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ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 BY 
 
 AN INDUCTIVE METHOD 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER 
 
 PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES, YALE UNIVERSITY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
Copyright 
 
 1888 
 
 American Publication Society of Hebrew 
 
 Press of J. J- Li'tle & Co., 
 Astor Place, New York. 
 
TO 
 
 MY PARENTS 
 
 IN APPRECIATION OP THE HELP 
 
 AND ENCOURAGEMENT SO FREELY GIVEN 
 
 DURING MY EARLY STUDIES 
 
 THIS BOOK 
 
 IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 It is commonly taught that the Syntax of Hebrew is a matter of small 
 importance. Very seldom, indeed, is any special attention given to 
 the subject. The grammars upon which American students have 
 depended furnish exhaustive treatments of Etymology, Taut contain 
 only a meagre amount of Syntax. It is because men have not studied 
 Hebrew Syntax, because, as a matter of fact, they are ignorant of it, 
 that they have failed to appreciate its value. 
 
 It is true that the Hebrew is lacking in the power to present without 
 ambiguity many of the exact and beautiful shades of thought for which 
 expression is found in the Latin and the Greek.. It is true that the 
 Hebrew is more dependent upon the context for the precise determina- 
 tion of the meaning than is either of these languages. It is all the more 
 necessary, however, to become acquainted with the constructions which 
 are possible in a given case. It will generally be conceded, that in no 
 respect is the Revision of the Old Testament so weak as in its Syntax. 
 One need only compare critically the translation of the tenses in the 
 first ten or twelve Psalms, to discover the shortcomings of the Revision, 
 and at the same time to understand the difficulty and importance of the 
 subject. 
 
 It may be said that, notwithstanding the lack of American grammars 
 in this respect, the existence of such works as those of Driver, Ewald, 
 and Muller renders the publication of a new treatment unnecessary. But 
 it will be remembered that Driver, aside from his Appendices, treats 
 exclusively of the "Tense," the most important of all syntactical sub- 
 jects, yet a single subject ; that Ewald's work, the only philosophical 
 treatment of the subject, can only be appreciated by one who has given 
 much time and attention to Hebrew Syntax ; and that Midler's book is 
 brief, obscure, and unsatisfactory. If a new text-book has been needed 
 in any department of linguistic study, it is in that of Hebrew Syntax. 
 
 The present work has not been undertaken in order to add anything 
 to the results already achieved in the line of syntactical investigation, 
 but rather to classify and arrange these results in such a way as to 
 bring them within the reach of that large class of Hebrew students who 
 need and desire a knowledge of them but have little time in which 
 to obtain it. No claim, therefore, is made for the originality of the 
 material presented. In a work of so elementary a character, intended 
 only to serve as an introduction to a more exhaustive study of the 
 
6 HEBREW SYNTAX. 
 
 language, the presentation of any but the most common principles would 
 have been out of place. It has been the aim of the author (1) to present 
 those points which the ordinary student would find of the greatest prac- 
 tical value; (2) to present them in as definite and clear a manner as 
 possible ; and (3) to select such examples as would most strikingly illus- 
 trate the points made. In carrying out this plan a free use has been 
 made of all former treatments of Syntax. To those named above the 
 writer is under deepest obligation ; much of value has also been found 
 in Nordheimer and Gesenius. In most cases where material peculiar to 
 a particular writer is used, special credit has been given. It has been 
 impossible, however, to decide in every case to whom the credit belonged. 
 For all material, not especially credited, a general acknowledgment is 
 hereby made. It should be added, that in the selection of examples for 
 illustration, and of the texts cited under "References for Study," pref- 
 erence has been given to those passages which have always been used by 
 grammarians. It has been an interesting fact to note in how many 
 cases the same texts have been employed by several writers. 
 
 So far as concerns the plan of presentation, some improvement, it is 
 believed, has been made upon former methods. The facts are first given ; 
 the phrase or sentence is quoted and translated, and in order that the 
 student may determine for himself its full force from the context, the 
 book, chapter, and verse containing it are cited. In the treatment of 
 "Verbal Government and Apposition," "The Sentence," and "Kinds of 
 Sentences," the examples have been given in the unpointed text, in 
 order that the pupil might be compelled to give them more careful study. 
 The work of pronouncing the texts thus printed combines with the study 
 of Syntax also a drill in Etymology. 
 
 Following the facts, and based upon them, are the principles. By 
 means of a carefully arranged tabulation the various statements of prin- 
 ciples correspond exactly to the facts cited, and no inconvenience will be 
 found in passing from one to the other. 
 
 Under "Remarks," additional details, interesting comparisons, and 
 important exceptions are given. The arrangement of this material is 
 intended to make it easily accessible. 
 
 The most important, and likewise the most practical, feature of the 
 work is included under "References for Study." Of what permanent 
 value is the memorizing of grammar? Having studied the facts and 
 from them deduced the principles regulating these facts, the next step is 
 application. To aid in this, the crowning part of one's work, a large 
 number of texts, containing illustrations of the various points included 
 under a particular subject are given ; these texts are arranged in the order 
 of their occurrence in the Hebrew Bible, and in the case of each text that 
 particular subdivision of the main section to which it belongs is indi- 
 cated. This arrangement not only makes it possible to read a large 
 number of texts in a comparatively short time, but also breaks up the 
 monotony which ensues upon the examination of several texts covering 
 exactly the same point. 
 
PREFACE. 7 
 
 The study of Syntax by this plan combines (1) the exegctical study of 
 the illustrations cited, (2) the mastery of the principles taught, (3) the 
 translation and interpretation, in connection with the context, of a num- 
 ber of texts, and (4) in certain portions also the pronunciation of the 
 unpointed text. The student may be required to translate beforehand 
 only the texts cited from prophetical and poetical portions, these being 
 the most difficult ; the texts taken from the historical portions may 
 with great advantage be read at sight. 
 
 For valuable assistance in reading proof-sheets, and in verifying refer- 
 ences, as well as for the typographical neatness and accuracy of the book 
 as a whole, the author is indebted to the Rev. John W. Payne, of New 
 Haven, Conn., who for some years has been closely associated in the 
 work of "The Old Testament Student " and "Hebraica." The Indices, 
 which will be found especially full and helpful, have been prepared by 
 the Rev. A. M. Wilson, now carrying on Semitic studies in Yale Univer- 
 sity. From Dr. C. R. Brown, of Newton Centre, Mass., and from Mr. 
 Charles H. Wissner, of Fredericksburg, Va., the author has received 
 valuable aid which he desires hereby to acknowledge. 
 
 The author would express the hope that this work may meet the 
 approval of the many teachers who are now using his other Hebrew text- 
 books, and that in their hailds it may prove efficient in aiding to a better 
 knowledge of the Old Testament. 
 
 New Haven, Conn., August 4, 1888. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I. THE NOUN". 
 
 Page. 
 
 § 1. The Noun, used collectively 13, 14 
 
 2. Gender of Nouns 14-16 
 
 3. Number of Nouns 17-19 
 
 4. Determination of Nouns 19-22 
 
 5. Determination of Nouns (continued) 22, 23 
 
 6. Apposition of Nouns 24-26 
 
 7. The Nominative Absolute 26, 27 
 
 8. Annexion, or the Construct Kelation 28-32 
 
 9. Annexion (continued) 32-36 
 
 10. The Adjective 37, 38 
 
 11. Personal Pronoun and Suffixes 39-41 
 
 12. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns 41-43 
 
 13. The Relative Pronoun 43-45 
 
 14. Other Pronominal Expressions 46, 47 
 
 15. Numerals 47-50 
 
 II. USE OE TENSES AND MOODS. 
 
 \ 16. The Tenses, in general 51-53 
 
 17. The Perfect, used of past events 53, 54 
 
 18. The Perfect, used of present events 55, 56 
 
 19. The Perfect, used of future events 56-58 
 
 20. The Imperfect, used of past events 58-60 
 
 21. The Imperfect, used of present events 60-62 
 
 22. The Imperfect, used of future events 62-64 
 
 23. The Jussive, Imperative and Cohortative 65-68 
 
 24. Tho Imperfect, with Waw Consecutive 68-73 
 
 25. The Perfect, with Waw Consecutive 74-79 
 
 26. The Perfect and Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive 79-81 
 
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 27. The Participle 81-84 
 
 28. The Infinitive Absolute 84-88 
 
 29. The Infinitive Construct 8S-92 
 
 III. VERBAL GOVERNMENT AND APPOSITION. 
 
 § 30. The Object Accusative 93, 94 
 
 31. The Double Accusative 94, 95 
 
 32. The Cognate Accusative 95, 96 
 
 33. The Adverbial Accusative 96- 98 
 
 34. The Accusative with f|}$ 99-101 
 
 35. The Accusative with the Passive 101 
 
 36. Verbal Apposition and Subordination 101-103 
 
 IV. THE SENTENCE. 
 
 \ 37. The Subject and Predicate 104-107 
 
 38. Order of Words in a Sentence 107-109 
 
 39. Emphasis 109-111 
 
 40. Agreement of Number and Gender 111-114 
 
 V. KINDS OF SENTENCES. 
 
 I 41. Negative Sentences 115-118 
 
 42. Interrogative Sentences 119-122 
 
 43. Exclamatory and Optative Sentences 122, 123 
 
 44. Copulative Sentences 123-125 
 
 45. Circumstantial Sentences 126-129 
 
 46. Relative Sentences 129-132 
 
 47. Subject, Object and Adverbial Clauses. 132-136 
 
 48. Conditional Sentences 136-142 
 
 VI. INDEXES. 
 
 1. Index of Topics 145-150 
 
 2. Index of Texts 151-161 
 
 3. Index of Texts under " References for Study " 162-173 
 
 4. Index of Hebrew Words 174-177 
 
SYNTAX 
 
I. Tlie Noun. 
 
 7. The Noun, Used Collectively. 
 
 1. *lp3 oxen; 7frf¥ flock; ft)} people; ^nation.' 
 
 2. Y& a tree} trees; 2 JJ^X a man, 3 men; 4 |"pn « beast, 5 beasts. 5 
 
 3. nniN caravan; 1 m^ traveler; 8 j"l7JJ band of exiles; 9 j"HJ an eca'Ze. 
 
 t : | - •• t 
 
 Collective nouns, that is, nouns which are singular in form, but plural 
 in sense, may be classified as follows : — a 
 
 1. Those which always express a collective idea, the corresponding 
 individual idea being a different word. 
 
 2. Those which are used sometimes in an individual, sometimes in a 
 collective sensed c 
 
 3. Those whose feminine form is collective,^ while, often, the corre- 
 sponding masculine form is individual. 
 
 4. Those whose masculine form is collective, while the corresponding 
 feminine is, generally, individual. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The very frequent occurrence of collective expressions in Hebrew is in accord 
 with the extreme simplicity of the language. 
 
 (b) Here are included the numerous cases in which words, for the most part or 
 even always used of individuals in prose, have a collective sense in poetry; there are, 
 indeed, few nouns which may not be thus used. 
 
 (c) Adjectives, used as substantives, have frequently a collective sense. 
 
 (d) Compare with this use of the feminine, its employment in abstract nouns. 
 
 i Gen. 2:9; Ps. 1:3. 
 •! Gen. 1:11; Ps. 74:5. 
 s Gen. 4:1. 
 ilsa. 21:9. 
 s Gen. 37:20. 
 
 s Gen. 1:25. 
 i Gen. 37:25. 
 « Judg. 19:17. 
 sEzr. 1:11. 
 io 2 Sam. 15:19. 
 
 n 1 Kgs. 9:26, 27. 
 12 Jon. 1:3, 5. 
 is Judg. 16:22. 
 
 14 Judg. 20:16; cf. also ISam. 
 14:45. 
 
14 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 2. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:26, 28 (Pin*), cf. Jon. 2:1 Q*t) 3 Isa. 16:4 (D3"l) 2 
 
 Gen. 9:13 (jjy), cf. Job3:5 (DJJ^) 4 Jer.6:6(n^') [cf. Vjfl 3 
 
 Gen. 32:9 (Htr 1 ?-}), cf. Gen. 45:7 3 Ezek. 11:6 6~>n) 2 
 
 Ex.l:10(mr6:3) 2 Mlc. 7:8, lO(j-ITN) 3 
 
 Ex. 15:1 (HT'ty), cf. Ps. 42:9 (Tt?) 4 Nan. 2:5(30*1) 2 
 
 Ex. 15:19 (DID) 2 Zeph. 3:19 (njr*?X) 3 
 
 2Sam. 15:23 (pNTI) : 2 Ps. 45:13 (*l!f D3 = 12f *33) 3 
 
 Isa.5:3(3tyr) 2 Ps. 66:4 (pKH) 2 
 
 Isa. 7:18 (-1*113*1) [cf. Arabic dabrun Prov. 28:1 (;^*1) 2 
 
 (m. sg.) a swarm] 4 Dan. 9:24 (K"3J), cf. Deut. 18:15, 18 2 
 
 Isa. 12 :6 (n3BT) 3 
 
 2. Gender of Nouns. 
 
 1. gf^ man; 1^2 son; *^3 flesh; TjJO luminary. 
 
 &■ HO 3 dead (f.); 713^ ^T 4 a hear robbed of her young; fl*);"^ 5 cow. 
 c Han 6 ^2/ (f.) 5 D^, 7 DDE, DDDIT *<>, from, with you (f.); 
 
 T -J"' V T Y * V T ' 
 
 DITTO* 8 they two (f.); DMK 9 your (f.) father ; DH^ 10 ^to (f.); 
 D^Ntf 11 ^eiV {f.) flock. 
 
 T 
 
 2. a. DN moiftw (cf. 3N); "?m ew;e (cf. *7W); fij-|N «7ie-<m (cf. 11017); 
 
 T ** T *_l~ I T ~: i 
 
 iTTjJ£ ma^eji (cf. Tjtt); ffWJJ ca7/ (cf. ^); iTjB ^/er (cf. 73). 
 'OT fem. (Gen. 32:16), masc. (Gen. 24:63); 7D3 fern. (Job 1:14), 
 
 T T |t T 
 
 masc. (Ex. 21:37). 
 
 b. H/tDX metropolis (cf. QN)» PP3 ef ^ e (cf. 173) i 173")* hinder part 
 (cf. ?]*)*); PfplV righteousness; 17^71!^'* deliverance; 17173 governor; 
 POTlD preacher; J7rT~i{^ caravan; J77JI exiles; d'ON a ship; 
 
 VJV| t : I t T- t: 
 
 c. ijfu 3Ve; D7N 13 /fyna; 3NiD 14 ^oa&; DHVO 15 ^72/P*. 
 
 t -: t -j- : • 
 
 ps*, ^n, t# T|T], rri'K, im rqrrp, "7W, pay, jyn, 
 
 "V, tp, ^TJ, ?]*1J, t]fO, [♦£ |ftf, tp, pTJ2_, fir', ftpj.. 
 
 :nrr, rn, D13, ^i mn, # $g, tf& rm kw (also m .). 
 
 i Gen. 1 :16. 6 Ruth 1 :22. U Ex. 2:17. 
 
 2 Deut. 27:6. i Ruth 1:8, 9, 11, 13. n Isa. 23:15. 
 
 a Gen. 23:4. 8 Ruth 1 :19. is 2 Sam. 10:11. 
 
 *Hos. 13:8, cf. 2Kgs. 2:24. 9 Gen. 31:9. uJer. 48:4, 9. 
 
 s Ps. 144:14. io Gen. 41:23. is Joel 4:19. 
 
 * Also used individually, Deut. 4:18; Jon. 2:2. 
 
§2.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 15 
 
 3. a. 31D 1 that which is good; HDitO, 2 same; fiJift-flO;* 1HN J"Q- 4 
 &■ Dni^ rriprV^D 5 «W £Aa< Z>e/e7Z </icm; fillip Aa»"d things. 6 
 
 1. Under masculine nouns are included the names of male beings, 
 and, with the exception of those referred to below under 2. a and c, all 
 nouns without a distinctively feminine ending. It is to be noted that 
 
 a. In masculines which have plurals in jTJ (and likewise, in feminines 
 which have plurals in Q* ), this termination does not affect the gender." 
 
 b. In some instances, a masculine form occurs where the sense, and 
 rarely also the construction, demands a feminine ; and this, sometimes, 
 when a feminine form is in existence. 
 
 c. In the case of pronouns and pronominal suffixes the masculine, in- 
 stead of the feminine, often occurs as being the primary form, or as being 
 superior to the feminine and including it. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) There are exceptions to this; cf. D'BU (Geu. 7:13); niJDKTC) (Ps. 84:2). 
 
 (b) The feminine rarely so occurs for the masculine; both irregularities may be 
 attributed, in many cases, to colloquial inaccuracy, or to carelessness on the part of 
 the writer. 
 
 2. Under feminine nouns are included three classes r 
 
 a. Nouns which refer to female beings ; of these 
 
 (1) some are distinguished from corresponding masculines by 
 having an entirely distinct form ; 
 
 (2) some are so distinguished by the addition of a feminine ter- 
 mination ; 
 
 (3) some (called epicene) are so distinguished only by the con- 
 struction, both masculine and feminine forms being the same. a 
 
 b. Nouns which do not refer to female beings, yet have a feminine 
 termination ; here belong 
 
 (1) nouns designating things without life ; & 
 
 (2) nouns indicating abstract ideas or official designations ; d 
 
 (3) nouns used collectively 6 (§ 1. 3), or individually (3 1. 4). 
 
 c. Nouns which neither imply distinction of sex, nor have a fem- 
 inine termination, but are always construed as feminine ; here belong 
 
 (1) names of countries, cities, towns ;fo h 
 
 (2) common nouns designating countries, localities, limited space, 
 points of compass, etc.; 
 
 i Gen. 2:17. 3 Gen. 3:13. s Gen. 42:29. 
 
 «1 Sam. 24:18. * Gen. 24:14. 6 Gen. 42:7, 30. 
 
16 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 2. 
 
 (3) names of members of the body, especially those which are 
 double ;* 
 
 (4) names of instruments, utensils, powers of nature.^' 
 
 3. There being in Hebrew no separate designation of the neuter, there 
 is used in place of it, 
 
 a. When the word is singular, either a masculine or feminine form. 
 
 b. When the word is plural, generally a feminine form (except in 
 poetry). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Certain species of animals are treated as masculine, because regarded as 
 strong; others as feminine, because regarded as weak; cf . 2/D dog, 2XT wolf; but 
 rtJV clove, riTDn stork. 
 
 (b) These are really neuter, the signification passing, in many cases, from some- 
 thing living, to that which is without life. 
 
 (c) So adjectives, when used as neuter substantives, assume the feminine form. 
 
 (d) Compare our abstract terms "Lordship," "Majesty," " Excellency," etc. 
 
 (e) Collectives without a feminine ending are often treated asfeminines; cf . Ex. 
 8:2, 13, 14; 16:13; 2 Sam. 24:9. 
 
 (/) These are treated as "mothers" or "nurses" of the inhabitants; cf. jVX 'J2 
 Ps. 149:2, also the word metropolis. 
 
 (g) When these words refer to the inhabitants, they are construed as masculine. 
 
 (7i) It is common, in poetry, to personify nations, countries and cities, as female 
 beings; cf. Isa. 47:1; 50:1; Lam. 1:1. 
 
 (t) Some of these also appear, at times, as masculine; always masculine are fjX 
 nose, WO forehead, 1X1¥ neck, rpj? neck, T\D mouth, Zpyheel, 2JT tail. 
 
 (j) The exceptions to the principles here given are very numerous, great variation 
 existing in the usage of the language. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:16 (nbtJOD) 25. Isa.31:501flX) 2a. 
 
 Gen. 20:12 (mnX) 2a. Jer. 7:18 la. 
 
 Gen. 23:24 (BuVfi) 2a. Jer. 49:17 (DtX) 2c. 
 
 Gen. 24:43(713^.1?) 2a. Amos 3:10 3a. 
 
 Ex. 1:21 (DPI 1 ?) lc Zech. 5:10 (Hon) lc. 
 
 Ex. 7:17 (cf : Isa. 7:7) 3a. Ps. 1:6 qn) 2c. 
 
 Ex. 9:29, 33; 15:5 la. Ps. 12:4 (filVlJ) 3b. 
 
 Ex. 29:9 (njn:)) 2b. Ps. 22:29 (HDl^D) 2b. 
 
 Lev. 5:7 mn) lb. Ps. 42:2 6"**) lb. 
 
 1 Sam. 9:24 (pity) 2c. Ps.45:5 3b. 
 
 ISam. 10:9 (cf. Josh. 24:17) la. Ps. 45:10 frffl) 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 17:6 (nni'O) 2b. Ps. 77:17 la. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:27 man) lb- Ps. 102:8 HISS) 2a. 
 
 lKgs. ll:5(D , n l 7X) lb. Prov. 8:6 3b. 
 
 2Kgs. 2:24 CH) lb. Prov. 8:30 (MDK) lc. 
 
 Isa. 7:6 (miTT) 2c. Job 1:14 (DiTT) lc. 
 
 Isa. 9:13 (D3D) 2b. Job 42:15 la. 
 
 Isa. 10:14 la. Neh. 6:12(riX13J) 2b. 
 
I 3.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 17 
 
 3. Number. 
 
 1. a. D'£? n days; D*"iyip 2 seasons; ^^Q 3 faces of; Drift* signs. 
 
 b. "Ip3 oa;e?i; D"1K mankind; niTlX caravan; ">^ft fleet. [heart. 
 
 |t t t t t : | • t: 
 
 c. tT*50 t^^ 5 cuen/ man; D*DJ D*DJI G man 3/ ditches; '2 L }'\ ^ 7 double 
 
 2. a. Q'OC heavens; Q\35 /ace, surface; Q*Q water; filTHlfl 8 fowoer 
 
 ■j- t • t "J- • : - 
 
 parte o/^e eartA. [Dl^in 12 foolishness. 
 
 0. D^in3 9 virginity; D^DHN 10 loveliness; QH1W 11 childhood; 
 c D^N GW/ D^'lp 13 #<%; tfW £or ( ?; n10fr3 M hippopota- 
 
 3. flD3 silver, Q^Q^^ 15 pieces of silver; Iffy tree, D*V3£ 1C wo °d. [mus. 
 DHD3 17 to?e?ite, jT)"D3 18 loaves; D'QIJS 19 footsteps, HiD^S 20 /<?«« 
 (artif.). 
 
 4. ^H Hil3 21 heroes of valor; JTDN JT3 22 families; Q^K ^3 23 so™? 
 o/ GW; DJySJfJJ! n*5 24 <**»' idol-houses. 
 
 5. a. 0^ft$ ears; 0*3^ nostrils; D^JJtNO ©aw" o/ 'scales, DvW sandals. 
 
 ■j™, T -j -j-: i -j--:j- 
 
 Z>. Q*ftV 25 period of two days; O'^DD 26 ^o talents; O'lnJ 27 <wo 
 
 ._,_ j_ T . •a--:|- 
 
 c. D^&J* £wo; D^iDD 28 double; D^Q^K ^° thousand. [rivers. 
 
 1. The plural-idea is indicated in one of three ways : — 
 a. By means of plural affixes (Q* , * , HI)- 
 
 6. By means of words which have a collective signification (§ 1.). 
 c. By the repetition of a word with or without a connective (§ 6. 3). 
 
 2. The plural-termination is often employed in Hebrew in the desig- 
 nation of ideas for which in other languages the singular is employed : — 
 
 a. Portions of spa,ce or time, "their unity being regarded as a com- 
 pound of an immense number of single particles or dates." 
 
 b. Abstract ideas, the particular quality or condition contained in 
 the stem being thus heightened or intensified ; b c closely connected with 
 these are 
 
 i Gen. 1:14. n Gen. 46:34. 20 Ex. 25:12. 
 
 2Gen. 1:14. 12 Eccl. 1:17, 2:12. 21 1 Chrou. 7:2, 
 
 s Gen. 1:2. 13 Hos. 12:1. 22 Num. 1:2. 
 
 4 Gen. 1:14. 14 Job 40:15. 23 p s . 29:1. 
 
 BPs. 87:5. is Gen. 42:25. 24 1 Sam. 31:9. 
 
 e 2 Kgs. 3:16. is Gen. 22:3. 25 Ex. 16:29. 
 
 ■JPs. 12:3. n2 Kgs. 5:23. 26 2 Kgs. 5:23. 
 
 8lsa.44:23. is Judg. 8:5.1 2: Gen. 24:10. 
 
 9 Lev. 21:13. is Ps. 119:133. 28 Job 11:6. 
 io Pro v. 5:19. 
 
18 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 3. 
 
 c. Ideas of power and greatness, in which the plural magnifies or 
 increases the original idea. d6 
 
 3. The plural form of certain nouns often conveys a different shade 
 of meaning from the singular ; and, further, the feminine plural of a noun 
 is sometimes used in a different sense from the masculine plural/ 
 
 4. The pluralizing of compound ideas is accomplished either by 
 pluralizing the first of two nouns, or the second, or both. 
 
 5. The dual was, in use, limited to 
 
 a. Things which in nature exist in pairs,0 or are made double by art. 
 h. Objects which are regarded as going together, especially measures 
 of time or quantity. 
 
 c. A few numerals, and anomalous forms. 71 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This repetition indicates in some cases entirety; in others, distribution; in still 
 others, multitude, or diversity. 
 
 (b) It is important to note the close connection, (1) between the abstract and the 
 collective, both being frequently expressed by the feminine; and (2) between the ab- 
 stract and the plural, the latter expressing in its totality that quality which is com- 
 mon to all the units of which it is composed. 
 
 (c) The plural form of abstracts often expresses " a high degree of a given quality 
 or i-epeated exhibitions and embodiments of it." 
 
 (d) The use of this plural (called the plural of majesty) is limited to a few words and 
 in construction these words are generally treated as singular. 
 
 (e) Compare the plurals in the mouth of God, e. g. Gen. 1:26; 11:7; Isa. 6:8. 
 
 (/) In poetry feminine plurals are found instead of masculine, without any differ- 
 ence of meaning. 
 
 (g) The names of double members of the body often have a feminine plural termi- 
 nation instead of a dual, but only when they have been transferred to inanimate 
 objects. 
 
 (ft) Irregular are (1) fl'lfiS^ instead of D^Stf (Ps. 45:3; Is. 59:3); (2) D.'no'n two 
 walls (2 Kgs. 25:4), and (3) D^/in 1 ? deck [double] (Ezek.27:5). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:9 (D'TI) 2b. Gen. 49:13 (D'D") 2a. 
 
 Gen. 4:10 (D'DI) 3 Ex. 8:10 (DIOH DIOH) 1*. 
 
 Gen. 11:10 (DTI Jt?) -..5b. Ex. 9:32 (HDH) 3 
 
 Gen. 11:23 (DT\X3) 5c. Ex. 16:12 (D"3"1^) 5b. 
 
 Gen. 14:10 (fpfctt miC) lc Ex. 26:17 (TOT) 5a. 
 
 Gen. 21:2 (D'JpT) 2b. Ex. 29:12 (HUlp) 5a. 
 
 Gen. 32:1" my ~n>') lc. Ex. 29:36 (D'liD) 2b. 
 
 Gen. 37:34 (D'jrra) 5a. Le". 12:5 (D'iOtP) 5b. 
 
 Gen. 39:10 (DV DV) lc Lev. 23:40 (fi}£D) 5a. 
 
 Gen. 42:30 (D"yiX) 2c. Num. 5:15 (niXJp) 2b. 
 
 Gen. 43:16 (D'ini') 5b. Deut. 3:5(D*nVl) 5a. 
 
 Gen. 43:30 (D'Sm) 2b. Deut. 8:8 (mj?») 3 
 
 Gen. 49:12 (D'Jjy) 5a. Deut. 12:23 (Dt) 3 
 
g 4..] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 19 
 
 Deut. 24:6 (DTP) 5a. Jer. 12:13 (D'tOTI) 3 
 
 Deut. 25:13 (J3SO pK) lc Joel 4:14 lc. 
 
 Deut. 32:7 011111) lc Zech. 3:9 (D^y T\y2W) 5a. 
 
 Deut. 33:7 (niD") 3 Ps. 5:7 (D'OD 3 
 
 Judg.5:22 lb. Ps. 63:18 (DMOT 5c. 
 
 1 Sam. 19:13 (D"3iri) 3c. Ps. 90:10 (HUt?) 3 
 
 ] Sam. 19:16 (niBWIO) 2a. Ps. 90:10 (mini) 2b. 
 
 1 Sam. 23:7 CrD" 1 »J3) 4 Prov. 30:10 lc 
 
 lKgs. 7:49(D , np l 70) 5a. Prov. 38:6 (D'311) 5b. 
 
 3Kgs.l7:39 (r\\D2U HO) 4 Job 16:19 (D'DIIO) 3a. 
 
 Isa.l:3(D ,l 7^3) 3c. Cant. 5:5 (11)22) 5a. 
 
 Isa.6:2(D"3:3 WW) 5a. Ruth 1:22 (D'liytM 3 
 
 Isa.7:20(D ,( 7J"l) 5a. Ruth 3:4 (mSjID) 2a. 
 
 Isa. 11:13 (ni3JD) 5a. Eccl. 5:7 (DTI3J) 2c. 
 
 Isa.l9:4(D'J1K) 2c. Eccl. 12:1 q-K13) 3c. 
 
 Isa. 43:33 (D'xSj TO) 4 1 Chron. 7:5 (D'Vn '21) 4 
 
 183.49:30(0^3^) 2b. 1 Chron. 13:33 lc. 
 
 Isa.54:5(-pty;/)... 3c. 
 
 4. Determination of Nouns. 
 
 1. a. DHVP ^WP*; h*OD irchron > JTJ^ -Sfaro/t; DlitA «^« 
 
 5, *pjk £ fij «a«; ♦£ «*°' *J3 m y * ora ; bufc rrjn Di*rr- 
 
 2. a. ^tf H*5^ ^ottse of God; D"DX flp'N *Ae tm/e of Abram; ȣj 
 
 /JOt^* </te sons 0/ Israel. 
 
 " t : 
 
 6. '£?# ^J? 1 ^e affliction of my people; D3*LD3# 'tg^O 2 tfu* /ieads 
 
 of your tribes. [war. 
 
 c DIpQH DJ^' 3 ^ e name o/'tf/te place; tlftPhfttl ^tZOJ*^ <^e men 0/ 
 
 I t - •• t t :•-•: - 
 
 1. Certain nouns are in their very nature definite, and require no sign 
 to indicate their definiteness ; these are 
 
 a. Proper names which were not originally appellatives, and words 
 in which the appellative force, originally existing, has almost or entirely 
 been lost. 
 
 b. All pronouns (except the Demonstrative when attributive), and 
 pronominal suffixes.^ c d 
 
 2. Nouns may become definite (or determinate) by position or con- 
 struction, 6 as in the case of 
 
 a. Nouns in the construct state before a proper noun. 
 
 o. Nouns in the construct state before a noun with a suffix. 
 
 c. Nouns in the construct state before a noun with the article. 
 
 1 Ex. 3:7. 2 Deut. 1:15. 3 Gen. 38:19. * Deut. 3:14. 
 
20 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 4. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In many cases the usage varies; e. g. T^bj (Num. 32:1), Tjn JH (Gen. 31:21 ff.). 
 (6) A noun with a suffix is definite and does not receive the article; exceptions are 
 seen in Lev. 27:23; Josh. 7:21; 8:33; 2 Kgs. 15:16; Mic. 2:12. 
 
 (c) The Infinitive, being essentially a verbal form, never receives the article; f\jH 
 knowledge, really a substantive is an exception (as in Gen. 2:9, 17). 
 
 (d) The following words, archaic and poetic, never receive the article: (1) Pl/N 
 God, (2) jp prince, (3) '''W field, (4) , Ti? the Almighty, (5) SiNltf underworld, (6) Ssn world, 
 (7) Dinfl abyss, (8) rPBfofl fteJp. 
 
 (e) Every noun in a chain of several constructs is definite, provided the last noun 
 in the chain is for any reason (§ 4. 1. a. b) definite. 
 
 3. a. DVH 1 to-day; JlV^Jl 2 this night; DV3!"7 3 this time. 
 
 6. V*p*in 4 ^e expanse; JliMJl 5 ^*e ar&; Jl^NH 6 *^e woman; 
 '"Ul Tl 1 ?! 1 ! N^ *")£'N t^NH 7 the man who hath not walked, etc. 
 n^DNDiTnN 1 ) t^NrvnN 8 the fire and the knife (required for 
 the sacrifice). 
 
 c. ^P^n"i"l^') DIDrTTlN 9 the horses and the chariots (of the enemy). 
 fy^*:i»n npDV and she took the veil (usually worn by women). 
 
 d. ^l^SH 11 the Canaanite; ^Itltl /3kiD 12 the sword devours; 
 "lp3D 13 Uke oxen; D>"D""Tn fi£j£#jl 'Wp 14 as lees do i 
 *|Qn7 *)Dnn 15 slime for mortar; ^fTTH 16 gold; 
 
 ... | - T " - T T - 
 
 D**VUD5 17 w ^ 1 blindness; OlyJiTll nDNil 18 truth and peace. 
 
 e. ri^H 19 the house; WlRTf-* the ark; D^n^H 21 the God. 
 D WH 22 O heaven! ^t^H 23 Baal! min 24 Spirit! 
 D*DOT 25 the heaven; C'^n 26 the sun; JHXPT 27 the earth; 
 
 ?") J jpH 28 Lebanon (= the ichite); fTTH 29 Jordan {= the descender). 
 
 f. ^iDn 30 ^ m t w hi c h encompasses; D^nD^H 31 they who trust. 
 iffO!"! 32 {she) that hath come; (Ml^Hi! 33 ^ ic y w h° wait. 
 
 J Gen. 4:14. 12 2 Sam. 11:25. 23 1 Kgs. 18:26. 
 
 2 Gen. 19:5. 13 Isa. 11:7. 24 Ezek. 37:9. 
 
 3 Gen. 29:35. 14 Deut. 1:44. 25 Gen. 1:1. 
 
 * Gen. 1:7. is Gen. 11:3. 2« Gen. 15:12. 
 » Gen. 6:14. 16 Gen. 2:11. 27 Gen. 1:1. 
 
 « Ex. 2:9. n Gen. 19:11. 2s l Kgs. 5:20,23. 
 
 •>Ps. 1:1. isZech. 8:19. 29 Gen. 13:10. 
 
 • Gen. 22:6., is Mic. 3:12. 30 Gen. 2:11. 
 9 1 Kgs. 20:21. 20 Ex. 25:14. si Ps. 125:1. 
 
 10 Gen. 24:65. 21 Gen. 5:22. 32 Gen. 18:21. 
 
 u Gen. 13 :7. 22 Deut. 32 :1. ss Josh. 10 :24. 
 
I 4.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 21 
 
 3. Nouns, not determinate in themselves or by position, may be made 
 determinate by prefixing the article. The article, as thus employed, may 
 be classified and named as follows : — 
 
 a. The demonstrative, which was the original use, but is now found 
 only in a few stock expressions. 
 
 b. The objective, including those cases in which the article occurs 
 with an object or person, 
 
 (1) which has just been described in the narrative ; or 
 
 (2) which is described by words (particularly, a relative clause) 
 which immediately follow ; or 
 
 (3) which is defined more or less closely by the circumstances 
 involved in the particular case. 
 
 c. The subjective, used with nouns which, though in no way de- 
 scribed, are definite in the writer's mind and, consequently, supposed 
 to be so in the mind of the reader. a 
 
 d. The generic, used with words which describe a class of objects, or 
 several objects of a class ; here may be noted, 
 
 (1) the more general use of the generic article "with a common 
 appellative, which is used collectively to denote all, or an in- 
 definite number of, the individuals belonging to it ;" 
 
 (2) its special use in comparisons, when the object compared is 
 taken as a class and not as an individual ; 
 
 (3) its special use, also with nouns of material and class-nouns, 
 which are generally known and employed in a general sense ; b 
 
 (4) its special use with abstract nouns, employed in their widest 
 significance. 
 
 e. The distinctive, used to convey the idea of pre-eminence, as when 
 
 (1) a particular object, of a certain class, is made to have a pre- 
 eminence over all other objects in that class ; or 
 
 (2) a noun in the vocative is, by its use, made more pointed ; or 
 
 (3) a particular object or individual is emphasized as being the 
 only one in a class ; or 
 
 (4) a proper name, originally an appellative, continues to retain 
 the article which it first received because it was regarded (see 
 (1) above) as the chief member of its class (cf. I 4. 1. a). c 
 
 /. The relative, which, when prefixed to the participle (and, rarely } 
 to a finite form), has the general force of a relative pronoun. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In these cases the idea may often be well expressed by the employment of an 
 unemphatic possessive pronoun. 
 
22 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 5. 
 
 (6) With this may be compared cases like £3 ,l ?2n (Gen. 14:13), "INH (1 Sam. 17:34), 
 3n?31 ^032 njpOD (Gen. 13:2), in which the individual, though really indeterminate, 
 is to be represented as being made definite by the context. 
 
 (c) In the case of many such nouns the usage varies. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:11 3e. lKgs. 8:1; 20:15 2 
 
 Gen. 13:2; 14:13; 15:11; 41:43 3d. 1 Kgs. 20:21 3b. 
 
 Gen. 16:7; 28:19 2 2 Kgs. 18:15 2 
 
 Gen.24:65,66; 26:8 3b. Isa.l:18; 10:14; 22:18; 29:21; 40:31; 42:13 
 
 Gen.21:3 3/. 49:18 3d. 
 
 Gen.30:15, 20 3a. Isa.9:2 3c. 
 
 Gen. 31:21 (in JH) 3e. Isa.9:12; 27:6; 28:16 3/. 
 
 Gen. 47:31 3c. Isa. 10:2, 12 2 
 
 Ex.2:14,15; 3:2,5; 7:18,21 3b. Jer.l3:l,2 3b. 
 
 Ex. 2:15; 3:2 3c. Jer.46:9 3c. 
 
 Ex. 8:1 3d. Hos. 14:6, 7, 8 3d. 
 
 Ex. 9:27 3a. Joel 1:14 (pKH) 3e. 
 
 Ex. 20:12; 21:5; 22:3 3b. Mic.4:9 3d. 
 
 Num. 14:45; 21:23; 23:14,28 3e. Zech. 3:1 (WOffl 3e. 
 
 Num. 22:32 3c. Zech. 3:5 3b. 
 
 Deut. 2:4 3b. Zech. 3:8 3e. 
 
 Deut. 4:1; 21:3,4; 22:19 2 Zech. 8:19 3d. 
 
 Deut. 8:14 3/. Mai. 2:5 3d. 
 
 Josh.4:19; 12:2,5,9 3e. Ps 19:11; 103:4; 104:3 3/. 
 
 Josh. 15:47 (DTI) 3e. Ps. 49:15 3d. 
 
 1 Sam. 1:3 3b. Job 5:10 3/. 
 
 1 Sam. 12:17 3a. Job 28:12 3d. 
 
 ISam. 17:34 3d. Eccl.3:17; 10:18 3d. 
 
 2 Sam. 14:4 3e. Ezra 8:25; 10:14, 17 3/. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:27 3b. IChron. 26:28 1 3/. 
 
 1 Kgs. 1:47 3c. 
 
 5. Determination of Nouns (cont.). 
 
 1- ilDnyfotl ^^H 1 the men of war; X^3!"7 *1D1 2 the prophet's word. 
 
 a. *lTin /2P the whole generation; DVil 73 4 a ^ the people; 
 TD3 /3 5 every first-horn; V*J7"73 6 every tree. 
 
 b. *¥Wr\~]2 7 the Benjamite; ♦prfpn iT? 8 the Bcthlehemite. 
 
 2. ^Un *)1tf ftPl 9 the great luminary; H^NH DH^ln 10 these things; 
 
 ♦IftStSTl DV 11 the seventh day; ^IH H^D 12 in that night. 
 
 3. "KIN bD 13 a basket; inN WW u aman; "1I1N iV^ 15 a prophet. 
 
 i Num. 31:49. 6 Lev. 19:23. n Gen. 2:2. 
 
 2 Jer. 28:9. J Judg. 3:15. 12 Gen. 19:33. 
 
 3 Ex. 1:6. si Sam. 17 :58. is Ex. 29 :3. 
 
 < Ezek. 45:16. » Gen. 1:16. u Judg. 13:2. 
 
 5 Ex. 13:2. 10 Gen. 15:1. is 1 Kgs. 20:13. 
 
§ 5.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 23 
 
 4. ^I^"^?^ 1 fci n 9 s °f the earth; "IpD ni~lN 2 the morning comes. 
 
 1. An idea, expressed by means of two nouns in the construct rela- 
 tion, is made definite by prefixing the article to the second noun. a& 
 Worthy of notice, however, is 
 
 a. (1) The use of the article after 73, when this word means all or 
 
 whole. 
 (2) The absence of the article after 73, when it means any or 
 every. 
 
 b. The use of the article with the second part of a compound word. 
 
 2. An adjective or demonstrative pronoun, connected attributively 
 with a definite noun, must be marked as definite by having the article 
 prefixed/ 1 
 
 3. Indefiniteness is expressed by the numeral "Tl"7N, rarely, however, 
 and chiefly in later writers. e 
 
 4. The article may be omitted in poetry, when in prose it would be 
 required ; this omission is explained by the brevity, vividness and em- 
 phasis characteristic of poetic style. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) When the first of two nouns expressing- one idea is to be marked as indefinite, 
 a construction with the preposition 7 is employed (8 9. 5). 
 
 (b) On the occurrence of the article with the first of two nouns in the construct 
 relation, see 8 9. 2. 
 
 (c) Compare the similar usage of nag all or every. 
 
 (d) There are not a few exceptions to this, the article being sometimes omitted 
 from the noun, sometimes from the attributive. 
 
 (e) This numeral is sometimes found in the construct relation with the noun 
 which it limits (cf . Job 2:10) ; its use with things is more rare than with persons 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:31; 10:12; 19:25; 28:19; 30:16; 1 Sam. 2:23; 14:29; 17:12 2 
 
 32:23 2 lSam.l6:18 lb. 
 
 Gen.7:21; 26:4 la. 2Sam.6:3; 12:4 3 
 
 Gen. 23:19 1 lKgs. 19:4 3 
 
 Ex. 20:4 la. Isa.l:5; 13:7; 28:24 la. 
 
 Lev.7:27; 14:45 la. Isa.l0:l; 24:12 4 
 
 Num. 9:7 2 Neh. 1:5 4 
 
 Num. 35:23 la. Hab.l:4 4 
 
 Deut.l:35; 9:6; 11:7 2 Zech. 14:15 la. 
 
 Deut. 11:12 4 Ps.l2:8 2 
 
 Josh. 3:13 la. Ps. 72:17; 148:10 4 
 
 Judg.6:ll lb. Job 9:24 i 
 
 1 Sam. 1:1 3 Dan. 8:3, 13 3 
 
 IPs. 2:2. slsa. 21:12. 
 
24 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 6. 
 
 6. Apposition of Nouns. 
 
 1. a. fi&'n^in "Ip^n 1 the oxen the brass = the brazen oxen; v^QH 
 
 •. -j : - |t t - — 
 
 O'/tD 2 = ^c deluge (of) water. [offerings. 
 
 t>. r\!2i$ DH,tDN 3 words, truth = tfrwe words; D^D^t^ O^rD? 4 peace- 
 c W23 r"°l^n 5 ^« Za?w2(of) Canaan; m£) "lil^n 6 */ie river Euphrates 
 d. j"l327^ n&'N 7 « woman, a widow; Dti^ ^^"l 8 greenness, herb. 
 e - *"I3D!D D*<^ 9 (fays, a number; Q^* □*n^t^ 10 £100 years, time. 
 
 2. ("IftD D*KD tS^D* 11 &ree seahs, meal; Q»J0» ,1^'?^ 12 a <«ad, days. 
 W l^^' 13 scven years; DHl^ Hfl'N 14 <«* ephah, barley. 
 
 3. a. 1XD *"!KD2 15 *» fofl^ degree, high degree; HJl^ nrD.!! 16 .P™wd7?/, 
 
 : : • T : t : 
 
 proudly. [generation. 
 
 b. tlty^tZf n^D^' 17 sereji 6?/ seven; I* 7 ] "llQ 18 /rom generation to 
 c filfrO /"HN^ 19 man # «?eZZs; DOJ1 O*^ 20 wemy ditches. 
 d. n*l3 "111.} 7*nJn "ln^n 21 ^ ie #rea£ rower, if7te rower Euphrates. 
 
 t : ~ : t - t t - 
 
 Apposition, because of a scarcity of adjectives, and a desire for brev- 
 ity, is of much more frequent occurrence, and of far wider range in He- 
 brew, than in languages generally. The various kinds of apposition may 
 be grouped as follows : — 
 
 1. Cases in which the first of two nouns contains the principal idea, 
 the second being added for fuller explanation . ah Here belong the instan- 
 ces in which 
 
 a. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, the material of which 
 that thing is composed. 
 
 b. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, a quality of it. 
 
 c. The first noun denotes a, person or thing, the second, its name. 6 
 
 d. The first noun denotes a genus, the second, a species; or the sec- 
 ond gives a more precise idea than the first. 
 
 e. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, the number, weight, 
 or measure of it. d e 
 
 i2Kgs. 16:17. s Gen. 1:12. is Gen. 17:2. 
 
 2 Gen. 6:17. s Deut. 4:27. ie 1 Sam. 2:3. 
 
 s Prov. 22:21. io Gen. 41:1. « Gen. 7:2. 
 
 4 Ex. 24:5. n Gen. 18:6. is Ex. 17:16. 
 
 s Num. 34:& 12 1 Sam. 30:12. J9 Gen. 14:10>, 
 
 elChron. 5:9. "Gen. 5:7. ao2Kgs. 3:16. 
 
 1 2 Sam. 14 :5\ " Ruth 8:17. 21 Gen. 15 :18. 
 
g 6.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 25 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Where the first noun is definite, and the second indefinite, the latter may be 
 regarded as an accusative of limitation (cf. § 40. 2); cf. 1 Chron. 28:18; Ps. 71:7; Hab. 
 3:8; Lev. 26:42; Jer. 33:2. 
 
 (7>) The appositional relation is, at times, so loose that one or more words may 
 stand between the nouns thus connected. 
 
 (c) Sometimes the"name" is the first noun (Isa.37:2); if the "name" is the sec- 
 ond noun and a preposition stands before the first, the preposition must be repeated 
 before the second (Gen. 24:4; cf. Gen. 22:20). 
 
 (d) For all these cases, there are parallel cases in which, by the introduction of 
 acopula, a complete sentence is formed; cf. Gen. 1:2; 11:1; 14:10; 47:9; Ex. 9:31; 
 Deut. 33:6; 2 Sam. 17:3; Isa. 5:12; 19:11; Jer. 24:2: Ezek. 45:11; Ps. 23:5; 45:9; 110:3. 
 
 (e) While nouns like Si) all, W there is, and J'K there is not generally stand in the 
 construct relation with what follows, they sometimes stand in apposition with a follow- 
 ing, and rarely with a preceding, noun. 
 
 2. Cases in which the second word conveys the principal idea, the first 
 marking the measure, weight, or number of it.° 6 
 
 3. Cases in which the first word is simply repeated. [Here belong 
 those instances in which the second word is a pronoun repeating a pre- 
 ceding noun, or a noun repeating a preceding pronoun (whether expressed, 
 or implied in a verbal form) (seel 11. l.o).] The appositional repetition 
 serves 
 
 a. To express emphasis, intensity. 
 
 b. To express distribution, entirety. 
 
 c. To express multitude. 
 
 d. To afford an opportunity for the addition of a new idea without 
 rendering the construction faulty. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In the great majority of cases under this head, the construct relation may be 
 employed (§ 8. 2). 
 
 (b) It is probable that the second noun, in these cases, is an accusative of limita- 
 tion (§ 40. 5), rather than in apposition. • 
 
 (c) The two constructions, apposition and annexion (i. e., the construct relation), 
 are closely related. In the expression of many ideas the one or the other may be 
 used according to choice. Apposition was the earlier construction, and out of it grew 
 annexion. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 6:17 la. Ex. 8:10 3c. 
 
 Gen.9:4; 39:1,2 Id. Ex.9:8; 16:32 3 
 
 Gen. 10:21 3a. Ex. 16:5; 23:30 3b. 
 
 Gen. 22:20; 24:4 lc. Ex. 25:35; 36:4 3b. 
 
 Gen. 25:30; 35:14 3d. Ex. 27:16; 29:40 le. 
 
 Gen.32:17 3b. Ex,28:17; 39:17 la. 
 
 Ex. 1:19 Id. Lev. 6:13 lft. 
 
26 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 7. 
 
 Num. 5:15 2 lKgs. 7:13 la. 
 
 Num.7:13; 15:4,6 la. 1 Kgs. 18:33 2 
 
 Num. 15:4-7 lc. 2 Kgs. 3:4 2 
 
 Num. 17:17,21 3b. Isa. 6:3 3a. 
 
 Num. 21:14 •••lc. Isa. 10:7 le. 
 
 Num. 28:13 3b. Isa. 30:20 la. 
 
 Deut. 2:27; 28:43 3a. Isa.37:2 lc. 
 
 Deut. 3 :5 la. Jer. 7:4 3a. 
 
 Deut. 22:23 Id. Jer.l0:10; 25:15 lb. 
 
 Deut. 34:5 lc. Ezek. 16:27 lb. 
 
 Josh. 13:5 lc. Ezek. 21:14 3d. 
 
 Judg. 5:30 3b. Ezek. 21:32 3a. 
 
 Judg. 5:22 3a. Ezek. 24:6 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 3:1; 4:1 lc. Joel 4:14 3c. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:24 3a. Zech. 1:13 lb 
 
 2 Sam. 10:7 lb. Ps. 120:2 lb* 
 
 2 Sam. 17:5 3a. Neh. 2:11 le. 
 
 2 Sam. 24:24 lc. lChron.9:32 3b. 
 
 1 Kgs. 4:1 lc. 
 
 7. The Nominative Absolute. 
 
 i. nana rf? rvty 33k*' han i&x pan 1 the u n d up on which 
 
 tjv : v ): t -J. t t - v ™ I vjt t 
 
 thou art lying, — to thee will I give it. 
 
 2. D3fl33 itt'flj HP^T* *J"3 DDE*' 2 Shechem my son— his soul hath 
 
 :■:■■. -.- | T : |t • : v : 
 
 longed for your dauglrter. 
 
 3. D*n"?K fV3 1"? iiyD ^Nf"* 3 the man Micah—to him was a house 
 
 ... .. T ' ' T 
 
 of God. 
 
 4. Ttri^ *iT**13 tl^il ^^ 4 I— behold my covenant is ivith thee. 
 
 5. nxm rfr n 4 sn nriK--itrN pNrr*?3-riN 5 <m the land which 
 
 tjv : v ) ; v t ~ v - ; | vjt t t 
 
 thou scest — to thee I will give it. 
 
 6. D*rf?Kn win mrr 6 rahweh, he m the God ; in*?m r#in mrr 7 
 
 v:|t t-:|- 
 
 Yahweh, He is his inheritance; t^^H t^lPT DIH 8 the blood, THAT is 
 
 VJV - T "" 
 
 the life. 
 
 7. Dil Q , Q** ) &' H'PXn W&mn 9 these men— they are at peace; 
 .... ._._,.. T . T _. | T 
 
 J^lil in^N JiP**li) Di^n 10 ^ dream of Pharaoh — it is one; [holy. 
 N1H t£**lp DipDn 11 the place (upon which thou standest) — if is 
 
 i Gen. 28:13. * Gen. 17:4. ? Deut. 10:9. io Gen. 41:25. 
 
 2 Gen. 34:8. b Gen. 13:15. s Deut. 13:23. U Josh. 5:15. 
 
 3 Judg. 17:5. el Kgs. 18:39. s Gen. 34:21. 
 
? 7.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 27 
 
 For the sake of emphasis, and for the avoidance of unwieldy sentences, 
 a noun or pronoun is frequently placed at the beginning of the sentence 
 with no grammatical relation to the other words of the sentence, hut rep- 
 resented in the body of the sentence by a pronominal suffix. This noun 
 or pronoun is said to be a Nominative Absolute. The various cases may 
 be classified as follows : — 
 
 1. Where this nominative absolute is, logically, the object of the sen- 
 tence. 
 
 2. Where it is, logically, the subject of the sentence. 
 
 3. Where it is, logically, the object of a preposition occurring farther 
 along in the sentence. 
 
 4. Where it is a pronoun, and is, logically, the subject or object of the 
 sentence, or a genitive after a noun. 
 
 5. Where it is preceded by fijK, the sign of the object. 
 
 6. Where, standing as the logical subject, it is resumed by the pro- 
 noun frOf!) which then, though really the grammatical subject of the fol- 
 lowing predicate, is practically equivalent to a copula. 
 
 7. A similar usage to that just given, except that the pronoun follows, 
 instead of preceding, the predicate. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:14, 19; 9:18 6 1 Sam. 9:13; 25:29 5 
 
 Gen. 15:2; 42:6 6 1 Sam. 12:23 4 
 
 Gen. 21:13 1, 5 2 Sam. 23:6 2 
 
 Gen. 24:27; 42:11 4 2 Kg-s. 9:27 5 
 
 Gen. 26:15 1 Isa.l:7 1 
 
 Gen. 47:21 5 Isa. 1:13 7 
 
 Gen. 48:7; 49:8 4 Isa. 9:1; 15:7 1 
 
 Gen. 30:33; 31:16 7 Isa.9:14; 33:6 6 
 
 Gen. 45:20; 47:6 7 Isa. 11:10; 19:17 3 
 
 Lev. 3:4 5 Isa. 13:17 3 
 
 Lev. 7:7, 33 3 Isa. 41:29 2 
 
 Deut. 2:23; 7:15 1 Isa. 42:3; 53:4. 1 
 
 Deut. 14:27 1 Isa. 49:21 7 
 
 Deut. 18:14 3 Isa. 51:22 5 
 
 Deut. 32:4 4 Jer. 13:27 1 
 
 Deut. 33.17 3 Ps.46:5 2 
 
 Josh. 5:15; 6:19 7 Ps. 90:10 3 
 
 Josh.9:12 1 Job 17:15 1 
 
 lSam.3;ll 2 Job 22:8 3 
 
28 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 8. 
 
 8. Annexion,, or the Construct Relation. 
 
 1. a. DD*"V DDIT 1 cruelty of {= done by) your hands; DTXfT 3^ ^V* 2 
 
 the imagination of mans heart; DDTfTS 3 2/0 wr /ear {=ivhichyou 
 have); IJJ^D 4 /it's vexation. 
 h. JiJD 1 ? DOIT 5 cn«e% of {= done to) Lebanon; ^ffltf fi^OE* 5 report 
 about Said; DDJTfT 7 /ear o/(= concerning) you; DTD iTpy? 8 cry 
 concerning Sodom, 
 
 2. a. DiTJttf 9 $e# two (not, £wo of them); ri'TNOH ♦JK?' 10 die too Zimim- 
 
 naries; D*£DN 7" ^J^ 11 too peoples; D^Tl/H £'7t^' 12 $e f7iree cities. 
 
 ■*t]v 
 
 5. WJT" 1 ?^ 13 a^ (of) CAe *ree(s); Di7&'* DT 14 mweft (of) peace; 
 
 D^h >T 15 ewowaA (of) mtTfc; cf. also H^3 7"KTb>« 6 a?Z of Israel. 
 c - Du'5,37 DQIT/ 17 their food is for themselves; 137 *J3 18 mv pres- 
 
 t : - : t : - rt"" ~ t 
 
 erace (= I myself) shall go; PITH Di'NT D¥^ 19 ^ a ' cc ^y <&*#/ D^^ 
 D'OtSfiT 20 Aearen M/. 
 a 7 . T3DO PN 21 tei&oitf number; nDfT^O PN" witaoM* war; ^ 
 
 t : I t t : • I •• • : 
 
 £»<Q^23 u^Jotrf clothing; |TB?'D ^S 24 unanointed; Vft£0 ^3 25 
 
 ~ t ^ t : * 
 
 unheard; 7{<"{<7 26 a non-God; jTlft"7N 27 immortality; Jf'jO 
 
 V-IT ~ 
 
 rO*N 28 without enmity. 
 e. JTliT T3T Dl^ 29 ora $e aTay (that) Jehovah spake. 
 
 t : : 
 
 DDN liD'Pirrin *D* 30 ^e o^ays ice walked with them. 
 
 NT*N D'V 31 ^ oay //ear; jVQ&O fiV 32 «Ae ftinw $ow trasi! orofcere. 
 
 t V-JV : •• 
 
 3 a. *p,3!T DT 33 the innocent blood; JT^TJI N'iJ 3 " 1 a Zarae ravine; J~|*3 
 ^'TJ 35 a large house; T3D ^IT 36 a strong force; CHIT DIDO 37 the 
 
 T • T Jt I 
 
 holy place; y\ jTI^N 38 a ^ ac ^ woman; 7iDpiT vD 39 ^ e smallest vessels. 
 
 IPs. 58:3. n Gen. 25:33. 21 Gen. 41:49. 31 p s . 56:4. 
 
 2 Gen. 8:21. 12 Num. 35:14. 22 1 Kgs. 22:1. 32 Ezek. 27:34. 
 
 sProv. 1:26. is Gen. 1:29. 23 Job 24:10. 33 Deut. 19:13. 
 
 jProv. 12:16. MPs. 37:11. 24 2 Sam. 1:21. 34 Zech. 14:4. 
 
 e Hab. 2:17. is Pro v. 27:27. 25 p s . 19:4. 352 Kgs. 25:9. 
 
 6 2 Sam. 4:4. "2 Sain. 2:9. 26 Deut. 32:5, 17, 21. ss 2 Kgs. 18:17. 
 
 1 Gen. 9:2. " Hos. 9:4. 27 Prov. 12:38. 37 Eccles. 8:10. 
 
 8 Gen. 18:20. is Ex. 33:14. 28 Num. 35 :22b. ssProv. 6:24. 
 
 s Gen. 2:25. i» Gen. 7:13. 29 Ex. 6:28. 39 Isa. 22:24. 
 
 "Gen. 1:16. 20 Ex. 24:10. so l Sam. 25:15. 
 
§ 8.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 29 
 
 °- DJ^D ^riD 1 f ew people; D^n ^P*! 2 frfoocZ shed causelessly; 
 
 i"1pD *i"l7»S 3 a God from near; "J\pn Hyl^ continual offering. 
 c n^D IPO 5 ^e ru;er Euphrates; *l7i"7 £33^ 6 ^ ie fr"i&e of Levi. 
 
 d. 7*n "11DJI 7 a strong hero; V^ ?i"^ 8 ffl wooden chest; 
 ^"tp ^"TJJ^J 9 7io7?/ garments; ClDD ' / 7^ 10 silver idols. 
 
 e. D^DI ^N 11 aw eloquent man; PiiuJHfl 7l/3 12 having dreams; 
 7*l"7 ^3 13 s o?is 0/ strength; i\?' , 7~13 li son of a night; 
 
 •-1- •• : t :-i- I v 
 
 n^ty ilii^P Cprpu) 15 (Noah was) aso?i of jive hundred years = 
 jive hundred years old. 
 
 f. D"]J< ^D3 16 the anointed of men; Qlf^ ^I'DISt 17 the poor of men; 
 D1X JO£) 18 a wild ass of a man; Pjty J\?i3 19 a wonder of a coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 4. a. fiVTI nO^n 20 wisdom and knowledge; ?"£ N7I rOD^'. 21 
 
 ^-_i- t - • t I--J- • : - \ : 
 
 o- DiJ*v i~l7J[73 ntl^N 22 « woman possessed of a spirit; V\**£ j"Q fl/lfD- 23 
 c WP7 »0 TlB'TlN* tt^e o* have I taken? OH^ HOTlDDn. 25 
 
 : |j—r v v t v - : t 
 
 That relation between two nouns which is indicated in Latin or Greek 
 by placing the second noun in the genitive, is expressed in Hebrew by 
 pronouncing the two words as one. a As a result of this, the tone passes 
 to the second word, and the first word is, if possible, shortened. This 
 construction may for convenience be called annexion?* The varieties of 
 annexion may be classified as follows : — 
 
 1. Cases in which the two nouns, thus joined, contain distinct ideas of 
 equal value ; this is seen 
 
 a. When the second noun designates a person or thing which is the 
 subject or possessor of that which is indicated by the preceding noun. c 
 
 b. When the second noun designates the object of an action or feel- 
 ing expressed by the preceding noun. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The remnants of original case-endings are quite numerous (El. § 121. 1-3), but 
 these remnants (except in the case of the accusative n_) no longer have any signi- 
 fication. 
 
 iDcut. 26:5. 8 Deut. 10:1. 1* Jon. 4:10. 20 Isa. 33:6. 
 
 alKgs. 2:31. s Ex. 28:2. is Gen. 5:32. si Isa. 51:21. 
 
 a Jer. 23:23. . 10 Isa. 2:20. i« Mic. 5:4. 22 1 Sam. 28:7. 
 
 ♦ Num. 28:6. 11 Ex. 4:10. " Isa. 29:19. 23 Isa. 37:22. 
 
 s Gen. 15:18. 12 Gen. 37:19. is Gen 16:12. u 1 Sam. 12:3. 
 
 e Josh. 13:33. u Deut. 3:18. 19 Isa. 9:55. 25 Jer. 8:9. 
 1 Judg. 11 :L 
 
30 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 8. 
 
 (b) A noun with a pronominal suffix is to be regarded, syntactically, as in annexion 
 with that suffix. 
 
 (c) Because of their inflexibility, proper names are seldom found in annexion with 
 a following noun. In cases like D'lJJO "11 X Ur {cit y) of the Clialdecs (Gen. 11:28), Din" 
 f\1K3¥ Jehovah (God) of hosts, there is an ellipsis to be supplied (cf . 2 Sam. 5:10). 
 
 2. Cases in which the second of two nouns, thus joined, is the more 
 important, the first merely indicating its number, size, nature, etc.; this 
 is seen, 
 
 a. In the usage of numerals 2-10, which may stand in the construct 
 state before the substantive which they number." 
 
 b. In the usage of certain nouns, e. g., 73 totality, $~\ abundance, 
 *1 sufficiency, which have almost come to have the force of adjectives.b 
 
 c. In the usage of certain commonly occurring nouns as "purely 
 mental concepts," e. g., &&2, D\3D and OV# = se V ( tue ^ rst use< * °^ 
 animate objects, the second of persons, the third of inanimate objects); cf. 
 also ^p = voice of= Hark! d e 
 
 d. In the usage of words designating the existence or non-existence 
 of a nominal idea ; e. g., ffl there exists, pjtf and *F}72l non-existence (and 
 in poetry, {^7, 7^ and *7"3) = without, in-, un-, -less;! "f3 solitariness. 
 
 e. In that usage which permits a noun expressing in a general way 
 place, time, manner to stand in annexion with a following relative clause 
 (in which, however, the relative may be omitted).^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For other constructions which the numeral may have, see § 15. 1, b. 
 
 (b) In reference to *73 the following points may be noted: (1) It regularly precedes 
 in the construct the noun it modifies (Isa. 2:2), but (2) sometimes follows with the idea 
 of the modified noun repeated in the form of a pronominal suffix (2 Sam. 2:9); and (3) 
 rarely occurs with the article after a preceding noun in the construct state (Isa. 29:11). 
 
 (c) For examples of this use of Sip, see Cant. 2:8; 5:2; Ps. 29:3-9 (?). 
 
 (d) The common use of t#3J with suffixes to express a reflexive idea is to be noted; 
 e. g., y JffSl I myself, DtJ^BJ they themselves. 
 
 (e) Compare also some of the indefinite uses of 131 thing, for which, however, see 
 the lexicon. 
 
 (/) The use of K 1 ? and Stf in poetry to form a noun with an exactly opposite mean- 
 ing to that conveyed by the noun itself, is not uncommon (cf. Deut. 32:5, 17, 21; Amos 
 6:13). 
 
 (g) See, more in detail, § 18. 2. 
 
 3. Cases in which the first of two words, thus joined, is the more im- 
 portant, the second merely indicating its character, number, size, or con- 
 tents; this is seen, 
 
 a. When the second word is an adjective. This use is late, and occurs 
 chiefly in the case of a few common adjectives like 713; [Dp, 21Di J^- a 
 
I 8.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 31 
 
 b. When the second word is an attributive word, whether noun, ad- 
 verb or prepositional phrase. 
 
 c. When the second word, a proper noun, is the name of the first 
 
 d. When the second word is used "by circumlocution to describe a 
 property of the first." This usage is very common on account of the 
 scarcity of adjectives. 
 
 e. When the second word, a neuter or abstract noun, is joined to a 
 preceding general noun like tJ^ft, ^J^5' 15' ^3' denoting possessor, 
 origin, derivation. 
 
 f. When the second word designates the whole of which the first 
 noun is a part;f or when the second word is a literal term, the first being 
 figurative. 6 - 
 
 4. Peculiar and rare is the occurrence of a construct, 
 
 a. Before the conjunction 1 and. 
 
 b. With a noun which, in sense, is in apposition with it. 
 
 c. Before the interrogative pronoun . e 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The adjective in this case is really treated like a neuter noun. Compare 
 rD" 1 !^ T the right hand, in which the word {'D', originally an adjective, has become a 
 substantive. 
 
 (b) Here, of course, the appositional construction is much more common. 
 
 (c) Compare the peculiar cases of this construction seen in Isa. 5:11; Eccles. 12:U. 
 
 (d) For cases in which three or more nouns are joined together by annexion, see 
 Gen. 40:3; 47:9; Josh. 3:15; Judg. 9:1; Isa. 10:13, 
 
 (e) The form inX (e. g., in 2 Sam. 17:22) is sometimes used as an absolute and not 
 as a construct. 
 
 (/) On the use of the preposition JD from to express the partitive idea, see the 
 lexicon. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:16.... ....lb. Deut.4:42; 32:6 2d. 
 
 Gen.4:19; 5:8; 19:1; 23:3 3a. Deut.l9:18 3d. 
 
 Gen. 7:6; 14:13; 15:3; 37:3 3e. Deut.33:l 3e. 
 
 Gen. 8:5; 34:13; 43:U 3/. Deut.33:19 4b. 
 
 Gen. 14:10 4b. Josh. 9:13 2b. 
 
 Gen. 15:18 3c. 1 Sam. 1:16; 30:31 3e. 
 
 Gen. 17:23 2c. 1 Sam. 3:13 3e. 
 
 Gen. 19:4; 31:8 2b. 1 Sam. 6:13 la. 
 
 Gen. 24:23 4c. 2 Sam. 16:8 3e. 
 
 Gen.39:30; 40:3 3e. 3Sam.l7:ll 2c. 
 
 Ex. 4:13 3e. 3 Sam. 30:19 4b. 
 
 Ex. 30:9; 36:3 3a. lKgs.l:53; 2:26 3e. 
 
 Ex. 21:3; 34:14 3e. lKgs. 31:19 3c. 
 
 Ex. 34:1; 38:30 3d. Isa.l:ll.. 2b. 
 
 Num. 5:18 3a. Isa.5:9; 10:15 2d. 
 
32 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 9. 
 
 Isa. 13:4 la. Ps. 2:9; 21:4; 36:12; 45:7 3d. 
 
 Isa.22:4; 41:15; 53:3 3e. Ps.l7:8; 55:24; 72:4 3e. 
 
 Isa. 28:9 3b. Ps. 43:1 2d. 
 
 Isa. 35:2 4a. Ps. 78:49 3a. 
 
 Isa. 46:2 2c. Ps. 81:6 2e. 
 
 Jer. 22:12; 48:36 2e. Prov. 1:7 lb. 
 
 Jer. 44:28 4c. Prov. 2:19; 24:25 3a. 
 
 Jer. 48:41 3/. Prov. 3:25; 26:2 3b. 
 
 Ezek. 1:1 3c. Prov. 5:23 2d. 
 
 Ezek. 13:2 3b. Prov. 10:24 la. 
 
 Ezek. 26:10 4a. Prov. 22:24 3e. 
 
 Ezek. 27:6; 32:10 3e. Job 5:7; 11:2; 34:10; 41:20 3e. 
 
 Ezek. 29:2 2b. Job 6:14 lb. 
 
 Hos. 1:2 2e. Job 21:23 2c. 
 
 Hos.3:l la. Job 34:13 2b. 
 
 Arnos5:2 ....3c. Cant. 7:10 3a. 
 
 Obad. 1:10 lb. Eccles. 1:13 3a. 
 
 9. Annexion (continued). 
 
 1. a. ffrfif fl^") 1 keeper of sheep; W^ty J1"^D 2 enlightening the eyes; 
 
 *P3^ V^J^ 3 consumers of my people; *")5^ *"i*Tj* 4 w ^° 9° doivn to 
 
 the dust. 
 b. D*!"!7N H30 5 stricken of God; Q^ ^r*j 6 despised by the people; 
 
 f|p3~jn^pP 7 bought with money; ^Ifl *5P 8 s ^ n by the sword, 
 c HS—DD 9 slow of speech; tpj£ HLTp 10 stiff of neck; ^DDIl; 11 
 
 DytlD ^TSW 2 fearful in praises; flOPf/D VlD 13 dead in battle. 
 
 2. a. D*£Di"7 ^J5 14 /«ce of the waters; flDV HiTlS 15 to ^ ie house of Joseph. 
 
 b. D-l /p *N*5^ 1C prophets out of their own heart; ^j?JQ *™in 17 moun- 
 tains in Gilboa; "j^ ^DiH 18 those trusting in him; /V*J7 Pp*p 19 on 
 the right of the house. 
 
 c. PrODl "T17 *33 the sons and daughters of David; 
 
 It: ■ t " : 
 
 WSH *Ji t 7N1 D'Wil Ti^H 20 the God of heaven and earth. 
 
 d. ^'Ip-^n 21 my holy hill; i"DM3fl VifWT 21 the good hand of 
 
 ■ :|t t - t v: 
 
 his God; 7IIJ D^DN'^Jl 23 a great heap of stones. 
 
 1 Gen. 4:2. 
 
 v Gen. 17:12. 
 
 13 Isa. 22:2. 
 
 19 Ezek. 10:3. 
 
 2Ps. 19:9. 
 
 s Jer. 18:21. 
 
 M Gen. 1:3. 
 
 20 Gen. 24:3. 
 
 sPs. 53:5. 
 
 9 Ex. 4:10. 
 
 15 Gen. 43:17. 
 
 21 Ps. 2:6. 
 
 * Ps. 22:30. 
 
 loDeut. 9:6. 
 
 is Ezek. 13:2. 
 
 22 Ez. 7:9. 
 
 5 Isa. 53:4. 
 
 n Job 9:4. 
 
 ii2 Sam. 1:21. 
 
 23 Josh. 7:2 
 
 6Ps. 22:7. 
 
 12 Ex. 15:11. 
 
 is Ps. 2:12. 
 
 
§ 9.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 33 
 
 1. Participles and adjectives are frequently joined by annexion with 
 a following substantive. This is a closer construction than a following 
 object-accusative or accusative of specification would be. Here may be 
 noted, 
 
 a. The usage in the case of active participles, in which the noun 
 expresses the object of the action, or, as sometimes in poetry, the sphere 
 in which the action is exerted. a6 
 
 b. The usage in case of passive participles, in which the noun ex- 
 presses, sometimes the author of the action, sometimes the secondary 
 agent or instrument. 
 
 c. The usage in the case of adjectives (denoting a property or quality) 
 in which the noun has the force of an accusative of limitation or specifi- 
 cation. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Cases of the construct before r\$ occur, e. g., Jer. 33:22. 
 
 (b) The accusative rather than a genitive is used (1) after a participle or adjective 
 when it (the participle) has the article, and (2) when a word is for any reason inserted 
 between the participle and the word which would, otherwise, be in the genitive ; cf . 
 Isa. 40:20; Job 15: 10; 32:6. 
 
 2. Words in annexion form one complex idea, and therefore cannot be 
 separated by intervening words. Here are to be noted certain points : — 
 
 a. The article and He locative everywhere form exceptions to the 
 general law just given ; but aside from these only a few anomalous cases 
 occur of the interposition of words. a 
 
 b. Prepositions, particularly the shorter ones and especially in po- 
 etry, quite frequently occur prefixed to the second of two nouns in annex- 
 ion, thus defining more exactly the relationship existing between the two 
 nouns. b 
 
 c. As one result of this inseparability, two or more nouns joined by 
 " and " cannot stand in annexion with a single genitive ; but the genitive 
 is employed with the first, and in the form of a suffix with the second; cde 
 while further, a single construct does not usually stand in annexion with 
 two or more genitives, but is repeated with each/ 
 
 d. As a second result of this inseparability, a word or suffix limiting 
 the construct must be placed after the following genitive and not between 
 the construct and the genitive.fi' 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) 13 all, having almost come to be an adjective, occasionally allows the inter- 
 position of a wor.d before its genitive, e. g., 2 Sam. 1:9; other cases in which this is 
 claimed to occur are capable of a different explanation; e. g., Job 27:3; Ps. 45:7; Isa. 
 28:1; 36:9. Cf. also the bold poetic constructions in Gen. 49:11; Isa. 19:8; 22:16. 
 
34 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 9. 
 
 (b) This is most frequent with participles of verbs which are regularly followed by 
 a preposition, e. g., 3 T\DT\ trust in; 3 pK? dwell in, etc. 
 
 (c) Hence one may not say, "the sons and daughters of David," but " the sons o) 
 David and his daughters;" and it is better to say " the God of heaven and the God of earth," 
 than "the God of heaven and earth;" but see Gen. 14:19. 
 
 (d) The same holds true of pronominal suffixes; instead of "7i is sons and daughters" 
 one must say "his sons and his daughters." 
 
 (e) Sometimes the suffix is omitted, or there is substituted for it the article, in. 
 which case the absolute state is employed, e. g., Gen. 40:1. 
 
 (/) Exceptions occur: (1) when the second of the two nouns joined by "and" is a 
 repetition or a synonym of the first; and (2) in poe + ry where greater liberty is allowed, 
 e. g., Job 20:17; Ezek. 39:4; 2 Sam. 20:19. 
 
 (g) Whether the modifying word which follows two nouns in annexion limits the 
 construct, or the genitive, or the complex idea expressed by both together must be 
 determined from the agreement and from the context. When there would be mani- 
 fest ambiguity, resort is had to a periphrastic construction (§ 9. 5.). 
 
 3. a. ri?2n?t2n ^OK 1 not men of the war, but the men of war. 
 
 t t : • ~ -. ; - 
 
 &• D*X3t^f7 J^p*l *^3 3 the face of the expanse of the heavens. 
 iflN J03 D*ii ,H D , ¥3 3 *» the image of God he created Mm. 
 
 t t ■ v: v jv : 
 
 OytQlV? *£'J0 4 the heads of your tribes. 
 
 4. a. D^"TD^7 "O^ 5 a servan t °f servants, i. e. the lowest servant. 
 
 *17i"7 *Wlu% J^'uO 6 the prince of the princes of Levi. [dwell, 
 
 b- ?3£»V < l"!j r*l"^J^5 7 * n ^ ie most frightful of valleys they must 
 D3l3p~"T^'l DTHJD 8 from the greatest of them even to the least of 
 them. 
 
 5. a. 7j'?£p t 7 OT)& JlJC'3 9 i n the year two of the king. 
 
 D*!i L >X'? ,l'?"IJ"1^ 10 a great city of God. 
 ^wtyVi^h "^1"^ I5 11 one son °f Ahimelech. 
 b. *JJ> '*7 V-J 12 a son °f Jesse. 
 
