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 -MEMORIAL 
 
 OF TIIK f 
 
 I (Ze ntonial Qi^^iani zaliori of the (/ {nffcf 
 
 The State of New Jersey. 
 
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 BX59I7 
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 MEMORIAL ^-^^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Centennial of the Organization 
 
 OF 
 
 THE CHURCH 
 
 IN 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 THOMAS WHITTAKER, 
 
 2 AND 3 BIBLE HOUSE. 
 1885. 
 
1755 
 
 1555 
 
 Christ Church, New Brunswick, N. J., 
 
 WHEItE THE FIEST CONVENTION OP THE CHUItCH IN THE STATE 
 OF NEW JERSEY WAS HELD. 
 
 JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE CENTENNIAL. 
 
 From the Diocese of New Jersey. 
 
 The Rev. B. Franklin, D.D., Mr. James Parker, 
 
 The Eev. Charles E. Phelps, Mr. Howard Eichards, 
 
 The Eev. P. Marion McAllister, Mr. Eichard S. Conover, 
 
 The Eev. T. Logan Muri^hj', Mr. Francis Many. 
 
 F)-om the Diocese of Northern New Jersey. 
 The Eev. J. Nicholas Stansbury, B. D., Mr, Henry W. Miller, 
 
 The Eev. Horace S. Bishop, 
 The Eev. John F. Butterworth, 
 
 Mr. P. Edwards Johnson, 
 Mr. Paul Babcock. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON THE MEMOEIAL. 
 
 The Eev. George Morgan Hills, D.D., The Eev. William H. Neilson, 
 
 Mr. Clifford Stanley Sims. 
 
CEXTEN]SriAL 
 
 OF THE ORGAJl^IZATION OF 
 
 THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 
 
 In accordance with the suggestion of the Bishop of New 
 Jersey in his Episcopal Address of 1883, with reference to 
 " marking properly" the hnndredth anniversary of the organ- 
 ization of the Clmrch in ~^e\v Jersey, and in pursuance of the 
 plans of the joint committee of the two dioceses now in the 
 State, the Bishops of New Jersey and Northern New Jersey, 
 and a large number of clergymen and laymen from both dio- 
 ceses, together with the Bishop of Pittsburgh and other invited 
 guests, assembled May 5th, 1885, in Christ Churcli, New 
 Brunswick, where a century ago was held the " first sitting" 
 of the Convention. 
 
 The place, the day, and the occasion were all in harmony. 
 The venerable building and its seemly churchyard tilled with 
 memorials of the historic dead were never more impressive. 
 
 At 9 A.M. there was a celebration of the Holy Eucharist, 
 the Rt. Rev. John Scarborough, D.D., Bishop of New Jersey, 
 being celebrant, assisted by the Rev. E. M. Rodman, M.A., 
 Dean of New Brunswick, and the Rev. L. II. Lighthipe, 
 M.A., of Woodbridge. 
 
 The Rev. E. B. Joyce, S.T.B., Rector of Christ Church, 
 was also in the sanctuary, and the music was rendered by the 
 parish choir. 
 
 At eleven o'clock there was a second celebration of the 
 Holy Eucharist, the music being Tours in F^ Mr, Charles W. 
 Walker, of St. John's Church, Elizabeth, presiding at the 
 organ. The procession formed in the parish building, and 
 
6 CENTEISTNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 moved through the churchyard, entering the west door of tlie 
 nave. First, seventy choristers, in cassocks and cottas, men 
 and boys selected from six of the seven wards of the Choir 
 Guild of the diocese, viz., St. Mary's Church, Burlington ; 
 Christ Church, Elizabeth ; Christ Church, South Amboy ; 
 Trinity Church, Princeton ; Christ Church, Bordentown ; 
 and St. James's Church, Long Branch ; under the direction 
 of the Eev. H. H. Oberly, M.A., Precentor of the Guild ; 
 then, all the vested clergy present, several of whom wore their 
 proper hoods ; and, lastly, the three prelates in their episcoi^al 
 robes. 
 
 The processional hymn was, " Rejoice, ye pure in 
 heart," music by Messiter. 
 
 The Pvt. Rev. Thomas A. Starkey, D.D., Bishop of 
 Northern New Jersey, was celebrant, the Rt. Rev. (^^ortlandt 
 Whitehead, D.D., Bishop of Pittsburgh, epistoler, and the 
 Rt. Rev. John Scarborough, D.D., Bishop of New Jersey, 
 gospeller. There were also in the sanctuary the Rev. C. C. 
 Tiffany, D.D., of New York, representing the Assistant- 
 Bisho}) of that diocese ; the Rev, George Morgan Hills, D.D., 
 Dean of Burlington ; the Rev. J. Nicholas Stansbury, B.D., 
 Dean of Newark ; the Rev. B. Franklin, D.D., Chairman of 
 Committee of Arrangements, and the Rev. E. B. Joyce, 
 S.T.B., Rector of Christ Church, New Brunswick. The 
 Nicene Creed was sung in monotone, with obligato accompani- 
 ment on the organ. This was followed l)y the hymn, " Glori- 
 ous things of Thee are spoken," to the tune of Austria. 
 
 The sermon was by the Hqv. J. F. Garrison, M.D., D.D., 
 of Camden, as follows : 
 
 Genesis 32 : 10. — '"'' And Jacob said, I am not worthy 
 of the least of all the mercies, and of cdl the truth, which 
 thou hast showed unto thy servant', for %Dith my staff 1 
 2)assed over this Jordan • and noio 1 am hecome two hands.'''' 
 
 Thus spake the ])atriarch Jacob as he came back, after 
 long years of toil and struggle, and, with a goodly company of 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 
 
 flocks, and tents, and followers, and children, stood again 
 beside the river which in his early manhood, going out from 
 his father's house, fearful and troubled, he had passed over, 
 poor, doubtful, and unattended, with his staff alone. 
 
 So, too, though in a far different sphere and with a far 
 wider meaning, may the Church in New Jersey speak of her- 
 self to-day. 
 
 As she now gathers, in this large and impressive assembly, 
 her clergy and laity from every portion of the State, with her 
 two noble sister dioceses, their more than two hundred par- 
 ishes, their large and rapidly-increasing influence and com- 
 munion, and looks back through the century since her first 
 organization in this State to the poor, weak, burdened handful 
 who "Were scarce able in those struggling years to keep her 
 services alive, she, with devout thanksgiving, yet in a spirit of 
 humility, may truly say, " I am not worthy of the least of all 
 the mercies, and of all the truth, which thou hast showed unto 
 thy servant ; for with my staff I passed over this Jordan ; and 
 now I am become two bands." 
 
 One hundred years ago, on July 6th, 1T85, three clergy- 
 men and lay deputies from eight parishes met in this city, in 
 this venerable church, and organized the first regular conven- 
 tion of the " Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New 
 Jersey. ' ' 
 
 Its president was the Rev. Abraham Beach, who at this 
 time was the assistant-minister of Trinity Church, New York, 
 but who had been the missionary and rector of Christ Churcli, 
 New Brunswick, from September, 1767, until the previous 
 year, 1784, when he transferred his labors to New York, but 
 continued to maintain, for several years after, his connection 
 with the Convention of New Jersey, and with this, the parish 
 of his first ministerial service and his life-long love. 
 
 This Convention of 1785 was the first of that long series 
 which, in the one hundred and thirteenth meeting of the orig- 
 inal, and the eleventh of the younger diocese, has met for the 
 centennial commemoration of to-day ; and from it the Church 
 
8 CEISTTEISTNIAL OF THE OEGAISTIZATIOTST OF 
 
 in New Jersey dates tlie beginning of her diocesan history and 
 of tlie exercise of her privileges as a self-governing branch of 
 the one Catholic Chnrch, 
 
 This same year, 1785, is equally memorable also to us in 
 the larger movements for the national organization of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 
 
 The constitution and standards of the National Church 
 were not finally established until four years after, in 1789, 
 but the work was begun in 1785, and the centennial of the 
 decisive event in which the organization of the "Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in the United States" had its actual com- 
 mencement dates from a convention held in Christ Church, 
 Philadelphia, from September 27th to October 7th, 1785. 
 
 This was a meeting of deputies (seventeen clerical and 
 twenty-six lay), sent by " the Church" in each of the several 
 States which were willing to take part in it, and it called itself 
 " a Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 States of JS ew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 Maryland, Yirginia, and South Carolina." 
 
 The general principles on which the churches could be 
 united took here a definite shape, and the work of bringing 
 this " to good effect" went on continuously from this begin- 
 ning ; but this meeting was not itself a mere spontaneous 
 gathering : it had come together in answer to a call prepared 
 in two consultations of clergy and laymen held in the previous 
 year, 1784. The first of these was on May 11th, 1784. This 
 had its origin in the suggestions and efforts of the then rector 
 of this parish, Rev. Dr. Beach, and was held, in accordance 
 with his arrangements, in this city. And, as was eminently 
 fitting, this event, which exercised so great an influence on the 
 future of the Church in both the nation and the State, was 
 commemorated last year, at the request of our bishops, in our 
 diocesan conventions and most of the parishes throughout the 
 State. But the object of these meetings of 1784 was only 
 preparatory and suggestive ; the work of organizing the 
 churches in the separate States as one in the Church of the 
 
THE CHUECH IN NEW JEESEY. 
 
 United States, was really begnn in tlie Philadelphia Conven- 
 tion of 1785 ; and the centennial of the present year thus calls 
 back to ns not only the " hundred years ago" of the Church 
 in New Jersey, but also the wider range and more important 
 interests of the Church in the United States. 
 
 The movements for ecclesiastical organization, l)oth local 
 and general, which mark this period, were made necessary by 
 the conditions in wiiicli the Church in this country found 
 itself at the close of the Revolution, and by the mode in which 
 its affairs had been conducted during the previous century or 
 more of its colonial government. Ifence, if we desire to un- 
 derstand the work on which the Church was entering in 1785, 
 or the character of the new era of its history which was pre- 
 pared for by this work, we must recall some of the more im- 
 portant relations of the Church, both at the termination of the 
 War of Independence and during its earlier existence in the 
 colonies. 
 
 It is extremely difficult for us, after a hundred years of 
 the ever-deepening sense of nationality and union, to realize 
 how utterly the colonies on this continent were separate and 
 independent of each other during almost the whole of their 
 colonial history. 
 
 They were diverse in their several forms of government, 
 unlike in the character of their settlers and in the principles 
 and purposes that moulded their legislation. And upon several 
 matters, some of very considerable importance, their interests 
 came strongly into conflict ; and on these the feelings of the 
 respective communities were not only opposed, but often 
 bitterly antagonistic. 
 
 The subject on which these antagonisms were the most 
 intense and lasting was the difference of the ecclesiastical rela- 
 tions and the religious characteristics of the various provinces. 
 
 The New England colonics were composed of Puritans, 
 who had left England because of the harsh measures of its 
 government and Church against the Non-Conformists, and had 
 come to America for the double purpose of exercising their 
 
10 CEl^TENlSriAL OF THE ORGAIS^IZATIOIS^ OF 
 
 own mode of worship undisturbed and establishing common- 
 wealths which should be free from the intrusion of any wor- 
 ship that was not agreeable to their opinions. 
 
 Hence they provided, as a fundamental principle in their 
 legislation, for the summary expulsion of all who had any 
 taint of false doctrine, of whatever sort it might be, and with 
 quite impartial determination drove out, under manifold pains 
 and penalties, the dreaded Papist, the levelling Quaker, the 
 abhorred Anabaptist, and — what, perhaps, they loathed more 
 than any others — the pampered and corrupted Formalist of the 
 hated old Church of England, from whose oppressions they 
 had fled as voluntary exiles to this far-off land. 
 
 The Holland Dutch around New York and in ISIorth 
 Jersey showed a less active hostility to the Church of England, 
 but they were quite as averse from its ecclesiastical organiza- 
 tion, and quite as ready to opi^ose it in the exercise of any 
 special privileges which it might happen at any tim3 to ob- 
 tain from the favor of the royal authorities, or the Acts of 
 the Colonial Assembly. 
 
 The Quakers of Pennsylvania and Southern Jersey, under 
 the garb of a placid and unwarlike passivity, were yet intensely 
 hostile to the Church, and opposed its growth among them 
 as determinedly as the most violent Puritan of Connecticut or 
 Boston. 
 
 Hence throughout the northern provinces the Church of 
 England, during a considerable portion of the colonial period, 
 was a nullity as to real power, and at the same time was both 
 hated and feared by a very large number in almost every com- 
 munity. 
 
 There was somewhat of a change in the relations of these 
 northern colonies to the Church after the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century. Earnest and painful representations of 
 the spiritual condition* and needs of many parts of the 
 
 * " So plain had become tlie features of moral and religious evil in our 
 transatlantic colonies at tlie close of the seventeenth century, that the 
 
THE CHURCH IIST NEW JERSEY. 11 
 
 colonies bad awakened an interest in a large number of tbe 
 clergy and laity of tbe Cburcb in England, and in 1701 tbese 
 organized tbe venerable " Socfety for tbe Propagation of tbe 
 Gospel in Foreign Parts." 
 
 Tbis society entered at once, witb zeal and witb admirable 
 wisdom, on tlie work of providing suitable ministers for botb 
 tbe native inbabitants and tbe Englisb sett.lers in America. 
 Some of tbeir missionaries were sent to Nortb and Soutb 
 Carolina, but tbe greater part located tbemselves in tbe Middle 
 and Nortbern jDrovinces ; and so "wisely were most of tbese 
 ministers cbosen tlirougbout all tbese colonies, tbat wberever 
 tbey establisbed a congregation it very soon made its impres- 
 sion, and in lialf a century tbe Cburcb bad attained a largely- 
 increased consideration and influence in all tbose portions of 
 tbe Nortbern provinces wbicli bad come in tbe range of tbe 
 missions of tbis society. 
 
 But notwitbstanding tbis improvement, tbere was in all 
 tbis region, from tbe Potomac to tbe St. Lawrence, only a bare 
 bandful of tbe clergy of tbe Cburcb.* Tbese were mainly in 
 tbe large towns or tbeir immediate neigbborbood, wliile among 
 tbe general population of tbe country it was looked on ratber 
 as an intruder from outside tban as a part of tbemselves, and 
 tbe Englisb Cburcb in many parts of tbe nortbern colonies 
 was bardly more acceptable tlirougbout all tbis period to tbe 
 popular sentiment tban tbe Puritans and Quakers tbemselves 
 bad formerly been to tbe feelings of tbe Cburcbmen in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Tbe relations of tbe Cburcb in tbe soutbern colonies were 
 widely different to tbis. In most of tbem it bad been, from a 
 very early date, establisbed by law. It was in some tbe only 
 
 slightest observation of them at once startled good men at home and led 
 them to immediate action." — History of the American Church, by Wilberforce, 
 eh. iv., p. 73. 
 
 * "To the north and east of Maryland there were, in 1729, but eight}- 
 parochial clergymen." — History of the American Cliurch, Wilberforce, ch. iv., 
 p. 103. 
 
12 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGAlSriZATIOlSr OF 
 
 form of religion legally authorized or generally known among 
 their people.* The first emigrants to A^rginia had brought a 
 minister of the Church of England with them as chaplain to 
 their little company. A devout and truly wise man, too, he 
 proved himself to be in more than one terrible emergency, 
 and they consecrated themselves and the settlement they had 
 come to make in the new world by a celebration of the Holy 
 Communion on the day after tlieir landing. May 14th, 1G07. 
 
