BOOKS - B Y : PROFESSOR ROBERTSON CRITICAL NOTES TO BROADUS' HARMONY OF THE COS- PELS. Tenth Revised Edition. Price of the Harmony, $1.25 net. (Doran.) A SHORT GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT. Third Revised Edition. Price, $1.50 net. (Doran.) A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMMENT IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH. Second Revised Edition. Price, $5.00 net. (Doran.) PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHRISTIANITY. The Wisdom of James, Price, $1.25 net. (Doran.) LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN A. BROADUS. Popular Edi- tion. Price, 50c net. (Griffith and Rowland.) KEYWORDS TO THE TEACHING OF JESUS. Price, 50c net. (Griffith and Rowland.) THE TEACHING OF JESUS CONCERNING GOD THE FATHER. Price, 50c net. (American Tract Society.) THE STUDENT'S CHRONOLOGICAL NEW TESTAMENT. Price, $1.00 net. (Revell.) THE GLORY OF THE MINISTRY. Third Edition. Price, $1.25 net. (Revell.) JOHN THE LOYAL. Studies in the Ministry of John the Baptist. Popular Edition. Price, 50c net. (Scribner.) EPOCHS IN THE LIFE OF JESUS. Popular Edition. Price, 50c net. (Scribner.) EPOCHS IN THE LIFE OF PAUL. Popular Edition. Price. 50c net. (Scribner.) COMMENTARY ON MATTHEW (Bible for Home and School). Price, 60c net. (Macmillan.) STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. Price, 50c net. (Bap- tist Sunday School Board.) SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY. Fourth Re- vised Edition. Price, $1.35 net. (World Press.) SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY A GUIDE FOR LESSONS IN THE CLASS-ROOM By A. T. ROBERTSON, D.D., LL.D.. Professor of Interpretation of the New Testament in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky. Fourth Revised and Enlarged Edition. 1915 BAPTIST WORLD PUBLISHING CO., Louisoitle, Ky. Copyright 1915 By A. T. Robertson PREFACE. The immediate purpose of tMs Syllabus is to facilitate the work in the class in New Testament English in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. It is not designed for general use, though other institutions have adopted it. The book, revised throughout, serves the function of a broad outline of the New Testament history with precise references to the text-books used for the daily lessons. The method pursued is the study of the sources of our knowledge as far as practicable with the aid of useful helps. The course follows the historical development of the events of the period and the interpretation of the New Testament books is based on historical exegesis. The whole of the New Testament era is covered in one ses- sion of eight months and the work is of necessity rapid, while comprehensive. This grasp of the whole period is essential for proper interpretation of any single position. The more important books, with various critical standpoints, are men- tioned from time to time. The plan and spirit of the course are due to John A. Broadus, who established it in 1859, the first course in the English New Testament in any theological seminary so far as I know. All ministers need a thorough grip upon the English New Testament whether they do or do not know the Greek. The knowledge of each reacts favorably upon the other. Neither takes the place of the other. Both are necessary to the real student of the New Testament. The student who enters this class ought to know at least what is in the author's Studies in the New Testament. A. T. ROBERTSON. LoulsTllle, Ky., October, 1915. 5 CHART OF INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT TIMES. (Many of the datea are confessedly provisional, especially in the Apostolic history.) DATS RULBBS OF jrODEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA 1 CONTEMPORARY EVENTS B.C. Under Persia 536 B. C. to 331 B. C. Artaxerxea Mne- mon. Part of Book of Ba- ruch. Book of Tobit pos- sibly. 405 400 Jonathan. Retreat of the Ten 399 Thousand (Xeno- phon). Death of Socrates 334 • Roman Consuls begin. Plato. Aristotle. Battle of Grani- 333 cus. Battle of Issue. 331 330 End of Persian rule. Beginning of Greek rule over Ju- dea. Alexander the Great. Death of High Priest Jaddua. last name mentioned in 0. T. (Neh. 12:llf.) Alexander con- 323 quers Persian Em- pire. Alexander dies at 320 Ptolemaic rule, over Jews. Babylon. Ptolemaic Rule 312 begins in Egypt. Seleucid Kings be- 299 Simon I. The Just High Priest. Ptolemy Philadel- phus. Traditional date of the so-called Great Synagogue and the fix- ing cf canon of the 0. T Translation of the Septuagint begun. Probable date of Ec- clesiasticus or the Wis- dom of Son of Sirach. Appearance of Chasidim. gin rule in Syria. Seleucid Era. 285-247 250 Eleazer (287-26). Zeno. Epicurus. First Punic War. 225 Second Punic 216 War. Battle of Cannae 198 Beginning of Sel- eucid rule over Jews, under Antiochus the Great. Jewish-Alexandrian Philosophy. Aristobulus and Wisdom of Solomon lere or little later. (Hannibal). INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT CHART DATE RULERS OF JUDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JCDEA CONTEMPORAHT EVENTS B.C. 190 175 172 Antioehus Epi- phanes begins his ef- forta to Hellenize the Jew8 Jason, the Hellen- izing High Priest. Menelaus, an- other Ucllenizing High Priest. Rededication of the Temple. Book III, of Sybil- line Oracles probably about this time. Book of Judith. Great beaten by Romans at Mag- nesia. Romans gain foothold in the East 167 166 165 Beginning of Mac- cabean Revolt under Mattathias. Polybius. 161 160 Death of Judas at Eleasa. Jonathan Macca- beus succeeds him. Death of Alcimus (Hellenizing High Priest). No High Priest for 7 years. Jonathan made High Priest and so combines political and religious office. 153 Third Punic War. 146 Probably I. Esdras. Probably also part of Book of Enoch. 143 Simon Maccabeus rules. inth destroyed. Embassy to Rome 142 Political independ- ence of the Jews. 135 John Hyrcanus rules. 130 Samaritan temple destroyed. Destruction of Sa- maria The Essenes. Revival of Hellen- ism. Clash with Phari- isees, and siding with Sadducees. Party strife. 108 105 Aristobulus calls himself King of Ju- dea. Alexander Janna- eus reigns. Cicero and Pom- 104 pey born. Power of Mariua. 100 Birth of Julius 86 Book of Jubilees or Little Genesis and Psalms of Solomon. Revival of Pharisa- ism. Caesar. Sylla. Lucretius. Catullus. INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT CHART. Salome-Alexandra rulea. RULERS OP JUDEA Hyrcanus High Priest. Separation again between political and religious rule. Aristobulug King. Pompey re-in- states Hyrcanus. Roman rule of Ju- dea really begins. Rule by Councils. Hyrcanus ap- pointed Ethnarch by Caesar, and Anti- pater his Prime Min- ister (Procurator). HIGH PRIESTS Hyrcanus High Priest still. Herod appointed Tetrarch and rule taken away from Hyrcanus. Judea now a Roman Prov- ince. Parthians estab- lish Antigonus as King. Herod becomes King of Judea. Birth of Herod the Great. Overthrow of Hyr- canus by Aristobulus, Antipater takes side of Hyrcanus. WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA Pompey enters Tem^ pie. Crassus plunders Jerusalem. CONTEMPORART EVENTS I Maccabees and II Maccabees both belong to this century. Probably also the so- called 4 Maccabees. Hyrcanus deposed and Ananelus made High Priest. Pompey sent to Asia. Syria a Roman Province and so end of Seleucid kings. Catiline. Cicero. First Triumvirate (Pompey, Caesar, Crassus.) Rise of the Par- thians to power. Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia. Caesar with Cleo- patra in Egypt. Downfall of Re- public. Caesar perpetual Dictator. Assassination of Caesar. Battle of Philippi and victory of the Second Triumvirate (Octavius, Antonius, Lepidus), over Bru- tus and (iassiuB. Parthians capture Jerusalem while Herod flees to Rome and is appointed King of Judea. Herod marries Mari Anthony 'oses a kingdom for Cleo- patra. Virgil. 10 INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT CHART DATE BULERa OP JUDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINQS AND EVENTS IN JCDEA CONTBMPORART EVENTS B.C. 35 Aristobulus High Priest. His drown- ing. Succeeded by Je- sus and then Simon. Hiiit'l and Shamraai, rival teachers of Rab- binism in Jerusalem. Scribism dominant in Palestine. Jewish Rabbinical Theology (Talmud A. D. 200-500). Rise of Herodians. Tibullus. 31 Battle of Actium 27 and victory of Octa- vius over Antonius. Octavius becomes 25 Samaria rebuilt. Herod begins repair- ing the Temple at Je- rusalem. Birth of John the Baptist. BIRTH OF JESUS. Death of Herod the Great. Emperor (Augustus) 20 or 19 CorneUus Nepos. 6 Sallust. Horace. Livy. 5 Matthias. 4 Ovid. 4 Archelaus Eth- narch of Judea. Joseph. Joasar. Eleasar. Jesus. Ananus. Herod Antipas A. D. 4 Rise of Zealots. Visit of the Boy Jesus to Jerusalem. Tetrarch of Gallilee and Perea. Philip Tetrarch of Iturea, Trachonitis, etc. 6 7 Archelaus deposed and Judea again made Province of Rome. rator. Diodorus Siculua. Strabo. 9 12 14 Ambiviua Procu- rator. Annius Ruf us Pro- Death of Augustus 15 Valerius Gratus Procurator. Assumption of Moses. John Baptist begins ministry. Baptism of Jesus. Crucifixion and Res- urrection of Christ. Ascension of Christ. Tiberius becomea 16 Ishmae! . Simon. Caiaphas. full Emperor (after two years co-reign- 18 ing in theProvinces.) 25 (or 26) 26 Pontius Pilate (Procurator.) (or 27) 30 (or 29) Pass- over Forty days later. INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT CHART. 11 DATB RULERS OF JTJDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA CONTEMPORARY EVENTS 30 A. D. Pente- Descent of the Holy Spirit. cost. 34 Death of Philip 34-36 Death of Stephen. Conversion of Sau!. Writings of Phiio (bornaboutB. C. 20). the Tetrarch. 35-37 36 37 Recall of Pontius Pilate. Succeeded by Marcellus. Maruelus. Jonathan. Theophilus. Caligulus Emperor. 39 Herod Agrippa I, made King. Herod Antipas de- 41 Herod Agrippa I, given Judea also. Rules as King. Simon. Matthias. Ellonaios. Joseph Ananus. posed as Tetrarch. 43 Death of James the Apostle. Important date in career of Paul because of visit to Jer- usalem at time of fam- ine and death of Herod (Acts 11:30). Epistle of James. Conference at Jeru- salem. Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians (First group). 44 45 48 49-50 I, and Judea a prov- ince again. Cus- piua Fadus Procura- tor. Alexander. Rebellion of Theu- das. 52 51-53 Felix. Rebellious out- 54 breaks of Jews against Rome. Nero Emperor. 56-58 Second group of Paul's Epistles. 1 Cor.' 2 Cor., Gal., Rom. Date of Galatians un- certain. The Judaizers. Important date in career of Paul. Possibly Mark and Matthew by this time. Probably Gospel of Luke during stay at Caesarea (58-60). Departure of Paul to Rome. 58-60 Festus succeeds Felix. Bun-hus. Seneca. 59 Ishmael. Joseph. 60 59-61 62 Albinus. Ananus. 12 INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT CHART DATE RULERS OP JXJDEA HIOH PRIESTS WRITINOS AND EVENTS IN JUREA CONTEMPORART EVENTS A. D. 61-63 Third group of Paul's Epistles- Phil- ippians, Colossians, Ephesians and Phil- emon. The Gnostics. Paul set free. 64 Geesias Florua. Burning of Rome. 65 Matthias. Epistles of Peter, Jude, and that to the Hebrews, most prob- ably between 64 and 69. Josephus Governor of Galilee. Pastoral Epistles of Paul (Fourth Group). Possible death of Simon Peter. Paul's Second Im- prisonment and death. Flight of Christians to Pella. Destruction of Tem- ple and Jerusalem by Titus. End of Sanhedrin. Rabbinic School at Jamnia Writings of Josephus Possible date of Epistles of John. Possible date of Gos- pel of John. Probable date of Revelation of John. Persecution of Chris- 66 People revolt against Rome. Romans driven 66-68 from Jerusalem. 67 Vespasian in Gal- 68 ilee and Judea. Death of Nero. 69 Brief reigns of GalbSi Otho, Vitellius. Vespasian Em- peror. Quintus Curtius. 70 End of Jewish :jtate. 75 Epictetus. Pliny the Elder. 79 Titus Emperor. 81 85 peror. 90 Ebionites. Martial. .Juvsnal. 95 Christians under Domitian. 96 Nerva Emperor. 98 Trajan Emperor. 98-100 Death of John and close of Apostolic time. Towards close of this century 2 (4) Esdras ayd Apocalypse of Ba- ruch were doubtless written and also parts of Enoch and Sybilline Oracles. Here also be- long Epistles of Clem- ent of Rome, and so- called Epistle of Barna- bas. Plutarch. Quintilian. SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY General Bibliography. BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS ON THE NEW TESTAMENT. Briggs — Theological Encyclopaedia. Bruckner — Theologischer Jahresbericht: Das Neue Testa- ment (published annually). Jones, M. — The New Testament in the Twentieth Century (1914> Robertson — Bibliography for Study of New Testament Greek (1903). Schaff — Theological Propaedeutic (1893). Schuerer — History of the Jewish People in Time of Christ (has exhaustive lists at beginning of chapters. Thayer — Books and Their Use (1903). Vincent — Student's New Testament Handbook (1893). Votaw and Bradley — Books for New Testament Study (1901). Votaw — Books for New Testament Study (Biblical World for October, 1905, and May, 1911). Weidner — Theological Encyclopaedia (1889). See also Bible Dictionaries, and most of the special treatises. BIBLE DICTIONARIES. Buckland — Universal Bible Dictionary (1914). Cheyne — Encyclopaedia Biblica. Four volumes (1899-1903). Davis — A Dictionary of the Bible. One volume (second edition 1903). 13 14 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Easton — Illustrated Bible Dictionary. One volume (1893). Guthe — Kurzes Bibelworterbuch. One volume (1903). Hastings — A Dictionary of the Bible. Five volumes (1898- 1904). Hastings — A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. Two volumes (1906-1908). Hastings — A Dictionary of the Bible. One volume (1909). Hastings — ^Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Twelve volumes (1908 — ). Hauck — Realencyklopadie fur protestantische Theologie imd Kirche. 