.■■-»' is IHbT sp _9IH Theological Seminary PRINCETON, N. J. Case Shelf Book sec-,, VJ Division.. Sec No, M A.. DO NATION I' R 1 I M _ ^> >£. / '■^v^, A^> iircrifacb y^> w^ .cl yfeus S» Steri^A ifei lUL 1- 1 JZ I ■ mm v •• a THE HISTORY O F T H E PURITANS O R froteftant NonConformifts, FROM THE REFORMATION T O T H E Death of Queen ELIZABETH: WITH An Account of their Principles ; their Attempts for a 'further Reformation in the Church -, their Sufferings; and the Lives and Characters of their^principal "Divines. By D A N 1 E L N£ A L, M. A. The Second Edition. Now all thefe Things happened unto them for Enfamples ; and they are written for our Admonition — i Cor. x. 1 1 . LONDON: 'Printed for Richard Hett, at the Bible and- Crewn in the Poultry. M.DCCXXXII. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://www.archive.org/details/historyofp01neal THE ' PREFACE- [fSHSS^f HE Deftgn of the following Work is to preferve the Memory of tbofe great and good Men among the Reformers who loft their Preferments in the Churchy for at- tempting a further Reformation of its Difciiline and Ceremonies ; and to ac- count for the Rife and Progrefs of that Separation from the National Eflablifhment which fubfifis to this Day. To fet this in a proper Light it was necejfary to look lack upon the fad State of Religion before the Reformation, and to confider the Motives that induced King Henry VIII, to break with the Pope, and to declare the Church ©/"Engl nd an independent Body, of which himfelf, under Chriji, was tl?e fupreme tie-id upon Earth. This was a bold Attempt, at a Time when all the Powers of the Earth were againje him ; and could not have fucceeded without an over-ruling Direclion of Divine Providence : But as for any real Amendment of the Doclrines, orSuperjti- tions of Popery, any further than was necejfary to fe cure his own Supremacy, and thofe vafl Revenues of the Church which he had grafped into his Hands, whatever his Majefly might dejign, he had not the Honour to accom- plijh. The Reformation made a- quick Progrefs in the jhort Reign of King Edward VI. who had been educated under Proteftant Tutors, and was himfelf a prodigious Genius for his Age •, he fettled the Doclrines of the A 2 Churchy iv The PREFACE. Church, and intended a Reformation of its Government and Laws ; but his noble Defigns were obftrucledby fome temporizing Bifhops, who having complied with the Impo- fitions of King Henry VIII. were willing to bring others under the fame Toke ; and to keep up an Alliance with the Church of Rome, left they Jhould lofe the uninterrupted SucceJJion of their Characters from the Apoftles. The Conircverfy that gave Rife to the Separation began in this Reign, on occafion of BifJoop Hooper'.? refufing to lie confe crated in the Popifh Habits : This, may ft em an unreafonable Scruple in the Opinion of fome People, but was certainly an Affair of great Confequence to the Refor- mat ion, when the Habits were the known Badges of Popery ; and when the Administrations of the Pr lefts were thought to receive their Validity from the confe- crated Veftments, as 1 am afraid many both of the Clergy and common People are too inclinable to apprehend at this Das. Had the Reformers fixed upon other decent Garments, as Badges of the Epifcopal or Prieftly Office, which had no Relation to the Superftitions of Popery, this Qontroverft had been prevented. But the fame Regard to the old Religion was had in revifing the Liturgy, and tranflating it into the Englifh Language ; the Reform- ers, inftead of framing a new one in the Language of Holy Scripture i had recourfe to the Offices of the Church of Rome, leaving oui fuch Prayers and Pajfages as were offenftve, mid adding certain Refponfes to engage the Jrtiention of the common People, who till this Time had r.o. concern in the publick Devotions of the Church, as being uttered in an unknown Tongue : This was thought a very con fider able Advance, and as much as the Times would bear, but was not dejignedfor the loft Standard of the Englifh Reformation -, however , the immature- Death of young King Edward put an end to all further Progrefs. Upon the Acceffion of Queen Mary, Popery revived by the Supremacy's being lodged in a fingle Hand -, and within the Compafs of little, more than a rear, became a fe^ cond Time the eflablifhed Religion of the Church of Eng- 2 land : The Preface. land : The Statutes of King Edward were repealed, and the penal Laws againjl Hereticks were put in execution againjl the Reformers , many of whom, after a long Im- prifanment, and cruel Trials of Mockings and Scourgings, made a noble ConfeJJion of their Faith before many Witnef- fes, and fealed it with their Blood. Great Numbers fled, into Banijhtnenty and were entertained by the reformed States of Germany, Switzerland, and Geneva, with great Humanity ; the Magijirates enfranchifing them9 and appointing Churches for their publick WorfJoip. But here began the fatal Divifion ; fame of the Exiles were for keeping to the Liturgy of King Edward, as the Religion of their Country, while others confidering that thofe Laws were repealed apprehended themfelves at full Liberty, 'and having no Profpetl of returning home, they refolved to fhake off the Remains of Antichrifl, and to copy after the purer Forms of thofe Churches among whom they lived, Accordingly the Congregation at Frankfort, by the Dejire of the Magijirates, began upon the Geneva Model, with an additional Prayer for the afflicled State of the Church of England at that Time ; but when Dr. Cox, afterwards Bi- Jhop o/Ely, came with a new Detachment from England, he interrupted the publick Service by anfwering aloud after theMinifter, which occafion' dfuch a Difturbanceand Divifion as could never be healed. Mr. Knox and Mr. Whittingham, with one half of the Congregation, being obliged to remove to Geneva, Dr. Cox and his Friends kept Pojfejfion of the Church at Frankfort, till there arofe fuch Quarrels and Contentions among themfelves as made them a Reproach to the Strangers among whom they lived. Thru the Separation began. When the Exiles, upon the Acceffion of Queen Eli- zabeth, returned to England, each Party were for advancing the Reformation according to their own Standard, The Queen, withthoje that hadweathered the Storm at home, "were only for rejloring King Edward'; Liturgy, but the Majority of the Exiles were for the Worfhip and Difci- pline of the foreign Churches, and refufed to comply with the old EjlabUJJjment, declaiming loudly againjl the Popijh A 2 ' Ha- vi The PREFACE. Habits and Ceremonies. 'The new Bifhops, m'oft of whom had been their Companions abroad, endeavoured to [often them for the prefent, declaring they would ufe all their Inter -efts at Court to make them eafy in a little Time : The Queen alfo connived at their Non-Conformity) till her Government was fettled, „ but then declared roundly, that fhe had fixed her Standard, and would have all her Subjects conform to it -, upon which the Bifhops fliffened in their Behaviour, explained away their Promifes, and became too fever e againjl their Diffenting Brethren. In the Tear 1564. their Lord/hips began to /hew their Authority, by urging the Clergy of their fever al Diocefes to fubfcribe the Liturgy, Ceremonies and Difcipline of the Church ; when thofe that refufed were firft called Puritans, a Name of Reproach derived from the Cathari, or Purirani of the third Century after Chrift, but proper enough to exprefs their Defires of a more -pure Form of Worjhip and Difcipline in the Church. When the Dotlrines of Arminius took Place in the latter end of the Reign of King James I. thofe that adhered to Calvin's Explication of the five difputed Points were called Do- c£.ffi>7,c~trinal Puritans; and at length {fays Mr. Fuller) the B. IX. Name was unproved to fligmatize all thofe who endeavour- g 9£ ed in their Devotions to accompany the Minijler with a p. 100. t>ure Heart, and who were remarkably Holy in their Con- ventions. ^Puritan therefore was a Man of fevere Morals, a Calvinift in Doctrine, and a Non- Conformift to the Ceremonies and Difcipline of the Church, though he did not totally feparate from it. The Queen having conceived aftrong Aver/ion to thefe People, pointed all her Artillery againjl them ; for befides the ordinary Courts of the Bifhops, her Majejly eretl- ed a new Tribunal, called the Court o/High Com- mission, which fufpended and deprived Men of their Livings, not by the Verdict of twelve Men upon Oath, but by the fovereign Determination of three Commiffioners of her Majejly1 s own Nomination, founded not upon the Statute Laws of the Realm, but upon the bottomlefs Deep of the Canon Law ; and injlead of producing Witneffes in open The PREFACE. vii open Court to -prove the Charge, they affumed a Power of adminifiring an Oath ExOffici o, whereby the Pri- finer was obliged to anfwer all Quejlions the Court Jhould put to him, though never fo prejudicial to his own Defence : If he refufed to [wear, he was imprifori* d for Contempt % and if he took the Oath, he was convicled upon his own Confejfion. 'The Reader will meet with piany Examples of the high Proceedings of this Court, in the Courfe of this Hijlory ; of their fending their Purfuevants to bring Minifters out of the Country, and keeping them in Town at exceffive Charges ; of their Interrogatories upon Oath, which were almoji equal to the Spanifh Inquifition ; of their Exami- nations and long Imprifonments of Minifters without Baily or bringing them to a Trial ; and all this not for Ineffi- ciency, or Immorality, or neglecl of their Cures, but for not wearing a white Surplice, for not baptizing with the Sign of the Crofs, or not fubfcribing to certain Articles that had no Foundation in Law. A fourth Part of all the Preachers in England were under Sufpenfion from one or other of thefe Courts, at a Time when not one beneficed Clergyman in fix was capable of compofing a Sermon. The Edge of all thofe haws that were made againft Popifh Recufants, who were continually plotting againft the Queen, was turned againft Protectant Non-Confor- mifts ; nay, in many Cafes they had not the Benefit of the Law ; for as Lord Clarendon rightly obferves, ^ueen^°^-^°* Elizabeth carried her Prerogative as high as in the?'71' worft Times of King Charles I. " They who look back up- " on the Council Books of thofe Times (fays his Lord/hip ) " and upon the A els of the Star Chamber then, fhall •' find as high Instances of Power and Sovereignty upon •« the Liberty and Property of the Subject, as can befince " given. But the Art, Order and Gravity of thofe Pro- con (I ant Rules, were " fet, and fmartly pur fed, and the Party felt only the " IVeight of the "Judgment, not the Pajfion of his Judges) " made them lefs taken Notice of, and fo left grievous to " the Publick, though as intolerable to the P erf on." A 4 Theft vm The PREFACE. Thefe Severities, in/lead of reconciling the Puritans To the Church drove them farther from it \ for Men don't care to be beat from their Principles by the Artillery of Canons, Injunctions, and penal Laws •, nor can they be in love with a Church that ufes fuch Methods of Con- verfion. A great deal of ill Blood was bred in the Na- tion by thefe Proceedings -, the Bifhops left their Efteetn with the People, and the Number of Puritans was not really leffened though they lay concealed, till in the next Age they got the Power into their Hands and fhook off the Toke. 'The Reputation of the Church of England has been very much advanced of late Tears, by the Sufpenfion of the penal Laws, and the legal Indulgence granted to Pro- teftant Diffenters. Long Experience has taught us, that Uniformity in Doclrine and Worfhip, enforced by penal Laws, is not the Way to the Church's Peace \ that there may be a Separation from a true Church with- out Schifm ; and Schijm within a Church without Sepa- ration \ that the Indulgence 'granted by Law to Proteftant Non-Conformifts, which has now fubfifted above forty Tears, has not been prejudicial to Church or State, but rather advantageous to both ; for the Revenues of the efta- blifhed Church have not been leffen'd ; a Number of Poor have been maintained by the ' Diffenters, which muji otherzvife have come to the Parifh ; the Separation has kept up an Emulation a?nong the Clergy ; quicken* d than to their paftoral Duty, and been a Check upon their moral Behaviour -, and I will venture to fay, whenever the fe- parate AJfemblies of Proteftant Non-Conformifts fhall ceafe, and all Men be obliged to worfhip at their Parijb Churches, that Ignorance and Lazinefs will prevail among the Clergy ; and that the Laity in many Parts of the Country will degenerate into Superftition, Prophanenefs, and downright Atbeifm. With Regard to the Statij it ought to be remembered, that the Proteftant Diffenters have always flood by the Laws and Conjlilution of their Country \ that they joined heartily in the glorious Revolu- tion of King William and Queen Mary, and The PREFACE. he fufferedfor their fteady Adherence to the Protejlant Suc- ceffion in the illuflrious Houfe of his present Majesty, when great Numbers that called themselves Churchmen were looking another way ; for this, the Schifm Bill and other Hardjhips were put upon them, and not for their religious Differences with the Church ;for if they would have joined the Adminiftration at that 'Time, 'tis well known they might have made much better Terms for themfelves ; but as long as there is a Proteftant DifTenter in England there will be a Friend of Liberty, and of our prefent hap- Py ^Conftitution. Infiead therefore of crufhing them, or comprehending them within the Church, it muft be the In- ter eft of all true Lovers of their Country, even upon politi- cal Views, to eafe their Complaints, and to fupport and countenance their Chriflian Liberty. For though the Church of England is as free from per- fecting Principles as any Eftablifhment in Europe, yet fill there are feme Grievances remaining, which wife and good Men of all Parties wifh might be reviewed', not to mention the Subfcriptions which affeel the Clergy j there is the Aft of the izih of King Charles II. for prevent- ing Dangers arifing from Popifh Recufants, com- monly called the Test Act, " which obliges, under " very fever e Penalties, all Perfons, [of the Laity] *•« bearing any Office, or Place ofTruft or Profit (be- " fides taking the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, and ** fubferibing a Declaration againfl Tranfubflantiation «,) " to receive the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper accord- 5< ing to the Uj age of the Church of England) in feme *c Parifh Church on a Lord's Day immediately after Di- " vine Service and Sermon, and to deliver a Certificate " of having fo received it, under the Hands of the refpe- " Bive Minifters and Church-Wardens, proved by two " credible Witneffes upon Oath, to be recorded in Court.'* It appears by the Title of this Acl, and by the Difpofition of the Parliatnent at that Time, that it was not deftgn'd againfl Proteftant Non-Conformifts ; but the DiMenters in the Houfe generoufly came into it to fave the Nation from Popery j for when the Court , in order to throw out the Bilk X The P R E F A C E. Bill, put them upon moving for a Claufe to except their Friends, Mr. Love, who had already declared againft the Difpenftng Power , flood up, and defired that the Na- tion might firft be jecured againft Popery , by paffing the Bill without any Amendment, and that then, if the Houfe pleafed, Jome regard might be had to Proteftant Differs EacharcP/ ters ; in which (fays Mr. Eachard) he was fecondedby ch. Hijiory, moji 0jr fcs Party. The Bill was voted accordingly , ana A . Anh. another brought in for the Eafe of his Majefty's Prote- ftant Difienting Subjects, which paffed the Commons, but before it could get through the Lords, the King came to the Houfe and prorogued the Parliament. Thus the Proteftant Non-Conformifts, out of their abundant Zeal for the Proteftant Religion, fhackled themfelves, and were left upon a level with Popifh Recufants. It was necejfary to fe cure the Nation againft Popery at that Time, when the prefumptive Heir of the Crown was of that Religion ; but whether it ought not to have been done by a Civil rather than by a Religious Teft, I leave with the Reader. The obliging all Perfons in Places of Civil Trufl to receive the Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper^ feems to be a Hard/hip upon thofe Gentlemen, whofe man- ner of Life loudly declares their Unfitnefs for fo facred a So* lemnity, and who would not run the Hazard of eating and drinking unworthily, but that they fatisjy themfelves with throwing off the Guilt upon the Impofers. Great Britain muft not expecl an Army of Saints ; nor is the Ti?ne yet come, when all her Officers fhall be Peace, and her Exactors Righteoufnefs. It is no left a Hardftnp upon a great Body of his Majefty*s moft dutiful and loyal Sub- jects, who are qualified to ferve their King and Country^ in all Offices of Civil Truft, and would perform their Duty with all Chearfulnefs, did they not fcruple to receive the Sacrament after the Ufage of the Church of England, or to proftitute a facred and religious Inititurion, as a Qualification for a Civil Employment. I can fee no In- convenience either to Church or State, if His Majesty, as the common Father of his People, jhould have the Ser- vice of all his Subjects who are willing to fwear Allegiance to The Preface. & to his Royal Per/on and Government ; to renounce all fo- reign Jurifdiclion, and to give all reasonable Security not to difturb the Church of England, or any of their fellow Subjecls, in the peaceable Enjoyment of their Religious or Civil Rights and Properties. Befides, the removing this Grievance would do Honour to the Church of England it [elf, by obviating the Charge of Impofition, and by relieving the Clergy from a Part of their Work, which has given fome of them very great Uneafinefs : But I am chiefly con- cernedfor the Honour of Religion andpublick Virtue, which is wounded hereby in the Houfe of its Friends. If there- fore (as fome conceive) the Sacramental Teft be a na- tional Blemifo, I humbly conceive, with all due Sub- mij/ion, the removal of it would be apublick Bleffing. The P rot eft ant Noiz-Conformifts obferve with Pleafure the Right Reverend Fathers of the Church owning the Caufe of Religious Liberty, " That private Judgment ought to " be formed upon Examination, and that Religion ** is a free and unforced Thing.5* And we fincerely join with the Lord Bifbop of Lichfield and Coventry, in the Preface to his excellent Vindication of the Miracles of our bleffed Saviour, " in congratulating our Country 0#VoI.H.' . cc ence warrants any Man that cannot work Miracles. ta„ ' P. J20> «' draw Men off from the eftablifhed Religion of a Nation, jaI. " nor openly to make Profelytes to his own Religion, in " contempt of the Magiftrate and the Law, though he is " never fo Jure he is in the right." This Propofition* though pointed at the popifh Miffionaries in England at that Time, is not only inconftftent with the Protejlant Re- formation siv The PREFACE. formation (as I obferv'd before) but mufi effectually pre- vent the propagating of Cbrijlianity among the idolatrous Nations of the Eaflern and Weft em Indians without a new Power of working Miracles, which we have no ground to expetl ; and I may venture to affure his Lordfliip and the World, that the good Archbijhop lived to fee his Mifiake ; and could name the learned Perfon to whom he frankly confeffed it after fome Hours Converfation upon the Subjetl : But human Authorities are of little weight in Points of Reafon and Speculation. It was from this miflaken Principle that the Government prefsWfo hard upon thofe Puritans whofe Hiftory is now be- fore the Reader ; in which he will obfervehow the transfer- ring the Supremacy from the Pope to the King, united the Church and State into one Body under one Head, info- much that writing againfl the Church was con/trued by the Judges in Weftminfter Hall, a feditious libelling the Queen's Government, and was punifhed with, exorbitant Tines, Imprifonment and Death. He will obferve further , the Rife and Progrefs of the penal Laws -, the Extent pf the regal Supremacy in thofe Times ; the deplorable Ignorance of the Clergy ; with the oppofite Principles of our Church Reformers, and of the Puritans, which I have fet in a true Light, and have purfued the Controverfy as an Hiflorian in its fever al Branches, to the End of the long Reign of Queen Elizabeth •» to all which I have added fome Jhort Remarks of my own, which the Reader will receive according to their Evidence. And becaufe the Principles of the Scots Reformers were much the fame with thofe of the Englifh Puritans, and the impofinga Liturgy and Bijhops upon them gave Rife to. the Confufions of the next Age, I have infer ted a fhort Ac- count of their Religious Eftablijhment ; and have enliven- ed the whole with the Lives and Characters of the princi- pal Puritans of thofe Times. A Hiftory of this kind was long ex peeled from the late Reverend and learned Dr. John Evans, who had for fome Tears been collecting Materials for this purpofe, and had he lived to perfeel his Dejign, would have done it to i much The P R E F A C E. j|v much greater Advantage ', but I havefeen none of his Pa- pers, and am informed, that there is but a very fmall Matter capable of being put in Order for the Prefs. Upon his Deceafe I found it necejfary to undertake this Province, to bring the Hiflory forward to thofe Times when the Puri- tans had the Power in their own Hands ; in examining into which I have fpent my leifure Hours for fome Tears ; but the publifbing thofe Collections will depend under God, upon the Continuance of my Health, and the Acceptance this meets with in the World. lam not fo vain as to expeB to efcape the Cenfnres of Criticks, nor the Reproaches of angry Men, who while they do nothing themfelves, take pleafure in expojing the Labours of others in Pamphlets and News Papers ; but as 1 /hall be always thankful to any that will convince me of my Miflakes in a friendly Manner, the others may be fecure of enjoying the Satisfaction of their fatyrical Remarks without any Diflurbance from me. 1 have endeavoured to acquaint my felf thoroughly with the T'imes of which 1 write ; and as 1 have no Expecta- tions from any Party of Chriflians, lam under no Temp- tation to difguife their Condutl. I have cited my Autho- rities in the Margin, and flatter my felf that 1 have had the Opportunity of bringing many 'Things to light relating to the Sufferings of the Puritans, and the State of the Reforma- tion in thofe Times, which have hitherto been unknown to the World, chiefly by the Afjiftance of a large Manufcript Collection of Tapers faithfully tranfcri bed from their Ori- ginals in the XJniverJity of Cambridge, by a P erf on of Character employed for that Purpofe, and generoufly com- municated to me by my ingenious and learned Friend Dr. Benjamin Grofvenor ,• for which I take this Opportunity of returning him my own, and the Thanks of the publick. Among the Ecclejiaflical Hiflorians of thefe Times, Mr. Fuller, Bifhop Burner, and Mr. Strype are the chief; the lafi of whom has fearched into the Records of the Eng- lifh Reformation more than any Man of the Age ; Dr. Heylin and Collyer are of morefufpecied Authority, not fo much for their Party Principles, as becaufe the former never *$\ The PREFACE. never gives us his Vouchers , and. yet the latter follows hi?n bliadly in all 'things. Upon the whole , I have endeavoured to keep in view the Honejly and Gravity of an Hifiorian, and have faid nothing with a Dejign to exafperate or widen the Diffe- rences among Chrifiians ; for as I am a Jincere Admi- rer of the Doclrines of the New Tefiament, I would have an equal Regard to its mofi excellent Precepts, of •which thefe are fome of the Capital, that We love one another ; that We forgive Offences ; that We bear one anothers Infirmities, and even blefs them that curfe us, and pray for them that defpitefully ufe us and perfecute us. If this Spirit and Temper were more prevalent, the Lives of Chrifiians would throw a bright Luftre upon the Truth and Excellency of their Divine Faith, and convince the Atheifis and Infidels of the Agex more than all their Arguments can do without it. I would earneftly recommend this Temper to the Prote- ftant Non-Conformifts of the prefent Age, together with an holy Emulation of each other in undijfemlled Piety and, Sanility of Life, that while they are reading the heavy and grievous Sufferings of their Anceflors from Ecclefiafti- cal Com millions, Spiritual Courts, and penal. Laws, for Conlcience fake, they may be excited to an humble Adoration oj Divine Providence which has delivered them fo far from the Yoke of Oppreffion ', to. a Detefiation of all perfecuting Principles ; and to a loyal and dutiful Behaviour to the beft of Kings, under whofe mild and jufl Govern- ment they are fecure of their Civil and Religious Liberties. 'And may Protefiauts of all Perfuajions improve in the Knowledge and Love of the 'Truth, and in Sentiments of Chriftian Charity and Forbearance towards each other, that being at Peace among ihemfelves, they may with great er Suecefs bend their united Forces againfl the common Ene- mies of Chrifiiariity ! Daniel Neal. London, Feb. ill. 1731-2. THE THE HISTORY O F T H E PURITANS CHAP. L The Reign a/Henry VIII. ING William the Conqueror having state 0f got Poffeflion of the Crown of England, &eligion by the Affiftance of the See of Rome ; ^T^ and King John having afterwards fold ^V*0 * it, in his Wars with the Barons, the Rights and Privileges of the Englijh Clergy were delivered up into the Hands of the Pope, who taxed them at his Pleafure, and in procefs of Time drained the Kingdom of immenfe Treafures ; for befides all his other Dues, arifmg from Annates ^ Fir/} Fruits, Peter Pence, &c. he extorred large Sum3 of Money from the Clergy for their Preferments in the Church. He advanced Foreigners to. the richeft B Bitjiop- 2 7 be HIS TORY Chap. I. Bifhopricks, who never refided in their Diocefes, nor fo much as fet foot upon Englijh Ground, but fent for all their Profits to a foreign Country ; nay, fo covetous was his Holinefs, that before Livings be- came void, he fold them provifwnally among his Ita- lians, infomuch, that neither the King nor the Cler- gy, had any Thing to difpofe of, but every Thing Burnct'j was bargain'd for before- hand at Ro?ne. Thisawa- Mjl. Ref, ken'd the Refentmentsof the Legiflature, whoinrhe Vo1^- 25th Year of King Edward III. pafs'd an Aft, called ' ' r theStatuteofProvifor's, whereby it is enacted, " That Prcviforj, ' ' tne King, and other Lords, fhall prefent unto An.1350." Benefices of their own, or their Anceftor's Foun- " dation, and not the Bifhop of Rome. That all " foreftalling of Benefices to Foreigners fhall ceafe ; " and that the free 'Elections, Prefentments, and " Collations of Benefices, fhall ftand in Right of the «■ Crown, or of any of his Majefly's Subjects, as they " had formerly enjoyed them, notwithftandingany *« Provifwns from Rome. But ftill the Power of the Court of Rome ran very high, for they brought all the Trials of Titles to Advowfons, into their own Courts beyond Sea, and though by the 7th of Richard II. the Power of No- mination to Benefices, without the King's Licence, was taken from them, they ftill claim'd the Benefit of Confirmations, of Tranflations of Bifhops, and of Excommunications ; the Archbifhops of Canterbury and York might ftill by virtue of Bulls from Rome, af- femble the Clergy of their feveral Provinces, at what Time and Place they thought fir, without leave ob- tained from the Crown ; and all the Canons and Con- flitutions concluded upon in thofe Synods were bind- ing, without any farther Ratification from the King ; fo that the Power of the Church was independent of the Civil Government. This being reprefented to statute of the Parliament of the 16th of Richard II. they palled pr*nmn:rezhe Statute commonly called PRAEMUNIRE, ea'\19*' by which it was enacted, " That if any of the Clergy Chap. I. c/^Puritans. <£ did purchafe Tranflations to Benefices, ProcefTes, " Sentences of Excommunication, Bulls, or any ** other Inftruments from the Court of Rome, againtl " the King or his Crown •, or whoever brought them " into E?igland, or did receive or execute them, " they were declared to be out of the King's Pro- " tec~tion, and mould forfeit their Goods and Chattels «« to the King, and their Perfons be imprifon'd." Fuller'/ From this Time the Archbimops called no mort^h-H'pf}'3 Convocations by their fole Authority, but by Li-P,I9°' cence from the King *, their Syno3s being formed by a Writ or Precept from the Crown, directed to the Archbimops, to affemble their Clergy, in order to confult upon fuch Affairs as his Majefty fhouid Jay before them. But ftill their Canons were binding, tho' confirm'd by no Authority but their own, till the Act of Supremacy took place. About this Time flourished the famous John IVick- Life an3 liffe, the Morning-Star of the Reformation. He was Writings of born at Wickliffe, near Richmond in Torkfmre, *hbout^n, ,-a •the Year 1324. and was educated in Queen's, College, Oxford, where he was Divinity ProfefTor, and after- wards Parfon of Lutterworth, in Leicejler/hire. He flour ifh'd in the latter End of the Reign of King Ed- ward III. and the beginning of Richard II. about one Hundred and thirty Years before the Reformation of Luther, The Univerfity gave this Teftimonial of him after his Death, " That from his Youth to the " Time of his Death, his Converfation was fo Praife- «c worthy, that there was never any Spot, or Sufpi-. ct cion noifed of him ; that in his reading and preach- " ing he behaved like a flout and valiant Champion " of the Faith ; and that he had written in Logick, " Philofophy, Divinity, Morality, andthefpeculative " Arts, without an Equal." While he was Divinity ProfefTor at Oxford he publifh'd certain Conclufions, againf Tranfubfiantiation, and againfl the Infallibility c/'FoxV the Pope ; that the Church of Rome was not tbe Head™artyr,oh of ail other Churches \ nor had St.. Peter the Power of viniiclu B 2 thep, j, 4, tte HISTORY Chap.I. the Keys, any more than the reft of the Apofiles : that the 'New Tejtament, or Go/pel, is a perfetl Rule of Life and Manners, and ought to be -read by the People. He main- tained further, mod of thofe Points by which the Puritans were afcerwards diitinguifhed j as, that in the Sacrament of Orders there ought to be but two Degrees, Prejbyters, or Bifhops and Deacons ; that all Human Traditions are fuperfluous and finful ; that we muft practife, and teach only, the Laws of Chrift; that myftical and fignificant Ceremonies in religious Worfhip are unlawful ; and, that to re- ftrain Men to a prefcribed Form of Prayer, is con- trary to the Liberty granted them by God. Thefe, with fome other of IVickliffe's Doctrines, againft the temporal Grandeur of the Prelates, and their ufurped Authority, were fent to Rome, and condemned by Pope Gregory XI. in a Confiflory of Twenty three Cardinals, in the Year 1378. but the Pope dying loon after put a flop to the Procefs. Urban, his Suc- ceffo^, writ to young King Richard II. and to the Archbifhopof Canterbury, and Univerfity of Oxford, to put a flop to the Progrefs of Wikliffifm > according- ly, Wickliffe was cited before the Archbifhop of Can- terbury, and his Brethren the Prelates, feveral Times, but was always difmifled, either by thelntereftof the Citizens of London, or the powerful Interpofition of fome great Lords at Court, or fome other uncommon Providence, which terrified the Bifhops from paffing a peremptory Sentence againft him for a confidera- ble Time ; but at length his new Doctrines fas they were called) were condemned in a Convocation of Bifhops, Doctors and Batchelors, held at London by the Commandment of the Archbifhop of Canterbury 1382. and he was deprived of his ProfefTorfhip, his Books and Writings were ordered to be burn'd, and himfelf to be imprifon'd, but he kept out of the Way, and in the Time of his Retirement writ a Con- feflion of his Faith to the Pope, in which he declares himfelf willing to maintain his Opinions at Rome, if Chap. I. o/^Puritans. 5 if God had not otherwife vifited him with Sicknefs, and other Infirmities : But it was well for this good Man that there were two Anti-Popes at this Time at War with each other, one at Rome, and the other at Avignon. In England &\{q there was a Minority, and after fome Time a Controverfy arofe between the HoUies of York and Lancafter, about the Right of Succeffion to the Crown, which was favourable to Wickliffe, infomuch that he ventur'd out of his Re- tirement, and returned to his Parifh at Lutterworth , where he quietly departed this Life in the Year 1384. This Wicklijfe was a wonderful Man for the Times in which he Jived, which were overfpread with the thickeft Darknefsof Antichriftian Idolatry j he was the firftthat tranflated the New Teilament into En- glijh ; but the Art of Printing not being then found out, it hardly efcaped the Inquifuion of the Prelates, at leaft it was very fcarce when Tyndal tranflated it a fecond Time 1527. He preached and publifhed the very fame Doctrines for Subftance that afterwards obtained at the Reformation -, he writ near two Hun- dred Volumes, all which were called in, condemned, and order'd to be burn'd together with his Bones by the Council of Conftance, in the Year 1425. forty one Years after his Death •, but his Doctrine remained, and the Number of his Difciples who were diftin- guifhed by the Name of Lollards encreafed after his Deceafe, which gave Occafion to the making fundry other fevere Laws againft Hereticks. The Clergy made their Advantage of the Conten- Rife ofpe- tions between the Houfesof York and Lancafter ; both nal \f**A Parties courting their Affiftance, which they did not^7w/. fail to make ufe of for the Support of the Catholick Faith, Cas they call'd it) and the Advancement of their fpiritual Tyranny over the Confcicnces of Men. In the Primitive Times there were no capital Pro- ceedings againft Hereticks, the Weapons of the Church being only fpiritual ; but when it was found that Ecclefiaff.ical Cenfures v/ere not fufneient to keep B 3 Men 6 The HISTORY Chap.I. Men in a blind Subjection to the Pope, a Decree was obtained in the fourth Council of Later an , A.D. 12 15. *' 'That all Hereticks Jhouldbe delivered over to the civil " Magi/Irate to be burn'd." Here was the Spring of that Antichriitian Tyranny and Oppreffion of the Confciences of Men, which has fince been attended with a Sea of Chriftian Blood : The Papifts learn'd it from the Heathen Emperors ; and the moft zealous Proteftants of all Nations have taken it up from them. Confcience can't be convinc'd by Fines and Imprifonments, or by Fire and Faggot ; all At- tempts t)f this Kind ferve only to make Men Hypo- crites, and aredefervedly branded with the Name of 'Persecution. There was no Occafion for putting thefe fanguinary Laws in execution among us till the lat- ter end- of the fourteenth Century ; but when the Lollards^ or Followers of Wickliffe threaten'd the Pa- pal Power, the Clergy brought this Italian Drug from Rome, and planted it in the Church of England, statute In the ^ch Year of Richard II. it was enacted, f 1. cc Xhat all that preached without Licence againft ' ^'sSz '" tne Catholick Faith, or againft the Laws of the " Land, mould be arretted, and kept in Prifon, till *' they juftified themfelves according to the Law and " Reafon of Holy Church. Their Commitment was *£ to be by Writ from the Chancellor, who was to " iffue forth CommifTions to the Sheriffs, and other *c the King's Minifters, after theBifhops had return- *6 ed the Names of the Delinquents into the Court of ci Chancery." 'Statute When Richard II. was depofed, and the Crown Henry 4. ufurped by Henry IV. in order to gain the good Will cap. 15. of the Clergy, it was further enacted, in the fecond ?4?o. Year of his Reign, " That if any Perfons were fufpe- " fled of Herefy, the Ordinary might detain them «* in Prifon till they were canonically purged, or " did abjure their Errors ; provided always, That « the Proceedings againft them were publickly and " judicially ended within three Months. If they " were Chap.I. ff//kPuRITANS. j " were convicted, the Diocefan, or his Comrnifla- " ry, might imprifon and fine them at Difcretion. " Thofe that refufed to abjure their Errors, or after ■* Abjuration relapfed, were to be delivered over to " the fecular Power, and the Mayors, Sheriffs, or " Bailiffs, were to be prefent, (if required) when " the Bifhop, or his Commiflary patted Sentence, " and after Sentence they were to receive them, and " in fome high Place hum them to Death before the " People." By this Law the King's Subjects were put from under his Protection, and left to the Mercy of the Bifhops in their Spiritual Courts, and might, upon Sufpicion of Herefy, be imprifon'd and put to Death, without Prefentment, or Trial by a Jury, as is the Practice in all other criminal Cafes. In the beginning of the Reign of Henry V. who was statute a martial Prince, a new Law palled againft the Lol-H^nry 5. lards, or Wickliffites, « That they fhould forfeit all "?' 7\ " the Lands they had in Fee fimple, and all their '*14' " Goods and Chattels to the King. All State « Officers, at their Entrance into Office, were « fworn to ufe their bed Endeavours to difcover " them ; and to aflift the Ordinaries in profecuting " and convicting them." I find no mention in any of thefe Acts, of a Writ or Warrant from the King, de Hceretico comburendo ; the Sheriff" might proceed to the burning of Hereticks without it; but it feems the King's learned Council advifed him to iffue out a Writ of this kind to the Sheriff, by which his Majefty took them, in fome fort, under his Protection again ; but it was not as yet neceffary by Law, nor are there any of them to be found in the Rolls, before the Reign of King Henry VIII. By virtue of thefe Statutes the Clergy, according to the Genius of the Popifh Religion, exercifed num- berlefs Cruelties upon the People. • If any Man deni- ed them any degree of Refpect, or any of thofe Pro- fits they pretended was their due, he was imme- diately fufpected of Herefy, imprifoned, and it may • B 4 be 8 The HISTORY Chap. I. Khg be put to Death ; of which fome Hundreds of Ex- ^V^^" amples are upon Record. King Thus flood the Laws with refpect to Religion, Hen-vill s when King Henry VIIL fecondSon of King Henry Bilth and VII.' came to the Crown 5 he was born in the Year c-aratter. l^lm ancj bred a Scholar : He underftood the Purity of the Latin Tongue, and was well acquainted with School Divinity. No fort of Flattery pleas'd him better than to have his Wifdom and Learning com- mended. In the beginning of his Reign he was a mod obedient Son of the Papacy, and employed his Talents in writing againft Luther in defence of the feven Sacraments of the Church. This Book was magnified by the Clergy as the moft learned Per- formance of the Age j and upon prefenting it to the Pope, his Holinefs conferr'd upon the King of Eng- land and his SuccelTors, the glorious Title of De- fender of the Faith: It was voted in full Confiftory, and fign'd by Twenty feven Cardinals, in the Year 1521. Cardinal At the fame Time Cardinal IVoolfey, the King's Woolfey'j Favourite, exercifed a Sovereign Power over the leganune wnoie Clergy and People of England in fpiritual Matters*, he was made Legate in the Year 15 19. and accepted of a Bull from the Pope, contrary to the Statute of Praemunire, empowering him to iuperin- tend and correct what he thought amifs in both the Provinces of Canterbury and York-, and to appoint all Burnet's Officers in the Spiritual Courts. TheKingalfogranted Wjh Kef. him a full Power of difpofing of all Ecclefiaftical Be- P- 8- nefices in the Gift of the Crown -, with a visitatorial Power over Monafteries, Colleges, and all his Clergy, exempt or not exempt. By virtue of thefe vaft Pow- ers a new Court of Juftice was erected, called the Le- gate's Court, the JurifdicYion whereof extended to all Actions relating to Confcience, and numberlefs Ra- pines and Extortions were committed by it under colour of reforming Mens Manners 5 all which his Maje- 'o Chap. I. c/^Puritans. g Majefty connived at out of Zeal to the Church. Khg But at length the King being weary of his Queen Hen.vm. Katharine^ after he had lived with her almoft twenty I5i7, Years, or being troubled in Confcience becaufe he^/™/^ had married his Brother's Wife, and the Legitimacy moves for of his Daughter had been called jn queftionby Jbme fo-a Divorce reign Princes, he firft feparatedfrom her Bed, andthen^""* b,x moved the Pope for a Divorce ; but the Court of Ro?ne 12! niz^ a°d in all Difputes concerning Divorces, Tithes, Oblations, &c. under penalty of a Praemunire *, and were now voting away Annates and Firfi Fruits ; and providing, " That in cafe the Pope denied his Bulls for " electing or confecratingBifhops, it mould be done ** without them by the Archbifhop of the Province ; " that an Archbifhop might be confecrated by any " two Bifhops whom the King mould appoint ; and " being fo confecrated fhouid enjoy all the Rights of *' his See, any Law or Cuftom to the contrary notwith- " Handing. All which Ads patted both Houfes with- i out cap. ii. Chap. I. c/APuritans, j j out any confidcrable Oppoficion. Thus, while the King Pope ftood trifling about a contefted Marriage, theHen- VUL King and Parliament took away all his Profits, Re- I?3** venues, and Authority 5 in the Church of England. v-^^v> His Majefty having now waited fix Years for a De- King's De- termination of his Marriage from the Court of Rome, ww. and being now himfelfHea.d of the Church of England, commanded Dr. Cranmer lately confecrated Arch- bifhop of Canterbury to call a Court of Canonifts and Divines and proceed to Judgment. Accordingly his Grace fummoned Queen Katharine to appear at Dunftable near the Place where fhe refided, in Per- fon or by Proxy on the 20th of May, 1533. but her Majefty refufed to appear adhereing to her Ap- peal to the Court of Rome ; upon which the Arch- bifhop by advice of the Court, declared her Contu- max, and on the 23d of the fame Month pronoun- ced the King's Marriage with her null and void, as be- ing contrary to the Laws of God. Soon after which his Majefty married Anne Bullen, and procured an Act of Parliament, for fettling rhe Crown upon the Heirs of her Body, which all his Subjects were obliged to fwear to. There was a remarkable Appearance of Divine Providence in this Affair •, for the French King had prevailed with the King of England, to refer hisCaufe once more to the Court of Rome, upon Affurances gi- ven, that the Pope mould decide it in his Majefty's Favour within a limited Time -, the Pope confent- ed, and fixed a Time for the Return of the King's Anfwer, but the Courier not arriving upon the very Day, the Imperialifts who dreaded an Alliance be- .