 When the affairs of this colony became so assured as to 
 admit of definite legislation, the General Assembly of the 
 province, among its earliest acts in 1619, established by law 
 the doctrine and worship of the Church of England as the only 
 religion that was legally authorized within its limits ; and such 
 statutes as were necessary to sustain and enforce it as the State 
 religion were passed by succeeding assemblies. The territory 
 of the province was divided into parishes ; stipends and glebes 
 were apportioned for the support of the clergy ; taxes were 
 assessed on all the people for the payment of these stipends 
 and the erection of churches ; it v/as enacted " that all minis- 
 ters whatsoever were to be conformable to the Church of Eng- 
 land and the laws therein established, . . . and not otherwise 
 to be admitted to teach publickly or privately, and that the 
 ISTon- Conformists should, on due notice, be compelled to de- 
 part from the colony with all convenience," f and the Bishop 
 
 * So late as 1750, we are told by a writer from Virginia (Hanover), 
 " there were not above four or five Dissenters within one hundred miles of 
 this place till about six years ago." A few years before the Bishop of Lon- 
 don had written to the clergy of this province " that none be suffered by 
 the governor to officiate but those who are episcopallj' ordained ;" and so 
 effectually was this enforced for a time that another bishop of London says, 
 in 1759, " Until a few j'ears past ... all were members of the Church, and 
 there were no Dissenters among them." — Virginia Historical C'olleciions, 
 pp. 201, 3GS, 461. 
 
 f Anderson's Church in the Colonies, vol. ii., p. 8. A law was also passed 
 in 1629 requiring " that all the peoi^le do repaire regularly to their churches 
 on the Saboth day, and that one pound of Tobacco be paid for every ab- 
 sence, and 50 pounds of Tobacco for every month's absence sett down in 
 
THE CHUECII IlSr NEW JERSEY. 13 
 
 of London was applied to "to find for them a body of pious, 
 learned, and painful ministers." * 
 
 The connection thus established with the Bishop of 
 London was soon extended, though in a vague and informal 
 relation, to the churches in all the other colonies,! and what- 
 ever of Episcopal jurisdiction or discipline was exercised over 
 these churches came to be regarded as vested in the bishop, 
 for the time being, of that see. But the authority of a bishop 
 so i-emote and with power so undefined was wholly ineffective 
 for the proper guidance and control of the Church under the 
 new and complex conditions of these far-off and unregulated 
 communities. And it was but a short time till the Church, 
 in even the most loyal of the colonies, was suffering in every 
 interest from this lack of the head, which was both essential 
 to its completion as a divine organization and vitally necessary 
 to its efficient government and discipline. 
 
 The position of the Church of England in those provinces 
 where it was the established mode of worship M'as, in many 
 respects, very disastrous to its spiritual welfare. The great 
 body of the people, even when strongly attached to the ritual 
 and teachings of the Church, did not intend to have their 
 churches so connected with the State as to make them avail- 
 able for the increase of royal or parliamentary authority in 
 their colonial affairs. Hence, as early as 1642, the General 
 Assembly of Yirginia :{; declined to allow the governor or 
 Bishop of London the right of " presentation and induction of 
 ministers" to the parishes in which they were to serve, but 
 placed this with the vestry of the respective congregations. 
 
 the Act of the General Assembly of 1G23." This was amended in 1631 to 
 impose " one shilling for every tyme of absence from church, having no 
 lawful or reasonable excuse to be absent." — Andeison, vol. 1, p. -IGl ; Wil- 
 herforce, ch. 2. 
 
 * Wilberforce's History of the Church in America, ch. 2. 
 
 I Vinton's Canon Law, p. 7. 
 
 ■j;, Wilberforce's History : Historical Collections of Virginia. Ander- 
 son's Church in the Colonies. 
 
14 CENTElSriSriAL OF THE ORGANIZATIOlSr OF 
 
 So, too, tlie collection and payment of the taxes for the 
 stij)end of the rector was given to the officers of each sev- 
 eral parish, and not appropriated from a general State 
 fund. 
 
 These salaries were paid originally in tohacco, each inhabi- 
 tant contributing a certain quota. "When there was no minis- 
 ter the tax was not collected, or was considerably lightened ; 
 hence there was a constant tendency to leave the rectorship 
 vacant whenever and as long as possible, and the vestries soon 
 became very ready, many of them, to find causes on which 
 they might dismiss their minister, or make his jjosition so un- 
 happy that he could not remain. After a while the perma- 
 nent, legal induction of life-long rectors was almost universally 
 disused, and a minister was simply hired for a year, or even 
 for a shorter time ; and at the expiration of this term of service 
 either he was discharged or continued for another temporary 
 engagement on a like uncertain tenure. " So that," as one 
 of their own number writes concerning this, " it comes to pass 
 that they are kept in miserably precarious circumstances, like' 
 domestic servants, ready to be turned off at pleasure, which 
 makes the better sort leave the country, and the rest so 
 obsequious that they are ready to do whatever may be neces- 
 sary to retain their places." * 
 
 But it was not the laity alone who were responsible for 
 this unhappy condition of affairs. Many of the clergy 
 throughout the colony were men of most devoted piety and 
 self-denying labor, and no portion of the Christian world has 
 seen more beautiful examples of patriarchal religion than in 
 the life-long worship together of the minister and j>eople in 
 many of the unknown and quiet little colonial parishes of the 
 " Old Dominion." 
 
 * Historical Collections, Virginia, p. 132. Another writes : " The 
 people in general are averse to the induction of the clergy." " Very few- 
 are inducted, but are kept on agreements with the vestries under precarious 
 circumstances," pp. 250-255. And like complaints occur continually. 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 15 
 
 But, besides these, there were, most unfortunately, among 
 the clergy who were sent or voluntarily came over to the colony, 
 a very considerable number who were utterly nnsuited for 
 their place, and many wholly unworthy of their office. Some 
 were men of broken character or who had failed at home, and 
 who had obtained a license to preach in the colonies from the 
 ignorance or incautiousness of the Bishop of London or the 
 " home council " of the province. Still more, j)erha2)s, on 
 coming into these remote and as yet unsettled communities, 
 felt themselves freed from the restraining influences of their 
 former lives, and yielding to the temptations of their present 
 condition, fell into bad habits, and in many cases came to be 
 regarded as notorious evil-livers.* 
 
 The absence of all episcopal authority made the discipline 
 of the clergy, however great this need, almost impossible. 
 The ecclesiastical authorities in England applied the only 
 palliative that could be devnsed under the circumstances. The 
 Bishop of London appointed and sent over a commissary to 
 represent him, so far as possible, in his executive capacity. 
 An officer of this kind was also appointed in certain other of 
 the colonies, and in one form or another was continued until 
 the Bevolution. But as the commissary had no coercive 
 powers — in fact, no legal authority at all — the most that he 
 could do was to give the weight of his title and the influence 
 of his character to the partial mitigation of these manifold 
 disorders. And the longer this ungoverned condition of the 
 Church continued, the more deeply did all its best interests 
 suffer, and the more difficult the remedy. The reproach that 
 
 * Virginia Historical Collections, passim. Wilberforce's Hist., ch. iv. 
 Rev. Dr. Chandler, of Elizabeth, in this State, writes to Rev. Dr. Johnson 
 of the condition of Maryland in 1762 : " Of about forty-five clergy in the 
 province, five or six are of good character, whose names should be men- 
 tioned with honor ; but to hear the character of the rest from the inhabi- 
 tants would make the ears of a sober heathen tingle. You may be sure they 
 are much averse to having an American episcopate." — Life of Dr. Johnson, 
 p. 311. 
 
16 CENTENNIAL OF THE OKGANIZATION OF 
 
 liad been brought upon the clergy by the ill-conduct of so 
 many who claimed that title had, of course, produced among 
 the laity a corresponding loss of respect for the clerical office,* 
 and a growing susj)icion of those by whom it was represented ; 
 this concurred very fatally with their tendency to regard the 
 connection of minister and people as one dependent wholly on 
 the pleasure or pecuniary interest of their parishioners, and 
 not only did they continue merely to hire their clergy from 
 year to year, or even a shorter period, but the custom began 
 and spread very rapidly of employing f at a cheap rate lay 
 readers for a time, and in some cases almost continuously, 
 instead of settling a rector. Thus the taxpayers were enabled 
 to relieve themselves of the heavier burden of the stipend of 
 the minister, and at the same time to provide for maintaining 
 the services they might desire to have, or were required to 
 keep up by the law, but with the necessary consequence of 
 most serious evils to the Church, and a still further lowering 
 of the character and influence of the clergy. 
 
 A number of these lay readers seem, little by little, to 
 have acquired a sort of half-ministerial character, and we find 
 them assuming and exercising the right to officiate whenever 
 the occasion should call for their services. One of the writers 
 of this period says : " Laymen are allowed to usurp the office 
 of ministers, and deacons to thrust out presbyters — in a word, 
 all things are left to the mercy of the people." Another 
 reports that " of fifty parishes there are only twenty-two 
 that have ministers,":}; while a third complains that "two 
 
 * ' ' Such are the defects of duty, love, esteem, and union mutually 
 between ministers and people, that it can be truly said they have preachers 
 rather than pastors in these parts." — Virginia Hist. Collections, p. 332. " The 
 gentlemen of the General Assembly are averse from doing anything for the 
 encouragement of the clergy," p. 310. 
 
 ■j- Wilberforce, ch. iv. : " The lack of clergy led to the general employ- 
 ment of lay-readers, and it happened frequently that the benefice was kept 
 unfilled in order to prolong the more acceptable services of the unordained 
 reader." 
 
 J Anderson's History of the Church in the Colonies, vol. ii., p. 351. 
 
THE CHURCH liN^ :XEW JERSEY. 17 
 
 thirds of the preachers are the leaden lay priests of the ves- 
 tries' ordination, and are both a shame and a grief to the 
 rightly-ordained clergy." 
 
 As the social condition of the provinces hecanie more 
 settled and orderly, many of these evils were gi'eatly dimin- 
 ished, but their influence continued to affect those portions of 
 the Church where they had prevailed, more or less strongly, 
 throughout the entire colonial period. 
 
 We have seen that the churches in the northern provinces 
 were utterly unlike those of the south in their external rela- 
 tions ; this was accompanied by an equally marked difference 
 in their internal character and tendencies. The clergy in the 
 northern churches had been sent out, and were wholly, or in 
 large part, maintained by the Society for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel. Some of them had come at the recpiest of tlie 
 small bands of loving Churchmen scattered here and there in 
 the midst of hostile Quakers or Puritans ; others had been 
 appointed as missionaries to portions of the country which 
 were without any religious teaching, and in some instances 
 in almost heathenish spiritual destitution. 
 
 The men thus employed were under the immediate eye 
 and control of the society, were in constant relations, by 
 reports and correspondence, with the officers and bishops of 
 the home association, and, from the very necessities of their 
 position, must have been generally such men as were able, 
 l)Oth from their character and acquirements, to present the 
 Church in favorable contrast to those around them, else they 
 would not continue long to maintain any place or influence at 
 all in the community. As another consequence also of their 
 ]iosition, they were mostly very strong in their churchmanship, 
 
 The letters in the Virginia Historiccal Collections abonnd with complaints 
 hy the clergy of insults, annoyances, and even personal violence from par- 
 ishioners, and sometimes from the governors and other persons high in 
 authority in the colonj'. 
 2 
 
18 CENTEJS^NIAL OF THE OEGANIZATIOIS- OF 
 
 and regarded tlie presence and action of a resident bisliop as 
 not only a necessity for the unity and effective government of 
 the Church, but as a vitally essential element of its organiza- 
 tion as a branch of the Catholic Church on the American con- 
 tinent. 
 
 The province of New Jersey was among the first which 
 came under the influence of the ministers of the Propagation 
 Society, and its condition at the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century shows a lamentable need for the work of their mission- 
 aries. Its people were regarded by the English authorities * 
 as among the most unruly and defiant of royal control of any 
 in the colonies, and they seem to hav^e been equally unre- 
 strained by religion or morality. 
 
 Colonel Lewis Morris, afterward governor of the colony, 
 writes of West Jersey to the Bishop of London, in 1700 : f 
 " They have a very debaucht youth in tbat province, and very 
 ignorant ;" and, speaking of Pennsylvania, he says : " The 
 youth of that country are like those of the neighboring prov- 
 ince, very debancht and ignorant." He reports also of the 
 condition of a more northern part of the colony : :J: " There is 
 no such thing as church or religion among them ; they are 
 perhaps the most ignorant and wicked people in the world." 
 One of the missionaries of the society writes home a cou])le of 
 years later, § in 1702, and says : " There is not one Church of 
 England yet in either AVest or East Jersey, the more is the 
 pity ; and, except in two or three towns, there is no face of 
 any public worship of any sort, but people live very mean, 
 
 * New Jersey Colonial Documents, Sussex Centennial : Address of 
 llev. J. F. Tuttle. Address of Benjamin B. Edsall. 
 
 f Discourse of Kev. J. F. Tuttle at the Sussex Centennial, 1853, p. 80. 
 Another writer " represents them to the home government as being without 
 law and gospel, having neither judge nor jDriest, " p. 77. 
 
 I History of Christ Church, Shrewsburj-, Journal New Jei'sey Conven- 
 tion, 1847, p. 39. 
 
 § Memorial of Rev. Mr, Keith, in Eev. Dr. George Morgan Hills' 
 History of the Church in Burlington, p. 19. 
 
THE CIIUllCH IN NEW JERSEY. 19 
 
 like Indians." And a sliort time after this another missionary 
 reports to the secretary of the society : * " No\'a Cieserea, or 
 New Jersey, has been most unhappy ; there is not, nor ever 
 was, an orthodox minister settled among them." " All sorts 
 of heatliens and heretics superabound in these parts. Africa 
 has not more monsters than America." 
 
 The missionaries above referred to were Rev. Georp-e 
 Keith, who was the lirst f missionary appointed by the Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the Rev. John Talbot. 
 They began their labors here together in 1702, and were the 
 planters and first master builders of the Church in New 
 Jersey. Mr. Talbot soon became settled in Burlington as its 
 first rector, and on March 25th, 1703, laid the corner-stone,:}: 
 and commenced the building of the old Church of St. Mary 
 in that town. 
 
 He was from the beginning of his work continuously 
 urgent to have a bishop sent out to the colonies, and at length, 
 in his profound conviction of the necessity for some episcopal 
 ministration in this country, lie received consecration himself 
 as bishop at the hands of the Non-Jurors § in England, The 
 act was unwise, nor could he ever njake any effective use of 
 his office iu the colonies ; but in his personal influence and 
 untiring, self-denying work, he has earned the gratitude of the 
 Church in this State for all after-time, and fully merits the 
 praise of the late Dr. Hawks " that the society never had, at 
 least in our view, a more honest, fearless, and laborious mis- 
 sionary." II 
 
 Rev. George Iveith had been in early life a stanch 
 defender of an orthodox theology among the Quakers, but in 
 1700 was ordained to the ministry by the Bishop of Lon- 
 don, and by his zeal and indefatigable labors not only es- 
 
 * Eev. John Talbot, in Hills' History of the Church in Burlington, p. 54. 
 f Hills, p. 20. 
 