 D*rOt3f7 ^b*7 l^^ 13 a servan t of the captain of the guard. 
 JTDN*? D*EftO M heads of fathers. 
 
 t : • t 
 
 nil? "HDtQ 15 a psalm of David. 
 
 * t : : ■ 
 
 ]Vb^ bif? | i"D 1C a priest of the most high God. 
 
 1 Num. 31:49. 6 Gen. 9:25. 9 Hag. 1:1. "Gen. 41:12. 
 
 *Gen.l:20. eNum.3:32. ioJon.3:3. "Neh. 11:13. 
 
 sGen.l:27. i Job 30:6. 11 1 Sam. 22:20. «Ps.3:L 
 
 *Deut.l:15. s Jon. 3:5. 12 1 Sam. 16:18. u Gen. 14:18. 
 
I 9.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 35 
 
 c. 1117 1 (a psalm) of David. 
 
 DJ^njO P'!?N 2 Amnon (son) of Ahinoam. [the month. 
 
 d. t^'Hl'? DV DHfcj^l H^DJ^D 3 ow «Ae sewera a»tZ twentieth day of 
 bb 1 ? ]WXy the first of all. 
 
 e- ty^f? (Tli^n np^Pl 5 the portion of the field of Boaz. 
 
 biOty '$?&? D*P*D HI*! IQp 6 *Ae iooA; o/ fAc chronicles of 
 
 the kings of Israel. 
 
 •TINB*^ 1BW D^HH T*3N 7 <Ae cAiV/ o/ *Ae herdmen of Saul. 
 
 t : v -: m t • - 
 
 3. The construct, containing only a portion of the idea intended to be 
 conveyed, is incomplete and, in itself, indefinite; hence 
 
 a. The construct cannot receive the article ; a or be definite in itself 
 (§ 4. 1.) .6 
 
 b. The construct, however, becomes definite by position (§ 4. 2), 
 whenever its following genitive is, for any reason, definite. 6 d 
 
 4. The use of annexion to express the superlative idea is worthy of 
 special notice. This is seen, 
 
 a. When the two nouns in annexion are the same, the former being 
 singular, the latter plural. 
 
 b. When the relation between the nouns is a partitive one (3 8. 3./). 
 
 5. Instead of annexion, there is often employed a periphrasis, made 
 by means of the preposition 7/ / This is substituted when there is a 
 desire on the part of the writer, 
 
 a. To interpose a word between the construct and genitive. 
 
 b. To mark the first noun as indefinite, when the second is definite. 
 
 c. To omit entirely the noun which would be in the construct, as in 
 inscriptions, and in the case of common words like son, day, etc. 
 
 d. To designate explicitly relations of place and time. 
 
 e. To avoid a long series of constructs. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Exceptions to this may be classified as follows: (1) Cases where the article 
 seems to have a demonstrative force, Josh. 8:33; cf . also Ps. 123:4; Ezek. 17:15; 1 Kgs. 
 14:24. (2) Cases where the genitive is a proper name, e. g., 2 Kgs. 23:17; Gen. 31:13; 
 Isa. 36:8. (3) Cases where what seems to be a construct is a participle with an accusa- 
 tive suffix, e. g., Ps. 18:33; Isa. 9:12. (4) Cases where the connection is loose, the second 
 noun denoting the material (and to be regarded in many instances as an adverbial 
 
 IPs. 69:1. s Gen. 8:14. s Ruth 2: 3. tl Sam. 21: 8. 
 
 22 Sam. 3:2. * 2 Sam. 19:21. el Kgs. 15:31. 
 
36 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 9. 
 
 accusative), e. g., 2 Kgs. 16:14; Zech. 4:10. (5) Cases where, the connection being loose, 
 a preposition is inserted, e. g., Ps. 113:5; Judg. 8:11. 
 
 (b) Proper names, therefore, except when applied to more than one object, cannot 
 Stand in the construct. 
 
 (c) The construct cannot be indefinite and the genitive definite; nor can the gen- 
 itive be indefinite and the construct definite; either both are definite or both indefinite. 
 To both of these cases, however, exceptions are found, where there would be no 
 room for ambiguity; e, g., Gen. 16:7; 42:19; 9:20; Lev. 14:34; 1 Sam. 17:17; Deut. 22:19. 
 
 (d) On the determination of words in annexion, see § 5. 1. 
 
 (e) The pronoun "II^K is frequently inserted before the preposition to secure 
 greater clearness. 
 
 (/) The preposition TO from is sometimes employed as a substitute for annexion ; 
 e. g., 2 Sam. 19:18; Isa. 6:6; 1 Kgs. 20:35; Ps. 16:4. The sense, in this usage, is generally 
 partitive. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 7:11 „ 5a, d. 2 Kgs. 22:5 la. 
 
 Gen. 8:5, 13 5c. Isa. 1:7; 22:2 16. 
 
 Gen. 9:10; 25:27 la. Isa. 2:20; 36:9 2d. 
 
 Gen. 14:19 2c. Isa. 5:11; 9:1,2; 14:6,19 2b. 
 
 Gen. 20:1 2a. Isa. 6:5 lc. 
 
 Gen. 40:5 5a. Isa. 8:1 5c. 
 
 Gen. 41:12 5b. Isa. 11:2 2c. 
 
 Ex. 3:6, 15 (cf . 16) 2c. Isa. 53:3 4b. 
 
 Ex. 4:20 2a. Jer. 8:1 2c. 
 
 Ex. 12:8, 9 lb. Jer. 8:16 2b. 
 
 Ex. 26:33 4a. Jer. 20:17 lc. 
 
 Num. 3:49 lb. Ezek. 26:7 4a. 
 
 Num. 10:17 la. Ezek. 31:3 lc. 
 
 Deut. 1:3 5c. Ezek. 31:16 2c. 
 
 Deut. 10:17 4a. Ezek. 47:10 2d. 
 
 Deut. 22:22 lb. Hos. 4:17 In. 
 
 Deut. 32:24 la. Hos. 7:5 2b. 
 
 Josh. 8:11; 15:21 2b. Joell:8 lb. 
 
 Josh. 19:51 5e. Joel 2:5 lc. 
 
 Judg.3:28; 12:5 5d. Mic. 2:8 lc. 
 
 Judg.5:10 2b. Hab.3:l 5b. 
 
 Judg. 6:11 2a. Ps. 12:7; 84:7 2b. 
 
 lSam.2:5 lc. Ps.l9:8,9; 40:5; 88:6 la. 
 
 1 Sam. 9:21 4b. Ps. 90:1 5b. 
 
 lSam.l7:17,18 2d. Prov.9:18 lb. 
 
 1 Sam. 24:6 lc. Prov. 11:22 lc. 
 
 2 Sam. 2:8 5c. Job 18:2 2b. 
 
 2 Sam. 4:4 lc. Cant. 1:1 4a. 
 
 IKgs. 2:7 la. Ruth 2:3; 4:3 5e. 
 
 1 Kgs. 3:18 5a. Eccles. 1:2. 4a. 
 
 IKgs. 15:23 5e. IChron. 27:34 5b. 
 
 IKgs. 19:15 2a. 2Chron.21:17 4b. 
 
 2 Kgs. 16:19 5e. 
 
£ 10.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 37 
 
 10. The Adjective. 
 
 1. a. "03 V^n 1 a, host of mighty = a mighty host; ^piUTD*! 2 the inno- 
 
 ■ r ■■ |- T - - 
 
 b. Tw^tl t£71\) 3 the holy of thy temple = thy holy temple, {cent blood. 
 
 2. ^IJIH ""liK^n 4 the great luminary; D'?'lC3i7 DHDIH 5 the good things; 
 7"7Jin iJ33 6 his eldest son; jffn Dlp^DH 7 this place; 
 
 H7Nn nJO!"7 fTO'DPf D*J£2^n 8 these good years that are to come. 
 
 V J" ' T T - ~ • T - 
 
 3. fTi?"f* 31D 9 Tahweh (is) good; 1TJ33 ^'HJl 10 his glory (is) #rea£; 
 
 t : : t 
 
 TIN*!! i"DiD u ^e ZmicZ (is) good; ^HJ Hlb 12 Am strength (is) #rea£; 
 
 I V-1T T T T 
 
 p^V nnK 13 thou (art) righteous. 
 
 4. a. £01D piflft 14 sweeter than honey; D^TO DiD 15 &e«er tftem fo/e; 
 
 ilN^p ^fTVfitf DHtf *V° and he loved Rachel more than Leah. 
 
 b. ^m nm ^n d^d r\0ifi fopn Kin nnv 7 <m<* Da- 
 
 vid was the smallest, and the three oldest had followed Said. 
 D^tDp'lj^l D/ilJP 18 from the greatest among them even unto the 
 least among them. 
 D"Tp"\3«T t ?3D 'THJ 19 greatest of all the men of the East. 
 
 vjjv •• : t ■ T 
 
 D*C!Q HfiTl 20 the fairest among icomen. [priests. 
 
 • T — T T ~ 
 
 yyn ^'"JJI 21 the greatest of the city; O^iiSH ^p? 22 the oldest of the 
 
 5. O'lD" 7 ? tJ^K 23 an eloquent man; nlQ/Hn /17-1 24 having dreams; 
 7*17 *.3!} 25 *o?is of strength, valiant; H7 V~?S 26 so?i °/ a night. 
 
 1. The adjective is frequently treated as if it were a substantive: 
 
 a. When it stands in the genitive after a noun in the construct state 
 (8 8. 3. a.). 
 
 b. When it stands in the construct state with a following genitive." 
 
 2. The adjective (here including participles and demonstratives) when 
 used in an attributive sense, 
 
 a. Follows 6 the noun which it modifies. 
 6. Agrees with it in number and gender. 
 
 Usa. 36:2. 
 
 s Gen. 41:35. 
 
 is Ps. 63:4. 
 
 2i2Kgs. 10:6. 
 
 «Deut. 19:13. 
 
 sPs. 34:9. 
 
 is Gen. 29:30. 
 
 22lsa. 37 ;2. 
 
 sPs. 65:5. 
 
 io Ps. 21:6. 
 
 "1 Sam. 17:14. 
 
 23 Ex. 4:10. 
 
 4 Gen. 1:16. 
 
 ii Num. 14:7. 
 
 is Jon. 3:5. 
 
 24 Gen. 37:19. 
 
 5 Josh. 23:14. 
 
 i2judg. 16:5. 
 
 w Job 1:3. 
 
 25 Deut. 3:18. 
 
 6 Gen. 27:1. 
 
 wNeh. 9:33. 
 
 20 Cant. 1:8. 
 
 26 Jon. 4:10. 
 
 » Gen. 28:17. 
 
 ii Judg. 14:18. 
 
 
 
38 HEBREW SYNTAX [{5 10, 
 
 c. Receives^ the article, if the noun which it modifies is for any 
 reason a definite noun. 
 
 3. The adjective (here including participles and demonstratives) when 
 used as a predicate, regularly precedes .the subject, yet frequently fol- 
 lows it, when the sense is clear. e 
 
 4. The comparison of adjectives is expressed as follows : — 
 
 a. The comparative degree, by the use of the preposition VQ from 
 prefixed to the word with which comparison is made/ o 
 
 b. The superlative degree, 
 
 (1) By the emphatic use of the positive with the article, a pro- 
 nominal suffix or a following genitive.' 1 
 
 (2) By employing the phrase 73 ,p, or ^. 
 
 (3) By the constructions referred to in i 9. 4. 
 
 5. The adjectival idea, because of the scarcity of adjectives, is fre- 
 quently expressed by certain nominal constructions (see I 8. 3. e.). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This does not include the cases cited under § 9. 1. c. 
 
 (ft) Very rarely does the adjective precede; and in most of these cases the adjec- 
 tive or demonstrative is treated as a substantive; e. g., Ex. 32:1; Ps. 104:25; Ps. 32:10. 
 
 (c) It is to be noted that the adjective is plural when the noun is dual, and that 
 with collectives the construction is often one according- to sense; e.g., Isa.42:7; 1 Sam. 
 
 (d) The article is quite frequently omitted (see § 5. 2. Rem. d). [13:15; 17:28. 
 
 (e) Note also the use of a substantive (or a substantive and preposition) as predicate 
 instead of an adjective, thus emphasizing the idea; Gen. 1:2; Job 3:4; Ps. 25:10; Isa.5:12. 
 
 (/) This use of |!p is frequent also after verbs; e. g., 1 Sam. 10:23; Gen. 37:3. 
 
 (q) The adjective is often omitted and is to be supplied from the contest; Mic. 7:4; 
 Job 11:17. 
 
 (7i) The individual is thus designated as possessing in a pre-eminent degree the 
 quality referred to. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:16; 19:20; 41:20 2 2Kgs.25:9 la. 
 
 Gen. 3:1 ; 42 :13 4ft. Isa. 13 :12 4a. 
 
 Gen.6:5; 19:20; 29:2,7 3 Isa.23:8 4b. 
 
 Gen. 27:1 4a. Jer. 15:15..,,. lb. 
 
 Ex. 12:4 2,4b. Jer. 49:15 4b. 
 
 Ex.l5:16 lb. Ezek.28:3 4a. 
 
 Deut.l:19; 21:3 2 Ezek.28:7 4b. 
 
 Deut. 1:25 3 Amos 6:2 la. 
 
 Deut. 11:23 4a. Zech. 14:4 la. 
 
 Deut.l4:2; 21:3,6 4b. Ps. 40:13 4a. 
 
 Josh. 14:11 3 Ps. 46:11 4b. 
 
 Josh. 14:15 4b. Ps. 145:7 lb. 
 
 Judg.6:15 4b. Prov 3:14; 16:32; 21:3 4a. 
 
 Judg. 14:18 4a. Cant. 5:8 3 
 
 1 Sam. 4:10 3 Ruth 1:12; 3:12 4a. 
 
 1 Sam. 10 :23 4b. Eccles. 1 :13 la. 
 
 1 Sam. 16:7 1ft. Eccles. 7:3 ...4a. 
 
 lKgs. 17:17 3 
 
2 11.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 39 
 
 11. Personal Pronoun and Suffixes. 
 
 1. a. *J^ WlO 1 my death, mine; S^liTDJ P0{ to £> et h a ^ s ° to him. 
 
 b. n#¥ wn y 1 ?? 3 Bda > that is Zoar > p"oo *°n nipd- 4 
 
 c. tonr? rwrr 6 ^ *«»<?; wno t^n 6 ^«< man. 
 
 d. K1,1 Dflfcy D*rf?N 7 God is Judge; foW NIP! 8 is its name. 
 
 2. a. DN^Q 9 he created them; DDK }03 10 he created them; 
 
 T T : T T T 
 
 ^Jlft^n 11 did ye fast for me? *JJ"1Aj 12 thou hast given me. 
 
 b. *ftyitl TTn'K 13 thee I had killed; IfiN \3NHnV 4 and he will mah 
 me see it; ij"!^ "IfOI 15 and the choosing him; iDit HDI/^ 10 when 
 
 t t : • : 
 
 she bare him; QDH D^DVl^DD DH 17 they provoke themselves; 
 
 T 
 
 iDN"rii3n 18 to smite Mm. 
 
 c. i^i 19 to him; 1^,p 20 /rom it; v^? 21 upon me; ?|7"Tl7 22 go for thee 
 = take thyself; "p D3 23 he fled for himself 
 
 T 
 
 d. ^Dftfl 24 my wrong; ifljO* 25 A«"s fear (caused by liim). 
 
 ■ t -: t: 
 
 1. The Personal Pronoun, in its separate form, a aside from its ordi- 
 nary use, bcde is employed, 
 
 a. In apposition with a noun or pronoun in an oblique case, for 
 emphasis (2 6. 3); and in the case of the third person, 
 
 b. As a brief explanatory particle equivalent to that is. 
 
 c. As a remote demonstrative (see '& 12. 1. b.). 
 
 d. As a sort of copula (see I 7. 6, 7). 
 
 2. The Pronominal Suffixes are substituted for the personal pronouns 
 in all oblique cases. Here may be noted their use, 
 
 a. With verbs ;fQ in which case the suffix is 
 
 (1) generally the direct object of the verb as an accusative, either 
 directly appended to the verb, or joined to J"li$ (see b. below); 
 
 (2) sometimes, for brevity, the indirect object, as a dative. 
 
 b. With the sign of the definite object jINt * * this occurs 
 
 (1) when for emphasis the pronominal idea must be expressed 
 first; 
 
 i2 Sam. 19:1. s Gen. 2:19. " 2 Sam. 15:25. 20 Gen. 3:3. 
 
 2 Gen. 4:26. 9 Gen. 5:2. is 1 Sam. 2:28. 21 2 Sam. 15:33. 
 
 s Gen. 14:8. 10 Gen. 1:27. is Gen. 38:5. 22 Gen. 12:1. 
 
 -» Gen. 23:19. " Zech. 7:5. 1'Jer. 7:19. 23 isa. 31:8. 
 
 s Gen. 2:12. 12 Josh. 15:19. "Gen. 4:15. a Jer. 51:35. 
 
 e Job 1:1. 13 Num. 22 :33. ™ 1 Sam. 1:2. 25 Ex. 20 :20. 
 'Ps. 50:6. 
 
40 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 11. 
 
 (2) when a verb has two pronominal objects, only one of which 
 can be joined directly to the verb ; 
 
 (3) when it is the object of an Infinitive Absolute which cannot 
 receive a suffix ; 
 
 (4) when it is the object of an Infinitive Construct whose subject 
 is a pronominal suffix, or a noun which must stand near it ; 
 
 (5) when the pronominal idea is a reflexive one ; 
 
 (6) when, by the use of J""|J$, ambiguity is avoided, or greater 
 distinctness secured. 
 
 c. With prepositions : — 
 
 (1) In all the various uses which occur in the case of nouns; 
 and besides 
 
 (2) In the so-called "ethical dative," which marks "an intimate 
 relation sustained by the subject to the act."J 
 
 d. With nouns; here the noun is properly a construct (§ 8. Rem. b), 
 and the suffix a genitive, subjective or objective {I 8. 1. a. h). k l 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The personal pronoun, in its separate form, maybe used only as a nominative, 
 except in the case cited in 1. a. above. 
 
 (b) While the personal pronoun is included in the finite verb, it is also written 
 separately (1) for emphasis or contrast; e. g., Ps. 71:22; Gen. 48:19; (2) if a second sub- 
 ject besides the pronoun follows the verb; e. g., Gen. 6:18; 13:1; (3) superfluously, 
 chiefly by later writers; e. g., Lev. 18:26; Eccles. 2:12. [24:36; 19:24. 
 
 (c) It is not uncommon to repeat a noun rather than employ a pronoun; e. g., Gen. 
 
 (d) The third person rather than the first is generally used by authors in speaking 
 of themselves; e. g., Jer. 7:1; but cf. Isa. 6:1; Jer. 1:4. 
 
 (e) The terms thy servant, thy hanflmaid for the first person, and of my Lord, the 
 king for the second person are common; e. g., Gen. 18:3; 19:19; 44:18; 2 Sam. 14:12. 
 
 (/) The suffix, when the object of a verb, is often omitted when it can be easily 
 supplied from the context; e. g., Gen. 2:19; 9:22; 38:17; Ex. 2:3. 
 
 (g) It is, on the other hand, sometimes expressed redundantly; e.g.,Ex.2:6; ISam. 
 21:14; Ezek. 10:3; Isa. 17:6; Josh. 1:2. 
 
 (h) As the language grows older there is an increasing tendency to separate the 
 pronoun from the verb which it modifies. 
 
 (£) For the usage of the sign of the definite object j"\K with nouns, see § 12. 2. b. 
 
 (j) "In most cases this mode of expression indicates a special participation in the 
 action by the agent or speaker, a certain earnestness or zeal with which he acts; but 
 it occurs, as an expression of heartiness, more in the diffuse and easy-going popular 
 style, both in poetry and in unimpassioned prose, and especially in sentences in which 
 advice is tendered, or a question asked."— Ewald. 
 
 (k) The suffix, in a few cases, seems almost entirely to have lost its original force; 
 e.g., (1) "J1K = my lords (§ 3. 2. c) = the Lord, used only of God (Gen. 15:2; 18:3); (2) HIV 
 = his joinings - he together = together (Ex. 19:8; 1 Kgs. 3:18). 
 
 (I) On the inaccurate, and largely colloquial, interchange of masculine and femi- 
 nine pronouns and suffixes, see § 2. 1. c. 
 
g 12.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 41 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 15:13 2b. Isa.27:4; 44:21 2a. 
 
 Gen. 16:5 2d. Jer.7:19; 16:11 ...2b. 
 
 Gen.31:16; 24:6 2c. Jer.9:l 2a. 
 
 Gen. 23:2 lb. Jer. 25:14 la. 
 
 Gen. 24:27; 27:34, 38 la. Hos. 8:9 2c. 
 
 Gen. 37:4 2a. Amos2:13; 7:12 2c. 
 
 Ex. 7:9; 18:27 2c. Hag. 1:4 la. 
 
 Num. 14:32 la. Zech. 7:5 la. 
 
 Num. 22:33 2a. Ps. 9:7 la. 
 
 Deut. 22:2 2b. Ps. 58:8; 120:6 2c. 
 
 Josh. 15:8, 9 lb. Job 20:29; 23:14; 34:6 2d. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:24 la, Cant. 2:11 2c. 
 
 2 Sam. 17:5 la. Eccles. 8:15 2a. 
 
 lKgs. 21:19 la. Dan. 8:15 la. 
 
 Isa.2:22; 23:7 2c. 
 
 12. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronoun. 
 
 1. a. ntil ti^QTV- this place; H^Nil DHDT} 2 these things. 
 o. Nliin t^Nil 3 that man; DHil D*D*3 4 in those days. 
 
 c. DVSn 5 this stroke = now; j|?* >Tl 6 this night = to-night. 
 
 d. Hi?* Jit 7 who begat thee; *J2 FODtJ' H? 8 M» which thou dwcllest. 
 
 I rtv t : v t : j- t 
 
 c D\1 H? 9 the sea there; Hf 1r^ 10 come up here; 
 
 D*3*) D*D* n? 11 now many days; 0*OJ/3 !"7? 12 «ow twice; 
 
 ,1t *D 13 w'*o tfiew? HT fTD*? 14 ™% *Ae»? nt-riD 15 how is it that? 
 
 T-IT 
 
 f- ili^^Np ^T 6 »*y/«c« are like those of hinds; "jflN iW'tift 
 JT^rO 17 a?wZ ^/jose io/io were with him in the ark. 
 
 T " ~ 
 
 #. Jib? "VpN HP fDD nr "ION*") 18 «^ this one said so, and that 
 one said so; JltO il VfcO HID H^X 19 ^tcse hither and those thither. 
 
 2. a. gty&n 'E 20 w7t0 " ^ 7ie ma » - ? fT^N 'E 21 m>^0 arc fAese? 
 
 "IBO"^ >ft 22 who is all flesh? fiftl TOnaiT^ rf? 'D- 23 
 
 t t t • v -: r |- t | : 
 
 &• JlN *£2~i"Q 24 whose daughter art thou ? {)?$# ^"HH 25 whom 
 shall I send? 
 
 i Gen. 28:17. sp s . 74:2. u Gen. 18:13. 20 Gen. 24:65. 
 
 2 Gen. 15:1. s Ps. 104:25. is Judg. 18:24. 21 Gen. 33:5. 
 
 s Job 1:1. 10 Num. 13:17. « 2 Sam. 22:34. 22 Deut. 5:23. 
 
 * Gen, 6:4. n Josh. 22:3. "Gen. 7:23. 23 Gen. 33:8. 
 
 5 Gen. 2:23. 12 Gen. 27:36. « 1 Kgs. 22:20. 21 Gen. 24:23. 
 
 6Gen. 19:5. isJob38:2. i92Sam.2:13. 25l S a.6:8. 
 7Prov. 23:22. 
 
42 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 12. 
 
 c- I'ltDJ^'nQ 1 what did they say? T\t2rT\t2TiV( i what wisdom? 
 
 : |t t v - |: t 
 
 nQ'? 3 /o r what? HD tl^ 4 0?l account of what? JlD"^!^ 5 wpon. what? 
 
 T |T l*J~ T ^ _ 
 
 <^ DGpj^"\P j7"]*"N7 6 Ae knows not who shall gather them. 
 JOiTnD 11?"P N/ 7 ^ie?/ &«et0 no£ to/iatf ^ was. 
 
 * :|t 
 
 e. 3J^** mm N*V~*Q 8 ^ whoever is fear fid and timid return. 
 
 t ■' t : "T |- 
 
 n^'ntT^XI. ^^'5-3 "nD^rrnO 9 whatever thy soul desires I will do 
 
 for thee. [thou? 
 
 f JVD nf"'N 10 which house? HDN "IT mO'WVrom what city art 
 
 ■J- V T - ^ 
 
 1. In reference to the demonstrative pronoun, it may be noted that 
 
 a. The demonstrative, when attributive, is treated as an adjective 
 (S 10. 2.). 
 
 b. The personal pronoun of the third person is used as a remote 
 demonstrative** (§ 11. 1. c). 
 
 c. The article sometimes still retains its original demonstrative 
 force [l 4. 3. a). 
 
 d. The pronoun j"7f , especially in poetry, is often used as a relative 
 pronoun. 6 
 
 e. The pronoun pff (sometimes having a preposition) is also used as 
 a demonstrative adverb, sometimes referring to place and sometimes to 
 time; and frequently serves as an enclitic to emphasize words of interro- 
 gation (cf. English then). c 
 
 f. The demonstrative is omitted whenever, if expressed, it would 
 stand as a construct before a genitive, or before a relative pronoun. 
 
 g. The demonstratives are often used antithetically = this — that, 
 these — those. 
 
 2. In reference to the interrogative pronouns it may be noted that 
 
 a. *Q, either singular or plural, refers generally to persons, though 
 very seldom to things A 
 
 b. *£ may be used as a genitive after a construct, an accusative with 
 DR, or with prepositions. 
 
 c. |"12> referring always to things, may stand as a nominative, accu- 
 
 T 
 
 sative, or genitive, or with prepositions. 
 
 d. Either *ft or |~f£) may introduce indirect as well as direct ques- 
 
 T 
 
 tions. c 
 
 ilsa. 39:3, i. ••Hag. 1:9. 7 Ex. 16:15. wlsa. 66:1. 
 
 aJer. 8:9. 5 Job 38:6. sjudg-. 7:3. u 2 Sam. 15:2. 
 
 sPs.2:l. eps. 39:7. si Sam. 20:4 
 
g 13.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 43 
 
 e. Either *ft or Hft may be used as indefinite pronouns, whoever, 
 
 T 
 
 whatever. / c h 
 
 f. By prefixing *JSt (construct of *K where) to the demonstrative j~lj 
 a quite common interrogation is formed. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) It is important to distinguish closely between HT and K1H; e.g., Judg. 7:4. 
 
 (b) In the same manner our English that may be used as a relative. 
 
 (c) NIH also is sometimes an enclitic emphasizing the preceding interrogative; 
 e. g., Ps. 24:10. 
 
 (d) In most cases the objects to which 'D refers involve individual beings. 
 
 (e) In the Semitic languages the difference between direct and indirect sentences 
 is scarcely felt. 
 
 (/) Compare HE "Ol whatever, Num. 23:3; and also HOINO anything whatever. 
 
 (g) In a few cases 'O and PITO qualify a following word; e. g., vK"^ (Deut. 3:24) 
 what God? ITID"VTin (Isa. 40:18) what likeness? also Ps. 77:14; J^r. 2:5. 
 
 (h) Notice should be taken of those cases in which HO, asking the mode of an action, 
 is equivalent to how? e. g., Num. 23:8; 1 Sam. 10:27; Gen. 28:17; Ps. 8:2; 84:2. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 4:10; 47:8 2c. lKgs. 13:12 2/. 
 
 Gen. 15:18 lb. 1 Kgs. 17:24; 19:5 le. 
 
 Gen. 16:8 2/. 2 Kgs. 19:32 2b. 
 
 Gen. 24:23, 32:18 2b. Isa. 2:17 lb. 
 
 Gen. 27:21 le. Isa. 3:9 If. 
 
 Gen. 28:15; 31:1 If. Isa. 54:15.. 26. 
 
 Ex. 2:11 lb. Joel 3:2 lb. 
 
 Ex. 5:22 le. Jon. 1:8 ..2/. 
 
 Ex. 24:14 le, 2e. Mic. 3:4 lb. 
 
 Num. 14:22 le. Mic. 5:4 le. 
 
 Deut. 8:2, 4; 9:12 le. Zech. 5:5 2d. 
 
 Deut. 17:9 lb. Zech. 7:3 le. 
 
 Judg. 9:28 2a. Mai. 1:7 2c. 
 
 1 Sam. 12:3; 17:55-58 2b. Ps.l2:5; 77:14 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 14:17 2d. Ps. 20:8; 75:8 \g. 
 
 1 Sam. 30:13 2/. Ps. 104:8 Id. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:43 lc. Prov. 19:12 „ If. 
 
 1 Kgs. 1:27; 14:3 2d. Job 13:13 2e. 
 
 1 Kgs. 3:23... la. Job 19:19 Id. 
 
 1 Kgs. 12:16 2c. Eccles. 7:14 lg. 
 
 13. The Relative Pronoun. 
 
 1- H/pn i(l7^ "i&J'K ""If^n 1 ^ ie 9 enera l whom the king has sent. 
 
 iJtiV ^D^ri"N'7 "Ifi^N *1J! 2 « nation whose tongue thou wilt not hear. 
 DHtn 0W m 7&8 rf?nnn 3 Havilah where is gold. 
 
 t t - t ■«• -: t • -: |- 
 
 i Isa. 37:4. 2 Deut. 28 :49. 3 Gen. 2 :11. 
 
44 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 13. 
 
 DHS'03 lilbD iVtVI?? *M?8 "TO 1 hailsuch ashas not been inEgypt 
 
 •J- : • : j t t t | v -: T t 
 
 *")N3i"lK *n3 ^t^'Nt nilN ^^l? 2 ^ 0M ar ^ m # servant in whom I will 
 
 2. in^D IH^p ""l&'N 1 ? 3 to him from whom he bought it. [be glorified. 
 ntyj7""lC'K <]}* on account of that which he did. 
 
 i"l50£y "ICN TD 5 w* ^ ie Aemd of him whom thou hatest. 
 
 JTlitDX WlDH "lt^iO mi the place in which thou diest, I ivill die. 
 
 t • -i t v -:|- 
 
 *J*V]3 mp* ^l&'&ft 7 /'' " 1 ^ ie time in which thou icast precious in mine 
 
 - *•• : t : l-i— r v ~:j" 
 
 7] "Op t]"Ori"*"l£*&$ n^ s he whom thou Llessest is blessed. [eyes. 
 
 3. a. Dil7 N/ I*"liS0 9 in a land which is not theirs. 
 
 J"IJOi7>~0V riK^n 10 thou hast brought the day thou hast called. 
 
 T J T |t I T J" - 
 
 *)*} l/l^ Dl nl the day on which I was born. 
 
 " T * 
 
 b. /K VT"J\? OlpQ 12 the place of him who knows not God. 
 
 " * -T I | 
 
 Pi - CTl"n*-} 13 by the hand of any one whom thou wilt send. 
 
 ii'tDH tl&y* "i2/"lN HiiT 14 he whom Yahweh loves icill accomplish 
 
 4. a. 7l"!7* n? ^JOK, ]}^2UJ 1 ^ Ksfera fo thy father who begat thee. [Jus desire. 
 
 ^"IDSn^ ^rOnj'v - )"!? 16 those Iloved are turned against me. 
 b. i?" iTljin U3 17 his son who ivas bor'ti to him. [turned. 
 
 ^^"Tin 18 who went; rUOH 19 which has come; POu^n 20 who re- 
 
 I |T V T JT _ TJT - 
 
 The word It^'J^ is, strictly speaking, an unchangeable relative particle, 
 and not a pronoun. It is used to give a relative force to something which 
 follows. Hence, 
 
 1. A pronominal suffix or an adverb following this particle, receives 
 
 from it a relative meaning, *Q Ip'N = to whom, DDJ"? '"^'{l? = 
 
 whom, Q0 ■ • ■ -I^N — where, etc. ab 
 
 2. When the particle ")£^}$ is immediately preceded by a preposition, 
 or by n^ the sign of the definite object, or by a noun in the construct 
 state, there is always to be supplied as its antecedent, according to the 
 demands of the context, either a demonstrative pronoun, or a word indi- 
 cating place or time. 
 
 i Ex. 9:18. 6 Ruth 1:17. n Job 3:3. is Job 19:19. 
 
 2lsa. 49:3. 1 1sa. 43:4. i2joblS:21. " Gen. 21:3. 
 
 3 Lev. 27:24. s Num. 22:6. 13 Ex. 4:13. is Josh. 10:24. 
 
 4Jer. 15:4. 9 Gen. 15:13. h Isa. 48:14. w Gen. 18:21. 
 
 oEzek. 23:28. 10 Lam. 1:21. is Pro v. 23:22 20 Ruth 4:3. 
 
g 13.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 45 
 
 3. The relative particle may be omitted from any construction in 
 which it is accustomed to be used, as, 
 
 a. When it would be the subject or object of the sentence, or used 
 as a genitive or dative ; and even 
 
 b. "When, by its omission, there is also omitted its antecedent (see 
 2 above) which is included in it. 
 
 4. The relative idea is otherwise expressed, 
 
 a. By the demonstrative pronoun pff ($ 12. 1. d). 
 
 b. By the article with a participle and rarely with a finite verb 
 (§4. &/).<** 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) When the pronominal suffix is the object of a verb, it may be omitted as easily- 
 understood from the context, and in this case the particle serves alone to express the 
 idea, e. g\, Gen. 2:8; 21:3; 26:32; Ex. 4:21. 
 
 (b) Generally one or more words stand between the particle, and the pronoun or 
 adverb which receives from it the relative force. 
 
 c) In Gen. 31:32 and Isa. 47:12 the relative particle is said by some to be directly 
 connected with the preposition. 
 
 (d) The relative particle is used with *? as a periphrasis of annexion (§ 9. 5. Rem. eh 
 
 (e) The relative particle is largely used in the formation of conjunctions from 
 prepositions and adverbs, but eveniiere it may be omitted, e.g., Josh. 2:22; Gen. 31:20; 
 1 Sam. 5:9; 2 Sam. 12:22. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:11 4b. Isa. 7:16 1 
 
 Gen.9:24; 39:9 2 Isa.25:9; 42:24; 43:21 4a. 
 
 Gen. 13:3; 45:4 1 Isa. 30:6; 54:1 3a. 
 
 Ex. 4:15; 32:34 2 Isa. 40:29; 41:24; 65:1 3b. 
 
 Ex. 9:4 3a. Jer. 2:8 3b. 
 
 Ex. 15:13 4a. Jer. 32:19 1 
 
 Lev. 5:8 2 Ezek. 11:12 1 
 
 Lev. 16:32 1 Hos. 1:2 3b. 
 
 Deut.3:4 1 Hos. 14:4 1 
 
 Deut. 4:3 2 Hab. 2:6 3b. 
 
 Deut. 32:15, 20 3a. Ps.4:8; 7:7; 49:20 3a. 
 
 Josh. 10:24 4b. Ps.9;16; 74:2 4a. 
 
 Judg.5:18 3a. Job 10:2; 15:17 4a. 
 
 Judg-.17:8 2 Euth 1:16 2 
 
 1 Sam. 15:2; 16:3 2 Est. 6:6 1 
 
 lKg-s. 18:13.... 2 IChron. 26:28 4b. 
 
 2Kgs. 8:1 2 
 
46 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 14. 
 
 14. Other Pronominal Expressions. 
 
 1. a- JOrtNl 1 and IMd myself; JOIT-TH 2 and- he hid himself. 
 
 ■■ T |" T .. . .- 
 
 o. Kill U'TN 3 *?ifi -£° J *^ himself; \VST\ D^flil^iT 4 * 7ie ^ cl0S themselves. 
 
 ^in "liriK I 1 ? try*1 5 aw< ^ Ehvd made for himself a sword. 
 
 TM2ty in'PJ^rn 6 a »^ s7 * e ' 00 ^ ^* m w i> u * ? ^ herself. 
 c *t^'£)3 yiK'K 1 ? 7 ^ ^wow «o« myself (lit., mi/ sow?). 
 
 rQ^nO mb* pn^ni 8 «wf? /SaraTt laughed within herself. 
 
 t :| : tt | - : • - 
 
 2. a. Ib^fl ti^K Ift^m 9 a^cZ £7te?/ dreamed eac7i 7n's dream. 
 
 *"lph-l ")p!D3 10 erer?/ morning; "IH^ 1 ? "OJ^il \3l^' u ^o omers /or 
 each; OV" 1 ?^ 12 "* every day; ^fT^D 13 every one living. 
 
 t : - t 
 
 o- iDp/tpp C^tf 5<V*"^^ 14 ^ not an y one 9° f ort h f rom his place. 
 iyi HliTS K*73*n 15 ^ s anything too difficult for Yahweh? 
 
 T T T |" - T • -: 
 
 '' n'1V.!3 '/D 16 a "2/ °/ ^ r ' s commandments; ^ m \"/2 17 anything evil. 
 Tl^D tI^"""^'^ '?3 18 whoever belongs to thee in the city. 
 p|^ '♦ PflPP*l#N "?b 19 whatever Y. pleases, he does. 
 
 c. "> ^pfp Pip 20 ta7ce some of the elders of Israel. 
 
 ni/*n~l2 1^^> ,2X some of the people went out. 
 
 *T T I ' :|T 
 
 d. tt n'pV! N^ 22 *« *' s Ooodfor nothing; *f?-ty_ QV Bftfc J'** 23 »»■ 
 oodu takes zY to 7ieart; *D"T ^l^fT^N 24 c7o nothing; 
 
 t t * t : |- 
 
 ^HJO rViT'N 1 ? Dl^" 1 ?^ 25 nobody shall be in the tent. 
 
 V J T V I )■ f T T T 
 
 e. ftfo'K&H ^ijl 26 such a people; $*$ H?D 27 such a man; 
 ^PlblD !~lD"IK ?D rTPVN 1 ? 28 there were no such locusts as they. 
 
 -it v : - I " T T I 
 
 /• *inN ntitDI "IHN HID 29 the one on the one side, the other on the other. 
 
 T V V • T '.' V ' 
 
 VHK ^IVO WW ni3'l 30 and they separated the one from the other. 
 
 - t *-•• :|t — 
 
 n.t-'/'N pl.f ^Ip'K 1 ?') 31 and the one did not draw near the other. 
 "012^ rO^tDD "^3 *1^ 32 one city against another, one kingdom 
 against another. 
 
 i Gen. 3:10. ° Gen. 40:5. » Isa. 56:2. 25 Lev. 16:17. 
 
 2 Gen. 3:8. io Ex. 16:21. is Gen. 19:12. 26 Jer. 5:9. 
 
 3 Isa. 7:14. n Ex. 16:22. "Ps. 135:6. 27 Gen. 41:38. 
 ••Est. 9:1. 12 Ps. 7:12. 20 Ex. 17:5. 2s Ex. 10:14. 
 sjudg. 3:16. is Gen. 3:20. 21 Ex. 16:27. 29 Ex. 17:12. 
 
 s 1 Sam. 1:24. " Ex. 16:29. 22 Jer. 13:7. 3« Gen. 13:11. 
 
 7 Job 9:21. is Gen. 18:14. 23 Isa. 57:1. 31 Ex. 14:20. 
 
 s Gen. 18:12. i« Lev. 4:2. 24 Gen. 19:8. 32 Isa. 19:2. 
 
g 15.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 47 
 
 Certain ideas, expressed in English by means of pronouns, are other- 
 wise expressed in Hebrew. The more important of these are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 1. The reflexive pronoun is expressed, 
 
 a. By the Niph'al and Hithpa'el stems. 
 
 b. By the personal pronoun of the third person and by pronominal 
 suffixes. 
 
 c. By the use of certain nouns like $&}, DVJ^' 0^3 (2 §• 2. c), 
 yjjj, and D 1 ?- 
 
 2. The indefinite pronouns are expressed variously : — 
 
 a. Each, every, by JJ^tf, or the repetition of a word (§ 3. 1. c), or 
 "TITO, or «73. 
 
 b. Any, anyone, anything, whoever, whatever, by C/*J«s, *"0*7> 73« 
 
 T T 
 
 c. Some of, by the preposition ?p from. 
 
 d. Nothing, nobody, by ^. . . .jjfr, £»>K [»#, T^J. . . tf? (or ^fl, 
 
 ^ DIN" 1 ??. 
 
 eT/SucA, by nt3, p- 
 
 /. 77*c one-the other, by IPTK— fP?N, t^N-tf'N, #♦**— HN or 
 J1TO— Hint*, ^K— in, iTfr— fit, or the repetition of a noun. 
 
 T T ^~ " 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.8:9; 23:3; 33:17 lb. 2Sam.l2:l 2/. 
 
 Gen. 9:5; 13:11 2/. lKgs.3:33 2/. 
 
 Gen. 30:14 2c. lKgs. 10:12 2e. 
 
 Gen. 39:23 2d. Isa. 0:3 2/. 
 
 Ex.4:9 2c. Isa. 60:8 2e. 
 
 Ex. 35:24 2b. Jer. 7:19 lb. 
 
 Lev. 5:9 2c. Jer. 9:3 2d. 
 
 Lev. 11:32 2b. Jer. 37:9 lc. 
 
 Num. 20:19 2d. Ezek.l5:3 2b. 
 
 Num. 35:22 2b. Ezek.34:2 lb. 
 
 Deut.2:7 2d. Hab.2:19 2d. 
 
 Judg.6:29 2/. Eccles. 8:5 2d. 
 
 Judg. 13:23 2e. IChron. 9:28 2c. 
 
 ISam. 10:3 2/. IChron. 17:5 2/. 
 
 15. Numerals. 
 
 1- *TI7N Di n one day; p\TMS mifi 2 one Jaw; DHI7K D'O* 3 single days. 
 
 TV - - T • T ~: • T 
 
 2. a. D»p* H^W 4 triad of days = three days; fi'-|NJSf7 ^t£? 5 the two I 
 
 b. O^LJ' J^Dt^ 6 seven years; D**15 ilty^ffl 1 seven bullocks. 
 
 i Gen. 27:45. 3 Gen. 27:44. b Gen. 1:16. T Num. 23:1, 39. 
 
 2 Ex. 12:49. * Josh. 2:33. s Gen. 5:7. 
 
48 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 15. 
 
 c - T\yyi? D 1 ?^ 1 seven rams; y2U? ill 7J^D 2 seven steps. 
 
 3. DWK Htrr D W" 3 ftw?«e mm; 7 OT DW DH3 4 ftoeZw bullocks; 
 DV Ib'.T "in^ 5 e?et>en days; fc?'£y PH^ t£^' 6 *&ctee» somZs. 
 
 4. D*J3 D\#3^' 7 seventy sons; DH&^# DIDK 8 twenty cubits; 
 nS^S Q»V3*1X 9 /orty ntflrAto; J£>£)J) D\l/3^ 10 seventy sow?s. 
 
 5. TltoM OWlX DH^ 11 forty-eight cities; ^"fT Wl D^DIN* 12 
 
 ; • t : - * x • t : •• : ^* t : - 
 
 forty-two children; ftftp t^'Wl D^^tT 13 thirty-three years; 
 
 t t t : 
 
 i"W D*1D&'1 DW ^/Dn 14 seventy-five years. 
 
 t t ^ : • : • t ■• t 
 
 6. D*N*D^J HKQ 15 « hundred prophets; D\3"1K DNO 16 a hundred sockets; 
 
 TTT" TT~; T " 
 
 dred pomegranates; JliT 1 ^ fl/K, 20 or tl/K Hi?^ 21 « thousand burnt- 
 offerings. 
 
 7. a. Dn^Nn 22 the forty; DHtPlfiT 28 *&e fceenfa; mX?T 4 #ie owe. 
 
 "• t : - |t • : *v[t T V |T 
 
 6. D WKPT n&nn 25 the five men; O'VPF D^5")N DN 20 ^e/orty c7«7/s; 
 DYlX/SHl D^Dt^'iTl HE^t^n 27 the two hundred and seventy-three; 
 
 ■a- t - : '■:■—: t : - 
 
 £'*£$ D*fiKD1 D^^nn 28 the two hundred and fifty men. [month. 
 
 8. a. nJlBftOfl ?W3 29 in tfje./^ year; n^'flM £Hrei 30 mi tf*e nui£A 
 
 T |* T T T — ' * I _ V -i ~ 
 
 b. tXl$% nintf JW3, 31 or ,1^' iT)^ W^ 32 in thc eighteenth 
 year; Jl^ D*1^*"1J0 33 in the fortieth year. 
 
 t t ^' t : — : 
 
 c. ^"J"!^ fi^SiO 34 *' n the fourth year; ^D^O'fQ^' 35 ^ e seventh year. 
 
 9. a. D^£' D*Jt^' 36 two by two; D^^ 1I1K 37 one for each tribe. 
 
 ■-1- : -j- : ■.■ |t - t v 
 
 b. &QVQ 38 twice; D'/DtfS fc^t^', 39 or D^l ttfW 40 ^rec times; 
 nriN 41 once; D3 t nN't3n°7^ ^D&' 42 seven times for your sins; 
 D^jH^D^ 43 seven tames; O^fttf^ftiV 4 four fames. 
 
 i 2 Chron. 13:9. 
 2Ezek. 40:22. 
 sDeut. 1:23. 
 *Ezr. 8:35. 
 BDeut. 1:2. 
 6 Gen. 46:18. 
 ?2Kgs. 10:1. 
 s 2 Chron. 3:4. 
 9 Gen. 7:4. 
 io Ex. 1:5. 
 *i Josh. 21:39. 
 
 12 2 Kgs. 2:24. 
 
 13 2 Sam. 5:5. 
 "Gen. 12:4. 
 is 1 Kgs. 18:4. 
 is Ex. 38:27. 
 n Gen. 17:17. 
 is Gen. 11:10. 
 
 19 2 Chron. 3:16. 
 20 1 Kgs. 3:4. 
 
 21 2 Chron. 1:6. 
 
 22 Gen. 18:29. 
 
 23 Gen. 18:31. 
 2J Eccles. 4:9. 
 25 Judg. 18:17. 
 26Deut. 9:25. 
 
 27 Num. 3:41. 
 
 28 Num. 16:35. 
 
 29 2 Chron. 29:3. 
 so Jer. 36:9. 
 
 31 2 Chron. 34:8. 
 
 32 2 Kgs. 22:3. 
 33Deut. 1:3. 
 
 3<tZech. 7:1. 
 ssDeut. 15:9. 
 36 Gen. 7:9. 
 siDeut. 1:23. 
 ss Num. 20:11. 
 39 Ex. 23:17. 
 « Ex. 23:14. 
 41 1 Kgs. 10:22. 
 « Lev. 26:18. 
 
 43 Gen. 4:15. 
 
 44 2 Sam. 12:6. 
 
\ 15.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 49 
 
 c. »yn one-half; {Wfytf one-third; JTlT W' two-thirds; V2~\X 
 
 • — : t • : - : ~ 
 
 ftyV four-fifths; P^T }?&£) nine-tenths. 
 
 The various constructions of the numerals may be classified as follows : 
 I- "KIN is an adjective, and follows the substantive which it modi- 
 
 T V 
 
 fies. a 
 
 2. The numerals from two to ten are used with plural nouns and may 
 stand in one of three constructions : — 
 
 a. Before the noun and in annexion with it [l 8. 2. a). 
 
 b. Before the noun, with the noun in apposition [1 6. 2. and Rem. b). 
 
 c. After the noun, and in apposition with it [l 6. 1. e)P c 
 
 3. The numerals from eleven to nineteen are used with plural nouns, d 
 and usually stand before the noun (2 6. 2. and Rem. b), though sometimes 
 after it (§ 6. 1. e). 
 
 4. The numerals from twenty to ninety may be followed by the sub- 
 stantive (in apposition, cf. I 6. 2. and Rem. 6), or may be preceded by the 
 substantive and stand in apposition with it [l 6. 1. e). In the former 
 case the substantive is generally in the singular, 6 in the latter it is always 
 in the plural. 
 
 5. Numerals made up of tens and units vary greatly in usage. They 
 generally follow a plural noun, though sometimes they precede it. The 
 common nouns cited below (Remarks d, e) generally stand in the singular, 
 if the numeral precedes. Frequently the substantive is used twice, in 
 the singular with the ten, in the plural with the unit. 
 
 6. The numerals HND hundred, Q'JIND two hundred, together with 
 the words for three hundred, four hundred, etc., and tlvNI thousand, 
 D'£D7N tioo thousand admit the same constructions as the numerals 
 two to ten (see above 2. a.-c).f The substantive, except in the case of 
 those named in Remarks d, e (below), is in the plural. 
 
 7. In the use of the article with numerals, it may be noted that, 
 
 a. A numeral standing alone receives it, as would any other noun. 
 
 b. When the numeral is in the construct, the article is written with 
 the following substantive ; when it is in the absolute, the article may be 
 prefixed to the numeral, or to the substantive, or to both. 
 
 8. In reference to the use of ordinals, it may be noted that, 
 
 a. Those from one to ten are treated as ordinary adjectives. 
 
 b. Above ten, the cardinals are used as ordinals, following in an- 
 nexion with the noun, or preceding it in apposition. 
 
 c. In dates, the cardinals from one to ten also are often used instead 
 of the ordinals.0 
 
50 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 15. 
 
 9. a. Distributives are expressed by the repetition of the numeral, or 
 by the use of the preposition 7. 
 
 b. Numeral adverbs are expressed by forms of OVQ time, ^ysfoot, 
 "J* hand, by feminine forms of the cardinals, by dual formations. 
 
 T 
 
 c. Fractions are expressed by specific words (e. g., ^'fl one-half), 
 by the feminine form of the ordinals, by use of the word JTH*, etc. 
 
 T 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (<x) "inX is sometimes used as a substantive in annexion with a following word, 
 e. g., 2 Sam. 13:13; Job 2:10. 
 
 (b) This construction is comparatively rare and late. 
 
 (c) Nouns designating weights and measures are frequently omitted after the 
 numeral, which, however, is masculine or feminine according to the gender of the 
 omitted noun; e. g., Gen. 24:22; 1 Sam. 10:4; Euth 3:15. 
 
 (d) Certain oommon nouns stand in the singular with the numerals eleven to nine- 
 teen: ty'K man, nhit thousand, M3N cubit, DV day, r\DD silver, jyaj soul, HJty year, 
 Spty shekel; e. g., Num. 1:44; Deut. 1:2; Hos. 3:2; Gen. 46:18. 
 
 (c) But except in the case of the nouns just mentioned in Eem. d, and a few others 
 denoting weight or measure, such as fO bath, 123 talent, 1J cor, H1J gerah, the nu- 
 merals from twenty to ninety, even when they precede the substantive, usually take a 
 noun in the plural; e. g., Num. 11:25; Ezek. 40:17. 
 
 (/) These words, however, with the exception of PIXO, having no construct, can* 
 not stand in annexion with a following substantive. 
 
 (g) In dates the nouns DV day, W\r\ month are frequently omitted; e. g., Gen. 8:5; 
 Ex. 12:3; Deut. 1:3. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.4:19; 5:26; 8:10, 12; 25:23; 30:36; Judg.7.3 6 
 
 31:23 2a. Judg. 11:33 4 
 
 Gen. 7:24- 32:15 6 Judg. 14:17 75. 
 
 Gen.8:13; 14:4 8b. 1 Sam. 13:5; 25:18 6 
 
 Gen.ll:25; 14:4; 17:20 3 lSam.20:27 8c. 
 
 Gen. 18:2; 41:18 2b. 2 Sam. 2:15 3 
 
 Gen. 18 :24 4 2 Sam. 19 :44 9b. 
 
 Gen. 23:1 5 2 Sam. 21:20 9a. 
 
 Gen. 43:34 9b. 1 Kgs. 5:3; 7:2; 18:19 6 
 
 Gen. 47:24 9c. 1 Kgs. 7:38 4 
 
 Ex. 11:1 1 2 Kgs. 6:25 9c. 
 
 Ex. 12:3 8c. 2 Kgs. 18:23 6 
 
 Ex. 12:6 8b. Isa. 6:2 9a. 
 
 Ex. 29:40 9c. Ezek. 40:36 5 
 
 Lev. 27:5 4 Zech. 11:12 4 
 
 Num. 7:3 3 Zech. 13:8 9c. 
 
 Num. 11:19 4 Prov. 6:31 9b. 
 
 Deut. 1:23 1 Job 32:1 2a. 
 
 Deut. 4:13 7b. Neh. 8:2 8c. 
 
 Deut. 4:41; 19:2 2b. IChron. 2:22 5 
 
 Deut. 22:19 6 IChron. 23:4 6 
 
 Josh. 3:12; 4:3 3 lChron.25:5 2c. 
 
 Josh. 4 :20 7b. 2 Chron. 3:4 4 
 
 Josh. 21:32 2c. 2 Chron. 11:17 2c. 
 
II. Use of* Tenses and Moods. 
 
 16. The Tenses, in General 
 
 1. ct. "ION n^Nri"?^ 1 unto the woman he said. 
 
 - T T ■ |T 
 
 b. td^frw DVn^ V"ODf 2 /«»* too old to he to a husband. 
 
 ■ : : |- :|j-t 
 
 c. ipl^p **Oi*D T|*T*T 3 a star shall proceed from Jacob, etc. 
 
 2. a. n&'D"*V'J^ ?N 4 then sang (proceeded to sing) Moses, [answering him. 
 
 • |T T 
 
 11)Jt£ D'H'/'NiT) "15*1* fTfltfD 5 -Mb«ei &e^ speaking and God kept 
 
 "D""!p ^frO inNVp* 6 he found him in a desert land, 
 b- tiny H 7*1 *l«IJOiSt 7 /see %&» Jw£ wctf now. 
 
 JTltDN ^Hl **11D3 < ^) 8 ^"^ a ^ the first-born of my sons I redeem. 
 
 DTlD&Tl D^/tDDfl *ri5^ 9 ^ c ^P* of the wise preserve them. 
 c - ni^^N *1t£W HJOri nn^ 10 ?l0M; ^ i0M sAaft see what I shall do. 
 
 fTTH "DIPT HliT Hp'l^ ""HID 11 to-morrowYahweh will do this thing. 
 
 TON]") 7Dtf pn - T*J/ 73p 12 /rom ere?'?/ tree of the garden thou 
 
 mayest eat. 
 
 n*T^7 V~?Tnfl ""llD^*} 13 that they may be to me for a testimony. 
 
 The Hebrew has, strictly speaking, two tenses. These, however, do 
 not correspond to the tenses of the Indo-European languages. The fol- 
 lowing general statements, based chiefly on the examples cited above, al- 
 though also in part upon a larger induction, will present, briefly, the 
 peculiarities of the Hebrew tenses : 
 
 1. The Perfect, used alike of actions or states belonging to the sphere 
 of the past, present, or future, represents the action or state as actually 
 completed (finished), or as conceived of by the writer or speaker as com- 
 pleted. Hence it may be used 
 
 i Gen. 3:16. 
 
 6 Ex. 19:19. 
 
 s Ex. 13:15. 
 
 n Ex. 9:5. 
 
 2 Ruth 1:12. 
 
 eDeut. 32:10. 
 
 9 Prov. 14:3. 
 
 12 Gen. 2:16. 
 
 3 Num. 24:17. 
 
 'Num. 24:17. 
 
 io Ex. 6:1. 
 
 13 Gen. 21:30. 
 
 * Ex. 15:1. 
 
 
 
 
52 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 16. 
 
 a. Of actions belonging to the past, and so finished. 
 
 b. Of actions or states in the present, but regarded as finished/ 
 
 c. Of actions or states that are yet to happen, but •which, for the 
 sake of effect, the writer or speaker describes as having actually taken 
 place or existed. 
 
 2. The Imperfect, used alike of actions or states belonging to the 
 sphere of the past, present or future, represents the action or state as 
 actually incomplete (unfinished), or as conceived of by the writer or 
 speaker as incomplete. Hence it may be used 
 
 a. Of actions belonging to the past, but regarded by the writer as 
 incipient or frequentative. 
 
 b. Of actions in the present, regarded as happening or likely to 
 happen. 
 
 c. Of actions in the future, and so, whether the idea be that of 
 mere futurity, or of possibility, obligation, purpose or condition, in the 
 strictest sense unfinished. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 (1) The tense, therefore, has in itself no indication of the order of 
 time ; it merely assigns to the action or state a given characteristic, viz., 
 completeness, or incompleteness. The order of time, i. e., the sphere of 
 time (whether past, present, or future) of each action or state must be 
 determined from the context. 
 
 (2) The Imperfect may perhaps better be described as representing an 
 action as coming, or becoming, i. e., as in movement. The Perfect, on the 
 other hand, is the tense of rest. The former represents the thing as doing, 
 the latter represents it as done. 
 
 (3) The names "Past" and "Future" not only fail to convey the true 
 meaning of the tenses, but carry with them an entirely false conception. 
 The names "Aorist" and "Subsequent" are far better; 1 yet also they 
 fail to cover the respective usages of these tenses. The terms "Perfect" 
 and "Imperfect," while not entirely satisfactory, seem, upon the whole, 
 to be the best. They are, however, to be used in the sense described, 
 viz., "finished," "unfinished." 
 
 (4) No effort to translate literally the Hebrew tenses will be success- 
 ful. It is incorrect to say, e. g., that the literal rendering of Gen. 2:5 is 
 and a mist will go up, etc. The future idea is no more a necessary ele- 
 ment in the Imperfect tense than in the Perfect. Every attempt to follow 
 rigidly the so-called past and future rendering will fail. 
 
 i Suggested by Prof. Wm. G. Ballantine, D. D., in October Hebraica, 1885, pp.53-55. 
 
§17.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 53 
 
 (5) This peculiarity often appears also in the Greek, e. g., nelaai differs 
 from irsi&eiv, and fir) rreicyg from fiy irelde not as to the sphere of time to 
 which they belong, but as to the character of the act. Both are indefinite 
 as to date ; the former, however, is momentary, the latter, continuous. 
 
 (6) The distinction indicated by the tenses is not necessarily a real 
 one. It may exist only in the mind of the writer or speaker. He is at 
 liberty, therefore, upon one occasion to describe the action as it really is, 
 upon another, as he for any reason may conceive it to be. Still further, 
 in describing events belonging to the past he may either represent them 
 as they really are, viz., finished, or he may, for the sake of rhetorical 
 effect, represent them as taking place before his eyes. In the same series, 
 one event may be described in one way, the second in the other way. In 
 the representation of events belonging to the sphere of the future, the 
 same liberty may be exercised. At times this is puzzling ; but, in most 
 cases, the context is a sure guide. 
 
 (7) There is danger, of course, that in our effort to analyze the various 
 possible uses of the tenses, we may force into them some significations 
 which they were never intended to convey. Prof. Driver, however, has 
 truly said : " In itself the Perfect (for example) enunciates simply the 
 completion of an act : it is by way of accommodation to the usage of an- 
 other language that, eliciting its special force from the context, we make 
 the meaning more definite by exhibiting it explicitly, as occasion de- 
 mands, under the form of an aorist, a perfect, or a present." 
 
 17. The Perfect, Used of Past Events. 
 
 L IDljn ftW DJptS^L? Jltf "N JOS 1 God created the heaven and the 
 "TOJ-riN "ft* fc*D1 2 and Cush begat Nimrod. [earth. 
 
 *|15 /fOti^ ^yy^ an d the children of Israel were fruitful. 
 '*3 T|7ft D*3C* t£^fcr 4 three years reigned he in Jerusalem. 
 
 2. nirp-jlX 'Dfi^ 5 they have forsaken Yahweh. 
 xT.3iD 1/5J ilu? 6 why hath thy countenance fallen? 
 
 l-r.-T : |t tjt 
 
 wV lilt^' 1t£'N 7 who have set themselves against me. 
 
 \t t -it -: 
 
 (17117(1 *inft 15\?!2 8 my loins have become (= are) full of anguish. 
 
 t t : - - : t : |t 
 
 3. >nilp7 ♦£ "li^'fiN 9 whose ox have I taken? 
 
 • : J-i-t 
 
 fiKf W'&tf'QIt 10 if I have (ever) done this. 
 
 i Gen. 1:1. 4 l Kgs. 15:2. ' Ps. 3:7. 9 1 Sam. 12:3. 
 
 2 Gen. 10:8. b i S a. 1:4. 8 Isa. 21:3. ioPs.7:4. 
 
 a Ex. 1:7. s Gen. 4:6. 
 
54 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 17. 
 
 17 J7nr0 i3/ niNn 1 thou hast given him the desire of his heart. 
 
 t j- t • - -: |- 
 
 4- f7CM7 ~\\l?H ifl^DN^D 2 his work which he had made. 
 
 D^fi/N Hin V DriKDIl 3 ye had sinned against Yahweh your God. 
 OH/ TON Nv *3 4 /b/* he had not eaten bread. 
 
 VJV ~ T 
 
 The Perfect, designating that which is finished, is used of past events. 
 Here may be distinguished, 
 
 1. The historical perfect (employed in simple narration), which denotes 
 an action or state completed at or during a particular period in the past. 
 This period, long or short, is fixed by the context. There is no reference 
 to other events. 
 
 2. The present perfect (or Greek perfect), which denotes an action 
 (not a state) completed in the past, but viewed in relation to the present ; 
 in other words, an action resulting in a state. ab 
 
 3. The indefinite perfect, which denotes an action completed at some 
 point in the past, which "the speaker is not able or desirous to specify 
 more closely." 
 
 4. The pluperfect, which denotes a finished action, viewed in relation 
 to some other past action, either already mentioned, or yet to be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This perfect is frequently to be rendered as a present, though the past should 
 be used wherever it is possible. 
 
 (b) The difference between this and the historical fperfect is an important one. 
 The whole interpretation of a passage will turn on the choice made. 
 
 (c) While the exact moment is not specified, the limits within which it must fall 
 are often seen from the context. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:31; 19:28; 20:18; 34:5 4 Isa.5:24b 2 
 
 Gen. 25:30; 32:11; 49:30 f 1 Isa. 6:6 4 
 
 Gen. 32:11 2 Jer. 2:11a 3 
 
 Ex. 2:18; 4:22 (-IDS) 3 Ps.2:l; 5:11; 16:6; 17:5; 22:3; 31:15; 
 
 Ex. 12:40 1 88:7-10 2 
 
 Num.9:23 1 Ps.3:8; 44:2 3 
 
 Num.22:33 4 Ps.30:3; 40:8; 44:3f 1 
 
 Deut.2:14 1 Ps.48:4 2 
 
 Judg.6:28 4 Job4:3; 9:4; 37:20 3 
 
 2 Sam. 18:18 4 Job 19:18-20 2 
 
 iPs. 21:3. 2 Gen. 2:2. sDeut. 9:16. « 1 Sam. 28:20. 
 
g 18.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 55 
 
 18. The Perfect, Used of Present Events. 
 
 1. i7'l»T J ?K *T 'HE")!! 1 1 lift up my hand to Yahweh. 
 
 t : V "T • -i • -: 
 
 "T*JL3 nVH 1 ? W1¥ iDJO 2 an d him I appoint to be prince. 
 
 •t : |- ' J- • : 
 
 DDH"^N ^rin 1 ?^ tlDVV an d n ow I send a wise man. 
 
 t t | • • : -i- t t *- : 
 
 2. Vl^T N 1 ? 4 {I have perceived = I nave come to know =) I know not. j 
 '"01 njnrVi""!^ 13*"D? 5 we remember the fish, etc. 
 
 t t ~ v :j - t 
 
 0*"lDnn "TOD ^ri^bD 6 /awi too small for all the mercies, etc. 
 
 ■ t -:|- • • : j |t 
 
 3. in^p Ti£' J^T 7 an ox knoweth his owner. 
 
 P'¥ ^2^ T¥ff t^'D* 8 <7™s« wither eth, flower fadeth. 
 
 "Hit nfrO '* D^H D^u^0 9 / } * om heaven Y. looks down; he sees, etc. 
 
 The Perfect, as designating that which is finished, is used of events 
 which, indeed, are regarded as completed, yet sustain so close a relation to 
 the present as in many cases to be regarded as belonging to the sphere 
 of the present. Here belong, 
 
 1. The perfect of the immediate past, which denotes an action finished 
 at the moment or just before the moment of speaking, and is generally 
 best rendered by our present. 
 
 2. The stative perfect, used of verbs expressing a physical or mental 
 state (see Elements, \ 58. Note 3); ab here the state or condition is one 
 which, although entered into in the past, or the result of some past activ- 
 ity, is regarded as existing at the time of speaking, and is, consequently, 
 best rendered by the present. 
 
 3. The perfect of experience, used to express truths which have been 
 established by experience, and, hence, generally accepted/* e 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Compare the Latin novi, memini, and the Greek olda. 
 
 (b) The most common verbs in this class will be found below in the "References 
 for Study." 
 
 (c) It is not to be supposed that the Perfect of these verbs is limited to this usage. 
 They may have, according to the demands of the context, the other uses of the per- 
 fect. 
 
 (d) With this use of the Perfect may be compared the gnomic aorist of the Greek. 
 
 (e) The Imperfect is likewise employed to express general truths, but from a dif- 
 ferent point of view (§ 21. 3). 
 
 i Gen. 14:22. 4 Gen. 4:9. 6 Gen. 32:11. s Isa. 40:7. 
 
 zlKgs. 1:35. s Num. 11:5. 'Isa. 1:3a. 9 Ps. 33:13. 
 
 s2Chron. 2:12. 
 
56 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 19. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 21:26; 27:9 2 Ps. 7:16; 15:3-5; 24:4; 33:13; 34:11; 37:23; 
 
 Ex. 10:3 (jXD) 2 39:12; 84:4 3 
 
 Sam. 2:1 (nOtf) 2 Ps. 25:2 (TM22) 2 
 
 Sam. 2:3-5 3 Ps. 92:6 6"U) 2 
 
 1 Sam. 17:10 1 Ps. 104:24 (*6d, 331) 2 
 
 2 Sam. 16:4; 17:11; 19:30 1 Ps. 144:4 (HOI) 2 
 
 Isa. 40 :8, 23 3 Prov. 11 :2, 8 ; 22 :12 f 3 
 
 Isa. 55:9 (PDJ) 2 Prov. 20:9 nnC3) 2 
 
 P8.5:6(KJt?) 2 Job 10:15 (pn^) 2 
 
 Ps.7:2(HDn) 2 Ruth 1:12 (jp?) 2 
 
 19. The Perfect, Used of Future Events. 
 
 !• Tr? Tlfij men 1 the field I give (= im'K grj^ue) ^Aee. 
 
 ||T • J-T VT " 
 
 • DNtn 'NUTIN 'flAJ ^Upf 1 ? 2 to % seed Jioift gwe dto Zand. 
 '♦ ^^'in *3 'fi^T 3 I know that Yahweh will save. 
 
 2. a. */tp^/ Pf/J ID 7* therefore my people shall go into captivity. 
 
 ^V^H DD*D T"H 5 a star shall proceed from Jacob, etc. 
 
 ^"jljl "l"j}<s 1JO Dl^n° the people shall see a great light. 
 
 b. %>$ INJVI^ "0^1 P)W rrtlTO ^nV <md fce sAaZZ sweep 
 onward into Judah; he shall overflow and p>ass through; he shall 
 reach even to the neck. 
 
 TOCT *]&n D"TlX ftiT Kb- ■ ■ -DW'n ^DiD-^ 8 /or f/ te stars 
 of heaven. . . .shall not give their light, the sun shall be darkened, etc. 
 
 c. '>-rw\* nyi pxn hn^?-^. • ■ -mw ^i 9 a»^ ^ *Aa# c?o 
 
 wo harm. . . .for the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of Y. 
 
 Vr\T\^j Di")Qp niD"")X"*D 10 for the windows of heaven shall be 
 
 opened. 
 
 **DD /ip '* tyf2W m *2 11 f or Y. shall hear the voice of my weeping. 
 
 3. UT*} nin* OJi"lJ~*3 12 /0»* F. will have given them into our hand. 
 
 j""t ; t : t t ; 
 
 nirV in"^^ 'D Tl 1 ? 13 go, for (then) F. tciYZ 7iawe seni thee. [ten. 
 
 JTl7'in~"l&'X irn'T'iOl 14 a»^ thine issue which thou shalt have begot- 
 
 i Gen. 23:11. sNum.24:17. » Isa. 11:9. 12 1 Sam. 14:10. 
 
 2 Gen. 15:18. 6 Isa. 9:1. 10 Isa. 24:18. " 1 Sam. 20:22. 
 
 3Ps. 20:7. 'Isa. 8:8. 11 Ps. 6:9 (cf. 10). u Gen. 48:6. 
 
 * Isa. 5:13. « Isa. 13:10. 
 
§ 19.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 57 
 
 JrY?* DV'lV 1 until the time when she. . . .shall have brought forth. 
 
 4. DDflN 'firn ^ Di 7^ D OT?P I 1 ? 2 if you had kept them alive, I 
 should not have hilled you. 
 U w fl D1D3- • • Mb THlil '^ '* ^l 1 ? 3 except Y. of hosts had left us 
 
 j' t : ■ t • 
 
 a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom, etc. 
 
 •flKBm. . • .rfnt vrtoi n^-dn* 4 *y /<& «<>* &™«<7 Mm(= sun 
 
 JT : • I J-. -: 
 
 ftof Aai>e brought) bach to thee. . . .then I will bear the blame. 
 
 The Perfect, as designating that which is finished, or conceived of 
 as finished, is frequently used of events which belong to the sphere of the 
 future/ 1 Here are to be noted, 
 
 1. The perfect of certainty, used of actions in the future, which the 
 speaker or actor has fully determined to perform ; this occurs especially 
 in the statement of promises, decrees, and contracts. 
 
 2. The prophetic pci feet, really an extension of the Perfect of certain- 
 ty ; this use of the tense portrays boldly and expressively the confidence 
 of the speaker as to the certain occurrence of a yet future event. There 
 may be distinguished, 
 
 a. Cases in which the Perfect is the first verb of a series, the re- 
 maining verbs being Perfects of a similar character, or Imperfects with a 
 future meaning. 
 
 b. Cases in which the series of verbal forms, while composed chiefly 
 of Imperfects, contains here and there a Perfect which has been inserted 
 "to give variety to the scene, or to confer particular emphasis upon indi- 
 vidual traits in it." 
 
 c. Cases in which the Perfect is used after *3 in assigning a reason 
 for something which, though still future, is deemed certain. 
 
 3. The future-perfect, which denotes a finished action, viewed in rela- 
 tion to some other action still in the future. 6 
 
 4. The conditional perfect, used in certain forms of conditional sen- 
 tences (I 48. 6, 7), in which the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the 
 condition is thus vividly expressed. cd 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The ease with which the Hebrew writer passed from one tense to the other is 
 paralleled only by the difficulty which the modern translator finds in expressing the 
 force of the change. 
 
 (b) The auxiliaries fihaTI have, or will have do not always furnish the best rendering 
 of this construction, there being many cases in which, especially after conjunctions, 
 
 iMic. 5:2. aJudg. 8:19. 3 Isa. 1:9. i Gen. 43:9. 
 
58 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 20. 
 
 the ordinary rendering (has or have) is entirely sufficient; e.g., HJOJ '5 (Isa. 16:12; 
 Gen. 28:15; 2 Kgs. 4:24). 
 
 (c) That the Perfect may also be used to express a wish, i. e., as a Precative, is claim- 
 ed by some grammarians. In accordance with this usage, the following passages are 
 by some explained: Isa. 26:15; 43:9; Ps. 4:2; 7:7; 10:16; 22:22; 31:6; 57:7; 71:3; 116:13; 
 Job 21:16; 22:18, and a few others. But expositors do not agree on the cases in which 
 this force exists; and nearly every case cited by any writer can be satisfactorily ex- 
 plained in another way. 
 
 (d) Of interest, likewise, are those cases in which the Perfect is used in interroga- 
 tion (1) after such phrases as "Jio ~\y till when? 71JK TJ? up to where? e.g., Ex. 10:3; 
 Ps. 80:5; and (2) where the speaker desires to represent a thing as highly improbable; 
 e. g., Gen. 18:12; 21:7; Deut. 5:23; Judg. 11:13. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.l7:20 1 Isa.46:lf 2a. 
 
 Gen.30:13 2c. Isa.60:l 2c. 
 
 Ex. 12:17 1 Jer. 2:26; 13:26 2a. 
 
 Lev.26:44 1 Jer. 25:38 2b. 
 
 Num. 32:19 1 Jer. 28:2 2a. 
 
 Deut. 28:45, 62 3 Jer. 31:14 1 
 
 Judg. 14:18 4 Jer. 46:14-16 2a. 
 
 Judg. 15:3 1 Joel 2:10; 4:15 2b. 
 
 1 Sam. 1:28 3 Amos 5:2 2a. 
 
 ISam. 15:2 1 Mic. 1:9,12,16 2c. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:34 4 Zeph. 1:11 2c. 
 
 2 Sam. 5:24 3 Zech. 9:5 2c. 
 
 lKgs.3:13 1 Zech.ll:2 2c. 
 
 Isa. 6:5 1 Ps. 7:13; 11:2 2b. 
 
 Isa. 9:1-6; 10:28 31 2a. Ps. 22:22, 30 2a. 
 
 Isa. 11:8; 13:10 2b. Ps. 28:6 2c. 
 
 Isa.l6:12 3 Ps.30:12; 36:13 2a 
 
 Isa. 16:8, 9 2c. Ps. 41 :4 2a. 
 
 Isa. 16:10; 18:5 2b. Ps. 56:14 2c. 
 
 Isa. 21:1 2a. Ps. 59:17 3 
 
 Isa.23:l,4,14 2c. Ps. 71:24 2c. 
 
 Isa. 24:4-12 2a. Ps. 73:15 4 
 
 Isa. 25:8 2b. Ps. 85:11 2a. 
 
 Isa. 34:2 2c. Ps. 94:17 4 
 
 Isa. 43:20 1 Ruth 4:3 1 
 
 20, The Imperfect, used of Past Events. 
 
 1. o. O "iTlN Di* "ON!* 1 perish the day on which I teas born. 
 
 " T • — 
 
 1D*DD* nOnjl 2 the depths covered them. 
 
 ")3"1P TIN? 1HNVQ* 3 he found him in a desert land. 
 
 i Job 3:3. 2 Ex. 15:5. 3 Dt. 32:10. 
 
\ 20.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 59 
 
 b. i"I&'!2-Tu'* f^ 1 then sang {proceeded to sing) 3foses. 
 
 T T 
 
 'jo nvr D"ip rn^t? n't? ^bi 2 «^ »»o s^s o/ ^^ y^ was 
 
 yet in the earth. 
 
 1^3 plflt^ J%?£D* f^ 3 ^e?i our mouth was filled with laughter. 
 
