THE NAME MACHABEE BY SAMUEL IVES CURTISS, Jr., DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, LEIPZIG. LEIPZIG, J. C. HINRICH9. 1876. BSf825 2.C?8 MACHABEE !v 1 e^ ^ ^IR isv ■x-~ '53 ^S ^ * ^ . J^ ?f .9 1— 1 1 1 S ^-ix ^ " ;5^ " v*^ ts hH ■§ jrv ■§ 1^ >i J 1 .a « O) 03 O! •^1 DEC 15,1897^ man THE NAME MACHABEE BY SAMUEL IVES CURTISS, Jr., DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, LEIPZIG. LEIPZIG, J. C. HINEICHS. 1876. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. IMPORTANCE OF NAMES. PAGE Their romantic, philologic and historic value 1 Dangers, manner and importance of this investigation ... 2 CHAPTER I. THE SOURCES DISCUSSED. The original Hebrew text has been lost 4 Jerome saw it 5 His character as a Hebrew scholar 5 The two readings ^'2pT2 and "'naa 7 Jerome's transcription Machaheus cannot have come from ''apa 7 MaxxapaTo; can have arisen from ''sa^ 8 The Unreliable Witnesses. The Syrian translator 9 Jusippon ben Gurion 10 The Megillath Antiochos 10 The so-called Arabic second book of Machabees 11 Result 11 CHAPTER II. THEORIES CRITICISED. "The brave" VI "Protegens vel Protectio" 12 "The concealed", "Percutiens" 13 "Pugnator", "Despot", "Valiant warrior" 14 Abhrevial Theories. Final letters 15 Initials 16 Hammer Theory. page Origin 18 Claims 20 Reasons for rejection 22 Conjecture of Professor Delitzsch. What is like (comparable to) my father? 23 CHAPTER III. THE EXTINGUISHER. Characteristics of surnames 25 Sketch of the period in which Judas lived 25 Machabeus is most probably derived from n23 26 Reasons why . 27 The form is a nisba from a Hiphil participle 28 Summing up 29 APPENDICES. I. Translations of 2apPrj{> SappavtsX 30 II. Transcriptions of Jerome and the Alexandrians compared . . 30 III. Rabbinical transcriptions of Kappa{C) and Chi{Ch) ... 31 IV. Discrimination between the Hebrew endings aj and aj . . . 32 V'\ The two Ethiopic transcriptions of the name Machabee ... 34 V^ The Syriac spelling of the name 36 VI. Megillath Antiochos. A fabulous product of the Middle Ages 36 Originally written in Aramaic 37 An enumeration of nineteen MSS. in which it occurs ... 37 Rare printed editions of it 39 Other editions 40 Great variations in the text illustrated 40 It cannot be quoted as authority in the discussion of this question 41 IVTAMES are crystallized history and poetry, or to change the simile they are the embalmed remains of warm affections, bitter griefs, ardent hopes and lofty aspirations. As the discovery of a single bone may enable the naturalist to reconstruct the skeleton of an animal belonging to some long extinct species, so the recovery of an ancient name often enables the histo- rian to represent to the imagination the living men and women of the past. There is a peculiar charm in the study of the earlier Hebrew names arising from the artless character of the people, which led them to make their children the remembrancers of their joys and their sorrows, their failures and their successes. Indeed in this respect the several crises of the Jewish history are marked by the same phenomena as its beginning, so that a single name sometimes supplies a missing link, and gives a hint of the popular feeling which otherwise would be entirely wanting. Whether we regard the names of the Hebrews from a romantic^ iiMlologic or a historic point of view, we are equally impressed with their importance. What more fruitful theme for the imagination than the names of the early patriarchs! The experiences of these ancient famiUes are gathered up and preserved in the names of the children. If all other records were to perish, we should still have in Abraham the founder of a nation, in Isaac the laughter of joyous parents, 1 and in Jacob one of the shrewdest characters in sacred history. VicAved from a philologic point of view, words and forms have been preserved to us in these names, which otherwise would have been entirely lost, which belong either to the earliest period of the language or to some foreign tongue, i) But nowhere are the Hebrew names of greater importance than for the history of the people. Whether we contemplate that large class of names which stamp the Israelites as a nation whose God is the Lord, or those which record their sojourn in a strange land, or those which are a recognition of the divine wrath, or a memorial of returning hope, gratitude and joy, we have abundant testimony to the value of this much neglected department of study, and we find that the long lists in the Chronicles are replete Avith interest. It is true that doubt and uncertainty attend the investigation of many names which have become chan- ged almost beyond recognition through the attrition of time; nevertheless patient research unlocks many a secret and is at all times a blessing to him Avho en- gages in it. I am aware of the dangers to which one in pur- suing a subject of this kind is exposed. It is easier to theorize than to examine, and one is often, especially in such a case, carried captive by some attractive theory, Avhich is merely an exhalation of the imagination. 1) Examples of words preserved in proper names are nnp and Tr\t\ ; of old forms, the nominative ending of ^i^n in ^losiian, the genitive in Dib;r^3i<, and the original feminine ending at in J^^^'3-, of words belonging to the earliest period of the language, of^'^ in Q\!'^35<, and TL^r; and of foreign words, the more Persian than Hebrew T)5"}Q and the first Aramaic part of the compound in h^z^i^t-q. I have tried to leave no stone unturned in this investigation. I have entered into correspondence with all the principal libraries in Europe, and through the great courtesy of their distinguished custodians I am able to present some facts, Avhich have hitherto escaped notice, and to fully vindicate the claim to original in- vestigation. While engaged in collecting these materials a shadow has flitted across my path, as I have thought that some might consider the subject unworthy of such research, and might in view of my performance repeat the fa- miliar verse: Parturiunt monies, nascetur ridiculus mus. But if men can die for an idea, if a single word can gather in itself the longings, the aspirations and the hopes of generations, if some names have gained an immortal fame and have become synonymous of all that is noblest and best in this world, then the name of the great hero and devout patriot who was