FORWARD MISSION t STUDY COURSES > •WC^^^ '%; PRINCETON, N. J. %; \ Purchased by the Hamill Missionary Fund. BV 3503 .T3 1902 Taylor, S. Earl 1873- The price of Africa o The Price of Africa S. Earl Taylor ^ The Forward Mission Study Courses, edited by Professor Amos R. Wells and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, adopted as the official text-books for mission study classes in the United Society of Christian Endeavor and in the Epworth League MOTTO "Anywhere, provided it be FORWARD." — DAVID LIVINGSTONE. CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & PYE NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY AMOS R. WELLS AND S. EARL TAYLOR To THE Memory of That Great Host Which No Man Can Number, Who Have Washed Their Robes and Made Them White in the Blood of the Lamb, and Who Now Are Before the Throne of God, Serving Him Day and Night in His Temple. ''These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were jiersuaded of them, and embraced them, and confessed that they were strangers and ■pilgrims on the earth" — Heb, xi, 13. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAGB The Price of Africa, . _ - _ - 25 CHAPTER II. David Livingstone, ------ 47 CHAPTER III. Adolphus C. Good, ------ 91 CHAPTER IV. Alexander M. Mackay, ----- 127 CHAPTER V. Melville B. Cox, ------ 161 CHAPTER VI. Why this Waste ?.----- 193 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE God's Acre— Uganda, ... Frontispiece David Livingstone, ----._ 49 Eev. a. C. Good, 93 Alexander M. Mackay, - _ _ . _ 129 Melville B. Cox, ---_.__ I63 One op the Many Missionary Graves in Africa, - 195 MAPS Livingstone's First Journey, - - - - 48 Livingstone's Second Journey, - - - - 73 Livingstone's Third Journey, - - - - 77 Journeys op A. C. Good, - - - - - 92 Journeys op A. M. Mackay, ----- 128 Railroad, Cable, and Steamship Map of Africa, 228 Colored Map op Africa, - - _ _ _ 232 9 PREFACE It is the purpose of this volume to bring within the reach of Mission Study Classes, facts which will emphasize the great cost of the re- demption of Africa, and which will show in some degree how well the investment has paid. 'No special claim to originality is made by the author. The frequent quotations are ac- counted for by the fact that he has preferred to use another's language where, in his judg- ment, it would be stronger than his own. His chief aim has been to bring the material to- gether in workable form rather than to deal in rhetoric. ISTo attempt has been made to present an ex- haustive list of the names of the heroic men and women who have labored for the redemp- tion of Africa. In this brief volume it has been the endeavor to select four great lives which could be joined together by the thread which runs through the book, and in so doing it has been necessary to omit the lives of many who merit a place in any volume which would adequately present the biographies of the great II 12 Preface missionaries of Africa. In making the selec- tion, the author has taken two Scotchmen and two Americans. Of these, one was pre-emi- nently an explorer, one a mechanical engineer, and two were evangelists. Of the number, two were laymen, and two were ministers. The work of each represents, in a sense, a different type of missionary endeavor. It is a note- worthy fact that all died while on the battle line. New Yoke, June 15, 1902. INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS TO BE READ CAREFULLY The urgent need of Mission Study Courses Mission Study suitable to Young People's Societies, has in- •''""^ duced the United Society of Christian Endeavor and the Epworth League to unite in producing a series of text-books which will be especially prepared for young people. It is now proposed to issue in the immediate future twenty or more mission study text-books which will cover the world field. The plan is to have two books on each mission land — the one, a biographical book, dealing with the great missionaries ; the other, a book covering the general field of missionary endeavor. In the case of the smaller countries, however, the two books are to be combined in one. The courses will be called "The Forward Mission Study Courses," the name being in- spired by Livingstone's famous motto, — "any- where, provided it he foewaed." Professor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary Commit- tee of the Epworth League, wiU edit the 13 14 The Price of Africa Courses. "The Price of Africa" is the first book of the series. It will later be supple- mented bj a general book on the missions of Africa. The other books of the series, on India, China, Japan, Korea, etc., may be expected to appear as needed within the next two or three years. How to Use the A Mission Study Class should by all means ^""''^ be organized in every Young People's Soci- ety. While the books of the series will be found useful for general reference and for pri- vate study, they are designed primarily as text- books for class work, and nothing can take the place of a Mission Study Class which meets at stated periods. How to Use the At the conclusion of each chapter in this Questions and volume, there will be found three sets of topics. "Questions for the class hour" are intended for the use of the student ir preparing the lesson, and for the leader of the class in con- ducting the quiz or lesson review. They are intended to be suggestive only, and leaders will do well to improve upon them and to supple- ment them. "Topics for assignment in class work" are for the convenience of the leader in assigning topics to the various members of the class. As a rule the assignment should be made two or three weeks in advance of the class hour. Introductory Suggestions 15 These topics are such as may be prepared by almost any Mission Study Class having access to the Missionary Campaign Libraries, or to a good biography of each of the missionaries whose lives are treated in this volume. As a rule, the references of a chapter are to a single volume only, thus avoiding the necessity of a large library for research work. These topics should be treated as briefly as possible, and not more than three or four should be presented at any class hour unless a strict time limit is set. The "Subjects for Advanced Investigation" are suitable for Mission Study Classes in places where there are well-equipped missionary libra- ries, such as often will be found in cities or in college towns. These subjects may also be used successfully by classes having access to the books referred to in the paragraph below. While excellent work may be done by A Special Refer- classes having no other book than the text- «"" '■'''"^y book itself, it is, of course, desirable that classes should equip themselves as well as possible. Classes desiring to do thorough work should get together a special reference library contain- ing the books which are given in the list on page 21. If these books can not be obtained in any other way, classes may well purchase them, as the volumes will be useful in future courses. i6 The Price of Africa How to Organize In bringing the plans for mission study to a Class the attention of the young people, it will be well to: 1. Devote a regular Young People's meet- ing to the organization of the Mission Study Class. 2. Show the attractiveness of mission study and its necessity as a forerunner of all mis- sionary interest and service, by a review of the proposed text-book, reports of missionary heroism, incidents, biographies, stories, or by other means. 3. After the subject has thus been pre- sented, explain in detail the plan for the organ- ization of Mission Study Classes of the current year. 4. Conserve the results of the meeting by securing on slips of paper, previously prepared, the names of those who will enroll as members of the Mission Study Class. 5. Have the persons who sign these slips of paper tarry after the meeting long enough to arrange the time and place for the next meet- ing, and to secure orders for the Mission Study text-book. This book may be ordered of Jen- nings & Pye, Cincinnati, Chicago, or Kansas City, or of Eaton & Mains, New York, Boston, Pittsburg, Detroit, or San Francisco, or of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, Tremont Introductory Suggestions 17 Temple, Boston, Mass. The price is 50 cents each, in cloth, and 35 cents, in paper. After the meeting at which the Study Class Membership work is presented, there should be a thorough canvass of the active membership of the society, for the purpose of securing additional names before the first meeting of the class. The mem- bers of the Missionary Committee of the society should certainly be charter members of the class. Large numbers are not requisite for a successful class. It is better to begin with a very few, who are deeply interested, and then gradually to increase the number, than to begin with a large enrollment of disinterested persons who do not care for the study. The class should consist only of those who are in earnest, and who plan definitely: 1. To attend regularly. 2. To secure a copy of the text-book (when two from the same family join the class, one book may suffice for both). 3. To prepare carefully each lesson. 4. To do as far as possible the special work assigned by the leader. A leader and a secretary should be chosen officers of tlie from the class. These officers should be ^'^^^ selected with great care. The leader need not be an authority on for- eign missions, but he should be earnest and 2 i8 The Price of Africa willing to give time and energy to make the class interesting. He should be willing to lead the class in hard work. The secretary should keep a careful record of the meetings of the class and of extra work assigned and completed by the various mem- bers. Another member of the class may well be appointed as official artist or map-maker of the class, as there will be frequent need for missionary charts and blackboard work. How Often to The class should meet once a week until Meet the completion of the course. This will be found more satisfastory than meeting once a month, or even once in two weeks. It is easier to sustain the interest with weekly meetings, and the results of the study will be more sat- isfactory. Place to Meet Mission Study Classes often meet in the Young People's Society room, if suitable and convenient, or in a private home, if the other room is not available. If in a home, it will be necessary to guard against permitting the class to degenerate into a mere social gathering. Maintaining ttie The class attendance should be cared for Attendance by two or more of the most interested and influential members in the class. Announce- ments each week from the pulpit, at the regu- lar devotional meetings, and at prayer meetings, Introductory Suggestions 19 will be effective, but in most cases personal reminders within twenty-four hours of the meeting will be the main reliance. The secre- tary, or officer in charge of records of attend- ance, should make it a point to see each absentee and, if possible, secure his attendance at the next session. The value of the studies depends largely on continuous and prompt attendance. The following accessories will be found very helpful : 1. The Missionary Campaign Libraries, ^o. Accessories to 1 and 'No. 2, and the Conquest Missionary *''^ ^'^^^ ^*"''' Library. 2. The Annual Report of the Missionary Society of your own Church (and of other Churches when suggested). 3. A general missionary map of the world will be very helpful, although it is not essential. If the class is unable to purchase or secure a large printed map, a very effective outline map could be prepared by the class artist, and the names of the various mission stations and fields inserted as the lessons progress. This plan will be found to have many points of advantage over the use of a printed map. 4. A large blackboard should be at hand and freely used at each session of the class. It will be needed for maps, charts, and dia- grams. Better than a blackboard in many re- 20 The Price of Africa spects, are large sheets of paper, to be secured from a printer. Colored crayons should be used. These sheets, bound together, will give permanent value to the maps and helps that are prepared for the class. How to Prepare The profit gained from mission study the lesson (depends upon the amount of concentrated at- tention given to it before the class hour. The following suggestions are given to those who desire to make the most of their time: 1. At the very least each student should read over the lesson in the text-book ; then with the "Questions for the Class Hour" before him he should try to recall the leading facts, re- freshing the memory on forgotten points. 2. Each student, when assigned extra work, should do his best, with a conscientious desire to help the other members. 3. Each member should have a note-book in which to record the result of any special reading, interesting points brought out in the class, and copies of the charts used in the class. 4. Each member should have a definite time for study, and should be systematic in the use of that time. 5. It is of the utmost importance that each member be punctual at each meeting. If one member keeps a class of twelve waiting five minutes, he has been the cause of wasting an Introductory Suggestions 21 hour's time. The meeting should be begun and closed on time. 6. The heart should be kept open contin- ually for divine suggestions as to one's personal responsibility. Often should the individual pray, "Lord, in the light of these new-found truths, what wilt Thou have me do?" Y. Throughout the course there should be constant prayer for the evangelization of the world. The use of a Prayer Cycle will assist in definiteness, but each member of the class should prepare a prayer list for personal use, adding from time to time the names of mis- sionaries whom he may personally know, or of whom he may learn in his reading. At intervals during the class-hour, prayer should be made as the Holy Spirit may direct. The Mission Class should become a praying hand, and should offer earnest prayer for laborers, for money, for the missionary inter- ests of the Church, for the missionary life of the Young People's Societies, and for the Study Class. BOOKS FOR GENERAL REFERENCE.^ •' The Redemption op Africa." 2 Vols. Noble. Flem- A Select ing H. Revell Company, publishers, New York Bibliography and Chicago. Price, $4. iThe books In these lists may be obtained through your book-dealer. 22 The Price of Africa " The History of the Church Missioxary Society 3 Vols. Stock. Church Missionary Society publishers, Salisbury Square, London, England. "Report of the Ecumenical Missionary Confer- ence" 1900. 2 Vols. American Tract Society, publishers, New York. Price, $1.50. "Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions." 2 Vols. Beach. Student Volunteer Movement, publishers. New York. Price, $2.50. "History of Protestant Missions." (Last Edition.) Warneck. Fleming H. Revell Company, pub- lishers. Price, $2 net. "Two Thousand Years of Missions Before Carey.'' Barnes. The Christian Culture Press, publishers. Chicago. Price, $1.50. "World-wide Evangelization." (Report of the To- ronto Student Volunteer Movement Convention.) Student Volunteer Movement, publishers, New York. Price, $1.50. "Africa Waiting." Thornton. Student Volunteer Movement, publishers. New York. Price paper, 25 cents. Books on Livingstone. "Personal Life of David Livingstone." Blaikie. Fleming H. Reveil Company, publishers, Chicago and New York. Price, $1.50. "David Livingstone." Worcester. (Missionary An- nals Series.) Fleming H. Revell Company, pub- lishers, Chicago and New York. Price, paper, 15 cents, net ; cloth, 30 cents, net. " Picket Line of Missions." (Chapter on Living- stone, by Chancellor McDowell.) Jennings & Pye, publishers, Cincinnati, Ohio. Price, 90 cents. " History of the CnuRcn Missionary Society." (See Books for General Reference.) Introductory Suggestions 23 Books on Mackay. " The Story of Maokay, of Uganda." By his sister. A. C. Armstrong & Son, publishers, New York. Price, $1. •' Picket Line op Missions." (Chapter on Mackay, by J. T. Gracey.) Reference above. "The Histoky of the Church Missionary Society." (See Books for General Reference.) Books and Akticles on Good. "A Life for Africa." Parsons. Fleming H. Revell Company, publishers, Chicago and New York. Price, $1.25. Articles by Good in Church at Home and Abroad (now the Assembly Herald), 1890-94. " Sketch of the Life op Good," Church at Home and Abroad, 1895. Books and Akticles on Cox. *" Remains of Melville B. Cox." Methodist Book Concern, publishers. New York. * " Knights of the Cross." James H. Earle Com- pany, publishers, Boston, Mass. "History op Methodist Missions." Reid & Gracey. 