 J- | : • t • t 
 
 2. |T3£0 il^ HbW* ?DV a«rf so he did year by year. [throng. 
 
 t t : t t v -:|- I •• : 
 
 tj^ro T| /Hj o*ri7^ n*53 5 we use( ^ to &° to ^ ie ^° use °f ^°^ * n a 
 
 DtT^ DlC^ri N!7 7*1^^' ^""IH 6 Said's sword never returned empty. 
 
 |t ■ T T 7-1 .■ 
 
 The Imperfect, designating that which is unfinished (developing, mov- 
 ing), is used of events which belong to the sphere of the past. Here may 
 be distinguished : a 
 
 1. The incipient (strictly so called) imperfect, which represents the 
 action so designated as beginning or in movement. This usage, 
 
 a. Is most common in poetic and prophetic diction, when, present- 
 ing the action in the most vivid and lively manner, it is equivalent to our 
 historical presentP c d 
 
 b. Is common in prose with certain particles which mark the point 
 in the past at which the action described was still unconcluded. These 
 particles are fj^ then, 0~)'O, D")£33 n°t yct. e 
 
 2. The frequentative imperfect, used to express repeated acts, habits 
 or customs/ Q h 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Certain exceptional cases of the Imperfect used of past time are Gen. 37:7; 
 Ex. 8:20; Deut. 32:35; 2 Sam. 15:37; 23:10; 1 Kgs. 7:8b; 21:6; 2 Kgs. 13:20; Jer. 52:7; Ezek. 
 9:4; Job 6:17; Ps. 56:4. 
 
 (b) This Imperfect is frequently used in poetry immediately after a Perfect, to in- 
 dicate the "rapid and instantaneous manner in which the second action is conceived 
 as following the first," e. g.,Ex. 15:12, 14; Hab. 3:10; Ps. 37:14f.; 74:14; 77:17. 
 
 (c) Just as a prophetic Perfect may be inserted in a series of Imperfects (§ 19. 2. b), 
 so an Imperfect may be inserted in a series of Perfects, and the description thus be 
 rendered more lively and forceful, e.g., Isa. 9:10; Joel 2:3 ff.; Nah. 2:5. 
 
 (d) This Imperfect is also frequently used in descriptions instead of the more com- 
 monly employed participle, e. g., Gen.2:10; and in circumstantial clauses, e.g., 2Sam. 
 15:37. 
 
 (e) TN is found sometimes with the Perfect; W\Q also, but rarely; e. g., Gen. 4:26; 
 24:15; Ex. 4:26; 15:15; 1 Sam. 3:7a; Ps. 90:2. 
 
 (/) The frequentative use of the Imperfect has its origin as follows: the Imperfect 
 characterizes an action or state as uncompleted. The action thus characterized, may, 
 indeed, be one which has not begun; but, if begun, and in the sphere of the past, it 
 must, unless it be a continuous action, be one which is repeatedly exercized. A mere 
 continuous action (see h below) is expressed by the Participle. 
 
 i Ex. 15:1. 3 p s . 126:2. b p s . 55:15. 6 2 Sam. 1:22. 
 
 2 Gen. 2:5. * 1 Sam. 1:7. 
 
60 HEBREW SYNTAX [{g 21. 
 
 (g) The incipient and frequentative Imperfect denote actions which are un- 
 finished; they differ, however, in that the former is used only of single acts, the 
 latter of several. 
 
 (ft) The difference between the usage of the Participle and Imperfect is important: 
 the former represents an action as continuing without interruption; the latter as occur- 
 ring repeatedly. In many cases the difference may be difficult to perceive; a close 
 study, however, will invariably show that there is a distinction, it being impossible to 
 substitute one for the other without a change of meaning. " While the Imperfect 
 multiplies an action, the Participle prolongs it; the one presents a series of units, the 
 other, a continuous line."* Cf. Gen. 29:2; 1 Sam. 2:13 f . ; 1 Kgs. 10:22. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:10 la. 1 Kgs. 3:4; 5:28 2 
 
 Gen. 6:4 2 Isa. 1:21 2 
 
 Gen. 19:4; 24:45 lb. Isa.6:2 .' la. 
 
 Gen. 30:38; 31:39 2 Isa. 7:23 2 
 
 Ex. 1:12 2 Isa. 23:7 2 
 
 Ex. 15:6, 7,15 la. Isa. 26:11 2 
 
 Ex. 19:19 2 Isa. 43:17 la. 
 
 Num. 9:16-23 2 Isa. 45:4 la. 
 
 Num. 23:7 la. Isa. 51:2 la. 
 
 Deut. 32:16, 17 2 Hab. 3:3, 7 la. 
 
 Josh. 8:30; 10:12; 22:1 15. Ps. 7:16 la. 
 
 Josh. 23 :10 2 Ps. 18 :4, 7, 21 la. 
 
 Judg.2:l la. Ps.30:9 la. 
 
 Judg. 2:18 2 Ps. 42:5 2 
 
 Judg. 5 :8, 26, 29 la. Ps. 69 :5 lb. 
 
 Judg.6:5 2 Ps.95:10 , 2 
 
 1 Sam. 2:22 2 Ps. 99:6f 2 
 
 1 Sam. 3 :3, 7b lb. Ps. 104 :6-8 la. 
 
 lSam.9:9 2 Job 4:12; 10:10 f la. 
 
 2 Sam. 15:37 la. 
 
 21. The Imperfect, used of Present Events. 
 
 1- t^'pDJVnft "nDN 1 ? 1 saying: What art thou seeking? 
 
 ^jnti'P WW *lN"iri n^fl 2 so, ye see {the) man is mad. 
 
 ¥~)$~' f $7i2 ID^VV 3 kings of the earth set themselves. 
 2. ")y\ 1!2W p"^ 4 therefore it is said, etc. 
 
 rn5!S* ^3 "Ti33 -l ^1 5 an d a ^ the first-born of my sons I redeem. 
 
 *JrVJP D5"i^'* *^*?3 6 my soul he rcstoreth, he guidcth, etc. 
 
 I^y niiT ^"V'fW 7 those who fear Yahiveh, he honoreth. 
 
 * Driver's Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, 1881, pp. 41, 42. 
 i Gen. 37:15. ap s . 2:2. 6 Ex. 13:15. 'Ps. 15:4. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 21:15. * Gen. 10:9 ops. 23:3. 
 
I 21. J BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 61 
 
 3. D'iD^il HW#ri "IJ^O 1 J™* as bees do. 
 
 22hb ?7NT "*) QWtf? ilNT DTKi! 2 man looketh on the appear- 
 
 T •• - : - - - J- *" T ,V TT |T 
 
 a??ce, but Y. looketh on the heart. 
 
 ni^-St^ 2iDn n /*irr 3 ^ ie door turneth on its hinges. 
 
 "' 3m*- • • - D'DTK^N 4 tf« &foo<fy man T. abhorreih. 
 
 4. fpD* 2Nt PD^3 5 Benjamin is a ravening wolf. [man? 
 tW tt'UtfO Wfll flN"*D 6 w/w art thou that thou fearest mortal 
 
 t :■:[■■ ■;[—:- 
 
 The Imperfect, as designating that which is unfinished and so develop- 
 ing and moving, is used of actions or states which belong to the sphere of 
 the present. Here we may, for convenience, distinguish, 
 
 1. The incipient (strictly so called) imperfect, which gives more force 
 and vividness to the action, or represents it as taking place (or beginning 
 to take place), while the words are being spoken. a 
 
 2. The definite frequentative, used of particular facts which are accus- 
 tomed to occur more or less frequently within certain limits of time. 
 
 3. The indefinite frequentative, used in the statement of facts which 
 may and do occur at any time, and of truths universally admitted. 6 
 
 4. The adjectival imperfect, coming strictly under the indefinite fre- 
 quentative, which, with an omitted relative, serves to denote a general 
 attribute of the object with which it is connected. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) It is not unusual for such an Imperfect to be found in a series of Perfects, 
 referring strictly to the present, thus rendering the style more vivid, as well as more 
 varied; e. g., Isa. 2:8; 9:10; 10:4, 28. Cf. § 20. R. c. 
 
 (b) The use of the Imperfect to express " general truths" is to be distinguished 
 from the similar usage of the Perfect of experience (§ 18. 3). The Imperfect empha- 
 sizes the idea that the fact or truth is one liable at any time to occur; the Perfect, 
 that it is a permanent and established one, as shown by past experience. The occa- 
 sional occurrence of both usages in the same verse is sometimes merely for variety, 
 though frequently very significant. Cf. Ps. 2:1 f.; 5:6; 6:7; 7:13 f.; 22:16; 23:5; 26:4, 5; 
 38:12; Prov.4:17; 12:12; 28:1; Job 3:17; 11:20. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 22:14 2 Josh. 7:12 2 
 
 Gen. 37:15 1 Judg. 14:10 2 
 
 Ex. 18:15 2 1 Sam. 9:6 2 
 
 Num. 24:17 1 1 Sam. 24:13 3 
 
 Deut. 28:49 3 2 Sam. 5:8b 2 
 
 Deut. 32:11 4 Isa. 1:23 2 
 
 i Deut. 1:44. sprov. 26:14. 5 Gen. 49:27. 6 Isa. 51:12. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 16:7. * Ps. 5:7. 
 
62 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 22. 
 
 Isa.5:ll, 23 2 Ps. 1:3, 4, 5, 6 2 
 
 Isa. 9:2 3 Ps. 3:6 2 
 
 Isa. 14 :C 2 Ps. 3:7 2 
 
 Isa. 31:4 3 Ps. 11:2 2 
 
 Isa.32:6 • 3 Ps.ll:4 3 
 
 Isa. 40:20 4 Ps. 12:3 2 
 
 Isa. 40:31 3 Ps. 16:4 2 
 
 Isa.55:13 4 Ps.l7:9,12 2 
 
 Isa. 62:1b 4 Ps. 18:26-28 3 
 
 Jer.6:* 1 Ps. 42:2 4 
 
 Hos. 4:11 3 Ps. 104:11-17 3 
 
 Hos. 4:14 4 Prov. 10 :1, 2, 3, 4 3 
 
 Hab.3:9 1 Job 5:2 3 
 
 22. The Imperfect, used of Future Events. 
 
 1. DHV'^PD H^^ INT"^ 1 when the Egyptians shall see thee. 
 nJ&*'TK >3 JHN PIED 2 whereby shall I know that I shall, etc. 
 D"JX 203 iTrP Nim 3 an ^ ^ ie wi'ZZ be a wild-ass of men. 
 
 T t Vj: V : |- : 
 
 1SDD- • -linn l^in^DKI 4 but if ye do evil, ye will be sicept away. 
 
 2. a. , ~ij"l57 Di?n ^i!DLi*n 5 ^ i0M ca??si understand a dream to interpret it. 
 
 N1H "13"!* *"DT*3 ♦filTP 6 //^o?y that he can speak well. 
 
 ■■ - : •• - ■ *: j-t 
 
 *n5D*"N7 *)C'{^ "lp3 7 oxen which coidd not be counted, 
 b. 73NfV • •pn - !*^. *~?^yCP from every tree. . . thou mayest eat. 
 
 n^>"in 31l^* 9 the murderer may return. [thou shalt cat. 
 
 3. a. ^5N*ri ")2>*1 Tl^fl ?phiT7j£ 10 upon thy belly thou shalt go aud dust 
 
 DJl^n N7 n^"ir! &7 11 thou shalt do no murder. . .thou shalt not 
 
 b. 13"7J^ OH rfilNV 2 but thou shouldst rule over him. [steal. 
 ififtrl'Oy DC'tf • • -'DJNV 3 and I ought to sit with the king. 
 "ODN* niO* 733 niD3n 14 was Abner to die as a fool dieth. 
 
 c. TtlD^ N^"'^5"! ,15 ^ now ^ l il servan t speak. 
 
 d- 113^3 H7^rL! ^t3n*"7^ 16 ^t not the king sin against his servant. 
 T\^^ n3J"l H/tD/ 17 why shouldst thou smite thy neighbor? 
 Tl^N >3 *3iX 'O 18 who am I that I should go? 
 
 i Gen. 12:12. e Ex. 4:14. n Ex. 20:14. n Gen. 44:18. 
 
 2 Gen. 15:8 U Kgs. 8:5. 12 Gen. 4:7. ie 1 Sam. 19:4. 
 
 3 Gen. 16:12. s Gen. 2:16. w 1 Sam. 20:5. n Ex. 2:13. 
 
 4 1 Sam. 12:25. s Num. 35:28. w 2 Sam, 3:33. is Ex. 3:11. 
 6 Gen. 41:15. 10 Gen 3:14. 
 
I 22.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 63 
 
 4. a. W)£t2F\ "lfcJ'ND Of! D«? ' ^p 1 ^ a ^ e f or y° u straw whence ye may 
 find it. [brother. 
 
 ^il^Tynii nVI* *^'fr> DV^ 2 ^ ie murderer xcho might slay his 
 
 b. 7\ny N3N* xh> r\m ♦vrj-fitf ^flir-Dtf 8 cr«fto« amidst give 
 
 me half thy house, I would not go in with thee. 
 
 •W sprjt di r »*n -)£#-ruNt nuo 1 ? eft* ^v-dn* 4 era man 
 
 coidd number the dust of the earth, thy seed also could be numbered. 
 c I^Djy* K7 ""IL^'N 5 ^ia£ <An/ wiay not understand. 
 D*lp*~N7 *IL£-*N 7J^D7 6 that there may not come near. 
 yiP n7^"?3 7 lest he put forth his hand. 
 
 The Imperfect, as designating that which is unfinished, finds its fullest 
 and largest use in describing events which are yet within the sphere of 
 the future. Here we may distinguish : 
 
 1. The future imperfect, corresponding to our future. This is merely 
 an extension of the incipient Imperfect (I? 21. 1; 22. 1), since future ac- 
 tions are conceived of as events which are to begin at some future time. a 
 
 2. The potential imperfect, which denotes 
 
 a. Possibility and capability, usually best expressed by the auxil- 
 iaries can, may, or if the action is viewed from the stand-point of 
 the past, by coidd, might. 
 
 b. Permission and concession, to be rendered in the same way. 6 
 
 3. The imperative imperfect, used in presenting ideas which are also 
 expressed by the Imperative, or which are practically equivalent to those 
 expressed by the Imperative : — 
 
 a. Command, prohibition; the latter may be expressed only by the 
 Imperfect, the Imperative never being used with a negative 
 (2 24. 1. a.). 
 
 b. Obligation, necessity; the exact rendering in these cases must be 
 determined by the demands of the context, e. g., / must sit, I 
 ought to sit, I am to sit, I shoidd sit. 
 
 c. Entreaty, deprecation; these may be distinguished from com- 
 mand, and prohibition, by noting the position of the speaker and 
 his relation to the person or persons addressed. With this be- 
 longs the use of the Imperfect in 
 
 i Ex. 5:11. alKgs. 13:8. 6 Gen. 11:7. 7 Gen. 3:22. 
 
 aDeut. 4:42. * Gen. 13:16. 6 Num. 17:5. 
 
64 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 22. 
 
 d. Questions implying deprecation or entreaty ; c d or perhaps only 
 greater courtesy than would have been expressed by the Per- 
 fect. 6 
 4. The subjunctive imperfect; under which may be classified loosely 
 three or four general usages : 
 
 a. In expressions of indefiniteness and uncertainty (compare \ 23. 2, 
 above); 
 
 b. In certain forms of conditional sentences {I 48. 4, 7. a) ; 
 
 c. In /?naZ sentences after conjunctions, e. g., Wu7, "1*0^3 
 (I 47. 4. b).f 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) It may be sufficient to say that the Imperfect is used to denote future events 
 because they arj in the strictest sense incomplete. 
 
 (b) The cases belonging under the potential Imperfect are to be regarded as Indica- 
 tives, since they express independent ideas (cf. § 23. 4. a). 
 
 (c) Compare Josh. 9:8 and Gen. 16:8. 
 
 (d) After HO 1 ?, ^HD, "]"X. 
 
 (e) Compare the use of the Perfect in Gen. 40:15; Isa. 43:22. 
 
 (/) On the use of the Imperfect with 1 to express purpose, see § 24. 1. e, and 2. d. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:17 3a. 1 Sam. 14:44 3b. 
 
 Gen. 27:4, 10,19, 25 4c. 1 Sam. 21:15 3d. 
 
 Gen. 42:37 2b. lKgs. 3:8 2a. 
 
 Ex. 3:3 3b. lKgs. 8:27 2a. 
 
 Ex. 5:11 4a. 2 Kgs. 12:5 4a. 
 
 Ex. 5:15 3d. Isa. 1:18 1 
 
 Ex. 8:23 4a. Isa. 33:14 2a. 
 
 Ex. 9:19 4a. Isa. 40:30 2b. 
 
 Ex. 10 :26 3b. Isa. 49 :15 2a. 
 
 Ex. 20 :3-17 3a. Jer. 24 :2 2a. 
 
 Ex. 21 : 12 3a. Hos. 2 :1 2a. 
 
 Ex. 22:26 3b. Ps. 5:8 2a. 
 
 Num.ll:13 3d. Ps.8:5 3d. 
 
 Num. 15 :14 3a. Ps. 15 :1 2a. 
 
 Num. 23:8 3b. Ps. 18:30 2a. 
 
 Num. 32:11 3a. Ps. 27:3 4b. 
 
 Num. 35:33 2a. Ps. 30:6 2b. 
 
 Num. 36:7, 9 3a. Ps. 32:8 3b. 
 
 Dt.5:22 3d. Ps. 44:21 f 4b. 
 
 Dt.l2:ll 1 Job4:19 2a. 
 
 Dt. 32:29 4b. Job 7:17 3d. 
 
 Judg.l7:9 3d. Job 8:11 2a. 
 
 Judg. 19:17 3d. Job 38:31 2a. 
 
I 23.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 65 
 
 23. The Jussive, Imperative and Cohort ative. 
 
 1. a. TJN-'JT K "ION**! 1 a7 ^ ^ ocZ said: Let there be Ur J hL 
 
 TV2X~r\X') TON'fiN "QD 2 fowor thy father and thy mother. 
 
 n*"l* DD^JH 3 let thy hand release it. 
 
 ! D££T)"'?X *W DTI 4 «»^ s ^ et ^ not innocent blood. 
 
 - | • t t: 
 
 &• Dpl^* ^JP 5 Jacob will (be permitted to) rejoice. 
 
 I -:|- "T 
 
 t^N PtfTlfi NT ^ Pharaoh look out a man. 
 Tin i 1 ? "IDN'^V anc l ne said to him : Run. 
 
 nig} H^n ^l^ 1 ? Wpy* let ^em seek for my lord. ..a maiden, 
 c- *£?*1D P5^ *^*3 NJ'ltOfi^iw^fl'c how between me and my vineyard. 
 '$10:*? "IfT frO _l ?K 10 let not the Lord be angry. 
 
 T - -J' T - 
 
 Sl'lD^ N^"D^ nl let thy servant remain, I pray. 
 
 d. XfT&N*. y\^ Hyp P*VP '' ^"^? n2 Yahweh bIess thce out °f 
 Zion and see thou the good of Jerusalem. 
 
 D*I"TD D^t^"!" 1 ?^ "lpO' 13 upon the wicked, he shall rain snares. 
 
 VfTl ]&%?. Dii\ u If ye do this, then ye shall live. 
 
 e. n'?*'? *?T1 Tl^n'ntl'n 15 appoint darkness — then shall be night. 
 T] 1 ? J^**) mrT 1 ? Hip 16 wai£ oh Yahweh that he may save thee. 
 
 2. a. 7V2& n^^NI 17 «»c? I will make great thy name. 
 
 tiy^V PD^ 18 ^ e will go thither. 
 
 *- t : |" 
 
 b. T^T\tyi!^C\ n /*JN 19 ^ me oe <7?ao! ancZ rejoice. 
 
 t : : v : T J" T 
 
 nD^t^'JV • • -npTlJJl 20 ^ ws break asunder. . . .and cast, 
 c rfOpJO NiTiYM* 21 ^ me go up, I pray, and bury. 
 
 t : |: v : t v*V:|7 
 
 D*D* Hi^'?^ TOI K-3"n^7^ 22 we would fain go three days' journey. 
 
 • t v J : | VJY t t : |" 
 
 d. H7D JO **? n^^m 23 anc ^ &n»<7 i£ £o me tme£ I will (that I may) eat. 
 
 t,v : t -i- t : 
 
 i"tifttO *300 bmti u ask of me that I may give. 
 
 i Gen. 1:3. 1 2 Sam. 18:23. is Ps. 11:6. is Ps. 31:8. 
 
 2 Ex. 20:13. slKgs. 1:2. u Gen. 42:18. 20 p s . 2:3. 
 
 3 Dt. 15:3. 9 Isa. 5:3. is Ps. 104:20. 21 Gen. 50:5. 
 *Jer. 7:6. 10 Gen. 18:30. is Prov. 20:22. 22 Ex. 3:18. 
 
 6 Ps. 14:7. 11 Gen. 44:33. " Gen. 12:2. 23 Gen. 27:4. 
 
 6 Gen. 41:33 12 Ps. 128:5. is Gen. 22:5. 24 p s . 2:8. 
 
66 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 23. 
 
 ipr% m-m tfTroo W3 ^CT^ rraiN-Di* 1 though i 
 
 speak, my grief is not assuaged, and though I forbear, what depart- 
 eth from me. 
 
 The simple Imperfect, in the majority of instances, is an indicative. 
 That it may also be used with the force of an imperative or subjunctive, 
 has been shown in \ 22. 3. There are, however, certain special fornis abcd 
 of the Imperfect, the Jussive and Cohortative, which always convey 
 some such force. These forms, it may be said, express "a motion of the 
 will," and hence may be joined together under the head of "voluntative." 
 With the " voluntative " Imperfect, there may be classified for syntactical 
 purposes the Imperative. We may distinguish as follows : — 
 
 1. The Jussive, used of the second and third persons, e and the Imper- 
 ative, used only of the second, denote, in general, a strong desire that 
 something should happen/ They may express 
 
 a. A positive injunction or command ; the Jussive, but not the Im- 
 perative, may also express prohibition. S hiok 
 
 b. Permission to do a thing, advice, or suggestion. 
 
 c. Entreaty, or simple petition. 
 
 d. Benediction, imprecation, threatening. 
 
 e. Conditional or final ideas. 
 
 2. The Cohortative, used only of the first person* (sg. or pi.), empha- 
 sizes the direction of the will, the intention or purpose. m n It is employed, 
 therefore, 
 
 a. To mark a strong determination to do a given thing (expressed 
 by I iv ill). 
 
 b. To indicate a self-excitement toward a certain line of conduct 
 (expressed by let me). 
 
 c. To express a wish or request. 
 
 d. In subordinate final sentences (cf. 1. e. above), and in conditional 
 sentences [l 48. R {{)). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) See Elements of Hebrew, § 72. 1, 2. 
 
 (b) While, therefore, the ordinary form of the Imperfect may have the force of an 
 Imperative or Subjunctive, the special forms must have that force. In many gram- 
 matical forms there is no possible way of distinguishing- the ordinary and the special 
 form, e. g., jt3T)' may mean he will kill, he shall kill, let him kill. 
 
 (c) The shortened form of the Jussive, corresponding to the Arabic Jussive, is ac- 
 counted for by the fact that the form is one of command and hence pronounced 
 rapidly. 
 
 i Job 16:6. 
 
I 23.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 67 
 
 (d) The special form of the Cohortative (marked by the syllable n_) corresponds 
 to the Arabic Energetic, the nature of which is indicated by its name. 
 
 (e) A few cases of the Jussive of the first person are found, e. g., Dt. 18:16; 1 Sam. 
 14:36. 
 
 (/) The Jussive and likewise the Imperative are often found in poetry where the 
 ordinary form would have been expected. This anomalous usage is to be explained 
 not upon the supposition that the mood has here lost its original force, but that the 
 poet saw fit, for the sake of vividness and variety, to represent a given act under the 
 form of a command, rather than in the usual manner. Cases of this usage in the 
 second person are found in Ps. 41:3; 65:14; 98:7; 104:19; 114:3-7; Isa. 2:9; 13:2; 23:1,4; 
 35:1 f.; 40:3,9; 54:14; 57:14; 62:10. Cases of the same usage which may be said to be 
 expressive of emotion in the third person, are found in Ps. 11:6; 12:4; 34:6; 50:3; 66:7; 
 72:8,13,16,17; 85:14; 121:3; Jer. 46:6; 51:3; Zech. 9:5; 10:7. 
 
 (g) In prohibition, (1) in the second person, the ordinary Imperfect takes xb and 
 means thou shalt not, the Jussive takes IX and means do not; (2) in the third person, 
 the ordinary Imperfect takes fcO and means he shall not, the Jussive takes ^N! and 
 means let him not; rarely the Jussive takes K7, e. g., np'j"\ N 1 "? Gen. 4:12. 
 
 (?i) The Cohortative Imperative (Elements of Hebrew, § 72. 3) emphasizes the ear- 
 nestness of the request, marking it as especially impressive, e. g., Dt. 26:15; Ps. 6:5. 
 
 (£) When several verbal forms expressing command would follow in succession, 
 three usages exist: (1) The use of successive Imperatives, e.g., Gen. 1:22; 22:2; Isa. 1:16; 
 (2) the use of the Imperative for the first, and of ordinary Imperfects for the remain- 
 ing forms, e. g., Dt. 33:7; (3) the use of the Imperative for the first and of the Perfect 
 with Waw Consecutive for the remaining forms, e. g., Gen. 6:14. 
 
 ( j) When several successive commands are made, of which one or more are in the 
 first or third persons, the latter must of necessity be expressed by the Imperfect, e. g., 
 Gen. 24:56; Dt. 9:14; Jer. 51:9. 
 
 (k) The interchange of the Imperative and the Imperfect (2d pers.), in the expres- 
 sion of command, occurs without perceptible force; the only gain being that of 
 variety. 
 
 (I) A few cases of the Cohortative of a third person occur: Isa. 5:19 (twice); Ezek. 
 23:20; Prov.T:20; 8*3. In the last three cases it does not seem to have any significance. 
 
 (m) Notice is to be taken here of the fact that a form like that of the Cohortative 
 occurs frequently with the Waw Consecutive; it is not to be regarded, however, as a 
 Cohortative; Gen. 32:6; 1 Sam. 2:28 and in all about ninety times. 
 
 (n) Cases in which the volition indicated by 7"l_ is so controlled by outward circum- 
 stances as almost to become an involuntary action are found in Ps. 42:5, 10; 55:3, 18: 
 77:4, 7; Job 10:1; Isa. 38:10; 59:10; Jer. 3:25. Perhaps in some cases the n_ cohortative, 
 like the n_ directive, has entirely lost its original force, Ps. 88:16; Jer. 4:19, 21. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 11:3, 7 2b. Gen. 41:34 1ft 
 
 Gen. 12:2 le. Gen.50:5 2c. 
 
 Gen. 12:13 lc Ex. 10:1, 12,21 la. 
 
 Gen. 13:9 2d. Ex. 23:1 la. 
 
 Gen.l3:15 2a. Lev. 10:9 la. 
 
 Gen. 22:5 2c. Num. 9:8 2a. 
 
 Gen. 24 :2 lc . Num. 11 :13 2c . 
 
 Gen. 27:7... , lc. Dt. 9:27 tc. 
 
 Gen.30:28, 31 2d. Dt. 10:1 la. 
 
68 IIEBREW SYNTAX [g 24." 
 
 Deut. 12:20 2a. Isa. 1:16 la. 
 
 Deut. 13:3,14 2b. Isa. 1:18 2b. 
 
 Deut.20:5 lb. Isa. 5:3 lc. 
 
 Deut. 28: 8; 33:6 Id. Isa. 23:1 Id. 
 
 Judges 11: 17,19 2c. Isa. 41:22,23,26 2d. 
 
 1 Sam. 2:10 Id. Mic. 1:8 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 15:16 lc. Hab. 3:17,18 2d. 
 
 2 Sam. 12:8; 17: 3 2d. Job 6:8-10 2d. 
 
 2 Sam. 16:9; 17:1; 24:14 2c. Ts. 2:3 2b. 
 
 24. The Imperfect, with Waw Consecutive. 
 
 1. a. TOj^rO "DT7/ i~!ti'Nn l?riV an d the worn, went her way and ate. 
 
 'CtffiJ *7¥31TI DOSTtW* DOS N TMCI 2 I have seen God face to 
 . - .. T . _ . T v . T . j. T 
 
 face, and my life has been spared. 
 
 J^Vl JO Dni^l 3 o/nd I. had come. . . .and he had gone out. 
 
 — t | t : • : 
 
 b- fNtftril *)/!2J0 '* *"IQK llD 4 thus saith Y.: [Israel is my son), 
 
 and I say, {Let my son go), and thou refusest {to let him go). 
 ini^tm D"lN"f7D 5 what is man, and {yet) thou hnowest him. 
 
 *• T |" - T T T 
 
 *lt£0*1 D!~0 £"lt£0 6 He bloweth upon them, and they wither. 
 
 7^0 7iNt^ T*)iitD 7 He bringeth down to Sheol, and bringeth up. 
 
 73Kft*1 POl^ 8 he is weeping and mourning. 
 
 ni/^m D*i»l &'*"0fl 9 Thou expellest the nations, and pilantest it. 
 
 r ZS: m t • ~ • "t : 
 
 . T j. ._ . . »-_ T . . _ • : - jt -•• vjv 
 
 for to us a child shall be born; and the dominion shall be upon 
 his shoulder, and one shall call his name, etc. 
 
 D t ?ip-.--Urn pniVn pXD D»*0 OnV^ 11 watchmen come 
 from a distance, and shall lift up their voice. 
 
 Remark. — In reference to the substitution of the Imperfect with 
 Waw Consecutive for the Perfect, three general statements may be made : 
 
 (1) In uninterrupted narrative in which the first verb is a Perfect, or 
 some equivalent of the Perfect, the verbs following are regularly in the 
 Imperfect" with Waw Consecutive , b unless they are separated from the 
 conjunction by intervening words. 
 
 1 1 Sam. 1 :18. < Ex. 4 :22,23. ' 1 Sam. 2 :6. io Isa. 9 :5. 
 
 *Gcn. 32:31. sTs. 144:3. s 2 Sam. 19:2. ujer.4:16. 
 
 3 Gen. 24:62,63. 6 Isa. 40:24. 9 Ps. 80:9. 
 
I 24.] BY AX INDUCTIVE METHOD. 69 
 
 (2) The expression for and-he-called being, therefore, top**) i the form 
 {OpT cannot be used in this sense ; see, however, § 26. 2. 
 
 (3) From the instances cited above, it will be seen that the introduc- 
 tory verbal form may, under certain circumstances, be an Imperfect, or a 
 Participle ; in some cases even a noun is employed, and in others, no 
 governing word of any hind precedes. 
 
 We may now consider the more important details : 
 1. The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is found, like the Perfect, 
 for which it is a substitute, 
 
 a. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 past ($17. 1-4), whether as a historical Perfect, a present Perfect, an 
 indefinite Perfect, or a Pluperfect ; d in these cases it is the continuation 
 of a Perfect. 
 
 b. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 present (§ IS. 1-3), whether as a Perfect of the immediate past, a stative 
 Perfect, or a Perfect of experience ; in these cases it is the continuation 
 of a Perfect, or a Participle, or a nominal expression, or even an Imper- 
 fect which refers to the present. 
 
 c. To describe events belonging to the sphere of the future ; it 
 assumes here the usage of the prophetic Perfect (§ 19. 2). Two cases are, 
 however, to be distinguished : 
 
 (1) that in which the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, having 
 this usage, is preceded by a prophetic Perfect. 6 
 
 (2) that in which it is not so preceded ; this occurs when the 
 writer desires to introduce a prophetic Perfect for variety, 
 but, at the same time, wishes to connect it with what 
 precedes./ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) On the form of the Imperfect which is thus used with the Waw Consecutive, 
 see Elementsof Hebrew, § 73. 
 
 (b) Various theories have been presented in explanation of the form of the con- 
 junction, • ) . Ewald's view, that the vowel and Daghes-forte were the relics of some 
 particle like IX , seems most satisfactory. 
 
 (c) For the explanation of the use of the tense in this connection, Professor Driver 
 says: "The Imperfect (from the point of view of the spectator) expresses what in 
 German is called Eintritt, and represents action, as eintretend— -two terms which may 
 be rendered in English by ingress and ingressive. A succession of events need not 
 invariably be regarded as a mere series of completed and independent wholes: each 
 term may be conceived as having relations with the one preceding it; it may be 
 viewed as stepping in after it, as presenting itself to view through an entrance pre- 
 pared by its forerunner. The date at which the ingress, or entry, is imagined to take 
 place is determined by the • 1 , which connects the new event with a point previously 
 
70 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 24. 
 
 assigned in the narrative: the goal at which it sets out, the starting-point from which 
 it takes its origin, and to which therefore it is relative, is fixed at the termination of 
 the action denoted by the preceding verb." — Hebrew Tenses, p. 85. 
 
 (d) Two comparisons maybe considered herewith profit: (1) In Assyrian there are 
 two forms of the Imperfect, differing only slightly from each other, and both etymo- 
 logically connected with the Hebrew Imperfect; of these the first represents an action 
 as continuing, whether in past, present, or future; the second is the usual narrative 
 tense, equivalent to the Greek Aorist, e. g., iddin (= in-din), the etymological 
 equivalent of JJT , always means he gave, while jJT has this meaning only when pre- 
 ceded by a Waw Consecutive. (2) In Arabic, there are not a few cases in which the 
 Imperfect is used in the sense of an Aorist, e. g., y a-qum, the etymological equiva- 
 lent of D^p" , when preceded by the negative adverb lam means he did not stand; Dip" 1 
 is so translated only when the Waw Consecutive precedes. 
 
 (c) Some assert that an Imperfect with Waw Consec. may be used as a Pluperfect 
 without any preceding Perfect, e. g., D*1p>0 , Isa. 8:3; ^SO^ ,37:5; but this may well 
 be doubted. 
 
 (/) Having introduced his thought by a prophetic Perfect, the writer may continue 
 it in one of four ways: (1) by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive; (2) by changing 
 abruptly to the Imperfect used in a future sense; (3) by a Perfect, the connective 
 "and" being omitted; (4) by a Perfect, the connective "and" being separated by cer- 
 tain words from the verb. 
 
 ((/) This is of course rare and limited to prophetic usage; according to Professor 
 Driver (p. 114) the only cases are Isa. 2:9; 5:15f.; 9:10-15; 59:15b-lT; Ezek. 28:16; 31:12; 
 Jer. 4:16; 15 :6b-T; 51:29; Ps. 64:8-10; 94:23; but some of these are doubtful. 
 
 2- a. injnn*V • ■ -Tl^ DP' 1 '! 1 an( ^ Cain rose up and 'slew him. 
 
 DJ"V*3~ /X ^JXi^l^l ? OC ,v ) 2 and they returned and came unto their 
 
 T V -IT" -l\ T~ 
 
 house. 
 h. OlNV-.-inW >fUW TfTip-nN* 3 I heard thy voice in the 
 
 • T |-t T ■ |t •": j- t I : I I 
 
 garden, and so was afraid and hid myself. 
 
 JlJ^'^7 V nn'^ HpJO 4 and so I took her to be my wife. 
 
 t • : • T |- V T 
 
 c. ^rPV-'-'N /in OV l?D&n 5 did ever a people hear the voice of 
 God, and yet live ? 
 
 DrnjDlO • • DDi")k>? *JlDnN 6 I loved you . . and yet ye say. [is dead. 
 
 d. »t#>N nD*! *JK rtiti?X"tlWK 7 I a™ a widow, for thy husband 
 
 tjt- • t tt:~ T ■ 
 
 n,t3Nm Hiyf2 )D& NinjT) 8 an< ^ s ^ ie caUed Ms name Moses, and 
 
 J - V : t|: • - 
 
 said, etc. 
 e - "ItDN*! ! irO'"0 , 1 9 an d he blessed him; and he said, etc. 
 
 • J- |---:|t:- 
 
 i Gen. 4:8. s Gen. 3:10. 6 Dt. 4:33. '2 Sam. 14:5. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 1:19. * Gen. 12:19. e Mai. 1:2. s Ex. 2:10. 
 
 9 Gen 27:23,24. 
 
I 24.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 71 
 
 DiT^^ ""IDN^I J 15Dt''V and they hated him all the more; 
 
 and he said, etc. 
 /• "HrO^ ^NHtS" tSHD 2 the Holy One of Israel, who hath chosen 
 thee. 
 
 13TDN 1TT1 ! H^ftl"! 3 the travail how our fathers 
 
 descended, 
 
 which icas in the camp of the P. {and it) went on continually. 
 
 : TTpNP v 1 ^""OTri^ DDNQ iy^ 5 because thou hast despised the 
 
 word of Y., therefore he hath despised thee. 
 
 13 ,1 11^}t^* 2v?~DN 6 if they are not satisfied, then they stay all 
 
 night. 
 
 2. The use of the Imperfect with "Waw Consecutive marks some kind 
 of connection, or relation with that portion of the narrative which pre- 
 cedes. This relation may be that of 
 
 a. Chronological sequence; in this case the force is expressed by 
 the simple conjunction and. 
 
 b. Consequence ; in this case the force may be expressed by and so. 
 
 c. Contrast ; in this case the force may be expressed by and yet. 
 
 d. Accessory circumstance, when something passed over is after- 
 wards brought in ; here the force of the conjunction may best be 
 rendered by for, or since. 
 
 e. Amplification, when, after a general statement has first been 
 made, the particulars of the case are added. 
 
 /. Explanation of a preceding expression or word ; here the con- 
 junction must be rendered by a relative pronoun, or by that or how. 
 
 g. Apodosis, the protasis being either a noun in the nominative 
 absolute (17.), or a complete conditional clause; here the con- 
 junction must either be omitted, or rendered by some such word 
 as then or therefore.^' 0, 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In quite a number of cases the action expressed by the Imperfect with Waw 
 Consecutive is really parallel or synchronous with what goes before; e. g., Gen. 5:5; 
 1 Sam. 14:25b,49; Isa. 39:1; 64:4. 
 
 i Gen. 37:5,6. s Num. 20:14,15. si Sam. 14:19. 
 
 2 Isa. 49 : 7. * 1 Sam. 15 : 23. « Ps. 59 : 16. 
 
72 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 24. 
 
 (b) In other cases the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive introduces an amplification 
 not of any particular preceding verb, but of the entire preceding narrative, considered 
 as a whole; thus furnishing what is practically a parallel account; e. g., 1 Sam. 9:1; 
 lKgs. 7:13. 
 
 (c) It is only fair to ask how far some of these usages are to be explained as due 
 to the combining, by a reviser or editor, of two or more distinct narratives into one. 
 
 3. a. n 1 ?^ }Op ZtftfTl OV Titf'? K fcOp*! 1 and God called the 
 
 t : at t|jt I ■■• j ■ : t tj : • - 
 
 light day, and the darkness he called night. 
 
 iDN* fcTO K D I ?!G..-.'K tfliyP and God created...., in the 
 
 t t v jv : t : • - 
 
 image of God created he him. 
 
 b. f?ip |n* fi^i '* &M2 DJH'!! 3 and Ym thundered in the 
 
 heavens, and the Most High uttered his voice. 
 
 Y&& Dn^J H^1....D"IjP.P 1N %t ?D D 4 for they are filled 
 
 from the east, and they strike hands with the children of strangers. 
 
 4. 'tf *10N"1 NlHil fiSO *fT1 5 and it came to pass at that time that 
 Abimelcch said. 
 
 'p fcO*l D*£?* TPP *n*^ 6 anc ^ *' cawe to .pass ai £^e en<^ of days that 
 Cain brought, etc. 
 
 \&%? J 7t?")pJ*{ *0*3 VT1 7 owmZ & came fo £>ass ira ^7ie Jays of 
 
 Amraphel. . . .they made tear. 
 
 HJim HfcO t^Dtjfi"T \*T1 8 a« ^ # came to pass the sun had gone 
 
 down. . . .and behold. 
 5- JOp&O vip *0*™irO 9 as 1 1 if ted up my voice and cried. [me. 
 
 T I : V t •) • • -; |- 
 
 V X^*l "V¥ ~ "TV!"! 10 that hath taken venison and brought it to 
 
 "JT- "J" |T - 
 
 3. When for any reason one or more words intervene between the 
 Imperfect and its conjunction, 
 
 a. In prose, the verb invariably goes back to the Perfect ; for the 
 whole force of the construction seems to rest upon the union of the 
 verbal form and the conjunction ; but 
 
 iGen.l:5. *Isa. 2:6. i Gen. 14:1. 9 Gen. 39.18. 
 
 2 Gen. 1:27. b Gen. 21:22. s Gen. 15:17. "Gen. 27:33. 
 
 3Ps. 18:4. « Gen. 4:3. 
 
\ 24.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 73 
 
 b. In poetry, the verb is frequently found still remaining in the 
 Imperfect, thus adding vividness and force to the narrative, in accordance 
 with the principle explained in \ 20. 1. a. 
 
 4. Notice is to be taken of the frequent occurrence of the preparatory- 
 formula *j"V1 and it happened, and it was, to introduce adverbial and 
 especially temporal clauses. This usage, while not universal, prevails 
 largely in the earlier books. The following verb may be either Imperfect 
 with Waw Consecutive, a Perfect, or, when the context demands, an 
 Imperfect. Frequently, also, the sentence is resumed by Pl^ni > or by "] 
 with the subject of the verb. 
 
 5. The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is used to continue a sen- 
 tence introduced by an Infinitive or Participle. Tins occurs, in contrast 
 with the parallel usage of the Perfect, with Waw Consecutive (§25. 5), 
 when that which is described by the Infinitive or Participle is something 
 real or definite, rather than contingent or indefinite. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:5; 3:3,17 3a. 2 Sam. 16:13 la. 
 
 Gen. 23:20; 31:27 2b. 1 Kgs. 2:5; 18:13 2/. 
 
 Gen.32:31 2c. 1 Kgs. 9:21; 12:17 2p. 
 
 Gen. 35:3; 49:17b 5 1 Kgs. 10:1 la. 
 
 Gen. 36:14,22 2/. 1 Kgs. 19:10 lb. 
 
 Gen. 39:18 5 2 Kgs. 1: 2 2d. 
 
 Gen. 42:21,22 2e. 2Kgs.l5:l; 18:1 4 
 
 Ex. 4:22,32 lb. Isa. 2:6 3b. 
 
 Ex. 40: 18 2e. Isa. 5: 1,2 la. 
 
 Num. 22:11 5 Isa. 5:14,15; 5:25; 9:5; 24:6; 31:2; 48: 
 
 Dt. 10:15 2b. 20,21 lc. 
 
 Dt. 17:2,3 lb. Isa. 40:14 2b. 
 
 Josh. 4:9 lb. Isa. 51:2b 3b. 
 
 Josh. 8: 24 5 Isa. 51:12 lb. 
 
 Josh. 22: 17 2/. Jer. 6:19 2a. 
 
 Judg. 1:35 2c. Joel 2: 23 lc. 
 
 Judg. 5:1; 6:27 2c. Mic.2:13 lc. 
 
 Judg. 11:1b 2/. Nah. 1:4,5 lb. 
 
 Judg. 16:23 2d. Hab. 3 -.5,16,19 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 7:12; 18:11 2d. Mai. 1:2 2c. 
 
 1 Sam. 8:8; 15:17 2/. Ps. 8:6b; 18:8; 24:2 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 28:1,2 4 Ps. 22:30 lc. 
 
 2 Sam. 3:8 2c. Ps. 34:8; 50:17 lb. 
 
 2 Sam. 11:1; 15:1; 21:1 4 Ps. 50:16,5; 92:11 2b. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:2 lb. Prov. 11:2 lb. 
 
74 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 25. 
 
 25. The Perfect, with Waw Consecutive. 
 
 the 
 
 OH 1 ? M *? * V . ■ ■ 'NH 03 1ND* 2 die sons of God used to go in .... 
 
 v t : -it : " : -it 
 
 and they Lore to them. [it .... 
 
 rVptiTP ^13^")?"^^ J/**"tffn 3 thou usedst to sow thy seed and water 
 
 °- pDlV • • • J£'*N~I}t^* J5~7^ 4 therefore a man forsakes. .. .and 
 cleaves. . . . 
 
 *3 , J"1.3rQ1 OJOFl 5 thou seest me and triest my heart. 
 DC'i^.D T^Pfc?*) 'Nil TONFl 6 the earth mourns, and every inhab- 
 itant fainteth. 
 
 c (1) fa 0"}^1 ^HJ ^f? iTHV-.-'NV and Abraham will become 
 a great nation, and {all the nations of the earth) will be blessed 
 in him. 
 
 113 njri3-DiD r\nn ^iwrj. sjg^rnK Nb» 8 ^ «»?? 
 
 Ziyi{ wp ^7iy /zeacZ and restore thee, and thou loilt place the cup of 
 Pharaoh in his hand. 
 
 D'irr t ?D-..rrai m*y\ onnn tftfisi... tf ?t?t rim 9 
 
 t -:|t: t • : • t| v : - v : |- I t 
 
 <Ae mountain will be established at the top of the mountains, 
 
 and will be lifted up- . . ., and all nations will flow. 
 ♦JTSTf). ■ -TlHflrn IAS* WIS 10 i"«»H bless him and make 
 him fruitful and multiply him. 
 
 ^>2pnV---^mTrUS* NOD OX! 11 behold, I am going to 
 bring the flood. . . ., but I will establish, etc. 
 (2) ViYl • • •DllNp ^n n2 ?<?< ^/tcre 6e luminaries. . .and let them be. 
 I3D Dil? ! Urt- ,, D1 O/* 13 ^ diem go and gather themselves 
 
 1 v -iv v t : | | : : |" 
 
 straw. 
 
 i Gen. 2:6. s Jer. 12:3. « Gen. 40:13. n Gen. 6:17,18. 
 
 2 Gen. 6:4. 6 Hos. 4:3. 9 Isa. 2:2. 12 Gen. 1:14. 
 
 sDeut. 11:10. 1 Gen. 18:18. 10 Gen. 17:20. 13 Ex. 5:7. 
 < Gen. 2:24. 
 
I 25.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 75 
 
 j- : - t : •-!••: |: • t 
 
 VliDDiO frO'lDp^N 2 let me glean, now, and gather. 
 
 j- : - It : t t ) : - -: 
 
 ill^JQ lifrV • il^pJ 3 ^ «s draw near ana 7 /Wae in Gibeah. 
 
 "*t : • - J- : t : | • 
 
 (3) JT"]ftJO '* *JD -1 ^ ^5' T J 4 speak unto the sons of Israel and saij. 
 n^O^I D5D^1 Tl^ 5 0° an( l gather and say. [swarm. 
 
 -it : - |t : -nr : - |t : | " 
 
 ^"l&'l TtflN ^Vin 6 bring them forth with thee, and let them 
 
 : |t : |at ■ ■■ : - 
 
 (4) ♦tpt)J nn*rn ...^-D^' lVOV ^«< ft way Z>e w?e?Z witft me 
 
 • : - t :|t : • - |- \*--r- : 
 
 . . . .a?i<i ??iy so?/? ??iay ?a'e. 
 
 H^ ItT'jpi^ H^l fa^Jl IS 1 ?* f^O 1 ? 8 <Aa< *Aey 
 
 may go and stumble. . . .and be broken and snared and taken. 
 *f7V • -dp /) TV rT7J2 , *~7S 9 l es t he put forth his hand and take 
 
 - t |- t : t - : ■ I v 
 
 and live. 
 
 Remark. — In reference to the substitution of the Perfect with Waw 
 Consecutive for the Imperfect, Imperative, etc. (cf. the corresponding 
 construction I 24.), three general statements may be made : 
 
 (1) In uninterrupted narration in -which the first verb is an Imperfect, 
 an Imperative, or some expression possessing the characteristics of these 
 forms, the verbs following are regularly in the Perfect a with Waw Con- 
 secutive, unless they are separated from the conjunction 6 by intervening 
 words. c - d 
 
 (2) The expression for and-he-will-call beine therefore N"lp1 , the 
 
 t|t : 
 
 form {Op^ cannot be used in this sense ; see, however, I 26. 2. 
 
 (3) From the instances cited above and below, it will be seen that the 
 introductory verbal formula may be an Imperfect, Imperative, Participle ; 
 that in some cases even a noun may be employed, and, in others, no gov- 
 erning word of any kind precedes . 
 
 We may now consider the more important details : 
 
 1. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is found (with a preceding 
 Imperfect or equivalent) like the Imperfect (or Imperative, or Participle), 
 for which it is a substitute, 
 
 a. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
 past ($20. 2), especially as a frequentative Imperfect. 
 
 1 Gen. 47:29. i Lev. 1:2. 6 Gen. 8:17. « Isa. 28:13. 
 
 2 Ruth 2: 7. 6 Ex. 3:16. 'Gen. 12:13. » Gen. 3:22. 
 
 3 Jud. 19:13. 
 
76 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 25. 
 
 b. To describe events or conditions belonging to tbe sphere of the 
 present [l 21.1-3), whether as an incipient, definite frequentative, or indef- 
 inite frequentative Imperfect. 
 
 c. To describe events belonging to the sphere of the future [% 22. 
 1-4) ; whether (1) after an Imperfect, Participle, ox prophetic Perfect, as 
 a future Imperfect ; (2) after a jussive or cohortative Imperfect ; (3) after 
 an Imperative ; (4) after a subjunctive Imperfect expressing purpose/'/ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) On the form of the Perfect when thus used, and especially on the change of 
 accent which takes place, see Elements of Hebrew, § 73. 
 
 (b) On the form of the conjunction when thus used see Elements of Hebrew, § 73. 
 
 (c) In explanation of this use of the Perfect three points may be considered: (1) 
 that the idiom corresponds to and was called forth by the opposite construction of 
 the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive;* (2) that "the usage rests originally upon a 
 'play of the imagination,' in virtue of which an action, when brought into relation 
 with a preceding occurrence as its consequence, from the character of inevitability it 
 then assumes, is contemplated as actually completed ;"+ (3) "that the consciousness 
 of this relation is to be conceived as essentially dependent upon union with Waw, of 
 which union the change of tone (where not hindered from taking place by external or 
 accidental causes) is the inseparable criterion and accompaniment," the Waw appear- 
 ing really in this connection to possess a demonstrative significance, and being equiv- 
 alent to then or so (cf . Gen. 3: 5).t 
 
 (d) In Assyrian the Perfect has been greatly narrowed (or has not been developed) 
 in its usage, and presents no analogy to the construction under consideration. In 
 Arabic the Perfect after the conjunction 'adha when, as often as, is said to take the 
 meaning of the Imperfect. 
 
 (e) It is to be noted that the exact modal force of the preceding dominant verb, 
 characterizes also the following Perfect with Waw Consecutive; in other words, the 
 particular auxiliary used in translating the first verb, will, should, let, must also be 
 used with the second. 
 
 (/) The following is a list of particles given by Driver which govern a Perfect 
 with Waw Consecutive following an Imperfect:— (1) '718 perhaps, Gen. 27:12; (2) 
 l'Kori/,1 Sam. 26:10; (3) IN then, 1 Sam. 6:3; (4) Ij'X how ? Gen. 39:9; (5) bx not, Jer.17: 
 21; (6) DN if, Gen. 28:20,21; (7) "IBW so that, Deut. 2:25; when, Lev. 4:22; who so, Gen. 
 24:14; (8) T\ inter., Ex. 2:7; (9) &6n nonne ? 2 Kgs. 5:12; (10) JH if, Jer. 3:1; (11) D^D or 
 D"IL33 before (that), Jer. 13:16; (12) "IK/iO when, Deut. 22:26; (13) "3 that. Gen. 37:26; 
 when, Ex. 21:20; (14) DX '3 surely, 1 Kgs. 20: 6; (15) vh or S? not, Ex. 28:43; (16) BJ'OS 
 almost, Gen. 26:10; (17) ^ if, Ezek. 14:15; (18) HO 1 ? why, 2 Kgs. 14:10; (19) T£nS in order 
 that, Gen. 12:13; (20) "D expressing wish, 2 Sam. 15:4; (21) jnj 1 'D perhaps, 2 Sam. 12:22 
 (Q/ri); (22) , riD when, Ps. 41:6; (23) 3pj£ in return for, Deut. 7:12; (24) 1E/X Tj; or "\]f 
 until, Ex. 23:30; (24) |3 lest, Gen. 3:22; -V that, Eccl. 2:24. Only a few examples (the 
 list is given, Driver, p. 162) occur of an Imperfect repeated after one of these particles, 
 e.g., Num. 22:6; Isa. 40:27; Hos. 10:12. 
 
 * So nearly all grammarians. + Olshausen, § 229a (cf. Driver, p. 141), 
 
 * Driver, p. 141. 
 
§ 25.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 77 
 
 2. a, - na* . . . . Q%n - na* ro^i • • • • o#n - ?# d Wi onfc f n»v 
 r^o -1 ?** jwd* rit^'pn "ruin and Jie made t * iem i ieacls over 
 
 the people. . . .and they used to judge the people. . . .but the weighty 
 matters they used to bring.... [. .. .and judge. 
 
 tDflU^I DDDV • • -nTTTl 2 an d he would go. . . .and come around 
 
 b- r"tJO 13**151 137 '* *J*n*l*T 3 Y. hath given enlargement to us, and 
 
 I VJTT J* T T : • 
 
 we shall be fruitful in the land. 
 
 fll/l JV"l!"l1 J")"T7* N7 4 thou hast not borne, but thou shalt 
 
 ::-t: •t:::-t 
 
 conceive and bear [your heart. 
 
 c. D*)*l*l ( *17*U*""j~lN D*17D1 5 therefore circumcise the foreskin of 
 D!~T 7 fr$ n*l!DNl 6 sa V unto them. 
 
 :■ ■■ —. jt : - |t : 
 
 1*71*7' i"15$ fl*J*TN1 7 therefore love thou Yahweh. 
 
 ■■ -it : - |t : 
 
 JTrTfl IVu? D*TQ DinDI 8 so choose life, that thou mayest live. 
 
 v : |" l*^-i- : • -it : - |t 
 
 d. 4,-, N IflJOrn. • -tV^ N "15"ipn 9 ]ie tlmt s P<>aketh to thee. . .bring 
 him to me. 
 
 '3PI 1*1*1*031 TO^ vON~ t /0 1 ° everyone eating leavened bread, 
 
 that soul shall die. 
 
 D2^# lUfp^l 13gD ^DN* DV3 11 i» *Ae rfay of your eating 
 
 from it your eyes will be opened. 
 
 D *1^"" 4 1 *j"l^ 12 at evening, then ye shall know. 
 
 4 J*Vtf D*0*lp1 4 *li<!2*l 13 when I die, ye shall bury me. 
 
 *v"iftNi — *p*i : n t 7^? 4 3 14 ^ m % * o? * * 7ia ^ as ^ ^ ee ^° m 
 
 shalt say. 
 
 *lp*l JO'JTtWft; 4 3*1*0? DN 15 */ ^om rememberest me. . .then 
 
 do me a kindness. [bring the man f 
 
 3. B^Hfj! N03"»7D1 Tfe HJirn 16 &**« fceAoZeZ, (i/) we go, what shall we 
 
 137pD 4 NJ71- • • • (130 ?*1 17 */ we sacrifice , will they not stone us f 
 
 1 Ex. 18:26. sZech. 1:3. 10 Ex. 12:15. uDeut. 6:20,21. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 7:16. iDeut. 11:1. n Gen. 3:5. is Gen. 40:14. 
 3Gen.26:22. 8Deut.30:19. i»Ex.16:6. i6lSam.9:7. 
 4judg-.13:3. 92Sam.l4:10. is 1 Kgs. 13:31. i7Ex.8:23. 
 sDeut. 10:16. 
 
78 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 25. 
 
 2. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is frequently found without a 
 preceding Imperfect (or equivalent^ to introduce it. Here we may distin- 
 guish several usages : 
 
 a. When the Perfect (with Waw Consecutive) is equivalent to a 
 frequentative Imperfect ; in such cases the verbal form, but for its con- 
 nection with what precedes, would have been in the Iinperfect. a - b 
 
 b. When it is equivalent to an ordinary future Imperfect. 
 
 c. When it is equivalent to an Imperative expressing a command 
 or entreaty. 
 
 d. When it is used in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the 
 protasis being expressed either by a Participle, an Infinitive, a finite verb 
 
 J erf. or Impf.), or a noun. c > d 
 
 3. When for any reason one or more words intervene between the 
 Perfect and its conjunction, the verb goes back to the Imperfect. 6 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) It will be noted that, in such passages, an Imperfect is frequently found in 
 connection with the Perfect (with Waw Consecutive), e. g., in Ex. 18:26, jlJO'' and 
 WBW . 
 
 (b) Notice also the series of Perfects in Josh. 15: 3-11; 16:2,3,6,7,8; 17:9; 18 :12-21, etc. 
 
 (c) Here 1 has a demonstrative force ; cf. the use of fa in Arabic. 
 
 (d) Notice the use of the Perfect with Waw demonstrative after a Participle, Judg. 
 1->.1*1; lKgS.2:2; 18:11,12; 20:36; 2 Kgs. 7:9, etc. 
 
 (c) There are very few cases of this, nearly all being cited by Driver, p. 181. 
 
 4. a. rirMS*^}}- ■ ■ -?317 ^Jl/3 (Tni 1 and it shall be when I bring clouds 
 
 t ~. -. ■ : 1 t^t • : - : t t : 
 
 .... then shall be seen .... 
 
 D*D\*7 fV*H"W3 rPiYl 2 an d it shall be in the end of days. 
 
 • t - ■—.]-: r t : 
 
 I. IT iT^nfcrr tlW12 SOD iTm 3 and it used to be when Moses 
 
 t v: | t v : t t : 
 
 entered the tent there would come down. 
 
 '12 Ty7$*\ '' V*\ t DX i*Tni 4 and it iised to happen when Israel had 
 
 T T : T ' T T : 
 
 sown that Median would come up. 
 «*. r\ty\ fcJ^N r?3!3 5 the smiter of a man and he dies. 
 
 DHtSOn *7J£ ^5^1 N^T} 6 he that goeth forth and falleth upon. . 
 }3 viDJ"] ^rr)D/«J 7 ^ n ^ l V 9°i )ia forth with us and we are separated. 
 ? 0£*'1 ^JtDJ^ flJ^n^ 8 w ^ ien thy people are smitten and turn. 
 
 i Gen. 9:14. s Ex. 33:7. b Ex. 21:12. 7 Ex. 33:16. 
 
 slsa.2:2. 'Jud.6:3. 6jer.21:9. »iKgs.8:33. 
 
\ 26.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 79 
 
 4. Notice is to be taken of the frequent occurrence of the preparatory 
 formula (TiT) (cf. \*T1 2 24.), to introduce adverbial and especially tem- 
 poral clauses. There may be distinguished, 
 
 a. The cases in which TVTX\ has the force of & future. 
 
 t t : 
 
 b. The cases in which it has a frequentative force. 
 
 5. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is used to continue a sentence 
 introduced by an Infinitive or Participle. This occurs, in contrast with 
 the parallel usage of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive (§24.5), when 
 that which is described by the Infinitive or Participle is something con- 
 tingent or indefinite rather than real or definite. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 6:14; 13:3; 19:19; 28: 3 lc. Jud. 2:18 2a. 
 
 Gen. 13:12; 27: 40 4a. Jud. 4: 20; 7:17; 9:33 4a. 
 
 Gen. 17: 4 2b. Jud. 11:8 2c. 
 
 Gen. 24:14 2c. 1 Sam. 1:3; 13:21; 16:23 2a. 
 
 Gen. 29:2,3 la. 1 Sam. 2:31 2d. 
 
 Gen. 30:41 2a. 1 Sam. 6:7; 12:20; 15;3 lc. 
 
 Gen. 38: 9 4b. 2 Sam. 11:15 lc. 
 
 Ex. 1:10; 7:15, 26; 19:23; 23: 29 lc. 2 Sam. 12: 31; 14:26; 17:17 2a. 
 
 Ex. 1:16 5. 2 Sam. 14:7 2b. 
 
 Ex. 4: 21; 9:19; 30: 33,38 2d. lKgs.l4:28 la. 
 
 Ex. 6: 6 2b. 2 Kgs. 12:15-17 la. 
 
 Ex. 17:11; l8:26 2a. Isa. 1:20; 13:11; 14:1,2,4 lc 
 
 Ex. 33:7-11; 34:34 ...la. Isa. 2:2; 6:7 2b, 
 
 Lev. 24:14 lc. Isa. 4:3 4a. 
 
 Num.4:19 lc. Isa. 5;12; 27:10; 44:15 lb. 
 
 Num. 10:32; 17:20 4a. Jer. 20:9 lb. 
 
 Num. 21:9 4b. Ezek. 29:7 lb. 
 
 Deut. 4:16,19; 5:30; 6:18; 28:8 lc. Hos. 8:14; 10:14; 11:6 2b. 
 
 Deut. 4:42;30:16 5. Amos4:2;8:ll 2d. 
 
 Deut. 7:9 2c. Hab. 2:12 5. 
 
 Deut. 12:11 ...4a. Ps. 17:14; 46:10; 49:11; 78:38 lb. 
 
 Deut. 13:15; 22: 2,21 2d. Ps. 25:11 2d. 
 
 Josh. 23:11 2c. Job 5:5; 14:11 lb. 
 
 26, The Perfect and Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive. 
 
 1. a. i^-ntf ym) Irm-riN N* '♦ n^'fpn 1 Y. thy God hardened 
 Ms spirit and made strong his heart. 
 
 ViP0i"11 ^JH/TJ D^3 2 children I have made great and exalted. 
 V?fiJ") 1*71^2 <fDn 3 the y stumbled and fell. 
 
 i Deut. 2:30. a Isa. 1:2. »Ps.27:2. 
 
80 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 26. 
 
 b- HliT T^fl"]"!*?*. D\*Q1 IID*") 1 «»^ <7ie builders established the 
 temple of Y. 
 
 t : • t : t t • -it • : j- t : 
 
 better than strength. 
 c - "1JH mn^5 IP^m 3 an d ^ ie believed in Yahweh, etc. 
 
 ?T^i9*D*>*."TlN OPTON nDiiT) 4 and Abraham rebuked Abimelech. 
 in*3"nN ON DDb* *3 17 *JTljl»7j 5 «>^ ^ ^*>e fofcZ Aim that I 
 will judge his house. 
 
 2. a. *|^n*_1 1*2£'*V • • -"Ir?* 7 ! 6 command £/ja£ they return and encamp. 
 
 D'T? pnt^*") < n&tyy ml \V2 1 what shall we do that the sea may be 
 calm ? 
 
 b. '*H flN*!*")! D**3i*7 11D* 8 ^ the waters be collected and the 
 
 v t|" : • -i- - It • 
 
 e?ry Za^cZ appear. 
 
 IN*")*'! YVrju*/** Dl/*n aDI 9 OM( Z «?£ ^ ie people shall hear and fear. 
 
 At- : * : : • *r T t : 
 
 *l*n - riK *D'l *l7l** 10 they shall go up and smite AL [sion. 
 
 *t t - : ™|- 
 
 *|*07*3**l l&O* I!"! 11 behold, they shall be ashamed and put to confu- 
 
 : |t- : j" I •• 
 
 '31 fVpD*! D^npB "TlJP "Tnb'H 12 ^e feri&e blindeth the seeing 
 
 and pervcrteth the icords, etc. 
 
 *ll/\*l*1 D*"IJ/\*I 151** I 13 even, youths faint and are weary. 
 
 At- : •*!- : m ". |- : 
 
 c V^St^l J 1D*S5**1 11*T*I IN")* Jl*27 u that they may see and know 
 
 _r : - : -it: ^ : I" : : • 1^- j- : 
 
 a?*cZ consider and understand. 
 
 *|""ONi~fl ^"ON *"*3 15 ^ es ^ ? ie be angry and ye perish. 
 
 There are cases in which, contrary to the principles set forth in ?? 24, 
 25. there is found the Perfect with Waw Conjunctive instead of the Im- 
 perfect with Waw Consecutive, or the Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive 
 instead of the Perfect with Waw Consecutive. All such cases are to be 
 regarded as exceptional. They may be loosely classified as follows : 
 
 1. Instead of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive ( •*)), there is used 
 the Perfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
 
 i Ezra 3 : 10. si Sam. 3 :13, » Deut. IV : 13. w Isa. 40 : 30. 
 
 sEccl. 9:16. 6 Ex. 14:2. io Josh. 7:3. u Isa. 41:20. 
 
 3 Gen. 15: 6. J Jon. 1:11. n Isa. 41:11. is Ps. 2:12. 
 
 * Gen. 21:25. * 8 Gen. 1:9. 12 Ex. 23:8. 
 
§ 27.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 81 
 
 a. When the second action is synonymous or simultaneous with 
 the first, and is consequently to be represented as co-ordinate with it, the 
 usual construction representing it as subordinate. 
 
 b. In the later books in which the influence of the Aramaic is felt. a 
 
 c. In instances of which no sufficient explanation can be given. 6 
 
 2. Instead of the Perfect with Waw Consecutive, there is found the 
 Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
 
 a. When the Imperfect is a voluntative, and, combining with "} , 
 furnishes a most concise and elegant expression of purpose (§24. 1. e, 2. d). c 
 
 b. When, as in the case of the Perfects cited above (? 26. 1. a), the 
 second is to be treated as co-ordinate, being emphatic, or synonymous 
 with the first, — whether used in the sense of a future or a frequentative. d 
 
 c. When the Imperfect follows another Imperfect introduced by a 
 conjunction. 6 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive continues even in the later books to be 
 the prevailing construction except in the Book of Ecclesiastes, in which, according to 
 Driver, it occurs only three times (1:17; 4:1,7). This construction, however, is not 
 found in Aramaic. 
 
 (ft) Some of these cases occur in the very earliest books. 
 
 (c) While in most cases the special form of the voluntative, i. e., the Jussive or 
 Cohortative, is employed, in many the usual form of the Imperfect occurs. 
 
 (d) This is, of course, more frequent in poetry than in prose. 
 
 (e) These cases are few, cf . Driver, p. 162. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.l:26; 9:27; 17:2; 22:17; 27:29,31. .2b. Isa.2:ll; 40:12 la. 
 
 Gen. 28: 6 lc. Isa. 41:11,15,22; 42:6,14,21,23... 2b. 
 
 Gen.31:7 la. Ezek.9:7; 13:6,8; 25:12; 37:2; 41:3,8,13, 
 
 Ex.24:7; 26:24 2ft. 15 1ft. 
 
 Dt. 2:30; 33:2,20 la. Amos 7: 2,4ft lc. 
 
 Judg.3:23; 7:13 lc. Ps.25:9; 37:40; 49:9; 73:8 26. 
 
 lSam.l:12; 3:13 lc. Esth. 2:14; 3:12; 8:15; 9:23,24 lft. 
 
 2Sam.6:16; 13:18 lc. Ezra6:22; 8:30,36; 9:2 lft. 
 
 lKgs.3:llft; 6:32,35: 11:10 lc. Neh. 9:7,8; 12:39; 13:1,30 lb. 
 
 27. The Participle. 
 
 1. a. |N¥ MJH 1 keeper of a flock. 
 
 jm DiO *^"i* 2 hnowers of good and evil. 
 
 ?JJ"V5 ^5^* ,S dwellers in thy house. [of Cush. 
 
 b. £^13 t / **nX~ t ?3 i"li$ ^5^ ,ta "f 4 ^ ie one ^ ia t encompasseth all the land 
 i Gen. 4:2. 2 Gen. 3:5. 3 Ps. 84:5. * Gen. 2:13. 
 
82 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 27. 
 
 i"0£0 *1D!"7 D^I^ 1 doing kindness and trutJi. 
 
 V v: |V V j-.- • " 
 
 t " : : 
 
 ntS'liri IDD^n 3 he that is impoverished of an oblation. 
 2. a. /HM""!"^""^ DC* * frOm 4 a,nd lie was sitting in the door of the tent. 
 
 v j t ~ v : 
 
 D*!D . Np ^POISI i"73!"Yl 5 and behold, we were binding sheaves. 
 
 ilfl* |N¥"J")N il$h iW ftt^O 6 Moses was keeping Jethros 
 
 flock. 
 
 JTiD t ?/!2/!Dn~ t ?D3 ^l^O iTi"? 7 he was ruling over all the kingdoms. 
 
 t : - - t : ■• t t 
 
 o. ^N D'pIJlf 'TOK W *?ip 8 ^e w»ce o/% brothers blood is 
 crying unto me. [ing. 
 
 DUH DH ii£3*N ,l ? W'nTiUf <«^ »we tdlere they are shepherd- 
 
 • ... T T j. - 
 
 DDiltf Tft^t? '3JK nt^'N 10 which I am teaching you. 
 
 01* / D3 Dlft T 1 ^ 11 a 6roe2 ^ Ja ^ hath indignation every day. 
 
 r : 
 
 p^a? I*u'*l D2* 12 the wicked plot against the just. [earth. 
 
 | • - - " T T 
 
 c T'HXn" 1 ?!/ ^VDES 'DJN 13 I am [about) to bring rain upon the 
 
 | VJT T • : - T 
 
 D^-J D^/tD* HJ)n u behold, tlie days are coming. 
 
 T\? j"l*T?* 'TinC'^ *lb^ 15 Sarai, thy wife, will bear thee a son. 
 
 DOTTT 13P0N "lC f ^ 16 in which we are [about) to go. 
 
 1. In respect to government, the Parti ci pi e a > b may be 
 
 a. A noun (construct) followed by another noun in the genitive, or 
 
 b. A verb governing the following noun as an accusative or by 
 means of prepositions.^' 6 
 
 2. In respect to tense or temporal function, the Participle is used in 
 the description of 
 
 a. A state (or action)/ belonging to the sphere of the past; thus 
 presenting some particular attribute or characteristic, or picturing vividly 
 the particular circumstances under which a given event took placed 
 
 b. A state or action belonging to the sphere of the present, and thus 
 represented as continuing, enduring, permanent.' 1 **^ 
 
 c. A state or action belonging to the sphere of the future, thus 
 
 iGen. 24:49. 6Gen.37:7. 9Gen.37:16. i3Gen.7:4. 
 
 2lsa. 22:2. 6 Ex. 3:1. wDeut. 4:1. Hjer. 23:5. 
 
 slsa. 40:20. ' 1 Kgs. 5:1. n Ps. 7:12. is Gen. 17:19. 
 
 < Gen. 18:1. * Gen. 4:10. 12 Ps. 37:12. lejud. 18:5. 
 
I 27.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 83 
 
 represented as beginning, and hence certain; only the context determin- 
 ing whether there is reference to a near or to a remote future.'' 
 
 3. a. j"TtoD5 D*l"OfP DJ/n p*V only the people lcept sacrificing in the 
 
 high places. 
 
 b. rT*n DipQn JOi^'HS 2 how fearful (timendus) is this place. 
 | t - T 
 
 4. a. > 7fVy§_ yiyi) *D- • • • h l5'^ 3 s P m l £ - • ■ ■if or thy servant heareth. 
 
 b. )&V ^7 D^luDN D^D 7 1 4 yd bricJc, they say to us, make, [discord. 
 
 5. a. D*3"1Q tfVWD) O^yCD FV& 5 who uttereth lies and letteth loose 
 
 •t: -••-; •t: _ t 
 
 b. tlPO^ 'K 'D~nX^ J"Q? l^n 6 toho forsalceth. . .and the covenant 
 
 t |" t v : vj". - 
 
 of God forgetteth. [the needy. 
 
 Ji*3N 0*"V- • • -/I D*pD 7 he raiseth up the poor. . . .lifteth up 
 
 c. /]?*} /iXC'' T"V)0 8 he bringeth down to Sheol and bringeth up. 
 JiJ^ni . . . .D^"l01/ D^tD")^ 9 seraphim were standing, and each hept 
 
 t|t : • • I - t : 
 
 calling. 
 
 3. a. While, usually and properly, the Participle denotes a fixed, con- 
 tinuous state, it is sometimes found, instead of the Imperfect, marking a 
 "fact liable to recur." 
 
 b. The passive Participle is often equivalent with Latin Participle 
 in dus. 
 
 4. a. The subject of the Participle generally precedes it ; but it some- 
 times follows, especially when the verbal idea is to be emphasized. 
 
 b. The subject of the Participle is occasionally omitted, and in 
 such cases must be supplied from the context. 
 
 5. The Participle is found joined in one way or another with finite 
 verbal forms, as follows : 
 
 a. Following an Imperfect. 
 
 b. Followed by a Perfect or Imperfect. 
 
 c. Followed by a Perfect or Imperfect with Waw Consecutive (cf. 
 the usage in U 24. 5 ; 25. 4Z>). 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) When the Participle is used as an adjective, it follows the law of the adjective 
 (§ 10). 
 
 1 1 Kgs. 3:2. 4 Ex. 5:16. sProv. 2:17. 8 1 Sam. 2:6. 
 
 2 Gen. 28:17. 6 Prov. 6:19. '1 Sam. 2:8. 9lsa. 6:2. 
 
 si Sam. 3:9. 
 
84 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 28. 
 
 (b) On the use of the Participles with the article, see § 4. 3./. 
 
 (c) This construction is especially frequent in poetry. 
 
 (d) The Participle is sometimes followed by 7 (dative of advantage or disadvantage) 
 rather than by an accusative, e. g., 1 Sam. 11: 9. 
 
 (e) Cases in which both constructions of the Participle (nominal and verbal) occur 
 simultaneously are not infrequent, e. g., n£r>' "inty nty>* Amos 4: 13. 
 
 (/) On the force of the Participle as compared with that of the Imperfect, 6ee § 20. 
 R.(7i). 
 
 (g) Note the rarity in earlier books of the use of a Participle with a finite verb (e. g., 
 Gen. 4:1"; 37:2; 1 Sam. 2:11) as compared with the same usage in later books (e.g.,Neh. 
 1:4; 2:13,15). 
 
 (fi) The Participle, as well as the Perfect (§ 18. 3) and the Imperfect (§ 21. 3), may be 
 used to express a general truth, e. g.,Ps. 19:2; 29:5, but only in later Hebrew. 
 
 (i) Note also its frequent use as an appositive of a preceding substantive, e. g., 
 Isa. 40:22,23. 
 
 (J) With use of the Participle for the present, compare the similar usage in Ara- 
 maic, where it is more common than the proper participial usage. 
 
 (k) In this usage the Participle is often preceded (for vividness) by njn behold; 
 though this particle is also employed when the Participle refers to the past or present, 
 e. g.,lKgs. 19:5; 1 Sam. 14:33. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:9 3b. 2 Sam. 13:4 2b. 
 
 Gen. 3:5; 19:13 4a. lKgs. 1:25,48 ...2b. 
 
 Gen. 13 • 7 ; 46 : 34 la. 1 Kgs. 22 : 44 3a. 
 
 Gen. 15:14; 18:17 2c. 2 Kgs. 15:5 lb. 
 
 Gen.24:21; 41:1 2a. Isa.l:7; 41:17 2b. 
 
 Gen. 24:30; 32:7; 41:1 4b. Isa. 1:31; 3:13; 8:7 2c. 
 
 Gen. 39:3,6,22 3a. Isa. 21:11; 32:12 4b. 
 
 Ex. 9:3 2c. Hos. 2:8 5c. 
 
 Num. 11:27 2b. Mic.3:9 5b. 
 
 Num. 21:34 2a. Ps.3:3; 4:7 2b. 
 
 Deut. 1:20,25 2c. Ps.22:32 3b. 
 
 Deut.l0:13; 11:26 2b. Ps.29:5 5c. 
 
 Deut. 11:7 lb. Ps. 95:10; 97:7; 119:2 la. 
 
 Deut. 12:10 2c. Prov. 13:24 5b. 
 
 Judg.2:22; 8:4; 19:18 4a. Prov.l6:28 5a. 
 
 1 Sam. 3 : 11 ; 19 : 11 ; 20 : 36 2c . Job 1 : 13 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 14: 11 2b. Job 1:14 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 17:34 2a. Job 12: 21 6b. 
 