3 Aufl. Twenty-two volumes (1896-1909). Jackson — New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge. Thirteen volumes (1908-1913). Jacobus — A Standard Bible Dictionary. One volume (1909). Orr — International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Five vol- umes (1915). Smith — A Dictionary of the Bible. Four volumes (1888). Revised A — J, 1893. Smith — A Dictionary of the Bible. One volume (1902, reprint). Singer — The Jewish Encyclopaedia. Twelve volumes (1901-6). The Temple Bible Dictionary. One volume (1910). Wright — Illustrated Bible Treasury (1896). liVlPORTANT EDITIONS OF THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT. Besides standard versions of the whole Bible (the King James' or Authorized Version, the 1911 Bible, which is the Authorized Version slightly altered, the Canterbury Revision, the American Standard Version) and special editions of the English Bible (like the Cross Reference Bible, the Scofield Reference Bible, the Variorum Teachers' Bible, the Temple Bible, the Century Bible, the Bible for Home and School, Mes- sages of the Bible, the Modern Reader's Bible), there are excellent translations of the New Testament (like the Bible Union Version, Moffatt's Historical New Testament and also his New Translation of the New Testament, Weymouth's GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 15 Modern Speech New Testament, the Twentieth Century New Testament, Robertson's Student's Chronological New Testa- ment, etc.) Of interest also is The New Testament in Braid Scots by W. W. Smith (1901). CONCORDANCES. Cruden — Complete Concordance (1885). Gillespie — Englishman's Greek Concordance (1885). Hatch and Redpath — Concordance to the Septuagint. Six vol- umes (1892-6). Supplement on Proper Names (1900). Moulton and Geden — Concordance to the Greek Testament (1897). Strong — Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible (1894). Strong — Student's Concordance and Revised Version (1882). Thorns — Concordance to the Revised Version of the New Tes- tament (1883). Young — Analytical Concordance to the Bible. Seventh edition (1893). Walker — Comprehensive Concordance to the Bible (1894). BOOKS ON OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS. Bartlett and Others — New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (1905). Boehl — ^Alttestamentliche Citate im Neuen Testament (1878). Dittmar — Vetus Testamentum in Novo (1899). Gough — New Testament Quotations (compared with Hebrew and LXX, 1855). Huhn — Die Alttestamentliche Citate, etc. (1900). Johnson — The Quotations of the New Testament from the Old (1896). McFarland — Jesus and the Prophets (1905). Scott — New Testament Quotations. Taylor, C. — The Gospel in the Law (1869). Toy — Quotations in the New Testament (1884). Turpie — The Old Testament in the New (1868). 16 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. Allen and Grensted — Introduction to the books of the New Testament (1913). Bacon — An Introduction to the New Testament (1900). Barth — Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1908). Belzer — Einleitung in das Neue Testament. Second edition (1902). Bleek — Einleitung in das Neue Testament. 4 Aufl. (1886). Clemen — Die Enstehung des N. T. (1906). Cruttwell — Literary History of Early Christianity (1893). Davidson, S. — Introduction to the New Testament. Third edition (1894). Dods — Introduction to the New Testament (1894). Gardner, P. — A Historic View of the New Testament (1901). Gloag — Introduction to the New Testament. Four volumes (1879). Godet — Introduction to the New Testament. (Part I., 1894; Part II., Div. i., 1899). Gregory, C. R.— Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1909). Harnack — History of Early Christian Literature until Eusebius (1897). Holtzman, H. J. — Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen Einleitung in das Neue Testament. 3 Aufl. (1892). Jacquier — Histoire des Livres du Nouveau Testament. Four tomes (1903-8). Jones, M. — The New Testament in the Twentieth Century (1914). Jiiiicher — An Introduction to the New Testament (1904). Kerr — Introduction to New Testament Study (1892). McClymont — The New Testament and Its Writers (1893). McClymont — History and Results of New Testament Criticism (1913). Moffatt — The Historical New Testament (1901). Moffatt — An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testa- ment (1911). Nash — Higher Criticism of the New Testament (1903). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 17 Peake — Critical Introduction to the New Testament (1910). Ramsay — The First Christian Century (1911). Salmon — Introduction to the New Testament (1892). Soden, H. von — The History of Early Christian Literature (1906). Weiss, B. — A Manual of Introduction to the New Testament. Two volumes (1889). Dritte Aufl. (Berlin, 1897). Wrede — The Origin of the New Testament (1909). Zahn — -An Introduction to the New Testament. Three volumes (1909). (The above list includes only the more important of the com- paratively recent books and does not include books on special problems like the synoptic question — only the New Testament as a whole — and does not includue books on the canon, the geography of Palestine and customs of the people, which are treated in the class in Biblical Introduction. For books on the language of the New Testament and the text of the New Testament, students are referred to the work in the Greek classes.) NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY AND TIMES. (Books Covering Aspects of the Whole Period.) Abbott — Society and Politics in Ancient Rome (1909). Adam — Religious Teachers of Greece (1908). Angus — Environment of Early Christianity (1915). Arnold — The Roman System of Provincial Administration (1906).. Bousset — Die Religion des Judenthums im neutestamentlichen zeitalter. 2 Aufl. (1906). Bergmann — Judische Apologetik im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1908). Breed — Preparation of the World for Christ. Second edition (1893). Bury — History of the Roman Empire from B. C. 28 to A. D. 180 (1893). 18 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Case — The Evolution of Early Christianity (1914). Clemen — Primitive Christianity and Its Non-Jewish Sovirces (1912). Cornill — History of the People of Israel (1898). Deissmann — Light From the Ancient East (1910). Dewick — Primitive Christian Eschatology (1912). Dill — Roman Society From Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1905). Dbllinger — The Gentile and the Jew. Two volumes (1906). Edersheim — History of the Jewish Nation (1885). Edersheim — Sketches of Jewish Social Life (1876). Ewald — History of Israel. Eight volumes (1876-86). Farrar — Early Days of Christianity (1882). Farrer — Paganism and Christianity (1891). Felten — Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte. Two volumes. (1910). Ferrero — The Greatness and Decline of Rome. Five volumes (1907-9). Ferrero — Characters and Events of Roman History (1909). Fisher — Beginnings of Christianity. Second edition (1911). Friedlander — Die religiosen Bewegungen innerhalb des Ju- dentums im Zeitalter Jesu (1905). Friedlander— Roman Life and Manners under the Early Em- pire. Three volumes (1909-10). Glover — Conflict of Religions within the Roman Empire (1911). Grant — The Peasantry of Palestine (1907). Gratz — Geschichte der Juden. 5 Aufl. (1906). Hall — Historical Setting of the Early Gospel (1912). Hardy — Christianity and the Roman Government (1894). Harnack — Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Two volumes (1908). Hausrath — History of New Testament Times. Four volvmies (1878-95). Herford — Pharisaism (1912). Hollmann — The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (1909). Holtzmann, O. — Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte (1895). Inge — Society in Rome Under the Caesars (1894). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 19 Jeremias — Babylonisch im Neuen Testament (1904). Kaerst — Geschichte des hellenistischen Zeitalters. Two vol- Times (1901-9). Krijger — Hellenismus und Judentum im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1908). Latimer — Judea From Cyrus to Titus (1899). Ledrain — Histoire d'lsrael (1892). Mackie — Bible Manners and Customs (1898). Maclear — Class Book of New Testament History (1890). Mahaffy — Survey of Greek Civilization (1896). Mahaffy — The Silver Age of the Greek World (1906). Mathews — The History of New Testament Times in Palestine. Second edition (1910). Mommsen — History of Rome. Five volumes (1894). Mommsen — The Provinces of the Roman Empire From Caesar to Diocletian. Two volimies (1909). IVionroe — Source Book of the History of Education for the Greeks and Romans (1902). Morrison — The Jews Under Roman Rule. Fourth edition (1899). Orr — Neglected Factors in the Study of the Early Progress of Christianity (1899). Ottley — Short History of the Hebrews in the Roman Period (1900). Oesterley and Box — The Religion and "Worship of the Syna- gogue (1907). Pfleiderer — Primitive Christianity: Its Writings and Teach- ings in Their Historical Connections. Three volumes (1906-10). Pressense — The Ancient World and Christianity. Ramsay, W. M. — The Church in the Roman Empire (1893). Ramsay, W. M. — Roads and Travel in the New Testament (article in Hastings D. B., Volume V.). Ramsay — The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trust- worthiness of the New Testament (1915). Reitzenstein — Die hellenistichen Mysterienreligionen. 20 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Riggs — History of the Jewish People in the Maccabean and Roman Periods (1900). Robertson, A. T. — Studies in the New Testament (1915). Schiirer — The Jewish People in the Time of Christ. Five volumes (1891). Schwalm — La vie priv§e du peuple juif h I'Spoque de J6sus Christ (1910). Smith, George Adam — Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Fourteenth edition, two volumes (1908). Stapfer — Palestine in the Time of Christ. Third edition (1885). Stobart — The Glory That Was Greece (1911). Stobart — The Grandeur That Was Rome (1912). Trumbull — Studies in Oriental Social Life (1907). Tucker — Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul (1910). Uhlhorn — Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism (18793. Wendland — Die hellenistisch-romische Kultur in Ihren Bezie- hungen zu Judentum und Christentum. 3 Aufli. (1912). Wenley — Preparation for Christianity in the Ancient World (1898). Wernle — Beginnings of Christianity. Two volumes (1903-4). THEOLOGY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. (Merely a Few of the Leading Books on the Whole Field.) Alexander — System of Biblical Theology (1888). Bernard — Progress of Doctrine in the New Testament (1867). Beyschlag — Theology of the New Testament. Two volumes (1895). Bovon — Theologie du Nouveau Testament. Two volumes 1893-4). Bruce — The Kingdom of God (1893). Cone — The Gospel and Its Earliest Interpretations. Second edition (1894). Estes — Theology of New Testament (1900). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 21 Fairbairn — Studies in Religion and Theology (1910). Peine — Theologie des Neuen Testaments (1910). Fletcher — Psychology of the New Testament. Gould — Biblical Theology of the New Testament (1900). Holtzmann, H. J — Lehrbuch der Neutestamentlichen Theologie. Two volimies (1897). Schlatter — Theologie des Neuen Testaments. Two volumes (1909-10). Stevens — The Theology of the New Testament (1899). Weiss, B. — Biblical Theology of the New Testament. Two volumes (1888-9). 6 Aufl. (1895). Weiss, B. — The Religion of the New Testament (1904). Wernle — Beginnings of Christianity. Two voliunes (1903-4). HERMENEUTICS OR INTERPRETATION. Briggs — A General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture. (1899). Carpenter — The Bible in the Nineteenth Century (1903). Cave — Introduction to Theology and Its Literature (1896). Clarke — The Use of the Scriptures in Theology (1905). Clemen — Religionsgeschichtliche Erklarung des Neuen Testa- ments (1909). Dods — The Bible: Its Origin and Nature (1905). Farrar — The History of Interpretation (1886). Farrar — The Messages of the Books (1885). Gilbert — A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible (1908). Gunkel — Zum religionsgeschichtlichen Verstandnis des Neuen Testaments (1903). Immer — Hermeneutics of the New Testament. Third edition (1890). Lockhart — Principles of Interpretation (1900). Machlachlan — The New Testament in the Light of Modern Knowledge. Moulton, R. G. — Literary Interpretation of the Bible (1899). Nash — History of the Higher Criticism of the New Testament (1903). 22 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Peake — The Bible in the Twentieth Century (1910). Sanday — The Oracles of God. Third edition (1891). Selwyn — The Oracles of the New Testament (1911). Scott, E. F. — The Apologetic of the New Testament (1907). Selleck — The New Appreciation of the Bible (1907). Stoddart — The New Testament in Life and Literature (1914). Strong — Popular Lectures on the Books of the New Testament (1914). Terry — Biblical Hermeneutics. Third edition (1890). Torrey — How to Study the Bible (1905). Schweitzer — The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1910). Willett and Campbell — The Teachings of the Books (1899). EXTRA-CANONICAL EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE Abbott — Light on the Gospel from an Ancient Poet (1912). Bardenhewer — Patrologie. Third edition (1910). Bartlet and Other Writers — The New Testament in the Apos- tolic Fathers (1905). Cruttwell — A Literary History of Early Christianity. Two vol- umes (1893). Donehoo — Apocryphal and Legendary Life of Christ (1903). Funk— Patres Apostolici. Second edition (1901). Gebhardt, Harnack and Zahn — Patrum Apostolicorum Opera. Fifth edition (1906). Giles — Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamentik, Two volumes (1852). Goodspeed — Index Patristicus (1907). Grenfeil and Hunt — Logia of Jesus (1897). Grenfell and Hunt — New Sayings of Jesus (1904). Griffenhoofe — The Unwritten Sayings of Christ (1903). Handmann — Das Hebraer Evangelium (1888). Harnack — Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur bis Euse- bius. Two volumes (1893-1904). Harnack and Fleming — Ein jiidisch-christliches Psalmenbueh aus dem ersten Jahnhundert (1910). Harris — The Newly-Recovered Gospel of St. Peter (1893). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 23 Harris — The Odes and Psalms of Solomon (1909). Hennecke — Handbuch zu den Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen (1904). Hill — The Earliest Life of Christ Ever Compiled From the Four Gospels, Being the Diatessaron of Tatian (1894). Hone — Apocryphal New Testament (1820). Horder — Newly Found Words of Jesus (1905). Klein — Die alteste Christliche Kateschismus und die jiidische Propaganda-Literatur ( 1909 ) . Knopf — Das nachapostolische Zeitalter (1905). Kriiger — History of Early Christian Literature in the First Three Centuries (1897). Liglitfoot — The Apostolic Fathers. Three volumes (1885-90). Lock and Sanday — Two Lectures on the Sayings of Jesus (1897). Nicholson — The Gospel According to the Hebrews. Orr — The New Testament Apocryphal Writngs (1904). Pick — The Extra-Canonical Life of Christ (1903). Pick — Paralipomena: Remains of Gospels and Sayings of Christ (1908). Pick — Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas (1909). Porter — Messages of the Apocalyptical Writers. Preuschen — Antilegomena: Die Reste der ausserkanonischer Evangelien und urchristlichen Ueberlieferungen. 2 Aufl. (1905). Resch — Aussercanonische Paralleltexte zu den Evangelien (1893). Resch — Agrapha. 