„ - tween the Pope and King of England, perfwaded hisy^u^" Holinefs to give Sentence againft him, and accord- p. 89. ingly March 23d, the Marriage was declared good, and the King was required to take his Wife again, otherwife the Cenfures of the Church were to be de- nounced againft him. Two Days after this the Cou- rier arrived from England with the King's Submiffion under H The HISTORY Chap.I. Khg under his Hand in due Form, but it was then too Hen. VIII. Jate, it being hardly decent for the Infallible Chair .LI*4" to revoke its Decrees in fo fhort a Time. Such ^^v^* wag ^ Crifis of the Reformation ! Topis Au- The Pope having decided againft the King, hisMa- tJloriirVfr}^y determin'd to take away all his Profits and Au- En land tnor'ry over tne Church of England at once ; accord- taken a- ingly a Bill was brought into the Parliament then fit- nvay. ting, and palled without any Proteftation, by which it 25 H. 8. isenacted, " That all Payments made to the Apofto- cap.ao,*i.6e jjcj^ chamber ancj all Provifions, Bulls, or Difpen- " fations, mould from thenceforth ceafe •, and that tc all Difpenfations or Licences, for Things not con- " trary to the Law of God fhould be granted with- '< in the Kingdom, under the Seals of the two Arch- " bifhops in their feveral Provinces. The Pope " was to have no further concern in the Nomination " or Confirmation of Bimops, which were appoint- " ed to be chofen by Conge de Elire from the Crown, " as at prefent. Peter Pence, and all Procurations " from Rome were abolifhed. Moreover, all Re- " ligious Houfes, exempt or not exempt, were to " be fubjecl: to the Archbifhops Vifitation, except '* forne Monasteries and Abbies which were to be " fubjecl: to the King," Mod of the Bimops voted againft this Bill, but all but one let their Hands to it after it was pafs'd, according to the Cuitom of thofe Times. Thus the Church of England became Independent of the Pope, and all foreign Jurifdi- clion. Laws a- Complaints beingdail y made of the fevere Proceed- gdinft He- ings of the Ecclefiaftical Courts againft Hereticks, reiicks re- the Parliament took this Matter into Confideration, Peal^- and repealed the Ad of the 2d of Henry IV. above- z^ ' ' mentioned, but left the Statutes of Richard 11. and Henry V. in full force, with, this Qualification, that Hereticks fhould be proceeded aoainft upon Prefent- ments by two WitnefTes at \ei\ir •, that they fhould be brought to anfwer in open Court, and if they were found Chap.I. p//^Puritans. 15 found guilty and would not abjure, or were relap- King fed, they mould be adjudged to Death, the King's Han. viir. Writ de Hceretico comburendo being firft obtain'd. By yj^^j this Aft the Ecclefiaftical Courts were limited ; He- reticks be-ing now to be tried according to the Forms of Law, as in other Cafes. Towards the latter End of this Seflion the Clergy, clergy's afiembled in Convocation, fent up their SuhniJJion to SuijmlIft- the King to be palled in Parliament, which was done0"' accordingly: The Contents were, " That the Cler- •• gy acknowledged all Convocations ought to beaf- «• fembled by the King's Writ ; and promis'd, in •'• verbo facerdotii, that they would never makenor ex- " ecuteany new Canons or Conftitutions without the ** Royal AfTent ; and, fince many Canons had been " receiv'd that were found prejudicial to the King's " Prerogative, contrary to the Laws of the Land, " and heavy to the Subjects, that therefore there " mould be a Committee of 32 Perfons, 16 of the " two Houfes of Parliament, and as many of the •' Clergy, to be named by the Kins;, who mould " have full Power to revife the old Canons, and to t proper Judges of the Senfe of Scripture : To which it was replied, that the Scriptures were writ at firtt in the vulgar Tongue ; that our Saviour commanded his Hearers to fear cb the Scriptures ; and that it was neceflary People mould do fo now, that they might be fatisfied thac the Alterations the King had made in Religion were not contrary to the Word of God. Thefe Arguments prevailed with the Majority to confent that a Petiti- on mould be prefented to the King, that his Maje- fty would pleafe to give Order about it. But the old Bifhops were too much difinclined to move in it. The Reformers therefore were forced to have Recourfe to Mr. Tyndal's Bible, which had been printed at Hamburgh 1532. and reprinted three or four Years after by Grafton and Whitchurch. The Tranflators were Tyndal, aflifted by Miles Coverdaley and Mr. John Rogers the Protomartyr: The Apo- crypha was done by Rogers, and fome marginal Notes were inferted to the whole which gave Offence, and occafioned that Bible to be prohibited. But Arch- bifhop Cranmer having now reviewed and corrected it, left out the Prologue and Notes, and added a Pre- face of his own ; and becaufe Tyndal was now put to Death for an Heretick, his Name was laid afidc, and it was called Thomas Mattbezvs's Bible, and by fome Crantner's Bible ; though it was no more than Tyndal's Tranflation corrected. This Bible was allowed by /.>(,fCran. Authority, and eagerly read by all forts of People, p. s?, 82. The Fall of Queen Anne Bullen Mother of Queen Death of Elizabeth, was a great Prejudice to the Reformation.^ Anne She was a virtuous and pious Lady, but airy and in-Bahen' C 3 difcreec 22 The H I S T O R Y Chap.L ting difcreet in her Behaviour : The popifh Party hated Hen. VIII. ncrfor her Religion, and having awaken'd the King's \J*Ztks Jealoufy, put him upon a nice Obfervance of her Car- riage, by which fhe quickly fell under his Majefly's Difpleafure, who ordered her to be fent to the Tower May i. On the 15th of the fame Month 'fhe was tried by her Peers for Incontinence, for a Precontract of Mar- riage, and for confpiring the King's Death ; and though there was little or no Evidence, the Lords found her guilty for fear of offending the King 5 and four Days after fhe was beheaded within the Tower, protefting 18 Hen, 8. her Innocence to the Jaft. Soon after her Execution cap. 7. the King called a Parliament, to fet afide the Succef- fion of the Lady Elizabeth her Daughter, which was done, and the King was empowered to nominate his SuccefTor by his laft Will and Teftament ; fo thac both his Ma jetty's Daughters were now declared ille- gitimate : But the King having Power to fettle the Succefllon as he pleafed, in cafe of failure of male Heirs, they were ftill in hopes, and quietly fubmit- ted to their Father's Pleafure. Complaint being fent to Court of the Diver fity of Dodrines delivered in Pulpits, the King fent a circu- nift.Ref. lar Letter to all the Bifhops, July 12th. forbidding all Vol. III. preaching till Michaelmas ; by which Time certain p. 109. Articles of Religion moft Catholick fhould be fet forth. The King himfelf fram'd the Articles and fent them into Convocation, where they were agreed to by both Houfes. An Abftrac"t of them will fhew the State of the Reformation at this Time. Jlrtkks of 1. " All Preachers were to inftrucl the People to Religion " believe the whole Bible, and the three Creeds (viz.) dsvijedby c< tj,ie a pottles, the Nicene and Athanafian, and to t-e vug. ti jnterprctaj| Things according to them. 2. «< That Baptifm was a Sacrament infticuted by " Chrift 5 that it was necefftry to Salvation ; thac " Infants were to be baptized for the Pardon of Ori- " ginal Sin •, and, that the Opinions of the Anabap- " tifls and Pelagians weredeteftable Herefies. 2. " That Chap.I. of the Pur i t a n s. 23 3. " That Penance, that is, Contrition, Confef- King " fion, and Amendment of Life, with Works of Hen« VIII. " Charity, was necefl'ary to Salvation ; to which JX^L. " mult be added Faith in the Mercy of God, that *« he will juftify and pardon us, not for the Wort hi- J///?. Ref, 11 nefsofany Meritor Work done by us, but fortheP- **4» " only Merits of the Blood and Paflion of Jefus " Chrift ; neverthelefs, that Confeflion to a Prieft " was necefiary if it might be had; and that the " Abfolution of a Prieft was the fame as if it were " fpoken by Godhimfelf, according to our Saviour's " Words. That Auricular Confeflion was of Ufe '* for the Comfort of Mens Confciences. And though " wearejuftified only by the Satisfaction of Chrift, " yet the People were to be inftructed in the Necef- " lity of good Works. 4. " That in the Sacrament of the AHar, under the 11 Form of Bread and Wine, there was truly and 44 fubftantially, the fame Body of Chrift that was " born of the Virgin. 5. " That Juftification fignified the Remifllon of " Sins, and a perfect Renovation of Nature in Chrift. 6. " Concerning Images — That the Ufe of them " was warranted in Scripture; that they ferved to " ftir up Devotion ; and that it was meet they if fhould ftand in Churches : But the People were to " be taught, that in kneeling or worfhipping before *( them they were not to do it to the Image but to " God. 7. " Concerning honouring of Saints, they were to be " inftructed not to expect thofe Favours from them ct which are to be obtained only from God, but they 14 were to honour them, to praife God for them, " and to imitate their Virtues. 8. li • For praying to Saints — That it was good " to pray to them to pray for us and with us. 9. *' Of Ceremonies. The People were to be taught c< that they were good and lawful, having myftical *' Significations in them ; fuch were the Vefiments in C 4 " the C ( (.i 4C 24. The HISTORY Chap.I. King " tbe Worfhipof God, fprinkling holy Water to puC ^«6. " us in mind of our BaPtifm and the B1ood of Chrift ; \s~^ri,j " giving holy Bread in fign of our Union to Chrift •, bearing Candles on Candlemas Day in remembrance of Chrift the fpiritual Light; giving A [foes on A(h- zvednefday to put us in mind of Penance and our Mortality ; bearing Palms on Palm-Sunday to (hew our defire to receive Chrift into our Hearts as he enter'd into Jerufalem ; creeping to the Crofs on Good-Friday, and kijjing it in Memory of his Death ; wkh the fetting up of the Sepulchre on that Day, the hallowing the Font, and other Exorcifms and Benedictions, Lajlly, « As to Purgatory, they were to declare it good and charitable to pray for Souls departed ; but fince the Place they were in, and the Pains they fuffered were uncertain by Scripture, they *« ought to remit them to God's Mercy. Therefore u all Abufes of this Doctrine were to be put away, " and the People difengaged from believing that the " Pope's Pardons or Maries faid in certain Places, 44 or before certain Images, could deliver Souls out " of Purgatory. Thefe Articles were fign'd by the Archbifhopof Canterbury, ly Bifhops, 40 Abbots and Priory, and 50 Archdeacons and Proctors of the lower Houfe of Convocation : They werepublifhed by the King's Au- thority, with a Preface in his Name requiring all his Subjects to accept them, which would encourage him to take farther Pains for the Honour of God and the Welfare of his People. One fees here the Dawn of the Reformation ; the Scriptures and the ancient Creeds are made the Standards of Faith without the Tradition of the Church or Decreesof the Pope ; the Doctrine of Juftification by Faith is well dated ; four of the feven Sacraments are pafled over, and Purgatory is left doubtful. But Tranfubftantiation, Auricular ConfefTion, the worfhippirig of Images and Saints itill remained. The 4i Chap. I. fl//^PuRlTANS< 2C The Court of Rome were not idle Spectators of thefe King Proceedings; they threaten'd the King, and fpirited Hen.viir. up the Clergy to Rebellion *, and when all Hopes of *L2J6' Accommodation were at an end, the Pope pronounced Pgbe )£. Sentence of Excommunication againft the whole communi- Kingdom, depriving his Majefty of his Crown andc*'« the Dignity, forbidding his Subjects to obey him, andK''*£- all foreign Princes to correfpond with him ; all v£j" ^ his Leagues with them were diffolved, and hisownp. zz^ Clergy were commanded to depart the Kingdom, and his Nobility to rife in Arms againft him. The King Occafiuu laying hold of this Opportunity called a Parliament, Infurreai- and obtained an Act, requiring all his Subjects under oni' the Pains of Treafon, to fwear that the King was fupreme Head of the Church (^England ; and toftrike Terror into the Popifh Party, three Priors and a Monk of the Carthufian Order, and three Monks of the Charter-Houfe, were executed as Traitors, forr^- fufmg the Oath, and for faying, That the King was not fu- preme Head under Chriji of the Church \2Ji^/ went before he had the Concurrence of the Convoca- Kines in-^on' ^ne Injunctions were to this Purpofe, junctions. i. " That the Clergy mould twice every Quarter " publifh to the People, that the Bimop of Rome's *' ufurped Power had no Foundation in Scripture, *s but that the King's Supremacy was according or Cne $tatl(te of fix Articles ; it was intituled the six an Aft for abolifhing Diverfity of Opinions in certain Arti- Articks. cles concerning Chriflian Religion. The fix Articles 51 H. 8. were thefe. cap. 14. ^ it y^j. jn tne Sacrament of the Altar after " the Confecration, there remains no Subftance of " Bread and Wine, but under thefe Forms the natu- «* ral Body and Blood of Chrift is prefent. 2. " That Communion in both Kinds is not necef- *« fary to Salvation to all Perfons by the Law of God, " but that both the Flefli and Blood of Chrift are " together in each of the Kinds. 3. tc That Priefls may not marry by the Law of « God. 4. " That Vows of Chaftity ought to be obferved " by the Law of God. 5. " That private MafTes ought to be continued, «* which as it is agreeable to God's Law, fo Men " receive great Benefit by them. 6. *c That Auricular Confefiion is expedient and **/* (hops, Bifhops and their Commiffaries, to hold a x* " Seffions quarterly, or oftner, and to proceed upon Prefentments by a Jury according to Law ; which they did moft feverely, infomuch that in a very lit- tle Time 500 Perfons were put in Prifon and invol- ved in the Guilt of the Statute ; but Cranmer and Cromwel obtained their Pardon, which mortified the popifli Clergy to fuch a Degree chat they pro- ceeded no farther till Cromwel fell* ■ Another very remarkable Act of Parliament paf-^-f l»fa" fed this Seflion, was concerning Obedience to the King sv°uv0* '_'e Proclamations. It enacts that the King with A^- tlv^' vice of his Council, may fet forth Proclamations 51 Hen. 8, with Pains and Penalties, which fhall be obey- cap. 8. ed as fully as an Act of Parliament, provided they be not contrary to the Laws and Cuftoms in being, and do not extend fo far as that the Subject fhoukl fuffer in Eftate, Liberty or Perfon. An Act of Attainder was alfo paffed againft fixteen Perfons, Hi ft. Ref. fome for denying the Supremacy, and others with- p. >6°« out any particular Crime mentioned ; none of them were brought to a Trial, nor is there any mention in the Records of any Witneffes examined. There never had been an Example of fuch arbitrary Pro- ceedings before in England; yet this Precedent was followed by feveral others in the Courfe of this Reign. By another Statute it was enacted, that the Counlel- lors of the King's Succefibr, if he were under Age, mightfet forth Proclamations in his Name, which were to be obeyed in the fame manner with thofe fee torth by the King himfelf. I mention this, becaufe upon this Act was founded the Validity of all the Changes of Religion in the Minority of Edward VI. 1 Next 32 TV;* HISTORY, Chap.L ■K'tfg Next Year happen'd the Fall of Lord Cromwel^ one J*v"r-of the great Pillars of the Reformation. He had been v>*v^L lately conflituted the King's Vicegerent in Ecclefi- l. Crom- aftical Affairs, and made a Speech in Parliament wd\r April 1 2th , under that Character. On the 14th of Heath. April tjie tCfng created him Earl of EJJex, and Knight of the Garter ; but within two Months he was ar- retted at the Council Table for High Treafon, and fent to the Tower, and on the 28th of July was behead- ed by virtue of a Bill of Attainder without being brought to a Trial, or once allowed to fpeak for him- felf. He was accufed of executing certain Orders and Directions, for which he had very probably the King's Warrant, and therefore was not admitted to make anfwer. But the true Caufe of his Fall was the Share he had in the King's Marriage with the La- dy Anne of Cleves, whom his Majefty took an Aver- fion to as loon as he faw her, and was therefore deter- mined to {hew his Relentments againfl the Promoters of it j but his Majefty foon after lamented the Lofs of his honeft and faithful Servant when it was too late. Mixed Ex- Two Days after the Death of Cromwel there was a ecutionof very odd Execution of Proteftants and Papifts at the Pr°teJ?Mts fame Timeand Place. The Proteftants were Dr. Barnes^ p"n/a~ Mr. Gerrard, and Mr. Jerome, all Clergymen and Lutherans -, they were fent to the Tower for offenfive Sermons preached at the Spittle in the Eajler Week, and were attainted ofHerefy by the Parliament with- out being brought to a Hearing. Four Papifts (viz.) Gregory Buttolph, Adam Da?npli;i, Edmund Brindbolme, and Clement Pbilpot, were by the fame Act attainted for denying the King's Supremacy and adhering to the Bifhop of Rome. The Proteftants were burnt, and the Papifts hanged : The former cleared themfelves of Herefy by rehearfing the Articles of their Faith at the Stake, and died with great Devotion and Piety ; and the latter, though grieved to be drawn in the fame Hurdle with them they accounted Hereticks, decla- red their hearty Forgivenefs of all their Enemies. About Chap. I. of the P ti r i t a n s. 33 About this Time was published a very remarkable King Treatife, called A neceffary Erudition for a GJiriftioH^*'^ Man. It was drawn up by a Committee of Bifhops ^JJj^f and Divines, and was afterwards read and approved jihfraB 0' by the Lords fpiritual and temporal, and the lower the Erudi- Houle of Parliament. A great part of it was correct-'™77. °f a ed by the King's own Hand, and the whole was pub-°/'^W iifhed by his Order, with a Preface in the Name of ' King Henry VIII. dedicated to all hi: faithful Subjects. It was called the King* Book, and was defigned for a Bift. Reft Standard of Chriftian Belief. The Reader therefore Vo'- m* will judge by the following Abttract, of the Ssnii-P' '"" ments of our firft Reformers in fundry Points of Do- ctrine and Difcipline. " h begins with a Defcripcion of Faith, of which Of Aim *' (fays the Booh) there are two Acceptations, (1.) " It is fometimes taken for a Belief or Perfwafion " "wrought by God in Mens Hearts, whereby they affent * ' and take for true all the Words and Sayings of God re~ " vealsd in Scripture. This Faith, if it proceeds no *' further, is but a dead faith. (2.) Faith is fometimes *' confidered in Conjunction with Hope and Charity, f* and fo it fignifies a jure Confidence and Hope to ob- il tain whatjoever. God has promifed fr C \ (ahey " and is accompanied with a hearty hove to GW, and " Obedience to his Commands. This is a lively and |H effe&ual Faith, and is the perfect Faith of a Chri- " ft an. 'Tis by this Faith that we are juftified, as " it is joined with Hope and Charity, and includes an *{ Obedience to the whole Doctrine and Religion of " Chrift. But whether there be any fpecial particu- Ct lar Knowledge, whereby Men may be certain and " allured that they are among the Prosdejlinate, c' which (hall to the End perfevere in their Calling, Sc we cannot find either in the Scriptures or Doctors ; 11 tht Promifes of God being conditional, fo rhat tho* his Pforoife ftands: we may fail of the Bl effing o£ * are faid to be abfolutely neceffary to Salvation % Works. »' but they are not outward corporal Works, but :< inward ipiritual Works ; as the Love and Fear " of God, Patience, Humility, &c. Nor are they " fuperftitious Works of Mens Invention ; nor " only moral Works done by the Power of Reafon, " and the natural Will of Man, without Faith in " Chrift > which though they are good in Kind, do D 2 « not 36 The HISTORY Chap.I. King 4< not merit everlaftina Life ; but fuch outward and ;icn. v ia.:c* inWard good Works as are done by Faith in Chrift, ^J~\r^j M out of Love to God, and in Obedience to his 44 Commands ; and which cannot be performed by 41 Man's Power without Divine A Alliance. Now c< tliefe are of two Sorts, (i.) Such as are done by 11 Perfons already justified ; and thefe, tho' imper- 44 feci:, are accepted for Chrift's fake, and are Me- 44 ritorious towards the attaining everlafting Life. •' (2.) Other Works are of an inferior Sort, as Faft- " ing, Almf-deeds, and other Fruits of Penance, 41 which are of no avail without Faith. But after all, 44 Juftificarion and Remiflionof Sins is the free Gift 44 of the Grace of God ; and it does not derogate 44 from that Grace to afcribe the Dignity to good 44 Works abovementioned, becaufe all our good 44 Works come of the Grace of God. of praying The Chapter of Prayer for Souls departed, leaves for the t|ie Mattcr ln Sufpence ; 4C 'Tis good and charitable 44 to do it ; but becaufe'tis not known what Condi- 44 tion departed Souls are in, we ought only to re- 44 commend them to the Mercy of God. In the Chapter of the Sacraments ; 4C All the fe- 44 ven Sacraments are maintaine'd ; and in particular, 44 the corporal Prefence of Chrift in the Eucharift. ofBifhcps jn the Sacrament of Orders the Book maintains no ****"$' real Diftindion between Bifhops and Priefts ; it fays, that " St. Paul confecrated and ordered Bifhops by <4 Impofition of Hands \ but that there is no certain 44 Rule prefcribed in Scripture for the Nomination, 44 Election, or Prefentation of them ; this is left to 44 the pofitive Laws of every Country. That the *' Office of the faid Minifters is to preach the Word, 44 to minifter the Sacraments, to bind and loofe, to " excommunicate thofe that will not be reformed, 4£ and to pray for the Univerfal Church •, but that 44 they may not execute their Office without Licence 44 from the Civil Magiftrate. The Sacraments do 44 not receive Efficacy or Strength from the Miniftra- 44 tion Chap. I. c//^Piritans, 27 " tion of the Prieft or Bifliop, but from God ; the King " fa id Minifters being only Officers, to adminifter ^cn- V1II« " with their Hands thofe corporal Things by which Ji^i^ " God gives Grace, agreeable to St. Ambrofe, who " writes thus, The Prieft lays his Hands upon us, but *S it is God that gives Grace ; the Prieft lays on us his " befeeching Hands, but God blejfetb us with his mighty " Hand. Concerning the Order of Deacons, the Book fays, M Their Office in the Primitive Church was partly " to minifter Meat and Drink, and other Neceflaries '* to the Poor •, and partly, to minifter to the Bifhops " and Priefts. Then follows this remarkable Paf- " fage, Of thefe two Orders only, that is to fay, Priefts " and Deacons, Scripture maketh exprefs mention, and " how they were conferred of 'the Apofttes by Prayer and " bnpofition of Hands ; but the Primitive Church after - " wards appointed inferior Degrees, as Sub- deacons, or other Books abolifh- *' ed by the King's Proclamation. There fhall be Ci no Annotations or Preambles in Bibles or new and Ireland > to whom, by Holy Scripture, all Au- " thority Chap. L {//^Puritan s. 41 •< thority and Power is wholly given to hear and de- King •■? termine all manner of Caufes EcdefiafticaJ, andHen,VIir* «« to correct all manner of Herefies, Errors, Vices, ^2^, *' and Sins whatfoever ; and to all fuch Perfons as " his Majefty (hall appoint thereunto." This was carrying the Regal Power to the utmoft length. Here is no referve of Privilege for Convo- cations, Councils, or Colleges of Bifhops : The King may ask their Advice, or call them in to his Aid and Affiftance, but his Majefty has not only a negative Voice upon their Proceedings, but may himfelf by his Letters Patents, publifh Injunctions in Matters of Religion, for correcting all Errors in Doctrine and Worfhip. His Proclamations have the Force of a Law, and all his Subjects are obliged to believe, obey and profefs according to them, under the high- eft Penalties. Thus Matters flood when this great and abfolute Monarch died of an Ulcer in his Leg, being fo cor- pulent, that he was forced to be let up and down Stairs with an Engine. The Humour in his Lee: made him fo peevifh, that fcarce any Body durft fpeak to him of the Affairs of his Kingdom or of ano- ther Life. He figned his Will Dec. 30, 1546. and died Jan. 28. following, in the 38th Year of his Reign, and the 56th of his Age. He ought to be ranked (fays Bimop Burnet) among the ill Princes, but not among the worft. CHAP. 42 V». HISTORY Chap. II. CHAP. II. The Reign of King Edward VI. King fip HE fole Right and Authority of reforming the Edw. VI. J^ Church of Engiandwas now vefted in theCrown; xJJ^L and by the Act of Succefiion, in the King's Council, Thejujliceii he were under Age. This was preferable to a of the En- foreign Jar ifdiction •, but it can hardly be proved, glifh Re. chat either the King or his Council have a Right MrZed°" to iud§e *or tne wno,e Nation, and impofe upon the People what Religion they think beft, without their Confent. The Reformation of the Church of England was begun and carried on by the King, aflifted by *«S*ty*-Archbi(hop Cranmer and a few felect Divines. The d' Clergy in Convocation did not move in it, but as they were directed and over-awed by their Superiors; nor did they confent till they were modell'd to the Defigns of the Court. Brjl.Ref. Our learned Hiftorian Bifhop Burnet endeavours Vol. II. to juftify this Conduct, by putting the following mPref- Queflion, What mufi he done when the major part of a Church is, according to the Conscience of the fupreme Ci- vil Magistrate, in an Error, and the leffer part is in the Right? In anfwer to this Queftion his Lordfhip ob- ferves, that 'There is no Promife in Scripture that the Majority ofPajiors /hall be in the Right -, on the contrary it is certain, that Truth feparatefrom Intereft has few Votaries. Now, as it is not reafonable that the fmaller Partfhould depart from their Sentiments, becauje oppofed by the Majority, whofe Intereft lead them to oppofe the Reformation, therefore they might take Santluary in the Authority of the Prince and the Law. But is there any Promife in Scripture that the King or Prince mail be always in the Right ? Or, is it reafonable that the Majority mould depart from their Sentiments in Reli- gion, becaufe the Prince with the Minority are of ano- ther Chap. II. c//^Puritans. 43 therMind ? If we afk, what Authority ChriftianPrin- Kir,g ces have to bind the Conferences of their Subjects by ^w' vr* penal Laws to worfhip God after their manner ? His \J^1^ Lordfhip anfwers, This was praclifed in the Jewifh State. But it ought to be remember'd, that the Jewifh State was a Theocracy ; that God himfelf was their King, and their chief Magiftrates only his Vicegerents or Deputies ; that the Laws of Mofes were the Laws of God ; and the Penalties annexed to them as much of Divine Appointment as the Laws themfelves. It is therefore abfurd to make the fpe- cial CommifTion of the Jewijh Magiftrates a Mode! for the Rights of Chriitian Princes. But his Lordfhip adds, // is thefirji Law in Juftinian'j Code, made by the Emperor Theodofius, That all Jhould every where, un- der fever e Pains, follow Wat Faith that was received by Damafus Bifhop of Rome, and Peter of Alexandria. And why might not the King and Laws of England give the like Authority to the Archbifhops of Canterbury and York ? I anfwer, becaufe Theodofius's Law was an un- reafonable Ufurpation upon the Right of Confcience. If the Apoftle Paul, who was an infpired Perfon, had not Dominion over the Faith of the Churches, how came the Roman Emperor, or other Chriftian Prin ces, by fuch a Jurifdiction, which has no Foundation in the Law of Nature nor in the New Teftament ? His Lordfhip goes on, It is not to be imagined how any Changes in Religion can be made by Sovereign Princes, unlefs an Authority be lodged with them of giving tbe San- ction of a Law to the founder, though the leffer Part of a Church ; for as Princes and Lawgivers are not tied to an implicit Obedience to Clergymen, but are left to the Freedom of their own difcerning, fothey mufl have a Power to cboofe what fide to be of, where Things are ?nuch enqui- red into. And why have not the Clergy and the com- mon People the fame tPower ? Why mufl they be tied to an implicit Faith in their Princes and Law- givers ? Is there any Promife in the Word of God that Princes and Lawgivers fhall be infallible, and always judge 44 the H I S T O R Y Chap. II. Khg judge right which is the founder, though the lefler Edw.yi. part of a church ? If fas his Lordfhip adds) the vJl^, major Part of Synods cannot be fuppofedio be in Matters of Faith fo ajjijlcd from Heaven, that the lejfer Part muft necejfarily acquiefce in their Decrees ; or that the civil Powers muft always make Laws according to their Votes , efpecially when Inter 'eft does vifibly turn the Scale j how can the Prince or civil Magiftrate depend upon fuch Afliftance? Can we be fure that Intereft or Preju- dice will never turn the Scale with him ? Or that he has a better Acquaintance with the Truths of the Gofpel than his Clergy or People? 'Tis highly rea- fonable that the Prince mould choofe for himfelf what Side he will be of, when Things are much en- quired into ; but then let the Clergy and People have the fame Liberty, and neither the major nor minor Part impofe upon the other, as long as they entertain no Principles inconfiftent with the Safety of the Go- vernment. When the Chriflian Belief had not the Sup- port of Lazv, every Bifhop taught his own Flock the beft he could, and gave his Neighbours fuch an Account of his Faith, at. cr foon after his Confecration, as fatisfied them ; and jo (fays hisLordfhipJ they maintained the Unity of the Church. And whv might it not be fo ftill ? Is not this better upon all Accounts, than to force People to profefs what they can't believe, or to propagate Religion with the Sword, as was too much the Cafe with our Reformers ? If the penal Laws had been ta- ken away, and the Points in Controverfy between Proteftants and Papifts had been left to a free and . open Debate, while the civil Magiftrate had ftood by, and only kept the Peace, the Reformation would certainly have taken Place in due Time, and proceeded in a much more unexceptionable Manner than it did. To return to the Hiltory. King Edward' VI. came to the Crown at the A£e of nine Years and four Months ; a Prince, for Learning and Piety, for Acquaintance with the World, and Application to Bufinefs, the very Wonder of his Age. His Father, by Chap. II. 5//^Puritans. ^r by his laft Will and Teftament, named 16 Perfons King Executors of his Wil!, and Regents of the Kingdom, Ed>v« vr« till his Son fhould be iS Years of Age : Out of thefe , IS^J the Earl of Hartford, the King's Uncle, was chofen ^^Ed- Proteftor of the King's Realms, and Governor of his ward's Perfon. Befides thefe, twelve were added as a Privy Council. Council, to be affifting to them. Among the Re- gents fome were for the old Religion, and others for the New •, but it foon appeared that the Reformers had the Afcendant, che young King having been edu- cated in their Principles by his Tutor Dr. Cox, and the new Protector his Uncle being on the fame fide. The Heads of the two Parties were thefe, For the Reformation. King Edward, DvikeofSomsrfet, Protector, Dr. Cranmer, Abp. Cant. Dr. Holgate, Abp. York, Sir W. Paget, Sec. State, L. V.Lifle, Lord Admiral, Dr. tiolbedch, Bp. Lincoln, Dr. Goodrich, Bp. Ely. Dr. Latimer, Bp. Worcefler, Dr. Ridley, elect ofRocbejler, For the Old Religion. &*& rf the two Princefs Mary, Parties' IVriothe/Iey E. of Southamp- ton, Lord Chancellor, Dr. Tonflal, Bp. Durham, Dr. Gardiner, Bp. Wincbe- fier, Dr. Bonner, Bp. London. The Majority of the Bifhops and inferior Clergy were on the Side of Popery, but the Government was in the Hands of the Reformers, who began immediately to relax the Rigors of the late Reign. The Perfec- tion upon the fix Articles was ftopt ; the Prifon Doors were fee open ; and feveral who had been forced to quit the Kingdom for their Religion returned home, as Miles Cover dale, afterwards Bifhop of Exeter \ John Hooper, afterwards Bifhojfrof Gloucejler -, John Rogers, the Proto-Martyr, and many others, who were pre- ferr'd to confiderable Benefices in the Church. The reforming Divines being deliver'd from their too aw- ful I 46 The H I S T O R Y Chap. II. King ful Subjection to the late King, began to open againft Edw. VI. the Abufes of Popery. Dr. Ridley and others preach- yl^lj ed vehemently againft Images in Churches, and infla- med the People, fo that in many Places they out-run the Law, and pulled them down without Authority. Some preached againft the Lawfulnefs of Soul Mafles and Obits ; though the late King, by his laft Will and Teftament, had left a large Sum of Money to have them continued at Wind/or where he was buried, and for a frequent Diftribution of Alms for the Re- pofe of his Soul, and its Deliverance out of Purga- tory •, but this Charity was foon after converted to other XJfes. The Popifh Clergy were alarmed at thefe Things, and infifted ftrongly, that till the King their fupreme Head was of Age, Religion fhould continue in the State in which King Henry left it. But the Reformers averr'd, that the King's Authority was the fame while he was a Minor, as when he was of Age ; and that they had heard the late King declare his Refolution to turn the Mafs into a Communion if he had lived a little longer, upon which they thought it their Duty to pro- ceed. Royal rifi- After the Solemnity of the King's Coronation, the tation. Regents appointed a Royal Vifitation, and com- manded the Clergy to preach no where but in their Parifh Churches without Licence, till the Vifitation was over. The Kingdom was divided into fix Cir- cuits -, two Gentlemen, a Civilian, a Divine, and a Regifter being appointed for each. The Divines were by their preaching to initruct the People in the Do- ctrines of the Reformation, and to bring them off from their old Superftitions. The Vifitation began in the Month of Augujl ; fix of the graveft Divines, and moft popular Preachers, attended it ; their Names were Dr. Ridley, ur. Ma dew, Mr. Briggs, MS. Cottisford, Jofeph, and Farrar, A Book of Homilies i>. 881. or Sermons, upon the chief Points of the Chriftian Faith, drawn up chiefly by Archbifhop Cranmer, was Chap.II. p/Z^Puritans. 47 was printed, and ordered to be left with every Parim King Prieft, to fupply the Defect of Preaching, which few Edw- VI. of the Clergy of that Time were capable of perform- vjitll/ ing. Cranmer communicated it to Gardiner^ and would Flya Bo3^ fain have gained his Approbation of it ; but he was fo ofhomiiia inflamed at being left out of the King's Will, that he conftantly oppofed all Innovation till the King fhould be of Age. The Book confided of twelve Difcourfes, on the following Arguments. i. Concerning the Ufe of the Scriprures. 2. Of the Mifery of Mankind by Sin, 3. Of their Salvation by Chrift. 4. Of a true and lively Faith. 5. Of good Works. 6. Of Chriftian Love and Charity. • % 7. Againft Swearing and Perjury. 8. Againft Apoftafy. 9. Againft the Fear of Death. 10. An Exhortation to Obedience. "ii. Againft Whoredom and Adultery. 12. Againft Strife and Contention about Matters of Religion. With thefe Homilies the Vifitors were to deliver fundry Injunctions from the King, to the Number of thirty fix ; the chief were, 1. " That all Ecclefiaftical Perfons obferve themjM&ons " Laws relating to the King's Supremacy. 2. " That they preach once a Quarter againft Pil- " grimages, and praying to Images, and exhort to " Works of Faith and Charity. 3. "That Images abufed with Pilgrimages and Of- " ferings be taken down ; that no wax Candles or " Tapers be burnt before them •, but only two " Lights upon the High Altar before the Sacrament " fhall remain ftill, to fignify that Chrift is the " Light of the World. The Limitation in this Article giving Occafionto great Heats among the People, fome affirming their Images 48 The HISTORY Chap.II, Ki/!Z Images had been Co abufed, and others net, the Edw. VI.Qounc;j ^ent Qr(^ers co ree tnern aJl taken down. \^ry^/ 4. " That when there is no Sermon the Pater No- " Jier, the Creed and ten Command?nents fhall be re- •' cited out of the Pulpit to the Parifhioners. 5. " That within three Months every Church be provided with a Bible ; and within twelve Months with Erafmus's Paraphrafe on the New Teftament. 9. " That they examine fuch who come to Con- " feflion, whether they can recite the Pater NoQer, " Creed, and ten Commandments in Englijh, before " they receive the Sacrament of the Altar, elfe they " ought not to come to God's Board. 21. " That in Time of high Mafs the Epiftle and. Gofpel fhall be read in Englijb ; and that one Chapter in the New Teftament be read at Mattins, and one in the Old at Even Song. 23. « No Procefllons fhall be ufed about Churches or Church-yards ; but immediately be- fore high Mafs the Litany fhall be laid or fung in Engli/h ; and all ringing of Bells (fave one) utterly " forborn. 24. " That the Holy Day, at the fir ft beghminggod- li I] inftituted and ordained, be wholly given to God, " in hearing the Word of God read and taught ; in " private and publick Prayers ; in acknowledging " their Offences to God, and promifing Amendment ; " in reconciling themfelves to their Neighbours, re- " ceiving the Communion, vifiting the Sick, C5Y. " Only it fhall be lawful in Time of Harveft to Ja- " bour upon holy and feftival Days, in order to fave " that Thins which God hath fenc ', and that fcru- *' pulofity to abftain from working on thole Days ** does grievoufly offend God. 28. *' That they takeaway all Shrines, Coverings «' of Shrines, Tables, Candlefticks, Trindills, or " Rolls of Wax, Pictures, Paintings, and other " Monuments of feigned Miracles, fo that noMemo- " ry of them remain in Walls or Windows •, exhort- 1 *• ing it c< u cc C( (( Chap. II. o//^Puritans. 