 2 Sam. 6:16 2a. Esth. 2:11,13 3a. 
 
 2 Sam. 13:23b 2c. 
 
 28. The Infinitive Absolute. 
 
 1. *VV"/3 D^nn 1 the destroying every city. 
 
 ?Nlf Dn£'* , l Hp3 jl"in 2 slaughtering oxen and killing sheep. 
 
 1 Deut. 3:6. 2 Isa. 22:13. 
 
§ 28.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 85 
 
 2. a. TjlTTT VD*!™^ 1^^ N/ 1 they ivoidd not walk in his ways. 
 
 *)p^3 Ti-'"n ^"P^O *iT}0 2 /«<?e committing adultery and 
 
 walking in lies. 
 b' ^tp^il TiPTtD ij~IN j"ONl 3 an d I stamped it, grinding diligently. 
 "TND (l3"in NTfcO 1 and I was very much afraid. 
 
 : " : - t • t 
 
 The Infinitive absolute partakes of both a nominal and a verbal char- 
 acter. b Like the verb" it may govern a noun in the accusative; like the 
 noun it may be construed as a nominative, genitive, or accusative. Its 
 more important usages may be classified as follows: 
 
 1. It may govern a dependent noun only in the accusative; it never 
 stands in annexion.^ 
 
 2. a. It may stand as an accusative/-/ governed by a finite verb, but 
 the Infinitive construct is more frequently employed. 
 
 o. It may stand as an adverbial accusative, equivalent to an ordi- 
 nary adverb.0 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The Infinitive absolute differs from the Infinitive construct in being more stiff, 
 and in being unable either to stand in annexion with a following word, or to be gov- 
 erned by a preceding preposition. 
 
 (b) "1. The Semitic Infinitive is really not an Infinitive in the sense of the term as 
 used in Greek, Latin, German [and English] grammar; for it was originally, and has 
 remained to the present day, a true noun, which contains in itself all the properties 
 of the noun, and is construed as such in the sentence. The most which can be admit- 
 ted is, that this noun sometimes gives up its capacity for inflection, and becomes an 
 adverb; but never in any case does it pass over into the verb-system, in the manner 
 which characterizes the proper Infinitive idea. 2. The Semitic nomen actionis ex- 
 presses the abstract idea of being, acting, or suffering; and has been derived from 
 the verb in the way in which verbal derivatives, with a concrete meaning, passed 
 over into the abstract meaning. 3. This abstract verbal noun, through its derivation 
 from the verb, has received the power of construction peculiar to the verb, so that it 
 can subordinate another noun in the accusative, and attach to itself a subject in the 
 nominative; while, on the other hand, it has no power whatever, in itself, of express- 
 ing any difference in tense, or in the kind of verb. 4. From the agreement in form 
 among the different branches of the Semitic family of languages, it plainly follows 
 that even the original Semitic language had already handed over the function of the 
 abstract verbal noun to certain forms. "s 
 
 (c) The Infinitive, like the Participle, is without tense, referring alike to past, pres- 
 ent, or future, according to the demands of the context. 
 
 (d) The Infinitive absolute rarely has a subject, e. g., Ps. 17:5. 
 
 i Isa. 43 : 24. 2 Jer. 23 : 14. 3 Deut. 9 : 21. * Neh. 3 : 2. 
 
 s Adolph Koch, Der semitische lnfinitif, 1874. 
 
86 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 28. 
 
 (e) Sometimes also as a nominative, e. g., lsa. 32: 17; 2 Chron. 31: 10; and as a geni- 
 tive, e. g., Tsa. 14:23. 
 
 (/) The suffix governed by the Infinitive absolute must have r\H . 
 
 (£f) The most common Infinitives thus used are 713*171, Gen. 15:1; pniH, Gen. 
 21:16; DTI , Ex.30:36; N^SH , lsa. 29:14; DDPTI , 1 Sam. 17:16; pn , Josh.3:17; *]pn , 
 Josh. 6:11; 3Tj>n , 1 Sam. 17:16. With the exception of 1710, Josh. 2:5, all forms 
 thus used are in the HIph'il. 
 
 3. a. T\i2ty '* (Til ^ ^*JO liO 1 we saw for a certainty that Y. was 
 with thee. 
 DDHN *mD 5 "7p3 2 I will surely visit you. 
 
 v : v • : | J- t | t 
 
 *3DD /Nt£0 /N&0 3 ne urgently besought me. 
 1J*} "V VH "!l\1 4 he strictly charged us. 
 
 AT « ■■ «■ T 
 
 6. Di^J^ LDDJ^I 5 « ?l< ^ 7ie ^ 5 always acting as judge. 
 
 t : •- 
 
 Tl*"Q j"0"l!3 6 i ^ l0u h as t repeatedly blessed. 
 c- *Ti1K TliN 7 curse ye bitterly. 
 
 T 
 
 iNI IfrOI ySt2Vf )y?2& s hear ye indeed and see ye indeed. 
 
 d. ^JiS^I Til 1 ?!! 0*£Di7 ! QfiJf*J fl «»^ ^e waters kept continually 
 
 receding. 
 
 1^1 ^|i7n O/H 10 ^^3/ w«»< going on and lowing. 
 
 IT 
 
 3. The Infinitive absolute" is used in connection with a finite verb b 
 (generally of the same root c and stem d ), as a sort of cognate or absolute 
 accusative {I 31. 4). Various cases arise : — 
 
 a. The Infinitive may precede the finite verb, and mark the cer- 
 tainty of the idea conveyed or intensify \t. e f 
 
 b. The Infinitive may follow the finite verb, and convey the idea of 
 repeated or continued action. 
 
 c. The Infinitive may follow the finite verb, and, as when preceding 
 it, intensify the idea.0 
 
 d. Two Infinitives may follow, one of which is frequently TJ^H, 
 and the idea thus emphasized is that of continuance) 1 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The Infinitive construct is rarely employed for the Infinitive absolute, e. g., 
 Ps. 50:21; Ruth 2: 16; Neh. 1:7. 
 
 (b) Sometimes the finite verb is omitted, the Infinitive only remaining. 
 
 i Gen. 26:28. < Gen. 43:3. 7 Judg. 5:23. 9 Gen. 8:3,5. 
 
 2 Ex. 3:7. 6 Gen. 19:19. 8 lsa. 6:9. w 1 Sam. 6:12. 
 
 s 1 Sam. 20 : 6. 6 Num. 24 :10. 
 
I 28.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 87 
 
 (c) In poetry the Infinitive is sometimes of a different (though cognate) root, e. g., 
 Jer. 8:13; 48:9; Isa. 28:28. 
 
 (d) The Infinitive absolute is frequently in Qal when the finite verb is of a differ- 
 ent stem; e.g., in the Nlph., Ex. 19:13; 21:20,22,28; Mic. 2:4; in the Pl'el or Pu'al, 
 Josh. 24:10; Gen. 37:33; in the HIph'il, 1 Sam. 23:23; in the HIth., Isa. 24:19. Cf. also 
 Lev. 19:20; Ezek. 16:4. 
 
 (e) The particle DJ is frequently employed to give additional emphasis; it stands 
 between the verb and the infinitive; e. g., Gen. 31: 15; 46:4; Num. 16: 13. 
 
 (/) A negative, in such cases, generally stands between the Infinitive and the 
 verb, e.g.,Ex.5:23; 34:7; Deut. 21:14; Nah.l:3; Mic. 1:10; though sometimes before 
 both verb and Infinitive, e. g., Gen. 3:4; Amos 9: 8; Ps. 49:8. 
 
 (g) While the Infinitive, when it follows the verb, generally gives the idea of 
 repetition or continuance, there are many cases in which this force is not allowed by 
 the context, e.g., Gen. 31:15; Isa. 22:17; Jer. 22: 10. 
 
 Qi) In connection with ~\1T\ , used to express continuance, the second word, which 
 then expresses the principal idea, may be not only an Infinitive absolute, but also 
 a Participle, or verbal adjective, e. g., 1 Sam. 2:26; 14:19; 2Sam.3:l; lChron.ll:9. 
 
 4. a. ^-/"IN* fiJTj) 'J?*0 'T^niSt 1 all this have I seen and ap- 
 
 plied my heart. 
 
 DHDH T*i5^ ni*)i3it^5 lypiTl 2 and they blew the trumpets and 
 broke the pitchers, 
 b. irUtfr l 73--"lnk ftrV-.-trWl riOV 3 let the man be put to 
 death . . .let all the congregation stone him. 
 ^ID,} 1 ? *"D£3 iN Jli^nn "U/ 4 to the stranger thou shalt give 
 
 • : t : t t-iv : • 
 
 it, or sell it to an alien. [watch, etc. 
 
 5. a. '"\y) JVJpSfn }ifi¥ jrfat^'n TH"^ 5 they prepare the table, set the 
 
 b. ™U"lim /IDN 6 y e shall eat and leave thereof. 
 
 : t 
 
 c. J"Q&*n Di^~nN Ti^? 7 remember the Sabbath day. 
 
 T - - V T 
 
 !"7 yN!"T D^liDDrrn^ l"Tip7 8 take thou these documents. 
 
 d. n^tf^ f)"G1 ^Hp tl/Vtl 9 I ">i7Z bring up a company and 
 
 deliver them to vexation. 
 
 4. The Infinitive absolute is used to continue the verbal idea a 
 
 a. Introduced by a Perfect, or an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive. 
 
 b. Introduced by an Imperfect referring to the future. 
 
 lEccles. 8:9. * Deut. 14:21. 6 2 Kgs. 4:43. s Jer. 32:14. 
 
 2judg. 7:19. s Isa. 21:5. t Ex. 20:9. 9 Ezek. 23:46. 
 
 3 Num. 15:35. 
 
HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 [2 29. 
 
 5. The Infinitive absolute is, still further, used as a concise and vivid 
 substitute for a finite verb; bc as, 
 
 a. For the Perfect in narration and description ; cf. Latin Histor- 
 ical Infinitive. 
 
 b. For the Imperfect, referring to the future. 
 
 c. For the Imperative, when it is to be expressed emphatically. 
 
 d. For the Cohortative, in the way of exclamation/* 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Especially frequent in later literature, when it was thought sufficient to ex- 
 press the distinction of tense, number and person in the first verbal form and allow it 
 to be understood in the case of those following. 
 
 (ft) For examples of its use where the subject is expressed, see Gen. 17:10; Ps.l7:5; 
 Prov. 17:12; etc. 
 
 (c) This usage is probably due to the ellipsis of the finite verb, e. g., 713X standing 
 for ^DX'ri S'lDK ; IDT , for n3Tfi 1131 . 
 
 (d) In none of these cases, or in those under 4 a, ft, may the Infinitive have a 
 negative. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 8: 7 3b. lKgs.22:30 5d. 
 
 Gen. 27:30; 43:3,20 3a. 2 Kgs. 4:43 5b. 
 
 Gen. 41 : 43 4a. 
 
 Gen. 46: 4 3c. 
 
 Ex. 3:7 3a. 
 
 Ex. 8:11 4a. 
 
 Ex. 36: 7 2ft. 
 
 Lev. 32:44 4ft. 
 
 Num. 16:13 3c. 
 
 Num. 25:17 5c. 
 
 Deut. 5:12 5c. 
 
 Josh. 6:13 3d. 
 
 Judg. 5:23 3c. 
 
 Judg. 7 :19 4a. 
 
 Judg. 11 : 25 3a. 
 
 1 Sam. 2:30; 9:6 3a. 
 
 1 Sam. 2:26; 14:19 3d. 
 
 1 Sam. 2: 27,28 4a. 
 
 2 Sam. 3:1; 5:10 3d. 
 
 2 Sam. 19:43 3a. 
 
 Isa. 5:5; 59:4 1 
 
 Isa. 7:15; 22:13 2a. 
 
 Isa. 42 : 20 4a. 
 
 Isa. 59: 4 5a. 
 
 Jer.2:2 5c. 
 
 Jer. 7:13 2ft. 
 
 Jer. 22:10 3ft. 
 
 Ez. 1:14 5a. 
 
 Hos. 4:2 5a. 
 
 Amos 9:8 3a. 
 
 Zech. 3: 4; 7:5 4a. 
 
 Zech. 12:10 5ft. 
 
 Job 15:3 5ft. 
 
 Job 15: 35 1 
 
 Eccl. 9:11 4a. 
 
 Dan. 9:5 4a. 
 
 1 Chron. 11:9 3d. 
 
 29. The Infinitive Construct. 
 
 1. a. il^ D1KH J"Ti\1 DltD N 1 ? 1 the being of man alone is not good. 
 
 - : t t |t v: 
 
 D*£^JS| DiN 1 ??! D32 ID^lpn 2 is the wearying of men too little 
 for you ? 
 i Gen. 2:18. 2 Isa. 7:13. 
 
I 29.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 89 
 
 &■ D*rf?K '* flifc^ Di^ 1 on the day of Y. God's making, etc. 
 flDKil nty~i\? 2 not time for being gathered. 
 
 c - DiD-3 I'Oj^Dr f or ^ ie sa ^" e °f t r yi n 9 — i n order to try. [see. 
 
 J")iOO VTV rn^DI 4 and his eyes were weak so that he could not 
 PH^'flN Y? *l7in^ 5 when Isaac was bom to him. 
 
 | t : • v •■-!-•: 
 
 d- JOT DKi* 1^1^ N ' I know not [hovj) to go out or to come in. 
 
 2. a. J3£*£pn~j15tf D*pi1 8 *0 se£ wp the tabernacle. 
 p'*7V i"l*£?!l7 9 ^° destroy the righteous. 
 1i"IK D*p<1 Wfcfr 10 ^ order to establish thee. 
 b. (1) If!* DJ 0*I1N H^Vf 11 tlie dwelling of brethren also together. 
 
 DIM i1int^7 D'D PN 12 $ere was ?io water for the people to 
 
 *l , V '* il/OFO 13 w* Yahwclis sparing him. 
 
 xt - : v : 
 
 *«?4*£ *K1p-J u m» my calling, answer me (cf. VW Klp3) 
 (2) i^'?"'?^ Tl^En DII*/? 15 &a< <Afi &»«£ should take it to heart. 
 1I7N* V?^ DD3 /t^P 16 ^ ia ^ one man shoidd rule over you. 
 c T1^ 'K '* Dib^. Di'3 17 «* $e day of Y. God's making earth, etc. 
 iilN 1*HX &'11 18 ^y brother s seeking it. 
 ^DN* ITO* riJObO 19 in Yahwelis hating us. 
 
 -jt - : 
 
 tDDp'P [i*2ISI 1515 20 whe7i the needy speak justice. 
 
 The Infinitive construct, like the Infinitive absolute, partakes of both 
 a nominal and a verbal character. It is much more flexible than the 
 Infinitive absolute and may, at one time, exercise both functions. 
 
 1. The Infinitive construct as a noun a may be used, 
 
 a. As a nominative serving as the subject, 
 
 b. As a genitive depending upon a preceding construct, 
 c As a genitive depending on a preceding preposition, 6 
 d. As an accusative, the direct object of a verb. 
 
 1 Gen. 2:4. 6 l Kgs. 3:7. 11 Ps. 133:1. i6judg.9:3. 
 
 2 Gen. 29:7. i Ps. 101:3. 12 Ex. 17:1. "Gen. 2:4. 
 
 3 Ex. 20: 20. 8 Num. 9:15. islsa.47:9. is Deut. 22:2. 
 * Gen. 27:1. 9 Gen. 18:25. 1* Ps. 4:2. 19 Deut. 1:27. 
 6 Gen. 21:5. 10 Deut. 29:12. is 2 Sam. 19:20. 2oIsa.32:7. 
 
90 HKBREW SYNTAX [g 29. 
 
 2. a. The Infinitive construct, likewise the verbal noun, which is really 
 an Infinitive, governs as its direct object a noun which is construed as an 
 accusative. c ' d 
 
 b. The Infinitive construct may have a subject, which will be 
 
 (1) a noun placed immediately after it as genitive, or 
 
 (2) a noun following it (not always immediately) as a nomina- 
 tive. c J >Q 
 
 c. The Infinitive construct may be followed by two nouns, a subject 
 and an object, in which case the former of the two is the subject (either 
 genitive or nominative).' 1 '* 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) While the Infinitive construct is in many respects a noun, it does not receive 
 an article, cases like nj'^n fijjj (Gen. 2: 9) being 1 rare and exceptional. 
 
 (b) 3 with the Infinitive construct is equivalent to while, when (quando); 3, as 
 soon as, when (cum with subjv.). 
 
 (c) The object of the Infinitive construct is never a genitive. 
 
 (d) Only the suffix of the first person may be appended as an accusative to the 
 Infinitive; other suffixes, except occasionally the third plural, must have j"\X . 
 
 (e) In Arabic there are three possible constructions: (1) Infinitive, subj. in gen., 
 obj. in ace; (2) Infinitive, obj. in gen., subj. in nom.; (3) Infinitive, subj. in nom., obj. 
 in ace. 
 
 (/) Since the case-endings have been lost, it is often impossible to determine 
 whether the subject is a genitive or nominative; but it may clearly be taken as a 
 nominative (1) when the 7 prefixed to the inf. has pretonic t (e. g., 2 Sam. 19:20); 
 (2) when a word stands between the Infinitive and the subject (see above). 
 
 (ff) The subject is frequently omitted when it can be supplied from the context, 
 e.g., Gen. 24:30; Isa. 5:2. 
 
 (h) Sometimes the object rather than the subject follows the Infinitive, e. g., Josh. 
 14:11; Isa.5:24; 20:1. 
 
 (i) The Hebrew by the "combination of the verbal and nominal construction of 
 the Infinitive construct is enabled to secure wonderful brevity," e. g., Gen. 39:18; 
 Deut. 22:2. 
 
 3. a. tyflTh '£77 Di*"nK TDf 1 remember the Sabbath day to keep it 
 
 :|- : v t 
 
 holy. [tell thee. 
 
 I 1 ? "T^n 1 ? HD^ '3N ~ TH nti^/DJO 2 and only I have escaped to 
 
 ||T • - ; • - : • -: | - t : |T • t 
 
 b. NiD'"!' JTOC'n *(""H 3 and the sun was about to go down. 
 , J1/ V u'in'? !~nn u Yahiceh is about to deliver me. 
 
 c. 7l7 jli&'J/ 1 ? HD 5 tchat can be done for thee ? 
 *^H * m \'2r(~? UfT\ 5 can one speahfor thee ? 
 
 iEx.20:8. 3Gen.l5:12. <Isa.38:20. s2Kgs.4:13. 
 
 a Job 1:16. 
 
I 29.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. , 91 
 
 d. nQ1i^fl"]lX "tD.r'? PX DnNV and there teas no man to till the g. 
 
 t t -: |t v :| - I 'J - t t : 
 
 D)u? t~\]}*\ m / 7 n^ 2 ^tere is a time to be born and a time to die. 
 e - nib^y N frOD"*"^'^ 3 which God created while making. 
 ^f2tf!7 'N Df"IN Tl *H D ^ I 4 onrf G. blessed them, saying. 
 
 t I v jt : - 
 
 /SisJitttfo ^N'lD^l 5 and they tempted God in ashing for food. 
 
 4. a. 2*1/ DlXn /fin 6 Wi ™ began to multiply. 
 
 T T T |T " " 
 
 Vf7fr$~nX i"l"l 7 7 flpill 7 cmd she added to bear his brother, 
 b. iTiJD/ ti^N TOV 8 a man may be able to number. 
 c rftfcfr WS^'PlX bitti?*) 9 and he ashed for himself to die. 
 
 t] 7Jl / D^ilX frV'N'/ 10 h e wiM n °t permit you to go. 
 
 3. The Infinitive construct with the preposition 7 , 
 
 a. Is used primarily to express purpose.® 
 
 b. May he rendered " is to," " is about to," in statements of time. 6 
 
 c. Is sometimes best expressed by " can " (= possibility). 
 
 d. Denotes consequence, " that," " so that." 
 
 e. Marks a concomitant circumstance (= gerund in do). c 
 
 4. The Infinitive construct with the preposition 7 occurs when the 
 Infinitive alone would have answered,^ 
 
 a. After verbs of beginning, ceasing. 
 
 b. After verbs implying ability, or possibility. 
 
 c. After verbs of wishing, commanding, refusing. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Cf. the more emphatic construction (1) with T^dS , Deut. 8:3; 1 Kgs. 12:15; 
 Isa. 30:1; Jer. 32:29; Mic. 6:5,16; (2) with in^jS , 2 Sam. 17:14; 18:18. 
 
 (b) The use of 7 in riWyi , Isa. 5:2, till it should produce, is worthy of note. 
 
 (c) "It thus serves to characterize more closely the idea of the verb by stating the 
 sphere in which the action moves;" the phrase is best translated by treating the In- 
 finitive as the main verb, and the finite verb as an adverb. 
 
 (d) The Infinitive as subject semetimes has 7 1 e. g., Prov. 21:9; 2 Sam. 18:11. 
 
 5. a. D^W 1 ? iON^V -^'"VD 1 ? "IDNil 11 who says to C. .and says to J. 
 
 • - t I • •■ : v : ■• t 
 
 • t -: ■■ t t : : - : v : t : )- • v •• : 
 
 your sons he will take and set them on his chariots, and will make 
 them leaders of thousands. 
 
 1 Gen. 2:5. 4 Gen. 1:22. 7 Gen. 4:2. 10 Ex. 3:19. 
 
 2Eccl.3:2. 6Ps.78:18. sGen.l3:16. nlsa.44:28. 
 
 3 Gen. 2 : 3. 6 Gen. 6 : 1. » 1 Kgs. 19 : 4. 12 1 Sam. 8 :11,12. 
 
92 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 29. 
 
 &• VDH1 nflu'l i^Tl^l^ 1 because lie pursued him and stifled his 
 
 t -: |- - • : : t "- 
 
 compassion. 
 
 JOpJO *D*""li""0 *»*T1 2 a?l( ^ ^ came to pass w/jen, I raised my voice 
 
 and cried. {eat. 
 
 6. ljJQ.2" 1 ?^ 'Ffrlb 1W1¥ *1£'N 3 of which I commanded thee not to 
 
 _,.. . T _. . . . . | _,. . . .. _. 
 
 Din ^b^ Vl'/Q 1 ? D*H pi 4 o>«fy te strong not to eat the blood. 
 
 5. The Infinitive construct sometimes 
 
 a. Continues a sentence introduced by an Imperfect or Participle. 
 
 b. Is continued by the Perfect or Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 (2224. 5; 25. 5). 
 
 6. When the Infinitive is to be negatived, *Fi72/ is employed. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 4:13; 34:30 lc Isa.l0:33 3ft. 
 
 Gen. 18:29 4a. Isa. 13:19; 10:15 2c. 
 
 Ex. 14 :12. . . la. Isa. 47 : 9 2b. 
 
 Ex. 14:13 3a. Jer.7:10 2a. 
 
 Ex. 33:29 5 Jer. 17:10; 19:12 5 
 
 Lev. 10:10,11 5 Hos. 9:13 3b. 
 
 Deut. 8:2; 11:4; 15:10; 25:17 lc. Amos 8: 4 5 
 
 Deut. 25:19 2b. Mic. 6:8 Id. 
 
 Josh. 14:7 2c. Ps. 32:9 3b. 
 
 1 Sam. 12:17; 14:33 3e. Ps. 34:23 5 
 
 2 Sam. 14:25 3e. Ps. 46:3; 76:10; 133:1 2b. 
 
 2 Sam. 17:14 lc. Prov. 14:8; 16:12 la. 
 
 2 Sam. 18:11 la. Prov. 26:2 3c. 
 
 lKgs. 12:15; 15:4 2a. Job 33:17 2c. 
 
 lKgs. 13:4 2c. 3Chr. 5:11; 30:6; 25: 9 3c. 
 
 Isa. 5:24; 10:2 5 
 
 i Amos 1:11. 2 Gen. 39:18. s Gen. 3:11. * Deut. 12:23. 
 
HI. Verbal Government and. Apposition. 
 
 30. The Object Accusative. 
 
 1. 'Nil riNI D*DC7T fitf N JOD 1 God created the heavens and the e. 
 
 2. IK^D D*D1 OD*T 2 your hands are full of Hood. 
 flJ^'Dn p"lDn* ,l ?^ 3 perhaps they will lack five. 
 
 3- TNVn D^2 l&O 1 ? 4 the pastures are clothed with flocks. 
 
 ^If "ITN 5 they gird themselves tvith strength. 
 4. j"V3r7 ^C 6 h e remained in the house. 
 
 HA3D Y~\i$ liO*") 7 an d they came to the land of Canaan. 
 
 TJ/fl &V* K/ 8 ' ie wew< wo£ cra£ of the city. 
 5- florin yrhlDl-- ■ -n^lDn ♦n^lDJl 9 ^w ^ rendered me good, I 
 
 have rendered thee evil. [tidings. 
 
 *tan j~in mtsoK nj n^vw let me rm ™& bring the ]iin g 
 
 1. In Hebrew, as in other languages, transitive verbs govern their 
 object in the accusative/ 1 But aside from ordinary transitive verbs, 
 certain other classes are so construed ; these are 
 
 2. Verbs denoting fullness or wantp of which the most common are 
 N^D be full, ^D^ be satisfied, Y*^& teem, ¥*)£ overflow, HII be satis- 
 fied, "1DH be deficient, tOJJ* be deprived. 
 
 3. Verbs denoting to clothe and unclothe., of which the most common 
 are £JO / P ut on, tllty adorn oneself, tll2^ cover, flCD^ wrap up, HDD 
 cover, n5¥ overlay, dllO spread over, *)£D^ croicn, *1JHl , *1f{^ gird, Dt^'iD 
 put off. 
 
 4. Verbs denoting to go, or come, to dwell, of which the most common 
 are tfQ go in, W> go out, l^H go, ZW> , p& , TlJI dwell, 22& lie 
 down. 
 
 5. Verbs which were originally transitive and now resume their origi- 
 nal force, or which were originally intransitive but have come to be con- 
 
 1 Gen. 1:1. i Ps. 65:14. 1 Gen. 45:25. 9 1 Sam. 24:18. 
 
 2lsa. 1:15. 6 1 Sam. 2:4. «2Kgs. 20:4. 10 2 Sam. 18 :19. 
 
 a Gen. 18:28. e Ruth 2:7. 
 
94 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 31. 
 
 ceived of as transitive; e. g., ^") defend before court, f"Oy answer, 
 reply to, "ICO bring good news to, {"[JO commit adultery with, 2~\ty 
 become surety for, 7^J1 , DT 1 ^ repay, retaliate, J"HD rebel against. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Many verbs originally construed with prepositions come, in later usage, to be 
 taken transitively, e. g., pjjfj , 2 Sam. 15:5; 1 Sam. 20:41; while many which were orig- 
 inally transitive come to prefer a preposition, e. g., XTp with 7 , 7tf , 3 , or "inX . 
 
 (b) In poetry also with verbs which gain this force only from the context, e. g., 
 7TJ, Jer. 9:17; C]£3J , Joel 4:18; Judg. 5:4; fpty, Isa. 10:22; PlS^ , Isa. 5:6; Prov. 24:31. 
 
 (c) Here may be noted that double usage in accordance with which there may be 
 employed either the noun alone or the noun with the preposition 3 , e.g., Ps. 22: 8 and 
 Job 16:4; Ps. 35:16 and Job: 16: 9. Cf. also the use of 2 in Lam. 1:17; Ex. 7:20, where we 
 would certainly employ the accusative. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:20, 21; 27: 45 2. Isa. 32:16 , 4. 
 
 Gen. 4:20 4. Isa. 60: 6 5. 
 
 Ex. 1:7 2. Ps. 5: 5; 120:5 4. 
 
 Judg. 5:17 4. Ps. 35:12; 68:12 5. 
 
 2Kgs.20:4 4. Ps. 65:14; 104:2 3. 
 
 31. The Double Accusative. 
 
 1. IfiN '♦ ^N'Hn 1 Y. hath shown thee to me. 
 
 P* *)3*DN i"lN i~lpC3 2 hi us cause our father to drink wine. 
 
 2. DJDN Di~lN J~njr"n 8 and thou shalt gird them with priestly girdles. 
 pll^ *)i"TJ7lD*1 4 and he planted it with choice vines. 
 
 3. 77f7 T*™)NH DN IN /Dl 5 an d they shall fill the land with slain. 
 VJ"0£2D L^TfT) ?J"1 6 with corn and new wine have I sustained him. 
 
 4. TO)? DN N pil *IBW DH^n 7 the children whom God hath 
 granted thy servant. 
 
 *"P*0* HIN^ll^ ^l^in 8 thy right hand shall teach thee terrible things. 
 
 %Xy\T\ DOi~On J~lN 7N£2^ 9 ash the priests for instruction. 
 *>• Dp^ IDfiJ' N^p 10 he called his name Jacob. 
 
 tX\TV^ w rO^TTl 11 an d he counted it to him for righteousness. 
 6. |"0?D OMDNH J"lN POD'V 2 an d he built the stones into an altar. 
 
 "l£)# D1NH HN '♦ iyi 13 and Y. formed the man out of dust. 
 
 i2Kgs. 8:13. BEzek. 30:11. sp s . 45:5. 11 Gen. 15:6. 
 
 2 Gen. 19:32. « Gen. 27:37. 9 Hag. 2:11. 12 1 Kgs. 18:32. 
 
 3 Ex. 29:9. 'Gen. 33: 5. 10 Gen. 27: 36. is Gen. 2:7. 
 * Isa. 5:2. 
 
1 32.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 95 
 
 7. *r?7 ^1K /0 JlK JV^i""! 1 ^ i0M ^astf smitten all my enemies on the 
 cheek-bone. [soul. 
 
 £^5J Dfl^Dp DN ^Dpl 2 « w< ^ ^ e w ^ spoil their spoilers as to the 
 
 Verbs which govern two accusatives may be classified as follows : a > ft 
 
 1. The causative of stems which in the Qal governed one accusative. 
 
 2. Verbs denoting to clothe, cover; to plant, sow, which have or are 
 assigned a causative force even in Qal. 
 
 3. Verbs denoting to Jill, satisfy, sustain, and the opposite. 
 
 4. Verbs denoting to give, bestow ; to ask, answer, teach. 
 
 5. Verbs denoting to name, appoint, consider. 
 
 6. Verbs denoting to make into, make out of, build, form, etc. 
 
 7. Verbs which take, besides a direct object, a remote object which 
 specifies more distinctly the object affected by the action, or the circum- 
 stances connected therewith. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Many of these verbs are also construed with prepositions. 
 
 (b) Verbs which in the active govern two accusatives, in the passive govern one. 
 
 (c) Here belong jnj , D't? , T\W , TW$ , HJ3 , etc. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 4:25; 16: 15; 17: 5; 28:19 5. Jer.2:21 2. 
 
 Gen. 19:33 1. Jer.3:15 7. 
 
 Ex. 28: 6; 37:1; 39: 22,27 6. Amos6:ll 6. 
 
 Josh. 7:25 7. Mic. 7:2 7. 
 
 2 Sam. 1:18 4. Ps. 60:5 1. 
 
 lKgs. 18:21 4. Ps.64:8 7. 
 
 Isa.l6:9;50:4 3. Ps. 65:10 3. 
 
 Isa. 17:10; 22:21; 30:23 2. Ps. 94:10 4. 
 
 Isa. 60:17 6. 
 
 32. The Cognate Accusative. 
 
 1. W~\\ y\t DfcJ^ 3 herb producing seed. 
 
 OV?l"T f]DV D/CVl 4 an d Joseph had a dream. 
 W"0"1 "Oil"! 5 have I spoken {even) a word f 
 
 2. 7IIJI *^^ 1DD 6 they wept with a great weeping. 
 2~)fl nD^Q 1D^ 7 they fled the flight of the sword. 
 
 *Df3* ^llOn J"1*VOp 8 h e shall be buried with the burial of an ass. 
 
 IPs. 3:8. 3 Gen. 1:29. 6 2 Sam. 7:7. » Lev. 26:36. 
 
 aProv. 22:23. * Gen. 37:5. « 2 Sam. 13:36. «Jer. 22:19. 
 
96 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 33. 
 
 3. *J"IJOp n^nJl n^ri 1 I "<mw jealous in great anger. 
 /TU /lp pj^*^ 2 a,i( ^ ^ e cn'etZ a Zoi«(Z voice. 
 
 4- INI *1K"1V • • -^AtDC IJ/DJ^ 3 /iear a hearing see a seeing. 
 
 \}t2i~\ "l./tDH 4 shalt thou indeed reign f 
 
 Any verb may take a noun of the same stem to define and explain the 
 verbal idea. This is called the cognate accusative. Here may be distin- 
 guished : 
 
 1. Cases in which the accusative furnishes a concrete example of the 
 action expressed by the verb, and is employed either to express special 
 emphasis, or where in modern languages the verb would be a word of 
 general significance (cf. the usage in Latin and Greek). 
 
 2. Cases in which the cognate accusative, followed either by an adjec- 
 tive or a genitive, furnishes additional information concerning the action 
 of the verb. 
 
 3. Cases in which this accusative is cognate not in stem, but only in 
 signification. Hence arises a number of common and concise expres- 
 sions, used, for the most part, in poetry. 
 
 4. Cases in which this accusative expresses not the concrete, but the 
 abstract idea of the verb. Here belongs the usage of the Infinitive abso- 
 lute before and after a finite form (§ 28. 3). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Num. 31:2 1. Jer. 14:17; 20:11; 23:6; 30:14 3 
 
 1 Sam. 4:5 2. Jer. 30:14 2 
 
 1 Sam. 20:17 1. Hos. 10:4 1 
 
 2 Sam. 12:16; 13:15 1. Jon. 4:6 2 
 
 1 Kgs.2:16 1. Zech. 1:14,15 2 
 
 Isa. 5:1 2. Zech. 1:2 1 
 
 Isa. 5:6 1. Prov. 17 : 27 ; 22 : 23 1 
 
 Isa. 37:6 3. 
 
 33. The Adverbial Accusative. 
 
 1. a. ifl^'H N¥3 5 l et: vs 9° ou t into the field. 
 
 VDTI D80 ^NDtJT? DN 6 whether to the left or to the right. 
 
 ^Ptytl *JQ i"lN irVV emd he encamped before the city. 
 b. 7(lXn ni~l5 D^'* Nim 8 while he sat at the entrance of the tent. 
 OP! 1 ? iTD ^t!'N VDfrv IDpD 9 in his fathers grave which was in 
 Bethlehem. 
 
 l Zech. 8:2. * Gen. 37:8. 6 Gen. 13:9. » Gen. 18:1. 
 
 a 2 Sam. 19:5. « 1 Sam. 20:11. t Gen. 33:18. 9 2 Sam. 2:32. 
 
 3 Isa. 6:9. 
 
I 33.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 97 
 
 2- D*"^^ *^p Pfrnn 1 at the beginning of barley -harvest. 
 i~l7 , 7l DftV i"0?T 2 ^ te meditates day and night. 
 
 3. D'OH 1"D.3 • • • • fflDK iHB^ TO!"! 3 the waters rose fifteen cubits. 
 0*071^ ^IfO^/ 4 ^ a * ^Ott mayest live forever. 
 
 flS{^ fiX^'H "YJ7H 5 ^ te c *ty ^ ia ^ goes forth a thousand. 
 
 4. D1J* DTl^ 6 he flees naked, 
 
 rOI^O JL3J$ ta |/ , 1 7 a?l ^ Agag came with confidence. 
 7^X ^H 7$$ 1^1^ 8 I will go down to my son mourning. 
 D^'^N IDID' 9 they shall die as men. [men. 
 
 5- Dli^ OD ItOQl^n D*7£^D 10 2/ e s/ia?Z judge righteously the sons of 
 D\3£ 7K D\35 K TlW 11 I have seen God face to face. 
 Tv?^ m^"11J 12 I have been wonderfully distinguished. 
 
 6. l7^{«si™| ^7I"1 13 2/ e 7iawe &ee?i devoured by the sword. 
 *3iD DIN T? IfcOil 14 ll e come in to be seen by my face. 
 
 7. ffTPtl N*J- • ■ .DTMH in ^p^l 15 a»d the mount of Olives shall be 
 cleft {so as to become) a large valley. [great fear. 
 y Jl fflDinO y)?2 '* 1* Mm 16 «• *■ & °f Y. was on t. c. {so that there arose) 
 
 8. a. V737 i"lX H/fT 17 he was ill as to his feet. [than thou. 
 
 *V2f2 77JX NDDH p7 18 only as to the throne will I be greater 
 b. D\3iD HJOrO 19 let us see one another in person. 
 
 D*5X innC^I 20 an d he bowed himself down as regards the face. 
 c tT^7 *1D1l^* NIPT 21 he will bruise thee in the head. 
 
 HJOn D7JJ0 22 7 ' e cooked them as to the flesh. 
 d- iOpN '* 7^ '/Ip 23 I cry unto Y. with my voice. 
 
 *j"I^T)J K? '* 4> f2^ 2i by my name Y. I was not known. 
 
 Many nouns have become adverbs ; a many adverbial ideas are ex- 
 pressed by means of prepositions.** Aside from these cases, the accusa- 
 tive is used in an adverbial sense, to express, 
 
 1. Designations of place, 
 
 a. In answer to the question whither f c 
 
 b. In answer to the question where ? d 
 
 12 Sara. 21:9. 
 
 il Sam. 15:32. 
 
 islsa. 1:20. 
 
 i9 2Kgs. 14:8. 
 
 *Ps. 1:2. 
 
 s Gen. 37:35. 
 
 « Isa. 1:12. 
 
 20 Gen. 19:1. 
 
 s Gen. 7:20. 
 
 9 1 Sam. 2:33. 
 
 is Zech.l4:4. 
 
 st Gen. 3:15. 
 
 *lKgs. 8:13. 
 
 io Ps. 58:2. 
 
 16 1 Sam. 5:9. 
 
 22 lKg-s. 19:21 
 
 6 Amos 5:3. 
 
 li Gen. 33:31. 
 
 " lKgs. 15:23. 
 
 ssps. 3:5. 
 
 e Amos 2:16. 
 
 12 Ps. 139:14. 
 
 is Gen. 41:40. 
 
 24 Ex. 6:3. 
 
98 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 33. 
 
 2. Designation of time, in answer to the question when ? but only in 
 general statements. 6 
 
 3. Designations of extent, duration, amount, in answer to the questions 
 how far ? how long ? how much ? 
 
 4. The state or condition of the subject at the time of the action 
 described in the principal verb. 
 
 5. The particular mode or manner in which the action of the verb is 
 performed. 
 
 6. Rarely the instrument by means of which the action was per- 
 formed. 
 
 7. The effect or consequence of the action of the verb. 
 
 8. The particular object or part to which the state or condition 
 described by the verb is limited ; i. e., the accusative of specification ;/ 
 
 a. With verbs which express a state or condition. 
 h. With verbs which have a reflexive force. 
 
 c. With verbs which have a direct object accusative. 
 
 d. In poetry and with passive verbs. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) E. g., DJON , Din , DNr\3 ; nt33 Judg. 8:11, also ntt^S . 
 
 (b) Cf. the various meanings local and temporal of 3 , 7 , |D , 7X , etc. 
 
 (c) In these cases the accusative ending H_ is frequently employed (cf. Elements 0/ 
 Hebrew, § 121. 3); e. g., Gen. 14:10; 20:1. 
 
 id) Here also the ending !"l_ is sometimes employed; e. g., 1 Kgs. 4:14. 
 
 (e) In particular statements prepositions Q , / , D) are generally employed. 
 
 (/) Here belongs the construction of the numeral noted in §§ 15. 2. c; 6. 2. K. (b). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 5:3; 14:4 3. Jer. 26:18 7. 
 
 Gen. 9:20 4. Mic.2:3 5. 
 
 Gen. 18:1; 38:11 lb. Mic. 3:13 7. 
 
 Gen. 42:6. 5. Nah. 1:8 la. 
 
 Ex. 4: 9 la. Hab. 3:9 7. 
 
 Ex. 16 : 20 7. Zeph. 3:9 8d. 
 
 Ex. 23:15 6. Ps. 1:2; 91: 6 2. 
 
 Deut.9:25; 15:18 3. Ps.2:12 8a. 
 
 Deut. 33:11 8c. Ps. 12:3; 17:10,11 8d. 
 
 2 Sam. 14:26 3. Ps. 15:2 4. 
 
 2 Sam. 15:32 4. Ps. 56:3 5. 
 
 2 Kgs. 14:8,11 8b. Prov. 19:23 6. 
 
 Isa. 3:6 lb. Prov. 24:15 4. 
 
 Isa. 60:14 5. Job 21: 7 8a. 
 
 Jer.2:16 8c. 2 Chr.20:36 la. 
 
§ 34:.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 99 
 
 34. The Accusative with fitf. 
 
 1- mfl ilN ^T DIN IT) 1 and the man knew Eve. 
 TIN?! J"1K K N"V*I 2 ««^ GW ««w <Ae light. 
 VDN flN K^N Sty' 3 « wan Zeaves his father. 
 
 2- *)7 i~f£J^ ""l&TN J"1N ^T") 4 and he knew what he had done to him. 
 l^Ni") X*? tit JIN *|N 5 yet this ye shall not eat. 
 
 FfrtMt »D JIN 6 ttAoro «Aa# I send ? 
 3. *V^ 7D nX DIHJV ow^ «;e destroyed every city. 
 
 D*"inK D'H't'N DX DiTTD^") 8 and ye shall serve other gods. 
 D*"U^?7D IflN DN Up 9 *«&<? one o/ the servants. 
 
 4. nm new m in tr»« nx "W m* w° «^ if «» ox ^re a 
 
 man or a woman, that they die. 
 
 5. vfcfc "0"1Q J"lN .J/Q&'N'l 11 and I heard him who spake unto me. 
 
 6. £"|*1V DK tJOPT ptrT*1 13 and the carpenter encouraged the smith. 
 *"Ql f|J?' JHN i"T\y? 13 ^° sustain with words him that is weary. 
 
 7. DWl HJDB' fW *?!)**' JTl¥O u unleavened bread shall be eaten 
 the seven days. [nights. 
 
 ,L ?n aymx n*o orn d*;3in nx 15 ^e/o»% <%* and forty 
 
 |7il ^N '' DO ilNV 6 a«cZ lam going to the house of Y. 
 
 8. V AH i"lN H/H 17 he was diseased in his feet. {foreskin. 
 IjT?*^ *)CO nX l/DPO 18 i n his being circumcised in the flesh of his 
 
 9. to mro v£jjn ^ro virao ^ dnv 9 ««^ («« m) a n m$ 
 
 fugitives in all his bands (they) shall fall by the sword. 
 
 ^n TON ff?K 72 JIN B»K t)^. • -tol 20 and! diere/eZZ 15,000 
 
 men, a?Z fnese men o/ valor. [have pierced. 
 
 10. Tlp"| *)t^N J"IN ^N IDOiTl 21 a»a" they will look unto me whom they 
 D*t2tl nh£3V JlfcO n^Dn JTJIl *N 22 w/iere is the king's spear and 
 the cruse of water ? [Esau. 
 
 11. y HD1 HN Hpl*")'? "TJH 23 «««* were foZd to Rebekah the words of 
 *mr7 JlN *TJ*^2 ^T ^N 24 ^ not the thing be evil in thine eyes. 
 
 i Gen. 4:1. 
 
 iDeut. 2:34. 
 
 "Isa. 50:4. 
 
 is Ezek. 17:21. 
 
 2 Gen. 1:4. 
 
 « Jer. 16:13. 
 
 M Ex. 13:7. 
 
 20 Judg. 20:44. 
 
 s Gen. 2:24. 
 
 »1 Sam. 9:3. 
 
 isDeut.9:25. 
 
 21 Zech. 12:10. 
 
 * Gen. 9:24. 
 
 io Ex. 21:28. 
 
 is Judg. 19:18. 
 
 221 Sam. 26:16 
 
 b Lev. 11:4. 
 
 nEzek. 2:2. 
 
 I'lKgs. 15:23. 
 
 23 Gen. 27:42. 
 
 «Isa. 6:8. 
 
 i2lsa.41:7. 
 
 u Gen. 17:25. 
 
 24 2 F»™. 11:25. 
 
100 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 34. 
 
 1. The sign jlK is prefixed to substantives in the accusative, espe- 
 cially when they precede the verb ; but only when they are definite,** and 
 rather before the names of persons than the names of things.' 3 ' Besides 
 the general usage, the particle is employed, 
 
 2. With 1£'N , nt , and »£ , but never with J7ft • 
 
 3. With ^ , H7K i in^ i which partake somewhat of the nature 
 and usage of pronouns. e 
 
 4. With a singular noun (without the article), when it represents a 
 whole species/ 
 
 5. With a participle (without the article) in the sense of lie who.Q 
 
 6. With a noun from which in poetry {I 5. 4) the article has been 
 omitted. 
 
 7. With some expressions of time and placed (§ 33. 1-3). 
 
 8. With the adverbial accusative of specification {I 33. 8). ft 
 
 9. With expressions in which there is a transition to something new, 
 or when something not thought of before is added.'* 
 
 10. With what is strictly speaking an oblique case, or after *) $ with a 
 circumstantial clause, or with what is meant to be less distinct or inde- 
 pendent.' 
 
 11. With the subject of passive verbs and of verbs which are neuter or 
 intransitive. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For its use with pronominal suffixes, see § 11. 2. b. 
 
 (b) Whether definite in themselves, or by position, see § 4. 1, 2. The cases in which 
 r>X occurs with an indefinite noun are few, e. g., Ex. 2:1; 21:28; 2 Sam. 18:18; and these 
 cases are suspicious. 
 
 (c) Yet here omitted frequently, especially in poetry; cf. Ex. 15 and Judg. 5. 
 
 (d) When the object is double it is sometimes expressed with both, sometimes with 
 one; and at other times it is omitted, e. g., 1 Sam. 17:36; Gen. 2:19; Deut. 12:6; 14:12-18; 
 Num. 12:5. 
 
 (e) Also with other numerals accompanied by nouns, e. g., 2 Sam. 15:16; 1 Kgs. 
 6:16. 
 
 (/) Compare Lev. 7:8; 20:14. 
 ((/) This usage is very rare. 
 
 (h) Compare the use of nx with the nominative absolute (§ 7. 5). 
 (i) Compare with this the later use of 7 . 
 
 (J) Compare the use of the accusative in Arabic after wa in the sense of together 
 with. 
 
 (k) Note the usage of J1K in Zech. 8:17 and Deut. 11:2. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.7:23; 17:5 11. Gen. 33:18 7. 
 
 Gen. 8: 21 3. Ex. 10:8 11. 
 
 Gen.l8:19 2. Lev. 7:8;20:14 4. 
 
\\ 35, 36.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 101 
 
 Num.l6:15 3. 2Sam.21:22 9. 
 
 Deut.2:34 3. lKgs. 11:25 10. 
 
 Deut.l2:22 11. lKgs. 22:27 2. 
 
 Josh. 22:17 11. 2 Kgs. 0:5 10. 
 
 lSam.l6:3 2. Ezek. 14 : 22 ; 44 : 3 9. 
 
 1 Sam. 17: 34; 26:16 10. Ezek. 43: 17... 10. 
 
 1 Sam. 20:13 11. Mic.6:l 2. 
 
 lSam.26:20 3. Jobl3:25 6. 
 
 2 Sam. 5:24 (cf. also 1 Sam. 24:6) 6. 
 
 35. The Accusative with the Passive. 
 
 1- THKH JIN p L ?H n the land shall be divided. [Esau. 
 
 Ml*}? 'IDT DJ"s tlO^V? "TJP1 2 an d were, told to Rehehah the words of 
 "T"|^ jlX Hl^n? "17V1 3 and Irad was born to Enoch. 
 
 2. frOn Di^ n^"in 4 it shall be shown to the priest. 
 1~OJ^j"| Din 5 V c shall be made to devour the sword. 
 
 *mp7Q pDlD ^l£^7 6 m y tongue is made to attach itself to my jaws. 
 
 3. *j"V7£J niN"n^ 7 I have been fearfully distinguished. 
 nD1*in IDDQH 8 impoverished of an oblation. 
 
 4. DHK T*"IJ^n N70D1 9 and the eartli was filled with them. 
 D*1J2 D*££0/D 10 clothed with garments. 
 
 The accusative is used with the passive as follows : 
 
 1. That which was the object of the active is often construed also as 
 an object of the passive, though really a subject. 
 
 2. Verbs which in the active take two accusatives, in the pass, take one. 
 
 3. An adverbial accusative may remain with the passive. 
 
 4. Verbs of fullness and clothing may take in the passive an accusative. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Ex. 10:8; 21:28; 25:28; 27:7 1. Jer. 35:14 1. 
 
 lKgs.2:21. 1. Ps.80:ll 2. 
 
 Jer. 22:19 3. Job 7:3 2. 
 
 36. Verbal Apposition and Subordination. 
 
 1- V/\ SO /NIPT 11 be pleased now and lodge. 
 l^rV) D^") 12 an d he returned and digged. 
 n^*5^ f"fp*1 S"|D1 13 and he added and took a wife. 
 
 iNum. 26:55. 
 
 elsa. 1:20. 
 
 8 Is. 40:20. 
 
 n Judg. 19:6 
 
 2 Gen. 27:42. 
 
 6 Ps. 22:16. 
 
 9 Ex. 1:7. 
 
 12 Gen. 26:18. 
 
 3 Gen. 4:18. 
 
 'Ps. 139:14. 
 
 io lKgs. 22:10. 
 
 13 Gen. 25:1. 
 
 * Lev. 13:49 
 
 
 
 
102 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 36. 
 
 pf|"fl T?Vl "l^lt^Tf 'Tip 'JT1 1 an d the sound of the trumpet was 
 
 going and becoming strong. 
 
 •JJO^I 1"7u?' H/D/ 2 that they may learn and/ear. 
 
 2. ffl~\ 7l"?n 3 begin, take possession. 
 
 ti'lD/' Dli^* 4 h e w itt return, will sharpen (= will again sharpen). 
 V"|^*jj"| 1^*"lj~l 5 2/6 cfo much, ye speak (= ye speak much). 
 \7T] /'Kin 6 ^ e was willing, he went [= he went willingly). 
 
 3. a. "p /j"7 I^K N/ 7 ^ ie 2/ woidd not go. 
 
 b. iriN frOt^ my 15DV1 8 an d they added still to hate him. 
 
 c. KVD7 J"nnD 9 thou hast hastened to find [found quickly). 
 775J")j"77 nnD^rr 10 s ^ ie did much to pray [prayed much). 
 
 4. fODK Tl^T ^7 n I know not to flatter. 
 7*"TJ|* T*5n 12 7ie desired to make great. 
 7lDp* n^ll Dip' 13 the murderer rises to kill. 
 
 5- mit^ "JDVirO 14 when thou shalt finish to destroy. 
 p3Q yr 15 one who knows how to play. 
 
 When one verbal form is employed to define the idea expressed by 
 another, whether indicating some attendant circumstance or character- 
 istic, or describing what grows immediately out of the first, the following 
 constructions are found : 
 
 1. Both verbs are finite, the second being joined to the first by 1 
 (either conjunctive or consecutive) ; here both verbs may be Imperatives, 
 the first a Perfect and the second an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 or the first an Imperfect and the second a Perfect with Waw Cons. a 
 
 2. Both verbs are finite, there being no connective ; a > c this is more 
 common in poetry. 
 
 3. The first verb is a finite form, and the second an Infinitive, either 
 (1) Inf. abs., or (2) Inf. cons, without ^ , or (3) Inf. cons, with ^P 
 
 4. Both verbs are finite, the second being brought into direct subor- 
 dination to the first by being placed in the Imperfect [subjunctive) ; this 
 is rare and late. d 
 
 5. The second verb may be a Participle and thus describe the circum- 
 stances "more vividly than would either the (subjunctive) Imperfect, or 
 the Infinitive." 6 
 
 i Ex. 19:19. si Sam. 2: 3. 9 Gen. 27: 20. is Job 24:14. 
 
 2Deut. 31:12. e Hos. 5:11. iol Sam. 1:12. ulsa. 33:1. 
 
 sDeut. 2:24. 7 Isa. 42:24. nJob32:22. is 1 Sam. 16:16. 
 
 4Ps. 7:13. s Gen. 37: 5. i2lsa.42:21. 
 
2 36.] 
 
 BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 103 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In this case the second verb agrees with the first in gender, and number, and 
 generally in tense. 
 
 (b) On this use of the Infinitive absolute and construct, cf. §§ 28, 29. 
 
 (c) In the passages cited, the first verb qualifies the second; in Isa. 53:11 p2W JltO' 
 he shall see satisfyingly, and Jer. 4:5 1K7D 1X1 p call ye with full voice, the second quali- 
 fies the first. 
 
 (d) Examine Num. 22:6 and Isa. 47:1, in which there is an interesting change of 
 number and person, with which this construction is closely connected. 
 
 (e) In 1 Sam. 3: 2 an adjective is used instead of a Participle. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:3; 11: 8 3c. 
 
 Gen. 30: 31 2. 
 
 Gen. 45:9 1. 
 
 Ex. 18: 23 3b. 
 
 Num. 22: 6 4. 
 
 Deut.l:5 2. 
 
 Deut.2:16;3:24 3c. 
 
 Deut. 2:25,31 3b. 
 
 Josh. 3:16; 5: 2 2. 
 
 Josh. 7:7 1. 
 
 1 Sam. 20:19 2. 
 
 2 Kgs. 1:11,13 1. 
 
 Isa. 1:14 3b. 
 
 Isa. 1:17; 7:15; 57:20 3a. 
 
 Isa. 6:13 1. 
 
 Isa. 29:15 3c. 
 
 Isa. 47:1 4. 
 
 Jer. 3:3 3b. 
 
 Jer. 9:4 3a. 
 
 Jer. 22:30 5. 
 
 Hos.2:ll 1. 
 
 Hos.l:6;9:9 2. 
 
 Joel 2: 20,21 3c. 
 
 Jon. 4:2 3c. 
 
 Mic. 6:13 3b. 
 
 Zech. 8:15 2. 
 
 Ps.l27:2 5. 
 
 Prov. 15:21 '. 35. 
 
 Job 19: 3; 20:19 2. 
 
 Job. 23:3 1. 
 
 Lam. 4:14 4. 
 
 IChr. 13:2 2. 
 
 2Chr.26:15 3c. 
 
TV. The Sentence. 
 
 37. The Subject and Predicate. 
 
 1« D^PT \t2 Ifc^V* 1 some of the people went out. 
 D^n ?D 'T'SJ rD""in 2 much of the people fell. 
 DjTnCO OJil 3 behold, I am about to destroy them. 
 
 2. a. D*VQ *n,!3K* tH^ then they said among the nations. 
 
 *Ti7 IfcOp* ^DVl £$7 5 thou, shalt no longer be called. 
 
 b. tO^ T\*2*C* ^^p V2 7%? 6 therefore they called its name Babel. 
 D'^lpDD t^'1"in^ DI^ 7 when one ploughs in the morning. 
 V7K ^l-tDNI 8 an( l one shall say unto him. 
 
 c. 75JH 75 ,s anyone who falls. 
 
 77nD!2n 7 t ?nn no let him, that glorieth glory. 
 
 d. *liO "T^ 11 as far as thy coming = until one comes. 
 niPfV i"lu'5J ^p"")^^ 12 i' 1 thine estimating persons unto Y. 
 
 3. a. ^7 niJ n3 it will be quiet for me (= I icillfeel quiet). 
 
 *1l3pD 14 it is scattered as incense (= incense is offered). 
 b. nD^'H 15 it has become darJc; ^TlD^j"! 16 tV rains. 
 7N™)Cv *°l^»iT) 17 « n ^ *£ was strait with Israel. 
 
 In reference to the subject of a sentence, it may be noted that, 
 
 1. Aside from the noun, adjective and pronoun which may serve as 
 subject, prepositional phrases, adverbs and pronominal suffixes (joined to 
 particles) also perform this service. 
 
 2. When the subject is indefinite (German man, French on, Eng. they) 
 various constructions are employed, viz. : a 
 
 a. The verb in the third person pluralP 
 
 6o The verb in the third person singular, in giving names, when the 
 subject may be gathered from the nature of the verb, or from the context. 
 
 i Ex. 16:27. s Gen. 11:9. loJer. 9:23. n Mai. 1:11. 
 
 2 2 Sam. 1:4. 'Amos 6:12. n Gen. 13:10. isMic.3:6. 
 
 3 Gen. 6:13. sZech. 13:6. 12 Lev. 27:2,3. i« Amos 4:7. 
 
 4 Ps. 126:2. 9Deut. 23:8. is Job 3:13. 11 Judg. 10:9. 
 slsa. 47:1. 
 
§ 37.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 105 
 
 c. The verb with a Participle of the same for subject. 
 
 d. The pronoun of the second person singular, in the formula 
 "1JO Ity i an d i n legal phraseology. 
 
 3. When the subject is impersonal (where in English we use it) there 
 is employed, 
 
 a. The verb (or participle) in the third singular, and when active, 
 generally masculine ; when passive, always masculine ; but 
 
 b. The verb in the third singular feminine in description of mate- 
 rial phenomena, and also elsewhere. 
 
 4. a. fill"!* p^l^ 1 Yaluceh is righteous. 
 
 p*"ll»T7 rilfT 2 Yahweh is the righteous one. 
 b. nOK '* *D£&'D 3 the judgments of Y. are truth (= true). 
 
 D*JV *T,3*J/ 4 thine eyes are doves {= like doves' eyes). 
 c - 1NDD D*<!DC0 5 his throne is in heaven. 
 
 DD'DK DY?£T1 6 is your father in health f 
 
 D^Q^n vOD D^Dn On^ 7 V e are the least of all the peoples. 
 
 4. Aside from a verb, the predicate may be, 
 
 a. An adjective, which is undefined, unless it is desired for special 
 reason to prefix the article. 
 
 b. A noun, a construction frequently employed because of the want 
 of adjectives. 
 
 c. A prepositional phrase, adverbial accusative, or adverb. 
 
 5. a. DVH *V¥p 8 harvest {is) to-day; "> pHV 9 Y. [is) righteous. 
 
 b. B>ft3n fcOH DIP! 10 the blood is the soul; JtDpH Nli7 "111 11 D. was 
 (or is) the youngest ; t~y?$ tlt2il i~fD 12 what are these ? (cf. Zech.4:4). 
 
 ovfatn *on nriK 13 th 0U an God. 
 
 c. Yty r^liO tlTl £"N 14 ^ere was {lived) a man in the land of Uz. 
 CHT/ fTH Cn^nV 5 fl' 1 ^ ^* e serpent had become subtle. 
 
 d. mpn £" 16 there is hope; ^fitf t£" 17 it is with thee. 
 £"|DV TN 18 no Joseph; 7j"0 pN ?Dil 19 straw is not given. 
 ^H 20 behold me; ^HJO fti?"! 21 she is in the tent. 
 
 IPs. 11:7. 
 
 tDeut. 7:7. 
 
 i^Zech. 4:5. 
 
 "Prov.3:28. 
 
 2 Ex. 9:27. 
 
 si Sain. 12:17. 
 
 is 2 Sam. 7:20. 
 
 is Gen. 37:29. 
 
 3 Ps. 19:10. 
 
 9 Ps. 11 : 7. 
 
 u Job 1:1. 
 
 is Ex. 5:16. 
 
 4 Cant. 1:15. 
 
 io Deut. 13:23. 
 
 is Gen. 3:1. 
 
 20 1 Sam. 3:4. 
 
 e Ps. 11 : 4. 
 
 "I Sam. 17:14. 
 
 16 Job 11: 18. 
 
 si Gen. 18:9. 
 
 e Gen. 43: 27. 
 
 
 
 
106 HEBREW SYNTAX [3 37. 
 
 5. The subject and predicate may be united in various ways : 
 
 a. They may stand together, with no connecting word of any kind. 
 
 b. They may be joined by means of the pronoun of the third pers. ; 
 whether the circumstance is one of past or present time, and whether the 
 subject is first, second or third person. At first expressing existence only 
 in the most general way, it comes to be equivalent to our verb to be, and 
 is especially used when both subject and predicate are definite. d > e Cf. 
 I 7. 6, 7. 
 
 c. The verb TVil ma y be employed ; but this always expresses the 
 idea of becoming, existing, and is therefore never identical with the sub- 
 stantive verb to be.f 
 
 d. Certain particles, viz., ffl existence, Vtf non-existence, |"7^n see , 
 behold, are employed. These were originally nouns, but in usage have 
 come to be practically equivalent to our copula. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) On the use of ty'K , ^3T , Sd to express the indefinite subject, § 14. 2. b. 
 
 (b) A paraphrastic mode of expression to express the same force as that conveyed 
 by the third person plural is seen in the use of the passive, with which the accusative 
 is joined, e. g., VIXH flS |JT = let them give the land; cf. Gen. 17:5; 27:42; Amos 4:2, 
 etc. (§ 35. 1). 
 
 (c) "An external sign for connecting the two main constituents of a proposition, 
 when the predicate is not to be a verb— in other words, a copula— is really unneces- 
 sary; because the mode in which the discourse is delivered by the living voice is of 
 itself sufficient to indicate the separation, in meaning, between the two different 
 halves of the sentence; and, in Hebrew, a special word for this purpose is, in actual 
 fact, very rareb' used. The Indo-Gcrmanic languages begin pretty early to use the 
 verb to be for this sign, when the predicate did not consist of a more complete verb, 
 and thus the substantive verb came to be the mere copula in a sentence, whereas 
 the Semitic languages properly do not yet know of any such usage, and have, in this 
 respect also, remained much more simple."* 
 
 (d) But also in later Hebrew frequently when the subject is indefinite. 
 
 (e) Cf. the use of KIM in Nah. 2:9; Isa. 18:2,7. 
 
 (/) Cf. the use of TTn N 1 ? = he is not. Gen. 42:11; Isa. 15:6; 23:13. 
 (fir) For an interesting use of "l£jn to turn and 22D become, see Lev. 13:3,4; Jer. 
 31:21. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 11:1 4b. Deut. 33:25 4b. 
 
 Gen. 15:1 4c. 1 Sam. 16:23 3a. 
 
 Gen. 18:9 5d. 1 Sam. 19:22 5d. 
 
 Ex. 9:31 4b. 1 Sam. 19:22 2b. 
 
 Deut. 4:32 1 1 Sam. 21:6 4b. 
 
 Deut. 7:7 4c. 2 Sam. 7:28 5b. 
 
 * Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 134,135. 
 
I 38. J BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 107 
 
 lKg-s. 14:10;18:26 2b. Zech. 6:13 3a. 
 
 Isa.6:10 2b. Ps. 44:5 5b. 
 
 Isa. 7:24 4b. Ps. 45:7 4b. 
 
 Isa. 8:4 2b. Ps.87:3 3a. 
 
 Isa. 23:1 3a. Ps. 148:6 2b. 
 
 Jer. 13:16 3a. Prov. 3:28 5d. 
 
 Ezek. 43:19-27 2d. Prov. 8:14 4c. 
 
 Mic. 2:4,8 2b. Job 8:9 4c. 
 
 Nah.l:14 1 Job 11:18 5d. 
 
 Zeph.3:12 5b. Job 34:20 2a. 
 
 Hag. 1:6 3a. Ruth 1:12 5d. 
 
 Hag. 3:3 1 
 
 38. Order of Words in a Sentence 
 
 1. a. D Wn /"IN D'H^tf JOS 1 God created the heaven. 
 
 nt^'Ntl ^X t£TTjn *l£iK*l 2 and the serpent said unto the woman, 
 b- *]0I^ 7"njn nnN /T"TJI 3 great thou art and great is thy name. 
 
 D'n^K jon ynbx mn H rahweh, % God, is God. 
 
 c. *^ i"0J7 nin , 'l 5 seeing that Y. hath testified against me. 
 D^DuO j^lO ICiO') 6 and the top {was) reaching to heaven. 
 
 2. a. D*QC*n i~lN '£$ JOD 1 God created the heaven. [name, 
 b. *Ot^ ''fo)} Hit IfTDCn 7 they have caused my people to forget my 
 c- £"|DD P^Cty \7 [flN 8 I will give thee ten pieces of silver. 
 
 DNI^N OilK ^iyV and God blessed them. 
 
 1. The usual order of words, so far as concerns the two principal 
 members, is as follows : 
 
 a. Predicate, subject, when the predicate is a verb. a 
 
 b. Predicate, subject, when the predicate is an adjective ; b but sub- 
 ject, predicate, when the predicate is a noun. c 
 
 c. Subject, predicate, in what are called descriptive or circumstan- 
 tial clauses.^ 
 
 2. a. The usual order of words, so far as concerns the three principal 
 members, is predicate, subject, object (direct or indirect) f and 
 
 b. If there are two objects, that one comes first which is the more 
 important; but 
 
 c. When the object (direct or indirect) is a pronoun, it is likely im- 
 mediately to follow the predicate/ 
 
 i Gen. 1:1. * Deut. 4:35. « Gen. 28:12. *Judg. 17:10. 
 
 2 Gen. 3: 4. 6 Ruth 1:21. 7 Jer. 23:27. 9 Gen. 1:22. 
 
 s Jer. 10:6. 
 
108 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 38. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) In Hebrew, the act was more important than the agent, and was consequently 
 placed first. 
 
 (b) Compare the position of the adjective when attributive, viz., after the noun 
 (§ Id. 2. a.). 
 
 (c) This order, which is always followed when neither subject nor predicate is to be 
 emphasized, indicates at once which is subject and which is predicate. 
 
 (d) "By putting the subject first, and the predicate afterwards, the action, its 
 development, and its progress do not come into the foreground, as in ordinary narra- 
 tive discourse; but the person is placed first, by himself, in order to be immediately 
 thereafter more fully described and depicted as he is; and the whole proposition, in a 
 manner quite the opposite of the usual narrative style, presents us with a harmonious 
 and placid picture of something continuous, permanent,— just as the speaker con- 
 ceives it."* 
 
 (e) Furthermore it may be said, additions in the form of an adjective, genitive or 
 adverb follow the particular word which they modify. There are, of course special 
 rules for the Infinitive absolute (§ 28.) and negatives (§ 37.). 
 
 (/) There is a growing tendency to insert small words and expressions between the 
 more important members, e. g., r\K? Ex. 14:5; "]#3 Jer. 18:13; lS Ps. 7:14; TTn Job 1:1. 
 
 3. a. *\12i$ Y? HC^i"! f£3p 7^0V an d a little robe his mother made for 
 him. 
 
 D'D/Oil totf* TJD ' yL ? fiDf? 2 Mm that dieth of J. in the city 
 shall the dogs eat. 
 
 b. CpDD O^fcS *I"!N 3 m V brethren I am seeking. {thing. 
 y 1 ?^ *D~1 ^H ^TU "D"J 4 had the prophet bid thee [do) a great 
 
 c. *"|Q£T1 W*1^ nnNI 5 anc l thou my covenant shalt keep. 
 J~}")J^ fnn5 mm 6 Y. ioitt lay bare their secret parts. 
 
 d. ?nDH H^N!"! riT^n DfDI 7 anc l f he priest shall icrite these curses. 
 "Oil"! Q*£*J PiTO^ 8 thy sword has made women childless. 
 
 3. From the usual order (see above), there are sometimes found vari- 
 ations, e. g., 
 
 a. Object, predicate, subject, which emphasizes the object. 
 
 b. Object, subject, predicate, which likewise emphasizes the object ; 
 this is the usual construction when the predicate is a participle, but 
 elsewhere rare. 
 
 c. Subject, object, predicate, which emphasizes the subject, and " in 
 prose confers upon the phrase a poetical coloring by transferring the 
 predicate to the end." 
 
 il Sam. 2:19. 3 Gen. 37:16. b Gen. 17:9. 7 Num. 5:23. 
 
 UKgs. 14:11. 4 2Kgs. 5:13. 6 Isa. 3:17. si Sam. 15:33. 
 
 * Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 152, 153. 
 
I 39.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 109 
 
 d. Predicate, object, subject, which emphasizes the subject ; this is 
 rare except when the object is a pronominal suffix (see I 38. 2. c). 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:12 la. 1 Sam. 15:33 3d. 
 
 Gen. 1:28 2c. 1 Sam. 20:20 3c. 
 
 Gen.2:10 lc. lSam.25:14 2a. 
 
 Gen. 21:7 3d. 2 Sam. 3:26 lc. 
 
 Gen. 23:6 3c. Isa. 5:17; 28:17b 3b. 
 
 Gen. 42:30 2a. Isa. 13:18; 17:5; 26:19; 30:24 3c. 
 
 Num.5:23 3d. Isa.l8:5 lb. 
 
 Judg. 9:36; 14:4 3b. Isa. 19:13 3d. 
 
 Judg. 12:11,13 3d. Jer. 9:19 2b. 
 
 Judg. 17:6 3c. Ps. 51:5 3b. 
 
 Judg. 17:10 2c. Job 6:12 lb. 
 
 1 Sam. 7:14; 15:1; 17:36; 25:43; 28: 18, 19... 3a. 
 
 39. Emphasis. 
 
 !• *|Qy fTJT Him *f? 1 U°, an d Yahweh he with thee. 
 ""["OV rOil **l^n n^ 2 the H° n thy servant smote. 
 *1Q^ *^jH *Dl7rft 3 ' in m y dream, behold, I stood. 
 
 2. a. *|J"lK Tiller? D^tl r\i^ the people, he made them to pass over. 
 
 b. inpfiil DDTOfc^ DVD 5 i n the day of your eating, then shall be, etc. 
 C. JOtl OX H/iT) IC^P^I 6 an< ^ his concubine, she also bare. 
 
 3. *T7^n Hit lilJOrfi 7 an d she saw him, the boy. 
 
 'VP '22*7 D»Y? Jfti OJN 8 I give to them, the children of Israel. 
 
 4. a. *Jfc$ p") HlD/DNI 9 and I only am escaped. [own enemies. 
 b. *Jfc$ ^ 10 in me; fcOJ"T DJ VfiD 11 i n his mouth also ; ^ *2*N 12 mine 
 
 5. a. {"Tl^Ul p"Tl£ p"l^ 13 that which is altogether righteous thou shalt, etc. 
 
 *j? W TIN p)X THN U O earth, earth, earth, hear. 
 b. ^fll^D tlXpX IJp *D N7 15 way, M 7wiW buy from thee. 
 DHQ^H DN ID^pH Dp?! 16 they had but just set the watch. 
 ^hf2D Hl^On 17 Wi '^ ^ 0M actually reign ? 
 JO¥* i^* *i"T)DN 18 I thought he will certainly go out. 
 
 6. NIPT D"IH 19 the blood itself; JOH 0"»N 20 ^ JWa' /wmse?/. 
 
 7. *l7 |? 21 oe£ ?7iee; *)7 01 22 he betook himself to flight. 
 
 ilSam.l7:37. ?Ex.2:6. lsDeut. 16:20. i82Kgs.5:ll. 
 
 2 1 Sam. 17:36. s Josh. 1:2. i* Jer. 22:29. w Lev. 17:11. 
 
 3 Gen. 41:17. 9 Job 1:15. « 2 Sam. 24:24. 20 l sa . 7:14. 
 
 * Gen. 47:21. 10I Sam. 25:24. "Judg. 7:19. 21 Gen. 12:1. 
 
 sGen.3:5. n2Sam.l7:5. nGen.37:8. 22j.sa.31:8. 
 
 e Gen. 22:24. "Ps. 27:2. 
 
110 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 39. 
 
 The language has various methods of marking emphasis, some of 
 which have already been treated in other connections. The more im- 
 portant may be grouped as follows : 
 
 1. The word to be emphasized is placed, out of the usual order, at the 
 head of its clause (§ 38. 3). 
 
 2. The word or phrase is placed independently at the beginning, 
 without grammatical connection with what follows, and is afterwards 
 resumed 
 
 a. By a pronoun or another noun. a 
 
 b. By Waw, either conjunctive (rare) or consecutive (with Perfect 
 or Imperfect). 6 
 
 c. By both Waw and a pronoun. 
 
 3. The idea is expressed first by a pronoun and then by a noun. c 
 
 4. When a pronoun is to be emphasized, it is repeated either in the 
 form of a separate pronoun, or of a pronominal suffix. d 
 
 5. a. The word, a noun, is simply repeated, sometimes twice. e >/ 
 
 b. The word, a verb, is written twice ; once (generally first) in the 
 form of the Infinitive absolute ; a usage {I 28. 3) found in the expression 
 of (1) antithetic, (2) restrictive, (3) emphatic interrogative, and (4) em- 
 phatic declarative sentences. 
 
 6. The word to be emphasized is followed by the pronoun fcOH (not 
 {Of"!!"! = that, or the same), in the sense of avr6g, ipse. 
 
 7. The use of the " ethical " dative marks the action as of special 
 importance to the agent.0 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) See § 7. 1-4. 
 
 (b) See § 25. 2. d. 
 
 (c) This is rare and confined mostly to later writers. 
 
 (d) See § 11. 1. a.; in later writers, however, this construction does not seem to be 
 especially emphatic. 
 
 (e) Note the repetition of series of words in Ex. 28:34; Num. 17:21; Hos. 8:11; Ezek. 
 1:20,21; Isa. 53:7; Zeeh. 12:12-14. 
 
 (/) See also § 6. 3. a. 
 
 (g) " This mode of expression indicates a special partition in the action by the 
 agent or speaker, a certain earnestness or zeal with which he acts; it occurs as an 
 expression of heartiness more in the diffuse and easy-going popular style, both in 
 poetry and unimpassioncd prose."* 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 2:17; 17:14 '..2a. Gen. 27:37; 42:12 1. 
 
 Gen. 14:10 5a. Gen. 40: 9 2b. 
 
 Gen. 27:34 45. Ex. 12:42 6. 
 
 Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, 173. 
 
40.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. Ill 
 
 Num. 14:33 4. Hos.4:14 6. 
 
 Deut.21:T 1. Amos 7:12 7. 
 
 Josh. 24:17 4a. Mic. 7:3 4. 
 
 1 Sam. 4: 20 25. Hag. 1:4 4. 
 
 2 Sam. 3:13 1. Ps. 50:6 ....6. 
 
 2 Sam. 4:10; 14:10 2c. Prov. 3:34 6. 
 
 lKgs. 15:13 2c. Prov. 10 : 22,24 2a. 
 
 IKgs. 21:19 4. Prov. 13:24 3. 
 
 Isa.6:3 5a. Job 6:19 7. 
 
 Isa. 8:13,14 2a. Job 29: 3 3. 
 
 Isa. 17:6 3. Cant. 8:14 7. 
 
 Jer.2:31;49:12 6. Eccl. 7:24 5a. 
 
 Jer. 9:14; 27:8 3. 2 Chron. 25:10; 26:14., 3. 
 
 Ezek. 21:32 5a. 
 
 40. Agreement of Number and Gender. 
 
 1. "IH^I Ifrn rrTVr? riNH 1 the earth was a waste and an emptiness. 
 DHC '' *T)p£) 2 the statutes of Y. are right. 
 
 2. a. TOY]}* nfiilDn DST \irn 3 and the slaughter there was great. 
 
 DiT3£* t> ^^ n^npSm 4 and the eyes of both of them were opened. 
 0*0 aD 1 D*£^.J^ VH 5 the men were ashamed, 
 b' n^"l y/)? fcO 6 there comes upon thee evil. 
 JlYtD/.D JD* is? 7 reproaches do not depart. 
 ^VtOS&'O H^ 8 right are thy judgments. 
 nOfl/On UOO pf!"! 9 the war was too strong for him. 
 
 3. rO Wn ^^ 10 my. eyes shall see. 
 