3 Vols., $4, in sets only. Vol. I, pages 155-63. "The Redemption of Africa." Noble. Vol. I, page 305. Articles on Cox. Methodist Quarterly, January, 1834. Funeral sermon by ITathan Bangs, D. D. » Out of print, and very rare. May be found in second-hand book-stores or In some libraries. THE PRICE OF AFRICA "In this enterprise of winning Africa for Christ there nrnst be, I know, . . . much of what the world calls loss and sacrifice, and it may be that matvy will fall in the blessed work of foundation building only ; but what of this ? To have any share in this noblest of all toil, however humble or obscure, be it only hewing wood or drawing water, is, surely, honor and privilege any servant of Christ must court and long for. I desire to go to this work feeling yet mora intensely day by day, as the days pass on, that to live is Christ, and to die, gain ; and if He should ordain for me early death, after a few years of humble, obscure, pioneering work only — well, it must all be right; for it means early and complete satis- faction. ' Then shall Ibe satisfied, when I awake in Thy likeness.'' " —A Baptist missionary, who laid down his life on the Congo. 25 The Price of Africa " He who loves not, lives not; He who lives by the Life can not die." — Raymond Lull. Feom the beginning of the Christian era, The Early Battte- Africa has been a battle-ground where, in some ^'■''""'' respects, Christianity has had its hardest fight. In the early days, Christianity spread with great rapidity along the northern coast. Ten days after the ascension of Christ, "dwellers in Egypt" who had been in Jerusalem, heard Peter's remarkable sermon of Pentecost, and doubtless many of them were among the three thousand who that day were added to the Church. It is not known who first carried the message to Africa, but in common with the converts "from every nation under heaven," the Egyptians must have gone back to their homes to tell the wonderful story. (Acts ii, 5-47.) Certain it is that the Christian Church was ugpjj sprgg^ ^j quickly planted in Africa, and that before the Christianity middle of the second century, well organized churches were to be found in every important 27 28 The Price of Africa city and town. In A. D. 202, Tertullian, one of the great leaders of the African Church, said that the number of Christians in the cities was about equal to the number of pagans. Some idea of the rapid spread of the gospel may be obtained from the fact that, in A. D. 235, a great council was held in Africa, which was attended by thirty-five bishops. Alarm ef the Ro- So rapid was the spread of Christianity that ' the Eoman authorities became alarmed. The Christians had gone to the most distant colo- nies ; they were to be found in the army and in important civil offices, and already this new and strange doctrine rivaled the old faith of the empire, even in the capital city itself. It was soon determined to stamp out Christianity by violent measures. In Africa, in particular, the propagation of the gospel was in spite of ex- treme violence and of bloody persecution.^ Early Persecutions In the year A. D. 202, an edict issued by In Africa Septimus Severus forbade conversion to Chris- tianity, and sent a storm of persecution sweep- ing down over Eg}^t and other parts of ISTorth Africa. As a result of this edict, Leonidas, the father of Origen, was beheaded in Alex- andria. Potamisena, a female slave noted for her beauty and for her moral purity, in de- fending her honor, was accused by her master 1 Text-book of Church History. Kurtz. Page 83. The Price of Africa 29 of being a Christian, and she and her mother were slowly dipped in burning pitch. The sol- dier, Basilides, who was ordered to execute the sentence, himself embraced Christianity, and was beheaded. In Carthage, Perpetua, a young mother of high birth, twenty-two years of age, was accused of being a Christian. In spite of imprisonment and torture, the plead- ing of her father, and the love for the infant in her arms, she was true to her faith, and was thrown into the arena to be torn by the horns of a wild cow, only to be released from her anguish by the dagger of a gladiator. The slave girl, Felicitas, in the same prison, pre- ferred to be torn by the wild beasts rather than to deny her Lord. These few examples of the bitterness of the early persecutions have come down through the centuries. It is cer- tain that the persons whose names have been preserved are but a few of the vast number who were martyred in Africa. The early per- secutions are significant as showing the ster- ling character of the early Christians in Africa, and they are also instructive in that they bear testimony to the rapid increase of the number of Christians in the early Church. In addition to its great numerical strength, Intellectual the early Church in Africa occupied an envi- Leadership of the able place in intellectual leadership.^ "Of *'""" ^'"""' iText-bookof Church History. Kurtz. Page 138, 139. 30 The Price of Africa twenty greatest names in the history of Chris- tianity, in the first four centuries after the apostles, more than one-half belong to Africa."^ Origen, one of the greatest scholars and one of the most brilliant intellects of the world; Clement, the missionary, and head of the school of Alexandria; TertuUian, "the first great mind in Western Christendom ;" Augustine, Cyprian, and many others, were among the foremost leaders of Latin Christian- ity for two hundred and fifty years. A lost There are many who believe that the time was now ripe for the speedy evangelization of Africa. That the self-sacrifice of the early Church; the brilliancy of the intellectual lead- ership ; the manifest power of the Holy Spirit ; — these influences combined — might have spread down over the continent, and so far as human judgment can determine, Africa, in the first centuries of the Christian era, might have been redeemed. Africa, favored as the training-ground of the Jewish people before they were permitted to enter the land of Canaan; Africa, chosen by God as an asylum for His own Son ; Africa, permitted through Simon, the Cyrenean, to share with Christ the burden of the cross; Africa, home of the intellectual leaders among the giants of intellect in the early 1 Two Thousand Years of Missions Before Carey. Page 186 The Price of Africa 31 Church; Africa, bathed in the blood of the early martyrs ; surely this Africa stretches out her hands unto God. "In the height of Chris- tianity's glory in Northern Africa, there were nine hundred Churches of Christ in that region. 0, that they had understood their calling ! If, instead of spending their chief strength in the theological and ecclesiastical arena, they had turned their magnificent powers to the evan- gelization of all Africa, instead of being still 'the dark continent,' it might have become the most luminous portion of the whole planet a thousand years ago."^ But the Church gave herself over to theological dispu- tations and forgot her message, and the fires in E'orth Africa burned low. Islam, armed with the sword, carried the crescent across K'orth Africa, down through the Soudan, and is still spreading along the east coast. IvTotwithstand- ing her spiritual decline, the Church in IlTorth Africa had taken such a firm root during the first two centuries, that it took Islam more than eight hundred years completely to depose her, but having once accomplished the task, the Church has never been able to recover the lost ground. With the Church practically blotted out in The Price Is'orth Africa; with Central and South Africa still in the deep darlaiess of heathendom; no i Two Thousand Years of Missions Before Oarey. Page 203. 32 The Price of Africa wonder the Church has had to pay a price for the redemption of the continent which may well "stagger humanity." Africa has been called "The white man's grave." Of more than seven hundred explorers who have traveled in Africa, about five hundred and fifty have found there their last resting-place.^ "For missionaries it has been pre-eminently a land of death." The Middle Ages In the thirteenth century, two hundred Franciscan missionaries were murdered at the hands of the Moslems. The Dominicans "gave nearly as many martyrs to Middle- Age Africa as did the Franciscans." Raymond Lull, knight errant of evangelistic Christianity, spent the most of his long life in storming the strong- hold of the Moslem faith, and was stoned to death when nearly eighty years of age. He was "a William Carey five hundred years be- fore the Christian world was ready to under- stand and co-operate with him."'^ From the time of Raymond Lull until now, the Church has been investing life until the African con- tinent is dotted over with the graves of the brave men and women whose bodies rest in lonely places, but whose souls are with the Lord. 1 Th"^ Flaming Torch in Darkest Africa. Page 8. 'Two Thousand Years of Missions Before Oarey. Barnes. Page 208. The Price of Africa 33 About one hundred missionary societies are Modern Missions )s.r)W working in Africa. The following lists of missionaries who have died in Africa are in a sense typical. The seven North American societies whose lists are printed below have given one hundred and ninety lives for Africa since 1833. The average length of service of these missionaries has been eight years. The details which accompanied these lists (but which, for lack of space, could not be printed) are a commentary on the fearful ravages of the African fever. Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church. LENGTH OF NAME. SERVICE, Mrs. Thomas S. Savage 3 years. Miss Martha D. Coggeshall 3 months. Mrs. Thomas S. Savage 11 months. Rev. Launcelot B. Minor 7 years. Mrs. Catherine L. Patch 2 years. Rev. E. J. P. Messenger 3 months. • Dr. T. R. Steele., 6 months. Rev. G. W. Home 2 years. Rev. Robert Smith 3 months. Mrs. Jacob Rambo 2 years. Mrs. C. C. Hoffman 3 years. Miss Isabella Alley 1 year. Rev. H. H. Holcomb 1 year. Miss Hermine Relf (Not given.) Rev. H. Greene (Not given.) Miss Phebe Bart 4 months. Rev. C. G. Hoffman 16 years. Mr. Robert G. Ware (Not given.) Rt. Rev. J. G. Auer 21 years. 3 34 The Price of Africa I.BN6TH OF NAME. SERVICE. Mrs. Anna M. Payne 21 years. Miss L. L. K. Spaulding Few months. Mrs. Mary Auer 10 years. Miss Delia Hunt Few months. Mrs. Julie Macmullan 3 months. Rev. Henry W. Meek 4 months. Mrs. E. A. Johnson (Not given.) Mrs. Alfred Johnson (Not given.) Mrs. Cordelia C. C. Brown (Not given.) Rev. James W. Blacldidge 27 years. Joseph J. Walters (Not given.) Mrs. Maria R. Brierley 31 years. Rev. M. P. Keda Valentine (Not given.) John J. Perry (Not given.) F. Tebeyo Allison, M. D 3 years. Rev. James G. Monger (Not given.) Rev. Horatio G. N'yema Merriam (Not given.) Mr. J. G. Birch (Not given.) Rev. Thos. G. Brownell Gabla 22 years. Rev. R. H. Gibson (Not given.) George H. Wea Glarck (Not given.) Mrs. R. C. Cooper (Not given.) BOAKD OF FOEEIGN MISSIONS OF THE EVAN- GELICAL Lutheran Church. Mrs. John Klstler 2 years. Rev. S. P. Carnell 1 year. Mrs. J. G. Breuuinger 2 years. Mrs. B. B. Collins 1 year. Rev. E. M. Hubler 1 .vear. Mrs. Goo. P. GoU 1 year. Mrs. David A. Day 21 years. Mrs. Geo. P. GoU 1 year. Rev. David A. Day, D. D .23 years. Mrs. Will M. Beck 1 .vear. Mrs. J. D, Simon 1 year. Rev. J. D. Simon 2 years. Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. Rev. J. L. Mackey 18 years. Rev. and Mrs. G. W. Simpson 2 years. Rev. W. Clemens 'J years. The Price of Africa 35 LENGTH OP NAME. SERVICE. Rev. G. McQueen, Jr 7 years. Mrs. C. DeHeer 2 years*. Rev. C. E. Ogden 3 years.* Mrs. C. L. Loomis 2 years. Mrs. R. H. Nassant 10 years. Mrs. R. H. Nassant 3 years. Rev. Geo. Paul 2 years. Miss S. Dewsnap 6 years. Rev. A. Bushnell, D. D 35 years. Rev. H. L. Jacot 2 years. Miss Hulda Christensen 10 years. Rev. S. Rentlengier 3 years. Mrs. Oscar Roberts 2 years. Rev. D. H. Devor 2 years. Rev. B. B. Brier 1 year. Miss S. J. Boughton 2 years. Rev. A. C. Good 7 years. Mx-s. C. J. Lafflin 1 year. Rev. A. W. Marling 16 years. Mrs. S. A. Boppell 1 year. Rev. W. O. Gancli 18 years. Rev. J. D. Alward 2 years. Rev. T. H. Amos 10 years. Rev. J. R. Amos 5 years. Rev. J. Barr ,1 year. Rev. Ed. Boeklen 2 years. Rev. O. K. Canfield 3 years. Rev. J. Cloud ,1 year. Mrs. J. D. Cranstian 3 years. Rev. J. M. Deputic 8 years. Rev. T. E. Dillon 14 years. Rev. D. L. Donnell 1 year. Rev. J. Eder 4 years. Rev. H. H. Erskine 28 years. Mr. D. C. Ferguson 10 years. Mr. F. J. C. Finley 1 year. Mr. Simon Harrison 18 years. Mr. Amos Herring 19 years. Mr. V. B. R. James 17 years. Rev. M. Laird 1 year. Mr. W. McDonough 29 years. Mr. F. A. Melville 12 years. Rev. A. Miller 6 years. Rev. F. B. Perry 8 years. 36 The Price of Africa LENGTH OF NAME. SEKVIOE, Mrs. F. B. Perry 1 year. Rev. J. M. Priest 40 years. Mrs. J. M. Priest 37 years. Mr. J. R. Priest 1 year. Rev. T. H. Roberts 1 year. Rev. R. W. Sawyer 3 years. Mrs. E. Slebbins 10 years. Rev. T. Wilson 3 years. American Boaed of Commissioners for For- eign Missions. Rev. David White 29 days. Mrs. Helen Maris (Wells) White 32 days. Rev. Alexander Erwin Wilson, :\I. D.. . .(! years. Mrs. Mary J. (Smithey) Wilson 2 years. Mrs. Mary (Hardcastle) Wilson 10 years. Mrs. Prudence (Richardson) Walker... 3 months. Mrs. Zermiah L. (Shumway) Walker... 1 yr. 4 mos. Rev. Benjamin Griswold 2 yr. 5 mos. Rev. John Milton Campbell 1 mo. 10 da. Rev. Albert Bushnell 3G years. Mrs. Lydia Ann (Beers) Bushnell 12 yr. S mo. Rev. Rollin Porter 1 yr. 1 mo. Mrs. Susan (Savary) Pierce 1 yr. 8 da. Mrs. Nancy Ann (Sikes) Porter. ..1 yr. 1 mo. 6 days. Rev. Hubert P. Herrick 3 yr. 9 mo. Rev. Henry Martyn Adams 1 yr. 6 mo. Henry A. Ford, M. D 7 yr. 4 mo. Mr. Benj. VanReusselaer James (colored) 32 years. Mrs. Margaret Elizabeth (Strobel) James 32 years. Mr. Walter Waldon Bagster 1 yr. 3 mo. Mrs. Mary Jane (Mawhir) Sanders 9 months. Mrs. Clara Maria (Wilkes) Cnrrie 1 yr. 5 mo. Ardell Henry Webster. M. D 2 years. Miss Minnehaha Angela Clarke 2 yr. 7 mo. Mrs. Mittie Artemesia (Bebout) Richards 10 years. Mrs. Hannah (Davis) Grout..; 1 year. Newton Adams 1g' yr. 10 mo. Rev. Jas. C. Bryant 4 yr. 4 mo. Mrs. Fanny M. (Nelson) McKinney 14 yr. 4 rao. The Price of Africa 37 LENGTH OF NAME. SEKVIOE. Rev. Samuel D. Marsh 5 yr. 11 mo. Mrs. Jane (Wilsou) Ireland 13 years. Rev. Andrew Abraham 29 yr. 3 mo. Mrs. Sarah Lydia (Biddle) Abraham... 29 yr. 4 mo. Mrs. Susan W. (Clark) Tyler ,38 yr. 7 mo. Rev. Jacob L. Dohne 43 years. Mrs. Louisa (Healey) Pisley 45 years. Rev. Elijah Robbins ,29 yr. 6 mo. Mrs. Adeline (Bissell) 29 years. Rev. Henry Martyn Bridgman 35 yr. 9 mo. Rev. Myron Winslow Pinlierton 9 yr. 1 mo. Mrs. Mary B. (Knox) Kibbon 28 yr. 4 mo. Rev. David Hutton Harris 11 years. Foreign Mission Boaed of the iSTational Bap- tist Convention. Rev. Solomon Cosby 11 months. Mrs. Hattie H. Presley 14 months. Rev. Hence McKinney 4 years. Rev. J. J. Coles 10 years. Rev. Geo. F. A. Johns 7 months. Mrs. Lillie B. Johns 10 months. Rev. R. L. Stewart 7 years. Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Bap- tist Convention. Henry Goodale 1 year. J. S. Denuard 1 year. Mrs. Dennard 1 year. Mrs. T. A. Reid 1 year. J. M. Harden (Colored) 13 years. Solomon Cosby (Colored) 2 years. Mrs. N. B. David (1st wife of W. J. David) 6 years. Mrs. C. E. Smith (2d wife of C. E. Smith) 4 years. Mrs. W. T. Lumbley (1st wife of W. T. Lumbley) 7 years. C. C. Newton 5 years. Mrs. C. C. Newton 5 years. ]Mrs. W. P. Winn 1 year. 38 The Price of Africa COLOEED. I,ENGTH OP NAME. SERVICE. Jno. Day 13 years. H. Teague 7 years. A. L. Jones 1 year. F. S. James 1 year. B. J. Drayton 18 years. J. H. Cheeseman .10 years. R. E. Murray 7 years. R. White 8 years. H. Underwood 16 years. Jas. Bullock 7 years. Jas. Early 1 year. E. S. Vaughan 13 years. American Baptist Missionary Union. Mrs. Franklin Pierce Lynch 4 years. J. E. Broholm 3 years. Chas. G. Hartsock 3 yr. 9 mo. Fritz Charles Gleichman 3 yr. 5 mo. Richard D. Jones 1 yr. 9 mo. Mrs. Christian Nelson 9 yr. 5 mo. Mrs. C. M. D. Hill Not given. John McKittrick 7 years. Miss Lenore Hamilton 5 yr. 10 mo. When one remembers that these lists repre- sent but seven of the one hundred (about) soci- eties which are worldng in Africa, some idea of the price that has been paid may be ob- tained. Catholic, Protestant, English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and American, — all have united in self-sacrificing service for the redemption of Africa. . One of the most vivid pictures of the cost of the redemption of Africa was given by Henry Drummond at the London Missionary Conven- The Price of Africa 39 tlon in 1888. He was called upon to speak in A Deserted Village the place of Mr. Bain, a missionary to Africa. Mr. Drummond said: "I almost wish my friend, Mr. Bain, whose place I take, had been with you himself this afternoon. He is one of the men Mr. Stock has spoken of as being at their post when he might have been here. Mr. Bain actually put his foot on the little steamer on Lake ISTyassa to come to England. He was shat- tered with fever, — his holiday was overdue, and his mother — a widow — was waiting for him in Scotland. But as the ship was leaving the shore Mr. Bain turned to the band of natives who had come to see him off, — an Arab slaver had been busy in Mr. Bain's district during the past month or two, and these poor natives were being left like a flock in the wilderness without their shepherd, — and he ordered the luggage to be put off on shore again, and the boat went away without him ; and he is there now. That is the kind of stuff the African missionaries are made of, and it takes such stuff to do mission work in Africa. ... -^^ "A few years ago a small band sailed up the Zambezi into Lake N'yassa. They made their settlement at Livingstonia, and set to work to Christianize the tribes along that three hundred and fifty miles of lake coast. Two or three years ago I went to see that mission station, 40 The Price of Africa and I found the houses in perfect order, re- minding one of a sweet English village. But as I went from house to house I found there was no one in them. The first house — the clergyman's house — was empty. The second house was a schoolhouse, and that was also empty. The blacksmith's shop was empty ; and I passed from house to house, and there was no one in any of them. Then a native came out of the forest and beckoned to me, and drew me away a few yards, and there under a huge gran- ite mountain I saw four or five mounds, where lay the bodies of the missionaries. There was not one of them left in Livingstonia. One by one they had sickened and died of fever, and the small remnant had gone off in the little ship and planted a new station a couple of hundred miles up the lake ; and there, against fearful odds, they are carrying on the work." ^ An Incentive Facts like the above should nerve the for Action djurch to greater effort than it has ever yet put forth. A great Civil War was the price of the freedom of the black man in North America. It cost tens of thousands of lives to liberate the slaves after the Emancipation Proclamation had made them free. Through a struggle no less real, calling for no less heroic 1 Report of the Missionary Conference, London, 1888. Pago 278. The Price of Africa 41 sacrifice, Africa must be redeemed. There was a time when slavery could have been abolished in America by legal enactment, but our fathers temporized with the question and trusted that things would right themselves. The price of their inactivity was a cruel war and a ligation in mourning. The time to have saved Africa was when the light shone brightly, and when Christianity was clothed in her youthful might. The army of martyrs who have gone to the throne of God by way of Darkest Africa have been paying the price of the indifference and the negligence of the early Church. The longer the Church delays, the greater the price that must be paid. "The forces of evil are not delaying their The Forces of Evi! work." The Mohammedans, cramped in India and China, are making Egypt the vantage ground for an active propaganda of their faith. The dealers in arms and spirituous liquors, hav- ing counted the cost, are ready to place in the hands of the black man the forces for his own destruction. The nations of the world do not hesitate Nations Pay the to pay the price for their respective spheres of Pfice influence. Great Britain saw the inevitable conflict in South Africa, and gave without flinching 1,069 officers, 20,897 men, and over $825,000,000. One shudders to think of the 42 The Price "of Africa price that has been paid ; but what will be the full price if the Christians of this generation bequeath to future generations of Christians an ever-increasing heritage of suffering and fever and bloodshed? "When Pizarro was attempting the con- quest of Peru's El Dorado, he had to oppose the onsets of his men's despair. One day he drew a line with his sword in the sand, faced south, and exclaimed : Triends and comrades, on that side are toil, hunger, nakedness, the drenching storm, desertion, and death ; on this side, ease and pleasure. There lies Peru -with its wealth ; here, Panama with its poverty. Choose what best becomes a brave Castilian. For my part, I go south.' So saying, he stepped across the line, and his little band, ^in the face of difficul- ties unexampled in history, with death rather than riches their reward, preferred it to aban- doning honor, and stood by their leader as an example of loyalty for future ages.' " The American soldier freely paid the price of the freedom of the black man. Our boys bought with their blood the freedom of Cuba. The soldiers of the Queen went out unhesitat- ingly to pay the price of British supremacy in South Africa, but the full price of Africa's re- demption has not been paid. The Price of Africa 43 We dwell in a favored land ; we have been A Favored Land privileged to see the dawn of a glorious cen- tury; we are surrounded by every comfort of civilized life; God has vouchsafed peace and prosperity, and we are content. It is an easy thing in a time like this to drift with the tide, but in all the ages which look down upon us there has never been a moment which history has recorded when there was less time for soft living than now. It is a time of world enterprise and of world World-Wide conquest. The demand of the hour is for world- Enterprise statesmen — men who are made of iron, and who never sleep. It is the time of times for a world- wide propagation of the gospel, and Africa in particular was never more ready to receive it than now. As the last lines of this chapter are being The Challenge to written comes the news of peace in South Af- ^^^ ^^"^^^ rica, of rejoicing in London, of rise in stocks, and of commercial activity everywhere. The commercial life of the world by its activity is calling upon the Church to pay the price of Africa. Every lonely missionary grave is an appeal for her redemption, every line from every missionary is a call for help, every man and woman and child in heathen darkness is a challenge to the Church. The Lord himself sits 44 The Price of Africa on the right hand of the throne of God expect- ing till his enemies be made his footstool. Pie ^ has given to the Church all power for the enter- prise. How long must He wait until Africa shall be redeemed ? Questions for the Class Hour. 1. Repeat the words of Raymond Lull, which ap- pear at the beginning of this chapter. 2. Give the gist of the sentence of the missionary who died on the Congo. (Found on the title- page of this chapter.) 3. Teii something of the early spread of Christianity along the northern coast of Africa. 4. What was Tertullian's testimony as to the num- ber of Christians in Africa? 5. How many bishops attended the council in A, D. 235? 6. Tell of the alarm of the Roman authorities. 7. What was the purpose of the edict of Septimus Severus, A. D, 202? 8. Tell of the early persecutions. 9. In what way are these persecutions instructive? 10. Name some of the early martyrs. 11. Give the names of some of the intellectual leaders of the early Church. 12. What of the lost opportunity of the early Church in North Africa? 13. How many explorers have lost their lives in Africa? 14. Tell of the loss of life during the Middle Ages. 15. How many missionary societies are now at work in Africa? 16. Of the lists given, what has been the average term of service of the missionaries who have died in Africa? The Price of Africa 45 17. What was Drniiimoncrs testimony as to the cost of the redemption of Africa? 18. What should be the attitude of the Church in Tiew of the great price which it already has been called upon to pay? 19. What is the attitude of the forces of evil? 20. What did the Boer War cost the British Empire in life and money? 21. Tell of the courage of Pizarro and his soldiers. 22. What did it cost to liberate the black man in America? (Answer not found in the book.) 23. What is the peril of the present age of prosperity? 24. What can you tell of some of the great world enterprises of the day? (Answer not found in the book.) 25. What, in your opinion, are some of the urgent reasons why the Church should hasten to evan- gelize Africa? Topics for Assignment in Class Work. 1. Early Christianity in North Africa. "Two Thou- sand Years of Missions Before Carey" (Barnes), Chapters XII and XIII. (See also any good Church history in pastor's library.) 2. The Roman Empire in its relation to Africa. Reference same as above. 3. The African leaders of the early Church. Ref- erence same as above. 4. The extent of the early persecutions in Africa. Reference same as above. 5. Biblical references or incidents which relate to Africa. See Concordance. 6. Raymond Lull. "History of Church Missionary Society," I, 13; II, 359; "Two Thousand Years of Missions Before Carey," 205; "The Redemp- tion of Africa," 109-126. 7. John Vanderkemp. "History of Church IJission- ary Society," I, 92; "Twelve Pioneer Mission- aries" (Smith), 137. 46 The Price of Africa 8. George Pilkington. Geography and Atlas (Beach), 475; "History of Church Missionary Society," III, 285, 286, 360-364, 434, 442, 450-452, 653, 655, 662, 738, 739, 789-791. 9. The martyr spirit in Madagascar. "Sign of the Cross in Madagascar" (Conquest Missionary Library.) 10. Martyrdom and its relation to the extension of the kingdom of Christ, See any good Church history. Chapters dealing with the spread of Christianity in the early Church; the Scotch Covenanters; the Waldenses, etc. Subjects for Advanced Investigation. 1. North Africa, Egypt, and Abyssinia.— A brief his- torical survey. 2. The price which science and commerce are paying for the commercial redemption of Africa. 3. The relation of the Boer War to the evangelization of Africa. 4. Difficulties in the way of the evangelization of Africa. 5. The size of Africa in comparison with other coun- tries. (Illustrated by charts.) Note.— References In this section are not Intended to be exhaustive, and they are to those books which are contained In the Missionary Campaign Libraries, and the Conquest Li- brary or the Reference Library mentioned on Page 21. DAVID LIVINGSTONE MISSIONARY AND EXPLORER Born Blantyre, Scotland, March 19, 1813. Died Ilala, Africa, May 1, 1873. Bis body rests in Westminster Abbey among the illustriout dead. Inscribed on Ids tomb is the last sentence of his letter written to the New York Herald, for the purpose of enlisting American effort toward the suppression of the East Ooast slave- trade: "All I can add in my loneliness is, May heaven's richest blessing come down on every one — Aynerican, Englishman, Turk — who mil help heal this open sore of the world." . 47 /» 1 Jo. ?o Jfl ll / . LI\/iNGSTOH^'S riRST i 3d SrWuLOf LOANI k. ■^ 1 1 \ \ «Y FALLS \ \ » 1 1,' CMpWM AWE ^X \ J 20 30 aaJ 48 David Livingstone. 49 David Livingstone " The end of the exploration is the beginning of the enterprise." A BOY came to gladden a humble home of Beginnings Central Scotland in the raw month of March, in the year of our Lord, 1813. It was a time when the acorns were being planted every- where. Seven years before this boy was born, the Haystack meeting at Williamstown had in- augurated the foreign missionary movement of l^orth America. The year before Livingstone's birth, Wil- liam Carey's great printing-house in Serampore was consumed by fire. The loss caused Carey to walk in the smoking ruins, tearfully exclaim- ing: "In one short evening the labors of many years are consumed. How unsearchable are the ways of God ! The Lord has laid me low, that I may look simply to Him." Yet this great loss to pioneer missions became, under God, a great blessing. Throughout England missionary fires 4 51 Unrest and of Exploration 52 The Price of Africa were kindled, and "unexampled liberality ani- mated all classes." ^ At tlie time of David Livingstone's birth not more than a dozen English missionary soci- eties had been formed. In 1810 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions came into being. Six years later the Wesleyan Missionary Society was organized, and in 1819 the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society was formed. & Time of Political ISTot only was David Livingstone born at the day-dawn of modern missions, but he also grew up in the midst of a spirit of inquiry and of exploration. Six years before he started for Africa, England had abolished the slave-trade in all British possessions. The Chinese Opium War was soon to be waged. The minds of ad- venturers had for years been turning to the Dark Continent, the last of the great regions of the world to be explored. "Into the king- idom at such a time, and for such a time, Living- stone came." ^ His Prejwratlon A providential ^preparation of David Liv- ingstone for his grer.^ work will be found in the hereditary influences Avhich shaped his life. These enabled him to say: "The only point of family tradition that I feel proud of is this, — 1 William Oarey, Missionary Annals Series. Page 5L * Picket Line of Missions. Page 25. David Livingstone 53 one of these poor islanders — one of my ances- tors, when he was on his deathbed, called his children around him and said: 'ISTow, lads, I have looked all through our history as far back as I can find it, and I have never found a dis- honest man in all the line, and I want you to understand you inherit good blood. You have no excuse for wrong-doing. Be honest.' " ^ Another element in his preparation will be A Religious found in his religious experience which enabled ^P^'^"" him at an early age to form this purpose : "I will place no value on anything I have or may pos- sess, except in its relation to the Kingdom of Christ. If anything I have will advance the in- terests of that Kingdom, it shall be given up or kept, as by keeping or giving it I shall most promote the glory of Him to whom I owe all my hopes, both of time and eternity. May grace be given me to adhere to this !" Again, such was his natural intellectual A Cultivated Mind strength and activity that at the age of ten he was impelled to save enough out of his first week's wages to buy Kuddiman's "Rudiments." He mastered Latin in the evening after his factory work was over, and amid the roar of the machinery he was able to concentrate his mind on the book laid open on the spinning- jenny. 1 Picket Line of Missions. Page 24. 54 The Price of Africa A Born Naturalist A further preparation resulted from his apt- itude for scientific pursuits, and from his pas- sion for exploration. While he was yet a boy he used to scour the country, romping over the hillsides with his brothers in search of botanical, geological, and zoological specimens. A Sound Body Further, his outdoor life and his enthusi- astic participation in athletic sports aided in the development of the rugged constitution, the foundation for which was laid in rich High- land blood. Doctor of Medicine A medical training was an indispensable equipment for a life which was to be hidden for years in the fever jungles of Africa, and it surely was a providential leading which im- pelled Livingstone to tarry until he had earned a medical diploma, so that he was enabled to say, "With unfeigned delight I became a mem- ber of a profession which with unwearied en- ergy pursues from age to age its endeavors to lessen human woe." ^ A Missionary But above all, the hand of Providence is seen in that immediately after his conversion he was led to join the missionary society in the vil- lage, and thus he became familiar with the lives of such men as Henry Martyn and Carl Gutz- laff. Here also he met Kobert Moffat, who told him that he had "sometimes seen in the morn- 1 Picket Line of Missions. Page 28. Enthusiast David Livingstone 55 ing sun the smoke of a thousand villages where no missionary had ever been." ^ After reading Gutzlaff's "Appeal" in behalf The Missionary of China, Livingstone resolved to give his life '•^" to work in that country. He gave as his rea- son "the claims of so many millions of his fellow-creatures, and the complaint of the want of qualified men to undertake the task."^ Henceforth his "efforts were continually di- rected toward that object without any fluctu- ation." But the opium war effectually closed the door of China, and the appeal of Moffat for the thousand African villages constrained Livingstone to devote himself to that continent. The purpose once formed, he never swerved from it. Anxious to begin at once the work which he saw in dim outline before him, he remained in England, and further prepared himself with scrupulous care. He was not to be hurried, yet when he was finally ready noth- ing could keep him back. One scene must have been deeply graven on fhe last Farewell David Livingstone's heart. It was that one which, varied in outward form, is always the same in its real pathos whenever a young man or young woman "breaks home ties" to become a messenger of Christ to the dark places of the 1 Picket Line of Missions. Page 27. 2 David Livingstone, Missionary Annals Series. Page 8. 56 The Price of Africa earth. On the evening of iSTovember 16, 1840, Livingstone went home to Blantyre to spend the last night with his parents. The Liverpool boat left early in the morning, and there was so much to talk about that David proposed that they sit up all night. But the mother, anxious for the sleep and rest of her boy, would not listen to this. David and his father talked until mid- night of the prospect of Christian missions, and "they agreed that the time would come when rich men and great men would think it an honor to support Avhole stations of missionaries, in- stead of spending half their money on hounds and horses."