49 " ing the People to do the like in their feveral King « Houfes. Edw.vr. The reft of the Articles related to the Advance- sJ-Vt^ ment of Learning, to the Encouragement of Preach- ing, and correcting fome very grofs Abufes. The Bifhops were enjoined to fee the Articles put in Exe- cution, and to preach themfelves four Times a Year, unlefs they had a reafonable Excufe. They were to give Orders to none but fuch as were able to preach, and to recal their Licences from others. The Injun- ctions were to be obferved under the Pains of Excom- munication, Sequeftration or Deprivation. In Bidding of their Prayers they were to remem-0^'^ ber the King their fupreme Head, the Queen Dovf^°fbidMni ager, the King's two Sillers, the Lord Protector ra*ei and the Council ; the Nobility, the Clergy, and the Commons of this Realm. The Cuftomof#/d- ding Prayer, which is ftill in Ufe in the Church, is a Relick of Popery. Bifhop Burnet has preferved the Hfi- **f. Form, as it was in Ufe before the Reformation, Vo1, u' which was this : After the Preacher had named andp opened his Text, he called on the People to go to their Prayers, telling them what they were to pray for. Te fhall pray (fays he) for the King, for the Pope, for the holy Catholick Church, &c. After which all the People faid their Beads in a general Silence, and the Minifter kneeled down likewife and faid his ; they were to fay a Pater Nofler, Ave Maria, Dius miferea- tur noftri, Domine fahum fac Re%em, Gloria Pairi, &c. and then the Sermon proceeded. How fadly this Bidding of Prayer has been abufed of late, by fome Divines, to the entire Omiflion of the Duty it felf, is too well known to need a Remark ! Moft of the Bifhops complied with the Injunctions, except Bonner of London, and Gardiner of Winchefier. Bonner offered a Referve, but that not being accept- ed, he made an abfolute Submiffion ; neverthelefs he was fent for fome Time to the Fleet for Contempt. Gardiner having protefted againft the Injunctions and E Ho- r So 7/^HISTORY Chap. II. King Homilies as contrary to the Law of God, was fent Edw. VI. a\cQ tot\lt fleet, where he continued till after the Par- ^Jl^liament was over, and was then releafed by a general Adt of Grace. Tarlia- The Par]>ament'that met November 9th, made feve- Z'ahfoe ra* Alcerations m favour of the Reformation. They rr/f^"repealedallLawS£hatmade any Tning Treafonbut laws and what was fpeciried in the AcT: of 25 Edward 111 -, and makes two of the Statutes againft Lollardies. They repeal- mvones. ed the Statute of the fix Articles, with the Ads that followed in explanation of it ; all Laws in the late Reign, declaring any Thing Felony that was notfo declared before *, together with the Act that made the King's Proclamation of equal Authority with an A& of Parliament. Befides the Repeal of thefe Laws 1 Edw.6.fundry new ones were enacted ; as, That the Sacrament W' ] of the Lord's Supper Jhould be adminijlred in both Kinds, agreeably to Chrift'sfirft Inftitution, and the Pra&ice r , of the Church for 500 Years -, and that all private phtZg Mafies mould be put down : An Act concerning the 'Biflofs. Admiflion of Bifhops into their Sees ; which fets forth, that the Manner of choofing Bifhops by a Conge d* Elire, being but the Shadow of an Election, all Bifhops hereafter fhall be appointed by the King's Letters Patents only, and fhall continue the Exer- cife of their Jurifdiction durante bene placito ; or du- rante vita natural!, ft tarn diufe bene gefferint. One of 1 Edw. 6. the firft Patents with this Claufe is that of Dr. Barlow CSjLRef. Biftiopof2te/<&and/F. iiS, the Bifhops afterwards took our Letters Patents for their Bifhopricks with the fame Claufe. In this the Archbilhop had a principal Hand ; for it was his Judgment, that the Exercife of all Epifcopal Juris- diction depended upon the Prince ; and that as he gave it he might reftrain or take it away at his Plea- iure : Cranmer thought the Exercife of his own Epif- copal Authority ended with the late King's Life, and therefore would not ad as Archbilhop till he had a new Commiffion from King Edward In Chap. II. of tbe P v r i T A u s. ^i In the fame Statute it is declared, " That fince all King " Jurifdiction both Spiritual and Temporal wasde-Edw- vr* " rived from the King, therefore all Procefl.es in JX^Z^j «« the Spiritual Court mould from henceforward be " carried on in the King's Name, and be fealed with " the King's Seal, as in the other Courts of Com - " mon Law, except the Archbifhop of Canterbury's " Courts only in all Faculties and Difpenfations ; «c but all Collations, Prefentat ons, or Letters of «* Orders were to pafs under the Bifhops proper *■• ~ Hereford, Weftminfter, and lloihejler -, wfth the Do- ctors Cox, Mn\, Taylor, lid) rtj •/, and Red- mayn. They began ■ rift, in which they made but it the Office of the Ma.fs-as t (too *. to it fo much « dnfM- ■ : ' Communion in both Kinds. Anriculay Co is left indifferent. The Prieit having received the,$ac is to turn to tne People and read the Exhortation ; then followed a Denunciation, requiring fuch as had "not repented to withdraw, left the Devil fhould enter in- to them as he did mtojudaj. After a little Paufe to fee if any would withdraw, folioweda Confeffion ol Sins and Abfolutiun, the fame now in Ufe ; after which the Sacrament was adminifter'd in both Kinds without Elevation, This Office was publjfhed with a Proclamation, declaring bis Majejifs Intentions to proceed to a further Rformni:on\ and willing his Sub- jects not to run before his Direction, aflur:ng < hem of his earneft Zeal in this Affair, and ho] \ would quietly tarry for it. In reforming the other (■ compared the Rornifli Mi 1 v, '1 ■ ford, Bangor , and Lirippln ; and out E 2 54 W>e H I S T O R Y Chap. II, King the Morning and Evening Service, almoft in the Edw. VI. fame Form it ftands at prefent ; only there was no L^IL, Confeffion, nor Abfolution. It would have obviated many Objections if the Committee had thrown afide the Mafs-Book, and compofed an uniform Service in the Language of Scripture, without any Regard to the Church of Rome ; but this they were not aware of, or the Times would not bear it. From the fame Ma- terials, they compiled a Litany, confirming of many fhort Petitions, interrupted by Suffrages ; 'tis the fame with that which is now ufed, except the Petition to be delivered from the Tyranny of the Bifhop of Rome and all his deteftable Enormities ; which in the Review of the Liturgy in Queen Elizabeth's Time was ftruck out. Baptifm. In the Administration of Baptifm a Crofs was to be made on the Child's Forehead and Breaft, and the Devil was exorcifed to go out, and enter no more into him. The Child was to be dipt three Times in the Font, on the right and left Side, and on the Breaft, if not weak. A white Veflment was to be put upon it in token of Innocence ; and it was to be anointed on the Head, with a fhort Prayer for the Unftion of the Holy Ghoft. Omprma- \n order to Confirmation, Thofe that came were to tion. bg catechifed ; then the Bifhop was to fign them with the Crofs, and lay his Hands upon them, in the Name of the Father Son and Holy Ghoft. Anointing If fick Perfons defired to be anointed, the Prieft tie sick, might do it upon the Forehead and Breaft, only making the Sign of the Crofs, with a fhort Prayer for his Recovery. Burial. In tne Office of Burial the Soul of the departed Perfon is recommended to the Mercy of God ; and the Minifter is to pray, that the Sins which he committed in this World may be forgiven him, and that he may be admitted into Heaven, and his Body raifed at the laft Day. This Chap.II. «/^Puritans,' $£ This was the firft Service Book or Liturgy of King King Edward VI. We have no certain Account of theEdw.VI.' Ufe of any Liturgies in the firft Ages of the Church ; JJ^l. thofe of St, Mark, St. James, and that of Alexandria, Antique being manifeftly fpurious. 'Tisnot till the latter endtyofiitm- of the fourth Century that they are firft mentioned jg»«. and then it was left to the Care of every Bifhop to draw up a Form of Prayer for his own Church. In St. Aufiin's Time they began to confult about an Agreement of Prayers, that none mould be ufed without common Advice; but ftill there was noUni- formity. Nay, in the darkeft Times of Popery* there was a vaft Variety of Forms in different Sees, #it- nefs the Offices fecundum Ufum Sarum, Bangor, Tork7 &c. But our Reformers fplit upon this Rock, facri- ficing the Peace of the Church to amiftaken Necefli- ty of an exact Uniformity of Doctrine and Worfhip, in which it was impoffible for all Men to agree. Had they drawn up divers Forms, or left a difcretionary Latitude for tender Confciences, as to fome particu- lar Phrafes, all Men would have been eafy, and the Church more firmly united than ever. The like is to be obferved as to Rites and Oeremd- of vetdM* nies of an indifferent Nature. Nothing is more cer- >*»£ tU p& tain, than that the Church of Borne indulged a Varie-^ Kites° ty. Every religious Order (fays Bifhop Burnet) had^. Kef. their peculiar Rites, with the Saints Days that be-^1'11* long'd to their Order, and Services for them : But**' 7*" our Reformers thought proper to infill upon an exact Uniformity of Habits and Ceremonies for all the Clergy ; though they knew many of them were ex- ceptionable, having been abufed to Idolatry ; and were a Yoke which fome of the moil refolved Pro- teftants could not bear. Nay, fo great a Strefs was laid upon the fquare Cap and Surplice, that rather than difpenfe with the Ufe of them to fome tender Minds, the BiJhops were content to part with their beft Friends, and hazard, the Reformation into the Hands of the Papifts. If there muft be Habits E 4 and 56 ^HISTORY Chap. II. King and Ceremonies for Decency and Order, why did Edw.vi. they not appoint new ones, rather than retain the . XJ148' old, which had been idolized by the Papifts to fuch a Degree, as to be thought to have a magical Virtue or a facramental Efficacy ? Or if they meant this, Why did they notfpeak out, and go on with the Con- fecration of them ? of the Ha- The Council had it fome Time under Confidera- hits- tion, whether thofe Veftments in which the Priefts ufed to officiate mould be continued ? It was object- ed againft them, by thofe who had been Confeffors for the Proteftant Religion, and others, that the Ha- lite were parts of the 'Train of the Mafs ; that the People had fuch a fuperjlitious Opinion of them, as to think they gave an Efficacy to their Prayers, and that Divine Service ■faid 'without this Apparel was infignificant ; whereas at beji they were but Inventions of Popery, and ought to be defiroyed with that idolatrous Religion. But it was faid on the other hand, by thofe Divines that had ftay'd in England, and weather'd the Storm of King Henry's ■ Tyranny by a politick Compliance, and conceal- ment of their Opinions, that Church Habits and Cere- monies were indifferent, and might be appointed by the Ma* gijlrates ; that White was the Colour of the Priefls Gar- ments in the Mofaical Difpenfation ; and that it was a natural Expreffon of the Purity and Decency that became Priefts. That they ought to depart no further from the Church ofRome than/he had departed from the Pratlice of the Primitive Church. Befides, the Clergy were then fo poor, that they could fear ce afford to buy themfelves de- cent Cloaths. But did the Priefls buy their own Gar- ments? Could not the Parifh. provide a Gown, or fome other decent Apparel for the Prieft to minifter in facred Things, as well as a fquare Cap, a Surplice, a Cope, or a Tippet ? Were thefe the Habits of the Primitive Clergy before the Rife of the Papacy ? But upon thefe (lender Reafons the Garments were continued, which foon after divided the Reformers among themielves, and gave Rife to the two Parties of Chap. II. of the ?v rit an s. 57 oiConformifts and Nonconformifis ; ArchbiQiop Cran- &*g mer and Ridley being at the Head of the former ; andEdw,^ir" Bifhop Hooper, Rogers, with the foreign Divines, v.J^iO being Patrons of the latter. The Parliament after feveral Prorogations, met Parlia- the 24th of November, and on the 15th of January771™* CCf1' following, the Act confirming the new Liturgy paf-„^JL^ fed both Houfes ', the Bifhops of London, Durham, imgy. Norwich, Carlijle, Hereford, IVorcejler, JVejiminfier, ax\d Chichefter, protefting. The Preamble fets forth, *l That the Arch bifhop of Canterbury, with other " learned Bifhops and Divines, having by the Aid of " the Holy GhosJ , with one uniform Agreement, *' concluded upon an Order of Divine Worfhip, *' agreeable to Scripture and the Primitive Church, *' the Parliament having confidered the Book, gave \S the King their moft humble Thanks, and enacted, c< That from the Feaft of Witfunday 154.9. a^ Di- *' vine Offices fhould be performed according to it ; *' and that fuch of the Clergy as refufed to do it, or " officiated in any other manner, fhould upon the " firft Conviction fuffer fix Months Imprifonment, ■J and forfeit a Year's Profits of his Benefice ; for *' the fecond Offence forfeit all his Church Prefer- " ments, and fuffer a Year's Imprifonment •, and for " the third Offence Imprifonment for Life. Such " as writ or printed againft the Book were to be "fined 10 I. for the firft Offence; 20/. for the fe- " cond ; and to- forfeit all their Goods, and be im- " prifoned for Life for the third." It ought to be obferved, that this Service Book was not laid before the Convocation, nor any reprefentative Body of the Clergy : And whereas it is laid to be done by one uni- form Agreement, 'tis certain that four of the Bifhops employed in drawing it up protefted againft it, viz. the Bifhops of Norwich, Hereford, Chichefter, and Wefi- minfter. But if the Liturgy had been more perfect nifi. R6f, than it was, the Penalties by which it was impofedVol II. were fevere and unchriftian, contrary to Scripture P- 94* and Primitive Antiquity. As 58 T^HISTO R Y Chap. II. King As foon as the Act took Place, the Council appoint- Edw.vi. ed Vifitors to fee that the new Liturgy was received 1^49- a]l over England. Bonner, who refolved to comply in every Thing, fent to the Dean and Refidentiary of St. Paul's to ufe it ; and all the Clergy were fo pli- able, that the Vifitors returned no Complaints ; only that the Lady Mary continued to have Mafsfaid in her Houfe, which upon the Interceflion of the Empe- ror was indulged her for a Time. Gardiner Bifhop of Winchejler continued ftill a Prifoner in theTower, with- out being brought to a Trial, for refufing to fubmit to theCouncil*s Supremacy while the King was under Age •, and for fome other Complaints againft him. ^'9ar4} "Hislmprifonment was certainly illegal; it was un- »}e/ar y}uft\&ab\e to keep a Man in Prifon two Years upon a bare Complaint •, and then without producing any Evidence in Support of the Charge, to fift him by Articles and Interrogatories : This looked too much like an Inquifmon •, but the King being in the Pope's Mfl. Kef. room (fays Bifhop Burnet) there were fome Things Vol. II. gathered from the Canon Law, and from the Pro- p. 152. ceedings ex Officio, that rather excufed thanjuftified the hard Meafures he met with. When the Council fent Secretary Peire to the Bifhop, to know whether he would fubfcribe to the Ufe of the Service Book, he confented with fome Exceptions, which not being ad- mitted, he was threaten'd with Deprivation. Rebellions But the new Liturgy did not fit well upon theMinds «n behalf 0f the Count! y People, who were for going on in their Vrtilt old Way> of Wakes> Proceflions, Church Ales, Ho- s "' lidays, cenfing of Images, and other Theatrical Rites which ftrike the Minds of the Vulgar: Thefe being encouraged by the old Monks and Friars rofe up in Arms in feveral Counties, but were foon dif- perfed. The moft formidable Infurrections were thole of Devonfhire and Norfolk. In Devon/hire they were 10000 ftrong, and fent the following Articles or Demands to the King j 1 1. " That Chap. II. c/^Puritans. 59 x, «« That the fix Articles fhould be reftored. King 2. " That Mafs fhould be faid in Latin. Edw- vr» 3. " That the Holl Ihould be elevated and adored. Jj^!^, 4. " That the Sacrament Ihould be given but in ** one kind. 5. '* That Images fhould be fet up in Churches. 6. " That the Souls in Purgatory mould be pray- « ed for. 7. « That the Bible ihould be called in, andpro- M hibited. 8. *• That the new Service Book fhould be laid «* afide, and the Old Religion reftored." An Anfwer was fent from Court to thefe Demands ; but nothing prevailed on the enraged Multitude, whom the Pnefts inflamed with all the Artifice they could devife, carrying the Ho ft about the Camp in a Cart, that all might fee and adore it. They befieged the City of Exeter and reduced it to the lafl Extre- mity \ but the Inhabitants defended it with uncommon Bravery, till they were relieved by the Lord RuJJell, who with a very fmall Force entered the Town and difperfed the Rebels. The Infurrection in Norfolk was headed by one Ket a Tanner, who afiumed to himfelf the Power of Judicature under an old Oak, called from thence the Oak of Reformation. He did not pre- tend much of Religion, but to place new Counfellors about the King, in order to fupprefs the Greatnefs of the Gentry, and advance the Privileges of the Com- mons. The Rebels were 20000 ftrong ; but the Earl of Warwick with 6000 Foot and 1500 Horfe, quickly difperfed them. Several of the Leaders of both Re- bellions were executed, and Ket was hanged in Chains. The Hardfhips the Reformers underwent in theHeretichf late Reign from the fix Articles, fhould have made^,rw'* them tender of the Lives of thofe who differed from the prefent Standard. Cranmer himfelf had been a Pa- pist, a Lutheran, and was now a Sacra?nentary ; and in every Changeguilty of inexcufable Severities: While he was a Lutheran he contented to the burning of John Lam- 60 ^HISTORY Chap. II. King Lambert and Anne Askew, for thofe very Doctrines £dw.vi. for which himfelf afterward fuffered. He bore hard t^&^j upon the Papifls, ftretching the Law to keep their molt active Leaders in Prifon \ and this Year he im- brued his Hands in the Blood of a poor frantick Wo- man, Joan Bocher, more fit for Bedlam than a Stake ; which was owing not to any Cruelty in the Archbi- fhop's Temper, but to thofe miferable perfecuting Principles by which he was govern'd. Among others that fled out of German'y'into Eng- land, from the Ruftick War, there were fome that went by the Name of AnabaptisJsi who, befides the Principle of Adult Baptifm, held feveral wild Opini- ons about the Trinity, the Virgin Mary, and the Perfon of Chrift. Complaint being made of them to the Council April 12th, a Commiflion was ordered to the Archbifhop of Canterbury, the Bifhops of Zs/y, Wcreefter, Chichefter, Lincoln, Rochefter, and fome other Divines, any three being a Quorum, to exa- .mine and fearch alter all Anabaptifts, Hereticks, or Contemners of the Common Prayer, whom they were to endeavour to reclaim, and after Penance to give them Abfolution ; but if they continued obftinate they were to excommunicate, imprifon, and deliver them over to the fecular Arm. This was little better than a Prcteitant Inquifition. People had generally thought that all the Statutes for burning Hereticks had been repeal'd ; but it was now.faid, that Here- ticks were to be burnt by the Common Law of England; and that the Statutes were only for directing the man- ner of Conviction; fo that the repealng them did not take away that which was grounded upon a Writ at Common Law. Several Tradefmen that were Joano/ brought before the Commiflioners abjured; but Joan Kent. Bocher, or Jo an of Kent, obflinately maintained, that Chris! was not truly incarnate of the Virgin, wbofi Flefh being finful he could net partake of it ; but the Word, by the Confent of the inward Man in the Virgin, took Flefh of her. Thefe were her Words : A Scholaflick Nice- Chap. II. p///^Puritans, 6 j Nicety, not capable of doing much Mifchief, and far King fromdeferving fo fevere a Puni foment. The poor Wo- £dw. vr. man could not reconcile the fpotlefs Purity of ChriiVs x*49« Human Nature, with his receiving Flefh from a finful >~*ms*J Creature -, and for this fhe is declared an obftinate Heretick, and delivered over to the fecular Power to be burnt. When the companionate young King could not prevail with himielf to fign the Warrant for her Execution, Cranmer with his luperior Learn- ing was employed to perfuade him ; he argued from the Practice of the Jewijh Church in ftoning Blafphe- mers, which rather filenced his Highnefs than Satisfied him : For when at laft he yielded to the Archbifhop's Importunity, he told him with Tears in his Eyes, uji. ner That if he did wrong, fince it was in Submiflion to Vol. n. his Authority, he mould anfwer for it to God. ThisP- I12- ftruck the Archbifoop with Surprize, but yet he fuf- fered the Sentence to be executed. Nor did his Grace renounce his burning Prin- George ciples as long as he was in Power •, for about two Van Paris Years after, he went through the fame bloody Work^"7'* again. One George Van Paris, a. Dutch?nan, being con- victed of faying, that God the Father was only God, and that Chrifi was not very God, was dealt with to ab- jure, but refufing, he was condemned in the fame manner with Joan of Kent, and on the 25th of April 1551. was burnt in Smithfield: He was a Man of aB{jrnet Strict and virtuous Life, and very devout ; he fufFer- ed with great Conftancy of Mind, kifllng the Stake and Faggots that were to burn him. No part of Archbifoop Cranmer's Life expofed him more than this : Ic was now faid by the Papifts, that they faw Men of harmleis Lives might be put to Death for He- refy by the Confeffion of the Reformers themfelves. In all the Books publifhed in Queen Mary's Days ju- stifying her Severities againftProteftants, thefelnftan- ces were always produced •, and when Cranmer him- felf was brought to the Stake they called ic a juft Retaliation. But neither this, nor any other Argu- ments, 62 The HISTORY Chap. II. King ments, could convince the Divines of this Age, of Edw. VI. the Abfurdity and Wickednefs of putting Men to , iySli Death for Confcience fake. Bonner Bonner Bifhop of London being accufed of remiff- deprived. nefs in not fettling the new Service Book through- out his Diocefe -, and being fufpected of Difaffection to the Government, was enjoined to declare publick- ly in a Sermon at Paul's Crofs, his Belief of the King's Authority while under Age, and his Appro- bation of the new Service Book, with f'ome other Articles ; which he not performing to the Council's Satisfaction, was cited before the Court of Delegates, and after feveral Hearings, in which he behaved with great Arrogance, Sentence of Deprivation was pronounced againft him September 23d, by che Arch- bifhop of Canterbury, Ridley Bifhop of Rocbe/ter, Secre- tary Smith, and the Dean of St. Paul's. It was thought hard to proceed to fuch Extremities with a Man for a meer Omifiion j for Bonner pleaded, that he forgot the Article of the King's Authority in his Sermon ; and it was yet harder, to add Imprifonment to his Deprivation : But he lived to take a fevere Revenge succeeded upon his Judges in the next Reign. The vacant See by Ridley. Was filled up with Dr. Ridley ', who on the 24th of Feb. I5f|. was declared Bifhop of London and Wefl- minjler, the two Bifhopricks being united in him ; but his Confecration was deferr'd to the next Year. Tteforma- The Parliament that met the 14th of November re- ttonoftle vjvecj tne Act of the late King, impowering his Ma- calhaw.^y t0 ref°rm tne Canon Law, by naming 32 Per- fons (viz.) 16 of the Spirituality, of whom four to be Bifhops ; and 16 of the Temporality, of whom four to be common Lawyers, who within three Years fhould compile a Body of Ecclefiaftical Laws, which not being concrary to the Stature Law, fhould be publifhed by the King's Warrant under the Great Seal, and have the Force of Laws in the Ecclefiafti- cal Courts. This Defign was formed, and very far advanced in King /&#/•} VIII's Time, but the Troubles that Chap. II. c/^Puritans, 63 that attended the lafl part of his Reign prevented King the finifhing it. It was now refumed, and in purfu- Edw- vr* ance of this Act a Commifiion was firft given to eight ^^j Perfons, (viz,) two Bifhops, two Divines, two Doctors of Law, and two common Lawyers, who were to pre- pare Materials for the Review of the 32 ; but the Pre- face to the printed Book fays, that Cranmer did almoft the whole himfelf. It was not finifhed till the Month o(L- ofCran. February I5f f . when another Commifiion was granted P- z?l' to 32 Perfons to revife it, of whom the former eight were a part (viz.) 8 Bifhops, 8 Divines, 8 Civilians, and eight common Lawyers ; they divided themfelves into four Gaffes, and the Amendments of each Clafs were communicated to the whole. Thus the Work was finifhed, being digefted into fifty one Titles. It was tranflated into Latin by Dr. Haddon and Sir John Cheek ; but before it received the Royal Con-Dow not firmation the King died ; nor was it ever revived intakePlace' the fucceeding Reigns. Archbifhop Parker firft pub- lifhed it in the Year 1571. under the Title of Reformatio Legum Anglicarum, &c. and it was reprinted 1640. By this Book Cranmer feems to have foftened his burn- ing Principles; for though under the third Title of Judgments for Herefy, he lays a very heavy Load up- on the Back of an obftinate Heretick, as that hejball be declared infamous, incapable ofpublick Tri/sl, or of be- ing Witnefs in any Court \ or of having Power to make a Will ; or of having the Benefit of the Law ', yet there is no mention of capital Proceedings. Another remarkable Act paled this Sefiion, was^9 jot ,a for Ordaining Minifters -, it appoints, that fcchjJSjJ*" " Forms of ordaining Minifters as fhould be fet forth^x> and " by the Advice of fix Prelates and fix Divines, to ^ordaining " named by the King, and authorized under the Great Prefis " Seal, fhould be ufed after April next, and no other." ^ Dea~ Here is no mention again of a Convocation or Synodc? y, 4 of Divines ; nor do the Parliament referve to them-Edw. 6tl*.' felves a Right of Judgment, but intruft every Thing"p. 1 a. abfolutely with the Crown. The Committee foon finifh- 64 the H I S T O R Y Chap. II, King finimed their Ordinal, which isalmoft the fame with EdiTsoVI" thac now in u^e' They ca^e no Not'ce m the,r Bo°^ \^Y^ °^ tne l°wer Orders in the Church of Rome, as Sub- deacons, Readers, Acolytes, fcfr. but confine them- felves to Bifhops, Prieits and Deacons ; and here it is obfervable, that the Form of ordaining a Prieft and a Bifhop is the fame, there being no exprefs mention in the Words of Ordination whether it be for the one or the other Office : This has been alcered of late Years, fince a Diftinction of the two Orders has been fo generally admitted ; but that was not the received Doctrine of theie Times. The Com- mittee (truck out moft of the modern Rites of the Church of Rome,, and contented themfelves (fays Bifhop Burnet ) with thofe mention'd in Scripture- (viz.) Impofition of Hands and Prayer. The Gloves, the Sandals, the Mitre, the Ring and Crofier, which had been ufed in confecrating Bi/hops, were laid afide. The Anointing, the giving confecrated Veftments, the delivering into the Hands, VelTels for confecrating theEucharift with a Power to offer Sacrifice for the Dead and Living, which had been the Cuftom in the Ordination of a Prieft, were alfo omitted. But when the Bifhop ordained, he was to lay one Hand on the Prieft's Head, and with his other to give him a Bible with a Chalice and Bread in it. The Chalice and Bread are now omitted ; as is the paftoral Staff in the Confe- cration of a Bifhop. By the Rule of this Ordinal a Deacon was not to be ordained before 21, a Prieft be- fore 24, nor a Bifhop before he was 30 Years of Age. Mafs The Council went on with prelTing the new Litur- gy upon the People, who were ftill inclined in many Places to the old Service ; but to put it out of their Power to continue it, it was ordered that all Clergy- men mould deliver up to fuch Perfons whom the King fhould appoint, all their old Anliphonals, Mif- fals, Grayls, Proceffionals, Legends, Pies, Portuajjes, &c. and to fee to the obferving one uniform Order in the Church , which the Parliament confirmed, 1 re- Books caltd in. Chap. II. o//^Puritan s. requiring further, ail that had any Images in their p*g Houfes, that had belong'd to any Church, to deface them ; and to dafh out of their Primers all Prayers ,^l^j to the Saints. Ridley being now Bifhop of London, refolved upon Mars a Vifitation of his Diocefe. His Injunctions were cl.nged. ufual, to enquire into the Doctrines and Manners of***0 Com' the Clergy ; but the Council fent him a Letter in his™*4™0" Majefty's Name, to fee that all Altars were taken down, and to require the Church Wardens of every Parim to provide a Table decently covered, and to place it in fuch part of the Choir or Chancel as fhould be moft meet, fo that the Minifters and Communi- cants fhould be feparated from the reft of the People. The fame Orders were given to the reft of the Bi- lhops, as appears by the Collect'on of Bifhop Spar- row. Ridley began with his own Cathedral at Sr. Paul*s, where he ordered the Wall on the Back-fide of the Altar to be broken down, and a decent Table to be placed in its room ; and this was done in molt Churches throughout the Province of Canterbury. The Reafons for this Alteration were thefe : i. " Becaufe our Saviour inftituted the Sacrament Reafont " at a Table, and not at an Altar. for **• 2. " Becaufe Chrift is not to be facrificed over " again, but his Body and Blood to be fpiritually " eaten and drunk at the Holy Supper ; for which " a Table is more proper than an Altar. 3. " Becaufe the Holy Ghoft fpeaking of the " Lord's Supper, calls it the Lord*s Table, 1 Cor. " x. 21. but no where an Altar. 4. " The Canons of the Council of Nice, as well ct as the Fathers St. Chryfojlom and St. Auguftine, call " it the Lord's Table » and though they fometimes '* call it an Altar it is to be underftood figuratively. 5. " An Altar has relation to a Sacrifice *, fo that " if we retain the one we muft admit the other ; " which would give great Countenance to Mafs- •J Priefts. F 6. " There 66 7 be H I S T O R Y Chap. II. Khg 6. " There are many Paflages in ancient Writers, Edw. VI. «c that fhew that Communion Tables were of Wood, ^Jij^V " that they were made like Tables ; and that thofe uifi. Kef. " who fled into Churches for Sanctuary did hide Vol. II. " themfelves under them. p- J5& 7. ** The mod learned foreign Divines have decla- " red againft Altars ; asBucer, Oecolampadius, Zuin- " glius, Butt tiger, Calvm, P. Martyr, Joannes Alafco, «« Hedio, Capita, &c. and have removed them out " of their feveral Churches : Only the Lutheran " Churches retain them. fiM- Ridley, Cranmer, Latimer, and the reft of the En- Vol'fi $P* Reformers, were unanimoufly of Opinion, that p* ' the retaining Altars would ferve only to nourifh in Peoples Minds the fuperftitious Opinion of a propiti- atory Mafs, and would minifter an Occafion of Of- fence and Divifion among the godly •, and the next Age will fhew they were not miflaken in their Conje- ctures. But fome of the Bifhops refufed to comply with the Council's Order \ as Day Bifhopof Cbicke- Jler, and Heath of Worcejler, infilling on the Apoftle*s Words to \he Hebrews, We have an Altar -, and ra- ther than comply they fufFered themfelves to be de- prived of their Bifhopricks for Contumacy, Ottob. 155 1. Preachers were fent into the Countries to rectify the Peoples Prejudices, which had a very good effect ; and if they had taken the fame Methods with refpect to the Habits, and other Relich of Popery •, thefe would hardly have kept their Ground, and the Reformers would have acted a more confident and prudent Part. ji?fe of the The fad Confequences of retaining the Popifh Gar- Controwrfy ments in the Service of the Church, began to appear about the thfs Year: A Debate, one would think, of fmall Habits. Confequence ; but at this Time apprehended of great Importance to the Reformation. The People having been bred up in a fuperftitious Veneration for the Priefts Garments, were taught that they were fa- cred ; that without them no Adminiftrations were valid ; that there was a fort of Virtue conveyed into 1 them Chap. II. p/M?Puritans. 67 them by Confecration •, and in a Word, that they Khg were of the fame Importance to a Chriltian Clergy- Edw* V*« man, as the Priefts Garments of old were in their Mi- niftrations •, it was Time therefore to difabufe them. The Debate began upon Occafion of Dr. Hooper's Nomination to the Bifhoprick of Gloucejler, m the Room of Dr. Wakerrlan, who died in December laft. Dr. Hooper was a zealous, pious, and learned BfiaP Man: He went out of England in the Jatter end ofJJ*^/ King Henry's Reign, and lived at Zurich at a Time "raaer' when all Germany was in a Flame on account of the Interim ; which was a Form of Worfhip con- trived to keep up the exterior Face of Popery, with the Softnings of fome other Senfes put upon Things. Upon this arofe a great and important Queftion nijl, kef* among the Germans, concerning the Ufe of Things Vo1* I1Ij indifferent. I: was faid, If Things were indifferent in?' *"' themselves they were lawful ; and that it was the Subjects Duty to obey when commanded. So the old Popifh Rites were kept up, on purpofe to draw the People more eafily back to Popery. Out of this another Queftion arofe, Whether it was lawful to obey in 'Things indifferent, when it was certain they were injoin'd with an ill Defign ? To which it was replied, That the Defigns of Leg;flators were not to be inquired into. This created a vaft Diftraction in the Country : Some conformed to the Interim \ but the major Part were firm to their Principles, and were turned out of their Livings for Difobedience. Thofe who compli- ed were for the molt part Lutherans, and carried the Name of Adiafhorijls, from the Greek Word, that fignifies, Things indifferent. But the reft of the Re- formed were for fhaking off all the Relicks of Pope- ry, with the Hazard of all that was dear to them in the World •, particularly at Zurich, where Hooper1 was, they were zealous againft any Compliance with the Interim, or the Ule of the old Rites oreicri- bed by it, F 2 With the HISTORY Chap.II. Wich thefe Principles Hooper came over to Eng- land, and applied himfelf to preaching and explain- ing the Scriptures to the People ; he was in the Pul- pit almoft every Day in the Week, and his Sermons were fo popular, that all the Churches were croud- ed where he preached. His Fame foon reach'd the Court, where Dr. Poynet and he were appointed to preach all the Lent Sermons. He was alio fent to preach throughout the Counties of Kent and Ejfex, in order to reconcile the People to the Reformation. At length, in the Month of July 1550. he was ap- pointed Bifhop of Gloucejler by Letters Patents from the King, but declined it for two Reafons, 1. Becaufe of the Form of the Oath, which he calls foul and impious. And, 2. By reafon of the Aaronical Habits. By the Oath is meant the Oath of Supremacy, which was in this Form, By God, by the Saints, and by hifi. Ref. the Holy Ghofl ; which Hooper thought impious, be- Vol. III. caufe God only ought to be appealed to in an Oath, P- *°3- for as muc[1 as ne onjy icnows tne Thoughts of Men. The young King being convinced of this, ftruck out the Words with his own Pen. he refufes gut the Scruple about the Habits was not fo eafily ''got over. The King and Council were inclined to dif- penfe with them ; but Ridley and the reft of the Bi- fhops that had wore the Habits were of another Mind, faying, The Thing was indifferent, and therefore the Law ought to be obexed. This had fuch an Influence upon the Council, that all Hoopers Objections were afterwards heard with great Prejudice. It difcovered but an ill Spirit in the Reformers, not to fuffer Hooper to decline his Bifhoprick, nor yet to difpenfe with thofe Habits which he thought unlawful. Hooper was as much for the Clergy's wearing a decent and diflinct Habit from the Laity, as Ridley, but prayed to be excufed from the old fymbolizing Popifh Garments. Kit kea- j , Becaufe they had no Countenance in Scripture or *6ns' Primitive Antiquity, 2. Be- Chap. II. c//^Puritans. 69 2. Becaufe they were the Inventions of Antichrifl, and King were introduced into the Church in the corrupt eji Ages of^"'- VI« Chrijlianity. " JJ^j 3. Becaufe they had been abufed to Super ft ition and Ido- latry ; particularly in the pompous Celebration of the Mafs ; and therefore were not indifferent. 4. To continue the Ufe ofthefe Garments, was in his Opi- nion^ tofymbolizewith Antichrifl, to mi/lead the People, and was mcon/iflent with the Simplicity of the Chrijlian Religion. Cranmer was inclined to yield to thefe Reafons; but Ridley and Goodrich infilled ftrongly on Obedience to the Laws, affirming, that in Matters of Rites and Ceremonies, Cuflom was a good Argument for the Conti- nuance ofthofe that had been long ufed. But this Argument feemed to go too far, becaufe it might be ufed for the retaining all thofe other Rites and Ceremonies of Popery which had been long ufed in the Church, but were now abolifhed by thefe Reformers themfelves. Hooper not willing to rely upon his own Judgment, 7«<&w'w* writ to Bucer at Cambridge, and to Peter Martyr at°J'f0,e!"n Oxford, who gave their Opinions againft the Habits, as Inventions of Antichrifl, and wifhed them remo- ved out of the Church •, as will appear more fully in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth ; but were of Opinion, fince the Bishops were fo refolute, that he might acquiefce in the Ufe of them for a Time till they were taken away by haw: And the rather, becaufe the Re- formation was in its Infancy, and it would give Occa- fion of Triumph to the common Enemy to fee the Re- formers at Variance among themfelves. The Divines of Switzerland and Geneva were of the fame Mind, being unwilling that a Clergyman of fo much Learn- ing and Piety, and fozraious" for the Reformation as Hooper was, mould be filenced; they therefore ad- vifed him to comply for the prefent, that he might be the more capable by his Authority and Influence in the Church, to get them laid afide. But thefe Reafons notfadsfying Hooper's Confcience, he conti- nued to refufefor above nine Months. F 3 The 7° The H I S T O R Y -Chap.il. King The governing Prelates being provoked with his Edw. VI. Sciffnefs, refolved not to fuffer fuch a Precedent of s^rsr^y Difobedience to the Ecclefiaftical Laws to go unpu- Hoopcr nifhed. Hooper muft be a Bifhop, and muft be con- hardiy fecrated in the manner others had been, and wear the #*• Habits the Law appointed •, and to force him to com*- ply he was ierved with an Order of Council, firft to filcnce him, and then to confine him to his Houfe. The Doctor thought this Ufage very fevere: To mifs his Promotion was no Dilappointment, but to be perfecuied about Cloaths, by Men of the fame Faith with himfelf, and to lofe his Liberty becaufe he would not be a Bilhop, and in the Fafhion, this (fays Mr. Collier) was pofTibly more than he well un- derftood. After fome Time Hooper was committed to the Cuftody of Cranmer, who nor being able to bring him to Conformity, complained to the Council, who thereupon ordered him into the Fleet, where he continued fome Months, to the Reproach of the Re- formers. At length he laid his Cafe before the Earl of War-wick, who by the King's own Motion writ to the Archbifhop to difpenfe with the Habits at his Confe- cration : But Cranmer alledg'd the Danger of a Prce- munire •, upon which a Letter was fent from the King and Council to the Archbifhop, and other Bifhops to be concerned in the Confecration, warranting them to difpenfe wich the Garments, and difcharging them of all manner of Dangers, Penalties and Forfeitures they might incur any manner of way by omitting vi Hi r'ie ^ime : ^ut tnouSn ^h Letter was dated Augufi p. aio. ' r'ie 5tn» yet fU(-h was c^e Reluctance of Cranmer and Ridley, that Hooper was not confecrated till March The rife- following ; in which Time, fays Bifhop Burnet, the rence com- Matter was in fome fort compromifed ; Hooper con- from?fed. Anting to be robed in his Habits at his Confecration, and once at Court'; but to be difpenfed with at other Times. Accordingly being appointed to preach once before the King, he came forth (fays Mr. Fox) like a new Player on the Stage: His upper Garment was Chap.IL. c///^ Puritans. 71 was a long fcarlet Chymere down to the Foot, and King under that a white linen Rochet that covered all his Edw. VT. Shoulders, and a four fquare Cap upon his Head ; xii^2lJ but he took it patiently for the publick Profit of the Church. After this Hooper retired to his Diocefe, Fuller, and preached fometimes two or three Times a Day, to crouds of People that hungred for the Word of Life: He was impartial and zealous in the faithful Difcharge of every Branch of his epifcopal Character, even beyond his Strength, and was himfelf a Partem of what he taught to others. In the King's Letter to the Archbifhop, Hooper is faid to be a Divine of great Knowledge, deep Judg- ment, and long Study both in the Scriptures and prophane Learning ; as alfo, a Perfon of good Dif- cretion, ready Utterance, and of an honefl Life : But all thefe Qualifications muft be buried in Silence and a Prifon, at a Time when there was a Famine of the Word, rather than the above-mentioned Unifor- mity in Drefs be difpenfed with. Moft of the reforming Clergy were with Hooper in sentiments this Controverfy : Several that had fubmicted to the"/'^ re- Habits in the late Reign, laid them a fide in this; a$formt)ig the Bifhops Latimer and Cover dale \ Dr. Taylor, Phil- ^fyt^e~ pot, Bradford, and others, who laid down their Lives Habits. for the Proteflant Faith. In fome Ordinations Cran- mer and Ridley difpenfed with the Habits; for Mr. Tho. Sampfon, Parfon of Bread- freet London, after- wards one of the Heads of the Puritans, and fuccef- fively Dean of Chichefier and Chrifl Church, in a Let- ter to Secretary Cecil writes, ct That at his Ordination Life of " by Cranmer and Ridley, he excepted againft the Ap-^ranmer, «* parel,and wasneverthelefspermittedandadmitted."P- l9Zm If they had not done fo on fome Occafions, t here Ridley and would not have been Clergymen to fupport theRefor-Cranmer. mation. Bifhop Burnet fays, they faw their Error, relaxtbel^ and defigned to procure an A&to abolifh the Popim,/^^* Garments ; but whether this were fo or not, 'tis cer- tain that in the next Reign they repented their Con- F 4 du&4 the HISTORY Chap.IL v,ct ; for when Ridley was in Prifon he writ a Let- ter to Hooper, in which he calls him his dear 'Brother v-^^w, and fellow Elder in Cbrifi •, and defires a mutual For- givenefs and Reconciliation. And when he and Cran- mer came to be degraded, they fmiled at the ridicu- lous Attire with which they were clothed, and decla- red they had long fince laid afide all regards to that Pageantry. chlZT This Behaviour of the Bifhops towards the King's eflabli/bed .natural born Subjects was the more extraordinary, becaufe a Latitude was allowed to foreign Proteftants to worfhip God after the Manner of their Country, without any Regard to iheP opijhVeftments: For this Year a Church of German Refugees was eftablifhed at St. Aujlin's, in London, and erected into a Corporation under the Dire- ction of John a Lafco, Superintendent of all the foreign Churches in London, with whom were joined four other Minifters ; and as a Mark of Favour 380 of the Con- gregation were made Denizens of England. The Pream- ble to the Patent fets forth, That the German Church made Profedion of pure and uncorrupted Religion; and was inftructed in truly Chriftian and Apoftolical tiTpntRSf Opinions and Rites. In the Patent which incorpo- %n Records. rates tnern there is the following Claufe: Item, " We ** command, and peremptorily enjoin our Lord " Mayor, Aldermen, and Magistrates of the City " of London, and their SuccefTors, with all Arch- " bifhops, Bifhops, Juftices of the Peace, and all '♦ Officers and M nifters whatfoever, That they per- ' ' mil the faid Superintendent and Minifters to enjoy and " exercife their own proper Rites and Ceremonies, and " their own proper and pecular Ecclefiaftical Difcipline, " though differing from the Rites and Ceremonies ufed " in our Kingdom, without Impediment, Let, or Diftur- " bance\ any Law, Proclamation, or Injuntlion here- " tofore pubVJhed to the contrary notwithftanding." John a Lafco was a Polander of noble Birth -, and according -^ to the Words of the Patent, a Man very famous for Learning, and for Integrity of Life and Manners. 