 I Hills' History of the Church in Burlington, pp. 33, 3G, 42'J. 
 
 § Hills, p. 1G8. Wilberforce, p. 123. Anderson, vol. iii., p. 240. 
 
 II Quoted in Hills' History of the Church in Bi;rlington, p. .212. 
 
20 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 tablislied the Cbnrcli in many places in New Jersey, but left 
 with it his impress in that clear and earnest chnrchmanship 
 which it has continned, throngh all the varied phases of its 
 history, to retain. 
 
 The clergy of the Chnrch in New Jersey thus, nnder the 
 influence of the Propagation Society and in common with 
 those of all the northern provinces, were zealous for the estab- 
 lishment among them of a colonial or suifragan bishop. And 
 so urgent was the need for one in every portion of the coun- 
 try, that scarcely a packet left America that did not carry out, 
 from both the north and tlie south, earnest and powerful 
 appeals for the settlement of a bishop, or some provision for 
 the personal exercise of episcopal authority in one or another 
 of the colonies. 
 
 It would seem, on a mere statement of the condition and 
 necessities of the colonial churches, that a claim so reasonable, 
 so inherent in the very constitution of the Church, should have 
 been immediately granted ; and yet so complex were the rela- 
 tions and interests of the several parties, that the obstacles in 
 the way of an American episcopate before the independence 
 of the States were practically insuperable ; and, strangely 
 enough, the difficulties came, equally from the mother country 
 and tlie colonies, from the position of the Churchmen and the 
 feelings of those opposed to the Church. 
 
 The American provinces had scarcely begun their history 
 as permanent communities Mdien the feuds of the Long Parlia- 
 ment, followed by the domination of Cromwell, rendered any 
 favor to the Church in the New "World utterly hopeless. The 
 Church in England was itself deprived of its place and all its 
 privileges, and the most it could expect in any colony was to 
 be allowed toleration at the pleasure and w^ill of the hostile 
 home government. 
 
 After the Restoration Charles II. and James II. were 
 both really Papists, and were persistently opposed to any 
 measures that might enable the Anglican bishops to act more 
 effectively as a restraint upon them. Hence they would not 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 21 
 
 even listen to the establishment of an episcopate in the now 
 growing colonies, as its prehites, being farther removed from 
 the royal coercion, might readily become more defiant than 
 even the dissatisfied bishops at liome threatened to be. 
 
 The sympathies of William of Orange were really more 
 with the Dissenters than with the Cliurch ; the English 
 bishops dm'ing his reign — as, in fact, through * the entire 
 colonial period — would very gladly have sent out one or more 
 bishops to the American provinces ; but, bound as they were 
 by the laws of the realm, they had no power whatever to 
 appoint and give jurisdiction to a bishop in any part, either 
 abroad or at home, of the British dominions. This could be 
 done only under an act of the Parliament and appro s^ed by the 
 king, and neither king nor Parliament cared to establish an 
 episcopate in the colonies at a time when it was very uncertain 
 if the bulk of the House of Bishops might not cast the weight 
 of their great place and authority on the side of the Stuarts, as 
 a considerable number of them were eventually led to do. 
 
 If Queen Anne had lived long enough it is probable she 
 would have endeavored to institute some mode of episcopal 
 supervision over the churches in America. So near did the 
 accomplishment of this purpose seem at one time to be, that a 
 fund to the amount of £-1700 was subscribed in England and 
 placed in the hands of the Society for the Propagation of the 
 GosjDel f for the support of a bishop in the colonies, and the 
 
 * The position and feelings of the English bishops are very fairly rep- 
 resented in a remarkable correspondence of one of the bishops of London 
 with the celebrated Dr. Doddridge on the subject of the oppression of Dis- 
 senters in Virginia. The bishop says, speaking of the condition of the 
 Church in the colonies : " Sure I am that the care of it is improperly lodged ; 
 for a bishop to live at one end of the world and his people at another must 
 make the office of a bishop very lancomfortable to him, and in a great meas- 
 ure Tiseless to the people. And I applied to the king as soon as I was 
 Bishop of London for two or three bishops for the plantations, to reside 
 there, but found so many obstacles that it could not be done." 
 
 + Reply to the plea of Rev. Dr. Chandler, of New Jersey, for a bishop 
 in the colonies, by the Rev. Dr. Chauncy, of Boston, p. 101 ; he gives the 
 
22 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 most elegant and spacious mansion in the northern provinces, 
 described in '^ the quaint history of that time as " the great 
 and stately palace of John Tateham, at the town of Burling- 
 ton in New Jersey," was purchased, under the direction of the 
 society, and preparations were made by its order to have 
 Burlington become the residence and see of the first x\nglican 
 bishop in America. 
 
 But even Queen Anne, with all her desire for the welfare 
 of the Church and the extension of its influence throughout 
 the provinces, was so fearful of any kind of independent 
 thinking or acting among the colonists, that in the very in- 
 structions f in which she provides most admirably for the 
 efficiency of the ministry and for the regular services of the 
 Church in New Jersey, she also ordains that, " as great incon- 
 veniences may arise by the liberty of printing in our said 
 province, you are hereby to j^rovidCjby all necessary orders, 
 that no person keep any press for printing, nor that any book, 
 pamphlet, or other matter whatsoever be printed without our 
 special leave and license first obtained." 
 
 Besides the difficulties we have thus seen in the way of 
 an American episcopate from the "home authorities," on 
 political grounds, there w^ere others equally great in the condi- 
 tions of the colonists. The mass of the people in the northern 
 provinces were Dissenters ; and whatever differences they had 
 among themselves, they were all at one in bitter hostility to 
 any institution that could give vitality and effectiveness to the 
 hated Church of England in the provinces. Not only so, but 
 there was an almost universal distrust and fear of the intro- 
 duction of an English bishop amcng the laymen of the Church 
 
 names and amounts of the contribvators to this fund. As stated by him, 
 these were: " Archbishoj) Tennison, £1000; Sir Jonathan Trelawney, 
 £1000 ; Lady Elizabeth Hastings, £500 ; Bishop Butler, £500 ; Bishop Ben- 
 son, £200 ; Bishop Osbaldaston, £500 ; and Mr. Fisher, £1000," p. 104. This 
 book of Dr. Chauncey throws much light on the feelings of that time, 1768. 
 * Hills' History, etc., pp. 17, lOG, 136. f Ibid. p. 26. 
 
THE CHURCH IN ISTEW JERSEY. 23 
 
 itself. Bishop White said,* in reference to this feeling : 
 " There cannot be produced an instance of laymen in America, 
 unless in the very infancy of the settlements, soliciting the in- 
 troduction of a bishoj). It was probably by a great majority 
 of them thought an hazardous experiment." There was at 
 that time practically no conception of a bishop of the Church 
 of England, as we now regard the bishop, as merely the 
 spiritual head and the centre of unity of the Church. He 
 was and had always been in England a high dignitary in the 
 government, living in lordly state, having a special mode of 
 jurisdiction of his own, needing vast incomes and a pompous 
 retinue to maintain his position. The American f mind, of all 
 forms of religious opinion, recoiled from this ; it was wholly 
 alien to all they had come to America to obtain ; and, unfor- 
 tunately, the measures taken or proposed by those who were 
 most urgent for the colonial episcopate seemed greatly to favor 
 the opinion that sncli was to be the position of a bishop in the 
 provinces. Yery early in the history of the settlements Arch- 
 bishop Laud had " desired to send a bishoj) to Xew England 
 to coerce the Puritans there to submission to the Church of 
 England for their better government, and to back him with 
 some force to compel, if he were not able otherwise to per- 
 suade, to obedience.'' :}; xVnd the purcb.ase at a later date of 
 the " palace at Burlington," with the jjrovision of a fund, 
 
 * Journals of the first fifty years, vol. iii., p. 426. It is certain, how- 
 ever, that such apjilication was made by some of the laj'men, as we find 
 Colonel Lewis Morris, of New Jersey, addressing a memorial to the Bishop 
 of London in 1700, asking for the establishment of a bishojD in that province 
 (Sussex Centennial, p. 79) ; and Bishop White partially qualifies his own 
 statement in a note : " If there has been any it must have been so few as 
 rather to corroborate than weaken the sentiment conveyed," which is 
 essentially the fact. 
 
 f Chauncy's reply to Chandler, p. 108 : " May we never have a clergy 
 for whom fine seats must be provided and funds established to bring an 
 income suited for a kingdom of this world more than for one which is 
 purely spiritual." 
 
 :|; Anderson's Chiirch in the Colonies, vol. i., p. 401. 
 
24 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGANIZATION OF 
 
 readily magnified far beyond its actual amount, were con- 
 stantly referred to * as certain proof of tlie high state the ex- 
 pected bishop wonld assume. 
 
 But there were still other objections, and yet more fatal. 
 The only power that could, in the then condition of the law, 
 establish an episcopate in America, M-as an act of Parliament, 
 and the one point on which well-nigh the whole of the Ameri- 
 can people were a unit was in. resisting all claims f of the 
 Parliament to exercise any local authority over the affairs of 
 either State or Church in any of the colonies. Hence the 
 opposition of the people in every section, Churchmen equally 
 with Dissenters, to the sending over a Parliamentary bishop, 
 was strong and openly pronounced. In Yirginia, just before 
 the outbreak of the war, a meeting of the clergy was called by 
 the " commissary" to ask for the appointment of a bishop. 
 Only twelve of the whole number — nearly one hundred — 
 came, and four of these opposed the proposition. The Gen- 
 eral Assembly of tlie province, on learning their action, 
 although its members were almost entirely Episcopalians, 
 passed a vote of thanks unanimously to the four " for their 
 wise and well-timed opposition to the jjernicious project of 
 
 " + 
 + 
 
 introducing an American bishop. 
 
 And John Adams says, in reference to this feeling of tlie 
 
 * Channcy's reply to Chandler, p. 105 : " Such provision must be 
 made for him that he may appear in all the grandeur of a bishop in Eng- 
 land." 
 
 I " Eepresentations were sent to England that nineteen twentieths of 
 the Americans are utterly against sending them a bishop, and even if sent 
 with only spiritual power, would cause more dangerous disturbances than 
 even the Stamp Act itself, so that the ministry would not even give the 
 archbishop any attention about it." — Life of Rev. Dr. Johnson, p. 325. 
 
 X Wilberforce's History, etc., ch. iv., pp. 129, 130. In 1769 Eev. Mr. 
 Boucher's sermon, (juoted in Wilberforce, declared : " Till now the opposi- 
 tion to an American episcojoate has been confined chiefly to the demagogues 
 and independents of the New England provinces, but now it is esi^oused 
 with warmth by the people of Virginia. We see professed Chui-chmen fignt- 
 ing the battles of Dissenters, and our worst enemies are now literally those 
 of our own household." 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JEESEY. 25 
 
 people : " The apprehension of episcopacy contributed as 
 much as any otlier cause to arouse the attention and lead to 
 close thinking on the authority of Parliament over the col- 
 onies ; this was a fact as certain as any other in the history of 
 the country. . . . The line of reasoning was : If Parliament 
 can erect dioceses and appoint bishops, they may introduce 
 the whole hierarchy, establish tithes, forbid Dissenters, make 
 schism heresy, and impose penalties extending to life and limb, 
 as well as to liberty and property." * 
 
 Had there been any adequate political advantage from the 
 establishing of an episcopate in the provinces, the English 
 Government might have disregarded these feelings of the 
 colonists ; but the certainly bad effects of the measure were too 
 dano-erous to call for such an additional violence to the convic- 
 tions of the people without any corresponding gain. And the 
 war of the Revolution found the Church of England in 
 America little more than a multitude of separate congregations 
 scattered, in varying proportions, through the several prov- 
 inces, without a common head, without any authoritative 
 discipline, universally distrusted in its political relations by 
 the mass of the people, deprived of the very organization 
 which it had been taught was vital to the continuance of an 
 apostolic Church, and upheld only by the inherent divineness 
 of its principles, the devoted love of the few laymen who still 
 clung to its honored form of worship, and the self-denying 
 services of the handful of its clergy who were willing, from 
 conviction or personal regard for the souls of their little flocks, 
 to cast their lot in with the rebellious colonists, and yield for 
 the time to a sej^aration from the Mother Church of their 
 ordination and their allegiance in the ministry. 
 
 So many of the ministers left their parishes, or were driven 
 out by the people in the progress of the war,t that '• in many 
 of the northern colonies there was not one church remaining 
 
 * Life and Letters of John Adams, vol. x., p. 185. 
 •j- Wilberf orce' s History, p. 133. 
 
26 centenj^ial of the organization of 
 
 open. In Pennsyl\''ania one only was left, nnder the ministry 
 of Di\ Wliite ; Virginia had entered on the war with one 
 hundred and sixty-four cliurches and chapels and ninety-one 
 clergy ; at its close ninetj'-'live parishes w^ere extinct or for- 
 saken, and only twenty-eight ministers remained within its 
 limits," There were but five left in Massachusetts,* one in 
 New Hampshire ; two lay readers but no clergymen in Rhode 
 Island, and the Rev. Dr. Abraham Beach, the zealous and 
 able rector of Christ Church, New Brunswick, was tlie only 
 minister by f whom the regular services of the Chui'ch were 
 maintained in either of the provinces of New Jersey. 
 
 As we look back to those dark days of weakness and dis- 
 aster, the Church of the nation, as well as the Church in our 
 own State, may well exclaim, " With my staff alone I passed 
 over this Jordan." 
 
 Immediately on the conclusion of peace the minds of the 
 clergy in the Church of the several States, in connection with 
 the more prominent laymen, began to inquire into the best 
 mode of providing for the new condition of affairs. The 
 position of the churches in America at this time was in many 
 things wholly unique ; for the first time since the union of the 
 Church with the imperial government under Constantine, a 
 group of independent churches had the possibility, or rather 
 were forced to the necessity, of acting wholly for themselves 
 and of providing the needed requirements, whether to con- 
 tinue as self-governing and independent branches of the 
 Catholic Church in each of the States where they were placed, 
 or to unite in the organization of one common Niitional 
 Church ; but in either case without, on the one hand, a sub- 
 jection to the political supremacy of the State, or, on the 
 other, a claim to the domination of the civil government by 
 the intrusive authority of the Church. They had, besides, to 
 
 * Eev. Dr. Parker, in Journals of Fifty Years, vol. iii., p. 58. 
 f Sermon by Kev. Dr. Langford before New Jersey Convention, 1884. 
 History of Christ Church, New Brunswick, by Rev. Dr. Stubbs. 
 
THE CIIUKCH IN NEW JEESEY. 27 
 
 deal with relations of ministers and people, of bishops and 
 their jurisdiction, such as had not been known in any part of 
 Christendom for fifteen hundred years. They were poor and 
 few in number, and Avitli no hope of aid or sympathy from 
 any otlier portion of the Chnrch elsewhere, or any favoi' from 
 tlie " person in autliority or the legislative bodies in any of 
 the States." Nor had they any special fitness in their own 
 coiiditions. They had no training or experience for their new 
 responsibilities ; no Anglican precedents on which to build ; 
 they were unpopular and frequently disliked by the great body 
 of the people in almost every section of the country. And 
 now, when called to the mighty work of laying the foundation 
 of the Church of the future in America, they were, from the 
 previous conditions of their colonial history, radically, and at 
 first it seemed irreconcilably, divided as to the wise or even 
 safe provisions for their permanent organization, whether as 
 self-governing, independent branches of the Church in the 
 several States, or in their union as constituent members of the 
 one Church of the United States. 
 
