* //. ^ci Wiist, to PRINCETON, N. J. ■ I I ’ I ■ i 1 . 4 i I . • Jjfti . , ■ . - • ‘ l ' m , , < ■ - * . t ' SYRIAC GRAMMAR. (ZDamfmtrge: $rintefl at tfte ©niDersitp tfress. » THE ELEMENTS OF RIAC GRAMMA BY THE KEY. GEORGE PHILLIPS, B.D. FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEENS’ COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. THE SECOND EDITION , WITH amendments and additions. LONDON: JOHN W. PARKER, WEST STRAND. M.DCCC.XLV. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/elementsofsyriacOOphil PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The following “Elements of Syriac Grammar” are intended for the assistance of those Students in He¬ brew, who are desirous of extending their studies to the Syriac language. This object may he easily ac¬ complished, in consequence of the close affinity which exists between the two languages, both in their struc¬ ture as well as in the multitude of words which they possess in common. By bestowing therefore a small portion of time and labour on the study of Syriac, the / Hebrew scholar will he sure to obtain a moderate knowledge of the subject. It is indeed so nearly allied to Hebrew, and especially to Chaldee, that after he has read the Chaldee parts of the Bible he may at once proceed to the reading of Syriac. Such being the case, it becomes important that the student should pos¬ sess himself of the assistance which the Syriac affords him for the better understanding of Hebrew; not to mention that by it he will be brought to an acquaint¬ ance with numerous ecclesiastical documents belonging to the early and middle ages, which treat of the creed and practice of the Syrian branch of the church of h VI PREFACE. Christ in those times. The Syriac, as a dialect of the Hebrew, must always he regarded as constituting a source of valuable information for the criticism of the Hebrew Bible. By an examination of a Hebrew word as it is used in this language, essential service has been rendered in elucidating many difficult and im¬ portant passages of Holy Writ; and it has been the constant practice of commentators to have recourse to Syriac, whenever the Text of the Old Testament fails to establish satisfactorily the signification of a word. In such case every person allows that a reference to Syriac is one of the legitimate means to be employed in determining the sense of a passage; and although this language is inferior to Arabic in the extent and variety of its literature, it is nevertheless superior as regards its much more intimate connection with the original language of the Bible. But the great claim, as it appears to me, which the Syriac has on the attention of that class of per¬ sons, for whose use this book is intended, consists in the Syriac New Testament. The high antiquity of this version, and its use in the early established Syrian church, stamp an importance on it which can be assigned to no other: and if, in addition to these circumstances it be borne in mind, that the Syriac language is so nearly the same as that spoken in Palestine in the first age of Christianity, that by PREFACE. VI1 many persons it has been termed the vernacular lan¬ guage of our Lord, it must be allowed that the Syriac New Testament possesses a value inferior only to that which belongs to the original, Michaelis, who de¬ voted his great talents to the study of Syriac, and to an examination of the Syriac version, has en¬ deavoured, in his Introduction to the New Testament, to fix the period when that version was made; and after bringing forward many cogent arguments in favour of its high antiquity, has inferred that it must have existed, either at the end of the first or the beginning of the second century. This great age, and its frequent deviation from the common reading in passages of importance, must recommend the use of it to every critic; and the truth is, that it has been more used than all other sources of critical assistance together. From these remarks it will obviously appear desir¬ able that the Hebrew scholar should not rest satisfied till he has obtained a knowledge of the Syriac. To afford facility for this attainment was my great in¬ ducement in sending forth, a few years ago, these Elements of Syriac Grammar to the public; and I rejoice that the book, having been favourably received, has afforded me satisfactory proof that the publication has not entirely failed in being useful. The copies of the first impression having been sold off, I have bz Vlll PREFACE. now the pleasure of presenting a second Edition, con¬ taining many amendments and additions, which have been made for the purpose of adapting the Grammar to the somewhat more advanced state to which Syriac literature has now gradually arrived. The additions, it will he noticed, are scattered throughout the work. At the end are several pieces of Syriac, with a partial analysis subjoined to each, so that they may serve as first lessons for construing; after which the student, I doubt not, will he fully competent to commence translating the Syriac Testament with no other helps than those of his Grammar and Lexicon. In introducing these additions the plan of the Grammar has not been at all disturbed, and I think I may cite, as equally applicable to this republication of the book, the words I employed in the preface to the first Edition when speaking of the manner in which it was executed. “ I have endeavoured to be simple in the arrangement, to account for the vowel changes, and the various inflexions of words by the operation of a very few principles, and to exhibit in a concise form the general structure of the language.” CONTENTS. PAGE Introductory Observations ----- l The Alphabet - -- -- -- 6 Vowels - -- -- -- 8 Diphthongs - - - - - - -12 Properties and changes of Consonants - — Changes of the Vowels - - - - - -16 The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rukok - - - 18 Ribui - - - - i - - -28 Linea Occultans, &c. ----- 24 Marhetono and Mehagyono - - - - - 26 Other Diacritic Points - - - - 28 On the pronunciation of certain letters, &c. - - - 29 Accent - -- -- --80 Method of expressing numbers - - - - - 81 Reading Exercises ------ — ✓ NOUNS -------- 33 Gender -------34 Number --------86 States of Nouns ------ 39 Adjectives - - - - - - -51 Numerals - -- -- -- 53 PRONOUNS -------- 57 Personal Pronouns ------ — Demonstrative Pronouns - - - - - 58 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns - — X CONTENTS. PAGE Pronominal Affixes - - - - - 59 Nouns with Affixes - - - - - - 61 Example of a masc. noun with Affixes - - - — Example of a fem. noun with Affixes 65 VERBS -------- 68 Tenses, &c. of the Verbs "jooi and /u] - - - 73 X Paradigm of ^. - 78 Observations on regular Verbs 80 Verbs which have a guttural for a rad. letter - - - 84 The Present Tense, &c. ----- 85 IRREGULAR VERBS . 86 tt ft Verbs or .87 tr ... ^ ._ - 90 rt Paradigm of ^- 2 ) ------ 91 . 92 94 tt tr Verbs Q-L or « — - - - - - 96 ft ... ------- 99 tt ...S.- -— Paradigm of I>OCLO - - - - - -100 p . .104 Verbs vb..106 The Objective affixes attached to Verbs - - - 107 Paradigm of U-O - - - - - -108 Observations on Objective affixes - - - - 115 P The Verb lh. with affixes - - - - - 117 » • • « • « ... ^ CONTENTS. XI Paradigm of the Verb \v Doubly Defective Verbs Quadriliteral Verbs PARTICLES Adverbs - Prepositions - Conjunctions and Interjections - SYNTAX Syntax of Nouns Construction of Adjectives .Numerals Syntax of Pronouns ... Verbs ... Prepositions ... Particles Enallage of Persons and Number Ellipsis - APPENDIX - St John’s Gospel, Chap. n. - Analysis - Lessons for Construing PAGE - 118 121 - 122 124 125 - 126 127 - 182 134 - 135 141 - 153 154 - 155 156 - 158 164 - 167 182 ERRATA. rAGK LINK FOR n o n 0 0 READ 0 0 P P f> 10 17 q w < ]A v y\n 30 5 *0 sO 32 16 ^1° I ^-.(.Lolo X 30 21 1 } n\ 50 6 , P ,t 7 (Id (i^j X sJ O .P 7 • P * p IW->? to X O 72 15 ♦♦ .*OAJ V •• 131 0 after ( CTlt ) insert a comma. H INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. The Syriac language, a branch of the Shemetic family, was the vernacular tongue of Syria for many ages pre¬ viously to the Christian Era, and continued to he so till the period of the Mahometan invasion of the country, when Arabic being introduced as the sacred language of the conquerors, in a short time entirely superseded that which had been heretofore in use. It was also called Aramean, as the country itself had anciently the designation of Aramea or Aram probably, as is supposed from Aram the son of Shem, by whose de¬ scendants it was peopled. This name seems to have obtained in very remote times, being known to Homer, who calls the inhabitants 'Ape/moi, II. n. 783. The word is found in 2 Kings xviii. 26; Isaiah xxxvi. 11; Ezech. iv. 7, and Daniel ii. 4. The early history of the Syrians is but little known. With the exception of a few particulars, which may be gathered from Scripture, little can be said about them till the time they were carried away into the kingdom of Assyria. The country of the Syrians was for a long time subjected to the monarchs of Persia; but soon after the conquests of Alexander it got under Greek rule, and became more prominent among the nations. Seleucus, one of Alexander’s generals, after the death of his master, became governor of Babylon, and, tempted by the example of his brother generals, 1 2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. he set up for himself, when, after obtaining some vic¬ tories over Antigonus and Nicanor, he took the title of king of Babylon and Media. He continued on the throne till his death, when he was succeeded by his son and so on, the country being ruled by his family for several generations, the last of whom was Antio- chus, who began to reign B. c. 225. This monarch, possessed of great military talents and being very am¬ bitious, soon engaged in the design of extending his kingdom. Accordingly he undertook an expedition against the Parthians, whom he obliged to conclude a peace on very advantageous terms. He afterwards gained victories in Bactria and India. In the year 204 B. c. he entered into a league with Philip of Macedon against Ptolemy Epiphanes, the king of Egypt. He defeated the Egyptian general, and re¬ covered all Palestine and Ccelosyria. After this he invaded Asia Minor in the hopes of reducing it also; but the free cities had recourse to the Romans, who soon made a declaration of war against Antiochus, van¬ quished him first at Thermopylae, and afterwards so completely at Magnesia, that the issue of the battle was, that Syria became a Roman province. Such being, in a few words, the history of this country, we might infer that the language would, in the first place, partake of the Persian Idiom; that many terms and phrases would be common to both languages; and thus we find is the case. Again, for the same reason, many Greek and Latin words have crept into the Syriac, as we perceive from the Peshito version of the New Tes- INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 3 tament, but more especially from writings of a much later date, such, for instance, as the Chronicles of Bar- Hebrseus. Most of these are nouns, some Greek par¬ ticles are introduced; hut very few verbs appear to have a foreign origin. We will subjoin a few ex¬ amples of such terms, both as they appear in the Syriac and in the original. Persian X a lance. X silver. pAi) . P idol. »x ^ Q_0j.rO . covering of the head. .... rhinoceros. » P P 7 .... . prefect of the treasury. 2. Greek Words. t TV7 r09, ]mk)o4 T opus. *x o (JCU.jp 9 KCtVCOV 9 IUXd i kAcTs. 761/0?, l^aa / 7 TVpryOS. U^=i opyavoVj yap. 7.7 X CtVCtJKt /, as Se\ 3. Latin Words. O H velum , e 7 • X candela. X charta , ^ 0 X IpJpDCUD custodes. • 0 0 X palatium , . P -X 7 PO^D carruca. fA.Sn cella , jIAXoo ^..co] speculator. 1—2 i 4 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. The Arabs and Turks, from their connection with the country, have also exercised an influence over the Syriac language. The Crusades, too, were the means of getting some European words, chiefly proper names , introduced into the Syriac; thus we find ,jclo count , ]_i_, prince , marquis. IX The Syriac and Chaldee are evidently dialects of the same language, their differences being very small, consisting quite as much in the pronunciation as in grammatical inflexions and constructions. See the Preface. The former was spoken in Western Aramea, and the latter in the Eastern, viz. in the province of Babylon, between the Euphrates and the Tigris. The most ancient Syriac writings are said to be the apocryphal Letters, which Abgar the king sent to Christ, and our Lord’s answer. There are also those who think that the original of St Matthew’s and St John’s Gospels, and the Epistle to the Hebrews, were written in Syriac. See Irenaeus adv. Haer. hi. Be this as it may, there is no doubt of the very early existence of a Syriac version of this and of the other Gospels, and it is perhaps the oldest document we know of; for the letter of Abgar was most likely written long after the period to which it refers. The Syrians, like many other ancient nations, have laid claim to the invention of letters; but those who have investigated this subject, supposing the art of writing to be a mere human invention and not a divine gift, are inclined to assign the discovery either to the Egyptians or Phoenicians. From the Phoenician or INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 5 Chaldee characters, they suppose the Syriac were de¬ rived, as well as the ancient and modern Arabic. There are two sets of Syriac letters, the one being a modification of the other, or both of them having a common original. They are called the Estrangelo and Peshito; the former is found in the oldest MSS., and in many monumental inscriptions. It is written in Syriac which Asseman, in his Bibl. Orient. Tom. vi. p. 378, supposes to be the same as the Greek word (TTpoyyvXos, round; but as roundness is not a charac¬ teristic of this alphabet, J. D. Michaelis and Adler have sought out another etymology, viz. the Arab. a writing and gospel. They suppose these letters were .employed in copies of the Scriptures, whilst the more simple alphabet, because it could be written with much greater rapidity, was that which was in use for the common purposes of life. See the Appendix. The Nestorians use characters partly resembling the Estrangelo, and partly the Peshito; they occupy as it were a middle place between the two alphabets; and persons accustomed to read these, may readily make out the Nestorian. It has been very much the practice of Syrians, since Arabic became the spoken language of the country, to write it with Syriac letters. This mode of writing is called after the name of the inventor Car- shunic. §. 1. The Syrians, in common with many other Eastern nations, read from the right hand to the left, and have the same number of letters, which are all consonants, as the Hebrews. The following Table exhibits their forms , names, powers and numerical values. Forms. Names. Powers. Numerical Values. 1 Olaph ( H unaspirated ( as in humble 1 Beth L^ T> B Bh (Y) 2 % Gomal G 3 J Dolath ai; • r> 4 01 He 001 H 5 0 Yau 7 00 Y or W 6 1 Zain y Z 7 Cheth Ch 8 Tetli T 9 Yud * • Y in yes 10 D Copli 0 K or C as in care 20 Lomad • L 30 So Mim I M 40 J Nun •X V QJ N 50 £D Semkath AnVnm S 60 Ee A 70 Pe P Ph (F) 80 Tsode Ts 90 n Kuph v£)CLO K 100 • i Rish • R 200 Shin Sh 300 z Thau oil T or Th 400 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 7 All the letters except the eight ] > cn o ) ^ 5 L may be joined to the following letter of the word. The nine letters 2 j id a d j terminating a word, receive a slight additional stroke, and are written ^ 4 - *0 The five d 1 k) j i alter their figure at the end of a word, and are called finals. They retain their usual power, but assume the forms ^o, or Care must be taken to distinguish between the following letters, which have nearly the same figure, and differ chiefly in their magnitude. 1 id 5 a 1 ^ * • 1 D 5 jo J ^ ^ 2) One letter is joined to another by a small hori¬ zontal line drawn from its extremity; as, cn in oil. The exceptions to this are ? £ 5 and 2, which when joined to another letter assume the forms r £ - r and A. The following compound characters are frequently used. Olaph-Lomad 21 for 1] Lomad-Olaph Lomad-Lomad As Letters of the same organ are frequently changed for one another in the process of deriva¬ tion ; Grammarians have divided the whole Alphabet into classes according to the organ of speech by which they are enounced. 8 VOWELS. Gutturals Linguals Palatals Dentals Labials 1 1 01 4 SD O vx ^ 0 So z The consonants ] o will frequently become quies¬ cent, i.e. lose their power as consonants; as is the case with the Hebrew vn**- 2 . Vowels. It is probable that the quiescent letters ] o were used in the early stages of the language as vowels, and were the only vowels which in those times were known. The consequence was that many words were not sufficiently defined in writing, and that a vowel was often understood, and had to be supplied in speaking. To meet this defect, which existed at one period or another in the whole family of the Shemetic lan¬ guages, a system of punctuation came gradually into use. The first step taken to meet the wants of the reader was the introduction of a point, which by its position, above or below a word, indicated the proper vowel. The employment of it, however, was very par¬ tial, and its primary object, perhaps, was little more than the determining of those words which, without it, would be ambiguous. See Appendix. When this point was first brought into the written Syriac, it is now impossible to ascertain. Many Grammarians have assigned its invention to the school of Edessa; but although historical testimony on this matter is very VOWELS. 9 imperfect, we are nevertheless inclined to go back to a more remote period. It is pretty certain that it, or something equivalent to it, must have been employed in the third or fourth century, and perhaps much before that time; for Ephraim must have used some note of distinction in his comment on Gen. xxxvi. 24. viz. 7, 7, y Y . .-n n .pp, « P Y Y y-n. p p5aiA "X 7 \ 1 ) A A 0^1? A olo jacuZU? I XX A. . It is proper to observe here that we find D 7 7 \$n2> in both Testaments , and not as some un- skilful persons have thought. In this observation, Ephraim must have had some mark whereby he could distinguish from \fn ^ • and it is likely, if we had works older than those of Ephraim, we should be able to recognize a mode of distinction in them, and that mode would probably be by the point we are here speaking of. It is quite clear, however, that had this point been as extensively employed as it is capa¬ ble of being, still it would be quite inadequate for the purposes for which it was intended. The precise vowel could not be known by such a mark; and hence Grammarians set themselves to work to devise some other method of more fully defining the sense and pronunciation of words. Now the Greek language and literature were much known to the Syriac scholars of the time to which we have referred, and their atten¬ tion having been brought to the imperfect condition of their vowel system ; and, further, having been able to 10 VOWELS. observe the accuracy of the Greek, they perceived that its vowels might he advantageously engaged in the service of their own language. Two modes of repre¬ senting these said vowels were adopted about or nearly at the same time; one was by means of one or two points being placed in different positions, and the other was by writing above or below the word the Greek signs themselves, with some slight change in their forms. This system of punctuation was begun by Theophilus of Edessa, according to Asseman (see his Bibli. Orient. Tom. i. p. 64), and was advanced step by step till it was brought to its present state of per¬ fection. Theophilus died about the year 791 of our era. Vowels, by native Grammarians, are called some¬ times by one and sometimes by another of the fol- OOOO 0 p 0 0 # lowing names : A v A n vocals : letters without a word; ]Lo] motions; ) A« m sounds; po¬ sitions; Ivoqj points. The following Table exhibits their names, powers and forms : Names. Pethocho Power. a Figure. Syr. Greek. • y • Alpha 1 s= ,} Revotso e ID • •• sD Epsilon Chevotso i JD I Iota iiLQi Zekofo 0 0 ^D Omicron Ivr Etsotso u • OO QJD • ♦X QJD Upsilon. VOWELS. 11 The points of the vowel Zekofo may coalesce with the point of the letter 5, as, oii Roll-tin. x The vowel Etsotso is always accompanied with o except in the two words ^ cul , M’tul. When no vowel is expressed, then as in the Hebrew, a Sheva (or one of its substitutes) will he implied and read accordingly. Vowels may he divided into two classes: pure , i. e. those which complete their syllables: and impure , i. e. those which do not complete the syllable with¬ out the addition of a terminating consonant. Pure Vowels are When followed by a quiescent *) O or _» / as Ma-lepk. Ethekel. 'Ts u. • 0 Q _ e as K’tho-bo. • *X o -x vQCLSU Ne-puk. Impure Vowels are y m. e 7 _ 7 as in ^ cad. (SoA dda-mo. 9 9 _ -x . _Ao Men. _ . 12a i-do-tho. Final syllables are often, as in Hebrew, anoma¬ lously long, on account perhaps of the accent; as, 12 VOWELS. DIPHTHONGS. > <^ ) ? A-pin, where 1 occurs with two consonants, i so also A-»l LJL voAj] 7 ^Ajf, &c. X H " The Greek vowels are more frequently used than the others in modern books. 3. Diphthongs. There are several diphthongs made by the letters Vau and Yud, which losing their own powers coalesce with the preceding vowel and form one syllable. Vau makes four diphthongs au , eu, iu , ou. The first occurs in the beginning, middle and end of words, and is produced by the vowel v preceding o; as, au-kel , he fed , ]SooI Tsau-mo , the fast , -7N ^ ojcn ho-nau , /AAs* ««?. The second e?/, by the vowel ^ preceding a_»; as, ^cno_iAj*|, j Esh-teu, I will drink it. ** 'n 'h The third in by a chevotso preceding a_*; as, L i . Nsliad-riu 9 he will send him. % X The fourth ou is when o is preceded by another o with * x ; as, Shou-do-yo 9 promise. Yud makes two diphthongs, ai and oi: ai by ? before _>; as, A . G’laith , thou hast revealed: oi is effected by before ^; as, w*oq2 day. It is also used as the fulcrum, or, as it is technically termed, the mater lectionis of this vowel; as, 'is In foreign words Vau is frequently found to be quiescent in the vowel o ; as, sdoP eter , *cdqjo>2 'IS throne. The letters ] o when they are placed after an¬ other consonant, which is without a vowel, cannot be pronounced ; hut they are nevertheless written for the sake of orthography or etymology. In such instances these letters are said to be otiose. Olaph in the pronouns ^oAj! 7 and ^Aj] 7 , when they 14 PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. are added to participles for the sake of forming the present tense, is otiose; as, ^Aj] V -Af\ n kot-litun , “ i and Sa A kot-loten, ye slay, masc. and fem. Vau and Yud in the end of a word, when the preceding letter has no vowel, are also otiose; as, o tital, they slew, masc. tital, they slew, fem. ktid, slay thou , imper. fem. Yud is likewise otiose in the pronoun ^Aj] 7 at, thou; in certain affixes; as, . * malk, my king, ktho-heh, thy hook . And in some substantives 'is and adverbs; as, . ».\« shel, tranquillity, ^Akd, when ? 