2 Aufl. (1906). Ropes — Die Spruche Jesu die in den kanonischen Evangelien nicht uberliefert sind (1896). Schaff, P. — The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Third edition (1890). Schlecht — Doctrina XII Apostolorum (1901). Swete — The Apocryphal Gospel of St. Peter (1893). Swete — Patristie Study (1902). 24 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Taylor, C. — The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal Gos- pels (1899). Taylor, C. — The Oxyrhynchus Sayings of Jesus Found in 1903 (1905). Walker — English Translation of the Apocrypha of the New Testament (Volume VIII Ante Nicene Fathers). Zahn — Tatian's Diatessaron (1881). PART I. The Interbiblical History* (400 B. c. to B. C. 5.) The text-books used in connection with this part of the Syllabus are Josephus, the Apocrypha of the Old Testament, and the Pseudepigrapha. The picture is drawn from the origi- nal sources. Free use of the best books on the period is ad- vised, and such books are pointed out at the proper place. Copious lectures are given with each lesson, showing the inner development of the history. A knowledge of ancient history is assumed in this study of the inter-biblical history of the Jews. One is supposed to have some acquaintance with the outstand- ing features in the history of Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Greece and Rome as well as of the Old Testament. A selected bibliography is given. THE OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA. Andre — Les Apocryphes de I'ancien Testament (1903). Andrews — Apocryphal Books of the Old and New Testaments (1908). Bagster and Sons — The Apocrypha. Including III and rv Mac- cabees. 25 26 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Ball — Ecclesiastical or Deutero-canonical Books of the Old Testament (1892). Bensley and James — Fourth Esdras (1895). Berrymann— Jiidische Apocalyptik im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1908). Bissell — The Apocrypha of the Old Testament (Lange Comm.) (1890). Bonwetsch — Das slavishe Henochbuch (1896). Bousset — Die jiidische Apocalyptik (1903). Bousset — Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1903). Box — The Ezra-Apocalypse (1912). Burkitt — Jewish and Christian Apocalypses (1914). Buttweiser — Outline of the Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature (1901). Charles — Eschatology (1899). Charles — The Book of Enoch. Second edition (1912). Charles — The Apocalypse of Baruch (1896). Charles — The Assumption of Moses (1897). Charles — The Ascension of Isaiah ( (1900). Charles — The Book of Jubilees (1902). Charles — The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (1908). Charles — Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testa- ment. Two volumes (1913). Charles — Religious Development Between the Old and the New Testaments (1914). Charles — A Critical History of the Doctrine of the Future Life in Israel, in Judaism and in Christianity. Chowlson — Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Juden- thums (1910). Churton and Others — The Apocryphal Books. With brief com- mentary (1880). Cook — The Fathers of Jesus (1886). Courad — Die religiosen und sittlichen Anschaungen der alt- testamentlichen Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen (1907). Daubney — The Use of the Apocrypha in the Christian Church (1900). INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 27 Daubney — The Three Additions to Daniel (1906). Danziger — Jewish Forerunners of Jesus (1904). Deane — The Boole of Wisdom (1881). Deane — Pseudepigrapha (1891). Duff — I and II Estras. Fairweather and Black — The First Book of Maccabees (1897). Fairweather — I and II Maccabees. Fritzsche and Grimm — Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des A. T. Three volumes (1851-9). Geffcken — Die Oracula sibyllina (1902). Geffcken — Komposition und Entstehungszeit der Oracula sibyllina (1902). Goodrick — The Book of Wisdom (1913). Gregg — The Wisdom of Solomon. Gressmann — Israelitische jiidische Eschatologie (1905). Harris — Odes and Psalms of Solomon (1910). Hart — Ecclesiasticus in Greek (1909). Harwell — The Principal Versions of Baruch (1915). Holimann — The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (1909). Holscher— Kanonisch und Apokryph (1905). Holtzmann — Die jiidische Schriftgelehrsamkeit zur Zeit Jesu (1901). Hughes — Ethics of Jewish Aopcryphal Literature (1910). Issaverdens — The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament. Kabisch — Das Vierte Buch Ezra (1889). Kautzsch — Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des A. T. Two volumes (1900). Keil — Kommentar iiber die Biicher der Makkabaer (1875). Martin — Le Livre d'Henoch (1907). Montefiore — The Wisdom of Solomon (1887). Montefiore — Aspects of Judaism (1895). Morfill and Charles — The Book of the Secrets of Enoch (1896). Nelson's Sons — Old Testament Apocrypha. Revised English Version (1895). Oesterley — Ecclesiasticus (1912). Oesterley — The Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (1907). Oesterley — The Books of the Apocrypha (1914). 28 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Oesterley — Doctrinal Teaching of the Apocrypha (1914). Oxford University Press — The Apocrypha. Revised (1896). Philippi — Das Buch Henoch (1868). Ryle and James — Psalms of the Pharisees (1891). Sayce — Tobit and the Babylonian Apocryphal Writings. Schechter — Studies in Judaism (1908). Schmidt — Ecclesiasticus. Schodde — Book of Jubilees. Sedgwick — The Story of the Apocrypha. Smend — Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach. Two volumes (1906). Snell — The Value of the Apocrypha. Stevenson — Wisdom and the Jewish Apocryphal Writings (1903). Swete — Greek Text of the Apocrypha. Old Testament in Greek. Three volumes (1895-1907). Swete — An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Re- vised edition by Ottley (1914). Terry — The Sibylline Oracles (1899). Vaganay — Le Problgme eschat. dans le IV Livre d'Esdras (1907).) Violet — Die Ezra-Apokalypse. Teil I (1910). Viteau and Martin — Les Psaumes de Salomon (1910). Voltz — Jiidische Eschatologie. Voikmar — Einleitung in die Apokryphen. Wace — Apocrypha. With Commentary. Two volumes (1888). Wahl — Clavis librorum veteris testamenti apocryphorum philo- logica (1853). Westcott — Introduction to the Four Gospels (1875). Winter and Wiinsche — Die jiidische Literatur seit Abschluss des Canon. Zbckier — Apokryphen. See also Singer — The Jewish Enclycopaedia. Twelve vol- umes (1901-6). PHILO. Bentwich — Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria (1910). Br6hier — Les id6es philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d' Alexandria (1908). INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 29 Bucher — Philonische studien. Cohn — Einteilung und Chronologie der Schriften Philos. Cohn and Wendland — Philonis Alexandrini Opera quae super- sunt. Greek text (1896). Delaunay — Philo d'AIexandrie. Second edtiion (1870). Drummond — Philo Judteus: or, The Jewish- Alexandrian Philos- ophy in Its Development and Completion. Two volumes (1888). Frankel — Ueber den Einfluss der palastinensischen Exegese auf die Alexandrinische Hermeneutik. Gfrorer — Philo und die Alexandrinische Theosophie (1831). Guthrie — The Message of Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria (1909). Guyot — Les reminiscences de Philon ches Plotin (1906). Herriot — Philon le Juif (1898). Kruger — Philo und Josephus als Apologeten des Judentums (1906). Paris (IVIangey) — Edition of Philo's "Works in the Greek Text (1852). Ritter — Philo und die Halacha (1879). Ryle — Philo and Holy Scripture. Siegfried — Philo von Alexandria (1875). Tauchnitz — Edition of the Greek Text. Windisch — Die Frommigheit Philos und ihre Bedeutung fur das Christentum (1909). Yonge — Philo Jud^us. Complete works. Four volumes in Bohn Library 1854-5. One volume Macmillan, same date. See also various works on Greek philosophy and the articles on Philo in dictionaries, cyclopaedias and quarter- lies, in particular Singer, The Jewish Encyclopaedia. JOSEPHUS. Bentwich — Josephus ( 1914 ) . Berendts — Die Zeugnisse von Christentum im Slavischen de Bello Judaico des Josephus (1906). Bioch — Die Quellen des Flavius Josephus (1879). 