 One of these jiarties held now, as before the war, that 
 no portion of the Church could, as a fundamental principle, 
 take au}^ formal action, either on questions concerning its 
 liturgy or matters of ecclesiastical organization, M'ithout the 
 completion of the apostolic order and the co-operation of a 
 bishop. 
 
 The other, still feeling a distrust of an unlimited episco- 
 pal authority, if there were not some adequate restrictions 
 placed upon it in advance, determined that they would first 
 establish such conditions as they deemed advisable, settling 
 the standards of doctrine, ordaining the offices of worship, de- 
 fining what should be the duties, responsibilities, and restraints 
 of the episcopate, and then proceed to obtain a bishop who 
 would come to his position on the basis and under the limita- 
 tions thus prepared for him. 
 
 The Church in Connecticut had always held the first of 
 these views, and immediately on the declaration of peace sent 
 
28 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 tlie Kev. Dr. Seabnry to England to obtain for himself there, 
 or elsewhere, the consecration which would enable them to 
 proceed at once, in their permanent organization and work, as 
 a complete and fuUj authorized branch of the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 There Avas, however, a very general feeling in the other 
 States that the matter of ]3aramonnt importance was some 
 mode of bringing the separate churches, at the earliest day 
 possible, into a national unity and co-operation. The senti- 
 ment in New Jersey was cordially at one with the principles 
 of the clergy in Connecticut ; but so urgent seemed the neces- 
 sity of uniting tliese scattered weak fragments of churches 
 under some common headship of union and action, that the 
 Rev. Dr. Beach, then, as always, wise and far-seeing, was 
 willing for the time to waive the questions of detail, and to 
 endeavor as the matter of iirst importance to unite the 
 several churches in one common organization, and to obtain 
 the Episcopal succession by their united action, and in a 
 correspondence with Rev. Dr. White, of PhikideJphia, he 
 proposed to have a meeting in this parisli on May lltli, 1781, 
 which should consider how '^' " to introduce order and uni- 
 formity in the Church in this country, and provide for a suc- 
 cession in the ministry." And it was in accordance with these 
 suggestions that the meetings of May f and October, ITSl, 
 out of which grew both the National and State Primary Con- 
 ventions of 1785, were finally decided on and held. 
 
 As a simple question of ecc]esiasti(;al polity and strict con- 
 formity to the order of the Church, the action of Connecticut 
 
 * Bishop Perry, in the Journals of Fifty Years, etc., vol. iii., p. 8, says : 
 "It is time the Church should know to whom the idea of this preliminary 
 meeting was due," and he gives the letters in which Dr. Beach first makes 
 the suggestion and afterward arranges for the meeting, 
 
 f For the proceedings of the meeting on May 11th, 1784, in New Bruns- 
 wick, see Journals of Fifty Years, vol. i., -p. 12 ; vol. iii., p. 7. Sermon 
 before Convention of New Jersej', bj^ Rev. Dr. Langford, ISBl. Sermon in 
 St. Paul's, Camden, by Rev. Dr. Garrison, May 11th, 1884. 
 
THE CHURCH IX NEW JERSEY. 29 
 
 was the more regular mode of procedure ; but the thouglit of 
 Rev. Dr. Beach and the resulting movement which was thus 
 begun in New Jersey, were far the more Catholic and states- 
 manlike, and, under the circumstances, vastly more important 
 to the future of the Church in the United States. 
 
 The real problem of that time was not the separate organ- 
 ization of the churches as each existed Vv'ithin the limits of tlie 
 several States, but to lay the foundations for the Church of a 
 continent, to prepare for the future of a new branch of the 
 Church Catholic for a nation. It would have been a sad day 
 for the Church in America, and, in its wider relations, for the 
 best interests of Christendom, had such of the States as were 
 desirous or felt themselves able to secure a bishop proceeded 
 each by itself to perfect its own organization, and made no 
 provision for the mutual aid and co-operation of the whole 
 together as one great national communion in the Church of 
 the United States. "Where would have been the vast nn'ssion- 
 ai'y work whose sixteen missionary bishops and stations, now 
 maintained on every continent, are the outgrowth of this 
 unity ? Where the grand moral influence of its oneness of 
 spirit, pulsating with one common life, from the wealthy and 
 cultured cities of our seaboards to the remotest hamlet of the 
 Indian reservations and of the last-settled Territory ? And 
 the very assembling of her widely-scattered bishops aud dio- 
 ceses, as they gather from near and far to our National Con- 
 vention, is it not a visible response, so far as we can answer it, 
 to the Lord's great yearm'ng for His people " that tliey all 
 may be one, as Thou, Father, art in me and I in Thee, that 
 they also may be one in us" ? 
 
 In presenting the question of organic unity as the mntter 
 of first importance at this time, Dr. Beach and those who 
 acted with him felt that if the separate churches could once 
 be united in the connnon life of a church of the nation, they 
 might be safely trusted to their old Anglican training and to 
 the principles inherent in the very essence of the Church of 
 England to correct the perversions and misa2)prehensions 
 
30 CENTENNTAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 wliicli liad grown ont of tlie peculiar conditions of tlieir 
 colonial history, and to bring tlieni all, at no distant period, 
 into full conformity with all that was fundamental in its stand- 
 ards of doctrine, or really of any moment in its ecclesiastical 
 order ; and the course of the subsequent events has abundantly 
 shown that they had judged aright. 
 
 The meeting in Philadelpliia in September, 1785, which 
 was the immediate outcome of the action taken in Isew 
 Jersey, and from which we date the national centennial of 
 our gathering to-day, did indeed fall very short of wliat was 
 desirable. Its revision of the Liturgy, now known as " The 
 Proposed Book," was a serious mutilation, in many important 
 points, of the teachings of the Anglican Church, and its con- 
 stitution would have made the office of a bishop little more 
 than a nominal overseership, without either the duties or the 
 responsibilities which properly belong to the Episcopal order. 
 
 But with the awakened interest in the Church that grew 
 out of this convention, there came so wide and radical a change 
 in most of the States, that in its next meeting, in June, 1786, 
 at Philadelphia, all the really erroneous features of " The 
 Proposed Book" were repudiated, the more important defects 
 in the constitution either remedied or left open for future 
 action, and uj^on this sounder basis two distinguished clergy- 
 men, Pev. Dr. White, of Pennsylvania, and Rev. Dr. Provoost, 
 of New York, were sent, with the testimonials and request 
 of " The General Convention" of the Church in seven of the 
 States, to England to receive consecration as bishops of the 
 Church in the States by which they had been elected. The 
 English prelates had been empowered by a recent act of Par- 
 liament to perform this office, and the apostolical succession 
 of the Eiiglish Church was continued in the churches of Amer- 
 ica by the consecration, in Lambeth Palace, London, Febru- 
 ary 4th, 1787, of the first bishops of l^ew York and Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 The influences which had thus shaped the action of 
 1786 continued to extend and deejjen, and in 1789, when the 
 
THE CHURCir IN NEW JERSEY. 31 
 
 General Convention again came together, the different lines 
 on which the General Convention and the Church in Con- 
 necticut, with the other States of New England, had been 
 moving, had so closely approximated, tliat the deputies and 
 bishops of the General Convention were found willing to 
 remove from their plan of organization whatever was radically 
 objectionable to Bishop Seabury and the churches which had 
 acted with him, and on October 2d, 1789, at a session held in 
 Independence Hall," Philadelphia, the two sections of churches 
 came together, and in that room, memorable by so many 
 events of high importance in the political history of the coun- 
 try, the churches of all the States first agreed to their union in 
 the one common body of " The Protestant Episcopal Church 
 of the United States." The act thus consummated removed 
 the last obstacle to the completion of the work begun in ITSl ; 
 and when the General Convention of 1789 finally adjourned, 
 on October 16th, it had established a constitution which 
 formed the basis of the union of its several parts, and had set 
 forth its standards of doctrine and worship ; and with these 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States hence- 
 forward took its rightful place as a fully authorized national 
 branch of the Catholic Church, and an inheritor of all that 
 belongs to the history and privileges of a living member of the 
 one universal Church of all the ages and nations. 
 
 During the period in which these larger national move- 
 ments were thus going forward to completion, the little band 
 of Churchmen in jyeio Jersey^ which had organized its first 
 convention in 1785, was gradually strengthening and growing, 
 and was desirous, at the earliest moment possible, to effect 
 their diocesan organization by the election and settlement of a 
 bishop of their own. The mere handful which met here in 
 
 * Life of Rev. Dr. Williain Smith, vol. ii., p. 285. Journals of General 
 Convention of 1789, vol. i., p. 97. The article of union was signed, on the 
 part of the New England clergj% by BishoiJ Seabury, Rev. Dr. Jarvis, and 
 Rev. Mr. Hiibbard, of Connecticut, and Rev. Dr. Parker, as Clerical Dejjuty 
 of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 
 
32 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OE 
 
 that Urst convention — only three clergymen and eight parishes 
 ■ — did not feel adequate, either from ability or numbers, to 
 propose so large an undertaking ; but in 1798, finding their 
 clergy had increased to seven and their churches to twenty- 
 two, they proceeded, in a special " convention"^ held in New 
 Brunswick," to elect the Rev. Uzal Ogden, D.D., the rector 
 of Trinity Church, Newark, as first bishop of the Church in 
 New Jersey ; but the General Convention, in its action, which 
 subsequent f events showed to have been most fortunate for 
 the Church, declined to " consent to his consecration." After 
 this discouragement in its endeavors to obtain a bishop, the 
 Church in New Jersey made no effort in that direction until 
 seventeen years had j)assed away. There seems to have been 
 very little increase of the Church during all this time — indeed, 
 we are told, in a report to the General Convention, that but 
 six new parishes had been established in the State since the 
 close of the Revolntion. But in the Convention of 1815,;}: 
 held in St. Michael's, Trenton, it was resolved to elect a 
 bishop, there being seven clergymen and deputies from 
 eighteen parishes present ; and on the first ballot the Rev. John 
 Croes, then rector of Christ Church, New Brunswick, at a 
 salary of $500 per annum, was elected as the bishop. The 
 consecration of Dr. Croes as its first bishop completed the 
 organization of the Church in New Jersey, and gave it the 
 place for which it had so long been waiting, of a church fully 
 endowed to meet all its own needs and to carry forward its 
 divinely-given work in the true spirit of its divine and 
 heavenly Founder. § 
 
 * Hills' History of the Church in Biirlington, p. 348. 
 
 f Hills, p. 349. 
 
 X Journal of Convention of New Jersey, 1815. Hills' History, etc., 
 p. 382. History of Christ Church, New Brunswicli, by Eev. Dr. Stubbs. 
 
 § It did not come within the range of my subject to continue the his- 
 tory of the Church in New Jersey after its completed organization by the 
 consecration of Bishop Croes ; but we can hardly look back over the past cen- 
 tury of the Church in this State without recalling the memory of the two 
 
THE CHURCH IX XEW JERSEY. 33 
 
 But while the difficulties which liad so long repressed and 
 almost paralyzed the Church, hoth in our State and in the 
 nation, were now overcome, so far as concerned its internal 
 constitution, it was still sorely hindered in its progress by the 
 remains of the old prejudices and adverse convictions among 
 the people. In the State of Xew Jersey, with a population 
 of two hundred and lifty thousand, there were, in 1815, oidy 
 eight clergymen and not over four hundred communicants. 
 The entire United States numbered about eight million inhab- 
 itants, and had two hundred and sixty ministers and bishops 
 divided amone; thirteen dioceses. The i>;reat bodv of the 
 people out of the large towns and cities knew really nothing 
 of the Churcli, and if they thought of it at all it was rather as 
 some foreign and uncongenial mode of worship which was 
 utterly alien to the American character, and not at all in har- 
 mony with the spirit of a free republic. The notions that the 
 
 noble men who successively held the episcopate between the death of 
 Bishop Croes and the division of the original diocese in 1874. 
 
 Bishop Doane, from his consecration in 1832 to his death in 1859, occui:)ied 
 a place of marked and singular prominence in both America and England. 
 His name was always with the foremost in the nation in all earnest work 
 for the advancement of the Church. He was the first bishop of the Church 
 in the United States who was permitted to preach in the puljiits of the 
 Church of England. And with his visit to that country in 1841 began that 
 fraternal intercourse between these two bi'anches of the Church which 
 every year since then has made more beautiful and strong. 
 
 Bishop Odenheimer, who was elected in 1859 as his successor, won all 
 hearts by his quick and loving sympathy ; and the Church in this State, 
 directed by his ability and inspired by his spirit, grew year by year, until at 
 the division of the original diocese in 1874, each part was well-nigh as 
 large in numbers, and vastly stronger in all its capabilities of work, than 
 the whole State was when he became its bishop. 
 
 On the division of the diocese, he chose as his field the northern por- 
 tion of the State. But while the younger diocese was the home of his 
 adoption, yet in his death he rests beside his predecessor, Bishop Doane, 
 in the churchyard of old St. Mary's, Burlington. ' 
 
 He died August 14th, 1879. He was siicceeded in the diocese of New 
 Jersey by Bishop Scarborough, consecrated February 2d, 1875, and in 
 Northern New Jersey, by Bishop Starkey, consecrated January 8th, 1880. 
 3 
 
84 CENTENTs^IAL OF THE ORGAlSriZATIOlSr OF 
 
 l>isliop was i^ossessed of almost unlimited authority, and that 
 both minister and people were alike heartless in a formalism 
 that could neither preach nor pray spontaneously, were almost 
 universal. It is long witliin the memory of your preacher that 
 tlie services of an Episcopal minister in by far the larger num- 
 ber of the villages of this State would excite more curiosity 
 and unfriendly criticism than the presence of a Mohammedan 
 Mufti in the present day. The town all ran as to a show to 
 hear a man preach in that amazing garment which, they 
 passed around in whispers, was called a " surplice," and 
 looked with open-mouthed wonder, largely mingled with con- 
 tempt, as they saw him kneel when he came into the place of 
 worship, bow at the name of Jesus in the Creed, and read 
 prayers out of a book. And it is but a very few years ago 
 tliat a presiding elder in the Metliodist communion inquired 
 of me most seriously " if it was a law in your Church that the 
 bishop must read and approve every sermon of all his ministers 
 before they were allowed to preach them ?" 
 
 Under conditions such as these, it is not strange that the 
 growth of the Church in the early portion of the century was 
 very slow — indeed, the work of the Church for the first fifty 
 years after its completed organization was largely to remove 
 these unfounded prejudices, and to gain a fair and candid 
 hearing from the general community. 
 
 The turning point in the establishing of a right under- 
 standing with the people was the revival of the original and 
 true conception of the missionary character of the Church, 
 which took shape and was finally consummated by the appoint- 
 ment and sending out, in 1835, of the first missionary bishop. 
 This movement was largely due to the zeal and ability of 
 Bishop Doane ; he had been elected and consecrated as Bishop 
 of New Jersey, as successor of Bishop Croes, in 1832 ; and 
 although so young in the episcopate, his fervid eloquence, 
 large acquirements, and clear appreciation of the true mission 
 of the Church gave him at once a leading position in the 
 House of Bishops, and made his episcopate an era in the 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 35 
 
 Clmrcli of tlie nation as marked and significant as it was in the 
 administration of his own diocese. 
 
