Special Literature 
 of 
 The Old Testament - 
 
 Syllabus of Dr. Green's Lectures 
 
 BSII4I 
 G79 
 
OF 
 
 piS^ 
 
 A 
 
 ^ AUG 20 1958 
 
SEP 1 8 1613 
 
 SPECIAL LITERATURE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 ' ' S\XLABIS OF DR.'CREEN-S LECTURES. 
 
 B-inted for the use of Students, not Published. 
 .SOLD ONLY BY WILLIAM W. SMITH, BOOKSELLER, 
 
 I'RINCETON, N. J. 
 
 Entered according to Act ol Congress, in the year 1S6G, by 
 
 WILLIAM W. SMITH; 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United 
 
 States, for the District ofiNew Jersey. 
 
 Blanchard's Print, Princeton. 
 

SPECIAL LITERATURE OF OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 MIDDLE YEAR. 
 I. SUBJECT DEFINED. 
 
 0. T. Literature ; wider and narrower sense ; related to Ex- 
 egis, History and Theology of 0. T. Also called Introduc- 
 tion to 0. T, ; designation vague, in practice limitations arbi- 
 trary ; more precisely described as Historico-critical. 
 
 A branch of literature, not limited by nationality (Jewish), 
 nor language (Hebrew), but by extent of canon (0. T.) 
 
 General and special. Presuppose knowledge of divine ori- 
 gin of 0. T. Objected ; prejudice critic's impartiality. But, 
 ^ necessary to appreciation of Bible even as literary phenome- 
 non ; ^ the alleged impartiality is a prejudice against it ; ^con- 
 viction of its divinity not blindly held, but confirmed afresh by 
 critical study. 
 
 Three Topics. 1. Authorship ; 2. Integrity ; 3. Structure 
 and Relations. I. Authorship, its importance, ascertained 
 ^ by direct statements ; - incidental evidence ; ^ testimony of 
 other writers ; * our Lord and N. T. ; ^ tradition ; ^ other in- 
 dications. Evidence of canonicity; if anonymous, not there- 
 fore uncanonical ; if spurious, necessarily so. II. Integrity ; 
 meaning and importance, discovered by criticism, not irrever- 
 ent, nor arbitrary ; a ijosteriori and a priori, based on ^anach- 
 ronisms ; ^ inconsistent with what is known of the author, or 
 ^ with its place in the book. False canons ; Prophecy not an 
 anachronism ; miracles not disprove record by eye-witness ; 
 vague assertions about style and language ; not necessary ev- 
 ery separate paragraph should contain independent evidence 
 of genuineness ; unsupported doubts not discredit genuineness. 
 III. Structure : design and plan of each book ; connections of 
 its parts. Relations : to antecedent and subsequent books and 
 function in general scheme of 0. T. 
 
 II. OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 Should general or special precede ? Bible not a mere aggre- 
 gate but a unit ; not uniform but an organic whole. 0. <& N. 
 T. agree in ^Inspiration ; ^same system ; Acts 26 : 22 ; Rom. 
 3 : 21 ; Gal. 3 : 14. 0. and N. T. differ in externals, ^ lan- 
 guage ; ^ length of time ; ^ before and after Christ. 0. and 
 N. T, differ internally, ^ 0. T. progressive ; varieties in N. T. 
 from personality of different writers, but not progressive ad- 
 vance ; ^0. T. inchoate; not derogatory to 0. T. ; perfectly 
 answered its end, Dt. 4:2; incomplete part of complete whole. 
 
.*< 
 
 
 
 .?.Bli«1vn, 'by hints in 0. T., Jer. 31 : 31 ; declaration of N. 
 'T. "shadow/' Heb. 10:1; Col. 2 : 17 : *'weak and beggarly 
 elements," Gal 4:9; N. T. "more glorious," 2 Cor. 3 : 6-11 ; 
 Epistle to Hebrews passim. 
 
 Relation of 0. and N. T. Different views, 'no relation, 
 Manichees, some rationalists ; - preparatory as Roman and 
 Greek religions, modern philosophers ; negative and uncon- 
 scious, and positive and conscious preparation. Why heathen 
 more than Jews embraced gospel ; ^ Identify both Testaments, 
 allegorizers, ultra typologists ; * true view ; different economies 
 of same scheme of grace ; 0. T. less clear and full. Divided 
 by advent ; extra-redemptive truths with equal distinctness 
 from first — but the redemptive are progressive and so are all 
 dependent on them, as incarnation, trinity, future state. Dis- 
 tinction relative, ' law aad gospel ; ^ ritual and spiritual ; 
 ^ Holy Spirit ; '^ bondage and freedom ; ^ restricted and diffus- 
 ed. Is the 0. T. obligatory now ? Rites and theocratic insti- 
 tutions abolished, as shewn by ' prophetic intimations, Jer. 
 3 : 16 ; Is. 66 : 21, 19 : 19 ; Mai. 1:11; ^ declarations of N. 
 T. Peter's vision, Acts 9 ; council Acts 15 ; law as school- 
 master. Gal. 3 : 2-1, 25 ; 5: 1, 2 ; Peter rebuked. Gal. 2 : 11-21 
 Epistle to Hebrews ; ^ Apostolic example, Peter, Paul ; 
 * God's providence. As a revelation of God of perpetual va- 
 lidity, ' N. T., Mat. 5:17; John 5 : 39 ; Rom. 15:4; Eph. 
 2 : 20 ; 2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Pet. 1 : 19 ; ^ Laws based on nature 
 of God ; our relation as creatures ; our earthly relations ; 
 ^ ceremonial itself still valid as an emblem of Christ. Two 
 modes of regarding 0. T., 'for 0. T. saints; ^intention of 
 Spirit and meaning for us, who have disclosures of N. T. 
 
 III. TYPICAL CHARACTER OF O. T. 
 
 Direct and Indirect preparation for N. T. in Prophecies and 
 Types. "Types,'' 1 Cor. 10:11, marg. tupos from tupto ; 
 ' mark John 20 : 25 ; ^ pattern, Heb. 8 : 5 ; 1 Tim. 4 : 12 ; 
 ^ image, or form. Acts 7 : 43 ; 23 : 25 ; * technical sense prefig- 
 uration, Rom. 5 : 14 ; 1 Cor. 10 : 6, 11. Type conformed to 
 future object, or itself the pattern; antitype 1. Pet. 3 : 21. 
 
 Type and symbol : illustrate by sacrifices and temple ; alle- 
 gory, myth, legend. Existence of types in 0. T. univer- 
 sally admitted by believei s in its divine origin : proved by 
 'express statement of N. T. ; ^ resemblances between objects 
 of 0. and N. T. ; ^analogies in nature ; ^same scheme, 0. T. 
 preparatory, N. T. its complement ; ^permanent factors in 
 this scheme ; nature of man, character of God, his plan of 
 grace, 1 John 3 : 12, 13 ; Gal. 4 : 29 ; deliverance from Egypt 
 and sin; "^purpose of the scheme for 0. T. times ; 'for period 
 of transition and later times. 
 
IV. EXTENT OF TYPES. 
 
 The Fathers, allegories (including types, comp. Gal. 4 : 24), 
 no general theory but particular interpretations as if anything 
 in 0. T. might signify anything in N. T. which it resembled 
 in any respect. Rahab's scarlet line, four lepers of Samaria, 
 twelve oxen of Elisha, David and Bathsheba. 
 
 Reformers discriminate types from allegories, school of Cpc- 
 ceius. Cur Christus Quadratus? Errors, ^confined to details, 
 2 no clear idea of typical relation. Opposite extreme : 1. De- 
 ny there are types, 2. Bish. Marsh : admit only those expressly 
 declared to be types in N. T. But ^ N. T. not profess to en- 
 umerate all the types, - those incidentally mentioned have 
 nothing in common as distinguished from other objects of 0. 
 T. to account for these alone being types, ^ Typology thus 
 lose all its interest and importance, * unfounded assumption, 
 ^ destroy the meaning and value of much of 0. T. 3. Typi 
 innati and illati. Serviceable as a transition, but unsatisfac- 
 tory, 1 admits more types, and ^ confesses underlying princi- 
 ples ; but ^ still matter of details, ^ resting on mere authority 
 with no thorough investigation of its rational basis. 
 
 True view : Bengel's, character of individual objects deter- 
 mined by entire scheme, the whole preparatory and prefigura- 
 tive. This view self-evidencing, also proved, ^ by practice of 
 sacred writers, ^their comprehensive statements, Heb. 10 : 1, 
 Gal. 3 : 24 ; 4 : 1-5 ; 1 Cor. 10 : 11, Rom. 15 : 4 ; =^ resemblance 
 between objects of two Testaments. 
 
 V. SCHEME OF 0. T. TYPES. 
 
 Present and prospective aims of 0. T. furthered by the same 
 means— the whole, therefore, preparatory for N. T., as though 
 no other end. Two lines of preparation : by utterances and 
 objects. 
 
 , ,r , , f Direct— Prophecy 
 
 1. Verbal, { i^direct-Doctriue. 
 
 f^ , /Ritual. 
 
 Legal, I Theocratic. 
 
 2. Real — Tvpes, < rP-r^nns! 
 
 All has either, ^ proceeded from revealing Spirit, or ^ been 
 guided by superintending Providence, Human persons and acts 
 imperfect ; Moses, Aaron, Solomon, Samson, the Kings ; sins 
 types only of corruption and kingdom of darkness. As recor- 
 ded in inspired word, typical made prominent ; Israel in Egypt : 
 omissions significant ; Melchizedek, Heb. vii, 8. Legal Types 
 as instituted of God, perfect : as performed by men, imperfect. 
 Divine utterances and acts, perfect types. Interpretation of 
 types : need of fixed principles ; type not directly represent its 
 
antitype, but through medium of a common idea. Otherwise 
 convey no instruction to those living under the 0. T. itself. 
 ^ They have no means of knowing the features of resemblance, 
 which often so remote and obscure as to be of little use if they 
 were known. ^ Instruction so given not simple but difficult — 
 require inspired commentary. ^With all the aid of fulfilment, 
 endless doubt and disagreement. Natural method of instruc- 
 tion, first familiarize with truth in lower forms. 
 
 Yet features of external similitude superadded as indexes. 
 So Melchizedek, Joshua. Each class of types has a specific 
 design ; ritual, theocratic, human, divine : and all meet in 
 Christ. Positive and negative types. The same object in 0. 
 T. may typify more than one object in N. T. ^When the idea 
 is realized successively, the exodus : or in different forms— the 
 temple; " distinct ideas separately realized— the flood. 1 Pet. 
 iii, 21 ; 2 Pet. ii, 2, 5. Types necessarily inadequate, hence 
 multiplied : what belongs to a complete typology. Not every 
 particular in a type significant ; wood of tabernacle, rings of 
 ark, snuffers of candlestick ; how distinguish what is signifi- 
 cant. 
 
 VI. POSITION OF TYPES IN PLAN OF 0. T. 
 
 Only redemptive doctrines progressively revealed and this 
 progress regulated by prophecies of Messiah : hence sufficient 
 to consider relation of types to prophecies. 
 
 I. Types implicit, prophecies explicit ; specific function of 
 each. Three stages in understanding types ; ^ purely external, 
 their literal or ritual value ; ^symbolical; ^typical. Illustrate 
 from sacrifices. Were types understood in 0. T. times? Prob- 
 ably different grades of knowledge in different generations and 
 di'icrent persons. Many not known to be types or misinter- 
 preted. Yet ^ general knowledge of prospective character 
 of 0. T. ^ Unsatisfying nature of types in themselves. ^Par- 
 tial interpretation in 0. T. Melchizedek, Ps. 110, Joshua, 
 Ps., 95. Sin-offering, Isa.. 53. * Express statements of N. 
 T. Abraham, Heb,, xi, 14. II. Chronological succession ; 
 types as more obscure precede. III. Contemporaneous rela- 
 lation, not precise equality in all periods, but coordinate and 
 connected parts of same scheme of instruction. IV. Mutual 
 dependence. ^ Prophecy predict type, temporal good, return 
 from Babylon; removal of evil, fall of Babylon, Nineveh, &c., 
 ^ type suggest prophecy, Moses, Deut. xviii, 15 ; David and 
 Solomon in Psalms, Sin-offering, Isa., 53. V. Types, like 
 prophecies of 0. T., not ^ exclusive relation to N. T. ; Exodus 
 and Babylon, (Isaiah) ; wilderness and dispersion among Gen- 
 tiles, (Ezekiel) ; Moses and prophets, (Deut.) ; judges and other 
 deliverers, (Obadiah) ; nor ^ cease with close of 0. T. ; primi- 
 
tive and universal church ; grace and glory : Christ and his 
 people. VI. No types or prophecies in heathen world ; their 
 positive preparation for Christ not spiritual but only forms of 
 worldly culture ; negative showing insufficiency of human sys- 
 tems. Yet blind gropings and cravings of human heart for 
 which Christ the only adequate satisfaction. Incarnation, Son 
 of God and son of man, freedom, universal empire. 
 
 VII. STRUCTURE OF THE 0. T. 
 
 Orderly structure of S. S. not discredited, but confirmed by 
 being viewed on their human side, their divine side, on both 
 combined. Details must be classified. Functions of individ- 
 ual books, Isaiah, &c.. Psalms, Solomon's. Group books by 
 1 accidents of language (0. & N. T. 0. T. itself); ^ official 
 status of writers (Masoretic) ; ^ locality, (out of Palestine, 
 whole country, Kingdoms of Israel and Judah), *time, ^style. 
 
 Two methods of studying structure. I. Proceed from the 
 beginning ; 0. T. Scheme of training. 1 . Law with its histor- 
 ical introduction. 2. National application and expansion in 
 history, under providential guidance. 3. Individual appropri- 
 ation and expansion in poetry, under inspired direction. 4. 
 Objective enforcement and expansion by God's immediate mes- 
 sengers in prophecy. II. Survey from the end, which is Christ, 
 Advantages, ^convergence of all to one end, -Christ prominent, 
 ^' unity given to S. S. and to all studies. 0. T. preparatory 
 everywhere but not in equal measure — periods of activity and 
 of repose preliminary to fresh activity; distinctive character, 
 complete each other: negative and positive. Three pairs of 
 periods. 
 
 1. Call of Abraham to death of Joshua, '\ 
 
 2. To death of Solomon, [ Transfer to 0. T. books. 
 
 3. To close of 0. T , J 
 
 Related to preceding division : ^history partitioned : ^limits 
 of sections. Relation of sections: individual and national, 
 "number of organs, ^mode of instruction, ^offices of Christ. 
 
 VIII. HISTORICAL BOOKS OF 0. T. 
 Proportion of history in each section of 0. T. History, 
 ^preliminary to and framework of revelations, ^itself instruct- 
 ive, ^basis of doctrines. Three methods of study, periodolog- 
 ical, biographical, bibliographical. Historical books, like poet- 
 ical and prophetical so called from prevailing character. Sev- 
 enteen books, ^constitute ten works, -continuous history in fact 
 and form, ^begin with and (Heb.) names from subject and in 
 three cases also author. Numbered and classified, 17 books, 
 10 works, ancient catalogues 14 or 12. Masorites. Dr. Alexan- 
 der (3 Pentateuchs), 3 Preparatory Periods, 3 Triplets or 
 Trilogies excluding the Pentateuch. Several anonymous : 
 
6 
 
 Pentateuch nnd Joshua use 3d person : Ezra and Nehemiah 
 use 1st and 3d. Not so prophets : diifer in respect to ^authen- 
 tication, ^attitude of the writer. Repeated in N. T. 
 
 Credibility of historian ; two criteria, illustrate from Homer 
 and Livy. I. Purpose to relate facts, a Books purport to be 
 histories, h else guilty of fraud, which both incredible, and 
 c impracticable. 2. Means of knowing the facts a written by 
 contemporaries, h in possession of official records or prexisting 
 writincs, c popular tradition, d corroborated by agreement of 
 sacred writer.^ and profane sources, e sanction of inspiration. 
 Supernatural narratives not discredit 0. T. history, ^why they 
 discredit profane history, ^ such events not impossible, ^ not 
 improbable in a supernatural revelation, * so recorded in 0. 
 and N. T. as to give highest measure of credibility. 
 
 IX. AUTHORSHIP OP PENTATEUCH. 
 
 Pentateuch claims to have been written by Moses : ^ He re- 
 corded various individual transactions found therein, ^ " the 
 book" repeatedly spoken of, ^express declaration, Deut. 81 :9, 
 24-26. This claim cannot be false. I. Not merely a record 
 of notorious facts, or a sacred and canonical book, but the con- 
 stitution and laws of Israel. II. Testimony to its existence 
 and authorship. In historical books : mention of the volume 
 and its author, reference to its statements or implication of 
 their truth, citations of or allusions to its language. So Poet- 
 ical books. Prophets. These cannot be interpolations. III. 
 Kingdom of ten tribes, prove it prior to schism and undeniably 
 authentic then. Argument from Samaritan Pentateuch ol 
 doubtful validity. Prophets of ten tribes and history of 
 schism : ceremonial, prophetic denunciations, historical facts, 
 language and ideas. IV. Institutions and primeval history 
 complete from time of Moses ; no trace of subsequent adoption 
 or growth. IV. No period when Pentateuch could have origi- 
 nated, not in time of Judges, of David and Solomon, during 
 the schism, in the exile or after it. VI. Testimony of our 
 Lord and his apostles. VII. Universally ascribed to Moses 
 from the earliest periods : doubts not traditional but skeptical. 
 VIII. Compatibility with circumstances of its alleged origin, 
 ^ art of writing, * language, ■' unity of the law, * Egyptian 
 relations, ^ prescriptions belonging to the wilderness, ''profane 
 traditions. 
 
 X. UNITY OF THE PENTATEUCH. 
 
 Objections to Mosaic authorship affect, ^ the form (deny 
 nnity)^ - the contents of Pentateuch (inaccuracies, contra- 
 dictions, anachronisms.) 
 
 Assertion of unity not deny written sources but that its text 
 is compacted from distinct and still distinguishable composi- 
 
tions. Conjecture of ant'.'-Mosaic records long ago expressed 
 but partition-hypotheses of modern date. These rest ^ on al- 
 ternate use of names Elohim and Jehovah in successive sections, 
 
 * continuity of each class of sections separately, ^ repetitions 
 or parallel sections as in creation or flood, * diversity of style, 
 (e, g. 'earth' and 'field', 'create' and 'form'), ideas (e. g, sacri- 
 fice, clean animals) and aim. 
 
 I. Documentary hypothesis, first applied to Genesis only. 
 Astruc, Eichhorn, not conflict with Mosaic origin. But soon 
 extended to rest of Pentateuch, anachronism of Jehovah- 
 document argued from Ex. 6:3, others suspected. Contradic- 
 tions in passages alleged to be parallel, e.g., genealogies of 
 Cain and Seth, Abram and his wife, Beersheba. Self-destruct- 
 ive, resulting in II. The fragmentary hypothesis, not estab- 
 lished by titles and subscriptions. ^ This hypothesis may be 
 regarded as a reduetio ad ahsurdum of the partition theory, 
 2 may be applied to any work, ^ assumes extensive literature, 
 
 * no connected history could be so prepared, ^ allusions from 
 one partio another. 
 
