshire, .... 
 
 (96) Church of Benvie, Forfarshire, . 
 
 (97) Church of Lochee, Forfarshire, . 
 
 (98) Church of Blairgowrie, Perthshire, 
 
 (99) Church of Auchterderran, Fifeshire, 
 
 (100) Church of Livingstone, Linlithgow 
 
 shire, 
 
 (101) St Giles' Church, Edinburgh, . 
 
 11th Aug. 
 
 13th Aug. 
 18th Aug. 
 
 23d Aug. 
 
 25th Aug. 
 27th Auo-. 
 
 30th Aug. 
 
 1st Sept. 
 3d Sept. 
 
 6th Sept. 
 9th Sept. 
 11th Sept. 
 13th Sept. 
 27th Sept. 
 
 30th Sept. 
 6th Oct. 
 
 (102) Church of Longformacus, Berwick- 
 sliire, 
 
 11th Mar. 
 
 A.D. 1244. 
 
 (103) Church of Athelstaneford, Hadding- 
 
 tonshire, 7th April. 
 
 (104) Church of Tranent, Haddingtonshire, 11th April. 
 
58 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 (105) Eccl. de cranestun, eodem anno, xv. Kal. Maij, 
 
 (106) Eccl. de Saultune, eodem anno, xj. Kal. Maij. 
 
 (107) Eccl. fratrum minorum de Berewich, eodem anno, 
 
 pridie ISTon. Maij. 
 
 (108) Eccl. de Inuerkethyn, eodem anno, vij. Kal. Sept. 
 
 (109) Eccl. de Locres, eodem anno, ij. Non. Sept. 
 
 (110) Eccl. de Kenebach, eodem anno, viij. Id. Septembr. 
 
 (111) Eccl. de Listuil, eodem anno, iij. Idus Septembr. 
 
 (112) Eccl. de Eglemanechy, eodem anno, Id. Septembr. 
 
 (113) Eccl. de Boltun, eodem anno, xiiij. Kal. Octobr. 
 
 (114) Eccl. hospital de fonte scol, eodem anno, vj. Non. 
 
 Octobr. 
 
 (115) Eccl. de Eordune, eodem anno, xvj. Kal. Novembr. 
 
 (116) Eccl. de Cuneuetti, eodem anno, xiiij. Kal. Novembr. 
 
 (117) Eccl. de Heriet, eodem anno, ij. Non. Martij. 
 
 (118) Eccl. de Morliam, eodem anno, vij. Id. Martij. 
 
 (119) Eccl. de Kirkaldin, eodem anno, xij. Kal. Aprilis. 
 
 (120) IT Ecclia de Disartft, anno &c. xlv'° vij. Kal. Aprilis. 
 
 (121) Eccl. de Methkal, eodem anno, v*° Kal. Aprilis. 
 
 (122) Eccl. de Vchermukedi, eodem anno, ij. Kal. Aprilis. 
 
 (123) Eccl. de tharvet, eodem anno, iij. Non. Aprilis. 
 
 (124) Eccl. de Vchthermunesin, eodem anno, ISTon. Aprilis. 
 
 (125) Eccl. de Wytingeha, eodem anno, Non. Maij. 
 
THE PONTIFICALE. 
 
 59 
 
 Church of Cranstoun, Mid-Lothian, 
 Church of Salton, Haddingtoushire, 
 Church of the Minorite Brothers of 
 
 Berwick, .... 
 Church of Inverkeithing, Fifeshire, 
 Church of Leuchars (S. Athernisc) 
 
 Fifeshire, .... 
 Church of Kemback, Fifeshire, . 
 Church of Listen, Kirkliston, Linlith- 
 gowshire, .... 
 Church of Ecclesmachan, Linlithgow- 
 shire, ..... 
 Church of Bolton, Haddingtonshire, 
 Church of the Hospital of Scotland's 
 
 Wells, Kinross-shire, 
 Church of Fordoun, S. Palladius 
 
 Kincardineshire, 
 Church of Laurencekirk, Conveth, S 
 
 Laur., Kincardineshire, . 
 Church of Heriot, Mid-Lothian, 
 Church of Morham, Haddingtonshire 
 Church of Kirkcaldy, S. Pat. (or S 
 Britius ?), Fifeshire, 
 
 17th April. 
 21st April. 
 
 6th May. 
 26th Aug. 
 
 4th Sept. 
 6th Sept. 
 
 11th Sept. 
 
 13th Sept. 
 18 th Sept. 
 
 2d Oct. 
 
 17th Oct. 
 
 19th Oct. 
 6th Mar. 
 9th Mar. 
 
 21st Mar. 
 
 A.D. 1245. 
 
 Church of Dysart, S. Serf's, Fifeshire, 26th Mar. 
 
 Church of Leslie, Fetkill or Fitekill, 
 Fifeshire, 28th Mar. 
 
 Church of Auchtermuchty, Holy 
 Trinity, Fifeshire, .... 31st Mar. 
 
 Church of Scotstarvit, Cupar, Fifeshire, 3d April. 
 
 Church of Moonzie, Fifeshire, . . 5th April. 
 
 Church of Wliittinghame, Hadding- 
 tonshire, 7th May. 
 
60 THE " PONTIFICALE. 
 
 (126) IF Eccl. de Essy, ami. &c. xlvj'o Idus Maij. 
 
 (127) Eccl. de Fetherassach, eodem anno, octauo Kal. 
 
 Junij. 
 
 (128) Eccl. de Kinross, eodem anno, v*" Kal. Julij. 
 
 (129) Eccl. de Hershilt, eodem anno pridie Kal. Augusti. 
 
 (130) Eccl. de Goggere, ann. &c. xlvij° x. Kal. Junij. 
 
 (131) Eccl. de Calledouere Clere, eodem anno pridie Kal. 
 
 Junij. ^ 
 
 (132) Eccl. de Methfeu, eodem anno, s. xlvij" viij. Kal. 
 
 Septembr. 
 
 (133) Eccl. de Simprig, eodem anno septima Kal. Julij. 
 
 (134) Eccl. de Abercrumbin, eodem anno ix. Kal. Nou- 
 
 embr. 
 
 (135) Eccl. de Halis, v" Kal. Octobr. anno &c. xl" octauo. 
 
 (136) Eccl. de Ecclis, eodem anno quarto Non. Octobr. 
 
 (137) Eccl. de Kaldestrem, eodem anno, pridie Nou. 
 
 Octobr. 
 
 (138) IT Eccl. de Ketenes, Anno &c. xlix° xiiij° Kal. Maij. 
 
 ^ Entries relating to "Meyfen" and "Abercrum" were begun 
 here and then struck throneh. 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE. 61 
 
 A.D. 1246. 
 
 (126) Church of Eassie, S, Fergus's, Forfar- 
 
 shire, 15th May. 
 
 (127) Church of Fetteresso, S. Caran's, Kin- 
 
 cardineshire, 25th May. 
 
 (128) Church of Kinross, S. Serf's, Kinross- 
 
 shire, 27th June. 
 
 (129) Church of Hirsel, Coldstream, Ber- 
 
 wickshire, 31st July. 
 
 A.D. 1247. 
 
 (130) Church of Gogar, Corstorphine, Mid- 
 
 Lothian, 23d May. 
 
 (131) Church of Kirknewton, S. Cuthbert's, 
 
 East Calder, Mid-Lothian, . . 31st May. 
 
 (132) Church of Methven, Perthshire, . 25th Aug. 
 
 (133) Church of Swinton, Simprin, Ber- 
 
 wickshire, 25th June. 
 
 (134) S. Menace's Church, Abercrombie, 
 
 Fifeshire, 24th Oct. 
 
 A.D. 1248. 
 
 (135) Church of Hales, S. Cuthbert's, 
 
 Colinton, Mid-Lothian, . . . 27th Sept. 
 
 (136) Church of Eccles, S. Cuth. and S. 
 
 And., Berwickshire, . . . 4th Oct. 
 
 (137) Church of Coldstream, Berwickshire,. 6th Oct. 
 
 A.D. 1249. 
 
 (138) Church of Kettins, Forfarshire, . . 18th April. 
 
62 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 (139) Eccl. de strahittinmartin, eodem anno, xv. Kal. Junij. 
 
 (140) H Eccl. de clacmanan, eodem anno Nono Kal. Sept. 
 
 IT Hee sunt ecclesie quas dedicavit Ups. Wills : — 
 
 (141) Eccl. de Dunothyr dedicata est anno gracie 
 
 m°cc°lxx°vj° Idus Maij. 
 
 (142) Capella de CoUyn eodem anno xj° Kal, Junij. Ita 
 
 quod nuUu preiudicium generetur matrici ecclesie 
 de Fethyressacti. 
 
THE " PONTIFICALE." 63 
 
 (139) Church of Strathmartin, S. Martin, 
 
 Forfarshire, 18th May. 
 
 (140) Church of Clackmannan, S. Serf, 
 
 Clackmannanshire, . . . 24th Au". 
 
 A.D. 1276. 
 TJicse are the (Jliurches which Bishop William dedi- 
 cated : — ■ 
 
 (141) Church of Dunottar, S. Ninian (Dun- 
 
 othyr), 15th May. 
 
 (142) Chapel of Cowie, Feteresso B.V.M., 
 
 Kincardineshire. (So that no preju- 
 dice may arise to the mother Church 
 of S. Caran of Feteresso), . . 22d May, 
 
 The above list of dedications proves that all 
 the churches therein named were in existence in 
 Scotland in the middle of the thirteenth century ; 
 and the fact that one dignitary of the Church 
 was busy with this work of consecrating at that 
 particular time, is a pretty sure indication that 
 other ecclesiastics of the same class were not 
 neglectful of their duty in this matter in their 
 respective districts. The successor of David de 
 
64 THE " PONTIFICALE." 
 
 Bernham in the See of St Andrews was Abel, 
 Archdeacon of St Andrews (1253), and he was 
 followed by Gamelm or Gamelmus in 1255. To 
 this bishop succeeded William Wishart, Wischart, 
 or Wiscard in 1272-73, the consecrator of the last 
 two churches in the above list. It is not known 
 whether Abel or Gamelin used David de Bern- 
 ham's Pontifical. Probably they did so.^ But 
 it was certainly made use of by William Wishart, 
 who, as Bishop of St Andrews, dedicated the 
 church of Dunottar, and the chapel of Cowie, in 
 the north of Scotland, in the year 1276. This 
 ecclesiastic, who is said to have belonged to the 
 family of Pitt arrow in the Mearns, was at one 
 time Archdeacon of St Andrews, and in 1256 was 
 made Chancellor of the kingdom. In 1268 he 
 became Bishop of Glasgow, at which time he held 
 twenty -three benefices, and subsequently he was 
 transferred to the See of St Andrews. He at- 
 tended the General Council of Lyons in 1274, 
 summoned by Pope Gregory X., and died at Mar- 
 bottle in Teviotdale, 5 to. Kal. Jun. (28th May), 
 
 1 " It appears that Bishop Gameline did not neglect consecrating 
 churches. At least his death occurred (at Inchmurtach) from 
 paralysis, immediately after his return from the dedication of a 
 church at Peebles." — Pont., Introd., p. ix. 
 
THE "PONTIFICALE." 65 
 
 1279. The west end of the Cathedral of St 
 Andrews had at one time, it is said, been blown 
 down by a storm. It was rebuilt in a costly- 
 manner by Wishart. Keith, evidently on the 
 authority of Fordun, declares that Wishart died 
 "with the reputation of a truly good and vir- 
 tuous man." 
 
 E 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 JEotics of ©ctitcatins (E^jjurctjes, 
 
 IT has always been customary to have some kind 
 of reUgious service at the opening of a church. 
 Consecration, as a rehgious rite, seems to have 
 existed very early in the history of Christianity. 
 Even before the time of Constantine, the great 
 friend and patron of the Church, religious edifices 
 underwent this service. There was then, as there 
 has always been, a felt and recognised distinction 
 between persons, places, and things that were 
 purely secular, and those that were sacred — the 
 human mind itself giving a ready and spontane- 
 ous expression to this distinction. In the primi- 
 tive Church the religious services at the opening 
 of a house of God seem to have been of the 
 simplest and plainest description. The object, of 
 course, was to set apart the edifice with all its 
 belongings to sacred uses, and these alone — to 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. Q>7 
 
 separate it from the common and worldly in life's 
 affairs, and to consecrate it as a fitting sanctuary 
 for the worship and service of Almighty God. 
 
 Although, perhaps, no direct or positive precept 
 for any such ceremony could be found in the 
 Gospels or New Testament writings, yet the 
 primitive Christians seem to have thought the 
 practice most becoming, and certainly they had 
 striking examples of such services in several pas- 
 sages in the Old Testament Scriptures. In the 
 dedication of the Temple referred to in the 
 eighth chapter of 1st Kings ; in the dedication 
 of the house of David, indicated in the title of 
 the 30th Psalm ; and in the dedication of the 
 walls of Jerusalem — the holy city — mentioned 
 in the twenty - seventh verse of the twelfth 
 chapter of Nehemiah, — there were to be found 
 undoubted references to places that had been 
 solemnly set apart by a religious service ; whilst 
 in the actions of the Saviour, in twice purifying 
 the Temple, and expelling the ungodly traffickers 
 therefrom, the members of the primitive Church 
 saw in the divine mind, as represented by Christ, 
 a peculiar respect and reverence shown for things 
 and places that were regarded as sacred. In the 
 early Christian centuries the ceremony of conse- 
 cration would in all probability consist simply of 
 
68 MODES OF DEDICATING CHUHCHES. 
 
 praise, j^rayer, and the reading and preaching of 
 the Word. But in the middle ages, when the 
 Church had in many respects become corrupt, 
 when rituahsm had made such tremendous ad- 
 vances, then, as we find from the Pontificals and 
 other service - books that have come down to 
 us, the ceremonies of consecration were of the 
 most complicated, burdensome, and superstitious 
 description. 
 