 With the inauguration of the missionary episcopate and 
 the corresponding change in conception of the Church as to 
 Jier proper character and mission in this country, there came a 
 vast and rapid widening of her views upon the real import and 
 spirit of her work on this great continent. She now began to 
 realize that she was set here to be and to represent the 
 "■ Catholic and Apostolic Church" in all its high and distinctive 
 attributes to every part and portion of all this mighty nation, 
 not to call men to take on her name as merely a rival sect 
 among a multitude of other sects, but to come to her as the 
 living body of the ascended Lord, as that body had been estab- 
 lished by His divinely-authorized apostles, and liad handed 
 down unchanged the whole substance of the faith that " once 
 for all had been delivered to the saints." 
 
 The people, instead of their old distrust of her, now 
 began on all sides to recognize that she had peculiar adapta- 
 tions to the needs of this great Republic ; that she alone, of all 
 the institutions of the age, combined a reverence and adherence 
 to whatever was best and most vital of the past with that 
 freedom of reason and action which was able to take all that 
 was wise and true in the learning and life of the present ; and 
 hence she is becoming daily more and more the Church of the 
 people and for tiie people, as she has always gathered largely 
 to her numbers of the thoughtful and the refined. 
 
 Under this same high inspiration she is also entering con- 
 tinually more fully into the riches of her own inheritance and 
 her own great work for the Christianity of the future. !Not 
 only does she glory in her kinship with the noble Church of 
 England in its reformed and present state, but she feels that 
 all its past, and the past of all the Church of Christ, equally 
 belong to her. Hers are the builders of the old cathedrals, 
 and hers the loving spirit of the worshippers who thronged 
 their mighty aisles ; hers the long roll of martyrs and mission- 
 aries who planted the Church of Christ in their own blood, 
 
36 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 and reared it to modern Christendom by the sacrifice of self 
 and all that men hold dear upon the service of the Master ; 
 hers, too, are the soaring liturgies, rich in the devotion of men 
 whose tongues were yet glowing with the warmth of the 
 Pentecostal tire ; and hers, too, the unity of her faith and 
 orders with their divine Source and Warrant, in the unbroken 
 line of her ministry and bishops for well-nigh nineteen 
 centuries. 
 
 Nor is this all ; not only does she rejoice in this grand 
 heritage of glory and of blessing from the past. She is be- 
 ginning more and more to feel the higli responsibilities and 
 duties that lie upon her for the future. 
 
 The world is weary of the jars and alienations of a rent 
 and self-dwariing Christendom. Men say, and say with bitter 
 truth, " If you have the one same spirit of the Lord, why are 
 ye not one in the communion and unity of Christian brother- 
 hood ?" Sin holds wild riot upon every hand, and the nations 
 grow more doubtful of the divineness of our whole religion, 
 while they wdio claim to "bear the vessels of the Lord" 
 stand, because of some paltry differences, with eyes coldly 
 averted from each other, and leave untaught, unsaved, the 
 needing millions of the world around. Good men of every 
 name are yearning more and more to find some way by which 
 the wounds in the body of the Church may be closed up and 
 healed, and with us more than any other lies the duty and the 
 j)ossibility of searching out an answer to this call. It has been 
 said, and with but too much truth, " The fathers of the 
 Church in its early ages marched before the world ; the 
 Church of to-day lags behind it." But in this need for 
 Christian unity we have a place, and ours is the opportunity 
 which, if we rise to its mighty import, wnll show the Church 
 again as the great leader of the peoples and the manifested 
 presence of the life and spirit of " the Master ' among men. 
 
 There is no work so urgent in the Christendom of our time 
 as this ; the way to it may not as yet be open to our narrow 
 vision ; the means may not be fully ready for the doing it ; but 
 
THE CIIURCTI IN" NEW JERSEY. 37 
 
 with the great prayer, " O Father, tJiat they all may be one," 
 in our hearts, with words of loving and pleading brotherhood 
 on our tongues, with hands outstretched to touch a brother's 
 hand wherever we may find response in our actions — that spirit 
 will become a power and a reality, and the same Lord who by 
 His Word, and Spirit brought order into the chaos of the 
 primal elements will by them also bring unity again into 
 '• the Church" which is the living body of His love. 
 
 The little band of three, whose meeting in this place a 
 hundred years ago we celebrate to-day, had their hearts anxious 
 not only with the upbuilding of the Church in their own 
 State, but, far more than that, with the yearning thoughts 
 how there might soon be wrought such union of the then 
 separated fragments of the Church scattered in weakness and 
 isolation through various portions of the land, as should 
 inspire them with the power and efficiency of one living 
 Avliole. Their prayers and eiforts have been richly answered. 
 In our State two dioceses, with two hundred ministers upon 
 their clergy lists, now re]')resent the outgro\vth from that 
 feeble waiting three ; and in the century of the nation more 
 than sixty dioceses and missionary fields and thirty-six hun- 
 dred clergy have come as the firstfruits of the unity and work 
 togetlier of that Church as one. 
 
 In a few short hours we shall have parted hence to our 
 several dioceses and our distant fields of labor and of life; 
 The volume of one century of the Church in our State and 
 nation will be closed forever, and the pages of another opened. 
 We shall kneel here together around the one table of the Lord, 
 and pray together as " very members incorporate in the 
 mystical body of thy Son, which is the blessed company of all 
 faithful people." Shall we not make it the burden of our 
 prayer and of our holy " offering" to-day that they who shall 
 come here in our places at the end of another hundred years 
 may look out on a Christendom not marred, as now, with 
 bickering and alien " communions," not jjaralyzed by narrow 
 factions and discordant interests, not uttering dire anathemas 
 
38 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGANIZATION OF 
 
 against tlieir differing brethren in tbe Gospel, but — even more 
 abundantly tban we rejoice in the unity and loving brotber- 
 hood wbicb binds our clinrcbes over all this land in one —they 
 may be glad in the far larger and more blessed oneness of the 
 "universal CJiurch, inspired continually and in all its parts 
 with tlie spirit of truth, unity, and concord," and that there 
 may be realized in them the fulfilment and answer of the 
 hymn — half prophecy, half prayer — sung at the consecration 
 of Bishop Seabury. 
 
 lie was about to go forth, with only the hand of fellow- 
 ship, from the poor and despised Church in Scotland, as the 
 first bishop of the little company that formed his church in 
 the new nation just born beyond the waters ; and as lie stood, 
 with mingled joy and fear, in that humble chapel, " the 
 upper room in a narrow lane" * of Aberdeen, where he was 
 ordained, those who were gathered there to wish hi in God- 
 speed on his uncertain mission sang with him : 
 
 " To all Thy servants, Lord, let this 
 Thy wondrous work be known ; • 
 And to onr off sirring yet unborn 
 Thy glorious power be shown." 
 
 " Let Thy bright rays upon us shine, 
 Give Thou our work success ; 
 The glorious work we have in hand 
 Do Thou vouchsafe to bless." 
 
 Amen and Amen. 
 
 The Sermon being ended, Benedictus qui nienit was sung 
 as an Offertory Anthem, and the offerings were divided 
 equally between the two dioceses. 
 
 After the Prayer of Consecration, the hymn " Bread of 
 Heaven, on Thee we Feed," was sung to the tune of Clap- 
 ha7n. A very large number of communicants received. Im- 
 
 * Beardsley's Life of Bishop Seabury, p. 144. The street in which the 
 chapel stood was called Longacre Lane. The Psalm was the Ninetieth in 
 Tate and Bradj-. 
 
THE CHURCH IX XEW JERSEY. 39 
 
 mediately after the blessing, the Nunc Dimlttis to Tonus- 
 Hegius was sung, followed by the retrocessional, " Angel 
 Yoices ever Singing," by Sullivan. 
 
 At 2 P.M. the bishops, clergy, and laity, including many 
 ladies, were handsomely entertained at a collation in Recre- 
 ation Hall, 
 
 At 3:30 P.M. the three bishops took seats upon a platform 
 at the east end of the Hall, and the concourse drew about 
 them in a large semicircle. 
 
 The Bishop of Xew Jerse^y called the assembly to order, 
 and spoke as follows : 
 
 " Thus far, our centenary has been a grand success. The 
 day, the service, the sermon, have been all we could ask and 
 more. We have just come from Christ Church where we 
 broke bread together at the Lord's table, and now we are 
 assembled here, bishops, clergy, and laity at the social feast 
 and for the interchange of kindly greetings. The beautiful 
 service of the morning was no inapt emblem of the Church's 
 growth and progress, during her tirst century of organic life 
 in New Jersey. The little band of churchmen who met here 
 a hundred years ago, to found a diocese, had to content them- 
 selves with very little in the way of beauty and grandeur, in 
 things temporal and spiritual. Could they have been with 
 us this morning, the fruits of their labor would have been, 1 
 am sure, a glad surprise to them. 
 
 '' We are all deeply indebted to the Choir Guild of the 
 diocese audits precentor, for the inspiring service, and I tender 
 to them my sincerest thanks and congratulations. As the old- 
 est bishop in office on the present occasion, it will be my duty 
 and pleasure to introduce the speakers. Let us not miss the 
 lesson of the day. We look back through a hundred years of 
 mercies, not as though our, work were finished — not that we 
 may fold our hands in idleness — but that we may gather new 
 inspiration and courage from the past, and begin the history 
 of another century with high hopes and new resolves. 
 
 " We are favored in having with us to-day the Bishop of 
 Northern New Jersey and a goodly number of the clergy and 
 laity of his diocese. They are here, not as our o^uests, but of 
 right, as sharing equally with us in the glories of Aew Jerse^'^s 
 past. AVe are two bands indeed, as the preacher of this morn- 
 
40 CENTENISriAL OF THE ORGANIZATIOlSr OF 
 
 ing told lis, l)iit we are one in our rejoicings and one in our 
 pride of spiritual ancestry. And while each diocese has its 
 own separate interests, I trust the day is not far distant when 
 the life and growing strength of both will be unified and 
 cemented into the Province of New Jersey. 
 
 "The Bishop of Pittsbnrgh, who has crossed the Alle- 
 ghenies to be with lis and share with us in our joy, has a pre- 
 eminent right to speak on a New Jersey day. A long line of 
 noble ancestry binds him both to Church and State, and we 
 feel specially honored by his presence. His diocese is my old 
 home ; his friends are my friends. We have much in com- 
 mon, and I take great pleasure in bidding him welcome to his 
 old family roof-tree to-day. 
 
 "We have with us representatives of Bishop Croes, the 
 first Bishop of New Jersey, in the persons of his grand-chil- 
 dren, whom we greet most cordially. And we most sincerely 
 regret tiie absence of the Bishop of Albany, who, it was 
 hoped, might be here to represent a name greatly honored in 
 N^ew Jersey. Unfortunately, pressing duties have detained 
 him. The Assistant-Bishop of New York, unable to be pres- 
 ent himself, has very courteously sent one to represent him, 
 the Rev. Dr. Tiffany, Mdiom we welcome here, both for his 
 own sake and the sake of the bishop who sends him. 
 
 " The Bishop of Pennsylvania is presiding, at this hour, 
 over his own Convention, and, of course, could not join us. 
 
 " The distinguished company I see before me, attest by 
 their j^resence, the interest they feel in our anniversary. I 
 thank them all, clergy and laity, for their honoring us, and 1 
 ask them now to listen to other and better words than I can 
 give them." 
 
 The Bishop of Northern New" Jersey being then intro- 
 duced, said : 
 
 " Rt. Rev. Sir, Ladies and Gentlemen : Our celebration 
 to-day has less the character of a commemoration than of a 
 review. We are looking back over the history of a hundred 
 years of our Church-life, not so much to take note of an event, 
 as to measure our progress. Such a retrospect does not min- 
 ister to mere sentiment ; it awakens gratitude and stimulates 
 to new efforts in behalf of the work which God has given us 
 to do. 
 
 " For myself as I look back through my mental telescope 
 
THE CHURCH IN^ XE\y JERSEY. 41 
 
 at the time preceding our Eevolntionary stnio-o-le to the cen- 
 turies which preceded our ol)tainini2: tlie Episcopate, I see a 
 background chaotic and confused. 1 do not mean to sav that 
 it was chaotic and confused, but only that it looks so to me, as 
 I view it through my telescope to-day. The things of which 
 we read — the colonial clergy, the Bishop of Loudon, the 
 commissaries, the efforts to persuade the English Government 
 to do what it once or twice seemed about to do, but always 
 ended by not doing — that is, to give the colonies a bishop, all 
 this seems confusion through my glass ; much as the surface 
 of the moon does to one who is not an adept, when he looks 
 at it through his material and actual telescope. There is no 
 Church in those old days. IN^o power of self-sustentation, 
 much less of propagation. The tree has no seed-bag ; the 
 plant grows under glass. Remove the protecting cover and 
 let the cold wind in and it must die. There are no confirma- 
 tions ; no ordinations. If there is a priest found here and 
 there, he has had to go elsewhere to obtain his priesthood. 
 The only figures that arrest my eye are of two men, who seem 
 to stand out at last from the confusion. They bear in their 
 hands neither key nor pastoral staff ; but are like the figures 
 of old saints that one occasionally sees painted on canvas, or 
 on glass in cathedral windows. Each bears in his hands the 
 similitude and likeness of a church. These figures are of 
 Seabury and White. They bring the Church to where it did 
 not exist before. It becomes native to the soil. The cover- 
 ing of glass is no more needed ; its roots have struck deep 
 down into our American life. 
 
 " My own recollection reaches back over only a segment 
 of this circle of one hundred years ; yet even I can recall a 
 good deal. I can recall something of the cold, respectable, 
 but by no means utterly unspiritnal life that ruled before the 
 Evangelical party came to kindle it with new fire, whose un- 
 ruly blaze they were often unaV)le to control. How cold those 
 old days of high and dry churchmanship were ! When men 
 came into church and would not kneel but stood to whisper 
 their silent prayer before service in the hollow of their hats 
 held daintily and decorously before their faces. The Evan- 
 gelicals made havoc with some of the old proprieties. But 
 they taught men what had been half-forgotten, viz., that 
 religion has its subjective side. The}^ preached Christ and 
 the power of the Spirit ; and that men should go out from 
 themselves and think of others. Their nei>lect of sacramental 
 
42 CENTENlSriAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 teaching;, their forgetfuhiess — sometimes tlieir almost ignoring 
 of the Church — was the natural and excessive rebomid from 
 what had gone before. They did good work not unmixed 
 with evil ; but good work wdiich the Church needed. They 
 are now fast passing aw^ay. All honor to their memory. We 
 w^ill cover with a numtle — for the sake of the good they did — 
 the recollection of their faults. Their work is in the founda- 
 tion of this Church, like concerete in a strong wall. I do not 
 see how, in their day, a day now past, we could have done 
 without them. 
 