^ The last breakfast at home was eaten at five o'clock in the morning. After the meal, David read the one hundred and twenty- first and one hundred and thirty-fifth Psalms, and led the little group of father, mother, and sister in prayer. Biographers are strangely silent concern- ing the parting scene with the mother. Doubt- less after the manner of godly women, her tears of anguish were shed in the secret place where one who never wrote, save on the sand, was the silent but real comforter. The gray-haired father walked to Glasgow with David to catch the Liverpool steamer. "On the Broomielaw, father and son looked for 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 62. David Livingstone 57 the last time on earth on each other's faces. The old man walked slowly back to Blantyre with a lonely heart, no doubt, yet praising God." ' David's face was now set in earnest toward Livingstone, the the Dark Continent. "''="""''y Before beginning a brief survey of his work in Africa, it may be well to consider some of the characteristics of Livingstone the mis- sionary. During his lifetime Livingstone was much misunderstood and his missionary purpose was questioned. When he began his second and third journeys it seemed to many that the mis- sionary was being swallowed up in the explorer ; but while Livingstone was a many-sided man — geographer, botanist, zoologist, astronomer, doctor, explorer — he was a missionary first of all, and as such he must ever be ranked among the first of that illustrious com- pany. The fidelity of Livingstone to his early missionary convictions is now universally rec- ognized. Soon after he reached Africa he spent six He Icnew llie months among the natives, and apart from all •• European associations, that he might get an in- sight into the inner life of the people. Con- cerning this experience, he says: "To endure 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 52. 58 The Price of Africa the dancing, roaring, and singing, the jesting, gambling, quarrelling, and murdering of these children of nature, was the severest penance I had yet undergone in the course of my mission- ary duties."^ Yet only in this way was he able to get that thorough knowledge of native life which was of such service to him through- out his career. The People Livingstone always exerted a peculiar influ- knew Him q^^qq over the natives. Before he had been in Africa a year, his gentleness of heart, his real love of the people, and his fearless manner, had so won them that he was able to do what to others was impossible. Time after time, as he went from tribe to tribe and found himself in peril at the hands of savage chiefs, he was able to save himself and others by a single word, a smile or an appropriate gift. His Preaching Amid all his journeyings, Livingstone was Simple j[jj ^j^g habit of preaching at every opportunity. His favorite themes were, "The Abounding Love of Christ," "The Keal Fatherhood of God," "The Glories of the Kesurrection," "The Last Judgment." His preaching was simple, straightforward, illustrative, and effect- ive. Knowing the people, he was able to dis- course on a level with their understanding. He never "preached over their heads." A Right Motive Livingstone would not be drawn into that 1 David Livingstone, Missionary Annals Series. Page 84. David Livingstone 59 subtle snare of the tempter, the desire to make a good report for the edification of the Church at home. He did not strive for nominal adher- ents. He writes: "JSTothing will induce me to form an impure Church. Fifty added to the Church sounds fine at home, but if only five of these are genuine what will it profit in the Great Day ? I have felt more than ever lately that the great object of our exertion ought to be con- version."^ He was willing to endure the severest trial of the Christian — being misunderstood by those for whom he was giving his life. "Remember us in your prayers," said he, "that we grow not weary in well doing. It is hard to work for years with pure motives, and all the time be looked upon by most of those to whom our lives are devoted as having some sinister object in view. Disinterested labor — benevolence — is so out of their line of thought, that many look upon us as having some ulterior object in view ; but He who died for us, and Whom we ought to copy, did more for us than we can do for any one else. He endured the contradiction of sin- ners. We should have grace to follow in His steps. "^ Notwithstanding his great care in admit- A Fruitful ting to the Church only those whom he be- '*''"'^'^ 1 David Livingstone Missionary Annals Series. Page 25. a Ibid. Page 26. 6o The Price of Africa lieved to be the children of God, yet just a year after he went to the field he wrote to his father: "The work of God goes on here not- withstanding all our infirmities. Souls are gathered in continually, and sometimes from among those you would never have expected to see turning to the Lord. Twenty-four were added to the Church last month, and there are several inquirers." ^ No Mere To understand the missionary's work, and Adventurer how the missionary became an explorer, one must follow the map closely, and understand something of the geographical, political, and religious conditions of the times. From his letters, Livingstone has made it perfectly plain that he did nothing by chance. There was an adequate reason for everything he did, al- though often one must look for that reason, not in any outward circumstance, but in that unseen and most real cause, the guidance of the Spirit of God. Outline of His Livingstone's work in Africa may be divided Life-Worl( jj^^q three periods. First, as a regular mis- sionary under the London Missionary Society, 1840 to 1856. Second, as an explorer of the Zambezi and its tributaries, at the head of a government expedition, 1858 to 1864. Third, as an explorer under the direction of the Royal Geographical Society, 1865 to 18Y3. 1 David Livingstone, Missionary Annals Series. Page 14. David Livingstone 6i A MISSIONARY UNDER THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY When Livingstone reached Cape Town, in Residence In 1841, he went at once, by direction of the Kuruman London Missionary Society, to Kuruman, the mission station of Moffat. He was instructed to remain there until Moffat should return from England, after which he was to form a new station farther north. During his residence at Kuruman, Livingstone formed the idea that there was not enough native population there to justify the missionary society in concen- trating its labors at that point. The accuracy of his judgment may be ascertained by a glance at a recent map of South Africa, which will show that Kuruman is near the storm center of the late South African War (half way between Kimberley and Mafeking). The native population once centered there is slowly being crowded from South Africa. Livingstone conceived the idea that the pol- icy of the missionary society ought to be one of expansion. He thought that just as the early Church, after preaching the gospel in a city or country, moved on rapidly, leaving a train of converts throughout Asia Minor, so ought the Church in South Africa to establish native stations rapidly throughout extensive regions, and not to concentrate its entire work- 62 The Price of Africa ing force in a single place. While in England, Livingstone had thought of Kuruman as the center of a great missionary institute, which should be a light to Africa, but in view of the fact that the population seemed likely to de- crease rather than to increase, he soon aban- doned this idea. A New Station— Taking two native Christians from Kuru- ^ ° ^' man, he went north seven hundred miles in company with a brother missionary. This Avas a prospecting tour for the discovery of a right location for a new mission. Two hundred and fifty miles northeast of Kuruman he estab- lished the mission at Mabotsa, and purchasing a parcel of land upon his o^vn responsibility he erected a hut eighteen by fifty feet, hoping that the directors of the London Missionary Society would approve. He wrote in his char- acteristic way that if they did not approve, he was at their disposal "to go anywhere, pro- vided it he FORWARD." ^ His plan now was to make Mabotsa the center from which native missionary agencies should radiate over Africa. Li his thinking he marked out for himself a life-work like that of Moffat, and developed a plan for the establishment of a training sem- inary for native workers. His Marriage At this time he married Mary Moffat, the 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 73. David Livingstone 63 daughter of Robert Moffat, the great mission- arj. "The young couple spent their first year at Mabotsa, where besides a good house, schools, and church, Livingstone had made an excellent garden." Leaving a native helper in charge of this Founds New station, Livingstone iourneyed eastward in re- ^ *"'' ^* ... p -n/r 1 1 1 1 • -• Chonuane sponse to an invitation irom JMokhatla, cniei of a native tribe. Surprised at the unusual density of the population, Livingstone decided to found a school at Chonuane. By this time he became deeply impressed Impressed by the with the idea of the vastness of Africa, and the fastness of necessity of beginning a more statesmanlike enterprise to reach the people. Amid his labors as a missionary, he had been striving to get a thorough knowledge of the country. In doing so he had been procuring specimens of entomology, and of geology ; he had been mak- ing astronomical observations, and had been preparing charts; and in sending these speci- mens and notes to friends in England, he fol- lowed each point of information by the ques- tion which was burning into his soul, "Who WILL PENETEATE THROUGH AfRICA?"^ It finally became necessary for Livingstone Moves Because to move from Chonuane on account of drought. •' Drought He therefore went forty miles westward to 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 99. 64 The Price of Africa Kolobeng which was situated on a river. The country thereabouts was adapted for irrigation, and Livingstone proposed to establish a mission there that would not be affected by drought. The jealousy of the Boers, however, greatly hindered Livingstone's plans for establishing the mission. Moreover the water which he had hoped to utilize in irrigation soon failed. Lake Ngami Invited by Lechulatebe, chief of the people in the region of Lake ISTgami, Livingstone de- cided to visit the people of this lake region. Moreover he was impelled by a desire to see Sebituane, the great chief of a tribe north of Lake ISTgami. On the first of June, 1849, he set out from Kolobeng on this difficult jour- ney. August 1, 1849, the beautiful waters of Lake l^gami were first seen by European eyes. Li reaching this lake it was necessary to cross the South African Desert. Again and again, well-appointed expeditions had essayed to reach the lake, and had been compelled to turn back. It is not strange, therefore, that Livingstone's feat in reaching Lake ISTgami should have as- tonished Europe. Attempt to Reach But the dauntless explorer was not content Sebituane ^^[i\i this achievement. He endeavored to press north to reach Sebituane, yet because of the opposition of Lechulatebe, whose jealousy was David Livingstone 65 aroused, he was compelled to turn back. A second attempt was made, but again he was thwarted in his plans, this time by fever. The case now clearly outlined itself to Liv- Must Seek a New ingstone. Cut off from the east in missionary Location effort by the Boers, on the south by inadequate population, on the north and west by fevers which raged around Lake JSTgami, he deter- mined, whatever the cost, to go northward to seek a healthier spot. He had heard of a well- watered country to the north and west, with a passage to the west coast. At this time the great ruling idea of his Must Seek a life was born. On August 24, 1850, he wrote ''"^^^e to the the directors of the London Missionary Society: "We must have a passage to the sea on either the eastern or western coast. I have hitherto been afraid to broach the subject on which my perhaps dreamy imagination dwells. . . . Without promising anything, I mean to follow a useful motto in many circumstances, and try again. "^ Returning to Kalobeng, Livingstone found Death of Daughter that his infant daughter had become the vic- tim of an epidemic then raging. He wrote, "Hers is the first grave in all that country marked as the resting-place of one of whom 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 122. 66 The Price of Africa it is believed and confessed, that slie shall live again."^ Sebifuane's After burying his child, he turned his steps ountry northward and westward, for the third attempt to reach Sebituane. This attempt was success- ful. On this journey, as on the preceding one, he was accompanied by his wife and children. Sebituane was friendly to Livingstone, and was considered by him to be the best chief he had met in Africa. This chief promised to select a suitable missionary station, and to co-operate with Livingstone in every way. But soon after this, Sebituane was seized with inflammation of the lungs, and he died within a fortnight. This circumstance, together with other untoward events, convinced Livingstone that it would be impossible to secure a suitable missionary sta- tion in Sebituane's country, so that he was com- pelled reluctantly to retrace his steps all the way to Kolobeng. The Regions Upon his return to Kolobeng, friends Beyond urged him to remain and settle down. Living- stone replied: "If I were to follow my own inclinations, they would lead me to settle down quietly with the Bakwains, or some other small tribe, and devote some of my time to my chil- dren; hut Providence seems to call me to the regions heyondy'^ ' Personal Life of David. Livingstone. Page 123. s Ibid, Page 186. David Livingstone 67 His previous experience had convinced Liv- Sends Wife and ingstone that he must not again take his wife Children to and children into this fever-stricken country. "^*" He had now reached that supreme crisis in the life of a missionary when the wife and children must return to the homeland. He accom- panied his family to the Cape, bade them fare- well as they sailed for England, and with a heavy heart again turned his face to the north, towards the great interior. As in early days he left his boyhood home, so now, for the re- demption of the Dark Continent, he gave up the home he had made in Africa. From that day forward, Livingstone, like Him whom he served, was in the most literal sense, homeless. He was never able to bring his family together again. What the separation cost him may be inferred from the following extract from one of his letters: "My Deakest Maky: How I miss you now, and the children ! My heart yearns in- cessantly over you. How many thoughts of the past crowd into my mind! I feel as if I would treat you all much more tenderly and lovingly than ever. You have been a great blessing to me. You attended to my comfort in many, many ways. May God bless you for all your kindness! I see no face now to be compared with that sunburnt one which has so 5 68 The Price of Africa often greeted me with its kind looks. Let us do our duty to our Savior, and we shall meet again. I wish that time were now. You may read the letters over again which I wrote at Mabotsa, the sweet time you know. As I told you before, I tell you again: they are true, true; there is not a bit of hypocrisy in them. I never show all my feelings ; but I can say truly, my dearest, that I loved you when I married you, and the longer I lived with you I loved you the better." Threefold Purpose Livingstone's purpose was now threefold: First, to find a healthful location for a mission north of Lake ISTgami. Second, to open up a way for commerce to the west coast, since the distance of the proposed mission station from the Cape would be too great to permit of com- munication with that point. Third, by intro- ducing legitimate commerce, to do away with the slave trade which was an insurmountable barrier to successful missionary operations. It soon became evident that he was to be baf- fled in his search for a healthful location. He therefore concentrated his energy upon the second and third points in the program which he had laid out for himself. A Path to the After a terrible journey of seven months, West Coast involving imminent starvation and endless ex- posure, Livingstone at last reached the Portu- David Livingstone 69 guese settlement of St. Paul De Loanda, on the west coast. Thirty attacks of fever had so weakened him that he could hardly mount his ox, but if the journey was at great cost, the rewards also were great.^ "The story of in- credible hardship, sickness, hunger, constant wading through swollen streams, delays and harrassing exactions of hostile tribes," enabled him to gain the sympathetic ear of the Chris- tian world. Moreover, by a single act of moral heroism at Loanda, he became "the best known, best loved, and most perfectly trusted man in Africa."