1 He Chap. II. ff//^PuRiTANs. 73 He was in high Efteem with the great Erafmus, who Khg fays, that he, though an old Man, had profited much Edw- VI- by his Converfation. And Peter Martyr calls him J^J^j his moft learned Patron. But he did not pleafe theL.o/Cran. Court Prelates, becaufe he took part with Hooper,?. z}8. and writ againft: the Popifh Garments, and for the Poftureof fitting rather than kneeling at the Lord's Supper. Upon the Tranflation of Ridley to the See of Lon- Gardiner don, Dr. Voynet was declared Bifhop of Rochejler, and^/"71^ Cover dale Coadjutor to Veyfey Bifhop of Exeter. The See of ' Winch ejler had been two Years as good as 1551. vacant by the long Imprifonment of Gardiner, who had been confined all this Time without being brought to a Trial : The Bifhop complained of this to the Council, who thereupon iflued out a Com- miffion to the Archbifhop of Canterbury, theBifhops of London, Ely, and Lincoln, with Secretary Petre% Judge Hales, two Civilians, and two Matters in Chancery, to proceed againft him for Contempt. It was objected to him, that he refufed to preach con- cerning ihe King's Power while under Age •, that he had been negligent in obeying the King's Injunctions, and was To obftinate that he would not afk the King Mercy. It was the declared Opinion of the Popifb Clergy at this Time, that the King's Laws were to beobey'd, but not the Orders of his Council; and therefore that all Things mould remain as the late King left them, till the prefent King, now a Child, came of Age. This the Rebels in Devon pleaded, as well as the Lady Mary and others. For the fame Opinion Gardiner was deprived of his Bi- L.pf Cran. fhoprick April 18th, upon which he appealed toihep. i^!- King when at Age ; and fo his Procefs ended, and he was fent back to xhzTower, where he lay till Queen Mary difcharg'd him. Nothing can be fa id in vin- dication of this Severity but this, that both he and Bonner had taken out Commifilons, with the reft of the Bifhops, to hold their Bifhopricks only during the 74 The HISTORY Chap.II. King the King's Pleafure ; which gave the Regents a Edw. VI. Right to difplace them : whenfoever they pleaied. ^55 r. Di\ Poynet was tranflated from Rocheller to fVinchefler; >"*^ Y)r Story was made Bifliop of Rocbefter ; and Veyfej refigning, Cover dale was made Bifliop of Exeter in his room : So that now the Bench of Bifhops had a Majority for the Reformation. DoHriaes ^ was therefore refolded in Council to reform the oftbecb. Doctrine of the Church. Archbifhop Cranmer and reformed. Bifhop Ridley were appointed to this Work, who framed 42 Articles upon the chief Points of the Chri- ftian Faith •, Copies of which were fent to the other Bifhops and learned Divines, for their Corrections and Amendments ; after which the Archbiil op re- viewed them a fecond Time, and having given them his laft hand prefented them to the Council, where Hift. Kef. they received the Royal Sanction. This was ano- Voi. III. ther high A& of the Supremacy ; for the Arti- p. no. cjes were not br0UgriC into Parliament, nor agr.ed upon in Convocation, as they ought to have been, and as the Title feems to exprefs : When this was afterwards objected to Cranmer as a Fraud in the next Reign, he owned the Charge, but faid, he was ignorant of the Title, and complained of it to the Council, who told him, the Book was fo entitled, becaufe it was publifhed in the Time of the Convo- cation •, which was no better than a Collufion. It is entitled, Articles agreed upon by the Bifhops, and other learned Men in the Convocation held as London in the Year 15 52. for the avoiding Diver fity of Opinions, and eflablifhing Confent touching true Religion. Publifh'd by the King's Authority. Thefe Articles are for Subflance the fame with thofe now in ufe, being reduced to the Number of Thirty nine in the beginning of the Rei^n of Queen Elizabeth, where the Reader will meet with the Corrections and Alterations. The controverted Claufe of the Twentieth Article, that The Church has Power to decree Rites and Ceremonies, and Authori- ty in Coniroverfies of Faith, is not in King Edward's Ar- Chap. II. of the P u r i t A n s. 75 Articles ; nor does it appear how it came into Queen King Elizabeth's. 'Tis evident by the Title of the Articles, EAw- VL that they weredefign'd as Articles of Truth, and not ^¥J^j of Peace, as fome have fince imagin'd, who fub- Remarks. fcribed them rather as a Compromife, not to teach any Doctrine contrary to them, than as a Declaration that they believed according to them. This was a Notion the Impofers never thought of, nor does there appear any Reafon for this Conceit. So that Clays n'/fi. Ref. Bifhop Burnet) thofe who fubfcribed, did either be- Vo'- n. lieve them to be true, or elfe they did grofly preva-p* l(>9' ricate. With the Book of Articles was printed a fhort Ca-1^- techifm, with a Preface prefix'd in the King's Name. IIr* 'Tis fuppofed to be drawn up by Bifhop Poynet, but ' *' revifed by the reft of the Bifhops and other learned Men. 'Tis dated May 7th, about feven Weeks before the King's Death. The next Work the Reformers were employed in, Common was a fecond Correction ,of the Common Prayer Book. Prayer Some Things they added, and others that had been J^'fW" retained through the NecefTity of the Times were condiime. (truck out. The molt confiderable Amendments were thefe. The daily Service began with a fhort 1551. Confeffion of Sins, and of Abfolution to fuch as fhould repent. The Communion began with a re- hearial of the ten Commandments, the Congregation being on their Knees •, and a Paufe was made between the Rehearfal of every Commandment, for the Peo- ple's Devotions. A Rubrick was alfo added, concern- ing the Pofture of Kneeling, which declares that there was no Adoration intended thereby to the Bread and Wine, which was grofs Idolatry ; nor did they think the very Flefh and Blood of Chrift there prefent. This' Claufe wasftruck out by QueenElizabetb, to give a La- titudes Papijh andLuiherans ; but was inferted again at the Reftoration of King Charles II. at the Requeit of the Puritans. Befides thefe Amendments, fundry old Rites and Ceremonies, which had been retained in the for- 76 The H I S T O R Y Chap.il. King former Book, were difcontinued -, as the Ufe of Oil in Edw. VI. Confirmation and extream TJnction ; Prayer for the vj-li^ Dead in the Office of Burial, and in the Commu- nion Service Auricular Confefiion \ the Ufe of the L o/Cran. Crofs in the Euchariit, and in Confirmation. In p. 190. fhort, the whole Liturgy was in a manner reduced to the Form in which it appears at prefent, except. ng fome fmall Variations that have fince been made for the clearing fome Ambiguities. By this Book of Common Prayer, fays Mr. Strype, all Copes and Veftments were forbidden throughout England: The Prebendaries of St. Paul*s left off their He ods, and the Bifhops their Croffes, fcfr. as by Ad of Parlia- ment is more at large fet forth. EfiaWJbed When the Parliament met Jan. 23d, the new Com- fy JW;*- mon prayer g00k was brought into the Houfe, with an Ordinal or Form of ordaining Bifhops, Priefts and Deacons ; both which palled the Houfes without any confiderable Oppofuion. The Act requires " All Per- " fons after the Feaft of Alhallows next, to come to '* Common Prayer every Sunday and HolyDay, under " pain oftheCenfuresoftheChurch. AllArchbifhops " and Bifhops are required to endeavour the due " Execution of this Act ; and whereas divers Doubts " had been raifed about the Service Book, 'tis faid, *' the King and Parliament had now caufed it to be *c perufed, explained, and made more perfect. " Hift.Ref. The new Service Book was to take Place in all Vol. 11. Churches after the Feaft of All Saints, under the p* l9°' fame Penalties that had been enacted to the former Book three Years before. Marriages By another Act of this Seflion the Marriages of °j thecler-the Clergy, if performed according to the Service ?y egiti- B00k vvere declared good and valid, and their Chil- dren inheritable according to Law \ and by another the Bifhoprick of Wefiminfier was fuppreffed, and re- united to the See of London. Dr. Heath, Bifhop of TVorce(ie}\ and Day of Chichejler, were both deprived this Year, with Tonjtal Bifhop of Durham, whole Bi- fhoprick Chap. II. o//^Puritans. J j ihoprick was defigned to be divided iato two ; but King the Act never took effeft. Edw. VI. One of the laft Things the King fet his Hand to {ll]^, was a Royal Vifitation, . in order to examine what ^^^ Plate, Jewels, and other Furniture, were in the Churches. The Vifitors were to leave in every Church one or two Chalices of Silver, with Linen for the Communion Table and for Surplices, but to bring in the beft of the Church-Furniture into the King's Treafury ; and to fell the Linen Copes, Al- tar Cloths, &c* and give the Money to the. Poor. The Precence was, the calling in the fuperfluous Plate that lay in Churches more for Pomp than Ufe. Some have called this by no better a Name than Sa- crilege, or Church Theft ; and it was really no bet- ter. But it ought to be remember'd, the young King was now languifhing under a Confumption, and near his End. It muft however be confefs'd, that in the Courfe of Bkmij&es this, as well as the laft Reign, there was a very great °fthe Re' Alienation of Church Lands : The Chauntry Lands'0"™""** were fold among the Laity, fome of whom held five or fix Prebendaries or Canonries, while the Clergy themfelves were in want. Bifhop Latimer complains in one of his Sermons, " That the Revenues of the Alienation " Church were feized by the rich Laity, and that theofchunb- " Incumbent was only a Proprietor inTitle. That ma- ^^ " ny Benefices were let out to farm by fecular Men, «' or given to their Servants, as a Confideration for |« keeping their Hounds, Hawks and Horfes ; and " that the poor Clergy were reduced co fuch fhort " Allowance that they were forced to go to Service ; " to turn Clerks of the Kitchen, Surveyors, Re- « ceivers, &V." And Cambden complain$, " That " Avarice and Sacrilege had ftrangely the Afcendant " at this Time : That Eftates formerly fettled for " the Support of Religion and the Poor, were ridi- «« cul'd as fuperftitious Endowments ; firft mifcalled ** and then plundered." The Bifhops were too eafy in 78 King Edw, VI, Jiifi. Kef. Vol. III. p. 118. L.o/Cran p. z$»o. Some of a licentious Life, Reforma- tion left imperfeft. The HISTORY Chap.lt in parting with the Lands and Manors belonging to their Bifhopricks, and the Courtiers were too eager in grafping at every Thing they could lay their Hands upon. If the Revenues of 'the Church had been abu- fed to Superftition, they might have been converted to other religious Ufes ; or if too great a Proportion of the Riches of the Kingdom was in the Hands of the Church, they mould have made an ample Provifion for the Maintenance of the Clergy, and the Endow- ment of fmaller Livings, before they had inriched their Friends and Families. Nor were the Lives of many who were zealous for the Reformation free from Scandal : The Courtiers and great Men indulg'd themfelves in a difiblute and licentious Life ; and the Clergy were not without Ble- mifh. Some that embraced the Reformation were far from adorning their Profeflion, but rather difpo- fed the People to return to their old Superftitions ! Neverthelefs there were many great and fiiining Lights among them, who preached and prayed fer- vently againft the Corruptions of the Times, and were an Example to their Flocks, by the Striclnefs and Severity of their Lives and Manners ; but their Numbers were fmall in comparifon to the many that were otherwife, turning the Doctrines of Grace into Lafcivioufnefs. We have now feen the Length of King Edzvard's Reformation. It was an adventurous Undertaking for a few Bifhops and Privy Counfellors, to change the Religion of a Nation only by the Advantage of the Supremacy of a Minor, without the Confent of the People in Parliament or Convocation, and under the Eye of a prefumptive Heir, who was a decla- red Enemy of all their Proceedings ; as was che Cafe in the former part of this Reign. We have taken Notice of the miftaken Principles of the Reformers, in making ufe of the civil Power to force Men 10 Con- formity ; and of their flretching the Laws to reach at thofe whom they could not fairly come at any other way. Chap. II. c/^Puritan s. 79 way. But notwithftanding thefe and fome other Ble- King mimes, they were great and good Men, and valiant Edw* VI* in the Caufe of Truth •, as appears by their fealing it ^^^j with their Blood. They made as quick Advances perhaps in reftoring Religion towards its primitive Simplicity, as the Circumftances of the Times would admit ; but 'tis evident they defigned to go fur- ther, and not make this the purelt Standard of Refor- mation. Indeed Queen Elizabeth thought her Bro- ther had gone too far, by ftripping Religion of too many Ornaments ; and therefore when fhe came to the Crown, fhe was hardly perfwaded to reflore it to the Condition in which he left it. King James I. King Charles I. Archbifhop Laud, and all their Ad- mirers, inftead of removing further from the fuper- ftitious Pomps of the Church of Rome, have been for returning back to them, and,,have appealed to the Settlement of Queen Elizabeth as the pureft Stan- dard. But the Reformers themfelves were of another Further Mind, as appears by the Sermons of Latimer, Hooper iPr°srefs, Bradford and others •, by the Letters of P'ler Martyrf"*e" e Martin Bucer, and John a Lafco, who in his Book ^Voet.E«7« Ordinatione Ecclefmnim peregrinarum in Anglia, dedi- ' ' cated to Sigifmund King of Poland, 1555. ^ays»ParcI. " That King Edzvard dtCired that the Rites and Ce p. 411. but the rude Multitude came into the Churches, infulted their Minifters, and ridicul'd their Worfhip. The Court not only wink'd at thefe Things, but fined Judge Hales (wha alone refuted to fign the Act which transferred the Crown to Jane Grey) a Thoufand Pounds Sterling, becauie in his Circuit he ordered the Juftices o\Kent to conform themfelves to the Laws of King Edzvard, not yet repealed y upon which that Gentleman grew melancholy and drowned himfelf,. The Queen was crowned Oflob. 1. by Gardiner, at- Popery re- tended by ten other gifhops, all in their Mitres,/^ h Copes and Crofiers; and a Parliament was fummon-p* ' Z7I67Jt ed to meet the 10th, What Methods were ufed in G 4 the 88 7^ HISTORY Chap. III. ■5. Mary, the Elections has been related. On the 3 ift of Otto* y^il^ her a Bill was fent down to the Commons for repeal- ing King Edward's Laws about Religion, which was argued fix Days, and at length carried. It repeals in general all the late Statutes relating to Religion, and enacts, " That after the 20th of Dece?nber next, Rapin, <« there mould be no other Form of Divine Service p. 146. <« but what had been ufed in the laft Year of King " Henry VIII." Severe Punifhments were decreed againft fuch as mould interrupt the publick Service j as mould abufe the Holy Sacrament, or break down Altars, Crucifixes, or Crofles. It was made Felony for any Number of Perfons above twelve, to affemble to- gether with an Intention to alter the Religion efta- blifhed by Law. Nov. 3d Archbifhop Cranmer, the Lord Guilford, Lady Jane, and two other Sons of the Puke of Northumberland, were brought to their Tri- als for High Treafon, in levying War againft the Queen, and confpiring to fet up another in her Room. They all confeffed their Indictments, but Cranmer appealed to his Judges, how unwillingly he had let his Hand to the Exclufion of the Queen : Thefe Judgments were confirmed by Parliament, after which the Queen's intended Marriage with Philip of Spain being difcovered, the Commons fent their Speaker, and 20 of their Members, humbly to en- treat her Majefty, not to marry a Stranger ; with which fhe was fo difpleafed, that upon the 6th of December me difiblved the Parliament. vroceeditigt fhe Convocation that fat with the Parliament was ofcotiw- eqUaHy devoted to the Court. Care had been taken about their Elections. In the Collection of publick Acts there are found about i5oPrefentations to Li- vings before the Choice of Reprefentatives •, fo that the lower Houfe of Convocation was of a piece with the upper, from whence almolt all the Protefbnt Bifhops were excluded by Imprifonmenr, Deprivation, or otherwife. Bonner prefided as the firit Bifhop of the. Province of Canterbury. Harpsfeld his Chaplain preach- Chap. III. c//^ Puritans. 89 preached the Sermon, on A$$ xx. 28. Feed the Flock ; ^ Mary, and JVejion Dean of Weftminjler was chofen Prolocutor. j^*4/. On the 20th of Otlober it was propofed to the s*rvs*0 Members to fubfcribe to the Doctrine of Tranfub- ftantiation •, which all complied with but the fol- lowing fix Divines, who by their Places had a Right to fit in Convocation ; Philpot Archdeacon of Win- chejler ; Philips Dean of Rochejler ; Haddon Dean of Exeter -, Cheyney Archdeacon of Hereford ; Aylmer Archdeacon of Stow, and Toting Chaunter of St. Da- vid's : Thefedifputed upon the Argument for three #<;/?■ Ref> Days, but the Difputation was managed according Vo1- ll- to the Fafhion of the Times, with Reproaches andp' i67* Menaces on the ftronger Side ; and the Prolocutor ended it with faying, Ton have the Word battue have the Sword. This Year began with fVyat's Rebellion, occafion- 1554. ed by a general Diflikeof the Queen's Marriage with Wyat'J Philip of Spain: Ic was a raw, unadvifed Attempt, KeMlm' and occafioned great Mifchiefs to the Protectants, though Religion had no fhare in the Confpiracy, IVyat himfelf being a Papift : This Gentleman got together 4000 Men, with whom he marched direct- ly to London ; but coming into Southwark Feb. 2. he found the Bridge fo well fortified that he could not force it without Cannon ; fo he marched about, and having croffed the TJoames at Kingston, he came by Charing Crofs to Ludgate next Morning, in hopes the Citizens would have opened their Gates ; but being difappointed, he yielded himfelf a Prifonerat Te?npleRZp\D Bar, and was afterwards executed ; as were the Lady p. W5i. Jane Grey, Lord Guilford her Hufband, and others ; the Lady Elizabeth her felf hardly efcaping, IVyat upon his Trial accufed her, in hopes of faving his Life ; upon which fhe was ordered into Cuflody : but when tVyat fa.w he muft die, he acquitted her on the Scaffold ; and upon the Queen's Marriage this Sum- mer fhe obtained her Pardon. As 9o The : H I S T O R Y Chap. III. §, Mary- As foon as the Nation was a little fettled, her Ma- ISS4- jeffcy, by virtue of the Supremacy, gave Inftructi- V-T)f>w' ons to her Biihops to vifit the Clergy. The Injuncti- faJP ' ons were drawn up by Gardiner, and contain an angry Recital of all the Innovations introduced into the Church in the Reign of King Edward; and a Charge to the Biihops, " To execute all the Ecclefiaftical " Laws that had been in force in King Henry the " VHIth's Reign •, but not to proceed in their " Courts in the Queen's Name. She enjoins them " not to exact the Oath of Supremacy any more, " but to puniih Hereticks and Herefies, and to re- " move all married Clergymen from their Wives •,, M but for thofe that wou'd renounce their Wives they " might put them into fome other Cures— All the " Ceremonies, Holidays and Falls, ufed in King " Henry9s Time were to be revived. Thofe Clergy- 4- ons with Rigour. The Mafs was let up in all Places, '"^f** and the old Popifh Rites and Ceremonies revived. The Carvers and Makers of Statues had a quick Trade for Roods and other Images that were to be fet up again in Churches. The moft eminent Preachers Numbers in London were under Confinement ; and all the mar-"/'*e CItr~ ried Clergy throughout the Kingdom were deprived.^ eJeiled- Pr. Parker reckons, that of iG Thoufand Clergymen 12 Thoufand were turn'd out ; which is notprobable,- for if we compute by the Diocefe of Norwich, which H'fi- Ref. is almoftan eighth Part of England, and in which there Vol-IIr' were but 3^5 deprived, the whole Number will fallp" 2i ihort of 3000. Some were turned out without Convi- ction, upon common Fame : Some were never cited, and yet turned out for not appearing. Thofe that quitted their Wives, and did Penance, were never- thelefs deprived ; which was grounded on the Vow that (as was pretended) they had made. Such was the deplorable Condition of the Reformed this Sum- mer, and fuch the Cruelty of their Adverfaries. The Queen's fecond Parliament met April 2d. The Queen's id Court had taken Care of the Elections by large Pro- P*r/7*- mifes of Money from Spain: Their Defign was to ™nt anA perfwade the Parliament to approve of the Spanijh arr a^' Match ; which they accomplifh'd, with this Provifo, That the Queen alone Jhould have the Government of the Kingdom \ after which the Houfes were prefently diflbl- ved. King Philip arrived in England,July 20th, and was married to the Queen on the 27th, at Winchejter, he be- ing then in the 27th Year of his Age, and the Queen inherjSrh. He brought with him a vaft Mafs of Wealth ; 27 Chefts of Bullion, every Cheft being above a Yard long ; and Ninety nine Horfe Loads, and two Cart Loads of coined Silver and Gold. The Reformers complaining of their Ufage in the Difputati- late DTpute held in Convocation, the Court refolved0" « Ox- to giye them a frefh Mortification, by appointingford' ano- 92 The H I S T O R Y Chap. III. '$. Mary, another at Oxford in Prefence of the whole Univerfity ; 15 54- and becaufe Archbifhop Cranmer, Bifhop Ridley and ^OfN*' Latimer, were the moft celebrated Divines of the Re- formation, they were by Warrant from the Queen removed from the Tower to Oxford, to manage the Difpute. The Convocation fent their Prolocutor and feveral of their Members, who arriving on the 13th of April, being Friday, fent for the Bifhops on Satur- day, and appointed them Monday, Tuefday and/£W- vefday, every one his Day, to defend their Doctrine. The Queftions were, upon Tranfubflantiation and the Propitiatory Sacrifice of the Mafs. The Particulars of the Difpute are in Mr. Fox's Book of Martyrs. The Bifhops behaved with great Modefty and Prefence of Mind t, but their Adverfaries infulted and triumphed in a moft barbarous Manner. Bifhop Ridley writes, " That there were perpetual Shoutings, Tauntings, " Reproaches, Noife and Confufion." Cranmer and old Latimer were hifs'd and laugh'd at ; and Life of Ridley was born down with Noife and Clamour ; " In Cranmer, « all my Life (fays he) I never faw any Thing car- P-3 38* « ried more vainly and tumultuoufly *, I could not " have thought that there could have been found «« any Englifh Man honoured with Degrees in Learn-r «« ing, that could allow of fuch thrafonical Oflenta- " tions, more fit for the Stage than the Schools."- On the 28th of April they were fummoned again to St. Mary's, and required by Weflon the Prolocutor to fubferibe, as having been vanquifhed in Deputa- tion *, but they all refufing, were declared obftinate Hereticks, and no longer Members of the Catholick Church. It was defigned to expofe the Reformers by ano- ther Difputation at Cambridge ; but the Prifoners in London hearing of ic publifhed a Paper, declaring " That they would not difpute but in Writing, ex- " cept it were before the Queen and Council, or " before either Houfe of Parliament, becaufe of the " Mifreports and unfair Ufage they had every wherq " met Chap. III. c/^Puritans, 93 64 met with." At the fame Time they printed a&Mary, Summary of their Faith, for which they were ready J^54- to offer up their Lives to the Halter or the Fire, as wT^rf. God mould appoint. Vol. II. And here they declared, u That they believed the p. 2.85. ct Scriptures to be the true Word of God, and thQ^formert " Judge of all Controverfies in Matters of Religion ^cl*r*ti- " and that the Church is to be obeyed as long as ihe^"^ " followed this Word. " That they adhered to the Apoftle's Creed ; " and thofe Creeds fetoutby the Councils of Nice, " Conftantinople, Epbefus, and Calcedon ; and by the and then abfolved the Realm from all Cenfures. The Chap. III. of the Puritans. The Aft of Repeal was not ready till the begin ning of January, when it pafled both Houfes, and received the Royal AfTent. It enumerates and re- 2^^ verfes all Afts fin ce the 20th of Henry VIII. againftg^wy?*£e the Holy See-, but then it contains the following Pope re- Reftriftions, which they pray, through the Cardi-i*"^* rial's IntercefTion, maybe eftablifhed by the Pope's Authority. 1. " That all Bifhopricks, Cathedrals or Colle- " ges, now eftablifhed, may be confirmed for ever. 2. c< That Marriages within fuch Degrees as are " not contrary to the Law of God, may be con- «c firmed, and their IiTue legitimated. 3. " That Inftitutions into Benefices may be con- " firmed. 4. " That all judicial ProcefTes may be confirmed. 5. " That all the Settlements of the Lands of any «' Bifhopricks, Monafferies, or other Religious Hou- " fes, may continue as they were, without any trou- " ble from the Ecclefiaftical Courts." The Cardinal admitted of thefe Requefls, but ended Rapin, with a heavy Denunciation of the Judgments of God P* £73- upon thofe who had the Goods of the Church in their Hands, and did not reflore them. ' And to make the Clergy more eafy the Statutes of Mortmain were repealed for 20 Years to come. But after all, the Pope refufed to confirm the Reftriftions, alledging, That the Legate had exceeded his Powers ; fo that the PofTelTors of Church Lands had but a precarious Title to their Eftates under this Reign •, for even be- **$• *ef" fore the Reconciliation was fully concluded, the Pope °„'o£ * publifhed a Bull, by which he excommunicates all thofe Perfons who v/ere in PofTeiTion of the Goods of the Church or Monafteries, and did not reflore them. This alarmed the fuperftitious Queen, who apprehend- ,§««»'■«- ing her felf near her Time of Child- birth, fent for herPres the Minifters of State, and furrender'd up all the Lands ch' La™' of the Church that remained in the Crown, to be dif- po fed of as the Pope or his Legate mould think fit. 2 But 96 ^HISTORY Chap. IIL gh Mary, But when a Propofal of this kind was made to the >555f« Commons in Parliament, Tome of them boldly laid *^V>-' their Hands upon their Swords, and faid, They well knew bow to defend their own Properties. But the Queen went on with Acts of Devotion to the Church ; lhe repaired feveral old Monafteries and erected new ones , i"he ordered a ftrict Enquiry to be made after thofe who had pillaged the Churches and Monafte- ries, and had been employed in the Vifnations of Henry Vlll. and Edward VI. She commanded Bi- ihop Bonner to raze out of the publick Records all that had been done againft the Monks ; and particu- larly the Accounts of the Vifitations of Monafteries j which has render'd the Ecclefiaftical Hiftory of this Time defective. Laws a- ^he next Act Dr0Ught into the Houfe, was for gamft Hi- revivm2- tne Statutes of Richard II. and Henry IV. reticki re- o, . . - J wved. anc* V . tor burning Hereticks ; which palled both Houfes in fix Days, to the unfpeakable Joy of the Popifh Clergy. The Houfes having been informed of fome heretical Preachers, who had prayed in their Conventicles, That God would turn the Queen's Heart from Idolatry to the true Faith, or elfe fhor- ten her Days ; they pafled an Act, " That all than *e prayed after this manner mould be adjudged Trai- " tors." After which, on the i6thotjan. the Par- liament was difTolved. 15 ■>*. The Kingdom being now reconciled to the Church pJ^yints of Rome, and the penal Laws againft Hereticks re- vived, a Council was held about the Manner of dealing with the Reformed. It is faid, that Cardinal Pool was for the gentler Methods of Inftruction and Perfuafion, which is very doubtful ; but Gardiner was certainly for Rigor, imagining that a few Ex- amples of Severity upon the Heads of the Party, would terrify the reft into a Compliance. The Queen was of his Mind, and commanded Gardiner, by a Commifiion to himfelf and fome other Bifhops, to make the Experiment. He began with Mr. Rogers, Mr, Chap. III. y/^PuRiTAN s. 97 Mr. Cardmaker, and Biftiop Hooper, who had been £, Mary, kept in Prifon 1 8 Months without Law. Thefe upon 1 5 s 5. Examination were afked, whether they would ab- '^^^ jure their heretical Opinions about the Sacrament, and fubmit to theChurch'as then eftablifhed ; which they refufing, were declared obflinate Hereticks, and delivered over to the fecular Power. Mr. Rogers ^--Rogers was burnt in Smithfield, Feb. 4. a Pardon being offer- ed him at the Stake, which he refufed, though he hud a Wife and ten fmall Children unprovided for. Bi--B/>. Hooper fhop Hooper was burnt at Gloucefter, Feb. 9. He was not fuffered to fpeak to the People ; and was ufed fo barbaroufly in the Fire, that his Legs and Thighs were roafted, and one of his Hands dropt off, before he expired : Hislaft Words were, Lord J ejus receive my Spirit. While he was in Prifon he writ feveral excellent Letters, full of Devotion and Piety, to the foreign Divines. In one to Buttinger, dated Dec. Blft' Ref> 11, 1554. about two Months before his Marty rdpm,^°'* J1** are thefe Exprefiions, — ■ «' With us the Wound Numb? 38.' " which Antichrift had received is healed, and he is *' declared Head of the Church, who is not a Mem- " ber of it. We are ftill in the utmofl Peril, as we " have been fora Year and half: We are kept afun- " der in Prifon, and treated with all Kinds of Inhu- " manity and Scorn. They threaten us every Day " with Death, which we do not value. We refo- *' lutely defpife Fire and Sword for the Caufe of " Chrift. We know in whom we have believed, " and are fure we have committed our Souls to '.* him by well-doing. In the mean Time, help us " with your Prayers, That he that has begun the " good Work in us would perform it to the End. " We are the Lord's, let him do with us as feemeth " good in his fight." About the fame Time Mr. Saunders, another Mi- Mr- Saur»- nitter was burnt ar Coventry. When he came to the jl6"*'"' Srake he faid, Welcome the Crofs of Chriji ; Welcome jor#' ay~ everkjiirg Life. Dr. Taylor Parfon of Hadley, fuf- H fered 98 ^HISTORY Chap. III. c>. Mary, fered next : Gardiner ufed him very roughly, and iSV<- after condemning and degrading him fent him to his w"*s~' own Parfonage to be burnt •, which he underwent with great Courage Feb. 9. though he had barbarous Ufage in the Fire, his Brains being beat out with one of the Halberts. Bonncr'j Gardiner feeing himfelf difappointed, medled no Cruelty, further, but committed the Profecution of the bloody Work to Bonner Bifhop of London. This Clergyman behaved more like a Cannibai than a Chriftian •, he condemned without Mercy all that came before him ; ordering them to be kept in the moft cruel Durance till they were delivered over to the Civil Magiftrate. He tore off the Beard of Homkins a Weaver in Shore- ditch, and held his Hand in the Flame of a Candle till the Sinews and Veins fhrunk and burft, and the Blood fpurted out in Harpsfield's Face, who was ftanding by. He put others in Dungeons, and in the Stocks, and fed them with Bread and Water •, and when they were brought before him infulted over their Mifery in a moft brutifh Manner. In the Month of March were burnt, Bifhop Fer- rars at St. Davids ; Mr. Lawrence a Prieft at Col- chefter ; Mr. Tomkins a Weaver in Smithfield ; Mr. Hunter an Apprentice of 19 Years of Age, at Brent- wood -, Mr. Caufton and Mr. Higden, Gentlemen of good Eftates in EJfex ; Mr. William Pigot at Braintree ; Mr. Stephen Knight at Maiden ; Mr. Rawlins White a poor Fifherman at Cardiffe. In the next Month, Mr. March a Prieft at Chefter ; and one Flower, a young Man in St. Margaret's Church-yard, Wefi- minjler. petition Thefe Burnings were difliked by the Nation, which sea w be- Degan to De aftonifhed at the Courage and Conftan- Joalfofthe cy of the Martyrs; and to be ftartled at the unre- ZJartyrs. lenting Severity of the Bifhops, who being reproach- ed with their Cruelties, threw the Odium upon the King and Queen. At the fame Time a Petition was printed by the Exiles beyond Sea, and addrefled to the Chap. III. of the P u R 1 1 A N s. 99 the Queen, putting her in mind, " That the Turks & Mary, tc tolerated Cbrijiians, and the Chrijtians in moft l\si\ '< Places tolerated Jews. That no Papift had been W"V"S'^ .- ■: to ricmal Life, dnd ft i From Smitbfield the Pcrfecution fpread :M over the Coun- try ; in tire Months ot'J:nie and Jid\ eight1 Men arid H 2 one ioo The HIST O R Y Chap. III. s^Mary, one Woman were burnt in feveral Parts of Kent ; and "M*" in the Months of Augufl and September Twenty five ^TrQ^ 'more in Suffolk, Effex, and Surry, and Lati- But the greateit Sacrifice to Popifh Cruelty was men yet to come : For on the 16th of October the Bifhops Ridles and Latimer, were burnt at one Stake in Ox- ford. Latimer died prefently •, but Ridley was a long Time in exquifite Torments, his lower Parts being burnt before the Fire reach'd his Body. His laft Words to his Fellow-Sufferer were, Be of good Heart, Brother, for God will either affwage the Fury of the Flame, or enable us to abide it. Latimer replied, Be of good Comfort, for we fhall this Day light fuch a Candle in England, as I trufl by God's Grace fhall never be put Bp.G&r&i-out. The very fame Day Gardiner their great Per- ner' fecutor, was ftruck with the Illnefs of which he died ; ic was a Suppreffion of Urine, which held him in great Agonies till the 12th of November, when he expired. He would not fit down to Dinner till he had received the News from Oxford of the Burning of the two Bifhops, which was not till four of the Clock in the Afternoon •, and while he was at Dinner he was feized with the Diflemper that put an End to his Life. When Bifhop Day fpoke to him of Juftificati- on through the Blood of Chrift, he faid, If you open that Gap to the People, thenfarewel all again. He con- feffed he had finned with Peter, but had not repent- ed with him. On the 1 8th of December Mr. Archdeacon Philpot was burnt, and behaved at the Stake with the Cou- rage and Refolution of the Primitive Martyrs. '^.Cran- On the 21ft of March following Archbifhop Cran- mer burnt. mer fuffered. Fie had been degraded by the Bifhops Tbirlby and Bonner on Feb. 14th. Bonner inched him in an indecent Manner, but Thirlby melted into Tears. After this by much Perfuafion, and in hope of Life, he fet his Hand to a Paper, in which he renounced the Errors of Luther and Zuinglius, and acknowledged his belief of the Corporal Preience, the Pope's Su- premacy, Chap. III. o/^Puritans. 10 1 premacy, Purgatory, and Invocation of Saints, &rV. ^ Mary, This was quickly publifhed to the World with great ii*i*. Triumph among the Papifts, and Grief to the Re- formers. But the unmerciful Queen was ftill refol- ved to have his Life, and accordingly fent down a "Writ lor his Execution : She could never forgive the Share he had in her Mother's Divorce, and in driving the Pope's Authority out of England. Cranmer fuf- pe&ing the Defign prepared a true Confefllon of his Faith, and carried it in his Bofom to St. Mary's Church on the Day of his Martyrdom, where he was railed on an Eminence, that he might be ieen by the People, and hear his own Funeral Sermon. Ne- ver was a more awful and melancholy Spe&acle •, an Archbifhop, once the fecond Man in the Kingdom, now clothed in Rags, and a gazing Stock to the World ! Co/,? the Preacher magnified his Converfion as the immediate Hand of God, andaffured him of a great many Mattes to be faid for his Soul. After Sermon he defired Cranmer to declare his own Faith, which he did with Tears, declaring his Belief in the holy Scriptures, and the Apoflles Creed j and then came to that, which he faid troubled his Confci- ence more than any Thing he had done in his Life, and that was his Subfcribing the abovementioned Paper out of fear of Death and love of Life •, and therefore when he came to the Fire he was refolved, that Hand that fign'd it mould burn firft. The Af- fembly was all in Confufion at this Difappointment ; and the broken-hearted Archbifhop fhedding abun- dance of Tears was led immediately to the Stake ; and be.ng tied to it, he ftretched out his right Hand to the Flame, never moving it but once to wipe his Face, til it dropt off. He often cried out, That unworthy Hand! which was confumed before the Fire reached his Body. His laft Words were, Lord J ejus receive my Spirit. He died in the 67 th Year of his Age, and 23d of his Archbiflioprick, and was fircceeded by Cardinal Pool. H 3 It 102 The H I S T ORY Chap.Ill. it Mary, It is nor within the Compafsof my Defign to write MS*' a Martyrology of thek Times -, nor to follow Bifhop ^rt£*~/ Bonner and- his Brethren through the Rivers of Pro- CmeUies. teftant Blood which they fpilt. The whole Year 1556 was one continued Perfecution, in which Pope- ry triumphed in all its falfe and bloody Colours. 'Bonner not content to burn Hereticks fmgly, fent them by Companies to the Flames. Such as were fufpected of Herefy were examined upon the Articles of the Corporal Prejence of Chritt in the Sacrament, Auricular Confeffion, and the Mafs ; and if they did not make fatisfaCtory Anfwers, they' were without any farther Proofs condemned to the Fire. Women were pot fpared, nor Infants in the Womb. In the NleofGuernfey a Woman with Child being ordered to the F:re, was delivered in the Flames, and the Infant being taken from her, was ordered bv the Magiil rates to be thrown back into the Fire. At length the butcherly Work growing too much for the Hands that were employed in it, the Queen erected an extraordinary Tribunal for trying of He- refy, like the Spam/h Inquifition, confifting of 31 Commiflioners, moft of them Laymen ; and in the Cithci'June 1555. fhe iffued out a. Proclamation, That {i\ch as received heretical Books fhould be im- mediately put to Death by martial Lax\ She for- Cbrk'j b d Prayers to be made for the Sufferers, or even to Mariyr. f^ God blefs them : So far did her fiery .Zeal tran- ■ fport her. Upon the whole, the Number of them that fufrered Death for the Reformed Religion in this The Nua- Reign, werenolefs than 277 Perfons, of whom were be>-s that - Bifhops. 21 Clerery men, 8 Gentlemen, 84.Tradef- seere burnt ' rT n j tu jo in this nlen» 10° Huibandmcn, .Labourers and Servants, Kngrt. 55 Women, and 4 Children. Befides thefe, there were 54 more under Profecution, 7 of whom were whipt, and 16 perifhed in Prilbn ; the reft who were making themfelves ready for the Fire, were deliver- ed by the merciful Interpofure of D.vane Providence in the Queen's Death. la Chap. III. of the Puritans. 103 In a Book corrected, if not writ by Lord Burleigh ^ Mary, in Queen Elizabeth's Time, entitled The Executions ,5i$- forTreafon, it is faid 400 Perfons fuffered publickly ^O , in Queen Mary's Reign, befides thofe who were fe- Vol.111. ' cretly murdered in Prifon : of thefe, 20 were Bifhopsp. 164. and dignified Clergymen ; 60 were Women, of whom iome were big with Child ; and one was deli- vered of a Child in the Fire, which was burnt ; and above 40 Men-Children. I might add, thefe mer- cilefs Papifts carried their Fury againft the Reform- ed beyond the Grave ; for they caufed the Bones of Fagius and Bucer, to be dug out of their Graves, and having ridiculoufly cited them by their Commifii- oners to appear, and give an Account of their Faith, they caufed them to be burnt for Non-appearance. Is it pofTible after fuch a Relation of Things, for any Proteftant to be in love with High CommiJ/ions, with Oaths ex officio, and Laws to deprive Men of their Lives, Liberties and Eflates, for Matters of meer Conference ? And yet thefe very Reformers, when the Power re- turned into their Hands, were too much inclined to thefe Engines of Cruelty. The Controverfy about Pradejlination and Free- Rife of tha Will appeared firft among the Reformers at this Time. c™tr°™r- Some that were in the King's Bench Prifon for the Pro-^' f"^ fefllon of the Gofpel denied the Doctrines of abfoiutew^/0„# " Prsedeftination and Original Sin. They were Men of ftricTt and holy Lives, but warm for their Opinions, and unquiet in their Behaviour. Mr. Bradford had frequent Conferences with them, and gained over fome to his own Perfwafion. The Names of their Teachers were Harry Hart, Trezv, and Abingdon \ they ran their Notions as high as the modern Ar- mtnians, or as Pelagius himfelf, defpifing Learning, and utterly rejecting the Authorities of the Fa- thers. Bradford was apprehenfive that they would do a great deal of Mifchief in the Church, and there- fore in concert with B fliop Ferrar, Taylor and PhiU pot, he writ to Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer, at H 4 Ox- 104 "The H I S T O R Y Chap. III. &Mary, Oxford, to take fome Cognizance of the Matter, and iSJ5« confult together about remedying it. UponthisOc- ^" cafion Ridley writ back a Letter of God's Election and "Prcedeft'mation, and Bradford writ another upon the fame Subject. But the Free-Willers treated him rude- ly, " They told him, he was a great Slander to the " Word of God in refpect of his Doctrine, becaufe " he believed and affirmed the Salvation of God's " People to be fo certain, that they mould affured- *s ly enjoy the fame. They faid, it hanged part- " ly upon our Perfeverance to the End, but Brad- " ford laid it hung upon God's Grace in Chrift, and '* not upon our Perfeverance in any Point, otherwife u Grace was no Grace." When this holy Martyr faw he could not convince them, he defired they might pray one for another. I love you (Tays he) my dear Hearts, though you have taken it otherwife without caufe : I am going before you to my God and your God ; to my Father and your Father •, to my Chrift and your Chrift ; to my Home and your Home. Mr. Carelefs, another eminent Martyr, had much Conference with thefe Men in the King's Bench Pri- fon, of whofe Contentioufnefs he complained in a Letter to Philpot. In anfwer to which Philpot writes, That he was forry to hear of the Contentions that thefe Schifmaticks raifed, but that he fhould not ceafe to do his Endeavours in Defence of the Truth, againft thefe arrogant, felf-willed, and blinded Scalterers : That thefe Seels were neceffaryfor the Trial of our Faith. He ad- vifes Mr. Carelefs to be mode si and humble, that o- thers feeing his grave Converfation among thefe contentious Bablers ?night glorify God in the Truth. He then be- feeckes the Brethren in the Bowels of Chrift, to keep the Bond of Peace, and not to let any Root of Biiternefs (print up amono them. But this Contention could not belaid afleep for fome Time, notwithstanding their common Sufferings for the Caufe of Religion. They writ one againft another in Prifon, and difperfed their Writings abroad in the World, Chap. III. of the Puritans. 