 XI. UNITY OF THE PENTATEUCH. (Continued.) 
 III. Supplementary hypothesis, reaction in the right direc- 
 tion. This admits and explains the evidences of unity allowed 
 by documentary hypothesis, and also Jehovah-related to 
 Elohim-sections, but ^ fails to account for allusions in Elohim- 
 to Jehovah-passages, ^ contradictory assumptions necessary in 
 regard to the Jehovist. ' Arguments insufiicient, 1. Alternation 
 of divine names : most remarkable in Genesis and particularly 
 in earliest portions. Same writer might use both names, in- 
 termingled in almost every book of Bible. But here alleged 
 a they alternate in successive sections ; but it is impossible so 
 to divide sections as to correspond precisely with divine names 
 hence interchange depends on something else than diversity of 
 ■writers, assumption of interpolation brings hypothesis to 
 support hypothesis, h Ex. 6 : 3, but ^ if name 'Jehovah' origin- 
 ated then, might still use the name in the history of the pa- 
 triarchs, 2 if contradiction and expunging process necessary, 
 simpler to erase this verse than half of Genesis, ^ writer of this 
 verse could have seen no contradiction, * not name ' Jehovah' 
 previously unknown, but its meaning to be unfolded as never 
 before. 'Elohim' and 'Jehovah' distinct in derivation and 
 usage. Parallel case, Jacob and Israel. 2. Continuity of 
 Elohim-document supposititious, ^ often implies the contents of 
 intervening Jehovah sections, e. g., the fall, ^ paragraphs may 
 frequently be thrown out from any work, without the chasm 
 being manifest. 3. Parallel sections, ^ many that are alleged, 
 really distinct events, ^ not simple repetitions but under dif- 
 
ferent aspect or for another purpose, •' more frequent in He- 
 brew and oriental writings generally than with us, * like re- 
 petitions occur in each of the documents individually taken. 
 4. Difference of style and ideas, ^ first created, then argued 
 from, 2 proofs factitious and can be applied to any book, 
 ^ theory mechanical, choice of words determined by their ap- 
 propriateness, not by difference of writers, * criteria of style 
 conflicting, ^ distinction in divine names induces diversity of 
 ideas. 
 
 These various hypotheses exhaust the possibilities of the 
 case. Baseless but not fruitless, ^ they afford a demonstration 
 that such a partition is impossible, ^ led to development of 
 positive evidence of unity, ^ investigations made for this chim- 
 erical purpose converted to elucidation and vindication of Pen- 
 tateuch. 
 
 XIT. CONTENTS UNMOSAIC. 
 
 Alleged ^ false and incredible statements, ^ contradictions, 
 3 anachronisms. These ^ concern matters of inferior moment, 
 s their combined presentation exaggerates the importance of 
 their number and strength, apt to be counted rather than 
 weighed, advantages of considering them in their proper place 
 in the consecutive study of each book. ^ Difficulties frequently 
 created by our ignorance. ^Positive proofs of Mosaic author- 
 ship not to be left out of view. ^ Even if it could be shown 
 that a few passages were not from the pen of Moses, this not 
 discredit his authorship of Pentateuch as a whole. Interpola- 
 tions in many ancient books ; may have been authoritatively 
 supplied by Ezra. Yet not to be admitted without necessity. 
 Illustrate from Gen. xxxvi, 31 ; kingdom in Israel alluded to, 
 but as expected, not as existing. Moses might so speak of it, 
 for ^promised to the patriarchs, Gen, xvii, 6, 16, xxxv, 11, 
 xlix, 10, ^ again by Balaam, Num. xxiv, 7, 17, ^ provided for 
 by Moses, Deut. xvii, 14, * involved in complete national 
 organization. Natural to remark, Esau had Kings, and Jacob 
 the heir of promise, as yet had none. Nothing to show that 
 the kings named were posterior to Mosaic age. 
 
 Scientific objections affect inspiration and authority of Pen- 
 tateuch rather than Mosaic authorship : though these connected. 
 Chiefly in the first seven chapters of Genesis, narrating origin 
 of world, man, nations, languages, &c. Contact with Geology, 
 Astronomy, Ethnology, Philology, Chronology, &c., 1. Not 
 design of Bible to teach or to anticipate physical science. 2. Its 
 authority independent of scientific deductions resting on its own 
 evidence. 3. Bible the word of God, physical science based on 
 his works, each supreme in its own domain, and neither can 
 contradict the other. 4. Though science has not reached its 
 last results, enough is already ascertained, to show that what- 
 
ever they may be, they can be satisfactorily harmonized -with 
 Scripture. 
 
 XIII. ETHNOLOGICAL REGISTER. Gex. Cu. X. 
 
 Exhibits not relationship of individuals but of nations. * De- 
 sign of chap. vs. 5, 20, 31, 32. .2^ Plural and Gentile form 
 of some names, vs. 13-18. ^Others occur as names of nations 
 or communities. Even such as are individual appear here as 
 ancestors or heads of tribes or nations, as Canaan, etc. Other 
 Scriptural examples of name of ancestor given to tribe or na- 
 tion springing from him. Roman and Greek mythical person- 
 ages prove antiquity of usage. * Otherwise devoid of meaning 
 and value. ^ Plan of Genesis, exhibit divergent lines of de- 
 scent before tracing chosen seed. ''So universally understood. 
 
 Sources. I. Not immediate revelation, ^contrary to analogy 
 of Scripture, ^of other Scriptural genealogies. II. Not myth- 
 ical, ^no inconsistencies or variations, - not local or national. 
 Alleged tendency to exalt Israel as descended from eldest son of 
 Noah. But ^ makes all men brethren. ^ Question whether 
 Shem was eldest : 10 : 21 is ambiguous ; usual order of names not 
 decisive, 9 : 2-4 ; 5 : 32 comp. with 11 : 10 ; certainly no stress 
 laid on his primogeniture, comp. also Isaac and Jacob. ^Elam 
 and Asshur 10 : 22, older than Arphaxad. Precisely seventy 
 names, symbolical but not mythical, designed yet not untruth- 
 ful, correspondence with Jacob's family. Gen. 46 : 27. Refer- 
 red to Deut. 32 : 8 ; seventy elders, tradition. New Testament. 
 III. Not scientific deduction. IV. Primeval family registers 
 and national traditions. Age, internal grounds not adequate, 
 ^ most probable period of preparation. Knobel time of Solo- 
 mon. That of Moses better. Incidental proofs of antiquity. 
 ^ Its position in Genesis uncontradicted. Difficulties in inter- 
 pretation arising from antiquity, lack of contemporaneous in- 
 formation, imperfection of other and later accounts, change of 
 names and location, diversity of language. Aids. ^Tradition. 
 ''Tenacity of names, etymology ? ^ Particulars sought for un- 
 der generals, unknown determined by what is known. 
 
 XIV. PLAN AND CONTENTS OF PENTATEUCH. 
 Names : Law, Law of Moses, Pentateuch. Five-fold di- 
 vision, 'obvious and natural,/^repeated in the Psalms : thought 
 by some to be original, others to proceed from lxx. Current 
 names of books, in Hebrew, in German of Luther. Duodeci- 
 mal division, books of generations. Titles of sections, 'regular- 
 ity, ^uniformity, ^continued series, ^appropriateness, ^signif- 
 icance of total number : not mere headings of genealogies but 
 the historv ffenealomcal. 
 
10 
 
 Theme, the establishing of Israel as the people of God. I. 
 History, positive creation of the people, and negative segrega- 
 tion from other nations, Gen. 1 — Ex. 19. II. Legislation by 
 •which made and organized as people of God, Ex. 20 — Deut. 
 84. I. History not only precedent to but preparatory for the 
 law. ^ General drift, ^ prominent individual persons or facts. 
 Gen. 1-11, preliminary, antediluvian and Noachic, their func- 
 tion, negatively exhibit needs, positively ideas of ^holiness, 
 ''salvation, ^covenant and laws, ^segregation. Gen. 12-Ex. 19, 
 preparatory. Family, the promise, covenant and its seal, segre- 
 gation. Purpose of descent into Egypt, the promise, transition 
 to nation. Preparation for Exodus, ^negative, oppression, 
 2 positive, human instrument Moses, and divine agency plagues. 
 Actual Exodus and march to Sinai. II. Legislation, ^ at Mt. 
 Sinai one year, ^ in Paran, period of wandering, ^ in plains of 
 Moab prior to death of Moses. Priestly organization : but in 
 Melchizedek, promise to Judah and directions, Dt. 17 : 14-20, 
 anticipation of kingdom to be developed in next period. Pro- 
 phetic office belonging to last period promised and provided 
 for, Deut. 18 : 15. 
 
 XV. NATURE AND DESIGN OF THE MOSAIC LAW. 
 
 Not a civil code, its omissions, objection from this source, 
 divine imposition of such a code not necessary nor desirable. 
 Not supplementary civil enactments, ^ many beyond and above 
 the sphere of the civil magistrate, -general, not specific, ^pen- 
 alty and reward directly from God. Not distinct codes, politi- 
 cal, moral and ceremonial. Particulars might be so classified, 
 but all form one law of God, all religious. Ritual worship the 
 centre of the whole, expressing the reciprocal relations of God 
 and man in most direct manner. Objection to its external 
 character. ^ Diff'ers from N. T. only in degree. ^ The forms 
 to express and foster spiritual religion. ^No forms of prayer, not 
 that this was undervalued, but not to fetter utterances of heart. 
 Interpretations. I. Materialistic. But this ^opposed to Moses' 
 teaching of spirituality of God, ^then no religion, ^degraded 
 beneath the heathen, *not so understood by people. II. Ultra- 
 typical, immediate and sole design to represent objects of N. 
 T. It is typical. ^ Whole 0. T. is so and this especially. *N. 
 T. is but the developement of 0. T. ^ Express statements of 
 N. T. Error in making it represent objects rather than truths, 
 and this mostly at random without fixed principles, overlook 
 design for people of 0. T. III. Symbolic of religious truths or 
 ideas. 
 
 Similarity to heathen forms. ^ Heathen not borrowed from 
 Mosaic, nor ^ Mosaic from heathen, nor '"'developed out of them, 
 * but both alike symbolical and express wants of human na- 
 
11 
 
 ture as interpreted by God and by man himself. Radical prin- 
 ciples antagonistic. Ritual also, ^barrier of intercommunica- 
 tion, ^ imposing and attractive, ^ carry distinction of sacred and 
 profane into ordinary matters, ^awaken sense of sin, ^ yoke of 
 bondage and thus prepare for freedom of gospel. 
 
 XYI. THE TABERNACLE. 
 Regulations of Divine worship. Four heads : sacred places, 
 persons, actions, times. Tabernacle, its dimensions, divisions, 
 use. Significance not merely in the ritual but in the structure, 
 *its arrangements and plan, "minute directions, ^made after 
 the pattern in the mount. Different views, I. Palace of God 
 as Israel's King in gross material sense, which inconsistent 
 Muth spirituality of God, or in ideal sense. But, ^not modell- 
 ed after earthly palaces, ^detailed directions, ^pattern in the 
 mount. II. Building represent heaven and court the earth, 
 a Rabbinic notion of a literal tabernacle in heaven, h Material 
 universe, so Philo, Josephus, some rabbins and modern inter- 
 preters, ^no such intimation in S. S., ^ nature worship like 
 heathen, -'objects forbidden to be worshipped or represented, 
 Manasseh's sin, "* contain no truths properly Mosaic, c Spiritual 
 sense, 'same expressions to denote tabernacle and heaven, 
 ^Solomon's prayer, ■'^Heb. 6:20; 8:2; 9:11-24. ButHhis 
 confounds symbol and type, = God dwelt in both but in difierent 
 senses. III. Human nature, body, soul and spirit, extrava- 
 gance to which it has been carried, confounds symbol and type. 
 IV. True view inferred, 'from general names, 'house', 'taber- 
 nacle', 'dwelling place', ^expressions used respecting it, ^char- 
 acter and use of the structure, *more specific names, tent of 
 meeting, of testimony, sanctuary. 
 
 XVII. THE HOLY OF HOLIES. 
 Divisions representing three stages of approach to God, to 
 be successively realized. Relation of furniture in the two 
 apartments. Furniture of most holy place. Two views, I. 
 Law covered and silenced by mercy seat. But 'God in par- 
 doning covers sin, not his law, ^book of law not covered, 
 ^Capporeth does not mean 'cover' but propitiatory, mercy seat. 
 II. God's covenant, kept in ark as precious treasure and basis 
 of his throne, which is also a throne of grace where God re- 
 veals himself and pardons sin by sacrifice. Cherubim, how 
 described here and by Ezekiel, their constituents (compound 
 mythological figures of Egypt and Assyria), represent most 
 exalted creatures : forms not real but ideal shown by diversi- 
 ties. Meaning argued, 'from Gen. 3 : 24, nheir proximity to 
 throne of- God, ^ their position on the ark and in the taberna- 
 cle, *1 Pet. 1:12. Their material, posture, connection with 
 
12 
 
 mercy seat. Most lioly place a cube, number 10, closed, no 
 artificial liglit, Shekinah permanent, ceased at captivity. 
 
 XVIII. THE HOLY PLACE AND THE COURT. 
 
 Furniture of holy place. Bahr's view, life, light and Spirit 
 of God. Properly represent not what proceeds from God, but 
 what his people render to him. Incense a symbol of prayer, 
 Ps. 141 : 2, Eev. 5 : 8 ; 8 : 3, 4, Luke 1 ; 10, Num. 16 : 46. 
 To 'burn incense' is to offer worship, so understood among the 
 heathen and universally in the church. Candlestick is the 
 church as enlightened and luminous, Rev. 1 : 12, 20, Zech. 
 4, Matt. 5:14, 16, Fed with oil, symbol of Holy Spirit as 
 source of knowledge, holiness and joy. Shewbread an offering 
 to Lord from their toil and their means of subsistence, symbol 
 of devotion of their labour and their lives. Number 12, in- 
 cense laid on it, renewed every Sabbath, eaten by priests, 
 God's servants fed at his table. David and his men allowed to 
 eat it, ceremonial yielded to a higher necessity. 
 
 Are the articles of furniture significant per se ? Extreme 
 views, ^candlestick so declared but not the others, ^altar must 
 have same radical signification as that in court, ^candlestick 
 elaborately made, 7 branches, buds, flowers and almonds, 
 * candlestick agent in producing light, altar and table but the 
 place of presentation. 
 
 Furniture of Court. Brazen altar, frame containing earth 
 or unhewn stone ; elevation of earth toward heaven. So wor- 
 ship on mountains, Abraham, Moses, heathen. Dii inferi of- 
 ferings in trench. To offer in Heb. is to lift up : altare from 
 alius, Ex. 20 : 24. One place of expiation in each division of 
 sanctuary. Laver, symbol of purification, hands and feet ; 
 same idea removal of shoe ; made from mirrors. 
 
 XIX. SACRIFICES IN GENERAL. 
 Two classes of sacred actions ; offerings the more important ; 
 generic term horhan, includes three kinds of gifts, for house of 
 God, his ministers and himself. Offerings bloody and unbloody, 
 materials of former, oxen, sheep and goats, and in case of pov- 
 erty doves or pigeons. Of latter, grain, oil and wine. Salt 
 and incense invariably added ; honey and leaven prohibited. 
 I. Materialistic view, tribute of food. But inconsistent with 
 spirituality of God taught by Moses and throughout 0. T., 
 ^the most essential thing was the blood, which not an article 
 of food at all. 11. Pecuniary view, forfeiture of what was 
 valued, materials represent their wealth. But Hhis not ex- 
 
 ?lain prominence of blood, nor ^limitation of objects allowed. 
 IL Exclusively typical view ; materials represent personal 
 qualities of Redeemer, his office or work, ' office of types to set 
 
13 
 
 forth great truths rather than minor details of N, T. objects, 
 2 does not explain the limitations, ^assumes remote analogiej, 
 * would have been unintelligible to 0. T. worshippers. IV. 
 Spiritualistic view, symbol of offerer, dying unto sin, living 
 unto God. But Hhis effect no atonement, '-^animal nowhere 
 stated to be symbol of offerer ; without blemish ; analogy of 
 heathen sacrifices, ^it has no sinful nature and nothing to sug- 
 gest restoration to life by contact of blood with altar. V. 
 True view, vicarious atonement and oblation, both ideas in an- 
 imal, latter only in vegetable offerings, Hhe old traditional 
 view, ^explains all parts of the service, ^scriptural representa- 
 tion, * accords with aim of Christ's death, * accounts for limita- 
 tion in materials. 
 
 Oblation should be ^a man's own possession, -product of 
 his toil, ^his food. Substitute must be, 'an animal, ^sinless 
 not only in real sense negatively, but in symbolic sense posi- 
 tively, ^as nearly as possible allied to man. 
 
 Four acts in all sacrifices, two additional in peace and tres- 
 pass offerings. I. Imposition of hands, so in blessing, giving 
 Holy Ghost, office, healing, -witnesses. Not with Philo asser- 
 tion of innocence, nor designation as in Roman manumission, 
 nor consecration for then priest's hands w^ould have been im- 
 posed, but as in all other cases communication. Imputation of 
 sin, not transfer of moral character but guilt, 'explained Lev. 
 16 : 21, ^position in sacrificial service, ^ancient and commonly 
 received opinion. Not different signification in different kinds 
 of sacrifice, 'atonement for ^ made first in all, ^transfer of 
 emotions unmeaning, ^ Lev. 1 : 4 relates to burnt offering. 
 Hands laid on the head because the penalty is capital. II. 
 Slaying, penalty due to sin. Not a mere surrender of victim 
 to God. Nor 5 dying of sinful nature, 'victim not symbol but 
 substitute for offerer, ^ animal no sinful nature and imputation 
 of sin transfers guilt but not moral character, ^ death of sinner 
 not admit to God except as discharging penalty of law, ^makes 
 inward holiness the ground of pardon. Nor c simply means 
 of procuring blood, 'slaying an integral part of ritual, ^con- 
 fession that it can have no signification but penalty of law. 
 Objected to penal view, 1. slain by offerer. But 'sinner his 
 own destroyer, ' confesses his desert of death, ^typical signifi- 
 cance. Doves slain by priest. 2. Makes slaying of more con- 
 sequence than sprinkling. But 'sprinkling still effects expia- 
 tion, ^slaying equally essential part of ritual. III. Sprinkling 
 the blood. Not a dissipating the life, 'blood not wasted, -used 
 in a prescribed way to effect atonement. Nor h as spiritualis- 
 tic view, bring life to God to be sanctified. But 'blood makes 
 atonement, not itself atoned for, ^distinguished from offerer as 
 making atonement for him, not a symbol but substitute. Not 
 
14 
 
 c covering sins concentrated on sacred vessels, 4n this view 
 more natural to have sprinkled the sinner, ^ atonement for holy 
 places distinguished from expiating sins of people. But d exhi- 
 bition of life of a sinless substitute and of blood shed as penal- 
 ty of law. Sprinkled in each of three divisions of tabernacle, 
 brazen altar, golden altar, mercy seat. IV. Burning, not 
 symbol of wrath of God, eternal firo, ^fire purifier as well as 
 destroyer, ^ penalty is death, ^expiation already effected by 
 sprinkling, * victim burned is a sweet savour, ^unbloody oifer- 
 ing also burned. It is carried up to God relieved of earthly 
 dross. Pledges consecration of property, labour and life to 
 God. Skin removed as this not food. 
 