 This was certainly the case in David de Bern- 
 ham's days, in regard to those churches in Scot- 
 land that were dedicated by him. In the Pontifi- 
 cal already referred to, and which he used in the 
 consecration of churches — crosses, candelabra, holy 
 oil, chrism, wine, salt, incense, and other such 
 things, are mentioned as necessaries for the ser- 
 vice. The bishop and clergy in their sacerdotal 
 robes had to make certain processions, carrying 
 the relics of some saint around the church, before 
 they came to the door and demanded admission. 
 Psalms were repeated and chanted, both without 
 and within the church. Prayers of various kinds 
 were offered up. A litany was rehearsed. Pass- 
 ages of Scripture were gone over. The Virgin, as 
 well as patriarchs, prophets, apostles, evangelists, 
 holy innocents, martyrs, confessors, monks, her- 
 mits, and sainted women, were all invoked in the 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 69 
 
 litany, and the words " ora jiro nobis " — pray for 
 us — repeatedly used. On the pavement of the 
 church the Greek and Roman alphabets were 
 written with the bishop's staff in the form of 
 a cross. Mass was celebrated, a sermon was 
 preached, and a long, tedious, and superstitious 
 service, all in the Latin tongue, was closed with 
 the benediction. We may therefore reasonably 
 infer that in the thirteenth century, on Sundays 
 and festival days, equally unprofitable and bur- 
 densome services would be gone through in all 
 the churches and chapels throughout Scotland. 
 As a proof of what has been said, the following 
 passages from the Pontifical itself will be interest- 
 ing to the learned reader : — 
 
 Hcec sunt qum ad dedicationem ecclesice prceparavda 
 stmt : D'uodemn cniccs pidcc /oris et duodecim intus, Crux, 
 candelabra, viginti quatuor cerei, duodecim dcforis et duo- 
 decim intus, vasa convenientia ad sacrandam et ad deferen- 
 dam aquam ; Duo majores cerei ad candelabra; viginti 
 quatuor clavi quibus cerei infigantur ; Oleum- sanctum et 
 chrisma, ysopum, sabulum vel cineres, vinum, sal, major a 
 grana incensi ; Panni altaris. 
 
 Deinde hoc ordine consecretur domus Dei. 
 
 Primitiis, prcesid et cceteri ministri ecclesice induant se 
 vestimentis sacris cum quibus divinum ministerium adim- 
 plere debent. M dum se induunt, dictis eonsuetis Fsalmis, 
 id est Judica me Deus et, Quam dilecta, Indina Domine, 
 Memento Domine. 
 
70 MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 
 
 Kyrieleison. 
 
 Cliristeleison. 
 
 Kyrieleison. 
 
 Pater noster. 
 
 Et ne nos. 
 
 Salvos fac servos tuos. 
 
 Mitte nobis, Domine, auxiliurti de sancto. 
 
 Esto nobis, Domine, turris fortitudinis. 
 
 Non nobis, Domine, non nobis. 
 
 Domine, exaudi orationem meam. 
 
 Dominus vobiscum. 
 
 OrewjUS. 
 
 Deinde dicat episcopus hanc Orationem. 
 ~r\EUS, qui paterna maj estate ignea claustra 
 -*-^ dirupisti infernorum, et sanguine tuo popu- 
 lum tibi adquisisti sempiternum ; indue nos armis 
 spiritualibus virtutum, et invicta sanctse crucis 
 potentia, ut contra diabolum pugnaturi te in 
 auxilium habeamus, quatenus tibi hsereditatem 
 de iniquo diaboli spolio adquiramus ; et qui in 
 domum Zacheei quondam miseratus descendisti, 
 ad domum quoque hanc quam sanctificaturi sumus 
 venire dignare ; et populos qui ad ejus dedica- 
 tionem convenerunt, spirituali gaudio munera, 
 Salvator mundi, Domine Jesu Christe, Qui cum 
 Patre et Spiritu Sancto vivis et regnas Deus, per 
 omnia ssecula seeculorum. 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 71 
 
 Post hcec veniat episcopus de tentorio cum pro- 
 cessione ante ostium ecclesice quce dedicanda est, 
 hanc sonoriter cantando. 
 
 ■■ r« "^ 
 
 Zaz-chse-e fes-ti-nans des-cen-de, 
 
 quia hodie in domo tua oportet me manere ; at 
 ille festinans descendit et suscepit ilium gaudens 
 in domum suam ; hodie huic domui salus a Domino 
 facta est, alleluya, se u o u a e. 
 
 Qud Jlnitd, dicatur a prcBsule. 
 
 Dominus vobiscum. 
 
 Oremus. 
 A CTIONES nostras, qusesumus, Domine, et as- 
 -*--*- pirando praeveni et adjuvando prosequere ; 
 ut, interveniente beata et gloriosa semperque 
 virgine Dei genitrice Maria cum omnibus Sanctis 
 cuncta nostra operatio et a te semper incipiat, et 
 per te coepta finiatur. Per eundem. 
 
 Alia. 
 T\EUS, qui nos pastores in populo vocari volu- 
 -^ isti, prsesta, qusesumus, ut hoc quod humano 
 ore dicimur, in tuis, oculis esse valeamus. Per 
 Christum. 
 
72 MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 
 
 Alia. 
 /~\MNIPOTENS et misericors Deus, qui sacer- 
 ^ dotibus tuis prse cseteris tantam gloriam 
 contulisti, ut quicquid in tuo nomine digne per- 
 fecteque ab eis agitur, a te fieri credatur ; quse- 
 sumus immensam clementiam tuam, ut, inter- 
 veniente beata Dei genitrice semperque virgine 
 Maria, sanctoque apostolo tuo N., vel martyre 
 tuo N., vel confessore tuo N., vel virgine tua N., 
 quicquid modo visitaturi sumus visites, quicquid 
 benedicturi benedicas ; sitque ad nostrse humili- 
 tatis introitum omnium sanctorum tuorum meritis 
 fuga daemonum, et angelicae pacis ingressus. Per 
 eundem Dominum. 
 
 Et illunfiinentur duodecim cerei et ponantur 
 deforis per circuitum ecclesiw quce dedicanda est, 
 et totidem intus ; tumque circumeant ipsam eccles- 
 iam deforis cum processione et sanctorum reliquiis, 
 canendo hanc Letaniam. 
 
 Kyrieleison. 
 
 Christeleison. 
 
 Christe, audi nos, 
 
 Pater de coelis Deus, miserere nobis. 
 
 Fili, redemptor mundi Deus, miserere nobis. 
 
 Spiritus Sancte, Deus, miserere nobis. 
 
 Sancta Trinitas, unus Deus, miserere nobis. 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 73 
 
 Sancta Maria, ora pro nobis. 
 
 Sancta Dei genitrix, ora pro nobis. 
 
 Sancta virgo virginum, ora. 
 
 Sancte Michael, 
 
 Sancte Gabriel, 
 
 Sancte Raphael, 
 
 Omnes sancti angeli et archangeli, orate pro 
 
 nobis. 
 Omnes sancti beatorum spirituum ordines, 
 
 orate. 
 Sancte Johannes Baptista, ora. 
 
 Omnes sancti patriarchse et prophetse, orate pro 
 
 nobis. 
 Sancte Petre, ora. 
 
 Sancte Paule, 
 Sancte Andrea, II. 
 Sancte Johannes evangelista, 
 Sancte Jacobe, 
 Sancte Philippe, 
 Sancte Bartholomee, 
 Sancte Mathaee, 
 Sancte Thoma, 
 Sancte Jacobe, 
 Sancte Symon, 
 Sancte Thadsee, 
 Sancte Mathia, 
 Sancte Barnaba, 
 
74 MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES, 
 
 Sancte Luca, 
 
 Sancte Marce, 
 
 Omnes sancti apostoli et evangelistse, orate pro 
 
 nobis. 
 Omnes sancti discipuli Domini, orate pro nobis. 
 Omnes sancti innocentes, orate pro nobis. 
 Sancte Stephane, ora. 
 
 Sancte Laurenti, 
 Sancte Vincenti, 
 Sancte Clemens, 
 Sancte Alexander, 
 Sancte Dionisi cum sociis tuis, 
 Sancte Maurici cum sociis tuis, 
 Sancte Albane, 
 Sancte Thoma, 
 Sancte Eadmunde, 
 Sancte Gervasi, 
 Sancte Prothasi, 
 
 Omnes sancti martyres, orate pro nobis. 
 Sancte Silvester, ora. 
 
 Sancte Martine, 
 Sancte Nicholae, 
 Sancte Augustine, 
 Sancte Gregori, 
 Sancte Ambrosi, 
 Sancte Kentegerne, 
 Sancte Cuthberte, 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 75 
 
 Sancte Dunstane, 
 
 Sancte Benedicte, 
 
 Sancte Jeronime, 
 
 Sancte Leonarde, 
 
 Sancte Patrici, 
 
 Omnes sancti confessores, orate pro nobis. 
 
 Omnes sancti monachi et heremitsB, orate. 
 
 Sancta Maria Magdalena, ora. 
 
 Sancta Felicitas, 
 
 Sancta Perpetua, 
 
 Sancta Agatha, 
 
 Sancta Agnes, 
 
 Sancta Lucia, 
 
 Sancta Csecilia, 
 
 Sancta Petronilla, 
 
 Sancta Scolastica, 
 
 Sancta Brigida, 
 
 Sancta Katerina, 
 
 Omnes sanctse virgines, orate pro nobis. 
 
 Omnes sancti, orate pro nobis. II. 
 
 Propitius esto, parce nobis, Domine. 
 
 Ab omni malo, libera nos, Domine. 
 
 Ab insidiis diaboli, libera. 
 
 A damnatione perpetua, 
 
 Ab imminentibus peccatorum nostrorum peri- 
 
 culis, 
 Ab infestationibus daemonum. 
 
76 MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 
 
 A spiritu fornicationis, 
 
 Ab appetitu inanis glorise, 
 
 Ab omni immunditia mentis et corporis, 
 
 Ab ira et odio et omni mala voluntate, 
 
 Ab immundis cogitationibus, 
 
 A csecitate cordis, 
 
 A fulgure et tempestate, 
 
 A subitane^ et seterna morte, 
 
 Per mysterium sanctse incarnationis tuae, 
 
 Per passionem et crucem tuam, 
 
 Per gloriosam resurrectionem tuam, 
 
 Per admirabilem ascensionem tuam. 
 
 Per gratiam Sancti Spiritus Paraclyti, 
 
 In hora mortis, succurre nobis, Domine. 
 
 In die judicii, libera nos, Domine. 
 
 Peccatores, te rogamus, audi nos. 
 
 Ut pacem nobis dones, te rogamus, audi nos. 
 
 Ut misericordia et pietas tua nos custodiat, te 
 rogamus, 
 
 Ut ecclesiam istam benedicere et consecrare 
 digneris, te rogamus, 
 
 Ut dompnum apostolicum et omnes gradus 
 Ecclesise in sancta religione conservare dig- 
 neris, te rogamus, 
 
 Ut regi nostro et principibus nostris pacem et 
 veram concordiam atque victoriam donare 
 digneris, te rogamus, 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 77 
 
 Ut episcopos et abbates nostros et omnes con- 
 gregationes illis commissas in sanct^ religione 
 conservare digneris, te rogamus, 
 
 Ut congregationes omnium sanctorum in tuo 
 sancto servitio conservare digneris, te roga- 
 mus, 
 
 Ut omnibus benefactoribus nostris sempiterna 
 bona retribuas, te 
 
 Ut cunctum populum Christianum pretioso san- 
 guine tuo redemptum conservare digneris, te 
 
 Ut oculos misericordise tuae super nos reducere 
 digneris, te 
 
 Ut obsequium servitutis nostrse rationabile 
 facias, 
 
 Ut mentes nostras ad coelestia desideria erigas, 
 
 Ut miserias pauperum et captivorum intueri et 
 relevare digneris, 
 
 Ut omnibus fidelibus defunctis requiem seternam 
 dones, 
 
 Ut nos exaudire digneris, 
 
 Fili Dei, II. te 
 
 Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, parce 
 nobis, Domine. 
 
 Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, exaudi 
 nos, Domine. 
 
 Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere 
 nobis. 
 
78 MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 
 
 Christe, audi nos. 
 Kyrieleison. 
 Christeleison. 
 Kyrieleison. 
 
 Finitd vero Letanid, dicantur ah episcopo hce 
 Orationes ante ostium ecclesice, &c. 
 
 The above extract from David de Bernham's 
 " Pontificale " forms only about an eighth part of 
 the service at the dedication of churches, but it 
 will help to show the reader the lengthened, bur- 
 densome, and unintelligible services which the 
 people of Scotland had to listen to, and engage 
 in, in the thirteenth century. Indeed ritualism 
 in this century may be said to have reached a 
 climax. The rites and ceremonies performed in 
 the churches on Sundays, saints' days, and other 
 holidays, were of the most varied, and many of 
 them of the most superstitious and oppressive, 
 character. The worship of the Virgin, the ven- 
 eration of relics, the paying of divine honours to 
 the consecrated bread in the Eucharist, the invo- 
 cations of saints and angels, were some of the 
 practices that disfigured the Church of Christ in 
 this age. The clergy, no doubt from the best of 
 motives, in the absence of printed books, and des- 
 titute of faith in the power of the Gospel ordi- 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 79 
 
 nance of preaching and in the efficacy of the 
 Saviour's intercession, sought to set forth the 
 truths of rehgion not merely by signs and symbols, 
 but also at times by mimic representations. In 
 this century, too, Boniface VIII. instituted the 
 centennial year of jubilee — a ceremony of great 
 pomp in the Church, which was changed in the 
 next century by Clement VI., at the request of 
 the citizens of Rome, to an observance every 
 fiftieth year. When these things are considered, 
 we need not be astonished to find that in the 
 dedication of churches at the period above re- 
 ferred to, the services should be of the most 
 lengthened, varied, and, in some respects, super- 
 stitious character. 
 
 With regard to the ceremony of dedication of 
 churches, it is only necessary further to say that, 
 according to the " Pontificale," when the clergy 
 had got within the church, and after a litany and 
 certain prayers had been gone through, the bishop 
 stationed himself at the left corner of the church 
 towards the east, and wrote with his staff (haculo 
 suo) on the pavement across to the right corner of 
 the building on the west, the letters of the Greek 
 alphabet (Delta in De Bernham's "Pontificale" 
 being omitted, Sigma introduced between Epsilon 
 and Zeta, Alpha and Omega repeated at the end 
 
80 MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 
 
 of the alphabet, and one or two other variations 
 made). Then, after the smging of an antiphony, 
 the words being, " Other foundation can no man 
 lay than that which is laid, a Christo Domino/' 
 and a psalm (His foundations, &c,), the bishop 
 comes to the centre of the church and offers up a 
 prayer. Then, going to the right corner of the 
 church on the east, he, with his staff, writes 
 across the floor to the left corner on the west, 
 the letters of the Roman alphabet, J and U 
 being omitted ; and then he comes to the centre 
 and prays in words having reference, among other 
 things, to incidents in the life of Moses, and again 
 invokes blessings on the building, its services and 
 worshippers. 
 