the first to cross one of the darkest skies of Jewish history with a brilliance which arrested every eye, whether of friend or foe, his name, I say, given at such a period and by such a people is worthy of the most patient research and the most studious consideration. Whether it shall be my lot to determine the true meaning of this name, I trust that the follow- ing discussion may not be without advantage to all who are interested in the critical study of the Ma- chabaean historv. I. The chief difticulty in the discussion of this subject has been occasioned by the loss of the ori- ginal Hebrew!) text of the first book of Machabees, which would be decisive as to the letters which compose the name. For more than twelve hundred years it and all similar memorials 2) have disappeared from view. In the absence of direct testimony we must accept the deposition of those who saw the an- cient Hebrew MS. But here again we are met 1) That the original text was Hebrew, appears 1) from historical testimony: Jerome in the Prologus Galeatus (Biblia Sacra Latina ed. Heyse et Tischendorf, Lipsiae 1873, p. XXVIII) says: Machabaeorum primum Uhrum hehraicum reperi. Moreover Origen is quoted by Eusebius Lib. VI Cap. 25 as saying: E?(u hi xouxcuv lait la Maxxa- paixa, airep STriYSYpaTrxat Sapprj^ SappavieX, see Appendix I of this Dissertation. 2) There is strong internal evidence of a Hebrew ori- ginal. Comp. Grimm, „Das erste Buch der Maccabaer", S. XV. 4. who cites I. 16, 36; II. 57; III. 9, 32; IV. 3, 1.3, 17 f. as examples of a slavish imitation of the Hebrew, and I. 28; II. 8, 34; III. 3; IV. 19, 24; comp. XI 28; XIV. 5; XVI. 3 which only become clear by presupposing mistakes in translation. 2) The Halachoth gedoloth, which according to Zunz „Die gottesdienstlichcn Vortrage der Juden, Berlin 1832" p. 124 might have been composed about the eighth century, mentions the Megillath heth- Chashmonae in the section, entitled Hilchoth Sofrim (f. 83 co- lumn 3 ed. Zolkiew), as follows: iiu:d55 'lyi "i^r.^^irn n^n rb'yci inns en bb\'n n-^n ^Dpti ^x^ir n^n ^3pT ^'The elders of the house of Shammai and the elders of the house of Hillel wrote the Megillath of the Hasmonean family, hut till ^ow it has been lost (and will not be found) until a priest shall arise with the Urim and Thummim." with a very serious dif'Hculty. The testimony, hke some of the responses of the ancient Delphic Oracle, is on the first blush equivocal. It is necessary first of all to know the Hebrew letters of which the name MaxAd^aioc, is composed. The entire discussion will largely turn upon the original form of the second letter. Shall we read ^np^ or "'jS^? If unanimity, the weight of great names, an attractive etymology and a striking historical parallel could settle any question, then we must accept ^^p'O as the true read- ing. It is certain however that the question cannot be settled in this way, hence it is necessary that it should be exposed to the most searching criticism. There are two witnesses who saw the Hebrew original. The one is the Greek translator, the other Jerome. In determining the weight and' relative im- portance of their testimony we must first consider their character and antecedents. In the absence of the original, it is impossible to judge of the merits of the Greek translator, as we can of those of the LXX. It is not probable that in point of accuracy he w^ould be superior to any of the various Alexan- drian translators of the canonical books of the Old Testament. If we add to this the comparatively easy and flowing Greek style i) in which the book is written, in spite of its Hebraisms, we certainly need not be surprised if some names, through the tran- scription, have almost entirely lost their Hebrew cha- racter, to say nothing of the errors of copyists. We can however form a correct opinion in re- gard to the attainments of Jerome as a Hebrew scholar, the merits of his translation and his accu- 1) Comp. Grimm 1. c. §. XV. racy in details. Though his knowledge of Hebrew was very hnperfect as judged by the present standard, he was by far the most advanced in the language of any of fathers, and his translation is of great critical value 1). He often gives the HebrcAV names much more accurately than the Alexandrian translators. 2) We know, from a comparison of the proper names, Avhat his system of rendering the Hebrew letters is — I say system because he does not vary in his orthography like the Rabbinical transcribers of Greek and Latin words. ^) He frequenthy corrects the errors which appear in the LXX. Although the first -book of Machabees is not cano- nical, there can be no doubt that he would carefully transcribe the name since he informs us that he has found it in Hebrew.'*) 1) Comp. Nowack, „Dic Bedeutimg dcs Hicroiiymus." Gottin- gen, 1875 (See especially p. 55). 2) It is certain that Jerome adheres much more closely to the present Hebrew text in his transcription of names than the LXX. The most natural supposition is that he conformed the Latin trans- lation of the LXX to the Hebrew original. For a comparative view of the transcription of proper names by the LXX and Jerome see appendix U. 3) See appendix IH. 4) Granted that Jerome left the old Latin translation of 1 . Machab. untouched, and that he simply used the current spelling of the name, we have in this an indication, that chi or single kappa stood in the Greek text from which the Latin was translated, since the Latin translator would never transcribe double kappa through ch. Yet I do not grant it, as I can not accept Sabatier's and Fritzsche's opinion that Jerome left the old Latin translation unchanged. I believe that the translation of the St. Germain MS., which Sabaticr gives, is a part of the original Latin translation which was adopted by Jerome after some emendations. Grimm's view that the trans- lation of the St. Germain MS. is the effort of a later period to It is not probable that he would make such a discovery without at least using it to give the cor- rect spelling of the name. When we compare the testimon}' of these two witnesses, it seems at first to be contradictory. The Greek spells the name Ma/.'