30 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Boettger — Topographisch-historisches Lexicon zu den Schriften des Flavius Josephus (1879). Destinon — Die Chronologie des Josephus (1880). Destinon — Die Quellen des Josephus (1882). Duschak — Josephus und die Tradition (1864). Holscher — Die Quellen des Josephus (1904). Krenkel — Josephus und Lukas (1894). Krijger — Philo und Josephus als Apologeten des Judentums (1906). Margoliouth — Whiston's Translation of Josephus. Edited with notes (1906). MiJIIer — Des Flavius Josephus Schrift gegen den Apion (1877). Nussbaum — Observationen in Flavius Josephus (1875). Niese — Flavii Josephi Opera cum apparatu critico. Greek text. Seven volumes (1887-95). Niese — Flavii Josephi Opera. Editio Minor. Six volumes. Olitzki — Flavius Josephus und die Halacha (1885). Schlatter — Die hebraischen Namen bei Josephus (1913). Schmidt, W. — De Flavii Josephi elocutione (1894). Shilleto — Whiston's Translation Revised. Five volumes (1889-90). Trai 1 1 — Josephus. Whiston — Standard Translation. See also articles in cyclopaedias and quarterlies. THE TALMUD. Barclay — The Talmud (1878). Bennett — The Mishna as Illustrating the Gospel (1912). Bergmann — Jiidische Apologetik im neutestamentlichen Zei- talter (1908). Bernfeld — Das Talmud: seine Bedeutung und seine Geschichte. Bohl — Forschungen nach einer Volksbibel zur Zeit Jesu. Bousset — Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1903). Bousset — Jesu Predigt in ihren Gegensatz zum Judentum (1892). INTBRBIBLICAL HISTORY. 31 Braunschweiger — Die Lehrer der Mischnah (1890). Buchler — Das galilaische 'Am-ha-'Aretz (1906). Buxtorf — Lexicon Talmud. Cook — The Fathers of Jesus (1886). Danziger— Jewish Forerunners of Jesus (1904). Delitzsch — Hillel and Jesus (1867). Delitzsch — Talmudische Studien. Duschak — Die Moral der Evangelien und des Talmud (1877). Friebig — Talmud und Theologie (1903). Friedlander — Rabbinic Philosophy and Ethics (1884). Friedlander — Die religiosen Bewegungen innerhalb des Juden- tums im Zeitalter Jesu (1905). Geiger — Das Judenthum und seine Geschichte. Goldschmidt — Der babylonische Talmud (1897). Hamburger — Real-Encyclopadie fiir Bibel und Talmud (1883). Herford — Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (1903). Herford — Pharisaism (1912). Hershon — -The Treasures of the Talmud. Kohler — Grundriss einer systematischen Theologie des Juden- tums auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (1910). Laible — Jesus Christus im Talmud (1900). Lightfoot, J. — Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicse in 4 Evangel. Melzinier — Introduction to the Talmud. Second edition (1903). Montefiore — Aspects of Judaism (1895). Montefiore — The Religious Teaching of Jesus (1910). Montefiore — Judaism and St. Paul (1915). Nicolas — Les doctrines religieuses des Juifs pendent des deux siecles anterieuses k I'ere Chretienne (1860). Oesteriey — Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (1907). Peters — ^Wit and Wisdom of the Talmud (1900). Pick — What is the Talmud? (1887). Pick — Jesus and the Talmud (1913). Pick — The Cabala: Its Influence on Christianity and Judaism (1913). Rabbinowicz — Kritische Uebersicht der Gesammt und Ein- zelausgabe des Babylonischen Talmuds seit 1484. Twenty- six volumes (1880-6). 32 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Ragsport — Tales and Maxims from the Talmud (1910). Raphall — The Mishna. Robinson — The Evangelists and the Mishna (1859). Rodkinson — English Translation of the Babylonian Talmud (1898). Schechter — Studies in Judaism (1908). Schechter — Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology (1909). Schottgen — Horse Hebraicse (1742). Schwab — Le Talmud de Jerusalem (1871). Stapfer — Les id6es religieuses en Palestine k I'epoque de J6sus Christ (1878). Strack — Einleitung in den Talmud. 4 Aufl. (1908). Strack — Jesus, die Haretiker und die Christen nach den altesten Aufgaben (1910). Surenhusleus — Mishnah. Taylor, C. — Sayings of the Jewish Fathers (1897). Appendix (1900). Thein — Der Talmud. Tauchuma — Midrash. Weber — Die Lehre des Talmud (1880). Weber — Jiidische Theologie auf Grimd des Talmud und ver- "wandter Schriften gemeinfasslich dargestellt. 2 Aufl. (1897). Wetstein — Novum Testamentum Graecum. Wijnsche — Der Jerusalemische Talmud Wiinsche — Bibliotheca Rabbinica. See in particular: Singer — The Jewish Encyclopaedia. THE TARGUMS. For the various Targums (Jerusalem, Jonathan, Joseph, Onkelos) see Berliner — Targum Onkelos. Duschak — Der Moral der Evangelien und des Talmud. Frankel — Targum der Propheten. Singer — Onkelos und seine Verhaltnis zur Halacha. Singer — The Jewish Encyclopaedia. INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 33 HANDBOOKS ON THE INTERBIBLICAL PERIOD. Bevan — Jerusalem Under the High Priests (1904). Cheyne — Religious Life After the Exile. Conder — The Hebrew Tragedy (1900). Fairweather — From the Exile to the Advent (1895). Fairweather — The Background of the Gospels (1909). Garner — Connection of Sacred History (1880). Grant — Between the Testaments (1908). Gregg — Between the Testaments (1908). Hunter — After the Exile. Two volumes (1890). Huntington — Palestine and Its Transformation (1911). Kent — ^Makers and Teachers of Judaism (1911). Kriiger — Hellenismus imd Judentum im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1908). Latimer — Judea from Cyrus to Titus (1899). Maclear — Class Book of New Testament History (1890). Madden — Coins of the Jews (1881). Mathews — A History of New Testament Times in Palestine. Second edition (1910). Morrison — The Jews under Roman Rule. Fourth edition (1899). Ottley — A Short History of the Hebrews to the Roman Period (1901.) Paulus — Les Juifs avant le Messie (1905). Prideaux — Connection Between the Old and the New Testa- ments. Two volumes (1858). Rae — Connection Between the Old and the New Testaments (1904). Raphall — Post-Biblical History of the Hebrews (1886). Redford — Four Centuries of Silence (1885). Riggs — History of the Jewish People in the Maccabean and the Roman Periods (1900). Schlatter — Israels Geschichte von Alexander dem Grosse bis Hadrian (1901). Schiirer — The Jewish People in the Time of Christ. Five vol- umes (1891). 3 34 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Skinner — Historical Connection Between the Old and the New Testaments. Smith, George Adam — Jerusalem From the Earliest Times to A. D. 70. Two volumes (1908). Toy — Judaism and Christianity (1890). Waddy-Moss — From Malachi to Matthew (1899). Wise — History of the Hebrew Second Commonwealth (1880). LESSON I. In the Persian Period (B. C. 400-B. C. 331). 