7- ^"3/0/.
y PRINCETON, N. J. ^ff.
Purchased by the Hamill Missionary Fund.
BV 3520 .J32 1900
Jack, James William, 1866-
Daybreak in Livingstonia
Dr LIVINGSTONE.
From .he Frontispiece to "The Personal Life of David Livingstone,'
by permission of Mr John Murray.
DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTONIA
THE STORY
OF THE LIVINGSTONIA MISSION
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA
BY
JAMES W. 'jack, M.A.
REVISED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION
BY
ROBERT LAWS, M.D., D.D.
F.R.S.E. & Hon. F.R.S.G.S.
LIVINGSTONIA
WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS
FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY
NEW YORK CHICAGO TORONTO
Publishers of Evangelical Literature
Crown 8vo, Cloth Extra, with Portraits, numer-
ous Illustrations and Map, Price $1.50.
^^ Among the Wild Ngoni!'
Being some Chapters in the History of the Living-
stonia Mission in British Central Africa.
By
W. A. ELMSLIE, M.B., CM., F.R.G.S.,
Medical Missionary.
••Rarely have we opened a chronicle of missionary work
so full of information, keen interest, and encouragement, as
the one now before us. Dr. Elmslie gives a vivid, fascinating,
and almost exciting account of what he has seen, heard, and
experienced of labour for Christ among undoabtedly one of
the most savage tribes of inner British Central Africa." —
Baptist.
"The book will give valuable information to those many
persons who take an interest in Livingstonia, and recognise
the possibilities of Africa." — British Weekly.
" The story of the taming and Christianising of this savage
people is graphically told, and the last chapter of the book,
describing the wonderful ingathering of which we have heard
from Donald Fraser, is a true page of 'The Acts of the
Apostles.' " — Student Movement.
"The story of the years of brave working, waiting,
praying, and hoping and believing, is one of the most
romantic and touching we have ever read." — Joyful News.
" Dr. Elmslie has written a simply fascinating book. The
traveller with no interest in Christian missions, the Christian
with no interest in travel, both will find it fascinating. And
it is true. It is strictly true, and rather imder than over
drawn, " — Expository Times.
" Dr. Elmslie gives an interesting account of the tribe and
their customs, and of his own labours, as of those of his
colleagues, among them." — Spectator.
" In this volume he has at once done a real service to
missions, and has made a most valuable and interesting
addition to the fast-growing literature of Central Africa." —
Times,
atfectionatels 2)e5icate&
TO THE
LIVINGSTONIA MISSIONARIES
AT PRESENT LABOURING
IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA
AND TO THE MEMORY
OF THE NOBLE BAND WHO HAVE
FALLEN IN WHOLE-HEARTED DEVOTION TO CHRIST
30
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Origin of the Mission ...... 15
African Exploration— Livingstone— His First Journey— His Second Journey —
Slave Trade— Public Interest— Scottish Enthusiasm — Dr Stewart's Proposal —
African Committee — Failure — Livingstone's Death — Fresh Interest — Dr Stewart
Again— The Free Church Assembly— Favourable Reception— Difficulties and Ad-
vantages—Resolved to Proceed— Nature of Mission — In Memoriam— Scotland's
Crown of Glory.
II. Preparations ......
Dr Stewart's Zeal — Other Helpers — Horace Waller and Captain Wilson —
Appointment of Leader of Expedition— Lieutenant Young's Qualifications — Money
Difficulties— Glasgow's Merchant Princes— Public Meetings— Scotland's Liberality
— Presbyterian Co-operation — Reformed Presbyterian Church — United Presby-
terian—Established — What a Missionary is— Appointment of Mission Party — The
Uala — Portuguese Protection — Thanksgiving.
III. The Expedition ...... 40
Instructions- Departure — Reception at Cape Town— Algoa Bay— The Zambesi—
Kongone Bar — The Natives — Ilala Reconstructed— Journey Inland — Catastrophe —
Mrs Livingstone's Grave— The Shire River— Scenery and Animals— Difficulties of
River-Journeying— Bishop Mackenzie's Grave — Universities' Mission— The Mako-
lolo : their Opposition to Slavery and to Portuguese Rule— Their Enthusiasm at
the Expedition— Evil European Influence— The Colony at Chibisa's — The Cataracts
— The Overland Journey— Afloat Again — Mponda — Terror of Arabs— Arrival at
Lake — Cape Maclear — An Epoch in Africa's Emancipation.
IV. Settlement of the Mission . .... 56
Description of Nyasaland — The West Coast of the Lake— The Plateaux —
Ngoniland— Discovery of Lake — Its Gales — Cape Maclear — Welcome from the
Natives— Erection of Houses— Treatment of the Natives— Visits to Chiefs— The
Slave-trade— The I laid s Usefulness- Slave Horrors — Arab Threats — Wild Beasts —
Civil Authority — The Ilala high and dry — The Blantyre Station— No Letters!—
Pictures— A Native Congregation— Creation of Sabbath— Power of Example— A
Noble Record.
V. The Natives ....... 71
The Bantu Race — The Nyanja Tribes — An African Village — Family Life —
Appearance of Natives — Their Clothing — Their Character — Their Industries — Their
Agriculture — Their Religion — Their Gods Innumerable — In the Gall of Bitterness—
Witchcraft—Muavi— A Chiefs Death— The World's Spiritual Darkness— The Need
of Christianity — Their Moral Life — The Power of Darkness.
5
CONTENTS
VI. Reinforcements and Progress . . . .84
Dr Black and Others— Valedictory Meetings— Established Church Missionaries-
Mr Cotterill and Others— Departure— Dr Stewart as Leader— Meeting at Port
Elizabeth— Kilimane— Danger— Mr Young : His Journey to Matiti— Weary Wait-
ing— At Last !— Overland March — Mponda Again — Arrival at the Station — Mr
Young's Farewell— His Triumphs in Africa— Dr Stewart at Work— Improvements-
Fugitive Slaves and Others— To the Rescue at Blantyre !— Mr James Stewart-
Missionary Co-operation— Wekotani—Chimlolo— The Kafir Evangelists— Preach-
ing — Another lona— Civil Administration : A Dilemma — British Protectorate — Dr
Stewart's Departure — Dr Laws to the Front.
VII. Early Missionary Exploration . . . .105
Livingstone's Principle— Difficulties'of the Work— First Circumnavigation of Lake
— Discoveries — " Kungu " Mist — Mr Cotterill's Journeys — Death — Second Circum-
navigation— Mpemba—Jumbe — Losewa andChitesi— " War Medicine" — North End
— Mankambira— Mr James Stewart's Journeys— Value of Exploratory Work.
VIII. Early Evangelistic and other Work . . . 112
The Fourfold Method— One Work, in Four Aspects— The Kvangelistic Depart-
ment—Difficulties—Week-Day Meeting— Astonishment of Natives— The Church in
Embryo— Apparent Failure— Missionary "Nights of Toil"— Ultimate Success in
God's Work— The Harvest at Last— First-fruits— The ^(/f^ta/zoH^./ Department : Its
Necessity— Opening of the School— The Children of Nyasa— Tl.eir Freedom and
Simplicity— Nature of Teaching— Good Results Accomplished— /w^/wj^r/a/ Depart-
ment : Its Value— Its Neces'iity in Nyasaland— Agriculture— Native Methods of
Raising Crops— The Mission Fields and Gardens— Consul Elton's Commendation—
— Roadmaking— The Stewart Road— Wages— Introduction of '^lonf^y— Medical
Department— An Imitatio Christi— Its Influence— Wide Scope at Cape Maclear—
Confidence of the Natives— Chloroform— Zzi'^^-arj/ Department: Its Difficulties-
Reduction of Language— Mr Riddell and Dr Laws— Primers and Other Works-
Mark's Gospel— Value of Missionaries.
IX. Losses and Removal to Bandawe . . . -134
God's Footsteps Unknown— Pestilence and Death— The Old Perplexity— Dr Black
— Shadrach, Captain Benzie, John Gunn— The Cluster of Graves— Stepping-Stones
to Progress— Change of Site necessary— Cape Maclear : Its Malaria— Its Isolation
—Its Tsetse— Mr Young's Difficulties— Exploration for New Site— Bandaw^- Re-
moval of Mission— Travellers and Cape Maclear— No Failure— Importance of
Bandaw6— Renewed Work and Development— Blessings in Disguise.
X. The Fierce Ngoni . . • • • ,146
Their Nature and Ancestry— Their Brutal Raids— Their Religion— Visited by Dr
Laws— By John W. Moir and James Stewart— William Koyi sent to them— Meeting
of Councillors— Work Permitted— No Schools— Sickening Sights— il/wawz— Indiffer-
ence— Dark Clouds— Revisited by Dr Laws— Begging— Fierce Raids— Dr Elmslie
—Progress— Turning-Point— Opening of Schools— Koyi's Death— The War Spirit
Revived— A Crisis— Grand Conference— Amicable Settlement— Peace and Prosperity
— Ekwendeni— Mtwaro's Death— Two Baptisms— Dr Steele— Mombera's Death-
Gospel Taking Root— A Bloody Raid— Hora— Mawelera— A new Chief— Victory of
the Gospel— White unto Harvest— A Communion Season— Stupendous Changes !
XI. In Far-off Regions . . . • • .169
Rapid Advance of Christianity— A^crif;^ Nyasa: Chirenji— Mr Stewart--Mr
Bain: his Missionary Journeys— His Heroism— Mr Hugh Mackintosh, Dr Kerr
Cross, Mrs Cross— Dark Clouds— Siege of Karonga and Arab War— Kararamuka
—Death of Mr Bain— Wundali— Ngerengi- Karonga— C««z'm/ Ngoniland :
CONTENTS 7
PAGE
Chiwer^'s— Dutch Reformed Church— Rev. A. C. Murray— Exploring Expedition
—The Chief— The School— Kongwe— Immense Population— .S"o7iece.
CHAPTER XIX
The Institution
Perhaps the most important outcome of Dr Laws' visit home in
1892-94 was the definite resolution on the part of the Committee
to gradually build and equip a Training Institution on the higher
uplands to the west of the Lake, like Lovedale and Blythswood
among the Kafirs of the south — an Institution which would be a
centre for education, industry, and civilisation, as well as for
evangelistic work, and would provide for the development of
the Mission as an organic whole. Such a thing was now necessary
in the work of the Mission, and was strongly urged by Dr Laws in
the Assembly of 1892.