/.a^alo(i , which most simply and naturally cor- responds to ''^p^^ while Jerome spells the name Macha- haeuSj which is equivalent to ^33^. Is there a real contradiction here, or can the two be reconciled? It is possible that hi the MS. which was accessible to the Greek translator the name was written Avith kojyh and in that which was found by Jerome with laphl If however this name was originally written with koi^h, it is unlikely that it would afterwards be written with haph. It is most probable that both the Greek and Jerome read either ^3p>a or '^3i>-. Let us test the two readings. Machahaeus cannot be the transcription of ^^p^, since it is entirely con- trary to the usage of Jerome to transcribe koph with ch, 1. He always renders koph with c. Out of the one hundred and ninety names written with koph, which I have repeatedly examined, there are only two apparently established exceptions i), which cannot be counted as such upon examination. 2. He carefully distinguishes between forms en- ding in koph and kaph. See the proper names secure a more literal translation than the Vulgate is higly impro- bable. Fritzsche strikes at the root of the matter when he says of the St. Germain Version "Est antiquior, genere dicendi horridior et verborum textus Graeci tenacior." Libri Apocr. V. T. p. XX. 1) Jerome transcribes ^Ji?^^0 2apaOaxd Gen. X, 7; ^pV aixepa (frequently) and tjil^iD Swpdx 2 Sam. X, 16. 2. ^ii>a might have been transcribed at first through MaxctpaToc. This could afterwards have been changed undesignedly to MaxxapaTo?, since the kappa was involuntarily doubled through a more rapid pro- 1) We have an example of this euphonic doubling in the later form Macchabens. Comp. Sychaeus, SuxaTo;, which in later MSS. is written Sycchaeus. nunciation. Very many cases of similar doubling occur. E. g. tipr-o Ma^VA/A Numb. XXXIII, 28; ^^-^i}, 'A{i.oppaIo;; n-Kiiz: :i:£|jijjL-^p lCh.VIII,12; W 'Iottttyj; Di^'9'^?>? 'ApsaaocXtojji. In the three or four hundred years which elapsed be- tween the translation of I. Machabees from the Hebrew and our oldest Greek MSS. Mocxotj^atoc; could very easily have become Maxxotpaioc. One case at least occurs in which the Greek translator has transcribed ka2)h through double ^'aj^pa, viz. l^n Boxxd ICh.IV, 32.i) I hold therefore that Jerome's transcription indicates "HDiQ as the original form, and that there is nothing to hinder the derivation of the Greek from it. The evidence of the other witnesses, although often cited, is of so little weight in the treatment of this question that I should not cite them except to illustrate this statement and the further discussion of this subject. They are 1. the Syriac version; 2. Jusippo7i hen Gurion; 3. the Megillath Antiochos; and 4. the second so called hook of Machahees in Arahic. 1. It has been proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Syriac is a translation from the Greek^). The fact that the Syrian writes the name with koph ^^^ merely shows that he regarded single kappa and especially double kappa as the equivalent of koph without considering how it had arisen. 2. Jusippon ben Gurion has often been quoted as an authority. His reading of the name is ^^^33^ or according to other MSS. '^^i'/S. Since this Hebrew 1) As a rule letters are often doubled in the later MSS. which are single in the earlier. 2) Comp. Trendelenburg, Repertorium fUr biblische und morgen- landische Litteratur Theil 15 S. 60. See such examples as sttI xr^v 'EXXaSa ly'^f^ 1 Machab. I, 1. 2 10 Jusippon did not appear before the tenth century i), and the Hebrew MS. of first Machabees was lost lone: before, his reading of the word seems to indicate that he has merely reproduced Jerome's transcription Machabaeiis. This is highly probable, for his writings seem to indicate that he had scarcely any knowledge of Greek and that his home was in Italy. His sour- ces have been characterized by Zunz as translations of translations.^) 3. If we now turn to the reading of the name as it occurs in the different MSS. of the Aramean and Hebrew Megillath Antiochos (which is also called the r^2r nb:^)0, the Greek Megilla), we shall find that two modes of spelling are in vogue ^ii^'^a and "^np^a with a preponderance in favor of the latter. Since the name does not occur in either of the Talmuds'*^) we can only hold that this ^^^'O or ''npiG of the Megilla is the transcription of the name from the Latin or Greek.^) The transcription '^np'/Ci could come from the 1) Zunz, Die gottesdienstlichen Yortrage der Juden, S. 146 — 154, Comp. Gesammelte Schriften, Band 2 (1875), S. 159 if. 2) Comp. Zunz, Die gottesdientlichen Vortrage, S. 149. 3) Neither the name "'ns^a nor ^'2pi2 occurs in the Gemara. So far as they are found in later Jewish writings, they have either been derived from Hellenistic or Latin sources. The names which occur in the Mishna although somewhat resembling the above are foreign to the Hebrew and have no connection with this name. Compare the appellative l^i^^n (Hammer-head i. e. one whose head resembles a hammer) in the Mishna Bechoroth YII. 1 (Gemara 43^) and the pro- per name ''^nnia in the proverb: Sichem is maiTied and Maghai is circumcised, see Buxtorfii Lex. Rabb. p. 2392 under natt:. Zunz, Namen der Juden 1837 (in his Gesammelte Schriften^ Band 2, 1876) combines the names '^aan and ^'^t^-Q with the name Machabee, but without adducing any reasons. 4) See Appendix V. — 11 — - Greek mediately through the Syriac, especially if we hold that the reading ^^p'^ in these MSS. is of orien- tal origin. This conjecture seems to be substan- tiated by the form wich is given to this name in two MSS. of the Royal Berlin library which came from Yemen, and which are punctuated according to the Babylonian system, i) On the other hand those who Avrote the name ^3i*o, undoubtedly followed the Latin orthography. It must however be remarked, that while Jerome renders koph by c there are a few cases in later Hebrew, in which ch is rendered with koph, e. g. 0D"i5 or Oui"ip is written for charta.^) Hence it is possible that the transcription with ko2')h has merely risen from ch through the carelessness or ignorance of the transcriber, although it is more pro- bable that it has arisen from the Greek. It Avill, I think, be fully seen that the testimony of these MSS. proves nothing either way. 4. The Arabic second book of Machabees^) (^li!t yS^^ ^j^ajUuJI ob:5"), which traces the Jewish his- tory from the attempted seizure of the treasures in the temple by Heliodorus until nearly the birth of Christ, is apparently derived more or less remotely from the Greek sources. The title as it simply rests upon a transcription is utterly without significance for this discussion. I claim therefore as the result of this survey; 1. that neither the Megillath Antiochos nor the Arabic second book of Machabees are to be regarded in this discussion, since they only give indirect transcriptions; 2. that the testimony of the Greek translator and Je- 1) See Appendix VI. 2) Sec Appendix III. 3) It is to he found in the Loudon Polyglott Tom. IV p. 112 — 59. 