 XX. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SACRIFICE. 
 
 Sacrifices not instituted by Moses but multiplied and regu- 
 lated. Patriarchal ofi"erings. Sin-oflering emphasizes a,tone- 
 ment ; Burnt-oifering, oblation ; Trespass-offering, compensa- 
 tion ; Peace-offering, communion. Order in which named and 
 offered. Sin and Trespass offerings, designed to restore, 
 Burnt and Peace offerings, to express and maintain theocratic 
 relations. I. Sin and trespass offerings. Various opinions, a 
 no difference, b for sins of ignorance and venial sins, c for omis- 
 sion and commission, d for sins voluntarily confessed or proven 
 by testimony, e for lighter or more serious offences. True 
 view, for transgressions simply and for injuries. For sin-offer- 
 ing, bullock, he goat, female, &c. ; trespass, ram always. Sin 
 but not trespass offering, at eao^ annual feast. Single animal 
 for sin or trespass offering, indefinite number for burnt or peace 
 offerings. Trespass offering, distinguishing feature the pecun- 
 iary compensation. Sin offering, prominence to sprinkling of 
 blood, differently in different cases. Fat only burned. Dis- 
 position of flesh if for priest or one of people. Two explana- 
 tions, Lev. 10: 17. Flesh not unclean, for it is called most 
 holy, could only be eaten in holy place, and was burned to 
 preserve it from defilement. II. Burnt offering, entire animal 
 consumed, idea of oblation and consecration. Might be offered 
 without specific occasion, most frequent of the offerings. It 
 alone offered separately. Any animal allowed in sacrifice ad- 
 missible only male and without blemish. Ill, Peace offering, 
 to express and ratify peace with God. Its characteristic fea- 
 ture a feast significant of communion. Three sorts— thafiks- 
 givings, vows and free-will offerings, supplicatory as well as 
 commemorative. Any animal from flock or herd, male or fe- 
 male ; doves unsuitable. Without blemish, only in free-will 
 offerings one "superfluous or lacking in its parts." Fat on 
 altar : breast and right shoulder (ham) waved or heaved and 
 given to priests ; feast of offerer and friends, communion with 
 
God and his people. Spiritualistic view, animal represent of- 
 ferer brought into union and fellowship with God and his peo- 
 ple. But ^offerer thus eats himself, ? priests and friends form 
 two separate companies. True view. A feast in which God is 
 the host, the offerer and friends his guests, ^ flesh of a sacrifice 
 which wholly the Lord's, ^all called " the bread of God,'' ^eaten 
 before the Lord, *1 Cor. 10 : 18, ^analogy of Lord's supper and 
 parables of Christ, ^significance of emblem. Represents bles- 
 sings of communion with God and inward appropriation of ben- 
 efits of sacrifice. Company representative of Avhole people of 
 God. Portion of priests because they God's servants. Rem- 
 nant burned to guard against contamination and decay : thanks- 
 givings eaten the same day : vows and free-will offerings first 
 or second day. 
 
 XXL UNBLOODY OFFERINGS AND PURIFICATIONS. 
 
 Meat offerings, not of flesh but food, Minhha gift, including 
 or distinguished from drink offering. Materials : grain, oil and 
 wine, imagined correspondence with flesh, fat and blood falla- 
 cious. Grain as ^ grain whole or broken, 2 flour, ^ bread or 
 cakes ; memorial burned, the rest given to priests unless offered 
 for a priest. Oil an adjunct, hningled Avith the grain or flour, 
 ^coordinated with incense, '"^used in preparing food, but not itself 
 a distinct article of food. Symbol of Holy Spirit. Salt, incor- 
 rupt ; honey and leaven, fermentation and corruption ; incense, 
 prayer.^ Drink offering, wine poured on the altar, not at its 
 base; vegetable offerings not presented alone, exceptions. 
 
 Purifications remove defilement. Clean and unclean. De- 
 sign, not cleanliness, for a Objects limited, 6 Ideas distinct. 
 c Habits of Orientals, d Religious character. Not sanitary. 
 a Subordinate religion to secular end. h Explain neither con- 
 tents nor omissions. Nor unclean in itself sinful, a Animals 
 no connection with evil. h Defilement not involve acts of 
 sin. e Might arise from things which the law prescribed. Clean 
 in animals related to food and sacrifice, ^authority of God in 
 every day matters, 2 wall of separation. Criteria, organs of 
 motion and food, significance. Man unclean in presence of 
 God. Taint of nature represented by defilement gathered about 
 birth and death. I. Series culminating in birth. Vary in * 
 duration of defilement, " liability to be communicated, ^ rites of 
 cleansing. II. Death. Carcass of clean or unclean animal. 
 Human corpse. Duration. Communicability. Ritesj water 
 of separation, ashes of sacrifice. Red heifer, cedar, hyssop 
 and scarlet. Actors rendered unclean. Leprosy, a living 
 death; in garments, buildings, persons. Rites of cleansing, two 
 stages. 
 
16 
 XXII. SAURED PERSONS. 
 
 All Israel holy, the Levites, priests, high-priest. Gradation 
 shown in the camp and sanctuary. Priesthood not a distinct 
 caste, no inherent superiority, chosen from among their breth- 
 ren, invested with an office belonging ideally to the whole peo- 
 ple, and to be one day conferred upon all. 
 
 Support, Levites no inheritance, 48 cities, 6 cities of refuge, 
 asylum for unintentional manslayer, return to his house on death 
 of high-priest, not because the public calamity obliterated pri- 
 vate griefs, nor his jurisdiction then ceases, but his death to this 
 extent expiatory, typical fact. Tithes received and paid by 
 Levites. First fruits, firstlings of beasts, offerings for priests. 
 Personal qualifications : Levites 25 or 30 to 60 years of age ; 
 priests without blemish. Official dress of ordinary priests, fine 
 linen emblematic of purity, ^called holy garments, -Rev. 19:8, 
 ^attributed to angels and the Ancient of Days. That of high 
 priest elegant and costly : over the ordinary dress, ^a woven 
 robe of blue, the colour of the sky, "the ephod and breastplate, 
 colours of tabernacle and the gorgeous sky : gems and names 
 of tribes ; urim and thummim ; mitre with plate"of gold. Bare- 
 foot. Consecration of Israel, law given, obedience pledged, 
 the altar, twelve pillars ; no sin oifering, only burnt and peace 
 oflFerings ; bleed sprinkled on altar and people, Moses, Aaron, 
 his sons and seventy elders saw God and ate and drank before 
 him. Of Priests, two series of equivalent acts, ^washing, 
 clothing, anointing, ^gin, burnt and peace-offering, Moses offi- 
 ciated. Blood on right ear, hand and foot, sprinkled with 
 blood and oil. Ceremonies repeated for seven days. Of 
 Levites before removing from Sinai. Two series of acts, 
 'cleansing, waving, "sin and burnt offering. Imposition of 
 hands, substitution for first born. 
 
 XXIII. SACRED TIMES. 
 
 Portions of time withdrawn from ordinary occupations and 
 devoted to God, not a payment but acknowledgment ; sacri- 
 fices required every day, and in increased number every new 
 moon, but these not properly sacred times. Their duties nega- 
 tive and positive. Three kinds regarding God, as ^Creator, 
 ^Preserver, ^Sanctifier. I. Sabbatical series. Sabbath adopt- 
 ed from patriarchal worship, ^Gen. 2 : 3, ^ terms of seven days 
 and sacredness of seven, ^ other ancient nations, *Ex. 12 : 22, 
 etc., °"l-emember" in fourth commandment. 7th day, month, 
 year and 50th year. Rest and restoration for man, the land 
 and property. II. Annual feasts, celebrate God as preserver, 
 historical and agricultural. Passover 15th day, 1st month, 
 for seven days ; feast of weeks fifty days after, for one day ; 
 tabernacle? IGth day of Tth month for seven days. Passover 
 
17 
 
 instituted on leaving Egypt,' Uhe supper, 'seven days unleav- 
 ened bread. A sacrifice, denied by some Reformed theolog- 
 ians from its supposed bearing on the eucharist, but ^expressly 
 so called, Ex. 12 : 27, 1 Cor. 5 : 7, 2 Jewish tradition, ^after 
 the sanctuary was erected, it was offered there, and in later 
 times the blood was sprinkled on the altar. Not a sin, but 
 a peace offering. Lamb selected on 10th day, slain "between 
 the evenings," blood sprinkled on lintels and door posts, by 
 each head of a family. Lamb whole, no bones broken, roast 
 not boiled, no part carried out of the house, nor reserved till 
 next day ; remainder burned. Bitter herbs, unleavened bread, 
 attitude. Daily festive offering, sheaf of first fruits. Feast of 
 weeks, of harvest, Pentecost, two loaves, festive offering. Ta- 
 bernacles or Ingathering : booths, offerings. 1st day a Sab- 
 bath, 8th day not belong to feast proper, ^no lodging in booths, 
 ^gradation of sacrifices not continued. Conclusion of the fes- 
 tivals of the year. III. Day of atonement, 10th day of 7th 
 month. Seven festive Sabbaths in the year. Atonement for 
 all the sins of the year, not only for those previously unatoned, 
 nor supplementing deficiencies of previous sacrifices, but rep- 
 resenting same idea in higher power. The only fast expressly 
 appointed. High-priest bathe, dress of white linen, offering for 
 himself and his house : two he goats, sin-offering for the people. 
 Atonement in most holy place, repeated in holy place and the 
 court. Azazel, not ^a place, nor 2 the goat, but ^abstract term 
 "complete removal" or * personal being, Satan. Arguments in 
 favor of the last. ^Contrast of Jehovah and Azazel. -2 Evil 
 spirits symbolically connected with the desert. ^Appropriate 
 name. But ^ Satan is no where else so called, nor ^ alluded to 
 as connected with the services of this day. ^ The ceremonial 
 itself would not suggest it, but for this word of doubtful mean- 
 ing. If Azazel is Satan, variously explained. 1. Sacrifice to 
 the devil. But a abhorrent to religion, and prohibited by Mo- 
 saic law. h The two goats one sin-offering to Jehovah ; two 
 were used because ideas were to be represented which one could 
 not convey. 2. Sent to the devil to be tormented. 3. Carry 
 sin to the devil where it belongs. 4. Act of contemptuous de- 
 fiance, the sins are first atoned for, then sent to the enemy and 
 accuser of Israel to do his worst with them. The two goats 
 mutually supplementary, not typical of distinct things, as ^ 
 Christ and apostate Jews, or ^ his divine and human nature, or 
 ' his death and resurrection, but * Christ atoning for sin and 
 taking it away. Remainder of the service. 
 
 XXIV. JOSHUA. 
 
 Joshua beginning or end of a period. Indications of date of 
 3 
 
18 
 
 the book. 'Gezer, IC : 10. ^Jebusites, 15: 63. ^ Zidoniana, 
 13 : 6. Great Zidon, 11 : 8, 19 : 28. * Sanctuary and Gib- 
 eonites, 9 : 27. " Rahab, 6 : 26. Caleb, 14 : 14. « 6 : 
 1, 6. ' We passed over,' ' give us. ' ' ' Beyond Jordan' ; ' Mt. 
 Halak to Baal-gad.' ^ Minute details. ^ Changes in Levitical 
 cities and those of Simeon. Two classes of objections. I. Par- 
 ticular expressions. 1. Curse of Joshua. But a assumes proph- 
 ecy impossible, h confirmed by 1 Kings, 16 : 34, c fulfilment 
 not recorded in Joshua. 2. Mountains of Judah and Israel. 
 But a the schism long preparing, h terms explained from facts 
 then existing. 3. Jerusalem. But a unfounded assumption, 
 6 occurrence of Jebus reverses the argument. 4. Havoth-jair. 
 But a confirmed by Num. 32 : 41, Deut. 3 : 4, 14, h genealogy 
 1 Chron. 2: 21, etc. c ' Judah upon Jordan toward the sun 
 rising,' 19 : 34, d word 'Havoth.' Reconciled with Judg. 10: 
 8, 4. 5. Book of Jasher, 10 : 13, comp. 2 Sam. 1 : 18. 6. ' Unto 
 this day.' II. Denial of unity. ^ This book alleged to be a 
 continuation of the Pentateuch. Fallacy of the argument. 
 a Always regarded as distinct, h History continuous but Mo- 
 ses writer of Pentateuch, c Language. 2. Discordant state- 
 ments respecting a completeness of the conquest. 6 Hebron 
 and Debir. cEkron, Ashdod and Gaza, d cities of Judah, Zeb- 
 ulun and Naphtali. 3. Differences of style or conception, a 
 distinct sections, b prominence of the high-priest Eleazar, cuse 
 of words. Written by Joshua, ^ 24 : 26, ' servant of the Lord, 
 24 : 29, ^antecedent presumption. * Tradition. Difiiculty from 
 comparison with book of Judges : difi'erent views. 
 
 Divisions of book. I. The conquest, ch. 1-12, a prelimina- 
 ries, ch. 1-5, h the actual conquest, ch. 6-12. II. The divis- 
 ion, ch. 13-22. III. Solemn acknowledgment and pledge of 
 obedience, ch. 23, 24. 
 
 XXV. JUDGES. 
 
 History from death of Joshua to that of Samson. Pure the- 
 ocracy, no visible head, success depend on piety of people ; 
 downward tendencies checked but not reversed by judges. Prov- 
 idential design to demonstrate necessity of kingdom. Book not 
 a complete narrative of events of the period, ^itsplan 2 : 11-19 
 to record a series of relapses, oppressions and deliverances ; no 
 account made of the intervals of rest, 3:11 forty years, 3 : 30 
 eighty years. &c., little said of some judges 12 : 8-15, ^ its 
 brevity, though covering more than 300 years, ^its arrange- 
 ment, position of last five chapters, *facts supplied by other 
 books, 1 Sam. 12 : 11, Ruth, Eli and Samuel. Period of weak- 
 ness, decline, deterioration but not to be unduly depreciated. 
 ^ Times of prosperity and piety passed over in silence, though 
 a large part of the whole. ^ ^\^q worst features singled out 
 
19 
 
 and strongly stated. ^ Written from point of view of legal re- 
 quirement, not comparison with other times. * Tacit contrast 
 •with piety prevailing under Joshua, and reformation wrought 
 by Samuel. ^The book of Ruth shows what scenes of an oppo- 
 site character might have been depicted. Three parts, *a du- 
 plicate introduction 1:1-3:6, ^the history of the twelve 
 Judges, 3:7-16:31, •''a duplicate appendix, ch. 17-21. 
 Neither portion of the Introduction superfluous : 1. Neg- 
 lect to exterminate the Canaanites, sheAvn in detail, 1 : 
 1-2:5, hence brief paragraphs, weakness of tribes in isola- 
 tion and want of concert, aggravated by intrusion of this hete- 
 rogenous population, 2. Forsaking God for idols of these na- 
 tions and its eftects, 2 : 6-3 : 6. Main body of book divided 
 into distinct sections corresponding to the judges herein record- 
 ed ; but its unity shown, Mjy adherence to its plan announced, 
 ch. 2, sby recurring phrases ; varieties of expression explained. 
 Appendix, 'ch. 17, 18, Micah's idolatry and expedition of 
 Danites, before Dan had full possession of his inheritance, 
 18: 1, 2, alluded to. Josh. 19 : 47, '-^ch. 19-21, afifair of Gibeah 
 and its consequences, in high priesthood of Phineas, 20 : 28. 
 Same author, 17 : 6 ; 18 : 1 ; 19 : 1 ; 21 : 25. Always formed 
 part of Judges, no reason to doubt their rightful place in it, 
 some coincidences of expression. Date of book ; earliest limit, 
 U8 : 30, captivity not Assyrian but Philistine, -13 : 1, Philis- 
 tine domination, "no king in Israel, 17 : 6 ; 18 : 1 ; 19 : 1 ; 
 21 : 25 ; latest limit, 'before degeneracy of kingdom, ^1 :21 ; 
 19 : 11, Jebusites, ^Canaanitish names. Reign of Saul or first 
 years of David. Written by a prophet, Samuel ? 
 
 RUTH. 
 
 Position in Hebrew and English bibles, ancient catalogues ; 
 not an appendix to Judges, peculiarity of character. Design 
 not 'to maintain obligation of Levirate marriages, nor -to ex- 
 hibit reward of piety, nor ^to correct Jewish illiberality, but * 
 to preserve incidents connected with the ancestry of David, 4 : 
 17. Time 1:1 "when the judges ruled" more precisely de- 
 termined, not 'by identifying the famine 1:1 with 'ravages of the 
 Midianites, Judg. 6 : 3, 4, nor 2 4 : 20, 21, Boaz grand-son of 
 Nahshon, a contemporary of Moses, Num. 1:17, for the gene- 
 alogy is abridged, nor -"^ under Eli and after death of Samson 
 (Josephus), but * 4 : l7 Obed grand-father of David. Date of 
 book : 'after the erection of the kingdom implied, 1:1,^ after 
 David's anointing or accession to throne, 4 : 17-22 ; alleged 
 Chaldaeisms, and altered usage 4 : 7 not prove late date, in or 
 after time of captivity : 'interest of the subject diminished or 
 lost. " Marriage with Moabitess not condemned. 
 
20 
 XXVI. SAMUEL. 
 Period of transition from the judges to the kingdom, grouped 
 about three lives, 1. 1 Sam. 1-12 the life of Samuel, 2. ch. 13-31 
 the public life of Saul, 8. 2 Sam. 1-24 the public life of David. 
 One work, division into two books by LXX, first adopted into 
 Hebrew text by Bomberg, 1518, not form one work with 
 Kinc^s. This has been argued ^because connected by common 
 title in LXX, but never so in Hebrew, -history continuous but 
 each distinct in plan and the period which it covers, ^Samuel 
 no fitting termination since it does not record David's death ; 
 but it completes his public life, his last words recorded 
 23 : 1-7, the transfer of the kingdom to Solomon opens a new 
 period, upon which the writer did not design to enter. Shown 
 to be distinct, ^by difference of plan, Kings not biographical 
 and fewer details, ^citation of sources, ^exact chronology, 
 ^time of composition. D;ite, not before David's death, though 
 this not mentioned; criteria somewhat indefinite, ^change in 
 terms and customs, 1 Sam. 9 : 9, prophet, seer, 2 Sam. 13 : 18, 
 dress of king's daughter, ^1 Sam. 27 : 6, kings of Judah, after 
 the schism, but not necessarily long after. 
 