 Now, if by the use of the letters of the Greek 
 alphabet, traced on the floor of the church in 
 circumstances of such solemnity, a symbolical 
 reference is made to the New Testament Scrip- 
 tures, which were originally written in Greek, 
 surely, instead of the Roman characters, the 
 letters of the Hebrew alphabet should also have 
 been traced upon the pavement of the sacred 
 edifice as symbolical of the Old Testament writ- 
 ings, which were originally written in Hebrew. 
 But perhaps the greater difficulty in forming 
 the Hebrew characters, and a not too familiar 
 
MODES OF DEDICATING CHURCHES. 81 
 
 acquaintance with the Hebrew language itself, as 
 well as a superstitious reverence for everything 
 Roman in the thirteenth century, prevented this, 
 and substituted, instead of the letters famihar 
 to the ancient people of God, the alphabet most 
 famihar to all the Western Churches in that age. 
 Further, in this service of dedication it has 
 to be observed that not only are most of the 
 prayers full of appropriate references to indi- 
 viduals and incidents mentioned in the Old and 
 New Testament writings, but portions of the 
 sacred Scriptures themselves are prescribed for 
 reading. There is a Lectio, for instance, from 
 the beautiful twenty-first chapter of Revelation, 
 in these words, " I saw the holy city, New Jeru- 
 salem, coming down from God out of heaven, 
 prepared as a bride adorned for her husband ; " 
 and ending with the passage, " And He that sat 
 upon the throne said. Behold, I make all things 
 new." The verses from St Luke's Gospel record- 
 ing the conversion of Zacchaeus (Luke xix. 1-10) 
 are also prescribed for reading. The bishop, too, 
 in addition to all that takes place before, has a 
 sermon to preach to the people concerning the 
 dedication of the church and other matters ; and 
 with the benediction, &c., the service apparently 
 comes to an end. 
 
 F 
 
CHAPTER yilL 
 Ef)c Else of tfje IHentiicant ©rtitrs, 
 
 "OUT now the question naturally arises — Why, 
 -^ in this particular century, were there so 
 many churches and chapels dedicated in this 
 part of Scotland ? Many of these edifices had 
 no doubt been in existence for years before this 
 time, and religious services had been conducted 
 in them : why was there such haste now in 
 giving an apparently enhanced sacredness to 
 these buildings by the act of a bishop's dedica- 
 tion ? The editor of the ' Pontificale ' mentions 
 (Introd., p. v) a suggested explanation — namely, 
 that " in the year 1239 Cardinal Otho held a Lega- 
 tine Council in Edinburgh," and that probably 
 he issued " a constitution relating to the neglect 
 of consecration of churches." ^ But if so, why did 
 the Cardinal issue a constitution at this particular 
 
 1 Cardinal Otho promulgated an order dealing with the consecra- 
 tion of churches in England in 1237. (Vide Johnson's 'English 
 Canons,' Anglo-Cath. Liby., Part II., ja. 151.) 
 
THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 83 
 
 time ? and why, in all probability, did the several 
 bishops of Scotland give a ready and immediate 
 compliance with the Cardinal's command? The 
 only satisfactory solution of this problem can be 
 obtained by remembering that in the early part 
 of this thirteenth century a great religious move- 
 ment sprang up throughout all Europe, which, 
 whilst in all probability it tended to the spiritual 
 welfare of the people, at the same time was most 
 damaging to the parochial clergy, and to the 
 churches where they ministered. From these 
 churches worshippers in great numbers were 
 withdrawn ; and to counteract this apparent 
 evil, and give a peculiar sacredness to these 
 buildings, the bishops of the country in all prob- 
 ability proceeded at once to their consecration. 
 The movement above referred to, and which in 
 David de Bernham's days was exercising a most 
 important influence on the people of Scotland, 
 was the preaching of Dominican, Franciscan, and 
 other friars. 
 
 Indeed one of the most remarkable spiritual 
 developments of the thirteenth or of any other 
 century was the rise and rapid progress of the 
 Mendicant Orders. The pride and arrogance of 
 the Pontifls were now at their height. The ene- 
 mies of the Church were everywhere increasing. 
 
84 THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 
 
 There was a growing feeling among the people 
 against the looseness of ecclesiastical discipline. 
 The doctrines and opinions of the so-called heretics 
 — the Albigenses and Waldenses — were spread- 
 ing. The secular clergy were indulging in luxury 
 and ease, and often neglectful of their duties. 
 The old Orders of monks — the Benedictines, Cis- 
 tercians, Carthusians, and suchlike — were many 
 of them living in utter disregard of their rules, 
 and not a few giving themselves up to vice and 
 sloth. An odium was thus resting upon religion. 
 Christianity was being wounded in the house of 
 its friends, when all at once there burst upon 
 Europe the flame of Dominican and Franciscan 
 piety, and the zeal of the new preachers. New 
 orders of men rapidly sprang up, who, by their elo- 
 quence, burning zeal, self-denial, and contempt of 
 the world, drew towards them the attention of 
 listening thousands, so that the ordinary sanctu- 
 aries in many cases became deserted, the people 
 eagerly attached themselves to their new teach- 
 ers, and all over Christendom there was given a 
 tremendous impetus to religion and godliness 
 of life. Nor was this a temporary outburst of 
 mental activity and spiritual life. " During 
 three centuries," says Mosheim (Ch. Hist., Cent. 
 XIIL, Part II., chap. ii. sect. 24), the Domini- 
 
THE KISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 85 
 
 cans and Franciscans " had the direction of nearly 
 everything in Church and State, held the highest 
 offices both ecclesiastical and civil, taught with 
 almost absolute authority in all the schools and 
 churches, and defended the authority and majesty 
 of the Boman Pontiffs against kings, bishops, and 
 heretics with amazing zeal and success. What 
 the Jesuits were after Luther began the Reforma- 
 tion, the same were the Dominicans and Fran- 
 ciscans from the thirteenth century to the time 
 of Luther — the soul of the whole Church and 
 State, and the projectors and executers of all 
 the enterprises of any moment. Indeed the 
 history of this and the following centuries shows 
 that so great [sect. 23] was the reputation of 
 these Mendicant friars, that they were employed 
 in transactions of the highest magnitude, in nego- 
 tiations for peace, in the ratification of treaties, 
 in controlling the policy of courts," &c., &c. 
 
 Dominic, or St Dominic as he is sometimes 
 called — the founder of the first-mentioned Order 
 — was a Spaniard by birth, and said to be of an 
 illustrious family of the name of Guzman. He 
 was born near to Calahorra in 1170, was educated 
 for the Church, and being a youth of studious 
 habits and great austerity of life, he soon became 
 a canon of the Cathedral Church of Osma, in his 
 
86 THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 
 
 native land. Dominic soon distinguished himself 
 as a preacher ; and the Bishop of Osma having 
 resolved to set out on a mission to the south of 
 France, with a view of bringing back the Alhi- 
 geious to the faith of the Church, he took 
 Dominic with him as a labourer in this now 
 somewhat difficult field. Here the young canon 
 greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, 
 zeal, and devotedness. For after the Bishop 
 left, Dominic remained behind, preaching, writ- 
 ing, and even, it is said, using force, and giving 
 an example of apostolic humility by begging his 
 bread from door to door. This extraordinary 
 man soon drew around him kindred spirits, and 
 having attended the Lateran Council of 1215, he 
 founded a new Order of monks, established many 
 monasteries, and finally died in 1221, leaving 
 behind him a memory and an influence which, 
 except in the case of Francis of Assisi, far sur- 
 passed that of any ecclesiastic in the middle ages. 
 Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order 
 of monks, on the other hand, was an Italian, the 
 son of a merchant in Assisi, where the saint was 
 born in the year 1182. His real name was John, 
 but having acquired a facility in speaking the 
 French language, in consequence of his frequent 
 visits to the south of France on the business of 
 
THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT OEDERS. 87 
 
 his father, the people at home gave him the name 
 of Franciscus — a name which ever afterwards 
 clung to him. He is said to have been a reckless 
 and dissolute youth, though of a generous and 
 kindly disposition ; but a severe illness which 
 came upon him, completely changed his views 
 and prospects of life. He became religious 
 almost to insanity. The powers of the world 
 to come seem completely to have overwhelmed 
 him. His father took all his property from 
 him lest he should squander it, and the saint 
 clothed himself in the meanest attire, and went 
 forth everywhere preaching the Gospel, and call- 
 ing upon sinners to repent and turn to Christ. 
 Indeed this was one of the distinguishing marks 
 of the Mendicant Orders, that whereas the older 
 Orders of monks were very much confined to 
 their monasteries, or to special duties in connec- 
 tion with churches belonging to them, the friars 
 that rose up in the thirteenth century went 
 everywhere preaching, and hence the appella- 
 tion " Fratres PrcBclicafores." Somewhere about 
 1208, Francis founded his new Order, the rules 
 of which were poverty, obedience, fasting, and 
 prayer} In 1210 he had eleven followers. 
 Many curious stories are told of the saint. In 
 
 ^ Some writers seem to make chastity one of liis rules. 
 
88 THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 
 
 1215 he attended the Lateran Council, and 
 received the sanction of Pope Innocent III. to 
 his mission. The first chapter of the Order 
 was held at Assisi in 1216, and a general 
 chapter in 1219, which was attended by thou- 
 sands. In the following year some of the Fran- 
 ciscan monks were killed in Morocco, whither 
 they had gone — which, so far from retarding, 
 rather gave an impetus to the designs of the 
 Order. Francis himself, after a life of great 
 devotion and earnestness, had a two years' ill- 
 ness, and died where he was born, on the 14th 
 October 1226. The influence of his life, however, 
 remained for centuries afterwards. 
 
 Such a great religious movement as this could 
 not but have a most tremendous effect upon the 
 old order of things. It was, in a sense, a Refor- 
 mation of the Church all over Europe — two cen- 
 turies before Luther's day. " This sort of monks," 
 says Mosheim (Cent. XIII., Part II., chap. ii. sect. 
 21), "had then become exceedingly necessary in 
 the Church. For the wealthy Orders, withdrawn 
 by their opulence from solicitude about religion, 
 and from obsequiousness to the Pontiffs, and in- 
 dulging themselves in idleness, voluptuousness, 
 and all kinds of vice, could no longer be employed 
 in any arduous enterprise ; and the heretics were, 
 
THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 89 
 
 of course, allowed to roam about securely, and to 
 gather congregations of followers. ... A class 
 of people, therefore, was very much wanted, who, 
 by the austerity of their manners, their contempt 
 of riches, and the external sanctity of their rules 
 of life, might resemble such teachers as the her- 
 etics both commended and exhibited." 
 
 These new teachers, however, were not long in 
 meeting with opposition ; but their great enemies 
 were not so much the older classes of monks, as 
 the bishops and priests of the Church. Indeed a 
 deadly hatred sprang up between them, because 
 the Dominicans and Franciscans "weakened the 
 ancient discipline," and infringed upon the rights 
 both of bishops and priests. A struggle, therefore, 
 between these parties, was witnessed all over 
 Europe, — the Pontiffs, however, taking the side 
 of the Mendicants. " As these Orders had liberty 
 from the Pontiffs," says Mosheim (Cent. XIIL, 
 Part II., chap. ii. sect. 23), "to spread themselves 
 everywhere, and to instruct the people and to 
 teach youth, and as they exhibited a far greater 
 show of piety and sanctity than the older Orders 
 of monks, all Europe suddenly burst forth in ad- 
 miration and reverence for them. Very many 
 cities, as appears from the most credible docu- 
 ments, were divided for their sakes into four 
 
90 THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 
 
 sections, of which the first was assigned to the 
 Dominicans, the second to the Franciscans, the 
 third to the CarmeHtes, and the fourth to the 
 Augustinians. The people frequented almost ex- 
 clusively the churches of the Mendicants, and hut 
 seldom ashed for the sacraments, as they are 
 called, or for burial, excep)t among them, which 
 naturally called forth grievous complaints from 
 the ordinary priests who had the charge of 
 parishes." ^ 
 
 This was evidently the state of matters in Scot- 
 land, as well as throughout Europe, when David 
 de Bernham, with his Pontifical in his hand, pro- 
 ceeded to consecrate the churches in his extensive 
 diocese of St Andrews. For the Mendicants had 
 been introduced into Scotland some few years pre- 
 viously by his predecessor, William de Malvoisin, 
 and they were evidently making their influence 
 to be felt from one end of the country to the 
 other. " The Bishop of St Andrews," William 
 de Malvoisin, says Spottiswoode (lib. ii. p. 43), 
 " being all this while in France, did now return, 
 bringing with him some of the Order of S. Domi- 
 nick, some Franciscans, Jacobins, and of the monks 
 called Vallis UmhroscB. These Orders not being 
 known before in this Church, by their crafty in- 
 
 ^ See also Hallam's Middle Ages, vol. i. cli.-xp. vii. pp. 451-453. 
 
THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 91 
 
 sinuations with the people, and the profession 
 they made in leading an austere life, did supplant 
 the credit of the priests, drawing to themselves 
 all the force and credit of the spiritual ministry, 
 and were upheld by the Popes, whose designs 
 they studied especially to advance. The King 
 [Alexander II.], who looked no further than the 
 devout profession they made, gave them all a 
 kind reception ; and to the monks Vallis Umhrosce 
 he erected a monastery in Pluscardy, within the 
 county of Murray." 
 
 It was evidently this new and influential move- 
 ment, therefore, that induced David de Bernham 
 to proceed so zealously to the consecration of the 
 churches in his diocese. He saw the people flock- 
 ing to the meeting-places of the Mendicants and 
 deserting their parish churches ; and in order to 
 draw their attention to these as the true and only 
 sanctuaries of the land, he set about this rite of 
 dedication, to which, no doubt, the clergy and 
 people of surrounding districts would all be duly 
 summoned. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Many Orders of monks rose up in the thirteenth century 
 all over Europe, but the principal were the Dominicans, 
 Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinian Eremites; and 
 of these the two first -named were the most illustrious. 
 
92 THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 
 
 Albertus Magnus, or Albert the Great as he is called, 
 author of many works on philosophy, of sermons and 
 commentaries on several books of Scripture, became a 
 Dominican monk in 1223, and in 1238 he was made vicar- 
 general of the Order. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, 
 and one of the greatest scholars of his time, became a 
 Dominican at Naples in 1241. John Bonaventura, the 
 Seraphic Doctor, a learned theologian, and Alexander 
 Hales, the Irrefragable Doctor, an Englishman belonging 
 to Gloucestershire, and a man greatly distinguished for 
 his scholastic theology, were Franciscans, Eoger Bacon, 
 who taught the physical sciences at Oxford University, 
 and who died in 1284 at the age of seventy-eight, was a 
 Franciscan. Indeed men belonging to one or other of 
 these religious Orders were found among the statesmen, 
 ambassadors, pontiffs, cardinals, professors, and other ex- 
 alted classes in the middle ages. 
 
 The Dominicans, or Black Friars, wore a thick black 
 worsted cope over a kirtle of clean white linen ; a black, 
 afterwards a brown, hood; a white scapular, and boots. 
 They had houses in Aberdeen, Ayr, Berwick, Cupar-Fife, 
 Dundee, Dysart, Edinburgh, Elgin, Glasgow, Haddington, 
 Inverness, Linlithgow, Montrose, Perth, St Andrews, St 
 Monance, near Elie, St Ninians, and Wigtown. 
 