'is 'Is It is supposed by many grammarians that Yud was pronounced in ancient times, and this supposition derives support from the usage in Arabic and Hebrew; for we have which are pronounced chali and akzari; we have also in the New Testament pafifiowl, John xx. lb; ra\iOd kou/jli, Mark v. 41 ; and other similar expressions. Consonants are sometimes omitted in writing; as, end for especially in compound words; as, man for for . ] although. The 'IS / 7v' first radical ^ of Hebrew words sometimes drops off; as, ^ one, Heh. in^ * Words which have the middle radical doubled, on many occasions lose one of them; thus, and . « ^ he perceived, nest from n\ Vau and Yud fall off in nearly the same manner and in the same situations as in Hebrew, which may PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 15 be immediately observed by inspecting tbe paradigms of tbe classes of verbs beginning with these letters. Letters are sometimes added to words for the sake of euphony. Thus, Olaph is prefixed to many words beginning with Yud; as, hand for jvnVo day for IsqSo, . There are some Greek nouns, which are sometimes written with an Olaph at the beginning and sometimes •X 7 1* >x 7 p 7 -n without; as, ^coojl^l^cd] Stephen; v a_. r ^TDo stadium. Olaph prosthetic occurs also in the verbs and x as, he drunh , and he found. X T> 7 \ We have also ] •^ hero from Mill, where the Nun seems to be a compensation for the Dagesh forte in Hebrew and Chaldee. In some words of Greek origin there is a duplication of the Nun; as, .ran j m ra synod, for ^cccjJoxd . A great number of Hebrew words become Syriac words by the change of one or more of their letters. f is changed into ? as, ini T T gold. . P 7 x . 4 - ■nx rock. ’^4 w . i ... bw snow, 1 . Ol ... rn he run. 4m n . | or j ... rfci T T he revealed. sometimes into %£D ... T T Jlesh, flXLCi 3 . • 3 • - : two. is n . 4 ... nyn T T he wandered. ]i4. 16 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 5. Changes of the Vowels. Inflexions of words are in numerous cases ef¬ fected by vowels; certain vowels being selected as characteristic of different forms of the same word. The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew vowels is as follows: Pethocho (?) to Patach (-); as, mnVn . izbn Ms The vowel Revotso (f) corresponds generally to the Hebrew as, jaA^Z, TipSfi thou shall visit. - 7 \ Chevotso (x) to the Hebrew — ; as, ncnv for x Zekofo to Kamets t ; as, ^ 05 ], LHK man , he revealed. Etsotso ( x ) to Cholem, Kametschatuph, Shurek and Kibbuts; as, ]_»5 Q_o, holiness , £Hp; bs all. Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee in the same situation, when it is before cn, instead of being according to analogy without a vowel, will receive a vowel, for the most part * or v ; as, for ; v * c V 5CTLL tor 5CTLL. • • Yud observes the same rule at the beginning of a word, and takes the vowel x ; as, orphan, for The foregoing rule holds good also for the letters Olaph, Vau and Yud when they begin a syllable; the vowel in such places is remitted to the preceding letter, CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 17 if it has been previously without one; except when the Olaph, Vau or Yud is followed by two consonants in the same syllable. A full exhibition of these prin¬ ciples may be seen by looking at the irregular verbs. When two consonants come together at the begin¬ ning of a syllable, which is sometimes the case in the beginning of a word, in consequence of prefixing prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel; also in the middle of a word from inflexion ; the former consonant will receive a vowel; for the most part T"; but also ——-——; as, ]»v>.« A for ]» Vo » ^ in heaven , for )l d ^e letter , for ZZL^oZ] she was 'IS * slain , glory for This is analo¬ gous to the Hebrew, when the former of two Shevas coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is generally changed into t . Vowels are sometimes cast away: when another syllable is added to a word, the final vowel is cast away; as, Z^Q£> the feminine of he visited. But is ' it is preserved, 1st. if a letter only be added; as, 7 ,o^ thou hast visited; 2nd. if the consonant from the analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a Dagesh forte; thus people; in the definite state 3rd. the vowels ^ and o are preserved; as, . - o iJd; • \ X X Zekofo in nouns of the definite state, when it is followed by ooi is, is changed into Pethocho, so that 2 18 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. it may make a diphthong with o; as, ooi da-go- lau , lie is a liar , for ccn ]1^>; qjoi ho-nau, this is , for ocn jiai and this for ooi jjai. Transposition of vowels takes place; especially in nouns of one syllable; thus, man, definite state holiness , definite state ; many other examples will he given in the Chapter on nouns; also the prepositions and ^o?qjd with the prefix Lomad become \\A n n^\ and ^olooS, and in certain compounded particles a transposition takes place; as, for jiDji until. 6 . The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rutcotc. The Syrians have no marks corresponding to the Dagesh forte of the Hebrews; hut they use a point for the letters This point when it is situated above a letter takes away the aspiration, and when placed below preserves it. In the former case it is called Kushoi , which signifies hardness , and in the latter Ruhok, softness. In Manuscripts these points are made with red ink. Kushoi is used in the above-mentioned letters, when any one of them begins a word; as, son , p ? man. But if one of the letters vO 3 o be THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK. 19 prefixed, then the radical receives a Rukok; o 7 £> 7 as, li^b, \ . If one of the letters ) o .. be before one of the the latter takes the sign Rukok; as, i (am) the Creator; | . »V I (am) chosen. • ^ If the first letter of a noun be without a vowel, then the second will receive a Rukok; as, breaking , ]AAj filth, a hank. The of father , according to Sciadrensis, has a Rukok when a natural father, but a Kushoi when a spiritual father is meant. See his Grammar, P- }y Those nouns which have ? to the first letter and consist of four letters, the third takes a Kushoi; as, sin, ) K^ a house; if, however, the noun be feminine, then the third letter receives Rukok; as, a daughter , a female slave , a garden. If the noun consist of five letters, the third has a Kushoi, and the fourth a Rukok; as, A a star , l A^Vr) a queen , a generation. There • • are, however, a few which take a Rukok on the third, and a Kushoi on the fourth; as, ]\ ^ Vn a teacher , * In this and the following remarks, when a Kushoi or Rukok is spoken of as attached to a letter, a letter is always meant. 2—2 20 THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOl AND RUKOK. V’r-Q an ape , ] A\lvn a walk or path, fAniiiD an edition. Again, with respect to nouns consisting of six letters, the third takes Kushoi, but the fourth and pi y o y -j ♦ • v fifth Rukok; as, IL,j_q candle , ], .»vn\Z disciple , • • • • i lA^oio knowledge. A few nouns receive Kushoi in the fifth; as, ]A^lqdoZ addition , ]/ \_« A\ 7 clothing. If v he placed to the second letter of a noun, then the third letter, if it possesses a vowel, will take Kushoi; as, 14-^ new 9 splendour , &c But if the letter which follows ? be without a vowel, then the one after this will receive Rukok; as, \LJih a bird , IAsoqj revenge , ] A\^m foolish. Four, however, have a Kushoi on the fourth letter, viz. an island , *|/\\ a heifer , IZfru burning , and « chariot. The letter after % if it be without a vowel, re¬ ceives a Rukok; as, a finger , « foot, an ear, ] AVno L wisdom. There are a few exceptions, which are mentioned by Sciadrensis. When nouns consist of four letters, the first having % the third will take Rukok; as, ] A\vn a word , * )4,.rn a wing. Exceptions are ).n.« 4 darkness , )nni a hole , ]£;! evening , ornament , /m?V, THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK. 21 If the vowel * be placed on the second letter of a noun, then the third letter, if it have a vowel, re¬ ceives a Kushoi; hut if it be quiescent, then it takes Hukok; also, if after this there conies another letter, it receives Kushoi; vine, cheese, a plant, |v> phlegm, a heifer . A letter, which comes after x , whether it has a vowel or not, always takes Rukok; as, ],♦. . i m victory , work, ^. vn\ ) a disciple; hut if another letter comes between, then the Le xd—i-o receives Kushoi; as, }h]s just, Ua a congregation. If a letter of a noun take p, then the following one, whether with or without a vowel, has Rukok; as, good, X*ii fruit. The letter of a noun which comes after the vowel *, if it he itself without a vowel, receives a Rukok; as, beauty, first-born; but if the said letter has a vowel, then the point attached to it is Kushoi; as, }i>Z hard, and pity has 5 soft; p y a heap of corn has 5 hard, and }Zo r ^ joy has > soft. This is also the case with verbs in many instances; In many words, which have been imported into the Syriac from the Greek or some foreign language, the aspirated letters are accustomed to be pronounced in the same way as they are in that language from which # y they are derived; as, .m >cn ]\n 5 y\aixv$ 9 X t #€ 0 X 070 ?, 1 ,» ^n\ Xa/x 7 rd?: 7 r of the Greeks is in Syriac represented by ^ and (p by See on this subject Hoffman’s Grammar, pp. 115, 116. In other places, besides those which have been mentioned where Kushoi is found, its usage may be explained by considering it as analogous to that of Dagesh lene in Hebrew. According to Amira and the old grammarians, Kushoi never doubles a letter; but on the other hand it must be said that the Eastern Syrians in this respect followed the analogy of the Hebrew: we have also 'Pafifit, Master , John iii. 2, and in the writings of St Paul we have ’A/3/3a, Father . If this duplication be not admitted, then it is important to state that in such cases where it would be implied, the preceding 7 7 vowel will complete the syllable; thus, tab-bar or ta-bar. THE DIACRITIC POINTS, RIBUI. 23 7. Ribui. Many nouns and verbs have the same form in both numbers. In such cases it was found necessary to employ some mark of distinction. For this purpose Grammarians have invented the sign Ribui (_o^5) x consisting of two horizontal* dots (••) placed above the word, to denote the plural number. The following words will illustrate the use of this sign. fcbAl orphan, book, « >.cno2] teas covered, x 7 - » he arrived, x libAl orphans. n\ books. •• y « . . ran/ | were covered. x ••7 they arrived, (fem.) A plural noun ending in ^ or I has no need of the sign Ribui; since the number is already in¬ dicated by the termination. It is sometimes used with a noun of multitude; o 0 as, a flock of sheep , to distinguish it from a sheep. If it be placed over the letter Rish, one of the points coalesces with the point belonging to Rish; as, 1 ;o A a herd of oxen . Prepositions with pronominal affixes referring to plural nouns receive these points; as, ^oor^ > . * Ribui is placed obliquely in ^ and thus, 24 LINES. To this rule there are a few exceptions; as, and which are never seen with this sign. The numerals, according to some grammarians, do not receive the points except when they are joined to pronominal affixes; as, "(ASZ, v aiLi)Z, ^A^Z. Besides the name wiool, which is given to these points, they are also called by native grammarians, }V) •; m positions , ]^n / drops , and "jv-oaj points. 8. Lines. A small line is sometimes found above and some¬ times beneath a letter of a word. It is found above a letter principally in the fol¬ lowing instances, 1 . In abbreviated words; as, ps for ]« .,n holy * i 2 . When letters are used to express numbers; 13 . _ — o 3. In the Particle of Exclamation o] Of to 7 distinguish it from the particle ol or. When it is found beneath a letter, it directs that such letter is not read, and is therefore generally called the linea occultans. Thus, Z*i Bath not Barth , a daughter. It is found, (l) In nouns with the middle radical doubled; as, )i i vn Manna , ]1\Z a stag. ~ 'h 7o * 01 for QJOl that is , occurs frequently in ecclesiastical writings, and especially in the Commentaries of Ephraim Syrus. LINES. 25 ( 2 ) With Olaph in the beginning of a word in many instances; as, . - i ] a man, " x “ another; especially in the pronoun |i], as 'TS often as it is used in the place of the substantive verb; as, w w i am. “ 'IS (3) With Dolath when it is without a vowel and placed before Thau; as, 12^*1 new. (4) With He in the following cases, {a) In affixes; as . .rn nnVn his kings, he called him. (b) In the verb ]ooi was, when it is redun¬ dant, when it is the logical copula, or when it assists in forming the imperfect and pluperfect tenses; as, looi ^cnoA.,] he x was, ]ocn , he was visiting, ]ocn nos TS he had visited. But when it is used in the sense of to be, to exist, the line is not found. (c) In the pronouns oot and ^ ^rr> the ship. (8) Rish in a daughter. When a line is found under a letter in a verb of the imperative mood of a passive conjugation, it implies that such letter is deprived of its vowel; as, ^guoZ] Ethkatl. “ n\ 9. Marhetono and Mehagyono. In many words, when two letters come together, each without a vowel, a line is placed sometimes above and sometimes below the first of these letters. In the former case it is called Marhetono , making to run from to run ) and in the latter Mehagyono ( ]i > according to Amira from ]^oi to meditate; but according to Hoffman and others from the Arab. to connect; for the two letters by this sign are connected and make a syllable. These lines seem to be used only in certain words, and in the first instance for purposes of poetry. The poetry of the Syrians, as appears from the specimens which remain, (see for instance the hymns of Ephraim,) con¬ sisted in having a certain number of syllables in a line; and hence it woidd be convenient, in many cases. MARHETONO AND MEHAGYONO. 27 to give to some words an additional syllable. To in¬ dicate this addition, a line was put beneath the first of the two letters without a vowel, which had the force generally of Revotso, but occasionally of Pethocho; as, i- e. a ring; i. e. fear. When this additional syllable is in such words not required to complete the measure, the Marhetono is written, and denotes that its letter and the following have no vowels. It corresponds to the Sheva in He¬ brew, except that the latter is employed according to general rules, whilst the former is used only in par¬ ticular words, and in these words only under certain circumstances. Grammarians, however, are not fully agreed as to the primary use and signification of these lines, and it is not now of much consequence, if we cannot make ourselves fully acquainted with them. It is supposed, by some persons, that the Mehagyono is found only when the following letter is 5 ^; but to these, others add • or 1 • • • 3 • • 01 9 0 • 1 9 9 4 • WJ 10 20 30 40 50 6 o 70 80 90 100 • 5 z • © ^0 • J %£D • vi • • <> 200 300 400 500 6 00 700 800 900 , 1 1000 \ 2000 &c. i 10,000 ^2) : 20,000 &c. Fractions are written thus, 1 i 2 1 A | &C. If it be required to add a smaller number to a greater, that is, to express a number consisting of units, tens, hundreds, &c. the letter indicating the greater is put on the right hand of that indicating the less; thus, 235. 14. Heading Exercises. Matth. VI. 9—13. 7 7 m.'fs o • • y % • 0 y y + o y •• y ** joou \L\L 4 ^ v ao| 'Ti I 1 0 -7 .7 7 P «s7 *0 •• 7 * p o *7 p p -n ^ v^cn . siZ)| (jl,q .j 32 READING EXERCISES. I P ^ P 7 .7 7-7 .7 9 s P -P 07 JO 9 . ? f.i a. ( ^-x^o-Ka ^ x_oq_cl_»o .(.iV)Q^ i mom; P 7 P P -X 7 7 P — 7 p 7 7 7 VI l in x ra i \ ^ Vo - ^ O X XX V, Qn • _jlk» p * o 7 p * y o *. » ]IujOO..»Zo (i-i—KiO lZon\V? w_.cn ^.Ijd ,_Sd 7\ X X 71 I 7* .^x-lnli ioSil X The same in English Characters . A-bun dvash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh’moc. Ti-the mal-cu-thoc neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ka-no d’vash-ma-yo oph bar-bo. Hav lan lach-mo d’sun-ko-nan yau-mo-no. Vash-buk lan chau-bain ai-ka-no doph ch’nan sh’vakn l’cha-yo-bain. V’lo tba-lan l’nes-yu-no e-lo pa-tson men bi-sho me-tul d’di-loc hi mal-cu-tho v’chai-lo v’thesh-buch-tho 1’olam ol-min. Luke XXII. 63 — 65 . 7 7 -X .7 . 7.^7 CTLO 0001 v i. ^Q.« > \ 0001 ,.n » " i » ii •• 7 . f. 7 . 7 -T> P . 7 77 W_|01QJ2>| OlA 0001 ,OlA 0001 . x » . X Vnn “7 ^ "* ^ 71 p •• o 7 o o •• P 7 0 *X 7 p 7 p ]Z1 i.,^-CQ lAj-J^lo o lV) ]jqjZ| ^r^l 0 .w_.aioZLl _.^d]o oocn » <=> 1 , .. Vn - v The same in English Characters. V’gav-re da-chi-din vau l’ye-shu m’-vaz-chin vau beh, vam-cha-pen vau leh. V’mo-chen vau leh al a-pau vom-rin eth-na-bo ma-nu m'choc vach-ron-yo-tho za-gi-yo-tho m’gad-pin vau vom-rin a-lau. NOUNS. 15. The simplest forms of nouns are those which consist only of the letters composing the root; as, king, sacrifice. Such words are evidently ns ns in their primitive state. The augmented forms will consist of the root augmented by one or more of the letters ] o ^ j Z, which to assist the memory may he called wAjoAd) # i ns Thus, ooirk) an altar from sacrifice; * X disciple from r VnX he learned. ns These letters are probably abbreviations of words, and the signification of them qualifies that of the primitive word to which they are united. Nouns having (-) with the first radical, and (©1) with the second, are generally nouns signifying persons; as, |kxi^5 a friend; whilst those having (ol) with the first radical, or ending in o\ Zo-, ]Zo x , are ab¬ stract nouns; as, holiness , ^ strength. Two words are sometimes compounded in sense; as, jl^ uL a voice. Sometimes the two words are joined together; as, lord of enmity, i. e. an ns 3 34 NOUNS. enemij. A great number of compound words occurring in Scripture may be found by referring to the Lexicons p y of Schaaf and Castell under the words ]lo| , , Aj-D, 1;io, ^5, &C. 'h 'fs y x 16 . Gender. There are two genders, the masculine and feminine. Of the masculine are, (1) The names of men and their offices; as, jxcldqJ^ Luke , ]j . T\ Some nouns are used in both genders, and are therefore termed common; such as, ]^ m\ tongue , ]n\ cloud , &c. " 7 » The rules indeed for distinguishing gender are for the most part the same as in Hebrew. The same words, when occurring in both, have the same gender ; as, *1SD and . look, UV and day, are masc.; and * _ o y earth , 1033 and j « o\ i soul, are fem. Words derived from the Greek do not observe the foregoing rules, but generally retain their own gender; as, WU? SiaOijKri, fem. i i x 17. Number. There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. Masculine nouns make the plural number, 1st. by adding ^ to the singular; as, man, men: 2nd. those words ending in ] or ^ throw away the n\ "j or and the termination is added; as, boy , » boys; plu. reprobated . 'fs " 7 > Nouns of the fem. gender form the plural by changing the termination ] into o* and t into NOUNS. 37 ^6, and v_. into _»; as, ] i . ship, i > ships; ^ X T\ X similitude , ^aSoj similitudes; AjlLo portion, ^qaId portions; •a vjl-o? usury, in the plural » o * - i ^ p »x Nouns which terminate in ]Zo, when they become plural, change x into e placed on the Van; as, l2o_o5 multitude , plu. multitudes. A few nouns besides the p take 7 on the second letter; as, plu. l2ds^ prayers; ]2oj-k> hip, plu. ]2o,Lk» . Others, instead of 7 take * upon the first letter; as, iZoi? likeness, plu. }Lo±o >. Nouns consisting of three, four, and five syllables, and terminating in lA-i* change the _» x into 1 when they become plural; as, usury, plu. Nouns which begin with 7 and end with Yud and Aleph with the vowel p, and which consist of four letters, in the plural transfer 7 from the first to the second letter; as, ]» o ^ elect, plu. ). o ^ Nouns having p on the first letter and ending with U, in the plural receive the vowel 7 upon the letter immediately preceding ; thus, Lord, plu. |Z;1 d . Those nouns which commence with a Mem and have 7 either upon the first or second radical, in the plural receive 7 on the letter immediately preceding Yud; as, ) I VmVn reprobated, plu. ]1 S.,cn^n . Feminine nouns consisting of three, four, and five letters, which end in Z hard, and have p upon the 38 NOUNS. letter before Yud, in the plural add another p to the Yud ; thus, ] A > i A n* spiritual, plu. ]A > i An? . There are many other changes of vowels which nouns undergo in passing from the sing, to the plu., which will be more particularly noticed in treating on the const, and def. states. p Feminine nouns terminating in in the plu. between the root and termination, insert either -»; as, > place , plu. 1 Also 5 ; 1 2.5ail small , plu. ill5ail ; or o, either in the masc. or fern, gender; as, ]Ajs a companion , plu. ]Zois; ]Asoo| a nation , plu. IZaioj. There are nouns in which ^acoias. There are others which have the fern, form in the sing, and masc. in the plural; as, ]io] 7 ell, plu. . Vr> ] 7 ; x wall, plu. ; ] AvVr> > tear, plu. ; 1*ss talent , 7l *Ti ^ *t\ T\ plu. ; |_l_» year , plu. ^ I X Nouns compounded of two words sometimes admit a «. p p •• y plural in the former; as, |» i » i o sons of man or men; sometimes in the latter; as, |nn , \vn enemies; and some¬ phi. ^aiy; place. times in both; as, |1 o A i_s> (daughters of words) words , fables. NOUNS. 39 Some nouns are found in the plural form only; as, ] > Vn * heavens, life, ] 1 Vo water. as Some nouns have a double form, one masc. and the other fern.; such as, father, plu. and x There are other nouns which are very irregular ; as, liool nation, plu. ^ 0 ^ 0 ). as Many words of a Greek origin retain the Greek ter¬ mination in the plural; as, Soy/ua, plu Soy/uLctra. Others terminate in *cdo] , soo, *co1, or sq, resembling the termination a? of the Greek accusative plural; as, )n . A o ^laOrjKrj, plu. soclo. >A_o SiaOqKas, &c. X XI xx 18. States of Nouns. To the absolute and constructive state of nouns, which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third, the Definite , or, as it has been more generally called, the Emphatic. This is indicated by the termination, and is equivalent in general to the article n before a Hebrew noun. It happens however that the primary signification of this state has been departed from in many instances, and nouns are found in the def. state when only an indef. sense is intended to be expressed. The rules for passing from one state to another depend either upon the gender, the number, or the final letter, or on more than one of these. First for 19. Masculine Nouns. In the singular number the absolute and con¬ structive states are the same. 40 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. The definite state is obtained by the addition of ] to the end of the absolute. Hence the definite state of masculine nouns and the absolute state of feminine nouns have the same form. Those nouns ending in 1 in the absolute state, in the definite the "j is changed into ]_». The constructive state, plural number, is formed by y changing the termination ^ of the absolute into _ X and ^ into . . . The def. plu. is formed from the absolute by chang¬ ing the termination ^ into ] and ^ into this i 'h 'h and the preceding rules will he illustrated by some examples, which will presently follow. To ascertain the changes of vowels which nouns undergo in their different states of both numbers; or, which is the same thing, given the abs. state sing. num. to find the vowels and their position in the constr. and def. states for both numbers. 1st. If a word consist of three consonants and a vowel on the second consonant, which is the case with a very large class of nouns, this form is equivalent to one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew. In Syriac these forms are i. the alternate form of which is ^40 or ^4o. n. ^40 alt. ^^40 or ^40. ^ 'TS IS hi. ^q4o alt. Now whenever the noun in its primitive form receives a syllabic augment, the alternate STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 41 t form is used; thus, man, def. We have therefore only to add the proper termination to the alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or the abs. const, and def. states plural*. Thus, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. 7 Ir^-* 7 morning 1 1; ^.CP 'TS ;Aco book 2 • servant 3 'Ti wing 4 ):^i ]jQ-» captive 5 * bO(La_^ body. 6 Plural. Def. w 'h Constr. y v Abs. 7 X mornings 1 ]j_2UCD T\ i^CO X ^ books 2 is 7 7 • 7 X servants 3 ]<=^ vn ‘T* 'h u^in I 7\ wings 4 7 7 ^,ru *71 captives 5 7 * bodies. 