105 World. Mr. Carelefs writ a Confeflion of his Faith ; one £. Mary, Article of which was for Prsedeftination, and againft M5 5- Free- Will. This Confeflion he fent to the Proteflant^^^1^^ Prifoners in Newgate, whereunto they generally fub- fcribed, and particularly twelve that were under Sen- tence of Condemnation to be burnt. Hart having got a Copy of Carelefs' s Confeflion, writ his own in oppofition to it on the back- fide ; and would have perfwaded the Prifoners in Newgate to fubfcribe it", but could not prevail. I don't find any of thefe Free- Willers at the Scake (fays my Author) or if any of them fuffered, they made no mention of their diftin- guifhing Opinions when they came to die. But thefe unhappy Divifions among Men that were under the Crofs, gave great Advantage to the Papifts, who took Occafion from hence to feoff at the ProfefTors of the Gofpel, as difagreeing among themfelves. They bla- zed abroad their Infirmities, and faid, They were fuf- fering for they knew not what. Dr. Martin, a great Papift, expofed their Weakneffes ; but when Martin came to vifit the Prifoners, Carekfs took the Oppor- tunity to proteft openly againft Hart's, Doctrines, fay- ing, He had deceived many fimple Souls with his Pela- gian Opinions. Befides thefe Fr ee -Wilier s, it feems there were fome Arians. few in Prifon for the Gofpel that were Arians, and disbelieved the Divinity of Jefus Chrift. Two of them lay in the King's Bench, and raifed fuch unfeemly and quarrelfome Difputes, that the Marfhal was for- ced to feoarate the Prifoners from one another ; and in the Year 1556. the Noife of their Contentions L. of Cran. reached the Ears of the Council, who fent Dr. Martin?- 15*- to the King's Bench to examine into the Affair. I mention thefe Difputes, to fhew the Frailty and Corruption of human Nature, even under the Crofs, and to point the Reader to the firft Beginnings of thole Debates which afterwards occafioned unfpeakable Mifchiefs to the Church •, for though the Pelagian Do&rine was efpoufed but by a very few of the Entfifh Re 1 06 f^HISTO R Y Chap. Ill %. Mary, Reformers,, and was buried in that Prifon where it 1555. began for almoft 50 Years, it revived in the latter v<*^ End of Queen Elizabeth, under the Name of Armi- manifm, and within the Compafs of a few Years fup- planted the received Doctrine of the Reformation. Some re- Many of the Clergy that were zealous Profeffors cant. of the Gofpel under King Ed-ward VI. through fear of Death recanted and fubfcribed ; fome out of Weaknefs, who as foon as they were out of Danger, revoked their Subfcriptions, and openly confefled their Fall : Of this Sort were Scory and Barlow Bi- fhops, the famous Mr. Jewel and others. Among the common People fome went to Mafs to preferve their Lives, and yet frequented rhe Affemblies of the Gojpellers, holding it not unlawful to be prefent with their Bodies at the Service of the Mafs, as long as L.o/Cran. their Spirits did not confent. Bradford and others p. 361. writ with great Warmth againft thefe Temporizers, and advifed their Brethren not to truft, or confort with them. They alfo publifhed a Treatife up- on this Argument, entituled, The Mifchief and Hurt of the Mafs ; and recommended the reading it to all that had defiled themfelves with that idolatrous Ser- vice. private But though many complied with the Times, and Congreg*. f0me concealed themfelves in Friends Houfes, fhift- p°"t°I *n§ fr°m one Place to another, others refolved with the Hazard of their Lives to join together and wor- ship God, according to the Service Book of King Edward. There were feveral of thefe Congregations up and down the Country, which met together in the Night, and in fecret Places, to cover themfelves from the Notice of their Persecutors. Great Num- bers in Suffolk and Effex constantly frequented the private Affemblies of the Gofpellers, and came not at all to the pubiick Service •, but the molt consider- able Congregation was in and about London. It was formed foon after Queen Mary's Acceflion, and con- firmed of above 200 Members. They had divers Preach- Chap. III. of ^Puritans. 107 Preachers, as Mr. Scambler afterwards Bifhop of & Mary, Peterborough, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Rough a Scots Man, , I55s" who was burnt ; Mr. Bernher, and Mr. Bentham ^^1^ who furvived the Perfecution, and in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's, Reign was made Bifhop of Lichfield and Coventry : Mr. Cuthbert Si)npfon was Dea- con of the Church, and kept a Book with the Names of all that belonged to it : They met fometimes about Aldgate , fometimes in Blackfriars, fometimes in Tbames-ftreet, and fometimes on board of Ships, when they had a Mafter for their purpofe : Sometimes they affembied in the Villages about London, to co-rheir suf- ver themfelves from the Bifhop's Officers and Spies ',ferhgs. and especially at IJlington ; but here, b.y the Trea- chery of a falfe Brother, the Congregation was at length difcovered and broke up : . Mr. Rough their Minifter, and Mr. Simpfon their Deacon, were appre- hended and burnt, with many others. Indeed the whole Church was in the utmoft Danger ; for whereas Simpfon the Deacon ufed to carry the Book wherein the Names of the Congregation were contained, to their private Aflemblies, he happen'd that Day, through the good Providence of God, to leave it with Mrs. Rough the Minister's Wife. When he was in the Tozver the Recorder of London examined him flrictly, and becauie he would neither difcover the Book nor the Names, he was put upon the Rack three Times in one Day. He was then fent to Bonner, Clarke'* who faid to the Spectators, " You fee what a per- Martyr. " fonable Man this is; and for his Patience, if heP*4W- tc was not an Heretick, I mould much commend *c him, for he has been thrice rack'd in one Day, " and in my Houfe has endured fome Sorrow, and " yet I never faw his Patience moved." But not- withflanding this, Bonner condemned him, and or- dered him firft into the Stocks in his Coal-Houfe, and from thence to Smithfield, where with Mr. Fox and Davenijh, two others of the Church taken at IJlington, he ended his Life in the Flames. Many io8 ^HISTORY Chap. III. & Mary, Many efcaped the Fury of the Perfecution, by l^- withdrawing from the Scorm, and flying into fo- M reign Countries. Some went into France and Flan- intoavo- d&s* fome to Geneva, and others into thofe Parts of luntary Germany and Switzerland where the Reformation had Exile. taken place ; as Bafil, Francfort, Embden, Slrajiurgb, Doesburgb, Arrow, and Zurich, where the Magi- ftrapes received them with grear Humanity, and al- lowed them Places for publick Worfhip. But the Uncharitablenefs of the Lutherans on this Occafion was very remarkable •, they hated the Exii^s be- caufe they were Sacrammtarians^ and w>n n^> Eng- lijh came among them for Shelter, they exp.e em their Cities; fo that they found littl (ity in Saxony and other Places of German . when ;er- anifm was profefled. Philip Melantlhon interceded with the Senate on their behalf, bur the Ciergy were fo zealous for their Confubjiantiation, that they irrita- ted the Magiftrates every where agairft them. The Number of the Refugees are computed at above 800 i the molt confiderable of whom have been men- tioned, as the Bifhops of Wincbejier, Bath and Wells, Chicbejler, Exeter, and OJJbry ; the Deans of Chrifl Church, Exeter, Durham, Wells, and Chicbejler ; the Archdeacons of Canterbury, Stow, and Lincoln •, with L.o/Cran. a great many other very learned Divines. The Laity f- 3 54* of Diftinction were the Dutchefs of Suffolk with her Husband, Sir Tho. Wroth, Sir Rich. Mori/on, Sir An- thony Cook, Sir John Cheeke, and others. t<*6. The Exiles were mod numerous at Frankfort, Rife of the where that Conteft and Divifion began which gave umaris. ^ to ^ pURITANSj an(j t0 that Separation from the Church of England which continues to this Day. It will therefore be neceflfary to trace it from its Original. On the 27th of June 1554. Mr. Whit- tingham, Williams, Sutton and Wood, with their Fa- milies and Friends, came to fettle at the City of Frankfort ; and upon Application to the Magiftrates were admitted to a Partnerfhip in the French Church for Chap. III. of the P u r i t a n s. 109 for a Place of Worfhip ; the two Congregations be- <£ Mary, ing to meet at different Hours, as they mould agree 1s$6. among themfelves, but wirh this Provifo, That before •^Y^-/ they entered theyjbouldfubfcribe the French Confeffion of Faith, and not quarrel about Ceremonies, to which Their Man- the EngUJh agreed-, and after Confutation among nerofwor- themfelves they concluded, by univerfal Confent ov3*?' all prefent, not to anfwer aloud after the Minifter, nor to ufe the Litany and Surplice; but that the publick Service mould begin with a general Confeflion of Sins, then the People to fing a Pfalm in Metre in a plain Tune, aft er which the Minifter to pray for the Afliflance of God's Holy Spirit, and fo proceed to the Sermon •, after Sermon, a general Prayer for all Eftates, and particularly for England, at the End of which was joined the Lord's Prayer, and a Rehear- fal of the Articles of Belief; then the People were to fing another Pfalm, and the Minifter to difmifs them with a Bleffing. They took Pofleffion of their Church July 29th, 1554. and having chofen a Minifter and Deacons to ferve for the prefent, they fent to their Brethren that were difperfed, to invite them to come to Francfort, where they might hear God's Word truly preached, the Sacraments rightly minifter'd, and Scripture Difcipline ufed, which in their own Country could not be obtained. The more learned Clergymen, and fome younger nip. of tie Divines, fettled at Strasburgh, Zurich, and Bafil, for Troubles of the Benefit of the Libraries of thofe Places, and ofFrancfort» the learned Converfuion of the ProfefTors, as vie\\trlnted as in hopes of fome little Employment in the way of Printing. The Congregation at Francfort fent Let- ters to thefe Places of the 2d c&Auguft, 1554. be- feeching the Englifh Divines to fend fome of their Number, whom they might choofe, to take the Overfight of them. In their Letter they commend their new Settlement, as nearer the Policy and Order of Scripture than the Service Book of King Edward, The Strasburgh Divines demurring upon the Affair, 1 the no The H I S T O R Y Chap. III. £. Mary, the Congregation at Francfort fent for Mr. Knox from M56* Geneva, Mr. Haddon from Strasburgh, and Mr. Lever y?iQ"' from Zurich, whom they elected for their Minifters. about Cere- &*■ length the Students of Zurich fent them Word, monies and\\\-M unlefs they might beaffured, that they would *Z>e sm>/c " cumftances altered many Things in it heretofore} " and if God had not in thefe wicked Days otherwife •■ determined, would hereafter have altered more ; *« and in our cafe we doubt not but they would have " done as we do." So they made ufe of part of the Book, but omitted the Litany and Refponfes. But this not giving Satisfaction, Mr. Chambers and Mr. Grindal came with a Letter from the learned Men of Strasburgh, fubfcribed with 16 Hands, in which they exhort them in mod preffing Lan- guage to a full Conformity. They lay they make no queftion but the Magistrates of Francfort will confent to the Ufe of the Englifh Service, and therefore they cannot doubt of the Congregation's good Will, and ready Endeavours to reduce their Church to the exact Pattern of King Edward's Book, as far as pofiible can be obtained ; " Should they " deviate from it at this Time, they apprehend they " mould feem to condemn thofe who were now feal- Chap. III. of the P u r i t a n s. hi " ing it with their Blood, and give Occafion to their j^ Mary, " Adverfaries to charge them with Inconftancy." J5$6. The Francfort Congregarion in their Letter of Decern- ^v^ her 2. reply, that " They had omitted as few Cere- " monies as poflible, fo that there was no danger " of their being charged with Inconftancy. They " apprehended that the Martyrs in England were not " dying in defence of Ceremonies, which they allow " may be alter'd; and as for Doctrine there is no " difference •, therefore if the Jearned Divines of ct Strasburgh fhould come to Francfort with no other " Views, but to reduce the Congregation to King " Edward's Form, and to eftablifh the popifh Cere- «' monies, they give them to underfland that they " had better flay away." This was figned by John Knox, now come from Geneva, John Bale, John Fox the Martyrologift, and fourteen more. Things being in this uncertain Pofture at Francfort', They ap~ King Edward's Book being ufed in part, butnotPe^f" wholly -, and there being no Profpect of an Accom-c vm* modation with their Brethren at Strasburgh, they refol- ved to afk the Advice of the famous Mr. Calvin Pa- ftor of the Church at Geneva ; who having perufed the Englifh Liturgy, took Notice, " That there were « many tolerable Weakneffes in it, which becaufe " at firft they could not be amended were to be fuf- " fered •, but that it behoved the learned, grave, «< and godly Minifters of Chrift to enterprize far- ,>£' and if any new Contention arofe among them in the '*yy^ mean Time, the Matter was to be referr'd to Calvin, Mufculus, Martyr, Bullinger and Vyret. Dr. Cox buC Up0n tne 13th of March Dr. Cox, who had ii°ofSth becn Tutor toKinS fy?>rVd VI. a Man of an high Service Spirit, but of great Credit with his Countrymen, Beak. coming to Francfort with fome of his Friends, broke through the Agreement, and interrupted the publick Service by anfwering aloud after the Minijler ; and the Sunday following one of his Company, without the Confent of the Congregation, afcended the Pulpit and read the whole Litany. Upon this Mr. Knox their Minifter taxed the Authors of this Diforder in his Ser- mon with a Breach of their Agreement ; and further affirmed, That fome Things in the Service Book were fuperflitious and impure. The zealous Dr. Cox repro- ved him for his Cenforioufnefs •, and being admitted with his Company to vote in the Congregation, got the Majority to forbid Mr. Knox to preach any more. But Knox's, Friends applied to the Magiftrate, who commanded them to unite with the French Church both in Difcipline and Ceremonies, according to their Mr. Knox firfl Agreement. Dr. Cox and his Friends finding banifi d. Knox's Jntereft among rheMagiftrates too ftrong, had recourfs to an unchriftian Method to get rid or him. This Divine fome Years before when he was in Eng- land, had publiflied an Englifh Book, called An Admo- nition to Chrijlians; in which he had fud, 'That the Emperor was no lefs an Enemy to Chrijl than Nero. For which, and fome other Expreflions in the Book, chefe Gentlemen accufed him of High Treafon aeainft the Emperor. The Senate being tender of the Empe- ror's Honour, and not willing to embroil themfelves in a Controverfy of this Nature, defired Mr. Knox, in a refpeclful manner, to depart the City, which he did accordingly, March 25, 1556. After this Cox's Party being ftrengthen'd by the Addition of fevcral EngUJh Divines from other Places, fix- Chap.III. Y^PURITANS. 1 13 fixteen of them (viz.) 3 Doctors of Divinity, and 13 & Mary,.' Batchelors, petitioned the Magiftrates for the free £5$6> UfeofKing Edward's Service Book, which they ,"^V^ were pleafed to grant. Thus the old Congregation was broke up by Dr. Cox and his Friends, who now- carried all before them. They chofe new Church- Officers, taking no Notice of the old ones, and fee up the Service Book of King Edward without Inter- ruption; Knox's Friends would have left the Matter to the Arbitration of Divines, which the others re- fufed, buc writ to Mr. Calvin to countenance their Proceedings, which that great Divine could not do ; but after a modeft Excufe for intermedling in their Affairs, told them, that " In his Opinion they were " too much addicted to the Engli/h Ceremonies ; nor " could he fee to what purpofe it was to burden the " Church with fuch hurtful and offenfive Things, " when there was liberty to have a fimple and more " pure Order. He blamed their Conduct to Mr. " Knox, which he laid, was neither godly nor brother- *' ly, and concludes, with befeeching them to prevent " Divifions among themfelves." This pacifick Letter having no Effect, the old Congregation left their Countrymen in poffeffion of their Church and de- parted the City. Mr. Fox the Marty rologift withow?*^- a few more went to Baft I •, and the reft to Geneva, tion di- where they were received with great Humanity, and^'- having a Church appointed them, they chofe Mr. Part got* Knox and Goodman their Paftors. Here they kt upGeneva« the Geneva Difcipline, which they publifhed in Eng- lifh, under the Title of The Service, Difcipline, and Form of Common Prayers and Adminiftration of Sacra- ments ufed in the Englifh Church of Geneva : With a Dedication to their Brethren in England and elfewhere. Dated from Geneva, Feb. 10th, 1556. The Liturgy- is too long to be inferted in this Place, but is agree- able to that of the French Churches. In their Dedi- cation they fay, " That their Difcipline is limited " within the Compafs of God's Word, which is fuf- I " ficiens 1 1.4 7^HISTORY Chap. III. 6>.Mary, <* ficient to govern all our Actions. That the di- is^. «c latory Proceedings of the Bifliops in reforming s^y^ <« Church Difcipline, and removing offenfive Cere- " monies, is one Caufe of the heavy Judgments " of God upon the Land. That the late Ser- " vice Book of King Edward being now fet afide *c by Parliament according to Law, it was in no " Senfe the Eftablifhed Worfhipof the Church of " England, and confequencly they were under no " Obligation to ufe it, any further than it was con- " fonant "to the Word of God. Being therefore at " liberty, and in a Itrange Land, they had fet up " fuch an Order as in the Judgment of Mr. Calvin " and other learned Divines, was moft agreeable to " Scripture, and the beft reformed Churches." Their Reafonsfor laying afide the late Rites and Ce- remonies were thefe •, ™ Becaufe being invented by *' Men, though upon a good Occafion, yet they " had fince been abufed to Superftition, and made a " neceffary Part of Divine Worfhip. Thus Hezekiab 61 was commended for breaking in pieces the "Brazen " Serpent, after it had been erected 800 Years, and 44 the High Places that had been abufed to Idolatry i* were commanded to be deftroyed. In the New " Teftament, the warning the Difciples Feet, which " was practifed in the Primitive Church, was for " wife Reafons laid afide, as well as their Love- " Feafts. Befides, thefe Rites and Ceremonies M have occafioned great Contentions in the Church " in every Age. The Galatian Chriftians objected " to St. Paul, that he did not obferve the Jewijh Ce- " remonies as the other Apoftles did ; and yet he " obferved them while there was any hopes of gain- *' ing over weak Brethren ; for this reafon he cir- '* cumcifed Timothy ; but when he perceived that ** Men would retain them as neceffary Things in «* the Church, he called that which before he made " indifferent wicked and impious, faying that ** Whofoever was cir cumcifed) Christ could nothing profit « him. Chap.Ilf. oj the Puritan si 115 •« him. The like Contentions have been between & Mary, " the Greek and Latin Church in later Ages. For l*i$r u which, and other Reafons, they have thought fit '*/~v~%J " to lay afide thefe human Inventions which have " done fo much Mifchief; and have contented " themfelves with that Wifdom that is contained " in God's Book ; which directs them to preach *' the Word of God purely ; to mimfter the M Sacraments fincerely ; and ufe Prayers and •• other Orders thereby approved, to the Edifi- " cation of the Church, and Encreafe of God's « Glory." The Reader has now feen the firft Breach or Remarks Schifm between the Englifh Exiles, on the Account of the Service Book of King Edward', which made way for theDiftinction, by which the two Parries were afterwards known, of Puritans and Conformists. 'Tis evident that Dr. Cox and his Friends were the Aggrefibrs, by breaking in upon the Agreement of the Congregation of Francfort, which was in peace* and had confented to go on in their way of Worfhip for a limited Time, which Time was not then ex- pired. He artfully ejected Mr. Knox from hisMini- ftry among them, and brought in the Service Book with a high Hand ; by which thofe who had been in Poffeflion of the Church almoir two Years, were ob- liged to depart the City, and fet up their Worfhip in another Place. The Doctor and his Friends disco- vered an ill Spirit in this Affair. They might have ufed their own Forms without impofing them upon others, and breaking a Congregation to pieces that had fettled upon a different Foundation with the leave of the Government under which they lived. But they infifted, that becaufe the Congregation of Francfort was made up of Englifh Men, they ought to have the Form of an Englifh Church -, that many of them had fubfcribed to the Ufe of the Service Book 5 and that the departing from it at this Time was pour- ing Contempt on the Martyrs who were fealing it with I 2 thei.t 1 16 ^HISTORY Chap.III. £. Mary, their Blood. But the others replied, that the Laws JJ^7, of their Country relating to the Service Book were repealed •, and as for their Subfcription, it could not bind them from making nearer Approaches to the Purity and Simplicity of the Chriftian Worlhip, efpecially when there was no eftablifhed Proteftanc Church of England,] and they were in a ftrange Coun- try where the Veftmentsand'Ceremonies gave Of- fence. Befides, it was allowed on all hands that the Book it felf was imperfect; and it was credibly reported, that the Archbifhop of Canterbury had drawn up a Form of Common Prayer much more perfect, but that he could not make it take place, becaufe of the Corruption of the Clergy. As for Difcipline, it was out of the Queftion that it was imperfect, for the Service Book it felf laments the want of it-, and therefore they apprehend, that if the Martyrs themfelves were in their Circumftances they would practife with the fame Latitude, and reform thofe Imperfections in the Englijh Service Book, which they attempted, but could not obtain in their own Country. 1 W To return to Dr. Cox's Congregation at Francfort: *TT~ The Dodor havinS fettled Mr- Horn in the Paft<>ral Francfort Office in the Room of Mr. Whitehead who refigned, divided a after fome Time left the Place. But within fix fecond Months a new Divifion happen'd among them, oc- Time. cafioned by a private Difpute between Mr. Horn the Miniiter, and Mr. A/hby, one of the principal Members. Mr. Horn fummoned Ajhby to appear at the Veftry before the Elders and Officers of the Church ; Ajhby appealed from them as Parties, to the whole Church, who appointed the Caufe to be brought before them; but Mr. Horn and the Offi- cers protefted againft it, and chofe rather to lay down their Miniftry and Service in the Church, than fub= mit to a popular Decifion. The Congregation being aflembled on this Occafion gave it as their Opinion, that in all Controversies among themfelves, and efpe- cially Chap. III. c/^Puritans, 117 daily in Cafes of Appeals, the dernier Refort moulds Mary, be in the Church. It is hardly credible what Heats .!JS7' and Divifions, Factions and Parties, thefe perfonal ^v^"^ Quarrels occafioned among a handful of Strangers, to the Scandal of Religion and their own Reproach with the People among whom they lived. At length *** Ma&- the Magiftrate interpofed, and advifed them to bury^f" A*~ all paft Offences in Oblivion, and to choofe new tjJem° Church Officers in the room of them that had laid down; and fince their Difcipline was defective as to the Points of Controverfy that had been before them, they commanded them to appoint certain Perfonsof their Number to draw up a new Form of Difcipline, Their new or correct and amend the old one •, and to do this be-Bock °f fore they chofe their Ecclcfiaftical Officers, that be- P'fci?llne' ing all private Perfons they might agree upon that which was moft reafonable in it felf, without refpect of Perfons or Parties. This Precept was delivered in writing, March ift, 1557. and figned by Mr. John Glauburge. Hereupon fifteen Perfons were ap- pointed to the Work, which after fome Time was finifhed ; and having been fubfcribed by the Church, to the Number of 57, was confirmed by the Magi- ftrate ; and on the 21ft of December 28 more were added to the Church and fubfcribed ; but Mr. Horn and his Party, to the Number of 12 diflented, and appealed to the Magiftrates, who had the Patience to hear their Objections, and the others Reply. But Mr. Horn and his Friends not prevailing, Jefc the Congregation to their new Difcipline and departed the City •, from which Time they continued in Peace till the Death of Queen Mary. During thefe Troubles died Dr. Poynet, late Bi- Death of fhop of Winchefler^ born in Kent, and educaied inB/,1)°>'ntt' Queen's Coll. Oxon, a very learned and pious Divine, who was in fuch Favour with King Edward for his practical Preaching, that he preferr'd him'firft to the Bifhoprick of Rocbefter, and then toWinchejler. Up- Fuller'/ on the Acceflionof Queen Mary he fled to StraJhurgh,worti I 3 where611 P-t7' 1 1 8 ^HISTORY Chap. III. ^.Mary, where he died, Aug. 2, 1556. before he was full 40 1 $57. Years old, and was buried with great Lamentations Tyj^T of his Country Men. tion of the To return to England •, both the Univerfkies were vniverfi- vifited this Year. At Cambridge they burnt the Bo- f»ff» dies of Zfa^f* and Fagius, with their Books and hereti- cal Writings. At Oxford the Vifitors went through all the Colleges, and burnt all the Engli/h Bibles, and fuch heretical Books as they could find. They took up the Body of Peter Martyr's Wife out of one of the Churches and buried it in a Dunghill, becaufe ha- ving been once a Nun, me had broke her Vow •, but her Body was afterwards taken up again in Queen Elizabeth's Time, and mixed with the Bones of St. Fridijwide, that they might never more be difturbed by Papifts. The Perfecution of the Reformed was carried on with all imaginable Fury •, and a Defign was fet on foot to introduce the Inquifition, by giving Com millions to certain Laymen to fearch for Perfons J u [peeled of Herefy, and prefent them to their Ordi- naries, as has been related. Cardinal Pool being thought too favourable to Hereticks, becaufe he had releafed feveral that were brought before him upon their giving ambiguous Anfwers, had his Le- gantine Power taken from him, and was recalled-, but upon his Submiffion he was forgiven, and continued here till his Death, but had little influence afterwards either in the Courts of Rome or England, being a Cler- gymanof too much Temper for the Times he lived in. ftivcefi Princefs Elizabeth was in conftant Danger of ^5 her Life throughout the whole Courfe of this Reign. i#gs, •• Upon the breaking out of WyaCs Confpiracy fhe was fent to the Tower, and led in by the Traitors Gate; her own Servants being put from her, and no Perfon allowed to have accefs to her : The Governor ufed her hardly, not fufTering her to walk in the Gallery, or upon the Leads. Wyat and his Confederates were examined about her, and fome of them put to the Rack j but they all cleared her except Wyat, who once Chap. III. c//^Puritans, 119 once accufed her, in hopes to fa ve his Life, but de-^, Mary clared upon the Scaffold to all the People, that he J^8« only did it with that View. After fome Time (he w was fent to Woodcock in Cuftody of Sir Henry Bene- field, who ufed her fo ill, that me apprehended they defigned to put her privately to Death. Here lhe was under clofe Confinement, being feldom allowed to walk in the Gardens. The politick Bifhop Gar- diner, often moved the Queen to think of putting her out of the Way, faying, It was to no purpofe to lop off the Branches while the Tree was left (landing. But King Philip was her Friend ; who fent for her to Court, where fhe fell upon her Knees before the Queen, and protefted her Innocence, as to all Con- fpiracies and Treafons againft her Majefty ; but the Queen ftill hated her: However after that, her Guards were difcharged, and fhe was fuffered to retire into the Country, where (he gave her felf wholly to ftudy , medling in no fort of Bufinefs, for fhe was always apprehenfive of Spies about her. The Princefs com- plied outwardly with her Sifter's Religion, avoiding as much as fhe could all Difcourles with the Bifhops, who fufpected her of an Inclination to Herefy from her Education. The Queen her felf was apprehen- five of the Danger of the popifh Religion if fhe died without Iffue ; and was often urged by her Clergy, efpecially when her Health was vifibly declining, to fecure the Roman Catholick Religion, by delivering the Kingdom from fuch a prefumptive Heir. Her Majefty had no fcruple of Confcience about fpilling human Blood in the Caufe of Religion •, the Preferva- tion of the Princefs was therefore little lefs than a Mi- racle of Divine Providence, and was owing under God, to the Protection of King Philip, whodefpair- ing of IfTue from his Queen, was not without Expe- ctations from the Princefs. But the Hand of God was againft Queen Mary and 1558. her Government, which was hardly attended with Calamities one profperous Event j for inftead of having IfTue by ftiei**" I 4 her 120 the H I S T O R Y Chap. III. 6\Mary, her Marriage, fhe had only a falfe Conception, fo ^VJ^s* that there was little or no hopes afterwards of a Child. This encreafed theSowernefs of her Temper ; and her Husband being much younger than fhe, grew weary of her, flighted her Company, and then left her to look to his hereditary Dominions, after he had lived with her about 15 Months. There being a War be- tween Spain and France, the Queen was obliged to take part with her Husband; this exhaufted the Treafure of the Nation, and was the Occafion of che Lois of all the Englijh Dominions upon the Conti- nent. In the beginning of this Year the ftrong Town of Calais was taken, after it had been in the PofTeffion of the Englijb 210 Years : Afterwards the French took Gaines, and the reft of that Territory ; nothing being left but the Ifles oi'Jerfey and Guernfey. The Englijh (fays a learned Writer) had loft their Hearts *, the Government at home being fo unacceptable that they were not much concerned to fupport it, for they be- gan to think Heaven it felf was againft it. nip. Ref. Indeed there were ftrange and unufual Accidents Vol.11. \n tne Heavens. Great Mifchief was done in many -' 1 Places by Thunder and Lightnings •, by Deluges ; by exceflive Rains ; and by ftormy Winds. There was a contagious Diftemper like the Plague, that fwept away great Numbers of People ; fo that in many Pla- ces there were not Priefts to bury the Dead, nor Men enough to reap the Harveft. Many Bifhops died, which made way for Prottfiant ones in the next Reign. The Parliament was difTatisfied with King Philip's Demands of Men and Money for the Reco- very of Calais ; and the Queen her felf grew melan- choly upon the Lofs of that Place and the other Misfortunes of the Year. She had been declining in Health ever fince her pretended Mifcarriage, which was vaftly encreafed by the Abfence ofher Husband, herdefpair oflftue, and the crofs Accidents that at- tended her Government. Her Spirits were now de- cayed, and a Dropfy coming violently upon her put an Chap. III. c/^PuniTAtn, 121 an End to her unhappy Life and Reign, Nov. 17, & Mary, 1558. in the 43d Year of her Age, and 6th of her IS^8- Reign ; Cardinal Pool Archbifhop of Canterbury dy- ^mCX ing the fame Day. Death a„d Queen Mary was a Princefs of fevere Principles, CiaraHer. conflant at her Prayers, and very little given to Di- verfions. She did not mind any of her Affairs fo much as the Church, being entirely at the Difpofal of her Clergy, and forward to give a Sanction to all their Cruelties. She had deep Refentments of her own ill UFage in her Father's and Brother's Times, which eafily induced her to take Revenge, though fhe coloured it over with a Zeal againft Herefy. She was perfectly blind in Matters of Religion, her Con- fcience being abfolutely directed by the Pope and her Confeffor, who encouraged her in all the Cruelties that were exercifed againft the Proteftants, alluring her, that fhe was doing God and his Church good Service. There is but one Inftance of a Pardon of any condemned for Herefy in her whole Reign. Her natoral Temper was melancholy j and her Infirmi- ties together with the Misfortunes of her Govern- ment, made her fopeevifh, that her Death was la- mented by none but her popifh Clergy. Her Reign was in every refpect calamitous to the Nation, and ought to be tranfmitteddown to Pofterity in Chara- cters of Blood, CHAP. iZ2 The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV, CHAP. IV. From the beginning of <%ueen Elizabeth'^ Reign, to the Separation of the Proteftant Non-Conformifts. '£««» /^vUEEN Elizabeth's Acceflibn to the Crown Elizabeth, |/ gave new Life to the Reformation : As foon as vJ-v-d it was known beyond Sea moft of the Exiles re- state of turned home ; and thofe who had hid themfelves in theNation. the Houfes of their Friends began to appear ; but the publick Religion continued for a Time in the fame Pofture the Queen found it : The popifh Priefts kept their Livings and went on in celebrating their Mafs. None of the Proteftant Clergy that had been ejected in the laft Reign were reftored ; but Orders were given againft all Innovations without publick Authority. Though the Queen had complied with all the Changes in her Sifter's Reign, it was well known me was a Favourer of the Reformation ; but her Majefty proceeded with great Caution, for fear of railing Difturbances in her infant Government. No Prince ever came to the Crown under greater Difad vantages. The Pope had pronounced her ille- gitimate-, upon which the Queen of Scots put in her Claim to the Crown. All the Bifhops and Clergy of the prefent Eftablifhment were her Enemies. The Nation was at War with France, and the Treafury extiaufted ; the Queen therefore by the Advice of her Privy Council, refolved to make Peace with her Neighbours as foon as poffible, that ihe might be more at leifure to proceed in her intended Alterations * of Religion, which though very confiderable, were not ib entire as the beft and moft learned Prote- ctants of thefe Times defired. The Queen had the Spirit of her Father, and affected a great deal of Magnificence in her Devotions, as well as in her Court. Chap. IV. of the Puritans. 123 Court. She was fond of many of the old Rites and Queen Ceremonies in which fhe had been educated. SheElizabetfl> thought her Brother had ftript Religion too much Hon low their Advices, and make a bold Stand for a tho- c^ tl:e rough Reformation ; and if they had done fo, they xl,eJ' might have obtained it. Jewel in his Letter of May 22. thanks Bullinger for quickening their Zeal and Courage ; and adds, " They were doing what they *s could; and that all Things were coming into a bet- " ter State.*' In another of April 10. " He Ja- *' ments the want of Zeal and Induftry in promoting *' the Reformation -, and that Things, were managed " in fo flow and cautious a Manner, as if the Word " of God was not to be received on his own Autho- J jects from all Exactions and Impofitions heretofore paid to that Court ; and as it revives King Edward's Laws, it repeals a fevere Act made in the late Reign for punifhing Herefy •, and three other old Statutes mentioned in the faid Ad. "Moreover, all Perfons 44 in any publick Employs, whether Civil or Eccle- 44 fiaftical, are obliged to take an Oath inRecogni- 44 tion of the Queen's Right to the Crown, and of " her Supremacy in all Caufes Ecclefiaftical and Ci- 44 vil, on penalty of forfeiting all their Promotions •• in the Church, and of being declared incapable of " holding any publick Office." In fhort, by this Tin- gle Act of the Supremacy, all that had been done by Queen Mary was in a manner vacated, and the exter- nal Policy of the Church was put upon the fame foot as it flood at the Death of King Edward VI. Further, " The Act forbids all writing, printing, 44 teaching, or preaching, and all other Deeds or 44 Acts whereby any foreign Jurifdiction over thefe " Realms is defended, upon pain that they and 44 their Abettors being thereof convicted, fhall for 44 the firft Offence forfeit their Goods and Chattels ; 44 and if they are not worth 20 Pounds, fuffer a Year's 44 Imprifonment ; Spiritual Perfons mall lofe their 44 Benefices, and all Ecclefiaftical Preferments ; for 44 the fecond Offence they fhall incur the Penalties 44 of a Praemunire ; and the third Offence fhall be " deemed High Treafon." There is a remarkable Claufe in this Act, which original of gave Rife to a new Court, called the Court of'Je Co"rt High Commission. The Words are thefe// jf;/r 44 The Queen and her Succenors fhall have Power, orlt 44 by their Letters Patents under the Great Seal,Scrype, 44 to aflign, name, and authorize, as often as theyP-69* 44 fhall think meet, and for as long Time as they *c fhall pleafe, Perfons being natural born Subjects, 1 " to 128 the HISTORY Chap.XV. §ueen c< to ufe, occupy, and exercife under her and then?, Elizabeth, tc ajj manner 0f Jurifdiction, Privileges, and Pre- s^f^j" eminences, touching any Spiritual or Ecclefi- Rapin, '* aftical Jurifdiction within the Realms of England p. tj6. " and Ireland^ &c. to vifit, reform, redrefs, or- " der, correct and amend all Errors, Herefies, ** Schifms, Abufes, Contempts, Offences and Enor- " mities whatfoever. Provided, that they have no *' Power to determine any Thing to be Herefy, but "-what has been adjudged to be fo by the Authority of " the Canonical Scripture, or by the firfil four general «* Councils , or any of them ; or by any other general ** Council ', wherein the fame was declared Herefy by the •« exprefs and plain Words of Canonical Scripture j or M fuch as fhall hereafcer be declared to be Herefy by " the High Court of Parliament, with the Affent " of the Clergy in Convocation." Remarks. Upon the Authority of this Claufe the Queen ap- pointed a certain Number of Commijfioners for Eccle- fiaftical Caufes, who exercifed the fame Power that had been in the Hands of one Vicegerent in the Reign of King Henry VIII. and how fadly they abufed their Power in this and the two next Reigns will appear in the fequel of this Hiftory. They did not trouble themfelvesmuch with the exprefs Words of Scripture, or the four firfb general Councils, but entangled their Prifoners with Oaths ex Officio^ and the inextricable Mazes of the popifh Canon Law •, and though all Ecciefiaftical Courts ought to be fubject to a Prohi- bition from the Courts of Wefiminjier, this Privilege was feldom allowed by the Co mmifu" oners. The Act makes no mention of an arbitrary Jurifdiction of fining, imprifoning, or inflicting corporal Pu- nifhments on the Subjects, and therefore can be con- strued to extend no further than to Sufpenfion or Deprivation •, and in all criminal Cafes muft refer to the Laws of the Land ; but notwithftanding this, thefe Commifiioners fported themfeives in all the wanton Acts of Tyranny and Opprefli on, till their very Chap. IV. j//^Pijritans. 129 very Name became odious to the whole Nation ; in- §ueen iomuch that their Proceedings werecondemned by theE1'2*bcC^ united Voice of the People,and the Court diflolved by ^1'^. Act of Parliament, with a Claufe, that No fuch Jurif- diclion Jhould be revived for the future in any Court what- foever. Bifhop Burnet fays, that the Supremacy granted u'Jf. Ref. by this Act is fhort of the Authority that King Vol. n. Henry had ; nor is it the whole thac the QueenP-^6- claimed, who fometimes ftretch'd her Prerogative beyond it. But fince it was the Bafis of the Refor- mation, and the Spring of all iis future Movements, it will be proper to enquire what Powers were thought to be yielded the Crown by this Jff of Su- premacy, and fome others made in fupport of it. King Henry VIII. in his Letter to the Convocation of Powers ^ York afiures them, that He claimed nothing more by'veftecl ln • /ta Supremacy, than what Chriftian Princes in the / the A% Primitive Times affumed to them/elves in their own Do- 0f Supe- minions. But it is capable of Demonstration, that^cr. the firif. Chriftian Emperors did not claim all that Ju- rifdiction over the Church in Spirituals, that King Henry did, who by the Act of the 31ft of his Reign, was made abfolute Lord over the Confciences of his Subjects, it being therein enacted, that Whatfoever his Majefly Jhould enjoin in Matters of Religion Jhould be obeyed by all his Subjetls. 