1. Periods of the Inter-Biblical History: (a) Persian Period, B. C. 536 to B. C. 331; beginning of In- ter-Biblical History uncertain, about B. C. 400. (b) Greek Period, B. C. 331 to B. C. 167. (c) Maccabean Period, B. C. 167 to B. C. 63. (d) Roman Period, B. C. 63 to B. C. 5, when Jesus was born. The Roman rule continued till A. D. 70, when the nation of the Jews perished with the destruction of Jerusalem. For a full treatment of the sources of our knowledge of the Interbiblical History and the literature thereon see Schijrer — History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus, Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 1-166. 2. The Jews still under Persian Rule, down to B. C. 331. Read Josephus' Antiquities, Book XI., chapter vii. General contents of each of the four works of Josephus (War, Antiquities, Life, Against Apion). Note especially sketch of his own life. Name the books in the Apocrypha. Read the Book of Tobit (Apocrypha). See further on Tobit, Schiirer — History of the Jewish Peo- ple, Div. II., Vol. III., pp. 37-44. INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 35 List of Persian Rulers: Cyrus, B. C. 536-529. Cambj^ses, B. C. 529-522. Darius Hystaspis, B. C. 522-486. Xerxes, B. C. 486-465. Artaxerxes, B. C. 465-425. Xerxes II., B. C. 425. Darius Nothus, B. C. 425-405. Artaxerxes Mnemon, B. C. 405-359. Ochus, B. C. 359-338. Arses, B. C. 338-336. Darius, B. C. 336-331. List of High Priests During Persian Period of the Inter-Biblical History: Eliashib (time of Nehemiah, B. C. 445). Exact years not known. A Sanballat in time of Nehemiah. Joiada. Exact years not known. Jonathan, B. C. 405-359. Jaddua, B. C. 359-331. Latest name in Old Testament (Neh. 12:llf.). Close of Old Testament canon and history. A Sanballat in Josephus in time of Jaddua. Special Books on Persian Period: Benjamin — Persia (Story of Nations Series, 1888). Budge — Babylonian Life and History (1888). Cox — The Greeks and the Persians (1876). Kent — The Babylonian, Persian and Greek Periods (1899). Ragozin — Media (Story of the Nations Series, 1887). Ragozin — Chaldaea (Story of the Nations Series, 1886). Stave — Ueber den Einfluss des Parsimus auf den Judenthum. Cf. also Goodspeed — History of Ancient World; Meyers- Ancient History; Rawlinson — Ancient Monarchies; Sayce— Ancient Empires. 36 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. LESSON II. In the Greek Period (B. C. 331-167). 1. Three divisions: (a) The reign of Alexander over the Jews B. C. 331-323. Alexander was recognized B. C. 336 as king by the Congress at Corinth. Reigned in all twelve years and eight months. (b) Under the Ptolemies, B. C. 320-198. Interval of three years after the death of Alexander before Ptolemy Soter conquered Jerusalem, (c) Under the Seleucid Kings, B. C. 198-167. Seleucid line from Seleucus Nicator. Seleucid Era began in Syria, B. C. 312. 2. The Jews under Alexander: Josephus, Antiquities, Book XI., ch. viii. Of. Dan. 8 and 11:2-4. 3. The Jews under the Ptolemies: Origin of the Septuagint — Josephus, Antiquities, Book XII.. ch. i., 1-iii, 2 (skipping sections 8-10 in ch. ii.). Consult some Bible distionary on the subject of the Sep- tuagint and Schurer — History, etc., Div. II., Vol. III., pp. 159- 195. Special Books on Alexander the Great. Arrian — Anabasis of Alexander. Church — A Young Macedonian in the Service of Alexander. Curteis — Rise of the Macedonian Empire (1879). Curtius — Life of Alexander. Droysen — Geschichte Alexanders des Grosses (1880). Droysen — Geschichte des Hellenismus. Second edition (1870). Hogarth — Philip and Alexander (1897). Mahaffy — The Story of Alexander's Empire (1899). Mahaffy — Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire (1905), Mahaffy — Greek Life and Thought from Alexander to the Ro- man Conquest (1887). INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 37 Plutarch— Sketch of Alexander in his "Lives". Schreiber — Studien uber das Bildness des Grossen Alexanders. Wall is-B ridge — Life and Exploits of Alexander (1896). Wendland — Die hellenistisch-Romische Kultur. 3 Aufl. (1912). Wheeler — Alexander the Great (1900). Williams — Life of Alexander the Great. See also Botsford — History of Greece; Bury — History of Greece; Gulick — Life of the Ancient Greeks; Grote, Myers, etc. BOOKS ON THE PTOLEMAIC ERA. Hultsch — Die ptolemaischen MUnz-und Rechnungswiiste. Mahaffy — The Empire of the Ptolemies (1895). Mahaffy — History of Egypt under Ptolemaic Dynasty (1899). Strack — Die Dynastie der Ptolemaer (1897). See the various histories of Egypt: Breasted — History of the Ancient Egyptians; Petrie — History of Egypt, etc. BOOKS ON THE SEPTUAGINT. Text. Swete — The Old Testament in Greek. Three volumes. Second edition (1899). The fuller Cambridge edition of the Greek text is now ap- pearing. Concordance. Hatch and Redpath (1896). Helbing — Grammatik der Septuaginta. Laut-und Wortlehre (1907). Thackeray — A Grammar of the O. T. in Greek. Vol. I. (1909). 38 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. SPECIAL BOOKS. Churton — The Influence of the Septuagint upon the Progress of Christianity (1861). Deissmann — Bible Studies (1901). Hatch — Essays in Biblical Greek (1892). Kennedy — Sources of New Testament Greek (1895). Swete — Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Second edition (1914). List of Ptolemaic Kings (Egyptian Capital at Alexandria). Ptolemy Soter, B. C. 323-285. Ptolemy Philadelphus, 285-247 (translation of the LXX begun). Ptolemy Euergetes I., B. C. 247-222. Ptolemy Philopator, B. C. 222-205. Ptolemy Epiphanes, B. C 205-181. Ptolemy Philometor, B. C. 181-146. Ptolemy Euergetes II., B. C. 170-116 (jointly with Physcon or Ptolemy Philometor, till B. C. 146). Ptolemy Lathyrus, B. C. 116-107. Ptolemy Alexander and Cleopatra, B. C. 107-80. Ptolemy Auletes, B. C. 80-51 (exiled for three years). Ptolemy Dionysius and Cleopatra, B. C. 51-30. (Death of Antony and Cleopatra. Under Roman domination.) LESSON III. 1. The Jews under the Greek (Seleucid) Kings of Antioch (B. C. 198-167) : Jos., Ant., Book XII., ch. iii., 3 — ch. iv., 5, 10 and 11. Im- portant dates here: Antiochus the Great was beaten by Ptolemy Philopator at Raphia (near Gaza) in B. C. 217. Antiochus takes Jerusalem B. C. 203. Scopas, general of Ptolemy Epiphanes, got back Judea in B. C. 199, but Anti- INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 39 ochus the Great defeated Scopas at Panium in B, C. 198, and recovered Jerusalem and Judea, for some time a football between Egypt and Syria. One hundred and twenty-two years of Ptolemaic rule are now over. The Romans conquered Antiochus the Great in B. C. 190, near Magnesia (close to Ephesus). Downfall of Hannibal came also. Antiochus lost all of Asia Minor west of the Taurus Mountains. The Romans thus gain a foothold in Asia. 3 Maccabees, of uncertain date, either first century A. D. or B. C, is a rhetorical account of a visit of Ptolemy Philo- pator to Jerusalem and of his persecution of the Jews of Alexandria. The book has no historical value, but is worth looking at as a story simply. Wisdom of the Son of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus). Read, besides Prologue, especially chapters 1, 2, 24-26, 38 and 39, 44-51. Observe teachings as to women, physicians, scribes, immortality, Messiah (?). Your estimate of the book. Sayings that strike you. Date of the Original and of the Translation. (a) Original work was after Simon the High Priest, the Son of Onias (ch. 50:1). Two men of this title, both sons of an Onias (Simon I. and Simon II.). One of them died B. C. 287 and the other 198. The newly-discov- ered Hebrew text is fairly good Biblical Hebrew, re- inforcing argument for early date, if a genuine orig- inal text. An enormous Ecclesiasticus literature has appeared since the discovery of this Hebrew text. See list in Presbyterian and Reformed Review for July, 1900, in article by Robert Dick Wilson. It was written after one of these dates (287 or 198), and most likely the first one. How long after the first it was written is not known. (b) Original work was before the Maccabean struggle, B. C. 167. It does not mention the Maccabees in the list of worthies (chs. 44-50), and stops with Simon; so be- tween 287 and 167 B. C. (c) Translator into Greek says in the Prologue that he came 40 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of Ptolemy Euer- getes. Here again we are in doubt, for two Ptolemies had this name. But only the second (170-116) reigned that long, in conjunction with Philometor. However, it is possible that the translator means to say in his own thirty-eighth year under (epi) Euer- getes. Either is possible. Still the second Ptolemy has the best of the argument. Cf. 1 Mace. 13:42; 14:27, for similar use of epi. If so, then he made this trip 132 B. C. He stayed there some time and translated the book about B. C. 130. But it was orig- inally written in Hebrew by his grandfather, Jesus. Possibly the original work was written between B. C. 250 and 170. But, whether written during the Ptole- maic or the Seleucid period, it is a picture of Jewish life and doctrine in Palestine. See further Schlirer — History, etc., Div. IL, Vol. III., pp. 23-32. Further Books on Ecclesiasticus: Cowley and Neubauer — The Original Hebrew of a Portion of Ecclesiasticus. Genung — The Hebrew Literature of Wisdom (1906). Kent — The Wise Men of Israel and their Proverbs. Root — The Profit of the Many. Sanders — Messages of the Sages (1915). Schecter and Taylor — The Wisdom of Ben-Sira. List of the Seleucid Kings (Syrian Capital at Antioch). Seleucus Nicator, 312-280. Antiochus Soter, 280-261. Antiochus Theos, 261-246. Seleucus Callinicus, 246-226. Seleucus Ceraunus, 226-223. ♦Antiochus the Great, 223-187. Cf. Hannibal and the Scipios. Seleucus Philopator, 187-175. *Two lines of descent, hence from Antiochus's sons that are very confusing. INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 41 Antiochus Epiphanes, 175-164. Antiochus Eupator, 164-162. Demetrius Soter, 162-150. Alexander Balas, 150-145. Demetrius Nicator, 145-138, first reign. Antiochus Sidetes VI., 138-128, Tryphon as guardian. Demetrius Nicator, 128-125, second reign. Seleucus V. succeeded to ttie throne, but was murdered directly. Antiochus Grypus, 125-113. Antiochus Cyzicenus, 113-95. During 111-96 Antiochus Grypus wrested part of Syria away from Cyzicenus. Antiochus Eusebes, 95-83, throne not secure. Tigranes, 83-69. Antiochus Asiaticus, 69-65. Pompey then makes Syria a Roman province. Cf. Bevan— The House of Seleucus (two volumes, 1902), Bouche-Leclerq — Historie des Seleucidae (1913). Gardner — The Seleucid Kings of Syria (1878). List of Jewish High Priests during the Greek Period Till Office Passes to the IVIaccabees: Onias I., B. C, 331-299. Simon I., the Just, B. C. 299-287. Time of the so-called Great Synagogue. Eleazar, B. C. 287-266. (Reputed translation of the LXX. begun.) Manasseh, B. C. 266-240. Onias II., B. C. 240-227. Simon II., B. C. 226-198. Onias III., B. C. 198-175. Jason, B. C. 175-172. 42 NEW TESTAMENT SYLLABUS. Menelaus, B. C. 162-160. Alcimus, B. C. 162-160. Vacant for seven years, till 153, when Jonathan Maccabseus was made High Priest by Alexander Balas. See further on Jewish priesthood and temple worship, Schilrer — HistoiT, etc., Div. II., Vol. I., pp. 207-305. LESSON IV. First Lesson in the Maccabean Period (Beginning of the Maccabean Revolt, B. C. 167-166). I. Mace, chs. i., ii.; II. Mace. chs. iv.-vii.; Josephus, Ant., Book XII., ch. V. 5. Cf. Dan. viii., 20-26; and ch. xi. The first part of the lesson is really in the Seleucid era, but is prepara- tory to the uprising. Four lessons on this Period. Josephus and the two Maccabean books here overlap and supplement each other. Group the events aroimd the following outline. There were undoubtedly four expeditions of Antiochus Epi- phanes against Egypt, though it is diflBcult to divide accurately the accovmts in Josephus and I. and II. Mace. But a working hypothesis is presented in the Outline. 1. Antiochus Epiphanes and his efforts to Hellenize the Jews. Manoeuvres of Jason and Menelaus. B. C. 175-172. I. Mace, i., 1-15; II. Mace. Iv. 2. Antiochus going against Egypt and defeating the Egyptians at Pelusium. B. C. 171. I. Mace. 1., 16-18. 3. In B. C. 170 he makes a second expedition against Egypt. Outcome and why. Effect on Jerusalem. I. Mace, i., 19-28 ; II. Mace, v., 1-23. II. Mace, confuses to some extent the events of the second and fourth expeditions. 4. In B. C. 169 Antiochus makes a third expedition against Egypt. Reason for failure. Cf. Livy xiv., 11; Polybius xxix., 10 and 11. The Jews in Alexandria forced Antiochus Epiphanes to retire from Alexandria. They had heard of his conduct at Jerusalem the year before and were ready to help drive him away from Alexandria. 5. In B. C. 168 he makes his fourth expedition against Egypt. INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY. 43 Reason for failure, and his subsequent conduct towards Jerusalem. I. Mace, i., 29-64; II. Mace, v., 24-26; Dan. viii., 20-26, and ix., 27; xi., 21-45; cf. Livy xlv., 12. 6. Mission of Athenseus to Jerusalem to carry out the decree of Antiochus, and the way he was received. Eleazar, the mother and her seven sons. II. Mace. vi. and vii. 7. Behavior of the Samaritans in this crisis. Jos., Ant., Book XII., ch. v., 5. 8. Behavior of Mattathias and his five sons, and the cleavage between the Asideans and the Apostates. B. C. 167 and 166. I. Mace, ii.; II. Mace, v., 27. For further discussion see Schurer — History of Jewish People, Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 169-218; Div. II., Vol. I., pp. 1-56. Books on Maccabean Period. Bost — L'6poque des Maccabees (1862). Curtiss — The Name Maccabee (1876). De Saulcy — Histoire des Machab6es ou princes de la dynastle asmon6enne ( 1880 ) . Fairweather — The Maccabees (1903). Henderson — The Age of the Maccabees (1907). Jost — History of the Jews from the Maccabees to the Present Day (1848). Niese — Die beiden Makkabaer-biicher (1901). Riggs — The Maccabean and Roman Periods (1900). Rossmann — Die Makkabaische Erhebung (1860). Streane — The Age of the Maccabees (1898). From this point throughout till the close of the first century A. D., Schiirer's five volumes on the History of the Jewish Peo- ple in the Time of Jesus Christ can be consulted with great profit for the history, ideas and customs of the Jews. See also the various books on Jewish history and the handbooks on the Interbiblical Period. w » (J o < W !z; o CO |3 °« •^ as — CD uj O JU5 kStJ ■ =03- 02 OfiQ -Sffl II] . < -uM- xov xS II UJ . ZU E . <« Kov- < Pl,t3 cfl y M a P40 «>^ iiZ* > a w^ Q} cd _l« t> en ■fa JO ft) (2 —