^ Immediately after reaching Loanda, he was prostrated by a very severe illness. The perils of the journey had so weakened him that he was "a skeleton almost consumed by dysentery and famine." An English ship in the harbor at Loanda was about to sail for the homeland. In his great weakness he longed for the air of the Scottish highlands, and for the sight of his beloved Mary and the children. He knew that he would be royally welcomed at home, and there was no one to urge him to stay. But Livingstone prepared his reports, his charts, his observations, and putting them aboard, he watched the ship set sail, and he pre- pared for a two years' march, "two thousand miles long, through jungle, swamp, and desert." 1 Picket Line of Missions. Page 44. a Ibid. Page 46. 7© The Price of Africa "Why did he not go home ?" There is just one answer. He had promised his native help- ers that if they would journey with him to the coast, he would see them back to their homes. "His word to the black men of Africa was just as sacred as it would have been if pledged to the Queen. He kept it as faithfully as an oath made to Almighty God."^ Through the Of the journey through the heart of Africa, Heart of Africa £j.^j^ Loanda on the west coast, to Quilimane Picket Line of Missions. Page 47. 'Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 414. 8 Ibid. Page 244. Exploration 72 The Price of Africa his hat (the blue cap by which he was after- ward identified throughout the length and breadth of Africa), indicating that he had been made an official representative of Her Majesty's government. He had been appointed Consul to Quilimane, and commander of a government expedition for the exploration of the eastern and central portions of Africa. The Extent of the A glance at the map will reveal the extent of the exploration made on this second jour- ney. In spite of untold discouragements, the Zambezi and its tributaries were explored, beautiful Lake ITyassa was discovered, and the Shire River, hitherto unknown, was discovered and explored. The Death of His In discovering this new river, Livingstone also found the last resting-place of his wife. In his diary, May 19, 1862, is this entry: ''Vividly do I remember my first passage down in 1856, passing Shupanga house without land- ing, and looking at its red hills and white vales with the impression that it was a beautiful spot. ISTo suspicion glanced across my mind that there my loving wife would be called to give up the ghost six years afterward. In some other spot I may have looked at, my own resting-place may be allotted."^ The death of Mrs. Living- stone occurred April 27, 1862, at Shupanga, 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 318. Wife so' LIVIMGSTOME'S SECOND JOl/RN£y. JUL 74 The Price of Africa on tlie banks of the Shire. Livingstone was found "sitting by the side of a rude bed formed of boxes, but covered -svith a soft mattress, on which lay his dying wife. . . . And the man who had faced so many deaths, and braved so many dangers, was now utterly broken down and weeping like a child." In his jour- nal he wrote: "It is the first heavy stroke I have suffered, and quite takes away my strength. ... I loved her when I married her, and the longer I lived with her I loved her the more. . . . O my Mary, my Mary! how often we have longed for a quiet home, since you and I were cast adrift at Kolobeng."^ Grief can not Difficult as it was to nerve himself for effort, Hinder Livingstone would not permit this great grief to hinder the work which he had set out to do. He was frustrated at every hand by the Portu- guese slave-traders. In 1863 he wrote: "We have not been able to do all that we intended for this country owing to the jealousy and slave-hunting of the Portuguese. They have hindered us effectually, and everywhere we go human skeletons appear." Beset on every hand, it was a time of great discouragement. The ExpedKion To cap the climax, the Government expe- Recalled (Jj^^qj^ -^y^g recalled, and he was compelled to set out for a second visit to England. This 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 817. David Livingstone 75 time he went with a new purpose in his heart: to raise up friends who would enable him to return to Africa and find a new route to Cen- tral Africa other than that through the Por- tuguese settlement. After a brief stay in Eng- land he was enabled to return to Africa for the third time, this time at the head of an expedi- tion under the auspices of the Koyal Geograph- ical Society. LAST JOURNEY UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY In 1866 he reached the African Ooast, and Search for the began what was destined to be his last lour- Sources of the ney. Under instructions from the Koyal Geo- graphical Society he began a search for the wa- tershed of Central Africa and the sources of the Nile. In all his travels he did not forget his purpose to find a route to Central Africa. More than ever he seemed overshadowed by religious thought and motives. It was an in- spiration to him to think that he was in the part of the world where Moses once was. It was well for Livingstone that he was Untold Hardships buoyed up by a great purpose. His other jour- "' ^^^ -"""""^y neys were child's play in comparison with the hardships of this. Again and again his strength utterly failed. Soon after starting he lost his 76 The Price of Africa medicine chest, and he writes: "I am excess- ively weak, and can not walk without totter- ing, and have constant singing in the head. . . . After I had been here for a few days I had a fit of insensibility, which shows the power of fever without medicine."* Half Starved He was compelled to eat the roots of trees and the hard maize found in that region. So poorly nourished was he that his teeth fell out, and he became so emaciated that he himself was frightened when he saw his form reflected. Slave-Traders His "He was dependent upon men who were not Constant Enemies ^j^j^ knaves of the first magnitude, but who had a special animosity against him and a special motive to deceive, rob, and obstruct him in every possible way."^ In Terrible "Fallen trees and flooded rivers made Physical marching a perpetual struggle. For the first time Livingstone's feet failed him. Instead of healing, as hitherto, when torn by hard travel, irritating sores fastened upon them." In Great "Probably no human being was ever in cir- cumstances parallel to those in which Living- stone now stood. Years had passed since he had heard from home. The sound of his mother tongue came to him only in the broken sen- tences of Chuma or Susi or his other attend- Loneliness > David Livingstone, Missionary Annals Series. Page 78. •Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 410. yS The Price of Africa ants, or in the echoes of his own voice as he poured it out in prayer, or in some cry of home- sickness that could not be kept in."^ Tise Horrors of "One bright summer morning, July 15th, ihe Slave-Trade -^l^en fifteen hundred people, chiefly women, were engaged peaceiully m marketmg m a vil- lage on the banks of the Lualaba, and while Dr. Livingstone was sauntering about, a mur- derous fire was opened on the people, and a massacre ensued of such measureless atrocity that he could describe it only by saying that it gave him the impression of being in hell."^ His Life Was in "On the 8th of August they came to an ambush all prepared; but it had been aban- doned for some unknown reason. By and by, on the same day, a large spear flew past Liv- ingstone, grazing his neck. The native who flung it was but ten yards off. The hand of God alone saved his life."^ Four times in the journey of two thousand miles he was in immi- nent danger of violent death. He was Left in "On the 23d of October, reduced to a liv- eep over y -^^^ skeleton, he reached Ujiji," after a perilous journey of six hundred miles, taken expressly to secure supplies. "What was his misery, in- stead of finding the abundance of goods he had 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 421. »Ibld. Page 428. •Ibid. Page 430. David Livingstone 79 expected, to learn that the wretch Shereef, to whom they had been consigned, had sold off the whole, not leaving one yard of calico out of three thousand, or one string of beads out of seven hundred pounds."^ "For years Livingstone received no letters He Was lost to from the home land, and the letters which he ^^^ Outer World sent were nearly all destroyed by the Portu- / guese. Of forty letters from the home land, / thirty-nine were lost by the slaves who had been sent up from the coast." "Apart from his sense of duty there was no necessity for his remaining there. He was offering himself a free-will offering."^ He writes : "I read the whole Bible through He Was four times while I was at Manyuema." "So ^"'^''"'^ ^^ "" Unseen Power this lonely man, in his dull hut, was riveted to the well-worn book, ever finding it a greater ■ treasure as he goes along, and fain, when he has reached the last page, to turn back again and gather up more of the riches which he has left upon the road."^ The closing scenes of this great man's The Closing life were a fit climax to his career. The ^"^^"^ greatest anxiety had been occasioned in Eng- land by conflicting rumors concerning Living- 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone. Page 431. "Ibid. Page 421. 8 Ibid. Page 423. 8o The Price of Africa stone's death. In 1867 the Royal Geograph- ical Society organized an expedition which reached Africa in July of the same year, and in a steel boat, The Search, ascended the river to l^yassa, and learned from the natives there that Livingstone was still alive, although they did not find Livingstone himself. Livingstone and Stanley, who had been sent out by James Stanley Gordon Bennett, of the I^ew York Herald, with the instruction, "Take what you want, but find Livingstone," reached Africa in 1871. After eleven months of incredible hardships Stanley found Livingstone in the heart of Africa. The acquaintance thus begun soon ripened into the warmest friendship. Of Stanley, Liv- ingstone writes: "He laid all he had at my serv- ice, divided his clothes into two heaps, and pressed the better heap upon me; then his medicine chest, his goods, and everything he had, and, to coax my appetite, he often cooked dainty dishes with his own hands." In the few days they were together Livingstone exerted a remarkable influence over Stanley. A Welsh boy named John Rowlands, brought up and educated in a poor-house; at the age of fourteen shipped as cabin boy; adopted by an American merchant in New Or- leans by the name of Stanley; a soldier in the Confederate army, a prisoner of war; a volun- David Livingstone 8i teer in the Federal navy, where lie became en- sign on the ironclad Ticonderoga; after the war a newspaper correspondent and adventurer — such was Henry M. Stanley, sent to find Living- stone; and this man became literally trans- formed by association for a few days with a heroic Christian character. On March 14th, the day Stanley and Liv- Livingstone left ingstone parted company, the former made the *'""' following entry in his diary: "My days seem to have been spent in an Elysian field; other- wise, why should I so keenly regret the near approach of the parting hour ? Have I not been battered by successive fevers, prostrate with agony day after day lately ? Have I not raved and stormed in madness ? Have I not clenched my fists in fury, and fought with the wild strength of despair when in delirium? Yet I regret to surrender the pleasure I have felt in this man's society, though so dearly pur- chased." "We had a sad breakfast together. I could not eat. My heart was too full. ITei- ther did my companion seem to have an appe- tite. We found something to do which kept us longer together. At eight o'clock I was not gone, and I had thought to have been off at 5 A. M. . . . We walked side by side. The men lifted their voices in a song. I took long looks at Livingstone, to impress his fea- 82 The Price of Africa tures thoroughly on my memory. . . . ^l!^ow, my dear doctor, the best of friends must part. You have come far enough. Let me beg of you to turn back.' 'Well/ Livingstone replied, 'I will say this to you: You have done what few men could do — far better than some great travelers I know. And I am grateful to you for what you have done for me. God guide you safe home, and bless you, my friend.' . . . 'And may God bring you safe back to us all, my dear friend. Farewell !' Tarewell!'"! The parting of Livingstone and Stanley re- calls once more and vividly the parting of the father and his son in the early days in bonny Scotland. The English biographer of Livingstone writes: "One thing was fixed and certain from the beginning: Livingstone would not go home with Stanley. Much though his heart yearned for home and family — all the more that he had just learned that his son Thomas had had a dangerous accident — and much though he needed to recruit his strength and nurse his ailments, he would not think of it while his work remained unfinished."^ The last Days Xhe last sad journey was heavy with pain 1 Personal Life of David Livingstone, Page 447. 3 Ibid. Page 443. David Livingstone 83 and sorrow. Through all the weary months of travel and hardship the great spirit rose to sublime heights, and Scotch pluck smiled at impossibilities. On March 24th he wrote: "Nothing earthly will make me give up my work in despair. I encourage myself in the Lord my Godj and go forward."^ In April he reached Ilala, on the southwest shore of Lake Bangweolo. During the month entries in his journal had been few. The clear writing which in the early days had resembled a steel engraving now became uncertain, and the lines were erratic. In the beginning of April the internal bleeding from which he had been suffering be- came more copious, and his weakness was piti- ful; yet he longed for strength to finish his work. So weak was he that he had to be car- ried on a palanquin. The pains were excruci- ating, and still his men went forward, crossing rivers and splashing through swamps. On the 29th of April, at evening, he reached Ilala Chitambo's village at Ilala. A drizzling rain was falling. The carriers were compelled to put Livingstone under the broad eaves of a house until a new hut could be prepared. On the thirtieth day of April the great man lay, 1 Personal Life of David Llviiigstoiie. Page 464 6 84 The Price of Africa with his body spent, but his mind going out to "the regions beyond." On the 1st of May, 18Y3, at four o'clock in the morning, the boy who lay at the door called for Susi. In alarm they gathered the other attendants together, and looked in at the door of the hut. By the light of the candle still burning they saw Liv- ingstone, not in bed, as they had left him, but kneeling in prayer at the bedside. His head was buried in his hands upon the pillow. At the farthest point in his journey, with no at- tendant, th^ tired form fell gently forward, the soul went out to its Maker, and the body remained in the attitude of prayer — "Prayer offered in that reverential attitude about which he was always so particular, commending his own spirit, with all his dear ones, as was his wont, into the hands of his Savior, and com- mending Africa — his own, dear Africa — with all her woes and sins and wrongs to the Avenger of the oppressed and the Redeemer of the lost." Tlie Rude Figure Eulogies are unseemly in the dim light of of a Cross that death-chamber. The great men of earth have vied with each other in paying tribute to the memory of David Livingstone ; but no more significant words will be uttered than were pronounced by Stanley before the Methodist David Livingstone 85 preachers of "New York: "If you look at the illustration of his route, you will see that it is the rude figure of the cross. And now you may be able to draw the moral point I have to tell you. You have asked me what have been the causes of missionaries being imperiled. Wherever that good man went, he was received. A few rejected him; but the majority listened to him calmly and kindly, and some of them felt quite ready to be of his profession and of his belief. But the words that he dropped were similar to those of the angels heard over Beth- lehem, 'Peace on earth, good will to men.' On the other hand, in jSTorthern Africa it was an attempt to invade by violence, and it failed, and there was not one that had the courage to step out of the ranks and press on. They re- turned. But this lone missionary pressed on and on until he had drawn the rude figure of a cross on the southern continent of Africa, and then he said with his dying words: 'All I can add in my loneliness is, May Heaven's rich- est blessing come down on every one — Amer- ican, English, Turk — who will help to heal this open sore of the world.' 'And the cross turns not back.' The open sore will be healed. Af- rica will be redeemed."