First of all, an Institution was the only means by which native
evangelists could be properly trained. We all look forward hope-
fully to the time when European missionaries will be no longer
required, but Central Africa will be evangelised by its own sons
and daughters, with a self-supporting and self-governing Church.
Several generations may pass away before this can be accom-
plished ; but we look for it in due time, for without it there
can be no ultimate success. Indeed, if a mission fails in this
matter, the failure is radical and fatal. Bishop Smythies of Nyasa
has said that in general an educated African, on account of his
lack of self-consciousness, is a readier speaker and a better preacher
than an Englishman. Whether this be so or not, no Englishman
— or Scotsman either — however great an adept in language and
knowledge, can ever hope to reach the hearts of the people so
efficiently as a native accustomed to their habits of thought and
speech, nor can he do it so economically. With his white skin,
he may draw attention and command respect, but he is known as
an alien, and in some respects his influence for good suffers
accordingly. If the natives around Nyasa are to be evangelised,
and turned from the horrors of heathenism to the acceptance of
Christ ; if they are to be taught Christian duties and helped into
V 337
338 DAT BREAK IN LIVINGSTON I A
a better social, moral, and spiritual life ; if they are to be guided
onward until they become a Christian community, permeated by
the laws of Christ, these things can only be done satisfactorily by
native evangelists and teachers, male and female, trained by the
missionaries.
Hence, as Dr Laws indicated in the Assembly, there was great
necessity for an Institution, to which promising pupils from the
various stations might go for training. In the past a missionary
had to get assistance from older stations, or train native helpers
for himself as best he could. But now the missionary in charge
of each district would select pupils who showed promise of future
usefulness in Christian work, and send them for training to the
Institution ; while the qualified teachers at the Institution would
do their utmost to develop in these pupils a thorough Christian
character, giving them a Christian education and fitting them for
helping the missionary on their return to their homes. What can
be better than this for the evangelisation of the great Continent ?
It is a plan which not only ensures the production of properly
trained men, but by so doing relieves the missionary in charge
of each station from the labour of training them himself — a labour
for which he has neither time nor appliances — thus leaving him
free to do the work of an evangelist and superintend his outposts
more thoroughly.
It is not generally known that this was the far-reaching plan
which Mackay of Uganda longed to put into execution. He held
that here and there, throughout Africa, strong Institutions of the
kind just described should be established. The opinion of such
a great African missionary, the " St Paul of Uganda," respected
for his apostolic life and clearness of judgment, is of some value.
"Instead," he wrote, "of vainly struggling to perpetuate the
method of feebly-manned stations, each holding only precarious
existence, and never able at best to exert more than a local
influence, let us select a few particularly healthy sites, on each
of which we shall raise an Institution for imparting a thorough
education, even to only a few. . . . Each Institution must be
a model or normal school, no one being admitted on the stafif
who has not been trained to teach. The pupils to receive not
an elementary, but as high an education as is in the power of
their teachers to impart, only with the proviso that every pupil
is to become a teacher himself. . . . From these centres, each
THE INSTITUTION 339
with a large staff of teachers, the students will go forth to labour
among their countrymen. . . . Lovedale and BIythswood, in South
Africa, I would mention as types already successful in no ordinary
degree." *
There was also another, although perhaps subordinate necessity
for such an Institution in Nyasaland, owing to the political changes
which had occurred. Nyasaland had come under the influence of
British power, and now formed part of a British Protectorate.
This meant future progress on certain Hnes which always accom-
pany British rule. The English language, for instance, was now
destmed to become the ruling tongue in the country, as it had
become in South Africa. Large numbers of Europeans were to
enter the Protectorate for commercial and artisan purposes. In
fact, the whole condition of the country was about to change.
All this pointed to the necessity of education beyond what had
been, or could be, undertaken at the ordinary Mission stations.
The native Christians would require to be prepared to fill their
places worthily under the changed conditions. The ordinary
education given to them when the missionaries first went among
them would have to be greatly extended and adapted to the march
of civilisation and commerce.
It ^yas agreed to go forward at once, and so Dr Laws was
authorised to make arrangements for its commencement. He
had already become acquainted with the best Training Institu-
tions of this kind in South Africa and America, and had just
organised one for the United Presbyterian Church in Old Calabar.
Accordingly, on his return to Lake Nyasa in 1894, he set about
choosing a site — somewhere on the uplands to the west of the
Lake. This was not a thing that could be done in a day or
even a month, as various important matters had to be taken into
consideration. Among other things, the site required to be within
easy access of the Lake, while it was also necessary that there
should be a sufficient quantity of water and wood in the neigh-
bourhood, and that the district should, above all, be a healthy
* Church Missionary hitelligencer, January 1890. This was the last com-
munication sent for publication to his Committee at home, and thus contains his
latest views. See chapter xvi. of his Life, p. 445, et seq. Mackay applied to
join the Livingstonia Mission in 1875, but owing to some error or oversight his
application was not accepted, and when an opening occurred for him it was too
late to remedy the mistake.
340 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTONIA
one. But no effort was spared in the matter. In an interesting
report which Dr Laws sent home, and which contained many
important geographical and descriptive notes, he gave an account
of the preliminary search in which he was accompanied by his
colleague Dr Elmslie, and which resulted in fixing temporarily on
a place watered by a little stream called Kondowe.
This place, which has an abundance of wood and of water
power, is near the top of a mountain known by the natives as
Mount Chombe, but generally called Mount Waller, after the
well-known editor of Livingstone's Last Journals. This mountain
is a remarkable work of nature. It is flat on the top, and rises
from the Lake shore at Florence Bay to a height of 2900 feet
above the Lake, or 4300 above sea-level — about the same height
as Ben Nevis. Seen from the north-east, it presents a very striking
picture, as it has several parallel ranges of almost perpendicular
sandstone cliffs running along its sides, thus giving it a terraced
appearance, while the rocks which jut out from the highest
precipice form an all but perfect silhouette of a woman, looking
out across the Lake to the other side — a fit picture of Western
Nyasa looking in vain for the return of her children once dragged
away into bitter slavery. At the foot of the mountain is one
of the ferries where they were carried across in those cruel days
of old, until the land was left almost desolate. About four miles
north-west of Mount Waller is a fine island-looking plateau, and
here Dr Laws resolved to make an observing station, with a
view to testing the locality during the rainy season. No place
along the Stevenson Road or south of it seemed to be so suitable
as this one, sometimes called Kondowe after its little stream.
Along with Mrs Laws, Mr William Murray, and a number of
Tonga workers, he settled down at this place in November 1894,
at the beginning of the rainy season. " Those living in the neigh-
bourhood of the Manchewe and Kazichi Falls are nearest to us,"
wrote Dr Laws. " The attacks of their enemies have driven the
people into these natural fastnesses ; but it is a pitiable sight
to see people living in houses perched on ledges on the cliffs
of the rocks, or inhabiting the natural caves among these ; and
to see little children playing about on the edges of precipices
one hundred or two hundred feet deep makes a person give an
involuntary shudder lest they should fall over. . . . From Mr
A. J. Swann, the resident magistrate at Deep Bay, we have
THE INSTITUTION 341
received very great and kind assistance in the beginning of our
work."
On the night of 6th January 1895, the new house, which had
almost been completed, was levelled to the ground by a tornado.
But, in spite of all discouragements, work went on with a great
swing. From morning to night men busied themselves hoeing
roads, cultivating the land, making bricks, and drawing trees
from the mountain. A workshop, a store, and other buildings
were erected, these being, of course, mostly of a temporary nature,
in view of large, solid, well-equipped stone buildings in the future.
The place was improved by the addition of several valuable
meteorological instruments, the gift of Lord Overtoun, such as
barograph and thermograph, as well as by many economical and
medicinal plants supplied by Professor Bayley Balfour, of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, and by other persons interested. Large
gardens and an excellent farm were laid out by Mr Malcolm
Moffat, the agriculturist to the Mission, a grandson of the great
South African Missionary.
Dr Laws' residence in the place only confirmed him the more
in his choice of it; and so, in May 1895, it was definitely fixed
upon as the site of the new Institution. The land in the neighbour-
hood was the property of the British South Africa Company ;
but, following the precedent set by the British East Africa
Company in the case of Kibwezi, the Directors granted the
Mission a large tract of land, subject only to overlordship as to
minerals, in order that the Institution might be a fit centre of
civilisation in the direction of Uganda and Cairo. In 1898 the
advantages of the place were increased by the reception of the
telegraph wire at Florence Bay on the way from Blantyre to
Tanganyika ; and as Dr Laws had already got some of the native
converts trained in telegraphy, as well as in the English education
required for such work, the Institution was at once brought into
close connection with the outside world. On the loth of January
1899, a message sent by Dr Laws from Florence Bay reached
Edinburgh in two hours — a most marvellous improvement on the
days when the first mail from Scotland to Nyasa took thirteen
months on the way ! There is now a telegraph loop line from
the Institution down to Florence Bay — a distance of five miles —
and also a telephone wire running on the same poles, so that this
new Lovedale is now not only in easy communication with the
342 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTON I A
Lake shore and steamers calling there, but is placed abreast of
the highest advantages of the West.
No sooner were temporary buildings ready and classes com-
menced than scores pled for admission ; but, owing to want of
room, it was found absolutely necessary to shut the door on many.
Even at the present day, with enlarged accommodation, there is
not sufificient room for all who would willingly enter. But, as it
is, the number admitted is not small. According to the latest
report, " Besides pupils coming from their homes near by, there
are two hundred and seven boy and fifty-one girl boarders. There
are fifty-one apprentices in the different departments, and counting
the families of the married students and the cooks in the boarding
department, daily rations have to be provided for three hundred
and twenty-two persons, to the amount of a quarter of a ton daily."
The pupils come from all parts, their homes being spread over
three hundred miles of country, including many tribes. All the
peoples along the western shore of Nyasa and upwards towards
the shores of Tanganyika are more or less represented.