 KINGS, 
 
 Name, period covered. Divisions, 1. Reign of Solomon, 1 Kin. 
 1-11. 2 Schism and synchronous history of the two kingdoms, 1 
 Kin. 12--2 Kin. 17. 3. History of Judah alone until the Babylon- 
 ish captivity, 2 Kin. 18-25. Divided into two books by LXX. 
 One continuous production, not written piecemeal, 'unity of 
 plan, ^careful chronology, ^recurring expressions, *samenes3 
 of language and style. Illustrating God's fidelity to his cov- 
 enant with David in the midst of his just judgments for Israel's 
 provocations. Sources, book of Acts of Solomon, 1 Kin. 11:41, 
 Book of Chronicles of Kings of Judah, Book of Chronicles 
 of Kings of Israel, different opinions respecting them. Ex- 
 pression "unto this day," 1 Kin. 8 : 8, etc. Date, ^ after 37th 
 year of Jehoiachin's captivity, ^before close of captivity. 
 Tradition ascribes to Jeremiah ; similarity of style and lan- 
 guage, correspondence of Jer. 52 and 2 Kin. 24 : 18, etc. But 
 doubtful whether Jeremiah lived so long, probably written in 
 Babylon, author unknown. 
 
 XXYII. CHRONICLES. 
 
 Name in Hebrew, Greek, English. One work, divided into 
 two books by LXX. Date inferred, ^from limit of the history, 
 2 Chron. 36 : 22, 23, first year of Cyrus, -limit of genealogies, 
 1 Chron. 3 : 19-21, grandsons of Zerubbabel, not descendanta 
 of seventh generation : also vs. 22-24, grandsons of Neariah 
 brother of Hattush, comp. Ezra 8 : 2, ''Porters, 1 Chron. 9 : 17, 
 
21 
 
 18, comp. N"eh. 12: 25, 2t!, *Darics, 1 Chron. 29 : 7, not spok- 
 en of as existing in days of David. Objected that first coined 
 by Darius Hystaspes. But a then sufficient time to have cir- 
 culated through the empire, h mentioned Ezra 2 : 69 ; 8 : 27, 
 Neh. 7 : 70-72, c perhaps named from Darius the uncle of 
 Cyrus, or as the general term for king, ^Bira 1 Chron. 29, 1, 19, 
 applied to temple, hence before the castle so called, Neh. 2:8; 
 7 , 2, was built, ^collection of the canon, ^2 Chron. 36 : 22, 23, 
 comp, Ezra 1 : 1-3. Book of Ezra not a continuation of 
 Chronicles, but perhaps Chronicles written by Ezra, a tradition, 
 h verses repeated, c similarity of style and expressions. Con- 
 tents, I. Genealogies, 1 Chron. 1-9, a ch.l, preliminary, h ch. 
 2-8 genealogies of the various tribes of Israel, c ch. 3 sup- 
 plementary. II. History, a 1 Chron. 10-29, reign of David, 
 h 2 Chron. 1-9, reign of Solomon, c 2 Chron. 10-36, schism 
 and subsequent history of Judah. 
 
 Ch. 1 from Adam to Israel, its double design, plan, drawn 
 from Genesis, ^all found there, ^form and expressions, ^impro- 
 bable that other genealogies were preserved from that early 
 period. Abridgment, 1 : 1-4, sons of Shem ver. 17, Timna 
 ver. 36. Ch. 2-8 not from preceding books of S. S., ^most of 
 the names new, or ^merely in historical passages not genea- 
 logical lists, ^variations, yet not irreconcilable, many unde- 
 signed coincidences and corroborations, ^repetitions in Chroni- 
 cles, e. g., Samuel 6 : 22-28, comp. vs. 33-38, Saul, "^facts 
 not elsewhere recorded, '^if already found in p-evious books, 
 their transcription needless. Not fictitious, ^no motive for 
 their invention, ^lack of uniformity, not conformed to other 
 books of S. S., •''practical needs of the time. Derived from 
 public and family registers ; few from ten tribes, none from 
 Zebulun and Dan. Ch. 9, list of prominent residents of Jeru- 
 salem and those connected with ministry of the temple. Cor- 
 respond Avith Neh. 11, discrepancies how explained; vs. 35-44 
 family of Saul, preparatory to the history. 
 
 Two series of historical sections. 1. parallel to Samuel and 
 Kings, 2. peculiar to Chronicles. Parallel sections probably 
 not taken directly from those books, but in both drawn from a 
 common source, Hranspositions, e. g., 1 Chron. 11-15, ^addi- 
 tions, ^variations, ^references in both to other works as sources. 
 Peculiar sections based on reliable authorities, ^contrary sup- 
 position incredible, ^analogy of genealogies, ^incidental cor- 
 roboration in Psalms and prophets, *"unto this day," 2 Chron. 
 5:9; 8:8, ^existence of and frequent references to other ac- 
 credited histories. Deviations from Samuel and Kings prove 
 independence of Chronicles, but not discredit it if capable of 
 being harmonized ; also show distinct design, not in period 
 treated, nor class of readers addressed but the point of view 
 
22' 
 
 from which the history is contemplated and the objects render- 
 ed prominent. Samuel biographical history. Kings national 
 theocratic history of both kingdoms. Chronicles liturgical 
 history, hence omit reign of Saul, personal history of David 
 and Solomon, kingdom of ten tribes but full details respecting 
 temple and its worship, adapted to necessities of returning 
 exiles. 
 
 XXVUI. EZRA. 
 
 Two parts. I. ch. 1-6 First colony under Zerubbabel un- 
 til the completion of the temple in 6th year of Darius Hystas- 
 pes. II. ch. 7-10 second colony under Ezra in the 7th year 
 of Artaxerxes Longimanus. Interval of 58 years between the 
 two parts, in which the events of the book of Esther occur. 
 Original documents in first part : decree of Cyrus 1 : 1-4, list 
 of exiles, who returned with Zerubbabel ch. 2, repeated in Ne- 
 hemiah 7 : 6ff., discrepancies accounted for, Chaldee section 4 : 
 8-6 : 18, probably written by a participant in the transactions 
 it records 5 : 4, and incorporated by Ezra in his book, contain- 
 ing the correspondence between the Samaritans and kings Ar- 
 taxerxes (Smerdes) and Darius 4 :11-16, 17-22, 6 : 7-17, 6 : 
 2-12. In second part letter of Artaxerxes empowering Ezra to 
 take a colony of exiles to Jerusalem 7 : 12-26, list of those who 
 went up with Ezra 8 : 1-14, and of those who had married for- 
 eign wives 10 : 18-44. Book claims to have been written by 
 Ezra 7 : 28, ch. 8, 9, to which it is no objection that he is some- 
 times spoken of in third person 7 : 1-11, ch. 10, nor that he is 
 called ' a ready scribe in the law of Moses" 7 : 6, etc. 
 
 NEHEMIAH. 
 Nehemiah, cup-bearer of Artaxerxes Longimanus, came up 
 in his 20th year, 13 years after Ezra. Three parts, I. cli. 1-7, 
 Nehemiah's labours for the defence and rebuilding of Jerusa- 
 lem. II. ch. 8-10 religious services conducted by Ezra and 
 the Leviles and the covenant sealed by the people under the 
 lead of Nehemiah. III. ch. 11-13 subsequent acts of Nehe- 
 miah. Book announced 1 : 1 as " the words of Nehemiah." 1st 
 person used throughout except ch. 8-10, which some refer to 
 Ezra, but without sufficient reason. Objection to genuineness 
 from 12 : 10, 11, 22. Some suspect interpolation ; might have 
 been written by Nehemiah. 
 
 ESTHER. 
 
 Plot for destruction of the Jews in Persia, their deliverance 
 and institution of feast of Purim. Covers period of 9 years, 
 3d to 12th 3'ear of Ahasuerus (Xerxes). Confirmations from 
 profane liistory, his ch.irncter, extent of kingdom, assembly of 
 
23 
 
 princes in the third year of his reign. Esther not made queen 
 untilthelOthmonthof Tthyear 2: 16, explained by expedition to 
 Greece in the interval ; palace in Susa and its splendor 1 : 2, 6, 
 consulting magi on all emergencies 1 : 13, seven princes 
 1 : 14, the harem 2 : 8, prostration before the grand vizier as 
 the representative of the monarch who was regarded as the in- 
 carnation of the deity 3 : 2, whence Mordecai's refusal for re- 
 ligious reasons, King's scribes 3 : 12 ; 8:9, mounted posts 
 3 : 13 ; 8 : 14. Truth confirmed by existence of feast of Purira 
 and its universal celebration by the Jews ; mentioned 2 Mace. 
 15 : 36, as 'Mordecai's day' and said by Josephus to be observed 
 by Jews in all the world. Writer not Mordecai, as inferred 
 from 9 : 20, but unknown, probably resident in Persia and soon 
 after the events described ; mention of Chronicles of the kings 
 of Media and Persia 10:2, details given, language, close of 
 canon. Objections from explanations 1:1; 1 : 13 ; 8:8. 
 Name of God not occur in the book, though mention of fasting 
 as a religious observance 4 : 1-3, 16, allusion to providential 
 deliverance and ordering 4 : 14, refusal of adoration by Mor- 
 decai on religious grounds 3 : 2. Apocryphal sections. 
 
 XXIX. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER OF THE BOOK OF,;'.! 
 FSALMS. 
 
 Each book of the prophets represents the work of one inspir- 
 ed servant of God ; but 150 Psalms of different authors from 
 age of Moses till after Bab. exile. Still in studying the plan 
 of the 0. T. this book, like all the rest, must be regarded as a 
 unit. 1. The form and compass of books authoritative as well 
 as their contents. 2. Impracticable to divide the Psalms with 
 accuracy in respect to age and authorship. The titles decisive 
 where they occur, but one-third without titles stating author or 
 occasion, a fact which confirms their genuineness and truth. 3. 
 More than half by David, the rest strikingly analogous, though 
 not servile imitations. 
 
 To this uniform and Davidic character of the collection is due 
 the frequent absence of explanatory titles. 1. Not accounted for 
 by ignorance of the collectors, for the oldest have titles, the 
 more recent have none. 2. Some Psalms no title, though their 
 occasion indicated by their contents, e. g., Ps. 83, 137. 3. 
 Analogy of other books : prophecies never anonymous : psalms 
 would not be, if any important end would have been answered 
 by preserving name of author, and date or occasion. 4. Ex- 
 cept Moses Ps. 90, names of no Psalmists preserved but those 
 of David and a series connected with or dependent on him, viz: 
 Solomon and Levitical singers appointed by David or their de- 
 scendants. The rest introduce no new element and their per- 
 sonality of small account. 5. Psalms not arranged according 
 
24 
 
 to writers or periods, except in the general way referred to 72 : 
 20. Hypothesis of David's Psalms as bases of series composed 
 by others. 
 
 Not heterogeneous miscellany; not only poetical, lyrical, in- 
 spired, and canonical but ^for public use, ^ devotional. Thus, 
 I. negatively distinguished ^from prophets, with whom they 
 form the most marked contrast. Psalmist speaks to God in his 
 own name and that of other men : Prophet to men in the name 
 of God. Function in divine revelation : Prophet, objective en- 
 largement by fresh communications ; Psalmist, subjective ap- 
 propriation of truth already revealed and new discoveries thus 
 imparted. Prophet has primary reference to needs of others, 
 mostly a national necessity ; Psalmist to his own needs and 
 those of the class to which he belongs, ^ from aphoristic poetry 
 of 0. T. Six poetical books : three lyrical, Psalms, Solomon's 
 Song, Lamentations, domain of feeling, devout meditation on 
 law, works and providence of God, and reproduction of law in 
 heart and life, quintuple division of the Psalms as of the law ; 
 three aphoristic, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, domain of reflec- 
 tion, .satisfy reason of the conformity of the law and providence 
 of God, complete cycle. Proverbs human welfare found in obe- 
 dience to the will of God, as a general truth : two apparent ex- 
 ceptions, piety without prosperity (Job), prosperity without 
 piety (Ecclesiastes,) ^from other lyrical poetry of 0. T. which is 
 either not the language of worship, as Song of Solomon, (though 
 resembling.) Ps. 45 and Lamentations, or private and individ- 
 ual songs or supplications as those of Hannah, Jonah, Heze- 
 kiah, or intended only for a single occasion, as national song of 
 Moses. Psalms for the public and permanent devotions of the 
 sanctuary. II. Positive unity of self-contained completeness, 
 embodies the religion of 0. T. as seen in the sum of its devo- 
 tional utterances. 
 
 XXX. SPECIAL FUNCTION OF THE PSALMS. 
 
 I. In the expansion of Mosaic law. 1. Method of teaching 
 which comes nearer the individual man. These methods in 0. 
 T. various and with growing particularity. History, remote 
 facts once transacted ; Ritual constantly repeated in public but 
 only at sanctuary ; Psalms not only associated with solemnities 
 and pomp of temple service, but repeated and sung in every 
 habitation ; Proverbs more brief and pointed hence more famil- 
 iar but general in their application ; Prophets with specific 
 lessons for emergencies as they arose. 2. Medium of conveying 
 instruction more clearly to understanding. Verbal interpreta- 
 tion of the mute lessons of history (a past and present, 6 na- 
 tional and individual, c permanent objects and relations and 
 transient facts), and of the ritual symbols, a embodying in 
 
words the same direct acts of worship hence performed together 
 at the temple, b with language often borrowed from or shaped 
 by the ceremonial, not in the way of general exposition as Epis- 
 tle to Hebrews, but instructive allusion, c stimulating reflection 
 and inquiry by partial disclosures. 3. Religion of 0. T. not 
 in didactic statements or ritual forms but practically realized in 
 the heart and life. II. In preparation for Christ ; equivalent 
 to the increment in the sum of divine knowledge therein gran- 
 ted. Only developement in 0. T. that of Messiah and depend- 
 ent trutks, as of Trinity, future state, love of God, mysteries of 
 Providence : but advance of all regulated by the central doc- 
 trine. Positive accession less in Psalms and all the Poetical 
 Books than in Prophets : leading aim not so much new disclo- 
 sures as the unison of the heart and the understanding with 
 revelations already made : yet this revolution in clearness and 
 power, not a mere logical process but requires a divine incre- 
 ment. Extreme opinions : no Psalm Messianic ; every Psalm 
 Messianic. Not uniformity in Psalms but unity ; Messianic 
 not reduced to level with the rest, nor isolated from them, but 
 apices or foci in which all lines converge or to which they tend ; 
 60 in ministries of Prophets. The whole belonging to one con- 
 tinuous scheme of preparation. 
 
 XXXI. MESSIANIC CONTENTS OF THE PSALMS. 
 
 Messianic teachings of Poetical Books not incoherent or frag- 
 mentary, but consistent developement of a definite scheme of 
 thought ; specific part belonging to each in this scheme exhibits 
 their mutual relations in the work of preparation . 
 
 Psalms utterances of worship, confined to two domains, man's 
 relations to God and God's relations to man. The former may 
 be viewed ^passively, in his privileges, as a creature endowed 
 of God, ^actively, in his duties, in the conflict with evil either 
 a struggling with it, or b victorious over it. Triple correlates 
 in sphere of God related to man. 
 
 I. a Man the creature endowed of God. 
 
 b God the creator and benefactor of man. 
 
 II. a The righteous beset by foes. 
 b God his deliverer. 
 
 III. a The righteous victorious by God's delivering aid. 
 
 b Man without God failing, though possessed of every earthly advantage. 
 
 These six ideas and these only culminate positively or nega- 
 tively in Messiah in the Poetical Books. Messiah approached 
 from both divine and human side as in antecedent types. But 
 Psalms ^ utter in language what the types darkly set forth in 
 symbols, ^ explicitly combine what was before unconnected, ^ 
 approaches from divine side less consciously l^Iessianic and no 
 such explicit combination ; these belong distinctively to the 
 province of the other poetical books. 4 
 
^6 
 
 I. a Man lifted into Messianic sphere by superhuman gifts 
 or endowments. Ps. 8 suggests an idea which the apostle Paul 
 expands to Messianic dimensions, perhaps itself Messianic. ^ 
 Messiah's universal dominion elsewhere taught by David. ^ 
 In such cases as here he rises from the human to the divine by 
 removing all limitations. ^ Relation to the preceding series 
 of seven Psalms culminating in Ps. 2. h The thought of God 
 relative to his creatures comes within the range of what belongs 
 to God the Son. Ps. 102 and 97 quoted in Hebrews in appli- 
 cation to Christ. The angel and word of Jehovah. More de- 
 veloped in the wisdom of God Proverbs chap. 8. 
 
 II. a The righteous beset by foes, with attributes or results 
 transcending the human. Shaped largely by typical experi- 
 ence of David as ^more vivid in Psalmist's mind, ^ types of this 
 class then culminated in him. The removal of limitations ab- 
 solute as in Ps, 22, or partial as Ps. 16, 40, 69, 109 mediating 
 between the merely human and the exclusively Messianic. Sac- 
 rificial character under the aspect of obedience rather than ex- 
 piation Ps. 40, sufi'erings issuing in salvation of world, Ps. 22, 
 yet not stated to be vicarious ; this reserved for Isa. 53. Pro- 
 phetic office, h God as Saviour and Redeemer, specially de- 
 veloped Job 19. 
 
 III. a The triumphant righteous. David and Solomon 
 most suitable types from ^ personal experience, ^official posi- 
 tion. Ps. 2, 72, 45 (Solomon's Song,) 110. h Kingdom view- 
 ed on its other side as unsatisfactory amidst all its splendour 
 (Ecclesiastes,) and tending to its fall (Lamentations.) Nega- 
 tively Messianic. 
 
 XXXII. SONG OF SOLOMON. 
 
 Ps. 72 and 127 and three books of 0. T. ascribed to Solo- 
 mon. Unity of Solomon's song denied from failure to trace 
 connection of its parts; proved ^by title, ^general impres- 
 sion of the w^hole, same theme, actors, recurrence of like ex- 
 pressions, similar passages, identity of style, abbreviated rela- 
 tive. Authorship, written by Solomon, 1. The title. 2. Al- 
 lusion to objects connected with David and Solomon. 3. Men- 
 tion of localities in all parts of land. 4. Figures from nature. 
 5. Peaceful prosperity. 6. 1 Kin. 4 : 32. Not a drama. He- 
 brews had no scenic representations. Much of it in dialogue 
 but no action or plot. Variously divided, no logical division 
 strictly possible. Interpretation. Not literal, Hts reception 
 into the canon, ^the title, ^incongruities and contradictions, 
 ^language used of the bride and of Solomon. Ewald's modifi- 
 cation, enhances the diffculties. Typical view liable to similar 
 objections. Allegorical with perhaps a historical occasion, 
 * impossibility of any other view, ^frequent use of figure of 
 
marriage in Scripture and greater prominence given to it after 
 the time of Solomon, ^Ps. 45, * names of Solomon and the 
 bride 6 : 13, ^New Testament, « oldest and most prevalent in- 
 terpretation among Jews and Christians. The bride is the 
 people of God collectively. The extent to which the particu- 
 lars of the allegorical description are significant. 
 