 " Since then new men have risen up and new schools. 
 When, the time cauie that our fathers needed to be reminded 
 that the Church was Evangelical, the message came ; and again 
 when the balance seemed almost lost, through the force of a 
 too sharp specialism, then the Catholic message came to restore 
 the equilibrium. But the two lessons are not new lessons. 
 The Clmrcli has had both from the beginning. They were 
 but different sides of the one truth ; each true yet each liable 
 to be joressed into distortion by too eager and short-seeing 
 advocates. Men, perhaps, liked one side better than the 
 other, and loving it better, learned to believe in it almost ex- 
 clusively. Single truths are always narrow, sharp, and force- 
 ful, but the whole truth is made up of many narrow edges, 
 which bound in one without losing the sharpness of each are 
 together broad. 
 
 " And now, to look forw\ard to the future, I hold, Rt. 
 Rev. Father, that our success under God in extending the 
 Church M'ill depend upon our being able to present to men 
 each side of the truth wdiich, because we are Catholic, and 
 not sectarian, we hold. For myself I am a Catholic, but I 
 am also Evangelical ; not tlie less Evangelical for being 
 Catholic, but all the more each for being also the other. But 
 men will always press forward most earnestly the side which 
 they most admire.^ Can we learn to bear with those who do 
 so, until we come gradually to one mind ? Can we learn to 
 be comprehensive not of error or unbelief or heresy, but of 
 truths presented perhaps sometimes in a one-sided way, but 
 yet in a way which does not ignore the other side ? 1 think 
 we can. It is with this hope and belief that I look forward 
 to the future. Its responsibilities for us who labor on, are to 
 be measured as we cannot measure them, by those who are to 
 look back upon the work we are doing now, from the stand- 
 point of another hundred years." 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 43 
 
 The Bishop of Pittsburgh said : 
 
 " If age and wisdom give the right to speak, then surely 
 I sliould be excused from speaking, for I still have the pre- 
 eminence of being the youngest member of the House of 
 Bishoi)s, and I would fain keep silence and heed in the pres- 
 ence of my Rt. Rev, Brethren. I must content myself with 
 telling you why 1 was so ready to come to this joyous cele- 
 bration. 
 
 " The broad -hearted and broad-minded Bishop Doane 
 was among the originators of the I^ew Jersey Historical 
 Society. He advocated it as one agency for unifying the 
 State. He complained that there was lack of interest and 
 lack of community of feeling on the part of Jerseymen^ — that 
 New York on the one side, and Philadelphia on the other, 
 drew off too much the attention of the population lying be- 
 tween — and so he labored most earnestly for the establishment 
 of societies and institutions which should turn the eyes of 
 Jerseymen more toward their own heritage and make them 
 proud of it. 
 
 " He was chosen to deliver tlie First Annual Address be- 
 fore the Society, January I5th, 1846 ; and it may be that 
 some of the elder clergymen and laymen here present may 
 remember the opening paragraph of that address. 
 
 "He tells how, in the English town of Lincoln, as he 
 walked beneath and past the Pomnn archway which is called 
 the Newport Gate, musing upon the vicissitudes of time which 
 that old gate had seen — suddenly there stood out before him 
 on a street corner, in black letters, on a plain deal board, the 
 words, ' New Jersey.' 
 
 "Instantly 'his heart was in his mouth.' He says, 
 ' Romans, Danes, English, all were gone. Country and 
 friends and home were all about me.' ' I stood a Jerseyman 
 and in New Jersey.' 
 
 " So must it ever be I think, with one who belongs within 
 this favored State, and I come to-day a M-itness to this patriotic 
 feeling for old New Jersey. I do iiot apologize for boasting 
 that my father was a Jerseyman, and my grandfather and 
 great-grandfather, and I know not how many generations be- 
 fore him ; and that all of them were without exception church- 
 men, prominent in parochial matters, prominent in the affairs 
 of this diocese almost from its organization, prominent in the 
 (General Convention during the early days as later ; and one 
 
44 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 of them sent by tlie Society for tlie Propagation of tlie Gospel 
 as Missionary to Pertli Amboy as early as 1722. 
 
 " Being thus ' an Hebrew of the Hebrews,' when tlie in- 
 vitation came to participate in the pleasure and profit of this 
 most interesting occasion, my heart most eagerly responded. 
 1 gladly claimed my right to come, first by your courtesy and 
 then by heritage. Thus do all the sons of Jersey love to 
 honor her. 
 
 " And there is another reason why I ought to come. 
 When, as a deacon, I stood before the beloved Odenheimer, 
 his judgment did not approve my determination to go to Col- 
 orado for the first years of work, but, yielding to my impor- 
 tunity, he finally gave his unreserved blessing, clainn'ng, how- 
 ever, that I still owed him the year's work, which the bishop 
 has a right to recpiire of every deacon. That debt remains 
 unpaid as yet ; but I stand ready to pay it, as I can by attend- 
 ance upon festivities, or participation in labors, if ever my 
 brother, the Bishop of New Jersey, should wish to go away ! 
 
 " 1 rejoice in the prosperity of this noble diocese, and 
 retnrn to my work stimulated by what I have heard and seen 
 to-day. 1 thank you for permitting me to join with you on 
 this joyous occasion. Beyond the Alleghenies we have a hard 
 missionary work to do. A solid wall of prejudice environs 
 us, and against it we make but slow and tedious progress. 
 But when we heard to-day the wondrous story of the begin- 
 ning and progress of this diocese, new courage and strength 
 came to my heart. May God's best blessings be bestowed 
 upon the Diocese of New Jersey. The little one has become 
 a thousand — the small one a strong nation. May it be so 
 everywhere ! May the Lord hasten it in His time !" 
 
 The Rev. C. C. Tiffany, D.D., Eector of Zion Church in 
 the city of New York, said. : 
 
 " Rev. Fathers and Brethren : I come to give you greet- 
 ing from, the diocese of New York. The Assistant-Bishop has 
 sent me as his chaplain, to represent him, because he could 
 not come himself, and he was unwilling that no word of wel- 
 come should be spoken from his diocese, so near to your own, 
 but not more near than dear. 1 find myself in an embarrass- 
 ing position, for our Bishop is, we think, so sure to say the 
 apt word in the most fitting manner that one hesitates to repre- 
 sent him. But, as Oliver Wendell Holmes said when called 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 45 
 
 upon to take the place of Edward Everett, ' I shall not at- 
 tempt to^pll his place, but 1 M'ill rattle around in it the l)est I 
 know how.' 
 
 " Though Xew York greets New Jersey to-day through 
 the chaplain, instead of the Bishop, the greeting is as liearty 
 and full. We congratulate you on the past and wish you yet 
 greater good for the future. An assembly of three clegrymen 
 and seven or eight laymen, one hundred years ago, may seem 
 to some an insignificant event which might well pass without 
 a centennial celel)ration. But that fact stood for a great prin- 
 ciple, and apart from its fruits in the existence of two dioceses 
 and two hundred clergymen, is a principle worthy of reiterated 
 emphasis. For when churchmen come together, they stand 
 for the grand Gospel principle of ' Unity, inclusive of diver- 
 sity,' as contrasted with the denominational principle, which 
 seems to be a new sect for every varying ojjinion in theology 
 and every differing mode of worship. The Church principle 
 is this, ' Diversities of gifts but the same Spirit ; differences 
 of administration but the same Lord.' Tliat is, the Church 
 stands for com2:)reliension not exclusion, for the widest Cathol- 
 icity compatible with fidelity to the Faith. When, therefore, 
 amid different elements, churchmen meet, whether there be 
 three or three thousand, their meeting is significant of the 
 liberty ' wherewith Christ hath made us free,' freedom from 
 the opinions of men, because the freedom of the Faith. 
 
 " The Bishop of jSIorthern New Jersey has said so many 
 things I indorse ; the whole tenor of his s^Deech was so admir- 
 able, that it is, perhaps, captious to object to one expression 
 to which I took exception, though very likely on explana- 
 tion, I should find we meant the same thing. But I under- 
 stood him to say we needed to be narrow in order to be effec- 
 tive. I grant vre must be concentrated and live by St. Paul's 
 principle, ' this one thing I do ; ' but concentration is not nar- 
 row ; it is the condensing of broad powers to a single task. 
 The effectiveness of the wedge is not due more to the sharp- 
 ness of its edge than to the breadth of its back. A thin sheet 
 of metal will pierce the trunk but M'ill sink into it, be held by 
 it and disappear. The wedge, by reason of its broad base, 
 will rive tlie trunk asunder. We must have back of our 
 single action, broad sympathies and comprehensive views ; a 
 generous catholicity of heart and mind, if our single strokes 
 are to be effective. Such, it strikes me, is one significance of 
 the Church idea, which one hundred years ago to-day was 
 
46 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 organized in this State and diocese. To administer the Clnircli 
 efllcientlj, we most administer it as the Chnrch-^not as a sect 
 — and, therefore, in no narrow spirit of proscription bnt in the 
 spirit of the largest fellowship with those who hold the com- 
 mon aim and are eager to work for it, albeit by somewhat dif- 
 ferent methods and with somewhat divergent opinions. We 
 are to hold to the One Body, bnt not to forget that there are 
 many members, and that these have not all the same office, 
 and we are to recognize that trne Catliolicity is not mere nni- 
 formity in thonght or taste or act, bnt nnit_y amid diversity." 
 
 The Eev. George Morgan Hills, D.D., Dean of Bnrling- 
 ton, said : 
 
 " Whenever I have heard the word ' centennial ' in con- 
 nection with this occasion, I have feared that to those not 
 acqnainted with the past, it might be misleading. All throngh 
 the centnry before 1TS5, the Church was planted and liourisli- 
 ing in New Jersey. Many conventions of clergy were held 
 and important business was transacted. So that if tlie beginning 
 of the Church here were being connnemorated, this would be 
 in reality a bi-centennial. Two liundred years ago, the Rev. 
 Edward Fortlock began work at Perth Amboy, which chro- 
 nologically leads all the parishes in the State. In 1698, Feb- 
 ruary 23d, the Governor and Council of East Xew Jersey 
 ' returned the thanks of their Board to the Rev. Mr. Edward 
 Portlock, authorized pastor of the Jerseys, for the sermon he 
 preached before the General Assembly, yesterday afternoon.' 
 Observe the title given to Mr. Portlock in this extract from 
 their Journal — ' authorized pastor of the Jerseys.' It shows 
 a churehmanship founded on intelligence and conviction, 
 which has dominated in New Jersey from that day to this. 
 And who was the Governor of the Province at that time ? 
 The Hon. Jeremiah Bass, a man of culture and devotion and 
 zeal for the Church, which shows itself in all his letters and 
 papers, down to his last will and testament ; a layman who 
 knew whereof he affi.rmed when he traced his ecclesiastical 
 lineage through the Church of England to the Catholic Church 
 of the first ages. He was the earliest historian of the Church 
 in New Jersey, and his little monograph of twelve octavo 
 pages is still extant. 
 
 " The sliip Centurion, a transcript of whose log on that 
 memorable voyage is now in my possession, brought over 
 
THE CHURCH IN XEW JERSEY. 47 
 
 Keitli and Talbot, tlie first missionaries of tlie Society for 
 Propnp;ating' tlie Gospel in Foreign Parts. Mr. Talbot laid 
 the corner-stone of tlie clinrcli in Ilurlington, and shortly 
 after settled there, but never gave np missionary work through- 
 out East and West Jersey. He saw at the outset the great 
 need of a bishop in the colonies ' to visit all the churches, to 
 ordain some, to confirm others, and bless all,' and to secure 
 one, he strove with all his powers. lie was so far successful, 
 that in 1712 the Society bought a ' great and stately palace ' 
 Avith fifteen acres of land, in Burlington, for a bisliop's seat. 
 A bill was ordered to be drafted to be oifered in Parliament, 
 for establishing bishoprics in America, and Burlington was 
 designated as the first American See. But Queen Anne, the 
 great patroness of the project, died, and the House of Hanover 
 began to reign. The colonies were not in any diocese, nor, 
 at that time, in even the nominal jurisdiction of the Bishop of 
 London. Letters-patent from the Crown M'ere deemed neces- 
 sary to constitute this relation of the See of London wnth 
 America, and Bishop Gibson refused to take them out. Tal- 
 bot, in despair, braved the odium of the act, and, in 1722 re- 
 ceived consecration from a nonjuring bishop, and returned to 
 his beloved America. In 1723 he set up the bi-daily service 
 through the year and the weekl_y eucharist, and was ' in labors 
 more abundant ' than ever before. When, two years later, he 
 was informed against as being in the nonjuring episcopate, 
 he was discharged from the service of the S. P. G., and 
 ordered by the Governor of the Province to ' surcease 
 officiating.' l^otwithstanding remonstrances and memorials, 
 he was left to die, a confessor for the truth. 
 
 " On his widow's will in the otfice of the Register in 
 Philadelphia, 1 discovered in 1875, the impression of his Epis- 
 copal seal, a mitre with fiowing ribbons, and beneath it, all 
 the letters of both his names ingeniously wrought into a mon- 
 ogram. 
 
 " Time will not admit of further allusions to men and 
 deeds which might be made in connection with the venerable 
 13arishes of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth, and Salem, and Mount 
 Holly, and ISTew Brunswick, and Trenton, and a dozen others, 
 to say nothing of those within the bounthiries of the present 
 diocese of ]S"orthern Kew Jerse)'. Indeed there is more of 
 incident in the history of the Church in J^ew Jersey than in 
 that of any other State. 
 
 " I can only touch upon one other illustrious name. The 
 
48 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGANIZATION OF 
 
 Hon. Daniel Coxe, one of the original corporators of St. 
 Mary's Clinrch, Burlington, and afterward an Associate Justice 
 of tiie Supreme Court of New Jersey, in 1722 published ' A 
 Description of the English Province of Carolana,' in the Pref- 
 ace of which he formulated the scheme of confederation which, 
 more than a half century later, was used to bind together the 
 Thirteen United«States. 
 
 " To New^ Jersey, therefore, belongs the honor of having 
 not only the first designated American See, the first Episcopal 
 residence, and the first bishop in America, but the first Amer- 
 ican statesman in the person of Daniel Coxe, a churchman 
 equal to the best. 
 
 " The stone which covers his grave is in the floor at the 
 head of the nave in the old church of St. Mary, in Burhng- 
 ton. Peace to his ashes, and may light perpetual shine upon 
 him !" 
 
 The Rev. Edsvard B. Boggs, D.D., Secretary of the 
 Convention of the Diocese of Northern New Jersey, said : 
 
 " I presume, Et. Rev. Fathers, that in years I am among 
 the oldest of the clergy present, certainly oldest of those born 
 in New Jersey, and the Bishop of New Jersey seems to imply 
 that it is greatly to his credit that he is a Jerseyman. But a 
 bishop is e.v-officio older and wiser than any presbyter, and, 
 therefore, I will not presume in what I shall say, to attempt 
 to teach those so much older and wnser ex-officio than myself. 
 The Bishop has kindly s2:)oken of my birthplace near this spot. 
 When a boy I used to come out and stand near here to see the 
 stages come down the hill with the passengers from Philadel- 
 phia — that was before the days of raih'oads, and I coasted 
 down the same hill in winter. Wonderful are the clianges 
 and developments in material things that 1 have seen in the 
 half century and more 1 can remember, and these changes 
 and growth have been quite as striking in Church as in State. 
 Though ex-ojjicio not so old a man as my Rt. Rev. Father of 
 New Jersey, I can in facto remember what he cannot — viz., 
 every one of his predecessors in the Episcopate of this diocese. 
 I was held at the font in the arms of the first Bishop of New 
 Jersey ; the second Bishop, Doane, laid his hands on ine in 
 ordination to the diaconate and j^i'iesthood, and the third and 
 last Bishop of the whole State appointed me the General 
 
THE CHTJECH I]Sr NEW JERSEY. 49 
 
 Missionary under himself ; so tliat 1 liave been brought into 
 intimate rehitions with every Bishop of tliis State. 
 