On account of the diversity of tongues it is not easy to conduct
the work with perfect satisfaction. Nyanja, Tonga, Henga, Ngoni,
Konde, and other languages, possessing striking points of difference,
are freely spoken, constituting the place a very Babel. Some of
the vernacular services, in fact, enjoy a veritable gift of tongues,
and the worshippers, like the people on the day of Pentecost, may
well exclaim, " How hear we every man in our own tongue,
wherein we were born ? " With a view to thoroughly effective
teaching, the missionaries are trying to adopt the Nyanja as a
common ground, or lingua franca, enriched by such words as may
be adopted from the other languages. Fortunately for this result,
the African is a born linguist. " One does not need extraordinary
penetration," writes Rev. James Henderson, " to see that the strife
of tongues which will soon be raging all over the country has
already begun here, and that something, how much it is hard to
say, is being done towards the evolution of that composite
language, which, like as our own English did with the slower pace
of earlier days, will spring out of the many tongues of the various
tribes when the common British rule and good internal com-
munication have begun to fuse them into unity."
The education given is of a varied nature, suited to the desires
and needs of the pupils, but intended in every case to worthily
THE INSTITUTION 343
equip them for the work of evangeUsing British Central Africa.
The following summary of the programme, which is being steadily
pushed forward towards completion, will give the reader some
idea of the instruction provided : —
1. Educational: This consists of an Elementary School
(Standard I.), a Junior School (Standards II., III. and IV.), a
Normal Department (Standards V., VI. and ex-VL, with special
subjects), and an Evening School for adult workers on the Station.
The Elementary School does not consist of children drawn from
other stations, but is a local one, and is worked as a model
village school, forming the practising one for the Normal De-
partment.
2. Theological : Intended to meet the needs of both pastors
and evangelists. Those training {ox pastors undertake the regular
Normal course first, so as to be able to keep in touch with the
work of teachers in school and take an intelligent and sympathetic
interest in educational matters. Those training for evangelists are
specially selected on account of their good, steady, reliable character,
and their Christian earnestness in the extension of Christ's kingdom,
and use the Bible, black-board, note-book, diagrams, and pictures
as the means of study — the aim being to know the Bible rather
than to know about it.
3. Industrial : The pupils of the Elementary School are taught
the native industries of basket and mat-making. Those more
advanced receive instruction in any of the following : — agriculture,
carpentry, building, printing, bookbinding, iron work, storekeeping,
and telegraphy. Such instruction develops the powers of the
pupils, and leads to habits of thrifty, patient, diligent, and per-
severing industry. Some become apprentices to one or other of
these trades, so as in the future to earn their daily bread in an
honourable. Christian manner.
4. Medical: This consists mainly of elementary medical know-
ledge and training under the medical missionaries and trained
nurses, with the use of a small hospital for serious cases.
In addition to this varied programme intended for boys, there
is an excellent one for girls, consisting of educational and industrial
training, the latter including household work, sewing, washing, and
baking.
It is matter for gratitude that the pupils have an earnest desire
to learn. Many of them show a great and steady thirst for know-
344 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTONIA
ledge, such as can scarcely be surpassed in the colleges of our
own country. They seem to regard as a favour the communica-
tion of fresh information to them, or the correction of any false
impressions or inaccuracies they may have. "The pupils," says
Mr Henderson, "can scarcely be satisfied. Were the writer to
allow it, his room would be filled night by night with a crowd of
eager opening minds, each bringing some new question or difficulty
to be solved. This eagerness, too, comes not of the novelty of
the situation : it has been going on since the schools were first
opened." Such a spirit of zeal augurs well for the future of the
country.
There is a Preachers' Class held every Friday evening, attended
by most of the older members of the Institution, and conducted
with a view to helping them in aggressive Christian effort. Notes
of a discourse are written down on a blackboard, and oral in-
struction is given, "At the close of the class," says Dr Laws,
" volunteers are called for to go to preach at the different villages,
beginning with the more distant. They go to these two and two.
No pay is given for this evangelistic work, but a few beads are
usually given to enable them to buy food at the distant villages.
To reach these, the preachers have to leave on Saturday forenoon,
descend some 2900 feet to the Lake shore, and walk from five to
ten miles along rough, broken paths to their destinations. They
return on Monday in time for afternoon school." For those look-
ing forward to becoming evangelists and pastors, this class is of
great value, and the practical work arising from it fits them to
endure the hardness in store for them in the future.
The character and tone of the Institution may be gathered from
an interesting letter by Donald Fraser, who visited it in 1897,
travelling on foot from his own hill Station at Ekwendeni. " Some
weeks ago," he says, " I went to visit Livingstonia. Nearly one
hundred people accompanied me, some of them going to see
their friends who are at the Institution, others to seek work there.
The journey was long and tiresome, for the grass on either side
of the ten-inch path grew very high and thick. Almost all through
the last day's march we could see in front of us the high plateau
on which Livingstonia is built. But what a multitude of hills and
ravines had first to be crossed ! Nature has certainly guarded the
Institution from the visits of the disinterested. When, however,
you have reached the plateau your courage is amply rewarded, for
THE INSTITUTION
345
the situation is magnificent. Before you, but nearly 3000 feet
below, stretch the great waters of Nyasa, and from the opposite
shore the Livingstone Mountains rise sheer to the height of 7000
feet. . . .
" Of course, I did not expect to find Lovedale here, for Living-
stonia is not yet three years old, while Lovedale is more than fifty.
Yet the progress that has been made in that short time is quite
remarkable. . . . The schools had the deepest interest for me, for
there the boys and girls who are to be our teachers and evangelists
are being trained. I found Miss Stewart teaching in a stuffy
corridor, and Mr Henderson among the distractions of plastering.
But what has been accomplished in the face of these pioneering
difficulties compels faith in the possibilities of the Institution.
Day by day the girls are being trained to habits of cleanliness and
regularity. Some of them are making progress in education ; but
more important than that is the training in domestic duties, and
the forming of a pure and stable character. . . . The boys'
school is beginning to discover the capabilities of a Central
African. Some of the pupils who were sent from Ngoniland
two years ago are to-day further advanced than our senior
teachers. Already Dr Laws and Mr Henderson have visions of
a theological class for the training of a native ministry. Towards
that great day, when we shall be able to ordain our first minister,
we look forward with an eager faith.
" But the feature that struck me most was the pains that are
taken to produce sincere and ripe character. There is no pander-
ing to African pride or indolence. Hard work is the rule of the
day, and everyone has to take his turn at manual labour. The
ordained missionary will sometimes be seen on the brick-field, and
the native teacher sweeping the roads. There is certainly no lack
of religious services. Every day and all day Christ is presented
to the people. The early morning opens with the sound of praise,
and again, after the mid-day rest, the workers meet to hear God's
Word read and expounded. On Sabbaths the scholars scatter to
the neighbouring villages to preach ; some of them start on
Saturday, going an entire day's journey on foot. In this way
sometimes not less than forty-four village services are held on
one day. . . . Everything is so new and stirring, I wish I could
help people to appreciate what I see."
It must be remembered that the present Institution buildings
346 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTON I A
are only temporary. In fact, when the work was commenced at
the place, a choice had to be made between two plans of pro-
cedure — either to wait till proper, permanent buildings had been
erected, before admitting pupils, or be content with mere
temporary buildings affording very inadequate accommodation
but at the same time allowing the work of teaching to be com-
menced at once and thus saving years of delay in the service to
be rendered to the other Stations. The latter plan was adopted
as best helping the Mission as a whole, although entailing more
inconvenience on the staff.
Now, however, preparations are being made by Dr Laws for
permanent erections of a solid, extensive, and well-equipped nature.
A ground plan for the Station has been prepared, providing for
the extension as may be required. It will not be easy work, if we
remember the circumstances in which labour is carried on in
Central Africa. At home, a builder can procure bricks ready-
made from the brick-field, or stones from the quarry, and the
carpenter can secure his planks and boards from the wood-
merchant, but at Lake Nyasa the raw materials in the shape of
clay, rock, and forest trees are the only supplies available. This
means much arduous and protracted labour, but the perseverance
and skill of Dr Laws are equal to it.
The permanent buildings are being taken up in the following
order as most necessary and economic. First, dwelling houses for
the staff, as their good health is essential to efficiency for work.
Then, workshop accommodation for the industrial departments,
homes for the boys and girls, hospital, educational buildings, and
church.
An abundance of good, pure water is essential for the future
health of the community of the Institution. This can be had
from the mountains behind, but requires to be brought across a
valley in a steel pipe to the highest point on the Station. The
cost of bringing in such a water supply has been estimated at
^4000, and this most important requisite for future public health
has been provided through the generosity of Lord Overtoun.
The food supply for such an immense Institution is a serious
item. Already, a quarter of a ton is required for the daily ration,
and in the past much of this has had to be procured from
Kota-Kota and Bandawe, as well as from places nearer at hand.
But arrangements are being made to have all necessary supplies
GROUND PLAN OF THE SITE OF THE tlVINGSTONIA MISSIONARY INSTITUTION
THE INSTITUTION 347
provided locally. Land in the vicinity is being gradually brought
under cultivation, bullocks have been trained for work, and the
plough is taking the place of the native hoe. The want of proper
grinding apparatus has only permitted of wheat meal being made
in the past, but the gift of a roller flour mill by a friend in
America, and the rest of the requisite milling plant by other
friends, makes it possible now to have good, wholesome, home-
grown wheaten bread in the near future. " A threshing mill for
the barn," says Dr Laws, " several carts, and various implements
for farming are still required. The old adage that an army can
only march on its stomach is equally true of the Livingstonia
Institution, and hence the necessity for fully equipping the
agricultural department."
In the neighbourhood there is abundant water power, and the
Livingstonia Committee has resolved to facilitate the erection of
buildings by utilising this for machinery. A turbine, circular-saw,
band-saw, planing and grooving machines have already been sent
out for this purpose. So much did the Mission staff feel the
necessity of these, that they personally met most of the cost of
them.
This water power will also provide a means of generating
electricity for lighting the Station, and supplying power to the
permanent workshops. At present kerosene oil is used for
lighting, but at Livingstonia it costs as many shillings per gallon
as it costs pence in Edinburgh, and consequently only what is
absolutely necessary is used. " When pupils," says Dr Laws,
"are seen standing outside the windows with their books while
the evening school is being conducted, that they may read by the
light coming from the interior, the desire to provide light for study
and work cannot be repressed. Careful consideration has shown
that electricity is the most economical method of doing so."