 XXXIII. JOB. 
 Job a real person. ^ The localities real. " Names not 
 significant except that of Job. ■"' No analog}^ for such a fic- 
 tion. * Ezek. 14 : 14, James 5 : 11. Not necessary to assume 
 literality of all the details. Not an allegory representing ca- 
 lamities of the Jews. Period patriarchal, author and age of 
 book unknown. Has been referred 4o time near or after the 
 exile, without good reason ; 'to that of Moses, heretofore most 
 common opinion, based chiefly on absence of allusion to facts 
 or revelations of Mosaic age : but the subject may have de- 
 manded this ; ^to age of David and Solomon, favoured by most 
 recent and able continental scholars, a as golden age of He- 
 brew poetry, h advance on teachings of law, c resemblance to 
 Psalms and Proverbs. Theme, sufferings of the righteous. 
 Job's trials to test his constancy, as stated at the outset, but 
 also to correct inward corruptiun. ^ God would not have 
 dealt so with a sinless being. ^ Self- righteousness in Job's 
 vindications and complaints. '^ Confirmed by Elihu. * Job 
 is brought to penitence and this the condition of his restora- 
 tion. Satan accomplishing purpose of God, represented by his 
 appearing among Sons of God. Solution of problem, ^confi- 
 dence in God's perfections, ''uses of affliction. Dramatic char- 
 acter of book, not for scenic representation, action not exter- 
 nal, but inward and spiritual, all centres about the temptation 
 of Job. Introduction, ch. 1, 2. The Problem treated, ch. 3-42. 
 The Discussion, ch. 3-31. Job's opening complaint, ch. 3. 
 First series of Discourses, ch. 4-14. Second series of Dis- 
 courses, ch. 15-21. Third series of Discourses, ch. 22-31. 
 Decision rendered by man (Elihu) ch. 32 -37. Decision ren- 
 dered by God, ch. 38-42. 
 
 Argument turns on question of Job's right to complain, as 
 he does ch. 3. Growing harshness of the friends. Job's dis- 
 course divided by ch. 19, reference to vindication in future 
 state. 1. Climax of former speeches. 2. Formality of intro- 
 duction. 3. Terms employed. 4. History of interpretation. 
 Vindication in present life opposed to 1. Job's view of his own 
 condition ; 2. His position in the argument. Refutation of 
 his friends. Two-fold decision. Elihu's speech not an inter- 
 polation nor represent human reason and stand on the platform 
 of the friends, 1. Space devoted to it ; 2. His position not 
 
28 
 
 identical with that of friends 32 : 3 ; 3, The discourse of the Lord 
 is then made to inculcate simply, resignation to an inscrutable 
 allotment, which is no solution at all. Elihu, theoretical de- 
 cision, agrees with friends in asserting connection between suf- 
 fering and sin, diifers 1. Suffering disciplinary as well as pen- 
 al ; 2. Regards sin no less than sins. The Lord, practical 
 decision, sublimity of discourse, no explanations or arguments, 
 inferred from the issue, internal, ^ external. Discourse sub- 
 ordinated to the effect to be produced on Job, lesson not simply 
 submission to a power which man cannot resist, or to a wisdom 
 which he cannot fathom but to Him who is infinitely perfect. 
 Design of God inferred from the result which was not only to 
 exhibit Job's constancy but to advance his holiness and his 
 welfare. 
 
 XXXIV. PROVERBS. 
 
 Harmony of God's word and Providence as a general fact : 
 not, however, 'making utility the basis of obligation, nor ^sub- 
 ordinating goodness to temporal prosperity, nor ^inculcating a 
 merely outward morality. Advantages in teaching by pro- 
 verbs. These differ from all others, ^as religious, ^inspired. 
 Three divisions, ^ch. 1-9, introductory verses 1 : 1-7, connect- 
 ed discourse, commendation of wusdom, counsels of a parent to 
 a son; personal wisdom, ch. 8 ; ^ch. 10-24, proverbs, brief, 
 disconnected, without arrangement, ^ch. 25-29, copied out by 
 men of Hezekiah. Appendix ch. 30, 31, question respecting 
 Agurand Lemuel. 
 
 ECCLESIASTES. 
 
 Name of book ; preacher identified wifli Solomon. Author, 
 ^declared 1:1 to be the words of Solomon, ^has always been 
 regarded as his. Not only unbelieving critics but some evan- 
 gelical interpreters think it a fiction in Solomon's name. 1. 
 Said to speak of Solomon as he could not have spoken of him- 
 self. The Preacher ^t'as king, 1 : 12 ; more wisdom and wealth 
 than all that were before me in Jerusalem, 1 : 16 ; 2 : 7, 9. 
 2. Speaks of other matters as neither Solomon nor any con- 
 temporary could have done, ^vanity ascribed to human en- 
 deavours implies a period of depression and discouragement. 
 But a subject here discussed appropriate in any state of public 
 affairs, h these views quite as naturally connected with a sur- 
 feit of earthly prosperity; "injustice of judges and oppression 
 of rulers complained of 3:16; 4:1; 5:8; 10:5-7 would 
 be a satire on his own administration. But a no ruler can cor- 
 rect all abuses arising from his subordinates, h human expe- 
 rience here viewed in general, not during his own reign mere- 
 ly, c there were burdens even under Solomon 1 Kin, 12 : 4, 
 
29 
 
 ^7 : 10, but this not prove things less prosperous then than 
 formerly. 3. Aramaeic character of language. The peculiar- 
 ity of the Hebrew explained in part by nature of subject and 
 mode of treatment. Aramaeisms not always criterion of age. 
 Solomon's foreign connections. Proverbs of this book close 
 resemblance to Book of Proverbs. 
 
 Design. Not conflicting opinions of various sages, nor in- 
 quirer and teacher, nor same speaker in varying states of mind, 
 but continuous and consistent discussion. Not designed to 
 teach merely the vanity of earthly pursuits, nor Epicureanism, 
 nor fatalism, nor the future judgment, nor wisdom in general, 
 but that outward prosperity is no certain index of happiness 
 or real welfare ; these are only for the good, ^this is explicitly 
 stated 8:12,13, 212:13,14, ^man's happiness again and 
 again declared to be found not in material accumulations, 
 which are vain, but in quietly serving God in the lot in which 
 he has placed him. 
 
SPECIAL LITERATURE OF OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 SENIOR CLASS. 
 
 I. THE PROPHET DEFINED. 
 
 The prophet is an authoritative and infallible expounder of 
 the will of God. This includes Mivine commission, 2 qualifi- 
 cations, a supernatural instruction, h infallible guidance in its 
 communication. 0. T. idea learned ^from formal definition 
 Deut. 18: 18, 19, whether generic, or specifically Messianic; 
 contrasted with a heathen diviners h false prophets ; criteria, 
 
 * names, general, men of God, servants, messengers, shep- 
 herds, watchmen : specific, ' spiritual man' Hos. 9 : 6, seer, 
 prophet (Heb., Greek) interpreter Isa. 43 : 27, ^expressions used 
 respecting them . Not their main or exclusive function to fore- 
 tell the future, ^ this not included in 0. T. definition, ^pro- 
 phetic power also shown in disclosures of past or present, ^ fu- 
 ture revealed only as subservient to present religious guidance, 
 
 * exalts a subordinate above the principal end. Their inspir- 
 ation not merely that of superior genius or piety, ^character of 
 the revelations, ^ Balaam, Saul, Caiaphas. Invariably of the 
 chosen people, Abimelech, Pharaoh, Nebuchadnezzar, Balaam. 
 Like unto Moses , not reformers of the law nor antagonistic 
 to it. Distinguished from priests and judges ; assume their 
 functions in extraordinary emergencies. Successive stages of 
 divine communication : theophany, prophecy, incarnation, uni- 
 versal indwelling of the Spirit. 
 
 n. PROPHETIC ORDER. 
 The gift of prophecy distinguished from the prophetic ofiice ; 
 Samuel to Malachi, usage of the terms seer and 'prophet. Call 
 of the prophets, no rite of induction, no fixed age, companies 
 of prophets, sons of prophets, college 2 Kin. 22: 14, no pre- 
 paratory schooling, mode of life, dress, permanence of inspira- 
 tion, inferiority to Moses, mental and physical state while pro- 
 phesying. Divine communications made by inward suggestion, 
 audible voice, angels, visions of sensible objects, of symbols 
 from the ritual and other sources, of supersensuous objects. 
 Agency of the prophets in obtaining revelations, their ability 
 to understand what they were commissioned to utter. 
 
 III. FUNCTION OF THE PROPHETS. 
 
 1. Relative to their contemporaries, performed by oral dis- 
 course, by messengers, by letter. The sphere of their personal 
 ministry, Israel ; object of occasional and exceptional visits to 
 the heathen ; itinerant ; stationary ; discourses in public places. 
 
31 
 
 Symbolical actions, performed by themselves or others, or sim- 
 ply narrated ; Fairbairn's rule ; performed by false prophets 
 ■and by others. Signs to confirm their messages, miraculous 
 or not. Estimate in which they were held ; their treatment. 
 2. Relative to succeeding generations, performed by their 
 writings. The lost books of the prophets, books preserved in 
 the canon. Period of the first reduction of prophecies to writ- 
 ing. This was with the design, 'of benefiting future ages, 
 *of evidencing the justice of the divine dealings, ^of proving 
 the subjection of Israel to Assyria and Babylon to be the work 
 of God, not of those mighty states themselves, *of recording 
 the lessons of the period. The books of the prophets were 
 written and arranged by themselves, as shown by ^the ante- 
 cedent probability, -positive statements, ■''their use of the first 
 person, *the testimony of tradition sanctioned by inspired au- 
 thority. Relation of these books to their oral discourses ; res- 
 toration of the latter neither possible nor needful. Calvin's 
 opinion. They may contain, ^individual discourses, ^ abstracts 
 GT summaries of many discourses, ^what was never orally de- 
 livered. They were not written piecemeal, but continuously. 
 General grounds in favor of their genuineness and the integri- 
 ty of their text, positive and negative. Objections are recent, 
 readily accounted for, based on destructive principles, lead to 
 ■wild and contradictory results. Genuineness and truth of the 
 titles. The style of the books of the prophets. 
 
 lY. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROPHETS. 
 Number of the prophets, canonical and extra-canonical, for- 
 mer and latter, major and minor ; arrangement of the minor 
 prophets in the Hebrew canon shown to be chronological by * 
 the titles, ^ analogy, ^tradition, ^absence of proof to the con- 
 trary ; difi"erent arrangement in the septuagint ; prophets of 
 Judah and of Israel, analogous distinction of apostolic labour ; 
 faur periods : Assyrian, in Israel, Hosea, Amos, Jonah ; in 
 Judah Joel, Obadiah, Isaiah, Micah, Nahum. Chaldean, Jere- 
 miah, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. Exile, Ezekiel, Daniel. Restor- 
 ation, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. 
 
 V. PROPHETS OF THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL. 
 
 The complete study of the prophets embraces ^each book in 
 its specific character, plan and contents, ^relation to its own 
 group or period, ^to the entire scheme of revelation through 
 all the prophets, *to the whole 0. T. Begin with prophets of 
 Israel, ^chronological order, ^thus complete one kingdom be- 
 fore proceeding to the other, ^progress. Their ministries de- 
 termined, 1, by character of kingdom, ^ inherently sinful, a 
 achism, b apostasy ; ^ universal corruption, a kings, b people. 
 
32 
 
 crimes of violence, regicides, usurpations, interregnums. Its 
 history omitted in Chronicles. 2. By purpose of God respect- 
 ing it. His forbearance shown by ^preserving it for nearly 
 two centuries, ^interrupting the course of degradation from 
 Jeroboam to Ahab by a^ministries of Elijah and Elisha, b Jehu, 
 his reform, ability and prosperity, descendants to fourth gene- 
 ration, ^prophets of this period. Judgment at hand ; the king- 
 dom soon to be overthrown by Assyria. 1. Ministry of de- 
 nunciation ; Hosea directly, Jonah indirectly, Amos both. 2. 
 Messianic promises, no allusion to person of Messiah, as by 
 prophets of Judah, Uhe more obscure form sufficient for the 
 present purpose, ^marks for his recognition not required in 
 Israel as in Judah. Messianic period presented simply in con- 
 trast to present and prospective evils, by Hosea and Amos 
 explicitly, by Jonah implicitly. Hosea, blessings to Israel ; 
 Jonah, calling of the Gentiles ; Amos both. Amos, spiritual 
 subjugation of the heathen by Israel; Jonah, voluntary con- 
 version of the heathen, while Israel remains impenitent. 3. 
 Personal relations, Hosea's father, Amos' residence and occu- 
 pation, Jonah's father and residence. 4. Citizenship, Hosea 
 and Jonah, Israel ; Amos, Judah. 5. Scene of their ministry, 
 Hosea, kingdom of ten tribes ; Amos, Bethel 7 : 13 ; Jonah, 
 Nineveh. 6. Book of Hosea, summary of a long ministry. 
 Of Jonah and Amos a single brief mission, which in the case 
 of Amos may have been the whole of his prophetic career, in 
 the case of Jonah was not, 2 Kin. 14 : 25. 7. Hosea treats of 
 duty and destiny of covenant people ; Amos relates both to 
 covenant people and Gentile nations ; Jonah to a particular 
 Gentile nation. 8. Hosea and Jonah symbolic actions ; Amos 
 symbolic visions. 9. All recognized and referred to in N. T. 
 
 VI. PERSON AND BOOK OF HOSEA. 
 Name, parentage, belonged to kingdom of Israel, ^analogy, 
 ^places and events, ^1:2; 6 : 10 ; 7:5. Objection 1 : 1 
 names kings of Judah ; but because he recognizes royal house 
 of Judah as only legitimate one ; Jeroboam also mentioned 
 for more exact date and as having partial divine sanction 2 
 Kin. 14:25-27. His marriage allegorical; literal sense re- 
 volting, 2 analogy of Lev. 21 : 7, ^ch. 3, * significant names, 
 '^protracted time. Duration of ministry 1 : 1, alleged to be in- 
 consistent with book itself, but disagreement of those who 
 make the assertion, ^grounds precarious, ^truth established by 
 1 : 4 and 10 : 14. General proofs of genuineness and truth of 
 title, ^same external evidence as the rest of the text, '^varieties 
 in their form and contents, ^its reception proof of accuracy. 
 Book probably not contain all the prophecies he ever uttered, 
 not divisible into distinct discourses delivered on separate oc- 
 
33 
 
 casions, Hlie historical allusions relied upon for the purpose of 
 doubtful character, ^the conclusion unwarranted, ^diversity in 
 the results, ^confusion assumed, ^nothing to justify such a par- 
 tition. General summary of his entire ministry prepared and 
 published at its close. Two parts, each divisible into three 
 sections beginning with denunciation and ending with promise. 
 I. Ch. 1-3 allegorical, a 1 : 2—2 : 1, b1: 2-23, c ch. 3. II. 
 Ch. 4-14 literal, a 4 : 1-6 : 3, 5 6 : 4-11 : 11, c 11 : 12—14 :9. 
 Denunciations abound, promises brief. I. Prophet's marriage, 
 ch. 1, symbolizes the Lord's relation to Israel ; sin thus repre- 
 sented as ^shameless violation of sacred obligations, ^repudia- 
 tion of their own solemn engagements, ^outrage on the most 
 tender love. Children by Horsley : Jezreel, the truly pious; 
 Lo-Ruhamah, ten tribes; Lo-Ammi, Judah. Others, ^three 
 successive generations of increasing degeneracy, or -successive 
 judgments ; properly separate names having not a distinct but 
 a cumulative force descriptive of their coming rejection and 
 doom. In Messiah's days their feebleness, schism and exile 
 shall end, and the symbolic names shall be reversed. Ch. 2 
 allegory dropped but the figure retained, same alternation of 
 judgment and promise with the names of doom reversed. Ch. 3 
 another allegor}^, price of a female slave Ex. 21 : 32, redemp- 
 tion from the bondage of Egypt, secluded alike from her para- 
 mours and her husband and awaiting her future union with 
 him. II. Promissory passages progressive in length and a 
 climax in thought : 6 : 3-1 exhortation to repentance and con- 
 ditional promise, 11 : 8-11 God's persistent love struggling on 
 their behalf, 14 : 1-9 Israel actually penitent and God's love 
 freely restored to them. 
 
 VII. PREDICTIOXS OF HOSEA. 
 
 Nearer ^1:4 house of Jehu, comp. 2 Kin. 10 : 80 ; 15 : 10, 
 12, ^destruction of the kingdom, desolation of the land, exile 
 of the people 1 : 4, 6 ; 2 : 11-13 ; 3:4, et passim ; locality of 
 exile, Egypt 8:13; 9 : 16, not Egypt but Assyria 11 : 5, both 
 Egypt and Assyria 9:3; 11 : 11, harmonized, ^miraculous de- 
 liverance of Judah 1 : 6, comp. 2 Kin. 19 : 35, ^subsequent de- 
 struction of Judah's cities 8 : 14, and captivity presupposed 
 1:11, comp. 2 Kin. 25:8,9. More remote ^multiplication 
 1 : 10, 2return to God 1 : 10 ; 2 : 14-23, etc., ^union with Ju- 
 dah 1:11 under king David, i. e., the lawful prince of David's 
 line 3 : 5, ^return from the land of their exile, 1 : 11 ; 11 : 11. 
 Contrast to existing or threatened evils, ^destruction of the 
 kingdom, -apostasy, ^schism, * captivity. Partial fulfilment 
 in return of some of ten tribes with Judah after Babylonish cap- 
 tivity, residue Messianic, to be fulfilled not to lineal desceu- 
 5 
 
34 
 
 dants of ten tribes, but to the spiritual seed of Israel. 'Israe-I 
 never coextensive with Abraham's descendants, Ishraael, Ke- 
 turah, Esau, circumcision Gen. 17 : 12, IS, 27, multiplication in 
 Egypt, mixed multitude Ex. 12:38, stranger as one born in 
 the land Ex. 12 : 48, 49, violator of the covenant cut off from 
 his people, Gen. 17 : 14, etc. ; excision and incorporation not 
 only of individuals but on a large scale, at rejection of ten 
 tribes Hos. 1 : 10, 2 Kin, 17 : 18, at coming of Christ. Con- 
 tinuity of Israel as the church and people of God preserved in 
 Christian church, ^N. T., John 8 : 39, Gal. 3 : 7, 28, 29, Rom. 
 2:28,29; 4:11,12; 9:6-8, ch. 11, Eph. 2 : 12-20, Rev. 
 2:9; 3:9, etc., etc., ^these very predictions of Hosea applied 
 to believing Gentiles, Rom. 9 : 25, 26 ; 1 Pet. 2 : 9, 10. Mean- 
 ing of these promises to the church ; to be fulfilled to the lineal 
 descendants, when they believe just as to others ; beyond this 
 a literal fulfilment to them ? Hen tribes wholly lost, ^N. T. 
 predicts conversion of Jews, but not return to Palestine, ^then 
 fulfilled to seed of unbelieving Jews to the exclusion of Jews 
 who embraced Christ, * nevertheless providential facts, Jews 
 preserved a distinct people and Palestine unoccupied, ^figura- 
 tive not exclude literal fulfilment. Event here as in other 
 cases will decide. 
 