^ i Picket Line of Missions, page 64, 86 The Price of Africa That sweet singer, Florence Nightingale, in writing a letter to Dr. Livingstone's daughter, fittingly quoted these words: " 'He climbed the steep ascent of heaven, Through peril, toil, and pain; O God, to us may grace be given To follow in his train!' " Facsimile of an Epitaph in Westminster Abbey. > w a ^ Brought by Faithful Hands s~~ S g Over Land and Sea ^ g > w Here Rests B ^ DAVID LIVINGSTONE, s^ i-iH Missionary, w ►j ^ Tj Traveler, g ^ Se *"" Philanthropist, ^ g w > Born March 19, 1813, O ^ 5 H At Blantyre, Lanarkshire. g^ '^ ^^ Died May 1, 1873, ^ g At Chitambo's Village, Ulala. g ^ ^ W For thirty years his life was spent ^ ^ ^ w IN an unwearied effort S § "^ ^ To evangelize the native races, ^ '^ a § To explore the undiscovered secrets, "-^^ r; o To abolish the desolating Slave Trade, ^ g a 1^ Of Central Africa, o Where with his last words he wrote, 2 « ^ hq "All I CAN add in my solitude, is, < t < f May Heaven's rich blessing come down g ^ o •• ON EVERY ONE, American, English, OR Turk, p 2 AVHO WILL help TO HEAL ^ < 2 IHIS OPEN SORE OF THE WORLD.'" " G* « DO David Livingstone 87 /n Memoriam. " Open the Abbey doors and bear him in To sleep with king and statesman, chief and sage, The missionary come of weaver kin, But great by work that brooks no lower wage. He needs no epitaph to guard a name Which man shall prize while worthy work is known ; He lived and died for good — be this his fame : Let marble crumble : this is Living-stone." " Punch" on David Livingstone. Questions for the Class Hour. 1. Where and in what year was Livingstone born? 2. What historic events cluster around the year of Livingstone's birth? 3. What was Livingstone's providential preparation for his life-work? 4. What constituted his call? 5. Tell of the farewell scene at Livingstone's home. 6. Characterize Livingstone, the missionary. 7. Give the three periods of Livingstone's work in Africa. When did he first reach Africa, and under what auspices? 8. Tell of his residence at Kuruman, Mabotsa, and Chonuane. Why did Livingstone move from one place to the other? Locate these places on the map. 88 The Price of Africa 9. Whom did Livingstone marry? 10. What deep impression was made upon Living- stone's mind at this period, and what burning question did he append to his letters to Eng- land? 11. What was Livingstone's purpose in going to Lake Ngami? How many attempts did he malie to reach Sebituane? 12. What impelled Livingstone to seek a passage to the coast, and what was his threefold pur- pose? 13. Tell of the journey to Loanda. 14. Where did Livingstone go from Loanda, and what discoveries did he malie? Trace the jour- ney on the map. 15. How long after he left England till his first re- turn? Tell something of the first visit to Eng- land. 16. Under what auspices did Livingstone return to Africa? Tell something of the second journey and of Livingstone's great sorrow. 17. In what year did Livingstone begin his last jour- ney, and under what auspices? 18. Tell something of the hardships of the journey. 19. Tell of the horrors of the slave-trade. 20. What use did Livingstone make of his Bible dur- ing this period? 21. Tell of the meeting of Livingstone and Stanley. Who was Stanley? What of the parting scene? 22. Recount the experiences of the last days. 23. In what attitude was Livingstone found? 24. Give the substance of Stanley's remarks before the New York Preachers' Meeting. 25. Repeat Livingstone's farewell message. David Livingstone 89 Topics for Assignment in Class WorI<. Note.— The references below are to "The Personal Life of David Livingstone " (Blailiie), which will be found in Mission- ary Campaign Library, No. 1. 1. Difficulties of African travel, as illustrated by- Livingstone's journeys, 55, 70, 71, 109, 125, 153, 154, 169-171, 175, 176, 303-305, 398, 400, 431, 461. 2. "Special Providences," as illustrated by Living- stone's frequent escapes from impending danger, 83, 84, 175, 176, 184, 197-199, 212, 289, 303, 343-345, 3. The climate of Africa and general physical char- acteristics, 100, 107, 115, 116, 172, 174, 347-352, 381, 459, 499-501. 4. The geography of Africa in its relation to Liv- ingstone's journeys. See maps of first, second, and third journeys. 5. Livingstone's contribution to science, 98, 99, 118, 119, 183-185, 236, 237, 336, 455, 456, 499-501. 6. The wonderful faithfulness of Livingstone's serv- ants, Chuma and Susi, in burying Livingstone's heart in Africa and in taking the body to the coast, 465-468. 7. Livingstone's idea of missionary sacrifice, 29-31, 34-36, 154, 155, 169, 170, 334, 493-499. 8. Honors accorded Livingstone at the time of his first and second visits home, and his attitude toward them, 218-225, 230, 235-246, 507, 508. 9. Henry M, Stanley. 432, 436-451. 10. The secret of Livingstone's life and his legacy to Africa— as a spotless Christian name and character, 489-492. 90 The Price of Africa Subjects for Advanced Investigation. 1. The question of the Africau watershed and of the sources of the Nile. 2. A historical sunvey of the slave-trade. 3. The difference between the slave-trade and do- mestic slavery (slavery within a tribe). 4. The Boers in South Africa and their attitude to- ward Christian missions. 5. The important discoveries of Livingstone. ADOLPHUS C. GOOD Born, West Mahoning, Pa., December 19, 1856. Died, Efulen, West Africa, December, 13, 1894. Age, Thibty-eight. " If this journey shall open a road for the light to enter this dark region into which I have penetrated a little way, I shall never regret the toil. I do hope God's people in America will see to it that I have not run in vain, neither labored in vain." — A. C. Good, 1892. 91 KAMERUN £BOLOl^O£ rRINCH CONQO JOUKNEYS, OF A.C.GOOD. jA 92 Eev. a. C. Good 93 Adolphus C. Good " I know that treastire must he expended and lives sacrificed if this region is to be evangelized. But with the difficulties and per- plexities ill full view, I urge that we take up this work." In a log house, on a Western Pennsylvania farm, a curly-headed boy was born and lived until he was thirteen years of age. His father, Abram Good, was a pioneer of German descent, and his mother a schoolmistress named Hannah Irwin. Abram Good was a Lutheran, as were his fathers before him, while "the Irwins for generations had represented undiluted Presby- terianism as well as intelligence above the average." In a godly country home Adolphus Good Early Decision grew up, and he who was always "a good bit like his mother," became a sturdy Presbyterian. Author's Note. — Very little material concerning the life of Dr. Good is available. Aside from the excellent bio- graphy, entitled "A Life for Africa," and the articles by Dr. Good, which were published in the Church at Home and Aboard, almost nothing is In print. The above chapter, therefore, is but little more than a condensation of Miss Parsons' s boolc. 95 96 The Price of Africa Moreover, Adolphus inherited from the little schoolmistress her scholarly tastes. From the day when in a grassy apple-orchard he stretched himself upon the ground and determined to have an education, and to "find a way to make one," Adolphus Good "took straight aim for an education, and pursued it with all his might." His biographer gives this brief outline of his early struggle for an education: "Three years he studied at Glade Run Academy, walking to and from home two miles, ^always in classroom soon after seven o'clock for first recitation,' filling vacations and odd hours with teaching school or helping his father in barn and hay- field ; three j^ears at Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa. ; three years more at Western Thelogical Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., where he threw himself ardently into Soho Mis- sion, and for most of the last year preached at Freeport." His "Other Though Good was reared in a Christian lome, "he delayed becoming a Christian be- cause he thought it would bind him to the min- istry, while he then had 'other plans.' Those plans were for the profession of law and in the direction of a worldly ambition. . . . He also passed through a period of questioning the re- ceived doctrines, and came out, where he stood immovable all his life, upon the solid rock of Plans " Adolphus C. Good 97 conviction. He made a 'manly confession,' and united with Glade Run Church, June 6, 1876, being then in his twentieth year." In college he was an all-round college man. An Ali-fund The first Sunday he became identified with the '^*'"^9^ ^^^ Society of Religious Inquiry. He was fond of all forms of field and track athletics. Although associated with college-trained men, "Good was a dominating force among them. He gave the impression that, other things being equal, it was better not to get into an intellectual con- test with him." At Washington College "he was one of six men of the classes of '78 and '79 who banded together, and lived at the lowest terms of ex- pense, cooking for themselves by turn, as no other men in college did. If this drew down an occasional sharp grind on 'Poverty Row,' he was thoroughly insensitive on the subject. He belonged to the Grand Order of Log Cabin Men of America, where Lincoln belonged, and Grant and Garfield." His call to become a foreign missionary was An unreserved the call which has led almost every great mis- Surrender sionary into the field. It was not an audible voice speaking to him, nor yet a vision of the night. His own reasons for going are "just about those that would suggest themselves to any one. The gospel is here within reach of 98 The Price of Africa all, and many of its temporal benefits, at least, are enjoyed by all. The heathen have neither." He thought it a duty to inquire, not, "Why should I go? but, Why should I not go? To the latter question I can give no answer, and I therefore consider it my duty to go if the Church will send me." "When this loyal, exuberantly active young student made an unreserved surrender in favor of the ministry of the gospel, it was as good as settled that it would carry him further. It would take him as far as the commission read." Prepared for Having given up every personal ambition, Roughing It ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ q^^^ ^^ ^^-^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^-^e most unpopular mission under the control of his Board. In a letter to the secretary of the Pres- byterian Board of Foreign Missions he urges that he be sent to Africa, and says: "I am un- usually strong and healthy, and think I could stand the climate. In my early days I learned what hard work and roughing it meant." His Eyes "Whence came this young man's first im- Followed His pii]s(3 which had resulted in dedication on the foreign missionary altar? As Robert Moffat's came, like Mackay's of Uganda — from his mother. She pored over the pages of the mis- sionary magazine, and searched out every mis- sionary paragraph in the Banner, and the boy's eyes followed his mother's. For the rest, the Adolphus C. Good 99 "whole gospel was declared in Glade Run Church; the last command of Jesus was preached, and Paul was preached." September 28, 1882, Good sailed alone for Gaboon, West his mission station at Gaboon, West Africa. ^^"^^ "In the old home, that September day, his father was walking nervously from house to yard, from yard to house, no one venturing to speak to him. His mother sat silent and tearless in her chair." Gaboon, West Coast Africa, is the name of the district now included in the French Congo. The Presbyterian Mission Baraka lies back from the beach about two miles, and is about fifteen miles south of the equator. The name Baraka itself is a monument to the slave-trade, being derived from the slave barracoon which once stood on its site. The first missionaries saw the ground covered with the bones of the slaves who had died there. The climate was most unhealthy. Of it Mr. .Good wrote: "A subtle poison fills the air. Sometimes for a year or more it does no serious mischief, but gradually it pulls down the strong- est men." "Thus the battle was joined at once. For twelve years to come Mr. Good should have his full share of the African missionary's lot — of open boats under glaring sun and tropical down- loo The Price of Africa pours, of stemming the ocean tide at river mouths, and contending with frantic surf ; con- tending also with a far more formidable enemy, one demanding courage equal to any foe on any field — the burning fever and the languor of re- action after fever. Could this enemy be con- quered on the west coast, the white man's life would be stripped of half its perils." Tough Place fuf a Ten missionaries were compelled to leave Boy for home the first year, and soon Good was the only man left in his station. He says, in writ- ing to his mother, "The field is a tough one for a mere boy to hold." Diplomatic In addition to the regular work of the mis- Relations sion. Good was compelled to deal with diplo- matic problems of the most delicate order. Ga- boon was under French control. The Jesuits inspired the French authorities to embarrass the Protestant missions in every possible way. "Mr. Good was drawn into several conferences with the French commandant. It was a deli- cate position for a man so young, so new in the mission, unversed in social etiquette, only be- ginning to speak in French, and wholly without experience in diplomacy. One burst of temper, one social blunder, a hasty inference, a little slowness in comprehending the commandant's tactics, might jeopardize the future of the mis- sion." But he was equal to the occasion. "His Adolphus C. Good loi directness, his habit of taking straight aim, the sagacity which had been cultivated in watching the wily ways of birds and rabbits in his boy- hood, added to a fund of good nature and self- control, carried him through." On June 21st, in an American man-of-war His Marriage anchored oif Gaboon, Mr. Good was married to Miss Lydia B. Walker, who had been for sev- eral years a missionary to West Africa. Mr. Good was tireless in his efforts to get his bearings, and to plan his life-work in a statesmanlike manner. He traveled by foot and by boat, exploring the country and learn- ing what he could of the life of the people. He studied the native language at every available opportunity, and wherever he went he carried his note-book in hand. He soon displayed rare gifts for evangelizing and organizing. He was a man of fine linguistic abilities, and he was able to preach his first sermon in the native lan- guage within ten months after reaching Africa. Before long, because of the political com- Mission should be plications, Mr. Good became convinced that the Transferred Presbyterian Board would do well to turn its mission at Baraka over to the French Protest- ant missionaries. His own conviction was that a more permanent work could be established in the interior. Two years after reaching Baraka, at twenty- Kangwe 7 I02 The Price of Africa eight years of age, Mr. Good was transferred to Kangwe, to the south and east of his former station. With characteristic energy he visited all the towns in that region, and made exact and concise reports concerning the number of people, location of the towns, and the con dition of the work. After a few months of energetic labor, both Hr. Good and his associate, Mr. Robinson, were stricken with the fever, and in order that their li\es might be saved, they were ordered out to sea. After a brief sea voyage, Mr. Good re- turned to his mission at Kangwe. Within a month he personally saw nearly all his people, took reports of Bible-readers, got together an inquiry-class of seventeen, and busied himself in mastering the language. Mrs. Good In 1886 ill health compelled Mrs. Good to Returns to return to America. It would not have been deemed improper had Mr. Good returned with her, but they determined to sacrifice the home life for the sake of the work. Good, therefore, put his wife and boy aboard a ship bound for America, and went back to his lonely home seventy-five miles from the nearest missionary. A Busy Season In September of this year, Mr. Good wrote : "It was a busy season, and we expected to add only eight or ten to the roll of inquirers. After a great deal of sifting we added forty-three, Adolphus C. Good 103 making the whole number about ninety. Of course, these figures must not be taken for their full face value. ISTot all of these ninety persons will finally become baptized members of the Ogowe Church, but a large part of them will. There is enough to convince us that the Spirit of God is at work mightily here. . . . l^enge is a town I had given up. The last time I passed, the people were so drunk that I passed without preaching; now six or eight men at once gathered their fetiches and threw them into the Ogowe. Women are beginning to come." From now until the close of his ministry "We Need Help" Mr. Good constantly pleaded with the Board in New York to send more workers. In a letter to the secretary he said: "What we need now is help. Already I have had the most danger- ous form of fever twice. The doctor says I ought to go home now — not that I have any notion of acting on this advice ; but should I break down without another man here, it would be disastrous. More now depends on constant, careful supervision than anything else except the