 Mthft D*D1 DD*T U your hands are full of blood. 
 
 The general principles of agreement may be reduced to three : 
 
 1. When the subject precedes, the predicate agrees with it in gender 
 and number. a 
 
 2. When the predicate precedes, two constructions are possible : 
 
 a. The predicate may agree with the subject in gender and 
 number ; or, 
 
 b. The predicate may assume the primary form, viz., third lrascu- 
 line singular, whatever be the number or gender of the following 
 subject. 6 
 
 3. When the subject is dual, the predicate generally stands in the 
 plural (though sometimes in the feminine singular.) 
 
 i Gen. 1:2. 4 Gen. 3:7. 'Mic. 2:6. i<> Mic. 7:10.. 
 
 2Ps. 19:9. 6 1 Chron. 19:5. 8 Ps. 119:137. u Is. 1:15. 
 
 3 2 Sam. 18:7. 6 Is. 47:11. 9 2 Kgs. 3:26. 
 
112 HEBREW SYNTAX. [g 40. 
 
 4. a. D*TD iTi"VU!3"")i*v tliT?^ 1 her palaces grow up with thorns. 
 
 PPIT5D ►"lOuTl 2 its floods wash away . 
 TT\yr\ niu* iTOrD 3 the beasts of the field pine. 
 ^Hl^ Winnn* thy youth is renewed. 
 t>. blDVP B*tf 1NT1 5 and the men of Israel saw. 
 
 D*7i'p 0212'* n^ 6 {men) of Beth-shemesh were reaping. 
 tlDftbft n^N"lpn *D 7 w7ie?i wars arise. 
 D'DID }*7Nn /O 8 the whole land teas weeping. 
 
 5. a D"Jtf *D* ^D VrH 9 and all the days of Adam were. 
 
 HlJ/n 7D Nt^ni 10 and all the congregation lifted up. 
 &■ D*p#¥ Tlltf 'ft"! 'Tip 11 hark! thy brothers blood crieth out. 
 
 'Tip INC'J T£¥ 'Tip 12 A«^/ % watchers lift up the voice. 
 c. H'SSn 1^'T D^My 3*"1 13 'multitude of years shall teach wisd,om. 
 
 D*iin D'712.3 jHt^p 14 ^e Z>ow o/i7ie strong is broken. 
 
 75 JJ^ D7K niHDJl 'J'J/ 15 ^te e?/es of man s pride are cast down 
 
 6. VJD1 HJ X*0*V 6 and there went in Noah and his sons. 
 pltlNl D'lft 7D7ni 17 and there spoke Miriam and Aaron. 
 
 *\ > yy\ /1KC VO 18 Saul and his sons died. [pursued. 
 
 f]T) VHK >B»3N1 3KV1 19 and ^oa5 a»<Z <4&t«Aa» 7w* ^ro?/ier 
 
 7. a Tl""0 "V^IDtD 20 blessed be (every one of) those who bless thee, [death. 
 
 flftV ?T 7 /flft 21 (any one of) those who profane it shall be put to 
 h fmn Oyyp ny)2} VT£Q pK- . .'TUB* 22 my enemies, there is no 
 
 faithfulness in his mouth, their inward part {is) depths. 
 
 I^p* DD7pD1 )2~\y V£H 23 with his mouth they bless, but they 
 
 curse inwardly. 
 c - *^7 p7^1 D' u? D^ NCOl 24 and he will lift up his banner to the 
 
 nations and will hiss to it. 
 
 d. tvmy\ D*pK vnonm firms.... 'i roo jin o^px 25 / 
 
 «;i7? raise up the tabernacle (f.) o/ David and close up their (f.) 
 breaches, and his ruins Itcill raise up and I toill build her. 
 
 Us. 34:13. s 2 Sam. 15:23. wis. 2:11. si Exod. 31:14. 
 
 s Job 14:19. 9 Gen. 5:5. ie Gen. 7:7. 22 Ps. 5:9,10. 
 
 sJoell:20. ioNum.l4:l. i7Num.l2:l. ssp 8 .62:5. 
 
 4Ps.l03:5. 11 Gen. 4:10. is 1 Sam. 31:7. si Is. 5:26. 
 
 sjud. 9:55. 12 Is. 52:8. is 2 Sam. 20:10. ss Amos. 9:11. 
 
 el Sam. 6:13. "Job 32:7. 20 Num. 24:9. 
 
 ■ Exod. 1:10. hi Sam. 2:4. 
 
I 40.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 113 
 
 The exceptions to the general principles given above, arising from an 
 adherence to the sense rather than the form, may he classified as follows : 
 
 4. a. The predicate may he feminine singular when the subject, desig- 
 nating lifeless objects, animals, members of the body, abstract ideas (see 
 under \ 2. 2. b, c.) is pluralA 
 
 b. The predicate may be plural, when the subject is a collective 
 noun, though singular. 6 
 
 5. When the subject is a nominative in the construct relation with a 
 genitive, 
 
 a. The predicate always agrees with the genitive, if the nominative is 
 *?3 all. 
 
 b. The predicate often agrees with the genitive, if the nominative 
 is 7ip voice. 
 
 c. The predicate in poetry may agree with the genitive whenever it 
 is desired to lay upon it special emphasis./'^ 
 
 6. When the subject consists of two or more nouns joined by 1 , 
 whether preceding or following the predicate, the latter may agree with 
 one and be understood with the other, or may be in the plural and thus 
 agree with them taken together. 
 
 7. There is frequently found change from one number to the other ; 
 here belong 
 
 a. Cases in which an individual subject is generalized or the oppo- 
 site. 
 
 b. Cases in which both individualizing and, later, generalizing take 
 place. 
 
 c. Cases in which, after speaking of a multitude, the writer suddenly 
 limits himself to one of that number. 
 
 d. Cases in which several changes take place in the same verse, 
 which may only be explained by supposing a desire for variety, or by 
 special considerations characteristic of that verse. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Cf., however, (1) Isa. 21:2; Gen. 35:26; Hos. 10:6; where what seems to be a 
 subject, with which the predicate though following does not agree, is really an accu- 
 sative with a passive verb; and (2) Gen. 4:7; Eccl. 2:7 (cf. 1 Kgs. 2:21), etc., in which 
 the predicate, disagreeing with its subject, is a participle used as a substantive. 
 
 (b) The adjective will then be singular masculine; though the number of instances 
 in which the adjective follows this usage is not proportionately so great as in the case 
 of the verb. 
 
 (e) Cf. HDp Vyp (1 Sam. 4:15). 
 
 (d) Here the feminine is treated as neuter; cf. the Greek construction, according 
 to which a neuter plural subject takes a singular predicate. 
 
114 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 40. 
 
 (€) On the use of the plural of JHX , hp2 (Ex. 21:29), etc., see § 3. 2. c. 
 (/) This is the principle everywhere operating when the nominative is a numeral 
 (3 to 10, 100, 1000) in the construct. 
 
 (6f) Cf. also the use of "IJ13D in Ex. 15:4. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 1:14; 41:50 2b. Isa. 30:20 3 
 
 Gen.3:5 3 Jer. 4:14; 12:4 4a. 
 
 Gen. 8:22; 15:1; 40:1 6 Jer. 8:5; 23:6 7d. 
 
 Gen. 27:29 7a. Jer. 10:4 7a. 
 
 Ex. 15:20 5a. Jer. 44:27 4b. 
 
 Ex.31:14 '. 7a. Hos. 4:8 7a. 
 
 Lev.2:2 7c. Hos. 9:14 3 
 
 Deut. 28:32 6 Mic.l:13 2b. 
 
 Deut. 28:48 7c. Hag. 2:16 7a. 
 
 Deut. 32:35 2b. Zech. 6:14 4a. 
 
 Josh. 8:20 2b. Ps. 18:28 3 
 
 Judg. 20:37 4b. Ps. 18:35 4a. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:27 2b. Prov. 3:18 7a. 
 
 2 Sam. 24:13 4a. Job 12:7 4a. 
 
 lKgs. 1:41; 14:6 5b. Job 29:10 5b. 
 
 lKgs. 22:36 2b. Job32:7; 15:20; 21:21 5c. 
 
 Isa. 23:2; 25:3; 60:5 4b. Job 42:15 2b. 
 
 Isa. 23:13; 30:11; 10:5 7d. 
 
V. Kinds of Sentences. 
 
 41. Negative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. (1) *Tl^ V7N D1C n£D* N/1 1 an >d she returned unto him no more. 
 
 "Tl^ 7J20 7D f1"D* N 7 2 oil flesh shall not again be cut off. 
 (2) DJjn N7- • • Pl^in N7 3 thou shalt do no murder. . .thou shalt 
 
 not steal. 
 o. >"? O'lN yf?)P 7"N Ht^QN 7"N 4 Zef me not be ashamed, let not 
 my enemies triumph over me. 
 tl^lO ''till £0 7^ 5 P ra y, let there be no strife. 
 11^ ^H 7D"T HDin 7N 6 speak to me no more. 
 
 c. ^^Twltf mn* N7 7 (*** 4 " s ) wo£ ^ ( 0w ^ some one else that) sent me. 
 
 2. a. n02P DID jTltWl 3^ 7"3 8 wo Aero of the field had yet, etc. 
 o. INDnn *J"l7J? 9 ^ n order that ye may not sin. 
 
 c iliOJ fDN PN 10 wo sforce was seen. 
 
 d. 17 TJn V^ 7^ n because he did not make known to him. 
 
 e. tDID* 7D D71J/7 p*"lV 12 the righteous shall never be removed. 
 nj/JD 7U 'C nt^7N 13 the desire of his life thou hast not withheld. 
 V*7N 1£^*V1 IQp* 7D U that they may not rise and possess the land. 
 
 /• D5N 1\T rT*1C /D1 15 and all her princes ivere no more. 
 1. The most commonly used negatives are ^7 an d 7N : 
 
 a. J^7 is the objective, unconditional negative (= oh, owe), and is used, 
 
 (1) with the Perf. and Impf. (Indicative) in ordinary declarative 
 sentences ; a 
 
 (2) with the Imperfect in prohibitory sentences. 
 
 0. 7^ is the subjective, dependent negative, and is used with the 
 Imperfect (Jussive), to express dissuasion, deprecation.o 
 
 c. The position of }^ and 7N is immediately before the predicate ; 
 but they may stand also before another word when that particular word is 
 to be specially emphasized. c - d 
 
 1 Gen. 8:12. 
 
 b Gen. 13:8. 
 
 a Ex. 20:20. 
 
 is Ps. 21:3. 
 
 2 Gen. 9:11. 
 
 GDeut. 3:26. 
 
 lolKgs. 6:18. 
 
 14 Isa. 14:21. 
 
 3 Ex. 20:14. 
 
 'Num. 16:29. 
 
 11 Gen. 31:20. 
 
 is Isa. 34:12 
 
 4Ps. 25:2. 
 
 8 Gen. 2:5. 
 
 12 Prov. 10:30. 
 
 
116 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 41. 
 
 2. With the Perfect and Imperfect there are found, besides ^7 and 
 7fr$ , also the following negatives : 
 
 a. D^lD not yet, sometimes with the Perfect, but more often with 
 the Imperfect in a past sense (cf. I 20. 1. b). 
 
 b> V") /Or 1?l or d er that. . . .not, very rare, and with an ellipsis of 
 
 law. 
 
 c. Ptf, nothing, there is not ; with this negative the verbal form is 
 generally a Participle [l 45. 3) ; but rarely a finite form is found. 
 
 d. v3 6 not (cf. *j~ItO), generally after a preposition, but in poetry 
 also alone in the sense of fcjS . 
 
 e. 7^ not, shorter form of ^7^ , found only in poetry, and not dif- 
 ferent from fc$7 . 
 
 /• D5K no more ; like ?*£$ , originally a noun ; its more common use 
 is to indicate restriction, limitation. 
 
 3. #W I^K 1 he is not hearing; ?DJ ^^N 2 I do not give. 
 
 rroiNQ ^n rw nan nnon rva -»b> pa 3 the keeper of the prison 
 
 looked not to anything. 
 
 fi~G P^ IDH 4 straw is not given. 
 
 4. a. ^)1D *i"l70 , 1 ""IDi^? 5 t° keep. . .and not to turn aside, [eat from it. 
 
 M*2!2 ^DK T\ L ?'2 L ? *VjTV* "Il^K 6 which I commanded thee not to 
 
 b. 2£T\tl? >m \t2^ PN 7 it is not possible to stand before thee. 
 "\ v{»v 1T\ty P^ 8 there is no comparing unto thee. 
 
 c. fHSO J^ . 2 9 without seeing. 
 
 d. *"QJ/*/!3 10 that they go not over ; r\W~\Ei 11 that he could not see. 
 
 5. a. Q^n N,1 703 D^/ 12 a people foolish and unwise. 
 
 D\*f?K N 1 ? 13 a no-god; V$ N7 14 a no-wood. 
 
 b. ^liDDD PN1 D1VJ7 15 strong and without number. 
 
 t^*K PN 16 ^iere ?'s no maw a£ all ; f]DV PN 17 Joseph is gone. 
 p*"l!» P^ D"^ 18 no man whatever is just. 
 
 c. n*nD *i~l /D J~OD 19 chastisement without ceasing. [of Gideon. 
 |1#"U 2"in DN Tl^S nK? pN 20 this is no other than the sword 
 
 ijer. 7:16. » Ps. 40:6. wlsa. 10:15. 
 
 2 Ex. 5:10. s Num. 35:23. is Joel 1:6. 
 
 3 Gen. 39 :23. 10 Num. 32 :7. is Gen. 31 :50. 
 
 4 Ex. 5:16. n Gen. 27:1. " Gen. 37:29. 
 
 5 Deut. 17:19,20. 12 Deut. 32:6. isEccl.7:20. 
 
 6 Gen. 3:11. is Deut. 32:21. wis. 14:6. 
 i2Cbron.20:6. 2° Judg. 7:14. 
 
I 41.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 117 
 
 d- D*ft * /O )tlH tl^ffl 1 can the reed-grass grow without water ? 
 *1J)0 2 so as n °t to be a nation; \?t2ffi so as n °t to be king. 
 
 3. With the participle pfr$ is used almost exclusively ; this is in 
 accordance with the original use of V>^ as a negative of substantives (see 
 
 5. below), and with the nominal nature of Pfc$ itself, which is never lost. 
 This combination furnishes the prevailing form for expressing a negative 
 present, though not of course restricted to this use/ 
 
 4. With the infinitive there are found, 
 
 a. *Jl 7^) with the preposition / , the usual negative of the Inf. 
 
 b. 7 pj$ and pj< , but only in late writers. 
 
 c. fcv?3 without, with the force of a preposition. 
 
 d. TQ from, so as not, lest, after verbs which imply restraint, hin- 
 drance, etc. 
 
 5. With nouns there are found, 
 
 a - K7 i which gives an opposite meaning, like un-, in-, im-; this 
 usage occurs in the case of substantives as well as of adjectives. 
 
 b. pX (cf. 3. above), equivalent/ to without, or un-, in-, im-. 
 
 c. ^17-^ == frj < «? ' without, except. 
 
 d. *7^} without, un-, in-. 
 
 e. 7Q so as not to be, the Inf. J"lV?7 being supplied in thought. 
 
 6. HDIND 1 ? 21^ CO tih £"|DD PN 4 silver -was not at all regarded for 
 anything (cf. ch. 9:20). 
 
 DJ2^ pl*$0 5 without [= so that there is) no inhabitant. 
 
 7jO£^ 'N VK V^^Pl 6 ^' s *"* because there is no god in Israel f 
 
 7. TOPI f"Tp* VT)DD N/ 7 he toill take nothing in his death. 
 
 Pltn DV^ fflU i"lDV JO 8 wo man s/taZZ be put to death this day. 
 
 8. pil^7 J$¥' *0*Vl /N 9 multiply not Ze£ no arrogance go forth. 
 
 "DNfi H2W n^J 1 ? N7 10 «o« forever shall be forgotten shall 
 
 perish. 
 
 6. Mor,e than one negative is sometimes employed in order to intensify 
 the negative. This occurs chiefly in the case of 7fJ with pj< or *7~3 , 
 and seldom with the more common negatives. 
 
 7. To express nothing, no one, the negative is combined with 7~3 or 
 WX * (S 14. 2. eZ.) 
 
 Uob8:12. 4lKg-s. 10:21. i Ps. 49:18. 91 Sam. 2:3. 
 
 2Jer. 48:2. 6 Isa. 5:9. 8 1 Sam. 11 :13. ioPs.9:19. 
 
 s 1 Sam. 15 :23. 6 2 Kgs. 1 :3. 
 
118 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 [2 41. 
 
 8. In the case of two successive negative sentences, especially when, 
 as in poetry, they are parallel, the negative may be omitted from the 
 second, the influence of the first being deemed sufficient. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) A few cases exist of vh with the Jussive, e. g., Gen. 34:8; 1 Sam. 14:36. 
 
 (b) On the other hand 7X is thought by some to stand occasionally in a declara- 
 tive sentence, e. g., Ps. 41:3; 50:3; Jer. 14:17, though with a stronger force than would 
 have been conveyed by K7 • 
 
 (c) For the use of N7 and 7X, withoutaverb.lKgs. 2:30; 11:22; Gen. 19:18; Ruthl:13. 
 
 (d) X; cannot stand before a Participle (when used as a verb), an Infinitive abso- 
 lute, or an Infinitive construct. Note cases in which, through the influence of X; , a 
 Participle passes into a finite verb, Ex. 9:20,21; 13:21,22; 1 Sam. 1:13; 2 Sam. 3:34; Hos. 
 1:6; Ps. 37:21. 
 
 (e) The i of TH2 and ^2 is the old archaic genitive ending. 
 
 (f) For cases in which this combination is used of the past, see Gen. 39:23; Jer. 
 32:33; of the future, Jer 37:14. 
 
 (a) Cf. TwlTt which is used particularly before a single word; TO^, before a 
 proposition. 
 
 (h) It is only when 73 = omnis that this combination may be found; when 73 = 
 totus, the K7 negatives the idea of wholeness. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 Gen.2:5;4:15 7 
 
 Gen. 21:26 6c. 
 
 Gen. 24:15 2a. 
 
 Gen. 31:29 4d. 
 
 Ex.2:12; 5:11 5b. 
 
 Ex. 3:2 2c. 
 
 Ex. 10:7 2a. 
 
 Ex. 14:11 6 
 
 Ex.22:19 5c. 
 
 Num. 11:6; 32:12 5c. 
 
 Deut. 17:20 4a. 
 
 Deut. 28 :55 6 
 
 Josh. 2:8 2a. 
 
 1 Sam. 3:3 2a. 
 
 2 Sam. 9:3 2/. 
 
 lKgs. 18:43 5b. 
 
 2Kgs. 1:3,6 6 
 
 2Kgs. 4:2 7 
 
 Isa. 6:11 6 
 
 Isa. 8:11; 49:15 4d. 
 
 Isa. 14:6; 28:8 5d. 
 
 Isa. 23:4 8 
 
 Isa. 26 :14 2e. 
 
 Isa. 52:14, 5e. 
 
 Jer. 5 :7 5a. 
 
 FOR STUDY. 
 
 Jer. 7:16,17 3 
 
 Jer. 7:32; 10:6,7 6 
 
 Jer. 13:7 7 
 
 Jer. 23:14; 27:18 2b. 
 
 Jer. 38:5 2c. 
 
 Ezek. 13:3 2b. 
 
 Hos. 8:7 2d. 
 
 Amos 6:10 2/. 
 
 Zeph. 2:2 6 
 
 Ps. 10:4,6,11; 21:3 2e. 
 
 Ps. 35:19; 38:2 8 
 
 Ps. 43:1 5a. 
 
 Prov. 30:25 5a. 
 
 Job 18:15 6 
 
 Job 28:17 8 
 
 Job 30:8 5d. 
 
 Job 35 :15 ." 2c . 
 
 Job41:18 2d. 
 
 Eccl.8:ll 2c. 
 
 Esth. 3:8; 7:4 3 
 
 Esth. 4:2; 8:8 4b. 
 
 Ezra 9:15 4b. 
 
 2Chron. 5:11; 35:3 4b. 
 
 2Chron. 9:20 6 
 
\ 42.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 119 
 
 42. Interrogative Sentences. 
 
 1. *Un DK YlDIl fit 1 ** this thy kindness to thy friend f [Y. 
 '* DfcO %£?&' ''T^'2 DJ 2 s/*«^ & also be marvelous in my eyes ? saith 
 ^N Dty *rVD |3 N*? *D 3 / or * s no ^ m 2/ /iowse so with God ? 
 
 2. a. J"tfi"f ^^H D^ t^frnTl* wilt thou go with this man ? 
 
 W2K Dl^n 5 *» your father well ? [house ? 
 
 0. "pN JY2 7*t W^J ffMJn 6 <&*<Z I plainly appear to thy father's 
 c. *5^ *HN "IDJ^'H 7 am I my brother s keeper ? 
 
 JT3 ,( ? nJDn nnNn 8 Mtft ^ow &im7(Z me a 7jo«se f (of. I Chr. 17:4). 
 ^- D^On l?pn iTUO/ 1 t° see whether the waters had abated. 
 
 3. J1NC D*D*i"l DK Nl^il 10 is there not a lifting up, if thou doest well ? 
 I^DI *!£'{< 1D"Iil ilf N^H 11 *« not this the thing which we told thee ? 
 
 4. a. ^"IfTj DN 'Jl "~S 7^ ^I/OH 12 *Aa?^ we go to Ramoth-gilcad, or shall 
 
 we forbear? [heard ? 
 
 D^QtJ' N? DN n^Y &O7TT 13 ^««< «fto« not known, or hast thou not 
 b. i*Vn{"$ ON- • • -lCYl 1 * enquire. . . .if I shall recover. 
 
 fflJH nn^l^ ON ("fiO^ 15 let us see whether the vine has budded. 
 
 1. A sentence is sometimes found to be interrogative, though lacking 
 an interrogative particle. In such cases the arrangement of the words, or 
 the tone of voice in the pronunciation of the sentence, was sufficient to 
 indicate the interrogative force. 
 
 2. The interrogative particle Jf (Lat. an, G-reek y) is employed 6 
 a. In questions, the answer to which is entirely doubtful. 
 
 6. In questions which are equivalent to a strong affirmative assertion. 
 
 c. In questions equivalent to denial, or which call for a negative reply. 
 
 d. In indirect questions, equivalent to whether. 
 
 3. The interrogative particle X'tTT (Lat. nonne) is employed when it 
 is certain that an affirmative answer is expected. 
 
 4. The interrogative particle ON (strictly if) is employed, 
 
 a. To introduce the second member of a double interrogative sen- 
 tence ; here the compound form ONI (cf. sive) is more common.^ 
 
 b. To introduce an indirect question depending upon some preced- 
 ing thought (cf. the use of H above). c 
 
 12 Sam. 16:17. s Gen. 43:27. 9 Gen. 8:8. is Isa. 40:28. 
 
 2Zech. 8:6. el Sam. 2:27. 10 Gen. 4:7. H2Kgs.l:2. 
 
 32Sam.23:5. ?Gen.4:9. nEx.l4:12. ie Cant. 7:13. 
 
 * Gen. 24:58. 8 2 Sam. 7:5. 12 1 Kga. 22:15. 
 
120 HEBREW SYNTAX [$ 42. 
 
 5. a. (1) il^tTO'il *D* who * s [what persons are in) the camp ? ^T/tDt^ *ft 2 
 
 who is thy name ? 
 
 (2) To^n ^e nr Kirr >2 3 «>ao «^» * ^ un g of g ior y ? 
 
 (3) D*D *JpC* 'D 4 w ^ 10 *°t7Z [0 that some one would) give me, etc. 
 
 b. (1) t\?i^ ("IS 5 ^A«^ (= o/ what kind or character) are these f 
 
 (2) *T!2^ fO**1i"l H/!D 6 wherefore do ye strive with me ? 
 
 (3) ^K 0^ JTUN p"l¥* ilD 7 flow? can a man be just with God ? 
 
 (4) Tl"0 p?H Mb HD 8 we have no portion in D. (cf. 2 Sam. 20:1). 
 
 (5) *Dj/ l^D"in DD7 fl^ 9 Wirtf mean, ^e {that) ye crush my people f 
 
 c. *f?tl T"nH flf 'N 10 which way did he go ? {house also ? 
 
 6. a. VVj? 'N DJI nC^N VlD 11 when shall I provide for mine own 
 
 b. "V^tl *Ju* *D* !~l!D3 12 'ioto many are the days of the years of thy life ? 
 
 c. ^Oin nX ^"1J !~0*^ 13 ^oto s/taZZ we know the word, etc.? [?/om f 
 D3ITID '"D^ NtTK !~D*N 14 how can I alone bear the burden of 
 'J 'p n^1?7 nn^n fl^N 15 how hath the faithful city become a 
 harlot ! 
 
 d. *1^1 ("OH HD Z 16 why smitest thou thy fellow f 
 D^IJl 1CJH T\u) 11 why have the nations raged f 
 
 c DVil JO |n*in^D ^THD 18 why have ye come so soon to-day ? 
 
 DVn D^*"l D3^D ^TlD 19 w^2/ a *" e yottr countenances sad to-day ? 
 
 5. In reference to interrogative pronouns the following points in addi- 
 tion to what has been said may be noted : 
 a. *t2 who ? 
 
 (1) always refers to persons, whatever may be the particular 
 phraseology of the sentence ; 
 
 (2) is frequently followed by JOJ7 or i~n* > and the sentence 
 thus rendered more vivid and pointed ; 
 
 (3) is employed in conveying an optative idea. 
 6. HD what? 
 
 T 
 
 (1) always refers to the nature or character of an object, and the 
 object may, of course, be a person. 
 
 (2) introduces an expression of reproach or blame, and may be 
 
 rendered ichereforef 
 
 i Gen. 33:8. 6 Ex. 17:2. n Gen. 30:30. is Ex. 2:13. 
 
 ajudg. 13:17. » Job 9:3. 12 Gen. 47:8. i7Fs.2:l. 
 
 3 Ps. 24:10. siKgs. 12:16. » Deut. 18:21. is Ex. 2 18. 
 
 4 2 Sam. 23:15. 9 Isa. 3:15. wDeut. 1:13. is Gen. 40:7. 
 sZech. 1:9; 4:4,13. 1° 1 Kgs. 13:12. is Isa. 1:21. 
 
I 42.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 121 
 
 (3) introduces an objection, or an interrogation implying impos- 
 sibility, and may be rendered by how? 
 
 (4) has come in a few cases to be equivalent to a negative, and 
 may be rendered not. 
 
 (5) with *17 or DD7 > is used in expressions of strong reproof. 
 c. n?"*^ which? differs from *£ and |~JD i n being an adjective, 
 
 though always preceding the noun which it modifies. 
 
 6. Aside from interrogative particles and interrogative pronouns, there 
 are many interrogative adverbs. Among others may be noted : 
 
 a. V)D when? sometimes compounded with 7 and "\^ 
 
 °- HD3 h° w much? how long? 
 
 c - }~0*N how? used to inquire as to the manner in which a given 
 
 T 
 
 event is to take place ; and also to introduce an expression equivalent to 
 a negative, and to express wonder, lamentation. 
 
 d- t7u? wherefore, why? used to ask for the purpose or aim of an 
 
 T T 
 
 action. 
 
 c J^HD (for J£lT"nD » cf. rl fiaduv), why? used to ask for the 
 ground or cause of an action. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) This is seen especially in questions arising from great emotion or anxiety, e. g., 
 1 Sam. 16:4; 2 Sam. 18:29; 2 Sam. 19:23; and also in questions which are connected by 
 1, and are in antithesis with a preceding declarative statement, e. g., Judg. 11:23; 
 Jon. 4:10,11; Job 10:8,9. 
 
 (b) In some cases H is dropped for euphonic reasons from before words beginning 
 with X or H , e. g., Gen. 18:12; 1 Sam. 22:15; 2 Sam. 19:23; 1 Kgs. 1:24. 
 
 (c) For cases of OH is it . . . that ? see Gen. 27:36; 29:15; 2 Sam. 9:1; 23:19. 
 
 (d) Here H also may be used, e. g., Judg. 14:15. 
 
 (e) OX is still further used after a preceding declarative statement in the sense 
 of or. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 3:13 5b. Deut. 31:17 3 
 
 Gen. 4:6; 47:19 6d. 1 Sam. 11:12; 16:4 1 
 
 Gen. 18:21; 27:21 2d. 1 Sam. 30:15 2a. 
 
 Gen. 26:27; 40:7 6e. 2 Sam. 1:13 5c. 
 
 Gen. 27:21 4a. 2 Sam. 17:6 4a. 
 
 Gen. 30:2 2c. 2 Sam. 18:29 1 
 
 Gen. 30:30 6a. 2 Sam. 19:12 6d. 
 
 Gen. 47:8 6b. 1 Kgs. 20:32 2a. 
 
 Ex. 2:13 6d. 2 Kgs. 3:8 5c. 
 
 Ex.33:16 3 2Kgs.3:13 5b. 
 
 Num. 20:10 2b. 2 Kgs. 6:15 6c. 
 
 Num. 23:26 «, 3 Jer. 5:7 5c. 
 
 Deut.7:17 6c. Jer.31:19 2b. 
 
 Deut. 13:4 2d. Ezek. 18:23 2c. 
 
122 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 43. 
 
 Hos. 10:9; 11:5 1 Job 2:2 ,. 5c. 
 
 Joel 1:2 2c. Job4:17; 6:5 2c. 
 
 Amos 3: 3-6 4a. Job 7:21; 25:4 5b. 
 
 Jon. 1:6 5b. Job 11:2 2b. 
 
 Ps. 35:17; 78:40 6b. Lam. 1:1,2; 4:1,2 6c. 
 
 Ps. 42:3 6a. Neh. 5:7 1 
 
 Ps. 42:12 5b. 
 
 43. Exclamatory and Optative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. \7f2il 1 king ! T*"1J$ 2 earth ! DD33H 3 your perverseness ! 
 
 D~0 4 you all. 
 b. \HN *2 5 my lord ! DM3N£Tf 'IH 6 they who are at ease in 
 Zion ! DV7 ni"75^ 7 alas for the day ! 
 
 2. a. Q^^ Dl 1 ?^ 8 peace he to you ! D"OK ^"H^ 9 blessed he Abram. 
 b. *y$ W° as I live ! TXSTX 1 'H 11 as Yahweh liveih ! 
 
 j"n}On "yyty 12 by thine eyes which see ! *"D~in i~lN 13 ^V ^ ie ™ or d • 
 ft '"Ul ilt^yD *fi n L ?' ,L ?tl li far be it from thee to do, etc. 
 d. v^ ^DfiD 1 ) 'pHlO 15 according to my righteousness and my integ- 
 rity, upon me ! [thee I 
 
 3. a. *V}tfo JTfT ^WfiVP i? 16 would that Ishmael might live before 
 
 13JW I*? 17 ^ A««M- »ie / IJriD I 1 ? 18 ^ &«* we AatZ died / [GW/ 
 6. ^uH m 1 ?^ ^Dpil DK 19 '</ thou wouldest but kill the wicked, 
 c - DVJ ^.Jpt^ ^D 20 that some one would give me water to drink. 
 
 '* TD \JjTlD JiT *E 21 tfia£ we 7tacZ died by the hand of Y. 
 
 1. In exclamations there occurs 
 
 a. A noun, with or without the article ; a < b or 
 
 b. A noun with an interjection, e. g., ^ (with *J"J}0, ^lH , or 
 MilK (with the dative). 
 
 t - : 
 
 2. Under the head of exclamatory utterance may be classified also 
 
 a. Clauses or sentences which have no mark of exclamation. 
 
 b. The use of *|"f in oaths, and certain other rare expressions (see 
 examples). 
 
 c. The common expression fl/vl"! to the prof ane, i. e., far be it. 
 
 T * T 
 
 d. Sentences which, for brevity and force, omit the verb to be. d 
 
 1 1 Sum. 23:20. iJoell:15. uDeut. 3:21. n Gen. 23:13. 
 
 2 Job 16:18. s Gen. 43:23. is Hag. 2:5. is Num. 14:2. 
 
 3lsa. 29:16. 9 Gen. 14:19. "Gen. 18:25. » Ps. 139:19. 
 
 4 Job 17:10. io Num. 14:28. is Ps. 7:9. 20 2 Sam. 23:15. 
 
 s Gen. 43:20. 11 1 Sam. 14:45. w Gen. 17:18. 21 Ex. 16:3. 
 s Amos 6:1. 
 
I 44.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 123 
 
 3. In optative expressions there are found 
 
 a. The particle 17 if, would that, used with the Imperfect and 
 Imperative, and, in wishes which cannot be realized, with the Perfect. 
 
 b. The particle QK if, of. f? ■ 
 
 c. The interrogative *p with the Imperfect ; and especially 7£l* *£p 
 w7*o would give = would that. 6 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The distinctive article (§ 4. 3. e. (2)) is generally employed in prose. 
 
 (b) Originally in exclamations the third person only was used; in the later writers 
 the second begins to be employed. 
 
 (c) Here also belong words or expressions used in swearing, however introduced. 
 
 (d) It should not be forgotten that the Infinitive absolute is used in exclamatory 
 Style "(1) when the speaker is too full of his subject to mention the action in any 
 other than an ejaculatory manner, and as briefly as possible, e. g., 2 Kgs. 4:43; Job 
 40:2; (2) in a kind of vehement and rapid description of a number of actions that excite 
 astonishment or displeasure, e. g., Hos. 4:2; Isa. 21:5."* (Cf. § 28. 5.) 
 
 (e) frr 'D is followed (1) by a verb with or without Waw Consecutive, (2) by an 
 Infinitive, (3) by a noun. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 18:25; 44:7,17 2c. Jer. 22:24 ..2b. 
 
 Gen. 30 :34 3a. Amos 5 :18 lb. 
 
 Gen. 43:20; 44:18 lb. Mic. 2:1 lb. 
 
 Num.20:3 3a. Ps.4:7; 14:7; 55:7 3c. 
 
 Deut.4:3; 11:7; 32:40 2b. Ps. 45:2c; 57:6 2d. 
 
 Deut. 5:26; 28:67 3c. Ps. 81:9; 139:19 3b. 
 
 Judg. 9:29 3c. Ps. 81:14 3a. 
 
 1 Sam. 30:23 2b. Prov. 24:11 3b. 
 
 2Sam. 15:4 3c. Job6:8; 11:5; 13:5; 14:13; 29:2; 31:35.. ..3c. 
 
 Isa. 3:6 2d. Job 6:14; 12:5 M. 
 
 Isa. 63:19b 3a. 
 
 44. Copulative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. "Ml DW mpD7l pK "1*7 NTTpn 1 and he called the dry 
 land earth, but the collection of waters he called seas. [not eat. 
 
 *?DXn N7 n^"in V^f2f out of the tree of knowledge thou shalt 
 
 b. tpy irrnji' t\ur\ ^y\ ttT ^ntf? d-in *y hut man is bom to 
 
 trouble as the sparks fly upward. [bullock. 
 
 c *JJ^n *l£3l "llCn "15 OH lip 4 take the bullock, even the second 
 
 D^l^DI H&TTD *JN N77T 3 am I not silent, and that from of old f 
 d. fD£*n N7l Hi"!** K NT 6 thou fearest God, and (=for) thou 
 
 hast not withheld. 
 
 1 Gen. 1:10. 3 Job 5:7. 5 Isa. 57:11. e Gen. 22:12. 
 
 2 Gen. 2:17. <Judg. 6:25. * Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 201-203. 
 
124 IIEBREW SYNTAX [g 44. 
 
 2. a. *^£ / ?5Jl"n^m ^l/PD 1 mi wiy dream, {and) hehold a vine, etc. 
 
 6. "ui nm N7i '^7 iiin* -ny Kvn K7 2 *&>« «*<*& ™>* ^ «* 
 
 ?yrV/i ms henceforth to battle, that thou quench not, etc. 
 
 c. IDn JO n^jyj/V • • ■*JmD? DN 3 '/ ^°' f rememberest me, then 
 
 do kindness, etc. 
 
 3. rroD frr? ronsni ru nan dk "p 4 «»^ ^ mote ^e camp, * 
 
 </ie camp was quiet. 
 
 DID "\J?£50 DJ2" £0171 IfrO'l 5 «»^ &«y came while Lot was 
 
 sitting in the gate of Sodom. \_Hezelciah. 
 
 4. a. 'NT ?nK OfiV liTt^ *D*D 6 mi $e days 0/ Z7zziafc, Jotham, Ahaz, 
 1>- 17DND N7 101 1CSJD "\u*y flesh in its soul, viz., its blood ye 
 shall not eat. 
 DCil T*")Jn? Pinp^ 8 sne shall be desolate, sit upon the earth. 
 
 c. o^pr isdk r\y& ifrap dis i^ip* wmc^ a /«*, c «?z «» 
 
 assembly, gather the old men. 
 d DJ/*H f^in 7lp fitf. ■ • -yj2&r\) 10 and she heard the noise of the 
 guard, the people. 
 
 1. The conjunction } ancZ is by far the most common copulative con- 
 junction, and serves to join together not only words but sentences. -*' It is 
 universally employed except in cases where special emphasis is to be 
 placed upon the conjunctive relation ? c But besides its ordinary use as 
 a connective it serves to join to a preceding clause or sentence 
 
 a. An antithetical clause (here rendered but), in which, however, 
 the opposition is indicated hot by the 1 , but by the arrangement of the 
 words, or by the logical relation of the clauses thus joined. d 
 
 b. A clause of comparison (here rendered as), peculiar to poetical 
 style. 
 
 c. An epexegctical clause (here rendered even, namely, and that 
 too), furnishing a more detailed explanation. 
 
 d. A clause of consequence or cause (here rendered for, since). 6 
 
 2. Another class of usages in which ") may be called demonstrative 
 includes the following : 
 
 a. Cases in which the *) follows a prepositional phrase and, in the 
 sense of then, connects with it some act or state. 
 
 1 Gen. 40:9. * Judg. 8:11. 7 Gen. 9:4. s Joel 1:14. 
 
 2 2 Sam. 21:17. 6 Gen. 19:1. 8l 8 a.3:26. 10 2 Kgs. 11:13. 
 s Gen. 40:14. eisa. 1:1. 
 
1 44.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 125 
 
 b. Cases in which the 1 , with an Imperfect or Imperative, 
 expresses purpose or result {% 26. 2a). 
 
 c. Cases in which the 1 joins an apodosis to a preceding protasis, 
 not only in conditional but also in causal and relative sentences/ 
 
 3. Still another usage of 1 is that occurring in circumstantial clauses 
 (§ 45.), when it is translated while, although, after, etc. 
 
 4. Omission of *) (asyndeton), where it might be expected, is found 
 
 a. In lists, enumerations, etc. 
 
 b. In expressions added by way of explanation or correction. 
 
 c. In a climax, or in highly rhetorical statements. 
 
 d. In hurried, abrupt discourse, or where the rapidity of the action 
 is to be emphasized.^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For examples in which 1 has the force of with, see Gen. 3:24; Judg.6:5; ISam. 
 18:6; 25:42; 29:10; Isa. 13:9. 
 
 (b) For cases of hendiadys, see Gen. 1:14; 3:16; 2 Chron. 16:14; Job 10:17. 
 
 (c) The conjunctions employed when the connection is to be emphasized are F|N, 
 DJ , e. g., 1 Sam. 25:43; 22:7; Exod. 10:25; Isa. 40:24; 41:26. 
 
 (d) The most common adversative conjunctions are (1) '3 but (after a negative), 
 e. g., Gen. 24:3; 45:8; 1 Kgs. 21:15; Exod. 1:19; Josh. 17:18; Pa. 44:8; (2) DX '3 butif, 
 but, e. g., Ps. 1:2; Gen. 15:4; Josh. 17:3; 1 Sam. 8:19. Cf. also "3 nx = how muchmore, 
 how much less, e. g., 1 Sam. 14:29f.; 1 Kgs. 8:27. 
 
 (e) Here also belongs the use of 1 in exclamations, e. g., Joel 2:23; 2 Sam. 1:21; 
 Jer.20:12; and in oaths, e. g., Joel 4:20; Amos 9:5; Hos. 12:6; Jer. 29:23; Isa. 51:15; 
 Deut. 32:31; Ps. 71:19 (so Ewald). 
 
 (/) For the use of Waw Consecutive with Imperfect and Perfect, see §§ 24, 25. 
 
 (g) In many stereotyped phrases also 1 is dropped, e. g., *H "HD (Exod. 17:16) 
 for "HI "HD. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 11:30 4b. Jer. 17:14 2b. 
 
 Gen. 13:9 2c. Ezek. 10:12 4a. 
 
 Gen. 17:21; 42:10 la. Amos 4:5 4c. 
 
 Gen. 20:3 Id. Amos 5:4,6,14 26. 
 
 Gen. 29:15 2c. Hab. 2:4 4b. 
 
 Judg.5:13,27 4d. Zech. 10:6 2b. 
 
 Judg. 6:25; 7:23 lc. Mai. 1:11 lc. 
 
 Judg.l6:15 la. Ps. 7:10; 60:13 Id. 
 
 lSam.l5:16 2b. Ps. 45:5 4b. 
 
 ISam. 15:23 2c. Ps. 51:9 2b. 
 
 lKgs.l3:18 4b. Ps. 78:34 2c. 
 
 2 Kgs. 11:13 4d. Ps. 88:2 4a. 
 
 Isa. 3:8 Id. Prov.25:3 lb. 
 
 Isa.8:9,10 2b. Job 12:11; 14:11,12,19 lb. 
 
 Isa. 23:4 4b. Job32:15,16 4c. 
 
 Jer. 2:20; 7:9 4b. Ruth 1:21 la. 
 
 Jer. 15:7; 31:21 4c. Eccl.l:5 lc. 
 
126 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 45. 
 
 45. Circumstantial Sentences. 
 
 1. a. tllW D^OTK '♦ fiN D3&' NVYI-. • .JlD'V «*"* ^ <Zm<2, and £e 
 
 had judged {having judged) Israel forty years. 
 
 ott rr^n mm »rw nn^n ^n 2 ^ no* delay me, since y. 
 
 hath prospered my journey. 
 
 O tlty 'n »D)tt ♦•? rr^npfl HO 1 ? 3 why call ye me Naomi, Y. 
 having testified against me ? 
 h. ^ftXn tint) ZtffV NVT). ■ • -'* V^S* NT! 4 <™a Y. appeared unto 
 
 him while he sat before the tent. 
 
 HftWH WQ 1BWTI iWN D¥D O^D 5 a ladder set up on the 
 earth, the top of it reaching to heaven. 
 
 TOn njn inm "inn nnn pioym 8 «>^ y« «*«** wi^r ^ 
 
 mountain, while the mount was burning with fire. 
 c ♦Jftt HN* H^ N^-.-^iS* iW ^ my father will do nothing 
 
 . . . .without disclosing it to me. 
 
 DW DOT WJTl rOH lti?> bXfrh 8 shall any teach God 
 
 knowledge, seeing that he judges those that are high f 
 d. *"^J JOnV • • -f7^*1 n^n 9 ^ e was tending the sheep. . . .being a boy. 
 
 DU J/O ("71^11 Ui?& *"On 10 who speak peace, while evil is in their 
 
 heart. 
 
 We frequently find a clause which furnishes material subordinate to 
 that of the principal clause of a sentence ; or which describes the condi- 
 tion or circumstances attending the action of the principal verb. Such 
 clauses are termed circumstantial or descriptive and may be considered 
 under the following heads : 
 
 1. Circumstantial clauses following the principal clause and joined by 
 means of *) (2 44. 3), 
 
 a. With the verb in the Perfect, especially in sentences which have 
 a pluperfect or perfect meaning, often rendered by the past participle. 
 
 b. With the verb a Participle, almost always in clauses which are 
 of a strictly descriptive character. 
 
 c. With the verb in the Imperfect /less common than either the 
 Perfect or Participle, and for the most part in negative sentences. 
 
 d. With no verbal form of any kind. 
 
 H Sam. 4:18. 
 
 * Gen. 18:1. 
 
 7 1 Sam. 20:3. 
 
 9 Gen. 37:2. 
 
 2 Gen. 24:56. 
 
 s Gen. 28:12. 
 
 s Job 21 :22. 
 
 io Ps. 28:3. 
 
 3 Ruth 1:21. 
 
 6Deut. 4:11. 
 
 
 
I 45.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 127 
 
 2. a. 7nn /)"TJQ D'firn 1 o>"nd he searched beginning with the eldest. 
 
 irDn *D ^IIJJ K*?. • .^n N¥D* O 2 #" <™e sAaZZ be found slain, 
 
 it not being known who hath smitten him. 
 b- Dp* /"I* J** £"|t!OD *inND 3 wfo tarn/ ?a^e a£ m'<77i£ while wine 
 
 inflames them. 
 
 *N2t2W *Y)^0- • -^TilD* 4 he will hide me. . . lifting me upon a rock. 
 c - D*Di*,3 1NV* 5 they went forth, taking their position (cf. Ex. 33:8). 
 
 O'Dp^D VH D^ypD- • .fVUrr^ 'D W2& 6 seventy kings, having 
 
 their thumbs and great toes cut off, gathered, etc. 
 
 d. DlpD ^Hl D*D ^N JTD tfjifN D*V «»^ ^ pitched his tent, 
 Bethel being on the west and Ai on the east. [his loins. 
 V^H 'TJ* V"T* ^)"2} 'TO *D*J0 8 I saw every man his hands upon 
 
 e. HDH^O f*N D*^ E^C *D£T*1 9 a»d they remained three years 
 (in the condition of) absence of war, i. e., without war. 
 
 D3flN OynX Tfrl *JD WTfl N 1 ? 10 y« «*«» »o« we my face 
 
 (in the condition of) the absence of your brother, i. e., except your 
 
 brother be with you. 
 
 *I7 IJTiy 'DX 2*73 D.rpn*') 11 «ww? he thrust them into the heart of 
 
 Absalom while he was still alive. 
 
 JO- ...iJPjn ....'♦ N¥* N¥* HN ♦iT1 u ««<* * happened, Jacob 
 
 having only just gone out, that Esau, Jiis brother, came in. 
 
 tVTl ft® 1 ?)?) HND £WH *i~H 13 a»^ t< happened, the sun having 
 
 gone down, that there was darkness. 
 
 f]yp'....TiDV...ovn i-nan dj-ik rrm 1 * ««<* a *m & e , 
 
 seeing ye rebel to-day . . . ., that to-morrow he will be wroth, etc. 
 
 3. a. '"Ul mm OlTpJP D»pnO OH W «»<* & happened, as they 
 
 were emptying their sacks, that behold, etc. 
 b- nfl/tr N*J"T) JlN^ID NTH 16 she was Scin^ brought forth, when she 
 sent, etc. 
 
 "in mrr rrom ro*D no d;* nor? 17 &^ % «*« *««« «/ 
 
 Micah, they recognized the voice, etc. 
 
 i Gen. 44:13. ejudg. 1:7. io Gen. 43:3. h Josh. 23:18. 
 
 aDeut. 21:1. i Gen. 13:8. "2 Sam. 18:14. is Gen. 43:35. 
 
 3 Isa. 5:11. s Jer. 30:6. 12 Gen. 27:30. i« Gen. 38:25. 
 
 *Ps. 37:5. slKgs. 22:1. "Gen. 15:17. » Judg. 18:3. 
 fi Num. 16:27. 
 
128 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 45. 
 
 2. Circumstantial clauses following the principal clause, and not joined 
 
 by "J, 
 
 a. "With the verb in the Perfect (cf. 1. a above). 
 &. With the verb in the Imperfect (cf. 1. 6 above). 
 
 c. With the verb a Participle, to be taken as an accusative of state 
 or condition. 6 
 
 d. With no verbal form, the clause being strictly nominal. 
 
 e. In expressions introduced by ?*{$ , v*J , *F)?5 , J\7, etc. c 
 
 3. Circumstantial clauses preceding the principal clause ; here arise 
 two cases : 
 
 a. Those in which the circumstantial clause, preceding the principal 
 clause, is introduced and supported by the formula ♦j"p l ) or j""I\*"fl (cf. 33 
 24. 4 ; 25. 4). 
 
 b. Those in which there is no such introductory formula, the two 
 clauses appearing to be coordinate.^ 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) Since to may not be used with a Participle, when this negative is to be 
 employed, the finite form must be substituted. 
 
 (ft) That this is really an accusative appears from the corresponding- construction 
 in Arabic. 
 
 (c) In common use these negatives have become equivalent to prepositions. 
 
 (d) In circumstantial clauses the subject generally stands first whether the predi- 
 cate is a finite verbal form, a Participle, or a noun; exceptions occur (1) when 71 JH or 
 some such emphatic word comes first, which regularly precedes the verb, e. g., Gen. 
 8:13; 9:7; 1 Sam. 25:14; (2) in the case of K'S , Ps. 44:18; (3) even in sentences without a 
 verb, e. g., Ps. 60:3; Gen. 49:10; Isa. 6:6; Amos 7:7. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 7:6 3ft. Judg. 3:80 lft. 
 
 Gen. 13:7; 18:10; 19:1; 24:21. lft. Judg.3:24; 20:39,40 3ft. 
 
 Gen. 19:23; 44:3,4 3ft. Judg.3:26; 4:21; 16:31 la. 
 
 Gen. 20:3; 21:4; 24:10; 44:26 Id. Judg.5:19; 6:19; 20:31 2a. 
 
 Gen. 21:14 2a. Judg. 6:5 2e. 
 
 Gen. 29:9 3ft. Judg. 8:4 2c. 
 
 Gen. 32:12; 32:31 2d. Judg. 8:11 la. 
 
 Ex. 10:13 3a. Judg. 13:9 lft. 
 
 Ex. 21:11 26. Judg.l9:ll 3ft. 
 
 Ex. 33:12 la. lSam.9:14; 20:36 3ft. 
 
 Deut. 5:5 2c. 1 Sam. 18:17 la. 
 
 Deut. 9:15a lft. 2 Sam. 20:8 3ft. 
 
 Deut. 9: 15b Id. 2 Sam. 23:4 2e. 
 
 Josh. 2:5; 4 :18 3a. lKgs. 18:12 3a. 
 
 Josh. 17:14 Id. 2KgS. 2:23 36. 
 
I 46.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 129 
 
 SKgs. 5:18 lb. Hab.2:15 2d. 
 
 2Kgs. 12:7b 3a. Hag. 1:4 2d. 
 
 Isa.l:5; 27:9; 60:11 2b. Mai. 1:7 3b. 
 
 Isa. 27:16; 60:9 2d. Ps. 7:3 2e. 
 
 Isa.29:13 2a. Ps.7:3; 78:4 2c. 
 
 Isa.47:l 2e. Ps.7:7; 57:4; 71:3 2a. 
 
 Isa. 49:21; 53:4 la. Ps. 35:8; 21:12; 62:5; 107:5 2b. 
 
 Isa. 57:19 2c. Ps. 69:4 2c 
 
 Jer. 2:27; 23:17; 41:6; 43:2 2c. Ps. 78:30,31 3b. 
 
 Jer. 37:13 3a. Job 3:18; 9:25 2a. 
 
 Hos. 7:U 2e. Job 22:18 la. 
 
 Joel 1:6 2e. Job 24:22; 42:3 lc. 
 
 Mic. 7:1 2e. Job 29:24; 34:31 2b. 
 
 Nab.. 1:12 2b. Ezra 10:6 2a. 
 
 46. Relative Sentences. 
 
 1. a. *|"J Xin *")t£^ &t2T) /O 1 every creeping thing which is living. 
 o. '* Tfo& 1SPK N*DJn 2 the prophet whom Y. hath sent. 
 
 c - *\¥w? tyfttyn is? *)&& *"U 3 <*> nation whose language thou dost 
 
 not understand. [come. 
 
 Vfl^D nflf! JliO ^Cfc$ mn* 4 Y. under whose wings thou hast 
 d. 0^ *0tJ^ VODB* *I^K 5 where I fixed my name. 
 
 0& l^J^J ^ICN 6 whither they were carried away. 
 
 DTltT^S Dtt'D WW *)&H 7 whence the Phil, have proceeded. 
 
 2. a. yp*i7 nnA9 *1£'N D*Dn 8 the waters which {were) under the, etc. 
 
 Vltt "D^H "It^K D*£0tf H 9 the men who went with me. 
 
 M J# HN 1TN1 "US'N llDIl 10 <*« mercy 0/ tfjee w7to hast looked 
 
 on my affliction. 
 b. *")¥* *"K2^K D1NH 11 the man whom he had formed. 
 c JO 1WX DVH "t,T 12 *i'W tfte day ^ a * 7ie come - 
 
 *Ol 1V/K DIpDD 13 m» ^ie place that he spoke. 
 
 tT~\b& r\HH>l U& ")&$ nHD^n 14 the Hebrew women of whom 
 
 the name of one was Shiphra. 
 
 3. a. x\rv L ?x----yyn *?y *ib>ni n»nn ty -ib>n rhwv* «™* 
 
 se?i£ Ae i«Ao was over the house, and he who was over the city to Jehu. 
 0- *)OX *"1L^K DN flt^D 16 anoint him whom I shall name. 
 
 1 Gen. 9:3. 
 
 s Jer. 7:12. 
 
 9 Gen. 14:24. 
 
 is Gen. 35:13. 
 
 2 Jer. 28:9. 
 
 6 1 Kgs. 8:47. 
 
 10 Ps. 31:8. 
 
 14 Ex. 1:15. 
 
 3Deut. 28:49. 
 
 i Gen. 10:4. 
 
 11 Gen. 2:8. 
 
 i5 2Kgs. 10:5. 
 
 4Kuth2;12. 
 
 8 Gen. 1:7. 
 
 12 2 Sam. 19:25. 
 
 16 1 Sam. 16:3. 
 
130 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 46. 
 
 c. !j"V^ 7J/ "")!^£n? "ON*! 1 and he said to him who was over his house. 
 
 7V TV N7 NVOn ")£'N D^ 2 w^ whomsoever thou shalt find 
 
 he shall not live. 
 
 A relative clause may best be understood as the expansion of an 
 adjective or participle. It is generally introduced by *K£'N (3 13.), 
 sometimes by H* or !? {I 13. 4. a) a « b ; yet in many cases no introductory 
 particle is employed (see below). The principal usages of relative 
 clauses may be classified as follows : 
 
 1. Relative sentences introduced by "IJS'N , in which, since *\&iS is 
 only a particle and not a pronoun, a special pronoun, pronominal suffix, 
 or adverb, is employed to express the desired idea. The pronoun or pro- 
 nominal suffix agrees with its 'antecedent in gender and number, and 
 takes that particular case which the relative particle would have, if a 
 noun. d It may, therefore, be, 
 
 a. The subject of the sentence. 
 
 b. The direct object of the verb, i. e., an accusative. 
 
 c. The genitive after a construct, or after a preposition. 
 
 d. An adverb, viz., Q^ , used in the sense of ivhere, ivhither, whence. 
 
 T 
 
 2. Relative sentences introduced by *!£*N in which, for the sake of 
 brevity, the special pronoun, pronominal suffix, or adverb referred to 
 above, has been omitted. This is seen in sentences in which 
 
 a. The relative particle has the force of subject, and especially, 
 where the predicate is a finite verb including the pronominal idea. 
 
 b. The relative particle has the force of an accusative. 
 
 c. The relative particle as an adverbial accusative follows a substan- 
 tive having some general signification of time, place, manner. 
 
 3. Relative sentences in which the relative particle includes its ante- 
 cedent and is equivalent to he who, those who, etc. The particle, there- 
 fore, has here two constructions. Aside from its connection with the 
 relative clause which it introduces, it has a relation to the principal sen- 
 tence on which this relative clause depends ; e thus it may be 
 
 a. The subject of this principal sentence. 
 
 b. The object often with a prefixed j~)N/ 
 
 c. The genitive after a preposition.^' 1 
 
 4. a. ^in [i"VN *!Jl 3 a nation that is lasting. 
 
 DH7 N7 riJO 4 *« a land which is not theirs, 
 b. I^H* X7 *TT"1 5 a way they know not. 
 
 i Gen. 43:16. 3Jer. 5:15. < Gen. 15:13. 6lsa.42:16. 
 
 2 Gen. 31:32. 
 
I 4C] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD 131 
 
 *lf"0* TT"0 l^V 1 he teaches him in a way he should choose. 
 c 1D&P DVN Py ]*")ND iTH E"N 2 a man lived in the land of Uz, 
 whose name was Job. 
 |-Q "D 1 ?* *11in 3 the way in which they must go. 
 
 d. tltuty iTW 4 the gain that he made. [lire. 
 DD *¥5H 7D *"V"1N 5 the excellent ones in whom is my whole pleas- 
 
 e. JO*tf DV G the day I fear ; rfOt#J fl^ 7 the time thou wast 
 broken. 
 
 5. a. 7}$ ^"1* f«v7 DIpD 8 the place (of him) who knows not God. 
 
 flT^'i"! *V3 NJ t77&' 9 sen d now by the hand [of him whom) thou 
 wilt send. [ask. 
 
 1/KJ^ ^1/7 *nCT"TJ 10 I was inquired of by [those who) did not 
 *Jn»*l J~fi~lX Jl?nN *"1^0 n what is beyond that which I see, teach 
 thou me. 
 
 4. Relative sentences without an introductory particle, especially 
 when the antecedent is indefinite ; this is found 
 
 a. "When the relative, or the word to which the relative force is 
 given, is a subject. 
 
 b. When the relative is the object of a verb. 
 
 c. When the relative is a genitive. 
 
 d. When the relative clause follows a noun in the construct ; this 
 is rare and poetical. 
 
 e. When the relative follows a noun, in the construct, which has 
 some general signification of time, place, manner. 
 
 5. Relative sentences in which the relative particle, though including 
 its antecedent and equivalent to he who (see 3 above), is omitted ; this is, 
 for the most part, poetical, though found rarely in late prose writers. 
 The predicate generally stands first in the relative clause, and is thus 
 brought into antithesis with the preceding sentence. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) The pronouns 'D who, i"ID what sometimes also have a relative force, e. g., 
 Gen. 19:12; 1 Sam. 20:4; Isa. 50:8. 
 
 (b) On the use of the article in a relative sense with a Participle and, rarely, with 
 a finite verb, see § 4. 3. /. 
 
 (c) For agreement also in person, where the antecedent is a pronoun, see Gen. 45:4; 
 Num. 22:30; Isa. 41:8. 
 
 IPs. 25:12. 4jer. 48:36. 7 Ezek. 27:34. 10 Isa. 65:1. 
 
 2 Job 1:1. sps. 16:3. 8 Job 18:21. "Job 34:32. 
 
 3 Ex. 18 :20. 6 Ps. 56 :4. 9 Ex. 4 :13. 
 
132 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 47. 
 
 (d) This pronominal suffix is regularly separated from the relative by one or more 
 words. 
 
 (e) Note the double construction seen, for example, in Gen. 38:10; 43:16; 49:1. 
 
 (/) Distinguish from this the use of "ityK flX , in the sense of the fact that, how, etc., 
 to subordinate as object an entire clause. 
 
 (0) Cf. the combinations 1t?iO , YtfJO, "lty« b$ , etc. 
 
 (7i) Cf. the usage (late and rare) which allows Tjyx to be followed by a noun in the 
 accusative, Jer. 14:1; 46:1; Ezek. 12:25; Amos 5:1. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.3:3; 4:11; 7:2; 14:20 2a. Isa. 8:12 2c. 
 
 Gen. 5:29 lb. Isa. 29:1 ..4e. 
 
 Gen. 7:23 3a. Isa. 31:6 3c. 
 
 Gen. 9:3 la. Isa. 37:4 lb. 
 
 Gen. 13:3 Id. Isa. 43:21 4d. 
 
 Gen. 19:29; 38:25 lc. Isa. 55:2 5 
 
 Gen. 21:3,9; 26:32 2b. Jer. 2:8,11 5 
 
 Gen. 39:20; 40:13 2c. Jer. 15:4 3c. 
 
 Gen. 41 :25 3b. Jer. 44 :3 lb. 
 
 Gen. 44:9 3c Hab. 1:6 4a. 
 
 Ex. 4:13 4d. Ps. 4:8; 88:2; 90:15 4e. 
 
 Ex. 4:17 lc. Ps. 7:5; 27:7 4b. 
 
 Ex.4:21,28 2b. Ps.l2:6; 32:2; 72:12 4c. 
 
 Ex. 12:13 Id. Ps.l6:3 la. 
 
 Lev. 4:24,33 2c. Ps. 49:13 4a. 
 
 Lev.l8:ll 4a. p s .58:5; 65:5; 81:6 4d. 
 
 Num. 17:20 lc. Prov. 6:16 4b. 
 
 Deut.l:22 lc. Prov. 8:32 5 
 
 Deut. 4:10 2c. j 0D 6:17 4e. 
 
 Deut.9:28; 11:10; 30:3 Id. Job 19:16 5 
 
 Deut. 32:37 4c. Job 38:19,24 4b. 
 
 1 Sam. 15:16 3b. Lam. 1:14 5 
 
 lKgs. 11:14 4a. Neh. 8:10 5 
 
 lKgs. 11:27 2c. 
 
 47. Subject, Object and Adverbial Clauses. 
 
 1. a. 11J1 J* 5 ? 1CX DID 1 & *"* better that thou shouldst not vow. 
 
 *\$? tTtlD *D DID 2 & is good that thou be to 21s, etc. 
 b. HDK D*)\T *D *f? "VJil *D 3 who told thee that thou wast naked ? 
 
 fDIC* *D ^tDK^ 4 and he said that they should return. 
 c DID *D "11X17 HK "tit NTI 5 and God saw that the light was good, 
 d. fl^X DHDK DHN HD 6 what do ye think I should do ? 
 
 2. a. jlID 1 ? 1£'£J f)N 'jW 7 he asked that his soul should die. [through. 
 
 I 1 !]? '* DK 'D T^KH J<"?1 8 but Sihon trusted not Israel to pass 
 lEccl. 5:4. 3 Gen. 3:11. b Gen. 1:4. ? 1 Kgs. 19:4. 
 
 22 Sam. 18:3. * Job 36:10. 6 2 Sam. 21:4. sjudg. 11:20. 
 
I 47.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 133 
 
 o. )D nV^'j/*'? D\JHV D^N 1 ^ey c?o »o* know that they do evil, 
 c DDV niCJ/O- • • -JO* *ltWO a «««ce he feared to do it by day. 
 "^IVD DyC* L ? NT *y for he feared to dwell in Zoar. 
 
 1. Dependent sentences are found, 
 
 a. With the force of a subject, introduced by "1£*N or *■) . 
 
 b. With the force of an object, introduced by *3 . 
 
 c. With the logical subject, attracted by the verb of the principal 
 sentence and treated as its object. 
 
 d. With no introductory particle, the verb being directly attached 
 to what precedes. 
 
 2. A more condensed method of expressing subject and object sen- 
 tences is seen 
 
 a. In the use of an accusative with an Infinitive (cf. the Latin), 
 after verbs of wishing, allowing, commanding, etc. 
 
 b. In the same usage, more particularly in later writers, after verbs 
 of hearing, seeing, knowing, etc. 
 
 c. In the use of VQ and rarely ^ with the Infinitive after verbs of 
 /earing. 
 
 3. a. »ja nx ntnn n^ ion 1 ? ym> btw ojn 4 / «*> <>/ *&*, 
 
 saying, "Thou shalt not see my /ace." 
 
 'tifoy D^*n *ta >d i? fiown 5 ««<* # e ^« e «««* «»«o *«», 
 
 "Thou shalt set a king over us." 
 
 "> ^ipn ♦nyoff *»b>n ^NiDtr ^k 'aw -loan 6 «»<* &wz said 
 
 to Samuel, u I have obeyed the voice of Y." 
 b. Uiin J70BW1 TDNb y^ Tl#DB> 7 I have heard concerning 
 
 thee, Thou hearest a dream, etc. 
 
 nXDH £^13N D*")J l^T 8 let the nations know they are men. 
 c '"UK TH nty ^ TIT 1 ? "10^ IJI ^N "ION 9 ^ commanded 
 
 Gad to say to David that David should go tip, etc. 
 
 jnr raxv wfij db>n d»jmi dk ^nn 1*0-1 fan nw 
 
 "IJO D^D* T*1N* «»c2 Yahweh was pleased to bruise him, he put him 
 
 to grief, [with the understanding that) if he himself should make an 
 
 offering of guilt, he would see seed, he would prolong days, etc. 
 
 d. 1D^7 P I? N")p* n he cries that he will judge his people. 
 
 lEccl. 4:17. 4 2 Sam. 3:13. 'Gen. 41:15. io Isa. 53:10,11. 
 
 sJudg. 6:27. 6 1 Sam. 10:19. 8 p s . 9:21. n Ps. 50:4. 
 
 s G en. 19 :30. el Sam. 15 :20. 9 1 Chron. 21 :18. 
 
134 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 47. 
 
 D*D3^ J"llC*y? 1p*V and ne expected that it would produce grapes. 
 \2 PD&'y? /Flptl TO "H/tD^l 2 and the whole congregation said 
 they icould do so. 
 
 3. Under object sentences belongs also what is called direct and indi- 
 rect discourse. In reference to this it may be noted that 
 
 a. Direct discourse is introduced by "~i/tDX7 i '3 i or *"^'K > which 
 are then equivalent to quotation marks ; this is the earlier form and is 
 much more common than the indirect, which, in most cases, would have 
 been employed in English. 
 
 b. The gradual introduction of indirect discourse is seen in cases 
 (like those cited above), in which it is only partly indirect. 
 
 c. That while in the older literature direct discourse prevails, in 
 later writings it becomes customary to employ the Imperfect, with or 
 without *3 ; and that in extended discourse of this kind the voluntative 
 Imperfect is largely used* 
 
 d. That more frequently, however, there is found especially in later 
 writers the construction of the Infinitive with 7 (cf. the Latin). 
 
 4. a. H&liT? TOlil K7 *)£^S*{ 3 so that thou canst not be healed. 
 
 IJ^Ofj"! O D'l^X ilD 4 what is man that thou remembcrest him. 
 0. (1) pJ^T "IS^N 5 w* order that they know. [it holy. 
 
 (2) I^Hp 1 ? '£*(7 DV DK TO? 6 remember the Sabbath day to keep 
 
 (3) I^QX* tyCh 1 ' 1 i n order that they may believe. 
 
 (4) ill^ 1 ? *7" fTJin TD^O 8 &***& they may be to me for a testimony. 
 
 (5) 1311JI* D^7 rp 1 ?^'? 9 when it comes up against the people to 
 invade them. 
 
 c (1) 1^0 C* i^7 n^N 10 in order that they may not understand. 
 
 (2) O I^D'D* ^J^ 11 that they may not rule over me. 
 
 (3) VnX'? y\t \r\1 Vl'rO 1 ? 12 so as n °t to 9^ ve seea " to his brother. 
 
 (4) *lhf2?2 "1DNQ*") 13 and he hath rejected thee that thou mayest not 
 be Icing. 
 
 (5) TV FfoW' 75 iinffl 14 an d now, lest he put forth his hand. 
 
 5. a. HDINH HN "lDJ7n O 15 when thou tillest the ground, etc. 
 
 ilsa. 5:2. 
 
 5 Josh. 3:7. 
 
 9Hab.3:16. 
 
 isl Sam. 15:23. 
 
 UCtaron. 13:4. 
 
 6 Ex. 20:8. 
 
 10 Gen. 11:7. 
 
 14 Gen. 3:22. 
 
 sDeut. 28:27. 
 
 'Ex. 4:5. 
 
 uPs. 19:14. 
 
 15 Gen. 4:12. 
 
 4Ps. 8:5. 
 
 s Gen. 21:30. 
 
 12 Gen. 38:9. 
 
 
 * Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, p. 232. 
 
I 47.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 135 
 
 *0¥J7 17^ VltJ^inn ^D 1 w7je?i I kept silent, my bones wasted. 
 
 b. .D*)p *1CJO *i*T1 2 a "^ as soo?i as 7je came mgrA. 
 
 c. Vl^tJO "O/D^ \T"I 3 a,lc ^ ^ ca??ie fo pass, w/te» 7ie began to reign, 
 as soon as he sat upon, etc. [over. 
 
 d- VOl^' D^JO DS^ 13*7*1* and they lodged there before they passed 
 e. 7"jj|* "7^ HJD/N *3££* 5 remain a widow until he be grown. 
 
 yfO il^ 1J*"01? *1t^X *1^7 6 «»<*? we passed over the brook, 
 f. D^DXn Hit Y^H "KIN 7 a/ter he hath taken out the stones. 
 
 JTDn JIN HI Vpn *""inN 7 after he hath scraped the house. 
 9- f"U*"lD /X 'i"IJO ?N*J 8 since I came unto Pharaoh. 
 
 ^r\2$ 7X *1*1D"T ?ND 9 smce i/iow cfoVZsl speak unto thy servant, 
 h. DflM5? *"10 \T1 10 aW( ^ as often as they went out. 
 
 *Q"lN *"]Q 1:l as often as I speak. 
 
 4. The more common methods of expressing consequence and purpose 
 are the following : 
 
 a. Clauses indicating result or consequence, with Imperfect intro- 
 duced by the particles "UT^ or *3 . 
 
 b. Clauses indicating purpose or intention, 
 
 (1) with an Imperfect following "lt^K ; 
 
 (2) with an Infinitive following 7 ; 
 
 (3) with an Imperfect following \^u? ; 
 
 (4) with an Imperfect following ")1DJ^3 ; 
 
 (5) with an Imperfect not accompanied by an introductory par- 
 ticle. 
 
 c. Clause of negative purpose, 
 
 (1) with an Imperfect following {^7 *)&X \ 
 
 (2) with an Imperfect following 7}^ (or 7^}) ; 
 
 (3) with an Infinitive following Twj7 ; 
 
 (4) with an Infinitive or noun governed by VQ ; 
 
 (5) with an Imperfect following "!Q . 
 
 5. The more common methods of expressing time are as follows : 
 
 a. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following *3 when, quum. 
 
 b. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following "llJ'JO as soon as, 
 when. 
 
 IPs. 32:3. * Josh. 3:1. 7 Lev. 14:43. 10 1 Sam. 18:30. 
 
 2 Ex. 32:19. s Gen. 38:11. s Ex. 5:23. nJer.20:8. 
 
 3lKgs.l6:ll. eDeut. 2:14. 9 Ex. 4:10. 
 
136 
 
 IIEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 [3 48. 
 
 c. Clauses with Infinitive following 3 or 3 > the former = while, 
 when ; the latter, as soon as, when. 
 
 d. Clauses with Imperfect, rarely Perfect, following D")p ox D1tD3 
 before. 
 
 e. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following "]^ , IJ^K 1^ until 
 
 (cf. also *5 n# , m 1^). 
 
 /. Clauses with finite verb, or Infinitive, following ^tltf , *"]n^ 
 after (cf. p nilK). 
 
 <?. Clauses with finite verb or Infinitive after ftsD smce. 
 
 A. Clauses with finite verb or Infinitive after **lft as often as. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen.6:2 lc. 
 
 Gen. 12:13 3b. 
 
 Gen. 18:33; 27:40 5ft. 
 
 Gen. 24:15 5d. 
 
 Gen. 24:41 5a. 
 
 Gen. 46:3 2c. 
 
 Ex. 2 :2 lc. 
 
 Ex. 9: 14 4b. 
 
 Ex. 12:34 5d. 
 
 Ex. 13:17 ic. 
 
 Lev. 9:6 Id. 
 
 Lev. 14:43 5/. 
 
 Num. 20:21 2a. 
 
 Deut. 4:40; 29:5 4b. 
 
 Deut. 24:4 5/. 
 
 Deut. 28:35,57 4a. 
 
 Judg. 2:18 5a. 
 
 Judg. 4:24 5e. 
 
 ISam. 8:6 5b. 
 
 2 Sam. 1:4 3a. 
 
 2 Sam. 21:4 3b. 
 
 lKgs. 5:17; 11:28 lc. 
 
 lKgs. 14:28 5ft. 
 
 lKgs. 15:13: 4c. 
 
 2Kgs. 2:9 5d. 
 
 2Kgs. 9:37 4a. 
 
 Isa. 22:14 5e. 
 
 Isa. 28:19 5h. 
 
 Isa. 38:15,16 3c. 
 
 Isa. 43:2 5a. 
 
 Jer. 1:5 5d. 
 
 Jer. 13:21; 15:15 2b. 
 
 Jer. 18:7; 34:8,9 3d. 
 
 Jer. 36 :9 2a. 
 
 Jer. 44:18 5g. 
 
 Ezek. 40:1 5/. 
 
 Hos. 5:15; 10:12 5e. 
 
 Hos. 7:12 5b. 
 
 Amos 7:4 3d. 
 
 Jonah 4:8 2a. 
 
 Zech. 8 :20 la. 
 
 Ps. 8:4 5a. 
 
 Ps. 9:15 4b. 
 
 Ps. 55:7-9 3c. 
 
 Ps. 76:8 5ff. 
 
 Ps. 104:27 3d. 
 
 Ps. 119:58 3a. 
 
 Job 6:11; 7:12; 15:14 4a. 
 
 Job 16:4,5; 31:1-4 3c. 
 
 Job 16:8; 30:28 4b. 
 
 Lam. 1 : 10 Id. 
 
 Dun. 1:3-5 3d. 
 
 IChron. 15:16; 17:25; 21:18; 22:2 3d. 
 
 48. Conditional Sentences. 
 
 1. a. *y*\ ^N il^O Wyi 1 if thou hast found honey, eat {only) enough 
 
 for thee. 
 
 t\D) VDN J"lK ^ty*") 2 and if he leaves his father, he will die. 
 iProv. 25:16. 2 Gen. 44:22. 
 
I 48.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 137 
 
 &. UyiV D»B>»n N*¥ftK ON* 1 if I find fifty righteous. 
 
 c. y?*5$^ 10DC7 17 2 if they had been ivise they would understand. 
 
 d. "Ul "V/YlH 'V '* ^l7 3 ea**p< I 7 ! o/7iosfcs Aad left to us. 
 
 e. "Vy^t?^ *)DNn *D* if thou slialt say in thy heart. 
 
 f ni"in DN *D 2! £2^ N/ 5 ^ does not return unless it has watered. 
 2. a K7 DK JTOfi 02 *JtP JIN 6 wy <wo sous tfjow shalt hill if 1 
 
 do not, etc. [by me. 
 
 O '* *1D1 fr^ DICn DN 7 */ ^ow return, Y. hath not spoken 
 
 »• \3mWl 'flNtDfl OX 8 ifIsinthouwatchestme. 
 
 c nYWi?) ^KOBTf DN 9 #" &ou ^oes« to ^e ?<?/?, dtai J will go to 
 
 the right. 
 d. 0ni"T7C nnj/ O 10 /or then thou hadst sent me away. 
 
 1. The protasis of a conditional sentence may be introduced 
 
 a. Without an introductory conditional particle of any kind, in 
 which case the conditional idea is indicated by the logical relation of the 
 clause to that with which it may be connected (see below). 
 
 b. By the particle DN a if (negative, {^7 DJ«{ if not, unless), less 
 often n^!"! 6 if, used with the Perfect, Imperfect, Participle, or Infini- 
 tive d (with suffix). 
 
 c. By the particle } 7 if, implying that the statement made is one 
 which is not true or cannot be fulfilled ; it is used with the Perfect, 
 Imperfect, Participle, and in elliptical expressions with the Imperative. 
 
 d. By the particle ^7" (= ^7 if, ^7 = i^7 not), implying that 
 the condition has a real existence, used with the Perfect, Imperfect, or 
 Participle. 
 
 e. By the particle *3 , properly so let it be assumed, suppose that, 
 
 if;Cf 
 
 f. By the particle QJ^ *3 but if, unless, always after a negative. 
 