6 Exception. In the vowel remains IS and def. states plural. in its place in the 42 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 1. In the foregoing examples, that which is marked (l) comprehends all those nouns having v on the second con¬ sonant, and remitting it to the first in the process of inflexion; such are . body , . v dust , ^£>1 time , beard. 2. In the second example, we have those nouns which take v in the second consonant, but in inflexion it is changed to ^ and remitted to the first. The truth is, the vowel * is the proper vowel in both places, and the reason of the change is that in such nouns the last letter is a guttural or Rish. 3. In the third example are included those nouns whose forms are and ; such are ..\vr> king, ^oj.. bone, 'ts tn 'rs Vi Wvn husband, anathema , . m soul. 4. The fourth example belongs to that class of nouns whose forms are and 7 \ 5. Nouns having the third radical Olaph, take the forms which are exhibited in the example jrx#; but manifest, covered, have their definite forms )_1\^ ]. mn . ]1 1 boy, makes in the def. plu. as if from the obsolete 'h word . . S l ; we have likewise ] »Vn i as if from )vn « . 6. All nouns of the forms ^>q_£uQ and ^£q_o are repre¬ sented by the sixth example. o y herb , def. may be considered as belonging to the same class of nouns as The Yud has Chevotso , because this letter is never without a vowel when it begins a word. If the last consonant be a guttural or Rish, it is preceded by the vowel Pethocho instead of Revotso ; as, month , heap of stones. STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 43 Such nouns as eye, day , correspond to the i Hebrew segolate nouns. In these the vowel is changed into ? in the def. state sing., and all the states plu., and this new vowel makes a diphthong with o or thus, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. \ 0 7 4 eye. I tea: Plural. •X i>OQ_* day. Def. Constr. Abs. y y 7 T\ X y y 7 SOQ-j days. X 2nd. Other classes of nouns are the following. 1. Such nouns inflexion; thus, as admit no Singular. change of vowels Def. Abs. and Constr. X Plural. > • i evil. X Def. Constr. Abs. 1\ I 7 I X X The vowel Zekofo is immutable, and therefore mono¬ syllables with this vowel are represented by . « . ; as, A £Vp x portion, book. Nouns also having two or more sylla- 44 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. bles, if the penultimate terminate in a consonant, or if the ultimate syllable be perfect without the terminating conso- y y y nant, belong to this class; as, explanation, , »Vn\ 7 disciple. Some nouns wanting an absolute state may be re¬ ferred to it; as, |L»*j the stag , j_>5] the lion , the ser¬ pent, )lo& death , ]oAid winter, K conversation , for the form of the definite state remains in all the parts of their inflexion. Finally, nouns which possess either of the fol¬ lowing forms preserve their vowels immutable, viz. . . \n x (\ r> def. ] 1 \o f\ o 7 \\ > j\ n def. ]1 . (p n. A few nouns appear i x to correspond with the segolate nouns in Hebrew, but which really belong to this class ; as, A,» carcase , 5o_l] small. magician. 2 . Monosyllables, the vowel of which is v or % nouns of many syllables, the last of which is mutable, are exemplified in the following Table. Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. U v! -A species 0 0 pouD l CTLD 'ft Priest Plural. 7 -X Path. Def. Constr. Abs. nil 7 ^-J1 I species jjCTUD 7 P w_k_jai2 v .j-JCrLD I Priests 'Ts 7 -X I Paths. STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 45 The noun son , makes in the plural » i sons; x as if it were derived from a different root. Also - is peculiar in receiving the consonant oi in the plural ; thus, , ^C7li£L* , ]ots2l» . X 3. Nouns of more than one syllable, terminating in Olaph or Yud may constitute another class. Such are, Singular. Def. Plural. Abs. and Constr. seen ‘Ts 7 7 drunlc. Def. Constr. Abs. ^ 0 7 7 7 7 ns 0 7 7 V»A.«So 7 7 7 LjkSo . A few nouns double the last letter in the plural; but the linea occultans is placed under the first of the two letters ; thus, ^al sea , plu. »v>v>' . ; X ]SqLq£, plu. of people , is also another instance. IS - 20. States of Feminine Nouns. In the singular number, the constructive state changes ] of the absolute into 2 ; thus, ]jl» year, AjL® . 46 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. Nouns which in the absolute state terminate in cT or in the constructive end in Lo or ; as, qdi i x victory , constr. Za£i; - . ^4 usury , constr. A > ^ I 'h x Fern, nouns having a masc. termination; as, * 7 * belly; those ending in L\ as, Aivn 'portion; make the abs. and constr. states the same. The definite state of fern, nouns which have a masc. termination is the same as that of masc. nouns; as, belly, def. jroji). In the def. state the } of the abs. is changed into p 12; as, ]ho word, def. l‘A\vn. If the word in the abs. state terminate in , the Yud becomes quiescent in the def. state, and the preceding consonant takes 1 ; if the termination in the abs. be ]o, then Van becomes quiescent in x in the def. Ex. 4, 5. Nouns ending in o or make the def. by the i addition of ]2; those ending in 2 add only ] in the def. 6, 7, 8, 9. To avoid the concourse of several consonants without a vowel, or, which is the same thing, to facilitate the pronunciation, a vowel, namely y or is placed with the second or third radical; as, lllojj c 7 V widow, def. lA\vnV| . STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 47 A few nouns ending in ^ in the abs. masc., in the def. state fem. assume x under the Nun, which is followed by ; as, def. fem. com - x x forter . In the plural number the constr. state is derived from the abs. by changing the final ^ into L, and the def. is derived from the abs. by changing . into 12 . The Examples in the following Table will fur¬ ther illustrate what has been here said on the states of fem. nouns. Singular. Def. Constr. Abs. ]AXoAn A^oAn yoAo virgin 1 0 P 7 p O P V chariot £ o 7 7 7 p 7 companion 3 X &1H U24 girl 4 0 -X 7 )Ln i .>j 7 7 o 7 1C1.IL.JJ beast 5 0 *x 1Zq_o5 is i.ao? 'h •X 'A ten thousand, or a myriad 6 P *X p •X P •X P a^> division 7 1A^3 I 71 Aj_£D3 X 7% I usury 8 p p ]L\Sa AiSo AjAd portion 9 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 48 Plural. Def. Constr. Abs. 0 0 «X 0 «X AXoA^ o *X virgins 1 0 0 o P 0 0 o chariots 2 op y P 7 Zfj£l>0 e ■ y companions 3 o t y AA^ girls 4 op 7 }Ln » o 7 Zo > K) P 7 beasts 5 0 0 lZa^5 “Ts Zao3 ^ao3 myriads 6 o o 7o P 7 P Zo^ o 7 0 divisions 7 ]Aj_o5 'h AZ..o3 'Ts usuries 8 p p V ]2n ^ Vn P 7 Zn i Vn p 7 portions 9 1. In No. l, we have an example of those nouns ending in ] which undergo no change of vowels in their different states; such are, ] m » o m7. ] X v » ^ an eaa , X m. 0 *x circumcision. 2. Nouns which assume an additional vowel in the def. state singular. 3. This example represents nouns in which the vowel on the 1st. rad. of the abs. sing, is removed to the 2nd. rad. in the def. They partake of the character of segolate nouns in Hebrew. 4. 5. In these examples we have nouns whose termi¬ nations are and ]o. A few nouns belonging to the latter cast away the vowel of the 1st. rad. in the def. state sing.; as, blow , def. STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 49 6. This is an example of nouns ending in o > which preserve their vowels unchanged, and in which no new vowel is introduced; as, n .\ .. liberty , n!ni equality , o A 7. Nouns represented by o are such as receive another vowel in the plu., viz. v or *, which is placed on the 2nd rad.; as, o i prophecy , Q.. 1 AX 0 war. i 8. This is the model of nouns the abs. state of which ends in In the plural Yud quiescent is changed into i Yud moveable. 9. In the nouns represented by A i v> we have in the plural 2 taken away and o moveable placed before the plural termination; such are, A\v sacrifice , A_kk£0 ablution. In some instances the last letter is written twice in the plural; as, 0= bride, plu. There are some anomalies; as, praise , )A_^ o A in the def.; sister , plu. def. 21. The Syrians have no cases which are marked by terminations; but the nominative and oblique cases of the Greeks and Latins are known by the context, or are expressed by the constructive state, by the influence of a transitive verb, or by some particle; as, ^ j o ^ Za2L ^-lo, &c. preceding; thus, ns Aj k\ d 1 . Jesus departed. ns IolISv JLld words of God; or, ]ctl2A |ISd words of ' I> »\ T\ God. 4 50 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. }nVo\ to the king , to Jesus , ) 1 to the blind man. we have seen his glory , lor^L ]vn\v\ God loved the world. Sometimes we see tL in imitation of the Hebrew ns'- See Gen. i. 1. o V — o 1ZAj| o] 0/ woman. See also Acts i. 1. with the king , &c. If one of the letters ^ j o ^ be prefixed to a noun, the first radical of which is ] or then the prefix receives the vowel which the ] or previously had; as, w a brother , Wa, X r > V » a son, XX XI I I When one of these letters is prefixed to a word consisting of three letters, and especially of those which p 7 end in two Olaphs, it takes the vowel as, "jjloo o 7 with a hundred , 1^00 and a hundred. But this rule is not observed in other words which are not composed of three letters and do not terminate in two Olaphs. Again, should all the letters o j id be placed before any word, if the first of these prefixes he with¬ out a vowel the second will have one; also, the third will he without, and the fourth with a vowel, as we see, for instance, in the noun ] AVn a word; for we say and . ADJECTIVES. 51 Adjectives. 22. The Syriac adjectives are few, but this defect is supplied by other words, which when placed in cer¬ tain positions obtain the use and signification of adjec¬ tives. For instance, the state of construction will supply the force of an adjective; as, ]_®?clo Ai city of holi- ness, i. e. holy city, Matth. iv. 5. Also a substantive put absolutely with ? prefixed; as, . « si i ? a natural body , 00 O 33 a spiritual body , 1 Cor. xv. 44. Also in other ways; as, the fire, jiij 11 ? which is not extin¬ guished, i. e. inextinguishable; ^clL *£)jj ^qjoi . . 1 . J) m they to whom he shewed himself alive, - 7 \ lit. ( 1 as living.) Adjectives are distinguished by gender, number and states, which are the same as in the substantives. It is only necessary to notice that in adjectives the masc. def. and the fern. abs. have the same form; but they are easily known one from the other by the substantive or the verb with which they are connected. The degrees of comparison are not to be found in a change of the adjective, but are merely marked by certain particles and connections. The comparative is expressed by the positive con¬ strued with either preceding or following it; as, 'h ooi fo greater than all: there is sometimes 4—2 52 ADJECTIVES. added .o l powerfully , or more ; as, \A .;l*o i i cnho as i ; (Y»^rr> ^ *^-4” and sharper than a ^ T\ TS two-edged sword , lit. much sharper. Blessed is lie who gives lU ^ won 9 than he d i who receives. The comparative is sometimes marked by the sense of the passage only; as, "joau / 7\ 'TS I ]i ov |\ y ] t _CLL the elder shall he servant to the younger . The superlative is often formed by the duplication of the positive ; as, W» \o V\ . Vn least; sometimes I X by adding the particle v.ery 9 which is equivalent to the *1^0 of the Hebrews ; as, U- Vo worst , 'T) X plu.; sometimes again by m uch; as, ^..^co }7 . AI vn most honoured; or by vD prefixed to the plural; as, |n\vnn ] small among kings , i. e. » f the least of kings; or as, _^oct5q_ii least of 7i X ^ the Apostles , literally, least of those who {are) the Apostles; or it is expressed in the following man¬ ner; whosoever therefore shall break one jj r oo^ 'Ts ‘7s Ijq-LI of these least commandments. Matth. v. 'h T\ 19; see also two other places in this verse. Many adjectives are formed by the addition of 1_T to the words from which they are derived; thus, ] > Co «n ^ corporeal , mountainous , primi¬ tive ; so also adjectives having a Greek origin ; as, NUMERALS. 53 ^ o P 7 Ur^'r^ P P 7 p barbarous , un aerial. In some instances the termination ]j is added to the primitive word to form the adjective; as, |_i_*__,3 primary , hairy , "\. X proper . 23. Numerals. Numerals are either cardinal (j( \ » - • ^ ) r or ordinal i QA.; Ordinal. Cardinal. Fem. Masc. Fem. Masc. . P. P 7 IA-a.Vvq 1 > V),-Q first • 7 r _Ki OW0 • Constr. I * P D 7 • (±_»3A second ^Z;Z y _,Z>Z y >Z ^-^Z two *7\ 1LLAZ X 1-.AjAZ third i ASZ 1AHZ m. P 0 |A X . p p b | » v » oi fourth i «C»V « P «7 p^3 1 /owr X | > a» > Ki, X 7 'A (.» SOjvj five }LL.£l. X V»zLiA_» X Aj* ]a_*1 'it as ** or ]A_» six lAC.o. X •.0 0 |-*-N i *"i • seventh X MrL» 1 p 7 ( \n,j> seven .w I 1 a 1 » V>Z eighth i LaoZ j.» 1 V)Z 1A. v. X »Z ninth X M4.Z IL»Z m»; >.cn\ 1 ;.CQ. S ten. H 54 NUMERALS. From ten to twenty the numbers one, two, &c. are prefixed to ten, in the following manner: Cardinal • Fem. Masc. is IS 7 7 eleven fcm&SZ Is is jXQ^iZ is twelve is is ■Ju&LL thirteen y y Is is is dul&d is 7 7 *7 fourteen . 7 7 is is 7 7 -A 7 ;fnlA.. a AnM 7 7 7 ^ULL^LQ-^j fifteen lym-iZLa is is y y A sixteen lym vA « 7 7 p ♦.m vAo * 7 7 • m • seventeen IS is ];Tnvi Vi7 Is IS 7 7 0. r cnM VnZ eighteen V.mSaZ is is ■Jn^LaL 7 7 . • m v » / nineteen. Ordinal. Fem. Masc. • X *0 P 7 • X eleventh p o y y |A-»i_»»CD_LZ5Z X p p ]. ravv7 x ^ twelfth oo y o i DO y p "U^^ullA^Z X thirteenth. &c. &c. The law for deriving them from the cardinal is suffi¬ ciently obvious. NUMERALS. 55 Cardinal numbers from three are for the most part joined to the thing numbered by Apposition in the abso¬ lute state; as, . . four months , ; rr>v i ten virgins. But the constructive state is occasionally used; thus in Matth. iv. 25, we have ]Ar » r Vn / ; m\ ten x n\ cities , literally, a decad of cities. These numbers are frequently found to occupy the place of ordinals. In Luke i. 59, we have |_LlLoZj the day which {is) eighth, i. e. the eighth day, . \« A_» x sixth hour. Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the plural, and are of the common gender; thus, > ;vm v twenty, i n\ thirty , forty, fifty, sixty, x i x i » vn • seventy, eighty, . v * 7 ninety. x x i The ordinals are derived from these by adding the termination for the masculine, and for the femi¬ nine ; as, masc. fern. twentieth. X X TS The remaining numerals are, a hundred, n\ two hundred, three hundred, &c., which are form¬ ed by prefixing the less number of the feminine gender before Also, or <35 thousand, fern. 'Ts plu. l q n i ten thousand. X ■» Twice, thrice, &c. are sometimes expressed by cardinals, with the noun A ) time, after it; as, once, lit. one time. 56 NUMERALS. Words denoting a part of the whole are, ]A\oZ a third part , a fourth part , : rn vLn a tenth , &c. Multiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by r ^t, and a cardinal number following with ^ prefixed, or sometimes without it; as, ^ seven fold , lit. owe in or into seven , ^32 jLo double. The days of the week are, I ^ ,_2» first day of the week, I ^ . 37 second day , &c. PRONOUNS. 24. Pronouns are sometimes separable , i. e. con¬ sist of words, and sometimes inseparable , i. e. they are expressed by certain particles called affixes placed at the end of nouns, verbs, or other particles. The following is a Table of the personal pronouns. Plural. Singular. Fem. Com. Masc. Fem. Com. Masc. 7 We 7, ls£ person rOAjl You ^AjI 7 AjI Thou , 2w John ii. 9- * In the recently discovered Syriac version of the Theophania of Eusebius there is found the pronominal form we. Heb. The forms ^QJOI and «^_*2lcn also occur for ^QJOl and ^ .Aar 58 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 25. The Demonstrative Pronouns. 1?OT o 1 TS f this , fem. > this , masc. •s 0 0 l?ai | +.0 0 (jcn J iAcn j •X 0 * QJCTI these , masc ^ v 1 > these , of both genders. \ 0 x.1 ] r _uJcn these , fem. -7l These become reciprocal by being joined to the personal pronouns ; as, oai he himself \ ]jcn ^cn jicn this is , fern. 26. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. The relative is ? of both genders and numbers, and is prefixed to words. It is probably the same as the iEthiopic H> which in Hebrew has the same use and signification as W or o m v The interrogatives are, of the person o _lSd, who? of the thing ,_Sd, }ik>, what? y *x y is of both genders and numbers. n i Vn is com- y *x y y y y *x y pounded of and ooi; as, .. .m o i . a oik ooA-s qjlLd, n\ who hath opened his eyes ? lit. who is he, who hath , opened for him his eyes ? AFFIXES. 59 Interrogatives of both person and thing are li.,] 7 masc. Ip*] 7 fem. who , which , what ? of the sing, numb., and > V . f ? who , which , what ? of the plural. a When > is used with these interrogatives, they become relatives; as, he who goeth not a up , ]£o th e bear which he saw. X y Care must be taken not to confound with the preposition ^ Before the use of vowels the former word A was written with a point above the Lo, and the latter i- «• with a point below the said letter. 27. The following Table exhibits what are called pronominal affixes , which are added to the end of nouns. They are certain abbreviated terminations or inseparable particles, and have the signification of pos¬ sessive pronouns. Plural. Singular. 1-1 com. gender. my t—» com. gender. my 7 masc. thy P Y masc. thy 7 fem. thy A fem. thy 7 «—iCno masc. his 01 A masc. his 0~L_» A fem. her P Ol fem. her 7 com. our 7 com. our •X 7 masc. your •X masc. your V fem. your A fem. your •X 7 their, masc.; ^ 7 \ X ^ X ^ X their, fem. Distributive pronouns are expressed by , and the preposition ^; sometimes the substantive is taken away and the distributive pronoun is in¬ dicated by only; thus, ^oouio ]) some of them, or ^ootjlLo some of them. Also . « i\o or ^ -r whosoever, or sn t ^nXn whatsoever. The latter pronoun is composed of ^ all, and ^oj^o something, 7 ) 7 \ or any thing. Other pronouns are formed by adding the affixes to the nouns ] I ^.1 soul or person, and IloqjLo substance or person; as, y • A save thyself; c n • %}o and he went, hanged himself; 7 * 7 \ mvn ni on in himself See also John vi. 53. 7S NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 61 29. Nouns with Affixes. We come now to nouns with affixes. The vowel changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew are many and complicated; hut in Syriac are few and simple. The following is an example of a masculine noun, which is first put in the definite state and then takes the affixes in the place of the termina¬ tion 1°. Singular. Def. State. 1st. pers. sing. com. 2nd. masc. 2nd. fem. 3rd. masc. 3rd. fem. 1st. pers. plu. com. 2nd. masc. 2nd. fem. 3rd. masc. 3rd. fem. ]^o king « i my Icing thy thy TS his , ^oot_» , ; thus, I "T\ X X I UX| boy, . . my boy, ,o ^ ..I 4 your boy, ^ocn^li X ^ X X their boy. ] Lord , which takes the affixes from is an exception to this rule. 3. Such nouns as terminate in ^ and the letter immediately before Yud having a vowel, when they take the affixes the )° is removed, another is added, NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 63 in the plural, and the first Yud changes its vowel to Pethocho; as, ] > i o an architect , pin. ] >,,1.*^, •• 7 o Ui > 1 . / 4. Those nouns having the abs. state, as ‘Ts and the definite, as |iori, retain the ^ with the affixes of the first person sing, and second and third persons plu.; as, my priest. Again, those in 'Ts the ahs. state having the vowel v on the last syl¬ lable, and any other vowel on the preceding syllable, the v is preserved with the affixes of the above- mentioned persons ; as, abs. o^ijio altar , my altar. 5. There are some nouns, namely, monosyllables, which have the vowel ^ in the abs. state, and which lose it in the definite. Such nouns preserve the ^ with the affixes of the above-mentioned per¬ sons; as, Lo) def. }Ld> blood , ^Ld? my blood. 6 . Some nouns in the plural number receive the affixes both in the def. and const, states. They are those which terminate in the absolute state in p 7 • • V the definite in and the constructive in „ 7 • 7 Note, . , has two significations: 1st. my kings; P 7 7 7 2nd. kings of; as, pj] . »nSvn kings of the earth. v y p 7 The nouns jlNknVn speech , and ]1 \ hvp shade , which have the tinea occultans under the first Lomad, when they take the affixes, the tinea occultans is re- 64 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. moved, and the Lomad receives v; as, &c. UjiD Lord , is not found with any pronominal affix. The reason is, that under such circumstance, the noun is used in its place; thus, Id my Lord , thy Lord , cn£o his Lord , &c. Three nouns, namely, father , ur brother, father-in-law , take the affixes in an irregular manner. 2nd. 3rd. 3rd. 2nd. 3rd. com. y * v my father masc. *. 7 thy . fem. -a-socd") * 7 thy . masc. vjOIQjd) • X 7 his . fem. cna^l X 7 her . com. ^1 •X *X 7 .cincLff) our . masc. your . •x ? fem. . nn '-'d your . •X ‘X 7 masc. •X 7 their . fem. their . The other two nouns take the affixes in the same way, except that ]£q*j makes . my father-in-law. See obs. 4, p. 45. 30. In feminine nouns the same affixes are used for both numbers; namely, those which are annexed NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 65 to the singular number of masculine nouns. They are put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive state in the first person singular, and in the second and third persons plural, and at the end of their definite state in the other parts, the termination ] having been taken away. The reason of this differ¬ ence is, that in the pronominal affixes mentioned, if they were placed to the definite state of the noun, there would be a concourse of several consonants without a vowel. The following is an example of feminine nouns with affixes. 1 p 7 abs. tOr-» family , A 7 7 const. def. 1st. pers. sing. com. . 7 7 my family 2nd.. masc. A 7 % . 2nd. fem. *7) % . 3rd. masc. oi his . 3rd. fem. aiAoj.^ her . 1st. pers. phi. com. 7 a 7 our . 2nd. masc. •X 7 V % CL your . 2nd. fem. A 7 7 your . 3rd. masc. X 7 7 ^OOIlVD;-* their . 3rd. fem. 'Ts their ...... 5 66 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. Plural. 1st. pers. sing. com. * p 7 my families 2nd. masc. V D V thy . 2nd. fern. 'A % . 3rd. masc. cnA^^j* is /m . 3rd. fern. P P 7 OlA.O;_» /* of ^cicl»Z] ; he was If ted up, instead of ^qZmbZ') . 'TS IS 'D After 1 , the Z is changed into 5 , and after ^ into as, — he was conquered, he was crucified. X ns 'IS ^71 Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former class includes all those verbs which preserve their radi¬ cals unchanged throughout all their inflexions, the latter those which lose or undergo a change of one or more radicals. There are two tenses, the prmterite and future. Their forms are and and these forms IS determine the past and future times more accurately than they do in Hebrew. The present tense may he expressed by the active participle with the aid of the personal pronouns. By means also of the auxiliary verb two other tenses are defined ; namely, the imperfect and pluperfect, of which some account will he after¬ wards given. 72 VERBS. Sciadrensis in his Gram. as follows : ] ^Vn r .r> • \ p. writes on the tenses &o ? ]h£ 1 ^hi ]i n|n ^o|oj, tLai ALd|£. Tenses also are three , which we number in the first mood; namely , the prce- terite , the present and the future. By the present tense he means the active participle with a personal pronoun, and there is no doubt that this combination is so often used for the pur¬ pose of representing a verb in the present tense, not only in the versions of the scriptures, but also in Syriac writings of a later date, that a grammarian may with propriety, as Sciadrensis has done, give to this construction the name of a present tense, ioio? Uni. In this respect the Syriac language is much more perfect than any of the others which belong to the Shemetic class. In Arabic the tense which the grammarians designate resembling , viz. the form w* o’ t_ is very uncertain as to the time it is intended to mark. Sometimes, when accompanied by certain particles, such as (jw it expresses the future; at other times, when it is preceded by U it has the force of the present; but in numerous instances the context alone can determine the tense which this form of the verb is designed to indicate. So like¬ wise in iEthiopic there is so much indefiniteness on this point, that Ludolph, in his JEthiopic Grammar, calls ^7-f) Q tempus con- tingens , which he translates facit or faciet , p. 43 ; and in p. 37 he instructs us in this tense as follows: “ Contingens tarn Prsesens, quam Futurum Indicativi represent at.” The different numbers, persons and genders are formed by prefixes and affixes joined to the root of the verb, as in the Hebrew. VERBS. 