 The Franciscans, Cordeliers, Grey Friars, or Minorites, 
 wore a grey habit, which was changed in the fifteenth 
 century to a brown frock, girded with a knotted robe, and 
 a black hood. Some of the Order were sandalled, but the 
 rule required bare feet. The early convents of this Order 
 were cells or cottages of mud and wood, in the suburbs or 
 poor districts of towns. They had houses in Berwick, 
 Douglas, Dumfries, Dundee, Haddington, Inverkeithing, 
 Eoxburgh, Aberdeen, Aberdour, Ayr, Banff, Edinburgh, 
 
THE RISE OF THE MENDICANT ORDERS. 93 
 
 Elgin, Glasgow, Jedburgh, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Perth, 
 St Andrews, Stirling. 
 
 The Carmelites, or Wliite Friars, who claimed to be 
 descendants of the Prophet Elijah on Mount Carmel, 
 wore a dark-brown tunic, with a white frock and scapular ; 
 and they had houses in Aberdeen, Banff (St Mary's), Ber- 
 wick, Dunbar, Edinburgh (Greenside, Holy Cross, at the 
 foot of the Calton Hill), Inverbervie (Kincardine), Dun- 
 donald (Irwyn St Mary's), Linlithgow (St Mary's), Luff- 
 ness, Queensferry (St Mary's), Eoxburgh, and Tylilum 
 (St Mary's), outside the walls of Perth. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Ceremonial at ©unfermlinc in i^onour of 
 d^ueen JSargaret* 
 
 /\N the 13th July 1249, David de Bernham 
 ^ crowned Alexander III. at Scone, with for- 
 malities partaking, perhaps, both of a Norman 
 and Celtic type ; and in the following year 
 he took part in a great religious and State 
 ceremonial at Dunfermline in honour of the 
 long-deceased Queen Margaret, consort of King 
 Malcolm III. 
 
 This lad}^ was unquestionably the most illus- 
 trious of all the Queens of Scotland. Indeed 
 there are few more beautiful characters to be 
 found in history. Descended from a long line of 
 Saxon princes, and enriched by God with great 
 mental and moral qualities, she ultimately be- 
 came the consort and counsellor of one of the 
 most conspicuous of Scottish monarchs. Mar- 
 garet, the granddaughter of Edmund, " the 
 Ironside " King of England and contemporary of 
 
CEREMONIAL IN HONOUR OF QUEEN MARGARET. 95 
 
 William the Conqueror, spent her childhood and 
 youth in Hungary, where, in consequence of the 
 troubles in her native land, she was a stranger 
 and an exile. Returning home in the full bloom 
 of womanhood, and accompanied by her brother 
 Edgar — the legitimate heir in the Saxon line to 
 the English throne — her mother Agatha, and her 
 sister Christian, the vessel in which they ulti- 
 mately sailed to Scotland found its way into 
 the Firth of Forth, and the exiles landing, re- 
 ceived a sincere welcome at the Scottish Court ; 
 while Margaret, after considerable hesitation, be- 
 came the wife of the reigning monarch. Great 
 and beneficial was the influence which she ex- 
 ercised over Malcolm, the ladies of the Court, 
 the clergy, the nobles, and indeed over all classes 
 in the kingdom. The record of her life by 
 Turgot her confessor, at one time Prior of 
 Durham, and subsequently Bishop of St Andrews, 
 is a beautiful gem of Scottish medieval litera- 
 ture (Acta Sanctorum, June 10). Margaret in 
 course of time became the mother of several chil- 
 dren, — three of whom, Edgar, Alexander I., and 
 David, occupied the throne of Scotland in suc- 
 cession ; whilst one of her daughters, Matilda or 
 Maud, became the consort of Henry I. of Eng- 
 land — and it was at the request of Matilda that 
 
96 CEREMONIAL AT DUNFERMLINE 
 
 Turgot wrote the biography of this celebrated 
 Scottish queen. The Hfe of Margaret was one 
 of great usefulness, purity, charity, and devotion. 
 Indeed so intensely did she seem to live in good 
 deeds and religious observances — while at the 
 same time maintaining with dignity the high 
 position she occupied as consort of the sovereign 
 — that she thereby in all probability shortened 
 her days. For she died in the Castle of Edin- 
 burgh — where her beautiful chapel may yet be 
 seen — on the 16th November 1093, in the forty- 
 seventh year of her age, and while most of her 
 children were comparatively young. The closing 
 scene of her life, as described by Turgot, is most 
 touching. Malcolm had gone with an army to 
 Northumberland and taken with him his eld- 
 est son, Edward. Both were slain in battle. 
 Another son entered the chamber where his 
 mother was dying, and reluctantly communicated 
 to her the doleful tidings. She submissively 
 bowed to the Divine will, and soon after passed 
 away. Her body was taken to Dunfermline, and 
 buried in the Church of the Holy Trinity there 
 — a church which she had founded and enriched 
 in her former happy and more joyous days. 
 
 And now one hundred and fifty-seven years 
 have passed away, and a great and brilliant com- 
 
IN HONOUR OF QUEEN MARGARET. 97 
 
 pany are assembled at Dunfermline, to raise the 
 remains of the deceased queen out of their place 
 of sepulture, and deposit them in a silver shrine, 
 profusely adorned with gold and precious stones. 
 David de Bernham was one of the principal 
 figures in this great assembly, which consisted 
 of the king (Alexander III.), the chief nobles, 
 bishops, abbots, priors, clergy, and other classes, 
 in the kingdom. What then took place is thus re- 
 lated by Fordun (Scotichron., vol. ii. p. 83) : "In 
 the year 1250, the king (Alexander III.), and the 
 queen his mother, along with bishops and abbots, 
 and other nobles of the kingdom, met at Dun- 
 fermline, where they most devoutly lifted the 
 bones and remains of the renowned Queen Mar- 
 garet, their ancestor, from the stone tomb in 
 which for many terms of years they had rested, 
 and placed them in a fir shrine, adorned with 
 gold and gems. At the digging of the ground, 
 so great and agreeable a perfume arose, that 
 the whole of that sanctuary was thought to be 
 sprinkled with painters' colours and the scent of 
 springing flowers. Nor was there wanting a 
 divine miracle ; for, when that most renowned 
 treasure, placed in the outer church (auld kirk), 
 was being easily carried by the sacred hands of 
 the bishops and abbots, to be reinterred in the 
 
 G 
 
98 THE CEREMONIAL AT DUNFERMLINE 
 
 choir, joining their melodious voices, and had 
 reached even the chancel entrance, just opposite 
 the body of her husband. King Malcolm, lying 
 under a groined ceiling at the north part of the 
 nave of the outer church, the arms of the bearers 
 were immediately benumbed, and they could not 
 convey the shrine with the relics further, on 
 account of the greatness of the weight ; but, 
 whether willing or not, they were obliged to halt, 
 and speedily laid down their burden. After 
 some interval, and additional and stronger bear- 
 ers of the shrine being got, the more they en- 
 deavoured to raise it, the less able were they to 
 do so. At length, all wondering, and judging 
 themselves unworthy of so precious a trust, the 
 voice of a bystander, divinely inspired, as was 
 believed, was heard suggesting distinctly, that 
 the bones of the holy queen could not be trans- 
 ferred further until the tomb of her husband was 
 opened, and his body raised with similar honour. 
 The saying pleased all, and, adopting its advice. 
 King Alexander, his lineal descendant, with 
 associates chosen for this purpose, without either 
 force or impediment, raised aloft the shrine, filled 
 with the bones of the king, along with the eleva- 
 tion of the coffer of the relics of the queen, de- 
 posited in due form each in a sarcophagus, in the 
 
IN HONOUR OF QUEEN MARGARET. 99 
 
 mausoleum prepared for that purpose, accom- 
 panied by the chanting convent and choir of 
 prelates, on the 13th day before the calends of 
 July" — that is, the 19th June. 
 
 Ty tier (Hist. Scot., vol. ii. pp. 375, 376) has the 
 following in regard to this ceremonial : " The 
 body of St Margaret was removed, with much 
 ecclesiastical pomp, from the outer church, where 
 she was originally interred, to the choir, beside 
 the high altar. The procession of priests and 
 abbots who carried the precious load on their 
 shoulders, moved along to the sounds of the 
 organ, and the melodious songs of the choir, 
 singing in parts." ^ 
 
 The account, however, of what took place 
 would not be complete without Wynton's ver- 
 sion (Orygynale Cronikil, B. vii, 10) : — 
 
 " That yhere, with weneratyown, 
 Was made the translatyown 
 Of Saynt Margret, the haly qweiie. 
 A fayre myrakil thare wes sane : 
 The thrycl Alysandyre bodyly, 
 Thare wes wyth a gret cumpany 
 Of erlys, byschapys, and barownys, 
 And mony famows gret persownys ; 
 
 1 The above-mentioned historian makes the remark that this is 
 the first notice of an or2;an in Scotland, 
 
100 THE CEREMONIAL AT DUNFERMLINE 
 
 Of Saynt Andrewys thare wes be name, 
 
 The Byschope Davy of Barnhame ; 
 
 Robert of Kyldeleth syne 
 
 That Abbot was of Dwnfermlyne, 
 
 Powere had thai than at fulle 
 
 Grawntyd be the Papy's bulle 
 
 To mak that translatyown ; 
 
 And that to do thai mad thame bowne, 
 
 And fayndyt to gere the body 
 
 Translatyd be of that Lady, 
 
 Wyth all thare powere and thare slycht, 
 
 Her body to rays thai had na mycht, 
 
 Na lyft hyr anys owt of that plas, 
 
 Quhare scho that tyme lyand was. 
 
 For all thare devotyownys, 
 
 Prayeris, and gret perysownys, 
 
 That the persownys gadryd there 
 
 Dyd on devot mahere : 
 
 Quhyll fyrst thai tuk wpe the body 
 
 Of hyr lord that lay thare-by, 
 
 And bare it bene into the quere, 
 
 Lystly syne on fayre manere 
 
 Hyr cors thai tuk up and bare ben. 
 
 And thame enteryd togyddyr then. 
 
 Swa trowyd thai all than gadryd thare 
 
 Quhat honoure til hyr lord scho bare. 
 
 Swa, this myrakil to record 
 
 Notis gret reverens dwne til hyr lord ; 
 
 As scho oysyd in hyr lyf, 
 
 Quhen scho wes hys spousyd wyf. 
 
 Of this solempne translatyowne 
 Befor thare is mad mentyown ; 
 Bot thare is noucht, notyd the yhere, 
 Na this myrakil wryttyn here, 
 That suld noucht have bene forghet 
 For the honour of Saynt Margret." 
 
IN HONOUR OF QUEEN MARGARET, 101 
 
 It may be as well to add that a movement was 
 about this time being made, evidently by the 
 abbot and convent of Dunfermline, to have Queen 
 Margaret canonised, in order, in all probability, 
 to bring pilgrims to her shrine, especially on her 
 festival day, June 10th, and thereby enrich the 
 monastery, although, no doubt, higher motives 
 were put forth at the time. To accomplish this, 
 a formal process had to be instituted, by which 
 the merits or demerits of the person had to be 
 investigated. Then the beatification is pro- 
 nounced by the Pope, and canonisation follows 
 upon production of evidence that miracles have 
 been performed at the tomb of the deceased 
 person. All this was gone through in the case 
 of Margaret — and she, who during her life was 
 one of the most pious and exemplary of Scottish 
 queens, was by the Church of that day solemnly 
 placed in the roll of saints. (See Eegist. de 
 Dunf , pp. xii, xiii, and 181, 183, 185, 186.) 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 ©n t\}t ©risin of lEcclestastical iLcgtslation 
 in ^cotlantr, 
 
 "nCCLESIASTICAL legislation in Scotland, and 
 -'-^ the record of it, did not, properly speaking, 
 come into existence until towards the middle of 
 the thirteenth century. Laws, indeed, had at 
 rare intervals been enacted before this time by 
 Pictish and Scottish kings and chiefs in con- 
 junction with bishops and clergy, and by synods 
 or conventions of Irish, Welsh, and north of 
 England ecclesiastics, or by conferences of the 
 clergy called at the instance of Papal legates ; but 
 these are so few and fragmentary, and of so 
 doubtful a character, as to make them of no im- 
 portance whatever in considering the legislation 
 of the Scottish Church. It was not until the 
 days of David de Bernham that the Scottish 
 clergy, in presence of the sovereign and nobles of 
 the kingdom, sat in council and began to legislate 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 103 
 
 for themselves, and to put on record those laws 
 or canons, many of which continued in force until 
 the Reformation. 
 
 When the Church of Christ was one in the 
 world, or at least more united than it is now, 
 important matters of doctrine, discipline, and 
 worship were determined by (Ecumenical or 
 General Councils. The most celebrated of these 
 assemblies were those of Nice, Constantinople, 
 Ephesus, and Chalcedon, not only because their 
 decisions have been recognised by the Greek, 
 Boman, and Protestant Churches, but because of 
 the important matters that were determined by 
 them. Before these famous councils met, there 
 had been occasional gatherings of the clergy, both 
 in the Eastern and Western Churches, to settle 
 matters in dispute, and to regulate the affairs of 
 the Church of Christ, but they were nothing more 
 than mere provincial synods ; and it was not 
 until the conversion of Constantine — the Roman 
 emperor — to the faith of Christ, and the external 
 unity thereby given to the Church, that General 
 Councils came into existence. 
 
 In order that the decrees of these and other 
 councils might be carried out, and authority 
 otherwise maintained in the different Churches 
 of Christendom, Provincial or National Coun- 
 
104 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 ciLS, as well as Diocesan Synods, ultimately came 
 Into being. In Scotland, indeed, there had prob- 
 ably, as has already been indicated, always been, 
 from the very commencement of Christianity in 
 that country, gatherings of ecclesiastics to confer 
 about matters common to all ; but in the year 
 1225 a remarkable departure was made in this 
 respect from former methods, both in the charac- 
 ter and proceedings of these ecclesiastical courts, 
 and it is from this time that Church law in Scot- 
 land properly dates. ^ The circumstances which 
 gave rise to this new state of things it may be 
 proper to relate. 
 
 For many years in the middle ages, as is well 
 
 ^ In a letter to Dr Archdeacon Wilkins, author of the ' Concilia 
 Magnse Britannise et Hibernise,' on the ancient manner of holding 
 councils in Scotland, the late Thomas Innes, vice-principal of the 
 Scots College in Paris, makes the following division of periods as 
 regards these councils — viz. : 
 
 JEtas prima (first age), a.d. 203 to 843, about 640 years. 
 
 ^tas secxmda (second age), a.d. 843 to 1124, about 281 years. 
 
 j^tas tertia (third age), a.d. 1124 to 1225, about 100 years. 
 
 ^tas quarta (fourth age), a.d. 1225 to 1470, about 246 years. 
 
 uiEtas quinta (fifth age), a.d. 1470 to 1560, about 90 years. 
 