 2. The apodosis of a conditional sentence may be introduced, 
 
 a. Without any introductory particle. 
 
 b. By Waw Consecutive, the verb standing in the tense demanded 
 by the context. 
 
 c. By Waw Conjunctive, a rare usage. 
 
 d. By fifty *"} , or tJ< *2 h for now, in that case. 
 
 1 Gen. 18:26. * Deut. 7:17. ' 1 Kgs. 22:28. 9 Gen. 13:9. 
 
 2Deut. 32:29. e Isa. 55:10. s Job 10:14, 10 Gen. 31:42. 
 
 3lsa. 1:9. 6 Gen. 42:37. 
 
13S HEBREW SYNTAX [\ 48. 
 
 3. W3K $h DN n'Ofl *JD W HN 1 my ^00 sons thou shalt kill 
 if I do (shall) not bring him bach. 
 
 "IJll *?£)♦ K^ ^H p 1 ? fPiT DX 2 {/" /ie sAaZZ become a worthy man, 
 there shall not fall, etc. 
 
 a. "VII TlKlTOl ..-D'pHtf D»i?Drr-"-KirON DN 3 if I shall find 
 
 fifty righteous. . . .then I shall pardon. 
 
 h. nprro Tinp /■ (|nn) n? dxi 4 «»«■ *y $ow m^ not give, i wui 
 
 take it by force. 
 
 4. fOE* "]^. • • .JTUD 1 ? £"N ^V DN 5 *7 « man sfcow?<Z be able to 
 number. . . .thy seed might be numbered. 
 
 n 1 ? Dmtr \\*:r--- own to rf?yn ^ 6 though Babylon 
 
 sJwuld mount to heaven . . . .spoilers would come to her. 
 
 5. "OT Nl£' HINT? ND OK 7 tf l ie U't any time) hath come to visit 
 me, he icill speak falsehood. 
 
 DpJ y&tt---Sy\tl pl^ TtW DN 8 if at anytime Ihave whet my 
 
 glittering sicord I will requite vengeance. 
 
 a. TlNtOm VfiN^fl is? DN 9 if I have not brought him back, 
 
 then I shall be guilty. 
 o. 13 TOtW '♦ mi O-.-.T^n KO no grass will wither if the 
 
 breath of Y. hath blown upon it. 
 
 6. Dip* Vfr- ■ ■ nmy. . -TON Will DK n if her father shall have 
 disallowed her her vows. . . .shall not stand. 
 
 a. IfcGV • • ■bynn') I7NDDJ DN 12 #" *Ae shall have defiled herself 
 and been faithless, then they shall come. 
 
 7. DDnK 'Ann $fr djtik nrvnn t> n if you had kept them aUve,i 
 
 should not have killed you. 
 
 Wtl D"1D3- • • •*)$? Tilin '¥ '* >bt> U except Y. of hosts had left us 
 a very small remnant, ice should have been as Sodom, etc. [stand this. 
 a - JlNf 17*3 £2^* 1QDPT 17 15 if they had been loise, they woidd tinder- 
 
 nstt iprv 'n* tfrn wrf?a de> uroi? dk 1g if we had 
 
 forgotten the name of our God woidd not God find this out ? 
 
 1 Gen. 42:37. 6 Gen. 13:16. 9 Gen. 43:9. 13 Judg. 8:19. 
 
 slKgs. 1:52. 6Jer. 51:53. 10 Isa. 40:7. n Isa. 1:9. 
 
 3Gen. 18:26. 7 Ps. 41:7. 11 Num. 30:6. is Deut. 32:29. 
 
 *1 Sam. 2:16. sDeut. 32:41. "Num. 5:27. w Ps. 44:21,22. 
 
2 48.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 139 
 
 As regards the usage of tense in conditional sentences the principles 
 given in 22 16.-24. hold good. It is only necessary, therefore, to classify 
 the more important forms. 
 
 3. In the first form, the protasis presents distinctly a future case (as, 
 if I {shall) find him), and the apodosis denotes what will be the result (as, 
 I will inform him). The Imperfect is employed in both.^-^ But in the 
 apodosis there is found also 
 
 a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
 (2 25. 1. 6). 
 
 b. The Perfect of certainty which is equivalent to an Imperfect 
 (2 19. 1). 
 
 4. In the second form, the protasis presents a future case, but less 
 distinctly (as, if I should find him) ; the apodosis denotes what would 
 (or might) be the result. The Imperfect is employed in both. J ' m ' n 
 
 5. In the third form, the protasis presents a future case, but one 
 of an entirely uncertain and indefinite character, and regarded from the 
 stand-point of the past (as. if I shall have at any time found him) ; the 
 apodosis denotes what will be the result in case this contingency is 
 realized. Here the Perfect is found in the protasis and the Imperfect in 
 the apodosis ; but in the apodosis there is also found 
 
 a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
 (2 25. 1. 6.). 
 
 b. The Perfect in the sense of the Future Perfect (2 10. 3). 
 
 6. In the fourth form the protasis presents a case either strictly past, 
 or past as viewed from a definite moment fixed in the context (as, if I 
 have in the past, or shall have at a particular time, found him) the apodo- 
 sis denotes what will be the result immediately or at the particular 
 moment referred to. The PerfectP (either present perfect, 2 17. 2, or 
 perfect of the immediate past, 2 18. 1, or future perfect, 2 19. 3) is used 
 in the protasis, the Imperfect in the apodosis ; but in the apodosis there 
 is also found 
 
 a. The Perfect with "Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
 (2 25. 1. 6.). 
 
 7. In the fifth form, the protasis presents a case which is supposed 
 not to have been fulfilled (as, if I had found him) ; the apodosis denotes 
 what would have been the result if the supposed case had been realized 
 (as, / should have informed him). The Perfect is used in both mem- 
 bers.Q- 7 "' 8 '* But in the apodosis there is found 
 
 a. The Imperfect instead of the Perfect, when reference is made to 
 the present (as, I shoiddnow inform him). 
 
140 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 48. 
 
 8. a. iXy\ VD£"\ J"lK D*^*) 1 an d ('/) h e leave his father, he will die. 
 
 Dpi D^H TO (ISOl 2 ««<^ ((/") all the people saio, they stood up. 
 b. n,D}0 *7 (lNOni 3 and Of thou) bring it to me [and] I will eat. 
 
 DID V?DJO ^■■■■ty!2W i {if ye) hearken to me [and] {ye toil!) 
 
 eat good. 
 
 J7jTIN1 'ty 1[13& l~Dp.J 5 Of thou wilt) specify to me thy hire 
 
 [and] I will give it. 
 
 t£^N TNI N"1J^1 6 and {if) Hooked, there was no man. 
 c tVlKn "pHl *i"lKD T7ir? ^pH 7 behold, thou goest from me and 
 
 a lion shall slay thee. [avenged, etc. 
 
 Dp* D^D^DL*/ Pp JDil ^D 8 should any one kill Cain, he shall be 
 
 9. a. *p "X'K b>2*2 HpN DN 9 {may he punish me) if J take of all that 
 
 is thine = I will not take. 
 
 n^K p-...DmD"f *IBWO Vh DN* 10 {God doso tome, and 
 more also), if I do not do according to what ye have spoken = I will 
 surely do it. 
 
 h. una pa d*o ddndh nbti dk rrnyi 11 ^ now if thou win 
 
 forgive their sin [it is well], but if not, blot me out. 
 c *irO*"D DK *D HflT^'N N 1 ? 12 /wZZ wctf Ze« tfiee go yes, if thou 
 
 bless me, {then I tcill let thee go). 
 d. pTil *D^D 2C*y\ I^NIH i? lz oh that we had been content and 
 
 had remained beyond the Jordan. 
 
 8. Certain classes of sentences, conditional in force, though not in 
 form, may be grouped as follows : 
 
 a. Sentences containing two members, each of which has as its verb 
 a Perfect with Waw Consecutive (as, and I used to find him, and inform 
 him, or and I find him, and I inform him = and if I found him I should 
 inform him, or and if I find him, I inform him). This Perfect is a fre- 
 quentative (§ 25. 1. a). The usage occurs in the sphere of past, present 
 or future time. 
 
 b. Sentences containing two members, both of which have Impera- 
 tives ; or one, an Imperative, the other a Jussive or Cohortative ; or both, 
 Jussives (as, find him and inform him = if you find him, you shall 
 
 i Gen. 44:22. 6 Gen. 30:28. 8 Gen. 4:15. a Ex. 32:32. 
 
 2 Ex. 33:10. elsa. 41:28. 9 Gen. 14:23. 12 Gen. 32:27. 
 
 3 Gen. 27:4. ' 1 Kgs. 20:36. 10 Num. 14:28. is Josh. 7:7. 
 4lsa.55:2. 
 
I 48. j BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 141 
 
 inform him, or find him and I will inform him, or let me find him and I 
 will inform him). u 
 
 c. Sentences with a participle (often preceded by 17.3 H) i n the pro- 
 tasis, an Imperfect, or Perfect with Waw Consecutive in the apodosis. 
 
 9. In certain usages, one or the other member of the conditional is 
 regularly omitted. This is seen in 
 
 a. In the expression of the oath, the apodosis, viz., / lift my hand 
 to God that he may punish me, or God do so to me and more also, having 
 been dropped. Here DJ$ = assuredly not ; ^7 QJ^ = assuredly. 
 
 b. In the case of the first apodosis of two consecutive conditional 
 sentences, this apodosis being easily supplied from the context. 
 
 c. In the case of the elliptical conjunction QJ^ '3 = yes, if, the 
 real apodosis having strictly to be supplied/" 
 
 d. In the expression of a wish which is not, or cannot be, realized. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 (a) For DN in the sense of although, 1 Sam. 15:17; Jer. 5:2; 14:7. 
 
 (b) See Ex. 4:1; 8:22 and compare PUD , § 48. 8. c. 
 
 (c) See Judg. 9:15; 11:9; 1 Sam. 6:3. 
 
 (d) Cf. 'ID* DX (Job 9:27) if my saying = if I my. 
 
 (e) Cf. sentences introduced by *2 when, § 47. 5. a. 
 
 (/) Cf. the distinction between DX and 'J in Ex. 21:2-5, where 'J is used before a 
 general ordinance, DX , before the particular details. 
 
 (g) To be distinguished from this are other usages of DX '3 , viz., (1) that if, because 
 if, for if, e. g., 1 Kgs. 20:6; Deut. 11:22, and (2) but, the DX having lost its force, Ps. 1:1; 
 Josh. 17:3. 
 
 (70 Here belong cases in which the protasis has been omitted, e. g., Ex. 9:15 ; 1 Sam. 
 13:13; 2 Kgs. 13:19. 
 
 (i) The voluntative Imperfect or Imperative may be substituted for the ordinary 
 Imperfect, e. g., 1 Sam. 20:21; 21:10; 2 Kgs. 2:10. 
 
 0') The Participle (according to § 20. 2. (h)) may also be substituted for the Imper- 
 fect, e. g., Gen, 4:7; Lev. 21:9. 
 
 (k) For cases in which the Imperfect in apodosis refers to the past in the fre- 
 quentative sense, see Gen, 31:8; Ex. 40:37. 
 
 (?) While the Greek uses in the first form the subjunctive, in the second the opta- 
 tive, and thus distinguishes them, the distinction in Hebrew can be seen only from 
 the context. 
 
 (m) When both members are parallel in thought, the particle is translated if; when 
 contrasted, it may be rendered by though. 
 
 (n) Here, too, the Participle may be substituted for the Imperfect. 
 
 (o) Notice that this Perfect is continued by a Perfect with Waw Consecutive, not 
 by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, e. g., Gen. 43:9; Job 11:13,14. 
 
 (p) Notice that this Perfect is continued by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 e. g., Judg. 9:16-19. 
 
 (q) By the omission of the apodosis there arises a common expression for a wish 
 that has not been realized, e. g., Josh.7:7; Isa. 48:18,19; 63:19. 
 
142 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX. 
 
 [? 4S. 
 
 (r) By the omission of the protasis and the use of T\r\p y D arise such cases as 
 1 Sam. 13:13; Ex. 9:15, etc. 
 
 (s) Here the Greek likewise employs past tenses in both protasis and apodosis. 
 
 (t) Examine 2 Sam. 18:12; Ps. 81:14-17 and note the use of the Participle in the pro- 
 tasis and the Imperfect in the apodosis (as, if I found him now, I would tell him). 
 
 (u) Cf. § 23. 2. d., under which many of the cases here cited may also be classified, 
 e. g., do this and live may be do this that you may Uoe, or if you do this, you will live. 
 
 (v) Here belong also DX ... D$j» ,*/... . if, whether. ... or, cf. Idv -re . . . kav t\, 
 sive . . . sive. 
 
 REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 
 
 Gen. 24:8 ; 32:9 3a. 
 
 Gen. 32:29 9c. 
 
 Gen. 33:13 la. 
 
 Gen. 42 : 15 9a. 
 
 G en. 42 :18 8ft. 
 
 Gen. 42 :38 . . 8a. 
 
 Gen. 43:9 lb. 
 
 Gen. 43:10 2d. 
 
 Gen. 46:33 le. 
 
 Ex. 4:14 8a. 
 
 Ex. 7:9 SI). 
 
 Ex. 7:9 le. 
 
 Ex. 19:5 3a. 
 
 Num. 10:17,18 8a. 
 
 Num. 14:28 9a. 
 
 Num. 15:24; 35:22-24 6a. 
 
 Num. 32:23 3b. 
 
 Deut. 4:29a .' 8a. 
 
 Deut. 6 :20,21 3a. 
 
 Deut. 32 :26 7 
 
 Deut. 32-27 Id. 
 
 Deut. 32:41 5 
 
 Josh. 14:9 9a. 
 
 Judg. 5:8 9a. 
 
 Judg. 6:18 8a. 
 
 Judg. 9:16-20 9b. 
 
 Judg. 13:23 lc. 
 
 1 Sam. 3:17- 9a. 
 
 1 Sam. 17 :34,35 8a. 
 
 1 Sam 20 :6 3a. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:34 Id. 
 
 1 Sam. 25:34 7 
 
 1 Sam. 26:19 6 
 
 2 Sam. 2:27 2d. 
 
 2 Sam. 3:35 9a. 
 
 2 Sam. 15:33 5a. 
 
 2 Sam. 17:9 8c. 
 
 2 Sam. 18:12 lc . 
 
 2 Sara. 18:13 7a. 
 
 1 Kgs. 1:52 3 
 
 1 Kgs. 8 :30 8a. 
 
 2 Kgs. 3:14 Id. 
 
 2 Kgs. 5:13 7a. 
 
 2 Kgs. 7:4 5a. 
 
 2 Kgs. 7 :2,19 8c . 
 
 Isa. 1:15,18 4 
 
 Isa. 6:13 la. 
 
 Isa. 8 :9,10 8b. 
 
 Isa. 22 :14 9a. 
 
 Jer. 2:22 4 
 
 Jer. 18:4,8 Sa. 
 
 Jer. 33 : 25,26- 6 
 
 Jer. 49:9b 5b. 
 
 Ezek. 33:9 .6 
 
 Hos. 12:12 3b. 
 
 Amos 3:7 9c 
 
 Amos 5. 4,6 8b. 
 
 Ps. 7:4,5 6 
 
 Ps. 7:4,5 lb. 
 
 Ps.23:4; 27:3; 50:12 4 
 
 Ps. 63:7; 94:18 5 
 
 Ps. 73:15 7 
 
 Ps. 75:3 3 
 
 Ps. 119:15 8b. 
 
 Prov. 3:9,10; 4:8; 20:13,25 8b- 
 
 Prov. 6:22,31 la. 
 
 Prov.25:21 5 
 
 Job 7:4; 21:6 5a. 
 
 Job 9:15,16 7a. 
 
 Ruth 3:18.. 9c. 
 
INDEXES 
 
 i( 
 
INDEX OF TOPICS. 
 
 [The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 Accusative of limitation 
 
 6. 1. R. (a) ; 6. 2. R. (b) 
 
 Accusative of specification 33. 8. a-d. 
 
 Accusative with an Infinitive in de- 
 pendent sentences 47. 2. a, b. 
 
 Accusative with the passive, four 
 cases of 35.1-4. 
 
 Ad jecti val Imperfect 31. 4. 
 
 Adjective in annexion with a follow- 
 ing substantive 9. 1. 
 
 Adjective, the 10. 
 
 Adjective, treated as a substantive 
 10.1. a, b. 
 
 Adjective used as a predicate 10. 3. 
 
 Adjective used in an attributive sense 
 10.3. a,b,c. 
 
 Adjective, with the article prefixed . .5. 2. 
 
 Adjectives, comparison of, how ex- 
 pressed 10. 4. a, b. 
 
 Adjectives, used as neuter substan- 
 tives 2. 2. b. R. (c) 
 
 Adjectives with a collective sense 
 1.3.R.(c) 
 
 Adverb following' ID'X 13. 1. 
 
 Adverb used as predicate 37. 4. c. 
 
 Adverb used as subject 37. 1. 
 
 Adverbial accusative as the predicate 
 of a sentence 37. 4. c. 
 
 Adverbial accusative designating 
 time 33. 3. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing des- 
 ignations of extent, duration, 
 amount 33. 3. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing des- 
 ignations of place 33. 1. a, b. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing lim- 
 itation 33. 8. a-d. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing mode 
 or manner 33. 5. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing 
 (rarely) the instrument 33. 6. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing state 
 or condition 33. 4. 
 
 Adverbial accusative expressing the 
 effect or consequence of the action 
 of the verb 33. 7. 
 
 Adverbial accusative of specification 
 33. 8. a-d. 
 
 Ad\ erbial accusative remaining with 
 the passive 35. 3. 
 
 Agreement, exceptions to the general 
 principles of 40. 4-7. 
 
 Agreement of number and gender, 
 general principles of 40. 1-3. 
 
 DN in optative expressions 43. 3. b. 
 
 DX as an interrogative particle.. 43. 4. a, b. 
 
 Annexion 8, 9. 
 
 Annexion defined 8. 
 
 Annexion, inseparability of words in. .9. 2. 
 
 Annexion, periphrasis for by means 
 of the preposition 7 9. 5. 
 
 Annexion, use of, to express the su- 
 perlative idea 9.4. 
 
 Annexion, varieties of 8. 1-4. 
 
 Antithesis, expressed by 1 44. 1. a. 
 
 Apodosis of a conditional sentence, 
 how introduced 48. 3. a-d. 
 
 Apposition and Annexion closely 
 related 6. 3. d. R. (c) 
 
 Apposition, kinds of 6. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Apposition, verbal 36. 1-5. 
 
 Article may, contrary to the general 
 law, stand between words in an- 
 nexion 9. 2. a. 
 
 Article not used with Infinitive Con- 
 struct 29. 1. R. (a) 
 
 Article, omitted after 7 3 5. 1. a. (2) 
 
 " in poetry 5. 4. 
 
 Article retaining its original demon- 
 strative force 12. 1. c. 
 
 Article, the, classification of 4. 3. 
 
 Article, use of, with numerals.. 15. 7. a, b. 
 
 ID'N , a particle, not a pronoun 13. 
 
 Asyndeton, cases of 44. 4. a-d. 
 
 nt$, employment of 34. 1-11. 
 
 Circumstantial clauses, three classes 
 of 45. 1-3. 
 
 Cognate Accusative 32. 1-4 
 
 Coh< iitative Imperfect 23. 
 
 Cobortative, the, and the Arabic ener- 
 getic 23. R. (d) 
 
146 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Cohortativc, the, expressing- a wish or 
 request, 23. 2. c. 
 
 Cohortative, the, indicating - self-ex- 
 citement 23. 2. b. 
 
 Cohortative, the, in subordinate final 
 .sentences 23. 2. d. 
 
 Cohortative, the, marking' a strong- de- 
 termination to do a given thing- 23. 2. a. 
 
 Collective Nouns, classification of ..1. 1-4. 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives, how ex- 
 pressed 10. 4. a, b. 
 
 Conditional Perfect 19. 4. 
 
 Conditional sentence, introduction of 
 the apodosis of a 48. 2. a-d. 
 
 Conditional sentence, introduction of 
 the protasis of a 48. 1. a-f . 
 
 Conditional sentence, usage of tense 
 in 48.3-7. 
 
 Conditional sentences with one mem- 
 ber omitted 48. 9. a-d. 
 
 Conjunction employed in connecting 
 circumstantial clauses with the 
 principal clause 45. 1. 
 
 Conjunction, omission of, before cir- 
 cumstantial clauses 45. 2. 
 
 Conjunction, the Copulative, demon- 
 strative use of 44. 2. a-c. 
 
 Con j unction, the Copulative, omission . 
 of 44. 4. a-d. 
 
 Construct definite- by position 9. 3. b. 
 
 Construct incomplete, and in itself in- 
 definite 9. 3. 
 
 Copulative sentences 44. 
 
 Demonstrative pronoun 12. 
 
 Demonstrative pronouns, antithetic 
 use of 12. 1. g. 
 
 Demonstrative pronoun in attribu- 
 tive position 12. 1. a. 
 
 Demonstrative pronoun, omission of 
 12.1. f. 
 
 Dependent sentences without intro- 
 ductory particle 47. 1. d. 
 
 Dependent sentences with the force 
 of an object 47 1. b. 
 
 Dependent sentences with the force 
 of a subject 47. 1. a. 
 
 Determination of nouns 4, 5. 
 
 Direct discourse, how introduced. 47. 3. a. 
 
 Direct discourse, occurrence of .47. 3. c. d. 
 
 Direct questions introduced by n !p or 
 rn .12. 2. d. 
 
 Distributives, how expressed 15. 9. a. 
 
 Dual, the, use of 3. 5. a-c. 
 
 Emphasis, how expressed 39. 1-7. 
 
 Enclitic use of XI H 12. 1. e. 11. (c) 
 
 Exclamatory sentences 43. 1, 2. 
 
 Feminines in D\_ 2. 1. a. 
 
 Feminine nouns, three classes of 2. 2. 
 
 Fractions, how expressed 15. 9. c. 
 
 Frequentative Imperfect— its origin. 
 20.2. R. (/) 
 
 Frequentative Imperfect, used to ex- 
 press repeated acts, etc 20. 2. 
 
 Future Imperfect, corresponding to 
 future tense 22. 1. 
 
 Future Perfect, what it denotes 19. 3. 
 
 Gender of nouns 2. 
 
 Government of the Participle. . .27. 1. a, b. 
 
 H , as an interrogative particle.. 42. 2. a-d. 
 
 PI , omission of, for euphonic reasons. 
 ' 42.2. R. (6) 
 
 {OH , employed as an interrogative 
 particle 42.3. 
 
 'n , use of, in oaths 43. 2. b. 
 
 He locative 9. 2. a. 
 
 Historical Perfect 17. 1. 
 
 Imperative Imperfect 22. 3. a-d. 
 
 Imperative, the, in poetry in place of 
 the Imperfect 23. 1. R. (/) 
 
 Imperfect, adjectival 21. 4. 
 
 Imperfect as an indicative 23. 
 
 Imperfect, cohortative 23. 
 
 Imperfect, definite frequentative... 21. 2. 
 
 Imperfect expressing general truths 
 18.3. R.(e); 21.3. R.(b) 
 
 Imperfect, frequentative, its origin 
 20. 2.R. (/) 
 
 Imperfect, future 22. 1. 
 
 Imperfect, how it differs in usage 
 from the participle 20. 2. R. (li) 
 
 Imperfect, imperative 22. 3. a-d. 
 
 Imperfect, incipient 21. 1. 
 
 Imperfect, incipient, in a series of 
 perfects for the sake of vividness 
 21.1. R. (a) 
 
 Imperfect, incipient, usage of ..20. 1. a, b. 
 
 Imperfect in circumstantial clauses 
 20.1.a.R.(d) 
 
 Imperfect in clauses expressing time 
 47. 5. a, b, d, e. 
 
 Imperfect in clauses indicating pur- 
 pose or intention 47. 4. b. 
 
 Imperfect in clauses indicating result 
 or consequence 47. 4. a. 
 
 Imperfect in clauses of negative pur- 
 pose 47. 4. c. 
 
 Imperfect, indefinite frequentative. 21. 3. 
 
 Imperfect inserted in a series of per- 
 fects 20. 1. a. R. (c) 
 
 Imperfect instead of the participle in 
 descriptions 20. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 Imperfect, jussive 23. 
 
 Imperfect, potential, denoting per- 
 mission and concession 22. 2. b. 
 
 Imperfect, potential, denoting possi- 
 bility and capability 22. 2. a. 
 
 Imperfect, subjunctive, in certain 
 forms of conditional sentences.22. 4. b. 
 
 Imperfect subjunctive in expressions 
 of indefiniteness and uncertainty. 22. 4. a. 
 
 Imperfect, subjunctive, in final sen- 
 tences after conjunctions 22. 4. c. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 147 
 
 Imperfect, used of future events 22. 
 
 Imperfect, used of past events 20. 
 
 Imperfect, used of present events 21. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
 26.2.a-c. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 24. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking- the apodosis 24. 2. g. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of accessory 
 circumstance 24. 2. d. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking- the relation of amplifica- 
 tion 24. 2. e. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking- the relation of chronolog- 
 ical sequence 24.2. a. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking- the relation of conse- 
 quence 24. 2. b. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of contrast. 
 24. 2. c. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
 marking the relation of explana- 
 tion 24. 2. f. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 used to continue a sentence intro- 
 duced by an infinitive or a parti- 
 ciple '. 24.5. 
 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
 used to describe events or condi- 
 tions belonging to the past, pres- 
 ent or future 24. 1. a-c. 
 
 Incipient Imperfect, giving force and 
 vividness to an action 21. 1. 
 
 Incipient Imperfect in a scries of per- 
 fects for the sake of vividness 
 21.1. R.(a) 
 
 Incipient Imperfect representing an 
 action as beginning or in move- 
 ment " 20.1. 
 
 Incipient Imperfect, usage of. ..20. 1. a. b. 
 
 Indefinite frequentative Imperfect, 
 distinguished from the perfect of 
 experience. . .... 21. 3. E. (b) ; cf. 18. 3. 
 
 Indefinite frequentative Imperfect, 
 used of truths universally admit- 
 ted 21.3. 
 
 Indefinite Past, perfect of 17.3. 
 
 Indefinite pronouns, variously ex- 
 pressed 14. 2. a-f . 
 
 Indefiniteness expressed by "(JIN 5. 3. 
 
 Indirect questions introduced by 'D 
 or HD 12. 2. d. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute after a Perfect, or 
 an Imperfect with Waw Cons. .28. 4. a. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as an adverbial 
 accusative 28. 2. b. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 thecohortative 28. 5. d. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the Imperative 28. 5. c. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the Imperfect 28. 5. b. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
 the Perfect 28. 5. a. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as cognate or ab- 
 solute accusative; various cases 
 of 28. 3. a-d. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute as the object of a 
 finite verb 28. 2. a. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute frequently in Qal 
 when the finite verb is of a differ- 
 ent stem 28. 3. R. (d) 
 
 Infinitive Absolute governing a noun 
 in the accusative 28. 1. 
 
 Infinitive Absolute, use of, to con- 
 tinue the verbal idea introduced 
 by an Imperfect 28. 4. b. 
 
 Infinitive Construct as a noun in the 
 accusative 29. 1. d. 
 
 Infinitive Construct as anoun in the 
 genitive 29. 1. b, c. 
 
 Infinitive Construct as a noun in the 
 nominative 29. 1. a. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by sub- 
 ject and object 29. 2. c. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by a 
 subject, two cases 29. 2. b. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by direct 
 object 29. 2. a. 
 
 Infinitive Construct followed by the 
 Perfect or Imperfect with Waw 
 Consecutive 29. 5. b. 
 
 Infinitive Construct used to continue 
 a sentence introduced by an Im- 
 perfect or Participle 29. 5. a. 
 
 Infinitive Construct with 'phnb 29. 6. . 
 
 Infinitive Construct with 7 , force of 
 the construction 29. 3. a-e. 
 
 Infinitive Construct with 7 when In- 
 finitive alone would have an- 
 swered ; three cases 29. 4. a-c. 
 
 Infinitive in clauses expressing 
 time 47. 5. c, f, g, h. 
 
 Infinitive in clauses indicating pur- 
 pose or intention 47. 4. b. 
 
 Infinitive in clauses of negative pur- 
 pose 47. 4. c. 
 
 Infinitive in depcndentsentences.47.2.a-c. 
 
 Infinitive, the, never receives the arti- 
 cle, exception 4. 1. b. R. (c) 
 
 Interrogative Adverbs, partial list of 
 42. 6. a-e. 
 
 Interrogative force, without interro- 
 gative particle 42. 1. 
 
 Interrogative pronouns used Avith a 
 relative force 46. R. (a) 
 
 Jussive Imperfect. . . 23 
 
 Jussive, the, and the Arabic Jussive 
 23. R. (c) 
 
148 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Jussive, the, a voluntative Imperfect. 23. 
 Jussive, the, expressing' a positive com- 
 mand 23. 1. a. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing- benediction, 
 
 imprecation, threatening 23. 1. d. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing- conditional 
 
 or final ideas 23. 1. e. 
 
 Jussive, the, expressing- entreaty. . .23. 1. c. 
 Jussive, the, expressing- pcrmission.23. 1. b. 
 Jussive, the, in poetry in place of the 
 Imperfect 23. 1. R. (/) 
 
 Jussive, the, is used only of the second 
 
 and thirxl persons 23. 1. 
 
 7.3 , peculiarities of 8. 2. b. R. (b) 
 
 7, force of, with Infinitive Con- 
 struct 29. 3. a-e. 
 
 O in optative expressions 43. 3. a. 
 
 Masculine nouns, two classes of 2. 1. 
 
 Masculines in fii 2. 1. a. 
 
 HO as an indefinite pronoun 12. 2. e. 
 
 HO may stand in any case 12. 2. c. 
 
 'D and TTO , difference between. 42. 5. a. b. 
 
 'D as an indefinite pronoun 12. 2. e. 
 
 , D in optative expressions 43. 3. c. 
 
 Negative combined with 7D or VTH 
 to express nothing, no one 41. 7. 
 
 Negative, more than one employed at 
 times for emphasis 41. 6. 
 
 Negative, omission of, in the case of 
 two successive negative sentences. 
 41.8. 
 
 Negative, the, with the Participle. ..41. 3. 
 
 Negatives commonly used 41. 1. 
 
 Negatives— difference between JO and 
 Sj? 41. l.a,b. 
 
 Negatives employed with the Imper- 
 fect and Jussive in prohibition. 
 . 23.1.a.R. (y) 
 
 Negatives, position of 41 . 1 . c. 
 
 Negatives used with Nouns 41. 5. a-e. 
 
 Negatives used with the Infinitive. 
 41.4.a-d. 
 
 Negatives used with the Perfect and 
 Imperfect 41. 2. a-f. 
 
 Neuter, the 2. 3. 
 
 Nominative Absolute, cases of 7. 1-7. 
 
 Noun, as the predicate of a sentence. 
 37.4.b. 
 
 Nouns, apposition of t'>. 
 
 Nouns (called epicene) distinguished 
 as masculine or feminine only by 
 construction 2. 2. a. (2) 
 
 Nouns, collective, classification of..l. 1-4. 
 
 Nouns construed as feminine 2. 2. c. 
 
 Nouns definite by position or con- 
 struction 4.2. 
 
 Nouns definite in themselves 4. 1. 
 
 Nouns, determination of 4 and 5. 
 
 Nouns expressing weights and meas- 
 ures, omission of 15. 2. c. R. (c) 
 
 Nouns, feminine, three classes of. . . .2. 2. 
 
 Nouns, gender of 3. 
 
 Nouns made determinate by prefix- 
 ing the article 4. 3. 
 
 Nouns, masculine, two classes of 2. 1. 
 
 Nouns referring to female beings, 
 feminine 2. 2. a. 
 
 Noun, the, used collectively 1. 
 
 Noun with a pronominal suffix, to be 
 regarded as in annexion with that 
 suffix 8. R. (6) 
 
 Number 3. 
 
 Numeral Ad verbs how expressed.. 15. 9. b. 
 
 Numerals and the article 15. 7. a, b. 
 
 Numerals, various constructions of 
 15.1-9. 
 
 Omission of one of the members of 
 a conditional sentence 48. 9. a-d. 
 
 Optative sentences 43.3. 
 
 Order of words in a sentence 38. 1, 2. 
 
 Ordinals, construction of 15. 8. a-c. 
 
 Participle as a noun followed by 
 another noun in the genitive .. .27 '. 1. a. 
 
 Participle as a verb governing the fol- 
 lowing noun as an accusative. .27. 1. b. 
 
 Participle as a verb governing the fol- 
 lowing noun by means of preposi- 
 tions 27. 1. b. 
 
 Participle followed by a Perfect or 
 Imperfect 27. 5. b. 
 
 Participle followed by a Perfect or 
 Imperfect with Waw Consecutive. 
 27.5. c. 
 
 Participle followed by 7 rather than 
 by an accusative 27. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 Participle following an Imperfect. 27. 5. a. 
 
 Participle, government of 27. 1. a, b. 
 
 Participle, how it differs in usage 
 from the Imperfect ...20.2. R. (ft) 
 
 Participle in annexion with a follow- 
 ing substantive 9. 1. 
 
 Participle instead of the Imperfect, 
 to mark a fact liable to recur. . .27. 3. a. 
 
 Participle in union with finite verbal 
 forms 27. 5. a-c. 
 
 Participle is, at times, followed by its 
 subject when the verbal idea is to 
 be emphasized 27. 4. a. 
 
 Participle preceded by 71 JH . .27. 2. c. R. (h) 
 
 Participle preceded by its subject. 27. 4. a. 
 
 Participle, the passive, equivalent to 
 
 the Latin participle in dus 27. 3. b. 
 
 Participle, the tense of 27. 2. a-c. 
 
 Participle, use of, with the article. 4. 3. f. 
 Participle with a finite verb, a rare 
 
 use in the earlier books. 27. 2. a. R. (fir) 
 Participle with subject omitted. ..27. 4. b. 
 Particles in optative expressions. 
 
 43.3.a-c. 
 
 Perfect, conditional, used in certain 
 forms of conditional sentences. . .19. 4. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 149 
 
 Perfect, future, what it denotes 19. 3. 
 
 Perfect, historical, employed in sim- 
 ple narration 17. 1. 
 
 Perfect in clauses of time. .47. 5. a, b, d, e. 
 
 Perfect, indefinite 17. 3. 
 
 Perfect inserted in a series of Imper- 
 fects for variety or emphasis .. 19. 2. b. 
 
 Perfect of certainty 19. 1. 
 
 Perfect of experience 18. 3. 
 
 Pcrf ect of the immediate past 18. 1. 
 
 Perfect, Plu-, what it denotes 17. 4. 
 
 Perfect, precative, used to express a 
 wish 19.4.R.(c) 
 
 Perfect, present 17. 2. 
 
 Perfect, prophetic, an extension of 
 the Perfect of certainty 19. 2. 
 
 Perfect, prophetic, cases of 19. 2. a-c. 
 
 Perfect, stative, to express a physical 
 or mental state 18.2. 
 
 Perfect tense 16. 1. 
 
 Perfect tense, used of past events 17. 
 
 Perfect, used in interrogation. 19. 4. R. (d) 
 
 Perfect, used of future events 19. 
 
 Perfect, used of present events 18. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Conjunctive in- 
 stead of the Imperfect with W5w 
 Consecutive 26. 1. a-c. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive 25. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to continue a sentence introduced 
 by an infinitive or participle 25. 5. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to describe events or conditions 
 belonging to the past 25. 1. a. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to describe events or conditions 
 belonging to the present 25. 1. b. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
 to describe future events 25. 1. c. 
 
 Perfect with Waw Consecutive with- 
 out a preceding Imperfect (or equiv- 
 alent) to introduce it 25. 2. a-d. 
 
 Personal Pronoun and Suffixes 11. 
 
 Personal Pronoun, employment of, 
 aside from its ordinary use. .11. 1. a-d. 
 
 Personification, in poetry, of nations, 
 countries and cities, as female 
 beings 2. 2. c. R. (h) 
 
 Pluperfect, what it denotes 17. 4. 
 
 Plural form, the, of certain nouns 
 conveying a different shade of 
 meaning from the singular 3. 3. 
 
 Plural idea, the, how indicated. . .3. 1. a-c. 
 
 Pluralizing, the, of compound ideas, 
 how accomplished 3. 4. 
 
 Plurals, anomalous 3. 5. c. 
 
 Plural terminaton in the designation 
 of ideas which in other languages^ 
 employ the singular 3. 2. a-c. 
 
 Potential Imperfect, cases under the— 
 some are to be regarded as Indic- 
 atives 22.2. b. R. (6) 
 
 Potential Imperfect, denoting permis- 
 sion and concession 22. 2. b. 
 
 Potential Imperfect denoting possi- 
 bility and capability 22. 2. a. 
 
 Precative Perfect, used to express a 
 wish / 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 Predicate, agreement of, when the 
 subject is a nominative in the con- 
 struct relation with a genitive. 
 40.5. a-c. 
 
 Predicate of the sentence may be an 
 adjective 37. 4. a. 
 
 Predicate of the sentence may be a 
 noun 37.4. b. 
 
 Predicate of the sentence may be a 
 prepositional phrase, adverbial ac- 
 cusative, or adverb 37. 4. c. 
 
 Predicate, when followed by the sub- 
 ject, may agree with it in gender 
 and number 40. 2. a. 
 
 Predicate, when followed by the sub- 
 ject, may assume the primary form 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 Predicate, when preceded by the sub- 
 ject, agrees with it in gender and 
 number 40. 1. 
 
 Predicate, when the subject is dual, 
 generally stands in the plural 40. 3. 
 
 Prepositional phrase, a, as the predi- 
 cate of a sentence 37. 4. c. 
 
 Prepositional phrase serving as the 
 subject of a sentence 37. 1. 
 
 Prepositions prefixed to the second of 
 two nouns in annexion 9. 2. b. 
 
 Present Perfect, what it denotes 17. 2. 
 
 Pronominal Suffix-, following "Iti/X re- 
 ceives from it a relative meaning. 13. 1. 
 
 Pronominal Suffixes (joined to parti- 
 cles) serving as the subject of a 
 sentence 37.1. 
 
 Pronominal Suffixes substituted for 
 the personal pronouns in all ob- 
 lique cases 11. 2. a-d. 
 
 Pronoun, Demonstrative and Inter- 
 rogative 12. 
 
 Pronoun, Demonstrative, connected 
 attributively with a definite noun, 
 has the article prefixed 5. 2. 
 
 Pronoun, Interrogative, with a rela- 
 tive force 40. R. (a) 
 
 Pronoun, Personal, employment of. 
 11.1. a-d. 
 
 Proper Names seldom found in an- 
 nexion ; apparent exceptions. 
 8.1.a. R.(c) 
 
 Prophetic Perfect, an extension of 
 the Perfect of cei'tainty 19. 2. 
 
 Prophetic Perfect, different cases of. 
 19. 2. a-c. 
 
 Protasis of a conditional sentence, in- 
 troduction of 48. 1. a-f . 
 
 Relative Clause, how introduced 46. 
 
150 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX. 
 
 Relative Clause, the expansion of an 
 adjective or participle 40. 
 
 Relative force of the interrogative 
 pronouns 46. R. (a) 
 
 Relative idea expressed by the article 
 with a participle 13. 4. b. 
 
 Relative idea expressed by the demon- 
 strative Hi 13. 4. a. 
 
 Relative particle, omission of 13. 3. 
 
 Relative Pronoun 13. 
 
 Reflexive Pronoun expressed by one 
 of three constructions 14. 1. a c. 
 
 Relative sentences, five classes of . .46. 1-5. 
 
 Relative sentences introduced by Iti'X 
 followed by aspeeial pronoun, pro- 
 nominal suffix or adverb 46. 1. a-d. 
 
 Relative sentences introduced by 1U'N 
 not followed by a special pronoun, 
 pronominal suffix or adverb. 46. 2. a-c. 
 
 Relative sentences with antecedent 
 cncludcd in the relative particle 
 46. 3. a-c. 
 
 Relative sentences without an intro- 
 ductory particle 46. 4 and 5. 
 
 Sentence, a, sometimes interrogative, 
 though lacking an interrogative 
 particle 42. 1. 
 
 Sentence, conditional, introduction of 
 the apodosis of a 48. 2. a-d. 
 
 Sentence, conditional, introduction of 
 the protasis of 48. 1. a-f . 
 
 Sentence, construction of, when the 
 subject is impersonal 37. 3. a, b. 
 
 Sentence, constructions of, when the 
 subject is indrfinile 37. 2. a-d. 
 
 Sentence, order of words in a 38. 1. 2. 
 
 Sentences, Circumstantial 45. 
 
 Sentences, Conditional in force but 
 not in form, classification of .48. 8. a-c. 
 
 Sentences, Conditional, usage of tense 
 in 48.3-7. 
 
 Sentences, Conditional, with one mem- 
 ber omitted 48. 9. a-d. 
 
 Sentences, Copulative 44. 
 
 Sentences, Dependent, without intro- 
 ductory particle 47. 1. d. 
 
 Sentences, Dependent, with the force 
 of an object 47. 1. b. 
 
 Sentences, Dependent, with the force 
 of a subject 47. 1. a. 
 
 Sentences, Exclamatory 43. 1. 2. 
 
 Sentences, Optative 43. 3. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, five classes of .46. 1-5. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, introduced by 
 IPX 46. 1 and 2. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, with antecedent 
 included in the relative particle 
 43.3. a-c. 
 
 Sentences, Relative, without an intro- 
 ductory particle 46. 4, 5. 
 
 Sentence, variation from the usual 
 order of words in a 38. 3. a-d. 
 
 Stative Perfect, to express a physical 
 or mental state 18. 2. 
 
 Subject and predicate united in one 
 of lour ways 37. 5. a-d. 
 
 Subject, impersonal— construction of 
 the sentence 37. 3. a, b. 
 
 Subject indefinite— possible construe- ■ 
 tions of the sentence 37. 2. a-d. 
 
 Subject of the participle, omission of 
 27. 4. b. 
 
 Subject of the participle, order of .27. 4. a. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect in certain 
 forms of conditional sentences. 
 i2.4.b. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect in expressions 
 of indefinitencss and uncertainty. 
 22. 4. a. 
 
 Subjunctive Imperfect in final sen- 
 tences after conjunctions 22. 4. c. 
 
 Tense has in itself no indication of the 
 order of time 16. R. (1) 
 
 Tense in conditional sentences 48.3-7. 
 
 Tense of the Participle 27. 2. a-c. 
 
 Tenses in general , 16. 
 
 Tenses, peculiarities of 16. 1, 2. 
 
 Tenses, the distinction indicated by, 
 not necessarily a real one 16. R. (6) 
 
 Terms for the second person. .11. 1. R. (e) 
 
 Union of subject and predicate. 37. 5. a-d. 
 
 Use of W21 with suffix to express a 
 reflexive idea 8. 2. c. R. (d) 
 
 Use <>f the article after j'3 5. 1. a. 
 
 Use of the article with the second part 
 of a compound word 5. 1. b. 
 
 Verbal apposition and subordination, 
 various constructions of 36. 1-5. 
 
 Verbs denoting fullness or want gov- 
 ern the accusative 30. 2. 
 
 Verbs denoting to clothe and unclothe 
 govern the accusative 30. 3. 
 
 Verbs denoting to go, or come, to dwell, 
 govern the accusative 30. 4. 
 
 Verbs (many), originally construed 
 with prepositions, coming later to 
 be taken transitively 30. 1. R. (a) 
 
 Verbs of fullness and clothing taking 
 in the passive an accusative 35. 4. 
 
 Verbs originally intransitive coming 
 to be regarded as transitive 30. 5. 
 
 Verbs resuming their original transi- 
 tive force 30. 5. 
 
 Verbs with two accusatives in the 
 active govern one in the passive 
 31.R.(b) 
 
 Verbs with two accusatives, seven 
 classes 31. 1-7. 
 
 Words never having the article 
 4.1.b. R.(d) 
 
 Words (two or more) joined by " and " 
 cannot stand in annexion with a 
 single genitive 9. 2. c. 
 
INDEX OF TEXTS. 
 
 [The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 
 Gen 
 
 .1:1.... 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 Gen. 2:7.... 
 
 31. 6. 
 
 Gen. 3:24.... 
 
 44. 1. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 17.1. 
 
 " 2:8.... 
 
 13. 1. R. (a) 
 
 " 4:1 
 
 1.2. 
 
 " 
 
 1:1 ... 
 
 30.1. 
 
 " 2:8.... 
 
 46.2. b. 
 
 " 4:1 .... 
 
 34. 1. 
 
 " 
 
 1:1 
 
 38. 1. a. 
 
 " 2:9.... 
 
 29.1.R.(a) 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 9. 1. a. 
 
 «( 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 38. 2. a. 
 
 " 2:9.... 
 
 ....4. Lb. R. (c) 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 27. 1. a. 
 
 »» 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 3. 1. a. 
 
 ...6.1. e. R. (d) 
 
 " 2:9 . . . 
 " 2:11... 
 
 1.2. 
 
 4.3.d. 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 29. 4. a. 
 
 » 
 
 " 4:3 
 
 24. 4. 
 
 41 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 10.3. R. (e) 
 
 " 2:11... 
 
 4. 3. f. 
 
 " 4:6 
 
 17. 2. 
 
 " 
 
 1:3.... 
 
 40.1. 
 
 " 2:11... 
 
 13.1. 
 
 " 4:7 .... 
 
 4.3. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:3 
 
 9.2. a. 
 
 " 2:12... 
 
 11. I.e. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 23. 3. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:3.... 
 
 23.1. a. 
 
 " 2:13... 
 
 27.1.b. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 40. 1. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 1:4.... 
 
 34.1. 
 
 " 2:16... 
 
 16.2. c. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 42.3. 
 
 " 
 
 1:4.... 
 
 47. I.e. 
 
 " 2:16... 
 
 22.2. b. 
 
 " 4:7 
 
 ... .48.3. R. C?) 
 
 " 
 
 1:5 
 
 24. 3. a. 
 
 " 2:17... 
 
 2.3. a. 
 
 " 4:8 
 
 24. 2. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:7.... 
 
 46. 2. a. 
 
 " 2:17... 
 
 44.1. a. 
 
 " 4:9 
 
 18.2. 
 
 " 
 
 1:9.... 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 " 2:18... 
 
 29. 1. a. 
 
 " 4:9 
 
 •(:.'. 3. c. 
 
 " 
 
 1:10.... 
 
 44.1. a. 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 11. 1. d. 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 27. 3. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:11 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 ...11. 2. a. R. (/) 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 40. 5. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:13... 
 
 6. l.d. 
 
 " 2:19... 
 
 ....34.1.R. (d) 
 
 " 4:12.... 
 
 ..23. 1. a. R. (W 
 
 " 
 
 1:14... 
 
 3. 1. a. 
 
 " 2:23 
 
 12. I.e. 
 
 " 4:12 
 
 47. 5. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:14... 
 
 25. 1. c. 
 
 " 2:24... 
 
 25. Lb. 
 
 " 4:14.... 
 
 4. 3. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:14... 
 
 44. 1. R. (b) 
 
 " 2:24.. 
 
 34.1. 
 
 " 4:15,., 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:16.... 
 
 2.1. a. 
 
 
 
 " 4:15.... 
 
 15.9. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:10 
 
 5.2. 
 
 " 3:1.... 
 
 37. 5. c. 
 
 " 4:15.... 
 
 48. 8. c. 
 
 " 
 
 1:16.... 
 
 8. 2. a. 
 
 " 3:3.... 
 
 11. 2. c. 
 
 " 4:17.... 
 
 ..27.2. a. R. to) 
 
 " 
 
 1:16 
 
 10.2. 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 28.3. R. (b) 
 
 " 4:18.... 
 
 35. 1. 
 
 " 
 
 1:16... 
 
 15. 2. a. 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 38. 1. a. 
 
 " 4:26.... 
 
 ll.l.a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:20.... 
 
 9.3.b. 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 25.2. d. 
 
 " 4:26.... 
 
 ..20. Lb. R. (e) 
 
 " 
 
 1 :22. 
 
 ...23.1. a. R. (i) 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 27. 1. a. 
 
 " 5:2 
 
 11.2.a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:23 
 
 29.3. e. 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 39: 2. b. 
 
 " 5:5 
 
 .24. 2. g. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 1:22. 
 
 38.2. c. 
 
 " 3:7.... 
 
 40. 2. a. 
 
 " 5:5 
 
 40.5. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:25. 
 
 1.2. 
 
 " 3:8.... 
 
 14.1. a. 
 
 " 5:7 
 
 0.2. 
 
 " 
 
 1:26... 
 
 ....3.2. c.R. (e) 
 
 " 6:10... 
 
 14. 1. a. 
 
 " 5:7 
 
 15.2. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:27... 
 
 9. 3. b. 
 
 " 3:10. . . 
 
 24.2. b. 
 
 " 5:22... 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 " 
 
 1:27.... 
 
 11. 2. a. 
 
 " 3:11... 
 
 41.4. a. 
 
 " 5:22.... 
 
 8.3.e. 
 
 " 
 
 1:27 
 
 24.3. a. 
 
 " 3:11.. 
 
 29. 6. 
 
 " 6:1 
 
 29. 4. a. 
 
 " 
 
 1:29... 
 
 8.2. b. 
 
 " 3:11... 
 
 47. Lb. 
 
 " 6:4 
 
 12.1. b. 
 
 " 
 
 1:29... 
 
 .-32.1. 
 
 " 3:13... 
 
 2. 3. a. 
 
 " 6:4 
 
 25. La. 
 
 " 
 
 2:2 
 
 5.2. 
 
 " 3:14... 
 
 22. 3. a. 
 
 " 6:13.... 
 
 37. 1. 
 
 " 
 
 8:2.... 
 
 17.4. 
 
 " 3:15... 
 
 33. 8. c. 
 
 " 6:14.... 
 
 4.3. b. 
 
 " 
 
 2:3.... 
 
 29. 3. e. 
 
 " 3:16... 
 
 16. La. 
 
 " 6:14.... 
 
 .23.1. a. R. (i) 
 
 " 
 
 2:4.... 
 
 29. 1. b. 
 
 " 3:16... 
 
 44. 1. R. (b) 
 
 " 6:17.... 
 
 6. La. 
 
 " 
 
 2:4.... 
 
 -.29.2. c. 
 
 " 3:20... 
 
 14.2. a. 
 
 " 6:17, 18. 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 " 
 
 2:5.... 
 
 20.1. b. 
 
 " 3:22... 
 
 25.1. c. 
 
 " 6:18.... 
 
 ... 11. 1. R. (b) 
 
 " 
 
 2:5 .. 
 
 29.3. d. 
 
 " 3:22... 
 
 ...25. I.e. R. (/) 
 
 " 7:2 
 
 6.3 b. 
 
 " 
 
 2:5.... 
 
 41.2. a. 
 
 " 3:22... 
 
 22. 4. c. 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 15. 4. 
 
 ii 
 
 2:6.... 
 
 25. 1. a. 
 
 " 3:22 
 
 47. 4. c 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 27. 2. e. 
 
152 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 4. 3. d. R. (b) 
 
 9. 5. b. 
 
 9. 2. c. R. (c) 
 
 43. 2. a. 
 
 18. 1. 
 
 48. 9.a. 
 
 48.9. a. 
 
 12. 1. a. 
 
 ..44.1. 
 
 9.3. 
 
 .28. 2. b, R. (fir) 
 .11. 2. d. R. (7f) 
 , a. R. (d) 
 ...20. I.e. 
 
 31. 5. 
 
 22.1. 
 
 ....4.3. e. 
 ...29. 3. b. 
 . . - .13. 3. a. 
 ...46. 4. a. 
 
 24. 4. 
 
 ....45. 2. e. 
 ....6. 3. d. 
 
 8.3.C. 
 
 19. 1. 
 
 b. R. (c) 
 3. d. R. (c) 
 ... 8.3. b. 
 
 22.1. 
 
 ....6. 3. a. 
 
 7. 4. 
 
 37. 2. a. R. (b) 
 
 38.3. c. 
 
 .28. 5. R. (b) 
 
 9. 1. b. 
 
 15. 6. 
 
 ....43. 3. a. 
 . . .27. 2. c. 
 ....25. 1. c. 
 
 34. 8. 
 
 27. 2. a. 
 ....33. 1. b. 
 ....45. 1. b. 
 ...11.1. R. (e) 
 11. 2. d. R. (k) 
 
 6.2. 
 
 37. 5. d. 
 
 14. 1. c. 
 
 ..19.4. R. (d) 
 ..42.2. R. (ft) 
 
 12. 1. e. 
 
 14.2. b. 
 
 25. 1. c. 
 
 8. 1. b. 
 
 4.3.f. 
 
 13. 4. b. 
 
 29. 2. a. 
 
 43. 2. c. 
 
 48. 1. b. 
 
 48. 3. a. 
 
 30. 2. 
 
 15. 7. a. 
 
 23. 1. c. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 18:31... 
 
 15. 7. a. 
 
 19:1.... 
 
 33. 8. b. 
 
 19:1.... 
 
 44.3. 
 
 19:5.... 
 
 4. 3. a. 
 
 19:5.... 
 
 12. I.e. 
 
 19:8.... 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 19:11... 
 
 4.3.d. 
 
 19:12... 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 19:12 .. 
 
 40. R. (a) 
 
 19:18... 
 
 .41. 1. c. R. (c) 
 
 19:19... 
 
 ....11. 1. R. (e) 
 
 19:19... 
 
 28.3. b. 
 
 19:24. . . 
 
 ....11. 1. R. (c) 
 
 19:30... 
 
 47.2. e. 
 
 19:32... 
 
 31.1. 
 
 19:33... 
 
 5.2. 
 
 20:1.... 
 
 .33. 1. a. R. (c) 
 
 21:3.... 
 
 ...13. 1. R. (a) 
 
 21:3.... 
 
 13. 4. b. 
 
 21:5.... 
 
 29. I.e. 
 
 21:7. .. 
 
 ...19. 4. R. (d) 
 
 21:16... 
 
 .28. 2. b. R. (fif) 
 
 21:22... 
 
 24. 4. 
 
 21:25... 
 
 26. I.e. 
 
 21:30... 
 
 16.2. c. 
 
 21:30... 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 22:3.... 
 
 ..23. 1. a. R. (Q 
 
 22 ; 3 
 
 3.3. 
 
 22:5.... 
 
 23. 2. a. 
 
 22:6 
 
 4. 3. b. 
 
 22:12... 
 
 44. 1. d. 
 
 22:20... 
 
 . 6. 1. c. R. (c) 
 
 22:24... 
 
 39. 2. c. 
 
 23:4.... 
 
 2. 1. b. 
 
 23:11... 
 
 19.1. 
 
 23:13... 
 
 43.3. a. 
 
 23:19... 
 
 11. 1. b. 
 
 24:3.... 
 
 9. 2. c. 
 
 24:3.... 
 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 24:4.... 
 
 ..6.1. c. R. (c) 
 
 24:8.... 
 
 .41. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 24:10... 
 
 3. 5.b. 
 
 24:14... 
 
 2. 3. a. 
 
 24:14... 
 
 .25. I.e. R. (/) 
 
 24:15... 
 
 .20. 1. b. R. (e) 
 
 24:22. 
 
 .15. 2. c. R. (c) 
 
 24:33.... 
 
 12.2. b. 
 
 24:30... 
 
 .29. 2. b. R. (fif) 
 
 24:36.... 
 
 ....11.1. R. (c) 
 
 24:49... 
 
 27. l.b. 
 
 24:56... 
 
 .23. 1. a. R. ( j) 
 
 24:56... 
 
 45. 1. a. 
 
 24:58... 
 
 42. 2. a. 
 
 24:62, 63 
 
 24.1. a. 
 
 24:63... 
 
 2.2. a. 
 
 24:65... 
 
 12. 2. a. 
 
 24:65 .. 
 
 4.3.C. 
 
 25:1.... 
 
 36. 1. 
 
 25:23... 
 
 8. 2. a. 
 
 26:10... 
 
 ..25.1. c. R.(/) 
 
 26:18... 
 
 36. 1. 
 
 26:22 .. 
 
 .25.2. b. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE 3LETII0D. 
 
 153 
 
 Gen. 2G:2S. .. 
 26:32.... 
 
 27:1 
 
 27:1.... 
 
 27:1 
 
 27:4..... 
 
 27:4 
 
 27:12... 
 27:20. . . . 
 27:23,24. 
 27:30.... 
 27:a3.... 
 27:93.... 
 27:36.... 
 27:36.... 
 27:37.... 
 27:42.... 
 27:42.... 
 27:42.... 
 27:44.... 
 27:45... 
 28:13 ... 
 28:12.... 
 28:13.... 
 28:15.... 
 28:17.... 
 28:17.... 
 28:17.... 
 28:17.... 
 28:19.... 
 28:20,21. 
 
 29:2 
 
 29:7 
 
 29:15 ... 
 29:30.... 
 29:35.... 
 30:28.... 
 30:30.... 
 
 31:8 
 
 31:9 
 
 31:13.... 
 31:15.... 
 31:15.... 
 31:20.... 
 31:20.... 
 31:22.. . 
 31:22ff.. 
 31:33. . . 
 31:42.... 
 31:50.... 
 
 32:6 
 
 32:11... 
 32:16. . . . 
 32:27.... 
 32:31.... 
 32:31.... 
 33:5. ... 
 
 33:5 
 
 33:8 
 
 33:8 
 
 33:18.... 
 34:8 
 
 28. a. 
 
 13. I.E. a. 
 
 10. 2. 
 
 29.1. c. 
 
 41. 4. d. 
 
 23. 2. d. 
 
 48.8. b. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 36. 3. 
 
 24.2. e. 
 
 45.2. e. 
 
 24. 5. 
 
 12. I.e. 
 
 31.5. 
 
 ....42.3. R. (c) 
 
 31.3. 
 
 34. 11. 
 
 35.1. 
 
 .37. 2. a. R. (b) 
 
 15. 1. 
 
 15. 1. 
 
 38.1.C. 
 
 45. 1. b. 
 
 7.1. 
 
 ....19.3. R. (7j) 
 
 10.2. 
 
 12.1. a. 
 
 .12. 2. e. R. (0) 
 
 27. 3. b. 
 
 4.2.C, 
 
 .25. I.e. R. (/) 
 ....2X2. R. (7i) 
 
 29. 1. b. 
 
 ....42. 3. R. (c) 
 
 10. 4. a. 
 
 4. 3. a. 
 
 48. 8. b. 
 
 42. 6. a. 
 
 ....48. 3. R. (k) 
 
 2.1. c. 
 
 ..9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 .28. 3. a. R. (6) 
 .28. 3. c. R. (y) 
 .13. 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 41. 2. d. 
 
 ....13.2. R. (c) 
 . .4. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 46. 3. c. 
 
 48.2. d. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 ...23.2. R. (m) 
 
 18.2. 
 
 2. 2. a. 
 
 48.9. c. 
 
 24. 1. a. 
 
 33.5. 
 
 10. 2. a. 
 
 31. 4. 
 
 10. 2. a. 
 
 42. 5. a. 
 
 33.1. a. 
 
 7.2. 
 
 Gen. 34:21.. 
 
 " 35:13.. 
 
 " 35:26.. 
 
 " 37:2... 
 
 " 37:2... 
 
 " 37:3.... 
 
 " 37:5... 
 
 " 37:5... 
 
 " 37:5,6.. 
 
 " 37:7..., 
 
 " 37:7.... 
 
 " 37:8.... 
 
 " 37:8.... 
 
 " 37:15. . . 
 
 " 37:16 . 
 
 " 37:16.., 
 
 " 37:19... 
 
 " 37:19. . 
 
 " 37:20.. 
 
 " 37:25.. 
 
 " 37:26. . 
 
 " 37:29.. 
 
 " 37:29.. 
 
 " 37:33.. 
 
 ' 37:35.. 
 
 " 38:5. ., 
 
 " 38:9... 
 
 " 38:10... 
 
 " 38:11.. 
 
 " 38:17... 
 
 " 38:25... 
 
 " 39:9.... 
 
 " 39:18... 
 
 " 39:18.. 
 
 " 39:18.. 
 
 " 39:23.. 
 
 " 40:1... 
 
 " 40:3... 
 
 " 40:5... 
 
 " 40:7... 
 
 " 40:9... 
 
 " 40:13.. 
 
 " 40:14 . 
 
 " 40:14.. 
 
 " 40:15. . 
 
 " 41:1... 
 
 " 41:12... 
 
 " 41:15.. 
 
 " 41:15. . 
 
 " 41:17.. 
 
 " 41:23... 
 
 " 41:25.. 
 
 " 41:33.. 
 
 " 41:35.. 
 
 " 41:38.. 
 
 " 41:40.. 
 
 " 41:49... 
 
 " 42:7,30. 
 
 " 42:11... 
 
 " 42:18... 
 
 " 42:19.. 
 
 " 42:25... 
 
 46.2. c. 
 
 ...40. 1. R. (a) 
 27. 2. a. R. (g) 
 45. l.d. 
 
 10. 4. a. R. (/) 
 
 32. 1. 
 
 36.3. 
 
 24. 2. e. 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 32. 4. 
 
 .39. 5. b. 
 ....21. 1. 
 .27. 2. b. 
 .38. 3. b. 
 ...8. 3. e. 
 ....10.5. 
 1.2. 
 
 ,'5. 1. 
 
 ...1.3. 
 
 R. (/) 
 
 37. 5. d. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 ...28. 3. R. (d) 
 
 33. 4. 
 
 11.2.1). 
 
 47.4. c. 
 
 ...48.3. R. (e) 
 
 47. 5. e. 
 
 .11. 2. a. R. (/) 
 
 45. 3. b." 
 
 25. I.e. R. (/) 
 
 24. 5. 
 
 .29. 2. c. R. (i) 
 
 29. 5. b. 
 
 41. 3. 
 
 .9.2. c. R. (e) 
 .8. 3. f. R. (d) 
 
 , 14. 2. a. 
 
 42. 6. e. 
 
 , 44. 2. a. 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 25. 2. d. 
 
 44.2. c. 
 
 .22. 3. d. R. (e) 
 
 6. I.e. 
 
 9.5. b. 
 
 22. 2. a. 
 
 47. 3. b. 
 
 ..39. 
 .2.1. 
 
 ...7. 
 
 23. 1. b. 
 
 10.2. 
 
 14.2. e. 
 
 33. 8. a. 
 
 8. 2. d. 
 
 2.3.b. 
 
 37. 5.C. R. (/) 
 
 23. l.d. 
 
 .9. 3. b. R. (c) 
 3.3. 
 
 Ex 
 
 42:29.. 
 
 
 ...2.3.b. 
 
 
 
 
 42:37.. 
 
 
 ..4S. 2. a. 
 
 42:37.. 
 
 
 ....48.3. 
 
 43:3... 
 
 
 .28. 3. a. 
 
 43:3... 
 
 
 ..45.2. e. 
 
 43:9... 
 
 
 ....19.4. 
 
 43:9... 
 
 48 
 
 5. R. (o) 
 
 
 
 
 43:16.. 
 
 46 
 
 3. R. (e) 
 
 43:16.. 
 
 
 ..46.3. c. 
 
 43:17.. 
 
 
 ...9. 2. a. 
 
 43:20.. 
 
 
 ..43. l.b. 
 
 43:23 . . 
 
 
 ..43.2. a. 
 
 43:27.. 
 
 
 ..37. 4. c. 
 
 43:27.. 
 
 
 ..42. 2. a. 
 
 44:12.. 
 
 
 . .45. 2. a. 
 
 44:18. 
 
 11 
 
 1. R. (c) 
 
 44:1X.. 
 
 
 .22. 3. e. 
 
 44:22.. 
 
 
 .48. 1. a. 
 
 44:22... 
 
 
 48. 8. a. 
 
 44:33. . 
 
 
 .23. 1. c. 
 
 45:4... 
 
 46 
 
 1. R. (o 
 
 45:8... 
 
 ..44.1. 
 
 a. R. (d) 
 
 45:25. . 
 
 
 ....30.4. 
 
 46:4... 
 
 ..28.3. 
 
 a. R. (c) 
 
 46:18 
 
 
 15.3. 
 
 46:18.. 
 
 15 
 
 3. R. (d) 
 
 46:34.. 
 
 
 ..3.2.b. 
 
 47:8... 
 
 
 .42. 6. b. 
 
 47:9... 
 
 ...6.1. 
 
 e. R. (d) 
 
 47:9... 
 
 ...8.3. 
 
 f. R. (d) 
 
 47:21.. 
 
 
 . .29. 2. a. 
 
 47:29. . 
 
 
 . .25. 1. c. 
 
 48:6... 
 
 
 ....19.3. 
 
 48:19. . 
 
 11 
 
 1. R. (b) 
 
 49:1. . 
 
 46 
 
 3. R. (e) 
 
 49:10.. 
 
 . .45. 3. 
 
 b. R. (d) 
 
 49:11.. 
 
 ...9.2. 
 
 a. R. (a) 
 
 49:27.. 
 
 
 ....21. 4. 
 
 50:5... 
 
 
 .23. 2. c. 
 
 1:5.... 
 
 
 ....15. 4. 
 
 1:5.... 
 
 
 . ,46. 2. c. 
 
 1:6 
 
 
 ...5.1. a. 
 
 1:7.... 
 
 
 ....17.1. 
 
 1:7 ... 
 
 
 ....35.4. 
 
 1:10... 
 
 
 . .40. 4. b. 
 
 2:1.... 
 
 34 
 
 1. R. (fo) 
 
 2:3.... 
 
 ..11.2. 
 
 a.R. (/) 
 
 2:6.... 
 
 ...11.2. 
 
 a. R. (fir) 
 
 2:6... 
 
 
 ....39.3. 
 
 2:7.... 
 
 ...25.1. 
 
 e. R. (/) 
 
 2:9 
 
 
 ...4. 3.b. 
 
 2:10... 
 
 
 ..24.2.d. 
 
 2:13... 
 
 
 ..22. 3. d. 
 
 2:13... 
 
 
 .42. 6. d. 
 
 2:17... 
 
 
 ...2. I.e. 
 
 2:18... 
 
 
 . .42. 6. e. 
 
 3:1.... 
 
 
 .27. 2. a. 
 
 3:7.... 
 
 
 ...4. 2.b. 
 
 3:7.... 
 
 
 . .28. 3. a. 
 
 3:11... 
 
 
 ..22.3.d. 
 
154 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 3:16 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 
 
 3:19 .... 
 
 29. 4. c. 
 
 4:1 
 
 .48. 1. b. R. (6) 
 
 4:5 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 4:10 .... 
 
 8.3.e. 
 
 4:10 
 
 9. I.e. 
 
 4:10 
 
 10. 5. 
 
 4:10 
 
 47. 5. g. 
 
 4:13 
 
 13. 3. b. 
 
 4:13. ... 
 
 46. 5. a. 
 
 4:14 
 
 . .23. 3. a. 
 
 4:21 
 
 ....13. 1. R. (a) 
 
 4:22,23.. 
 
 24.1.b. 
 
 4:26 
 
 .20. 1. b. R. (e) 
 
 5:7 
 
 25. 1. c. 
 
 5:10 
 
 41. 3. 
 
 5:11 
 
 22. 4. a. 
 
 5:16 
 
 27. 4. b. 
 
 5:16 
 
 37. 5. d. 
 
 
 
 5:23 
 
 ...28.3. R. (/) 
 
 5:23 
 
 47.5. g. 
 
 6:1 
 
 16. 3. c. 
 
 6:3 
 
 33. 8. d. 
 
 6:28 
 
 8.3.e. 
 
 7:20 
 
 . . . .30. 5. R. (c) 
 
 8:2,13,14 
 
 . .2. 3. b. R. (e) 
 
 8:20 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 
 
 8:22 
 
 .48. 1. b. R. (b) 
 
 9:5 
 
 16. 2. c. 
 
 9:15 
 
 .48. 2. d. R. (ft) 
 
 9:15 
 
 ...48.7. R. (r) 
 
 9:18 
 
 13.1. 
 
 9:20,21.. 
 
 .41. 1. c. R. (d) 
 
 9:27 
 
 37. 4. a. 
 
 9:31 
 
 ..6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 
 10:3 
 
 ....19. 4. R. (d) 
 
 10:14.... 
 
 14. 2. e. 
 
 10:25.... 
 
 ....44. 1. R. (c) 
 
 12:3 
 
 .15. 8. c. R. (y) 
 
 12:15.... 
 
 25 2 d 
 
 13:49.... 
 
 15. 1. 
 
 13:3 
 
 5. La. 
 
 13:7.... 
 
 34.7. 
 
 13:15.... 
 
 16: 2. b. 
 
 13:15... 
 
 . ..31. 2. 
 
 13:21,22. 
 
 ..41. 1. c. R. (d) 
 
 14:2.... 
 
 26. 2. a. 
 
 14:5.... 
 
 .38.2.C. R. (/) 
 
 14:12.... 
 
 42. 3. 
 
 14:20.... 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 15:1.... 
 
 16. 2. a. 
 
 15:1.... 
 
 20. 1. b. 
 
 15:4.... 
 
 .40. 5. c. R. (a) 
 
 15:5.... 
 
 20. 1. a. 
 
 15:11... 
 
 9. I.e. 
 
 15:12,14. 
 
 . .20. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 15:15... 
 
 .30. 1. b. R. (e) 
 
 16:3.... 
 
 43. 3. c. 
 
 16:6.... 
 
 35.3. d. 
 
 Ex. 
 
 16:13.... 
 16:31.... 
 16:33 ... 
 16:27.... 
 16:27.... 
 16:29 .. 
 16:39.... 
 
 17:1 
 
 17:3 
 
 17:5 
 
 17:13.... 
 17:16.... 
 17:16.... 
 18:30.... 
 18:26.... 
 18:36.... 
 19:8.... 
 19:13.... 
 19:19.... 
 19:19.... 
 30:8.... 
 30:8.... 
 20:9.... 
 20:13... 
 20:14... 
 30:14... 
 20:20... 
 30:30... 
 30:20... 
 21:3-5.. 
 21:12... 
 21:20... 
 21:20,22, 
 21:28... 
 21:28... 
 21:29 .. 
 21:37.... 
 23:8.... 
 23:14.... 
 23:17... 
 23:30... 
 24:5.... 
 24:10... 
 25:12... 
 25:14... 
 28:2.... 
 28:34... 
 28:43... 
 29:3 ... 
 29:9.... 
 30:36... 
 31:14... 
 32:1.... 
 32:19... 
 32:32... 
 33:7.... 
 33:10... 
 33:14... 
 33:16... 
 31:7.... 
 38:27... 
 40:37... 
 
 . .2. 2. b. R. (e) 
 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 14: 2. c. 
 
 37. 1. 
 
 3.5.b. 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 29. 2, b. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 14.2. c. 
 
 14.2. f. 
 
 6.3.b. 
 
 ...44.4. R. (») 
 
 46. 4.C. 
 
 25.2. a. 
 
 .25. 2. a. R. (a) 
 .11. 2. d. R. (k) 
 ...28. 3. R. (d) 
 
 16.2. a. 
 
 30. 1. 
 
 29. 3. a. 
 
 47.4. b. 
 
 28. 5. c. 
 
 33. 1. a. 
 
 33. 3. a. 
 
 40.1. a. 
 
 11. 3.d. 
 
 39. 1. c. 
 
 41. 3. b. 
 
 .48; 1. e. R. (/) 
 
 25.5. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 28.. .28. 3. R. (d) 
 ...34.1. R. (6) 
 
 34.4. 
 
 .40. 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 2. 2. a. 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 6.1. b. 
 
 8.2. c. 
 
 3.3. 
 
 4. 3.e. 
 
 8.3.d. 
 
 . .39. 5. a. R. (e) 
 ..25.1. c. R. (/) 
 
 5.3. 
 
 31.2. 
 
 ..38. 3. b.R. (y) 
 
 40. 7. a. 
 
 ..10.2. a. R. (b) 
 
 47. 5.b. 
 
 48.9. b. 
 
 25. 4. b. 
 
 48. 8. a. 
 
 8. 2.c. 
 
 25.5. 
 
 ....28.3. R.(/) 
 
 15.6. 
 
 ....48.3. R. (k) 
 
 Lev. 1:2 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 4:22 
 
 " 7:8 
 
 " 11:4 
 
 " 13:3,4.... 
 
 " 13:49.... 
 
 " 14:34.... 
 
 " 14:43.... 
 
 " 16:17.... 
 
 " 17:11...., 
 
 " 18:26.... 
 
 " 19:20.... 
 
 " 19:23.... 
 
 " 20:14.... 
 
 " 21:9 
 
 " 21:13.... 
 
 " 26:18.... 
 
 " 26:36.... 
 
 " 26:42 
 
 " 27:24.... 
 
 " 27:23.... 
 
 Num.l:2 
 
 " 1:25 
 
 " 1:44 
 
 " 3:32 
 
 " 3:41. ... 
 
 " 5:33 
 
 " 9:15 
 
 " 11:5 
 
 " 12:1 
 
 "• 12:5 
 
 " 13:17.... 
 
 " 14:1 
 
 " 14:3 
 
 " 14:7 
 
 " 14:28 
 
 " 14:28.... 
 
 " 15:35 . .. 
 
 " 16:13.... 
 
 " 16:27.... 
 
 " 16:29.... 
 
 " 16:35.... 
 
 " 17:5 
 
 " 17:21.... 
 
 " 20:11.... 
 
 " 20:14,15. 
 
 " 22:6 
 
 " 22:6 
 
 " 22:6 
 
 " 22:30.... 
 
 " 22:33.... 
 
 " 23:1 
 
 " 23:3 
 
 " 23:8 
 
 " 23:29.... 
 
 " 24:9 
 
 " 24:10.... 
 
 " 24:17.... 
 
 " 34:17.... 
 
 ...25. 1. c. 
 ...14.3. b. 
 1. c. R. (/) 
 4. 4. R. (/) 
 
 34.3. 
 
 ..37. R. (0) 
 
 .9. 3. b. R. (c) 
 
 47. 5.b. 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 39. 6. 
 
 ..11. 1. R. (b) 
 ..28. 3. R. (d) 
 
 5. La. 
 
 ..34. 4. R. (/) 
 ...48.3. R. (j) 
 
 3.2. b. 
 
 15.9. b. 
 
 32.2. 
 
 ....6. 1. R.(a) 
 
 37.2. d. 
 
 13.2. 
 
 .4. Lb. R.(6) 
 3. 4. 
 
 .34. 
 
 . .15. 4. R. (c) 
 ..15.3. R. (d) 
 
 9. 4. a. 
 
 15. 7. b. 
 
 38. 3. d. 
 
 48.6. a. 
 
 29. 2. a. 
 
 18.2. 
 
 40.6. 
 
 1. R. (d) 
 ...12. I.e. 
 ...40. 5. a. 
 ...43. 3. a. 
 
 10.3. 
 
 ...43. 2. b. 
 
 ...48. 9. a. 
 
 ...28. 4. b. 
 
 3. a. R. (c) 
 
 . ..45. 2. c. 
 
 ...41. I.e. 
 
 ...15. 7. b. 
 
 ...22. 4. c. 
 
 a. R. (e). 
 
 ..15. 9. b. 
 
 .34.2. f. 
 