 VIII. AMOS, 
 
 Not to be confounded with Amoz, occupation, residence, sent 
 to Israel from Judah, comp, 1 Kin, 13 : 1, days of Uzziah and 
 Jeroboam, two years before the earthquake Zech. 14 : 5, date of 
 book. Ch. 1-6 literal, ch. 7-9 allegorical. Three parts, 1. 
 1: 2 — 2 : 5 introductory. 2. 2 : 6—9 : 10 denunciation of Is- 
 rael. 3. 9:11-15 promissory. Opens 1:2 with sentence 
 from Joel 3:16. Preliminary denunciation of seven nations, 
 Syria, Philistines, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, Moab, Judah, success- 
 ive stanzas of like construction, suggesting argument a fortiori. 
 Offences charged against the theocracy, Moab 2=1. Five vi- 
 sions : 1. Instruments of judgment 7 : 1-3, locusts symbolical, 
 ^effects, ^succeeding emblems, ^scriptural analogy, Joel, ch. 
 1,2, Rev. 9:3. 2, Source 7:4-6. 3. Character 7:7-9; 
 interruption. 4. Nearness 8 : 1-3. 5. Infliction 9:1. Pre- 
 dictions, nearer * house of Jeroboam 7 : 9, comp. 2 Kin. 15 : 10, 
 ^destruction of kingdom, desolation of land, exile of people 
 beyond Damascus 5:27, etc., etc., ^mortality 6 : 9, 10, *Am- 
 aziah 7 : 17, ^Bethel 3 : 14 ; 5:5 and high places 7 : 9, comp. 
 2 Kin. 13 : 15 -20. More remote, Habernacle of David 9:11, 
 "Edom and all the heathen^ which are called by my name, ver. 
 12, comp. Acts 15:15-17, ''permanent restoration and divine 
 blessing, vs. 13-15. Amos agrees with Hosea, proximate fu- 
 ture, 'fall of house of Jeroboam, 'destruction of kingdom; 
 
Messianic, ^permanent restoration, ^union under son of David ; 
 goes beyond him ^prostrate condition of family of David, ^ex- 
 plicit announcement of the calling of Gentiles. 
 
 IX. JONAH. 
 
 Father, residence, date, ^2 Kin. 14 : 25, ^position of book, 
 ^first recorded Assyrian interference, 2 Kin. 15 : 19. Con- 
 trast to his former ministry, *ch. 1, 2, first mission, ^ch. 3, 4, 
 second mission. Extraordinary and less for direct effect on 
 Nineveh than indirect on Israel, ^ usage of prophets and of 0. 
 T., Elisha, 2 Kin. 8:7, -^no pains to deepen the impression or 
 render it permanent. Two lessons, 1 . Admonitory, comp. Ezek. 
 3:5-7, Mat. 12:41. 2. Symbolic of calling of Gentiles, 
 ^natural import, ^analogous cases, Elijah at Zarephath, Elisha 
 and Naaman, Jesus in Samaria, and the borders of Tyre and 
 Sidon, wise men from the east, ^Mat. 12 : 39, 40, ^position of 
 the book, ^best explanation of conduct of prophet. Historical 
 character, objections from, hniracle of the fish, ^repentance 
 ofNinevites, ^silence of profane historians. Proved ^ by the 
 natural interpretation of the language, -particulars not con- 
 nected with the general design, ''universal belief, ^reception 
 into canon, ^N. T. Not written near, in or after the captivity; 
 this urged from ^ Jonah spoken of in third person, -Aramae- 
 isms, ^Jonah's prayer, "^S : 8, but see 4 : 11. Written by Jo- 
 nah, U : 1, ^ among books of prophets, •''no reflection of post- 
 exilic prejudices, * tradition. 
 
 X. PROPHETS OF JUDA.H IN THE ASSYRIAN PERIOD. 
 
 Nature of ministries mainly determined by ^spiritual condi- 
 tion of people ; character of the Kings, struggle between good 
 and evil. ^ God's providences and purposes, mingled mercy 
 and judgment. Ministry of gentleness rather than severity. 
 Positively, greater space and prominence given to promise, Joel, 
 Isaiah, Micah, contrast with prophets of Israel. Negatively, 
 denunciation of foes and oppressors, contrast again. Range of 
 foresight determined, ^ by lessons needed for present, '^ prepara- 
 tion for necessities of future, a Judah's continued existence, h 
 calamities of next period, c collision with great empires, d marks 
 for the recognition of Messiah. More extensive than in Israel ; 
 not only to fall of that kingdom, nor to judgments upon Judah 
 in this period from Syria and Israel and from Assyria, but also 
 to the great judgment of next period Babylonish exile and res- 
 toration from it, and the associated facts in the sphere of the 
 world, the judgment to be executed by Babylon upon other 
 nations and upon Babylon itself. Messianic prediction not 
 limited as in Israel to contrast with evils then threatened or en- 
 dured, but developed into 'the positive ideal of tlie people of 
 
36 
 
 God and -of the wlioie world. ^ Person of Messiah presented 
 as the basis of present confidence with marks for his future re- 
 cognition. Five prophets : ' Personal relations. ' Duration 
 of ministry. ^ Structure of books. * Theme. '^ Messianic 
 revelations. 
 
 XL JOEL. 
 
 Others of the name, son of Pethuel, ministry in Judah, no 
 proof of priestly descent, date inferred from position of book. 
 Objection ^ from 3 : 2 'scattered Israel'; -enemies named. 
 Two parts of 36 vs. each : 1. 1 : 2 — 2 : 17 the judgment and 
 exhortation to penitence. 2. 2 : 18 — 3 : 21 the blessing. Di- 
 visions of one continuous prophecy, not two separate discourses. 
 The locusts symbolical, ^natural and scriptural figure for hostile 
 invaders, ^severity of judgment, ^not past or present but fu- 
 ture, "^connection of the prophecy, ^expressions betraying the 
 real meaning, nation 1 : 6, people 2 : 2, northern 2 : 20, ' hath 
 done great things,' perish in both the eastern and Avestern sea, 
 heathen rule over them 2 : 17, years 2 : 25, horses, chariots, 
 mighty men 2 : 4-9, figure exchanged for that of fire 1:19, 20, 
 '^ history of interpretation. Objections: klestroy only prod- 
 ucts of the earth, - particulars not separately significant. Sig- 
 nificance of four names of locust. Promises : ^ removal of 
 scourge and restoration of what had been lost 2 : 18-29, ^ be- 
 stowment of spiritual gifts vs. 28-32, ^destruction of foes ch. 3. 
 Teacher of righteousness 2 : 23 ; ^ early authorities, -usage of 
 word, 'h'ighteousness, not 'moderately,' *else tautology. Out- 
 pouring of the Spirit upon all flesh, comp. Acts 2 : 16, etc. ; fol- 
 lowed by judgments on the enemies of God's kingdom, premo- 
 nitions 2 : 30, 31, judgment itself ch. 3, valley of Jehoshaphat, 
 'charge against the nations vs. 1-8, "infliction vs. 9-16, ^bles- 
 sed results vs. 17-21. 
 
 XIL OBADIAH. 
 
 Book brief, but not a fragment, name, borne by others, min- 
 istry in Judah, date inferred from position of book. Objection 
 from vs. 11-11. Confirmed ^ perhaps by ver. 20, - indefinite 
 allusion to Chaldeans ver. 11, ^denunciations of Edom in same 
 period by Joel, Amos, Isaiah, Three parts : vs. 1-9 the dea- 
 olation to which Edom was doomed, vs. 10-16 reason of it, his 
 unbrotherly treatment of Judah, vs. 17-21 contrasted restora- 
 tion and enlargement of Israel. Predictions. 1. Capture of 
 Jerusalem vs. 11-14. 2. Hostility then shown by Edom comp. 
 Ps. 137 : 7, Ezek. 35 : 5. 3. Overthrow of Edom a by the na- 
 tions ver. 1 fulfilled by Nebuchadnezzar comp. Mai. 1 : 3, 4, 5 
 by the house of Jacob restored to their ancient seats ver. 18. 4. 
 Day of the Lord upon all nations vs. 15, 16, fulfilled succes- 
 sively and simultaneously. 5. Restoration of Israel vs. 17-21. 
 
37 
 
 Saviours human cliampions and the Messiah. Correspondence 
 ■with preceding and succeeding prophets, Jeremiah ch, 49 ; not 
 ^independently suggested to both, nor ^servile imitation, but ^ 
 indication of oneness, ^mutual sanction, ^ call attention to what 
 is about to pass into accomplishment. Incidental evidence of 
 genuineness and canonicity of earlier Scriptures. Critical ex- 
 tremes, ^pedantic minuteness and baseless conclusions; ^alter- 
 ations of text to restore an imaginary conformity. 
 
 XIII. ISAIAH, PRELIMINARY AND CH. 1-6. 
 
 Name, father, residence, " the middle city" 2 Kin. 20 : 4, 
 wife, prophetess 8 : 3, children, three leading events. Date 
 1 : 1, comp. 6 : 1, 36 : 1. Some suppose him to have survived 
 Hezekiah, arguing ^from tradition, comp. Heb. 11 : 37, ^2 
 Chron. 32 : 32, ^ Isa. 37 : 37, 38, ^not forbidden by Isa. 1 : 1, 
 comp. Jer. 1 : 3, Dan. 1 :2l. Structure of the book : ^Utterly 
 confused. ^ Partial and orderly collections receiving acciden- 
 tal accretions and ultimately blended. ^Chronological, ch. 6 
 not the prophet's inauguration, ch. 1 initial discourse or general 
 introduction to the book, rests on interpretation of vs. 7-9. 
 * Topical, Vitringa as follows : 1. ch. 1-12 prophecies relating 
 to Judah and Ephraim. 2. ch. 13-23 prophecies relating to 
 other nations. 3. ch. 24-35 punishment of Jews and enemies 
 of church. 4. ch. 36-39 historical. 5. ch. 40-48 Babylonish 
 exile and deliverance. 6. ch. 49-66 person and reign of Christ. 
 Gesenius substantially the same, but joins 5 and 6 as both re- 
 lating to the deliverance from the exile. ^Combine chronolog- 
 ical and topical, record of his ministry in its leading periods, 
 viz : 1. ch. 1-6 before the Syrian invasion. 2. ch. 7-37 ex- 
 tending to the Assyrian invasion. 3. ch. 38-66 subsequent to 
 the Assyrian invasion. 
 
 The first, denunciation and judgment; no promise whether 
 of blessing to the people or judgment on their foes in the prox- 
 imate future, person of Messiah only obscurely alluded to, 
 Messianic period in contrast with present character and condi- 
 tion of people. The second, alternate judgment and mercy, 
 Messiah as king. The third, mercy and comfort, Messiah as 
 a prophet and sufferer, the antitype and head of his people ; 
 adapted not to varying circumstances of present, but a great 
 necessity of the future, hence not distinct discourses as the 
 preceding but one connected composition. Unity of plan in 
 the whole book. I. The denunciations of the early chapters 
 increase in vehemence until they culminate in the sentence of 
 desolation by successive judgments pronounced by God himself 
 in the vision of ch. 6 ; this the germ of all that comes after. 
 II. 1. Ch. 7-12 Prophecies occasioned by the first of the pre- 
 dicted judgments, the invasion by Syria and Ephraim, promis- 
 
88 
 
 ing deliverance from this but threatening a sorer one to come. 
 2. Ch. 13-27 meaning of these predicted events to the world 
 at large. 3. Ch. 28-35 occasioned by the approach of the 
 second judgment, the Assyrian invasion, promising its miracu- 
 lous defeat. 4. Ch. 36, 37 record of the Assyrian invasion 
 and its overthrow. III. 1. Ch. 38, 39 occasion of predicting 
 the third judgment, that by Babylon. 2. Ch. 40-66 comfort 
 in view of this judgment and assurance of ultimate deliverance. 
 1. Subdivided into ch. 1, ch. 2-4, ch. 5 and ch. 6. Ch. 1, 
 vs. 2-4 charge of ingratitude and sin, vs. 5-9 land to be ra- 
 vaged in consequence, vs. 10-15 observance of the ritual could 
 not save them, vs. 16-20 sin must be repented of and forsaken, 
 or vs. 21-31 it shall be wiped out by judgment. Ch. 2-4 : 
 '2 : 2-4 Zion's glorious destiny, as the seat of a worship which 
 shall attract and bless all nations, ^2 : 5 — 4 : 1 present failure 
 to realize this destiny, which is due to their sins and shall be 
 remedied by judgments, ^^4 : 2-6 Zion shall be thus purged of 
 evil and rise to her true blessedness and glory ; Branch of the 
 Lord and fruit of the earth denotes the Messiah, Hhe Branch 
 Jer. 23 : 5 ; 33 : 15, Zech. 3:8; 6 : 12, comp. Isa. 11 : 1, 
 2 ancient and common explanation, ^no other satisfactory. 
 Ch. 5, Parable of the vine and its application. Ch. 6, The 
 vision, commission and announcement. 
 
 XIV. ISAIAH CH. 7-12. 
 
 Interval between ch. 6 and ch. 7. Subdivision of ch. 7-12 : 
 1. Ch. 7, circumstances, deliverance from this invasion, but a 
 severer one from Assyria. 2. 8 : 1 — 9 : 7, Both from this pre- 
 sent and that future distress Immanuel is a pledge of protec- 
 tion to them that fear God. 3. 9 : 8 — 10 : 4 Ephraim the foe 
 of the present shall perish. 4. 10 : 5-34 Assyria the foe of 
 the future shall likewise perish. 5. Ch. 11, 12, Blessings of 
 Immanuel's reigu. Ch. 7, Isaiah sent to meet Ahaz, circum- 
 stances, locality comp. 36 : 2, message vs. 7-9, sign the virgin's 
 child comp. Ex, 3 : 11, 12, time of deliverance indicated vs. 
 15, 16. Almah a virgin, ^etymology, ^ usage, -^cognate lan- 
 guages, *LXX. A child miraculously born, ^Mat. 1:22, 23, 
 'solemnity of the announcement, ^the name and 8:8-10, 
 *9: 6, 7. Not the prophet's child, Another a virgin, ^8: 1-4. 
 Three views, ^Messianic, -non-Messianic, ^double sense. 8:1 
 — 9 : 7 Maher-shalal-hash-baz, deliverance from present and 
 future judgments for those who fear God, of which Immanuel 
 is the pledge, scene of his ministry 9 : 1, 2, its consequences, 
 multiplication, joy, deliverance, end of war vs. 3-5, person 
 and titles vs. 6, 7, Jewish, Rationalistic and Messianic inter- 
 pretations. 9 :8— 10 :4, overthrow of Ephraim in four stan- 
 zas with like endino;. 10 : 5- 
 
30 
 
 cherib's march, cut down as a forest. Ch. 11, 12 in contrast 
 Messiah sprout from root of Jesse, filled with the Spirit, restores 
 Paradise, gathers the Gentiles and remnant of Israel, unites 
 Judah and Ephraim, makes them victorious over all foes. 
 Messianic passages : 7 : 14-16 ; 9: 1-7, ch. 11, 12 progressive 
 climax. 
 
 XV. ISAIAH CH. 13-37. 
 
 Ch. 13-27, Ten burdens culminating in judgment on the 
 whole Avorld, followed by triumph of the Lord's people, two 
 mutually corresponding series, two-fold design, massa. 1. ch. 
 13-14: 27 Babylon, the object of two burdens, here first con- 
 nected with Judah's exile, to be overthrown by the Medes 13 : 
 17 and become a perpetual desolation vs. 19-22, in order 
 to the deliverance of the chosen people, who sing their song of 
 triumph over the oppressor's downfall 14 : 1-23 ; Assyria's 
 overthrow vs. 24, 25. 2. 14 : 28-32 Philistia rejoicing in ca- 
 lamities of Judah, threatened with a more formidable enemy from 
 the north, by whom she should be devastated in order to Zion's 
 more complete establishment. 3, Ch. 15, 16 against Moab. 4. 
 Ch. 17, 18 Damascus.. ^ 17: 1-11 denunciation of Syria pas- 
 sing over ver, 3 into one against Ephraim its ally in assaulting 
 Judah, ^ 17 : 12-14 denounces all succeeding invaders, however 
 numerous and powerful, with special reference to Sennacherib, 
 ^ch. 18 his fall announced to Ethiopia and other distant nations, 
 who bring offerings to God. 5. Ch. 19, 20 Egypt ^ 19 : 1-17 
 ruin under image of drying the Nile, ^ vs. 18-25 mercy, the 
 salvation five times greater than the destruction ver. 18, altar 
 ver. 19, union of Assyria and Egypt ver. 23, and of both with 
 Israel vs. 24, 26, ^ch. 20 symbolical action defining time of 
 fulfilment. 6. 21 : 1-10 Desert of the sea i. e. Babylon ; Elam 
 or Persia joined with the Medes in its capture in a night of fes- 
 tivity. 7. 21 : 11, 12 Dumah, silence i. e. Edom. 8. 21 : 14- 
 17 Arabia. 9. ch. 22 valley of vision i. e. Jerusalem, ^vs. 1- 
 14 denunciation of the city, - vs. 15-19 degradation and exile 
 of Shebna, ^vs. 20-25 exaltation and establishment of Eliakim. 
 10. ch. 23 Tyre to be overthrown by the Chaldeans vs. 1-15, 
 but to revive after seventy years and her gain to be consecrat- 
 ed to the Lord vs. 15-18. Ch. 24 General judgment of the 
 whole world. Ch. 25-27 Judah's triumph and blessedness. 
 
 Ch. 28-35 preparatory to Assyrian invasion ; 28 : 1-6 over- 
 throw of kingdom of ten tribes, followed in rest of section by 
 rebukes and threatenings of Judah with interjected promises of 
 Assyria's overthrow and Judah's deliverance. Ch. 36, 37, Sen- 
 nacherib's invasion, Isaiah's prophecy, miraculous defeat. 
 
40 
 
 XVI. ISAIAH CH. 38—48. 
 
 Ch. 38, 39 Hezekiah's sickness, recovery, congratulatory 
 message, prediction of Babylonish captivity. Ch. 40-66 Com- 
 fort under this foreseen calamity, why so long before the event, 
 drawn from the Mission and Destiny of Chosen People, which 
 is the theme of these chapters. Their sufferings ^ arose not 
 from God's weakness but their sins, ^were designed to fit them 
 for and further the accomplishment of their task ^would issue 
 in blessedness and glory. No logical but a formal division sug- 
 gested 48 : 22, 67 : 21. 1. Ch. 40-48 Deliverance from exile, 
 characteristic chap. 45. 2 Ch. 49-57 Sufferings and triumph of 
 Messiah, ch. 53. 3. Ch. 58-66 Future glory of God's people 
 ch. 60. Shadowed forth 40 : 2. Mission of Covenant People, 
 includes work of Messiah, both embraced under name Servant 
 of the Lord, ^appropriateness of title, ^analogies, seed of Abra- 
 ham, the prophet, son of David, Christ and his church in N. T., 
 3 N. T. Acts 13 : 47, comp. Isa. 49 : 6, 2 Cor. 6 : 2, comp. 
 Isa. 49 : 8 ; also Jer. 11 : 19, comp. Isa. 53 . 7, ^applicability to 
 all the passages. Cannot mean Israel to the exclusion of Mes- 
 siah ^called Israel 49 : 3, but distinguished from them 42 : 6, 
 49 : 5, 6 as their mediator and restorer ^his atoning death ch. 
 53. Nor Isaiah or the prophets: ^Mission not to Gentiles, ^ 
 nor sufferings vicarious. Nor Cyrus. Nor even Messiah ex- 
 clusively, for he is charged 42 : 9 with unfaithfulness and sin. 
 