2* 12 roine is of paramount importance ; 3. that while Macha- beus could not have come from ^^p"/2, both Maxxot|3aTo; and Machabeus can have arisen from ^is^ which I adopt as the correct reading. II. Having fixed upon the original reading of the name, it now remains to consider its signification. Be- fore presenting my own idea I Avhish to consider the various explanations which have ben suggested. The earliest hint at the meaning of the name was given by Jusippon ben Gurion, where he represents the dying father as addressing his son Judas Jll'in^ '^:3 ^nnii^ b:? ^ri^-o yc"^ >i^ip:n, my son Judas ivho art named Maeliabee on account of tky bravery,^) But it does not appear whether he derives this from a He- brew root, or from what he knows of Judas' character. It is certain that some derivations of the ancient wri- ters have no connection with the Hebrew whatever, but are simply the conjectures of those wHo did not wish to seem ignorant of the name 2). Such is the suggestion of Nicolas de Lyra 3) that 1) See Lib. III. Cap. IX. Comp. 1 Machab. II, 66 and Josephus Antiq. XII, 6, 3. 2) Azaria de Rossi, who belongs to the first half of the six- teenth century, adopts the opinion of a certain Samotheus (John Luci- dus) in lib. II. c. X of his " Emendaliones teniporum" (Venet. 1546), that Machabeus is a Greek word and that its signification in the Italian is Paladino : nrnnsi n^ST' x^n ix'^'bs?: "1 "nsj 'n "nBD i5<'^"Dittb ^innb :i3"i^bi!?< into ^sx (dust), dt (bloodj and nn^a (gallj. 15 above named group there are four which may be con- sidered under two distinct heads: first that which deri- ves the name from ^p'^JC (no). The supporters of this opinion are Reland and the late Rabbi Dr. Zipser, who both agree as to the origin of these letters with reference to the name.^) According to Numb. II, 9 — 14 the children of Is- rael wese gathered into four camps around the stan- dards of Judah, Reuben, Simeon and Gad. Verse 2 reads: Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch hy his own standard J with the ensign of their father'' s house. (t^Knip": ^i^ ^:n^. anbNj^ r^D^ rr^ ii.l"^."b:^ ^^s). And Aben Ezra says: Tlie ancients say that on the banner of Reuben there was the figure of a man, on that of Judah a lion, on that of Ephraim an ox, and on that of Gad an eagle.^^) Besides these figures it is said that on these ban- ners were inscribed the names of the Patriarchs D^i^i, pHii'i and ^p"\ On the standard of Reuben were the letters '^^X of Judah r^"^, of Ephraim prt'^i, and of Gad npV Reland says that the name Maxxapaio; may have been derived from the fact that Matthatias dwelt in Modin,^) a village in the territory of Gad, and that the name may have come from the letters which were on the banner of Gad. Zipser's theory is still more finely spun. He su- poses that after the well known treaty between Judas and the Romans-*-) some pledge of friendliness was de- manded from the Jews, and that nothing could be 1) Relandi Palestina p. 901 [Modin). Zipser in Ben-Chananja den l^en Oct. 1860, S. 497—504. 2) Comp. the Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan on Numb. Chap. II. 3) See 1 Machab. II, 1, 15; IX, 19. 4) 1 Machab. VIII, 17—32. -— 16 more grateful to their allies than the adoption of the Ro- man eagle, which was rendered possible since it already existed on the ensign of Dan, and as the letters -p ^ were also embroidered upon the banner Judas received them as a surname. Neither of these theories, which rest upon mere fables, is worthy of a moment's con- sideration. The latter is still further condemned by the supposition that the pious Judas forsooth would accept of that abomination a Roman eagle! The two other initial theories have more in their favor. The former, mentioned by Prof Delitzsch in his Geschichte der judischen Poesie, Leipzig 1836, S. 28, is the conjecture of Raphael Fiirstenthal that ''3D'0 — ^o o o o i:nii -ja iJib Jijr^^ia.i) But a name with such an origin would no more belong to eJudas than to the rest of the brothers. His name was certainly more distinctive. The latter theory which Avas first mentioned by Azaria de Rossi in Meor Enajim by Rabbi Gedalia ben Joseph Jachia in Shalsheleth Hakkahhala, and which is indicated by the pointing in some of the MSS. of the Megillath Antiochos is very attractive and in the seventeenth century had many adherents. It has been more recently supported by Oppenheim in Nos. 5, G and 43 of the Maggid (Jewish Intelligencer) for 1873. This theory supposes that the name has arisen from the initials of the words r^^Tv n^'b^i fo^-ci '^'C (Ex. XV. 11.) Who is like unto thee o Lord among the Gods? It was supposed that these initials were stitched upon the banner of Judas, as S.P.Q.R on those of the Ro- mans, and that he afterwards received his name from 1) Dr. J. H. 11. Biesenthal liolds that this is the only probable derivation. It is also adopted by Baer Frank in his edition of the D13T1D3X rhVQ I860. 17 these letters. 1 think that this theory is worthy of a special examination. It is not necessary to suppose that these letters were stitched on a banner. They could have been used as a battle cry. I do not know of any example in the Bible which illustrates this ini- tial theory. There are names which are composed of a sentence: TOn npi") Mercy is requited; ^~;??i^^^ ^TO Good is my Lord Jaliu; ^TT^^'^ Towards the Lord are my eyes. But there is no name which is composed of initials. The fact that no analogous case of a name occurs does not disprove the possibility of such a combination. To say that such a name is the invention of a cabba- listic i) age does not dispose of the theory. Such a combination might arise at an}' period. Just as the figure of a fish on account of its Greek name 2) became the emblem of Christ, so the initials of these words might have been connected with the already existhig name Machabee, which had already originated in some other way. We know that after Judas had ob- tahied a brilliant victory over Gorgias the people sang either the 118. or the 136. Psalm (1 Machabees IV, 24 — 25), and it is quite possible that they sang the words Wlio Lord is like thee among the Gods? The acrostic of this verse might have been recognized and applied to his name while Judas was yet living, with reference to his frequent appeals to God as the one who would vindicate the cause of his people.'"