 ....13. 2. 
 
 c. R. (/) 
 
 36. R. (d) 
 
 . . 40. 1. R. (c) 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 15. 2. b. 
 
 12. 2. e. R. (/) 
 e. R. (fir) 
 .15. 2. b. 
 .40. 7. a. 
 .2S. 3. b. 
 .16. 1. c. 
 .19. 3. a. 
 
 .28. 
 
 39.5. 
 
 35. 1. 
 
 13. 3. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METIIOD. 
 
 155 
 
 Num.26:55 35.1. 
 
 " 28:6 8.3.b. 
 
 " 30:6 48.6. 
 
 " 31:49 5.1. 
 
 " 31:49 9.3.a. 
 
 " 32:1 4.1. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 32:7 41.4.d. 
 
 " 34:2 6.1.0. 
 
 " 35:14 8. 2. a. 
 
 " 35:22b 8.2.d. 
 
 " 35:23 41.4.C. 
 
 " 35:28 22.2.b. 
 
 Deut.l:2 15.3. 
 
 " 1:2 15.3. R. (d) 
 
 " 1:3 15. 8.c. R.(fif) 
 
 " 1:12 42. 6. c. 
 
 " 1:13 15.8.b. 
 
 " 1:15 4.2.b. 
 
 " 1:15 9.3.b. 
 
 '• 1:23 15.3. 
 
 " 1:23 15.9.a. 
 
 " 1:27 29.2.C. 
 
 " 1:44 4.3.d. 
 
 " 1:44 21.3. 
 
 " 2:14 4.2.C. 
 
 " 2:14 47.5.e. 
 
 " 2:24 36.2. 
 
 " 2:25 25. 1. c. R.(/) 
 
 " 2:30 26. 1. a. 
 
 " 2:34 34.3. 
 
 " 3:6 28.1. 
 
 " 3:18 8. 3.e. 
 
 " 3:18 10.5. 
 
 " 3:21 43. 2. b. 
 
 " 3:24 12. 2. e. R. (0) 
 
 " 3:26 41. 1. b. 
 
 " 4:1 27. 2. b. 
 
 " 4:5 38. 1. b. 
 
 " 4:11 45. 1. b. 
 
 " 4:27 6. 1. e. 
 
 " 4:33 24.2. c. 
 
 " 4:42 22. 4. a. 
 
 " 5:23 10.2.a. 
 
 " 5:23 19. 4. R. (d) 
 
 " 6:20,21 25. 2. d. 
 
 " 7:7 37.4.C. 
 
 " 7:12 25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 " 7:17 48.1.e. 
 
 " 8:3 29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 9:6 9.1.C 
 
 " 9:14 23. 1. a. R. (j) 
 
 " 9:15 15. 7. b. 
 
 " 9:16 17.4. 
 
 " 9:21 28. 2. b. 
 
 " 9:25 34. 7. 
 
 " 10:1 8. 3. d. 
 
 " 10:9 7.6. 
 
 " 10:16 25.2. c. 
 
 " 11:1 25.2. c. 
 
 " 11:10 25.1.a. 
 
 " 11:12 34. 10. R. (k) 
 
 " 11:22 48. 1. f. R. (g) 
 
 Deut.l2:6 
 
 " 12:23... 
 
 " 12:23.... 
 
 " 12:23.... 
 
 " 14:12-18. 
 
 " 14:21.... 
 
 " 15:3 
 
 " 15:9 
 
 " 16:20.... 
 
 " 17:13.. . 
 
 " 17:19. 20. 
 
 " 18:16.... 
 
 " 18:21.... 
 
 " 19:13.... 
 
 " 19:13.... 
 
 " 21:1 
 
 " 21:14.... 
 
 " 22:2 
 
 " 22:2 
 
 " 22:8 
 
 " 22:19.... 
 
 " 22:26.... 
 
 " 26:5 
 
 " 26:15.... 
 
 " 2:76 
 
 " 28:27.... 
 
 " 28:49.... 
 
 " 28:49.... 
 
 " 29:12.... 
 
 " 30:19.... 
 
 " 31:12.... 
 
 " 32:1 
 
 " 32:5.... 
 
 " 32:6.... 
 
 " 32:10.... 
 
 " 32:10... 
 
 " 32:21.... 
 
 " 32:29... 
 
 " 32:29... 
 
 " 32:31... 
 
 " 32:35... 
 
 " 32:41... 
 
 " 33:6.... 
 
 " 33:7 ... 
 
 Josh. 1:2 
 
 " 1:2 
 
 " 2:5 
 
 " 2:22.... 
 
 " 2:22... 
 
 " 3:1 
 
 " 3:7 
 
 " 3:15.... 
 
 " 3:17.... 
 
 " 5:15.... 
 
 " 6:11.... 
 
 " 7:2 
 
 " 7:3 
 
 " 7:7 
 
 " 7:7 
 
 " 7:21.... 
 
 " 8:33.... 
 
 " 8:33.... 
 
 ....34. l.R. (d) 
 
 7.6. 
 
 29.6. 
 
 37. 5. b. 
 
 . . . .34. 1. R. (d) 
 
 28. 4. b. 
 
 23. 1. a. 
 
 15. 8. c. 
 
 39. 5. a. 
 
 26.2. b. 
 
 41.4. a. 
 
 ....23.1. R. (6) 
 
 42. 6. c. 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 10.1. a. 
 
 45.2. a, 
 
 ....28.3. R.(/) 
 
 29. 2. c. 
 
 ..29.2. c. R. (i) 
 
 37.2.0. 
 
 ..9. 3. b. R. (c) 
 .25. I.e. R. (/) 
 
 8.3. b. 
 
 .23. 1. a. R. (h) 
 
 2. La. 
 
 47. 4. a. 
 
 13. 1. 
 
 46. I.e. 
 
 29.2. a. 
 
 25. 2. c. 
 
 36. 1. 
 
 4.3.C. 
 
 8. 2. d. 
 
 41. 5. a. 
 
 16, 2. a. 
 
 20.1. a. 
 
 8. 2. d; 41. 5. a. 
 
 48. I.e. 
 
 48. 7. a. 
 
 .44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 48. 5. 
 
 ...6. 1. e. R(d) 
 . . .23. 1. a. R. (i) 
 ..11.2. a. R. (g) 
 
 39. 3. 
 
 .28. 2. b. R. (g) 
 
 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 ....15. 2. a. 
 
 ...47. 5. d. 
 
 ...47. 4. b. 
 
 3. f . R. (d) 
 b. R. (g) 
 7. 7. 
 
 .13. 
 
 .28. 
 
 .28 
 
 b. R. (g) 
 
 9. 2. d. 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 ...48.7. R. (fir) 
 
 48. 9. d. 
 
 ..4. 1. b. R.(ft) 
 ..4. 1. b. R.(ft) 
 .9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 Josh.9:8 22. 3. d. R. (c) 
 
 " 10:24 4. 3. b. 
 
 " 10:24 13.4.b. 
 
 " 13:33 8. 3. c. 
 
 " 14:11 29. 2. c. R. (70 
 
 " 15:3-11... 25. 2. a. R. (ft) 
 
 " 15:19 11.2.a. 
 
 " 16:2,3,6,7,8 
 
 25. 2. a. R. (ft) 
 
 " 17:3 44. 1. a. It. (d) 
 
 " 17:3 48. 1. f. R. (g) 
 
 " 17:9 25. 2. a. R. (ft) 
 
 " 17:18 44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 " 18:12-21. .25. 2. a. R. (ft) 
 
 " 21:39 15.5. 
 
 " 22:3 12. I.e. 
 
 " 22:18 45. 2. e. 
 
 " 23:14 10.2. 
 
 " 24:10 28. 3. R.(d) 
 
 Judg\l:7 45.2. c. 
 
 " 3:15 5.1. b. 
 
 " 3:16 14. 1. b. 
 
 " 5:4 30. 2. R. (ft) 
 
 " 5:23 28. 3. c. 
 
 " 6:3 25.4.b. 
 
 " 6:5 44. l.R. (a) 
 
 " 6:16-19 48.6. 11. (p) 
 
 " 6:25 44. 1. c. 
 
 " 6:27 47. 2. c. 
 
 " 7:4 12. 1. b. R, (a) 
 
 " 7:14 41.5. c. 
 
 " 7:17 25. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 " 7:19 28.4.a. 
 
 " 7:19 39.5.b. 
 
 " 8:5 3.3. 
 
 " 8:11 9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 8:11 33.R.(a) 
 
 " 8:11.... 44.3. 
 
 " 8:19 19.4. 
 
 " 8:19 48.7. 
 
 " 9:1 8.3.f.R.(d) 
 
 " 9:2 29.2.b. 
 
 " 9:15 48. 1. b. R. (C) 
 
 " 9:55 40.4.b. 
 
 " 10:9 37.3.b. 
 
 " 11:1 8.3.d. 
 
 " 11:9 48. 1. b. R. (c) 
 
 " 11:13 19.4. R. (d) 
 
 " 11:20 47.2,a. 
 
 u 11:23 42. l.R. (a) 
 
 " 13:2 5.3. 
 
 " 13:3 25.2.b. 
 
 " 13:17 42. 5. a. 
 
 " 14:15 42. 4. a. R. (d) 
 
 " 14:18 10.4.a. 
 
 " 16:5 10.3. 
 
 " 16:22 1.4. 
 
 " 17:5 7.3. 
 
 " 17:10 38.2.C. 
 
 " 18:3 45.3.b. 
 
 " 18:5 27.2.o. 
 
 " 18:17 ... 
 
156 
 
 IIEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Judg.l8:24.... 
 
 " 19:6 
 
 " 19:13... 
 
 " 19:17.... 
 
 " 19:18.... 
 
 " 20:16.... 
 
 " 20:44.... 
 Kuth 1:8,9,11-. 
 
 " 1:12 
 
 " 1:13 
 
 " 1:13 
 
 " 1:17 
 
 " 1:19 
 
 " 1:21 
 
 " 1:21 
 
 " 1:22. 
 
 " 2:3 
 
 " 2:7 
 
 " 2:7 
 
 " 2:12 
 
 " 2:16 
 
 " 2:17 
 
 " 3:15 .... 
 
 " 4:3 
 
 1 Sam. 1:2 
 
 " 1:7 
 
 " 1:12.... 
 
 " 1:13.... 
 
 " 1:18.... 
 
 " 1:19.... 
 
 " 1:24.... 
 
 " 2:3 
 
 " 2:3 
 
 " 2:3 
 
 " 2:4 
 
 " 2:4 
 
 " 2:6 
 
 " 2:6 
 
 " 2:8 
 
 " 2:11.... 
 
 " 2:13f... 
 
 " 2:16.... 
 
 " 2:19.... 
 
 " 2:26.... 
 
 " 2:27.... 
 
 " 2:28.... 
 
 " 2:28.... 
 
 " 2:33.... 
 
 " 3:2 
 
 " 3:4 
 
 " 3:7a.... 
 
 " 3:9 
 
 " 4:15.... 
 
 " 4:18.... 
 
 " 5:9 
 
 " 5:9 
 
 " 6:3 
 
 " 6:3 
 
 " 6:12... 
 
 " 6:13.... 
 
 " 7:16.... 
 
 " 8:19. . . . 
 
 12. I.e. 
 
 36.1. 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 1.3. 
 
 34.7. 
 
 1. 4. 
 
 34. 9. 
 
 , 2.1. c. 
 
 ..16. l.b. 
 
 2. I.e. 
 
 .41. 1. c. R. (c) 
 
 13.2. 
 
 2.1.c. 
 
 38. I.e. 
 
 45. 1. a. 
 
 2. I.e. 
 
 9.5.e. 
 
 25. 1. c. 
 
 30. 4. 
 
 46. I.e. 
 
 3. E. (a) 
 ..6.2. 
 
 ..28. 
 
 .15. 2. c. R. (c) 
 
 13. 4. b. 
 
 11.2. c. 
 
 20.2. 
 
 36. 3 
 
 .41. 1. c. R. (d) 
 
 24. l.a. 
 
 24. 2. a. 
 
 14. Lb. 
 
 6. 3. a. 
 
 36.2. 
 
 41. 8. 
 
 30.3. 
 
 40. 5.c. 
 
 24. l.b. 
 
 27.5. c. 
 
 27. 5. b. 
 
 27. 2. a. R. (g) 
 ...20. 2. R. (70 
 
 48.3. b. 
 
 38.3. a. 
 
 .28. 3. d. R. (h) 
 
 42.2. b. 
 
 11.2. b. 
 
 ...23. 2. R. (m) 
 
 33.4. 
 
 ....34. 5. R.(e) 
 
 37.5. d. 
 
 .20. l.b. R. (e) 
 
 27. 4. a. 
 
 ....40. 3. R. (c) 
 
 45.1. a. 
 
 .13. 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 33. 7. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 .48. 1. b. R. (c) 
 
 28. 3. d. 
 
 40. 4. b. 
 
 25. 2. a. 
 
 .44. l.a. R. (d) 
 
 1 Sam. 8:11,12. 
 
 " 9:1.... 
 
 " 9:3.... 
 
 " 9:7 ... 
 
 " 10:4... 
 
 " 10:19.. 
 
 " 10:23. . 
 
 " 10:27.. 
 
 " 11:9... 
 
 " 11:13.. 
 
 " 12:3.... 
 
 " 12:3..., 
 
 " 12:17.. 
 
 " 13:13... 
 
 " 13:15... 
 
 " 14:10. . 
 
 " 14:19.. 
 
 " 14:19... 
 
 " 14:25b. 
 
 " 14:29f., 
 
 " 14:33... 
 
 " 14:36.. 
 
 " 14:36... 
 
 " 14:45.. 
 
 " 14:49.. 
 
 " 15:17.. 
 
 " 15:20.. 
 
 " 15:23... 
 
 " 15:23.. 
 
 " 15:23.. 
 
 " 15:32.. 
 
 " 15:33.. 
 
 " 16:3... 
 
 " 16:4... 
 
 " 16:7... 
 
 " 16:16.. 
 
 " 16:18.. 
 
 " 17:14.. 
 
 " 17:14. . 
 
 " 17:16.. 
 
 " 17:17.. 
 
 " 17:28.. 
 
 " 17:34.. 
 
 " 17:36.. 
 
 " 17:36.. 
 
 " 17:37... 
 
 " 17:58.. 
 
 " 18:6... 
 
 " 18:30.. 
 
 " 19:4 .. 
 
 " 20:2... 
 
 " 20:4..., 
 
 " 20:5... 
 
 " 20:6.... 
 
 " 20:11.. 
 
 " 20:21.. 
 
 " 20:22. . . 
 
 " 20:41.. 
 
 " 21:8... 
 
 " 21:10.. 
 
 " 21:14... 
 
 " 21:15.. 
 
 10. 
 
 .28. 3. 
 
 29. 5. a. 
 
 24. 2. g. R. (b) 
 
 34.3. 
 
 25.3. 
 
 ,15. 2. c. R. (c) 
 
 47.3. a. 
 
 10. 4. a. R.(/) 
 
 12. 2. e. R. (o) 
 27. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 41. 7. 
 
 , 8.4. c. 
 
 17.3. 
 
 37. 5. a. 
 
 48. 2. d. R. (h) 
 b. R. (c) 
 . . . .19. 3. 
 .24. 2. g. 
 d. R. (h) 
 24. 2. g. R. (a) 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 27. 2. c. R. (k) 
 ...23. 1. R. (e) 
 .41. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 43.2. b. 
 
 .24. 2. g. R. (a) 
 .48. 1. b. R. (a) 
 
 47.3. a. 
 
 24.2. g. 
 
 41.5. d. 
 
 47. 4. c. 
 
 33.4. 
 
 38. 3. d. 
 
 46. 3. b. 
 
 ....42. 1. R.(a) 
 21.3. 
 
 36. 5. 
 
 9. 5. b. 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 37. 5.b. 
 
 .28. 2. b. R. (0) 
 ..9. 3. b. R. (c) 
 .10. 2. b. R. (c) 
 ..4. 3. d. R. (b) 
 ...34. 1. R. (d) 
 
 39.1. 
 
 39. 1. 
 
 5. l.b. 
 
 ...44. 1. R. (a) 
 
 47. 5. h. 
 
 22.3. d. 
 
 45. I.e. 
 
 46. R. (a) 
 
 22. 3. b. 
 
 28.3. a. 
 
 33. 1. a. 
 
 ....48. 3. R. (i) 
 
 19. 3. 
 
 ...30.1. R. (a) 
 
 9. 5. e. 
 
 ....48. 3. R. (i) 
 .11. 2. a. R. (o) 
 
 1 Sam. 22:7... 
 
 " 22:15. 
 
 " 22:20. 
 
 " 23:20. 
 
 " 23:22., 
 
 " 24:18. 
 
 " 24:18., 
 
 " 25:14. , 
 
 " 25:15. 
 
 " 25:24. 
 
 " 25:42. , 
 
 " 25:43. 
 
 " 26:10., 
 
 " 26:16.. 
 
 " 28:7.., 
 
 " 28:20. 
 
 " 29:10. 
 
 " 30:12.. 
 
 " 31:7... 
 
 " 31:9. . . 
 
 2 Sam. 1:4..!. 
 
 " 1:9.... 
 
 " 1:21.. 
 
 " 1:21.. 
 
 " 1:21.. 
 
 " 1:22.. 
 
 "• 2:9... 
 
 " 2:9... 
 
 " 2:13.. 
 
 " 2:32.. 
 
 " 3:1... 
 
 " 3:2... 
 
 " 3:13.. 
 
 M 3:33.. 
 
 " 3:34... 
 
 " 4:4..., 
 
 " 5:5.... 
 
 " 5:10. . 
 
 " 7:5... 
 
 " 7:7... 
 
 " 7:28.. 
 
 " 9:1.... 
 
 " 10:11. 
 
 " 11:25. 
 
 " 11:25.. 
 
 " 12:6.. 
 
 " 12:22. 
 
 " 12:22 
 
 " 13:13. 
 
 " 13:36. 
 
 " 14:5.. 
 
 " 14:5.. 
 
 " 14:10. 
 
 " 14:22. 
 
 " 15:4.. 
 
 " 15:5.. 
 
 " 15:16. 
 
 " 15:19. 
 
 " 15:23. 
 
 " 15:25. 
 
 " 15:33. 
 
 " 15:37.. 
 
 .9.2. 
 
 ...44. 1. R. (c) 
 ..42.2. R.(b) 
 
 9. 5. a. 
 
 43.1. a. 
 
 ..28.3. R. (d) 
 ..2.3. a. 
 ....30.5. 
 .45. 3. b. R. (d) 
 
 8.2. e. 
 
 39.4. b. 
 
 .44. 1. R. (a) 
 ..44. 1. R. (c) 
 5. 1. c. It. (/) 
 
 34.10. 
 
 8. 4. b. 
 
 17. 4. 
 
 .44. 1. R. (a) 
 
 6.2. 
 
 40. 6. 
 
 3.4. 
 
 37.1. 
 
 a. R. (a) 
 ..8. 2. d. 
 ..9. 2. b. 
 44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 
 20.2. 
 
 8. 2. b. 
 
 8. 2. b. R. (b) 
 
 12.1. g. 
 
 33.1.1). 
 
 3. d. R. (?i) 
 
 9.5.C. 
 
 ...47. 3. a. 
 ...22. 3. b. 
 3. R. (d) 
 8. 1. b. 
 ...15.5. 
 a. R. (e) 
 42. 2. c. 
 ...32.1. 
 
 37.5. b. 
 
 ..42. 3. R. (c) 
 
 2.2. c. 
 
 4. 3.d. 
 
 34.11. 
 
 15.9. b. 
 
 13. 4. b. R. (e) 
 
 25. I.e. R.(/) 
 
 .15.1. R. (a) 
 
 32.2. 
 
 6.1.d. 
 
 24. 2. d. 
 
 25. 2. d. 
 
 ..11. 1. R. (e) 
 5. 1. c. R. (/) 
 ..30. 1. R.(tt) 
 ..34. 3. R. (e) 
 
 1.3. 
 
 40.4. b. 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 .... 11. 2. c. 
 ....20. R. (a) 
 
 .:.'s 
 
 .41.1. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE 3IETII0D. 
 
 157 
 
 2 Sam. 16:17... 
 
 " 17:3.... 
 
 " 17:5.... 
 
 " 17:14... 
 
 " 17:22.. . 
 
 " 18:3.... 
 
 " 18:7.... 
 
 " 18:11.... 
 
 " 18:12... 
 
 " 18:14... 
 
 " 18:18... 
 
 " 18:18... 
 
 " 18:19... 
 
 " 18:23... 
 
 " 18:29... 
 
 " 19:1.... 
 
 " 19:2.... 
 
 " 19:5.... 
 
 " 19:18... 
 
 " 19:20... 
 
 " 19:20... 
 
 " 19:21... 
 
 " 19:23... 
 
 " 19:23... 
 
 " 19:25... 
 
 " 20:10... 
 
 " 20:19... 
 
 " 21:4.... 
 
 " 21:9.... 
 
 " 21:17... 
 
 " 22:31. . . 
 
 " 23:5.... 
 
 " 23:10... 
 
 " 23:15... 
 
 " 23:15... 
 
 " 23:19... 
 
 " 24:9.... 
 
 " 24:24... 
 
 lKgs. 1:2 
 
 " 1:24. . . . 
 
 " 1:35.... 
 
 " 1:52.... 
 
 " 2:2 
 
 " 2:21.... 
 
 " 2:30.... 
 
 " 2:31.... 
 
 " 3:2 
 
 " 3:4 
 
 " 3:7 
 
 " 3:18.... 
 
 " 4:14.... 
 
 " 5:1 
 
 " 5:20,23. 
 
 " 6:16.... 
 
 " 6:18.... 
 
 " 7:8b... 
 
 " 7:13.... 
 
 " 8:5.... 
 
 " ' 8:13.... 
 
 " 8:27.... 
 
 " 8:33.... 
 
 " 8:47 ... 
 
 .6.1. 
 
 .8.4. 
 
 ...29. 
 
 ...42.1. 
 
 B. K. (d) 
 
 39. 4. b. 
 
 29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 c. R. (e) 
 
 47. 1. a. 
 
 40. 2. a. 
 
 4. R. (d) 
 ...48. 7. R. (t) 
 
 45. 2. e. 
 
 29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 ..34.1. R. (6) 
 
 30.5. 
 
 23. Lb. 
 
 ..42.1. R. (a) 
 
 11.1. a. 
 
 24.1.b. 
 
 32.3. 
 
 ...9. 5. R. (/) 
 
 29.2. b. 
 
 .29. 2. b. R. (/) 
 
 9.5. d. 
 
 ..42. 1. R. (a) 
 ...42. 2. R. (b) 
 
 46.2. c. 
 
 40.6. 
 
 .9.2. c. R. (/). 
 
 47. 1. d. 
 
 33. 2. 
 
 44. 2. b. 
 
 12. 1. f. 
 
 42.1. 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 43.3. c. 
 
 42. 5. a. 
 
 ....42. 3. R. (c) 
 ..2.2. b. R. (e) 
 
 39. 5. b. 
 
 23. 1. b. 
 
 ....42.2. R. (b) 
 
 18. 1. 
 
 48.3. 
 
 .25. 2. d. R. (d) 
 ....40. 1. R.(a) 
 .41. 1. c. R. (c) 
 
 8.3. b. 
 
 27.3. a. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 29.1.d. 
 
 .11. 2. d. R. (ft) 
 .33. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 27.2. a. 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 ....34. 3. R. (c) 
 
 41.2. c. 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 ..24. 2. 9. R.(b) 
 
 22.2. a. 
 
 33.3. 
 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 25.5. 
 
 46. 1. d. 
 
 lKgs. 9:26,27.. 
 
 • " 10:21... 
 
 " 10:22..., 
 
 " 10:22. . . , 
 
 " 11:22.... 
 
 " 12:15. . . . 
 
 " 12:16.... 
 
 " 13:8.... 
 
 " 13:12.... 
 
 " 13:31.... 
 
 " 14:11.... 
 
 " 14:24.... 
 
 " 15:2 
 
 " 15:23.... 
 
 " 15:23.... 
 
 " 15:31... 
 
 " 16:11.... 
 
 " 18:4.... 
 
 " 18:11,12. 
 
 " 18:28..., 
 
 " 18:32.... 
 
 " 18:39..., 
 
 " 19:4 
 
 " 19:4.... 
 
 " 19:5.... 
 
 " 19:21... 
 
 " 20:6.... 
 
 " 20:6.... 
 
 " 20:13... 
 
 " 20:21... 
 
 " 20:35... 
 
 " 20:36... 
 
 " 20:36... 
 
 " 21:6.... 
 
 " 21:15... 
 
 " 22:1.... 
 
 " 22:1.... 
 
 " 22:10 . . 
 
 " 22:15... 
 
 " 22:20, . . 
 
 " 22:28... 
 2 Kgs. 1:2 . . . . 
 
 " 1:3 
 
 " 2:10.... 
 
 " 2:24.... 
 
 " 3:16 ... 
 
 " 3:16.... 
 
 " 3:26 ... 
 
 " 4:13.... 
 
 " 4:24.... 
 
 " 4:43.... 
 
 " 4:43.... 
 
 " 5:11... 
 
 " 5:12.... 
 
 " 5:13.... 
 
 " 5:23.... 
 
 " 5:23.... 
 
 8:13. 
 10:1. 
 10:5. 
 10:6. 
 
 1. 4. 
 
 41.6. 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 ..20.2. R. (ft) 
 41. 1. c. K. (c) 
 29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 42.5. b. 
 
 22.4. b. 
 
 42. 5. c. 
 
 25.2. d. 
 
 38.3. a. 
 
 .9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 17.1. 
 
 33.8. a. 
 
 34.8. 
 
 9.5.e. 
 
 47.5. c. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 ..25.2.d.R.(d) 
 
 4. 3. e. 
 
 31.6. 
 
 7.6. 
 
 29.4. c. 
 
 47.2. a. 
 
 .27. 2. c. R. (k) 
 
 33.8. c. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 .48. 1. f. R. (g) 
 
 5.3. 
 
 4.3. c. 
 
 ....9. 5. R. (/) 
 .25. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 48. 8. c. 
 
 ......20. R. (a) 
 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 8. 2. d. 
 
 45.2. e. 
 
 35. 4. 
 
 42.4. a. 
 
 lLl.gr. 
 
 48.2. a. 
 
 42. 4. b. 
 
 41.6. 
 
 ....48. 3. R. (0 
 
 15.5. 
 
 3. I.e. 
 
 6. 3. c. 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 29.3. c. 
 
 ...19.3. R. (b) 
 
 28.5. b. 
 
 .43. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 39. 5. b. 
 
 .25.1. c.R. (/) 
 
 38.3. b. 
 
 3.3. 
 
 2 Ivors. 11:13.. 
 
 " 13:19.. 
 
 " 13:20.. 
 
 " 14:8.., 
 
 " 14:10.. 
 
 " 15:16.. 
 
 " 10:14.. 
 
 " 16:17. 
 
 " 18:17.. 
 
 " 20:4... 
 
 " 22:3.. 
 
 " 23:17.. 
 
 " 25:4. . . 
 
 " 25:9.., 
 
 IChr. 5:9..., 
 
 " 1-9 Q 
 
 44. 4.d. 
 
 . .48. 2. d. R. (ft) 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 33. 8. b. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 ..4. 1. b. R. (b) 
 ..9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 6. 1. a. 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 GO. 4. 
 
 15. 8. b. 
 
 ..9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 , . .3. 5. c. R. (ft) 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 6. 1. c. 
 
 3.4. 
 
 3.5.b. 
 
 .25. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 31.1. 
 
 15.4. 
 
 46. 3. a. 
 
 10. 4.b. 
 
 " 11:9... 
 
 " 13:4... 
 
 " 19:5... 
 
 " 21:18.. 
 
 " 28:18.. 
 2Chr. 1:6.... 
 
 " 2:12... 
 
 " 3:4.... 
 
 " 3:16... 
 
 " 13:9... 
 
 " 16:14. . 
 
 " 20:6... 
 
 " 29:3... 
 
 " 31:10., 
 
 " 34:8.. 
 
 Ezra 1:11 
 
 " 3:10 ... 
 
 " 8:35. .. 
 
 Nell. 1:4 
 
 " 1:7 
 
 " 2:2 
 
 " 2:13,15. 
 
 " 9:33.. . 
 
 " 11:13... 
 
 Est. 9:1 
 
 Job 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:1 
 
 " 1:3 
 
 " 1:14.... 
 
 " 1:15.... 
 
 " 1:16.... 
 
 " 2:10.... 
 
 " 2:20.... 
 
 " 3:3 
 
 ' v 3:3 
 
 " 3:4 
 
 " 3:13.... 
 
 " 3:17.... 
 
 " 5:7 
 
 " 6:17.... 
 
 " 8:12.... 
 
 " 9:2 
 
 .28.3. d. R. (ft) 
 
 47. 3. d. 
 
 40.2. a. 
 
 47. 3. c. 
 
 . . .0. 1. R. (a) 
 
 15.6. 
 
 18.1. 
 
 15.4. 
 
 15.6. 
 
 15. 2. c. 
 
 ....44. 1. R. (b) 
 
 41.4. b. 
 
 15.8. a. 
 
 ..28.2. a. R. (6) 
 
 15. 8. b. 
 
 1.3. 
 
 20. 1. b. 
 
 15. 3. 
 
 .27. 2. a. R. (a) 
 ....28.3. R. (a) 
 
 28.2. b. 
 
 ..27. 2. a. R. (fir) 
 
 10.3. 
 
 9. 5. b. 
 
 14.1. b. 
 
 11.1. c. 
 
 12.1. b. 
 
 37. 5. c. 
 
 .38.2. c.R. (/) 
 
 46. 4. c. 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 2. 2. a. 
 
 39. 4. a. 
 
 29. 3. a. 
 
 .... 5. 3. R. (e) 
 ...15.1. R. (a.) 
 
 13. 3. a. 
 
 20.1. a. 
 
 ....10.3. R. (6) 
 
 37. 3. a. 
 
 ....21.3. R. (6) 
 
 44. 1. b. 
 
 , 20. R. (a) 
 
 41.5. d. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 9.1.C 
 
158 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Job 9:31 14. I.e. 
 
 " 10:1 23. 2. R. ()l) 
 
 " 10:8,9 43. 1. R. (a) 
 
 " 10:14 48. 3. b. 
 
 11 10:17 44.1. R. (b) 
 
 " 11:6 3.5. c. 
 
 " 11:13,14 48. 5. R. (o) 
 
 " 11:17 10. 4. a. R. (g) 
 
 " 11:18 37.5.d. 
 
 " 11:20 31.3. R. (b) 
 
 41 14:19 40.4.a. 
 
 " 15:10 9.1. a. R. (b) 
 
 " 16:4 30.5. R. (c) 
 
 " 16:6 23. 2. d. 
 
 " 16:9 30. 5. R. (c) 
 
 " 16:18 43. 1. a. 
 
 " 17:10 43. 1. a. 
 
 " 18:31 13.3.b. 
 
 " 18:21 46.5. a. 
 
 " 19:19 13. 4.a. 
 
 " 20:17 9.3. c. R. (/) 
 
 " 21:16 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 " 21:22 45. I.e. 
 
 " 22:18 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 " 24:10 8. 2. d. 
 
 • " 24:14 36.4. 
 
 " 27:3 9. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 30:6 9.4.b. 
 
 " 32:6 9.1. a. R. (ft) 
 
 " 32:7 40. 5. c. 
 
 " 32:22 36. 4. 
 
 " 34:32 46. 5. a. 
 
 41 36:10 47. 1. a. 
 
 44 3S:2 11. I.e. 
 
 44 40:2 43. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 44 40:15 3. 2. c. 
 
 Ps. 1:1 4.3. b. 
 
 44 1:1 48. 1. f. R. (fir) 
 
 44 1:2 33.2. 
 
 44 1:2 44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 44 1:3 1.2. 
 
 44 2:1 43.6. d. 
 
 44 2:lf 21.3. R. (b) 
 
 44 2:2 5.4. 
 
 44 2:2 21. 1. 
 
 44 2:3 33.3.b. 
 
 44 2:6 9.2.d. 
 
 44 2:8 23. 2. d. 
 
 44 2:12 9.2.b. 
 
 44 2:12 26.2.C. 
 
 44 3:1 9. 5. b. 
 
 " 3:5 33. 8. d. 
 
 44 3:7 17.2. 
 
 44 3:8 31.7. 
 
 44 4:2 19.4. R. (e) 
 
 4:2 29.2.b. 
 
 " 5:6 21.3.R.(b) 
 
 44 5:7 21.3. 
 
 44 5:9,10 40.7.O. 
 
 44 6:5 33. 1. a. R. (h) 
 
 44 6:7 21.3. R. (b) 
 
 " 6:9 (cf. 10) 19.2. c. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 7:4.... 
 
 17.3. 
 
 7:7 
 
 19.4. R. (c) 
 
 7:9.... 
 
 43. 2. d. 
 
 7:12.... 
 
 14.2. a. 
 
 7:12 
 
 27. 2. b. 
 
 7:13.... 
 
 36.2. 
 
 7:13f... 
 
 21.3. R. (b) 
 
 7:14.... 
 
 ..38.2. c. R.(/) 
 
 8:3 
 
 . .12. 2. e. R. (or) 
 
 8:5 
 
 47. 4. a. 
 
 9:19.... 
 
 41. 8. 
 
 9:31 . . 
 
 47. 3. b. 
 
 10:16... 
 
 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 11:4.... 
 
 37. 4. c. 
 
 11:6.... 
 
 ....23.1. R. (/) 
 
 11:6.... 
 
 23.1. d. 
 
 11:7.... 
 
 37. 4. a. 
 
 11:7.... 
 
 37. 5. a. 
 
 12:3.... 
 
 3. 1. c. 
 
 12:4.... 
 
 ....23. I.R. (/) 
 
 14:7... 
 
 23.1.b. 
 
 15:4.... 
 
 21.2. 
 
 16:3... 
 
 46. 4. d. 
 
 16:4.... 
 
 9.5. R. (/) 
 
 17:5.... 
 
 28. 1. R. (d) 
 
 17:5.... 
 
 28.5. R. (b) 
 
 18:4... 
 
 24. 3. b. 
 
 18:33... 
 
 ...9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 19:2.... 
 
 . .27. 2. b. R. (h) 
 
 19:4.... 
 
 8.2.d. 
 
 19:9 
 
 9.1. a. 
 
 19:9.... 
 
 40.1. 
 
 19:10 . . 
 
 37. 4. b. 
 
 19:14... 
 
 47.4. c. 
 
 30:7.... 
 
 19.1. 
 
 21:3. . . . 
 
 17.3. 
 
 21:3.... 
 
 41. 2. e. 
 
 21:6.... 
 
 10.3. 
 
 22:7.... 
 
 9.1.b. 
 
 22:8.... 
 
 30. 5. R. (c) 
 
 32:16... 
 
 21.3. R. (b) 
 
 22:16 
 
 35.2. 
 
 22:22... 
 
 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 22:30. . . 
 
 9. 1. a. 
 
 23:3.... 
 
 21.2. 
 
 23:5.... 
 
 ...6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 
 23:5.... 
 
 31.3. R. (b) 
 
 24:10... 
 
 ...13. 1. e. R. (c) 
 
 24:10... 
 
 43. 5. a. 
 
 25:2 . . . 
 
 41. 1. b. 
 
 25:10 .. 
 
 10.3. R. (e) 
 
 25:13... 
 
 46.4. b. 
 
 26:4,5. . 
 
 31. 3. R.(b) 
 
 27:2.... 
 
 36. 3. a. 
 
 27:2.... 
 
 39. 4. b. 
 
 27:5. .. 
 
 .45. 3. b. 
 
 28:3.... 
 
 45.1.d. 
 
 29:1. 
 
 3. 4. 
 
 29:3-9. . 
 
 ...8. 3. c. R. (c) 
 
 29:5.... 
 
 . .27. 2. b. R. Qi) 
 
 31:6... 
 
 ....19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 31:8.... 
 
 23. 2. b. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 31:8.... 
 
 46. 2. a. 
 
 32:3.... 
 
 47.5. a. 
 
 32:10... 
 
 . .10. 2. a. R. (b) 
 
 33:13... 
 
 18.3. 
 
 34:6... 
 
 ...23.1. R. (/) 
 
 34:9.... 
 
 10. 3. 
 
 35:16... 
 
 ... 30. 5. R. (c) 
 
 37:11... 
 
 S. 2. b. 
 
 37:12... 
 
 27. 2. b. 
 
 37:Uf.. 
 
 .20. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 37:31... 
 
 .41. I.e. R. (d) 
 
 38:12.... 
 
 ... 21. 3. R. (b) 
 
 40:3,9... 
 
 .. .23. l.R. (/) 
 
 40:6.... 
 
 41. 4. b. 
 
 41:3.... 
 
 .41. 1. b. R. (b) 
 
 41:3.... 
 
 ...23. l.R. (/) 
 
 41:6 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 41:7.... 
 
 48. 5. 
 
 42:5,10.. 
 
 ..:.23.2. R. (n) 
 
 44:8.... 
 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 44:18... 
 
 .45.3. b. R. (d) 
 
 44:21,22. 
 
 48.7.a. 
 
 45:3.... 
 
 ..3. 5. c. R. (ft) 
 
 45:5 
 
 31.4. 
 
 45:7.... 
 
 ..9. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 45:9.... 
 
 ..6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 
 49:8.... 
 
 ...28.3. R. (/) 
 
 49:18... 
 
 41.7. 
 
 50:3.... 
 
 ...23.1. R. (/) 
 
 50:3.... 
 
 .41. 1. b. R. (b) 
 
 50:4.... 
 
 47.3. d. 
 
 50:6.... 
 
 , 11.1. d. 
 
 50:21... 
 
 ....28. 3. R.(a) 
 
 53:5.... 
 
 9.1. a. 
 
 55:3,18.. 
 
 ... .23. 2. R. (n) 
 
 55:15... 
 
 20. 2. 
 
 56:4.... 
 
 8.2. e. 
 
 56:4.... 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 56:4.... 
 
 46. 4. e. 
 
 57:7.... 
 
 ....19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 58:2.... 
 
 33. 5. 
 
 58:3.... 
 
 8. La. 
 
 59:16... 
 
 24.2. g. 
 
 60:3.. .. 
 
 45. 3. b. R. (d) 
 
 62:5.... 
 
 40. 7. b. 
 
 63:4.... 
 
 10. 4. a. 
 
 64:8-10. 
 
 ....24. l.R. (g) 
 
 65:5 
 
 10. l.b. 
 
 65:14... 
 
 . .23. l.R. (/) 
 
 65:14... 
 
 30. 3. 
 
 66:7.. . 
 
 ....23. l.R. (/) 
 
 69:1.... 
 
 9. 5. c. 
 
 71:3.... 
 
 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 71:7.... 
 
 6. 1. R. (a) 
 
 71:19... 
 
 .44. 1. d. R. (c) 
 
 71:22.. 
 
 ....11. l.R. (b) 
 
 72:8,13,16,17.-33. l.R.(/) 
 
 74:3.... 
 
 12.1.d. 
 
 74:5.... 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 74:14... 
 
 .20. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 77:4,7.. 
 
 ....23. 2. R. 00 
 
 77:14... 
 
 ..12. 2. e. R. (g) 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 159 
 
 Ps. 77:17 
 
 " 78:18 
 
 " 80:5 
 
 " 80:9 
 
 " 81:14-17. 
 
 84:2 
 
 " 84:2... . 
 
 " 84:5 
 
 " 87:5 
 
 " 88:16.... 
 
 " 90:2 
 
 " 94:23 
 
 " 98:7 
 
 " 101:3.... 
 
 " 103:5 
 
 " 104:19... 
 
 " 104:20. . . . 
 
 " 101:25... 
 
 " 104:25... 
 
 " 110:3.... 
 
 " 113:5.... 
 
 " 114:3-7. . 
 
 " 116:16... 
 
 " 119:133. . 
 
 " 119:137.. 
 
 " 121:3.... 
 
 " 123:4.... 
 
 " 125:1 
 
 " 120:2 
 
 " 120:2.... 
 
 " 128:5.... 
 
 " 133:1. .. 
 
 " 135:6.... 
 
 " 139:14...' 
 
 " 139:14... 
 
 " 139:19 . . . 
 
 " 144:3...., 
 
 " 144:14... 
 
 " 149:2 
 
 Prov.l:20 
 
 " 1:26 
 
 " 2:17 
 
 " 3:28 
 
 " 4:17 
 
 " 5:19 
 
 " 5:23 
 
 " 6:19 
 
 " 6:24 
 
 " 8:3 
 
 " 10:30...., 
 
 " 12:12.... 
 
 " 13:26 
 
 " 13:38... 
 
 " 14:3 
 
 " 17:12.... 
 
 " 20:22 
 
 " 21:9 
 
 " 22:21.... 
 
 1 * ^2*23 
 
 " 23:22.... 
 
 " 23'2 <> 
 
 " 24:31.... 
 
 .20. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 29. 3. e. 
 
 ...19. 4. R. (d) 
 
 24.1. (b) 
 
 ...48. 7. R. (t) 
 
 2. 1. a. R. (a) 
 12. 2. e. R. (g) 
 
 27. 1. a. 
 
 3. I.e. 
 
 ...23.2. R.(n) 
 20. 1. b. R. (6) 
 ...24.1. R. (0) 
 ,..23.1. R. (/) 
 
 29. 1. d. 
 
 40. 4. a. 
 
 ..23. 1. R. (/) 
 
 23. I.e. 
 
 10. 2. a. R. (b) 
 
 12. I.e. 
 
 .6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 ,.9.3. a. R. to) 
 ...23.1.R. (/) 
 ...19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 3.3. 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 ,..23.1. R. (/) 
 .9.3. a. It. (fi) 
 
 4. 3. f. 
 
 20. 1. b. 
 
 37. 2. a. 
 
 23. 1. d. 
 
 29. 2. b. 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 33. 5. 
 
 35. 3. 
 
 43.3. b. 
 
 22. 1. b. 
 
 2. l.b. 
 
 .2. 2. c. R. (/) 
 ....23. 2. R. (Z) 
 
 8.1. a. 
 
 27.5. b. 
 
 37. 5. d. 
 
 ...21.3. R. (b) 
 
 3.2. b. 
 
 32 
 
 27.5. a. 
 
 8.3. a. 
 
 ....23.2. R. (7) 
 
 41. 2. e. 
 
 ...21. 3. R.(b) 
 
 8.1. a. 
 
 8. 2. d. 
 
 16. 2. b. 
 
 ....28. 5. R.(b) 
 23. I.e. 
 
 ..29.4. R. (d) 
 ........6. l.b. 
 
 21.7. 
 
 12. 1. d. 
 
 13. 4. a. 
 
 . ..30. 2. R. (b) 
 
 Isa. 
 
 Prov.25:16.. 
 
 26:14. . 
 
 27:27 . 
 
 28:1... 
 Eccl.l:17.. 
 
 2:7.... 
 
 2:12. . . 
 
 2:12... 
 
 2:24. . 
 
 3:2 .. . 
 
 4:9.... 
 
 4:17.. 
 
 5:4 . . . 
 
 7:20 . . 
 
 8:9 .. . 
 
 8:10.. 
 
 9:16 . . 
 
 12:11 . 
 Cant. 1:8... 
 
 1:15 . . 
 
 2:8... 
 
 5:2... 
 
 7:13.. 
 
 1:1.... 
 
 1:2.... 
 
 1:3a. . . 
 
 1:1... 
 
 1:9... 
 
 1:9 .. 
 
 1:9... 
 
 1:12.. 
 
 1:15.. 
 
 1:15.. 
 
 1:16.. 
 
 1:20.. 
 
 1:20.., 
 
 1:21.. 
 
 2:2.... 
 
 2:2.... 
 
 2:2.... 
 
 2:6... 
 
 2:8.... 
 
 2:9.... 
 
 2:9... 
 
 2:11... 
 
 2:20... 
 
 3:15.. 
 
 3:17... 
 
 3:26.. 
 
 5:2... 
 
 5:2... 
 
 5:2... 
 
 5:2 .. . 
 
 5:3. . 
 
 5:6..., 
 
 5:9... 
 
 5:11.. 
 
 5:11 . 
 
 5:12.. 
 
 5:12.. 
 
 5:13.. 
 
 5:15f. 
 
 48.1. a. 
 
 8.2.b. 
 
 ....21. 3. R. (h) 
 
 3. 2.b. 
 
 ....40. 1. R.(a) 
 
 3. 2. b. 
 
 ....11. 1. R. (b) 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 29. 3. d. 
 
 15. 7. a. 
 
 47.2. b. 
 
 , 47.1. a. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 28.4. a. 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 26. l.b. 
 
 ...8. 3. e. R. (c) 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 37. 4. b. 
 
 ...8. 2. c. R. (c) 
 ...8. 2. c. R. (c) 
 
 42.4. b. 
 
 44. 4. a. 
 
 20. 2. a. 
 
 18. 3. 
 
 17.2. 
 
 19.4. 
 
 48. 1. d. 
 
 48.7. 
 
 33. 6. 
 
 30. 2. 
 
 40.3. 
 
 ..23. 1. a. R. (0 
 
 33.6. 
 
 35. 2. 
 
 42. 6. c. 
 
 . .8. 2. b. R. (b) 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 25. 4. a. 
 
 24. 3. b. 
 
 ....21. 1. R. (a) 
 ....23. 1. R. (b) 
 ....24. 1. R. (g) 
 
 40. 5. c. 
 
 8.3.d. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 38. 3. c. 
 
 ±4. 4. b. 
 
 .29. *. b. R. (0) 
 .29. d. b. R. (b) 
 
 31.2. 
 
 47. 3. d. 
 
 23. I.e. 
 
 . 2. R. (b) 
 ..41.6. 
 R. (c) 
 
 45.2. b. 
 
 ..6.1. e. R. (d) 
 ....10. 3. R. (e) 
 
 19. 2. a. 
 
 ....24. 1. R.(g) 
 
 ..30. 
 
 .8.3. 
 
 Isa. 
 
 9.... 
 13... 
 14... 
 14... 
 
 8.... 
 
 10.... 
 10.... 
 10-15. 
 12.... 
 55.... 
 
 4.... 
 
 12... 
 
 15... 
 
 9 .., 
 10.., 
 
 21.. 
 23.. 
 
 6..., 
 15... 
 
 6.... 
 
 2,7.. 
 
 12. 
 
 13.. 
 16.. 
 17.. 
 24... 
 1,4.. 
 13... 
 15... 
 18... 
 19... 
 
 23.2. R. (7) 
 
 .29. 2. c. R. (ID 
 
 , 40. 7. c. 
 
 ....11. 1. R. (d) 
 
 27.5. c. 
 
 9.5. R. (/) 
 
 ..45. 3. b. R. (d) 
 ...3.2. c. R. (e) 
 
 11.2. b. 
 
 34. 2. 
 
 28. 3. c. 
 
 32.4. 
 
 29.1. a. 
 
 . 14.1. b. 
 
 39.6. 
 
 ..24. I.e. R. (e) 
 
 19.2. b. 
 
 19. 2. a. 
 
 , 24. I.e. 
 
 ..20. 1. a. R. (c) 
 .....21. 1. R.(a) 
 
 24.1. R. (g) 
 
 ...9. 3. a.R. (a) 
 
 8.3.f. 
 
 .....21. 1. R. (a) 
 ...8.3. f. R. (d) 
 
 41. 5. a. 
 
 .....30.2. R. (b) 
 ....21.1. R. (a) 
 
 , 4.3. d. 
 
 19.2. c. 
 
 ....23. 1. R. (/) 
 
 44. 1. R. (a) 
 
 19.2. b. 
 
 41.5. c. 
 
 41. 2. e. 
 
 ..28.2. a. R. (e) 
 ..37.5.C. R. (/) 
 ... 19.3. R. (b) 
 . 11. 2. a. R. (g) 
 ..37.5. b. R. (e) 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ...9.2. a. R. to) 
 ...6. 1. e. R. (d) 
 ..29. 2. c. R. (ft) 
 ....40.1. R. (a) 
 
 17.2. 
 
 28.5. a. 
 
 ..43.2. d. R. (d) 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 5. 4. 
 
 9.1. c. 
 
 27.1. b. 
 
 28. 1. 
 
 ...9. 2. a. R. (a) 
 .28. 3. c. R. (g) 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 ....23. 1. R. (/) 
 .37. 5. c. R. (/) 
 
 2.2.C. 
 
 19. 2. c. 
 
 ....28.3. R. (d) 
 
160 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Tsa. 
 
 20:15.. 
 28:1... 
 28:13. . 
 28:28.. 
 29:11.. 
 29:14. . 
 29:16.. 
 29:19.. 
 30:1... 
 31:8. . . 
 31:8... 
 32:7... 
 32:17.. 
 33:1... 
 33:6... 
 34:12.. 
 34:13.. 
 35:lf.. 
 36:2... 
 30:8... 
 36:9... 
 37:2... 
 37:2.. 
 37:4... 
 37:5.. 
 37:22.. 
 38:10.. 
 38:20.. 
 39:1... 
 40:7... 
 40:7... 
 40:18.. 
 40:20. . 
 40:20.. 
 40:20.. 
 40:24. 
 40:24.. 
 40:27.. 
 40:28.. 
 40:30. 
 41:7... 
 41:8... 
 41:11. 
 41:20.. 
 41:26. 
 41:28.. 
 42:7... 
 42:16. 
 42:21., 
 42:24.. 
 42:24. 
 43:4.. 
 43:9. . 
 43:22. 
 44:23. 
 44:28.. 
 47:1.. 
 47:1.. 
 47:1.. 
 47:9.. 
 47:11. 
 47:12. 
 
 ....19.4. R.(c) 
 . .9. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 25. I.e. 
 
 ....28.3. R. (c) 
 ..8.2.b. R. (b) 
 .28. 2. b. R. (fir) 
 
 43.1. a. 
 
 8.3. f. 
 
 .29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 11. 2. c. 
 
 39. 7. 
 
 29.2. c. 
 
 . .28. 2. a. R. (6) 
 
 36.5. 
 
 8. 4. a. 
 
 41.2. f. 
 
 40. 4. a. 
 
 ...23.1. R. (/) 
 
 10. La. 
 
 ..9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 ..9. 2. a. R. (a) 
 ...6. 1. o. R. (c) 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 ..24. 1. c. R. (e) 
 
 8.4.b. 
 
 . . . .23. 2. R. (n) 
 
 29. 3. b. 
 
 .24. 2. g. R. (a) 
 
 18.3. 
 
 48. 5. b. 
 
 .12.2. e. R. (fif) 
 , . .9. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 27.1.b. 
 
 35.3. 
 
 24. l.b. 
 
 44. 1. R. (c) 
 
 .25. 1. c. R.(/) 
 
 42. 4. a. 
 
 26.2. b. 
 
 34. 6. 
 
 46. 1. R. (c) 
 
 26. 2. b. 
 
 26. 2. c. 
 
 44. 1. R. (c) 
 
 48. 8. b. 
 
 ..10.2. b. R. (c) 
 
 46. 4. b. 
 
 36. 4. 
 
 28. 2. a. 
 
 36. 3. 
 
 13. 2. 
 
 19. 4. R. (c) 
 
 ..22.3. d. R. (e) 
 
 3. 2. a. 
 
 , 29. 5. a. 
 
 36. R. (d) 
 
 37.2. a. 
 
 ...2.2. c. R. (h) 
 
 29. 2. b. 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 13. 2. R. (c) 
 
 Tsn. 
 
 Jer. 
 
 48:14 
 
 48:18,19. . 
 
 49:3 
 
 49:7 
 
 50:1 
 
 50:4 
 
 50:8 
 
 51:12 
 
 51:15 
 
 51:21 
 
 52:8 
 
 53:4 
 
 53:7 
 
 53:10,11.. 
 
 53:11 
 
 54:14 
 
 55:2 
 
 55:10 
 
 56:2 
 
 57:1 
 
 57:11 
 
 57:14 
 
 59:3 
 
 59:10 
 
 59:15b-17. 
 
 63:10 
 
 63:19 
 
 64:4... .. 
 65:1...... 
 
 1:4 
 
 2:5 
 
 3:1 ! 
 
 3:25 
 
 4:5 
 
 4:16 
 
 4:16 
 
 4:19,21... 
 
 5:2 
 
 5:9 
 
 5:15 
 
 7:1 
 
 7:6 
 
 7:12 
 
 7:16 
 
 7:19 
 
 8:9 
 
 8:13 
 
 9:13 
 
 9:17 
 
 10:6 
 
 12:3 
 
 13:7 
 
 13:16.... 
 
 14:1 
 
 14:7.... 
 14:17... 
 15:4.... 
 15:5b-7 
 10:13... 
 17:21... 
 18:13... 
 18:21 . . . 
 
 13.3. b. 
 
 ...48.7. R. (g) 
 
 13. 1. 
 
 24. 2. f. 
 
 ..2.2. c. R.(/i) 
 
 34.0 
 
 46". R. (a) 
 
 21:4. 
 
 44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 
 8. 4. a. 
 
 40. 5. b. 
 
 9. 1. b. 
 
 39. 5. a. R. (e) 
 
 47.3. c. 
 
 ,...36. 2. R. (c) 
 ,..23. 1. R. (/) 
 
 48. 8. b. 
 
 48. 1. f. 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 14. .2. d. 
 
 , 44. I.e. 
 
 ,..23.1. R. (/) 
 .3. 5. c. R. (h) 
 ...23. 2. R. (n) 
 ,...24.1. R. (fif) 
 ...23. 1. R. (/) 
 ....48. 7. R. (g) 
 ,24. 2. g. R. (a) 
 
 46. 5. a. 
 
 ....11. 1. R.(d) 
 .12. 2. e. R. (fir) 
 25. I.e. R. (/) 
 ...23.2. R. (n) 
 ...36. 2. R. (c) 
 
 24. I.e. 
 
 ....24. l.R. (fif) 
 . . 23. 2. R. (n) 
 48. 1. b. R. (a.) 
 
 14. 2. e. 
 
 46. 4. a. 
 
 ...11.1. R. (d) 
 
 23. 1. a. 
 
 46. 1. d. 
 
 41. 3. 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 , 8.4.C. 
 
 ....28. 3. R.(c) 
 
 37.2. c. 
 
 ....30. 2. R.(b) 
 
 38. l.b. 
 
 25. l.b. 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 46. R. (h) 
 
 .48. 1. b. R. (a) 
 ....41. 1. R. (b) 
 
 13.2. 
 
 ....24.1. R. (fif) 
 
 34.3. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 .38. 2. c. R. (/) 
 9. l.b. 
 
 Jer. 
 
 20:8 
 
 20:12... 
 
 21:9.... 
 
 22:10... 
 
 22:19... 
 
 22:29. . . 
 
 23:5 
 
 23:14.... 
 23:23 .. 
 23:37 . . . 
 24:2.... 
 
 28:9 
 
 28:9 
 
 29:23... 
 
 30:6 
 
 31:21... 
 
 32:14. . . 
 
 32:29... 
 
 32:33.. . . 
 
 33:2.... 
 
 36:9 
 
 37:14... 
 
 46:1.... 
 
 46:6... 
 
 48:2 
 
 48:4,9... 
 
 48:9.... 
 
 48:36 . . . 
 
 51:3.... 
 
 51:9.... 
 
 51:35... 
 
 51:53... 
 
 52:7.... 
 
 Lam. 1:1 
 
 " 1:17.... 
 " 1:21.... 
 Ezek.l:20,21. 
 " 2:2 
 " 7:9.... 
 
 " 9:4 
 
 " 10:3.... 
 " 10:3 ... 
 " 12:25... 
 " 13:2.... 
 " 14:15... 
 " 10:4.... 
 " 17:15... 
 " 17:21... 
 " 23:20... 
 " 23:28... 
 " 23:46... 
 " 27:5.... 
 " 27:34... 
 " 27:34... 
 " 28:16... 
 " 30:11... 
 " 31:12... 
 " 37:9.... 
 " 39:4.... 
 " 40:17... 
 " 40:22... 
 
 47.5. h. 
 
 .44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 
 25.5. 
 
 .28. 3. c. R. (fif) 
 
 32.2. 
 
 39. 5. a. 
 
 27.2. c. 
 
 28. 2. a. 
 
 8.3.b. 
 
 38. 2. b. 
 
 ..6. I.e. R. (d) 
 
 5.1. 
 
 46. l.b. 
 
 .44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 
 45. 2. d. 
 
 37. R. <ff) 
 
 28. 5. c. 
 
 .29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 ...41. 3. R. (/) 
 
 6. l.R. (a) 
 
 .9.1. a. R. (a) 
 
 15. 8. a. 
 
 41.3. 
 
 46. R. (h) 
 
 ...23. l.R. (/) 
 
 41. 5. d. 
 
 2.2. c. 
 
 ....28. 3. R. (c) 
 
 46. 4. d. 
 
 ...23. l.R. (/) 
 .23. 1. a. R. (j) 
 
 11. 2. d. 
 
 48. 4. 
 
 20. R. (a) 
 
 ..2. 2. c. R. (h) 
 ....30. 5. R. (c) 
 
 13. 3. a. 
 
 . .39. 5. a. R. (e) 
 
 34.5. 
 
 9.2.d. 
 
 20. R. (o) 
 
 .11. 2. a. R. (flf) 
 
 9. 2.b. 
 
 46. R. (ft) 
 
 9.2. b. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 ....28.3. R. (d) 
 ..9.3. a. R. (a) 
 
 34.9. 
 
 ....23.2. R. (?) 
 
 13. 2. 
 
 28. 5. d. 
 
 ..3. 5. c. R. (h) 
 
 8.2. e. 
 
 46. 4. e. 
 
 ....24. l.R. (fif) 
 
 31.3. 
 
 ....24. l.R. (a) 
 
 4. 3. e. 
 
 ..9. 2. c. R. (/) 
 
 15. 4. R. (e) 
 
 15.2. c. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 161 
 
 Ezek. 45:11.. 
 
 " 45:16 . . 
 
 Hos. 1:6 
 
 " 3:2 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 4:3.... 
 
 " 5:11.... 
 
 " 8:11... 
 
 " 9:4 
 
 " 10:6.... 
 
 " 10:12... 
 
 " 12:1.... 
 
 " 12:0.... 
 
 " 13:8 (cf, 
 
 Joel 1:6 
 
 " 1:14.... 
 
 " 1:15.... 
 
 " 1:20.... 
 
 " 2:3ff... 
 
 " 2:23... 
 
 " 4:9 
 
 " 4:18.... 
 
 " 4:20.... 
 Amos 1:11... 
 
 " 2:16.... 
 
 " 4:2 
 
 " 4:7.... 
 
 " 4:13.... 
 
 5. 1. 
 
 R. (d) 
 
 5.1. a. 
 
 . .41. 1. c. R. (d) 
 
 15. 3. R. (c?) 
 
 . .43. 2. d. R. (d) 
 
 25. 1. to. 
 
 36.2. 
 
 ...39. 5. a. R. (c) 
 
 8.2. c. 
 
 40. 1. R. (a) 
 
 ..25. I.e. R. (/) 
 
 3. 2. c. 
 
 ..44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 2 Kgs. 2:24) 
 
 , 2.1.t>. 
 
 41. 5. b. 
 
 44. 4. e. 
 
 43. 1. b. 
 
 40. 4. a. 
 
 ...20. 1. a. R. (c) 
 . . 44. 1. d. R. (c) 
 
 2. 2. c. 
 
 30.2. R. (b) 
 
 ..44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 
 29. 5. b. 
 
 33.4. 
 
 . .37. 2. a. R. (h) 
 
 37.3. b. 
 
 ..27. 1. b. R. (e) 
 
 Amos5:l.... 
 
 " 5:3 
 
 " 6:1.... 
 
 " 6:12... 
 
 " 6:13.... 
 
 " 7:7 
 
 " 9:5 
 
 " 9:8 
 
 " 9:11... 
 
 Jon. 1:11 . . . 
 
 " 1:3,5.., 
 
 14 3:3.... 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 " 3:5.... 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 " 4:10,11. 
 
 Mic. 1:10.... 
 
 " 2:4 
 
 " 2:6.... 
 
 " 2:12.... 
 
 " 3:6. .. 
 
 " 3:13.... 
 
 " 5:2 
 
 " 5:4 
 
 " 6:5,16.. 
 
 " 7:4 
 
 " 7:10.... 
 
 Nah. 1:3 
 
 46. R. (7i) 
 
 33.3. 
 
 43.1.b. 
 
 37. 2. b. 
 
 .8.2. d. R. (/) 
 .45. 3. b. R. (d) 
 .44. 1. d. R. (e) 
 ...28.3. R. (/) 
 
 40.7.d. 
 
 26. 2. a. 
 
 1.4. 
 
 9. 5. a. 
 
 9.4.b. 
 
 10. 4. b. 
 
 8. 3. e. 
 
 10.5. 
 
 ....42. 1. R. (a) 
 ...28. 3. R. (/) 
 . . . .28. 3. R. (d) 
 
 40. 2. b. 
 
 . .4. 1. b. R. (b) 
 
 37.3. b. 
 
 4.3.e. 
 
 19.3. 
 
 8.3. f. 
 
 29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 .10. 4. a. R. (a) 
 
 40.3. 
 
 ...28.3. R. (/) 
 
 Nah. 2:5 
 
 " 2:9 
 
 Hab.2:17.... 
 
 " 3:8 
 
 " 3:10.... 
 
 " 3:16.... 
 Hag. 1:1 
 
 " 2:5 
 
 " 2:11.... 
 Zech.l:3 
 
 " 1:9 
 
 " 4:4,13. . 
 
 " 4:5 
 
 " 4:10.... 
 
 " 7:1 
 
 " 7:5 
 
 8:6 
 
 8:17 
 
 8:19 .... 
 
 9:5 
 
 10:7 
 
 12:10.... 
 12:12-14. 
 13:6.... 
 
 14:4 
 
 14:4 
 
 1:11 .... 
 
 20. 1. a. R. (c) 
 37. 5. b. R. (e) 
 
 8.1.b. 
 
 6. 1. R. (a) 
 
 ..20. 1. a. R. (b) 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 9. 5. a. 
 
 43. 2. b. 
 
 31.4. 
 
 25.2. c. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 37.5. b. 
 
 .9. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 15. 8. c. 
 
 11. 2. a. 
 
 32.3. 
 
 42. 1. 
 
 ..34.10.R.(7f) 
 4.3. d. 
 
 ..23. 
 ..23. 
 
 39. 5. 
 
 Mai. 
 
 1. R. (/) 
 
 1. R. (/) 
 
 .34. 10. 
 
 . R. (e) 
 
 37. 2. b. 
 
 8. 3. a. 
 
 33. 7. 
 
 24. 2. c. 
 
 37.3. a. 
 
INDEX OF TEXTS 
 
 Under "References for Study. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 1:5.... 
 12... 
 
 14... 
 16.... 
 20,21. 
 26.... 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 73 
 
 ....109 
 ...114 
 ...31,38 
 94 
 
 .81,14 
 
 28 14,109 
 
 31 23,54 
 
 2:3 103 
 
 5 118 
 
 9 18,84 
 
 10 60,109 
 
 11 22,45 
 
 14 27 
 
 17 64,110 
 
 19 27 
 
 3:1 38 
 
 3 132,73 
 
 5 84,114 
 
 13 121 
 
 17 73 
 
 4:6 121 
 
 10 16,43 
 
 11 132 
 
 13 93 
 
 15 118 
 
 19 31,50 
 
 20 94 
 
 25 95 
 
 5:3 98 
 
 8 31 
 
 26 50 
 
 29 132 
 
 6:2 136 
 
 4 60 
 
 5 38 
 
 14 79 
 
 17 25 
 
 7:2 J32 
 
 6 31,128 
 
 11 36 
 
 21 23 
 
 23 100,132 
 
 24 50 
 
 8:5 31,36 
 
 7 88 
 
 9 47 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 8:10,12.... 
 
 50 
 
 Gen. 16:15..... 
 
 95 
 
 13 
 
 36,50 
 
 " 17:2 
 
 81 
 
 21 
 
 100 
 
 114 
 
 " 4 
 
 79 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 95,100 
 
 9:3 
 
 132 
 
 14 
 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 50,58 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 21 
 
 125 
 
 10 
 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 98 
 
 " 18:1 
 
 98 
 
 18 
 
 " 2 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 " 9 
 
 106 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 128 
 
 27 
 
 81 
 
 17 
 
 84 
 
 10:12 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 100 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 
 11:1 
 
 106 
 
 " 24 
 
 50 
 
 3,7 
 
 67 
 
 25 
 
 123 
 
 8 
 
 103 
 
 29 
 
 92 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 136 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 " 19:1 
 
 128,31 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 60,31 
 
 30 
 
 125 
 
 13.... 
 
 84 
 
 12:2 
 
 67 
 
 19 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 
 12 
 
 79 
 
 23 
 
 128 
 
 13 
 
 67,136 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 13:2 
 
 °2 
 
 " 28 
 
 54 
 
 3 
 
 ....45,67,132 
 
 29 
 
 132 
 
 7 
 
 ....67,84,128 
 
 33 
 
 95 
 
 9 
 
 67,125 
 
 " 20:1 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 125,128 
 
 15 
 
 67 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 14:4 
 
 98,50 
 
 " 18 
 " 21 - 2 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 ....18,31,110 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 22,31 
 
 3 
 
 22,132 
 
 19 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 128 
 
 20 
 
 132 
 
 7 
 
 109 
 
 15:1 
 
 106,114 
 
 " 9 
 
 132 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 .27 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 
 128 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 41 
 
 13 
 
 41 
 
 " 26 
 
 56,118 
 
 14 
 
 84 
 
 " 22:3 
 
 47,31 
 
 18 
 
 43,31 
 
 5 
 
 67 
 
 16:5 
 
 41 
 
 " 14 
 
 61 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 81 
 
 8 
 
 43 | 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 163 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Gen. 22:24 16 
 
 " 23:1 50 
 
 " 2 41 
 
 6 109 
 
 19 23 
 
 20 73 
 
 " 24:2 67 
 
 4 25 
 
 «« 6 41 
 
 8 142 
 
 10 128 
 
 13 31 
 
 14 79 
 
 " 15 118,136 
 
 21 84,128 
 
 rt 23> 31,43 
 
 25- 60 
 
 27 27,41 
 
 " 30 92,84 
 
 " 41 136 
 
 43 16 
 
 " 65,66 22 
 
 " 25:23 50 
 
 27 36 
 
 " 30 25,54 
 
 " 26:4 23 
 
 8 22 
 
 15 27 
 
 27 121 
 
 32 132 
 
 " 2J:1 38 
 
 4 64 
 
 7 67 
 
 9 56 
 
 " 10 64 
 
 " 19 64 
 
 " 21 43,121 
 
 25 64 
 
 " 29 114,81 
 
 30 88 
 
 31 81 
 
 34 41,110 
 
 37 110 
 
 38 41 
 
 40 136,79 
 
 45 94 
 
 " 28:3 79 
 
 " 6 81 
 
 15 43 
 
 " 19 22,23,95 
 
 " 29:2 79,38 
 
 3 79 
 
 7 38 
 
 " 9 128 
 
 15 125 
 
 " 30:2 121 
 
 " 13 58 
 
 14 47 
 
 15 , 22 
 
 16 23 
 
 PAGE. 
 Gen. 30:20 22 
 
 " 28 67 
 
 " 30 121 
 
 31 67,103 
 
 33 27 
 
 34 123 
 
 36 50 
 
 38 60 
 
 41 79 
 
 " 31:1 43 
 
 7 81 
 
 " 8 31 
 
 16 27 
 
 21 22 
 
 23 50 
 
 27 73 
 
 29 118 
 
 " 39 60 
 
 " 32:7 84 
 
 9 142,14 
 
 11 50,54 
 
 " 12 128 
 
 15 150 
 
 17 25,18 
 
 18 43 
 
 23 23 
 
 " 29 143 
 
 31 73,128 
 
 " 83:13 143 
 
 " 17 47 
 
 18 100 
 
 " 34:5 51 
 
 " 35:3 73 
 
 14 25 
 
 " 36:12,14 73 
 
 " 37:3 31 
 
 4 41 
 
 15 61 
 
 " 34 18 
 
 " 38:9 79 
 
 11 98 
 
 25 132 
 
 " 89:1,2 25 
 
 3,6 84 
 
 "• 9 45 
 
 10 18 
 
 18 73 
 
 20 31,132 
 
 " 22 84 
 
 23 47 
 
 " 40:1 114 
 
 3 31 
 
 " 5 36 
 
 7 121 
 
 9 110 
 
 13 132 
 
 " 41:1 84 
 
 11 84 
 
 12 36 
 
 18 50 
 
 en. 41:20 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 38 
 
 25 
 
 " 34 
 
 133 
 
 67 
 
 " 42 
 
 
 " 43 
 
 88 
 
 " 50 
 
 114 
 
 " 42:6 
 
 " 10 
 
 " 11 
 
 27,98 
 125 
 
 13 
 
 " 15 
 
 38 
 
 142 
 
 " 18 
 
 142 
 
 21,22 , 
 
 " 30 
 
 " 37 
 
 73 
 
 18,109 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 142 
 
 " 43:3 
 
 88 
 
 " 9 
 
 142 
 
 10 
 
 " 11 
 
 142 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 123,88 
 18 
 
 " 34 
 
 50 
 
 " 44:3,4 
 
 " 1 
 
 128 
 
 123 
 
 " 9 
 
 132 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 " 45:4 
 
 123 
 
 123 
 
 128 
 
 45 
 
 " 7 
 
 14 
 
 " 9 
 
 103 
 
 " 20 
 
 27 
 
 " 46:3 
 
 136 
 
 33 
 " 31 
 
 142 
 
 84 
 
 " 47:6 
 
 27 
 
 " 8 
 
 43,121 
 
 19 
 
 " 21 
 
 121 
 
 27 
 
 " 24 
 
 50 
 
 " 31 
 
 22 
 
 *' 48:7 
 
 27 
 
 " 49:8 
 
 27 
 
 " 12 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 17b . ,.. 
 " 30f 
 
 73 
 
 54 
 
 " 50:5 
 
 67 
 
 ]x. 1:7 
 
 94 
 
 10 
 
 " 12 
 
 79,14 
 
 60 
 
 " 16 
 
 79 
 
 " 19 
 
 25 
 
 " 21 
 
 16 
 
 " 2:2 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 118 
 
 13 
 
 121 
 
164 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ex. 2:14,15 23 
 
 18 50 
 
 3:2 22,118 
 
 " 3 36,64 
 
 5 22 
 
 6 36 
 
 7 88 
 
 15 36 
 
 4:9 47,98 
 
 13 132,31 
 
 14 143 
 
 15 45 
 
 IV 132 
 
 20 36 
 
 21 79,132 
 
 22 73,50 
 
 29 132 
 
 32 73 
 
 5:11 64,118 
 
 15 64 
 
 22 43 
 
 G:6 79 
 
 7:9 41,143 
 
 15 79 
 
 17 16 
 
 18,21 22 
 
 26 79 
 
 8:1 22 
 
 10 18,25 
 
 11 88 
 
 23 64 
 
 9:3 84 
 
 4 45 
 
 8 25 
 
 14 136 
 
 19 79,64 
 
 29 16 
 
 33 18 
 
 33 16 
 
 " 10:1 67 
 
 3 56 
 
 7 118 
 
 8 100,101 
 
 12 67 
 
 13 128 
 
 21 67 
 
 26 64 
 
 " 11:1 50 
 
 " 12:3 50 
 
 4 38 
 
 6 50 
 
 8,9 36 
 
 13 132 
 
 17 58 
 
 " 40 50 
 
 42 110 
 
 " 13:17,34 136 
 
 " 14:11 118 
 
 13 93 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ex. 15:1 14 
 
 5 16 
 
 6,7 60 
 
 13 40 
 
 15 60 
 
 16 38 
 
 19 14 
 
 20 114 
 
 " 16:5 25 
 
 12 18 
 
 20 98 
 
 32 25 
 
 " 17:11 79 
 
 " 18:15 61 
 
 23 103 
 
 26 79 
 
 27 41 
 
 " 19:5 143 
 
 19 60 
 
 23 79 
 
 31 106 
 
 " 20:3-17 64 
 
 9 31 
 
 12 23 
 
 " 21:3 31 
 
 5 22 
 
 11 128 
 
 12 64 
 
 28 101 
 
 " 22:3 22 
 
 19 118 
 
 26 64 
 
 " 23:1 67 
 
 15 98 
 
 29 79 
 
 30 25 
 
 " 24:7 81 
 
 14 43,31 
 
 " 25:28 101 
 
 35 25 
 
 " 26:3 31 
 
 " 17. 18 
 
 24 81 
 
 33 36 
 
 " 27:7 101 
 
 16 25 
 
 " 28:6 95 
 
 " 17 25 
 
 " 29:9 16 
 
 12 18 
 
 36 18 
 
 40 50,25 
 
 " 30:33,38 79 
 
 " 31:14 114 
 
 " 32:29 93 
 
 34 45 
 
 " 33:7-11 79 
 
 12 128 
 
 16 121 
 
 " 34:1 31 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ex. 34:34 79 
 
 35:24 47 
 
 36:4 25 
 
 7 88 
 
 37:1 95 
 
 38:30 31 
 
 39:17 25 
 
 22,27 95 
 
 40:18 73 
 
 Lev. 2:2 114 
 
 " 3:4 27 
 
 " 4:24,33 133 
 
 " 5:7 16 
 
 8 45 
 
 9 47 
 
 " 6:13 ...25 
 
 " 7:7 27 
 
 8 100 
 
 27 23 
 
 83 27 
 
 " 9:6 136 
 
 " 10:9 67 
 
 " 10,11 93 
 
 " 11:33 47 
 
 " 12:5 18 
 
 " 14:43 136 
 
 45 23 
 
 " 16:33 45 
 
 " 18:11 133 
 
 " 20:14 100 
 
 " 23:40 18 
 
 " 24:14 79 
 
 " 26:44 58 
 
 " 27:5 50 
 
 " 32:44 88 
 
 Num. 3:49 36 
 
 4:19 79 
 
 6:15 18,26 
 
 18 31 
 
 23 109 
 
 7:3 50 
 
 13 26 
 
 9:7 23 
 
 8 67 
 
 23 54 
 
 10:17 36,143 
 
 18 142 
 
 33 79 
 
 11:6 118 
 
 12 64 
 
 13 67 
 
 19 50 
 
 27 84 
 
 14:22 43 
 
 28 143 
 
 32 41,111 
 
 45 22 
 
 15:4-7 26 
 
 14 64 
 
 24 142 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 165 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Num. 16:13 88 
 
 15 101 
 
 " 17:17 26 
 
 20., 79,132 
 
 21 26 
 
 " 20:3 123 
 
 10 121 
 
 19 47 
 
 21 136 
 
 " 21:9 79 
 
 14 26 
 
 33 22 
 
 " 34 84 
 
 " 22:6 103 
 
 11.. : 73 
 
 32 22 
 
 33 41 
 
 " 33 51 
 
 " 23:7 60 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 22 
 
 26 121 
 
 28 22 
 
 " 24:17 61 
 
 " 25:17 88 
 
 " 28:13 26 
 
 " 31:2 96 
 
 " 32:11 64 
 
 12 118 
 
 19 58 
 
 23 142 
 
 " 35:22 47 
 
 23 23 
 
 22-24 112 
 
 33 64 
 
 " 36:7,9 64 
 
 Deut. 1:3 36 
 
 5 103 
 
 19 38 
 
 20,25 84 
 
 22 132 
 
 23 50 
 
 25 38 
 
 35 23 
 
 2:4 22 
 
 7 47 
 
 14 54 
 
 16 103 
 
 23 27 
 
 25 103 
 
 27 26 
 
 30 81 
 
 31 103 
 
 34 101 
 
 3:4 45 
 
 5 18,26 
 
 24 103 
 
 4:1 22 
 
 3 45,123 
 
 10 132 
 
 Deut. 
 