presence of the Holy Spirit." A little later he reminds the secretary that his own health may give out at any time, and urges that a man be sent who can be in training for such an emergency. He says that it would be disastrous I04 The Price of Africa to send an untrained man into that field alone. With great emphasis he declares that it "would be almost certain death." In 1887 he again writes: "I beg to remind the Board of the necessity of at once sending us assistance. We must acknowledge that God has been far more faithful in blessing the gos- pel than we have been in preaching it. The work done by myself has been little enough — nothing compared with what ought to be done. The main part was done by five Bible-readers. My field is so extensive all I could attempt was to inspect their work occasionally; but I am sorry to say that these men are utterly unfit for such work. They are only useful because the mass of the people are so ignorant. When their modicum of knowledge becomes the property of the many, their usefulness will be passed unless they can be educated so as to keep in advance of the people." The Missionary Miss Ellen C. Parsons, Mr. Good's biog- Pays the Bill rapher, has written a page which has more be- tween the lines than appears at first reading. It is so significant of the fruitfulness of the field, contrasted with the lethargy of the Church at home, that it is reprinted entire. The page reads as follows: "Still the tide was rising on the Ogowe. There were more troubled con- sciences than ever in 1887. At March com- Adolphus C. Good 105 munion extra benches filled every available space on Sunday, Scarcely any were mere spec- tators; almost all were members or inquirers. Only six were baptized, for inquirers were obliged to complete a year in the class before baptism. There were now two hundred and forty-nine inquirers from five different tribes, speaking languages as different as German and English. Spiritual earnestness was the token on every hand. Church members in general held daily prayer and Sabbath services wher- ever they were, and inquirers went long dis- tances to be present. "Two problems now confront the mis- sionary: "1. *How are all these inquirers to be in- structed?' Answered, by increasing the effi- ciency of Bible-readers. They and other picked young men, a normal class of twelve, are brought to Kangwe for a month of hard study, and again sent forth. "2. Books are required. ^I could have sold a hundred primers communion-week. At the rate they are called for, a year will exhaust all the Mpongwe books we have in print, except hymn books.' This problem is solved by two Mpongwe manuscripts which spring up like Jonah's gourd, and are promptly mailed to America to be printed while Mrs. Good is there io6 The Price of Africa to read proofs. As for money to pay the printer, his butterfly net has provided for 'the tract/ and he 'would rather foot the bill' for five hundred primers also 'than not to have them right away.' The Church in America was poor, and the missionary paid for the primers !" The Great The year 1888 has been called the year of Awakening ^^^ great awakening. In that year ninety-four members were received into the Church, and about four hundred were preparing for bap- tism. Even Good was amazed that these Chris- tian men were f ble to stand in the midst of their terribly wicked surroundings ; but he says : "A change has taken place in hearts, and is taking place in communities, which is nothing less than a miracle. Where this work has been firmly rooted the people are slowly and painfully struggling up to a better life. The field is dead ripe." Journey to At this period of great spiritual prosperity America -^^ Good for the third time was prostrated with fever. He was carried on a cot to a steam launch, and was hurried down the river, and as soon as possible put on board a ship bound for America. It was thought that he would not survive ; but the fresh sea air invigorated him, and on September 20th he landed in New York City. Upon reaching the Mission Rooms he said to the secretary, "Kow the voyage has Adolphus C. Good 107 straightened me out, give me something to do or I shall die," and nine days later he gave a missionary address in Pittsburg. During his brief furlough he traveled from "New York to Nebraska, speaking almost con- stantly. A young man who heard him speak to the students of Princeton Seminary declared that it was the most powerful missionary appeal he ever heard. That these words came from the heart is proved by the fact that this young man followed Mr. Good as a missionary to Af- rica. A pastor who heard Mr. Good speak, said that the older people who heard him were re- minded of the eloquent Duff. Mr. Good delivered an address at a mass meeting held in connection with the General Assembly. Six years later the moderator of that year said: "The impression of that young man, his face bronzed by the tropical sun, his burning words in behalf of Africa, the audience carried away by his enthusiasm, will never be effaced from memory." After his death, the Eev. John Gillespie, D. D., wrote: "It is not invidious to say that few missionaries from any country have so thrilled the Church and so aroused its missionary enthusiasm." ^ I^otwithstanding his remarkable platform ability and his great success in representing the 1 The Church at Some and Abroad, February, 1895. Page 118. io8 The Price of Africa work in the home land, Mr. Good, with the characteristic modesty of a truly consecrated man, shrank from public praise. After being- invited to speak on a certain Sabbath, he wrote to his wife : "Hate to do it, for fear it 's a stylish place. Am getting awfully tired of this public speaking. Long to go home to wife and baby." During his stay in America, Mr. Good liter- ally absorbed information which would be of service to him upon his return to Africa. He also aided the Board in securing three men to return with him to his mission. While in America, Washington and Jefferson College conferred on him the degree of Ph. D. Return to Africa After an eleven months' furlough, Mr. Good set sail for his mission. Before he had gone alone. This time he was accompanied by three young missionaries and their wives. He was overjoyed by this re-enforcement; but he says: "When we are all located, our stations will be only half manned. At least one will have to be manned with women alone." Mr. Good's return to Africa was an ovation. Village after village turned out en masse to welcome him. Those on the steamer could hear a chorus of voices on the shore shouting, "Thanks be to God ! Thanks be to God !" Upon examining into the condition of the Adolphus C. Good 109 mission, Mr. Good wrote that he believed they were on the eve of better days than ever before. Nevertheless he was not blinded by the real conditions, for he added: "The state of the work is a good deal mixed ; some sad falls ; in- quirers grow careless. ISTo denying the fact that in general Christians have decidedly cooled off, especially in out-of-the-way places. At Nganda : Talked to a small audience, who mani- fested small interest. At Olamba: A large com- pany of Christians welcomed us. The gospel has in fact prevailed; the town seems com- pletely transformed." In 1892, Dr. Good visited the Presbyterian a Tour of Mission in Liberia on a tour of inspection for Inspection his Board. He submitted a masterly report covering the political, commercial, and agricul- ' tural conditions of Liberia, and in a temperate and impartial way reported the conditions of the various stations of the mission. He shows his Christian liberality by recommending that the Board withdraw from a hamlet of three hundred people, where he discovered three Churches representing as many denominations. He believed this to be a waste of energy, and he thought that the Presbyterians ought to withdraw since they were the weakest of all. The visit to Liberia was satisfactory, both to the missionaries, who appreciated his fair- no The Price of Africa ness and directness, and to the Board, which appreciated his evident mastery of the situation and his frankness in making his report. ^Notwithstanding the success of the mission at Kangwe, it became increasingly clear as the days went by, that this station also ought to be given over to the French Protestants. In 1890 an article from Dr. Good was published in The Church at Home and Abroad,^ clearly setting forth the difficulties of the present station, and urging particularly that the Board change its policy of establishing missions in an irregular line along the coast. Dr. Good contended that although there were great difficulties in the way, the Church should endeavor to reach the dense population of the interior. He thought the diffi- culties were not insuperable, and declared that the Church should not turn back from such a field because of mere difficulties in the way. A Trip of In 1892 the mission requested Dr. Good to select an associate, and to make a trip of ex- ploration into the country farther back from the coast, with a view to the discovery of a suit- able mission station which would be free from French interference. While awaiting the approval of the Board to this project. Dr. Good finished a translation of the New Testament, which he had begun two 1 June, 1890. Page 649. Adolphus C. Good iii years before. Upon receiving commission from the Board, quietly, and with a full sense of the responsibility which rested upon him, and know- ing full well the hardships to be met. Dr. Good set out on the 4th of July upon his long journey. In authorizing the expedition, the Board had urged Dr. Good to take all possible precau- tion against exposure of health or life. The answer was, ^'The emergency against which I shall most carefully provide is failure.'' The Board had intended that another mis- sionary should accompany Good, but this was impracticable, so he went with no other compan- ions than the native carriers. Good never complained of any physical hardship which he had to undergo, but his let- ters plainly indicate that he suffered greatly. The paths over which he traveled were narrow and often obstructed. The forest at times was so dense that midday seemed like twilight. The ground never dried, and the path was wet and slippery, or else through mud which was often a foot deep. His clothing was drenched by the rain and the wet from the dripping foliage. Concerning the difficulties of the way, he said: "It is difficult to speculate about fields one has never seen. A road is hard or easy according to a man's idea of what a hard road 112 The Price of Africa is. The German gave a rather dark picture of the road for the first seven days; hut, as I looked at him, I decided in my mind that he was not a man of great physical endurance, and his picture may be too dark." teaching to the Throughout the journey Dr. Good at- ''^"P'^ tempted to preach to the people. He was handi- capped by the various dialects of the different tribes, but he found that most of them had many words in common, and he was usually able to find interpreters. The difficulties under which he labored are well set forth in the fol- lowing statement: "A scene here was repeated daily for the next two weeks. I wished to im- press upon them the truth that God is not far from any of us, and can hear us when we pray. So I explained the meaning of prayer, and re- quested them all to keep quiet while I rose and began. At first there was only a little noise, but three or four shouted out, 'Keep quiet.' To make matters worse, the Mabeya shouted, ^Shut your eyes !' So unusual a performance convulsed some with laughter. Some mothers thought closing the eyes was an important mat- ter, and so held their hands over their children's eyes. Of course, the youngsters screamed. Some women became frightened, and bolted for the door, laughing and screaming; and the dozen or more dogs that had been asleep around Adolphus C. Good 113 the fires, roused up by the unusual excitement, began to bark. I need hardly add that by this time the prayer was effectually interrupted." After returning to his mission and report- A Second Journey ing. Dr. Good set out on a second journey of °* Exploration exploration. Upon each of these journeys he encountered the usual difficulties of an African traveler. The tropical sun scorched them by day. At night the air was frequently chilly. Day after day the rain would pour in torrents. There were no roads. The crooked African paths were worn trough-shaped by the water. Mosquitoes and flies were a constant annoyance. The native chiefs frequently re- fused food unless at exorbitant prices, and pres- ents were constantly demanded. "As Dr. Good proceeded from town to town, a crowd of several hundred followed at his heels, adding to his natural fatigue and anxi- ety the loud jangle of their untamed voices. He laid a mental tax upon himself by continu- ally watching for new Bulu words and idioms, which were straightway transferred to the little note-book in his side-pocket." Dr. Good's method of preaching was vividly His Metliod of pictured in one of his letters to the Montclair P''"<^'''"fl (N. J.) Church which was supporting him. "The fundamental truths which they hold seem like fragments of a broken chain, which they are too 114 The Price of Africa thoughtless to connect; but when the mission- ary comes along and connects these severed fragments, they can not help seeing how they fit together. I ask who made them and all things, and they reply at once, 'N'zam.' 'Who gives you all the blessings you enjoy?' 'He does.' 'Do you love and worship him and thank him for his goodness V 'No.' 'Why not?' At once they see their conduct must be displeasing to God. 'Are lying, stealing, and killing right or wrong?' 'Wrong, of course.' 'How do you know?' They can not tell; they just know it. To the suggestion that these things are written in their hearts, like the words in a white man's book, they assent at once as a satisfactory explanation. 'Who wrote these things in your heart ?' 'We do n't know,' they say. 'Who made you?' 'ISTzam,' or 'E'jambe.' Both words are used. Then, 'Did he not write these laws in your hearts ?' Here was a break in their knowledge, but the moment the missing link is supplied the chain is made complete in their minds. 'Yes,' in a chorus; 'yes, he gave us these laws in our hearts.' Then I am ready to press home the great truth from which there is now no escape. 'If God made this law. He must be angry when it is broken. He must see when it is broken, for He made the eyes ; as He made the ear, He must Himself hear what is Adolphus C. Good 115 spoken contrary to this law.' 'Yes, that must be so.' 'Then, when death calls you into the presence of this Being whose laws you have broken, how will He receive you?' They at- tempt no evasion ; they admit that God will be angry ; and when I tell them of heaven and hell the excitement sometimes becomes intense. Then I lead them on to the blessed truth that God is a God of mercy; and often, when the strange new story is finished, trade and greed, all else, seem forgotten. But next morning, or an hour afterwards, when they have talked to- gether a little and repeated to one another what they have heard of me, doubts begin to arise. They call me and want to talk a little more. I sit down, prepared to be questioned. The ob- ject of my visit has been fully explained. But no matter; the first question generally was, 'Where are you going?' 'I do not know ex- actly. I told you I was going as far as I could, and to see as many people as I could.' 'But who are you going to see ?' 'I do n't know.* An astounding statement to them, as they never dare go anywhere unless where they have a friend who can protect them. 'What are you going for ?' By this time I would be losing pa- tience, and reply something like this: 'I have told you already; why do you keep on asking the same question?' 