^) 1) The following are fair specimens of cabbalistic ingenuity: i^-nx'^^ d'^n-^N == b^^s Gen. XXII, 8. 13 and the cabbalistic name of God Agla fiDS>2, whose pointing, to judge by the Greek and Latin way of writing it, should be ^'Z'2'C stands in close connection with the Bible names ^U^'^ 1 Chron. XII, 13 and ^Z'l^^'Q Ezra X, 40, and that these three names should be explained together. No verb beginning with D72 offers itself for the solution of any of the three. Hence it seems to me that the first part of the compound word is the interrogative nia, used as ^IQ is in the other compounds, as ^i^ir'^TO who is that which God is? ^V^'S^IQ who is like God? 'iJl^y/O who is like Jahu? From this as a point of departure 1. The name ^^S")? is explained as an abbreviation of ^njjp TVC what is like (comparable to) my father? The name was not the one given to Judas just after his birth, but a surname added later. It fits the youthful hero exactly. Proud of his father and treading in his footsteps he led to victory the things for which that father had struggled. The contraction is phonetically regular. Compare JlJ^C, D?!|^ and JlN^Jv^ Ma- lachi I, 13. The ^- of the ending was originally a possessive suffix, as also probably in the name ^Dlsib^D Give shade thou who turnest towards me, 1 Chron. IV, 3. In the use of the name however, it came to coincide with the ^ . of the relative ad- jective (the "Nisba" as the Arabs call it) since the name de^ signates one who boasts of his father as an incomparable man. 2. The name '^SZpia, analogously with the foregoing, means, "What is like (comparable to) my children?", as is suggested dubiously in Gesenius' Lexicon. It should indeed really be •^D^S")? or ^:sp"/C, but the dagesh thrown to the end of the word is due to the fact that the name was thus made easier to pronounce. The intensifying of the Nun is besides 24 explained by analogy with Q'^itip, n^lTJ.'pj D'^S'^pTp, and the like. The dagesh of the nasal is in all these cases euphonic. The name is easily accounted for as the joyful outcry of the father at the birth of a healthy and lovely child. 3. The name '^D'TDp'O explains itself at once after the above. It means, What is like f comparable to J my benefactors , or like my generous fjiends? "The noble" is S^: after the form zrf^. The form ""Di:, the taking of which as plural is favored by the aspirated D, is abbreviated from '^D^D. Compare besides the arable adjective v^^C, which corresponds to the Hebrew 3rt*^. k father, seeing himself at the birth of his son surrounded by a crowd of synipathizing and generous friends, might well name him thus in honor of these friends. As to the ending i _ the same holds good that we remarked above for ^ . . Origi- nally a possessive pronoun, it has in the later consciousness of the language lost that sense. All three names are at first, like tM^-iitpn, words of joyful confession stamped upon the re- spective persons to characterize them. Perhaps, my dear friend, you may find these conjectures not unworthy of being added to the material, which you have gathered with such zealous research. May you succeed in throwing light upon the darkness enshrouding this name, so glorious in the annals of the Jewish nation, and in thrusting aside the false traditions which one after another of the later students has copied from his predecessors. Franz Delitzsch. I can but feel that this dissertation is only a poor setting for the communication of so eminent a scholar, unless it be by the way of contrast. The above ex- planation is remarkable for its novelty, admirable for the synnnetry and beauty of its statement, and im- pregnable from an etymological point of view. Yet while it commends itself in all these particulars and is strengthened by the analogy of two proper names, the sense which the explanation gives to the surname 25 is without support. History suggests and tradition de- mands for '^^^^ a signification which in some way in- dicates Judas' preeminence as a mihtary leader, i) III. As has ah'eady been indicated Machaheus is a cognomen or surname. In determining its signification it must be remembered 1) that names of this class are seldom if ever given at birth 2); 2) that they often either memorialize some important event in the per- sons history, indicate some distinguishing trait in his character, or give some hint of his life work. Com- pare Israel^ Gen. XXXII, 28; Boaiierges, sons of thun- der, Mark III, 17 ; and Barnabas, son of consolation, Acts IV, 36. In order that we may determine what appellative might fittingly be given to Judas let us briefly glance at the history of that period. The condition of the 1) Comp. 1 Machab. II, 66 "Kal 'looSa? Maxxapato? lo;(L)po; 5uva}i£t £x V£OTrjTo<; auTou, ouxo? ujxtv eaxai ap)(a)v aipaxia? xal iioX£{XT[a£t TroX£{xov Xaoiv." Ill, 1 "Kal av£airj 'louoa? d xaXou[X£vo? MaxxapaTo?." Josephus Antiq. XII, 6, .3 „MaxxapaTov hh xyj? axpa- xta;, hi avBp£iav xal ia)(uv, oxpaxTjYdv £$rjX£." A passage cited by Reland from an Etymologicon is worthy of notice in this connection: "T-Ji hk 2upa) BiaXixxm avBp£io;, iroXEjiiaxTj; Suvaxtoxaxo;." Disser- tationum Miscell. Pars II (Trajecti ad Rhenum MDCCVII) p. 188. The Aramaic idiom which was spoken in Palestine was called Syriac. 