This electric installation will involve a very considerable initial
cost, but it will prove most economical in the long run owing to
the fact that power will thus be transmitted to the different work-
shops and to the farm homestead. "A dynamo for generating
electricity," says Dr Laws, "will be required at the waterfall, a
motor for threshing and flour mills at the homestead, another
motor for the printing office, and one or two more for the
machinery in the carpentry and blacksmith departments."
In the medical department, the need of hospital accommoda-
348 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTONIA
tion is being increasingly felt, but a few subscriptions towards a
fully equipped building have already been promised.
From the description which we have given in this chapter,
brief and imperfect though it is, the reader will understand the
incalculable value of such an Institution in Central Africa. The
University of Edinburgh is surmounted by a dome, which the
liberality of a citizen enabled it to rear, with the image of a youth
grasping firmly a large torch, and holding it up as a guide to him-
self and others. Such is this Institution, shedding the radiance
of Heaven over Afric's benighted millions. The sending out of
even half of the pupils as pastors or teachers, specially trained,
means marvellous light, progress, and hope for Nyasaland. It
means the conversion of thousands within the next few years from
gross superstition to faith in Christ, the turning of them into
useful, God-fearing, and law-abiding people, and, in short, the
complete transformation of the country. It is not too much to
say that by means of the native converts, trained in this Institution,
all the untouched areas in the present Livingstonia field will be
evangelised, and native teachers settled in them, within the next
twenty-five years — before the Jubilee of the Mission. This is no
dream, but a sober vision of the future, dependent only for its
fulfilment on the adequate support of people at home, and the
continuance of that divine favour which has never failed in the
past.
CHAPTER XX
Conclusion
It was in May 1875, *^hat the first band of seven Livingstonia
missionaries left home and country for the sake of Christ. They
left in obedience to God's call, and with faith in His divine power.
They entered upon an unknown and untried path, with the map
of Central Africa as yet unfilled. They reached their sphere of
labour only after a long and toilsome journey of five months, and
settled down among a people who never before had heard of
the true God, and who were distracted with slavery and internal
troubles. They began work under circumstances the most un-
promising, knowing only a few of the native words, and having
to struggle daily with a darkness and ignorance that had been
unbroken through all the centuries. They toiled, watched, and
prayed without ceasing, amid the hopes of many friends of Africa,
but amid the doubts and derisions of others. Since then, what
hath God wrought in the Livingstonia Mission ! There is no
longer a vestige of doubt as to the wisdom in planting it ; and
what a history of success there is for the encouragement of the
Church at home !
The interest taken in the Mission at the outset has been
constantly continued. Men have always been forthcoming who
declared themselves willing and ready to take their lives in their
hands as missionaries in this dark interior, the chief difficulty
being not so much to find men as to find the means of support
for them. Those who ventured out in the earlier years, and
have borne the burden and heat of the day, have been remarkable
for their valour, their skill, and their effectiveness ; and the same
may be said of the present band. In the names of Dr Stewart
Mr Bain, Mr James Stewart, Dr Henry, Dr Elmslie, and many
others, as well as of that missionary hero, Dr Laws, we find men
who, from their self-sacrifice, their devoted Christian character,
349
350 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTON I A
and their efforts for the good of Africa, deserve to be ranked
alongside of David Livingstone.
Year after year, as shown in these pages, there has been
an increasing success. In fact, with the exception perhaps of
Uganda, no mission to the dark races of mankind has been so
rapidly successful, whether spiritually or otherwise. For long
years the cry was, " Watchman, what of the night ? " and in faith
the messengers of Christ on the shores of Nyasa replied, "The
morning cometh." We are already past the dawn, and the light
is now clear and bright. In many a country, less uncivilised and
savage, faithful men have sown the seed of the Gospel for many
years without seeing any good results, always resting their hope
upon God and trusting Him for the harvest. But in Nyasaland
our missionaries have year by year seen Christianity extending
under their eyes, at first slowly, but latterly in a rapid and
triumphant manner, like the morning sunlight, which first tips
the mountain peaks and then visibly widens until much of the
landscape is bathed in floods of splendour. That splendour is
now being seen in these once mysterious regions. The dense,
impenetrable darkness which has overshadowed the country
through untold ages is now receding. The ignorance, the
superstitions, the nameless atrocities that once abounded in many
a kraal are disappearing, having given way to the pure and
undefiled religion of Jesus. The tribes that thirsted for war are
becoming peaceful, and the weaker ones are no longer oppressed.
The horrid traffic in human flesh and blood has been supplanted
by honourable commerce and the arts of civilised life. Great
awakenings have taken place since that historic time when the
first Mission band sailed up the Shire. Hymns are now being
sung to Jesus and fervent prayers offered to Him in many a
village that was once the home of cruelty and superstition.
Bibles are being read and treasured by thousands who never
heard of a Saviour till the white messengers went. Services for
the worship of the only Hving and true God are being held by
native preachers, and sacramental gatherings of such a remarkable
nature are taking place that to find a parallel to them we must go
back to Pentecost or to the historical revivals of Scotland. The
great inland sea, of which David Livingstone spoke so much, is
being girded round with Christian settlements, and the country is
being taken possession of for Christ.
CONCLUSION 351
" Lo, the curtain now is lifting
From thy mountains and thy lakes :
O'er thy peopled valleys gleaming,
Now for thee the daybeam wakes —
Land of darkness !
O'er thy hills the morning breaks."
If it be remembered that when the Mission party first went to
the Lake in 1875, there were no schools, no scholars, and no
written language, we see that the present results are very great
indeed, " surpassing fable and yet true," and they may well dispel
all doubts as to the good of Foreign Missions. Voltaire said
that in twenty years Christianity would be no more : his single
hand would destroy the edifice which it had taken twelve apostles
to rear. But what an answer is this to his proud, boasting state-
ment ! " Whoso is wise," says the Psalmist, " and will observe these
things, even they shall understand the loving-kindness of the Lord."
We may indeed be thankful that the Gospel has borne such
marvellous fruit in these dark regions. No doubt, from a human
standpoint, this advance is greatly due to the careful actions,
liberal assistance, and broad missionary views of the Committee
in Glasgow, who take the whole financial and administrative
management of the Mission, with the help and concurrence of
the General Assembly. It is also due, in some measure, to the
faithfulness of Dr Laws and the other missionaries, and especially
to their medical and surgical skill, which have won the confidence
and affection of the people. But from a Christian standpoint,
the result must be attributed, with all humility and gratitude, to
the blessing of God accompanying the work, without which every-
thing would have been done in vain. " I will go before thee and
make the crooked places straight ; I will break in pieces the gates
of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron ; and I will give thee
the treasures of darkness."
The last order which David Livingstone gave to his followers
was only to say "Good Morning" as they approached the hut
where he lay dying. Lord Houghton interpreted the thought of
the sick missionary at the time with the poet's keen insight —
" He bade them, as they passed the hut,
To give no warning
Of their faithful presence, but
' Good Morning.'
3 52 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTONIA
To him, may be, through broken sleep,
And pains abated,
These words were into senses deep
Translated.
Morning's o'er that weird Continent
Now dimly breaking —
Europe her sullen self-restraint
Forsaking."
After many years of arduous labour by our missionaries, we now
see the fulfilment of this interpretation. We discern, without
doubt, the first streaks of this African dawn. When it has come
so quickly, and with such promises of brightness, we cannot but
regret that the great and good man whose name is pepetuated in
the Mission did not live to see it. Amid bitter suffering and
deep disappointment he served this land of darkness and wept
over its evils. He struggled on bravely through hopes deferred,
and was cut off when the morning light was near. If he had but
lived a few more years, he would have seen one great end of his
labours fulfilled in the noble work of this Mission. Perhaps he
had to learn, like his Divine Master, the meaning of self-sacrifice.
" Except a corn of wheat die, it abideth alone ; but if it die, it
bringeth forth much fruit."
But, while deeply thankful for all that has been accomplished,
let us remember that there is yet many a darkened spot in Nyasa-
land, with thousands upon thousands who listen to the truths of
Revelation as to a useless tale, utterly careless about their future
state, so long as they can satisfy their gross, sensual appetites ;
and there are still vast regions there into which no Gospel light
has ever shone, with thousands, yea miUions, belonging to different
tribes, who are totally ignorant of the name of Christ. Outside
Nyasaland there are vaster regions still, with untold millions of
people, who sit in darkness and the shadow of death, unblessed
by a single ray from Heaven, and of whom it may be truly said,
" No man careth for their souls." From Lake Nyasa a person
may travel 1500 miles before reaching the west coast. He would
meet, doubtless, with many strange sights, would come into
contact with savage and peculiar tribes, and would pass through
the haunts and homes of millions of people ; but he might reach
the sea-shore without seeing even one church spire, or meeting
CONCLUSION 3 53
with a single man, woman, or child who had heard of a Saviour.
The regions beyond Nyasa, which so far have not been blessed
with the presence of any missionary, are almost so immense as
to pass our comprehension. It may be said with truth that by
far the greater part of the Dark Continent has yet to be overtaken
with even the first proclamation of a Saviour.
But Christians must not be disheartened by these facts. Let
them remember the great and blessed change that has taken place
of late years in the attitude of many towards Foreign Missions
—how the spirit of people, like that of Paul, has been stirred
within them, and is being stirred more and more. What an
awakening since those days of chilling Moderatism, only about a
century ago, when the venerable Dr John Erskine rebuked his
brethren with the words, " Rax me that Bible ! " What a change
since Carey was ridiculed as a " miserable enthusiast," and assured
by brethren in the ministry that, unless there came another
Pentecost with its gift of tongues, the attempted evangelisation
of heathen nations was absurd ! What a significant advancement
of late years in the attitude of some of our Churches ! A century
ago they had, undoubtedly, faith and love, but scarcely a thought
for the great black heart of heathendom. For long they slept a
death-like sleep, but they are at last awakening. As when spring
comes, " the winter is past, the flowers appear on the earth, and
the time of the singing of birds has come," so there are proofs
that the soft breath of missionary interest is settling on our
Churches. Let not Christians, therefore, be discouraged when they
think of the vast tracts that are yet unredeemed.