73 The imperative form is used in an affirmative sense. A negation or prohibition is expressed by the future tense and the particle $ not, placed before it. The infinitive is in its nature an abstract noun, and as such receives the pronominal affixes. It has an active, neuter, or passive sense; and when added to the verb will give intensity to the signification. 33. Before we proceed to give the tables of the different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the student with the tenses, &c. of the substantive verb ]ooi he was, and of A_»] is, which are peculiar in x their forms, and because the former is much used in the general conjugations. Prceterite Tense. Person. Sing. Number. Gender, 1 A_,ocn X I was com. 2 Zuocn tliou wast masc. 2 _»A_»ooi thou wast fem. 3 ]<001 he was masc. 3 Zocn she was fem. Plural Number. 1 y ^__»ooi we were com. 2 ^C^LiOOl you were masc. 2 ^Zuooi you were fem. 3 7 0001 they were masc. 3 • • 7 »001 they were fem. 74 VERBS. Future. Person. 1 Singular. ^OOl] I shall or ns ns will be Gender. com. 2 looiZ ns ns thou shalt or wilt be masc. o k-jOoiZ X 7) thou shalt or wilt be fem. 3 ]oau ns ns he shall or will be masc. 3 ]ocnZ ns ns she shall or will be fem. 1 "joCTU ns ns Plural. we shall or will be com. 2 v 00C7lZ ^ ns ye shall or will be masc. 2 0 •• . ^—»ooiZ ns ye shall or will be fem. 3 ^ooou ■7> they shall or will be masc. 3 P •• ^OOU ns they shall or will be fem. Infinitive. loaiioX ns to be. Imperative. 2 »._»0C71 X Singular. or A_»001 be thou X masc. 2 X be thou fem. 2 v o2uOC7I Plural. be ye masc. 2 ^A^ocn 7s be ye fem. VERBS. 75 Present Tense. Person. Singular. Gender. 1 / am com. 2 •X 7 ooi Aj*| art masc. 2 i 7 v^cn thou art fem. 3 OOI OOI he is masc. 3 I p «_iGl w_ i01 she is fem. Plural. 1 7 7 ^ .1 K» ^ l.Ki we are com. 2 •X -X 7 being or is masc. a P o L*ooi being or is fem. Plural. ^OCTI being or are masc. • • p p ^OOI being or are fem. 76 VERBS. The personal pronouns are frequently used in the place of the substantive verb after a participle, by which means the present tense of verbs may be ex¬ pressed, as will he afterwards seen. We have also the personal pronoun in such an instance; as, ooi he is good. In these cases, and are cm- T\ 'H ployed in preference to ^qjoi and ^joi. 34. We come next to A_.*j is , which is the same as x the Hebrew It takes the affixes in the following manner. Person. Plural. Singular. Gender. 1 X ice are _Ll X I am • com. 2 ye are ^A-»] i thou art masc. 2 'ts I ye are X thou art fem. 3 X they are 7 X he is masc. 3 ^__»CTL_» A_»^ they are ot_»A_.1 stie is fem. i -n i If to A_i*| with its affixes be joined the verb ]oai, i the imperfect tense will be formed; thus, A^ocn x thou ivcist, ]ocn ^cn_» 7 A_*"| he was. x The verb A_»l signifies to have , when it is followed x by Lomad with the pronominal affixes; as, - . \ Zl*T X X there is for me, i.e. I have . VERBS. 77 Plural. Singular. Gender. 4 L.) X we have ZL.1 I X I have com. A-.] X ye have A LA I thou hast masc. TS X ye have > > A_>] *TN I thou hast fern. ^CKJL^ A_»] X they have cri^ A.,] ^ i he has masc. A_»] X they have oil A1 I she has fern. The negative form is A»\ 3 a contraction of ]] and A_>1 ; when it is joined with the pronominal affixes X we obtain the following, . »\ AjJL there is not for X me , i. e. I have not , hast not , and so on for the others. Or by annexing the affixes to the verb we have, . > V I am not , .. . 7 A . ^ thou art not , tzoZ, &c. 35. We will now give a paradigm of ^uo in all its conjugations, &c. as an example of the inflexion of regular verbs in general. 78 CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Ethpaal. PrEet. 3. masc. M*zr MA MAzr 3. fem. Al&A Al^AZf Al&A AlfeAZf 2. masc. AXioZf AA|A AAlAZf 2. fem. ^AA£j=Zf ^AZ4A -AA&AZf 1. com. .'ft 7\ AX-&_q • ^ 7 AX^o A^izr Plur. 3. masc. oX^jq al&oZf ol4o aA&AZf 3. fem. » \|lQ ^XioZf . » X |y.n ^A|AZT 2. masc. ^oAX^_q v 5^zr 7 ^A4° ^zr Infinitive. nV^nAvT nVftnvn az4A aA Imper. masc. MAzi Mi mazi — n fem ^ » \o n . » \ An71 . » \ An . .\A.n71 Plur. masc. aXa^o aA&AZl aX&A aA^Azf fem. » \n A n „\£.o . vazi TN ~ -7N 1 o ^ n Fut. 3. masc. MAj MAzi 3. fem. Ho It MAz MAzr 2. masc. Holt MAz MA zr 2. fem. . \ A n7 :\£n/r :\ao; ^:\kn?r 1. com. Holf U MAf MAzf Plur. 3. masc. ^oX^qj ^oX^-dAj ^qV^Aj ^qX^-oAj 3. fem. . t> ^4Aa3 ^A&oj ^AAaJ 2. masc. ,aHAZ <0±&1X ^A; ^AZZ” 2. fem. A&Az ^4ozr ^s&Az ^MLir 1. com. Holt MAa3 Part. act. MA ^XXoAId ^,oAo MAasd pass. X MAio example he slew . 79 Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. U°t amm AM amm ^4of aMM’ aim aimm amt Alio22T AZAcA aml.]- ^AA&of -AlioZZf ^.aAM* AA&oT AlioZZf aAM Al&Mf # ^ «v ^.AlA-o] MMtf ^ZAM MU am 7 MMf . •» 7 M-&^-» MMr Q±bnlt& •X • ? 7 o m4-q-«m •X , P 7 -ft n\£.nA.m^n AMU am *-*A&Af .MM a\4of oAMZl o.\4 Q -» qX&oA^') r^A&of ^ -7> MMZ] •7> -n ^. \&n » 7> 7N 7> "" 7> A&u AMa3 AM 1 ^LJ AM amt AMz AMM AM amt AMZ M' k l\Kn; 7 » \ Aol^ :\hnA.r AM am# AM- M’ •X . . 7 . * ^o\^oZ.Aj •X . . 7 ^aM^Q-ft-J MM MMAj M 40 M MM p4nl£ MMM MM MM” MMz MMM AM AMa3 AMM AM> AMAia V) \J^oLmlD a|M ^J!o.«Ld 80 REGULAR VERBS. 36. Observations on Regular Verbs. The Prceterite. The first letter of the root is generally without a vowel, the second has for the most part v, but sometimes it has * 9 especially in intransitive verbs and verbs denoting the affections, qualities, or sensa¬ tions of the mind ; as, he ceased , Zato he blushed , he cleaved , he slept, ^_i5 he t> n, -n trembled , • he laid down , o - he inhabited. ^ "7N Also verbs whose middle radical is Olaph; as, he enquired , he was hoary. Some verbs there are which admit both ? and *; as, and .mv\ /ze eaten; but in many of these instances a difference of signification is denoted; thus, he absolved , and So'v - he was absolved. Similarly . 'and Those also whose first radical is Yud have frequently * under the second; as, he set. The Yud of the feminine gender, third person, plural number is sometimes omitted and the verb is written as they slew , fern. The same occasionally happens to Vau of the masculine gender. The reason is that these letters are never pronounced. Nun paragogic is added in some instances both to the masc. and fern, genders of the third person, plural number, but more frequently to the latter; as, v n\^ . third pers. plu. masc. and fern. REGULAR VERBS. 81 The force of this particle is supposed to he that of giving energy or certainty to the expressions in which it is found to occur. The Ethpeel of the 3rd. pers. sing. fern, in some examples terminates in Yud; as, oiAdoj . » his place was not hiown. Bar. Heb. Chron. 86 . 5. See also 135. 5; 482. 8 . o and ^ at the end of the 3rd. pers. plu^ masc. and fern, are otiose , and on that account are occasionally cast away. Some verbs are found to have Olaph prosthetic ; as, he found . The numbers and persons of this tense are formed by affixing a particle of one of the personal pronouns •x y ^7 7 to the radical letters; thus, ^oAZJ^o for ^oAjj ^ 40 . The Future. This Tense seems to be formed in the active con¬ jugations by prefixing certain abbreviated forms of the personal pronouns to the imperative mood ; thus, ^q4o] for ^a4o and ]j"); ^a4oZ for ^a4o and Ajf. In the passive conjugations the same forms are used instead of } of the particle Zj. Verbs having * under the middle radical of the prseterite, in the future take v ; as, ,_4o]; those also 6 82 REGULAR VERBS. whose third radical is a guttural or Rish take A few verbs submit to no rule as to the vowels which they receive; thus, I will receive, which 'Ts 'h has the same vowels as the Heb. • . V The second and third persons singular feminine sometimes admit Yud otiose or paragogic at the end; thus, \ /y oZ and Z. X ^ ^ The prseformative letters are not four, as in Hebrew, namely, but only three, namely, ^Z). The third person sing, and plu. of both genders take j instead of _» as in Hebrew, probably from jjoi. It is certainly somewhat remarkable that the prefix for the 3rd. pers. of the fut. should be Nun, when in Heb. and also in Chald. Arab, and ACthiop. it is Yud. The deviation of the Syriac in this particular from the rest of the Shemetic languages has been a puzzle to many, and has given rise to various conjectural explanations. The one however in which Grammarians have seemed most inclined to repose, is this, viz. that the Nun was written for Yud by mistake. This opinion is expressed as follows by Hoffman, but in which this distinguished linguist does not at all concur. “ Nun praeform. 3 personae multis suspectum fuit, quia in cognatis dialectis Yud inveniebatur, neque dubitarunt littera- rum Yud et Nun, quae sane sunt figura simillimae, in auxi- lium vocare permutationem facillimam.” Now this mode of accounting for Nun instead of Yud appears to me in the highest degree improbable; indeed almost absurd, when we consider that the language was written and spoken at the same time, and that Nun is so unlike Yud in pronunciation REGULAR VERBS. 83 that it is next to impossible that one letter should be mis¬ taken for the other. It is better therefore that we should rest satisfied with the fact, that the fut. form of the 3rd. pers. is and not V\ nAn . . than to attempt to explain what, for want of data, is obviously inexplicable. is the third pers. sing. masc. and the first T\ pers. plii. masc.; hut the context will determine the person which is to be taken. The verb / he obeyed , receives ^ for * through i the whole of the Ethpeel conjugation, except the infin., which is regular; thus, praet. .nr>. ^ imper. ora . H } } X 'T) I > part. ,£Q_»_2 l£A1o. X TS Infinitive. The Infinitive of all the conjugations has Mem praeformative. The Peal is masculine. The others have the termination o, and are feminine. Imperative. The observation on the vowel placed over the second radical of the future holds good in the imperative; as, o, ^v make ye , ooVn ? sleep ye. In the Ethpeel and Ethpaal conjugations the middle radical has no vowel, and under it is placed the linea occultans. This pecu¬ liarity has probably arisen from the general practice of people to utter a command in a hasty and an abrupt manner. Nun paragogic is sometimes found with the forms of the imper. in the Peal, Pael and Aphel conjuga¬ tions; as, v ddcLdo for cAd^o. 6—2 84 REGULAR VERBS. Participles. The Participle active Peal is always written as without the Vau, which is inserted in the He- ns brew participial noun Kal. This circumstance arises from Vau not being used with the vowel hut with \ On the contrary the passive participle has with the vowel 1 ; as, The participles of x all the other conjugations are derived from the prae- terite by prefixing Mem. This letter is very probably a particle of the pronoun ^o, ,_1 d, or jlo; so that ^ An^n is lie who slayeth , i. e. one slaying . In the ns passive and Aphel conjugations the Olaph is omitted and its vowel taken by the Mem. The part. sometimes takes the vowel v on X 7 the first rad., especially on intrans. verbs; as, » m . W x x astonished , Luke i. 21. From the last remark but one must be exempted some verbs of the Aphel conjugation, which retain the Olaph when another letter is prefixed; as, » ns permitting to live. This is also the case in the fu¬ ture. The Olaph of the Aphel conjugation is changed y y y y in the Ethtaphal into Z; as, ^j^qZASo for ^^.qIASd. ns ns This is likewise true in the whole conjugation. 37. The gutturals produce a few anomalies, and only a few; for the Syrians have not so great a variety of vowel changes as the Hebrews. Verbs, the third radical of REGULAR VERBS. 85 which is oi, oj, vx or 5, have in the future and imperative Peal for the most part the vowel v under the middle radical. In the other conjugations and the active parti¬ ciple Peal, they have v in the place of *; as, y y y y y y worshipping , oojij mlD glorying, he mocked, ^ 53 ] he commemorated. The verbs he consoled, 1&4’ he defiled, *|] ^ he pol¬ luted, in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, have the same changes of the vowels as the gutturals which are mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 38. The Present Tense is formed by the participles (form and the personal pronouns placed after them; thus, Singular. 'T, 001 I am slaying thou art slaying thou art slaying lie is slaying she is slaying. Plural. 41 v 1^40 ^ ™ T we are slaying I l masc. ye are slaying I &c. 7 v » p we are slaying ye are slaying 86 REGULAR VERBS. The third pers. plu. is expressed simply by the act. part, in the plural number. These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted and affixed to the verb; as, AlLguo, thou art slaying , second pers. sing. masc. and fern. The substantive verb added to the participial form ^40 will sometimes express the imperfect tense; 7 > as, looi he was slaying. But if this verb be added to the praeterite it will sometimes make the pluperfect tense; as, loan he had slain. The pluperfect tense will not always be determined in this manner; for it sometimes happens that the auxiliary verb is thus found with the praeterite, when the context will not permit it to signify the pluper¬ fect tense. In such case the praeterite or imperfect tense will be expressed. IRREGULAR VERBS. 39- Large classes of verbs deviate from the fore¬ going paradigm of and present many irregularities in the process of conjugation. They are produced by nearly the same causes as in Hebrew, namely, by gutturals, which have been already noticed; by the letters } o ; by the first radical being Nun; or by 87 tr tt VERBS OR . . the second and third radicals being the same. Indeed the same classes of irregular verbs exist in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole of that family of languages. We have seen that the verb is employed to designate the conjugations. The classes of irregular verbs also are usually denoted, for the sake of brevity, by one of the letters in ; thus, ja, . . cy stand for tr n verbs the first radical of which is ] w or j; K ai, those the middle radical of which is | o or u , or the second and third radicals the same; and finally " tr B, -X, those the last radical of which is *) or u , 40. Verbs or 1. In accounting for the anomalies which exist in this class, it is to be observed that Olaph or Yud beginning a word must have a vowel; as, he was anxious , ^ he begot , and not See § 5. 2. In the middle of a word Olaph or Yud and the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels. This is the consequence of what is stated in (1); for in those forms where two consonants without vowels come together the Olaph or Yud would begin a syllable, and would consequently require a vowel as much as at the beginning of a word. 3. This vowel of the Olaph or Yud is generally remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad- 88 VERBS OR dition is made to the end of the word, to avoid the concourse of several letters without vowels, the Olaph or Yud retains its vowel; thus, Z^Zj he was 7\ 1 ns begotten, n\n ]7] they were corroded , 7,V1/1 / was n\ ns ns ns ns begotten . 4. In the Aphel, Shaphel, and their passive con¬ jugations, the Olaph or Yud is changed into Vau, which coalesces with the preceding y and makes the diphthong an; as, ns ns 5. Olaph and Yud are dropped in the future first person singular; as, I shall eat , for y / shall beget . X 6. Verbs are regular in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore exceptions to (5). 7. In the Peal conjugation the vowel of the Olaph is ^ in the prset. In the pass, participle it is y . In the imper. in those cases where the second vowel is Vtlie first is y ; as, ^o_of eat thou , masc.; but if the second vowel be Y, the first is ^; as, Ao) say thou , masc. A similar rule is observed in the ns future tense, namely, when the second vowel is * the first is % and when the second is y the first is x . 8. The Olaph in the Ethpeel and Ethpaal con¬ jugations is sometimes changed into Z; as, ,_k*ZZ 1 from VERBS OR . . g>v 89 ,-L] lie took , ^JZ2] he lamented. Indeed Olaph pre- ceded by Thau is frequently changed into Thau for the sake of euphony. 9. Olaph or Yud in the middle of a word rests in general in * or x . The latter is sometimes changed into the former. The verb Vi he departed , makes its imperative mood of the Peal conjugation thus, ,_Ai all i n\ ns ns as ns The ^ of 'Sll has the tinea occultans as often as it ns ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one. In such cases the vowel of Lomad is remitted to Zain; as, Alii “ ns she departed. In the passive part. Peal the radical ^ in some verbs y receives the vowel v instead of 1 ; as, .<* . \ . taught , Rom. x ii. 18. y Yud in the verb *o . ^>1 he was faithful , in the Aphel conjugation takes 'TS cji as the characteristic, and *j is changed into ; thus, V) . m he believed; so Heb. Arab. { j^. Some verbs beginning with Yud reject this radical in y y the inf. and fut. Peal; as, he knew , inf. ; ^oA_» he m • I 'TS "TS 1 y set , fut. jdAj. 41. Verbs The anomalies belonging to this class of verbs are only few; the principal one is the rejection of Nun in certain situations, and the rule is this: when¬ ever Nun is at the end of a syllable and without a vowel, according to the analogy of the regular verb, it is rejected. We have therefore fut. Peal *qq_£u ns Ne-puk , for *ocl£llj Nen-puk , inf. .n for ^oAjlIo. In the imper. Peal the Nun is thrown away at the beginning of the word; as, for *oqAj. The reason of this elision is perhaps the difficulty of pro¬ nouncing it with rapidity in such a situation, and it has therefore been neglected in writing. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations of these verbs are quite regular in all their forms. Verbs of this class are not found in the Shaphel and its passive conjugation. 7 conjugation of verbs r _£^. ex. . n m he ivent forth , 91 Peal. Afel. Ethtafal. Pnet. Sing. 3. masc. ^,‘f •cJaZZl 3. fem. A 7 * An^ i Anaf hncfl 7] 1 2. masc. AnAj An^f Ani/ZZl 2. fem. ^AoAj -Aoaf ^AnaZZI 1. com. -n .7 O.Q.^1 An A7 7] Plur. 3. masc. oqAj onaZZ] 3. fem. .-■j-qAi ■ ■ n . . nn//] 2. masc. • X A 7 v oAn^u ^Aoaf voAaaZZ] 2. fem. 'T* 7 A 14 I 7 r ^An^| ^An^ZZ] 1. com. * i 7 ^oiiZZl n Infinitive. 7 n •X P 7 o o nCn •X D 7. •?> q-q^ZALo Imper. Sing. masc. ^)0£) - *i 7 *oa| xQ AZZ] fem. vjJDQ£) * i 7 ^-qA7 7] Plur. masc. dOQ£) 71 1 7 ociaj o-dAZZ] fem. V ->.00£1 -n -n ~ 7 > v ' w^zzi "" n Fut. Sing. 3. masc. %£)Q_2lJ -r, 7 J"L2U *qA2.Aj 3. fem. •X . 7> ci-QQ£li .. o^;; 7 77 , . » nn77 2. masc. •X «T> kOO£)L ^i)Z 7 .aaZf 2. fem. » nc?)f ■ A ^77' 1. com. xOO£>) v v .clsI v ^zzi Plur. 3. masc. 3. fem. •X ^ iDd£U ^z 7 ^ 7 V. .■»' ^CLQ£)ZA V -X 7. O a^AA 7 7, » .nn/A j Part. act. n P xO-gU ^ 7 %n ^Vo ^ZAi pass. A.1 7 7 vn^ik) 92 CONJUGATION OF VERBS |^ 4 Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Ethpaal. Prat. Sing. 3. masc. <> 'TX 'MZI ^of ^ollf 3. fem. Ai=r Aioizr Alof Aiofzr 2. masc. Alif Aloft* Alof Aloft* 2. fem. -Aloft’ -Alof -Aloft* 1. com. Aiof Aloft" Alof Aloft* Plur. 3. masc. alof aloft* alof aloft* 3. fem. — lof ^ 'TN ^ -NoUl -lof -lollf 2. masc. ,oAloft* ,oAlof ^Aloft* 2. fem. ^Aloft* ^f ^Aioin* 1. com. ^Uf ^sr ^ft" Infinitive. •X • Pm.'*'* a-io \ A k> alili olilfci Imper. Sing. masc. V Z 1 ^ft fem. -loof -Noft -lof ^rzi Plur. masc. aloof aloft alof aloft fem. 7\ ^in 'i> -n ^i=ft Fut. Sing. 3. masc. 'iaotf ^1A3 ^olL* 3. fem. — laotf: -T» -7\ 'VS -lo]ZZ -loir -lift" 2. masc. ^izz ^ft" 2. fem. x 7 ^ ^IZZ r^oU’ ft^oft" 1. com. ^U1 Plur. 3. masc. ,alolA] ^lol2j 3. fem. gLolAj ^ft" 2. masc. ^oir •X _ 7 -* vol^lZl ^>U' ,aloft* 2. fem. r^oir p 7 -t\ r±>)LL gift" 1. com. 'iaotf ^olAS ^13 Part. act. 'h ^]Ak) 'Mi pass. I 'fcoli EXAMPLE, he eat. 93 Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. WZZf • wm* ASsoT ZZ^aoZZf Alsai ZdaoL.f Aliof Aiioizr ZZ^ai Al^f ^ZZ^of ^A-ZiolZf *-iAXDQ_» ^Alio’ZUf ZZ^of A!=0 7 zzr ZZZaai ASsoM* aliof oVioZZf olioM" ^A£of -XsxiZT ^a£o; ^Licz^r ^oAXioZZf .cA^clI ,oZZ^U ^Aliol 7 ^ziio 7 zzf ^Ali>oL.f 7 i\o 0 f 7 . -* 7 i \nn a k i 7 \^nA .)' •X. P 7 oA^ok) x. ° v Q-±DQ-a±D * • P 7 ■* n Non A • Vo w ^olL) V}oL»] . » Von*) 7 ^.. ^.\n n / / I . * . » VonA ,*) oZZof aVnoZZ] oZma.* *7* Q-VzDoZ_»*| » Von*) 7 .\nn 7 ;;] _.^\oo w ..» \nn?i »1 ^ T\ *7S ^ *7\ 'h " ^ ^oi ^oZaJ W^n I 1 ^oZ 7 bio’ll ^aiZ ^ioL.Z' W 7 wzr ^oiZ ^oL.r ^ZsoZ 7 ^SdoLT ^jZZdq»z v . WA.r wzr ^oir ^oL»T ^Q.VnQJ ,iWzJ \ I i ^oZaJ v ^n.: i ^aoLxi ^aV^oZ 7 ,alao 7 ZZ” yoVna^Z ^laoL.Z” ^StjoZ 7 ^oir Z^aiZ ^oL.L' WZa3 ^dqSo WZAio VWlVn WnnA ■» Vn ViiasL W^nlvn 94 // CONJUGATION OF VERBS . . Peal. Ethpeel. Praet. Sing. 3. masc. zz: 'h I 7\ XL) 3. fem. lx iXiT 2. masc. IX *T\ X ‘1\ LXL) • 2. fem. ~LX • H X 'TS ~LXD 1. com. LX • lXlT Plur. 3. masc. 0^ 'TS X 'TS oXL) 3. fem. .. • *I\ X IS XL) 2. masc. * TS I ^ v oZ^Zl 2. fem. xx ^zzzLlf 1. com. ^X Infinitive. sx •X P X o r \^Zlo • Imper. Sing. masc. X • I r^l 'TS fem. < • X XL) Plur. masc. • oXL) fem. T\ X ^X) T\ "7> Fut. Sing. 3. masc. St ♦ X ^ • 3. fem. ** X -Z^ZZ • 2. masc. sx ”7\ X 'h ^zz • 2. fem. SSX T 7 * ^XLL 1. com. ST XL) Plur. 3. masc. Xt (Xtt 3. fem. (St (XS 2. masc. XX (XX 2. fem. (SX (XX 1. com. St T\ x -n • Part. act. X • r l^ASo • pass. X • X EXAMPLE, A- lie begot. 95 7> x Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. M SoUX AcA • A°Af is of LSo’ux » ZA V • AAoAr x .p y Q r AOlf) SAo'ZAA • •x .<> y o,~aq._®Ao x . p y •* o^oA-^lo • Aof A°ai AcA • A°Al -AoT 'Ts -AolZl t-jf^ACL* • ZaoZl®^ ^ | O o oAoZZl Oj^CL® Oj^oAjsI 'T\ ^AoZZl T* *7> A AcA V • '7s r A.oA_»] “ -n ss Ao 7 za3 • AqAj • AoAA ^AoZ 7 • ^Ao 7 ^’ w.A fut. and imper. The rule for the removal of Nun does not apply to verbs of this class, when the second and third radicals are the same; nor when the middle radical is one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs whose second radical is He. .n\cn he ascended , is anomalous, and takes some of its 'TS y V forms from the obsolete verb ^ ; as, .n m imper. y y .n mVn inf. ^Q£d| fut. Olaph, characteristic of the Aphel conjugation, is oc- casionally retained with the prefixes; as, thou wilt bring down, from 'Ti n " 42. Verbs qa or . . v Verbs having Vau and those having Yud for their middle radical letter differ so little from each other in their conjugations, that they may be both compre¬ hended in one class. These letters are sometimes placed in such situations as to lose their consonantel power, and defects in consequence arise in those forms of the verb where that power is lost. 1. Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part rests in the vowel x . In such a case whenever another VERBS Q..1 OR . » V . 97 vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb, the Vau is usually changed into Yud; as, S o > n 77] i 'is for SoaoZZ], Aki^o for AicLO. 2. Vau for the most part takes the vowel * or x . When therefore another vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb, the Vau is taken away or changed into Olaph or Yud; as, Soo for 1>oq_q, for Socld. 