2) The name Bapaapag, Acts I, 23, can be regarded as an ex- ception. According to Dr. Biesenthal, who is remarkable for his knowledge of the Talmud and Jewish customs, Bapoapa; is equiva- lent to i<^^^ *is a name which was given to every son who was born on the Sabbath. It was hoped that such a person would be preeminently pious, hence Joseph Barsabas received the further sur- name 'louoxo;, because such a man was called ^^^p.. See Shahhath 165^ 4 26 Jews in the time of Mattathias i) was most pitiable. An insolent blasphemous and cruel foe filled the land, desecrated their sacred places, profaned their holy books, prohibited the rite of circumcision, and deman- ded the absolute renunciation of their religious obser- vances. In such times new energies, new ideas and new words are evoked, and popular leaders are meas- ured and named with reference to their fitness for the demands of the age. The one thought of Matta- thias and his followers might well have been: How shall we e.vtinguish these firebrands which are spread- ino; death and desolation throuo;hout the land, who shall be our leader in this great work? The passage which I have already quoted, 1 Machabees II, 66 in- dicates that Judas had exhibited martial qualities which led to his selection as commander. Certainly it is not improbable that the hopes which his youthful daring inspired should be expressed in a name which future events might, to a certain extent, render prophetic. Now regarding '^ii5">2 as a simple word there is but one j)robable, I might almost say possible, deriva- tion for it, and that is from Ji?? to he e.rtinguished, Piel to extinguish. This verb occurs in the Old Testament twenty three times and is used of the eMinction 1) of a fire or a larnjj Lev. VI, 5. 1 Sam. Ill, 3; 2) of Gods wrath 2 Kings XXII, 17; 3) of human life 2 Samuel XIV, 7, XXI, 17 ; 4) of love Canticles VIII, 7 ; 5) of an army, Isaiah XLIII, 17 which bringeth forth the 1) His name is written, wherever it occurs in the Old Testa- ment, n^nna or 'in^nn^, hence the punctuation fiTf^f]^ in Gesenius' Lexicon deviates from the masoretic pointing. The Greek form of the name MaxxaOta? probably indicates the original pronunciation of the word, the later form of the name having arisen through the weakening of a to /. 27 chariot and horse, the army and the power; they shall lie doivn together they shall not rise: they are e.vtinct, they are quenched as tow.^) God threatens four different times by the mouth of his prophets Isaiah I, 31; Jeremiah IV, 4, XXI, 12; Amos V, 6 to kindle a fire which none shall be able to quench (nsD'/p ^Ni). It is not necessary that I should determine the nature of this fire, the terrible part of the prophecy is that there shall be no extinguisher. As the pious Jew in the time of Antiochus re- flected upon the apostacy of many of his countrymen and their miserable condition, would it be strange if he remembered these prophecies, and compared the hostile armies to the fire which God had kindled in punishment of sin, and as in the mournful age of the captivity one of the Jews bore the name 5^;i?'?t?, 'hcrath of JaW Neh. Ill, 8, so now the hope might be ex- pressed that as God had extinguished the Egyptians in the Red sea, he would again have compassion on Compare Koran V, 69 'A)\ UULI V;^ t^^ i^i^S;^ ^^ ^^ often as they kindled a fire for the war Allah extinguished it. Csl^\ ^^\ He extinguished (the ftre of) the war. See Lane's Lexicon. War is often compared to fire. Numbers XXI, 28, 30 (Prof. Delitzsch remarks that very likely the last clause of the 30^'' verse should be read t'x nsriy during the blowing up of the fire [of wa?']), and Ps. LXXVIII, 63. The exciter of a war is termed in Arabic ^^^^:v.j| yjy^xxi i. e. the stick with which one stirs up a fire (Gesenius, Thesaurus L p. 157^), compare Barhebraeus' description of a massacre at Edessa: ^ocn.^ U='c-^? I'^-J ^.^^-*' 1^^^^ Ha-J fAo As the fire in the stuhhle so, the fire of the Turks prevailed among them. See Barhebraei Chron. Syr. p. 333, and Gesenius Commen- tar tiber Jesaia, 2. Theil. S. 381. 4* 28 — his people and raise up a Machabee (na5>2) in the person of Judas — a hope which was gloriously reali- zed in his subsequent career. With reference to the form, I must allow that 1:2^^ can only be derived from the Hiphil. While it is true that Biblical usage might lead us to expect the already existing Piel, it cannot be proved that the Hiphil was not in use among the people, i) In several verbs there is scarcely any perceptible difference in the signification of the Piel and Hiphil, both being used side by side to give a transitive mean- ing where the Kal is intransitive, as in the case be- fore us e. g. ^iJ^ and T^?.^?p to utterly destroy; t^tfr/2 and ir^-zcri to put to death ;^) hence nsp^s) as well as n|5'/9 can signify one who eMinguishes, and '^s^'^ the e.din- guisher^). But some one may ask whether the termi- nation ''- would not indicate a descendant from i^?^^ as ''^^^ signifies a descendant of tr^T^;. I reply: not 1) We often meet in proper names forms of the verbs, which the use of the language does not otherwise recognize, e. g. •^^3^1'^ Jah makes wide, where the Kal has the signification of the Hi- phil; ^i;^^^ Jah delivers, where the Kal is used in the significa- tion of the Piel and Hiphil (once, Is. XXXI, 5). See Kohler, Sa- charja I S. 3. 2) Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebr. Sprache, Gottingen 1870, S. 315. Comp. Wright's Arabic Grammar, London 1874. §. 45. Rem. a. 3) The second a in Machabeus does not conflict with the de- rivation from the Hiphil, since it probably first entered in the trans- scription ; compare Ki^^sn Am«dathi, "Sa^^ Ma)^apavi, ^'^"p. Aracaeus &c. 4) It is evident that the Greek translator considered the ter- mination ^ . or more properly ^ ^ as a nisba, otherwise he would have written the word Maxapt or Maxa^ai like "'^y: 'Api, T^^^ SappaOai, but he has followed the analogy of patronymics, gentiles &c. e. g. "'55X cxYaTo;, ''*lb^t ajAoppato;, ^^}p. xeveCaTo;. 29 necessarily, since in this case it indicates one who ex- hibits the properties of an extinguisher as '''1^2 is one who manifests the characteristics of the ^^^ or '^^^. i. e. foreigner; ''brp a footman, compare the Aramaic ^j>0 the sack-maker. 1) I grant that this derivation is a conjecture. Ab- solute certainty with our present sources of informa- tion is impossible. I claim however as the result of impartial inves- tigation that this theory which I have twice rejected has at last after a careful examination the greatest weight not only on account of its correspondence with the probable readhig, but also because it is so completely in harmony with Semitic imagery, represents so clearly the great problem of the age, the extinction of the enemy, and so truly indicates the character of Judas as a victorious general. The difficulties which attend such an investigation can only be fully realized by experience. I trust that these materials may render subsequent investigations in this Ihie less difficult, and prove of assistance in shedding more light upon one of the most interesting pages of Jewish history. It must however be confes- sed that until we discover the same sources that Je- rome and Origen possessed, no investigator can abso- lutely determine the etymology of the name or its signification. 