They must rather go on in the name of Christ to this Christian
work. "No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking
back, is fit for the kingdom of God." The work must go on
extending until Central Africa is brought to the feet of Jesus, and
every hill and valley is vocal with Christian songs of praise. The
past has been marvellous, but the future lies in front. One who
had seen even greater wonders than those achieved by our
Livingstonia Mission, who for twenty-five years had laboured
zealously for his Master, who had preached the Gospel over a
great part of the known world, who had planted churches in Asia
and Europe, who had been caught up into Paradise and heard
unspeakable words, nevertheless realised the magnitude of the work
still to be done, and forgetting the things which were behind, he
Z
354
DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTON I A
reached forward earnestly to the things that were before. Let us
likewise not be content with past achievements, but press onward
to still better and nobler things. All that has been done in our
Livingstonia Mission, grand and marvellous though it is, is
insignificant, compared with the immense possibilities and oppor-
tunities that lie before. God gives us no less a promise than that
^iven to Joshua, " Every place that the sole of your foot treads
upon, that will I give unto you."
May we not pray that soon, with God's help, and through the
glad tidings of the Gospel, from these enslaved, fear-ruled, sin-
polluted regions, there may arise an evangelised, freed, glorified
country, with its swarthy races civilised, its plains cultivated, its
lakes and rivers covered with ships, and the Gospel of Jesus
everywhere known ? Who will not pray for this end ? Who will
not plead for the day to come when every breeze that blows over
Central Africa shall waft the name of Jesus, when the Gospel shall
be precious to every native heart, and when every mother from
the Zambesi to Tanganyika shall hush her babe to rest with the
sono' of a Saviour's love ? Then, indeed. Central Africa shall be
redeemed. The Lord shall be unto her " an everlasting light, and
the days of her mourning shall be ended." What a blessed con-
summation that would be !
But can we think of Foreign Missions, whether in Africa or
elsewhere, without realising that their call upon us is indeed a
solemn one, and that each of us is to some extent responsible in
the matter? We may differ in Church connection or Church
principles, we may be Presbyterians, Congregationalists, or
Episcopalians, but we cannot question our missionary obligations.
No uncertainty can prevail on that supreme point. With the New
Testament as our teacher, all doubt regarding this matter is
foreclosed at once. To deny our duty to evangelise heathendom
would be equivalent to denying the very essentials of Christianity
and undermining its very foundations. The early Christian Church
knew this. It had no need for missionary societies : it regarded
itself in the light of one great missionary organisation, whose
members were as deeply called to extend the Kingdom of Christ
in distant lands as to love the Lord with all their heart and their
neighbours as themselves. When the Churches of Scotland or any
other country cease to regard the blackness of heathendom, their
very existence will be imperilled. Napoleon laid it down as a
CONCLUSION
355
military maxim that the army which remains in its intrenchments
will ultimately be beaten. It is true likewise of Churches. To
indulge ourselves, to be content with our own comfortable sur-
roundings, to sit snugly in our own little Zion, while forgetful of the
great black mass of fetichism reigning without, is simply to invite
defeat. Unless we carry the banner of the Cross into other and
darker countries, our Christian name will become an empty sound,
and the deep despairing cry for help may arise from our own
bosom.
Let the reader think solemnly of it ! The condition of people in
heathen lands appeals to us. The plaintive Macedonian cry,
"Come over and help us," rings as loudly to-day as it did
nearly nineteen centuries ago. It is a cry coming from the
needs of millions starving for the bread of life, and is literally
incessant through winter's cold and summer's heat, from India,
China, Africa, and the islands of the sea. If we had but ears to
listen to its sad music, we would hear it day and night, borne to us
on every wind. Think of it ! Christ came nineteen centuries ago
as the light of the world, and yet millions, who have the same life
and death before them as we, and the same great eternity, are still
in darkness as to a Saviour. They are being borne down by evils
which are too great to name, and by woes whose magnitude none
of us can ever understand ; they have empty, aching, unsatisfied
hearts, and are stricken with sin and sorrow ; and their existence
is wrapped in a black and terrible pall, relieved only by occasional
lightnings that shoot from beyond. Their condition of misery
appeals silently to the loving help of Christian hearts at home.
Can we allow them to live and die without a revelation from
Heaven, when we have it in our possession ?
We have opportunities, possibilities, and powers which no
preceding generation ever had. The early Christians, at their
outset, numbered but " five hundred brethren." We are counted
by millions, citizens of a mighty nation, having the powerful
help of the press, and able to scatter the Bible in almost all the
languages of the earth. We have remarkable helps which were
altogether unknown before. Countries, thickly populated, that
were once closed against strangers have now been thrown wide
open ; large districts, once thought to be desolate tracts of sand,
have now been found to teem with human beings ; and distances
have now been shortened to such an extent that the natives of
356 DAYBREAK IN LIVINGSTON I A
far-off regions may be considered as our neighbours. Almost
all the peoples and tribes of the world, even the most uncivilised
and unenlightened of them, are now accessible and willing to
hear of a Saviour. During the gradual advancement of past
ages, God, who can make the winds His messengers, has been
getting all things ready through the discoveries of science, the
expansion of commercial enterprise, the wonders of the printing
press, and the paramount influence of Christian nations. He
has been preparing His plan of campaign, huge, magnificent,
and marvellous. And now it is reaching its consummation, and
we stand in the midst of unlimited opportunities. " Lift up
your eyes and look on the fields."
In such a crisis of the world's history, and with such a burden
of responsibility, what should Christian Scotland not do ? And,
if it were to rise up in its might, what could it not do? If the
Christian people of all countries were to begin in earnest to this
divine work the stone cut out without hands would soon become
a great mountain, filling the whole earth. The grain of mustard
seed would become a great tree, amid the branches of which the
fowls of the air would find shelter. The prayer which we now
offer up, " Hallowed be Thy name ! Thy kingdom come ! " would
no longer be possible, for God's name would be hallowed every-
where by the multitudinous tribes of the earth, and His kingdom
be already come. The existing day of small things would give
place to a millennium of peace and triumph and an eternity of
glory. May that grand result be hastened !
APPENDIX
LIVINGSTONIA MISSIONARIES
Past and Present
Deceased are in Italics
An asterisk vtarks present missionaries
Appointed.
Missionaries.
Remarks.
1875
I
*Rev. Robert Laws, M. A., M.D.,D.D.,
F.R.G.S., and Hon. F.R.S.G.S.
(Mrs Laws)
Livingstonia.
1875
2
E. D. Young, R.N. .
Led first expedition.
Died 1896.
1875
3
George Johnston, Carpenter
Resigned and graduated
M.B., CM.
Resigned. Now M.B.,
1875
4
John M'Fadyen, Engineer .
CM.
1875
5
Allan Simpson, Blacksmith .
Joined A. L. Co., 1882.
1875
6
Alexander Riddell, Agriculturist .
Resigned 1879. Minister
in Australia.
1875
7
William Baker, Seaman
Returned 1877. Royal
Navy Reserve.
187 s
8
Rev. William Black, M.B., CM.
Died, 1877.
1875
9
Thomas Crooks, Seaman
Recalled.
1875
10
John Giinn, Agriculturist
Died, 1880.
1876
II
Robert S. Ross, Engineer
Resigned, 1883.
1876
12
Archibald C. Miller, Weaver
Died, Zambezi.
1876
13
James Stewart, M.D., D.D., Hon.
Returned to Lovedale,
F.R.G.S., and F.R.S.G.S.
1878.
358
APPENDIX
Appointed.
Missionaries.
Remarks.
1876
14
William Koyi, \
Died, 1886.
1876
15
Shadrach Ngunana,
Kafirs
Died, 1877.
1876
16
A. Mapas Ntintili,
-from
Lovedale
Invalided, 1880. Died,
1897.
1876
17
Isaac Williams WauchopeJ
Invalided, 1877. Now
ordained pastor.
1877
18
James Slewari, C.E., F.R.G.S. .
Died, 1883.
1878
19
George Benzie, Master of Ilala
Died, 1880.
1878
20
Robert Reid, Carpenter
Invalided, 1881.
1878
21
J. A. Paterson, Engineer
Resigned, 1881.
1878
22
William B. Reid, Seaman .
Resigned, 1881.
1879
23
Miss Waterston, M.D.
Resigned, 1880. Now
in Cape Town.
1880
24
fames Sutherland, Agriculturist .
Died, 1885.
1880
25
George Fairley, Master of Ilala .
Invalided, 1882.
1880
26
William Harkess, Engineer of Ilala
Joined A. L. Co., 1882.
1881
27
R. Gowans, Master of Ilala .
Died, 1883.
1881
28
John A. Smith, Teacher
Blantyre Mission.
1881
29
*Peter M 'Galium, Carpenter (Mrs
M'Callum)
Bandaw^.
1881
30
Rev. Robert Hannington, M.B., CM.
Invalided, 1882. Now
in Constantinople.
1881
31
Donald Munro, Builder
Invalided, 1885.
1882
32
George Williams (Kafir from Lovedale)
Resigned, 1888.
1883
33
Rev. /. Alexander Bain, M.A. .
Died, 1889.
1883
34
William Scott, M.B., CM.
Invalided, 1886.
1884
35
William 0. M'Ewen, C.E.
Died, 1885.
1884
36
*Rev. Walter A. Elmslie, M.B., CM.,
F.R.G.S. (Mrs Elmslie)
Ekwendeni, Ngoniland.
1885
37
Rev. D. Kerr Cross, M.B., CM. (Mrs
Resigned, 1896. Now
Kerr Cross)
in the Administration
Service.
Mrs Kerr Cross (the first) .
Died, 1886.
1885
38
George A. Rollo, Teacher .
Died, Dec. 1885.
1886
39
Htigh Macintosh, Carpenter
Died, Jan. 1887.
1886
40
Maurice M'Intyre, Teacher
Died, 1890.
1886
41
John B. M'Currie, Teacher.
Resigned, 1887.
1886
42
Robert Gossip, Bookkeeper
Invalided. Now under
A. L. Co., Glasgow.
1887
43
Rev. George Henry, M.A.,M.B., CM.
Died, 1893.
Mrs Henry
Died, 1892.