 " 1 well remember the first Bishop, Croes. He deserves 
 more credit than lias been given him, in laying carefully and 
 wisely the foundations of this Ohurcli. He was a self-made 
 man, a soldier in the Revolution, not, perhaps, so learned or 
 brilliant as his successors, but noted for plain common-sense ; 
 a man highly respected and loved in this community ; econom- 
 ical from necessity, but liberal from principle and disposition ; 
 he always headed the subscription list for every worthy ol)ject. 
 He was rector of this parish as well as bishop of the diocese. 
 Once a month he called up the children before the chancel, 
 and each one was obliged to say the catechism. He always 
 preached in black silk gloves, and had a pair ready to lend any 
 brother who came unprovided. 
 
 " A great deal has been said to-day of the wonderful 
 growth of the Church during the century now closing ; and 
 statistics have been quoted showing how the Church in this 
 State has become 'two bands.' It is all true, I have seen 
 much of it myself ; let us thank God therefor, and take 
 courage. But there is one fact of Church growth of great im- 
 portance, which figures cannot show, but which, in my opin- 
 ion, is worthy of being set forth on this occasion. I mean the 
 quiet influence of our Church in diffusing, perhaps uncon- 
 sciously to themselves. Catholic Church principles among other 
 CUiristian bodies. 1 well remember how in former years we 
 were laughed at for keeping Christmas and Easter, and as for 
 Good Friday, that was indeed a relic of Popery ! And flow- 
 ers for decorating churches were an abomination ! "W^hile now 
 there is scarcely a denomination in the land that does not imi- 
 tate us in paying attention to these great Church festivals. 
 And each of these daj's is commemorative of some great fact 
 and sets forth as founded on that fact some great truth of our 
 religion, and their observance must tend to draw all Christians 
 together in ' unity of doctrine.' And so also the great em- 
 phasis laid by the Church on the necessity for a valid and 
 regular ordination has had a great influence in teaching all 
 Christians the importance of an ordination or solenm setting 
 apart to the ministry, and 1 need not tell you how numy have 
 thereby been induced to examine the matter for themselves 
 and been led to seek for an apostolic ordination. And so also 
 the Prayer-book is teaching men the beauty of ' comiiuin 
 worship. ' This quiet work of our Church in spreading Catholic 
 4 
 
50 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGANIZATION OF 
 
 princi^^les is a veiy important element in promoting Christian 
 nnity. We cannot expect to make Protestant Episcopalians 
 of all people ; I, for one, will be quite thankful if we can make 
 them Catholic Churchmen. And when once I was asked by a 
 Presbyterian pastor to come to his kSunday-school Christmas 
 festival, and talk Christmas to his children, because I must 
 know more about it than he ; and, going, found a responsive 
 service prepared and heartily rendered, with chants and 
 hymns ; and when, at another time, a Dutch Keformed min- 
 ister said to me, ' You don't know what a safeguard you 
 have in requiring Episcopal orders, what a guarantee it is to 
 you that none but one duly orthodox and ordained can claim 
 the right to minister in your churches ' — I say when I recall 
 these facts and others like them, I feel that the work of our 
 Church has been far wider spread and more useful than can 
 possibly be known by any list of churches, ordinations, and 
 confirmations." 
 
 The Rev. Nathaniel Pettit, President of the Standing 
 Committee of the Diocese of New Jersey, then read the fol- 
 lowing ; 
 
 A veil was on. the people's lieart ; 
 
 They could not see, nor know 
 Thy glorious beauty, Mother clear, 
 A hundred years ago. 
 Thy feeble flocks were counted biit a score, 
 From Sussex hills to Cape May's sounding shore. 
 
 Fi'om Europe, agonized with strife. 
 
 They came in hostile hosts, 
 Each with a fraction of the truth 
 To these New Jersey coasts. 
 Yet, her did they dishonor and despise 
 Whom Jesus taught, beneath Judea's skies. 
 
 Bi;t Time is God's own angel bright, 
 
 T' unseal men's holden eyes, 
 To undeceive the honest heart, 
 Dispel all phantasies. 
 Who would have trod thee in the miry street, 
 Their children come to worship at thy feet. 
 
 All blessed be the memory 
 Of Croes, glad to endure, 
 
THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 51 
 
 Who sought with tears, the scattered sheep, 
 O'er inoimtain and o'er moor. 
 Teacher and i^riest and bishoj}, all in one, 
 Till resting with the saints, to hear " Well done." 
 
 All blessed be the memorj'- 
 
 Of Doane, so brave, so strong, 
 Who lifted up the cross on high. 
 And sang the triumph song. 
 " Right Onward " through the ancient paths he trod ; 
 And other Chiirches caiight the fire of God. 
 
 All blessed be the memory 
 
 Of Odenheimer, mild, 
 Learned, so twU of sj'mpathy. 
 So pure and undefiled. 
 Who melted brothers' hearts to one accord, 
 And unified the body of the Lord. 
 
 Sweet Mother, since you crossed the sea 
 
 With only staff in hand, 
 Thy God hath blessed thee more and more, 
 Made thee a double band. 
 Two hundred spires now rise to kiss the skj', 
 And teach men faith and love and purity. 
 
 All glory be to God on high. 
 
 For this inheritance, so fair ; 
 And may we still increase and grow 
 And still the good seed bear, 
 Till sin and wrong and hate shall be no more, 
 From Siissex hills to Cajje May's sounding shore. 
 
 Mr. James Parker, of Pertli Ambo)', read tlie following 
 on " The AVork of the Laitj in the Organization of the 
 Church after tlie Kevokition." 
 
 "At a meeting of clergy and laity held in this city, May 
 11th, 178-1:, the only laymen present were John Stevens, 
 Itichard Stevens, .rohu Dennis, Colonel John Fornian, Colonel 
 Iloyt, and James Parker, all Jerseymen. 
 
 " That meeting called another to be held in Xew York, 
 October Oth, 1784. At the latter, New Jersey was represented 
 by John De Hart, one of the best lawyers of the day, who 
 
52 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGANIZATION OF 
 
 had been a member of the Continental Congress in the years 
 '74, '75, and part of '76, and John Chetwood, of ' St. John's,' 
 Eh'zabethtown ; and Samuel Spragg-s, of ' St. Andrews,' 
 Mount II oil J. 
 
 " It was there resolved that there should be a General 
 Convention of tiie Episcopal Church in the United States, to 
 be organized upon principles, the fourtli of which was — ' That 
 the said Churcli shall maintain the doctrines of the Gospel, as 
 now held by the Churcli of England, and shall adhere to the 
 Liturgy of the said Church, as far as shall be consistent with 
 the American Revolution, and the Constitutions of the re- 
 spective States.' 
 
 " That principle has proved to be the safeguard and 
 cement of our whole Church system ; it expresses the truth 
 which enables us to reach back through the ages, both in mat- 
 ters of doctrine and worship, even to our Lord Himself ; and 
 to claim our rightful inheritance as a branch of His ' Holy, 
 Catholic, and Apostolic Church.' 
 
 " It would naturally have fallen to the lawyers of that 
 body to draw up the declaration of principles ; and the double 
 use of the word ' said ' (a lawyer's, not a clergyman's word), 
 indicates that a lawyer did draw it. It is a model of terse- 
 ness, not a word too many or one too few ; and, from original 
 papers in my possession, and from after events, I am satistied 
 that John De Hart was the author of this fourth article. 
 
 '' According to the recommendation of that meeting, the 
 first Convention of the Church in this State (whose Centennial 
 we are now keeping), met in this city, July 6th, 1785. It 
 seems only to have listened to a sermon from the rector of 
 ' St. Peters,' Perth Amboy ; and to have appointed Depnties 
 to the General Convention to be held at Philadelphia. These 
 Deputies were clothed with power ' to accede, on the part of 
 the Church in New Jersey, to the fundamental principles pub- 
 lished by the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, held in New York, October 6th and 7th, 1784 ; and 
 to adopt such measures as the said General Convention may 
 deem necessary, for the utility of the said Church, not repug- 
 nant to tJie aforesaid fimdamental ■pri7iciples.'' 
 
 " The General Convention met September 27th, 1785, 
 and its proceedings caused great feeling in the Church gener- 
 ally, and particularly in this State. The bitterneiss engendered 
 by the war was still at its height, and there was a very ex- 
 tended feeling, even within the Church, that, in order to make 
 
THE CHUKCii IX np:w jeesey. 53 
 
 the Church popiihir, the Book of Conunon Prayer should be 
 chanii'ed to afar greater extent thau was j^-oposed by the Gen- 
 eral Convention of October, ITSi ; and this feelin<i; was strong 
 enoui^'h to secure the adoption by the Convention of May, 
 17S5, of what is known as ' The Proposed Book ; ' Avliich 
 latter was almost entirely the work of the Peverend Drs. Will- 
 iam White and William Smith. 
 
 '' When that book was published it caused much anxiety ; 
 and wlien the Convention of this State met at Perth And)oy, 
 May Kith, 17S(), it at once became the subject of an animated 
 discussion. 
 
 " It will have been noted how careful the first Conven- 
 tion of ]New Jersey had been to instruct its Deputies that the 
 fundamental principles set forth in the above quoted article 
 fourtli, should govern and control the changes to be made in 
 the Liturgy. 
 
 " After full discussion, the changes made necessary by 
 the new political conditions, were unanimously approved, and 
 it was ' Resolved, That the address of the Convention to the 
 Pight Peverend, the Archbishops and Bishops in England, is 
 very agreeable to this Convention.' In this, the hundredth 
 year after it was written, it would greatly benefit as all, to 
 read that address carefully again. It was drawn by Bishop 
 White, and a more tender appeal, and touching ' of the mystic 
 chords of memory ' never before, and but once since (when 
 Abraham Lincoln made it at the close of another great 
 war between brethren), fell from pen or lips of mortal 
 man. 
 
 " The other proposed changes were not approved ; and a 
 committee consisting of Pev, Abraham Beach and four lay- 
 men — viz., John De Hart, James I*arker, Matthias Ilalsted, 
 and Henry Waddel, was appointed to ' draft a ^Memorial to the 
 General Convention to be held in Philadelphia the ensuing 
 month, specifying the reasons which induced the Convention 
 to disapprove the proposed alterations in the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer. ' 
 
 "Mr. Parker, from the connnittee, reported the next 
 morning a Memorial, which was not approved, and a second 
 committee — viz., Messrs. De Hart, Parker and Ilalsted (all 
 laymen), was instructed to prepare a new Memorial, to ' effect 
 the purpose of that negatived.' 
 
 " The committee" on the next day presented the new 
 Memorial, which was ' read by paragraphs, debated, agreed 
 
54 CEISTTENXIAL OF THE ORGANIZATIOIS' OF 
 
 to, and ordered to be transcribed and signed by the President,' 
 and sent. 
 
 " This paper prodnced sncli important effects, tliat I may 
 be i^ardoned for quoting largely from it. 
 
 " After stating their approval of the changes made neces- 
 sary by the new political relations, the Memorial proceeds : 
 ' Your memorialists did not ratify, but disapproved or the 
 other parts of the proceedings of the said late General Con- 
 vention. Your memorialists do not question the right of 
 every national or independent Church to make such alterations, 
 from time to time, in the mode of its public worship, as, upon 
 mature consideration, may be found expedient ; but they 
 doubt the right of any order or orders of men in an Episcopal 
 Church without a bishop, to make any alterations not war- 
 ranted by immediate necessity ; especially such as not only go 
 to the mode of its worship, but also to its doctrines. And 
 they are very apprehensive that, until alterations can be made 
 consistent with the customs of the Primitive Church, and 
 with the rules of the Church of England, from which it is our 
 boast to have descended, a ratification of them would cause 
 great uneasiness in the minds of many members of the Church, 
 and, in great probability, cause dissensions and schisms. 
 Your memorialists, having an anxious desire of cementing, 
 perpetuating, and extending the union so happily begun in 
 the Church, with all deference and submission, humbly re- 
 quest and entreat the General Convention now soon to meet, 
 that they will revise the proceedings of the said late Conven- 
 tion, and remove every cause that may have excited any 
 jealousy or fear, that the Episcopal Church in the United 
 States of America has any intention or desire essentially to 
 depart either in doctrine or discipline from the C/liurch of 
 England ; but, on the contrary, to convince the world that it 
 is their wish and intention to maintain the doctrines of the 
 Gospel as now held by the Church of England, and to adhere 
 to the Liturgy of the said Church, as far as may be consistent 
 with the American Pevolution, and the Constitutions of the 
 respective States : thereby removing every obstacle in the 
 way of obtaining the consecration of such, and so many per- 
 sons to the E^jiscopal character, as shall render our ecclesiastical 
 govermnent complete, and secure to the Episcopalians in 
 America and to their descendants a succession of that neces- 
 sary order.' 
 
 " Bishop White, in his ' Memoirs,' imputes the author- 
 
THE CIIlTECn IN NEW JERSEY. 55 
 
 sliip of tills Memorial to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bradbury Cluui- 
 dler ; but that distino;uished Divine was not a member of the 
 Convention, and it will be remembered that the committee 
 which prepared it was composed exclusively of laymen ; and 
 the following extracts from a correspondence which has lately 
 come into my hands, will, I think, satisfy any one that Dr. 
 Chandler had nothing to do with its composition ; but that 
 James Parker or John De Hart wrote it, or that it was tlieir 
 joint production. 
 
 "In* this State the Memorial created great excitement. 
 It and its authors were at once attacked, and all sorts of 
 motives were imputed to them. On May 25th, Rev. IJzal 
 Ogden, and Patrick Dennis (who had been the only two rep- 
 I'esentatives from this State in the General Convention which 
 had adopted the ' Proposed Book '), united in a long letter to 
 tlie Rev. Dr. White, in which the Memorial and its authors 
 were attacked in strong terms. 1 have here a copy of this 
 letter. Mr. Ogden says, ' The rejection of the proposed 
 alterations in the Prayer-book was so disagreeable to some 
 members of the Convention that it occasioned them to with- 
 draw from it.' June 23d, Rev. Abraham Beach wrote to Mr. 
 l*arker, ' Mr. Ogden is very confident the Jersey members to 
 the Ceneral Convention will not be received, on account of 
 their audacity in daring to hesitate with respect to the new 
 Prayer-book. He means not to go for Jersey, but wishes, 1 
 believe, to be chosen for New York. Four of the lay dele- 
 gates for New Jersey must absolutely attend. The Conven- 
 tion will otherwise think they are ashamed of what they have 
 done.' June Cth, Mr. Parker replied to Mr. Beach, .'I 
 wanted a copy of the Memorial, to remove some prejudices 
 that were imbibed by some persons of consequence in the 
 Legislature at New Brunswick, from a false representation of 
 my conduct at the Convention. They even went so far as to 
 say that I opposed all alterations in the Liturgy ; and that 
 John De Hart, myself, and others that were principally op- 
 posed to the proceedings of the Convention at Philadelphia, 
 were under l)r. Chandler's direction, and tools to him. 
 Those of the General Convention who were either opposed to 
 those measures, or came inadvertently into them, cannot but 
 1)0 pleased at our opposition ; and the proceedings of those 
 who had any design in what is done, if any such tliere be, 
 ought to be counteracted. No, sir, let us set out right, and 
 we may possibly continue so ; but if these things are admit- 
 
56 CElSTTENlSriAL OF THE OEGAlSriZATION OF 
 
 ted, or even passed over from a false delicacy, or any other 
 motive, farewell the Episcopal Church of America.' 
 