1) See Geiger Lehr- und Lesebuch zur Sprache der IVIischna Abtheil. 1, Breslau 1845, S. 48. Moreover the following Biblical proper names, whose "^ . does not seem to be patronymical, are worthy of comparison: "^^^5, "^^l?, ''^na, ''^'iiiJ, ^aibi::; especially ^^ns? which is an example of a nisba formed from a Niphal participle, compare Ewald § 156^. 30 Appendix I. ^ap^qb ^ap^a'jiih The following translations have been proposed: 1) ^^^ '^:i'nD did^'ud The rod of those who rebel against God. Herzfeld^ Geschichte des Volkes Jisrael. Band II, S. 457. 2) bi«{ ''DD n^D "Ci^'^rr^ The government (properly the scep- tre) of the iwince of God^s sons. Ewald, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Gottingen 1864 IV, 604 Anmerk. 1. 3) b^^ ^"^zrso nnno The obstinacy of those who resist God. Geiger, Urschrift S. 205 unten. 4) i^^ ^33 ^"12: n^i:: iso Book of the house of the prince of God's children. Derenbourg, Palestine, p. 451. 5) bj^ ^:i ^^UD r^n^r: History of the princes of God's children''. Jahn, Einleitung in die apokryphischen Schriften des A. T., Grimm and others. A comparison of these different readings with the Greek shows that they all vary more or less from it. Number 5 so far as the sense is concerned is the most natural. The word r^'zryp however does not occur in Hebrew or Chaldee, but is a Syriac word Ucj.1 which is not directly equivalent to the masculine Xc^^l history, narration, but signifies rather gener^ation, race, family, tribe, people. The title of the book may be similar to the old Hebrew JTTriir, which signifies genealogy, and in a wider range history. Appendix II. Examples of the transcription of proper names by the Alexandrian translators and Jerome. iri3 12JJ XiOov Baniiv Abefiboen Josh. XVIII, 17. :3^5^2^il 'AfxivotodjB Abinadab 1 Sam. XVI, 8. 5<^n'';i^^ 'Aptouo Abiu Ex. 6, 23. 31 aiilDDNt 'ApsaaaXwjx Absalom 2 Chron. XI, 20. ■;;;< 'louxdix Acan Gen. XXXVI, 28. bjit:;lN; Na^hvql Adheel Gen. 25, 13. There are a multitude of examples which show that, while the LXX have transposed and metamor- phosed, headed and beheaded ad libitum, Jerome has transcribed the names accurately. Compare Joshua XV, 22 — 63, of which I give for convenience the first two verses: :^^-C? '^'J^'J ^^$5??p_ xoti BaioeXsvjX xal'Apa xal 'Ao(6p, :nn?i:^l n:iia^ll n:;pl xal 'Ixa[A xal Teyixa xal 'Apoui^X, :i:ri':'i nnm lijjp.l^ xalKaSr^C xal'AaopKovalv xalMaivd(x triby^i dVl^^ ^i'ij xal BaX(xaivav xal ai xcajjiai autoiv. Cdbseel et Eder et Jagur, et Cina et Dimona et Adada, et Cades, et Asor, et Jethnam,, Ziph et Telem et Baloth. Appendix III. Although the Rabbinical transcription of Greek and Latin words, as exhibited by Simon and Mardochai Bondi,^) is not so exact as that of Jerome, yet it con- firms the position that the form Machabeus renders an original '^^p^a highly improbable. There are fourteen words in which cki and ch are rulably transcribed with haph and thirteen in which kappa and c are given with the same letter as fol- lows: 1) See "^rox ^ix Beleuchtung der im Talmud von Babylon und Jerusalem, in Targumim und Midraschim vorkommenden fremden, besonders lateini8chen Worter. Dessau 1812. 32 Scala Jib50>i; xuTTYj cupa ^^i1i; xoXso? culleus ^^''^b'^5; cucuUus >ii3D; c/a?;i/5 Oi:2b!D; vA^a capsa Jl^SS; Kap/r^oo- vioi Carchedonii ^^:T3"ii; Xoy^^y] lancea "isr^i; lacca ^i5i; aTdxr/] s^ac^^ r^DD; TTSpiaxeXi? periscelis n^DOlD; carruca V^l^p; xa&oXixoc; cathoUcus Dlibrip. In one hundred and thirty nine words c is rende- red with koph. There are only four in which koph is used for the transcription of cki or ch e. g. ydXu6 cha- lyhs il^p, yap'y^^ charta 0"0"^p (and ^■^'^^), sampsuchwn p1i2:)2MD^ chalcanthum DIJiDpbp. If then Jerome never renders ^Y^pA in the Old Testament with ch exept in two cases which may be accounted for by the presence of chethj if the Rabbins very rarely transcribe ch with koph, while there are are many cases in which c is given through kaph not only by them but also in the Old Testament, we have the strongest presumptive evidence in the reading MachabeuSy that '^^S^ was the original form. Appendix IV. i) The Hebrew discriminates between the endings aj and aj, even in such cases where they are unquestion- bly nisbas, as follows: I. All proper names ending in aj are written in the Old Testament with pathach: Ij I am indel)ted to Prof. Delitzsch for this valuable appendix. 33 '^^rip 2 Sam. XXIII, 28 and 1 Chroii. XI, 30; ^5?P XI, 29; ^?^r^a T^^^ XI, 31; ^T^m XI, 32; ^yjj} XI, 37; -^W^: XII, 18; ^T^rlpst XII, 5; ^v: Ruth IV, 22 and often, compare ^V^i^ = ^t^. 1 Chron. II, 13. For the interchange of // and '^ compare Wellhausen, Text der Biicher Sa- muelis, Seite V f. II. The Pathach of such proper names becomes Kamets only in pausa: T^ 1 Chron. II, 12. Ruth IV, 22. ^m 1 Chron. XI, 37; ^brtx XI, 41. '^^P Neh. XI, 8. ^n'^^^n^itNumb. I, 6; ^tjipv^i? I, 12. III. All those proper names, which in unpointed text are Avritten '^^^ — , must be read with the ending aj, e. g. '^J^^au:!, read ^"4)'>P 1 Chron. II, 28; \^n"/C2^ read ^^^; hence ^Vd'z^, read ^3p^. IV. In Syriac all such proper names are written with Petacha e.g. ^d\ = ^51; ^ili^ = ^Vl^\ hence according to the rule ^^n:^ ^ (compare Assemani Bibliotheca Orien- talis, Tom. I, p. 72, Tom. Ill, Pars II p. 346) = ^np'o. V. In every place where the reading aj occurs in appellative nouns, patronymics, gentiles, and others the 1) The right pronuuciation of ''vxst, •'xr, ^^-dm has been given by Zalman Henau in his Siddur nbsn ^nr;!: 1725. The author of the masoretic treatise an^ins n"iD Frankfurt on the Oder, 1752 (Cata- logue of Lotze's Library No. 194) wrongly makes the objection that the Biblical '^'sr is not the same name as the Talmudic "^x^ii;. 2) The form ^xas^ occurs in Breithaupt's Josephus Hebraicus, Buxtorf's de Abbreviaturis p. 132 and elsewhere. My own MS. of Jusippon has "^aa^ (fol. 11^ etc.). 3) R. Payne Smith, Dean of Canterbury, author of an admirable Syriac lexicon, of which three fasciculi have appeared, very truly writes: There is no doubt that the right spelling (of this name) is ^jJio:^. Other forms are • «nnv Ephraem Syil Opera Tom. II. Ro- mae 1740 p. 312, and wu.r: aio Waltoni Biblia Polyglotta Tom. IV. 6 34 o o Syriac has Zehafa and the Biblical Chaldee Kamets e. g. iti'i2?3 Chaldean, '^'?1p first', w-.