3. In the Aphel conjugation the Vau is changed into Yud; the vowel % which belongs to Vau, is also changed into x , and this vowel is remitted to the pre¬ ceding letter; as, ^a^o) v for ^ooof. X 71 There are some verbs which preserve the o in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations; as, jo\ Tie disturbed , foil) Tie was 7» 'IS disturbed. In the part. Peal the Vau is changed into Olaph, and is pronounced Yud. When the third radical is a guttural or Rish, the vowel ^ is changed into v. See $ 37. Throughout the Ethpeel conjugation Z of the syl¬ lable Z] is doubled, except in the 2nd. pers. fut. This 'IS is the same as in Chaldee, except in the latter lan¬ guage the duplication is made by Dagesh forte. The verbs of this class are not found in the Sha- phel and Eshtaphal conjugations. There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau, which are not conjugated after the paradigm; namely, 7 98 VERBS Q_V, OR . » k . (1) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the third radical; as, ]o_» he was equal, i he adhered. ( 2 ) Such verbs as _^ojcd he desired , he IS acted unjustly. In some verbs a difference of signification is marked by the middle radical Vau being moveable or other¬ wise; as, 5 in the praeterite. Plural. Singular. oA..>-So I A_ulD X wiA.xAo i ZA-lAD X •X ^oZAjlId ^ X ZA-i.So X .ZAjlAD wiZA.a-V) 'IS X y X V A-lAd X ZA.J.V) ^ X In the fut. Peal the praeformative letters have no vowel except that which belongs to the first person singular. From verbs of this class quadriliteral forms are fre¬ quently derived, and make two additional conjugations, namely, Palpel and its passive Ethpalpal; as, he made a commotion , from v>oj; lie exalted , from y>ol. See quadriliteral verbs. VERBS ]]. 99 In he lived , whenever a praeformative is annexed, the Yud is taken away and its vowel remitted to the pre¬ ceding consonant; as, inf. ]_kZsD for ] 43. Verbs There are a few anomalies in these verbs, but they are not so numerous nor of a kind to require a para¬ digm. Most of them may be accounted for on the principle stated in § 40; namely, that Olaph remits its vowel to the preceding letter, which was previously without a vowel. Agreeably to this law we have he was good, he was old, he enquired, imper. Ai put on the shoe. So also in Ethpeel we have 'TS Olaph is sometimes placed before the first radical; we have indeed the following forms, «_»fc>Z1, ML), ML). 'TS 1\ Ts ** In Aphel we have he did badly, he put on the shoes, he did well. In Pael and Ethpaal conjugations Olaph is changed into Yud; as, > [ he prepared, ^l [)\ he was pre- pared. ft 44. Verbs ]]. This class comprehends the two classes of Hebrew verbs terminating in N and n, and the three classes of Arabic verbs ending in 1 j c*. 7 —2 100 CONJUGATION OF VERBS n V . Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Prast. Sing. 3 . masc. 3. fem. P So o Sn.nZ/f n y V> » n y o Akio Aku^ZZf * 7 7 Aln^o 2. masc. Akio A'.n.oVy . -* y ASo->-r) 2. fem. ^ZAo-i-n221 . y wjAIq-s-O 1. com. p Akio Av> . r>77f . * y A1q-i_o Plur. 3. masc. qIoo nvn. A;;y ^ 7 o^n->.r) 3. fem. ..y».A;;y n y . » Sn > o 2. masc. •x . » •x *7 ^nASn * n 2. fem. r p ^AkiO f 'TS H 7 ^ALq^-d 1. com. 7 P itnn A;;f y -n y i Vn » n V Infinitive. £ni,ZAk> •X P 7 nVn > nVo Imper. Sing. masc. fem. •X ^OQ_D So » n77] 7 So „ n •X . . Son r> x .» So , r>7 7] -TS 7 . * Vn » o Plur. masc. olocLo X TS oV) i oZZ] 'Ti 7 oVii.r) fem. IS v » V> > .oZZI TS X TS y V „1 Sqj.jD Fut. Sing. 3. masc. Snoni So „ n7 A i n y So. ni 3. fem. . » Son o7 A;;* H y , - »Vo»-n/ 2. masc. !>oclo2 x , ,-n ^cu_o77 -» 7 « ^0„> JDL 2. fem. X I . .T> ^-j-kXi-QZZ 1 7 ? v ,> V) >.oZ 1. com. •X isOQ-O] ^qSqo o i Sn_..A77f H 7 .11 .O'V?a-Q 1 Plur. 3. masc. ^QSfX* ,oZAj 3. fem. Soon i p X , _ * So t ry A 1 p y ,_Sn . n i 2. masc. •X ‘X • yQlOCLOL •X X * .n ^oin-ji oZZ •x y , xQlCLi-QL 2. fem. P -X - ^LdqldA p i , ,ii ^Icu-oZZ o 7 . ^£luOL 1. com. ^OOQl ^a»iZAj n y >CL»-QJ Part. act. Sola 'A ^aa.r^ZAAo So_^oSn pass. Sa_»_Q y y Sq-x nSp example, So n n arise thou . 101 Ethpaal. Aphel. Ethtaphal. Palpel. Ethpalpal. y y x .7 i-a^ZZ'l 71 7 1>0jAd5 7 7 ,.7i i*0^1oiZl A . 7 x.7 ZVl£L»_0| as in Ethpeel. A^jAd? t&frlLT Aioiizr ALcu_o] y Ak?^o5 tit&c< wiAkix^Z] » nj «u_»Ak)*iD5 y 7 ,.7. w_.Ak?^lD3Zl . -n 7 ,.7i AVn_^.n7] AS£ui>l' Ak^iol . 7i 7 , .71 ZiOjiojZ) 7 7 - aki_i_oZ.| qAq_i_q] 'lx 7 nV>.V>i 7 7 1 -i* qAdjAojZ] 7 7 ,.7t . »Vo „ n/ | 1 *i 7 . * Vn , n) ^ 7 . » ^n.Vn$ 7 7 , .IN . xVn.Vn37] ♦X 7 7 • ^oAln-i„oZ| ^oAS^u-d] 7 •X ^ 7 xOL&D^DJ •X . 7 7 , .7* v oA1d^d3/ 7 ] 7 7 ,.7i ^ALa-k-oZ) ^.Zsa^il' f 71 7 ^.ALdjAd? Z"f 7 7 7 ..71 ». .nz_| 7 I .7 i Vn »_n | y i \ y , I^O-VdS 7 7 7 ,.7l ■ lAnjWl •X P 7 7i nVn . n/An •X P 7 qAo.qAo •X P 7 qAdjIdjAd •X P 7 71 q!d^d3ALd 7 7 ,. ^Qu-oZj ^Qj-D*) 7 ^Lol iO^iZ] . . V> . n71 w^Aojud] 7 'Tx *_xlD^D)Zl 'TX alaloZl olEu-r)] 7 qAdjAdI lx oAo^d^ZI » Vn » n/ | » Vn » r>*] »Vfi.Vnl . Vn[vn*71 7) X V 1 -TI 'JS 7X 7 7 -n » .oAj v> » n i 71 7 7 7 4 7> 1>o^d3Aj 7 7 . ,ti . . Vn » n/ / a ^ Vo ft C*) 1 i\ 7 . ^ u Lo i .SD5Z . > V>»Vr)3/ 7 7 7 « .-T. ^Q^_£DZZ ^Ql.*JdL 71 7 , ^OjAD>Z 7 7 , ,71 ^0;Ad3ZZ x 7 . . Vn » n / / .iAoj!d3Z 7 7 ,.t> ^Qj-IDZ| 71 7 .71 ^o^1d3] io^izf •X 7 71 ^oV?->-oAj v aLa_i_£U •X 7 ^qIDjADjJ v qAd^1d?Aj P 7 7i •X 7 - ,-n ^qAoa-oZZ P 7 , ,71 v ^>. nZZ ^aOJ ^QAQj-DZ p X . ^Sq-»-qZ ^iOfiOsJ Q-i_.oAj v>. ni ^ 7 ^OjAojJ 7 7 A 71 ^o^d?Aj ^q-LoALo ' >Q-i_nlD ^O^DilD 'TX ^o^d?A1d 'TX !>aaLo 7 7 SnAnAn 102 tt VERBS ]]. In the consideration of these verbs, we observe, 1st. When they receive an addition to the end the Olaph is either taken away or changed into Ynd; thus, ZlL^, A. This arises from the circumstance that Olaph is seldom found in the middle of a word beginning a syllable, or quiescent in the middle of a syllable. 2nd. Participles form the fern, gender according to the rules given in the Chapter on Nouns; as, jl^ fern. f em * 3rd. Olaph in the 3rd. pers. sing, praet. of all the conjugations, except Peal, becomes Yud quiescent in i ; aS, | 4th. The infin. is subject to the 1st rule; but in other respects it is regular. 5th. In the imper. Peal and Ethpeel sing, masc., Olaph is changed into Yud; in the former it rests in x , in the latter it makes a diphthong with ?; thus, and wa-XyjZI. But in the other conjugations Olaph remains and rests in o. In the fern, o makes a diphthong with In the plural forms the third rad. is taken away in all the conjugations; thus, 6th. In the fut. tense and participles, Olaph rests in •»; but before the affixes v o and it is taken away. Before the affix . Olaph passes into Yud moveable; as, 103 rt VERBS ]]. In the plu. prset. Peal of the third person we have and for ojl^ a ^ ew * n “ stances in the Philoxenian version the Olaph is pre¬ served when the affixes are annexed to them ; as, they untied him , Mark xi. 4. Some verbs in Peal change Olaph into Yud, and are declined as the praeterite of the other conjugations; thus, Plural. Singular. Q-ir-K* • -7\ • I • • 7> X X • v ; Z'_* ,-KJ • X _> Zv_» I Zli • X 7 I x ZLli-Kt • I The verb w_.A_»j is not of the Aphel conjugation, as i ^ is manifest from the vowel * being under the Olaph. It is probably the Peal conjugation with Olaph pros¬ thetic. A few verbs of this class have v in the sing, numb. masc. of the imper.; as, drink. 'h In the 3rd. pers. plu. praet. and 2nd. pers. plu. imper. Peal* some verbs take the paragogic forms * ^ ’• ^ *«’ c * * 104 ff CONJUGATION OF VERBS ]] . Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Praat. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. 1. com. 0 > \ K y ^ 7 .7 A^zr oArl -Vf 'n 7 W ‘ L "X . 7 . 7^ A \ I 7 -x 7^ . x 7^ •x .1 7^ T t x ^ 7 . x 7 ^ Infinitive. 0 *T\ V 0 •X . D * Id •X -P 7 Imper. Sing. masc. -V! O 7 T\ h£i 7S 7 V 3. fem. “jk Z -M 2. masc. H. H ZZ ^ z 2. fem. ^H zz J. com. Sf Plur. 3. masc. •x • ^ p _ 3. fem. » \..,A i .* V lt i 2. masc. v ^r „ ^ z 2. fem. 'Ti T* ' r " z X ; •7N _ ^ 1. com. V v Part. act. ** o *k "A *A U-^Alo -A 7 V 5 pass. p EXAMPLE, 1L. he revealed. 105 Ethpaal. Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. to^r ~SH to.zr A^l Aix^zzr Ajztoi to,zr aj^zzt A V 1 7 £._l. -it—» A.^^r ^A^zzr «a*^-T AjuS-^_* A^A^r tozr a^ZZ| -Hr o^r ^H V ZZ| to; v zr v oA^ v azuzqzzr v oA^ ^^A.r ^A^zzr i A’.rf 1,^.1 ’ .'xVA' 1 » \ .. 7 71 n »\ ^AVn •X .P 7 n . \. Vn A > * •X .p 7 •X . P 7 ti n » \ ^-A • Vn n » \ ^ P 7 \ z ! P 7 \^ z ! P 7 V \ L ! to^i to*H <^! °v “V-! , - ^ u ; 1 • * ^ itV . .'s .11} to-> 71 Xi7 7* ~K Z -Hi ~!Pt? z wi]L.A-»Z ti X> 7 7i H »< z bH ^H zz to^ z -7N ^ _ ^-■A,-Z.to-»Z. u^zr „ \\ tor u^r AH v^ zJ p \ 7 A 71 . \ lt A i Fut. Sing. 3. masc. •X ^ 1CLC1J -» 7 VOJ 3. fem. •X *._»iaoZ -io2 -ia22 2. masc. •x la^Z li 7 Z IflZL 2. fem. I 7> ^-VoZ <_ia2 ^b22 1. com. •X •,'D 1oo| .7 V^l &ir Plur. 3. masc. •x ^ ^oiou •X 7 vOVOJ ^2a3 3. fem. o n\ o y ^2Ai 2. masc. r\ Cl <* O/ v ^ 7 2 v o ^22 2. fem. 0 -oZ 4^2 4=22 1. com. •x ^ ICLClJ -n 7 VOJ w22aJ Part. act. *T\ Volo tiZAio ** pass. 1-10 I 7 7 VoSo example , he destroyed. 109 Shaphel. Eshtaphal. Palpel. Ethpalpal. 71 7 \!=l* Ziai . 'll 7 «— iL\ n • zKi 71 7 Oy.O.« ^ 7 •X - 7\ 7 ~Z*£>ii> Zi^i n\ 7 cyrzyjo 71 7 •X , 71 7 ^oZvovo Tt, ti 7 ^Zv^vs 7 71 P ^zr z^zr Z^Zf ^.zjijLzy ztvizr 7 7 ,.71 oy^y^Z| iSz^zr ^floiazr •X P 7 oyo-«.V> •X P 7 71 oy^AjaZD •X P 7 °1 °1 •x p 7 -n ovo^oAk) 7 V^-» 7 7 'TS 'Tt ^v^L>l oy^L»] ,__,y^L»] -n "" *7* *3> — V3|T> 'lx oy^vo T\ 'TS li^ZI -isiozi otiyiZ] 7> 7 7 '* 'TS 71 7 )n.i i -liiZ V^iz 7> 7 .71 1^*1 •X 7 P 7 i|^-«-J v>L ^v^viZ ■n 7 .71 v 6v^iAj p 7 ,VCV^J •X v . \0VDV2l itviZ 71 7 W=v=j 7 7 7i yn>yr:Aj -vipLfZ 7 7 ,7., y^yjoZZ I 7 .7, ^VoVoZZ 7 7 ,^x V^voZ] •X 7 71 ^oyrzy.oAj P 7 A 71 ip^V^Aj V a^vizz 4pja^2 7 7 7i Vciy^Aj in « v> 7\ 7 7 yr^« V> yc>A-a-k) *n y^ynV? 'A 7 7 yzDyznk) yiyiAk) -7S 110 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. Vowel preceding. Sing. Y - » ^ , w-iGlO ai (oi_») Plu. V •x It will not be necessary to extend the paradigm beyond the Peal conjugation, for the others are in¬ flected like it. Whatever deviations there are will be given. Neither will it be necessary to give examples of irregular verbs, except that class of them which have Olaph for the third radical, and of which, on account of some striking peculiarities, particular notice must be taken. The first and second persons of both numbers through both the tenses do not take the objective affixes of the same person, otherwise the signification would be reciprocal, which is usually expressed by cer¬ tain conjugations. In the praet. the third pers. plu. fern, has two v i y forms, . . V-ft-n and one (the simple and the 'h other the paragogic; each of them takes the affixes. There is also a masc. paragogic form K n. Verbs of the sec. pers. plu. praet. of both genders do not receive the affixes ^ocn and ; instead of is them are used the separate pronouns ^cuj and * ij. OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. Ill 47 . Prceterite. 3rd. pers. sing, masc . he has slain. > . iSj )r> lie has slain me, ...... us , yS^o . /toe, masc.; \f\n . thee , fem.; . you , masc.; ^nX^Q ...... ?/ 0 ft, fem.; orV^o ...... tow, aiX^-o . tor, |Clj] . /toft, masc.; ..... .. them , fem. ”7* -71 3n/. jpers. /m. AX-A-Q slain. 'TS ^J^X^jD to .toft ffttf, . tor, ^qj) AX^jd ...... /toftz, 'Ti 'TN masc.; AX^o . /to/ft, fem. 7l7> -n smy. m$sc. AX^Q. w»JaXXo /toft tos/ stoft /ftc, ^AXXo . fts, ^aiXAXXa a2i4d masc.; aX!&jd * TST* y 2 m/. _pcr.?. sm^f. / -n . • 112 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. lsf. pers. sing. L\J^O . 1\ -7N . thee, masc.; .fem.; .q^AX^d . yo?/, masc.; r _»^A\4o . fem.; ^ -7N cnAX^o . cnAl^uO . her, ^qj] AS 40 . -7. » "» them, masc.; 3rd. pers. plu. masc. 0 \ ^S) or ♦ . » m\-^ Q . *»£, . ^a\^-0 . thee, masc.; ^.ooSs^o . fem.; ^nn nVjl n .yow, masc.; . you, fem.; ^oioX^-o . him, m n\^ .n . her, ^qj] o\g\ o . *T\ masc.; n\\ n . /Am, fem. The other form / T\'t\ takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 3rd. pers. plu. fem. «._»_X4° or _.a_.\ §jO . 'TS . . iSf^Q . »«e, r ^4Q . W«, ^.S^D . thee, masc.; . . n\K n . thee, fem.; ■ o-'A \ g . T\ you, masc.; » n\ ? i\ n . you, fem.; . . m . . ns him, cjlL^o . her. The other form takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 2nd. pers. plu. masc. xOh^J^O. — ..me, ^Jo^AX^-o 0 -X. . 7 , us, w>cn_i_jo D him , criio x AA4o . her. OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 113 2nd. plu. fem. ^A\^.Q . 4 -L .-1 1 ->A^uQ . ?w\\\n . *r» thee , fem.; K asiilL^n ... ... //ow, masc.; . T\ fem.; . Am, ou-X^jd . her. Infinitive. 'TN . to slay me , r 2Li^nSp . us, 7> .. masc.; . » nVjXoVn . thee , fem.; ^Vfrnvn -7\ t> ^ -n .. ^o?/, masc.; »n\^nv> . f/ow, fern.; mVftnVn T* 7> ^ ^ .. Am, oiIL^qSd . her. 7% Imperative. V\o A n sim/. masc. . . i .7W£, ^So-fejD . W«9, ^OT-i^a^uO .. tow, cn »\a4-0 . her. 2nd. pers. sing. fem. *.-x.\d^JD. x > >.i\ajD . wje, r la4o . w»9, «- »crio . \n. A. o X X .. Am, m . \ n ^v_n . ^Aetf, fem. 8 x 114 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. Plu. numb. 2nd. pers. , i A\ j/ o n . me, ^^clo . us > . Aiwi, cnaX^Q-o . 2w 0 &QJ » 'fs . . A K en . we, ^4nj . “•?> . /7^ "!> masc.; ^ > n\o j)cu . y ou > ^ em> ’ --»cticlx ' ^ Tl 71 . Aiw», cfi i \ ^ gj . her. x ^ 2nd. pers. sing. fem. i i\ .' . 1 . \ j\.n Z . we, . 1 .A4oZ . «s, ^ « XX ^ x x 'i' . » 1 . /wwz, 0U. - T ^ i -»> /«£/•. 3rJ. pm. plu. masc. ^ o\4d . 1 » ., 1 io^^j . me, JaX&aj . US, ^jqVj^dj _ ^ 'ft 'Ti -7\ . thee, masc.; ^oj qV (\qj . thee, fem.; * * * . you, masc.; . oin\frnj . you , fem.; V is ns . jqX &qj . 7^^m ? crua^nj . her. OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 115 3rd. pers. fern. ^-Xi^QJ. * 7 \ wi.3i X&n i . me, i . us, i 'T) T\ . thee, masc.; . . thee, fem.; ^qALX^qj . you, masc.; » ^ i X (\ m . you, fem.; ^cn >, i X-&n^ . him, cniX^nj . her. Participles are seldom found with the objective affixes; when they are, the modification they undergo is the same as that for nouns. 48. Observations. Prceterite with Affixes. It will be observed from the foregoing examples, that verbs and nouns have nearly the same vowel changes; thus, when it takes the affixes, remits the 7 to , which is similar to In the other persons of the sing, the vowel is retained on the second radical to avoid three letters coming together without a vowel. In the third person plural of both genders the 7 is put back on the first letter, o receives x , and of the fem. is taken away. The first and second persons pin. preserve both vowels un¬ changed. Verbs having * for the second rad. retain it in those places where 7 is found in Verbs having Olaph or Yud for the first radical may he referred to for whenever is destitute of a vowel, there Olaph has ^ and Yud when has 7 , Olaph and Yud have the same. Pael, Aphel and Shaphel conjugations retain the 8—2 I 116 OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. first vowel immoveable, but the second they change in the same manner as in Peal. The affix ^cno is used after Yud, w»cji after those which end in o servile; this is the case throughout the conjugations. Infinitive. In the infin. Peal the last vowel is taken away, except with the suffixes Ad and ; but if it be as in verbs having Vau the second radical, the vowel remains. In the other conjugations having the termi¬ nation o, l is added with the suffixes. Imperative. The imper. of all the conjugations, where the middle radical has any one of the vowels x , 0 or % does not change its form in the sing., and inserts Yud before the affixes. The vowel o in the plu. masc. is remitted to the first radical. Pael, Aphel and Shaphel conjugations, when the imper. agrees with the praet., cast away the vowel of •x y the 2nd. radical before the suffixes; as, . .m n\n n] bring him. But verbs having the middle radical j, o or u , as well as some paragogic forms, retain the vowel; as, > > m A ] do me good. Future. The 1st. pers. of both numbers, 2nd. pers. sing, masc., and 3rd. pers. sing, of both genders preserve the second vowel before the affixes and ; but it is lost in the others. The remaining persons keep both vowels in all the forms. OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 117 The verb The forms which end in 1°, viz. praet. Peal m.; Imp. Pael, Aphel and Shaphel in 3rd. pers. sing, masc cast away ], hut retain the vowel by which the suf¬ fixes are annexed to the verb; as. . . i \ ^ ^ In the Inf. Peal the } is changed into move- able; as, . > i » m 1 \ ; but before and the ] is removed, although o is retained; as, v: •X • "* mO OSL^D, ^\ ^ 0 . Those forms of the verb ending in }] such as the futures and participles, when they use the affixes, are accustomed to change ) into the vowel being re¬ tained ; as, * > ^ ^ >;» > \ . There is this peculiarity in the forms terminating in o, viz. that they change o into oo or oo; as, ^oiooX^, « . X .. 1 0 0 The form o_/, which is the termination of the 3rd. pers. praet. plu. of all the conjugations except Peal, is changed before the affixes into al ; as, n »m i they x tempted , . „ in » mi , . . o . m\ . Those parts of the verb which end in , the vowel x is either expunged, and the ^ becomes moveable, or both _ and 1 are retained; as, > > \ » 1 » kj OHQ— 118 CONJUGATION OF VERBS WITH AFFIXES. Suffix Sing. 1. Masc. 2. Masc. 2. Fem. Pra?t. Peal. 3. masc. ^X 3. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. x ^7 *.i 1 i \ 11 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. wj-DOCL^^ 3. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. D ?l ^7 1. com. * ^ . i m Infinitive. 7 ♦ * . » t » \ ’“"XT XXr Impcr. Sing. masc. fem. X ^ Plur. masc. b ju. J 0 Q_^_^ fem. •• P • 0 ... i . V tt i . .» V tt ^ r lit# o. iiutot. n\ Plur. Retains the form of the regular verb. Pael. Prset. Sing. 3. masc. 7.7 * V 7 3 fem . . 1^\ I \ . . nA r \ Plur. 3. masc. * V 7 . .n » \ .. •X . 7 The other persons follow the form of the regular verb. Aphel and Imper. Sing. masc. V 7 ^X fem. I . P 7 Plur. masc. •X .7 7 w_uJoaX.. fem. P -Pi .7 7 EXAMPLE, he revealed. 119 3. Masc. 3. Fem. 1. Plur. 2. Masc. 2. Fem. x , p v“H 71 . P 'IN-P cnAA^. mAl« u 0"L» A \ (71 Q_» A-iAA-y^ C7L»A_»-X^ oiA-JL*. OlA-kA^e .onA-L^L. » oA . \ . t T\ V . ,mnn • * -7 aioaX^ v°*\ •X -X .7 ^cidoqA^. x (X .7 ^oqA.,. £» ^ ai^ p ^ •X P .7 71 P ^7 ^\v • P -X .7 ouoA i \«. ,JoZlJA A * p A ^ U 1 .l.^ lm\ > I N 1 » p <7 • P ^7 •X P .7 7> P .7 t* • m . \ ,. V) • P - m . \ Vn 7 . .\ [t V) •X P . t no.\ lt Vn ^ 0 - A .. Vi V. ^rr x ^T7 k AT 1 v p «—>010Qi ^Vi. aioaS^ v aai \V •• o • 0 mD •• a ^H p fp •• v * m »_ \ .. i . V . t j *X * “7> .nnA,. i 'K m 'h i * » V.t i n\ Vb -71 Vb ' i “r'r 71 v 7 • P • 7 7 .7 . 7 71 . 7 • P 7 . 7 cnA_»_X,. \ ?« y -X A 7 \ 7 ^cldA > ,\ ^ •» . 7 t * ^j-dAj-X^ •X . 7 • -X - 7 •X . 7 •X -X . 7 v CL2Q-i--\^ 7i -X . 7 Shaphel are joined with the affixes in the same manner. < 7 • .P 7 < 7 • .P 7 “’"tH •X ^7 7 he swore , I have sworn , i IX ]vn. i he will swear , }1d}Ld to swear. 4 th. Olaph. o]i, inf. Verbs having the second and third radicals he forbade , whence 3rd. pers. praet. plu. imper. he laboured , Aph. ns i we will make thee wearied. ns p 1L it is fit , and a few others are altogether de¬ fective and anomalous. 50. Quadriliteral Verbs. The Syrians have some verbs composed of more than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when the prefixes and affixes are annexed. I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when the second and third radicals are the same, or the middle radical Vau (see $ 42, 45); thus, he dragged along , from 5^ he dragged; An ; Ln, ? 1 he was exasperated , from he was bitter. he did often , or practised , from he did , ns or made; he was made , or became lazy, from ns A he was lazy. It will be seen from these and QUADRILITERAL VERBS. 123 the following examples, that the general effect of the duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi¬ fication of the original word. II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated are he dreamed for a long time , from he dreamed ; \\^\^ he stained , from he exalted , from i>oo5 he was high. III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs; as, \ vvn ^ 1 he thought basely , from he was base , and he quarrelled. IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning of a word. (1) Ld; as, he made poor, he be - S ? ' came poor , from the Arabic he was poor. ( 2 ) *£d; as, ^ocnj-CD he hastened , he burned , from v ^cn5. (s) Z; as, . vA*) he taught , from r vn\ he learned. 7 > The letter Van is sometimes inserted in the middle of a word; as, jJdqa he twisted , ^aLZj he was per - 7* 7> plexed , from the root ,nv he bound; ; Anm he expected , from Sometimes we have ; as, from ^o; • • 124 ADVERBS. as, r _sn!kf> he persevered , from ^ he was strong. >; as, and rev °l ve d- At the end of a word we find sometimes the letter w_»; as, wiZuui he made domestic , _ . A»A /] he was i i ^ y treated familiarly , from A » o a house; _A_k>Z he sub- 'D x dued, from aZjZ under, beneath. It is unnecessary to give more examples; we will only observe that, in the process of conjugation, these verbs follow in general the principles laid down for triliterals. 51. PARTICLES. Under this term may be comprehended words which are used in explaining, modifying, and connecting the principal parts of a sentence. They embrace, there¬ fore, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Inter¬ jections. Adverbs. 1st. Of time. Ij-kk once, together , ^Akf) when f ViIdZ] yesterday, VZjjLo in the end , at length, afterwards , .p_.cn then, ]_»cn now , liioaJ to-day, -fo already, now, kVOoZi before, ] r .*>AD immediately, to-morrow, !>ooA1d at any time, not yet, ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS. 125 ns /onfr ns. how lonr ?? ]lm\ ]vn { ? v until now. . 'h n\ suddenly. 2 nd. Of place. where ? |d here, hither, hence, ]n.]! 'TS whither? which way? ^_,cn^ hitherto, _k)Z thither. Adverbs of various kinds. Ui 4 /joto ? greatly, powerfully, >cl*>Zx ow/?/, Wvn ludWov , especially, ?woro, . truly, fbL more, quickly, W.^Vn little, ^ x A swiftly, oZiiAo formerly, ASo]o (for ZjAojs I have n\ 'JS * I J' namely, especially, ao, ^05 whether ? A. nn) X truly, o^l where is he? which is formed from the adverb p 7 ^ p ^ p and the personal pronoun ooi, ^SoZ5ai from thence, /rora whence ? \\ > nvn wozo, mzw, ,-vn wholly, effectually, really, ]X oZL wo/, ]cn ]] wo/? aZ-_>Z| lastly, AI Vy o ^rs/, Zo,iZ.jZ secondly, A_»"|cnZL - x divinely, A_*la_*?i justly. X X Prepositions. Some Prepositions are prefixed to verbs, nouns, &c. and others are separate words. Those most com¬ monly used are ^ ?w, X /o, Za\ /o, zo///z, t _Sd from, ..i»o or A1 » A between. , v\o without\ fi? with- 126 CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. out, iLh after , Ado?, ^lLkj f /or, 5^, about, V\A_n n_\ against, ^|lo because of ^ wpow or against , s ov ww7//, ^o r io before, Zod> wortr, against, |Lo?qZo before , ZaliZ or Zu_k>Z under . Conjunctions and Interjections. •\ y ~ o Z These are o') or, Zoo], I^qd] rts, ft] a’AXa, Aw/, ^ |]"j //‘ wo/, unless, a^k ft aZL ?*/* wo/, ^ if, *1\ 1\ *t\ OS T> "7> rt/so, besides, Aw/ yo/, however, i+^ydp, for, ? because, ^ ll, but, i^o?? Zos/ Ay chance , \\. n m therefore, o rtwd, ^ when, >_» n therefore, vX i /rw/y, ?]io zu/fow, Vv. ^>vr> therefore, ft^ before, 'h x ^ that, until, ^£>1 rt/so. The Interjections are ]oi behold, p], ^pj O/ ^oA_»], O /Art// w_»cti woe! / jorrty. SYNTAX. i 52. Syntax of Nouns. The Noun which is put in a state of construction must precede that which qualifies it or limits its sig¬ nification ; thus, cnlo] the womb of his mother , 'TS 'TS 'Ti ^ mm division of my goods. This is the reverse of what takes place in Greek and Latin, where the second noun is the one whose form is modified, and this modification is termed the genitive case. The genitive in Hebrew is indicated by the first noun being put in the constructive state; but besides this mode in Syriac, it is also very frequently done by placing 5 before the second noun, as will be presently more especially noticed. The reason of the latter method may he this; viz. that many nouns in the masc. sing, and plu. fern, having the same form in both states, it became necessary to introduce some mark of distinction. Hence it is that we find examples of the constructive state for denoting the genitive are much more frequent in the plu. masc. than in that of the sing., and in the sing. fern, than in that of the plu.; as, ]k)ocnZ . » p y faces of the deep , Gen. i. 2 ; ]1 . . i sons of Israel , - »^n o I o l n the days of Noah , Bar Heb. 128 SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 397. 