 " To John De Hart, his friend and coadjutor in 
 the good work then in progress, Mr. Parker wrote June 
 11th': 
 
 " ' 1 have not heard a word from you since we kicked 
 up such a dust at the Convention ; and although what we did 
 there has had a considerable influence on the politics of the 
 State, and has principally operated against me, 1 never was 
 hetter pleased with any transaction of my life, especially as I 
 find it is esteemed of nmch more consequence than I thought 
 it at the time ; and 1 must confess it is very flattering to me 
 to think that the measures we adopted are likely to answer all 
 the purposes we proposed, and are to be followed by the Con- 
 vention at l^ew York. Can you conceive that the little that 
 was said in our Convention, about the 4th of July, could be 
 the foundation of a report that I had absolutely refused the 
 observance of that day, and that this should be inade use of 
 as an argument against the alternate meeting of the Legislat- 
 ure at Burlington and Perth Amboy, and for fixing it at 
 I^ew Brunswick ; and can you conceive that the idle story of 
 Dr. Chandler'' s infiuenGing the opposition of our Convention 
 to the proceedings of the General Convention, should reach so 
 far as to become the chit-chat of the public tables at Prince- 
 ton and New Brunswick ? And now, my friend, since we 
 have gone on so far, so well together, let me entreat you to 
 accompany me to the Convention at Philadelphia, where there 
 will be much to be done to secure the good eifects of what 
 seems to be in so promising a way, I trust you will, and in 
 this hope remain, 
 
 " ' Yours, etc., 
 
 ' ' ' James Paeker. ' 
 
 " To the readers of the Church history of that day, the Rev. 
 Dr. Chandler is, of course, well known, but to others it maybe 
 proper to say that, while he Avas one of the jDurest and best men 
 of his time, he was very unpojiular because of his jpoUtical 
 views. Not a word was ever breathed against his personal or 
 religious character. He had fought for the Church in the col- 
 onies all his life ; but he was a devoted Loyalist, and when he 
 came back from England, and attempted to othciate in his old 
 church (St. John's, Elizabeth), the grandfathers of our peace- 
 ful friends, ex-Chancellor Williamson and Mr. W. W. Thomas 
 
THE CHURCH IX XEW JERSEY. 57 
 
 (who represent tliat parish here to-day), interfered and escorted 
 their old rector to the door. 
 
 " The action of the hxynien in the Convention of Xew 
 Jersey emboldened others in otlier States, and there came to 
 the next General Convention siicli a voice of remonstrance 
 against the 'Proposed Book,' tliat no fnrtlier effort was 
 made in its behalf ; and, by common consent, it went into 
 obscnrity, and remained thereafter as mnch a literary cnrios- 
 ity as Dr. Johnson's ' Taxation without Ttepresentation no 
 Tyranny,' until the so-called ' Tteformed Episcopalians ' ex- 
 humed it a few years ago, and tried in vain to put life 
 into it. 
 
 " "What I have read shows, I think, that to the laymen of 
 New jersey we largely owe the first efforts to bring the Church 
 in the United States into national unity ; the call of the first 
 General Convention and the measures it adopted, and the pres- 
 ervation of the integrity of the Book of Common Prayer. 
 
 " In those days, courage and a strong will to do the right 
 were required to face the unpopularity and suspicion which 
 all who stood up for the Church were sure to encounter. 
 
 "The work then begun has spread its influences over a 
 whole continent, then almost unknown. 
 
 "Laymen of New Jersey, see ye to it that, should danger 
 and unpopularity menace the Church of your day, ye are as 
 sturdy in her defence as those few but resolute laymen of 
 New Jersey were a hundred years ago." 
 
 The Rev. B. Franklin, D.D., Eector of Christ Church, 
 Shrewsbury, owing to the lateness of the hour declined to 
 speak, but by unanimous recpiest consented to do so at the 
 Annual Convention the next day, when he said : 
 
 " The Church of America in the future is the subject 
 which inspires my thought. jSot a new Church to be evolved 
 out of some abstract energy of goodness and truth, implanted 
 as a germ within and evolving as a force from without Chris- 
 tianized souls ; but the One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic Church 
 of all the past, of all the Christian ages ! The current of mod- 
 ern thought is propelled by the too common idea that there 
 is such a thing as a self-existent abstract energy of goodness 
 and truth. This energy is supposed to lie at the spring of all 
 
58 CENTENNIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF 
 
 progress, and to liav^e in itself j^ower to ev^olve its own organ- 
 izations ; or to change wholly, or in any partienlar, wliatev^er 
 organizations may have descended throngli, or arisen at any 
 period in the long past. We believe not in the existence of 
 any such abstract energy. 
 
 " The philosophic basis of Christianity (and we grant the 
 necessity of a philosophic basis for every system of belief), is 
 the primary fact of all, being the universal axiom and the one 
 starting-point of thought. Personal Existence. ' Moses 
 said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of 
 Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath 
 sent me unto you ; and they shall say to me. What is His 
 name ? what shall I sav unto them ? And God said unto 
 Moses, I AM THAT TaM : and He said, Thus shalt thou 
 say unto the children of Israel, 1 AM hath sent me unto you ' 
 (Ex. 8 : 18, 14). 
 
 " Here Christianity takes its stand. It antagonizes mod- 
 ern thought at the very beginning, by denying its ' axiom,' 
 and claiming that I AM is the true and only real basis of 
 thought and being. And yet Cln-istianity is no enemy to 
 human progress. It has the deepest sympathy for modern 
 progress. It is abreast the age, even in this America, which 
 is placed in the van of modern progress. We look forward 
 with exulting hope to the evolution of the Church in America. 
 We would gladly call her The American Church. By ' The 
 Church ' we mean that definite, historic '' One, Holy, 
 Catholic, and Apostolic Church,' which was put into form by 
 ' the Word of God ; ' which was and is vivified by ' The Lord, 
 and Giver of Life,' whose philosophic basis is The Personal 
 Existence, which was, is, and ever will be, because her founda- 
 tion and support is the source of all being and the preserver of 
 all evolving energy, the One, Great, I AM. 
 
 " Here we stand in the Churcii. Here we are to uphold 
 and set her forth as the Household of God, with doors wide 
 open for the inflow of men and women and little children in 
 this great, progressive, American nation. We believe in 
 America. We believe that she has a definite work to do' in 
 the advancement of mankind. We are not blind to her faults. 
 Especially do we feel the force of lier pride, her self-confi- 
 dence, even of her vanity, of her disposition to reject all 
 authority, and of her growing self-will. Let her enemies 
 dwell on her faults, and lash her with their cunning carica- 
 tures and l)itter satire. They may do her good. But we are 
 
THE CIIUKCH IN" NEW JERSEY. 59 
 
 not her enemies. "We see this people, as a people beloved of 
 God. "\Ye see noble and 2:odlilve characteristics in them. 
 ' God who so loved the Avorld that Tie gave His Only ]]egot- 
 ten Son,' has given that Son to America ; and it is the nu'ssion 
 of the Church — onr mission now, my brethren — to hold up 
 ' the true Light which lighteth every man that cometh into 
 the world ' (St. John 1 : 9), in order that we may show to this 
 jseople the way into the Household of God. 
 
 '' It is not only a household, it is ' the Ark of God ; ' the 
 Ark destined, it may be, ' to ride the sea of fire.' AYe know 
 not what shall be the specific fortunes of the American Church, 
 Would God that she might gather in all this people, with their 
 children and their children's children ; but we know not who 
 will hear, we know not who will forbear. Let no definite ex- 
 pectation of results cloud our faith, or clog our hopes. The 
 Church in the past has ever been the ' Little Flock ' (St. Luke 
 12 : 32). This is a great mystery. It tries our faith even to 
 think of it. ' TJie kingdoms of this world are become the 
 kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ ! ' (Rev. 11 : 15). 
 We read this as prophecy. We also read history. Believing 
 the prophecy, we bow our heads in trustful faith. Reading 
 and making history, we wait. We must not wait, however, 
 in idleness, nor should w^e go forth to our work presumptu- 
 ously, n)uch less impatiently. God knows, we do not, what 
 His honor demandeth, and what men's souls rerpiire. We 
 may not count up our gains, nor dwell unduly on signs and 
 marks of progress. The Great Consummation includes too 
 many and too intricate items for us to compute as we go. 
 Leave statistics for delvers in rubbish. Let us start on the 
 strong foundations of true ideas. They will be found living 
 stones as well. They are the solid and permanent things in 
 upbuilding progress. God ! Christ ! the Church, which is 
 His Body ! These are ideas, but oh, wdiat reality, strength, 
 energy, and power are in them ! Whatever results we may 
 see or think we see, they have nothing to do with our faith. 
 Even though the American Church be and continue to be ' the 
 Little Flock,' this we know she is the flock of which Jesus is 
 the she]>lierd. 
 
 " While, however, adhering to the historic, organic 
 Church, which cometh down from Jesns — the I'isen God-Man 
 • — in unbroken succession along the ag(is ; let us keep our eyes 
 wide open to recognize Llim, in all who show^ the presence of 
 His Spirit, and let our hearts rejoice in any manifestation of 
 
60 CENTENNIAL OF THE OEGANIZATION OF 
 
 the love 'wliicli is of Him. Let lis be cliurclimeii not Avitli the 
 spirit of exchisiveness, but of inchisi veil ess. We believe and 
 are assured that sound philosophy, true doctrine, and pure 
 religion are enshrined in their completeness, in the American 
 Church. She is intrusted to us. We do not own her. She 
 owns us. We should be as large as she is, or rather we should 
 pray and strive so to be enlarged, that while we stay in her 
 and go not out, we may earnestly sympathize with and rejoice 
 in any good, any truth, any love, and any devotiou, that may 
 anywhere, at any time, shoot up amid the darkness of this 
 fast departing night of ' the mystery of iniquity.' 
 
 " Our philosophic and theologic position is a definite one. 
 It is comprehensive because it is Catholic, so large that it may 
 include all ' men of good will,' so complete that it can em- 
 brace or rather ingraft the whole body, soul, and spirit of 
 every ' man of good will,' providing ample means for personal 
 deve]o])ment inwardly and outwardly, while, at the same time, 
 tlie band of unity is spread around whatever multitLides may 
 come in with us, knowing that God is with us. 
 
 " The Church of Christ is the appointed teacher of His 
 truth to all nations. The American Church is api)ointed — 
 just as truly appointed as if the voice of her Lord sounded 
 now audibly in her ears, and in those of all people — to pro- 
 claim His truth to this nation. She has no more right to for- 
 bid any who promulgate truth, than had the disciples whom 
 Jesus rebuked. We can afford to rejoice, and ought to thank 
 God, with the ajDostle that, ' notwithstanding every way, 
 whether in pretence or truth, Christ is preached ' (Phil. 
 1 : 18). 
 
 " The truth, in its didactic form, is, however, only part 
 of the trust committed to the Church. She is, in very con- 
 stitution, the living, organic Body of the indwelling Christ. 
 He yet, alone, is ' the Baptizer with the Holy Ghost ' (St, 
 John 1 : 33). ' The Giver of Life ' bestoweth life in sacra- 
 ment. Her High Priest is ever presenting the offering of the 
 one Sacrifice. Priests, under Him, make the memorial. He 
 feeds His people now with the ' true bread from heaven ' (St. 
 John 6 : 32), which the Father giveth. Doctrine, discipline, 
 and worship are the threefold strands of unity. Truth ! The 
 Body, living, organic, one in past, present and future ! The 
 spirit of love, rising devoutly to God in both i^rivate and com- 
 mon prayer or praise, and going out through all that is 
 human, with largest, sweetest, tenderest charity ! 
 
THE CHURCH IlSr NEW JERSEY. 61 
 
 " Glorious, indeed, is onr lieritage. hretliren. Let us 
 cling to it, with a loyalty that shall stand the stress of this 
 magnificent, but, I fear, iingodly era. Great is the trust com- 
 mitted to us. Let us take it from God's hand, and discharge 
 it, as they who count all things loss, if they may but win 
 Christ. Some of us have had long experience in the progress 
 of the American Church. Will you bear with me, who am 
 one of the oldest priests among yon, if 1 descend a little to 
 personalities ? For rather more than two fifths of the century 
 I have worked and waited in the priestly office. All that 
 time, two strong emotions have been driving whatever energy 
 1 possess. Love of Country and love of the Church, have 
 both been strong forces within me. They are yet, and now, 
 as ever, they work together in reciprocal harmouy. Nothing, 
 I verily believe, could be better for America, than that the 
 American Church go forward, throughout all her wide bor- 
 ders, and everywhere gather the people into the family of 
 God. Nor, as I humbly think, has any nation, in any era, 
 presented an equal field for the spread of ' the faith once for 
 all delivered to the saints ' (St. Jude 3). 1 utter no prophecy 
 as to the specific aspect of the coming victory of the Faith. 
 That victory is sure. Men are to win it. You, especially, my 
 younger brethren in the priesthood, are to bear the brunt of 
 the co]ning strife. My personal experience verifies the Divine 
 word, ' I will show him how great things he must suffer for 
 My ISTame's sake. ' Look not, therefore, for apparent success ! 
 Be not dismayed by aj)parent failure ! Lift up your hearts ! 
 Though the time may be long, of this be assured, when all 
 shall be over, then. Rest." 
 
 At 5 P.M. another large congregation assembled in Christ 
 Church, where Evening Prayer was sung by the Rev. H. H. 
 Oberly, M.A. ; the Rev. E. B. Joyce, S.T.B., reading the 
 Lessons. About fifty vested choristers aided in this service. 
 The processional was Hey wood's, " Forth to the Fight, ye 
 E-ansomed," the special Psalms 05, GO and 07, were sung to 
 Gregorian tones, the anthem was Calkins's, "Rejoice in the 
 Lord, Ye Righteous," the retrocessional, Smart's "Light's 
 abode, celestial Salem." 
 
 The music at all the services was marked by great pre- 
 cision, both in time and tune ; the organist playing his accom- 
 
62 ORGAlSriZATIO]^ OF THE CHURCH IN NEW JERSEY. 
 
 paiiinients witli taste and skill. More general or hearty sing- 
 ing- on the part of congregations is seldom if ever heard. 
 
 The next day, at the Annnal Convention of the Diocese 
 of ^ew Jersey, held in the same place, a committee w^as ap- 
 pointed to prepare for publication an extended account of 
 tliese proceedings, which is accordingly submitted. 
 
 George Morgan Hills, Chainncm. ' 
 
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