1887
44
Charles Stuart, Teacher
Invalided, 1900.
1888
45
*William M'Kay Murray, Carpenter .
Livingstonia.
1889
46
•William Thomson, Printer (Mrs
Thomson)
Livingstonia.
1890
47
Rev. George Steele, MB., CM. .
Died, 1895.
1890
48
James H. Aiiken, Teacher .
Died, 1894.
1890
49
George Aitken {Mrs Aitken)
Invalided, 1898.
1890
50
Rev. D. Fotheringham, M.B., CM. .
Resigned, 1893.
APPENDIX
359
Appointed.
Missionaries.
Remarks.
1891
51
W. Govan Robertson, Teacher .
Resigned, 1896. Now
of L. M. Society.
1891
52
Archibald C Scott, Teacher
Resigned, 1896. Port
Elizabeth.
1891
53
Donald Macgregor, Agriculturist .
Invalided, 1894.
1891
54
W. Morrison
Recalled.
1892
55
*W. Duff Macgregor, Carpenter (Mrs
Macgregor)
Livingstonia.
1892
56
Roderick Macdonald, Carpenter .
Invalided, 1894.
1892
57
*Rev. A. G. M'Alpine (Mrs M'Alpine)
Bandavve.
1893
58
*R. D. M'Minn, Printer ,
Livingstonia.
1893
59
*Rev. Alex. Dewar, F.R.G.S. (Mrs
Dewar)
Karonga.
1894
60
*Miss Lizzie A. Stewart, Teacher
Livingstonia.
1894
61
*Malcolm Moffat, Agriculturist .
Livingstonia.
1894
62
Hugh Steven, Carpenter
Died, 1895.
1894
63
*Rev. George Prentice, L.R.C.S. and
P. Ed.
Kasungu, Mvvasi's.
1895
64
*Rev. James Henderson, M.A. (Mrs
Henderson)
Livingstonia.
1896
65
*Walter J. Henderson, Builder .
Livingstonia.
1896
66
*Rev. Donald Fraser ....
Ngoniland.
1896
67
Rev. J. C. Ramsay.L.R.C.S. and P.Ed.
Invalided, 1898.
1896
68
*John M. Henderson, Teacher .
Karonga.
1897
69
*Miss Margaret M'Callum, Nurse
To be married, 1900.
1897
70
*Miss Maria Jackson, Nurse
To be married, 1900.
1897
71
A. IV. Roby- Fletcher, B.Sc, M.B.,
CM.
Died, 1898.
1898
72
Robert Scott, M.B., CM. .
Resigned, 1900.
1899
73
*John Macgregor, Carpenter
Livingstonia.
1899
74
*Frank A. Innes, M.A., M.B., Ch.B.
Karonga.
1900
75
*Miss M. J. Heming, Nurse
Livingstonia.
1900
76
*Miss J. Martin, Nurse (honorary)
Livingstonia.
1900
77
*James A. Chisholm, Medical (Mrs
Chisholm)
Mwenzo.
1900
78
*William Sutherland, Builder .
Livingstonia.
1900
79
*James Gauld, Builder
Livingstonia.
1900
80
*Ernest A. Boxer, Medical .
Bandawe.
1" •■ Umti^NJ
'!:M)ir-^'
je"';^**^^^ ,-€'^*
'A.-r.^^,, ,, ., , ' 'V^.^.^, .' ^ Jf&vw.*«. ^- iiJ«*,»i, "MMir Oi«m,.(i 7„^_ a.i&Miit.i2u, 137.
Florence Bay, 340, 341.
Food of missionaries, 284.
at Institution, 342, 346.
Foote, Consul, 103, 203, 269.
Foreign Office, 20, 103, 197, 200, 202,
243, 266, 280, 289.
Foreign Missions, opponents of, 335 ;
our responsibility, 354.
Fortitude, native, 129.
Forts, Nyasa, 210.
Fotheringham, L. Monteith. 172, 223,
272 et seq,, 280, 305.
Fraser, Donald, 166, 317, 344.
Free Church, 21, 26, 28, 30, 209.
Frere, Sir Bartle, 25, 85, 193.
Germany, and N. Nyasa, 304 ; treaty
with, 174, 305; slave trade, 210;
drink, 222.
Girls, work among, 330, 343, 345.
Glasgow, merchants, 33, 34 ; Com-
merce, 215.
Glasgow Missionary Society, 19.
Gold, 75, 220, 294.
Gomani, 185, 281.
Good News, 202, 232.
Goodwill of missionaries, 247.
Goold, Dr, 30, 40.
Gori, 190.
Government, British, and Arab war,
277, 280 ; appealed to re Portuguese,
289, 291, 296, 297 ; re Germany,
305 ; assurances from, 297, 298 ;
action re Portuguese, 299 et seq. ; re
Germany, 305.
Gowa, 183.
Granville, Earl, 201, 203.
Graves, at Cape Maclear, 136 ; at
Bandawe, 174.
Greenwood, Dr, 297.
Gunboats, 210.
Gunn, John, 84, 120, 135, 139, 199,
255. 330.
Gwangwara, 57, 209.
Hannington, Dr, 149,
Harkess, William, 223.
Harrowby, Earl of, 278.
Henderson, Henry, 36, 37, 51, 66,
95-
James, 342, 344, 345.
Henga, the, 328.
Henry, Dr, 181 et seq ; prevents wars,
246 ; prevents Mtiavi, 254, 256 ;
accident on river, 265 ; medical
work, 324 ; philology, 329.
Mrs, death of, 183 ; work
among women, 331.
Herga, the, 86, 107, 220.
Highlands, Central African, 284; Shire,
21, 46, 67, 300.
Hine, Dr, 327.
Hippopotami, 46, 264, 265.
Hora, 164.
Hore, Captain, 202, 229, 232, 235.
Hospitals, 325, 346, 347.
Houghton, Lord, 351.
Houses, missionary, 61, 283, 346.
native, 71, 72, 123, 318.
Howie, Rev. Dr, 26, 30.
Ibo, 193.
Ikombwe, Mount, 252.
Ilala, the, 38, 43, 46, 50, 52, 53, 63,
66, 89, 95, 105, 109, 141, 197, 220,
227, 269, 274.
(place), 23.
Indifference, 152.
Industrial work, \\2 et seq., ^iS ct seq.;
its usefulness, 122; necessity, 123;
nature, 123, 318 ; agriculture, 123 ;
road making, 125 ; wages, 126 ;
brickmaking, 318; building, 318;
printing, 319 ; enormous change re-
sulting, 320 ; among women, 330;
at Institution, 343.
Industries, native, 75.
Initiation ceremonies, 81.
Institution. See Livingstonia.
Instruments, meteorological, 341.
lona, loi.
Iron-work, native, 75.
Itineracy, 171, 310, 324.
Ivory, 217.
INDEX
365
Jackson, Miss, 333.
James Stevenson, the, seized, 292.
Johnson, W. P., 202, 275, 327.
Johnston, Fort, 58.
George, 2,7, 44. 51. 106.
Sir H. H., his book, 106;
appointed, 208, 280, 302 ; at Lisbon,
299 ; on the Mission, 243 ; on Dr
Laws, 320.
Journeys, missionary, 171, 310, 324.
See Exploration.
Jumbe, 108, 153, 197, 201, 202, 245,
280.
Jurisdiction, civil, 65, loi, 170.
Kafir missionaries, 86, 100, 148,
15.5, 330.
Kaning'ina, 140.
Kararamuka, 173, 176, 206, 305.
Karonga, 163, 279 ; siege of, 172, 205,
223, 272, 298 ; centre of Mission
work, 175 ; Fotheringham at, 223 ;
Stevenson Road, 229, 231.
Kasungu, 188.
Katunga, 126, 303.
Kawa, 282.
Kazembe, 294.
Kazichi Falls, 340.
Kerosene oil, 347.
Kerr, Montagu, 142.
Kibwezi, 341.
Kilimane, 16, 67, 87, 90, 182, 193,
196, 221, 236, 270, 300.
Kilwa, 196, 278.
King, Sir James, 301.
Kirk Mountains, 181.
Kirk, Sir John, 58, 196, 197, 295.
Kirk-Session, first, 312.
Kisanga, 201.
Konde, the, 56, 76, 175, 223, 271
et seq.
country, 304.
language, 308.
Kondowe, 340.
Kongone mouth, 42.
Kongwe, 178.
Kopa-Kopa, 271, 277.
Kota-Kota, 108, no, 197, 202.
Koyi, William, 57, 86, 100, 120, 139,
148 et seq., 159, 168, 24I, 267.
Mrs, 155.
"Kungu" flies, 106.
Kwakwa, 87, 182, 264, 301.
Labour, native objection to, 125, 318.
Lacerda, Dr, 294.
Lakes Company, African, postal ser-
vice, 67; encourages money, 127;
its missionary work, 175, 163 ; Fife,
186; Arab war, 205, 271, 298;
anti-slavery, 210, 217; its origin,
215, 292 ; development of, 219 ; its
benefits, 2iy et seq. ; its defects, 218 ;
steamers, 220, 209 ; peaceful char-
acter, 220 ; against drink, 220 ;
Christian agents, 222 ; agreement
with Chartered Co., 224 ; threatened
by natives, 269, 270 ; upholds claim
to Nyasaland, 291 et seq.
Languages, Bantu, 131, 178, 179, 132,
327, 342.
Language, English, in Nyasaland, 339.
Lavigerie, Cardinal, 303.
Laws, Dr, from U.P. Church, 35;
first expedition, 37, 40 ; assists Blan-
tyre Mission, 95, 96 ; his character,
104 ; first circumnavigation of Lake,
106 ; second, 107, 197 ; explores
with James Stewart, lio, 139, 177,
179; detained as hostage, 11 1 ; in-
troduces money, 126; his medical
work, 129 ; his translations, etc.,
131, 328 ; removes to Bandawe,
141; plans extension, 144, 176;
visits Ngoniland, 148-150, 153, 160;
protects Tonga, 154, 156; visits
Chikusi again, 181 ; on slave rescue,
63. 199, 202 ; at Berlin Conference,
203, 222; on commerce, 214; on
James Stewart, 232 ; prevents Ngoni
and other wars, 242, 244, 267, 268 ;
on consular protection, 266 ; danger-
ously ill, 280, 282 ; attacked by lion,
285 ; upholds claim to Nyasaland,
291 ; begins native preachers' class,
309 ; on Ngoniland awakening, 313 ;
his marvellous work, 320 ; kindness
to other missions, 327 ; on work
among women, 332 ; urges Institu-
tion, 337 ; founds Livingstonia, 339
et seq.