'Tis very certain, that the Kings and Queens of England never pretended to the Character of Spiritual Perfons, or to difcharge any part of the Ecclefiaftical Function in their own Perlbns •, they neither preach- ed or adminifter'd the Sacraments, or Cenfures of the Church; nor did they ever confecrate to the Epifco- pal Office, though the Right of Nomination is in them : Thefe Things were done by Spiritual Per Jons , or by proper Officers in the Spiritual Courts, deri- ving their Powers from the Crown. When the Ad- verlaries of the Supremacy objected the Abfurdity of a Lay Perfons being Head of a Spiritual Body, the K Queen 130 Vbe H I S T 0 R Y Chap. IV. §tiee» Queen endeavoured to remove the Difficulty, by de- Bhz?.bah, c]aring jn her Injunctions to her Vifitors, " Thatfhe yj^^f^, " did not, nor would me ever challenge Authority " and Power to minifter Divine Service in the i oj ^HISTORY Chap. IV, of her Metropolian, may ordain and publifh fuch Ceremonies or Rites, as may be moft for the Ad-^ " vancc-ment of God's Glory, and the Edifying of *c the Church." Accordingly her Majefty publifhed her Injunctions, without fending them into Convo- cation or Parliament, and erected a Court of High Commijfon for Eeclefiaflical Caufes, con fitting of Cornmiffioners of her own Nomination to fee them put in Execution. '-Nay, fo jealous was Queen Eliza- beth of this Branch of her Prerogative that fhe would not fuffer her high Court of Parliament to pafs any Bill for the Amendment or Alteration of the Ce- remonies of the Church, it being fas fhe laid j an In- vafionofher Prerogative. mwa- 4, The Kings of England claimed the file Power of the "" vB!- Nomination of fiijhops ; and toe Deans and Chap- ters were obliged to choofe ihofe whom their Majefiies "named, under Penalty of a Prcemunire \ and after they were chofen and conjecrated, they might not all but by Commijfion from the Crown. They held their very Bifhopricks for lbme Time durante beneplaciio ; and by the Statute of the 5th and 6th of Edward VI, cl>ap. 1. it was enacted, " That Archbifhops and Bi- 'i ihops ill all punifh by Cenfures of the Church all 45 Perfons that offend, C5V.", Which plainly implies, that without fuch a Licence or Authority they might not do it. gomoea- rt hTo. Convocations or Synods of the Clergy can ajfemble r°ns' „ but b\ a IVrii or Precept from the Crown \ and when af> Stilt iCHi -J 1 J '. % Q^'stat' fembledy they can do no Bufmejs without the King's Letters. . , .,vnun. Patents, appointing them the particular Subjects they arc tp debate upon •, and after all, their Canons are of no force without the Royal Sanction. ?-Hen.S. Upon the whole it is evident, by the exprefi <- ;;. Words of feveial Statutes, That all jurisdiction Ec- iL1 *• c':,clefufrical as well as Civil, was given to the King, and taken away from the Bifhops except by Dele- . The King was chief in the Deter- ^ufes in t ch ; he had Autho- rs , 'my Chap. IV. p/Z^Puritans. 133 ricy to make Laws, Ceremonies and Conftitutions, $*«!* and without him no fuch Laws, Ceremonies or Con-E1,zabcth» ititutions, are or ought to be of force. And, Laftly, ,J-yJ-sJ All Appeals which before were made to Rome, are for ever hereafter to be made to his Majefty's Chan- cery, to be ended and determined, as the manner now is, by Delegates. I am fenfible, that the Conftitution of the Church has been alter'd in fome Things fince that Time : But lee the Reader judge, by what has b?en recited from Acts of Parliament, of the high Powers that were then intruded with the Crown ; and how far they were agreeable with the natural or religious Rights of Mankind, The whole Body of the Papifts refilled the Oath of Supremacy, as inconfiftenr. with their Allegiance to the Pope ; but the Purians took it un- der ail thefe Disadvantages, with the Queen's Expli- cation in her Injunctions ; that is, that no more was intended, than That her Majefiy, under God, bad the Seniimer.it Sovereignty and Rule ever all Perfons bom in her Realms i of the p»- either Ecclefiaftical or Temporal, fo as no foreign Pozverr*ta7!Sh had, or ought to have Authority over them. They ap- prehended this to be the natural Right of all Sove- reign Princes in their Dominions, though there had been no Statute Law for it ; but as they did not admic the Government of the Church to be Monarchical* they were of Opinion, that no fingle Perfon, whe- ther Layman or Ecclefiallick, ought to ailume the Title of fupreme Head of the Church on Earth, in the Senfe of the Acts abovementioned. This ap- pears from the Writings of the famous Mr. Cart- wright, in his Admonition to the Parliament. " The Chriftian Sovereign ( fass be) ought not \.oA-moni- " be called Head under Chrut of the particular and vi-*'0"*3 ^ (f.1 fible Churches within his Doniinions : 'Tis a Title notww/ " fit for any mortal Man ; for when the Apoille fays Lib. II. " that Chr-ft is »?(?«*.«, the Head, it is as much as if p. 4j Ir- " he had laid, Chrift and no other is Head of the <4 Church. No civil Magiftrate in Councils or Afiem- K 2 « blies 134 The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. gueen " blies for Church Matters, can either be chief Mo- Elizabeth," derator, Over- ruler, Judge, or Determiner •, nor i??8. " has he fuch Authority as that without his Confent, ^^Y***' t< ^ fhould not be lawful for Ecelefiaftical Perfons " to make any Church Orders or Ceremonies.—— " Church Matters ought ordinarily to be handled by M Church Officers The principal Direction of " them, is by God's Ordinance, committed to the *' Minifters of the Church, and to the Ecelefiaftical " Governors : As thefe meddle not with the making " Civil Laws,-fo the Civil Magiftrate ought not to " ordain Ceremonies, or determine Controverfies ia " the Church, as long as they do not intrench upon c' his temporal Authority. ■ Neverthelefs, " our Meaning is not to feclude the Magiftrate from " our Church Aftemblies : He may call a Council ." of his Clergy, and appoint both Time and Place 5 " he may be there by himfelf or his Deputy, but " not as Moderator, Determiner or Judge j he may " have his Voice in the Affembly, but the Orders ** and Decrees of Councils are not made by his Au- " thority ; for in ancient Times the Canons of the •* Councils were not called the Decrees of the Empe- " rors but of the Bifhops. 'Tis the Prince's " Province to protect and defend the Councils of his " Clergy, to keep the Peace, to fee their Decrees " executed, and to punifh the Contemners of them, " but to exercife no fpiritual Jurifdiclion." "We fhall meet with a fuller Declaration of the . Puritans upon this Head hereafter ; in the meant Time it may be obferved, that the juft Boundaries of the Civil and Ecciefiaftical Powers were not well underftood and ftated in this Age. Remarks. The Powers of the Civil Magiftrate feem chiefly to regard the Civil Welfare of his Subjects : He is to protect them in their Properties, and in the peace- able Enjoyment of their Civil and Religious Rights » but there is no Pafiage in the New Teftament that gives him a Commiifion to be Lord of the Confci- ences Chap. IV. of the Puritan s. 135 ences of his Subjects, or to have Dominion over §ue°n their Faith. Nor is this agreeable to Reafon, f0rElizab-tn> Religion ought to be the Effect of a free and delibe- ^11^- rate Choice. Why muft we believe as the King be- lieves, any more than as the Church or Pope ? If every Man could believe as he would ; or if all Men's Under (landings were exactly of a Size ; or if God would accept of a meer outward Devotion when com- manded by Law, then ic would be reafonable there fhould be but one Religion, and one uniform Man- ner of Worfhip : But to make Ecclefiaftical Laws, obliging Mens Practice under fevere Penalties, without or againft the Light of their Conferences, looks like an Invafion of the kingly Office of Chrift, and muft be fubverfive of all Sincerity and Virtue. On the other hand, the Jurifdiclionof the Church is purely fpirituai. No Man ought to be compelled by Rewards or Punifhments to become a Member of any Chriftian Society, or to continue of it any longer than he apprehends it to be his Duty. All the Or- dinances of the Church are fpirituai, and fo are her Weapons and Cenfures. The Weapons of the Church are Scripture and Reafon, accompanied with Prayers and Tears. Thefe are her Pillars and the Walls of her Defence. The Cenfures of the Church are Admonitions, Reproofs, or Declarations of Per- fons Unfitnefs for her Communion, commonly called Excommunications., which are of a fpirituai Nature, and ought not to affect Men's Lives, Liberties or Eftates. No Man ought to be cut off from the Rights and Privileges of a Subject, meerly becaufe he is difqualified for Chriftian Com munion. Nor has any Church upon Earth Authority from Chrift to inflict corporal Punifhments upon thofe whom fhe may juftly expel her Society : Thefe are the Weapons of Civil Magiftrate.s, who may puniih the Breakers of the Laws of their Countries, with corpo- K 4 ral 136 The HISTORY Chap.IV. Queen ral Pains and Penalties, as Guardians of the Civil Eilzabeth 'Rights of their Subjects ; but ChrlJV s Kingdom is not /J"9: of this World. If thefe Principles had obtained at the Reformati- on, there would have been no room for the Distur- bance of any, whofe religious Principles were not in- confiirent with the Safety of the Government. Truth and Charity would have prevailed ; the Civil Pow- ers would have protected the Church in her fpiritual Rights ; and the Church, by inftrucYmg the Peo- ple in their Duty to their Superiours, would have fupported the State. But the Reformers, as well Puritans as others, had different Notions. They were for one Religion, one uniform Mode of Wor- fhip, one Form of Difcipline or Church Government for the whole Nation, with which all mutt comply- outwardly, whatever were their inward Sentiments •, it was therefore refolved to have an Acl of Parliament to eftablifh an Uniformity of publick Wor- ship, without any Relaxation to tender Confciences : Neither Party had the Wifdom or Courage tooppofe fuch a Law, but both endeavoured to be included in it. Difputebe- To make way for this, the Papifts who were in t-ween Pa- PofiefTion of the Churches werefirftto be vanquifh'd ; pip and t^e Queen therefore appointed a publick Difputation ftants. m Weftminfler Abbey , before her Privy Council and 1559. both Houfes of Parliament, March 31ft, between nine of the Bifhops and the like Number of Prote- ftant Divines, upon thefe three Points. 1. '« Whether it was not againft Scripture and the «* Cuftom of the ancient Church, to ufe a Tongue " unknown to the Peopie in the Common Prayers *' and Sacraments? 2. " Whether every Church had not Authority to " appoint, change, and take away Ceremonies, " and Ecclefiaftical Rites, fo the fame were done to s{ edifying? 3. " Whe- Chap. IV. of the Puritans. 137 3. " Whether ir could be proved by the Word of S^wn «■ God, that in the Mafs there was a propitiatory Ehziabetfl:> " Sacrifice for the Dead and Living ?" \^s%*s The Difputat'on was to be in writing ; but the Pa- pifts finding the Populace againft them broke it off after the firft Day, under pretence that the Catho- lick Caufe ought not to be fubmitted to fuch an Ar- bitration, though they had not thefe Scruples in the Reign of Queen Mary, when the IITue of rne Confe- rence was known before-hand. The Bifhops of Win- chefler and Lincoln faid, The Dctlrine of the Catbolick Church was already ejlablifhed, and that it was too great an Encouragement to Hereticks, to admit them to difcourfe againft the Faith b£ fore an unlearned Multitude. They added, That the ^ueen had deferred to be excommunica- ted ; and talked of thundringout their Anathema's againft the Privy Council, for which they were both fent to the 'Tower. The Reformed had a great Advant< ge by their Adverfaries quitting the Field in th si man- ner, for it was concluded from hence, Caufe would not bear the Light, which prepared the People for further Changes. The Pa pills being vanquished, the n • xt Point K. Biw. was to unite the Reforhied among themfelve*s, and gztutur&y fuch an Eftablifhment as might make therri all eafy •/ewewe ' for though the Troubles at Francfort were hufht, and Letters of Forgivenefs had pafs'd between the contending Parties ; and though alJ the Reformers were oT one Faith, yet they were far from agreeing about Difcipiine and Ceremonies, each Parry being for fettling the Church according to their own Mo- del •, fome were for the late Service and Difcipiine of the Englifh at Geneva ; others were for the Service Book of King Edward VI. and for withdrawing no farther from the Church of Rome than v.as neceffary to recover Purity oF Faith, and the Independency of the Church upon a foreign Power. Rues and Ceremo- nies were (in their Opinion; indifferent j and thofe of the 138 The HISTORY Chap.IV. Queen the Church of Rome preferable to others, becaufe they Elizabeth, were venerable and pompous, and becaufe the People J^JJ" had been ufed to them : Thefe were the Sentiments of the Queen, who therefore appointed a Committee of Divines to review King Edward's Liturgy, and to fee if in any particular it was fit to be changed; their Names were Dr. Parker, Grindal, Cox, Pilkington, May, Bill, Whitehead, and Sir Tho. Smith, Doctor of the Civil Law. Their Inftructions were, to ftrike out all offenfive PafTages againft the Pope, and to make People eafy about the Belief of the Corporal Prefence of Chrift in the Sacrament ; but not a Word in favour of the ftrifter Proteftants. Her Majefty was afraid of Reforming too far ; (he was defirous to retain Images in Churches, Cruci- fixes and Croffes, vocal and inftrumental Mufick, with all the old Popifh Garments ; 'tis not therefore to be wonder'd, that in reviewing the Liturgy of King Ed- ward, no Alterations were made in favour of thofe who now began to be called Puritans, from their attempting a purer Form of Worfhip and Difcipline than had yet been eftablifhed. The Queen was more concerned for the Papifts, and therefore, in the Li- tany this PafTage was ftruck out, From the 'Tyranny of the Bi/hop of Rome, and all his detefi 'able Enormities , good Lord deliver us. The Rubrick that declared, that by kneeling at the Sacrament no Adoration was in- tended to any corporal Prefence of Chrift, was expunged. The Committee of Divines left it at the People's Liberty to receive the Sacrament kneeling or Hand- ing, but the Queen and Parliament reftrain'd it to kneeling ; fo that the enforcing this Ceremony was purely an act of the State. The old Feftivals with their Eves, and the Popifh Habits, were continued, as they were in the 2d Year of King Edward VI. till the Queen mould pleafe to take them away ; for the Words of the Statute are, They fhall be retained till other Order fhall be therein taken by the Authority of the Queen's Chap. IV. fi//^PuRiTANs, 139 Queen's Majefty, with the Advice of the CommiJJioners au- ^«« thorized under the Great Seal of England for Caufes Ec- Ell2abeth» cleJiajlicaL Some of the Collects were a little altered ; J^y^ and thus the Book was prefented to the two Houfes Scrype'j and paffed into a Law, being hardly equal to that Ann. p, 83. which wasfet out by King Edward, and confirmed by Parliament in the fifth Year of his Reign. For whereas in that Liturgy all the Garments were laid afide but the Surplice, the Queen now returned to King Edward's firft Book, wherein Copes and other Garments were ordered to be ufed. The Title of [he Act is, An Aft for the Uniformi- ABcfv**- ty of Common Prayer, and Service in the Church, andfiwy- Administration of the Sacraments. It was brought into the Houfe of Commons April 18. and was read a third Time April 20. It paffed the Houfe of Lords April 28. and took Place from the 24th of June 1559. Heath Archbiihop of Tork made an ele- gant Speech againft it, in which among o:her Th ngs he obferves very juftly, That an Act of this Confequence ought to have had the Con- fent of the Clergy in Convocation before it palled into a Law, " Not only the Orthodox, but even -" the Arian Emperors (fays he) ordered that Points " of Faith fhould be examined in Councils ; and " Gallio by the Light of Nature knew that a Civil f Judge ought not to meddle with Matters of Reli- " gion." But he was over-ruled, the Ad of Supre- macy having already veiled this Power in the Crown, This Statute lying open to common View at the be- ginning of the Common Prayer Book, 'tis not worth while to tranfcribe it in this Place. I fhall only take notice of one Claufe, by which all Ecclefnftica! Ju- rifdiction was again delivered up to the Crown v *' The Queen is hereby empowered with the Advice " of her Commiffioners or Metropolitan, to ordain '* and publifhfuch further Ceremonies and Rites as " may be for the Advancement of God's Glory, 4k and. Ho Sfife HISTORY Chap. IV. Queen « and edifying his Church, and the Reverence of Elizabeth, „ Chrift'sHuly Myfteriesand Sacraments." And w^n-* na(^ 1C not been for this Claufe of a Relerve of Power to make what Alterations her Majefty thought fit, fhe told Archbifhop Parker, that ihe would not have pa (Ted the Act. Remarks. Upon this fatal Rock of Uniformity in Things meerly indifferent (in the Opinion of the Impofersj •was the Peace of the Church of England fplit. The Pretence was Decency and Order •, but it feems a little odd that Uniformity fhould be fo neceffa- ry to the decent Worfhip of God, when in molt other Things there is a greater Beauty in Va- riety. 'Tis not necefiary to a decent Drefs that Mens Clothes fhould be always of the fame Colour and Fafhion •, nor would there be any Indecency or Diforder, if in one Congregation the Sacrament was adminiftred kneeling, in another fitting, and in a third ftanding •, or if in one and the fame Congrega- tion the Minifter was at liberty to read Prayers in a black Gown or a Surplice, fuppofing the Garments were indifferent, which the Makers of this Law admitted, tho' the Puritans denied. The rigorous prefling of this Act was the Occafton of all the Mif- chiefs that befei the Church for above 80 Years. What good End could it anfwer to prefs Mens Bodies into the publick Service, without convincing their Minds beforehand ? If there muft be one eftablifh- ed Form of Worfhip, there fhould certainly have been an Indulgence for tender Conferences. When there was a Difference in the Church of the Ro± mam about eating Fleflh, and obferving Feflivals, the Apoftle did not pinch them with an Act of Uni- formity, but allowed a Latitude, Rom.xW. 5. Let not him that eateth judge him that eateth not ; but let every Man be fully perfuaded in his own Mind. . Whj deft thou judge thy Brother? or^ Why deft thou fet at nought thy Brother ? For we muft all ft and before, the Judgment Chap. IV. of the P u r I t -a n s, 14 r Seat of Chrifl. Had our Reformers followed this $?ee» apoftolical Direction, the Church of England would Ehzabech» have made a more glorious Figure in the Proce- vj*^^ flant World, than it did by this compuifive Act of Uniformity. Sad were the Confequencesofthefe two Laws, both Proceed- to the Papifts and Puritans. The Papifts in Convo-'»gJ °f cation made a Stand for the old Religion j and in their Convoca- 6th Sefllon agreed upon the following Articles, to be prefented to the Parliament for disburdening their Consciences. 1. " That in the Sacrament of the Altar the natu- " ral Body of Chrifl is really prefent, by virtue of " the Words of Confecration pronounced by the " Prieft. 2. " That afcer the Confecration there remains. " not the Subftance of Bread and Wine, nor any " other Subftance but God-Man. 3. " That in the Mafs the true Body of Chrifl is " offered as a propitiatory Sacrifice for the Living " and the Dead. 4. f That the fupreme Power of feeding and ru- " ling the Church is in St. Peter and his Succef- " fors. 5. tc That the Authority of determining Matters " of Faith and Difcipline belongs oniy to the Paflors " of the Church, and not to Laymen." Tlide Articles or Refolucions were prefented to the Lord Keeper by their Prolocutor Dr. Harpsfit but his Lordfhip gave them no Anfwer ; nor did the Convocation move any further in Matters of Religion, it being apparent that they were againfl the Refor- mation. As loon as the Seffions was over the Oath of Sa-Popft su- premacy was tender'd to the Bifhops, who all refu-'Ar1 defri- fed it, except Dr. Kitchen Bimop oi Landaff, to the^' Number of fourteen •, the reft of the Sees being va- cant. Of the deprived Bifhops three retired beyond Sea, (viz.) Dr. P ate Biftiop ollVcrcejier, Scot oiChe- Jler, i42 We H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. gueen Jler, and Goldwell of St. Afapb ; Heath Archbifhop of Elizabeth, York, was fuffered to live at his own Houfe, where ^■rx* tne QPeen went foretimes to vifit him ; Tonftal and ~ Thideby Bifhops of Durham and Ely, lived at Lambeth in the Houfe of Archbifhop Parker with freedom and eafe ; the reft were fuffered to go at large upon their Parole •, only Bonner Bifliop of London, White di Win- chester, and Watfon of Lincoln, whofe Hands had been deeply ftained with the Blood of the Proteftants in the late Reign, were made clofe Prifoners •, but they had a fufficient Maintenance from the Queen. Moft of the Monks returned to a fecular Life ; but the Nuns went beyond Sea, as did all others who had a mind to live where they might have the free Exer- cife of their Religion. Some of the Reformed Exiles were offered Bifhop- ricks, but refufed them, on the Account of the Ha- bits and Ceremonies, fcff . as Mr. Whitehead, Mr. Ber- nard Gilpin, old Father Miles Coverdale, Mr. Knox, Mr. Tho. Sampfon, and others. Many that accepted, did it with trembling; from the Neceffity of the Times, and in hopes by their Intereft with the Queen to obtain an Amendment in theConftitution of the Church ; among thefe were Grindal, Parkburfi, San- dys, Pilkington, and others. The Sees were left vacant for fome Time, to fee if any of the old Bifhops would conform; but neither Time, nor any Thing elfe could move them ; at Cnfecra- length after 1 2 Months, Dr. Matthew Parker was con- *™^^fecrated Archbifhop of Canterbury at Lambeth, by fome of the Bifhops that had been deprived in the late Reign, for not one of the prefent Bifhops would be concerned. This, with fome other Accidents, gave Rife to the Story of his being confecratedat the Nags- Head-Tavern in Cheap fide, a Fable that has been furRciently confuted by our Church Hiftorians ; L.o/Par- the Perfons concerned in the Confecration were Bar- ker, p. i$Jow and Scory Bifhops elect of Chichejler and Hereford ; 6o, 61. Miles Coverdale the deprived Bifhop of Exeter, and Hodgkins Chap. IV. o/^Puritans. 143 Hodgkins Suffragan of Bedford ; the two former ap- $ueen peared in their Chitnere and Surplice, but the two lat- Elizabeth, ter wore long Gowns open at the Arms, with a falling ^J^l^j Cape on the Shoulders ; the Ceremony was perform- en in a plain manner without Gloves or Sandals, Ring or Slippers, Mitre or Pall, or even without any of the Aaronical Garments, only by Impofi- tion of Hands and Prayer. Strange ! That the Archbifhop fhould be fatisfied with this, and yet be fo zealous to impofe the Popifh Garments upon others. But ftill it has been doubted, whether Parker's Confecration was perfectly canonical. 1. Becaufe the Perfons concern'd in it had been legally deprived in the late Reign, and were not yet reftored. To which it was anfwered, That having been once confecrated, the Epifcopal Cha- racter remained, and therefore they might convey it ; though Cover dale and Hodgkins never exercifed it after this Time. 2. Becaufe the Confecration ought by Law to have been directed according to the Scatute of the 25th of Henry VIII. and not according to the Form of King Edward's Ordinal for ordaining and confe- crating Bifhops, forafmuch as that Book had been fet afide in the late Reign, and was not yet reftored by Parliament. Thefe Objections being frequently thrown in the way of the newB:fhops by the Papifts, made them uneafy ; they began to doubt of the Validity of their Confecrations, or at lead of their legal Title to their Bifhopricks. The Affair was at length brought into Parliament, and to filence all future Clamours Par- ker's Confecration, and thofe of his Brethren, were confirmed by the two Houfes, about feven Years after they had filled their Chairs. The Archbifhop was inftalled Dec. 17. 1559, foon after which he confecrated feveral of his Brethren, whom the Queen had appointed to the vacant Sees, as i44 ^HISTORY Chap. IV. $«een as Grindaho the Bifhoprick of London, Horn to Win- Elizabeth, cjDejier prehending it unreafonable, that the Religion of a whole Nation mould be at the Difpofal of a fingle Lay-Perfon ; for let the Apoftle's Rule, That all Things be done decently and in order, mean what it will, it was not directed to the Prince or Civil Magiftrate. However they took the Oath with the Queen's Ex- plication in her Injunctions, as reftoring her Majefty only to the ancient and natural Rights of Sovereign Princes over their Subjects. 2. It was admitted by the Court Reformers, that the Church of Rome was a true Church, though corrupt in fome Points of Doffrine and Government ; that all her Minijlrations were valid, and that the Pope was a true. Bifhop of Rome, though not of the univerfal Church. Ic was thought neceffary to maincain this, for the fup- port of the Character of our B'fhops, who could not otherwife derive their Succeflion from the Apoftles. But the Puritans affirmed the P6pe to be Anti- chrilt, the Church of Rome to be no true Church, and all her Miniftrations to be fuperflitious and idola- trous i they renounced her Communion, and durft not hang the Validity of their Ordinations upon an Uninterrupted Line of Succeflion from the Apoftles through their Hands. 3. It was agreed by all, that the Holy Scriptures were a perfect Rule of Faith ; but the Bifhops and Court Reformers did not allow them a Standard of Difci- pline or Church Government, but affirmed that our Saviour and his Apoftles left it to the Difcretion of the Civil Magi- ftrate, in thofe Places where Chriftianityfhould obtain, to accommodate the Government of the Church to the Policy of the State. But the Puritans apprehended the Holy Scriptures to be a Standard of Church Difcipline, as well as Doctrine *, at leaft that nothing fhould be impofed as neeeflary but what Was exprefly contained in, or L dc< H6 7^HISTORY Chap. IV. ElSTth iCr-ived from them by neceffary Confequence. But iTso 5 lt ^ouid be Proved, that all things neceffary to K^Y^ the well Government of the Church, could not be deduced from Holy Scripture, they maintained that the difcretionary Power was not lodged with the Civil Magiftrate, but with the Spiritual Officers of the Church. 4. The Court Reformers maintained, that the Pra- ctice of the, Primitive Church for the firjl 4 or 5 Centu- ries was a proper Standard of Church Government and Difcipline, and in fome refpetls a better than that of the Apojfles, which ( according to them ) was only accommo- dated to the infant State of the Church while it was under Perfecution, whereas theirs was fuited to the Grandeur of a national Eflablifhment. Therefore they only pared off the later Corruptions of the Papacy, from the Time the Pope ufurped the Title of univerfal Bifhop, and left thofe Handing which they could trace a little higher, fuch as Archbijhops, Metropolitans, Arch- deacons, Suffragans, Rural Deans, &c. which were not known in the Apoftolic Age, or thofe imme- diately following. Whereas the Puritans were for keeping clofe to the Bible in the main Principles of Church Government ; and for admitting no Church-Officers or Ordinances, but fuch as are mention'd therein. They apprehended that the Form of Government appointed by the Apo- ftles was Ariftocraticalj according to the Conftitu- tion of the Jewifh Sanhedrim, and was defigned as a Pattern for the Churches in after Ages, not to be departed from in any of its main Principles ; and therefore they paid no regard to the Cuftoms of the Papacy, or the Practice^pf the earlier Ages of Chriftianity, any farther than they correfponded with the Bible. 5. Our Reformers maintained, That Things indiffe- rent in their own Nature, which are neither commanded nor forbidden in the Holy Scriptures, fuch as Rites, Cere- monies, Habits, &c. might be Jeltkd, determined, and made Chap. IV. of the P u R i t a n s. 147 made neceffary by the Command of the Civil Magiftrate 5 Queen and that in fitch cafes it was the indifpenjabk Duty of all 'Elizabeth, Subjetls to obferve them. * s 59- But the Puritans infilled, that thofe Things which ^'"V*^ Chrift h^d left indifferent ought not to be made ne- ceffary by any human Laws, but that we are to ft and faft in the Liberty wherewith Chrift has made us free : And further, that fuch Rites and Ceremonies as had been abufed to Idolatry, and had a manifeft Tendency to lead Men back to Popsry and Superfti- tion, were no longer indifferent, but to be rejected as unlawful. 6. Both Parties agreed too well in afierting the Neceflity of an Uniformity of publick Worfhip, and of calling in the Sword of the Magiftrate for the Support and Defence of their feveral Principles, which they made an ill Ufe of in their turns, as they could grafp the Power into their Hands. The Stand- ard of Uniformity, according to the Bijhops, was the Queen's Supremacy and the Laws of the Land ; accord- ing to the Puritans the Decrees of Provincial and Na- tional Synods, allowed and enforced by the Civil Ma- giftrate : But neither Party were for admitting that Liberty of Confcience, and Freedom of Profefli- on, which is every Man's Right, as far as is con • fiftent with the Peace of the Government he lives under. The Principle upon which the Bifhops juftifiecl their Severities againft the Puritans, in this and the following Reigns, was the Subjetls Obligation to obey the Laws of their Country in all Things indifferent, which are neither commanded nor forbidden by the Laws of God, And the excellent Afchbifhop Tillotfon in one of his Sermons, reprefents the Diffenters as an humorous and perverfe Set of People, for not complying with the Service and Ceremonies of the Church, for no other Reafon (fays he ) but becaufe their Superiors require them. But if this were true, 'tis a juftifiabh Reafon for their Diffent, fuppofmg the, Magiftrate L 2 has 148 ^HISTORY Chap. IV, Queen has exceeded his Power by requiring that which is Elizabeth, no^ with;n the Bounds of his Commiffion. Chrift O^/S^/ ( ^'iy tne Non-Conformifts ) is the fole Law-giver of his Church, and has enjoin'd all Things necejfary to be obferved in it to the End of the World ; there- fore where he has indulged a Liberty to his Follow- ers, it is as much their Duty to Jland faft in it, as to obferve any other of his Precepts. If the Civil Ma- giftrate fhould ftretch his Prerogative by difpenfmg with the Laws of his Country, or by making new ones, according to his Sovereign Will and Pleafure, without Con fen t of Parliament, would it deferve the Brand of Humour or Perverfenefs to refufe Obedi- ence, if it were for no other Reafon, but becaufe we will not fubmit to an arbitrary, difpennng Power ? Befides, if ,the Magiftrate has a Power to impofe Things in- different, and make them neceflary to the Service of God ; he may drefs up Religion in any Shape, and inftead of one Ceremony may load it with a Hundred. To return to the Hiftory. The Reformation being thus fettled, the Queen gave out Commiffions for a general Vifitation, and fee forth a Body of Injunctions, confiding of 53 Articles, commanding her loving Subjects obediently to receive, and truly to obferve and keep them, according to their Offices, Degrees and States. They are almoft the fame with thofe of King Edward. I fhall therefore only give the Rea- der an Abftracr. of fuch as we may have Occafion to refer to hereafter. Queens Artie. 1. " All Ecclefiaftical Per fons fhall fee that injunftz- tc tne A& of Supremacy be duly obferved, and fhall " preach four Times a Year againft yielding Obedi- " ence to any foreign Jurifdiction. Artie. 2. " They fhall not fet forth or extol the Dig- " nity of any Images, Relicks or Miracles, but «' fhall declare the Abufes of the fame, and that all " Grace is from God. 2 Artie, WIS. Chap. IV. p/^Puritans. 149 Artie. 3. " Parfons (hall preach once every Month ^»een " upon Works of Faith, Mercy and Charity, com- Elizabcrh» " manded by God ; and fhall inform the People, vJAS^/ ** that Works of Man's devifing, fuch as Pilgrima- " ges, fetting up of Candles, praying upon Beads, *' &c. are orienfive to God. Artie. 4. " Parfons having Cure of Souls fhall Sparrow'* " preach in Perfon once a Quarter at leaft, or elfeCl,^/:cw- " read one of the Homilies prefcribed by the Queen " to be read every Sunday in the Churches where " there is no Sermon. Artie. 5. " Every holy Day, when there is no " Sermon, they fhall recite from the Pulpit the " Pater - Nofter , Creed , and ten Command- " ments. Artie. 6. " Within three Months every Parifh " fhall provide a Bible, and within twelve Months JI k' d by a Crucifix with the Bleffed Virgin and Sc. John, flill '*'.§?«». in her Chapel ; and when Sandys Bifhop of JVorceJlcrH;fi- Ref- fpoke to her agamft it, fhe threacen'd to deprive him ; ° ~ ' and ilTued out a Proclamation, dated 6'- tain" principal Articles of Religion, VJ^^/ fit out by Order of both Archbifhops, Metropolitans, and Reformers the reft of the Bifhops, for (be Unity of Dotlrine to be DecUra- taught and boklen of all Parfons, Vicars and Curates ; *icn °f as "well in Teflification of their common Confent in the Fa- d i fad Doff ''ike, to the Stopping of the Mouths of them jjuege the ' ^Mi IP &b°ui to flander the Minifters of the Church 'gueen's for Diverftty of Judgment, and as neceffary for the In- Printer, jfrufitiw of their People i to be read by thefaid Pardons, Cum Pm1V-' y'tcars an& Curates, at their Poffeffwn taking, or firft eg* si- Entry into their Cures : And alfo, after that yearly, at two fever al Times ; that is to fay, the Sunday next follozvingEzfter Day, and St. Michael^' Archangel, or onfome other Sunday within one Month after thofe Feajls, immediately after the Gofpel. " |L/Orafmuch as lt appertained to all Chriftian " X? Men, but efpecially to the Minifters and Pa- " ftors of the Church, being Teachers and Inftru- tc <5lors of others, to be ready to give a Reafon of u their Faith, when they fhall be thereunto requi- tc red -, I, for my part, now appointed your Parfon, " Vicar or Curate, having before mine Eyes the '* Fear of God, and the Teftimony of my Confci- " ence, do acknowledge for my felf, and require " you to affene to the fame. i. " That there is but One living and true God, " of infinite Power, Wifdom and Goodnefs-, the «' Maker and Preferver of all Things •, and that in " Unity of this Godhead, there be Three Perfons " of one Subfcance, of equal Power and Eternity, " the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghoft. 2. " I believe alfo whatfoever is contained in the <* Holy Canonical Scriptures \ in the which Scrip- tures'are contained all Things neceffary to Salva- tion ;'by the which alfo, all Errors and Herefies « may fufRciently be reprov'd and convicted •, and « all Doctrines and Articles neceilary to Salvation '« are Chap. IV. o///^Puritans. 159 " are eftablifh'd. I do alfo moft firmly believe and Quee*. " confefs all the Articles contain'd in the three Eli"beth> 44 Creeds ; the Nicene Creed, Atbanafius's Creed, and %JA^Jf " cur common Creed, called the Apojlles Creed *, for " thefe do briefly contain the principal Articles of 44 our Faith, which are at large fet forth in che Holy 44 Scriptures. 3. "I do acknowledge alfo that Church to be 44 the Spoufe of Chrift, wherein the Word of God '* is truly taught, the Sacraments orderly miniftred " according to Chrift's Inftitution, and the Autho- 44 rity of the Keys duly ufed : And that every fuch " particular Church hath Authority to inftitute, to 44 change, and clean to put away Ceremonies, and 44 other ccclefiaftical Rites, as they be fuperfluous 44 or abufed ; and to conftitute others, making more 46 toSeemlinefs, to Order, or Edification. 4. " Moreover I confefs, that it is not lawful for 44 any Man to take upon him any Office or Miniftry, 44 either Ecclefiaflical or Secular, but fucb only as 44 are lawfully thereunto called, by the high Au- *c thorities, according to the Ordinances of the 44 Realm. 5. " Furthermore, I do acknowledge the Queen's " Majefty's Prerogative, and Superiority of Go- 44 vernmentof all Eftates, and in all Caufes, as well 44 Ecclefiaflical as Temporal within this Rcj m. 44 and other her Dominions and Countries, to be 44 agreeable to God's Word, and of Right 10 apper- 44 tain to her Highnefs in fuch fort, as is in the late 44 A6t of Parliament expreffed, and fithence by her 44 Majefty's Injunctions declared and expovn^ed. 6. 44 Moreover, touching the Bifhop of Rome I do " acknowledge and confefs, that by the Scriptures 44 and Word of God, he hath no more Authority " than other Bifhops have in their Provinces and ,*, Anil M 2 Gibbs 1 64 TfeHISTORY Chap.IV. §ueen Gibbs, Thomas Samp/on, William Cole of C. C. C. Oxon, Elizabeth, ancj William WitUngham : They compared Tyndal*s old vJ-vSJ Ens/ifo Bible firft with the Hebrew, and then with the beft modern Tranflations ; they divided the Chapters into Verfes, which the former Tranflators had not done ; they added fome Figures, Maps and Tables, and publifh'd the whole this Year at Ge- neva, in Quarto, printed by Rowland Harle, with a Dedication to the Queen, and an Epiftle to the Rea- der, dated April ioth, which are left out in the after Editions ; becaufe they touched fomewhat feverely upon certain Ceremonies retained in the Church of England, which they excited her Majefty to re- move, as having a Popifh Afpect j and becaufe the Tranflators had publifhed fundry marginal Notes, fome of which were thought to touch the Queen's Prerogative, and to allow the Subject to refift wicked and tyrannical Kings -, therefore when the Proprietors petitioned the Secretary of State for Reprinting it in England for publick Ufe, in the Year 1565. it was refuted, and the Impreflion Life of ftopt, till after the Death of the Archbifhop in the Parker, Year 1 576. For the Author of the 'Troubles at Franc- p' z0 ' forty publifhed in the Year 1575. complains that " If ** the Geneva Bible be fuch as no Enemy of God can " juitly find fault with, then may Men marvel that " fuch a "Work, being fo profitable, mould find fo Hickman " fmall Favour, as not to be printed again." The agahp exceptionable Notes were on Exodus xv. 19. where Heylm, Difobedience to Kings is allowed. iChron.xix. 16. p' 179' where Afa is cenfured for flopping fhort at the De- pofing of his Mother and not executing her. Rev. ix. 3. where the Locufts that come out of theSmoak are faid to be Hereticks, Falfe Teachers, worldly, fubtle Prelates, with Monks, Fryars, Cardinals, Patriarchs , Archbifhops, Bifhops, Doclors, Batchelors, and Majlers. But notwithstanding thefe, and fome other excep- tionable PafTages in the Notes, the Geneva Bible was reprinted in the Years 1576 and 1579. and was in fuch Chap. IV. c//^Puritans. 165 fuch Repute, that fome who have been curious to |««» fearch into the Number of its Editions fay, that by Elizabeth, the Queen's own Printers it was printed above thirty ^J-LJ^ Times. But for a prefent Supply Tyndal and Cover- dale's Tranflation printed in the Reign of King Henry VIII. was revifed and publifhed for the Ufe of the Church of England, till the Bifhops mould publifh a more correct one ; which they now under- took. Together with the Exiles, the Dutch and German Dutch and Proteftants, who in the Reign of King Edward VI. French had the Church in Auflin Fryars given them for ***£*??