2 ; joiiL . ^ Vo words of God , . . i • years of my life , Ephr. Syr. 3. 428 ; AjL? judgment i of the Lord , Ephr. 3. 128. Other examples, where the absolute and const, states have the same form, are cl^, yl, ^ool, and many more. Two nouns sometimes come together in regimen, and p 7 ** the second has the force of an adjective; as, ]i > > otj>1 x the right ear , Luke xxii. 50; thy right x Matth. v. 29- See § 22. The genitive is used not only actively, but passively; i. e. the noun which is put in the gen. is not always the subject, but the object of a preceding noun ; as, Jud. ix. 24, > \npyjj ^CTIQJLC) » ? the injury x “ I (done) to the seventy sons of Naduhel; also in Isaiah xxvi. 11 , we have ]sqZj cjlLl^ envy (at) the people. Proper names, although they seldom receive a geni¬ tive, yet the names of countries, cities, rivers, &c., for the sake of an accurate description, do sometimes admit of this construction ; as, Vjoctuj So Z. \ A » A JBethlehem X of Judah, 1 Sam. xvii. 12. A noun is often found in the constructive for the absolute state, when it is followed by another having a preposition prefixed; as, . . Ami acceptors of faces , i. e. hypocrites , where we have . . Am i for Matth. xvi. 3; n An n blessed among SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 129 women . where we have for Luke i. 28; X X VZo denying kindness, i. e. ungrateful , for , 2 Tim. iii. 2. The preposition is x sometimes separated from the noun ; as, 1 5 'Is 1 Tim. i. 10, where we have . > An » for »on 1 . i The definite state in its primary office is undoubt¬ edly intended to express a definite sense, i. e. it is used to direct the attention to a particular object or objects known either by their universality, pre-eminence, or described previously by some circumstance; as, A the hour was come , 15] 15] I am the vine. It occurs in all the cases where the Hebrew article is used, as may be observed by comparing the Hebrew Bible with its Syriac version. From the same com¬ parison it may be also seen that Syr. nouns are put in the def. state in numerous instances where the Hebrew article in the corresponding words is omitted. Indeed this state has become of much more general usage than in all probability it originally was, and numerous instances are found where the definite form is employed, which seem to shew that it and the absolute are put indiscriminately for one another; for there is no apparent reason why one should have been used in preference to the other. The consequence is that no certain rule can be given for using the definite state; at the same time its analogy to the Hebrew n is very certain, and there is no doubt in the early period of the language it was bound by the same laws. 9 130 SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. When the discourse is respecting some individual thing of a species, the def, state is used frequently in connection with some such word as ^; as, ^ jln-i • • p p , _ a certain youth , Mark xiv. 51; } r ^> ) 22 a certain fig- x tree , Matth. xxi. 19. The def. state is very frequently found, where in Hebrew the constructive would he employed; in such cases 5 is usually prefixed to the following word, but not always; as, feast of the passover , John xiii. 1 ; jZujacL»Z the glory of God , John xi. 4. See § 21 . This construction may be equi¬ valent to b in Hebrew, which serves sometimes as a circumlocution for the constructive state. The proper names of men do not admit a definite state. A few appear to have it, because they termi¬ nate with the radical Olaph ; as, Peter; but x such nouns are in the absolute state. A noun is put in apposition with another for the purpose of defining or explaining more clearly. Hence we frequently find used in such manner nouns like A_i_r> a house , l2.5Vy. island , a city , &c. with an affix, when placed after the substantive, may be mentioned; as, aukD people , all of them, i. e. all the people . The noun coming after the verb as an accusative is used to denote Latin forms of speech, secundum , quod attinet ad; as, ^5] ]^lco3ap only (with respect to) SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 131 the throne I will he greater than thee, Gen. xl. 41 ; ^ocriXr) » i vn (according to) the number of all of them , i Job i. 5. In Hebrew the particle riN is sometimes found before the subject noun, but the Syriac has not imitated it in this respect by the use of the corresponding particle tL . Nevertheless there are some examples of the prefix ^ ^ y y being put before the subject; as, m \»o ctl^ whether is it (oiS) the offence of the cross x ceased? Gal. v. 11. See also Matth. xxvi. 11; John xii. 8. A 'plural of excellence the Syrians have not, except a few instances which are found in the version of the Old Testament, and which may be consequently re¬ garded as Hebraisms. See Ps. v. 1. The repetition of a noun sometimes denotes diver¬ sity, or, a multitude ; as, • V with divers tongues , Acts x. 46; \ in various times , John v. 4; ^ affected with many evils , IX i x Mark ii. 17. It denotes also a distributive sense; as, each a penny , Matth. xx. 9. I X In the Philoxenian version some diminutive nouns are found. They are denoted by the termination or as, # little son, } in ; o ^ a little man, ] A » mi . vV? a small fountain, ] mn. o ^ a little man, $ little 9—2 132 CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES. lamb, ]mno\A a little dog. There is no doubt that v o is the same as the Greek termination of, and that ^coo 1S identical with the Latin ending us. 53. Construction of Adjectives. Adjectives, whether they are used as qualifying words, or whether they are employed as predicates, agree generally with their substantive in gender and number. The exceptions to this rule are the same as in Hebrew. When an adjective has the office of the predicate, the logical copula being expressed or understood, it is put in the absolute state with the same gender and o y number as its substantive, and before it; as, gD? r So . my sin is greater than .Gen. iv. 13. An adjective is usually found after the substantive which it qualifies; as, \ l |Jjo5 the unclean spirit. n\ Some exceptions to this rule exist; when an adjective is made the important word in the sentence, it takes precedence of its substantive. When several substantives come together, and an adjective or participle added to them, it is placed in the plural number and masc. gender. See Rom. xvi. 21. The word all , is placed before its substantive, and indulges in a pleonastic use of the pronominal affixes; as, m\n all the multitude , Acts xv. 12; jjori v otl\£ all the chief priests , lit. all of them CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES. 133 the chief priests, Matth. ii. 4; }»m ] m\n\ r ^,]o and he took all Asia, Bar Heb. p. 39. In the comparative degree there is sometimes an ellipsis of the adjective by which the sort or reason of the comparison is indicated; as, (clearer) than the noon-day, Job xi. 17; jpAs . -Vn • ^ioo ^L»5 o] idols and sculptures, (which are i i more powerful than the idols) of Jerusalem and Sa¬ maria, Isaiah x. 10. The comparative degree, which is made by the particle ^_Ld, is sometimes to he otherwise explained than it ordinarily is; as, ]Za^ _ai Is there a thing too great for the Lord ? Gen. xviii. 14; |l»5o| ^ai ]] . ^rn but if the way be too long for thee, Deut. xiv. 24. So also when is placed before an inf.; as, ^Zo my sin is too great to be borne, Gen. iv. 13. The word ^ is sometimes instrumental in ex¬ pressing the superlative; as, _»Zc£-kj the head of x joy, i. e. the greatest joy , Cant. iv. 14. So also JpoZ; as, ]inmvn ^,po_o the first-born of the poor, i. e. the poorest , Isaiah xiv. 30. A small word is sometimes placed between the substantive and adjective; as, fcAk) but the king is great. Bar Heb. 335. 3. For the neuter of adjectives in other languages the fern, is employed; as, "jj-Ki one thing 1 have asked, Ps. xxvii. 4. 134 SYNTAX OF NUMERALS. 54. Numerals. Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing num¬ bered, and sometimes follow it. The rule appears to be, to place the emphatic word first in the sentence; as, two men , Acts i. 10 ; A* six water-pots of stone , John ii. 6. So also when thou¬ sands are to be numbered, the same observation applies to the numeral which numbers them; as, v five thousand , Mark vi. 44, and Matth. xiv. 21. Cardinal numbers are frequently found to occupy the place of ordinals. In Luke i. 59, we have ] 1 1 W * ]ldo 1 lit. the day which is eight , i. e. the eighth day; so also, ^ in three hours , i. e. in the third hour , i Matth. xx. 3; . v 1 A_» six hours , i. e. the sixth hour , x n\ Matth. xv. 33. In many places cardinal numbers are used for ordinals, and the noun numbered precedes in the constructive state; as, a! A to the first year , lit. the year of one , Dan. i. 21; A_» a! m A 'h ]j_k»o lit. in the year of six hundred and one , i. e. in the six hundred and first year , Gen. viii. 13; Aj_» IjlD A_» six hundred and fourth year , Bar Heb. p. 100. The noun ^ . i I is occasionally expressed after the numeral; see Gen. vii. 11. A cardinal num¬ ber is in a few instances put before its noun in the y constructive state; as, in Matth. iv. 25, we have Zjull | A i . t vr> ten cities , lit. a decad of cities . SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 135 In designations of weights and measures, the noun which expresses the weight, &c. is sometimes omitted, though not so frequently as in Hebrew; as, 'ts n\ a thousand ( shekels) of silver, Gen. xx. 16; where the word ]i oL is understood. 55. Syntax of Pronouns. The logical copula, as has been already stated, is frequently expressed by one or other of the personal pronouns, and that with the linea occultans; as, I am, ) , »vn\ 7 ; we are disciples. But when "IS I existence is meant, the substantive verb is used, and this without the linea occultans; as, ]ocn ctlo in him was life, John i. 4. The affixes to verbs, although usually expressing an accus., yet sometimes denote other modes of speech, especially the dative; as, thou hast given to me. Josh. xv. 19? as if A^>ctl_» : the ablative ; as, i “ . . » n » distant from thee, Ps. lxxiii. 27. When the X second of two nouns in regimen has the force of an adjective, the pronominal affix is placed to it rather than to the former; as, jcuo? fen• the name of my holiness, i.e. my holy name, Lev. xx. 3 ; }Aj^d x the city of thy holiness, i. e. thy holy city , Dan. ix. 24. Some few exceptions to this rule are found; see Matth. v. 29 , 30, 39; Luke xxii. 50. The affixes are used passively in some instances; 136 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. as, not my prayers, blit prayers offered up to me, Isaiah lvi. 7; see also Exodus xxi. 20; Isaiah xxi. 2; Bar Heb. 218. 14. A peculiarity of the Syriac language is to be met with in the redundant use of its pronouns; in such cases as, 1. Affixes when they are placed before Dolath of the genitive; at least they are of no use when translated into our language; as, v\ n« mvvn 1 ns ns lit. the fame of him who is Jesus , i. e. the fame of Jesus , jAoloij oil the daughter X 'IS of Ilerodias. 2. The affix of the verb, when the noun to which it refers is placed after it; as, mom^ 5^_»o • 'TV and he sent , cut it off {I mean) his head , 'IS I i. e. and he sent , cut off his head , Matth. xiv. 10. Sometimes the noun has a particle prefixed to it; as, ] 1 m\n I lit. he took ns him (I speak as to) the child , i. e. he took the child, Matth. ii. 14. 3. When the affix is annexed to a preposition, a similar construction is observed; as, TAii cni in it, the hour , i. e. in the hour . Sometimes the preposition is redundant as well as the affix; as, l/Wn n La ^octlo hut in the days , Matth. ns iii. 1; cninl with him , with Christ , SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 137 i. e. with Christ , Rom. vi. 8 ; .A m At llSd 'TS " 7 > 7 \ /row these , 1 Tim. i. 6. 4. The pronoun ocri in such instances as jro ; A X ocn goeth to the belly , ocn i vn that by faith. The pronouns he himself and the same the Syrians have not, but they are expressed by a little circum¬ locution; as, 1. By a repetition of the personal pronoun with the particle p placed between; as, p Ajoi v ojcn these same sacrifices , Heb. x. 1. 'Is 'Ti 2. By the juxta-position of the pronouns ocn ooi; as, Zooi jloaJ ooi oaio and that same day was the sabbath , John v. 9- An affix annexed to the word ^,5 is frequently x employed as a possessive pronoun (§ 28), when the sen¬ tence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing the affix to the noun or the verb; as, j? nnVn ^oi X thine is the kingdom , Matth. vi. 13; cn.X _.50 giX^jA 'TS i ^ ^ X . .rn n\on p he came to his own , and his own received him not, John i. 11. These possessive pronouns serve also to give a particular energy to the word to which they belong; thus, ^A |i my time , John vii. 8 : x this is especially the case when the affix is likewise added to the noun ; as, ^»A. ? . . Xvn my words , John 138 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. v. 47 ; vo £//?/ he led away his family and shut them up. An interrogative is sometimes preceded by a noun in the constructive state; as, L-Js the daugh¬ ter of whom art thou ? Gen. xxiv. 23 ; or, which is equivalent to it, the def. state of the noun is used, and Dolath prefixed to the interrogative ; as, A Am i vd? from the hand of whom have I TV X TN received ?... 1 Sam. xii. 13. An oblique case of the relative Dolath is indicated by connecting with the Dolath a personal pronoun put 140 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. in that case; as, cn^ to him , anS to her , 01X.> 'ts to whom , aril.? to whom , v qjctl^ them , ^cljctiX.> /o whom , cjlo m him, ctlq . 5 m whom , » j ctlq m them , . 3 C7LO.? iw whom . The accus. of 5 is sometimes marked by this letter alone, without any connection with a pers. pronoun; as, y y p p Wo ^ 05 ] whom He had formed , Gen. ii. 8 ; , A Wi #// things , which He had made , Gen. i. 31. Other oblique cases of the rel. are occasionally ex¬ pressed by 5 alone. The pronoun 3 is occasionally omitted, but not so frequently as the relative ntt/N in Heb.; as, ]_L,1o V> and he who was able , where U4 is put for 7 T> t iLi: See also Ps. xxxii. 2; Bar Heb. 487. 1. Reflective pronouns (see J 28) are expressed by ] m o 1 with the affixes; as, m.« o 1 Wi against itself Luke xi. 17: by ]vn n \ n substance; as, ctiIdqj-O Wi 'n against itself Luke ii. 17: occasionally by heart; as, m o\o ]*_co and Sarah laughed within her¬ self Gen. xviii. 12. The words wju] and K are often employed to express any one; as, jIdjj ^ v nW if any one shall say to you , Matth. xxiv. 23. Again, something or anything is signified by ]2.ao^, as Gen. xviii. 14; as, Is any- SYNTAX OF VERBS. 141 thing too great for the Lord ? Gen. xviii. 14. The word word, thing , is thus used. See Exod. xviii. 26. So also is . See Matth. xx. 20; Le- vit. v. 2. 56. Syntax of Verbs. Agreement of the Verb with its Subject. A verb agrees with its subject in gender, number, and person; as, jZj \\ n • > Jesus came , A A I' Ts Many anointed , ], . vnV ? olU the disciples ashed. 7s x Nouns which are used only in the plural number will receive a verb either in the sing, or plu.; as, joCTi ]» L> 7 tion, joined to a verb plural; as, }1. > .> army , in Bar 7 o x p y Heb. Chron. 109. 18, n\v. . another army went up. See also ih. 121. 2. 3; Assem. Bibl. Orien. in him was life , John i. 4; ] - i V i ^ ]5cnaj 142 SYNTAX OF VERBS. i. 372. 15. ^ all , oooi *._».kn? ^ upon all who were with me. In this manner of construction we find U_l^ 1 Li), and many others. We have sometimes a noun in the sing, denoting but one individual, and yet being made to stand for a class, the verb is put in the plu. numb.; as, Ijocru? ]Zu_o_» the captives of Judah went , Jer. xxviii. 4. A verb sing, is joined with a plur. noun when the verb precedes and is put as it were impersonally, es¬ pecially A.*] and A f : as, 1 Sam. i. 2, jjJLo cnS A^A x p y "J 7 m ? he had not sons; Matth. iii. 16, )»vn« cnZ^ _k»A£)Z| the heavens were opened unto him; AZLeu the fugitives fell upon , Bar Heb. Chron. 144. 6. 7. Collective nouns of the fern. gend. are often found with plu. verbs of the masc. gend.; but this diversity of gend. may be required by the sense; as, ctlad » all the earth wept , 2 Sam. xv. 23 , where p v o earth , is put people; similarly, Gen.xli. 57, pdj oZ] all the earth came , i. e. all the people of the earth. is thus constructed in Bar Heb. Chron. 148. 16. The proper names of places are for the same reason sometimes connected with verbs and pronouns of the plu. masc. The 3rd. pers. of verbs sometimes admits an anomaly as to gender; as, ] A ! . - oooi there were camps , Bar SYNTAX OF VERBS. 143 Heb. Chron. 324. 5; see Mark xiii. 28, and many other places. The 3rd. pers. sing, both of the masc. and fem. gender, in passive as well as in active conjugations, is sometimes used impersonally; as, it will be evil to you, Jer. vii. 6; it was good to us , Deut. vi. 24; ^aru^o it happened to him , Luke i. 9; Y »\s ZZ| it came upon thee , Job iv. 5; . > \ ]ooiZ X » P 1 Zo?c7lco it shall be to me a testimony , Gen. xxi. 30. Occasional uses of the Tenses. Use of the Prceterite. Events of future occurrence, which are considered as certain to happen, have this certainty represented by the verb being placed in the prseterite tense; as, the people sitting in darkness shall see (have seen) great light , Isaiah ix. 1; ]Z] ]] ]i t ) \ ^ x |Zaso orZ. yi he cometh not to con - 'Ts X demnation , but shall pass from death to life , John v. 24. There are a few instances in which the prseterite of the verb ]oai, followed by a participle or an adjective, represents the imperative; as, A_»ooi Ajf go thou also (and) do the same , Luke x. 37. This application of the tense is undoubtedly to give emphasis to the sentence. For as a prseterite is employed to express our belief that some future event will certainly 144 SYNTAX OF VERBS. take place, so is it readily seen that on the same prin¬ ciple this tense may be regarded as the emphatic form of the imperative, whenever it is so applied. The praeterite has sometimes the force of the plu¬ perfect; as, his works , which he had done , Gen. ii. 2. Again, in iii. 1, we have, “And the serpent was the most subtile of the animals, which the Lord had made , In Syriac, as in Hebrew, the praeterite is in some instances used where we should employ the present; y p as, Ax-» y I know not , lit. I have 7 iot known , as com- i prehending the present and all previous time. I know not now, nor have I ever possessed this know¬ ledge, Gen. iv. 9- The praeterite also denotes present time when condition and state are implied; as, ]i vn\ y-^>) 7 ^yLQDZ.1 UkAo ,.1 why art thou angry , IS • and why is thy countenance sad ? Gen. iv. 6; . * • si j my soul is disturbed , Ps. cxviii. (Heh. cxix.) 28. It is likewise employed in sentences in which the truths enunciated are general, and not at all depend¬ ent on time; as, Ps. i. 1, “Blessed is the man, who walks not |ll in the counsel of the wicked.” In¬ deed the praeterite in the last example evidently ex¬ presses the sentiment contained in it with more accuracy, because with more generality, than the present; for we may suppose the blessedness to he the consequence, not so much of not walking in the counsel of the wicked at some particular instant of time, as of not having SYNTAX OF VERBS. 145 walked, or of not having been in the habit of walking at any one period of life. The praeterite is used for the imperfect in hypo¬ thetical sentences, although the future is much more frequently met with in such cases; as, yjf we should have been like unto Sodom , Isaiah i. 9. In a conditional sentence the pluperfect is likewise indi¬ cated by the praeterite form; as, ,_A 5Zo*j...lL»^ ]] olLo and except God had left to us, Isaiah i. 9- Use of the Future. The future is occasionally found in the place of the present; as, Z 5qj ]^to5clo he causeth them x to inherit (or giveth them) thrones of glory, 1 Sam. i. 8. See also Isaiah xliii. 17. The future also occupies the place of the praet. in a few instances; as, 1XL loi^ God hath chosen a new thing, Judg. v. 8 ; Iv^Aj S sword and spear were not seen, ib.; ioooj 1 stood in my place , Hab. ii. 1 ; see Jer. i. 5; Bar Heb. Chr 282. 7. In which places the praeterite is indicated by the particles connected with the respective verbs. The fut. is almost always used when the verb im¬ plies something conditional or potential, and this is done sometimes with and sometimes without any accompany¬ ing particles. Hence it includes all those forms of speaking, where in English we use one of the auxiliary verbs, may, can , let, would, &c.; as, 10 146 SYNTAX OF VERBS. may the evil (of the wicked) come to an end , Ps. vii. 2; CR. Iqm . . nn^ m/ wr/?y the life of the child return , 1 Kings xvii. 21; ctiq-i^qj he would deliver him , Ps. xxii. 9; ^•joq.kkJ let them shew thee , Isaiah xix. 12 ; ^od|Z /Aow mayest freely eat , Gen. ii. 16. A prohibition in Syriac, as in Hebrew, is invariably 'IS ' 7 * 0 expressed by the future ; as, |] thou shalt not ^ p i. e. fear not , Gen. xlvi. 3; \oJ^oL JJ P -7> P not kill , or, r/o K/7, Exod. xx. 13; ■ .n ]] X do not call me , Ruth i. 20. The imper. is sometimes denoted by the fut. when there is no prohibition; as, ] 5 are often connected with the fut. when a potential signification is intended; as, cnZ^ ^Aj that he would grant to him time , Dan. ii. 16; i that they may not hearken , Gen. xi. 7. The prefix o sometimes gives this force to the verb; as, ^oLjjo that they may know , Ezek. xx. 26 ; that they may he sacrificed , Exod. viii. 8 ; is also found y o v v »x besides > as follows; that my soul may hless thee , Gen. xxvii. 4. Other particles in some instances accompany >; as, in Bar Heb. Chron. 530. 14, . .m . that they might destroy it; y 'Ts 'Ts y n\ |] ^Vcn] although I should walk...I woidd not fear , Ps. xxiii. 4. The imperfect conjunctive is often formed by means of the fut. and the auxiliary verb "jocn; SYNTAX OF VERBS. 147 as. 7 0001 \ |in . ) so that they were not able , Mark iii. 20; ] Ai mi ]ooi ^ol. qAj? /// hath been accurately depicted , Gal. iii. 1. When an infinitive is governed by some verb sig¬ nifying will , power or command , it has generally ^ pre¬ fixed; as, U>5o] mlo ]ii_i]o and how are we able to know the way ? John xiv. 5; oi5 r _» ooi ]y ; v>V he sent him to feed swine , Luke xv. 15; i ** \ /\oVo\ ]ooi |o^o an( t he wished to slay him , Matth. -T> T\ ~ 01 xiv. 5. After the verb tool the inf. with ^ will make a sort of periphrasis of the future; as, (ooio in— 2 148 SYNTAX OF VERBS. .n - \vA and the Sun was about to set , Gen. xv. 12; mI.voVn\ jx? 05 (ji. Herod was about to seek i him , Matth. ii. 13. Here the participle is ex- i pressed, whilst in the former example it is implied in the inf. We have a fut. with ? prefixed in such a construction as the following; as, he feared i to go , Matth. ii. 22, where we see the fut. is employed, when in English we should use the inf. See ib. xvi. 3; Mark i. 45, 6, 7; Luke xiii. 11; 1 Cor. ii. 14. We find a participle usurping as it were the office of an inf. after verbs of beginning and continuing , of permitting and commanding , and also of power; as, 1 \ 7 \ 7 7 (ln_» they began plucking the ears , i. e. they began to pluck , Matth. xii. 1; Q_oarn_» vOOT-JZ they permitted both of them, to grow (growing), Luke xviii. 16; q n oo . n permitted (him) to go (going), John xi. 44; IjJLlo ctlS jAd] com- I 'TS 7 mand her to assist (assisting) me , Luke x. 40; . x ^ '7s e y n\ o vQj] that he was not able to receive (receiving) him, Mark ii. 2. Use of the Imperative. The imperative is not only employed to express a command , but also an exhortation , admonition or a per¬ mission; as, John xi. 15, oo\ m let us go thither; 'T) see also Mark i. 38. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 149 The imper. of the verb ]2*| is frequently found in connection with a finite verb in the fut. tense; thus, lia ^cunj u U^io and now come, we will make i a covenant, i. e. wow come, let us make a covenant, Gen. xxxi. 44; ol come, we will go, John xi. 7- X We have also the imper. in such constructions as the following; I will give you the best of the land of Egypt, r n i vn n • a^ar^o and eat ye the fat of the land, Gen. xlv. 18; qJLkjO n ,r^x ])ai this do, and 'TS 7) live, i. e. this do, and ye shall live, Gen. xlii. 18. Participles. The participle is timeless, i. e. it has no time of its own, but partakes of every time with which it may be connected. Thus, pres, most frequently. The fut.; as, ocri om tfch X 7\ 7\ 7\ I -7> Therefore that which shall be born of thee is holy, Luke i. 35; thy wife shall bear to thee a son, Gen. xvii. 19. The prset.; as, Behold their Lord, A. von.]vo5 fallen and dead. Judges X Ts iii. 25. Participles, when they are taken as such, and not for the present tense, have placed before them for the most part the particle p or the prefix as, A. o nynAvn p wandering from house to house, 7\ 7s 7S 1 Tim. v. 13. 150 SYNTAX OF VERBS. The active participles are in some instances found in the constructive for the absolute state. In such cases they are followed by a noun; as, descend¬ ing into the ditch, Prov. i. 12; entering in at the gate , Gen. xxiii. 10; .^. nXX he n\ i 'Ts saw Levi sitting , Mark ii. 14. Active participles sometimes govern the noun which follows, and in the same manner and using the same particle as the verbs from which they are derived ; as, cnX V»3 wi;_» he began upbraiding him , Bar Heb. x Chron. 328. 3 ; ^oai^ v they wounded them , ib. 333. 3 ; jiai ] m. 1 1 1 q ^o mXoX n r/wr/ destroying all the men , ib. 397. 1 • Similarly passive participles observe this govern¬ ment ; as, l^Q.i . * » ^X clothed with linen , Ezek. ix. 2 ; fo.a.vno anointed with oil, Lev. ii. 4; i . m extending their wings, Exod. xxv. •x v OGlx£L^ X 20; ]° ; vnX blessed of the Lord, Ephr. i. 116. X Although in Syriac the use of participles is very great, yet in translating Greek books into Syriac they sometimes render a Greek participle by a Syriac verb, especially where the Greek participle is followed by a verb, in which case the two verbs in Syriac have the same mood, tense, and person; as, nnX o]i 7r opeuOevres e^erctaare, go, enquire , Matth. ii. 8; f eXOwv SYNTAX OF VERBS. 151 TTfjocTKvv^cTw, I will go, I will worship (him), ib.; p J>OD I!]? eo )9 eXOcov eaTY], until I came I stood, ib. 9. Participles are employed to express a gradual but continual progress or decline of what is denoted by the verb in the sentence; as, » i and the water receded going and coming , i.e. gradually and continually, Gen. viii. 3; ]_»A2 o an< t the hoy going and grew , i.e. was continually growing, Sam. ii. 26. ip . P 7 7 7 |... a^£)cno Regimen of Verbs. A transitive verb exercises an influence over a noun or pronoun which follows it, either immediately or mediately , and which limits its signification. The noun or pronoun may be without or with a preposi¬ tion; as, , ov ? ^rn ] ;. he made many disciples, John iv. 1; ] • nVn .n ^n^ ]i , What has Moses * v • * commanded you? Mark x. 3; 1 p^)? that 1 x t\ n\ may call the righteous , Mark ii. 17. Verbs which are doubly transitive, such as tran¬ sitive verbs in those conjugations which are causative, exercise this influence over two such nouns or pro¬ nouns; as, Kclo? cn.a he commanded him to be clothed with a garment of fine linen , Gen. xli. 42; ]vnv\ ]ocn he taught the people know - X ledge , Eccles. xii. 9» 152 SYNTAX OF VERBS. The passive conjugations of verbs oftentimes express the cause or motive of action by the particle ^ in some such manner as the following; v octlZ that o n\ 0 p y ye may he seen by them , Matth. vi. 1; ctlSd}] Zooi Vr> she was taught by her mother , ib. xiv. 8; ,qv Aj octi this may be clone by you , Exocl. xii. 16. See also Luke viii. 29; John viii. 33; Acts xv. 21, xviii. 18. Verbs used for Adverbs. It is not uncommon to see a verb put before another verb, to which it performs the office of an adverb; as, \\n« . . w ^° h as taken much , 2 Cor. viii. 15; oiiotioj ^. . mf hath greatly exalted him , Phil. ii. 9; I will again feed 'TS thy flock , Gen. xxx. 31; ^cooj Again ** i 'rs he spake a parable , Luke xix. 11; they entreated nr nVov \\VvnA i that it shoidd not be spoken ^ n\ ^ to them any more , Hebr. xii. 19; ^ he changed the letter craftily , Bar Heb. p. 100. Miscellaneous Observations. The ordinary method of expressing a reciprocal or reflective sense is by a transitive verb with the noun 11 united to the affixes. But it is also in some instances done by means of the passive conjugations; SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS. 153 as, *_uJ_£>Z1 he turned himself, Matth. ix. 22 . See also I is John viii. 6 , 7, 59- Neuter verbs have sometimes a passive signification; as, to wander , for to he deceived , 7 rXavacjOai, Luke xxi. 8; he burnt , for burnt, Matth. xiii. 30; x he fell , for he was cast down , John iii. 24; -oVrn he ascended , for my/a extracted , w/«a /or// ///;, as /rooA which are torn up by their roots. Compound words in Greek are translated into Syriac by simple words, either alone or in conjunction with another word or particle; as, foreknowing , Acts x xxvi. 5; ZjiD] ALDj-o I predicted\ Mark xiii. 23; ^cn 5 7S 7\ 7\ -7V cjilOjjD he ran before him , or o?/V/ outrun him , John xx. 4; so with many others. 57. Syntax of Prepositions. Prepositions are employed in connection with verbs; thus, *0 is found with verbs signifying to confess or deny; also many verbs of sense are construed with , 0 ; as, . . o 4 _» 5 QJ 5 who shall confess me, . »^ XX X 'TS who shall deny me, cnZakio ^ nie not see n\ t\ his death. The preposition is used with verbs of entering 7\ or ascending; as, ji$Z 7 whoever does is 7\ not enter by the door , John x. 1 , 2 . 154 SYNTAX OF PARTICLES. with verbs of covering or commanding; as, he covered , Matth. xvii. 5; , rA he commanded, 2 Chron. xxxvi. 23. A_l.zd with verbs of separating or distinguishing; 'JS as, God separated ]n n 1 ]5cnQj A_»^d between the 'n light and the darkness, Gen. i. 4. fAo with verbs of coming; as, ]2.*j he came, Mark 'TV i. 7: of going; as, he departed, John vi. 2; run, 1 Cor. xiv. 1. The prepositions \\A on\ against , against , and many others are frequently used with verbs; as, v a^ar)Z resist not evil; see also Matth. xxvi. 62; Acts iv. 14; Rom. vii. 23 ; Acts xxv. 5; Hebr. vi. 6, &c. 58. Syntax of Particles. The repetition of adverbs, like that of nouns, expresses intensity; as, ^ ^ very badly: or diversity; I X as, here and there: or continuation ; as, v y ^_Aa \\ » \ n o by little and little. X I Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed before them in the constructive state; as, x a little water, }ALdqJ AAq a few days. ENALLAGE OF PERSONS AND NUMBER. 155 The particle placed before adjectives assigns a privative signification to them ; as, s o. n ]] foolish , X 120 ^- 10 1 immortal. Interjections which denote threats for the most part cause ^ to be prefixed to the next word; as, woe to us! sclL far he it , is construed with ^ of the person, and > prefixed to the verb ; as, gi^ far as a* he it from him that he should do , Job xxx. 10. 59. Enallage of Persons and Number. The enallage of persons does not occur so frequently in Syriac as in Hebrew, and especially as in the Hebrew Psalms; but some instances are met with in the Syriac Scriptures; as, of Ale fL L^L as m.o 1. A wherefore thou art inexcusable , O man , who judgeth his neighbour , where we have m ; o I. as for Rom. ii. 1, i. e. the 3rd. person for the 2nd. Also the 1st. for the 3rd. in Mark xii. 37, octi . .An cnV, ^05 therefore David himself calls him ik as x mij Lord , where we have for his Lord „ as Enallage of number we have in Hab. ii. 15. 156 ELLIPSIS. 60. Ellipsis. This figure occurs most frequently in the omis¬ sion of the substantive verb; as, ^acoal cnkL»o and T\ his name was Joseph , cnLao] »V . f those who (are) 7 \ like him , Bar Heb. 328. 12. There are other words which it is sometimes necessary to supply in order to complete the sense; as, a subs, in Eccles. vi. 3, ^ T\ 'TS Ilk) I; o ^ if a man shall beget a hundred , namely sons; A. )0 lAk> 1] I eat not that (which is acquired) by fraud and force, Isaiah i. 22 . There are very mauy passages in which a verb of some kind or another has to be supplied, in order to y 'h p y complete the sense; as, _Ak)]J ]kvL until when? viz. wilt thou bring assistance, Ps. vi. 4; yfnL thy blessing (may it come) upon thy people , Ps. iii. 9; l^KK^f l^oZ the destruction of the impious and the wicked (will come) together , Isaiah i. 28. There are some sentences in which a word requires to be re¬ peated, in order to obtain a full and connected sense; as, jlk)Aj 5 Zooi 5 ^5 Ijon but all these things which were done (were done) that it might be fid - ELLIPSIS. 157 filled , Mattli. i. 22. See also John xx. 31; Rom. v. 20 ; Heb. vii. 18, viii. 3. An accusative is sometimes omitted; as, she i hr ought forth , viz. Gen. xvi. 1; i he took , viz. a Neh. xiii. 25; ^.Sd51 he cast , viz. the lot , ] Sam. xiv. 42. such noun as *)• Also to in John ix. 7, some is to be supplied. APPENDIX. It is stated in § 10, that a simple point is some¬ times used for various purposes. The practice of the Syriac writers appears to have been to employ a point, which by its position above or below the let¬ ter to which it is annexed, would determine the true signification of a word that would otherwise, in the absence of the vowels, remain ambiguous. It is pro¬ bable that the signification of this point defined in some degree the kind of vowel intended to be sup¬ plied, and thus served as a guide in the pronunciation. The following instances of its application, taken princi¬ pally from the Grammars of Amira, Hoffman and De Dieu, will illustrate the nature and utility of this sign. u u who ? u • u I hand. ur ur is coming. Ul • o Ul is he came. i h 0 0 Ul a sign. ■j c y [.a.-i-P wretched. • U-vO I evil. ^ P D weeping , part. fem. X mourning. APPENDIX. 159 i { ! i { r I 7 OOI OOI X he. 001 • 001 • w_t oi 0 W-tOI she. hjQI • W_t01 I • ,QJ01 •X P •7> from. .0 f> Ir^ • work. lr=^ • r^i • servant. * p p working. |Jcll P P PctL unjust . ]]CLL • poi. iniquity. |]qa • flil. infant. 1Aj_» IAjJ year. 1L_. sleep. ns 160 APPENDIX. It appears, from the foregoing examples, that this point performed the office of vowels; that when it was placed above the letter, it denoted for the most part one of the vowels and when beneath the letter, it denoted x , % or x . This point was further used to distinguish the persons and tenses of verbs. When it was put be¬ neath the letter, it denoted, 1. All the persons of the prseterite, the first of the sing. numb, being excepted. The third person sing. fern, has this point frequently on the left-hand side of the last letter Z. 2. The imperative and infinitive whenever any point is found. 3. All persons of the future, the first of each number being excepted. When it is placed above a letter in verbs, it denotes, 1. The first person of the praeterite. 2. The active participle; as, in Peal conjugation ^..o Pael ^lQSd; unless one of the 'D 7\ letters 1 o «-> requires it to be placed below; as, !>q-i-Q.V) or Ui > oV). • X 3. The first person of both numbers of the future. The following paradigm of the Peal conjugation of will exemplify what has been now stated. APPENDIX. Prceterite. Fem. Masc. (AX40 3rd AX40 • • • • • 2nd 1st • oXgdD 3rd / r b 1 st pcrs. sing. pers. pin. Infinitive. Imperative. ^>Q_^Q sing. cl ^ o&o plu. Future. ^ ern - Masc. . 3rd pcrs. sing 2nd . ^>a&o] i s t . '$^2-1 3rd . plu. vOl^oZ 2nd . ^O^qj i s t . Participles. act. pass. 162 APPENDIX. This point in some places is found with one letter, and in other places with another letter of the same word. The distinction is produced only by its situation above or below the word. The Names of the Months. We give here the names of the Lunar Months, m.D 0 • |uently in the Scriptures. as x October, “ t. as November, ^OrO V QJJD December, . p - •>. p. v a JLD January, February, i?r March, V ..Q3 u) X April, A X May, X June, laser July, oT August, September. APPENDIX. 163 Ths Estrangelo Characters. The Estrangelo characters are the most ancient. They are found in the oldest Syriac MSS., are prin¬ cipally ornamental, and often used for Titles of Books. The following Table exhibits their forms: a o ) 1 OJ /A *3 ^ yxzn to SD END OF THE APPENDIX. 164 ST JOHN’S GOSPEL, Chapter II. 7 v 7 7 1 Aj_»,Ld ‘jZoA.a.Sn Zocn : ]A^Zj |LdcijlZio 1 0 7 -XT* w n.m. > ooi v2)1o 2 ,Zooi _SdZ vxo..a- >? aiio|o • “ n\ 'is x v, 0 7 7 0 * • 7 •• 1 locn ;_ccl_>oO 3 ♦ IZoA-a.SnN oiZi wiQio r tAo-^Zo Tl P I 7 > ~ 7 .^pCJlZ^ AjZI IfACLhj V\0.» 1 \ CTlk)] ctl\ 1^d]o .)^kLK» Ti 'TS 'TS o y V 0 V\ * v y : IZAj] >.j-o.\o oA |k) ^o.«. > oaZ. £ 0 ] 4 X " 1 > I 7 p 7v p •• 7 p • p p • p jAd]> V?\ cnlo] IjAd] 5 .^iA^-» ZZ] p x ••'h p y p y -* •• 7 •Aj» UJ ^__»3 w»oai A^l 6 .o,£H ^3Z ^__»5Z tr^l? *P?OC7L»3 |A-a_23A_l v ^n » rm jo a 'is x x 7 x •• 7 \ p y p »9 y •• - 7 ) *x ^ »x 7 p p p • U^> oZAd ,vio-ja^ ^ooiZk jAd] 7 .]AVZ oj n *, *. V p 7» p 7 7 ^a-ok) q.aqZii . v ootZ^ ^d] 8 ]SDjJL r ^.j] oZiSoo i ns y • -*-»3 001 kOLlZ ,i)0 9 .Q-.A-*]o ]nV)TO w&^jZa oAZio 7 D 0 0 7 7 7 -X 0 p»« 7 p p ]ooi vx^ ]]o : l^ki^ ooal? ,qjoi |jlAd ] nVncn n\ *“ ° • ■ « *X 7 P ^ p M 7 Q-AAd V QJ013 OOOl ^ \ 3 13 -1. Vn « Vn n\ “ i p 7 P p jAojo io /(j/UaZk |oAnco :1ooi ,3 If-O p«* y •x ^ : i-sukA v qj] a-» 03]3 ]Ado »lA_»_k) ln,^ ]-kiL j*voa^, \ \ A .ctlA st John’s gospel, chap. ii. 165 f p £>y 0 v x i y 0 y 0 l ,r ^ L I^ »OT_»Zj-^J ^- k ? Aj] |j_>") ^__>,_>01 *• V v 0 p y 00 00 00 0 y VXQ-*__» lA^-lOjjO ]Z] ^iCTI ])01 11 t^DjA t> y * 7 7 V 'TS 0 C7LO d-Lln iCTIO Ot*>A>Q-» ^o]o : ]1 » \ .p ]l j\no ” -ft x V* ^ *X77» »l» P 7 P ^ ^ % ooi .^oq-k>j^lqa Z_kkJ |)oi 3Ao 12 ♦ :*^oio t . >lnAA 7 71 ” * 7 . 7 7 07 7 .. I ..77 7i oooi _1 dZo . wicno-ukAZo w^oicAjo cnAjc x • ^ *" * 7 ** t 7 o n\ 7 \°k 0 ** 7 *AArOO . pr0Ol_»? 1001 Al^JOO 13 .]ASD0l^ 71 X J “ X l?o2 AoA »^kZl»]o 14 : vicLA bA_®3o]3 x ' ^ x t 77 p *T\ p • 7 7 otA Ailo 15 ♦ r ^oA J 5 [la^ioZo . (jcao A'Ao a ^ _ _ _ x 7 0 7 •x *x 7 o y AaA ♦ jlo >01 ,Ao *A£>] ^ooArAo : Ua^> ^Ao |L.;A x x 7 oi 7i V, 7 X •• X 0 X OX 7-71 .710 . *i' 7 > ^l V .^£30i ^oot_*3oA£30 actlla^qa j_»|o . j..L 0 ;AVAo |3oAAo x ^ \ * 7 7 <0 .0 . X 7 ^ ’}'*** 7 7 X 7 • 7 jAoi oAqo it pa_i . -».i^pAo? .qjoiAo 16 P *. P 7 P P ]Z3cAjZ A_»_rO w»A)]> rnA » o\ CTLJOjAaZ Uo .]Ad Vv/71 X x X x X o 7 7 •• X 7 7 X - * i \n i oulj.^3 : ^lAo) ^oiOj-AolZZ opDsZIo 17 7 x 7 7 X X p x x X Aj] *|Q-kAD U1 i-AO .oA OjAD*)o t? 0 Ol-> -j) OJA 18 „ A ^ K 7 7 ** 7 ^ p .^OdA jlo]o V>CLa. > ]_A 19 .Aj| AA ^.Aoi? . nVn jj] ^ AOQj. *|AAZo : |joi |id_>01 o3oAid n\ o *x x oA 20 .oA X _ „ X ^ -r <■*. x 7 x 166 ST JOHN S GOSPEL, CHAP. II. p p o y 7 X •• 7 P P 7 7 Aj) ^OjuqSq __k_SDCi_i ]A\ZZl Aj]o .fjcn flri_.cn wjlJLoZ") i 'h x 7 7 p 7 7 o 7 o -n «X p 22 .cn^^)5 fid .cn ^ ]ccn jlo] ^.*5 ocn 21 .ctlZ. 'Up 777 •• x 7»p Ijctj? w.aio r lln2^Z o^Z] .lA-uSo ZU-o <_lo !>clc •X v. y f\ P V. 7 P .. 7 VI » 7\ 7 £o|> ."IZZiLaXo ImArZi a_i_l£L.cno ."jocn p x 7 •X ^ P : IjO.pL'O V»j^gLO l5oio via_®_» ]oai ^aioA_»l ,3 23 * 7. V. I “ “ 7 I V \ ” Tl V -n 7 x 7 <--»? ocn 24 . r £OL? |ZoZf oI-k.5 .cjlo aj.ln_.cn IfJL^-CD • ^ P P 7 ^ •X * ^ 7 *X P 7 P *X ^ oai? -cn «g\i v oaiL *|ocn ^In^cnln ]] vio-a.. * Tl 7> 7 c p o o ^ p 7 P 50xcqj ]oai iD,» im jlo 25 . i \n\. ]oai vi^ ^ ^ X “ AJ Uib locn C ^ ail • 7 P 7 (-• ij^n ANALYSIS. 1. }1dclLXo And on the day , compounded of the conjunction Vau and, \ on or upon, equivalent to and ]1 dqJ the definite form of the masc. noun ioal, § 19. * p 0 7 of three , i. e. third. Cardinal numbers with > prefixed are sometimes used for ordinals, § 54; > is here the sign of the genitive. Zooi was , third pers. sing. fern, of the subs. verb. ]ooi praet. tense. t ])n A feast , a fern, noun def. state derived from 'h the verb ]A^, see $ 15. in Cana , composed of o in, and a proper name. ’iZuL-.yk) a city , a fern, noun def. state; the line under the Nun is the linea occultans, $8. It is derived from ^ he judged. ]1 > \ ^ of Galilee , > and )1. a proper name. aikfjo and his mother, o a conjunction, fern. n\ is noun def. state, and the suffix 1 a conjunction. ooi he, a personal pronoun used with the following word as reciprocal, § 55, p. 108. vicLa-i *Jesus a Saviour , from Hiphil jwin he ' 7 \ saved . . .mn [Vvn\7 n and his disciples , ,a disciple, - V I a masc. noun. Def. form is ] r -k . L n \Z from the verb x t vn\ he learned. The sign •• indicates the plu. numb. a ^aio 7 is the affix, third pers. sing, to a plu. noun. was invited , a verb, third pers. sing. masc. I 'TS Ethpeel conj. from ]*_o. aiS to it, which is redundant, referring to the fol¬ lowing word, $ 55. 3. looi the pluperfect tense Peal conj. of the verb $ 38, The line under the cn of jocn shews that it assists in forming a tense, § 8. li-Vnl, wine, def. state masc., Arab. it fer¬ mented. Ifcblo and she says , part. act. of the verb fem. i\ gen. Peal conj.; the vowel Zekofo which belongs to the Olaph is remitted to the preceding letter, $ 40. ANALYSIS. 169 call to him, redundant in this place, cnlof his mother , see ver. 1. ^oot.2 A. K there is not for them, i. e. they have not, ZuJL compounded of ]] not, and A_»l is. x 4. jVd) 1 saith, act. part. Peal conj. masc. gen. of the verb fn ]. 'fS . . n\ o . . \ ]sb to me and to thee ? i. e. what ■ 7 ) X have I to do with thee ? Jsb an interrog. pronoun, J 26. and ._ . affixes of the first pers. sing, and second X 'T\ pers. sing. fem. annexed to woman, fem. noun, def. form. Heb. ntSW — T . from a man, the W is changed in the Syr. word into L, see § 4. not, an adverb, yet, compounded of r i and x or Vd. X 221 l ias come, third pers. sing. fem. Peal conj. of the 'TS verb 111; this is a doubly defective verb, § 49. my hour , fem. noun, abs. state const. 7 state which with _ the affix of the first pers. 7 o sing, becomes § SO. 7 5. otIdI feol, see ver. 3. 170 ANALYSIS. • 7 > V noun, def. state, and is derived from the partic. Pael conj. of the verb . • he served; the •• over So is 'TS the sign Ribui, and denotes the plu. numb. whatsoever he saitli , 5 any thing 7 1 \ 71 which , or ivhatsoever. /o g/ow, pron. affix, second pers. plu. numb, annexed to do , second pers. plu. masc. imper. of the y verb ; the regular vowel under the sec. rad. is Etsotso; the Revotso in this word is an anomaly, $ 36. 6 . wiocn A.*] there were; Zu] is pleonastic, and is “ I X thus frequently used; w,ooi third pers. plu. fern, prset. of the verb "loci. but , Gr. $e, a conj. 'TS & there , adverb. H^l water-pots , def. form plu. numb, of the noun Heb. 13N* of stone, this is one of the ways of expressing an adjective by means of a noun, $ 22. A ,3 six , a card. numb. fern. gen. 7 > ANALYSIS. ♦ 171 vn'Zcm which were placed, > rel. pron., vn.’.m X X pass. part. fem. gen. pin. numb, of the verb he placed; see paradigm of Jxxud. lA_i_D)A\ for the purification, ]A_»_ 2 )Z 7 fem. noun X X def. state, from the verb Id? to he pure, x of the Jews, 5 a sign of the gen. p • • p p • • c containing, or which contain, > rel. pron., act. part. Peal conj. of the verb fem. gen. plu. *T\ numb.; •• is the sign Ribui. Z two each, that is, each water-pot contains T> 'h two; firkins, masc. noun plu. numb. def. i form is fco*. o] or; the dot over o was probably put to distin- 7 guish this part, from oj the interjection ; |aSZ three, a card. numb. 7. r»\vn fill, imper. second pers. plu. numb. Peal 7 conj. of the verb he filled . them, governed by the verb o.\vn . see § 56. ilk) water, plu. noun def. form, masc. gen. It is used only in this form. * p 7 NF in the water-pots; \ has the signification of in. See Schaaf’s Lexicon. 172 ANALYSIS. until, composed of the particles ,1 and to the top , an adverb with ^ prefixed. Root Heb. rbp lie ascended. T T 8. mn draw ye , imper. second pers. plu. numb, of the verb . It occurs only in this place in the New Test. \\. now , an adv. compounded of !>o and . X 'Ti I oA_*]o and bring , the second pers. plu. numb, imper. of ; this verb is doubly irregular, or defective, (J 49. ]nVnm . ; \ to the governor of the feast , ^>.^5 a X X masc. noun; it is frequently used with another noun, as in the present instance, from fnss to recline , masc. noun def. state. cl»L]o and they brought , third pers. plu. numb. x Aphel conj. praet. tense. See above. 9 . po and when , composed of o and , p as. he tasted , third pers. praet. sing. Peal conj.; this verb has the vowel Revotso; for reasons, see $ 36. octi a pers. pron., and is redundant in this place. v ojcn they , referring to . ANALYSIS. 173 "jocn was knowing , i. e. knew , the imperf. tense Peal eonj. of the verb the lined occultans under i |Lo when , after that ; jib followed by the rel. •> has frequently an adverbial signification. o_,o5] 7 they had drunk sufficiently , Aph. conj. third X pers. plu. numb, praet. of the verb jo5; the vowel of the Olaph is remitted to the Dolath, § 40. then , an adverb. ? iu that which , rel. pron., § 26. worse , an adj. masc. gen.; the def. form is X X kept it, Peal conj. second pers. sing. numb, of the verb ; the suffix ,^cn_. is re¬ dundant, referring to the following word, § 55. Uatl IsbU until note, adverb. 11 . ]*>cn demons, pron. fern, gen., w_.cn a pers. pron. in the place of the substan. verb, § 25. i ur sign , or miracle , a noun fern. gen. def. state, Heb. JTitf • 1 A-i-SOj-O ./£/•«?/, an ordinal number fern, gender. which he did; Peal conj. third pers. sing. praet. v^ojb known , or manifested , Aph. conj. third pers. sing, praet. tense of vi r _,; the Yud is ANALYSIS. 175 changed into Vau, § 40; the vowel v is remitted to the conj. o. (jLKKoai his glory, masc. noun def. state; the ahs. state is ojan», § 19 ; the root is he praised , Pael conj. o \ vn , mn they believed , Aph. conj. third pers. plu. numb, praet. of the verb _kf). It is irregular in the Aph. conj. being formed as the Heb. Hiphel. It is generally construed with ^ or oxo in him, *o a prep., cn affix third pers. sing, masc. 12. after, a preposition. Ijcn this, a dem. pron. fern. gen. sing. numb. 9 he descended, Peal conj. third pers. sing, praet.; -T> the vowel Revotso is found in the place of Pethocho, being an intrans. verb, § 36. to Capernaum, a proper name. ^oHeh. "Vittf, XO is put for 2, § 4, Greek rdvpo s, Lat. taurus. lijio sheep. One point of the sign Ribui in this and the preceding word coalesces with the point of the letter Rish, { 7. ANALYSIS. 177 ]jalo and doves; according to Schaaf from iTP ♦ |jL£) r ikilLo and the money changers; the ^ is eon- IS structed with the root is whence 'IS money. K > sitting; the Dolath denotes the participle i to be taken as such, § 56. 0 0 15. whip, Greek (ppayeWtov. cord, masc. noun def. state, Heb. *?in, Eng¬ lish cable. ^ocji^sXo and all of them, compounded of o, X ^ and y vQ_a*| he caused to depart, i. e. he drove, Aph. conj. is third pers. sing, praet. of the verb .o ^ i . The Nun is dropped for the reason given in § 41. o y ]1^ > m temple , masc. noun def. state. jilS and he poured out. The vowel * is remitted to Vau, § 40. ^nm i es\n \ their money, i. e. the money of the changers. v octlAoZv£)o and their tables; by metathesis Tpcare<[a. y&m he overturned. 7 l?oAi> masc. def. state 12 178 ANALYSIS. 16. selling , act. part. masc. plu. Pael X conj. of the verb qZ^q..q.