 Thomas Innes was born at Drumgask, in the parish of Aboyne in 
 Aberdeenshire, in the year 1662 ; his father, James Innes, being a 
 wadsetter at Drumgask, and his mother, Jane Eobertson, daughter 
 of a person of that name in the town of Aberdeen. Innes was a 
 scholar of a genuine stamp, painstaking and accurate — always full 
 of zeal for the honour of his country, and for the glory of the ancient 
 Church of his native land ; and although by his researches in bring- 
 ing to light the canons of the medieval Church of Scotland he jus- 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 105 
 
 known, attempts were made by certain ecclesias- 
 tics in England to gain a spiritual ascendancy 
 over their brethren in the north. Not only did 
 they use their influence to prevent the pallium 
 being sent from Rome to the Bishop of St An- 
 drews in Scotland, but they sought to obtain 
 for themselves those metropolitan rights and 
 privileges which in all justice should have been 
 conferred upon the northern bishop. Just as the 
 monarchs of England in this century, and at other 
 times, attempted to subjugate Scotland, rob it of 
 its liberties, and destroy its independence, so the 
 Church of England asserted for many years a 
 kind of ascendancy over the Scottish Church, 
 and attempted again and again to give eflect to 
 
 tified many of the charges brought against that Church by Protes- 
 tants, yet from his love of truth, and from the fine historical turn 
 of mind which characterised him, he concealed nothing. He was the 
 first to lift the veil and throw light] upon the ancient Church laws 
 of Scotland. In 1V29 he published his Essay on the Ancient Inhabi- 
 tants of Scotland, in which there was a list given of Scottish pro- 
 vincial councils, made up from manuscripts in libraries in France, 
 England, and Scotland. Bishop Keith, author of the ' History of 
 the Affairs'of Church and State in Scotland ' (published in 1735), 
 and Wilkins, author of the ' Concilia ' above mentioned (published 
 in 1737), were both indebted to lunes for what they published of 
 the councils of the Scottish Church ; and it was at his suggestion 
 that the manuscripts were discovered in the Advocates' Library in 
 Edinburgh, and transcribed for Wilkins by Thomas Euddiman, 
 the then keeper of that famous library (Concilia Scotise, Introd., 
 and Spalding Club Misc.) 
 
106 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 It. There was a remarkable scene witnessed in 
 regard to this very matter in an assembly at 
 Northampton in the previous century. In the 
 month of January 1176-77, a meeting was held at 
 Norham, at which the monarchs of Scotland and 
 England — WilHam the Lion and Henry II. — 
 and certain of the higher clergy of Scotland, were 
 present. At this meeting the King of England 
 earnestly pressed the Scottish clergy to accept 
 of the Archbishop of York as their metropolitan, 
 for at this time and for long after they had no 
 such dignified ecclesiastic.^ They refused to do so, 
 however, or at all events declined to give a defin- 
 ite answer at present, giving as their reason the 
 absence of several of their brethren, as well as 
 the want of the consent of the inferior clergy. In 
 the following year, however, the matter was again 
 taken up and pressed forward. But this time it 
 was the Pope's Legate, Hugo, Cardinal de Sancto 
 Angelo, who was put forward to endeavour to 
 get the Church of Scotland to subject itself to 
 the spiritual jurisdiction of the Archbishop of 
 York. The Legate called a meeting at North- 
 ampton, and cited the Scottish bishops to appear 
 before him there. They obeyed the summons, 
 
 ^ The clergy could only meet in a provincial council by the 
 authority of a metropolitan. 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 107 
 
 and attended along with great numbers of their 
 clergy ; and thus does Spottiswoode describe the 
 scene that was then witnessed : — 
 
 " The assembly being met, and all ranked in 
 their places, the Cardinall (who had his seat some- 
 what higher than the rest) made a long speech in 
 commendation of humility and obedience, showing 
 what excellent virtues these were, and how much 
 to be desired of men of spirituall 'profession; 
 whereof when he talked a while, he came in end 
 to perswade the clergy of Scotland to submit them 
 selves to the Primate of York : which he said was 
 a thing very convenient for them, and ivould turn 
 greatly to their ease and commodity ; for havifig 
 no superior amongst themselves, nor metropolitane 
 to decide controversies that possibly might happen, 
 there could none be fitter than their neighbour the 
 Archbishop of York, a prelate of great respect, 
 and one whose credit in the Court of Rome might 
 serve them to good use ; therefore besought them to 
 lay aside all grudges and emulations, and dispose 
 themselves to live in all times after, as members oj 
 one and the same Cliurch. 
 
 " The bishops, who feared to offend the Legate, 
 made no answer, and after a long silence a young 
 chanon named Gilbert rose up, and spake to this 
 effect : ' The Church of Scotland, ever since the 
 
108 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 faith of Christ was embraced in that kingdome, 
 hath been a free and independent Church, subject 
 to none but the Bishop of Rome, whose authority 
 we refuse not to acknowledge. To admit any 
 other for our metropolitane, especially the Arch- 
 bishop of York, we neither can nor will ; for not- 
 withstanding the present peace, which we wish 
 may long continue, warres may break up betwixt 
 the two kingdomes ; and if it shall fall out so, 
 neither shall he be able to discharge any duty 
 amongst us, nor can we safely and without sus- 
 picion resort to him. For the controversies which 
 you, my lord Cardinal!, say may arise amongst our- 
 selves, we have learned and wise prelates who can 
 determine the same ; and if they should be defi- 
 cient in their duties, we have a good and religious 
 king, who is able to keep all things in frame and 
 order, so as we have no necessity of any stranger 
 to be set over us : and I cannot think that either 
 his Holinesse hath forgotten, or you, my lord, that 
 are his Legate, can be ignorant of the late exemp- 
 tion granted unto Malcolm our last king ; since 
 the grant whereof, we have done nothing which 
 may make us seem unworthy of that favour. 
 Wherefore, in the name of all the Scottish Church, 
 we doe humbly entreat the preservation of our 
 ancient liberties, and that we be not brought 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 109 
 
 under subjection to our enemies.' These speeches 
 he delivered with an extraordinary grace, and in 
 so passionate a manner, that all the hearers were 
 exceedingly moved, the English themselves com- 
 mending his courage and the affection he showed 
 to his countrey. But the Archbishop of York, 
 who looked not for such opposition, called the 
 young chanon to come unto him, and laying his 
 hand upon his head, said, ' Ex tua pharetra nun- 
 quam venit ista sagitta/ meaning that he was set 
 on to speak by some others of greater note. So 
 the Legate perceiving that the businesse would 
 not work, and that the opposition was like to 
 grow greater, he brake up the assembly. After 
 which the prelates, returning home, were univer- 
 sally welcomed ; but above the rest the Chanon 
 Gilbert was in the mouthes of all men, and judged 
 worthy of a good preferment ; and soon after was 
 promo ved to the Bishoprick of Cathenes, and made 
 Chancellor of the kingdome." — (Lib. ii. pp. 38-39. 
 Lond. 1655.) 
 
 The principal offenders, therefore, against the 
 independence of the Church of Scotland towards 
 the close of the twelfth and the beginning of the 
 thirteenth century, and the parties who gave it 
 trouble, were the Archbishops of York. Each 
 individual prelate of that See wished to be looked 
 
110 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 upon as the metropolitan of the Scottish Church, 
 and spared no pains — using even the influence of 
 the English monarch himself — to get this claim 
 made good. But the king and clergy of Scotland 
 resisted this claim to the very uttermost ; and in 
 order to free themselves from it for ever, and get 
 quit of the difficulty in which they were placed 
 by having no metropolitan over them, they asked 
 the Supreme Pontiff — whose authority the Eng- 
 lish Church at this time fully acknowledged — to 
 interpose on their behalf, and to give them per- 
 mission to manage their own affairs. The result 
 was that Honorius III., on the 19th May 1225, 
 sent them the following Rescript : ^ — 
 
 "Concilium Provinciale Scoticanum. 
 
 " Bulla PapoB Honorii III. 
 
 " Honorius Episcopus, Servus Servorum Dei, 
 venerabilibus fratribus Universis Episcopis, Regni 
 Scotise, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. 
 Quidam vestrum nuper auribus nostris intima- 
 verunt, quod cum non haberetis Archiepiscopum, 
 cujus auctoritate possitis Concilium Provinciale, 
 celebrare, contigit in regno Scotiae, quod est a 
 sede Apostolica tam remota, Statuta negligi Con- 
 
 1 4th Concil. Lateran, c. 6. 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. Ill 
 
 cilii Generalis, et enormia plurima committi, 
 quse remanent impunita. Cum autem Provincilia 
 Concilia omitti non debeant ' in quibus corri- 
 gendis excessibus et moribus reformandis diligens 
 est adhibendus cum Dei timore tractatus/ ac 
 canonicae sunt relegendse regulse ac conserv- 
 andse, maxime quae in eodem Generali Con- 
 cilio sunt statutae ; per Apostolica vobis scripta 
 mandamus, quatenus cum Metropolitanum nox- 
 amini non habere, Auctoritate Nostra Provinciale 
 Concilium celebretis. Dat. apud Tyberim xiv. 
 Calend. Junii, Pontificatus Nostri anno 9." 
 The following is a free translation : — 
 
 " Scottish Provincial Council. 
 
 " Bull of Pope Honorius III. 
 
 " Honorius, Bishop, servant of the servants of 
 God, To all the venerable brethren. Bishops of 
 the kingdom of Scotland, health and apostol- 
 ical benediction. Not long ago certain of your 
 number represented to us, that since ye have no 
 Archbishop by whose authority a Provincial 
 Council could be called, it happened that, in the 
 kingdom of Scotland, which is so far removed 
 from the Apostolic See, the statutes of the 
 General Council were neglected, and many enor- 
 
112 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 mities committed which remained unpunished. 
 And since Provincial Councils ought not to be 
 omitted ' where diligent conference in correcting 
 excesses is joined with the fear of God,' and 
 the canonical rules are gone over and preserved 
 which were chiefly enacted in the same General 
 Council, we command you, by apostolical writ- 
 ings, seeing that ye have no metropolitan, that 
 ye by our authority hold a Provincial Council. 
 Given at the Tiber, the 14th of the Calends of June 
 (I9th May), in the ninth year of our Pontificate." 
 At this time (a.d. 1225) William de Malvoisin 
 was Bishop of St Andrews, and probably it was 
 owing to his energy, wisdom, and courage, coupled 
 with the great influence of the king, that although 
 the pallium and metropolitan rights were not 
 obtained, the Archbishop of York was virtually 
 silenced, and the Church of Scotland allowed 
 peacefully to manage its own aflairs.-'^ 
 
 ^ The pallium is a short white cloak oi' vestment, with a red cross 
 encircling the neck and shoulders and falling on the back, which, 
 according to ancient usage, is sent from Eome to all Ai'chishops of 
 the Western Church, and to the four Latin Patriarchs of the East, 
 on their accession. It was customary in former times for the Arch- 
 bishops to go to Rome to receive it, but it is now delivered as a 
 mandatory, or by a delegate from Rome. The cloth of which it is 
 made is woven from the wool of ten white lambs, which are blessed 
 at Rome on the festival of St Agnes, and deposited on the tomb of 
 St Peter during the eve of his festival. — (Brande's Diet., Art. Pal.) 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 113 
 
 There can be no doubt, then, that an important 
 change took place at this time in the government 
 of the Church of Scotland in consequence of this 
 bull of Honorius. For centuries before this, the 
 councils of the Church, as has already been in- 
 dicated, seemed to be nothing more than mere 
 conferences of the clergy — called together, per- 
 haps, by the mandate of some legate, who had 
 been sent into the country for a special purpose, 
 or at the wish of the sovereign or some prominent 
 ecclesiastic. There was no complete code of can- 
 ons, so to speak, emanating from the combined 
 clergy of Scotland, regulating the Church, either 
 in its doctrine, discipline, or worship, except the 
 decrees of General Councils, which affected more 
 or less the whole Christian community. But now 
 the Church of Scotland became invested not 
 merely with administrative but with legislative 
 power. Although the edict sanctioning this came 
 from Rome, yet the terms of the bull, and the 
 sense in which it was understood and acted on 
 by the Scottish clergy, virtually proclaimed the 
 complete independence of the Scottish Church — 
 an independence not merely as regards the per- 
 sistent assumptions of the Archbishops of York, 
 but as regards the Bishop of Bome himself The 
 Scottish clergy determined among themselves 
 
 H 
 
114 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 when they were to meet — how they were to meet 
 — what was to be the length of their sittings ; 
 and when they did meet, they enacted canons 
 which subsequent Provincial Councils rehearsed, 
 and perhaps improved and confirmed, and which 
 became authoritative and binding on clergy and 
 people alike — altogether independent of ratifica- 
 tion or approval by any ecclesiastical power what- 
 ever, either in England or at E,ome.^ 
 
 It is obvious, then, that soon after this bull of 
 Honorius reached Scotland, the clergy, or at least 
 the leading spirits among them, met together 
 and drew up a preliminary canon, sanctioning the 
 manner in which Provincial Councils should hence- 
 forth be called and held. The following are the 
 terms of this canon, viz. : — 
 
 "Modus Procedendi in Concilio Cleri 
 scoticani. 
 
 " Primo induantur Episcopi Albis et Amictis 
 Cappis, Solennibus Mitris, Chirothecis, habentes 
 in Manibus Baculos Pastorales ; Abbates in super- 
 peliciis et Cappis, Mitrati cum Mitris ; Decani et 
 
 1 " These [canons] were bold measures, admirably well calcu- 
 lated for securing the indei^endency of the Church of Scotland, but 
 fatal to the prerogative of the Papal See " (Hailes, Annals, vol. iii. 
 p. 219). 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 115 
 
 Archdiaconi in superpeliciis et Almuciis^ et Cap- 
 pis. Alii vero Clerici sint in honesto habitu et 
 decenti. Deinde procedant duo Ceroferarii ; Albis 
 et Amictis induti, cum cereis ardentibus, ante 
 Diaconum, qui legat Evangelium, ' Ego sum Pas- 
 tor,' &c., quem comitetur sub-diaconus, et petet 
 Diaconus Benedictionem a Conservatore, si prse- 
 sens fuerit, vel ab antiquiore Episcopo, si fit 
 absens. Perlecto Evangelio, osculetur Liber a 
 Conservatore, et Singulis Episcopis. Deinde 
 incipiat Conservator Hymnum ' veni Creator ' et 
 ad quemlibet versum incensetur Altare ab Epis- 
 copis ; quo facto, qui haberet dicere Sermonem, 
 accepta Benedictione a Conservatore incipiat Ser- 
 monem ad Cornu Altaris. Finita Sermone, vo- 
 center citati ad Concilium, et absentes puniantur 
 secundum statuta. Quibus statutis ibidem perlec- 
 tis in publico, excommunicent Episcopi secundum 
 statuta, habentes Singuli in manibus candelas." 
 