* Place of Worfhip, returned to England with John are* r ' Lafco, a Polonian, their Superintendent. They pe- titioned the Queen to reflore them to their Church and Privileges, which her Majefty declined for fome Time, becaufe fhe would not admit of a Stranger to be Superintendent of a Church within her Biftiop's Diocefe. To take off this Objection Alafco refigned, and the People chofe Grindal Bifhop of London their Superintendent, and then the Queen confirmed their Charter, which they (till enjoy, though they never chofe another Superintendent after him. The French Proteftants were alfo reftored to their Church in Tbreadneedle-fireet, which they now enjoy. The Reformation took Place this Year in Scotland, Scots Re- by the preaching of Mr. John Knox, a bold and ZQxx-fofmation, ragious Scots Divine, who fhun'd no Danger, nor fear'd the Face of any Man in the Caufeof Religion. He had been a Preacher in England in King Edward's Time, then an Exile at Francfort, and at laft one of the Minifters of the Englifb Congregation at Ge- neva, from whence he arrived at Edinburgh, May 2d, 1559. being 54 Years of Age, and fettled at Perth, but was a fort of Evangelift over the whole Kino;- dom. He maintain'd this Pofuion, That if Kings and Princes refufed to reform Religion, inferior Magi- ftrates and the People being directed and injlrucled in the Truth by their Preachers, may lawfully reform within M 3 their 266 7 be H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. S&ee» their own Bounds tbemfelves ; and if all or the far great- Elizabeth ig^ pari fre enlighten' d by the Truth, they may make apub- yJ12^, H& Reformation. Upon this Principle the Scots Re- formers humbly petition'd the Queen Dowager, Re- gent for her Daughter [Mary] now in France, for liberty to affemble publickly or privately for Pray- er, for reading and explaining the Holy Scriptures, and adminifcring the Sacraments of Baptifm and the Lord's Supper in the vulgar Tongue ; and the latter in both Kinds, according to Chrift's Inftitution. This reafonable Petition not being admitted, certain Noblemen and Barons form'd an AiTociation, refol- ving to venture their Lives and Fortunes in this Caufe ; and they encouraged as many of the Curates of the Parifhes within their Diftricls as were willing to read the Prayers and Leflbns in Englijh, but not to expound the Scriptures till God mould difpofe the Queen to give them liberty. This being executed at Perth and the neighbouring Parts without distur- bance, the Afibciation fpread, and was fign'd by great Numbers even in the capital City of Edin- burgh. Upon this they prefented another Petition, reprefenting to the Regent the Unfeafonablenefs of her Rigor againft the Protectants, confidering their Numbers ; but fhe was deaf to ail moderate Counr cils. At the meeting of the Parliament, the Con- - ilion or Heads of the AfTbciation prefented the Regent with fundry Articles relating to Liberty of Confcience, to lay before the Houfe, which fhe fup- prefs'd, and would not fuffer to be debated ; upon which they drew up the following Proteftation, and defired it might be recorded. " That fince they 4; could not procure a Reformation, agreeable to " the Word of God, from the Government, that it *' might be lawful for them to follow the Dictates " of their own Confciences. That none that join'd " with them in the Profefllon of the true Faith " fhould be liable to any civil Penalties, or incur <; any Damages for lb doing. They proteft, that if k " any Chap.IV. c/^Puritans, 167 " any Tumults arife on the Score of Religion, the Queen " Imputation ought not to lie upon them who now Elizabeth, " humbly entreat for a regular Remedy ; and that m6°* " in all other Things they will be mod loyal ^^^^ «c Subjects." The Regent acquainted the Court of France with the Situation of Affairs, and received an Order to fuffer no other Religion but the Roman Catholick, with a Promife of large Supplies of For- ces to fupport her. Upon this fhe fummoned the Magiftrates of Perth, and the reformed Minifters to appear before her at Sterlin, with a defign to have them banifhed by a folemn Decree. The Minifters appeared to defend their Caufe, being attended with vaft Crouds of People armed and prepared to defend them, agreeably to the Cuftom of Scotland, which allowed Criminals to come to their Trials at- tended with their Relations and Friends. The Re- gent aftoni died at the Sight prayed John Areskin to perfuade the Multitude to retire, and gave her Pa- role that nothing mould be decreed againft the Mini- fters -, but they were no fooner gone quietly home but fhe condemned them for Non-appearance. This News being brought to Perth, the Burghers encouraged by great Numbers of the Nobility and neighbouring Gentry formed an Army of 7000 Men under the Command of the Earl of Glencarne, for the Defence of their Minifters againft the Regent, who was marching with an Army of French and Scots to drive themoutof theirCountry; butbeing informedof the Preparation of the Burghers fhe confented to a Treaty, by which it was agreed, that fhefhould be re- ceived with Honour into the City, and be fuffered to lodge in it fome Days, provided fhe would promife to make no Alteration in Religion, but refer all to the Parliament ; the Scots Forces on both Sides to be dif- miffed : But the Reformed had no fooner difmiffed their Army, and opened their Gates to the Regent, but fhe broke all the Articles, fet up the Mafs, and left a Garrifon of French in the Town, refolving M 4 to 268 ^HISTORY Chap.IV. ggeen to make it a Place of Arms. Upon this notorious za^eth3 Breach of Treaty, as well as the Regent's Declara- \sSmv**m* t'oni tnac Promifes were not to be kept with Hereticks, t the Congregations of Fyfe, Perth, Dundee, Angus, Mears and Montrofe, raifed a little Army, and figned an Engagement to afiift each other in maintaining the Reformation with their Lives and Fortunes. Mr. Knox encouraged them by his Sermons, and the Po- pulace being warmed, pulled down Altars and Ima- ges, plundered the Monafteries, and disfurnifh'd the Churches of their fuperftjtious Ornaments, the Re- gent marched againft them at the Head of 2000 French, and 2000 Scots in French Pay ; but being afraid to venture a Battle me retreated to Dunbar, and the Confederates made themfelves Matters of Perth, Scone, Sterlin, and Lithgoe. At length a Truce was concluded, by which the Ministers of the Con- gregation had liberty to preach in the Pulpits of Edin- burgh for the prefent ; but the Regent having foon after received large Recruits from France, repofifef- fed her felfofLeith, and ordered it to be fortified, and itored with all necefTary Provifions *, the Confede- rates defired her to demolifh the Works, alledging it to be a Violation of the Truce ; but fhe commanded them upon their Allegiance to be quiet and lay down their Arms ; and marching directly to Edinburgh, fhe obliged them to defert the City and retire to Ster- lin, whither the French Troops followed them, anddif- perfed them into the Mountains. In this low Condi- tion they published a Proclamation, difcharging the Regent of her Authority, and threatening to treat as Enemies all that obeyed her Orders ; but not be- ing able to itand their Ground, they threw themfelves into the Arms of Queen Elizabeth, who being fenfibie of the Danger of the Proteftant Religion, and of her own Crown, it Scotland ihou\d become entirely Popifh, under the Government of a Queen of France, who claimed the Crown of England -, enter'd intoan Alliance £0 (upport the Confederate Proteltanrs in their Religion and Chap. IV. f/^PuRiTANsi 169 and Civil Liberties, and fign'd the Treaty at Berwick, Queen Feb. 27. 1560. Elizabeth, Among other Articles of this Treaty it was ftipu- vJiS^ lated, that the Queen mould fend Forces into Scot- treaty of land, to continue there till Scotland was reftored to itsEdiu- Liberties and Privileges, and the French driven outbur§k- of the Kingdom. Accordingly her Majefty fent an Rapin, Army of 7000 Foot, and 1200 Horfe, which joined Vo]- VIIr» the confederate Army of like Force. The Armyp> Z7U was afterwards reinforc'd by a large Detachment from the Northern Marches, under the Command of the Duke of Norfolk ; after which they took the City of Leith, and obliged the Queen Regent to fhut her fdf up in the Cattle of Edinburgh, where fhe died June 10th. The French offered to reftore Calais, if the Queen would recal her Forces from Scotland ; but fhe refus'd. At length the Troubles of France re- quiring all their Forces at home, Plenipotentiaries were fent into Scotland to treat with Elizabeth's about withdrawing the French Forces out of that Kingdom, and reftoring the Scots to their Parliamentary Go- vernment. The Treaty was concluded the begin- ning of Augufi, whereby a general Amnefty was granted ; the EngUJh and French Forces were to with- draw in two Months, and a Parliament to be called with all convenient fpeed, to fettle the Affairs of Re- ligion and the Kingdom ; but Francis and Mary refufed to ratify it. Before the Parliament met Francis died, and left Mary Queen of Scots a young Widow. The late Treaty not being ratified, the Parliament had no direct Authority from the Crown, but affembled by virtue of the late Treaty, and received thefollowing Petitions from the Barons and Gentlemen concerning Religion. 1. " Thar the Doctrines of the Roman Church " fhould be fuppreffed by Act of Parliament, in " thofe exceptionable Points therein mentioned. 2. m That the Difcipline of the ancient Church be *• revived, 3. "That i7o The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. gueen 3. " That the Pope's ufurped Authority be dif- Elizabetb.cc charged. s^f^j All which was voted, and the Minifters were de- fired to draw up a Confeflion of Faich, which they performed in 25 Articles, agreeable to the Senti- ments of Calvin, and the foreign Reformers. The Confeflion being read in Parliament was carried but with three difTenting Voices •, the Popifh Prelates of- fering nothing in Defence of their Religion. By another Act the Pope's Authority was aboliih- ed, and reading Mafs was made punimable, for the flrft Offence with Lofs of Goods ; for thefecondBa- nifhment ; and for the third Death. This was carry- ing Matters too far ; for to judge Men to Death for Matters of meer Confcience that don't affect the Go- Coilier's vernment, is not to be juftified. " To affirm that ^468 ' " wt are in tne Rignt> and otners m tne Wrong " ("fays Mr. Collier) is foreign to the Point ; for every " one that fuffers for Religion thinks himfelf in the " R ght, and therefore ought not to be deftroyed *i for his Sincerity, for the Prejudices of Education, *e or the want of a better Understanding, unlefs his M Opinions have Mutiny and Treafon in them, and M make the Foundations of Civil Society. &>rir Kirk Upon the breaking up of the Parliament a Com- Difripline. miflion was directed to Mr. Knox, Willock, Spotifwood, and fome other Divines, to draw up a Scheme of Di- fcipline for the Church, which they did pretty much upon the Geneva Plan, only they admitted Superin- tendents in the room of Bimops, and rejected Impo- fition of Hands in the Ordination of Minifters, be- caufe that Miracles were ceaied, which they appre- hended to accompany that Ceremony. Their Words pjrjlBook are thefe, " Other Ceremonies than the publick Ap- pfDifci- tc probation of the People, and Declaration of the Vllney ct chief Minifter, that the Perfon there prefented is ei appointed to ferve the Church, we cannot ap- " prove •, for albeit the Apoftles ufed Impofition of bifhop Abbot was of Opinion, that it was in forcep'117' in his Time, and ought to have been allowed the Clergy throughout the Courfe of this Reign. His Words are thefe, in his Book entitled, HiWs Reafons unmajk'dt p. 317. " It is not only permitted to the " Minifter, but recommended to him, if wifely c and quietly he do read canonical Scripture, where " the ApQckrypba upon good Judgment feemeth not " fo 174 T/je HISTORY Chap. IV. Queen " fo fit ; or any Chapter of the Canonical may be Elizabeth," conceived not to have in it fo much Edification ^i4i5iL» " De*ore c^e fimpJe, as fome other Parts of the fame ^^^*f Canonical Scriptures may be thought to have." But the governing Bifhops were of another mind, they would trull nothing to the Difcrerion of the Minifter, nor vary a tittle from the Act of Unifor- mity. Appoint- Hitherto there were few or no peculiar LefTons for me"**f Holidays and particular Sundays, but the Chapters <£-?*.. ?ur of the Old and New Teflament were read in Courfe, Sundays . . . /-••-, and Bali- without any Interruption or Variation; io it is in the days. _. Common Prayer Book of 1549. Fol. In the fecond l. o/Par- Edition of that Book under King Edward VI. there kerjp. 83. were proper LefTons for fome few Holidays, but none for Sundays ; but now there was a Table of proper LefTons for the whole Year thus entitled, Proper Lejjons to be read for the firft Lejfon, both at Morning and Evening Prayer, on the Sundays through- out the 2 'ears ; and for fome alfo the fecond Lejfons. It begins with the Sundays of Advent, and appoints J fa. i. for Mattens, and Ifa. ii. for Even Song. There is another Table for proper LefTons on Holidays, beginning with St. Andrew ; and a third Table for proper Pfalms on certain Days, as Chrifimas, Eafler, Afcenfion, Whitfunday, &c. At the End of this Common Prayer Book, printed by Jug and Cawood, 1560. were certain Prayers for private and family Ufe, which in the later Editions are either fhorten'd. or left out. Mr. Stripe cannot account for this Con- duct, but fays, It was great pity that the People were disfurnifhed of thofe Affiilances they fo much wanted ; but the Defigns feems to have been, to con- fine all Devotion to the Church, and to give no li- berty to Clergy or Laity, even in their Clofecs or Families, to vary from the publick Forms. An Admonition was publifhed at the fame Time, and ftx. up in all Churches, forbidding all Parfons under the Degree of a Mailer of Arts, to preach or ex- pound Chap. IV. of the Puritans. 175 pound the Scriptures, or to innovate or alter any ^«ot Thing, or ufe any other Rite but only what is fecEllzabechJ forth by Authority 5 thefe were only to read the Ho- \^il^j milies. And whereas by reafon of the Scarcity ofL>0^par. Minifters, the Bifhops had admitted into the Mini- ker, p. 90. ftry fundry Artificers, and others not brought up to Learning, and fome that were of bafe Occupation, it was now defired, that no more Tradefmen mould be ordained, till the Convocation met and took fome better Order in this Affair. But it was impofiible to comply with this Admo-Saa stAts nition *, for fo many Churches in Country Towns and^ the Villages were unfurnifh'd, that in fome Places there er^* was no preaching, nor fo much as reading a Homi- ly, for many Months together. In fundry Parifhes it was hard to find Perlons to baptize or bury the Dead ; the Bifhops therefore were obliged to admit of Pluralifts, Non-refidents, Civil Lawyers, arid to ordain fuch as ofFer'd themfelves, how meanly fo- ever they were qualified, while others who had fome Scruples about Conformity, flood by unprovided for ; the learned and induftrious Mr. John Fox the Martyrologift was of this Number, for in a Letter to his Friend Dr. Humphreys, lately chofen Prefidenc of Magdalen College, Oxon, he writes thus, " I ltill " wear the fame Clothes, and remain in the lame " fordid Condition that England received me in, when " I firft came home out of Germany, nor do I change " my Degree or Order, which is that of the Mendi- *' cants ; or if you will, of the Friars Preachers'* Thus pleafantly did this grave and learned Divine re- proach the Ingratitude of the Times. The Puritans complained of thefe Hardfhips to the Queen, but there was no remedy. The two Univerfities could give little or no Afiift-^*/" '*' ance to the Reformers ; for the ProfefTors and Tutors ^"^ being of the Popifh Religion, had trained up the Youth in their own Principles for the Jaft fix or ieven Years. Some of the Heads of Colleges were difpla- ced \-fi> "The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. Queen ced this Summer, and Proteftants put in their room ; Ehzabech, bm jc was a jong Time before they could fupply the \J^J^t Necefiities of the Church. There were but three Proteftant Preachers in the Univerfity of Oxford in the Year 1563. and they were all Puritans (viz. Dr. Humphreys, Mr. Kingsmill, and Mr. Sampfon ; and though by the next Year the Clergy were fo mo- dell'd, that the Bifhops procured a Convocation that favoured the Reformation, yet they were fuch poor Scholars that many of them could hardly write their Names. gueen a- Indeed the Reformation went heavily on. The Viarriel * Qi?een cou^d hardly be perfuaded to part with clergy. Images, nor confent to the Marriage of the Clergy ; for fhe commanded that no Head or Member of any Collegiate or Cathedral Church, mould bring a Wife l. o/Par- or anv 0ther Woman within the Precincts of it, to Qr,p,I°7,abidein the fame, on pain of Forfeiture of all Eccle- fiaftical Promotions : And her Majefty would have abfolutely forbid the Marriage of all her Clergy, if Secretary Cecil had not brifkly interpofed. She re- pented that fhe had made any married Men Bilhops ; and told the Archbifliop in anger, that fhe intended to publifh other Injunctions, which his Grace ■ nder- flood to be in favour of Popery ; upon which the Archbifliop writ to the Secretary, chat he was ibrry the Queen's Mind was fo turned ; but in fuch a Cafe he fhould think it his Duty to obey God rather than Man. Upon the whole, the Queen was (o far from improving her Brother's Reformation, that fhe often repented fhe had gone fo far. H6x. Her Majefty's fecond Parliament met the 12th of AH ofAf- January, in which a remarkable Act was palled, For furance. Affurance of the Queen's Royal Vower over all States and SubjecJs within her Dominions. It was a Confirma- tion of the Act of Supremacy, " All Perfons that ** by writing, printing, preaching or teaching, " maintain'd the Pope's Authority within this " Realm, incurred a Praemunire for the firft " Offence, Chap. IV. c//^Puritans, 177 " Offence, and the fecond was High Treafon. The Queen " Oath of Supremacy was to be taken by ali in Ho-£ll'"bet,!> tc Jy Orders, by all Graduates in the Univerfities, ^JlJ^j " Lawyers, Schoolmafters, and all other Officers of *' any Court whatfoever -, and by all Knights, Citi- " zens and Burgetfes in Parliament," But the Arch- L- «/Par- bilhop by the Queen's Order writ to the Bi^hops,^1"'?'12,6- not to tender the Oath but in cafe of Neceflity, and never to prefs it a fecond Time without his fpecial Direction ; fo that none of the Popifh Bifhops or Di- vines were burdened with it, except Bonner and one or two more. The Convocation was open'd at St. Paul's the Da.y Convoca- after the Parliament met, Mr. Day Provoft of Eatontion re' preached the Sermon, and Alexander JSowel Dean ofj*™rtle St. Paul's was chofen Prolocutor. Her Majefty^'^. having directed Letters of Licence to review the Do- ctrine and Difcipline of the Church, they began with the Doctrine, and reduced the 42 Articles of King Edward VI. to the Number of 39, as at prefent, the following Articles being omitted ; Article 39. The Refurreclion of the Dead is notpaffed already. Art. 40. The Souls of Men deceafed do neither perifh with their Bodies nor fleep idly. Art. 41. Of the Millenarians. Art. 42. All Men not to befaved at lafl. Some of the other Articles underwent a new Divifion, two being fometimes joined into one, and in other parts one is divided into two 5 but there is no remarkable Vari- ation in the Doctrine. It has been warmly difputed, whether the firft Controvert- Claufe of the 20th Article, The Church has Power toedcIaufeof decree Riles and Ceremonies, and Authority in Contro-*^* 2, verfes of Faith, was a part of the Article which paf- fed the Synod, and was afterwards confirmed by Par- liament in the Year 1571. 'Tis certain that it is not - among King Edward's Articles ; nor is it in that original Manufcript of the Articles fubferibed by both Houfes of Convocation with their own Hands, ftill preferved in Bennet College Library among the N reft 17S ^HISTORY Chap. IV. gueen reft of Arch bi (hop Parker's Papers. The Records Elizabeth, 0f this Convocation were burnt in the Fire of London9 ^V^i^fo tnat there is no appealing to them •, but Arch- bifhop Laud fays, that he fent to the publick Re- cords in his Office, and the Notary returned him the ?.oth Article with the Claufe ; and that afterwards he found the Book of Articles fubfcribed by the low- er Houfe of Convocation in 1571. with the Claufe. Heylin fays, That he confulted the Records of Con- vocation, and that the conteiled Claufe was in the Book -, and yet Fuller, a much fairer Writer, who had the Liberty of perufing the fame Records, de- clares he could not decide the Controverfy. The Fact is this, the Statute of 157 1. exprefly confirms Englijh Articles compriz'd in an imprinted Book, entitled, Articles, whereupon it was agreed by the Arch' lifhops andBifoops of both Provinces, and the whole Cler- gy in the Convocation holden at London in the Tear 1562. according to the Computation of the Church of England ; for the avoiding Diverjity of Opinions, and. for the efla- blifhing of Confent touching true Religion : Put forth by the Queen's Authority. Now there were but two Edi- tions of the Articles in Englifh before this Time, both which have the fame numerical Title with that tran- fcribed in the Statute, and both (fays my Author) want the Ciaufe of the Church's Power. But Mr. Strype in his Life of Archbifhop Parker fays, than the Claufe is to be found in two printed Copies of 1563. which I believe very few have feen. However, till the Original M. S. abovementioned can be fet afide, which is carefully marked as to the Number of Pages, and the Number of Lines and Articles in each Page, it feems more probable that the Claufe was fome way or other furreptitioufly infertedby thofe that were Friends of the Church's Power, than ftruck out by the Puritans, as Laud and his Follow- ers have publifhed to the World ; for 'tis hard to fuppofe, that a foul Copy as this is pretended to be, Should be fo carefully marked and fubfcribed by eve- ry Chap. IV. p/Z^Puritan s. 179 ry Member of the Synod with their own Hands, and £>»een ■yet not be perfect ; but 'tis not improbable that theEl,zabeth» Notary or Regifter, who tranferibed the Articles in- ^i^j to the Convocation Book, with the Names of them that fubferi bed, might by Direction of his Superiors privately infert it s and fo it might appear in the Re- cords of 1 57 1. though it was not in the original Draught. But the Controverfy is of no great Mo- ment to the prefent Clergy, becaufe 'tis certain, the Ciaufe was a part of the Article confirmed by Parliament at the Reftoration of King Charles II. 1662. though hOw far it was confident with the Act of Supremacy, which lodged the ultimate Power of determining Matters of Faith and Difcipline in the Crown, I mud leave with the Reader. The Synod it fclf feemed to be apprehenfive of the Danger of a Prczmunire, and therefore after their Names thefe Words were cautioufly added, IJlafubfcriptiofatla eft ab omnibus fub hac Protejlatlone, quod nihil ftatuunt in PrcEJudicium cujufquam Senates confulti, fed tantiwi [up- ■plicem libeilum petitiones Juas continentem humiiiter offe- runt, i. e. This Subfcription is made by all with this Proteftacion, that they determine nothing in Preju- dice of any Act of Parliament, but only humbly of- fer this little Book to the Queen or Parliament, con- taining their Requefts and Petitions. The Articles were concluded, and the Subfcription rUy are finifhed, in zhc Chapter- Houfe oi St. Paul's, Jan. ^1,/utjcnbeJ, 1562. in the 9th Seffion of Convocation. All theScryPe>J Bifhops fubferibed, except Gloucefter and RocheJteryAn'?- lig% who I believe were abfenr. Of the lower Houfe there are upwards of an hundred Hands j but what- ever their Learning was, many of them writ fo ill that it is hard to read their Names. Among the Sublcribers are feveral of the learned Exiles, who were diflatisfied with the Conltiturion ; as, theReve- rend Mr. Befeley, Watts, Muttyns, Cole, Sampfin9 Pullan, Spencer, Wifdom, Nowel, Beaumont, Heton, Pedder, Lever, Pownal, PFilfon, Croky, and others. N 2 But m i8o the HI S T O R Y Chap.IV. gueen But the Articles did not pafs into a Law, and become Elizabeth, a part 0f the Eftablifhment, till nine Years after, \^XJ-^, though fome of the more rigid Bifhops of the Eccle- fiaftical Commiflion infilled upon Subfcription from this Time. Debate a- The next confiderable Affair that came under De- hut cere- bate, was the Rites and Ceremonies of the Church; mies' and here, firft Bifhop Sandys brought in a Paper of Advice to move her Majefty ; i. " That private Baptifm, and Baptifm by Wo- " men, may be taken out of the Common Prayer 41 Book. 2. " That the Crofs in Baptifm may bedifallowed " asneedlefs and fuperftitious. 3. " That Commiflioners may be appointed to " reform the Ecclefiaftical Laws." Another Paper was prefenied to the Houfe with the following Requefts, figned by thirty three Names. PrepefaU 1* but when the Proxies were counted the Scale was turned ; thofe who were for the Propofitions being 58, and thofe *gainft them $y, fo that by the Majority of one Chap. IV. 5//fcPuRITANS. 183 fingle Voice, and that not a Perfon prefent to hear gueen the Debates, but a Proxy, it was determined toE,lzabeth> make no Alteration in the Ceremonies, nor any y>JJ ^. Abatements of the prefent Eftablifhment. The Names of the 43 that approved of the Articles a- bovementioned, were, Dean Nowel, Prolocutor, St. Paul's, Mr, Archdeacon Lever, Coventry, Dean Pedder, Wigomienfis , Mr. Archdeacon Watts, Middle/ex, Dean Nozvel, of Lichfield, Mr. Archdeacon Spencer, Ciceftrenfis, Mr.Befely, Prodi. Cler. Cant.' Mr. Nevynfon, Prod. Cler. Cant. Mr. Bower, Prod. Cler. Somerf. Mr. Ebden, Prod. Cler. Wint. Mr. Archdeacon Longland, Bucks, Mr. Lancafter, Thefaurar. Sarum, Mr. Archdeacon Wejion, Lewenfis, Mr. Archdeacon Wijdom, Elienfis, Mr. Saul, Prod. Dec. & Cap. Glouc. Mr. /Fd/kr, Prod. Suffolk, Mr. Becon, Mr. ProRor, Prod. Cler. Sa^#, Mr. Coccrel, Prod. Cler. Surrey, Mr. Archdeacon 2W, 2fe#". Mr. Archdeacon Croley, Hereford, Mr. Sorebx, Prod. Cler. CzYf/?. Mr. Bradbridge, Cancellar. Cift$. Mr. Hills, Prod. Cler. 0# may produce the Examples of two of the Worthieft \^1J^j and moft learned Divines of the Age •, one was Father Miles Co- Miles Cover dale, formerly Bifhop of Exeter, who with verdale Tyndal and Rogers firft tranflated the Bible into Eng-difPenfed UJh after Wickliffe. This Prelate was born in Tork-^^ jhire, bred at Cambridge, and proceeded Doctor in Divinity in the Univerfity of Tubing. Returning in- to England in the Reign of King Edward, he was made Bifhop of Exeter, 1551. Upon the AccefTion Fullery of Queen Mary he was imprifoned, and narrowly Worthis, efcaped the Fire ; but by the Intercefllon of the KingB' 1 « of Denmark was fent over into that Country, and coming back at her Death, heaflifted at the Confe- cration of Queen Elizabeth's firft Arch bifhop of Can- terbury ; but becaufe he could not comply with the Ceremonies and Habits he was neglected, and had no Preferment. This Reverend Man (fays Mr.^9, Strype) being now old and poor, Grindal Bifhop ofp' IC^ London gave him the fmall Living of St. Magnus at the Bridge foot, where he preached quietly about two Years •, but not coming up to the Conformity required, he was perfecuted thence, and obliged to relinquifh his Parifh a little before his Death, which happen'd May 20, 1567. at the Age of 8 1. He was a celebrated Preacher, admired and followed by all the Puritans •, but the Act of Uniformity brought down his Reverend gray Hairs with Sorrow to the Grave. He was buried in St. Bartholomew's be- hind the Exchange, and was attended to his Grave with vaft Crouds of People. The other was the Reverend Father Mr. John Fox*ndMr- the Martyrologift, a grave, learned, and painful Martlroh* Divine, and Exile for Religion, who employed his giji. Time abroad in writing the Acts and Monuments of that Church that would hardly receive him into her Bofom, and in collecting Materials relating to the Martyrdom of thofe that fufrered for Religion in the Reigns i86 The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. gueen Reigns of King Henry VIII. and Queen Mary •, all Elizabeth, which he publifhed firft in Latin, for the Benefit of \^\^Lj F°re^gners? an<^ tnen *n Englijh for the Service of \*^T**/ ^-s Qwn Country, and the Church of England in the Year 1561. No Book ever gave fuch a mortal Wound to Popery as this ; it was dedicated to the Queen, and was in fuch high Reputation, that it was ordered to be fet up in the Churches ; where it raifed in the People an invincible Horror and Deteftation of that Religion that had fried fo much innocent Blood. Queen Elizabeth had a particular Efteem for Mr. Fox ; but this excellent and laborious Divine, though reduced to very great Poverty and Want, had no Preferment in the Church becaufe he fcrupled the Habits, till at length, by the Interceflion of fome great Friend, he obtained a Prebend in the Church of Sarum, which he made a fhift to hold to his Death, though not without fome Difturbance from the Bifhops. The Parochial Clergy both in City and Country had an Averfion to the Habits ; they wore them fome- times in Obedience to the Law, but more frequently adminifter'd without them ; for which fome were ci- ted into the Spiritual Courts, and admonifhed, but the Bifhops had not yet affumed the Courage of pro- ceeding to Sufpenfion and Deprivation. At length the Matter was laid before the Queen, as appears by a Paper found among Secretary Cecil's MSS. dated Feb. variety oj 14, 1 564. which acquaints her Majefty, that " Some Forms and" perform Divine Service and Prayers in the Chancel, Hahl\s ■ ♦ ." others in the Body of the Church; fome in a Seat compain M made in the Church, fome in the Pulpit with their c« Faces to the People ; fome keep precifely to the " Order of the Book, fome intermix Pfalms in Metre; " fome fay with a Surplice, and others without one. «« The Table ftands in the Body of the Church in " fome Places, in others it ftands in the Chancel ; 66 in fome Places the Table ftands Altarwife, diftant thers none. ^y-yr^j " Some adminifter the Communion with Surplice L.ofVzv- " and Cap-, fome with Surplice alone; ot hers ker,p. 151." " with none-, fome with Chalice, others with a " Communion Cup, others with a common Cup; " fome with unleavened Bread, and fome with lea- " vened. " Some receive Kneeling, others Standing, others tc Sit ing ; fome baptize in a Font, fome in a Bafon ; " fome fign with the Sign of the Crofs, others fign " not; fome minifter in a Surplice, others without ; " fome with a fquare Cap, fome with a round Cap, *c fome with a button Cap, fome with a Hat; fome •• in Scholars Cloaths, fome in others.*' Her Majefty was highly difpleafed with this Re* port, and efpecially that her Laws were fo little re- garded ; fhe therefore directed a Letter to the Arch- bifhops of Canterbury and Fork, dated Jan. 25th, " To " confer with the Bifhops of the Ecclefiaftical Com- " mifllon, and to enquire what Diverfities there were M among the Clergy in Doctrine, Rites and Cere- " monies, and to take effectual Methods that an " exact Order and Uniformity be maintained in all " external Rites and Ceremonies, as by Law and " good Ufages are provided for ; and that none here- jhid. " after be admitted to any Ecclefiaftical Preferment* but?. 154. " who is well difpofed to common Order* and Jhall for- " mally promife to comply with it." To give Counte- nance to this Severity, it was reported that fome of the warmer Puritans had turned the Habits into Ri- dicule, and given unhandfome Language to them that wore them ; which according to Mr. Strypev/zs an Occafion of their being preffed afterwards with fo much Rigor : But whatever gave Occafion to the Perfecution that followed, or whoever was at the Head of it, fuppofing the Infinuation to be juft, it was very hard that fo great a Number of ufeful Mini- 188 The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. Queen Minifters, who neither cenfured their Brethren, nor Elizabeth, aDufed their Indulgence by an unmannerly Behaviour, y^Jiyij mould be turned out of every thing they had in the Church for the Indifcretion of a few. The Bifhops in their Letters to the foreign Divines had promifed not to urge their Brethren in thefe Things, and when Op- portunity Jhould ferve to feek Reformation of them ; but now they took themfelves to be releafed from their Promifes, and fet at iiberty by the Queen's exprefs Command to the contrary ; their meaning being, that they would not do it of their own accord, with- out Direction from above. Letters of The Puritans and their Friends forefeeing the Puritans toStorm did what they could to prevent it. Pilkington Courtiers Bifhop of Durham writ to the Earl of Leicefter, trem! the®^0^' 2$' to u^e ms ^nrere^: WIZ^ tne Queen in their Habits. Behalf. He faid, " that Compulfion mould not be ufed " in Things of Liberty. He prayed the Earl to L.o/Par- " confider, how all reformed Countries had caft ker,p.i5j." away popifh Apparel with the Pope, and yet we M contend to keep it as an holy Kelick. That many *■ Minifters would rather leave their Livings than *c comply ; and the Realm had a great Scarcity of »*»**. -cles to inforce the Habits, which were afterwards publifhed under the Title of Advertisements. But when his Grace brought them to Court the Queen refufed to give them the Royal Sanction. The i9o f^HISTO RY Chap.IV. Queen The Archbifhop chafed at the Difappointment, Elizabeth, faid that the Court had put him upon framing the ^Tjj^ Advertifements ; and if they would not go on, and They woe give them the Royal Sanction, they had better never the Queen have done any Thing ; nay, if the Council would to inforce not lend their helping Hand againft the Non-Confor- them. rnifts, as they had done heretofore in Hooper**, Days, L. o/Par- they mould be but laug'd at for all they had done. kerjp.159.But ftill the Queen was fo cold, that when the Bi- fhop of London came to Court, fhe fpoke not a Word to him about the redreffing the Neglect of Conformity in the City of London, where it was moft difregarded. Upon which the Archbifhop writ to the Secretary, defiring another Letter from the Queen to back their Endeavours for Conformity, adding in fome Heat, If you remedy it not by Letter 1 will no more Jirive againji the Stream, fume or chide who will, But the wearing the Popifh Garments being one of the grand Principles of Non-Conformity, it will be proper to fet before the Reader the Sentiments of the moft learned Reformers upon this Controverfy, which employed the Pens of the moft judicious Di- vines of the Age. sentiments We have related the unfriendly Behaviour of the ofthefrfi Bifhops Cranmer and Ridley towards Hooper -, and Reformers that thofe very Prelates who once threaten'd his very HaZh* 6 -^e ^or re^u^lnS the Habits, if we may credit Mr. P . ' Fox's Latin Edition of the Book of Martyrs, lived to Book of fee their Miftake and repent : For when Brooks Martyrs, Bimop of Glouceftev came to Oxford to degrade Bi- Vol. in. ftj0p Ridley , he refufed to put on the Surplice, and jj'-li00, while they were putting it on him whether he would or no, he vehemently inveighed againft the Apparel ', calling it foolifj, abominable, and too fond for a Vice in a Play. Latimer. Bimop Latimer alfo derided the Garments ; for when they pulled off his Surplice at his Degrada- tion, Now f fays he) 1 can make no more Holy Water. In Chap. IV. of the Pur it a n s. 191 In the Articles againft Bifhop Farrar in King ^*«» Edward's Reign, 'twas objected, Artie. 49. that heE1,^beth> had vowed never to wear the Cap, but that he ^/-v-v.* came into his Cathedral with a long Gown and apanar. Hat ; which he did not deny, but alledged he did it to avoid Superftition,- and without any Offence to the People. When the Popifh Veftments were put upon Dr. Taylor. Taylor the Martyr in order to his Degradation, he walked about with his Hands by his Sides, faying, How fay you, my Lord, am I not a goodly Fool ? If I were in Cneapfide would not the Boys laugh at tbefefoo- lifh Toys and apifh Trumpery ? And when the Surplice was pulled off, Now (fays he) I am rid of a Fool's Coat. When they were pulling the fame off of Arch bifhop Craomer. Cranmer he meekly replied, All this needed not, I my felf had done with this Gear long ago. Dr. Heylin teftifies, That John Rogers the Proto- Rogers. Martyr peremptorily refufed to wear the Habits, unlefs the Popifh Prielts were enjoined to wear upon their Sleeves, by way of Diftinction, a Chalice with an Ho ft. The fame he after ts concerning Pbilpot, a very eminent Martyr •, and concerning one Tyms a Deacon, who was like wife martyr'd in Queen Mary's Reign. The holy Martyr John Bradford, as well as Mr. Bradford. Sampfon, and fome others, excepted againft the Ha- bits at their Entrance into Holy Orders, and were ordained without them. Bucer and Peter Martyr, Profeffors of our two fa- Bucer and mous Univerfuies, were both againft the Habits, Martyr, and refufed to wear them. Bucer being afk'd, Why he did not wear the fquare Cap, anfwer'd, Becaufe • his Head was not fquare. And Martyr in one of his Letters after his return home, fays, when I was at Oxford, I would never ufe thofe white Garments in the Uifi. Ref. Choir, though I was a Canon in the Church ; and I am?. 6j. fatisfed in my own Reafons for what I did. In the fame 2 Letter 192 ^HISTORY Chap. IV. gueen Letter he calls them meer Relicks of Popery ; and Elizabeth, fayS> He never jj^^ themj \^y^j Thefe were the Senciments of our firil Reformers in the Reign of King Edward VI. and Queen Mary., Upon reftoring the Proteftant Religion under Queen Elizabeth, the fame Sentiments concerning the Habits prevailed amongft all the Reformers at firft, though they difagreed upon the grand Que- ftion, Whether they foould defert their Miniftry rather than comply ? Parker. Mr. Strype, in his Life of Archbifhop Parker, a moft cruel Perfecutor of the Puritans, fays, That he was not fond of the Cap, the Surplice, and the Wa- fer Bread, and fuch like Injunctions, and would have been pleafed with a Toleration ; that he gloried in having been confecrated without the Aaronical Gar- ments ; but that his Concern for his Prince's Honour made him refolute that her Royal Will might take place. Horn. Dr. Horn Bimop of Winchefter, in his Letter to Gualter fays, " That the A£t of Parliament which Pierce'* " enjoined the Veftments, was made before they vwAicat. <{ were jn Qffice? f0 that they had no hand in ma- "*' " king it •, but they had obeyed the Law, thinking Hifi. Ref. « the Matter to be of an indifferent Nature ; and Vol. III. t< tY\ey had realbn to apprehend, that if they had 194. 9> " ^eferted tne'r Stations on that Account their Ene- " mies might have come into their Places •, but he " hoped to procure an Alteration of the Act in the " next Parliament, though he believed it would " meet with great Oppofition from the Papifts." Yet this very Biiliop a little after wifhed them cut off from the Church that troubled it about white or black Garments. Jewel. Bifhop Jewel calls the Veftments " the Habits of " the Stage, the Relicks of the Amorites, and wifhes *' they may be extirpated to the Roots, that all the " Remnants of former Errors, with all the Rubbifh, " and Chap. IV. o//^Puritans. $93 c* arid even the Duftthst yet remained, might be taken Queen *' away." But he adds, the Queen is fixed ; and To was EHaabetlij his Lordfhip foon after, when he refufed the learned .Ji^£^ Dr. Humphreys a Benefice within his Dibcefe on this MSm Account, and called all the Non-Conformifts Men p. 873. otfqueamijh Stomachs. Bifhop Pilkington complains " that the Difputes Pilking- " which began about the Veflments were now carri-ton. " ed further, even to the whole Conftitution •, that " pious Perfons lamented this, Atheifts laughed, " and the Papifts blew the Coals ; and that the " Blame of all was caft upon the Bifhops. He urged " that it might be confidered, that all Reformed " Churches had cait away Popim Apparel with the " Pope *, that many Minifters would rather leave M their Livings than wear them •, and he was well " fatisfied that it was not an Apparel becoming thole " that profefs Godlinefs. I confefs (fays he) we # ^^Z* " fuffer many Things againft our Hearts groaning Vo''i^11, " under them ; but we cannot take them awayp " though we were ever fo much fet upon it. We M are under Authority, and can innovate nothing " without the Queen ; nor can we alter the Laws ; " the only Thing"left to our Choice is, whether we " will bear thefe Things or break the Peace of the " Church." Bifhop Grindal was a considerable Time in fufpenfe, Grindal, whether he mould accept a Bifhoprick with the Po- pifh Veflments. He writ to Peter Martyr On this Head, and fays, That all the Bifhops that had been beyond Sea had dealt with the Queen to let the Ha- bits fall ; but fhe was inflexible. This made therri fubmit to the Laws, and wait for a fit Opportunity to reverfe them. Upon this Principle he conformed and was cenfecrafed •, and in one of his Letters, " Fie " calls God to witnefs, that it did not lie at their <■* [the Bifhops ] Door, that the Habits were not «« quite taken away." O Dr, 194 ^HISTORY Chap. IV. $ueen Dr. Sandys Bifhop of Worcefler, and Parkhurjt of Elizabeth, Norwich, inveigh feverely againft the Habits, and ^Jiyis* tnev w-tft the reft of the Bifhops threaten to declaim Sandys, againft them, 'Till they are fent to Hell from whence they came. Sandys in one of his Letters to Parker fays, " / hope we Jhall not be forced to ufe the Veflments, but " that the meaning of the Lam is, that others in the '* mean Time Jhall not take them away, but that they Jhall *' remain for the 9$ueen. Gueft. Dr. Guejl Bifhop of Rochefter writ againft the Ce- remonies to Secretary Cecil, and gave it as his Opi- m.s. nion, " That having been evil ufed, and once taken p. 891. <( awav? they ought not to be ufed again, becaufe M the Galatians were commanded, To Jland fajl in tht " Liberty wherewith Chrift had made them free ; and •' becaufe we are to abjiain from all appearance of evil. " The Gofpel teaches us to put away needlefs Ce- " remonies, and to worfhip God in Spirit and Truth ; " whereas thefe Ceremonies were no better than the " Devices of Men, and had been abufed to Idolatry. " He declares openly againft the Crofs, againft " Images in Churches, and againft a Variety of . ?<*» moval ; whereas many of our modern Conformiits^23^"^ have made them ejfential to their Miniffrations, and \JAJ^j have reprefenred Religion as lean and defective with- out them. But the Queftion that divided the Reformers, was state of 'the The Lawfulness of wearing Habits that had beenSptf10**' confe crated to idolatrous and fuperjlitious Ufes, and ^^rl'"e the very Marks and Badges of that Religion they had re- l nounced. Upon this they confulted the foreign Di- I vines, who agreed in the Reafonablenefs of abo- i liming the Habits, but were divided in their Sen- : timents about the Lawfulnefs of wearing them in ; the mean Time : Some were afraid of the Return* ! of Lutheranifm or Popery, if the Minifters mould i defert their Stations in the Church •, and others ap- prehended , that if they did not reject them at j firft, they fhould never obtain their removal after- wards. Dr. Humphreys and Sampfon, two Heads of theSampfbn N on- Conformists, writ to Zurich the following Rea-/OM*,Hu,l?