-» take , second pers. plu. irnper. Peal conj. of the verb Vkq » . hence , i. e. from, here. CTUOj-CiJlZ. and make not it; a prohibition is generally expressed by the fut. tense. The suffix cn 'Ti is pleonastic, § 55. mA . A\ the house of him; ] A.» f is a masc. noun 'ts derived from Zclo or he remained , or tarried the night. The suffix > nVi is the X 7\ X act. part. Aphel conj. of the verb the second pron. is put in the place of the substantive verb; the part, in this instance denotes future time, § 56. •• y -m 20. » L*o after forty and six years; x x ^ in this place has the signification of after . See Acts xxiv. 17. . \ was built 9 Ethpeel conj. third pers. sing. 1 masc. gen. praet. of the verb |lo. 21. ]ocji {lol was speaking , or spake; jocn has the linea occultans , because with the act. part, $iof it forms the imper. tense of -Loj, § 8. m. of his body; ? the mark of the gen. pre- 0 y ceded by a noun in the def. state; masc> noun; V 12—2 180 ANALYSIS. Chaldee NTte; corporeal , the adj. and carnally, the adv. 22. ]Z lLlp A. ^ house of the dead, for sepulchre , pass. part. plu. numb. def. of L^o. x ]50i5 that this , to the demons, pron. is understood Q the noun jlio. ]oai jio) he had spoken; ]o1, § 38. q iln . mn, see ver. 11. which he had said; this verb denotes the plu- ns perfect tense in this place. 23. ]ocn wiOio^L] was; the subst. verb being joined ~ ns to A_»"| with its affixes, the imperf. tense is formed, $ 34. feast , masc. noun, def. state; root Arab. Ac x he visited, second conj. joc he feasted. many, adj. plu. numb, def., from the verb ]_^CD he multiplied. o]_k*> when they had seen; > has here the signifi- V cation of when. See Schaaf’s Lexicon under this letter. 24. > ocn But Jesus himself See § 55. ANALYSIS. 181 m m -.£L3 gives the verb a reciprocal sense, $ 56, p. 114. because . Etsotso has not here its usual accom- 'h panying letter Vau, § 2. looi v* he knew , imperf. tense of the verb v. i 25. ]ooi -n . im he needed , imperf. tense, Peal • i conj. of the verb *qjlcd. jcjlccu should testify . Optative and subjunc. expres- * sions are frequently expressed by the future tense, § 56; the vowel Pethocho is put under cn because in the praet. this letter has Revotso. Translate the following Exercises, with the help of the subjoined Analyses, the Grammar, and Schaaf’s or Castell’s Lexicon. St MATTHEW’S GOSPEL. Chap. XXVI. 1—23. P 7 baio 1 'T 'J) IS 3 t _jAdclj r -»3Z 3Ari 2 x ti ”7 x* " * x 3 . 6 ^2LO)p? r, ^aiAj>Ao "U-j]? 4 .ixo vio-a__* 71 71 71 7N 7| ]imo5 V»i»-a.k5> 17 ]A£i j_ 4-» 16 C7i > \\ A_»l> ]ZAjf cni 7 *x 7\ »» / • o. y * y y 7 ^.jAqCD jJD ^Q._a_i? (JLa__»? \ix 19 C7lAX^i_»|o : 111 on X 71 I 7 • P 7 « 7 «£>•• 7 pp 7 -X »«7 7 71 7 ]i v>V .otiolo ^ojii "walxjZIo v^cno, > V)\Z ^5 oV-k» 8 7 pp 77 P 7 PPPP7 |jcn 22 ^5p5 t-^-it loai 21 u^xijaXo 9 .]jch kpa] ^ — * T* ♦ ^OCTLX jiolo ,-i) V>Q-uL* 10 . 24 ]i nmVn\ 23 _rXTL»AjO 'TS X *7* *T\ X 7\ "7N X D i llaa. .UAjU V)»a^. ]jcn ka 7 £> P _ P -n mil ]?ai ^Z;-OCD 38 Ij-^ZZ? 1o4? v am^ ]j] iAd] _i-k}]o 13 'TX ^ P_ 7 _P 7 D 0 -X P *7 l?cn Z r OLi> ^o,Ad *£>1 . 29 'SLSoAj ? )^n\v mV.nn 7 * Uo_»;oro Ijoctl* IjjoASoj jjcqaJZ ,_Ao ^ ^il cn 14 x 'Ts n\ •X 7 OOP 7 7 p • ^oAj] 31 ^-j-C)^ UAo .^octlA jlolo 15 . jjaio ^5 ZqJa <_»> ^qjoi .^amZi ctlA ]i] AoN-aSo jj]o : >-i.\ 32 ^AkA P Tl 0 loai }ao <_Aoo 16 r _.A \L ctlZ. a ^o -i- Q i I-LsDjJD ,__.> ]k>aJuO 17 . w-iCnci-t-SnX-«.n }v\^ - ctlA 'A -7\ 0 v ♦X ** P 7 'Ts Ti y 1il»1 .otZi ojAo]o . VsG_ie__» ZqZi 1,-i.kAZ QLOf-o : 33 t r j-&0>? 7 7 7 P ^__»5 ocn 18 3S .mA/ ? Aj") to A . ctlA OiAo|o 36 ^Jio ZqJa lAjL-iykZL clAj .^octla jAd] p p p 7 p 7 7 t^»^2) 111 .olA ^.ZqJa .ctla I^Ad 37 ^j_loi : jAd] r o5 7 7 P 7 7 7 •• y 7 r no> b-^-»1 o r oA w»oio r j_kAZo 19 • • • n • 7 •• fc r ■ V>V Isai : 'Uio5 )oot ,10 20 . jjj ^0 OOi.^0 • V\Q._a_» ^ocrilm -T\ VXZ i>Q_L ]oO! a& ^->_So.CD I " I H " X 7 *> 7 *X P 7 0 7 7 - ».»A yA alo ^Q-QJ-Vo W -Id] ^Sn) T 7 \ ^ ™ I 41 ^ oi\ ^o]1clX 40 n_.^»o »..n.£ ^ocriX 39 A1 j^o 22 ^ i i ^ *?> _1d : ti]o ] 1 ± ooi 23 . »__6 ^jd U1 . ^octi.iSo ^ ^ ^ t, X 7 ( V 7 * p 7 7 ^ 7 P .« vl V?\ • 1 001 «-i.V)S Oly-*] ', >^nV / « disciple , from r A\ he learned. 2 v^_» he X * * X knew. 3 ^ool 4 ] Z i]> oi^do and the son of him , viz. o/ w«ra. 6 ^q2L» he delivered. 6 .^n ] he crucified. 7 . • i o he assembled. 8 15? palace , or /W/. a ] ; p he called. 10 ^ Xvn in the Ethpaal, he considted. n r L) he took. ,2 ^|uO Ac ,?/£M7. 13 jJlo he constituted. 14 ]‘> i v Aj_Zio i» Bethany. 15 *o^o he drew near. lg m^\x A_»1? lit. /o wAom there is , ^ i i. e. having. 17 ^i4-» be immersed , he wasted by immer¬ sion ; also flowed out , and hence ] A^ . ft « a vessel\ x from which liquors flow out. 18 ^o?, plu. V price, x money. The def. form is ),iLo?, which is here and else¬ where used adjectively in the sense of precious , costly; 19 \lsl» he poured forth. 20 v ooiX _»fczV iV was 7 grievous to them . 21 to ato, and hence . .. A - cn ]ooi was possible. 22 ^ he bought. 23 ^ ^ EXERCISES. 185 which in the 5th. conj. signifies to be poor. 25 v_»y to x be fatigued , wearied. 26 in every time , always , ^ in, Xd time. 27 ]Ld5 he cast. 28 )lo he preached , Gr. Ktjpvaaa). 29 ^lo spake. 30 aiJj.Do r X ,/or a memorial of her; root he remembered. 31 he wished. 32 ^Aj he delivered. 33 unleavened bread , from the x Arab, to be unfermented. 34 he prepared . 35 .mv\ he ate. 36 « owe, Hebrew 'pfe 37 . » i w/?/ /me hath come ww/A respect to it (cnZL), viz. the Passover. 38 he reclined . 39 he was sad. 40 fj_» in i Pael, he began. * .JL owe. PSALM II. ^ •• y •• y y * p p .|Zj 5 2 |Zq 1 o|o : (kJkiA f rVr> 1 : 6 l^ol 7 4 oiZLsdZ]o : |j-4-ZX-»o jLj]* ]nSLo o.Lo.o 2 'A •• X 'A : 7 ^ocri‘Zni-Kj 6 >nm^u 3 V) Xlo 'XL ^ •• •• x • pp V m. p y •• y o «x y ~ | > V>.« n 4-0ZL5 4 . vccn^-i-j m : 10 ^OCTLkZL^ XlLqJ CJ1 5 . ^OOLO 9 ^-n . ^r>i Xl . I ZV> > o] IjI 6 . ,Qj) 12 11 CDO • •I H 'h •* 7) V»Xb 7 .. 1 An In Xl ,3 U^-*-J? w*»» 3 Q -05 ^qZcti. 186 EXERCISES. 15V $4-» 8 . u ^Z r A UAaZ ]i]o : Aj] w-iA 18 20 CTL*-;Z1± 17 ^Aj-kjoIo ? 19 y?n? • » \ fcflAl : ^>Z]o w_».j_1d • • •• 71 •• “TV 'TS • •7 ns o 7 0 7 D 7 to <$^1 , 9 H5Z 9 • • 'ti • • 22 o>5Zlo : 21 qAd^co'I ]iAk> ]_»cn 10 . ^qj) ^sijZ 1 -AA •• ns "Ts •# ^ ## P ^ *X ^ P « *% o 0 m *X • ^ P * 7 ••0 7 w-.CTLj-JOj-kiOIo |A\*VD I-j^jcA 23 G-kjOA£) 11 .pj|? CTL_»_1_»5 ns •• : cjlk»5o] x ^Sd AAjZo :iAj P? o.CLaJ 12 . . 24 lL»ZjA ns ns x v*« ns x *ZZA v ocri_iAaio : ctiu.o? r A. AA.O .A A|lo • • v ns 1 ^ y F . . >m o\v 25 _iAj.nZ> V x x 1 a^i he sung. 2 ]Asdo| a nation , plu. has two forms, viz. ]Zoiof and ,oio). 3 jj5 he meditated. he con- ^ 71 (f 7 m 7 suited. * 1^1 lit. as owe, i. e. altogether. 6 .om^ cwZ off. 7 . 0 h. he strangled. 8 ^l^Jie laughed. °^qZ_1d he derided. 10 ]i^b wrath. Root p^5. u J>clZ he grew hot. , 2 oAl> he disturbed , troubled. 13 ]Z_» in the Hithpaal, s/?a// declared. This and the two following words may be rendered literally thus : sAa// be declared r -j\ with respect to my covenant. u .^7,\. / /zav# begotten X thee. Root ,ZL. 15 he ashed. 1 C Z|_» he inherited. • X 17 ,_L] he tooh, possessed. 18 ; Z v he passed, *| t ZA a bound- ns ary. 19 |i> /*£ ruled. 20 Ao a vessel. 21 ^Ziro he understood. EXERCISES. 187 22 Ip in Ethpeel, he is instructed. he wor¬ shipped. 24 ]A_*2.5 trembling , from Ll he trembled. 25 x //c A? confident. St JOHN’S GOSPEL. Chap. IX. 1—13. . cti!d'| ad a ,_Ao? l-ulnro |a\i ao 1 • • •• 7\ •• ^ ^ p % e -xv 77 7 . 7 . .-x.« 7 pen qj_Sd ^5 ^-.oio f -L.So\A *._»oia-4-®o 2 7 p 7 p 7 7 ^OCTUl ;Ad] 3 ]lQ£D pi v^OIOOTa] o] »• 7 P 7 o 7 r 3 .-> 010 ,^ <7LO ]]*) *_i 01001 a 1 Uo 001 U y 77 y «•• p y . *» P t « P •'» y A 4 «-A5 r -»? ,Ad? ,nsV)\ Po 4 . ]oia\? p 7 7 P 6 UAHa Ad U ] x \\ in « ooi 5 llrAn >] x •• Jm 6 .ISoXij W anJana^ ft A 5 7 7 P 7 ctloo5 ^Ad ]i >..£ «_o5 ^-Acn •7S •• X Vi •• P 7 7 7 7 7 . , . , 7 ^1 .(TLA iAolo 7 ♦ 1 _lAdDD 0013 w_*01CU_»_A ^A I •• •• •• p 7 p P *x •X 7 • IWm A 1Z]o >- •} ^i]o ,”UjqA»„» 3 n^?oAaiAao • • •• X •• XI Aq_»A ,-Ad v oaA ]ocji ]\^y *]o ,_»3 10 —.aion^u* 8 x •• •• •• ^ p p 7 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 ]o 01 A)Aj3 001 QJ 01 looi y *0001 ^-jjAdI looi 3pKi3 188 EXERCISES. oooi A_»]o "alooi? oooi A.*] 9 .5^0 . }j| bh 1 0C71 001 *0^ ]Soj P") .p o v •• 7 Ua 11 13 7 7 • • •• 0 7 V AaZI Uo »1 ctl\ 10 P % p 7 * 7~ey •>. . 7 * *.« 40 U_»_4 ,g.s> vxqjuj “cniQ_»> lr^-11 • ^poiA ^io|o I * 7 > .. V P ? 7—7 •U°. Xj-j) ].i.Ann ^1 . ^o]o *..»- 1 .». s ^ I Vj 1 •• 1 •• 7 7 0 7 . 16 OO t ] OlX r*»iol 12 . t,>,\ waV^Zlo -«U »1 A^lfo ••I I I •• ^ I •• •• •X 7 7o 0 7 p ^iOJ ‘“OCTli. ^OIQ-.A.'io 13 . (_l| ^ U ,CC7L-. fio] ZflX lool 1 ,ZL» he begot . 2 ]v^» he saw. 3 *. .mn ,n \ the works of 1 Him, viz. o/~ GW. Root he made, or cfowe. 4 5^» 6*W. 6 ^ool day. 6 ^>sl*±q is able. Root he went. 8 ^cl» Aph. . he washed. 9 r iaL he stood. 10 The 8th verse may be literally rendered thus: But his neighbours and those by whom 3^00? \ XX TV *X ^ TV p •• 7 7 ^ e *X ** 7 °k 7 1 7 "i* •• 0 001 . 5 | i n.rn |_®>CLQ ^Z.0 |JOLO TV 7 7 7 7 P 7 tv P •• 7 ^-.5Zo v .x.sn » ^q_l 3,_»o j^ai^ IoAtlI .n .. 7 JJ •X P 7 P.7 P 7 X , o3a£Ln ^qj] 8 ^Zo] ]^Vr> oaio .]A_» ^ TV *X 0 7 0 7 0 p . ^ r _»3Z ^n\ ]2 q\ n ]-Kjjar) ^ooiZi jino 10 ]Z3v^ P p .. 7 7i p •• 7 ■a 7 . -X 7 P -A -A -X 7 7 IALDOj^O ( 10 i ,^0 18 v n^\L^ 1 y .Qj| 5011 • • 7 •X »x TV 7 A-»o AXZ «-»001 ♦ <001 <_*3Z ^ .__i3Zo .sn.t t ' ~r p • 7 7 "A »( 7 7 -A 7 PP««7 a-kA-»? Q-KK^)Aji 1 i>Q-l 14 akLK^Z] jJD .]A£I2lSO P 7 -X ■A 7 7 • 7 15 >..i-n >Zo^n > nn 190 EXERCISES. « year. 2 Z*j he granted liberty. captives , from he made captive. ‘|I_ 05 Cld gifts, presents, from which in the Ethpaal conjugation has the sense of making offerings. "vajLs interpreted. 6 *mi> he interpreted. 7 ]» m . Greek. 8 ,jdZo] he made to dwell, from ^A_». 9 ni n in Pharos. 10 5 \^Jie cut. u 1_k»5cid a cell. 12 aX thirty-six. « he changed. Shap. conj. 14 ^q^£) he compared. 15 . > n library . Bar Heb. Chron. p. 51. p 7 0 7 7 7 0 7 71 7» 7 7 7 jym s »Z Ai.a n X X 0 0 7 0 7 *X 7*7 0 0 7 5*0 « 3 cnki*? 2 ]^-» t' 'A "i 1 «—»C7l5oj? p 7 7 1 7 f y 7 •>. -n 7 0 0 7 w 2 )l * 5 -»A_,]o 4 j^5 Nil. V ^D5 7 • P ' 7 P 7 7 I 07 .. 7 0 0 7 7 p 7 7* jAd] jJD 8 ] 1, 1 1-KJ3 (TlX_ 0 7 Lr-*U^ .jlO Lq\ 5j_» 7* X ^ p •• 7 p 71 0 0 •• 0 ,0 7* P •• 7 7» « 7> 10 jjLLoSnro 9 ]Zcl£d'|o r >sni A^Ao_®5 7 0 7 .. 7* 7* 7 7 P P 7 7 * 7 7 7* 7 o] \-l±D-3> k ^D ZLkkJ? Aj| IotZZn 0| Aj] ^ Vn 7\ O p 'is • ns • ns ns p y p p y ns ^n^»A_»Z> y*i±D ,3 A 12 A^Ad "Ijctl^o IotZL? cn^ 7* • 7* 71 P 7 P P 7 71 14 EXERCISES. 191 ** • 'is n\ f> 7 7 A-.]? |ro|Zo ^ZqA ]Z]Zo •X » ?> -ftp .7 7 P v *-n p •• .* 0 • m/l\ 0 •• »X xp xy o •> pi )n g^ cn o ,_*A A_»] 1 Zh-°i...»o "jZ5o_Ll ^5 lAj__> r !o . -ft 7 p 7 7 -X -ft 7 P •J> 7 r k}_>cm l_i_.p or:aip .otZi ^jl^) <__o v ^l£) AX pp .x 77 • P 7 p P 7 Uo .^ZoX ]Z]> AoAs? ^otXlo .U ^ • y •ftp-X'Ti op 7 • 'T* _ Jr »aio A_K>XA-»*i cnAX-&So> iOjio (^5 an 18 |IkL»]5 oai ^ 7 P P 7 7 7 7 7 7 • *T\ ^X I9 jj3 r iiAr) Ij-kkLdo . ^JLo ZaX (JaZ] P7 7 •• 7 p ^XT^yy 7 •• y . ^kxi? ».X i|3o U-kj *,X \t\ 2 o wi, i V)\Z 1 '-»ai5o)) of the city Edessa. r/ painter, from 5^ he painted. taheHarms, a letter-carrier. 4 |X? aboard. 6 _Zu] he brought, Aph. conj. from ]2f he came. p 7 'ft 6 lZ^j « letter, probably from the Heb. “UK he collected 7 V*Pi hands of; def. state plu. of ] r /| a hand. :! ]. i i , Ananias. 9 ‘jZouD'i cures, from . . m ] he healed. '" ^Wnm i medicines, pi. of jlnco. "IxnXL because of this, therefore, composed of ^XLand Ipm. l2 ^ho he wrote. i3 ]vp he sought. he took the trouble. 15 |Z)cX> of the Jews. 16 v->ra x , he is envious. 17 <__£3 he murmured against, when followed 192 EXERCISES. by as here. 18 ]lkL»]> that 1 should perform , Shaph. conj. of to he full. The whole expression is as follows: “ that I should perform here, ^So what¬ soever, criZZL&!o for the sake of which, I was sent,” &c. “frUio for ]j) 5^ I send. • • y 7 p ZuA ,_Sd ]ocn ^ 1 ] tAw ^QJcn So ^ I Xv ^ ^ ^ ^ X • • 7 •• 0 7 0 7 7 p /Li] ]lo\ ,JoZ> cnA {lo"|Z1 1 7> •« i\, •* -k -n i\ 0 0 p p P • . 5 ooi 3 ^Aoo? ^So Aj] 2 So 1i kA y ]o5oio p 0 o 7 00 00 7 y 5 ]jcnA 4 v oaA v -> .n,n.» y AZu^.Z > Vrm T> ^ I •» X - 7 > P P *X PP •• p .* iuAa£) uA loai yo |soA» « .n IA he interpreted. This word is identical in sense with \the substantive form of which comes afterwards. 2 ]i • he changed. 3 ^o> place , no « x permit not themselves to sleep. 4 ySo? he slept. 5 ] i m \ v because of this , therefore. 6 ]AAqj 2 > work , from aA /«£ worked . EXERCISES. 193 P P P p p p p J>Q£DO ]SoSQ.»tQ 3 li9r-» ]o01 2 ^A>] X \\ IS " X “ •X X 7 7 P *X 7 7 7 P vOotAs? r ^cn 4 aA jId'IZI _aioio r P P 0 7 7 7o 7 • • X P y jj]o ^j-JLCllDO r x.l„Cl 6 ]ai 5 ^5^3 |_»CLL_k» 7 P -X \ P p P P •• 7 7 X -7» <_i>cn ^_A ^1 -k» y Uj^i n? 7 Z^id]o * IS “ I P *X p 7 7 7 U-^l 8 Z5aul 1 ] .Vi it huckster. 2 *qA? he hurried. candle. 4 _dcti AAd lit. because of so, i. e. the cause of so doing. i\ 5 vl5^jj «i?Ao about me. 6 ]cn behold. 7 Z^q£d)o and I is v y thought, the Aph. of ; orr> he thought . 8 Z5au] I made « light, Aph. of 5 CTLO jCmVn jj]o m\ An ] p y y p 8 tlLDQ-»0 7 AklQ5 xD ](n> ] . . ^ ^ 1> X j x .•Ua*0 is l ^or p when a man was drunk. 2 jZAjj a woman, x - or wife. that he would render hateful , Aph. conj. 13 194 EXERCISES. from ]mi . - 1 ]n 1 drinking; root, Heb. njjtP. 5 ’)2 AqZ)]Ld food of barley-meed , a sort of coarse food; roots ^>1 he eat, and . he pressed. Z? desolate, Aph. of . 7 )^ xVno wheat. B ] i vnn 1 o?7. honey. o o o 7 3 ^o r iD ]ocn ]^oo |ocn 1 ^oi5 7 0 -X 0 7 7 o o 7 7 o -X 7 7 7 00 jj] jio] \s]A^l yDO ]io$ -7N v -^ ^ 0 0 0 0 7 . s .? 5 ]Ld Vsil t-»U ’^cri? //£ raw. 2 ];-o> a field. 3 ^o^d something. 4 |Sd^ lifl 7/77^7 where. 5 . > \ ^ 7727/ voice. •x 7 o 0 x 0 7 0 .cnarA) ZoA *tdAd 1 ]Z5q_,.')A^ ]oai ^i] >r D ^7» -7N X ~ P 7 P P *\ y£D y 5 w»Aao r s }ccn vj° 3 |ocns 2 ]j k Ti n •X 7 7 .m* w _,aioA| Oils, -ju_L£) 0 ]oCJl ^^AoZ] * . -n Zuocn AZZAo 7 •• 7 7 •X P ^oZ y wjjAj^Io za.isq qA\3 EXERCISES. 195 lie negotiated. 2 ]joi5cld disease . 3 1 o m v heavy. 4 oi-1d in Ethpeel, to he sick. in my place . 'yso finite; hence . . ^W ) p it would he quite impos - X si hie; . m believed , here imper. Aphel of vn|. y y y Y y V P 2 ^coq-.«ZZ> oA ^oUl oA 1 wfzuL-jZ.1 p A->f{ ** ^ ^ 'n ^ x “ ^ P P 7 • • * 7 *X P P P * 7 ^ ^ ^ 7 o"A 4 (-CP^^l1d ocno 3 |j^^£o ^q-A^joAo |oA\ro « t * p p y ^ p *x *x # * *x • y *x amAA A. | ooi ^iLqj* qAj . ».!.}>>&no locn ^j r .ocj A P] 'h ^ 'T' 7 7 *X 7 *X P P P 0 P y .y^ojjo ^a^nj50 PI )L) p T\ 'fs p p» y *X 7 7 Aj) 6 ^.Acn ]ocn 5 yo)nV? >aAAo A 7 7 s'* ** 'JI » .oi ^ he stole, he trusted. 3 | r ^_^co adored. 4 1 rn. JiCn extendeth or pointeth ; root *cd^. 5 he destroyed , Palpel of pi ♦ Aj ^jAoi (things x ** that are) mine. 7 7 0 -X 7 7 •• p 7 7 p noo « Po cnA,»/n.n? 2 ]ln\o 1 annuo Al^qAl }j^»1 •X 7 P 7 7 1^1 ^ nA Ai v OCnlOL looi JO.^JO 3 ]Zl^_.;.£0 PI cjuo P 7 0 7 7 7 *X 77 7 0 0 7 1 /Ad 1 u>j? l-i---»l ooio ,_Al AjI AP -T* 'T' 13—2 196 EXERCISES. 7 P P_ 7 7 7 VOJ-^Z? \Q. noj-j loiZZo ooxo j^5cn ^_1 d oxo 4 o 7 p y p 7 li-Vjl lloo 7 ,_^o ^1Q 7 'ooqj he took. 2 }Lo\o everything . 3 1A>^^d « roo/! 4 U^ in Pael, to migrate. \o-i_£ he prepared. j he bore a burden. m mm, ox for nothing. 8 1t-^ Uoo lit. rmr/ reward hath decayed , i. e. without reward. THEOPHILUS. Bar Heb. Chron. p. 132, 133. p P -X P -X 7 p 7 P P 1^0150] |Sdo]Z ;0 jL_OolZ 1 Vi r ^Z\lD ]_LOl "jjOXO ^ i -tv ns p »x P ^7 pi 7 P 7 ."UjOfiO} 4 . m >.ro 3 or^ I^oiSd 2 qjo A_>U3omo ~jc7Li-k)Z |Io{ 6 ^oAoi> joAo axil Zulo ^ 7 7 • P •X o »X 7x7 ns 7 7 ns ^.oail ocno . 1-kkOQ-» 6 b. ^.Loo 0X0 j-QjCO iDal ^ v a^l ^Do^oV? _JaS P II I 7 7 ... -n 7.7 I 7. •» -«7 .PP -X. !xx»u>Z.|o oxol^oo ^5oxkio • .(j^5amo pp P 7 -X-X7 -X "» x 7 i\ -n jjai 9 ]_]_Lojoi 8 aiZo5Aj_k) «■ J. y^ CO OX- _j_ Id 7 7 P P P •• 7 7 7 P 7XPP 7 oxo_»Ao ]o^ lAkxu <-k> r -K>o> l^Ak) ♦U-^lZ^0j-^dd1> EXERCISES. 197 y o •• y -n 7 •x ti .-»oio_,Aj_d cnkuo oiAjl^jIo ]r-»^ 10 *-ooVmJ? 7 • 7 7 ai\ Ijlojo ILjaolZ? oiZoZi ot-2ljlZid3 oiZAj] Z5,_»o ^ -n 7i -n i 7 ” 7777 -X 7 £>7 7 Zj^LlO |n\VT)X 11 . iC7l > Ao\Vn Aj)j P -7% p "* f 1 ^ • ••? I P P ? P *X P P *X ^-k.n.\o cn_»A^ v _ ,om » n » i m ]]? 1,^1 Uj5o]? |^5a^o 7X7 P P_ 7 P 7 <_k) ^Sol^o ]oiZL^ |j] Ipmk) 0 -X p-ny-x 77 1» P 7 7 p 7 (Ij^oIZ OOIO _L ,cn-,^l0 J-D ^k_*_jZAj? IjLH-*] 71 i -n • ^ ^ * i >X 7 P -X 7 p p ‘PUP 7 ^i^aacn? 16 IZo—.v^l l?ai^ oiZaZ> ZZ*}j ,4 ]Aloy *._»_jl 2 d V. xn 7 x •XT' 7 7 71 • 71 p -X 7 P 7 » wJOOIj^J3 0"L2Ljl AoiX AnZ^o M clZ> 3 16 ^oZ^ai 7 7 7 * P ^..i >A^? ]A^aZ> Ijoio |rDo }]] X 7t ^ 71 P **oo 'ft o 7 •X7'* 7 o o 7 r _lD }_J01 17 |qXjj ]0Ol wTL2U O^-llD ^ZoLd IotZZv 7 7 77 -x PP7 vju .1 ^-Q.cdZ U 1j] Zfco 55A_»]o IcnZL 'TS • “ ^ Xi 'Tt 0 'ft 0 TS 7 • P 7 ** _ -X ^ oai? oiuof U] ,-iZak> ]ooi 4-^ZaZu. A.\n n7‘|* ^lo ^ 7> ^ 7 p 7*oo 7—o 7 P 7» 7 ^ 07 . » |j] ^o"| ]ArALo o] .-.Aj] U1 18 jllsA-g.vn *-*_j^3 7o • o o 7 0 7 W? -AjI l iAcl»3 |Ldo li -I ^ * ■>. n\ 7 7 7i I 7 • 7 P 7 ♦. >da-i 3 ^ oai ]^ 2 lL \oiZ^d _jA1dZ ZZuAo P 7 7 7 P P 7 -X |_l!o 3 Zooi ] >.^£Q^o A^i lAoZuiD _-iAai A.iLn.» t> • I 0 0 •* V 7 7 0 0 0 o 0 T* 1) 7% 1> A_»_Ld ]A1oq_* VV > Vn >Aoo .]joi ]ia^2)3 ouAd ]ooij 198 EXERCISES. I y o i i •• 7 i 7 P i p * w_>?cniD v^)"j A_»_Ld jlAdo_» 5Ar^o tL^>o1Z ooiAo |^1 d ]ai _1 dc • *“ ^ \ ^ p »x ** 2 au r JOk 501 ..\V? ^ P 7 Edo^ . ]ooi EXERCISES. 199 7 7 0 7 i\ o 0 17 7\ y A_*A ?0 "|Aj_» l?CTLO locn 4 ^01 A_»|j_xAd 1 r 3 ^ Jr .cn ]ocn ^jOioAjI : cnxio 5 qjoioAjl1qX ]Lqd5o^) “ ” x -n • -ft V—^ lAii MIL 7\ 7\ 7 -X t A A *0 • Y *A % •• j-AZ!loo (j^o o (_j5cl£d ,_k) (xn • • o 7 0001 •X 7 7 7 e *X P 7 p -x p 7 • y ^jOiq_»j| »n.« kjZ.] : \^ak>5 ]5Z]? ]Zo.« ijJ ,__.a X^loo P 1* 7 P 7 P -X ^oXaj 9 ]_»j_ml_03 w._. 1 kA ]kA? jAd]o l^o? Vio * •• xb • 'h n\ x 7 o TS 7 c> o 7 i\ • o •• o 7 7 •• . IjJCjA j.i cnAXk) |tl£UO jm » .. 1 * .... » ■ X p 7 I 7 -T> 7 7 7 1\ 7 7 7 7 |Aai(1d ]j. ^£1^10 7 *77 7 *X 7 P I 7 7 7 •• 7 7 " *>” vV i-xo505*|3 lAj-jjk) CTL^^O .-np 7 .n -*1 • P . » P .7 » P p *X 7 t|.i >; <^)k? cao |ccn n .5oi ZL(j-»-io|? pen _k) ,qjdioA_*_j •* Ns IX •* * ^ *t\ 7 7 7 7 7 «X 7 7 ._LoAZ^ _qi»>jo l 4i]o 12 ctl1£l* w^oiajj] _Ao ivXZ] po ^ • • 'K V •• 'TS • -7\ p 7 p P ]?Aj-Lo : ]jaki ,-Aoo |xd5 ^1d ^LoZ loai po i> -n Tt •• x P .. •• 7 « "X P 7 * P P .7 7 « •• p 7. kico? (jloi AqjloAuLo} pdAh-13 ctijlIo qjlxoZ. 14 P-j-/ • *r\ -n -?> • t> •X -X-ft » P 7.PP7 71 p » « ' x ^O^OU ^QJOI ^|j ^£1C7U U_JD^CO Aj(j3Q-C0J2) • •• • ^ • is . ocn |_»AX aiVo 19 ]Zq1q-^1cl^jd ^cn\La>)o 7 7 7 P 7 P 7 •X 7 Up \ ]AjlJ 5 20 aj»Ar)Z1o IZaco") oZ] jrm.n r -^ i*oo-i-oo 07*0 o • p *x 7 77 loan adI . "jocn UjAlo U ocno . 21 i^omkiiDJo ~ “ TV "V TV V, Tv * 7 p 7 0 P 7 P V P P T • 7 P * 5^.1 wlZ p .Via ^ Vfe^O’O IjTLL 22 }j i-i_^ p 7 TV p 7 P 7 ocn t A\^ -,A_» ]Aj-» l?aioo : ]ocn w-.cnoA^] U’l V" I^Zo 1H* r k> 23 Ql^oSo ai^£) 7 7 m. 0 **7 •* P X p 7 P • •7 P O p . 2 ‘ ^-kkIo] j-L2cn ,__lAdcl_» 1A1Z ^jActlo ;1dUqV • ^ 0 0 o y W >.olo ♦ ^ Jl _.oo;-L ^OjAd il *|aio ,]Zak) _Ld ^ X • * 'tX •• ]ZuaQ-a_Lo r k> jjqV ^iolZZo looZ ]3o uQioiVZlo V_i_ajZ] IX 7X *T\ lx * ‘T\ 7 0 7 0 0 0 »X lx 'Tx 'rx 7 ^]}0 r _iAcn po . (] . UnXio ocn Lpj IsOyioj y_»] EXERCISES. 201 P y •X P V • 0 •• 0 0 •_0 ^ lk)CL. ot^id ]oci ;lo] U-lji janoi __iAcn o 7 7 P ]ZolO o] ]ooi lOD Uo ^.-kk^.O x x " x x 7 o o o o 7 7 o o o •• p 7 7 j.Sd"|o *U_£d)o ]i ■ Vxa-So pj^-LmX *)j_o Ijj^o n? P P -X 7 7 7* P XX .oiAXkA p5oj* ,^v n :]j] £o)> ^o, 1 d *jzoLd .orZ> 0 7 7 •• 7 P P 7 IIqjjJ ]_»-0 Q_L ^._»]o ^01OlDQ_* 28 ]^lm 7 P P 7 P 7 p jAki») $A^ 1,-4 jo j-Loaio : 29 ]_L_. ^jooi 7 P X P 7 lm^ ^_,3Z *_Q0] .io?1 wi-.] so 1ZqJ-_,5Q1d x x x • x x 0 O 7 p .x x 7 0 7 7 o •>. ]-i_CD5arA U-.co3o -n x y »x y y •• y p o *x y !>a\-»1o oiAjAt) 31 w£qj3o <^\o •x 7 •• 7 7 • •X 7 0 7 0 *X 7 7 • P Q_»^ZZ Vo OOOl loQ-KKiOj . jiclo ^010,-1-kAZZl , oe^Cn P *x ♦X 1% TV 0 ^oooiZj ]kAp? ^So Ijj-kj ,_1o T T • •• y p •• y p •x y p ^ 32 q-j5. |_*o> .qjoi .loai*) .cidAj-j.£d |j] ^ 0] p 7 X 7 7 P 7 •X 7 •••X 't-OA ^ 000 ^oai_»--a^? 1^0,\ aj.Lo5lo v ooi_»-®q_cl\ i P P -X 7 •• P P 7 p 7 7 "jocn iL. y 001 yD v x\t A2 xZ ] » w _lD ,^V > ~ 'ft * * X 'ft 'ft * pp y pp»»i •• y p »x pp»x : l^lo 33 UjoZ ^lo P7 P7P-X7 P 7 P p I 7 7 0 ]Cnv*» ]o3 ]-»Q.Cn^o ]. ,m in ] . m^lji ], » ^Vn\ U1 p p P •• -X 7 P 7 0 aijAo ZclX w_».j^»o ja-0cm0-.p U-»-^Ado Li ->Z^d XX * X X I v, X . 202 EXERCISES. 7 7 •X P P p y 34 ^_»^D5 .1^1 Aj_»? iclIjoAo ^Al iZ ]AXZ> > O i • y p y 07 o y o o v 7 oaxo ]oai «_»aioA-.1 ) 55 ] o^oZLo "|ox_Z\ ^ai_. *" "■ *» ~ P *X ^ ° 7 PI 1 vOCLSU (L ^£10 7 7 7 • Ti p 7 OXO jjLOl r *x p y y p *x }_»0 OJ uaUJO « 36 *|ZqJ-kj llo") : joo.«.\ 7 7 P 7 7 7 5 r _»o . ] i ]A » \n\ ]iai aiZo a^±ol]o P -X p 7 p .. 7 •X 7 ] tt i.no : }oj |ja_.-^05 ]L.qjqdo oiZaX? ]o.>.,\oA-Q • • t\ n\ ns \v 7 ) 7s •• y p y 7»yi p •• y p y *x v .\ >? 37 ^k> : }».ito?|> c tl±d 7 7 7 7 •X 7 38 P *7 7 7. ■ • ^ 1 _-»Z|lO Q-mlJ. nZI po . O O-i. .j^Z] 5Q-k>Ao y y 077 o 7 o »x y 0*1 . jlDj-LO ,-LO ]Zcl\^0 akio P -X P 7 7P P7 P p 7 P y lV-^o?5 IIdojA o] : ]L I^o^o Ij^o]? ]Soq->A PX7 PP *X 7 7 77 P p P V*-»rO ]joi> 39 ? ]ZolD5 • * 7S o p*x? 07 •• y y •• 7 y y y ?> ]lo]o ]Zo_^o |jLa.cnSo\ ^iio tUkA rJ _K>2’)> -7v p ^ p •• y p »x 'n p p •• "ft ]_i_ja_»o cl_»ASq_» .1Aj^j)Zo •x y p ** •x •• p y . |o)i ^cna-ioZ^o ^ooiZoZl* VuxSdjIo • ” ^ n y»y^p >*% 7 • ^ * x ^ * 7 -7 ^ y • |ocn (J p^Ojiao pO oij-^-OA •X 7 777 «PP 7 7 • P*XPP*X aj_Lo . ox^jjiQo axo ]ccn jlaXs ).m inn X 7 I* P 7 P • • 'X 7 p P7 p 40 a_.5;_..Z’)5 ]v-»^ r - i^oaoJL^ |1 qj.£clk> ]^vV i jJ? v< ■ « X ..... EXERCISES. 203 0 *x *x 0 0 P y 0 0 : ]cn ,i.V)Z b^ ^-*1? ^Ao O 'D 'Is 0 0 »X 7 •• 7 • 7 P o r-Kj 41 . » m^n ] .-nn 1 \ VJ>50J5 ,_Ao ^OCTLC) ^£) ]]< 7 p 7\ i\ 7 7 7 o 0 P -X oi loau jn ms ,-iO o] 1Zj-L ,_Ld i3"|oo._» „ X •• P777 P 7 p p7 o 7 1 APyloSoo IAjA-^o 42 ]A_i_JLkii.Z Nl 1 «jdAd5 o] o p y o y o y op o ]cnJZ\ "jocn 43 >nA^? Ijcti loai ^As? ]Ad 0 -7 ‘•0 7 .. p -x -X -X lorn oA-»l p <_Aco : j_»i^o X Xv 'Is 0 0 0 7 7 7 P 7 _Ad U ]A-»^1 44 ]ASo.» 1 \ |k)A >;-rnv ^ 7 7 •• P 7 P -X 7 P P i-HL|o ]jdAid 5 ]L.aco Aacoo ^Arfjo *1 A£uAdo • * X, • -n • 7 p • x -i» •liill «ftii ^so ^ T\ 1 . o : « history. 2 au r jai AZv death , from Jll he died. o y '7s 3 j_»o ^ASd]? of the when and the where and the how , ?7 zms. 4 _^ Ohald. 1W in Ethp. he evaded. 6 ^_, r _»oi then. summer. 8 ^ Ac 7 rushed on suddenly. % chance. 10 ./ \A^\ he incited. 11 ^055 whether ? 12 ctlLoj® Atf /ooA himself off. 13 ]-A j ]j 2 ) honour. 14 jl_L£ Arabs. 15 he took X ^ ^ pleasure. 16 ] l -n > v .> * elegant. 17 I 21 S.Q leaves. la —^ ie 204 EXERCISES. 23 24 perceived. 1!) ~p o^o. vn heat , from fever. 20 ^Ad he x contended. 21 lie used medicine , from feoco flwe- dicine. 22 }jcni Aph. part, from jiai /o profitable. 'IS CTL^alD his constitution of body , from mixe( ^ he was infirm. 25 ] A»\ n cell. ^\Lm^the pulse. 27 S n^\i he vexed. 28 ] • An \ grass. 29 ]v. he flourislieth. I X ]Zq_L»5q1o confession; root . 31 *cqj5ql£) government. i it rent or cleaved. 33 ] » in ) conversation, from ]JZ iteravit. 34 l VnA-o — i a laudable catholic. 36 ]loU^ a shop. fo x ^ P mm from ours , i. e. the church of the Jacobites, o") 30 32 ? , pp 38 )vn n 1 \ O day of perdition! he rushed suddenly. 40 deprived. 41 ]3po_* ^ an answer to one question. 42 | A^iVnO sensible. cnA^^j 43 1oai whom (God) hath adorned. 44 ] Acn I i breath. 45 ]iiS « foreign language. HYMN OF EPHRAIM ON THE HOLY TRINITY. o TS • IjAj 7> -ft ]oOU 4 » -X . ] A_» QJD5 ■U-J o • 7 . 8 ] 1 \Vi 7 !>OQ-k*Z Q\ 0 •• 7 .|c»An^ I ^Oa_CO 'Ts 'TS .loCTU P 'A ioA_»o •K 7> 7 7 . 2 pAlo ^mnnn - ^ * •• P •W 2 •X ^OQ_kjZ 'h o *r-*r* i 7 o o *7 7 .1/LlSOO 'Yl • ‘Ts •• X 1&1 .lloda ^L]l 5 . ojcn uo 7 x 7 7 * 7 . 001 • p V H? 7 X * 7 .Aotl ^lo 7 P *X 2 <}]? 9 ]oZAj o 7 liolj * 7 . 001 o 7 1 i^>0 .£d| •»» 7 p > p p «X P ♦I^lqq-1 5 ]]> • 6 P 7 P I 1 V 7 7> » 7 3 ^)|0 P *x *x ."|icnQ_UD ooi I I>CLiu£D 'TS 'TS ♦ loou P 7 kol? .a 0 7 7 7 7\ • • 7 jl-Vo •':k P •• l 1 . , ^ o o 7 - 1U • ^ X 71 * 4 ° 206 EXERCTSES. 0 0 *X 7 ,|nnoi 11 ns •• o x x ♦ toAD ■ajiO.i.CO P P Tl 7 ♦ }jL_> P X 7 7 »'|A_»]_kkLo vj_» | . 16 V»oAd2 Tl 7 0 7 . CTULjJL 12 V»-2L*3 P -X 7 7 .]Zl»clo _g^o * * * # ♦ o 7^0 .^-SoZ • ** m. o 0 7 1001 12 P 7 -X X ♦ ^SdZ ooi ^Q-i-oo oo 0 7 •U” u?? ^ p «x y ^ *x *froj3 0~L-»-l00> \ l ' x ' x ■’* ♦ |A_»o_o OLQ 0 Tl p 7 .}mSn^ ]Zoio »jA,'PVivV>\ .*■*^2 0C7I _kkTL2) 14 7 ^ o'* .A\l ]AXl 0 0 ' 7> •V^ vr^ a * o r> *o ■ *0 ♦ P ”7\ 0 •• 7 ♦ "jA.a.inX U-io .7 .X 71 p .!>QA 001 *-0>l? p Tl op ♦ ] X.C1.9 Vo »\ 'TX 'TS -7\ .^qj! l$CJ? •> P -X 7 ft 1 ♦ 19 ]ZqlCiSD Vi 1-0,1 •x 'H “7s 'TX • Z 22 *^oi5 19 .OlZl 001 «->^Ag) 15 .w; ? H 5 A 1 i y p y ♦ 20 ,-»__^-ro I^jeA p -i. ^ "i 7 . 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