 A recent writer of Scottish Church history 
 (Bellesheim, History of the Catholic Church of 
 Scotland, &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, 343 : Blackwood, 
 1887) says that it was from "a decree of the 
 first " council that the mode of procedure was 
 
 1 "Amiculum seu Amictus, quo Canonici Caput Humerosque 
 tegebant, Du Cange, Gloss V. Almucium." 
 
116 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 determined ; but he does not give his authority 
 for this statement. The same writer speaks also 
 in rather a cursory manner regarding the parties 
 composing the council, as shown in the above 
 canon, and perhaps for the very good reason that 
 it completely destroys the idea that these import- 
 ant assemblies were mere councils of prelates, or 
 even of the dignitaries of the Church, and that 
 the inferior clergy, as they were called, and the 
 laity, had nothing to do with the government or 
 legislation of the Church in medieval times. No 
 opinion could be more erroneous than this, as far 
 as the Church of Scotland is concerned, if we are 
 to judge from what is stated in the above-men- 
 tioned canon, and to accept the authoritative 
 statements of individuals well qualified to form 
 an opinion on the matter. " The State asserted 
 its right," says Dr Joseph Robertson (Concilia 
 Scotiae, Bannatyne Club, vol. i. pp. liii and 
 239), "to a seat in the councils of the Church. 
 By a writ addressed to the bishops and other 
 prelates about to assemble in Synod, the King 
 commissioned two doctors of the civil law to set 
 forth and show to the council what the King had 
 enjoined them to declare touching himself, the 
 state of his realm, and the state of the prelates 
 and the Church of Scotland ; and more especially 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 117 
 
 to protest, and if need were to appeal, that noth- 
 ing should be enacted by the prelates in Synod 
 which might prejudice the King's Royal Majesty." 
 How then could these representatives of the sov- 
 ereign make known their wishes, and carry out 
 the instructions they received, unless they had 
 seats in the Provincial Councils of the Church, and 
 were permitted to deliver an opinion if need be 
 on every canon that was enacted ? 
 
 Not only so, but according to the " Modus Pro- 
 cedendi " given above, the clergy, who were then 
 and henceforth to take part in the legislation and 
 government of the Church of Scotland as far as 
 these councils were concerned, were to be individ- 
 uals of all ranks and orders as they then existed 
 in the country, — bishops, abbots — mitred and un- 
 mitred — conventyial priors,-^ deans, archdeacons, 
 sub -deacons, and "alii clerici" — other clergy — 
 that is to say, the rectors and vicars of parochial 
 churches, and other ecclesiastics throughout the 
 land. Thus it would appear that both laity and 
 clergy were present and took part in these Pro- 
 vincial Councils, and clergy, too, of all ranks. At 
 apparently the first council, which was held in 
 
 ^ The mitred abbot had episcopal jurisdiction over his own mon- 
 astery, the unmitred had not. The conventual priors were heads of 
 their respective houses ; the claustral priors had abbots over them, 
 to whom they were next in rank and authority. 
 
118 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 Perth in A.D. 1242, and where, it is said, David de 
 Bernham presided, the King, Alexander II., him- 
 self was present with certain of his barons, indi- 
 cating one part of the lay element. And then, 
 again, the abbots and priors were many of them 
 laymen ; so that the assemblies were highly repre- 
 sentative — representative of the Church of Scot- 
 land on the one hand, and of the Scottish mon- 
 arch and State on the other. 
 
 The first president of these Provincial Councils, 
 as has been said, was David de Bernham, Bishop 
 of St Andrews, whose term of office lasted only 
 for one year. But although he sat there on this 
 occasion, no doubt in virtue of his high position, 
 yet he was known in the assembly, not as Maxi- 
 mus Episcopus Scottorum — the highest bishop 
 of the Scots — but as Conservator of the Council.^ 
 A new title was given to him, and to the other 
 presidents who should in turn, in after -years, 
 occupy the same position which he then held — 
 a title, in all probability, conveying the same 
 idea as that of Moderator of later times, which 
 
 ^ Although the pallium and metropolitan rights were not obtained 
 by the Bishop of St Andrews in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
 turies, "nevertheless," says Innes, "jure fere omnia et privilegia 
 metropolitica coUata fuerunt Episcopo Conservatori, et ab eo, durante 
 sua administratione, exercita, prsescriptum quantum ad Concilia 
 Provincialia." The Conservator, during his term of office, held equal 
 rights and privileges. 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 119 
 
 means the presiding officer, in the kirk-sessions, 
 Presbyteries, Synods, and General Assemblies of 
 the Presbyterian and National Church of Scot- 
 land. These councils were held yearly ; the Con- 
 servator for the time being called them together. 
 He also took heed that the decrees that were 
 enacted by them were duly carried out — a jurisdic- 
 tion thus apparently not merely extending over 
 his own particular diocese, but over the whole 
 Church. The slothful and negligent were by 
 him punished with censures and other penalties. 
 At the opening of each council a religious cere- 
 mony was gone through. The clergy were all 
 robed in the vestments with which they per- 
 formed the services of the Church, and which 
 belonged to their respective ranks. A procession 
 was formed ; and when the place of meeting was 
 entered, a portion of a Gospel was read, a hymn 
 was sung, a sermon was preached, the Book of 
 the Gospels was kissed by the Conservator and 
 all the bishops. Incense was sprinkled on the 
 altar. Benedictions were pronounced, but ap- 
 parently no masses were celebrated, no litanies 
 were rehearsed, nor any extended form of ritual 
 gone through. The business of the council began 
 with the calling of the roU, punishing the absent, 
 reading in public the canons that had been en- 
 
120 ON THE ORIGIN OF ECCLESIASTICAL 
 
 acted by former assemblies of the Church, and 
 then other necessary matters were taken up ; 
 the prescribed time for the council sitting being 
 apparently three days. 
 
 Although the bull of Honorius was issued in 
 the year 1225, and during the episcopate of 
 William de Malvoisin, yet, as has been already 
 indicated, it was not for some years afterwards 
 — in all probability not until the year 1242 — 
 that the first Provincial Council was held. It met 
 in the ancient city of Perth, a town beautifully 
 situated on the banks of the river Tay. This dis- 
 trict of Scotland was at that time, and for years 
 before and after, the centre of great civil and re- 
 ligious influence. It was near to Abernethy, the 
 ancient capital of the Pictish kingdom ; to Dun- 
 keld and St Andrews, the seats of famous bishop- 
 rics ; and to the royal palace of Scone, where suc- 
 cessive Scottish monarchs resided, and where they 
 were crowned. And judging from the influence 
 of the Church in those days, and from the power 
 which religion exercised over the minds of the 
 people, we may well imagine what an interest 
 would be everywhere awakened, and what excite- 
 ment there would be, especially in the ancient city 
 of Perth, when the first Provincial Council of the 
 Church, under the new arrangements, held its 
 
LEGISLATION IN SCOTLAND. 121 
 
 sittings there — "m domo Fratrum Predicato- 
 rum" (Hailes, Ann., vol. iii. p. 148). 
 
 It is unnecessary here to give the canons that 
 were enacted in the first Provincial Council held 
 in Scotland. The learned reader will find them 
 all, as well as the canons of later Provincial Coun 
 cils and Diocesan Synods, duly recorded in the 
 'Concilia Scotiae' (torn. i. and ii., Bannatyne 
 Club). Suffice it to say, that they dealt with 
 such matters as the mode of electing the " Con- 
 servator," ^ the teaching of religion to children, 
 the administration of sacraments on the Lord's 
 Day, teinds, and various matters affecting the 
 doctrine, discipline, and worship of the Church. 
 
 In the spring of the year 1242, David de Bern- 
 ham held an important Diocesan Synod at Mussel- 
 burgh, where decrees of a somewhat similar char- 
 acter were enacted, and were ordered "to be 
 published in every parish church, and strictly 
 observed by all concerned." These canons will 
 also be found in the volumes above referred to. 
 
 1 This is the second canon, and in regard to it Hailes (Ann., vol. 
 iii. p. 149) observes that in it " every one will perceive the office and 
 duty of a Moderator of the General Assembly. Our forefathers, at 
 the Reformation, were not disposed to condemn every salutary form 
 approved by the experience of ages, merely because it happened to 
 be Popish." 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 ©n tje Redoes of tlje ^fjirteentjj Centurg. 
 
 A MONG the list of churches dedicated by 
 ^■*- Bishop David de Bernham in the year 
 1242, it is mentioned that there was one church 
 that was not dedicated but reconciled (No, 20) — 
 " reconciUata post effusionem sanguinis " — namely, 
 that of the Holy Trinity at Berwick- on-Tweed. 
 There had been, it would appear, a deadly feud 
 between two Scolocs or Scologs {clerici scholares), 
 and blood — human blood — had polluted the house 
 of God. These two individuals had quarrelled, 
 in all probability, outside the sacred building, 
 and one of them being the weaker, and alarmed 
 by the strength and savage aspect of his assail- 
 ant, had fled into the church and taken refuge 
 within its walls. He was followed, however, by 
 the other, who, in a moment of overpowering 
 passion, imbrued his hands in his adversary's 
 blood, and laid him prostrate and dead upon 
 the floor. This fatal result would not at all be 
 
THE SCOLOCS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 123 
 
 unlikely when we consider the barbarousness of 
 the times. At all events, blood was shed. The 
 sanctuary was desecrated, and therefore, accord- 
 ing to the custom of the Church in those days, 
 it required purification or reconcilement ; and 
 hence, on the 15th day of April 1242, David 
 de Bernham proceeded to Berwick - on - Tweed, 
 and there and then by a solemn service, the 
 terms of which are recorded in his Pontifical, he 
 reconciled this desecrated building. 
 
 But who were these Scolocs ? The question 
 opens up to us an important inquiry as to the 
 means and modes of education in these compara- 
 tively dark ages. In the twelfth and thirteenth 
 centuries, it would appear, the Church of Scot- 
 land had still preserved to it three offices of an 
 educational character which had belonged to the 
 Church of former centuries, and which the im- 
 portant changes introduced by Malcolm, Mar- 
 garet, and the monarchs immediately descended 
 from them, had not completely swept away. 
 There were, first of all, " the Scoloc ; " secondly, 
 "the Master of the School;" and thirdly, "the 
 Ferleiginn or Lecturer." The Scoloc or Scholar 
 was the first or lowest of these offices, and the 
 person who was so designated seems to have 
 been an ecclesiastical clerk, whose duty it was 
 
124 THE SCOLOCS OF 
 
 to attend upon the canons and perform other 
 subordinate offices m the service of the Church. 
 The very term, however, would seem to imply 
 that he was at the same time undergoing some 
 educational process — at the hands of the Master 
 of the School at one time, and the Ferleiginn 
 or Lecturer at another ; so that, in addition to 
 the education that went on in the monasteries, 
 priories, and convents of Scotland in the middle 
 ages, there was another mode of education being 
 carried on by the secular clergy in and about 
 their respective churches. There are records in 
 existence which show that there were Scolocs at 
 the time above referred to at Ellon, the ancient 
 capital of the earldom of Buchan ; at Kirkcud- 
 bright, in the south of Scotland ; at Arbuthnott, 
 in the Mearns ; at Fetheressan (Fetteresso) ; and 
 at places in the county of Fife and elsewhere. 
 
 The late Dr Joseph Robertson, of the Register 
 House, Edinburgh, makes a valuable contribu- 
 tion to this subject in the fifth volume of ' The 
 Spalding Club Miscellany ' (Appendix to Preface), 
 in which he relates the following story in regard 
 to Scolocs that were then connected with the 
 church at Kirkcudbright : "A writer of the 
 twelfth century, Reginald of Durham, sometimes 
 also called Reginald of Coldingham, takes occa- 
 
THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 125 
 
 sion, in his lively ' Book of the Miracles of St 
 Cuthbert,' to relate certain incidents which befell 
 the famous St Aelred of Rievaux, in the year 
 1164, during a journey into Pictland — that is, 
 Galloway, it would seem, or perhaps more gen- 
 erally the provinces of Scotland lying to the 
 south of the Forth and the Clyde. The saintly 
 abbot happened to be at ' Cuthbrictis Khirche,' 
 or Kirkcudbright as it is now called, on the 
 feast day of its great patron. A bull, the mar- 
 vel of the parish for his strength and ferocity, 
 was dragged to the church, bound with cords, to 
 be offered as an alms and oblation to St Cuth- 
 bert. ' The Clerks of the Church,' says Eeginald, 
 ' the Scolofthes, as they are called in the Pictish 
 speech [clerici], irreverently proposed that the 
 bull should be baited in the churchyard. It was 
 in vain that the elder and wiser of their number 
 remonstrated against the profanity. " There is 
 no Cuthbert here," was the scoffing answer, " nor 
 is this a place to show his power for all his stone 
 chapel." With this the speaker unbound the 
 bull, and began to bait him with the rest. The 
 sequel need scarcely be told. The bull broke 
 loose, and rushed upon his assailants, but hurt 
 no one except only the scholar aforesaid (prse- 
 dictam scholasticum solummodo). This would 
 
126 THE SCOLOCS OF 
 
 be enough of itself to show that Reginald, 
 or his informant St Aeh-ed, understood the 
 ' Clerks ' or ' Scolofthes ' of Kirkcudbright to be 
 Scholars. But as if to place his meaning beyond 
 doubt, he inscribes the chapter with the rubric 
 — ' Of a certain Pictish scholar {de scholastico 
 quodam Pictorum) ivlio rashly broke the peace 
 of St Cuthhert's cemetry, by a bidl-bait upon 
 St Cuthbert's day, aiid of the retribution which 
 befell him! " 
 
 Two inferences may legitimately be drawn from 
 the above incident : first, that bull-baiting was 
 evidently a pastime in Scotland in the twelfth 
 century ; and secondly, that some at least of the 
 inhabitants of Galloway at that comparatively 
 late period of Scottish history were known as 
 Picts. 
 
 The second order in the scholastic offices of the 
 Scottish Church in the twelfth and thirteenth 
 centuries, according to Dr Robertson, was " the 
 Master of the Schools." Such " masters," or 
 rectors as they might probably be called, are 
 mentioned in documents as existing in those 
 times in Abernethy, the ancient capital of the 
 Pictish kingdom, in Perth, Stirling, Edinburgh, 
 Ayr, Roxburgh, Berwick - on - Tweed, Aberdeen, 
 Glasgow, and other places in Scotland, which. 
 
THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 127 
 
 we may suppose, were to a certain extent con- 
 siderable towns or centres of population ; and we 
 gather from this that, in such places at all 
 events, the Church had its schools. 
 