Laws, Mrs, 120, 331.
Laziness, native, 125, 318.
Leopards, 187, 285.
Leopold, King, 203.
Leprosy, 323.
Letters, 67.
366
INDEX
Liambiro, 271.
Life, native, 72 ; family, 72 ; moral, 80.
Light, electric, 347.
Likoma, discovery of, 106 ; bishop
of, 327.
Lindsay, Professor, 297, 327.
Lingua frattca, 342,
Lions, 46, 65, 187, 285.
Liquor, intoxicating, 52, 177, 178, 209,
221.
Lisbon, 299.
Literary work of missionaries, 131, 327.
Livingstone, Dr, I et seq., 38, 41,44, 47,
49, 52, 58, 64, 66, 84, 98, 103, 105,
19O1 '95' etc., etc. ; on Free Church,
21, 26.
Mrs, 21, 44.
Miss, 84.
Mountains, 56, 106, 345.
Livingstonia (the name), 25, 26, 33, 34,
143,188.
(the Mission), principal object,
40; treatment of natives, 61 ; its
modes of operation, 112, 307; re-
moval to Bandawe, 137 ; extension
of, 144, 169, 189 ; its peaceful char-
acter, 238, 267 ; opposition to evils,
251* 313; prevents Miiavi, 255;
prevents polygamy, 262 ; its perils,
264 ; attacked by Arabs, 272 ;
success, 349.
(the Institution), 188, 285, 320,
333. 337 ei {^if.
Committee, 351.
Trading Company, 215.
Livlezi Station, 179, 184, 246, 281.
London Missionaiy Society, 54, 98,
100, 202, 226, 228, 232, 235, 319.
Losewa, 108, 197.
Losses, missionaries', 44, 265.
Lovedale, 22, 24, 31, 36, 86, 132, 148,
319, 331, 339.
Evangelists, 86, 100, 148, 155,
330.
Lufira River, 174.
Lugard, Captain, 59, 276, 326.
Lunacy, 323.
Luonde, chief, 269.
Macgill, Dr, 35.
Machila, 184"
Machinery, at Institution, 347.
Machinjiri, war, 269.
Macklin, Dr, 85, 95, 96.
Maclear, Cape, 53, 58, 59, 87 ; its
disadvantages, 137.
(the Station), 61, 90, 92, 93,
loi, 141, 195, 200, 214, 330.
MacAlpine, A. G., 310, 311, 312.
MacCallum, Peter, i6i, 188, 323.
Miss, 333.
Macdonald, Duff, 97.
MacEwen, W. O., 21^^ seq.
Macfadyen, John, 37, 44, 51.
Macfie, R. A., 21.
Macintosh, Hugh, 171.
Maclntyre, Maurice, 181, 182.
Mackay, Alexander, 38, 54, 338.
Mr, of Blantyre, 107, 136.
Mackenzie, Bishop, 27, 46, 50.
Mackinnon, Peter, 33.
Sir William, 30, 33, 39, 216,
224.
MacMinn, R. D., 329.
Macrae, Dr, 35, 36, 86.
Magomero, 46.
Mahalule, 1 50.
Mails, early, 67.
Makanjira, 60, 138, 153, 197, 201, 246,
275-
Makololo, the, 47, 71, 88, 241, 268,
270, 302.
Malaria, 41, 47, 2S2, 287.
Malet, Sir Edward, 203.
Malindu, 173.
Maliwandu. See Mweniwanda.
Malombe, Lake, 52.
Mambwe, 223.
Manchewe Falls, 340.
Mandala, 219, 269.
Mankambira, 107, 109, 197.
Marenga, 140, 243, 244, 257.
Marriages, native, 72.
Christian, 262, 330.
Marsh, elephant, 47.
Martin, George, 33.
Massacre of porters, 230, 248.
Matabele, tribe, 185, 247.
Matarika's, 201.
Matiti, 50, 98.
Matope, 95, 126, 265, 269.
Maviti. See Ngoni,
Mawelera, 164, 165.
Mazaro, 43, 87.
Mbalekelwa, 165.
Medical work, 62, 112, 127, 322:
INDEX
367
an Imitatio Christ i, 12S ; influence
of, 128, 130, 161, 324; scope for,
129, 326 ; nature of, 322 ; chloro-
forming, 130 ; not confined to medi-
cal men, 323 ; cases, 323, 326 ;
itineracy, 324 ; difficulties, 325 ; at
Institution, 343.
" Medicine," war, 109, 130.
Medicines, native, 129.
Medo, 201.
Meteorological observations, 40, in,
341-
Military force, 210.
Miller, A. C, 84, 243.
Milling plant, 347.
Misale, 294.
Mission, Livingstonia. See Living-
stonia.
Universities, 21, 22, 27, 45,
46, 50, 60, 64, 97, 98, 201, 275,
295. 327-
Missions, African, 18 ; South African,
20, 22, 25, 35 ; Central African, 54.
Foreign, opponents of, 335 ;
our responsibility, 354.
Missionary, description of, 37, 286.
Missionary Society, Scottish, 19.
Glasgow, 19.
Church, 54.
London, 54, 98, lOO, 202, 226,
228, 232, 235, 319.
Moravian, 98, 319.
Berlin, 98, 319.
Missionaries, European, 337.
Kafir, 86, 100, 148, 155, 330.
native, 309, 337, 343, 344.
— Romish, 293, 303.
women, 333 ; men, 333.
Mitchell, Dr Murray, 32, 33, 35, 86.
Mkhoma, 185.
Mlozi, 188, 210, 282, 223, 271 et seq.
Moderatism, 353.
Moffat, Malcolm, 341.
Moir, Dr, 30.
Fred. L. M., 191, 202, 203, 216,
219, 223, 224, 232, 265, 270, 276.
Mrs Fred, 310.
John W., 148, 216, 219, 224,
227, 275.
Mombera, 147, 150, 162, 257, 267.
Money, for Mission, 33.
introduced, 126.
Mopea, siege of, 270.
Morality, native, 80, 332.
Morambala, 46, 294.
Moravian Missions, 98, 319.
Mosquitoes, 45, 87.
Motors, for Institution, 347.
Mountains, Livingstone, 56, 106, 345 ;
Kirk, 181.
Mozambique, 193, 293.
Mpata, 271, 272.
Mpemba, 59, 107, 198, 199.
Mperembe, 147, 162, 165, 166.
Mpeseni, 247.
Mponda, 52, 59, 62, 73, 89, 93, 98,
i85> i93> 201, 270, 290.
Mpondera, 183.
Msalema, 271, 276.
Mtwaro, 147, 150, 161, 257, 323, 325.
Mnavi, ordeal, 78, 152, 172, 253,
322.
Munro, Donald, 229, 233 et seq.
Murray, A. C, 173, 176, 246, 284,
285, 323-
W. H., 185.
William, 340.
Mvera, 176, 246.
Mvula, James Brown, 30S, 334.
Mwalia, 201.
Mwasi, 153, 177, 188, 247.
Mwembera, 230.
Mweniwanda's, 170 et seq., 204, 223,
231, 272, 274, 279.
Mwenzo, 186, 281.
Namalambe, Albert, 117, 141, 180.
Namwanga, 328.
Napoleon, 354.
Native evangelists, 309, 337, 343, 344.
Natives, welcome Mission, 59, 60 ; ap-
pearance of, 73, 109 ; civilization of,
74 ; religion, 76 ; morality, 80, 332 ;
power of endurance, 89 ; thieving,
102 ; superstitions, 109, 129, 179,
251 ; ignorance, 123 ; confidence in
white doctor, 130; astonishment at
chloroform, 130, 323 ; laziness, 125,
318 ; fortitude, 129 ; dread of white
man's power, 258 ; beer, 222 ; wars,
238 ; evils, 251 ; desire British pro-
tection, 289 ; treaties with, 302, 303;
linguistic gifts, 342.
Natives, educated, 337.
Ndindi, 141.
Needles, native, 13.
368
INDEX
New Testament, Nyanja, 328.
Ngerenge, 175.
Ngoni, the, 32, 48, 65 ; villages, 71 ;
dress, 74, 147 ; Mr Young, 88, 241 ;
character of, 57, 146, 241 ; cruel
raids, 99, 1 10, 147, 154, 155, 162,
182, 239 ; religion, 148 ; visited by
Dr Laws and others, 148, 149, 153,
160 ; Mission work among, 149 el
seq. ; first converts, 162 ; Christian
rulers, 165 ; Communion season,
169 ; wars with Tonga, 242, 267 ;
language, 328.
Ngoniland, central, 176 ; south, 179.
Ngunana, Shadrach, 86, 100, 120, 135.
Nicoll, John L., 273.
Njuyu, 161, 166, 268.
Nkata Bay, 109, ill.
Normal School, 343.
Nsessi River, 274.
Ntintili, A. Mapas, 86, 100, 148.
Nuncumba, 93, 255.
Nyanja, the word, 58 ; the tribe, 48,
71 ; the language, 131, 178, 327 ;
New Testament, 328 ; common
Bible, 328 ; a lingua franca, 342.
Nyasa, north, work in, 169 et seq.
south, work in, 179 et seq.
Lake, its discovery, 17, 58,
295 ; visited by E. D. Young, 23,
32 ; arrival of Mission at, 53 ; its
description, 58, 105 ; first circum-
navigation, 105 ; size, 106 ; second
circumnavigation, 107 ; north end,
109 ; further exploration, 139.
Nyasaland, recommended by Living-
stone, 21 ; fixed for Mission Station,
28 ; described, 56, 105 ; explored,
110; invaded by Arabs, 271 ; our
claim to, 289 ; early Portuguese
efforts to annex, 290 ; British lay
claim to, 291 ; the Portuguese claim,
292 ; the British claim, 295 ; Govern-
ment action, 297 ; Portugal's actions,
299 ; Pinto's expedition, 300 ; ulti-
matum, 303 ; German claim, 304.