 1 . Ch. 40-48. Ch. 40 Omnipotence of him who offers de- 
 liverance, voice crying in wilderness ver. 3. Ch. 41 contrast- 
 ed impotence of idols ; they can do nothing but God will raise 
 up Cyrus and redeem his people. Ch. 42 destiny of God's 
 servant, which neither God's seeming apathy, nor his own 
 character and condition shall obstruct. Ch. 43, 44 God will 
 certainly befriend his people in spite of idols and diviners. 
 Ch. 45-47 Cyrus predicted by name, the humiliation of Baby- 
 lon and the deliverance of God's captive people. 
 
 XVII. ISAIAH CH. 49—66. 
 
 2. Ch. 49-57. Ch. 49 Servant of Lord complains of want of 
 success; he shall accomplish the salvation not of Israel only but 
 of the ends of the earth. The blessedness thence resulting 
 49 : 12 — 56 : 8, confirmed by former benefits viz. : multiplica- 
 tion of Abraham's seed 51 : 2, deliverance from Egypt ver. 9, 
 and from Assyria 52 : 4, and twice interrupted by the suffer- 
 ings of the Servant of the Lord 50 : 6 and ch. 53. Blessings 
 flowing from this vicarious death ch. 54, offered freely to all 
 without restriction ch. 55, expressly extended to sons of strang- 
 er and those ceremonially debarred from covenant privileges 
 56 : 1-8 ; the heavy doom of apostates and sinners 56 : 9 — 
 57: 21. 
 
41 
 
 2. Ch. 58-66. The wickedness and hypocrisy of the people 
 the cause of their suffering ch. 58, 59, and call for divine in- 
 tervention 59 : 16, both for mercy and vengeance, bringing sal- 
 vation to Zion ch. 60-62, and judgment on Edom the type of 
 her foes 63 : 1-6, The Servant of the Lord for the last time 
 61 : 1-3, comp. Luke 4 : 18, 19, The prophet's prayer for the 
 speedy accomplishment of these things 63:7 — 64:12. The 
 Lord's answer ch. 65, 66, the wicked shall be cut off, God's 
 true servants preserved and blessed, new heavens and new 
 earth, paradise restored, God's people brought back, Gentiles 
 made priests, all flesh worship. Extension of salvation to Gen- 
 tiles foreshadowed in call of Abraham Gen. 12:3, recognized 
 in Mosaic period Num. 14 : 21, and by Psalmists 22 : 27, 28 ; 
 72: 8 etc., and taught with great fulness by Isaiah ; this was 
 the design of Hhe appointment of the Servant of the Lord 
 42: 1, 4, 6, ^the exaltation to be bestowed on Israel 2 : 2-4; 
 60 : 3, ^the judgments on the heathen, whether a the overthrow 
 of an empire aspiring to be universal 10 : 34 — 11 : 9, b the 
 punishment of individual nations resulting in the conversion of 
 others 18:7 or their own ch. 19, 23, or c the judgment on all 
 nations 24 : 14, 15 ; 59 : 18, 19. Represented as ^ a subjuga- 
 tion 11 : 14, ^voluntary accession 2:3; ll : 10, ^rendering 
 service 14 : 1, 2 ; 49, 22, 23, * union on an equal footing 
 19 : 24 ; 56 : 6, 8 ; 66 : 21, ^substitution in place of the reject- 
 ed sinners of Israel 65 : 1, 2. Expressed mostly in 0. T. 
 forms, coming up to Zion, offering sacrifices, etc., yet occasion- 
 al intimations of their temporary character, 'physical impossi- 
 bility literally understood 66 : 23, ^unessential nature of out- 
 ward forms 1:11-15; 58:2-7, ^removal of Levitical restric- 
 tions 19:19; 64:4, 5. 
 
 XVIII. GENUINENESS OF ISAIAH. 
 
 Isa. 2 : 2-4 and Mic. 4:1-3, ch. 36-39 and 2 Kin. 18:13 
 — 20 : 19, hypothesis concerning ch. 15, 16, see 16 : 13, 14. 
 Genuineness of disputed portions : 'objections arise from unbe- 
 lief, ^no external ground, ^allegation of diversity of style of 
 modern da<-e, capriciously made, grounds insecure, can be suc- 
 cessfully rebutted, differences among objectors, ^position in 
 this book inexplicable, aggravated by assumed lateness of date 
 and diversity of style. Burdens of Babylon ch. 13, 14; 
 21 : 1-10. Objected that the exile is not predicted but implied ; 
 'frequent method of prophets, ^had been predicted before by 
 himself and even by Moses. Proofs of genuineness : '13:1, 
 3 14:24-27, ^enigmatical title 21:1, * prophetic foresight 
 though written in the exile. Ch. 40-66. Objected, 1. That 
 the exile is represented as already existing, but 'such repre- 
 6 
 
42 
 
 sentations less frequent than is commonly asserted, 'claimed 
 as proof of God's foreknowledge that he has disclosed these 
 things, ^other passages show that the temple was still standing 
 and its worship then observed, * confounds prophetic with ac- 
 tual present. 2, Predictions plain to close of exile and vague 
 thereafter. But *few details of the exile or Cyrus, ^disclosures 
 always graduated by the needs of the people, ^so far as it is 
 true it confirms the genuineness. Testimony of Josephus, 
 Holy One of Israel. 
 
 XIX. MICAH. 
 
 Name, Morasthite, in days of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah. 
 Title disputed ^from form of prophet's name. But various 
 forms used interchangeably in same passage : and masoretic 
 note to Jer. 26 : 18 no proof of later usage, ^from subject of 
 prophecy, but see 1 : 5, 6, ^from Jer. 26 : 18, but this not limit 
 his ministry to reign of Hezekiah, "^from contents of book, 
 but disagreement of those who allege it ; 4 : 9, 10 not refer to 
 carrying away of Manasseh ; denial of prophetic foresight. 
 
 Summary of prophet's ministry, not distinct discourses. 
 Three sections, ch. 1, 2, ch. 3-5, ch, 6, 7. In the first, judg- 
 ment preponderates, and negative side of coming salvation. 
 In the second, mercy, the positive salvation, person of Messiah. 
 In the third, the threateniugs justified and promises appropriat- 
 ed. 
 
 XX. NAHUM. 
 
 Name, Elkoshite, Capernaum ? Date ^ inferred from posi- 
 tion of book, "from 1 : 9-14 which refers not to captivity of 
 Manasseh but invasion of Sennacherib, ^from 3 : 8-10, but the 
 event and its date uncertain . Double title. Three parts, ch. 
 1 decree of Nineveh's overthrow, ch. 2 its overthrow described, 
 ch. 3 the reasons of it and the certainty of its accomplishment. 
 
 CHALDEAN PERIOD. 
 
 Separated from preceding period by ungodly reigns of Man- 
 asseh and Amon. Embraces reigns of Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoi- 
 akim, Jehoiachin, Zedekiah. Great and growing corruption. 1. 
 Character of kings. 2. Obduracy in the face of judgments. 
 3. Persecution of the prophets. 4. Prevalence and influence 
 of false prophets. 5. Presumptuous trust in covenant privi- 
 leges. Near approach of judgment. Assyria charged with 
 work of menace and partial infliction. Chaldeans with full ex- 
 ecution of divine sentence. Resemblance to Israel in preced- 
 ing period, but diff"ers * kingdom not criminal essentially, 2 not 
 utterly apostate, ^ not to disappear finally. Prophecies mainly 
 denunciatory, yet more room for consolation positive and neg- 
 ative. 
 
43 
 
 Three prophets, Jeremiah, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. 1. Jere- 
 miah long ministry and large book of prophecy : books of the 
 others brief and ministry probably short. 2. Full details of 
 Jeremiah's life, nothing recorded of the others. 3. Jeremiah 
 and Zephaniah principally judgment on Judah : Habakkuk 
 judgment on Babylon. 4. Promises given that the judgment 
 should not destroy but purify, limit set to the exile, the people, 
 city, kingdom and priesthood should not perish forever, every 
 apparent loss should be more than compensated, and the world 
 be saved. Sequel to preceding period in Judah. 1. Range of 
 foresight not extended. 2. Previous predictions reiterated. 3. 
 No new Messianic revelations, Habakkuk negative, Zephaniah 
 positive, Jeremiah not only period but person of Messiah cou- 
 trasted with present feeble and ungodly kings. All predict 
 inversion of existing relation to the Gentiles. 
 
 XXI. JEREMIAH. PERSON OF THE PROPHET. 
 
 More details of his life than of any other canonical prophet. 
 His name. Son of Hilkiah priest in Anathoth. Question of 
 identity with Hilkiah 2 Kin. 22: 4. 1. Not called highpriest. 
 2. Descended from Ithamar ? but highpriest from Eleazar. 3. 
 Residence in Anathoth. IMention of brothers, uncle, cousin, 
 unmarried 16 : 2. Anathoth Josh. 21 : 18. Called in the 13th 
 year of Josiah, "a child" 1 : 6, 40 years ministry to the cap- 
 ture of Jerusalem. Jehoahaz and Jehoiachin omitted in the 
 title. Prophesied after the fall of the city, comp. Dan. 1 : 21. 
 Three great providential events. 1. Reformation of Josiah. 
 2. Capture of Jerusalem in the 4th year of Jehoiakim. 3. Its 
 destruction in the 11th year of Zedekiah. His ministry exer- 
 cised in Jerusalem ; 11 : 6 no proof of itineracy : Hostility from 
 men of Anathoth ; beaten and put in the stocks by Pashur ; 
 arrested on charge of treason ; his life sought by Jehoiakim ; 
 imprisoned and thrust into a filthy dungeon. Release on the 
 capture of the city, continued with the remnant left m Palestine, 
 carried by them to Egypt. Legends respecting him. Expecta- 
 tion of his reappearance Mat. 10 : 14. Typical character. His 
 writings. Talmudic order. Isaiah after Jeremiah and Ezekiel. 
 Lightfoot's explanation of Mat. 27 : 9. Hebrew deteriorated. 
 
 XXII. TEXT AND PLAN OF JEREMIAH. 
 
 Discrepancies between Hebrew and Greek text, abbrevia- 
 tions, additions, alterations, transpositions, remarked by Ori- 
 gen and Jerome. Theories of Egyptian and Palestine editions 
 of the original. Due to the translator 'their character, *inac- 
 curacies and arbitrary changes in other books, ^2 Chron. 36 : 
 20. Prophecies not in chronological order : Lightfoot and 
 
r 
 
 44 
 
 Blaney assume accidental dislocation. EicWiorn's hypothesis. 
 1. Disorder falsely assumed. 2. Devoid of evidence. 3. Con- 
 tents of Baruch's roll unknown. 4. Mechanical, Reaction 
 among critics. The book in its present form proceeded from the 
 prophet himself, shown by the analogy of other prophets, ab- 
 sence of proof to the contrary, recorded fact of his having re- 
 duced his prophecies to writing, the use of 1st person particu- 
 larly in headings "and formulas of transition. The arrange- 
 ment topical, hinted 27 : 12. Not written piecemeal in the 
 course of his ministry, but a continuous composition prepared 
 at its close. 1. Prophecies of different periods put together, 
 those of the same period dispersed. 2. Prophecies accompa- 
 nied by remarks made at a later period. 3. Allusions to suc- 
 ceeding portions of the book. 4. Systematic disposition of the 
 matter. 
 
 Three sections with a historical appendix ch. 52. I. ch. 1- 
 33 Prediction of the judgment and the restoration. II. ch. 34- 
 45 History of the judgment. III. ch. 4G-51 Predictions res- 
 pecting foreign nations. First section subdivided. 1. ch. 1 - 
 20 General denunciation of Judah. 2. ch. 21-23 Civil and re- 
 ligious leaders. 3. ch. 24-29 Design and duration of the judg- 
 ment. 4. ch. 30-33 Blessings which would follow. Threaten- 
 ing preponderates but a few words of promise in each division 
 till the last. In No. 1 not separate discourses, but continuous 
 treatment of one theme ; no date except 3 : 6. Second section. 
 1. ch. 84-38 Evidences of ripeness for judgment. 2. ch. 39 
 Destruction of the city. 3. ch. 40-45 Fortunes of the rem- 
 nant. No promise to the people, only one in each division to 
 individuals, the Rechabites 35 : 18-19, Ebed-melech 39 : 15-18, 
 Baruch ch. 45. 
 
 XXIir. CONTENTS OF JEREMIAH. 
 
 Abounds in symbols. ^ Visions : almond tree 1 : 11, 12, 
 seething-pot 1 : 13, 14, baskets of figs ch. 24, wine cup 25 : 15. 
 ^Actions : girdle 13 : 1-11, potter's vessels 18 : 1-6, bottle bro- 
 ken 19: 1-13, yoke 27: 1-11, field purchased 32 : 6-15, Rec- 
 habites ch. 35, stones in the brick-kiln 43 : 8-10, book sunk in 
 the Euphrates 51 : 59-64. ^ Names. Magor-missabib 20 : 3, 
 Shallum 22: 11, Coniah 22: 24, new application of Jehoiakim 
 and Zedekiah 23 : 5, 6, Sheshach 25 : 26, ' the midst of them 
 that rise up against me' 51: 1, Merathaim, Pekod 50 : 21. I. 
 1- Chap, 1 introductory, describes character of his ministry first 
 literally, then symbolically in two visions. Ch. 2-20 divided 
 by headings into three parts. (1.) Ch. 1-6 argument of doom, 
 a 2 : 1-3 : 5 Judah guilty of forsaking Jehovah. 5 3:6-4:2 
 Worse than Israel, c 4 : 3-6: 20 To be visited with desolation 
 and exile. (2.) Ch. 7-23 His covenant privileges could not 
 
45 
 
 save him. (3.) Ch, 14-20 His doom terrible and inevitable. 
 Promise in (1.)^ to Israel, Judah incidentally included to inti- 
 mate the proximate judgment. Restoration individualized, pas- 
 stors according to God's heart, multiplication, the ark super- 
 seded, cessation of the schism. In (2.) the temple would not save 
 them 7 : 4, nor their sacrifices 7 : 21, nor their possession of the 
 law 8 : 8, nor the presence of God 8 : 19, nor their circumcision 
 9 : 25, 26. Promise to the heathen 12 : 14-17, they shall be in- 
 corporated . among God's people : only incidentally to Judah, 
 whose exclusive privileges are withdrawn. Bearing on literal- 
 ism. Promise in (3.) of distant mercy in a form implying the 
 nearer judgment 16 : 14, 15. I. 2. ch. 21-23. Sentence pas- 
 sed upon Zedekiah and his unworthy predecessors, with the con- 
 trast of future faithful shepherds and especially Messiah ; also 
 upon the religious leaders. I. 3. ch. 24-29 Purpose and dura- 
 tion of exile declared in the reign of Jehoiakim, that of Zede- 
 kiah, and to the captives. 
 
 . XXiV. CONTENTS OF JEREMIAH. (Concludid.) 
 
 I. 4. ch. 30-33. Blessings. Two parts ch. 30, 31 Restora- 
 tion of theocracy, new potency, perpetuity in literal terms and 
 under figure of rebuilding Jerusalem with enlarged dimensions. 
 Belong not to Israel as a nation but as people of God. ^ In- 
 spired application Heb. 8 : 8 etc., 10 : 15 etc, ^ prophet's teach- 
 ings elsewhere. God's promises not bound by nationality irre- 
 spective of character 18 : 6-10, the true Israel preserved in 
 the faithful few notwithstanding the rejection of the unbeliev- 
 ing mass S : 14, 24 ; 4-10, and the building of heathen in the 
 midst of God's people 12 : 6, the superseding of covenant on 
 stone 31 ' 33 and of ark 3 : 16 implies cessation of the peculiar 
 sacredness of the places they had hallowed. Chaps. 32, 33 
 Promise of restoration and righteous son of David repeated, 
 with the addition ^of perpetuity of royalty and priesthood 33 ; 
 17, 18 secures from extirpation not interruption, " immense 
 multiplication of the royal and priestly families 33 : 22. Seed 
 of David, triple fulfilment : in Zerubbabel, etc., in Christ, in 
 all God's people. For ^ perpetuity of the kingdom not require 
 such a multitude of descendants, ^ literal sense preposterous, 
 ^ terms identical with the promise to Abraham, * Israel's ori- 
 ginal destiny Ex. 19 : 6, ^ 1 Pet. 2 : 9, Rev. 1 : 6, 5 : 10. The 
 Priesthood analogous fulfilment : priests returning after cap- 
 tivity, Christ, entire people of God. 1. Stress on perpetuity of 
 priesthood, the line of descent unessential. 2. Elsewhere inti- 
 mates abolition of old economy, which implies a change of out- 
 ward forms. 3. Isa. 61:6, 66:21. 4. Providence of God. 
 5. Teachings of N. T. 6. Admitted by literalists. 
 
 II. 1, ch. 34-38 facts adduced as specimens and evidences of 
 
46 
 
 the prevailing corruption. Hebrew servants ch. 34. Reehab- 
 ites ch. 35, Jehoiakim ch. 36, Zedekiah ch. 37, 38, 2. ch. 39 
 Destruction of city. 3. ch. 40-45 the wretched remnant, cloa- 
 ing with personal promise to Baruch. 
 
 III. ch. 46-51, Probably in chronological order. Promises 
 to Egypt, Moab, Ammon and Elam ; none to Babylon 51 : 65. 
 Ch. 52 historical appendix, perhaps added by another. 1. Jer. 
 51 : 64. 2. Similar narrative in ch. 39. 3. Date of 52 : 31- 
 34 twenty-six years after the destruction of the city. 4. Coin- 
 cidence with 2 Kings. Contains no mention of return from 
 exile. Jeremiah's adoption of language of preceding books, 
 especially ch. 48 Moab, 49 : 7 etc., Edom : affords incidental 
 proof of their genuineness : variations not arise from corruption 
 of text. 
 
 LAMENTATIONS. 
 One of five Megilloth, in Hagiographa or after Jeremiah, 
 catalogues of canon. Hebrew, Greek and Latin names. Not 
 composed with reference to death of Josiah 2 Chron. 35 : 25, 
 nor on occasion of his death with foresight of destruction of 
 city, but on occurrence of this latter event. Five sections of 
 one chapter each ; all alphabetical but the last ; ch. 3 triple 
 recurrence of each letter ; ch. 2, 3, 4 transposition of Ayin and 
 Pe. Not distinct elegies relating to successive stages of Je- 
 rusalem's overthrow. Written by Jeremiah, ^unanimous voice 
 of tradition, verse prefixed in LXX and Vulgate, Josephus, 
 Origin, Jerome, Talmud, ^correspondence with character of 
 prophet, coincidences in statement of facts and forms of ex- 
 pression, ^no ground for disputing it. 
 