 4:13.... 
 
 16,19., 
 
 29 ... . 
 
 40.... 
 
 41.... 
 
 42... 
 5:5 
 
 12.... 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 50 
 
 19 
 
 ....142 
 ....136 
 
 50 
 
 ...79,31 
 ....128 
 
 26.... 
 
 30.... 
 
 6:18.... 
 
 20,21. 
 
 -.64 
 .123 
 
 ..79 
 ..79 
 .142 
 .106 
 ..79 
 
 2,4. 
 
 .121 
 ..92 
 ..1:3 
 ..18 
 
 14.. 
 9:6 .. . 
 12.. 
 15a. 
 15b, 
 25.. 
 
 28. 
 10:1.. 
 
 13. 
 
 15. 
 
 17. 
 11:4.. 
 
 7.. 
 
 10. 
 
 12. 
 
 23. 
 
 26. 
 
 23 
 
 43 
 
 128 
 
 128 
 
 98 
 
 67 
 
 132 
 
 67 
 
 84 
 
 73 
 
 36 
 
 92 
 
 .23,123,84 
 
 132 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 84 
 
 12:10 84 
 
 11 64,79 
 
 20 68 
 
 22 101 
 
 23 18 
 
 13:3,14 68 
 
 4 121 
 
 15 79 
 
 14:2 38 
 
 27 27 
 
 32 106 
 
 15:10 92 
 
 18 98 
 
 17:2,3 73 
 
 9 43 
 
 20 118 
 
 18:14 27 
 
 19:2 50 
 
 18 31 
 
 20:5 68 
 
 21:3,4 22 
 
 3,6 38 
 
 PAGE. 
 Deut. 21:7 Ill 
 
 " 22:2 79,41 
 
 19 22,50 
 
 21 79 
 
 22 36 
 
 23 26 
 
 " 24:4 136 
 
 6 19 
 
 " 25:13 16 
 
 17,19 92 
 
 " 28:8 68,79 
 
 32 114 
 
 35 136 
 
 43 26 
 
 45 58 
 
 48 114 
 
 49 61 
 
 55 118 
 
 57 136 
 
 62 58 
 
 67 123 
 
 " 29:5 136 
 
 " 30:3 132 
 
 16 79 
 
 " 31:17 121 
 
 " 32:4 27 
 
 6 31 
 
 7 19 
 
 11 61 
 
 15 45 
 
 16,17 60 
 
 20 45 
 
 24 36 
 
 26,27 142 
 
 29 64 
 
 35 114 
 
 37 132 
 
 40 123 
 
 41 142 
 
 " 33:1 31 
 
 2 81 
 
 6 68 
 
 11 98 
 
 " 17 27 
 
 19 31 
 
 20 81 
 
 25 106 
 
 " 34:5 26 
 
 Josh. 2:5 128 
 
 8 118 
 
 3:12 50 
 
 13 23 
 
 16 103 
 
 4:3 50 
 
 9 73 
 
 " 18 128 
 
 19 22 
 
 " 20 50 
 
 5:2 103 
 
 15 27 
 
166 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Josh. 
 
 Judg. 
 
 6:13 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 88 
 
 19 
 
 
 7:7 
 
 103 
 
 13 
 
 61 
 
 25 
 
 95 
 
 8:11 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 114 
 
 24 
 
 73 
 
 30... 
 
 60 
 
 9:12 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 10:12 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 12:2,5,9.... 
 
 
 13:5... 
 
 ...26 
 
 14:7 
 
 92 
 
 9 
 
 142 
 
 11,15 . . . 
 
 38 
 
 15:8,9 
 
 41 
 
 21 
 
 36 
 
 47 
 
 o.i 
 
 17:14 
 
 128 
 
 19:51 
 
 36 
 
 21:32 
 
 50 
 
 22:1 
 
 60 
 
 17 
 23:10 
 
 73,101 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 79 
 
 24:17 
 
 Ill 
 
 1:35 
 
 73 
 
 2:1 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 , 60,79,136 
 84 
 
 3:20 
 
 128 
 
 23 
 
 81 
 
 24 
 
 128 
 
 26 
 
 128 
 
 28 
 
 36 
 
 4:30 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 128 
 
 136 
 
 5:1 
 
 73 
 
 8 
 
 142 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 125 
 
 17 
 
 94 
 
 18 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 128 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 88 
 
 26 
 
 60 
 
 27 
 
 125 
 
 29 
 
 GO 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 6:5 
 
 60,128 
 
 11 
 
 .......23 36 
 
 18 
 
 142 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 128 
 
 25 
 
 125 
 
 Juds 
 
 6:27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 7:3 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 8:4 84,128 
 
 11 128 
 
 9:16-20 142 
 
 28 43 
 
 29 123 
 
 33 79 
 
 36 109 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 73 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 , 81 
 
 ....79 
 
 88 
 
 ....125 
 
 11:8. .. 
 
 16. .. 
 
 17,19. 
 
 25.. . 
 
 33.... 
 12:5 
 
 11.13 . 
 13:9 
 
 23... 
 14:4 
 
 10.... 
 
 17 ... 
 
 18..., 
 15:3 .... 
 
 79 
 
 73 
 
 ....68 
 
 88 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 ....109 
 ....128 
 .47,142 
 ....109 
 
 61 
 
 50 
 
 ..38,58 
 58 
 
 " 16:15... 125 
 
 31 128 
 
 " 17:6 109 
 
 8 45 
 
 9 64 
 
 10 109 
 
 " 19:11 128 
 
 17 64 
 
 " 20:31 128 
 
 37 114 
 
 39,40 128 
 
 " 26:23 73 
 
 Ruth. 1:12 56,107,38 
 
 16 45 
 
 21 125 
 
 22 19 
 
 2:3 36 
 
 3:4 19 
 
 12 38 
 
 18 142 
 
 " 4:3 36,58 
 
 ISam. 1:1 23 
 
 3 22 
 
 3 79 
 
 12 81 
 
 16 31 
 
 28 58 
 
 2:1,3-5 56 
 
 5 36,56 
 
 10 68 
 
 22 60 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ISam. 2:23 23 
 
 26,27,28 88 
 
 30 88 
 
 31 79 
 
 " 3:1 26 
 
 3 118 
 
 3,7b 60 
 
 11 27,84 
 
 13 31,81 
 
 17 142 
 
 " 4:1 26 
 
 5 96 
 
 10 38 
 
 20 Ill 
 
 " 5:12 31 
 
 " 6:7 79 
 
 " 7:12 73 
 
 14 109 
 
 " 8:6 136 
 
 8 73 
 
 9:6 61,88 
 
 9 60 
 
 13 27 
 
 14 128 
 
 " 21 36 
 
 24 16 
 
 " 10:3 4Y 
 
 9 16 
 
 23 38 
 
 " 11:12 121 
 
 " 12:3 43 
 
 17 33,92 
 
 20 79 
 
 23 27 
 
 " 13:5 50 
 
 15 121 
 
 21 79 
 
 " 14:11 84 
 
 17... 43 
 
 19 88 
 
 23 64 
 
 29 23 
 
 33 92 
 
 44 64 
 
 " 15:1 109 
 
 2 45,5S 
 
 3 79 
 
 " 16 68,135,132 
 
 17 73 
 
 23 125 
 
 11 33 109 
 
 " 16:3 45,101 
 
 " „ 4 121 
 
 7 38 
 
 18 23 
 
 23 79 
 
 " 25 106 
 
 " 17:6 16 
 
 " 10 50 
 
 12 23 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 167 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 lSam.l7:17,18 36 
 
 34 22,84,107 
 
 34,35 142 
 
 36 109 
 
 55-58 43 
 
 " 18:11 73 
 
 17 128 
 
 " 19:11 84 
 
 13,16 19 
 
 22 106 
 
 " 20:6 142 
 
 13 101 
 
 17 96 
 
 19 103 
 
 20 109 
 
 27 50 
 
 31 31 
 
 36 128,84 
 
 " 21:6 100 
 
 15 64 
 
 " 22:7 19 
 
 " 24:6 36 
 
 13 61 
 
 " 25:14 109 
 
 18 50 
 
 24 26,41 
 
 27 114 
 
 29 27 
 
 34 58 
 
 43 109 
 
 " 26:16 .101 
 
 19 142 
 
 20 101 
 
 " 28:1,2 73 
 
 18,19 109 
 
 " 30:13 43 
 
 23 123 
 
 2Sam. 1:4 136 
 
 13 121 
 
 18 95 
 
 2:8 36 
 
 15 50 
 
 27 142 
 
 " 3:1 88 
 
 " 8 73 
 
 13 Ill 
 
 26 109 
 
 35 142 
 
 " 4:4 36 
 
 10 Ill 
 
 " 5:8b 61 
 
 10 88 
 
 24 58,101 
 
 " 6:3 23 
 
 16 81,84 
 
 " 7:28 106 
 
 " 9:3 118 
 
 " 10:7 26 
 
 " 11:1 73 
 
 15 79 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 2Sam.l2:l 47 
 
 4 23 
 
 8 68 
 
 " 16 96 
 
 23b 84 
 
 31 79 
 
 " 13:4 84 
 
 15 96 
 
 18 81 
 
 " 14:4 .22 
 
 7 79 
 
 10 Ill 
 
 " 25 92 
 
 26 79,98 
 
 "' 15:1 73 
 
 4 123 
 
 23 14 
 
 32 98 
 
 33 142 
 
 37 CO 
 
 " 16:4 56 
 
 8 31 
 
 9 68 
 
 13 73 
 
 " 17:1,3 68 
 
 5 26,41 
 
 6 121 
 
 9 142 
 
 11 56,31 
 
 14 92 
 
 17 79 
 
 " 18:11 92 
 
 12,13 142 
 
 18 50 
 
 29 121 
 
 " 19:2 73 
 
 12 121 
 
 27 16,22 
 
 30 56 
 
 43 43,88 
 
 44 50 
 
 " 20:8 128 
 
 19 31 
 
 " 21:1 73 
 
 4 136 
 
 20 50 
 
 22 101 
 
 " 23:4 128 
 
 6 27 
 
 " 24:13 114 
 
 14 68 
 
 24 26 
 
 lKgs. 1:25 84 
 
 27 43 
 
 28 84 
 
 41 114 
 
 47 22 
 
 52 142,31 
 
 " 2:5 73 
 
 7 36 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 1 Kgs. 2:21 101 
 
 26 31 
 
 " 3:4 60 
 
 " 8 64 
 
 lib 81 
 
 13 58 
 
 18 36 
 
 23 43,47 
 
 " 4:1 20 
 
 " 5:3 50 
 
 " 17 130 
 
 28 60 
 
 " 6:32,35 81 
 
 " 7:2 50 
 
 12 26 
 
 38 50 
 
 49 19 
 
 " 8:1 22 
 
 27 64 
 
 30 142 
 
 " 9:21 73 
 
 " 10:1 73 
 
 11 81 
 
 " 10:12 47 
 
 " 11:5 16 
 
 14 132 
 
 25 101 
 
 27 132 
 
 28 136 
 
 " 12:15 92 
 
 16 43 
 
 17 73 
 
 " 13:4 92 
 
 12 43 
 
 18 125 
 
 " 14:3 43 
 
 6 114 
 
 10 107 
 
 28 79,136 
 
 " 15:4 92 
 
 13 111,136 
 
 23 36 
 
 " 17:17 38 
 
 24 43 
 
 " 18:12 45,J28 
 
 13 73 
 
 19 50 
 
 21 95 
 
 26 107 
 
 32 26 
 
 43 118 
 
 " 19:4 23 
 
 5 34 
 
 10 73 
 
 15 36 
 
 " 20:15,21 22 
 
 32 121 
 
 " 21:19 31,41,111 
 
 " 22:14 84 
 
 27 101 
 
168 
 
 IIEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 lKgs.22:30 88 
 
 36 114 
 
 2Kgs. 1:2 73 
 
 3,6 118 
 
 11,13 103 
 
 " 2:9 136 
 
 16 96 
 
 23 128 
 
 21 16 
 
 " 3:1 26 
 
 8,13 121 
 
 11 142 
 
 " 4:2 118 
 
 43 88 
 
 " 5:13 142 
 
 " 18 129 
 
 " 6:2 19 
 
 5 101 
 
 15 121 
 
 " 25 50 
 
 " 7:2,4,19 142 
 
 " 8:1 45 
 
 11 9:27 27 
 
 37 136 
 
 " 11:13 125 
 
 " 12:5 64 
 
 7b 129 
 
 15-17 79 
 
 " 14:8-11 98 
 
 " 15:1 73 
 
 5 84 
 
 " 10:19 36 
 
 " 18:1 73 
 
 15 22 
 
 23 50 
 
 " 19:22 43 
 
 " 20:4 94 
 
 " 22:5 36 
 
 " 25:9 38 
 
 IChr. 2:22 50 
 
 " 7:5 19 
 
 " 9:28 47 
 
 32 26 
 
 " 11:9 88 
 
 " 12:33 19 
 
 " 13:2 103 
 
 " 15:16 136 
 
 " 17:5 47 
 
 " 17:25 136 
 
 " 21:18 136 
 
 " 22:2 136 
 
 " 23:4 50 
 
 " 25:5 50 
 
 " 26:28 22,28 
 
 " 27:34 36 
 
 2Chr. 3:4 50 
 
 " 5:11 92,118 
 
 " 9:20 118 
 
 " 11:17 50 
 
 " 20:6 92 
 
 2Chr.20:36. 
 21:17. 
 25:9.. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 98 
 
 , 36 
 
 92 
 
 Ezra 
 
 10 Ill 
 
 26:14 Ill 
 
 15 103 
 
 35:33 118 
 
 1:14 88 
 
 6:22 81 
 
 8:25 22 
 
 30,36 81 
 
 81 
 
 Neb 
 
 9:2. ... 
 
 15.... 
 10:6 
 
 14,17 
 
 1:5 
 
 2:11.... 
 
 5:7 
 
 6:12.... 
 
 .118 
 .129 
 
 26 
 
 122 
 
 16 
 
 8:2 50 
 
 10 132 
 
 " 9:7,8 81 
 
 " 12:39 81 
 
 " 13:1,30 81 
 
 Esth. 2:11,13 84 
 
 14 81 
 
 " 3:8 118 
 
 12 81 
 
 " 4:2 118 
 
 6:6 45 
 
 " 7:4. 118 
 
 8:8 118 
 
 15 8l 
 
 9:23,24 81 
 
 Job 1:13 84 
 
 " 14 16,84 
 
 2:2 122 
 
 3:5" 14 
 
 18 .129 
 
 4:3 50 
 
 " 12 60 
 
 17 122 
 
 19 64 
 
 5:2 62 
 
 " 5 79 
 
 7 32 
 
 10 22 
 
 6:5 122 
 
 " 8 123 
 
 8-10 68 
 
 11 136 
 
 12 109 
 
 14 32,123 
 
 17 132 
 
 19 Ill 
 
 7:3 101 
 
 " 4 142 
 
 12 136 
 
 17 64 
 
 21 122 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Job 8:9 107 
 
 11 64 
 
 9:4 50 
 
 15,16 142 
 
 24 23 
 
 25 129 
 
 " 10:2 45 
 
 " lOf 60 
 
 15 56 
 
 " 11:2 32,122 
 
 5 123 
 
 18 107 
 
 " 12:5 123 
 
 7 114 
 
 11 125 
 
 " 13:5 123 
 
 13 43 
 
 25 101 
 
 " 14:11 79 
 
 11,12 125 
 
 13 123 
 
 19 125 
 
 " 15:3 88 
 
 14 136 
 
 17 45 
 
 20 114 
 
 35 88 
 
 " 16:4,5,8 136 
 
 19 19 
 
 " 17:15 ....27 
 
 " 18:2 36 
 
 15 „..118 
 
 " 19:3 103 
 
 16 132 
 
 IS 50 
 
 19 43 
 
 20 50 
 
 " 20:19 103 
 
 29 41 
 
 " 21:6 142 
 
 7 98 
 
 21 114 
 
 23 32 
 
 " 22:8 27 
 
 18 129 
 
 " 23:3 103 
 
 14 41 
 
 " 24:22 129 
 
 25 32 
 
 " 25:4 122 
 
 " 28:12 22 
 
 17 118 
 
 " 29:2 123 
 
 3 Ill 
 
 10 114 
 
 24 129 
 
 " 30:8 118 
 
 " 28 136 
 
 " 31:1-4 136 
 
 35 123 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 169 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Job 32:1 '....50 
 
 1 1U 
 
 15,16 125 
 
 " 83:17 93 
 
 " 34:6 41 
 
 10,13 32 
 
 20 107 
 
 31 129 
 
 " 35:15 118 
 
 " 37:20 50 
 
 " 38:19,24 132 
 
 31 64 
 
 " 41:18 118 
 
 20 32 
 
 " 42:3 129 
 
 15 16,114 
 
 Ps. 1:2 98 
 
 3,4,5,6 62 
 
 6 16 
 
 2:1 50 
 
 " 3 68 
 
 9 32 
 
 12 98 
 
 3:3 84 
 
 6,7 62 
 
 8 54 
 
 4:7 84,123 
 
 8 45,132 
 
 5:5 94 
 
 6 56 
 
 7 19 
 
 8 64 
 
 11 50 
 
 7:2 56 
 
 3 129 
 
 4,5 142 
 
 5 132 
 
 7:7 129,45 
 
 10 125 
 
 13 58 
 
 16 60,56 
 
 8:4 136 
 
 5 64 
 
 6b 73 
 
 9:7 41 
 
 15 136 
 
 16 45 
 
 " 10:4,6,11 118 
 
 " 11:2 58,62 
 
 4 62 
 
 12:3 62,98 
 
 5 43 
 
 6 132 
 
 7 36 
 
 8 23 
 
 " 14:7 123 
 
 " 15:1 64 
 
 2 98 
 
 3-5 56 
 
 " 16:3, 132 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ps. 16:4 62 
 
 6 50 
 
 " 17:5 50 
 
 8 32 
 
 9 62 
 
 10,11 98 
 
 12 62 
 
 14 79 
 
 18:4,7 60 
 
 8 73 
 
 21 CO 
 
 26-28 62 
 
 28 114 
 
 30 64 
 
 35 114 
 
 " 19:8,9 36 
 
 11 22,73 
 
 " 20:8 43 
 
 " 21:3 118 
 
 4 32 
 
 12 129 
 
 " 22:2 50 
 
 22 58 
 
 29 16 
 
 30 58,73 
 
 32 84 
 
 " 23:4 142 
 
 " 24:2 73 
 
 4 56 
 
 " 25:2 56 
 
 9 81 
 
 11 79 
 
 " 27:3 64,112 
 
 7 132 
 
 " 28:6 58 
 
 " 29:5 84 
 
 " 30:3 50 
 
 6 64 
 
 9 60 
 
 12 58 
 
 " 31:15 50 
 
 " 32:2 132 
 
 8 64 
 
 9 92 
 
 " 33:13 56 
 
 " 34:8 73 
 
 11 56 
 
 23...., 92 
 
 " 35:8 129 
 
 12 94 
 
 17 122 
 
 " 19 118 
 
 " 36:12 32 
 
 13 58 
 
 " 87:23 56 
 
 40 81 
 
 " 38:2 118 
 
 " 39:12 56 
 
 " 40:5 36 
 
 8 50 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ps. 40:13 38 
 
 " 41:4 58 
 
 " 42:2..... 16,02 
 
 3 122 
 
 5 CO 
 
 12 122 
 
 " 43:1 32,118 
 
 " 44:2,3f 50 
 
 5 107 
 
 21f 64 
 
 28 92 
 
 " 45:2c 123 
 
 5 16,125 
 
 7 107,32 
 
 10 16 
 
 13 14 
 
 " 46:3 92 
 
 5 27 
 
 10 79 
 
 11 38 
 
 " 48:4 50 
 
 " 49:9 14,81 
 
 11 79 
 
 13 132 
 
 15 22 
 
 20 45 
 
 " 50:6 Ill 
 
 12 112 
 
 16,5 73 
 
 17 73 
 
 " 51:5 109 
 
 " 9 125 
 
 " 55:7 123 
 
 7-9 136 
 
 " 56:3 98 
 
 14 58 
 
 " 57:4 129 
 
 6 123 
 
 " 58:5 132 
 
 8 41 
 
 " 59:17 58 
 
 " 60:5 95 
 
 13 125 
 
 " 62:5 129 
 
 " 63:7 142 
 
 " 64:8 95 
 
 " 65:5 132 
 
 10 95 
 
 14 94 
 
 " 66:4 14 
 
 " 68:12 94 
 
 18 19 
 
 " 69:4 129 
 
 5 60 
 
 " 71:3 129 
 
 24 58 
 
 " 72:12 132 
 
 4 32 
 
 17 23 
 
170 
 
 IIEBIIEW SYNTAX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ps. 73:8 81 
 
 73:15 5S.142 
 
 74:2 45 
 
 75:3 142 
 
 8 43 
 
 76:8 136 
 
 10 93 
 
 77:14 43 
 
 17 16 
 
 78:30,31 129 
 
 34 125 
 
 38 79 
 
 40 122 
 
 49 32 
 
 80:11 101 
 
 81:6 32,132 
 
 9,14 123 
 
 84:4 56 
 
 7 36 
 
 85:11 58 
 
 87:3 107 
 
 88:2 125,132 
 
 6 36 
 
 7-10 50 
 
 90:1 36 
 
 10 19,27 
 
 15 132 
 
 91:6 98 
 
 92:6 56 
 
 94:10 95 
 
 17 58 
 
 18 142 
 
 95:10 60,84 
 
 97:7 84 
 
 99:6f 60 
 
 102:8 16 
 
 103:4 22 
 
 104:3 94 
 
 3 23 
 
 6-8 00 
 
 8 43 
 
 11-17 62 
 
 24 55 
 
 27 136 
 
 107:5 129 
 
 119:2 84 
 
 15 .-...143 
 
 58 136 
 
 120:3 26 
 
 5.... 94 
 
 6 41 
 
 127:2 103 
 
 133:1 92 
 
 139:19 123 
 
 14t:4 56 
 
 145:7 38 
 
 148:6 107 
 
 10 23 
 
 Prov. 1:7 32 
 
 3:9,10 142 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Prov. 3:14 38 
 
 18 114 
 
 25 32 
 
 28 107 
 
 34 Ill 
 
 4:8 142 
 
 6:16 133 
 
 23,31 143 
 
 31 50 
 
 8:6 16 
 
 14 107 
 
 " 30 16 
 
 33 133 
 
 9:18 36 
 
 " 10:1,3,3,4 63 
 
 23,34 Ill 
 
 24 32 
 
 " 11:2 73 
 
 2,8 56 
 
 23 36 
 
 " 13:24 84,111 
 
 " 14:8 93 
 
 " 15:31 103 
 
 " 16:13 92 
 
 28 84 
 
 32 38 
 
 " 17:27 96 
 
 " 19:12 43 
 
 " 23 98 
 
 " 20:9 56 
 
 10 19 
 
 13,25 142 
 
 " 21:3 38 
 
 " 22:12f 56 
 
 23 96 
 
 24 32 
 
 " 24:11 123 
 
 15 98 
 
 " 25:3 125 
 
 21 142 
 
 " 26:2 32,92 
 
 " 28:1 14 
 
 6 19 
 
 " 30:25 118 
 
 Eccl. 1:2 36 
 
 5 125 
 
 13 32,38 
 
 3:17 22 
 
 5:7 19 
 
 7:2 38 
 
 14 43 
 
 24 Ill 
 
 8:5... 47 
 
 11 118 
 
 15 41 
 
 9:11 88 
 
 " 10:18 22 
 
 " 12:1 19 
 
 Cant. 1:1 36 
 
 2:11 41 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cant. 5:5 19 
 
 8 38 
 
 7:10 32 
 
 8:14 Ill 
 
 Isa. 1:3 19 
 
 5 23,129 
 
 7 27,36,84 
 
 11 31 
 
 13 27 
 
 14 103 
 
 15,18 142 
 
 17 103 
 
 18 64,68,22 
 
 20 79 
 
 21 60 
 
 23 61 
 
 31 .84 
 
 2:2 79 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 43 
 
 36 
 
 22 41 
 
 3:6 98,123 
 
 8 125 
 
 9 43 
 
 13 84 
 
 4:3 
 
 5:1... 
 1,2. 
 3 .. 
 
 6.... 
 9.... 
 11... 
 11,23. 
 12... 
 14,15 . 
 17... 
 24 . . . 
 24b.. 
 
 ...79 
 ...96 
 ...73 
 
 .14,68 
 
 ,...88 
 ...96 
 ...31 
 ...36 
 
 ,...62 
 ...79 
 
 ....73 
 ..109 
 
 50 
 
 25 ...73 
 
 6:2 19,50,60 
 
 3 26,47,111 
 
 5 36,58 
 
 6 50 
 
 7 79 
 
 10 107 
 
 11 118 
 
 13 103,143 
 
 7:6 16 
 
 15 103,88 
 
 16 45 
 
 18 14 
 
 20 19 
 
 23 60 
 
 24 107 
 
 8:1 36 
 
 4 107 
 
 7 84 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METIIOD. 
 
 171 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Isa. 8:9,10 125,142 
 
 11 118 
 
 12 132 
 
 13,H Ill 
 
 9:1 27 
 
 2 22,02 
 
 1,2 36 
 
 1-6 58 
 
 5 73 
 
 " 12 .22 
 
 13 16 
 
 14 27 
 
 " 10:1 23 
 
 2 22,92 
 
 5 114 
 
 7 26 
 
 ". 12 ..22 
 
 14 16,22 
 
 15 31 
 
 28-31 58 
 
 32 92 
 
 11:2 36 
 
 8 58 
 
 10 27 
 
 12 19 
 
 " 12:6 14 
 
 " 13:4 32 
 
 7 23 
 
 10 58 
 
 11 79 
 
 12 38 
 
 17 27 
 
 18 109 
 
 " 14:1,2,4 79 
 
 118 
 
 8 62 
 
 6,19 36 
 
 15:7 27 
 
 " 16:4 14 
 
 8,9,10 58 
 
 12 58 
 
 17:5 109 
 
 6 Ill 
 
 10 95 
 
 " 18:5 109,58 
 
 " 19:4 19 
 
 13 109 
 
 17 27 
 
 " 21:1 58 
 
 11 84 
 
 " 22:2 36 
 
 4 32 
 
 13 88 
 
 14 136,142 
 
 18 22 
 
 21 95 
 
 " 23:1 58,68,107 
 
 2 114 
 
 4 58,118,125 
 
 7 41 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Isa. 23:8 38 
 
 13 114 
 
 14 58 
 
 " 24:4 58 
 
 6 73 
 
 12 23,58 
 
 " 25:3 114 
 
 8 58 
 
 9 45 
 
 " 26:11 60 
 
 14 118 
 
 19 109 
 
 27:4 41 
 
 6 22 
 
 9 129 
 
 10 79 
 
 16 129 
 
 " 28:8- 118 
 
 9 32 
 
 16 22 
 
 17b 109 
 
 19 136 
 
 24 23 
 
 29:1 132 
 
 13 129 
 
 15 103 
 
 21 22 
 
 30:6 45 
 
 11 114 
 
 20 26,114 
 
 23 95 
 
 24 109 
 
 " 31:2 73 
 
 4 62 
 
 5 16 
 
 6 132 
 
 32:6 62 
 
 12 84 
 
 16 94 
 
 33:6 27 
 
 14 64 
 
 " 34:2 58 
 
 " 35:2 32 
 
 36:9 36 
 
 " 37:2 26 
 
 4 132 
 
 6 96 
 
 " 38:15,16 136 
 
 40:8 56 
 
 12 81 
 
 14 73 
 
 20 62 
 
 23 56 
 
 29 45 
 
 30 64 
 
 31 22,62 
 
 " 41:11 81 
 
 15 32,81 
 
 17 84 
 
 22 68,81 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Isa. 41:23 C8 
 
 24 45 
 
 26 68 
 
 29 27 
 
 " 42:3 27 
 
 6 81 
 
 13 22 
 
 14 81 
 
 20 88 
 
 21,23 81 
 
 22 19 
 
 " * 24 45 
 
 " 43:2 136 
 
 17 60 
 
 20 58 
 
 21 45,132 
 
 44:15 79 
 
 21 41 
 
 45:4 60 
 
 " 46ftf 58 
 
 2 32 
 
 " 47:1 103,129 
 
 •9 92 
 
 " 48:20,21 73 
 
 49:15 64,118 
 
 18 22 
 
 20 19 
 
 21 27,129 
 
 51:2 60 
 
 2b,12 73 
 
 22 27 
 
 " 52:14 118 
 
 " 53:3 36,32 
 
 4 129,27 
 
 " 54:1 45 
 
 5 19 
 
 15 43 
 
 " 55:2 132 
 
 9 56 
 
 13 62 
 
 " 57:19 129 
 
 20 103 
 
 59:4 88 
 
 60:1 58 
 
 5 114 
 
 6 94 
 
 ' 9,11 129 
 
 14 98 
 
 17 95 
 
 " 62:1b 62 
 
 " 63:19b 123 
 
 " 65:1 45 
 
 " 66:8 47 
 
 Jer. 1:5 136 
 
 2:2 88 
 
 8 45 
 
 8,11 132 
 
 11a 50 
 
 16 98 
 
 20 125 
 
172 
 
 IIEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 FAGE. 
 
 Jer. 2:21 95 
 
 23 142 
 
 26 58 
 
 27 129 
 
 31 Ill 
 
 3:3 103 
 
 15 95 
 
 4:14 114 
 
 5:7 118,121 
 
 6:4 62 
 
 6 14 
 
 19 73 
 
 7:4 26 
 
 9 125 
 
 10 92 
 
 13 88 
 
 16,17 118 
 
 18 16 
 
 19 41,47 
 
 32 118 
 
 8:1 36 
 
 5 114 
 
 16 '36 
 
 9:1 41 
 
 3 47 
 
 4 103 
 
 14 Ill 
 
 19 109 
 
 10:4 114 
 
 6,7 118 
 
 10 26 
 
 12:4 .114 
 
 13 19 
 
 13:1,2 22 
 
 7 118 
 
 16 107 
 
 21 136 
 
 26 58 
 
 27 27 
 
 14:17 96 
 
 15:4 132 
 
 7 125 
 
 15 38,130 
 
 16:11 41 
 
 17:10 92 
 
 14 125 
 
 18:4,8 112 
 
 7 136 
 
 19:12 92 
 
 20:9 79 
 
 11 96 
 
 17 36 
 
 22:10 88 
 
 12 32 
 
 19 101 
 
 24 123 
 
 30 103 
 
 23:6 96,114 
 
 14 118 
 
 17 129 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ler. 24:2 
 
 64 
 
 " 25:14 
 
 41 
 
 " 15 
 
 26 
 
 " 38 
 
 58 
 
 " 26:18 
 
 98 
 
 " 27:8 
 
 Ill 
 
 18 
 
 118 
 
 28:2 
 
 58 
 
 30:14 
 
 96 
 
 " 14,19 
 
 96 
 
 " 31:14 
 
 58 
 
 19 
 
 121 
 
 21 
 
 125 
 
 " 32:19 
 
 45 
 
 " 33:25,26 
 
 142 
 
 
 
 " 35:14 
 
 101 
 
 36:9 
 
 136 
 
 37:9 
 
 47 
 
 13 
 
 129 
 
 " 38:5 
 
 118 
 
 41:6 
 
 129 
 
 43:2 
 
 129 
 
 " 44:3 
 
 132 
 
 18 
 
 136 
 
 27 
 
 114 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 46:9 
 
 o> 
 
 14-16 
 
 58 
 
 48:36,41 
 
 32 
 
 " 49:9b 
 
 142 
 
 12 
 
 Ill 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 136 
 
 14 
 
 132 
 
 4:1,2 
 
 122 
 
 14 
 
 103 
 
 Ezek. 1:1 
 
 32 
 
 9:7 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 " 11:6 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 " 13:3 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 118 
 
 6,8 
 
 81 
 
 " 14:33 
 
 101 
 
 " 15:3 
 
 47 
 
 " 16:37 
 
 26 
 
 " 18:23 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 Ill 
 
 " 24:6 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 " 26:7 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 " 27:6 
 
 31 
 
 " 28:3,7 
 
 38 
 
 " 29:2 
 
 32 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ezek.29:7 79 
 
 " 31:3,10 36 
 
 " 32:10 31 
 
 " 33:9 113 
 
 " 34:3 47 
 
 " 37:3 81 
 
 " 40:1 136 
 
 36 5Q 
 
 " 41:3,8,13,15 81 
 
 " 43:17 17 
 
 19-27 107 
 
 " 44:3 101 
 
 " 47:10 36 
 
 Dan. 1:3-5 136 
 
 8:3,13 23 
 
 15 41 
 
 9:5 88 
 
 24 14 
 
 Hos. 1:2 32,45 
 
 6 103 
 
 2:1 64 
 
 8 84 
 
 11 103 
 
 3:1 32 
 
 4:2 88 
 
 8 114 
 
 11 62 
 
 14 62,111 
 
 17 36 
 
 5:15 136 
 
 " 7:5 36 
 
 11 129 
 
 12 136 
 
 8:7 118 
 
 9 41 
 
 14 79 
 
 9:9 103 
 
 13 92 
 
 14 114 
 
 " 10:4 96 
 
 9 122 
 
 12 136 
 
 14 79 
 
 " 11:5 122 
 
 6 79 
 
 " 12:12 142 
 
 " 14:4 45 
 
 Joel 1:2 122 
 
 6 129 
 
 8 36 
 
 14 22 
 
 " 2:5 33 
 
 10 58 
 
 20,21 103 
 
 23 73 
 
 3:2 43 
 
 4:14 19,26 
 
 15 58 
 
 Amos 2:13 41 
 
 " 3:3-6 122 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 173 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Amos 3:7 143 
 
 10 16 
 
 " 4:2 79 
 
 5 125 
 
 » 5:2 32,58 
 
 4,6 142 
 
 4,*i,14 125 
 
 18 123 
 
 " 6:2 38 
 
 10 118 
 
 11 95 
 
 " 7:2,4b 81 
 
 4 130 
 
 12 41,111 
 
 " 8:4 92 
 
 11 79 
 
 " 9:8 88 
 
 Obad. 1:10 32 
 
 Jon. 1:6 122 
 
 8 43 
 
 " 2:1 14 
 
 " 4:2 103 
 
 6 96 
 
 " 8 136 
 
 Mic. 1:8 68 
 
 " 9,12,16 58 
 
 13 114 
 
 2:1 123 
 
 3 '..98 
 
 4,8 107 
 
 8 36 
 
 13 73 
 
 8:4. 43 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Mic. 3:9 84 
 
 12 98 
 
 4:9 22 
 
 5:4 43 
 
 6:1 101 
 
 8 93 
 
 13 103 
 
 7:1 129 
 
 2 95 
 
 3 Ill 
 
 8,10 14 
 
 Nah. 1:4,5 73 
 
 " 8 98 
 
 12 129 
 
 14 107 
 
 2:5 14 
 
 Hab. 1:4 23 
 
 " 6 132 
 
 " 2:4 135 
 
 6 45 
 
 13 79 
 
 15 139 
 
 19 47 
 
 3:1 36 
 
 44 5,16,19 73 
 
 3,7 60 
 
 " 9 63,98 
 
 " 17,18 68 
 
 Zeph. 1:11 58 
 
 2:2 118 
 
 12 107 
 
 3:9 98 
 
 44 19 14 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Hag. 1:4 41,111,129 
 
 6 107 
 
 2:3 107 
 
 16 114 
 
 Zech. 1:3 96 
 
 13 20 
 
 14,15 96 
 
 3:1 22 
 
 4 88 
 
 5,8 22 
 
 9 19 
 
 6:5 43 
 
 10 16 
 
 6:13 107 
 
 14 114 
 
 7:3 43 
 
 5 41 
 
 8:15 103 
 
 19 22 
 
 20 36 
 
 9:5 58 
 
 " 10:6 135 
 
 " 11:2 58 
 
 12 50 
 
 44 12:10 88 
 
 " 13:8 50 
 
 44 14:4 38 
 
 15 23 
 
 Mai. 1:2 73 
 
 7 43,129 
 
 11 125 
 
 2:5 ...22 
 
INDEX OF HEBREW WORDS. 
 
 [The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 IN..'. 
 TK.... 
 
 im 
 
 KTK-nX. 
 
 42.2. R.(b) 
 
 . . 40. 4. b. R. (e) 
 ..11. 2. d. R.(fc) 
 
 43. 1. b. 
 
 ..25. I.e. R. (/) 
 ..25. I.e. R. (/) 
 
 20.1.b. 
 
 ...20.1. b.R.(e) 
 .24. R. (I)R.(7>) 
 ..25. 1. c. R. (f) 
 30.3. 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 .15. 1. R. (a) 
 , 34.3. 
 
 .... 5.3. 
 ..14.2. a. 
 ....15.1. 
 
 *rnK. ..—.... 
 
 nD^-m'nss!. 
 -inx '.. 
 
 -\nx 
 
 nnx 
 
 \3 nru? 
 
 'K. 
 
 'N 
 
 nr- , K 
 
 nS'x 
 
 ?« 
 
 W- 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ...8. 4. c. R.(e) 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ....30. 1. R.(a) 
 
 34.3. 
 
 47.5. f. 
 
 47.5. f. 
 
 47.5. f. 
 
 12. 2. f. 
 
 12. 2. f. 
 
 42. 5. c. 
 
 42. 6. c. 
 
 .22. 3. d. R. (d) 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 ...6.1. e. R. (e) 
 
 37.5. d. 
 
 41. 2. f. 
 
 41.3. 
 
 PK... 
 
 "IP*-- 
 
 41.6. 
 
 ...41. 2. c. 
 ....8. 2. d. 
 ...41. 4. b. 
 ...41. 5. b. 
 ...45. 2. e. 
 ...41. 4. b. 
 
 tr« }"« 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 I?"** 
 
 8. 3. e. 
 
 " 
 
 ....15. 3. R. (d) 
 
 " 
 
 ....37.2. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 41. 7. 
 
 " 
 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 " 
 
 14. 2. b. 
 
 ETK— t^K... 
 
 ibDx'n Son 
 
 w...: : 
 
 14. 2. f. 
 
 ....28.5. R. (c) 
 . . . .28. 5. R. (c) 
 ....30.1. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 33. R. (b) 
 
 " 
 
 .41. 1. b. R.(b) 
 
 h*z'.'.'.:'.''. 
 
 ..41. 1. c. R. (c) 
 8.2.d. 
 
 " 
 
 ..8. 2. d. R. (/) 
 
 " 
 
 .23. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 " 
 
 41.1. 
 
 " 
 
 41. 1. b. 
 
 " 
 
 41.1. c. 
 
 " 
 
 41.2. 
 
 13T....bN.. 
 
 47. 4. e. 
 
 14. 2. d. 
 
 nSx 
 
 ..4. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 f^K 
 
 ....15. 3. R.(d) 
 15. 6. 
 
 csSs* 
 
 15.0. 
 
 DX 
 
 ..42. 4. b. R. (c) 
 
 " 
 
 .48. 1. b. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 .48. 1. e. R. (/) 
 
 " 
 
 ..48.1. f. R. (0) 
 
 " 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 " 
 
 42.4. 
 
 " 
 
 43. 3. b. 
 
 " 
 
 48. 1. b. 
 
 " ... 
 
 48. 9. a. 
 
 DX..DX 
 
 ..48. 9. c. R. (v) 
 
 nn« db.... 
 
 .48. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 r\m 
 
 vti DK 
 
 ....15. 3. R. (d) 
 48. 1. b. 
 
 » 
 
 48. 9. a. 
 
 
 33. R. (a) 
 
 . 2. 2. e. R. (i) 
 . ... 44. 1. R. (c) 
 .44. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 41. 2. f. 
 
 34.2. 
 
 41. 2. b. 
 
 46. 
 
 .46. 3. c. R. Qi) 
 46.1. 
 
 " 
 
 46.2. 
 
 " 
 
 9. 5. R. (6) 
 
 " 
 
 13. 
 
 " 
 
 13.2. 
 
 " 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 " 
 
 47.1. a. 
 
 " 
 
 47. 3. a. 
 
 " 
 
 47.4. a. 
 
 " 
 
 47. 4. b. 
 
 nni«..."»ty'N. 
 
 13.1. 
 
 ■h ..-i&k 
 
 13.1. 
 
 $7 1#K 
 
 47. 4. c. 
 
 0'& ID'N . 
 
 13.1. 
 
 r.N 
 
 .28. 2. a. R. (/) 
 
 " 
 
 ..29.2. a.R.(d) 
 
 " 
 
 34.1. 
 
 
 ....34.1. R. (b) 
 
 » 
 
 ....34.8. R. Ql) 
 
 " 
 
 ...34.10. R. (k) 
 
 " 
 
 46. 3. b. 
 
 ii 
 
 7. 5. 
 
 
 ...9.1. a. R. (a) 
 
 " 
 
 11. 2. a. 
 
 
 11. 2. b. 
 
 
 ..11. 2. b. R. (i) 
 
 " 
 
 
 ~\va. nK-... 
 
 .46. 3. b. R. (/) 
 
 njnn m... 
 
 . . . .29. 1. R. (a) 
 
 2 
 
 ..29. I.e. R. (b) 
 
 
 ....30.1. R. (a) 
 
 » 
 
 ....30.5. R. (c) 
 
 " 
 
 33. R. (b) 
 
HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 175 
 
 3 33. 2. R.(e) 
 
 " 9.2.b.R.(fe) 
 
 » 10.4.b. 
 
 " 47.5. c. 
 
 "IK? 5*3 46. 3. c. R. (fif) 
 
 il.rr. 8.2.<3. 
 
 Kf3 30.4. 
 
 n^3 33. R. (a) 
 
 Q-it33 20.1.b. 
 
 "'' : .25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 " 47. 5. d. 
 
 '3 (with'j'-W 43. l.b. 
 
 Sa T .....25. 1. c. R.(/) 
 
 " 41. 2. e. 
 
 " 47.4. c. 
 
 $63 41. 4. c. 
 
 "' 41.5. c. 
 
 "S3 41. 2. b. R. (e) 
 
 " : 41.2. e. 
 
 " 41. 6. 
 
 " 8.2. d. 
 
 " 41.2. d. 
 
 " 41.5.d. 
 
 " 45. 2.e. 
 
 "phi 41.R.(g) 
 
 "' 41.2. b.R. (e) 
 
 " 41.2.d. 
 
 " 8.2.d. 
 
 " 41.4.a. 
 
 " 41. 5.c. 
 
 " 45. 2. e. 
 
 nn-ni ^033 rnprss... 
 
 TT '..' 4.3. d. R.(6) 
 
 j3 8.3. e. 
 
 HJ3 31.6. R. (c) 
 
 {fT"'?? 2.2. c. R.(/) 
 
 -io;:i.' 22. 4. c. 
 
 " ' 47. 4. b. 
 
 S;i2 40.4. b. R.(e) 
 
 "' 8.3.e. 
 
 "i£y3 30. 5. 
 
 ni.' 8.3.e. 
 
 " 15.4.R.(e) 
 
 SlJ 8. 3. a. 
 
 1U 30.4. 
 
 Ipbl 4. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 Dl- 28. 3. a. R. (e) 
 
 " 44.1.R.(c) 
 
 Spj 30.5. 
 
 H";J 15,4.R.(e) 
 
 "IIPI 8.2.c.R.(e) 
 
 ' V 37.2. R. (a) 
 
 " 14.2.b. 
 
 HD "13"7 12.2.e.R.(/) 
 
 H*.... ' 8.2.b. 
 
 njH 4. 1. b. R. (c) 
 
 H.." 42.2.R.(b) 
 
 H 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 "' 42.2. 
 
 " 42.2. R.(b) 
 
 " 42. 4. a. R.(d) 
 
 " 42. 4. b. 
 
 71_ 8.1.R.(o) 
 
 " T 23.R.(d) 
 
 " 23.2,R.(n) 
 
 " 33.1.a.R.(c> 
 
 " 33. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 n«n 4. 3. d. R. (b) 
 
 n^SjH 4. 1. a. R. (a) 
 
 pnn 28.2. b.R. (a) 
 
 xinn 39.6. 
 
 Wn 12.1. b.R. (a) 
 
 " 12. 1. e. R.(c) 
 
 " 37.5. b. R.(e) 
 
 " 39.6. 
 
 " 42.5.a. 
 
 " ... 7.6. 
 
 'in 43. l.b. 
 
 rvn 37.5. c. 
 
 "* 38.2.C. R.(/) 
 
 Wn 41.5. e. 
 
 OrT 42.3.R.(c) 
 
 \D7\ 28. 2. b. R. (g) 
 
 $6n 25.i.c.r.(/) 
 
 " ' 42.3. 
 
 IjSn 28. 3. d. R. (h) 
 
 " T 30. 4. 
 
 f?T\ 28. 3. d. 
 
 |n. T . 25.1. c.R.(/) 
 
 WT} 27. 2. c. R. (k) 
 
 '"'" 37.5. d. 
 
 " 45. 3. b.R. (d) 
 
 " 48. 1. b. R. (b) 
 
 " 48.1.b. 
 
 " 48.8.C. 
 
 2~\y_T\ 28. 2. b.R. (g) 
 
 1\3T\ 37. R. (g) 
 
 tfSiJn 28.2.b.R.(ff) 
 
 ErSan 4.3. d. r. w 
 
 n3in 28. 2. b. R. (g) 
 
 prnn 28. 2. b.R. (a) 
 
 nitfn 28. 2. b. R. (g) 
 
 )...'. 22. 4. a R. (/) 
 
 " 24. 4. 
 
 "\ ... 34.10. 
 
 " 36.1. 
 
 " 44.1. 
 
 " 44. l.a. 
 
 '* 44.2. 
 
 1 44. 2. a. 
 
 " 44. 2. b. 
 
 " ...44.2.C. 
 
 " 44.3. 
 
 " 44.4. 
 
 " 45.2. 
 
 DK1 42. 4. a. 
 
 3"ipXl 24.1.c.R.(e) 
 
 rvrn 25.4. 
 
 "' 25.4.a. 
 
 " 45.3.a. 
 
 H3ni 24.4. 
 
 •1....' 24. R. (b) 
 
 " 24.R.(c) 
 
 " 26.1. 
 
 INTl 24.1. c. R.(e) 
 
 VT). 24.4. 
 
 "' 25.4. 
 
 " 45.3. a. 
 
 Knp;i 25. R. (2) 
 
 *np:i 24. 
 
 SODl 24. 
 
 lt 25. 
 
 3KT 2. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 nN'T 38. 2. c. R. (/) 
 
 HT 12. l.b. R. (a) 
 
 " 12. l.d. 
 
 " 12. I.e. 
 
 " 13.4.a. 
 
 " 34.2. 
 
 " 42.5.a. 
 
 " 46. 
 
 IT 46. 
 
 nr-ni 14.2. f. 
 
 V^IT 41. R.(ff) 
 
 li"3T 28. 5. R. (c) 
 
 nsrri "iidt 28.5. r.(c) 
 
 3JT. ' 2.2.c.R.(t) 
 
 -tin 30. 3. 
 
 Erin 15. 8. c. r. (a) 
 
 "n 43. 2. b. 
 
 nVSn. 43.2. c. 
 
 D\non 3.5. c r. (h) 
 
 D|n 33. R. (a) 
 
 3 Yiqn 9. 2. b. r. cw 
 
 HTp'n 2. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 -ion...' 30.2. 
 
 Tfjj 15. 9. c. 
 
 31C3 8. 3. a. 
 
 rwo 30.3. 
 
 D"ltt 20. l.b. 
 
 "'" 20.1. b. R. (e) 
 
 " 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 " 41.2.a. 
 
176 
 
 HEBREW SYNTAX 
 
 Diq 
 
 pfr'jr 
 
 t....'. 
 
 pp»n t.... 
 nVr 
 
 dv. !.'....'...' 
 
 rur 
 
 nrv 
 
 p?': 
 
 xr 
 
 D1JT 
 
 SbjT 
 
 tfv". 
 
 47. 5. (d) 
 
 .25. 2. a. R. (a) 
 
 15. 9. b. 
 
 ...8.3. a. R. («) 
 
 15. 9. c. 
 
 ..8. 1. a. R. (c) 
 ....15.3. R. (d) 
 .15. 8. c. R. (g) 
 ..2. 2. a. R. (a) 
 .11. 2. d. R. (k) 
 ..8. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 30. 4. 
 
 .24. 1. a. R. (d) 
 
 23. R. (h) 
 
 ..6. I.e. R. (e) 
 8.2.d. 
 
 3#; 
 
 tmhvr 
 
 ]&■•'- 
 
 pan nx |pi 
 
 yafer nisnv- 
 
 3.7. ..... 
 
 1#K3 
 
 n.T3. 
 'i. T .. 
 
 .37. 5. d. 
 ..30.4. 
 
 .25. 2. a. R. (a) 
 ,24. 1. a. R. (d) 
 \37.2.a. R.(b) 
 \ . .36. 2. R. (c) 
 ...33.2. R. (e) 
 . ......47.5. c. 
 
 25. 1. c. R.(/) 
 .46. 3. c. R. (of) 
 
 ..47.5. b. 
 
 11. 2. e. 
 
 19. 2. c. 
 
 25. I.e. R. (/) 
 .44.1. a. R. (d) 
 47.1. a. 
 
 IK'S.. 
 DX \3. 
 
 nx">J '3. 
 
 nnj; o.. 
 
 S3.'. 
 
 47.1. b. 
 
 47.3. a. 
 
 47.3. c. 
 
 47.4. a. 
 
 47. 5. a. 
 
 48. I.e. 
 
 . .48. 1. e. R. (e) 
 .48. 1. e. R. (/) 
 
 48. 2. d. 
 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 44. La. R. (d) 
 
 48. l.f. 
 
 ..48.1.f. R.(fif) 
 
 48. 9. c. 
 
 ....19. 3. R. (b) 
 
 48. 2. d. 
 
 ....48. 7. R. (r) 
 ....15.4. R. (e) 
 5.1. a. 
 
 S. 1. e. R. (c) 
 
 8.2. b. 
 
 I. 2. a. R. (a) 
 14. 2. a. 
 
 bb 14. 2. b. 
 
 " 34.3. 
 
 " 37.2. R.(n) 
 
 " 40. 5. a. 
 
 " 41.7. 
 
 " 41.7.R.(?i) 
 
 *6 DIN-b^ 14.2. d. 
 
 3 l 73.. T .. T .... T ....2. 2. a. R. (o) 
 
 71)33 42. 6. b. 
 
 ajr02 25.1.C. R. (/) 
 
 |3..' 14. 2. e. 
 
 HD3 30.3. 
 
 flQ3 15.3. R.(d) 
 
 "13 15. 4. R. (e) 
 
 h 5.1. R.(a) 
 
 " 9. 5. 
 
 " 13.4. b. R. (d) 
 
 " 15. 9. a. 
 
 " 27. 1. b. R. (d) 
 
 " 29. 2. b. R.(/) 
 
 " 29. 3. b. R.Ob) 
 
 " 29.3.4. 
 
 " 29.4.R.(d) 
 
 " 30.1.R. (a) 
 
 " 33. R.(b) 
 
 " 33. 2. R. (e) 
 
 " 34. 9. R. (i) 
 
 " 36. 3. 
 
 " 41. 4. a. 
 
 " 42. 6. a. 
 
 " 47.2. c. 
 
 " 47.3. d. 
 
 " 47. 4. b. 
 
 X'S 8.2.d. 
 
 " 8.2.d. R. (/) 
 
 " 23. 1. a. R. (fif) 
 
 " 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 " 41.1. 
 
 " ...41.1. a. 
 
 " 41. 1. a.R.fa) 
 
 " 41.1.b. R.(b) 
 
 " 41. I.e. 
 
 " 41. I.e. R.(c) 
 
 " 41.1.c.R.(d) 
 
 " 41. 2. 
 
 " 41. 2. d. 
 
 " 41.2. e. 
 
 " 41. 5. a. 
 
 " 41.7.R.(h) 
 
 " 45.1.c.R.(a) 
 
 " 45.2. e. 
 
 " 45. 3. b. R.(d) 
 
 "OT. ...*6 14. 2. d. 
 
 TVn *6 37.5. c. R. (/) 
 
 S3....XV 
 
 f]Dh s6.. 
 iox 1 ?.... 
 
 lb..: 
 
 nibs 1 ?...., 
 
 vib..:... 
 
 lY.: 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 DTinS.. 
 
 npS 
 
 fjjpS.... 
 
 ni'^S. 
 
 -iap.'.'.. 
 
 WD..... 
 
 nxo . . . 
 
 nr3=i«r?.- 
 
 D;hxp.. 
 -imp'.... 
 j;no.... 
 
 -n nip . 
 -ni "no 
 '^p. ....'. 
 no 
 
 14.2. d. 
 
 23. 1. a. R. (g) 
 
 47.3. a. 
 
 14. I.e. 
 
 33. R. (a) 
 
 29.0. 
 
 41.2. b. 
 
 47.4. c. 
 
 .29. 3. a. R. (a) 
 
 30.3. 
 
 ..38, 
 
 ...3.5. 
 
 c. R. (/) 
 c. R. (/) 
 . 43. 3. a. 
 ..43.3. b. 
 .48. I.e. 
 ..48.1. d. 
 R. (7i) 
 
 42. 5.b. 
 
 42. 5. b. 
 
 .22. 3. d. R. (d) 
 25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 22. 4. c. 
 
 25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 .29.3. a. R. (a) 
 
 47.4. b. 
 
 .29. 3.b. R. (b) 
 38. 2. c. R. (f) 
 
 47. 5. g. 
 
 ...15.6. R. (/) 
 15.6. 
 
 .12. 2. e. R. (/) 
 
 15.6. 
 
 ..40. 5. a R.(0) 
 .22. 3. d. R. (d) 
 
 42. 6. e. 
 
 .44. 4. d. R. (a) 
 .44. 4. d. R. (g) 
 
 47. 5. h. 
 
 12.2. c. 
 
 12.2. d. 
 
 12. 2.e. 
 
 R. (g) 
 12. 2. e. R. (h) 
 34.2. 
 
 .12 
 
 jrm-np. 
 yjn^np.. 
 
 inp 
 
 '0 
 
 42.5. b. 
 
 42. 5. c. 
 
 46. R. (a) 
 
 ..12.2. e. R. (g) 
 
 42. 6. e. 
 
 ..28.2. b. R. (g) 
 
 12.2. a. 
 
 .12. 2. a. R. (d) 
 
 12.2. b. 
 
 12. 2. d. 
 
BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 
 
 177 
 
 »n. 
 
 kSd.... 
 
 ft" 
 
 m*p .... 
 rnn 
 
 niji)#p 
 
 7TO.V.... 
 T\D 
 
 Stf 
 
 *)& 
 
 tfflj 
 
 13.2 
 
 . .12. 2. e. R. (y) 
 25. 1. c. R. (/ 
 34.2 
 
 42. 5. a 
 
 42. 5. 
 
 43. 3 
 
 46. R.(a 
 
 ..12. 2. e. R. (g 
 .25. 1. c. R. (/ 
 
 43. 3. o 
 
 ..43.3. c. R. (e. 
 
 10. 4. b 
 
 30. 2 
 
 f. R. (/ 
 . 5. R. (/ 
 ..10. 4. a 
 R. (/ 
 ..14.2. c 
 .33. R.(b; 
 ..41. 4. d 
 . 41. 5. e 
 41.6 
 
 .8. 3. 
 
 .10. 4. 
 
 47.2 
 
 47. 4, 
 
 .2. 2. c. R. (i 
 30. 5 
 
 ..2.1. a. R. (a. 
 .25.1. c. R. (f. 
 
 42.6. a, 
 
 ....30.2. R. (b 
 ....30.2. R. (b. 
 
 n?sj.. 
 ohm.. 
 
 ..8. 2. c. R. (d 
 
 14.1 
 
 ...15.3. R. (d 
 
 ..8. 2. c. R. (d 
 ..8.2. c. R. (d) 
 ..2.1. a. R. (a) 
 
 ptfj 30. 1. R. (a) 
 
 |riJ T 31.6. R. (c) 
 
 33D 37.R.(g) 
 
 iyj 42. 6. a. 
 
 "" 47.5. e. 
 
 " 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 DK 1# 47.5. e. 
 
 PUK Tj> 19.4. R. (d) 
 
 "IPX -IJ/ 25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 ' " 47.5.e. 
 
 H"Ji» 30.3. 
 
 *2~\y_ 47. 5. e. 
 
 'no "ij/ w. 4. r. (d) 
 
 naj? 30.3. 
 
 SjBjf 30.3. 
 
 -ibj; 30.3. 
 
 nop rr^.......4o. 3. r. (o 
 
 *it$p7# 46. 3. c. R. (0) 
 
 nSy 30. 2. R. (b) 
 
 n:y 30.5. 
 
 DVj; 8. 2.c. 
 
 " J '~ 14. I.e. 
 
 3DJ7 2.2. c. R. (i) 
 
 3pj; 25.1. c. R. (/) 
 
 3Tjf. 30.5. 
 
 eiijj 2. 2. c. R. (i) 
 
 ntby 31.6. R. (c) 
 
 nfl\jJ! in© n'^ 
 
 ' 27. 1. b. R. (e) 
 
 ns 2.2.C.R.W 
 
 }3''. 25.1.c.R.(/) 
 
 " 47.4. c. 
 
 D'JD 8.2.C. 
 
 " " 14.1. c. 
 
 D^3 15. 9. b. 
 
 p3 30.2. 
 
 0#3 30.3. 
 
 DXH3 33. R. (a) 
 
 1KW 2.2.C. R.(i) 
 
 H3V 30.3. 
 
 Tfp 8.2. c. R. (c) 
 
 " 8.2.C. 
 
 " 40. 5.b. 
 
 |bp T 8. 3. a. 
 
 *Op 30.1.R.(a) 
 
 «O0 Wlp 36. 2. R. (c) 
 
 3}b ' 14. I.e. 
 
 2^" 8.2.b. 
 
 SjT 15. 9. b. 
 
 Txn 30.2. 
 
 uW. 4. l.b.R(d) 
 
 3 ,_ \ 30.5. 
 
 jn 8. 3. a. 
 
 tf'K— JH 14. 2. f. 
 
 ■VJ. 25. 1. c. R. (/) 
 
 him 4.1.b.R.(d) 
 
 V2V 30.2. 
 
 Hb! 4.1. b. R. (d) 
 
 *JVJ 4.1.b. R.(d) 
 
 nW 31.6.R.(c) 
 
 t]£3t^ 30. 2.R. (b) 
 
 O'W 31.6. R.(c) 
 
 331ff 30.4. 
 
 h'DU 30.2. 
 
 }2W 30.4. 
 
 3 }3» 9.2.b.R.(b) 
 
 bStf* 30.5. 
 
 Dt/ 46.1.d. 
 
 ni& 15.3.R.(d) 
 
 rrtKat? 3. 5. c. r. (h) 
 
 D;j]3iy 3. 5. c. r. (h) 
 
 bpy.! 15.3. R. (d) 
 
 ySttf 30.2. 
 
 "73fi 4. 1. b.R. (d) 
 
 DfWfl 4.1.b.R.(d) 
 
 H'^lfl 4. l.b. R.(d) 
 
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 By WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D. 
 
 i6mo. L,imp Cloth. 50 cts., net. 
 
 Thirty-five Lists, in Hebrew and English, of the most frequently occurring 
 words. An exercise book, for private and class use. 
 
Elements of Hebrew. 
 
 Introductory Hebrew Method. 
 
 The testimony of teachers and pupils who have made practical 
 use of these text-books is uniformly and enthusiastically in praise 
 of both the books themselves and of the system embodied in them. 
 Udpln the acquisition of the Hebrew language, more rapid and satis- 
 factory progress can be made by means of these books than by the use 
 of any others in existence. ^J^ 
 
 The publishers invite attention to the following testimony : 
 
 FROM PROFESSORS OF HEBREW. 
 
 " I like them very much. No better books, introductory to Hebrew exist." 
 — Prof. T. K. Cheyne, Oxford University, Oxford, England. 
 
 "The ' Elements ' is a book above praise. I shall be glad to recommend it 
 to my pupils ; it would save them a world of trouble." — Prof. Arthur Wright, 
 Queers College, Cambridge, Eng. 
 
 "* * An expression of the latest Hebrew scholarship, and the work of a 
 practical teacher, who knows the wants of beginners." — Prof. R. V. Foster, 
 Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn. 
 
 " I have used Professor Harper's ' Method ' and ' Elements ' two years in the 
 class-room with most gratifying results. I regard them the best text-books for 
 beginners in Hebrew." — Prof. Edward L. Curtis, McCormick Theological 
 Seminary, Chicago. 
 
 ■' I have used Dr. Harper's text-books in the class-room during the last year 
 with the most gratifying results. They are stimulating to teacher and to pupil. 
 I know of no better books for elementary drill, both for thoroughness and 
 rapidity of progress. " — Prof. R. F. Weidner, Augustana Theological Seminary, 
 Rock Island, 111. 
 
 "Dr. W. R. Harper's ' Elements of Hebrew ' and 'Method' have been used 
 in Garrett Biblical Institute during the last year, and have given very great 
 satisfaction. They will continue in use as the elementary text-books for He- 
 brew study in this institution." — Prof. M. S. Terry, Garrett Biblical Institute, 
 Evanston, 111. 
 
 "I have used Professor Harper's books for the beginning of the study of 
 Hebrew during the past three years. The system is decidedly the best I have 
 been able to find, for it tides the beginner over the initial difficulties of the 
 language more quickly than the ordinary method."— Prof. F. B. Denio, Ban- 
 gor Theological Seminary, Bangor, Me. 
 
 "Success is the best argument. What the Hebrew Summer Schools under 
 Dr. Harper have succeeded in doing, in giving the average minister and student 
 a real grasp of Hebrew, that exactly the 'Method' and 'Elements' effect in the 
 class-room. They are invaluable. What other books give a treatment so full 
 and scientific, and yet so clearly put, of Hebrew nouns, e. g. and of the vowel- 
 system? It is Davidson and Bickell and Gesenius combined. The debt in- 
 structors owe the Principal of the Institute of Hebrew has not yet been fully 
 recognized." — Prof. W. W. Lovejoy, Bef'd Episcopal Divinity School, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. 
 
AN ARAMAIC METHOD. 
 
 By CHARLES RUFUS BROWN, 
 
 Associate Prof, of Hebrew in Newton Theological Institution. 
 
 PART I. TEXT, NOTES ANT) VOCABULARY. 
 
 A Text-book for the study of the Aramaic, by a method at once 
 comparative and inductive. Commended by eminent scholars and 
 teachers. Contents : I — Genesis 1-10, The Hebrew Text and Targum 
 of Onkelos on parallel pages. II — Note of References to the Biblical 
 Aramaic. Ill — Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Genesis, ch. 3. IV — 
 Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel, Joshua, ch. 20, Isaiah ch. 6. 
 V — Targum on the Psalms, Psalm xxiv., Psalm cl. VI — Targum on 
 the Megilloth, Ruth, ch. 2. VII— Notes on the Text: Onkelos, 
 
 Genesis 1-10. Biblical Aramaic. Other Targums. VIII — Vocabulary. 
 
 i2m®. Cloth. Pp. 132. Price, $1.75, net. 
 
 PART II. GRAMMAR. 
 
 The second part of this work includes brief statements of the prin- 
 ciples of Aramaic Orthography, Etymology and Syntax. The method 
 pursued is comparative and inductive. As in Part I, a knowledge of 
 Hebrew is presupposed, and the agreements or disagreements of Ara- 
 maic therewith are carefully noted. Instead of Lringing the principles 
 for all the dialects under one head, the grammar of Onkelos is carefully 
 distinguished from that of the Biblical Aramaic, and, to some extent, 
 from that of the more corrupt Targums, and all dialectical variations 
 from Onkelos are printed in special type. For the convenience of 
 those using Harper's Elements of Hebrew, the arrangement has been 
 adapted, as far as possible, from that work. 
 
 12x110. Cloth. Pp. 96. Price, $1.00, net. 
 
 " The result of my examination is altogether favorable. We shall use it in 
 our Seminary." — Prof. Willis J. Beecher, D.D., Auburn Theological Seminary. 
 
 "It is well adapted to the purpose which the author had in view." — Prof. 
 Henry P. Smith, D. D., Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati. 
 
 "I have decided to use it in my classes." — Prof. Basil Manly, D. D., So. 
 Bapt. Tlieological Seminary, Louisville. 
 
 "A real and valuable contribution to the study of the so-called Chaldee." 
 — Prof S. Burnham, D. D., in " Hebraica." 
 
 " The 'Method' is a manual of exceptional merit, and richly deserves recog- 
 nition and success. It is just the kind of s, book we need for our Seminaries, 
 our Summer Schools and for private study." — Prof. Geo. H. Schodde. Ph.D., 
 in " Hebraica." 
 
 "Excellently adapted for purposes of instruction. A text-book of this 
 character is very useful." — The Independent, New York. 
 
"I have used Professor Harper's ' Elements' and 'Method' with the Junior 
 Classes of this Seminary during the past year. The practical test has only con- 
 firmed the favorable opinion with which the books were introduced. I have no 
 doubt that, for their purpose, they are the best works now before the public." — 
 Prof. W. G. Ballantlme, Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, O. 
 
 "I take pleasure in commending the Hebrew text-books of Professor W. R. 
 Harper. They are in my judgment practical, convenient and adequate to in- 
 troduce one to a good working acquaintance with the Hebrew language. We 
 are using them in this Seminary in the Junior Class, and propose to continue 
 to do so." — Prof, Basil Manly, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 
 Louisville Ky. 
 
 "* * 1 have found them both to stand the test of the class-room. The 
 'Elements' treats all principles thoroughly and exhaustively. The 'Method' 
 is unique and in all respects sui generis. It seems to me to leave nothing un- 
 done in helping a student to a knowledge of the Hebrew. It is a vast improve- 
 ment on the old methods. The typography of both books cannot be excelled" — 
 Prof Chas. H. Corey, Richmond Theological Seminary, Richmond, Va. 
 
 " I have used Dr. Harper's Hebrew ' Elements ' and ' Method ' for one year. 
 The results in the class-room have been not only exceedingly gratifying, but 
 more satisfactory both as to amount and thoroughness than in preceding years. 
 I not only expect to continue the use of the 'Elements' and 'Method,' but hope 
 foi them that which they richly deserve — a constantly increasing demand and 
 usefulness.''' — Prof J. G. Lansing, Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N.J. 
 
 " * * They are clearly written, so that no one can misunderstand what the 
 authoi means to say. They are beautifully printed, so as to be in themselves 
 attractive as mere works of art. The ' Method ' is full, easy and progressive ; 
 and, above all, is liked and enjoyed by the students ; while the matter of the 
 'Elements' is well chosen both as to quantity and quality, and is paragraphed 
 and arranged in such matchless order as to make it most ready of acquisition 
 and convenient for reference. " — Prof. R. D. Wilson, Western Theological Semi- 
 nary, Allegheny, Pa. 
 
 " * * Actual trial of these exponents of the inductive method has convinced 
 me that they are the best text-books of elementary Hebrew that have yet ap- 
 peared. The author has not only adopted the surest method of mastering the 
 phenomena of the language, but he has also done for beginners what Bickell 
 and others had done for more advanced students : he has led them back of the 
 mere surface facts to the controlling principles, and encouraged that kind of 
 analytical study which makes Hebrew a permanent acquisition. These two 
 books are simply indispensable in my class room. " — Prof. W. VV. Moore, Union 
 Theological Seminary, Hampden Sidney, Va. 
 
 " It affords me pleasure to say, after a year's trial of Dr. Harper's Hebrew 
 text-books in the class-room, that they have given entire satisfaction. Of the 
 fifteen years during which I have taught Hebrew, this has been in all respects 
 the most pleasant and satisfactory, and I cannot but attribute the fact to the 
 use of Harper's method of teaching the language. As a consequence of its 
 introduction, the students have exhibited unwonted enthusiasm, and found 
 great delight in the pursuit of what is commonly regarded as a very dreary 
 study." — Prof. F. A. Gast, Theol. SerrCy of the Reformed Church, Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 " I have used Prof essor Harper's books with my classes for the past three 
 years, and am convinced that, for thoroughness and perspicuity of statement, 
 for simplicity of analysis, and for economy of time, both in and out of the 
 class-room, they afford just the aid which a teacher desires from the use of 
 text-books. By systematic arrangement and appropriate reiteration they facil- 
 itate an accurate and rapid acquaintance with the Hebrew language, while, in 
 the hands of an independent teacher, thoy may be so used as constantly to 
 stimulate the pupil's curiosity and power of discovery, and thus greatly to 
 promote his interest, in the introductory stages of his study." — Prof. Chas. Rufus 
 Brown, Newton Theol, Institution, Newton Centre, Mass. 
 
FROM THE PRESS. 
 
 "* * A peculiar merit of the 'Elements' is that, although elementary, 
 the book is not superficial but philosophical." — Ihe Congregationalist, Boston. 
 
 " The whole grammar aims to lead the student not only into a practical 
 knowledge of the language, but also into a rational explanation of its phe- 
 nomena." — New York Independent. 
 
 "* * B.emarkably full and precise, and appears well designed to train the 
 learner in a sound philological method, and to lead him on gradually until he 
 acquires a firm grasp of the principles of the language." — Prof. S. R. Driver, 
 in Contemporary Review. 
 
 "* * So logically and self-consistently arranged that the student who 
 goes faithfully through the lessons will, by a very natural process, come into 
 possession of all the fundamental facts and principles of the Hebrew language. 
 We are of opinion that for the beginner in the study of Hebrew no better text- 
 books can be had. " — Northivestern Christian Advocate. 
 
 "* * In this way the labor of acquiring the language becomes compara- 
 tively light and is always pleasant. * * Any one of moderate capacity can 
 acquire from Dr. Harper's books a good working knowledge of Hebrew with- 
 out a teacher. * * The arrangement throughout is clear, and the statement 
 of principles concise and accurate. * * Will contribute much to the advance- 
 ment of Hebrew learning." — Reformed Quarterly Review. 
 
 "The plan of the book ( ' Method' ) is admirable. In arrangement it is nat- 
 ural, simple and scientific. It comes nearer to being a satisfactory text-book 
 for teaching Hebrew to beginners than probably any other that has ever been 
 published. * * Every teacher must welcome this book (' Elements ') as the 
 best published aid to his teaching. There is certainly no other grammar of 
 Hebrew so well adapted to the work of the class room as is this. " — Prof. Bernard 
 C. Taylor, in Baptist Quarterly Review. 
 
 " * * The ' Method ' puts the learner at once face to face with the language 
 in concrete and connected form, and teaches him to derive its facts and princi- 
 
 £les from actual observation. * * The 'Notes,' 'Observations,' 'Grammar- 
 essons,' etc., are distributed with great judgment and clear understanding, 
 born of experience, of what students need. * * His plea for historical explan- 
 ations of linguistic facts, as not only not foreign to an elementary treatment, 
 but essential to its intelligent pursuit, is thoroughly sound, and the conven- 
 ience, as well as accuracy of this course is amply illustrated in the ' Elements.'" 
 — Prof. Francis Brown, in Presbyterian Review. 
 
 » * * Two works which seem destined to supersede all the other introduc- 
 tory manuals now in use in our theological seminaries. * * A rigidly scientific 
 and consecutive presentation of the elements of Hebrew grammar. * * A 
 unique contrivance of lessons, exercises, vocabularies and explanations, de- 
 signed to introduce the learner to the grammar and to the Bible. * * The 
 combination of an unprecedented amount of help to the begimier with the 
 scientific rigor of a Bickell. Everything is made as lucid as skillful explana- 
 tion can make it, but nothing is passed over superficially. * Works which show 
 upon every page the evidence of conscientious use of the latest authorities upon 
 the Hebrew language, directed by a natural genius for teaching."— Bibliotheca 
 Sacra. 
 
" Your most valuable Assyrian Manual. * * "Will undoubtedly find a 
 ready sale in all English-speaking countries. I wish your book every success." 
 — T. G.'Pinches, Dep't of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, 
 London. 
 
 " An extremely useful and practical book, just as complete as is needed f of 
 beginners, and sufficiently clear, however succinct it be. * * You have ren- 
 dered a great service to the study of Assyrian. " — Prof. C. P. Tiele, University 
 of Leyden. 
 
 " Your Assyrian Manual supplies a felt need, and will be most thankfully 
 greeted on all sides. * * Your outline of grammar is carefully wrought out 
 and gives all that is important in clear, synoptical form. The glossary satisfies 
 in its form all reasonable demands." — Prof. Eberhard Schrader, University 
 of Berlin. 
 
 " Not a few will welcome this admirable manual, which has long been sought 
 in vain from a cuneiform expert. * * It is at once modest and masterly. We 
 will not say that it is unapproached as an introduction to Assyrian. Were its 
 price one half of what it is, it would be unapproachable. " — Prof. J. P. Taylor, 
 Andover^ in Andover Review. 
 
 " The best Assyrian text-book for beginners (it is indeed the first really 
 practical introductory book). For advanced classes the book of Prof. Delitzsch 
 will still be needed, even in this country ; but for elementary instruction, it will 
 doubtless be displaced here, and Dr. Lyon's book might very well be brought 
 out abroad in German and French." — Prof. C. R. Brown, Newton Theological 
 Institution, in Hebraica. 
 
 " It is altogether the most convenient and intelligible introduction that I 
 have ever seen to the Assyrian language. * * I have no doubt it will not only 
 smooth the path of those who attempt the study ; but allure many to undertake 
 it who might otherwise be deterred." — Prof. Basil Manly, Louisville, in the 
 Religious Herald. 
 
 "Prof. Lyon's Manual supplies a want very keenly felt heretofore by many 
 students in Assyriology. * * A very useful volume in every respect, and 
 exactness in philological research is noticeable upon every page of it. " — Sunday 
 School Times. 
 
 " We rejoice in it as a most skillful piece of work. * * We hope that our 
 more cultivated and enterprising young ministers, as well as some in other 
 professions, may be encouraged to undertake some elementary acquaintance, at 
 least, with the language and literature toward the acquisition of which the book 
 affords such well managed help." — The Standard, Chicago. 
 
 " The preface contains instructions for the use of the book by those who 
 have no teacher. To such persons, and to many others, this manual, the first of 
 the kind that has appeared in Assyrian, will be of very great service. * * Prof. 
 Lyon has performed his task with conscientiousness and skill." — The Nation. 
 
 " In this Manual, the author has given us, in clear and precise manner, the 
 most complete and correct grammar of the Assyrian yet published, * * The 
 author has done his work well. Every page shows signs of critical and schol- 
 arly work. He has also shown good judgment in his selection and arrange- 
 ment of the material, and in its adaptation to the wants of beginners in this 
 language. * * The notes are very full and critical, explaining most of the 
 difficult grammatical forms met with in the transliterations. * The book is sin« 
 gularly free from typographical errors and can be recommended as the best — 
 and in fact the only practical — guide to beginners in the study of Assyrian," 
 —Robert F. Harper, Ph.D., in New Englander. 
 

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