 The Ferleiginn, Scholasticus, or Lecturer, was 
 the third or highest grade ; and the office which 
 such a person held is said to have been, in the 
 early Irish and Scoto-Irish Churches, what the 
 Chancellor was in the English and Scoto-English 
 Churches after the twelfth century — namely, as 
 may be supposed, not merely the Keeper of the 
 Bishop's Seals, but the judge in certain mat- 
 ters, and at times the principal expounder of the 
 various philosophical systems which had been in 
 existence before that time. Such lecturers were 
 to be found in St Andrews and other places in 
 Scotland. And therefore we may infer that the 
 Church of Scotland in the middle ages, both 
 in its religious houses and in its cathedrals and 
 principal parish churches, was not unmindful of 
 the education of youth. There was not, indeed, 
 at this early period, any such thing as a university 
 in Scotland. It was not until the beginning of 
 the fifteenth century that the University of St 
 Andrews — the first in Scotland — came into ex- 
 istence. Neither were there any common schools. 
 But nevertheless, in the previously comparatively 
 
128 THE SCOLOCS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 dark ages, the ecclesiastical archaeologist cannot 
 fail to discover traces of a widespread educational 
 system pervading the land ; not, indeed, doing 
 what should have been done, but perhaps in some 
 measure adequate to the peculiar circumstances 
 of the times. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 JHetitebal JKissions anti Preacjjing, 
 
 A LTHOUGH perhaps it would not be correct 
 -^^ to speak of Missions, in the modern sense 
 of the term, in connection with the Church of 
 Scotland in the thirteenth century, yet there 
 were not wanting, within the pale of that 
 Church in that age, those who found their way 
 into distant lands ; whilst the Church as a whole 
 had its emissaries in various parts of the heathen 
 world. In China, India, Persia, and a great 
 part of Northern Asia, there were at this time 
 not only missionaries, but Christian Churches 
 and numerous bodies of Christians, leavening the 
 masses of society with Gospel truth and the 
 wholesome influence of Christian example. The 
 divine command which was given in ancient 
 Palestine by the Founder of Christianity Him- 
 self — " Go ye into all the world, and preach the 
 Gospel to every creature" — although at times 
 not obeyed so readily and zealously as it ought 
 
 I 
 
130 MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 
 
 to have been, has never, however, been lost sight 
 of by the true followers of the Saviour ; and 
 although in this century many of the most 
 celebrated churchmen gave themselves up chiefly 
 to the study of theology — the scholastic philos- 
 ophy, logic, and metaphysics in the great schools 
 of Europe — yet at the same time there were 
 many who, in a humble and self-denying manner, 
 and animated with a truly Christian spirit, went 
 forth from home and country to preach the glad 
 tidings of salvation to perishing souls. 
 
 In all probability there would be many Scots- 
 men among these devoted bands. At all events, 
 Scotsmen were not only to be found at this time 
 in many parts of the continent of Europe, but 
 they would seem also to have had a good repu- 
 tation there. There is an amusing description 
 given of the adventures of an English cleric 
 named Sampson, who afterwards became abbot 
 of the famous monastery of St Edmundsbury in 
 Suffolk,^ in the latter part of the twelfth century, 
 
 ^ This was a Benedictine abbey, founded in the year 633 by 
 Segebert, king of the East Angles, who left his throne and " be- 
 came a religious there." The name, however, was given to the 
 place in consequence of the body of Edmund (king and saint) being 
 taken there in the year 903. The value of the abbey at the dis- 
 solution is said to have been given at £2336, 16s. Oid. ; but now this 
 may probably represent a sum of between forty and fifty thousand 
 pounds. 
 
MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 131 
 
 in which the character of Scotsmen on the Con- 
 tinent at that time is put in rather a favourable 
 light. Sampson had gone to Rome, evidently 
 when he was a comparatively young man, to en- 
 deavour to secure the church of " Woolpit " for 
 the above - mentioned monastery — of which he 
 was probably then an inmate ; and now, after he 
 had become abbot of the same house, and when 
 the church of " Woolpit " had again become 
 vacant, through the promotion of Walter of 
 Constance to the bishopric of Lincoln, Sampson 
 immediately convened the prior and a great part 
 of the convent together, and related to them his 
 adventures in the years 1159-1162. The nar- 
 rative is given by Jocelin of Brakelond, a monk 
 of St Edmundsbury, in his ' Chronicles,' relating 
 to events in the monastery between the years 
 1173 and 1202. 
 
 " ' Ye well know,' says Sampson, ' what trouble 
 I had in respect of the church of Woolpit ; and 
 in order that it should be obtained for your ex- 
 clusive use, I journeyed to Rome at your instance, 
 in the time of the schism between Pope Alexander 
 and Octavian ; and I passed through Italy at the 
 time when all clerks bearing letters of our lord 
 the Pope Alexander were taken, and some were 
 incarcerated, and some were hanged, and some 
 
132 MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 
 
 with nose and lips cut off were sent back to 
 the Pope, to his shame and confusion, I, how- 
 ever, pretended to be a Scotchman ; and putting 
 on the garb of a Scotchman and the appearance 
 of a Scotchman, I often shook my staff in the 
 manner they use that weapon they call a gaveloc ^ 
 at those who mocked me, uttering threatening 
 language, after the manner of the Scotch. To 
 those who met and questioned me as to who I was, 
 I answered nothing but, " Ride ride Rome, turne 
 Cantwereheri." ^ This did I to conceal myself 
 and my errand, and that I should get to Rome 
 safer under the guise of a Scotchman. Having 
 obtained letters from the Pope, even as I wished, 
 on my return I passed by a certain castle, as I 
 was taking my way from the city, and behold the 
 officers thereof came about me, laying hold upon 
 me, and saying, " This vagabond who makes him- 
 self out to be a Scotchman, is either a spy, or 
 bears letters from the false Pope Alexander." 
 And while they examined my ragged clothes, and 
 my leggings, and my breeches, and even the old 
 
 1 " That is, a javelin or pike. See Spelman (voce Gaveloc), who 
 cites the Latin words of the original." 
 
 2 " The meaning of these words seems to be, ' I am riding to Rome, 
 and then I return to Canterbury ; ' in other words, ' I am a poor 
 pilgrim, first going to Rome, and then to St Thomas a Becket's 
 shrine, so I can have nothing to do with either Pope.' " 
 
MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 133 
 
 shoes which I carried over my shoulders, after 
 the fashion of the Scotch, I thrust my hand 
 into the Httle wallet which I carried, wherein 
 was contained the writing of our lord the Pope, 
 close by a little jug I had for drinking ; and the 
 Lord God and St Edmund so permitting, I drew 
 out that writing together with the jug, so that 
 extending my arm aloft, I held the writ under- 
 neath the jug. They could see the jug plain 
 enough, but they did not find the writ ; and so I 
 got clear out of their hands, in the name of the 
 Lord. Whatever money I had about me they 
 took away ; therefore it behoved me to beg from 
 door to door, being at no charge, until I arrived 
 in England. But hearing that this church had 
 been given to Geoffrey Ridell, my soul was heavy 
 for that I had laboured in vain. Coming, there- 
 fore, home, I slunk under the shrine of St Ed- 
 mund, fearing lest the abbot should seize and 
 imprison me, although I deserved no punishment; 
 nor was there a monk who durst speak to me, 
 or a layman who durst bring me food, except by 
 stealth. At last, upon consideration, the abbot 
 sent me to Acre in exile, and there I stayed a 
 long time. These and innumerable other things 
 have I endured on account of this church of 
 Woolpit ; but blessed be God, who rules all for 
 
134 MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 
 
 the best, behold ! this very church, for which I 
 have borne so many sufferings, is given into my 
 hand, and now I have the power of presenting 
 the same to whomsoever I will, because it is 
 vacant. And now I render to the convent, and 
 to its exclusive use I assign, the ancient custom 
 or pension of ten marks, which ye have lost for 
 upwards of sixty years. I had much rather have 
 given it to you entire, could I have done so ; but 
 I know that the Bishop of Norwich might gain- 
 say this ; or even if he did grant it, he would 
 by occasion thereof claim to himself such subjec- 
 tion and obedience from you which it is not 
 advisable or expedient you should acknowledge. 
 Therefore let us do that which by law we may 
 do ; and that is, to put a clerk in as vicar, who 
 shall account to the bishop for the spiritualities, 
 and to yourselves for ten marks. And I propose, 
 if you all agree, that this vicarage be given to 
 some kinsman of R. de Hengham, a monk, and 
 one of your brethren, who was joined with me in 
 that expedition to Kome, and was exposed to the 
 same perils as myself, and in respect of the very 
 same matter.' 
 
 " Having said these things, we all arose and 
 gave thanks ; and Hugh, a clerk, brother of 
 the aforesaid Roger, was nominated to the afore- 
 
MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 135 
 
 said church, saving to us our pension of ten 
 marks." 
 
 Much of the Christian teaching of the middle 
 ages was by Symbols. In the absence of printed 
 books and literature of all kinds, so far as the 
 people were concerned, the clergy in those times, 
 and in all lands, resorted to pictorial representa- 
 tions of the more prominent parts of Old Testa- 
 ment history, and of the great events in the life 
 of the Saviour, in order to set forth the truths 
 of revelation. The cross was erected not only 
 in churches and churchyards, but even on the 
 public highway, and in the common market- 
 places of towns, so as ever to keep before the 
 minds of men the great and only way of the 
 world's salvation. The cross, the lamb, the 
 serpent, and suchlike, were well-known symbols. 
 The windows of cathedral and parish churches 
 were painted, and their walls outside and inside 
 were sculptured, with such representations of 
 Bible Scripture subjects as " the Fall of Man " ; 
 the Brazen Serpent in the Wilderness ; the 
 Preaching of John the Baptist ; the Raising of 
 Lazarus from the Grave; and the Birth, Baptism, 
 Temptation, Transfiguration, Death, Besurrection, 
 and Ascension of our Blessed Lord. Even the 
 symbolic beasts of Scripture — mentioned chiefly 
 
136 MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 
 
 in the Book of Ezekiel's Prophecies and in the 
 Apocalypse — were painted on the windows and 
 carved on the walls of ecclesiastical buildings 
 by the artists of those times, in accordance with 
 the Church's instructions, as modes of teaching 
 the people the sacred truths of revelation ; and 
 many such representations are still to be seen on 
 the Christian edifices of those times that still 
 remain to us, and on the dilapidated remains of 
 others that have long since fallen into decay. 
 
 Nevertheless it must not be supposed that the 
 preaching of the Gospel was wholly neglected 
 in the middle ages. Although, perhaps, at some 
 times and in some places, this great Christian 
 ordinance did not receive that prominence in the 
 services of the sanctuary which it ought to have 
 done, yet there were many great preachers and 
 much excellent preaching in these ages. 
 
 Those fragments of sermons that have come 
 down to us, show that much of the preaching 
 was earnest. Scriptural, and most impressive, and 
 indeed at times calculated to fill the minds of the 
 hearers with awe. Those who are familiar with 
 the poems of Robert Burns may remember the 
 thrill of horror that came over them when for 
 the first time they read those lines in " Tam 
 o' Shanter " describing the midnight scene in 
 
MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 137 
 
 AUoway's haunted kirk, when it was lightened up 
 with the glare of a supernatural light : — 
 
 " Coffins stood round, like open presses. 
 That shaw'd the dead in their last dresses ; 
 And by some devilish cantrip slight 
 Each in its cauld hand held a light, — 
 By which heroic Tarn was able 
 . To note upon the haly table 
 
 A murderer's banes in gibbet aims ; 
 Twa span-lang, wee, unchristen'd bairns ; 
 A thief, new-cutted frae a rape, 
 Wi' his last gasp his gab did gape ; 
 Five tomahawks, wi' bluid red-rusted ; 
 Five scimitars, wi' murder crusted ; 
 A garter, which a babe had strangled ; 
 A knife, a father's throat had mangled, 
 Whom his ain son o' life bereft, — 
 The grey hairs yet stack to the heft." 
 
 And yet the above is not more striking and awful 
 than the following from one of the homilies of 
 the Anglo-Saxon preacher and historian, " Tlie 
 Venerable Bede,'' who was born in the year 635, 
 and died in 672. " It was the Lord's will," he 
 says, " that Paul should see the punishments of 
 that place. He beheld trees all on fire, and 
 sinners tormented on those trees ; and some were 
 hung by the feet, some by their hands, some by 
 the hair, some by the neck, some by the tongue, 
 and some by the arm. And again he saw a 
 
138 MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 
 
 furnace of fire burning with seven flames, and 
 many were punished in it : and there were seven 
 plagues round about this furnace ; the first was 
 snow, the second ice, the third fire, the fourth 
 blood, the fifth serpents, the sixth lightning, the 
 seventh stench ; and in that furnace itself were 
 the souls of the sinners who repented not in 
 this life. There they are tormented, and every 
 one receiveth according to his works : some weep, 
 some howl, some groan ; some burn and desire to 
 have rest, but find it not, because souls can never 
 die. . . . And after this he saw between 
 heaven and earth the soul of a sinner howling 
 betwixt seven devils, that had on that day de- 
 parted from the body. . . . And Paul de- 
 manded of the angel how many kinds of punish- 
 ment there were in hell. And the angel said. 
 There are a hundred and forty -four thousand ; 
 and if there were a hundred eloquent men, each 
 having four iron tongues, that spoke from the 
 beginning of the world, they could not reckon 
 up the torments of hell. . . . But let us, 
 beloved brethren, hearing of these so great tor- 
 ments, be converted to our Lord, that we may 
 be able to reign with the angels." 
 
 We have only to add to the above the presence, 
 the eloquence, and the earnestness of the preacher, 
 
MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 139 
 
 in order to realise how much moved the audience 
 must have been under such teaching. 
 
 It seems to have been the practice of some 
 preachers in the thirteenth century to enliven 
 and instruct their hearers by quotations even 
 from the Fables of ^sop. Vincent of Beauvois, 
 a French Dominican, mentions this in his book 
 the 'Mirror of History.' And from the collec- 
 tions of medieval stories that still exist, it would 
 seem that such fancied narratives were often 
 made use of by preachers in those times to illus- 
 trate and enforce more effectively the solemn 
 truths of revelation. The ' Gesta Eomanorum ' 
 or 'Deeds of the Romans' was a work of this 
 kind ; and from its pages not only did Shake- 
 speare, Schiller, and other well - known poets, 
 borrow some of their most beautiful fancies, but 
 even preachers in times long anterior to theirs 
 made use of these tales to illustrate and enforce 
 the truths and doctrines they proclaimed from 
 the pulpit. 
 
 Hildebert was made Archbishop of Tours in 
 France in the year 1185, when he was seventy 
 years of age. The following extract from his 
 sermon on " Crosses and Sufferings " will show 
 how beautifully he could apply Scripture truth 
 in his pulpit teaching : " The love of the world 
 
140 MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 
 
 in its commencement is sweet, but in the end 
 bitter ; the love of God at first appears bitter, 
 but in the end it becomes sweet. This is proved 
 to us in a remarkable manner by the evangelist's 
 account of the marriage feast at Cana, where it is 
 said, ' Every man at the beginning doth set forth 
 good wine ; and when men have well drunk, then 
 that which is worse : but thou hast kept the good 
 wine until now.' The natural man first imbibes 
 the good wine — that is to say, he is dazzled 
 by the deceitful sweetness of earthly pleasures : 
 when these false desires have made him drunken, 
 then must he drink the bad ; conscience and 
 its sting approaches. But Jesus keeps the good 
 wine until the end. Will He satisfy a soul 
 with His love, He first permits it to undergo 
 sorrow and suffering, that the gracious draught 
 may be so much the more refreshing and the 
 sweeter." 
 