 XXV. HABAKKUK. 
 
 Name. Levitical descent inferred from 3 : 19. Date ^be- 
 fore the Chaldean invasions which yet were to occur in that 
 generation, ^the temple standing 2 : 20, and its worship not 
 suspended 3 : 19, ^ order of minor Prophets. Probably soon 
 after 12th year of Josiah. The mention of Chaldeans and 
 their ravages does not prove it to belong to reign of Jehoiakim 
 or Zedekiah, ^prophetic foresight, ^ these atrocities future 1 : 6, 
 ^events referred to which are much later than this. Apocry- 
 phal legend. Divisions : The first complaint 1 : 2-4. The 
 Lord's response 1 : 5-11. The second complaint 1 : 12—2 : 1. 
 The Lord's response 2 : 2-20. The triumph ch. 3. The in- 
 justice and oppression in Judah to be punished by the Chal- 
 deans and the Chaldeans to be punished by their overthrow. 
 The burden 2 : 4-20, consisting of a brief preamble and five 
 woes in successive stanzas. Messianic passage in the third. 
 Ch. 3 a lyrical recapitulation, resemblance to the Psalms in 
 
47 
 
 style, artistic form, title, subscription and Selah. Applied by 
 the fathers to the advent and work of Christ. Bengel's chron- 
 ological hypothesis ver. 2 ; vs. 8-15 not historical, ^diversity 
 in the explanation of details, ^disproportionate length, ^tense 
 of opening verb ver. 3 (Hebrew). Prophetic of a divine de- 
 scent to judgment, which is to include whatever was most 
 grand in former manifestations of God, directed against the 
 Chaldeans and all other foes. Convulsions of nature poetic 
 and emblematic or suggestive of the final judgment. 
 
 XXVI. ZEPHANIAH. 
 
 Habakkuk describes judgment on Chaldeans ; Zephaniah a 
 universal judgment, in which however no allusion is made to 
 the Chaldeans who are viewed not as objects but as execution- 
 ers of God's wrath. It has special reference to the unfaithful 
 in Judah, and inferior contiguous nations from whose fate as 
 in Amos an argument of Judah's doom is derived 3 : 6-8. 
 Zephaniah and Jeremiah more frequent allusions to former 
 Scriptures than Habakkuk. Zephaniah's ancestry traced 
 through four degrees, to Hezekiah, probably the king, ^identi- 
 ty of name, '^traced to so remote an ancestor, ^correspondence 
 with the date. Objections that he is not explicitly called king 
 and that no such son of king Hezekiah is mentioned in the 
 history. Date 1 : 1 probably after Josiah's twelfth year. 
 Other criteria inconclusive; 2 : 13 predicted desolation of Nin- 
 eveh; 1:4 "remnant of Baal," cutting of Chemarim ; 1:8 
 "the king's children" ; 3 :4 "the law," Ch. 1 universal and 
 sweeping judgment with particular application to the wicked 
 in Judah vs. 4-13, exhortation to seek the Lord as the only 
 means of escape 2 : 1-3, enforced by judgments on other na- 
 tions, exhibited in three stanzas of four verses each, Philistia 
 in the west, Moab and Ammon in the east, Ethiopia and As- 
 syria in the south and north. In the middle stanza Messianic 
 allusion as in Habukkuk. Application to Jerusalem 3 : 1-8. 
 Promissory conclusion vs. 9-20. The heathen shall possess a 
 pure language and take part in the restoration of God's peo- 
 ple. Purity and blessedness of Israel. 
 
 XXVII. PERIOD OF THE EXILE. 
 
 The course of degeneracy violently terminated. The people 
 sifted and the better portion carried captive, ^ overruling provi- 
 dence of God, 2 natural causes in a the disposition of the peo- 
 ple, h the intentions of the Chaldeans. Influence needed upon 
 the people and on their behalf; the former exerted by Ezekiel, 
 the latter by Daniel at the court of Babylon, hence in Hagiog- 
 rapha. Exile began in 4th year of Johoiakim, its early portion 
 a transition period ; denunciatory until the fall of Jerusalem, 
 
48 
 
 after that consolatory. Ezekiel a priest, Daniel of royal de- 
 scent ; influence on their respective ministries and symbols. 
 Exactness of dates ; Babylonish influence ; date of Messiah's 
 advent. Previous limitation of prophetic foresight to the judg- 
 ment wrought by or upon Babylon. Range now extended to 
 the future troubles of Israel and the succession of empires 
 until Messiah's advent. 
 
 EZEKIEL (Begun.) 
 
 Few details of his life. Name. Carried captive with Je- 
 hoiachin, 8 years after Daniel. Ministry began 5th year Je- 
 hoiachin's captivity (this dated from rather than Zedekiah's 
 reign), the year after Jeremiah's message Jer. 51 : 59 ; in 30th 
 year of his age Num. 4 : 3, not from first year of Nabopolassar, 
 nor from last jubilee, nor T8th year of Josiah, ^no proof that 
 these were eras, ^no other date in the book reckoned from 
 them, ^if intended they would "have been mentioned. At Tel- 
 abib by the Chebar, same as Habor 2 Kiri. 17:6, married 
 24 : 18. Duration of ministry uncertain ; latest date 27th 
 year of Jehoiachin's captivity 29 : 17. Eff'ect of his .labours 
 shown in ^frequent consultation by elders and others 8:1; 
 14 : 1, etc., 2 freedom in uttering his reproofs, ^ moral change 
 eff"ected during the exile. His Hebrew more anomalies and 
 foreign forms than that of Daniel, who uses both Hebrew and 
 Chaldee. 
 
 I. Before the capture of Jerusalem ch. 1-24 denunciatory. 
 II. Respecting foreign natioi s ch. 25-32. III. After the 
 capture of Jerusalem ch. 33-48 promissory. Opening vision 
 1 : 1—3 : 15 like Isa. 6 and Rev. 4 based on cherubim over the 
 ark. Design not merely to make an impression of majesty and 
 glory but as preparation for this specific message. The Mosaic 
 symbol its general signification : The God of creation and of 
 temple present in profane land of captivity and about to make 
 a communication to the prophet. Modifications, its particular 
 application : ^ life and swiftness, -fire, wrath, qualified by 
 rainbow of the covenant. Verbal commission and symbol of 
 roll 2 : 9 — 3 : 3, comp. Rev. 10 : 9. After seven days connect- 
 ed prophecy to end of chap. 7 : Responsibilities of his ofl5ce, 
 four symbolic actions followed by denunciation in literal terms. 
 * tile, besieged city, warfare, ^ lie bound 390 and 40 days. Lit- 
 eral performance physically impossible, out of proportion to 
 the end, weaken the impression, chronological difficulty. Not 
 represent days of siege, with which they do not correspond, and 
 the days stand for years 4 : G, either of sin or punishment ; how 
 reckoned, ^ bread, * hair. 
 
 XXVIII. EZEKIEL. (Concluded.) 
 
 . Oh. 8-11, one year later. Presumption of inhabitants of Je- 
 
49 
 
 nisalcm : effect on exiles., I. The cvimes of Jerusalem andili 
 'Certain destruction 8 : 1 — 11 : 13. 2. Tlie exiles arc God's 
 true covenant people 11 ; 14-21. Profanation of temple, not 
 perhaps acraal, scenes of single idolatrous festival, or various 
 forms of iTiolatry gathered tliere, but ideal cop.centration. '^ 
 Lev. 10:16, 19, '' Ex. 20 : 3, '^temple waa Judalvs place of 
 M'orship, ^justified by actitnl profanation at different times. 
 Image of jealousy, chamberof »magerv Jaa?:^aniah, Tammuz, five 
 and twenty men. Six men with the man in linen. Five and 
 tTrenty men at the east gate, Pelatiak son of IJenainh. Prom- 
 ises to exiles, 'G^id v,'ill be a sanctuary to them 11 : 16, '^ 
 bring them back to land of Israel ver, 17, "give them a new 
 heart ver. 19. Glory of God forsakes the temple. Denuncia- 
 tions continued until the day that Jerusalem is besieged ch. 24, 
 Seven foreign nations ch, 2.3-32. Amnion, Moab, Edom, Phib 
 istia, Tyre, Zidon, Egypt. Promises I. Deliverance from foe? 
 <?h 33—39, II. Restoration of the theocracy ch. 40-48. I. 
 Evening preceding news of fall of cit}-, second formal call of 
 prophet ch. 33, deliverance- from wicked rulers, David their 
 shepherd ch, 34, from present foes, Edom denounced, contrast- 
 od blessedness of Israel, valley of dry bones, union of the two 
 sticks ch. 35-37, from future foes, Gog and Magog ch. 38, 39. 
 II. Fourteenth year after the cit}' was smitten, 1st month and 
 lOth da}^. Not literal whether a historical, for ^not correspond 
 . with what had existed, -unmeaning, "'evidentl}' relates to fu- 
 ture, nor b mandatory, for not followed by returning exiles, nor 
 e prophetic, contrary to declarations of N. T. atid, intimations 
 of 0. T. ; Jewish ritual abolished by sacrifice of Christ and by 
 providence of God. But ideal and sym^bolical. 1. The actual 
 temple symbolical : made use of symbolically by Ezekiel else- 
 Avhere, Jer. 31 : 38-40, etc. 2. Yields a good sense. 3. Phys- 
 ical impossibility of literal sense, 4, Ilev, 21. 22. 
 
 1. ch, 40-43 : 12 measurements ot the temple. Reestablish- 
 ment of kingdom of God. ^ Enlarged dimensions. ^ promi- 
 nence given to subordinate pnrts. Glory of God enters it. 2. 
 43 : 13-47 : 12 restored worship, stream flowing from temple. 
 3. 47 : 13-48 : 35 division of the land, ^uniform and regular, 
 - divinely ordered. Clear instance of 0. T. objects used to set 
 forth N. T. things. 
 
 XXIX. DANIKL. (Begux.) 
 
 Name, descent, events of his life, referred to by Ezekiel l4 : 
 14, 28 ; 3 kingdoms of the world in conflict with the kingdom 
 of God. I. ch. 1-6 individual, historical. II. ch. 7-12 na- 
 tional, prophetic, Chaldee 2 : 4-7 : 28 and Hebrew. Genuine- 
 ness denied on sceptical grounds by Celsus, Porphyry, English 
 7 
 
flelsts, German critics, referred to times of MaccaBees. Objec- 
 tions 1. "Greek Avorcls, Hheir number exafrgern ted, ^ readily ac- 
 sounted for, ^^like charge against still older bo&ks of Bible, * 
 abandoned as anteaablc, 2. Position in Canon. ^Division of 
 canon not chronological, " Jewish tradition, ^accounts for no- 
 thing, true explanation, o. Needless multiplication of mira- 
 cles. But ^ needed by people, ^ prepared the way for their 
 restoration, •''present effect on the heathen, '^future consolation, 
 4, Definite dates and minute details of the prophecies. ^ Nat- 
 uralistic views, "explicitness of other prophecies, 70 years cap- 
 tivity, 65 years Ephraim, 3 years Moab, 15 years Ilezekiah^ 
 fall of Babylon, Zechariali»9 : 13 same conS'iet -VTithliingdom of 
 Greece, '"'provide for the future wants of the people. 5. Defi- 
 nite predictions only to death of Antiochus ; Hike limitation 
 in other prophecies, eT;vcob, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Zecha- 
 riah, ^ date of Messiah''s advent, rise of Roman empire. 6. 
 Selfdaudation, but ^so Moses, Paul, ^impartiality of sacred 
 writers, ^Daniel relates facts or repeats words of others. 
 Proofs of genuinenesa, 1. Purports to have been written by 
 Daniel ; 1st person in second part, and unity of the whole 
 shown by ccnsistent plan, like expressions, reciprocal allusions, 
 change of language ;, can neither be fiction nor fraud. 2. 
 Canon closed in tinie of Ezra and Nehemiah. 3. Our Lord 
 son of man, kingdom of heaven Mat. 24 : 15, 30 ; 26 : 04, 
 John 5 : 28, 20, Apostlea Ileb. 11 : 33, 34, 1 Cor. 6 : 2, 2 Thes. 
 2 : 3, 1 Pet. 1 : 10-12, Revelation. 
 
 XXX. DAXIEL. (CoxcLUDED.) 
 4, Josephns, 1 Maccabees, Greek version. 5. Character of 
 the Hebrew, of the Chaldee, use of both languages as in Ezra. 
 G. Acquaintance with tlie history, shewn in character of 
 Daniel, Nebuchadnezzar, Darius, Belshazzar, no error.in dates, 
 Nebuchadnezzar's adorning Babylon, prophetic dream, insanity, 
 circumstances of Babylon's capture, Darius the Mede, 120 
 princes, Modes and Persians, Persians and Modes. 7. KnoAV- 
 ledge of customs ; land of Shinar 1 : 2, fed from king's table, 
 changing names of Daniel and his companions, years of Nebu- 
 chadnezzar's reign, punishments, colossal image, music, women 
 at entertainments, gold chain, king's edicts immutable, the 
 magi. 8. Abundance of symbols as in Ezekiel; book incon- 
 sistent with assumed Maccabean origin. General disclosure of 
 future in ch. 2 Nebuchadnezzar's dream, and ch. 7 vision of 
 f jur beasts, lion with eagle's wings, bear with three ribs, leo- 
 pard with four wings and four heads and nondescript wuth ten 
 horns and a little horn. Avoid prediction of Roman empire 
 a by dividing Medo-Persian. But ^this but one empire, mere 
 change of reigning family, -always so spoken of by profane 
 
and sacred writers, Esther, Dan. 5 : 28 ; 6:18; 12 : 15, -"leo- 
 pard with four beads not answer to Persian empire ; h separate 
 empire of Alexander from that of his successors. But ^four 
 beads represent empire broken into four parts, 5 fourth empire 
 stronger and more terrible than its predecessors, comp. 8 : 22 ; 
 11 : 4, -'no explanation of the ten horns. Ch. 8-12 supple- 
 mentary. Ch. 8 ram and hcgoat. Ch. 9, seventy weeks, 
 reckoned from mission of Nehemiali in 20th year of Artaxerxes 
 Longimanus : in 7 weeks rebuilding of city in troublous times ; 
 after 69 weeks Messiah's public appearance ; in midst of last 
 week his effectual sacrifice followed by destruction of the city 
 and sanctuary. Ch. 10-12 prediction in literal terms of over- 
 throw, of Persian empire by Alexander, division of Macedo- 
 nian empire on his_ death, persecutions of Antiochus, relieved 
 by the brightness of the future, the rcsiirrection and eternal 
 glory. Reluctant testimony of skeptics to truth of the pro- 
 phecies, Apocryphal sections in LXX. 
 
 XXXI. IIAGGAT. 
 
 Sifting of the people at close of exile as at the loeginning. 
 Haggai and Zechariah cheer them under present trials and 
 discouragements, by shewing Hhe future splendour of theoc- 
 racy in contrast with its present. low estate, "the altered con- 
 dition and disposition of heathen powers. Zechariah also 
 prepares them for additional troubles in the future, and declares 
 how signally they would be delivered out of them. Malachi 
 is occupied not with their external condition but taeir iuAvard 
 spiritual state. liaggai, mentioned Ezra 5:1; 6 : 14, dura- 
 tion of ministry, age, four discourses in second year of Darius. 
 First ch. 1 to Zerubbabel and Joshua, building the temple, its 
 effect. Second 2 : 1-0, shake heavens and earth, desire of all 
 nations, glory of latter and of former house. Third 2 : 10-19 
 related to first, every thing vitiated by their former neglect, 
 God's blessing attended their reviving zeal. Fourth, 2 : 20-23, 
 related to second, in shaking all nations, Zerubbabel the repre- 
 sentative of royal house of David protected. 
 
 XXXII. ZEUHAIITAU. (Bkgux.) 
 
 Name, parentage, priestly descent, age, beginning of minis- 
 try, its duration, Mat. 23:35. Three parts: 1. Ch. 1-6 
 series of visions. 2. Ch. 7, 8, answer to a question proposed 
 by the people. 3. Ch. 9-14 prophecies in literal terms relat- 
 ing to future fortunes of God's people. Difficulty in the cita- 
 tion Mat. 27 : 9 ; various solutions, Zechariah not the author, 
 error in transcription, a peculiar order of the prophets, com- 
 bined reference to two passages. Genuineness of Ch. 9-14 : 
 objections ^ style and character, "incidental allusions, Judah 
 
and Israel 11 : 14 or Epliraim : 13 : 10 : 0, 7 ; but see 1 : VJ, 
 8 : 13, Ezek. 37 : IG ; king of. Gaza : 5, Assyria and Egypt 
 10: 10, 11, idolatry 10: 2; 13 : 2. No allusion to any king in 
 Judah. Position in tliis book not explicable otherwise. I, 
 Ch. 1-6 eight visions. First, 1 -.7-17 mun on red horse; sec- 
 ond, 1 : 8-21 four horns and carpenters ; third, ch. 2, measur- 
 ing line; fourth, ch, 3, high priest" in filthy garmenrs ; fifth, 
 ch? 4, candlestick and tv,-o olive trees; sixth, 5:1-4, flying 
 roll; seventh, 5 : 5-11, woman in an ephah ; eighth, 6:1-8, 
 chariots issuing from bet^Yeen two mountains. Symbolical ra- 
 tion, 6 : 9-15, the croAvned priest. 
 
 XXXIIL ZPXfiARIAn. (CoxcLUOKn.) 
 II. Ch. 7, 8, Continued observance of fasts, 7 : 4-14 rebuke 
 of spirit in Avhich they hnd been kept, ch. 8 happy future. III. 
 ch, 9-14 Scenes from future fortunes of God's people from theis 
 protection in the time cf Alexander to final overthrow of all 
 enemies, Ch. 9 Burden of Iladyach, pledge of protection vs. 
 9, 10 in Zion's King, Maccabean deliverance ver. 13. Ch. 11. 
 Desolation of land vs. 1-3, its predicted cause vs. 4-14, the 
 treatment of the good shepherd, Ueauty and Bands, three shep- 
 herds cut oft*, his price ; vs. 15-17 abandoned to foolish slicp- 
 herd. Ch. 12, 13 Jerusalem assailed, delivered, outpouiing of 
 spirit, mourning by families, fountain opened, sin abandoned : 
 judgment to follow the smiting of the shepherd, Ch. 14 Jeru- 
 salem besieged by all nations, taken, miraculous rescue, living 
 waters, judgment on gathered foes, universal consecration. 
 
 MALACfll. 
 
 Name, date, self-righteousness of people ^claiming that they 
 had fulfilled their duty, -demanding a better recom.pense. '1 wo 
 parts : I. 1 : 2-2 : 16 their obligations and sins ; « 1 : 2-5 their 
 obligations to God, b 1 : 6-2 : 9 sins directly against God, c 2 : 
 10-16 against their brethren. II. 2 : 17-4 : 6 the judgment and 
 recompense ; a 2 : 17-3 • 6 severity of the test which the Lord 
 shall apply at his com'ing ; messenger to prepare the way. Angel 
 of the covenant. Christ contemplated not as a redeemer but a 
 judge ; 5 3: 7-12 their desert of the curse with which they had 
 ijeen visite4, c 3 :13-4 : 6 distinction to be made between the 
 righteous and the wicked. Elijah ; the last of the prophets ends 
 with the announcement of the herald of the new dispensation. 
 
*- 
 
 p 
 
_PAMPHIET BINDER 
 
 ■ Syracuse, N. Y. 
 = Stockton, Calif. 
 
 DATE DUE 
 
 vuOSCriK7~' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CArLORD 
 
 
 
 
v^ 
 
 BS1141.G79 
 
 Special literature of the Old Testament 
 
 Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 
 
 1 1012 00038 3150 
 
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