'Yes, we know [coolly], ii6 The Price of Africa but tell "US now what you are really seeking.' Several times I thought they did believe me, but was afterwards convinced that, with the ex- ception of perhaps two towns, the people took little stock in my explanations, and by most I was set down as an impostor. Had I come to look for trade, had I killed and plundered, they would have fully appreciated my motives ; but that white men want to teach them about God and heaven without money or price, that was incomprehensible. The first great law of heath- endom is selfishness, and, tried by this their only standard, you can see how unbelievable must have seemed my statement." A New Misstv. Finally Dr. Good's recommendation con- cerning the location of the new mission was adopted by the mission and indorsed by the Board, and the clearing for the new station was begun June 5th on the brow of a large hill over- looking a thickly-populated region. The station was named Efulen (pronounced A-full'-en). The name was suggested by a Bulu woman, and means a mingling, her idea being that the mis- sionaries had come to settle all disputes of the savage tribes, and to bring together all kinds of people. Soon Dr. Good was re-enforced by three men, who had arrived to take up this work in the interior, and notwithstanding the arduous Adolphus C. Good 117 labor involved in founding the new mission, his mind, like Livingstone's, was constantly run- ning out to the "regions beyond." He wrote to the Board: "You can not mov^ too fast for me. I see no obstacle to our establishing three or four stations as faet as men can be gotten together." During the serious illness of Mr. Milligan, one of the helpers, Dr. Good spent several weeks in nursing the patient. During this time he was translating the Scriptures into the Bulu language, and was compiling a dictionary. "By October two hymns would ^go,' and the first consecutive passage from the Word of God was read to the Sunday audience (October 1st). It was a portion of the Sermon on the Mount. What conception did those bloody men receive from the novel proclamation, 'Blessed are the poor in spirit,' 'Blessed are the peacemakers V " Mrs. Good had returned with Dr. Good Final Separation after his furlough in America, but in 1894 her *™"' "'^ ^''^ illness brought him face to face with the al- ternative of a separation, or another return to America. Dr. Good was much perplexed to know what to do, and after prayer he deter- mined to consult his wife. She advised him to remain, giving as her reason that he was help- ing the work of the missions more than any one else. For the last time he bade his wife good- 8 Ii8 The Price of Africa bye. Standing on the shore he watched the steamer disappear, and then plunged into the forest. A Second Station In 1894, having established a mission at Efnlen, Dr. Good started out with two carriers to find a site for a second station which he pro- posed to establish. On this journey he tramped through the wilderness four hundred miles, for most of the time in a region where a white man had never before been. Everywhere he encountered the native tribes, and the convic- tion deepened that a vast population was look- ing to his mission for a knowledge of the gospel. After this journey. Dr. Good returned to his mission, and spent some little time in trans- lation. By the end of March he had trans- lated a considerable portion of the Bulu dic- tionary, and had begun John's Gospel. Finally a committee appointed by the mis- sion went with Dr. Good to decide upon the site for the second station. They bought land in the district of Ebolowo'e, sixty-eight miles southeast of Efulen. They were hindered from at once going in to possess the land by the lack of the expected workers from America. The mail brought word that only one man had offered himself for the service; and Dr. Good wrote : "Our mission has been forty years seek- Adolphus C. Good 119 ing a door by which to enter the interior of Africa. !Now, when this one has opened so widely, is it thus we propose to enter ?" Dr. Good's time was now constantly taken An nctive Life up in mingling with the people, in preaching, and in translation. "His systematic habit was to rise at six o'clock, get to his desk at seven, translate till noon, again two hours in the after- noon, and, after that, daily go into the near towns and preach. In June four hymns were written. By the end of July the Gospel of John was translated, and seven chapters of Matthew. September 19th the Gospels by Matthew and Mark entire are added to that of John, and the same day manuscript of the first Bulu book, a primer, is mailed to Amer- ica, to be printed. One month later the dic- tionary has passed under careful revision, and the pen is laid down at the last line of Luke's Gospel." In the summer of 1894 the good news Re-enforcements came that two new men had been appointed for the new station at Ebolowo'e. Dr. Good proposed that these two men be stationed at Efulen while he and Mr. Kerr would take upon themselves the burden of opening up the new station at Ebolowo'e. Dr. Good now clearly outlined his plans. In ISTovember and December he proposed to erect the necessary I20 The Price of Africa buildings for the new station, and to spend whatever time he might in itinerating in the district. He would revise his Bulu Gospels, and early in 1895 he would attend the mission meet- ing, and then sail for America, taking his Gos- pels home with him to be printed. Then he proposed, after sLx or eight months in America, to return again, bringing his wife with him. But these plans were defeated. The new mis- sionaries came too late to permit of building at Ebolowo'e, and Mr. Kerr found it necessary to remain at Efulen. If any itinerating were done in the new region, Dr. Good must make the journey alone, and with his base of supplies at Efulen. He started out bravely on a jour- ney of a month or six weeks. In his unselfish- ness he wrote just before starting on this jour- ney: "I shall probably be away when the new brethren arrive, and I am glad of it; for I am anxious to draw out of the position of adviser. By the time I am back they \a^11 be well started in. If they do not see things as I do, I shall give them large liberty to do what they like." The last Journey On the morning of November 12th, Dr. Good started on his last journey. When half a day out, he was overtaken by a messenger who told him that the new men were coming to the station, and he was requested to hurry back. He returned and welcomed the three young men Adolphus C. Good 121 fresh from America. After a hearty welcome and a conference which continued well into the night, Good started out the next morning to overtake his loads. It was the same old story of inefficient carriers and of physical hardships along the way. On ISTovember 30th he wrote in his diary: "In the evening I felt fever coming on. I was quite chilly for a couple of hours, then went into a profuse per- spiration. Took a heavy dose of quinine. jN^ext morning the fever was broken." On De- cember 1st he writes: "Feel badly. On through Yeno'e towns. Course same as yes- terday, nearly west. Distance for day, eleven miles." But the end was near at hand. Concern- Nearing the End ing the last hours. Miss Parsons writes: "Mon- day, at noon, he appeared at the door of the mission house in Efulen, and watchful eyes noted that his face was haggard and ominously yellow. He acknowledged to having suffered from unsuitable food, from sleeplessness, a feverish attack, and that a return of fever had hurried him home. But he dismissed it lightly. He would take quinine, and be 'all right in the morning.' There was no loss of spirit and en- thusiasm regarding the interior. They had never seen him more anxious to open the sec- ond station. In all his journey of two hundred 122 The Price of Africa and thirty miles he had found no place to com- pare with their chosen site. "At midnight he was wakeful, and, calling to Mr. Ford, who had come up from the coast in hif absence, they had two hours' conference on mission affairs. ISText day, worse. His five brethren surrounded him with every pos- sible ministry of love and care. Wednesday, hematuria was manifest, and remodies were pushed as fast as he could bear them. Loyal hearts and true wrestled in prayer for his life ; but the patient's temperature rose steadily. *I felt,' wrote the physician, 'that the noble man was to be called to his reward.' "Delirium came on. Attempts at prayer in English, 'O God, help in this supreme hour!' distinctly repeated at intervals. In conscious moments he charged his brethren to be firm, not to be afraid, but to push on. Turning to one of his watchers : 'It has come to be the fashion to regard me as the representative of this interior work' [with an expressive ges- ture] ; I never liked it.' ISTow he was preach- ing in Bulu: 'Listen carefully, and we will tell you about Christ.' Then 'praying much' for the work of the interior: 'May good men never be wanting to carry it forward !' Again, he is on the road, calling to his carriers in Adolphus C. Good 123 Mpongwe, and battling with the obstacles of travel. And the fever did not yield. "Thursday, near noon, in a few moments A Messenger at of mental clearness, he sent his last messages. ^^^ "*""" 'In self-forgetful prayer' he commended his bjethren to God, and asked for more laborers to the interior, and for himself preparation for death. All the afternoon, wild delirium — the last struggle of a strong vitality and abound- ing energy; but at evening a hush fell. The little sixteen by twenty-eight dwelling at Efulen was shaken with a tread more stately than cathedral processional; for a messenger from the King of kings was at the door. As peace- fully as a child falls asleep in his mother's arms, the spirit returned to God." On an Efulen hill-top, overlooking the many native towns to the south, is a grave encircled with a hedge of pineapple, marked by the low bronze monument sent out by Montclair friends, and on it are these words, "Faithful unto death." Five young men were left at Efulen. One A Sacred Vow at that moment was blind with African fever. Another had just recovered from his first at- tack. But Mr. Kerr wrote: "Those of us who stood by his bedside have promised, not only Brother Good, but Him who gave us life and 124 The Price of Africa has the right to take it, that while strength and life last we will be faithful to our trust.'' These five stalwart men cabled to America the news concerning Good's death, and added this brief message: "Send workers quickly." Two years later two young Bulu men were taken by Dr. Johnson into the little room where Dr. Good died, and, after a few farewell words of prayer and counsel, "with emotion not to be described," he Avatched these two dark mes- sengers march down the hillside and out toward the remote towns. They were the first wit- r esses In their own tribe to "catch up the evan- gel which had reached their own hearts, and attempt to pass it on." Questions for the Class Hour. 1. Where was Good born, and in what year? 2. What were his educational advantages? 3. Why did Good delay in becoming a Christian? 4. What sort of a man was Good while he was in in college? 5. How was Good called to the mission field? 6. What sort of a field did he choose? 7. Where was he sent? What of the country? Draw a rough map of this country. 8. What of the climate? 9. Tell something of Good's diplomatic relations with the French authorities. 10. When M^as he married, and to whom? Adolphus C. Good 125 11. Name the various mission stations occupied by Good, and locate ttiem on the map. 12. Tell something of the fruitfulness of Good's mis- sion work. 13. What of the need of more worliers? 14. What of the lethargy of the home Church? 15. Tell about Good's journey to America, and of his platform ability. 16. How was Good received upon his return to Africa? 17. In what condition did he find the work? 18. What service did Good perform for his Board in Liberia? 19. Tell something of the first journey of exploration. 20. Tell of the second journey and the new mission. What of the dense population? 21. In what year did Good bid his wife a final fare- well? 22. Tell something of Good's systematic habits of life. 23. Relate the circumstances of Good's last journey and its sad ending. 24. What vow did the five young men make at Efu- len, and what message did they send to America? 25. When were the first native missionaries sent out, and under what circumstances? Topics for Assignment in Class Work. References are to "Life for Africa," by Ellen C. Parsons. 1. The Gaboon Region, 30-53. 2. Reasons for the transfer of the Presbyterian mission to the French Protestants, 45. 126 The Price of Africa 3. Mass communion at Kangwe, 120. 4. The fear of demons, 138. 5. The Fang Tribe, 145. 6. Some of the difficulties in doing evangelistic worli among the natives, 150. 7. Dr. Good's first journey to the interior, 167. 8. Dr. Good's second journey to the interior, 184. 9. Dr. Good's contribution to science, 291. 10. Superstitions and religious ideas of Equatorial West Africa, 296. Subjects for Advanced Investigation. 1. Intertribal wars, their usual object, and their cruelty. 2. African fevers, their cause and cure. (How may travelers guard against the fever?) 3. Reasons for the deadly climatic conditions of the West Coast. 4. Main tribal divisions of Africa. 5. The liquor-traffic in Africa. ALEXANDER M. MACKAY, Born, Ehynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, October, 13, 1849. Died, Usambiro, East Africa. February 8, 1890. " You sons of England, here is a field for your energies. Bring with you your highest education and your greatest talents; you will find scope for the exercise of them all. You men of God, who have resolved to devote your lives to the cure of the souls of men, here is the proper field for you. It is not to whi numbers to a Church, hut to win men to the Savior, and who otherwise will be lost, that I entreat you to leave your work at home to the many who are ready to undertake it, and to come forth yourselves to reap this field now white to the harvest. Rome is rushing in with her salvation by sacraments, and a religion of carnal ordinances. We want men who will preach Jesus and the resurrection. 'God IS a Spirit,' and let him who believes that throw up every other consideration and come forth to teach these people to worship Him in spirit and in tnith." — Mackay's last message from Usambiro, Lake Victoria, January 2, 1890. 127 Alexander M. Mack ay FROM GHE»T MISSIONARIES OF THE CHURCH, BY CREE8AN. ^USLISHEO BY THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. 129 Alexander M. Mackay. " We have the assurcmce that the Lord's people will be brought out of great tribulation ;^' we therefore cannot take it to be His will that they will be forever left in trouble." On the day that Alexander Mackay was A Map of Africa born, his father, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, was sitting in the study of the manse, looking out of the window. It was a stormy day, and the landscape was a dreary one. Presently the minister arose and sus- pended a large map of Africa from a nail upon the top of one of the large bookcases near the window. The minister became interested in the great unknown regions which were repre- sented on the map by a "featureless blank," the barrenness of which was set in bold relief by "a solitary caterpillar," labeled "Moun- tains of the Moon." His attention was finally fixed on the portion now known as Eastern Africa, and he repeated to himself, "Latitude 3° 30' S., Longitude 37° E." As he proceeded, with a pencil in one hand and a magnifying 131 132 The Price of Africa glass in the other, to make several notes on this portion of the map, presently the "minis- ter's Annie," a tall, stately old servant, quietly entered the room. The minister v^as so ab- sorbed in the study of the map that he did not hear her knock nor see her enter. A Present She threw a log on the fire to attract his at- tention, and said, "I 've brocht ye a present, sir." Still absorbed, the minister said: "Do you see this pear-shaped continent, Annie? . . . The gospel banner will yet be planted in the very heart of this continent, although not likely in your day nor mine, Annie." "But may be it '11 be in your son^s, sir ; and wha will say he '11 nae hae a han' in it ?" Some- thing in her tone made the minister look quickly around, and he observed an infant in her arms. Quickly transferring his thoughts from the heart of Africa to his own fireside, he said: "A boy ! Bring him near the window, and let me see him."^ Father and Son The boy must have pleased the father well ; for from that day forward nothing delighted the Rev. Alexander Mackay more than to give himself unreservedly to the entertainment and instruction of his son. The father was an ar- dent student and a man of marked ability ; and 'As told by his sister. See The Story of Mackay of /ganda. Chapter I. Alexander M. Mackay 133 the son became his companion and pupil until the lad was fourteen years of age. Alexander Mackay was unusually quick to learn, at the age of three years reading with fluency the 'New Testament, and, at the age of seven, Milton's "Paradise Lost" and Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." It was noticed, however, that the boy, even in childhood, preferred to watch a steam engine, or the work of the shipbuilders, than to amuse himself in play with the other boys. He used to walk four miles to the railway station, and four miles back, that he might have a good look at the engine as the train stopped for a moment at the station. The father had fondly hoped that Alex- ander would succeed him in the ministry; and he was greatly pained, when on his way to the railway station for a trip to Edinburgh, he asked his son what book he should bring him, and Alexander replied that he desired instead a printing press. The father told him of his heart's desire that he should become a preacher, and Alexander answered simply: "Well, but, father, Martin Luther says that 'printing is the latest and greatest gift by which God en- ables us to advance the things of the gospel.' "* While to the father Alexander Mackay was indebted for his early intellectual training, to » The Story of Mac>jj.