Nymberi, 249.
Oil, Kerosene, 347.
O'Neill, H. E., 203, 273, 291.
Ordeal, poison, 78, 152, 172, 253,322.
Ordination of office-bearers, 312.
Overland route, 27, 226, 229, 235.
Overtoun, Lord, 233, 341, 346.
Pambete, 227.
Papacy, 293, 303.
Park, Mungo, 15.
Pastors, native, 337, 343.
Peace, 220, 238, 267.
Peden, Dr, 323.
Peleli, the, 73.
Perils, on river, 87, 264 ; hostile chiefs,
265, 266 ; wars, 267 ; interrupted
communication, 268 ; Arab war,
271 ; Chikusi, 281 ; Wemba, 281 ;
fever, 282 ; famine, 284 ; animals,
285.
Petre, Sir George, 300.
Philology, 328.
Pictures, use of, 68.
Pinto, Major Serpa, 300, 302, 304.
Plant, milling, 347.
Plateau, Tanganyika, work on, 186 et
seq. ; slavery on, 206 ; surveyed,
227 ; the Wemba, 281 ; German
aggression, 304 ; Prof. Drummond's
visit, 334.
Poison ordeal, 78, 152, 172, 253, 322.
Poka, 243, 328.
Polwarth, Lord, 36.
Polygamy, 73, 261.
Port Elizabeth, 87.
Porters, native, 88 ; massacre of, 230,
248.
Portugal, slave-trade, 193, 195 ; con-
cessions to Lakes Company, 215 ;
attempts to annex Nyasaland, 290 ;
inflicts heavy tariff, 291 ; seizes
James Stevenson, 292 ; claims Zam-
besi, etc., 292; claims considered,
293 ; continued interference, 299,
300 ; ultimatum, 303.
Portugese, 15, 17, 27, 39, 48, 71, 177,
190, 269, 293.
Postal service, 67.
j Preachers' class, 309, 344.
j Preachers, native, 309, 337, 344.
Preaching. See Evangelistic work.
Prentice, Dr, George, 188, 322.
Press, Mission, 319.
Printing, 319.
Protection, consular, 266.
Protectorate, British, 103, 297, 208,
225, 247, 280, 302, 339.
Pulley, Lieut., 202.
INDEX
369
Raids. See Ngoni.
Railway, Chiromo, 126.
Rain question, 77, 158, 259.
Ramakukane, 51, 66, 88, 119.
Rankin, Daniel J. , 302.
Rapids, Murchison, 27, 48, 50, 87,
126, 236.
Records, atmospheric, 40, ill.
Reformed Presbyterian Church, 30, 34,
35-
Refugees to Mission, 93.
Riddell, Alexander, 37, 44, 51, 94,
106, 120, 131.
River journeying, perils of, 46, 87, 264.
Roadmaking, 125.
Road, Sclater, 126, 300.
Stevenson, 169, 174, 210, 226,
271, 281, 304; porters massacred,
230, 248.
Robertson, W. Govan, 183 et seq.
Romish Church, 293, 303.
Rosebery, Lord, 291, 297.
Ross, A. C, 182.
R. S., 84, 199, 229.
Roxburgh, Dr, 21.
Ruo River, 56, 48, 294, 302.
Sabbath, 69.
Salisbury, Lord, on Arab war, 278 ;
on Portuguese aggression, 297, 298,
300, 301.
Sanctuary, right of, 200.
Schools. See Education.
Sclater Road, 126, 300.
Scott, Dr William, 153.
A. C, 310.
Rev. L., 273, 297.
Scotland, missionary enthusiasm, 19,
23 ; her efforts for good, 29.
Scottish Missionary Society, 19.
Segoli, 2CX).
Sekeletu, 295.
Sena, 196, 293.
Senga, tribe, 196.
Session, first Kirk, 312.
Sewing classes, 330, 343.
Sharpe, Alfred, 273, 276, 303.
Shire River, beauties, 45, 46 ; sand-
banks, 46 ; dangers, 264, 265 ; ex-
plored by Livingstone, 295.
Highlands, 21, 46, 67, 300.
Shirwa, Lake, 17, 58, 295.
Shupanga, 44.
Silver, Zambesi, 294.
Simpson, Allan, 37, 51, 106.
Site, first Livingstonia, 40, 54, 60, 92,
137 et seq.
for Institution, 339.
Slavery, domestic, 194.
Slaves, fugitive, 92, 195, 200, 202, 273.
Slave-trade, Livingstone's revelations,
17, 21 ; at Mponda's, 52 ; around
Mission, 62 ; fugitives, 92 ; Arab
war, 172, 271 ; Wemba, 186 ; de-
scription of, 190 ; policy of mis-
sionaries, 40, 194, 199, 200, 273 ;
Portuguese implication, 195 ; rescue
of slaves, 188, 198 ; Brussels Act
enforced, 210 ; Mlozi hanged, 210;
Lakes Company's actions, 217.
Slave-yoke, 190.
Slip, for Ilala, 66.
Smeaton, Professor, 21.
Smith, Dr George, 209, 301.
— Sydney, 335.
Smithies, Bishop, 297, 337.
Snakes, 65.
Society, Scottish Geographical, 291.
Royal Geographical, 1 10, 227,
229.
Societies, Missionary. See Missionary.
Somali, 25.
Songwe River, 174, 229, 305.
Sorcery, 77, 109, 129, 179, 251.
Spirits, the, 76, 77, 248, 251 ; worship
of, 260. See Superstition.
Stanley, H. M., 23, 24, 203, 288, 290.
Stealing, 102.
Steele, Dr George, 162, 164, 310.
Stephen, John, 25, 26, 30.
Stevenson Road. See Road.
Stevenson, Nathaniel, 21.
James, 26, 30, 33, 215, 226,
228.
Stewart, Dr James, 19, 30, 33, 34, 40,
45, 86, 89, 91, 104, 107, no, 137,
197, 213, 305, 330.
James, 96, 104, no, 126, 136,
149, 169, 226, 229, 232, 265, 266,
284.
Miss L. A., 333, 345.
Stuart, Charles, 164.
Success of mission, 349 ; what due to
351-
Superstitions, native, 77, 109, 129,
179, 251.
A
37°
INDEX
Sutherland, James, 155.
Swaheli language, 328.
Swann, A. J., 340.
Swinney, Rev. Mr, 327.
Tanganyika, 227 et seq.
Tariff, Mozambique, 292.
Tattooing, 73.
Teachers, native, 309, 337, 343.
female, 330.
Teaching. See Education.
Telegraph, 341.
Telephone, 341.
Testament, New, Nyanja, 328.
Tete, 196, 293.
Thanksgiving services, 260.
Thefts from Mission, 102.
Thelwall, Mr, 85.
Theological education, 343, 345.
Thieving, 102.
Thomson, Joseph, 221, 227, 240, 303,
321.
Thomson, William, 319.
Thread, native, 331.
Tomory, Dr, 273.
Tonga, the, 56, 137, 140, I47, 149.
160, 210, 243 ; Ngoni wars, 242,
267; language, 132, 327.
Tongues, diversity of, 342.
Tornado, 341.
Tours, missionary, 171, 310, 324.
Tozer, Bishop, 294.
Trade. See Commerce.
Trades, native, 75.
Traders, unjust, 61, 216, 269.
Training of teachers. See Livingstonia
Institution.
Translations, 131, 327.
Transmigration of soul, 77.
Treaties with natives, 302, 303.
Treaty, Anglo-German, 174, 305.
Anglo-Portuguese, 304.
Congo, 291, 294.
Tsetse ^y, 137.
Tumbuka, 164, 328,
Tweedie, Dr, 20, 21.
Ukukwe, 173.
Ultimatum to Portugal, 303.
U.P. Church, 35.
Universities' Mission. See Mission.
Victoria Falls, 16.
Villages, native, 71, 72.
Vivian, Lord, 209.
Vloc, T. C, 176.
Voltaire, 351.
Wages, 126.
Waller, Horace, 30, 41, 45, 99, 106,
296, 297, 299.
Mount, 106, 340.
Wamwanga, 273.
Wanda, language, 327.
Water, for Institution, 346.
power, for Institution, 347.
Waterston, Miss, 331.
Water-way to Central Africa, 226, 235 ;
opened by Livingstone, 295 ; closed
by Portuguese, 291 ; Lord Salisbury
on, 297.
War, prevented, 70, 159, l6l, 162,
165, 239, 257, 267, 313.
Ngoni-Tonga, 242, 267.
among Tonga, 244.
with Jumbe, 245.
■ — — - on death of chief, 162, 257.
Arab, 172, 205, 208, 224, 235,
271, 280, 326.
" War" medicine, 109, no.
Wars, tribal, 164, 238, 267.
Wauchope, Isaac Williams, 86, 100.
Weapons, native, 74-
Weaving, native, 75.
Weissman, Lieut., 204.
Wekotani, 53, 98.
Wemba, 186, 205, 209, 212, 281, 328.
White, James, 26, 30, 33, 34, 233.
Williams, George, 155.
Wilson, Dr John, 25, 98.
Captain, 30, 31, 34.
Winamwanga, 186.
Witchcraft, 77, 251, 260. Sec Super-
stition.
Witch-doctors, 260.
Witch-finder, 77, 252.
Women, missionaries, 333.
work among, 330.
Wundali, 174, 245.
Yao, 48, 57, 71- 247, 302, 328.
Yohane Jere, 165.
Young, Dr James, 30, 31. 33. 34-
E. D., 23, 32, 37, 43, 45, 48,
SI, 63, 87, 90, 98, 105, 138, 193,
195, 241.
INDEX
371
Zambesi, explored by Livingstone, 17,
21 ; Kongone mouth, 42; opened by
Livingstone, 295 ; closed by Portu-
guese, 291 ; Lord Salisbury on, 297,
301 ; made international highway,
304-
Zanzibar, Sultan of, 196, 208, 278, 280.
overland journey from, 27, 226,
229, 235.
Zanzibar, Arabs, 190.
slavery, 204, 207, 271.
Zoche, 205, 281.
Zomba, 182, 295.
Zongandaba, 146.
Zulus. See Ngoni.
Zumbo, 293.
DATE DUE
DEMCO 38-297