=i (''Si) innocent On the contrary when such nouns occur in the Tahnud it is customary to read Fathach instead of Kamets e. g. ^^^^1n1 = ^^^^Vy ^^'T'^ = "'l^l veritable; ^i^^r^ = '^in teacher of the Mishna, or ^^5?;^ condition. Appendix V^. The two Ethiopic transcriptions of the name Machabee cP^l^Rfi: Makahis and cP^-flF: Makhejii have arisen in the same way as the two transcriptions in the different MSS. of the Megillath Antiochos. While they do not furnish any data for the true reading of the name, the former points unerringly to the Greek Ma-/iDr/airn 'izn r^hxc somewhat abridged, and with the old Babylonian pmictuation. While these MSS. have every mark of genuineness, yet as they belong to the 16 — 17*^ century, it is possible that the vowel points are the work of a recent hand. This is quite probable as the points themselves are incorrect, the ink with which they are written is in some cases of a different color from that of the text, and the Babylonian pointing is not supposed to belong to so late a period. ^ VI. In the Leipzig city Library there is a Spanish MS. which contains the Meg. Ant. in Chaldee, on vellum, with points, of the fourteenth or fifteenth century. In the same library there is an interesting copy. No. 66, of the Codex Colbertinus (Paris No. 43), which was made by J. C. Wagenseil, on paper, and provided with a Latin translation. ^ VII. A manuscript is in the possession of Dr. Adolf Jellinek of Vienna. It is on paper, is in Chaldee, furnished with vowel points and is dated 1559. VIII. The MS. No. Ill in the Royal Turin Li- brary contains the Meg. Ant. in Chaldee, without points, on vellum and is assigned to the thirteenth century. IX. The Meg. Ant. also occurs in a fragment dis- covered by the Karaite Abraham Firkowitsch. The following rare printed editions of the Megil- lath Antiochos are in existence in the Bodleian library 1) See Steinschneider's Literarische Beilage der „Heb. Biblio- graphie" Mai — Juni, 1873, S. 54 — 58. It is an interesting fact that the books of Lamentations and Esther which occur in No. 627 are on the other hand punctuated according to the Tiberian System. 1) See Wolf Bibl. Hebr. Tom. I. p. 204 and Prof. Delitzsch in the Catalogue of the City Library in Leipzig. ^ 40 No. 11, Pent. Meg. Haft. Naples 1491, 4*^; No. 19, Pent. Meg. Haft. Constantinople 1505 folio; No. 1384 Mantua 1557, and No. 1385 Mantua 1557 — 9, 8«. Other editions may be found as fallows: 1) In Bartoloccii Bibliotheca Rabbinica with a Latin trans- lation; Filipowski, The Choice of Pearls, and the Book of Antlochus in Aramaic, Hebrew and English, London 1851, 32^; A. Jellinek's Beth ha-Midrasch, Leipzig 1853, Theil I, S. 142—46. It has also been issued separately by David Sluski under the title r^'^n n^Di^ t^hyc r^^pt] Diirt::^^^ t\^:s*c nns:? "liDbn r^:ni™i t^^^c^^ Warschau 1864, 16«. This Megillah was published by Baer Frank from the German Jewish edition, Venice 1548, with a Ger- man translation in Hebrew characters, under the title •it:312D8< ornn D3? in^nrTa r^k^ic Presburg 1860, 12^ Besides, this Megilla is found in a German Machsor in a volume entitled ^i52 tr^rj Livorno 1870. To illustrate the variations in the MSS. 1 give verse 28 of the Megillath Antiochos according to Fili- powski, first in Chaldee, and then in Hebrew, with the variations of the different MSS. as follows: H'^rri'inian t^D^pn V^i rr^ N^pl tV^-Q b>- rni^r n:D. Hunt. 399 has after rr^ Knpi the name '^np"/? (on the margin nrj^); Poc. 30 '^np^; 0pp. add. 26 -^Jnj^t^ ^;?^:i Harl 5686, f. 18^ '^35^:2 B. JSr. No. 20, £ 467 '^^p^; No. 47, £ 296 ^^^IH^ Berlin Nos. 627 and 629 '^ip^, ^ip'C Compare the Fac- simile:-*^ Jellinek ""SipTC with the almost illegible marginal note 'n Q^b^^n JisV/^a ^^/Z: Turin No. Ill, f. 147^ '^ipA 1) These three belong to the Bodleian library. 2) British Museum. 3j These two are in the Bibliotheque Nationale. 4) See the leaf opposite, the title-page. 41 The above passage in the Yemen MSS. of the Royal library in Berlin reads according to the facsimiles: 0)1 his return he built him a house and set up therein a candlestick, and ccdled it Makbi slayer of the strong. Cod. 627 gives the passage more briefly I now subjoin Filipowskis Hebrew text of the same verse, Avhicli is exactly that of Harleian No. 5713, f 16«, with the variations from the Hebrew MSS.: nm inro::: :cY-T~ rrc'c rcc: x- >inp^i ^TC" B. lY. No. 43, f 156 n^ptn :o- ^^zpTG ii K'np^i V/Ci:; Id" ^T/S^; No. 46, £ 268 follows the same order as Xo. 43 but lias D^"/?^it^* min ^z^^Z: Hamburg No. 45 o^ptn :^n1rl .;;35^ Vb ^^'np^1 V/Cip b". TTar/. No. 1861, £ 305^ 1-^^' Col. p>:? 'irl^ N'^p':! 'T^^^' n-op id*:! D^D^'lDX^ :>";^n J[vz(/ he built there a pillar and called it valley of the slaughter of the princes. The corruption of the surname Machabee into ^ip'>- in the Turin ]\1S. and into ^■^p'/i in the MS. mentioned by Firkowitsch, as well as the great variations in the punctuation of the name show conclusively, that it icas qidte unknown in the old Jewish sources, and that it prob- ably does not occur in Jewish literature before the age of the so-called Jusippon ben Gurion {A. D. 940). Hence it is idle to quote the readings of the name in these MSS. as authoritative, since they stand in no direct connection with the original Hebrew book of first Macha- bees, but have simply been borrowed from Hellenic and Latin sources. Remark. I am indebted for the transcriptions of Harl. 1861, f. 305^ 5686, f. 18'', 5713 f. 16\ to Prof. William Wright. CORRECTIONS AND REMARK. Page 4 note 1 read ''E^to — p. 15 line 8 read were — p. 19 note 1 read JTiiT" — p. 22 note 1 read rpx — p. 31 line 11 read n^i^'i^':. Add to p. 11 § 4. The following remark occurs at the end of the XVI. chapter of the Arabic second book of Machabees: J| (j-u^iL/jJI Jiiij ^^liil vAaJI ^J^S L^^cba Thus far extends the second hook as it has heen taken from the Hebrews. There is no indication in this of a Hebrew original, the remark simply means, that the Machabean history, as related in the Hebrew, that is, Jewish second book of Machabees, ends at this point, viz. the defeat of Nicanor and the festival in commemoration of it. ACKERMANN & GLASER. LEIPZIS. DATE DUE ,*f0MWiiW *>*,^^(.- B GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. rfe:^P98