 Peter of Blois, a medieval preacher, was at one 
 time Archdeacon of London ; and here is a passage 
 from an address by him to the clergy over whom 
 he was placed : " Oh, how awful, how perilous a 
 thing, my brethren, is the administration of your 
 ofiice ! because ye shall have to answer not only 
 for your own souls, but for the souls committed 
 to your charge, when the day of tremendous 
 
MEDIEVAL MISSIONS AND PREACHING. 141 
 
 judgment shall come ! And how shall he keep 
 another man's conscience whose own is not kept ? 
 Oh, there is a fire kindled in the fury of the 
 Lord, and it shall burn even to the nethermost 
 hell ! A place is appointed for him with ever- 
 lasting burnings ; the worm is prepared which 
 dieth not ; smoke, vapour, and the vehemence 
 of storms — horror and a deep shade — the weight 
 of chains of repentance that bind, that burn and 
 that consume not ! From which may that Fire 
 deliver us who consumes not, but consummates ; 
 which devours not, but enlightens every man that 
 Cometh into the world ! May He illuminate us 
 to give the knowledge of salvation unto His 
 people, who liveth and reigneth ever with the 
 Father and the Holy Ghost, God to all ages of 
 ages. ^ 
 
 1 Quoted from Lecture by Dean Ramsay, " Pulpit Table-talk." 
 
CHAPTER XIIL 
 
 ©ilapttJattott of S^ijirteentfi = Century Cijurdj 
 ^titfices in .Scotlantr* 
 
 TN the days of David de Bernham there were, 
 -*- it is beHeved, 234 churches within the diocese 
 of St Andrews ; while throughout the whole king- 
 dom there could not be less than 1000 ecclesi- 
 astical buildings of one kind or another. The 
 style of these edifices would vary according to 
 the particular period in which they had been 
 erected and the localities in which they were 
 situated. In Berwickshire, the Lothians, and 
 the south of Scotland generally, probably some 
 Anglo-Saxon edifices still existed ; but the great 
 proportion of churches in these districts would be 
 of the Anglo-Norman type, with square tower 
 and round-headed windows and doors. For after 
 the Norman Conquest in 1066, Norman architects, 
 builders, and masons found their way into Eng- 
 land, and soon covered the whole country with 
 their somewhat massive but beautiful designs. 
 
CHUKCH EDIFICES IN SCOTLAND. 143 
 
 By this time, therefore, these persons must have 
 done considerable work of a similar kind in the 
 southern counties of Scotland. Indeed in this 
 century the Anglo-Gothic, with the tops of the 
 windows and doors pointed, would be beginning to 
 appear in ecclesiastical buildings, although prob- 
 ably the Anglo-Norman or Romanesque would still 
 prevail. In the counties north of the Forth and 
 Clyde, on the other hand, and especially in the 
 Highlands of Scotland, there would be many 
 churches and chapels of a Celtic type ; although, 
 in these localities also, many instances of Anglo- 
 Norman design would be found. The reader who 
 wishes for further information on this subject will 
 find much interesting matter in a work published 
 by Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh, in 1861, 
 entitled, ' Characteristics of Old Church Archi- 
 tecture, &c., in the Mainland and Western Islands 
 of Scotland' (by Mr T. S. Muir). 
 
 Few if any thirteenth - century ecclesiastical 
 edifices, it is to be feared, now remain in Scot- 
 land. Those buildings which David de Bernham 
 and William Wishart dedicated, have probably 
 long since gone to decay. Indeed the Church of 
 Scotland, in its long and checkered history, has 
 perhaps, more than any other Church in Christen- 
 dom, suffered not merely from the ravages of 
 
144 DILAPIDATION OF THIRTEENTH-CENTURY 
 
 time, but from the rude hand of violence. Those 
 ecclesiastical edifices of the middle ages — the 
 abbeys, priories, cathedrals, parish churches, and 
 suchlike — which in former times represented 
 outwardly the Christianity of the land and the 
 architectural art of the period, are now in most 
 instances nothing more than decayed and imper- 
 ceptible ruins. Erected under the deepest feel- 
 ings of piety and devotion, and for the noblest of 
 purposes — and that, too, in a country celebrated 
 for the picturesqueness of its scenery and the 
 historic character of many of its associations — 
 these religious houses of former centuries have 
 now in most cases disappeared, and a few stones 
 or naked walls only are all that are left to 
 indicate to the traveller the spot where former 
 generations of Scotsmen worshipped God. It is 
 impossible even now to withhold admiration from 
 the taste and aesthetic feeling displayed by the 
 founders of these edifices, not only in the con- 
 struction of the buildings themselves, but even in 
 the selection of the sites. Often beside streams 
 of great beauty, or in glens embosomed among 
 rugged mountains, or near forests of imposing 
 grandeur, or on the prominent cliffs of the ocean's 
 shores, or in the quiet retreats of rural villages, 
 the ecclesiastics of those ages planted their 
 
CHURCH EDIFICES IN SCOTLAND. 145 
 
 churches and other houses of devotion, and in 
 most cases spared neither time, labour, nor ex- 
 pense to make them worthy of that Great Being 
 in whose honour and for whose service they were 
 specially erected. But war, internal strife, tribal 
 commotion, thirst for plunder, as well as time 
 itself and neglect, and other causes, singly or 
 combined, have carried most of them away, and 
 robbed the country of some of the richest archi- 
 tectural gems of medieval art. Indeed it seems 
 to be the fate of the Church of Christ, in all 
 ages of its history and in all countries where it 
 has been planted, notwithstanding its beneficent 
 designs and continued progress, to sufier at the 
 hands of spoilers ; and the Church of Scotland, at 
 various periods of its history, has been no excep- 
 tion to this general law. 
 
 But perhaps the most remarkable period in this 
 respect was that which occurred at the Reforma- 
 tion, That great social and religious upheaving, 
 which in the sixteenth century spread over all 
 Europe, and which no doubt purified the Church 
 and delivered mankind from many sore and griev- 
 ous trammels, produced a literal desolation in the 
 properties and revenues of the Scottish Church, 
 Not only were its monastic and conventual edi- 
 fices, its imposing cathedrals and beautiful parish 
 
 K 
 
146 DILAPIDATION OF THIRTEENTH-CENTURY 
 
 churches, in most instances levelled to the ground, 
 but its extensive lands were alienated, its sacred 
 vessels of gold and silver were taken away and 
 some of them sold, and many of its valuable 
 records, manuscripts, furnishings, and books of 
 devotion were either committed to the flames, 
 laid aside in private dwellings, or carried away 
 into foreign lands. The barons and other nobles, 
 taking advantage of the religious excitement of 
 the times to aggrandise themselves, not only en- 
 couraged the Reforming clergy and people in the 
 destruction of the great religious houses, but 
 sometimes they took part in the work of demoli- 
 tion themselves, so that the abbots, priors, and 
 other ecclesiastics being compelled to fly, there 
 might be none left to demand restitution.^ 
 
 As an evidence of what took place at that 
 eventful period of Scottish ecclesiastical history, 
 the following may be adduced : — 
 
 " An Act was passed (by the Estates of the 
 Kealm, a.d. 1560) for demolishing cloysters and 
 abbey churches, such as were not as yet pulled 
 down ; the execution whereof was for the west 
 parts committed to the Earles of Arrane, Argile, 
 
 1 On the 28th March 1561, the Lords of the Congregation "past to 
 Stirling, a7id be the toay kest down the Abbe?/ of Dunfermling" (Regist. 
 de Dunf., Pref., p. xxv, from Pitscottie). 
 
CHURCH EDIFICES IN SCOTLAND. 147 
 
 and Glencairn, for the north to Lord James, and 
 for the in-countries to some barons that were held 
 most zealous. 
 
 " Thereupon issued a pitifull vast at ion of 
 churches and church buildings throughout all 
 parts of the realm ; for every one made bold to 
 put to their hands, the meaner sort imitating the 
 ensample of the greater and those who were in 
 authority. No difference was made, but all the 
 churches either defaced or pulled to the ground. 
 The holy vessels, and whatsoever else men could 
 make gain of, as timber, lead, and bells were put 
 to sale. The very sepulchres of the dead were 
 not spared. The registers of the Church and 
 bibliotheques cast into the fire. In a word, all 
 was ruined, and what had escaped in the time of 
 the first tumult, did now undergo the common 
 calamity ; which was so much the worse that the 
 violences committed at this time were coloured 
 with the warrant of public authority." — (Spottis- 
 woode. Hist, of the Ch. of Scotland — London, 
 1655— lib. iii. pp. 174, 175.) 
 
 Lord Hailes, though not doubting the truthful- 
 ness of Spottiswoode's statement, remarks that he 
 gives no authority for it. 
 
 When Lord Hertford was sent by Henry VIIL 
 to invade Scotland in the year 1544, he surprised 
 
148 DILAPIDATION OF THIRTEENTH-CENTURY 
 
 and plundered Leith (the Scottish army being on 
 the Borders), and gave Edinburgh for three days to 
 the flames. " One hundred and ninety-two towns, 
 parish churches, castel-houses, and 243 villages 
 were cast down or burnt, and the country was 
 reduced almost to a desert." — (Haynes, State 
 Papers, 43 and 52, July - November 1544. Cf. 
 Tytler, vol. v. p. 310, footnote.) 
 
 In 1545 the same General destroyed the monas- 
 teries of Kelso, Melrose, Dry burgh, and Jedburgh. 
 
 The Cecil Papers state that the Earl of Hert- 
 ford destroyed between 8th and 23d September 
 1545, 7 monasteries, 16 castles, 5 market towns, 
 243 villages, 13 mills, and 3 hospitals (R. O. Scot- 
 land, Henry VIII., vol. viii.. No. 86). 
 
 The first General Assembly of the Reformed 
 Church met at Edinburgh on December 20, 1560 
 (December 21), and at page 1 of the 'Compen- 
 dium of the Laws of the Church of Scotland,' No. 
 4, there appears the following : " The parishioners 
 of Restalrig appointed to repair to Leith kirk, and 
 the kirk of Restalrig ordered to be razed and de- 
 molished, as a monument of idolatry." 
 
 " The Cathedral of Channery, where the 
 Bishop's seat is, was demolished at the Befor- 
 mation." — (Forbes on Ch. Lands and Tithes — 
 Edinburgh, 1705— p. 79.) 
 
CHURCH EDIFICES IN SCOTLAND. 149 
 
 " The Black Book of Paisley, an edition of 
 Fordun, was carried to England by General Lam- 
 bert, and bought by Charles II. for £200. It is 
 now in the British Museum." — (Walcott, Anc. 
 Ch. of Scot., p. 297.) 
 
 " The Chartulary or Writes of the Bishoprick of 
 Dunblane are not to be found. Sir James Dal- 
 rymple conjectures they have been carried over 
 sea at the Reformation by George Thomson, or 
 some other churchman of that diocese." — (Forbes 
 on Ch. Lands and Tithes, p. 78.) 
 
 As many leading churchmen in those times fled 
 to France and other parts of the continent of 
 Europe, probably they carried many records with 
 them, some of which may yet be found by archae- 
 ologists in the libraries of these places. 
 
CHAPTEK XIV. 
 
 Concltitiincj EcmarJts— ©catfj of 29abiti 
 tie Bernftam* 
 
 TT is now more than 630 years since the remains 
 -^ of David de Bernham were peacefully laid 
 within the precincts of the Monastery of Kelso. 
 That religious house, situated near the confluence 
 of the Teviot and the Tweed, and sheltered by 
 noble trees and wooded heights, although on the 
 borders of Scotland, was yet within the extensive 
 diocese of Glasgow, but being a mitred abbacy, 
 was probably not under the spiritual jurisdiction 
 of its bishop. Here, therefore, and not at St 
 Andrews, where he should have been interred, 
 and where the St Andrews ecclesiastics desired 
 that his interment should take place, did they 
 lay the body of David de Bernham. He had 
 evidently been spending his closing days in the 
 neighbourhood, although little or nothing is 
 known as to how he was employed. In the 
 year 1251 he went to York, accompanied by 
 several of the Scottish nobility, to be present at 
 
DEATH OF DAVID DE BERNHAM. 151 
 
 the marriage of King Alexander III., then only 
 about ten years of age, with Margaret, daughter 
 of Henry III. of England, and " to see all things 
 duly performed " ; and, according to Spottiswoode, 
 he was seized with fever there, and died on the 
 1st May 1251 (lib. ii. p. 44). Fordun, on the 
 other hand (Scot., lib. vi. cap. 42), states that 
 he died at Nanthanira (Nenthorn), a parish in 
 the south-west of Berwickshire, and four miles to 
 the north-west of Kelso, on the VI. Kal. Maii — 
 that is, the 26th April — 1253, and was buried at 
 the latter place, as above stated, " contra pro- 
 testationem ecclesise Sancti Andrese," having 
 been bishop thirteen years, three months, and 
 nine days. 
 
 David de Bernham seems to have been a 
 person of great vigour and determination of 
 character. Spottiswoode says "he kept a severe 
 hand over the clergy, especially the monks and 
 others that lived in religious orders." Fordun 
 applies to him the epithets " durus " and " in- 
 humanus," and gives an instance of the apparent 
 injustice and harshness of his character in taking 
 away from the fraternity at St Andrews the 
 church of Inchture, which William (evidently 
 WiUiam the Lion) had given to the said brother- 
 hood. " Hie collegio suo durus et inhumanus 
 exstitit exactionibus, auguriis et extortionibus 
 
152 DEATH OF DAVID DE BERNHAM. 
 
 fatigavit ; et ecclesiam de Inchture, quam piae 
 memoriae rex Willelmus Canonicis ante dederat, 
 injuste et de facto abstulit : sed inde modicum 
 lucri reportavit, quia subito post, in segritudinem 
 incurabilem incidit, per quam ad extremam horam 
 perveniens, restituta tamen eis ecclesia." Shortly 
 before his death, according to Fordun, he was 
 moved to restore the church to the canons of St 
 Andrews, from whom it had been unjustly taken 
 away. 
 
 It is generally supposed, however, that Fordun 
 had no liking for David de Bernham, and hence 
 his rather unfavourable estimate of his character. 
 Nevertheless he must have been a person of great 
 mental power and energy, and probably it will be 
 safer to consider him as a great and a good man 
 in his day, one well qualified to discharge the 
 duties of an onerous and responsible position, 
 and who, whatever his faults may have been, 
 spared neither time nor trouble to benefit his 
 country and the Church of which he was so 
 distinguished a servant. 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.