~ fons againft the Lawfulnefs of wearing the Habits : L*^^ " That they did not think the prefcribing Habits to qainfitU the Clergy meerly a Civil Thing ; nor that the Habits. il Habits now prefenbed were decent , for how can that Habit be decent that ferves- only to drefs up the theatrical Pomp of Popery ? The Papifts glo- ry in this, that thefe Habits were brought in by them, for which they vouch Otbo's Conftitutions and the Roman Pontifical. They add, that In King Edward's Time the Surplice was not univer- fally ufed nor preffed, whereas the Copes then ta- ken away are now to be reftored. This is not to extirpae Popery but to plant it again, and inftead ' of going forward in Reformation to go backward, We do not place Religion in Habits (fay they; ■ but we op.pofe them that do, [the Papifts], Be- ' fides, it gives ibme Authority to Servitude to de- V part from our Liberty. We Late Contention." O 2 '« nor i96 r/^HISTORY Chap. IV. Queen " nor do we deferc our Churches and leave them ex- Elizabeth, *< pofed to Wolves, but we are driven from them. L^4^ " We leave our Brethren to (land and fall to their 44 own Mafter, and defire the fame favourable For- " bearance from them. All that is pretended is, that 44 the Habits are not unlawful ; not that they are good 44 and expedient •, but forafmuch as the Habits of the " Clergy are vifible Marks of their ProfefTion, they *' ought not to be taken from their Enemies. The " ancient Fathers had their Habits, but not peculiar 44 to Bifhops, nor diftinct from the Laity. The In- " ftances of St. John and Cyprian are Angular. In 44 Tertullian's Time the Pallium was the common " Habit of all Chriftians. Cbrxfoftom fpeaks of white " Garments, but with no Approbation •, he rather 44 finds fault with them : Nor do we condemn Things 44 indifferent as unlawful •, but we wifh there might 44 be a free Synod to fettle this Matter, in which 44 Things may not be carried according to the Minds 44 of one or two Perfons. The Doctrine of our 44 Church is now pure, and why fhould there be any 44 Defect in our Worfliip? Why fhould we bor- row any Thing from Popery ? Why fhould we not agree in Rites as well as in Doctrine with the 44 other reformed Churches ? We have a good Opi- 44 nion of our Bifhops, and bear with their State hifi. Kef. tt and Pomp j we once bore the fame Crofs with Vol.111. «< them, and preached the fame Chrift with them; M why then are we now turned out of our Benefices, 44 and fome put in Prifon, only for Habits, and 44 publickly defamed ? 44 But the Difpute is not only about a Cap and Surplice ; there are other Grievances which ought to be redrefied or difpenfed with ; as, (i.) Mu- fick and Organs in Divine Worfhip. (2.) The 44 Sponfors in Baptifm, anfvvering in the Child's 44 Name. (3.) The Crofs in Baptifm. (4.) Kneel- 44 ing at the Sacrament, and the Ufe of unleavened M Bread. (5.) There is alfo a want of Difcipline in 2 44 th< ft tc f c Chap.IV. c/^Puritans. 197 6< the Church. (6.) The Marriage of the Clergy |««» fc is not legitimated, but their Children are looked EHzabech* M upon by Tome as Baftards. (j.) Marriage is not ^J^JL. " gion, fince the only thing they defired was, that vj^l^y t , the mean Time they mould not be urged upon thofe^^ that fcrupled them : But they were not fo weli agreed in the Lawfulnefs of wearing them till they were taken away, though their Fears of the Return of Popery, if the Ministers mould defert their Stations ; their Companion to the Souls of the People that were pe- rifhing for lack of Knowledge -, and their Hopes, that the Queen would quickly be prevailed with to remove them, made moil of them think they might be difpenfed with for the prefent. The Englijh Laity were more averfe to the of fa Habits than the Clergy •, as their Hatred of Po-Eng''ft- pery encreafed, fo did their Averfion to the^"> Garments. There was a ftrong Party in the very Court againft them, among whom was the great Earl of Leicejler, Sir Francis Knollys Vice- Chamberlain i Burleigh Lord Treafurtr ; Sir Francis Walfingjmm Secretary of State; the Earl of Bedford ', Warwick^ and others. But the Proteftant Populace throughout the Nation were fo inflamed, that no- thing but an awful Subjection to Authority could have kept them within the Church. Great Num- bers refus'd to frequent thofe Places of Worfhip where Service was minifter'd in that Drefs ; they would not faiute fuch Minifters in the Streets, nor keep them Company •, nay, if we may believe Dr. JVhitgift, in his Defence againft Carlwright^ " TbeyStrype'j " fpit in their Faces, reviled them as they went Annals* " along, and fhowed fuch like rude Benaviour, be-P-^o. k< caufe they took them for Papilts in difguifc, foi " Time-fervers, and half- faced Protectants, that " would be content with the Return of that Religion " whofe Badge thfly wore." There was indeed a warm Spirit in the People, againft every Thing that came from that pretended Church, whole Gar- ments had been fb lately dyed with the Blood of 'he: r Fr 202 The H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. gueen Friends and Relations. Upon the whole, I leave Elizabeth, the Reader to determine, how far the Wifdom and \lJ^. Juftice of the Queen can be vindicated, in impofing thefe Habits on the Clergy ; or the Bifhops be ex- cufed for imprifoning, fufpending, and depriving, fome of the moft ufeful Preachers in the Kingdom, for Things which in their own Opinion were but barely tolerable; but in the Judgment of their Bre- thren were abfolutely finful. We have already mentioned the Queen's Letter of January 25th •, in Obedience to which Archbifhop Parker writ to his Brethren of the Ecclefiaftical Commiflion, and in particular to Grindal Bifhop of London, (there being in that City the greateft Num- ber of Clergy, and of the beft Learning that refufed the Apparel) to confult proper Methods to reduce them to an exact Uniformity. After fome Debate the Commifiioners agreed upon certain Adver- tisements (as they were called) partly for due Order in preaching and adminiflring the Sacraments ; and partly for the Apparel of Perfons Ecclefiaftical. Muertife- The Articles for Preaching declare, " That all ments or " Licences granted before March ift, 1564. fhall jrjunBi- « De vojd ancj 0f none effect ; and that all that fhall onsforv- u b thought meet for the Office of Preaching fhall Sparrow, "-be admitted again, paying no more than four tc Pence for the Writing, Parchment, and Wax ; " and that thofe who were not approved as Preach- " ers, might read the Homilies. " In the Miniftration of the Communion in Cathe- «' drals and Collegiate Churches, the principal Mi- " nifters fhall wear a Cope with Gofpeller and Epijioler " agreeably ; but at all other Prayers to be faid at " the Communion Table, they fhall wear no Copes (i but Surplices only: Deans and Prebendaries fhall " wear a Surplice with a filk Hood in the Choir; " and when they preach a Hood. " Every Minifter faying the publick Prayers, or u adminiftring the Sacraments, &c, iliall wear a « Sur- Chap. IV. o/^Puritans. 203 " Surplice with Sleeves ; and the Parifh fhall provide Queen " a decent Table ftanding on a Frame for the Com- Elizabech? " munion Table ; and the ten Commandments mail i^i^ « be fet on the Eaft Wall over the faid Table. " All Dignitaries in Cathedral Churches, Doctors, " Batchelors of Divinity and Law, having Eccle- " fiaftical Livings, fhall wear in their common Ap- " parel a broad fide-Gown with Sleeves, flrait at " and Tippets of Sarfener, and a fquare Cap, but " no Hats, except in their Journeying. The infe- " rior Clergy are to wear long Gowns and Caps of " the fame Fafhion ; except in Cafe of Poverty, " when they may wear fhort Gowns." To rhefe Advertisements certain Protefta- •&*£;,?«£- tions were annexed, to be made, promifed, and fuh-fariptioiu. fcribed by fuch as fhall hereafter be admicted to any Office or Cure in the Church. " And here every " Clergyman fubfcribed, and promifed nox to preach »* or expound the Scriptures, without fpecial Licence " of the Bimop under his Seal, butonly to read the '« Homilies ; and Jikewife to obferve, keep, and f* maintain fuch Order and Uniformity in all exter- " nal Policy, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Church, " as by Laws, good Ufages, and Orders are already " well provided arid eftablifhed." Thefe Advertisements wereenjo ned the Clergy by the Archbilhop of Canterbury, the Bifhops of Lon- don and Rocbejier Commifiloners in Caufes Ecclefiafti- cal, and by the Biihops oilVinchejler, Ely, and fome others. The Preface fays, " That they do not pre- " fcribe thefe Rules as equivalent with the Word of " God, or as of NecefTity to bind the Confciences tl of the Queen's Subjects, in their own Nature con- *' fider'd •, or as adding any Efficacy or Holinefs to " publick Prayer, or to the Sacraments; but as " temporal Orders meerly Ecclefiaftical, without " any vain Superftition, and as Rules of Decency, " Diftin&ion, and Order, for the Time." By 204 *he H I S T 0 R Y Chap. IV. gueen By the firft of thefe Articles, all Preachers through- Elizabeth, out the Nation were difqualified at once ; and by the l^-Lkft* they fubfcribed, and promifed not to preach or expound the Scriptures, without a fpecial Licence from the Bifhop, which was not to be obtained with- out a Promife under Hand of an abfolute Conformity to the Ceremonies. But here the CommiJJioners furely broke through the Act of Submijfion, by which they are obliged never to make or execute any Canons or Constitutions without the Royal AJJent. But the Bi- fhops prefumed upon their Intereft with her Ma- jefty •, they knew her Mind, though me refufed, for political Reafons, to ratify their Advertifements, tel- ling them that the Oath of Canonical Obedience was fufficient to bind the inferior Clergy to their Duty, without the Interpofition of the Crown. l. c/Par- Parker therefore went on ; and having cited the Pu- ker,p.i6i.ritan Clergy to Lambeth, he admonifhed fome, and threaten'd others: But Grindal withdrew, being na- turally averfe to Methods of Severity, and afraid of a Praemunire : His Grace took a great deal of Pains to gain him over, and by his Arguments ("fays Strype) brought him to a good Refolution. He alio writ to the Council for the Queen's and their Afllftance ; and to the Secretary of State, befeechinghim tofpirit up the Bifhop of London to his Duty, which. was done accordingly. What Pains will fome Men take to draw their Brethren into a Snare, and force them to be Partners in Oppreflion and Cruelty ! Dr. Hum- Among others that the Archbifhop cited before phrevsWhim were the Reverend Mr. 'Thomas Sampfon, Dean of ^??lcTn Chrijl Church, and Dr. Lawrence Humphreys, Prefi- Commiffi- ^ent °f Magdalen College, Oxon, Men of high Re- iners, nown throughout the Nation for Learning, Piety, and Zeal for the Reformation, having been Exiles for Religion in Queen Mary's Reign, but averfe to the Habits. Upon their Appearance the Archbifhop urged them with the Opinions of Bucer and Peter Martyr -, but the Authority of thefe Divines not be- ing $ Chap. IV. of the Puritans. 205 ing fufficient to remove their Scruples, they were or- Queen dered not to depart the City without leave. After Elizabeth, long Attendance, and many Checks from fome of the.J26*' Council for their Refractor inefs, they framed a fup- *^^ plicatory Letter in a very elegant but fubmiflive Stile, and fent it to the Archbifhop, and the reft of the Ec- clefiaftical Ccmmifiioners, March 20th, " In which " they pro; eft before God, what a bitter Grief it ts was to them, that there fhould befuch DifTentions " about a Cap and Suiplice among Perfons of the '« fame Faith. They alledge the Authorities of St. *c Aufiin, Socrates, and Tbeodoret, to fhew that in ** their Times there was a Variety of Rites and Ob- " fervances which break not Unity and Concord. " They befeech the Bifhops therefore, if there was " any Fellcw/hip in Chrift, that they would follow the " Direction of St. Paul about Things in their own " Nature indifferent, That every onejhouldbe perfuaded " in his own Mind. Confcience (fay they) is a " tender Thing, and all Men cannot look upon the " fame Things as indifferent ; if therefore thefe Ha- " bits feem fo to you, you are not to be condemned " by us ; on the other hand, if they do not appear " fo to us, we ought not to be vexed by you. They " then appeal to Antiquity, to the Practice, of other " Reformed Churches, and to the Coniciences of the " Bifhops themfelves ; and conclude thus, Where- " fore we moft humbly pray, that a Thing which " is the Care and Pleafure of Papifts, and which you " [the Bifhops] have no great Value for your felves, " and which we refufe not from any'Contempt of " Authority, but from an Averfion to the Com- • *' mon Enemy, may not be our Snare nor our " Crime." In one of their Examinations the Archbifhop put nine Queftions to them, to which they gave the fol- lowing Anfwers. Queft. 1 . "lithe Surplice a Thing evil and wicked j or T^e f3?'* tut indifferent? Htftbm jtnJw.Apfwers. 2o6 |35fe HISTORY Chap. IV. gueen Anfw, « Though the Surplice in Subftance be in- Ehzabeth, n. different, yet in the prefent Circumftance it is not, ^Jii; " being ot the fame Nature with the Vejtis peregrina, " or the Apparel of Idolatry, for whicn God by the " Prophet threatens to vifit. Queft. 2. " If it be not indifferent, for what Caufe? Anfw. tc Becaufe Things that have been confecra- tc ted to Idolatry are not indifferent. Queft. 3. «'« Whether the Ordinary [or Bijhop] detejl- 1 ' ing Papiftry, may enjoin the Surplice to be worn, and " enforce bu Injunction ? Anfw. " It may be faid to fuch an one in Tertul- " iizn's Words, Si tu Diaboli Pompam oderis, quicquid " ex ea attigeris, id fcias effe Idololatriam. That is, If " thou hateft the Pomp and Pageantry of the Devil, P-l66# " remonies, provided there be Unity of Faith and *s ^S Per^orrne(^ 'n Popifh Apparel ; and this being a prevailing Opinion, we apprehend it highly neceffary to difabufe the People. (5.) Things indifferent ought not to be made neceffary, becaufe then they change their Nature, and we lofe our Chriftfan Liberty. (6.) If we are bound to wear Popifh Apparel when commanded, we may be obliged to have (haven Crowns, and to make ufe of Oil, Spittle, Cream, and all the reft of the papifticai Additions to the Ordinances of Chrift. The Ecclefiaftical Commiflioners Were very much divided in their Opinions, how to proceed with thefe Men. Some were for anfwering the Reafons above- mentioned, and for enforcing the Habits with a Proteftation, that they wijhed them taken away . Others were for Connivance 5 and others for fome Compro- mife : Accordingly a pacifick Propofition was drawn up which Humphreys and S amp/on were willing to fub- ■ Proceedings (cube, with the Referve of the Apoftle, All Things of tie Com- are iawfui y })Ui all Things edify not. But the Arch- mijfiemrs. bifhop, who was at the Head of the Commiffion, would abate nothing j for on the 29th of April he told them peremptorily in open Court, that they fhould conform to the Habits; that is, to wear the fquare Cap and no Hats in their long Gowns \ to wear the Sur- plice with Non-regent" s Hoods in the Choirs, according to ancient Cuflom ; and to communicate Kneeling in Wafer Bread; or elfe they fhould part with their Pla- l. o/Par- ces. To which our Divines replied, that their Con- ker^. 185 fciences could not comply with thefe Injunctions, be Sampfon tnG Event what it would. Upon this they were both e?rw ' put under Confinement-, but the Storm fell chiefly upon Sampfon, who was detained in Prifon a confider- abJe Time, as a Terror to others ; and by fpecial Order from the Queen, was deprived of his Deanry -, nor could he ever obtain, after r his, any higher Pre- ferment in the Church, than the Government of a poor Hofpital. Hum- Chap. IV. of the PuRitAN S.~ £09 Humphrey's Place was not at the Queen's Difpofal ; Queen but he durft not return to Oxford, even after he had E!i-aberfii obtained his Releafe out of Prifon, but retired to one l^ll, Mrs. Warcuyy< in Berkjbire, a moft devout Woman, Hum. who had run all Hazards for harbouring the perfecu-phreys't ted Proteftants in the lare Times: From hence he writ ierto a moft excellent Letter to 'he Queen, in which \iz™e Q2een* " befeeches her Majefty's Favour about the Habits, *' forafmuch as fhe well knew that the Controverfy " was about Things in their own Nature indifferent, " and in which Liberty ofConfcience ought not to " be reftrained. He protefts his own and his Bre- " rJirens Loyalty, and then expoftulates with her " Majefty, why her Mercy fhould be fhut againft " them, when it was open to all others? Did fhefay " fhe would not yield to Subjects ? Yet fhe might u fpare miferable Men. Would fhe not refcind a f« publick Act ? Yet fhe might relax and fufpend it, " Would fhe not take away a Law? Yet fhe might cc grant a Toleration. Was it not fit to indulge " fome Mens Affections? Yet it was moft fit and J «< equal not to force the Minds of Men. He there- v fore earneftly befeeched her to confider the Majefty «< of the Glorious GofpeJ, the Equity oftheCaufe* ct the Fewnefs of the Labourers, the Greatnefs of «« the Harveft, the Multitude of the Tares, and the " Heavinefs of the Punifhment." Humphreys made ohiaini a fo many Friends at Court, that at length he obtained a Toleration* Toleration for himfelf, but had no Preferment in theM s Church, till after 10 or 1 2 Years, when he fubmittedp< g7*j# to the Habits. The Bifhop of Winch t ;/? er prefented him to a fmall Living within the Diocefe of Salisbury i but Jewel refufed to admit him, and laid he was de- termined to abide by his Refolution till he had good Affurance of his Conformity. The Oxford Hiftorian^^ r)^t fays, Dr. Humphreys was a moderate, confcientiousp. z^im Non-Conformift, but a great and general Scholar,, an able Linguift, a deep Divine •, and that for his Excel- lency of Stile» Exactnefs of Methodj and Subftance of P Mat- 210 ^HISTORY Chap.IV. $ueen Matter in his Writings, he went beyond mod of our Elizabeth, Theologifts. m6<. While the Cafe of thefe Oxford Divines was under yv^,/ Confideration, his Grace was confulting how to re- duce the London Puritans: He was afraid to prefs them with the Advertisements, becaufe the Queen could not be prevail'd with to put the Seal to them •, he therefore fent them again to the Secretary with a Letter to the Queen, praying, '« That if not " all, yet at leaft thofe Articles that related to the " Apparel might be returned with fome Authority." i. o/Par- But the Queen was firm to her former Refolution; ktT>P-iI2jfhe would give no Authority to the Advertisements \ Al^* but to fupport herCommiflloners ififued out a Procla- mation, peremptorily requiring Uniformity in the Habits, upon pain of Prohibition from Preaching, and \ 'Deprivation, proceed- Upon this the Archbifhop confulted with Men ivgs with learned in the Civil Law, what Method to pro- tie Lon- ceecj jn . ancj tnen concluded with the Confent of onCergy. tne re^. Qf ^ CommifTioners, to fummons the whole Body of Paftorsand Curates, within the City of Lon- don, to appear at Lambeth, and to examine every one of them upon this Queftion, Whether tbey would pro- mife Conformity to the Apparel ejlablijhed by Law, and teflify the fame by Subfcription of their Hands ? Thofe that demurred were immediately to be fufpended, and after three Months deprived of their Livings. To prepare the Way for this general Citation it was thought proper, fir ft to fummon the Reverend Mr. John Fox the Martyrologift, that the Reputation of his great Piety might give the greater Countenance to the Proceedings of the CommifTioners ; but when they called upon him to fubfcribe, he took his Greek Teftament out of his Pocket, and fa id, To this 1 will fubfcribe. And when they offered him the Canons he reiufed, faying, I have nothing in the Church but a Pre- bend in Salisbury, and much good may it do you if yon take it from me< But the Commiffioners had not Cou- rage Chap. IV. of the Puritans. 21 r rage enough to deprive a Divine of fo much Merit, $&een who held up the Afhes of Smitbfield before their Eli"bech» Eyes. f v^V^s^ The 26th of March being the Day appointed forpuikr. theAppearance of the Londonderry, the Archbifhop defired the Secretary, with fome of the Nobility and Queen's Council to countenance the Proceedings of the Commiirioners with their Prefence, but they would noc be concerned in fuch difagreeable Work. When the Minifters appeared in Court, Mr. Thomas Cole a Clergyman being placed by the Side of the Commif- fi oners in prieflly Apparel, the Bifhop's Chance/lor from the Bench addrefled them in thefe Words : '* My Mailers, and ye Miniflers of London, the " Council's Pleafure is, that ftriclly ye keep the " Unity of Apparel, like this Man who Hands here " canonically Habited with afquare Cap, a Scho- " lar's Gown Prieft-like, a Tippet ; and in the " Church a Linen Surplice. Ye that will fubferibe, '* write Volo i thofe that will not fubferibe, write " Nolo: Be brief, make no Words." — When fome of the Clergy offer'd to fpeak he interrupted them, and cried, Peace, Peace. Apparitor call overL. ofGrm- the Churches, and ye Mailers anfwer prefently fub^,P- s>8. poena contemptus. Great was the Anguifh and Diftrefssrrype'^ of thofe Mmiders, who cried out for Companion to^'-p-^. themfelves and Families, faying, I rVe /h all be killed in our Souls for this Pollution of ours. After much Per- Humbert fwafion and many Threatnings, Sixty one out oideiriv *- about a Hundred were prevailed with to fubferibe, and Thirty feven ablblutely refus'd -, of which laft£iC/-par^ Number, as the Archbifhop acknowledged, v>'ereker,p.zi$. fome of the beft Preachers. Thefe were immediate- ly fufpended, and put from all Manner of Miniftry, with fignification, that if they did not conform with- in three Months they were to be deprived. The Archbifhop imagined that their Behaviour would have been rough and clamorous, but contrary to his Expectations it was reafonable, quiet, and modeft. P 2 The 2i£ 7 be HISTORY Chap. IV. $ueen The Minifters gave jn the following Paper of Re** Ehzabuh,fons fofrefufingthe Apparel. Their r«?,*-Reasons grounded upon the Scriptures, whereby forts for re- we are perfuaded not to admit the Ufe of the outward fuftngthe Jpparel, and minijlring Garments of the Pope*s a ns' Church. Firft, " /^\UR Saviour faith, 'Take heed that you " \^J contemn not one of thefe little Ones ; for he " that offendeth one of thefe little Ones that believe th in ,c me, it were good for him that a Milftone were hanged " about his Neck, and that he were drowned in the Depth «' of the Sea. To offend the little Ones in Chrift, is 4* to fpeak or do any Thing whereby the fimplc ** Chrillians may take Occafion either to like that •*« which is evil, or to miflike that which is good. «l Now for us to admit the Ufe of thefe Things may " occafion this Mifchief, therefore in confenting to " them we mould offend many of thefe little Ones. Vs Further, St. Paul faith, If any Man that is infirm " pall fee thee that hafi Knowledge fitting at Meat at the " Idols Table, will not his Confcience be fined up to eat " that which is offered to Idols ? And fo the weak Bro- *' therfor whom Chrift died jh all perifh in thy Knowledge ; " and in finning after this Sort againft the Brethren, and c< wounding their weak Confciences, ye do fin againft tl Chrift, i Cor. viii. 10, II, 12. This Place pro- 41 veth, that whatfoever is done by him that has *« Knowledge, or feems to have it, in fuch fort that " he may feem to allow chat as good, which in it felf " cannot be other than evil, is an Occafion for the «« Weak to allow and approve of the Thing that is " evil, and to miflike that that is good, though the " doing it be indifferent of it felf in him that has «' Knowledge, Tofetac the Idols Table, or to eat Ci Things offered to Idols, is in him that has Know- gi ledge a Thing indifferent, for he knows that the *' Idol is nothing, and that every Creature of God is " good, Chap. IV. of the Puritan s. 215 fo does Oitobonus and " others, appointing grievous Punifhments for thofe " that refufe to wear them ; yea, and the Pontifical •■ teaches, that when a Clerk has by Murder, or " otherwife, deferved to die, he muft be degraded, " by plucking violently from him thofe Garments Si with thefe Words, Autho'i^ate Dei O?nnipotentisy *' Patris, Filii, & Spiritus Sanai, &c. By the Autbo- " rity of Almighty God, Father \ Son, and Holy Ghofi, M and by our Authority we take from thee the Habit of *' the Clergy, and we make thee naked and bare ef the P 4 « Qr-. 2i6 ^HISTORY Chap, IV, $ue*K *« Ornaments of Religion ; and we do depofe, degrade, Elizabeth, c< fpoil, and jlrip thee of thy Clergy Order, Benefice, and *11 JLv after, tells her Majefty, " That many of her People, JJy^ " eipecially in the Northern Parts, perifhed for wanti;/**/ H of faving Food. Many there are (fays hej thatGrindal, f* hear not a Sermon in feven Years, I might fafely£: 99. f( fay in feventeen : Their Blood wUl be required at ^ " fome Bodies hands." But to make thorough Work with the Refufers ofFuriherS*- the Habits, the Archbifhop called in all Licences, ve"£a\£ according to the Jdvertifements, and appointed ^W^mitanL Preachers throughout his whole Province to take out new Ones •, this was to reach thofe who were neither Incumbents, nor Curates in Pari/hes, but Lecturers, or occafional Preachers. All Parfons and Curates Licences were forbid to fufrer any to preach in their Churches'**08 upon any former Licences given by the Archbifhop ^avia3* and fuch as took out new Licences bound themfelves for the future, not to difturb the publick Eflablilh- ment, or vary from it. And becaufe fome when they had been difcharged from their Miniftry in one Dio- cefe for Nonconformity, got a Settlement in another, it was now appointed that fuch Curates as came out pf other Diocefes mould not be allowed to preach without Letters Teftimonial from the Ordinary where they laft ferved. But thofe Puritans who could not£, 0fPu- with a good Confcience take out new Licences kept ker,p. 189^ their old ones, and made the belt ufe of them they could. " They travel'd up and down the Countries " from Church to Church, preaching where they " could get leave, as if they were Apoftles (fays Bi- " mop Jewel)" and fo they were with Regard to their Poverty, For Silver and Gold they had none .- But his Lordfhip adds, " And they take Money for their ** Labours.'* An unpardonable Crime! that honed Men of a liberal Education, that had parted with their Livings in the Church for a good Confcience, fhould endeavour after a very poor manner to live by the Gofpel. % There 22o the H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. SltKt* There was ftill one Door of Entrance into the Mi- Elizabeth, niftry left open to the Puritans, which the Archbi- oir>L/ ^°P u^ a^ ^'s ^ncere^ t0 fhut, but could not pre- j^erflty va'h ^c was a Privilege granted the Univerfity of #fCam- Cambridge by Pope Alexander VI. to licence twelve bridge'/ Minifters yearly, to preach any where throughout •privilege £ngian^ without obtaining Licences from any of the Bi- VeZbmfaP5' The Bul1 kys> that " The Chancellor of the debated. iC Univerfity (who was then Fijher Bifhop of Ro- " chefler) and his SuccefTors, fhall licence twelve « Preachers yearly, under the common Seal of the «■ Univerfity, who fhall have liberty to preach, &c. •■ durante vita naturali.** The Archbifhop fent to Se- cretary Cecil their Chancellor, praying him to fet afide this Practice, (i.) Becaufe theprefent Licences varied from the original Bull, being given out by the Vice- Chancellor, whereas they ought to be in the Name of the Chancellor only. (2.) Becaufe it was unrea- fonable to give Licences durante vita naturali, i. e. for Life ; whereas they ought to be only quam diu no- lis placuerinty & dum laudabiliter gefferint, i. e. During l. #/Par- our Pleafurey or as long as they behave well. (3 .) But ke^P't^-that which troubled the Archbifhop raoft, was the Claufe that infringed his own and his Brethrens Jurif- diction, that they might preach without a Licence from any of the Bijhops. This was thought infufferable 5 the Vice-Chancellor therefore was Tent for to Town to defend the Privilege of the Univerfity, which he did to the Satisfaction of the Chancellor ; but the Archbifhop was fo angry, that he declared he would not admit any of their Licences without the Chancel- lor's Name ; nor could he imagine that the Vice- Chancellor, by his pretended Experience and Skill in the Civil Law, could inform his Honour of any Thing that he was not capable of anfwering. But here his Grace met with a Difappoincment, for the Univer- fity retained their Privilege, and made ufe of it to the Relief cf the Puritans. Chap. IV. of the P u r i t a n s. 221 In the Queen's Progrefs this Year, her Majefty $j*"» vifited the Univerfity of Cambridge, and continued Ell2abeth» there five Days, being entertained by the Scholars kJI^/ with Speeches and Difputations. On the 3d Day of e>aee» vi her being there [Aug. 7.] a Philofophy Act was kcptfts the u- by Tho. Byng of Peter-houfe, on thefe two Queftions."-*^^ (1.) Whether Monarchy be not the beft Form of^5ja™~ Government ? (2.) Whether frequent Alterations of the Laws is dangerous ? The Opponents were Mr. Tho. Cartwright, Fellow of Trinity College, Mr. Chad* derton, of §h■#•. Confufion, by the Controverfy of the Habits, efye-Ple*he cially of the Surplice. Dr. Longworth, Mafter ofH*> c^e 9u^ec Enjoyment of their Confciences, had indu- ced them to do as they had done. But Cecil writ them an angry Letter, admonifhing them to return quietly to the Habits, as they had ufed them before. He alfo writ to the Vice-Chancellor, requiring him to call together the Heads of the Colleges, and let them know, that as they tender'd the Honour of God, the Prefervation of Chriftian Unity, the Reputation of the Univerfity, the Favour of the Queen, and his own good Will to them, they mould continue the Ufe of the Habits. Whitgifc The Heads of Colleges being fenfible of the Rifk writes fir tne Univerfity would run of being disfurnifhed of wth the Students, if the Habits were preffed, writ again to habits, their Chancellor Cecil, to intercede with the Queen for a Difpenfation ; one of their Letters was fign'd by the Mafter of Trinity College, Dr. Beaumont, who had been an Exile, John Whitgift, afterwards Archbifhop of Canterbury, Roger Kelk, Mafter of Magdalen- College, Richard Longworth, Mafter of St. John's, Mat- thew Button, Mafter of Pembroke- Hall, afterwards Archbifhop of York, and many others; in their Letter L. of Par- they acquaint his Honour, " That a great many Per- «r>p-*94««« fons in the Univerfity of Piety and Learning, were " fully perfuaded of the Unlawfulnefs of the Habits ; " and therefore if Conformity were urged, they would 4t be forced to deferc their Stations, and thus the " Univerfity would be ftript of its Ornaments ; they " therefore give it as their humble Opinion, that *' Indulgence in this Matter would be attended with " no Inconveniencies ; but on the other hand, they " were afraid Religion and Learning would fuffer eth, to aflift the Vice-Chancellor in bringing the Scho- \sJ^l^ lars to an Uniformity in the Habits, which never- thelefs they coukl not accomrdifh for many Years. Wbitgift feeing which way the Tide of Preferment ran, drew his Pen in defence of the Hierarchy in all its Branches, and became a moft potent Advocate for the Habits. But the Univerfity of Cambridge was (till a Sanctuary for the Puritans. To return to the London Clergy: Among xhe^ A¥' deprived Minifters, fome betook themfelves to the^?&cran* Study of Phyfick, others enter'd upon a fecular Em- p"aj„t™~ ployment ; fome went into Scotland or beyond Sea ; fome got to be Chaplains in Gentlemens Families ; but many that had large Families were reduced to Beggary. Many Churches were now (hut up, and the People ready to mutiny for their Minifters. 600 Perfons came to a Church in London to receive the Communion on Palm Sunday, but the Doors were (hut, there being none to officiate. The Cries of the Peo- ple reached the Court ; the Secretary writ to the Archbifhop to fupply the Churches, and releafe the Prifoners ; but his Grace was inexorable, and had rather the People (hould have no Sermons or Sa- craments, than have them without the Surplice and Cap. He acquainted the Secretary in a Letter, " That when the Queen put him upon what he hadi» of Par-' P,2ZZ" more of the Ecclefiaftical Commiffion, and published June 29th, 1566. in the eighth Year of» the Queen's Majefty's Reign. * The Puritans being thus foreclofed, and ffiut oulHarcffa'Ps of the Church by Sequeji rations, Imprifonments, the0?*"'*"' taking away of their Licences to preach, and the Reflraint of the Prefs, molt of them were at a lofs how to be- have, being unwilling to feparate from a Church where the Word and Sacraments were truly admi- nifter'd, though defiled with fome popifh Super- ftitions ; of this Number was Dr. Humphrey s, s»rue covtt- Sampfon, Fox the Marty rologift, Lever, Whittingham,m'emthe Johnfon, and others, who continued preaching up urc ' and down, as they had Opportunity, and could be difpenfed with for the Habits, though they were excluded all parochial Preferment. But there were great Numbers of the common People that abhorred the Habits as much as the Mi- nifters, and would not frequent the Churches where they were ufed, thinking it as unlawful to counte- nance fuch Superflitions with their Prefence, as if they themfelves were to put on the Garments. Thefe were at a lofs where to hear ; fome ftaid without the Church till Service was over, and the Minifter was entering upon his Prayer before Sermon •, others flocked after Father Coverdale, who preached with- out the Habits ; but being turned out of his Church at St. Magnus, London-Bridge, they were obliged to fend to his Houfe on Saturdays, to know where they might hear him next Day : The Government took Q 3 Urn- 230 ^HISTORY Chap. IV. v\^k"h Umt^age ac ^is infomuch that the good old Man 1566 Was obIiged t0 tell his Friends, that he durft not in- ^s^y-^ form them any more of his Preaching for fear of offending his Superiors. At length, after having others fe- waited about eight Weeks to fee if the Queen would fame, jiave Companion on them, feveral of the deprived Minifters had a folemn Confutation with their Friends, in which after Prayer, and a ferious Debate about the Lawfulnefs and Neceffity of feparating from the efta- blifh'd Church, they came to this Agreement, That fince they could not have the Word of God preached, nor the Sacraments adminifired without Idolatrous Geare fas they called itj and fence there had been a feparate Congregation in London, and another at Geneva in Queen Mary'j 'Time, which ufed a Book and Order of Preaching, Adminiftration of Sacraments and Difcipline, that the great Mr, Calvin had approved of, and which was free from the Superflitions of the Englifh Service 5 that therefore it was their Duty in their prefent Circum- flances, to break off from the publick Churches, ~ and to affemble, as they had Opportunity, in private Houfes, or clfewhere, to wor/hip God in a manner that might not Z. of Par- offend againfi the Light of their Confciences. Had the *cr>*,,i41. Habits and a few Ceremonies been left indifferent, both Minifters and People had been eafy ; but it was the compelling thefe Things by Law (as they told the Archbifhop) that made them feparate. It was debated among them, whether they mould ufe as much of the Common Prayer and Service of the Church as was not offenfive, or refolve at once, fince they were cut off from the Church of England, to kt up the pureft and beft Form of Worfhip, molt confonant to the Holy Scriptures, and to the Practice of the foreign Reformers ; the latter of thefe was concluded upon, and accordingly they laid afide the Englifi Liturgy, and made ufe of the Geneva Service Book. 9.^Confe- j-jere was tj,e J£RA or £)ate 0f tne SEPARATION, egewm p) a mQ£ unhappy Evenj; (fays Mr. Strype) whereby " People Chap. IV. o/^Puritans. 231 €t People of the fame Country, of the fame Religion, §"<*» se and of the fame Judgment in Doctrine, parted Ellbabsth> " Communions •, one Part being obliged to go afide v^i-J, on the other hand, thought it cruel Ufage to be turned out of the Church for Things which their Adverfaries acknowledged to be trifling, and of meer indifference ; whereas they took it upon their Con- fciences, and were ready to declare in the molt fo- lemn manner, that they apprehended them unlawful. They complied as far as they could with the Efta- blifhment while they were within it, by ufing as much of the Liturgy as was not offenfive, and by ta- king the Oath of Supremacy •, they were as dutiful Subjects to the Queen as the Bifhops, and declared themfelves ready to obey their Sovereign in all Things lawful ; and when they could not obey, pa- tiently to fuffer the Will of God. After all this, to impute the Behaviour of the Nonconformijls to Obfti- nacy and Peevifhnefs, was very uncharitable. What could move them to part with their Livings, or fup- Q^4 port . 232 7 be H I S T O R Y Chap. IV. $ueen port them under the Lofs, but the Teftimony of a good *]™^>ConJcience? When they could not but be fenfible their \tS-Y^*> Non-Conformity muft be attended with Poverty and Difgrace, with the Lofs of their Characters and Ufefulnefs in the Church ; and with numberlefs un- forefeen Calamities to themfelves and Families, un- Jefs it mould pleafe God in his All-wife Providence to forten the Queen's Heart in their Favour. 'Jtfatrs of InScotland all Things were in Confufion. The young Scotland. Qyecn Maryj afcer the Death of her Hufband Fran- cis II. returned into her own Country, Auguft 21, 1561. upon ill Terms with Queen Elizabeth, for af- fuming the Arms of England, and putting in her Claim to the Crown on the foot of Queen Elizabeth's Baftardy, which moft of the popifh Power? maintain- ed, becaufe fhe was born during the Life cf Queen Katherine, whofe Marriage had been declared valid by the Pope. Elizabeth offered her a fafe Conduct if fhe would ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh ; but fhe chole rather to run all Rifks than fubmit. Mary was a bigotted Papift, but her juvenile Amours and Follies foon entangled her Government, and loft her Crown. As foon as fhe arrived in Scotland fhe had the Morti- fication to fee the whole Nation turned Proteftanr, and the Reformation cftablifhed by Laws fo fecure and ftrict, that only her felf was allowed the Liberty of Mafs in her own Chapel, and that without Pomp or Oilentation. The Proteftants of Scotland, by the Preaching of Mr. Knox, and others, had received the ftrongefl Averfion to Popery, and were for re- moving at the greatefl Diftance from its Superftitions. The general Affembly petition'd her Majefty to ra- tify the Acts of Parliament for abolifhing the Mafs, and for obliging all her Subjects to frequent the re- formed Worfhip. But fhe replied, That fhe faw no Impiety in the Mafs, and was determined not to quit the Religion in which fhe was bred, being fatisfied it was founded on the Word of God. To which the general Affembly anfwered a little coarfely, That Turciftn Chap. IV. 5/ /^Puritans. 233 Turcifm flood upon as good Ground as Popery ; and then Queen required her in the Name of the Eternal God, to in- Elizabeth, form her felf better, by frequenting Sermons, and ^J^*» conferring with learned Men : But her Majefty gave no Ear to their Counfels. In the Year 1564. the Queen married Henry Stuart, Birth of & Lord Darnley, who was joined with her in the Go-^amesI* vernment. By him fhe was brought to Bed of a Son June 15, 1566. afterwards James I. King of England ; but when fhe was with Child of him, fhe received a Fright by her Hufband's coming into her Chamber with his Servants, and putting to Death her Favou- rite David Rizzg an Italian Mufician, while fhe wac fitting with him at Table. This was thought to have fuch an Influence upon the Prince that was born of her, that he never loved the Sight of a Sword. Soon after this the King himfelf was found murdered in a Garden, the Houfe in which the Murder was com- mitted being blown up with Gun-Powder, to prevent the Difcovery. Upon the King's Death the Earl of Bothzvel became the Queen's Favourite, and as foon as he had fued out a Divorce from his lawful Wife, fhe took, him into her Marriage-Bed, to her very great Infamy, and the Regret of the whole Scots Na- tion, who took up Arms to revenge the late King's Murder, and difTolve the prefent inceftuous Mar- r age. When the two Armies were ready to engage R • Bctbzvd fled to Dunbar ; and the Queen being appre-p. 3 j7. hen five her Soldiers would not fight in fuch an infa- mous Caufe, furrender'd her felf to the Confederates, who fhut her up in the Caftle of Lock-Levin, and ob- liged her to refign the Crown to her young Son, under the Regency of the Earl of Murray : From hence fhe made her Efcape into England in the Year 1568. where fhe was detained Prilbner by Queen Elizabeth almoft 18 Years, and then put to Death. Bothwel turned Pirate, and being taken Prilbner by the Danes, was fhut up for ten Years in a noifom Prifon in Den- mark till he loft his Senfes and died mad. The 234 neHISTOR Y Chap. IV. §ueen The Earl of Murray being Regent of Scotland con- Elizabethj vened a Parliament and Affembly at Edinburgh, m yil^, which the Pope's Authority was again difcharged, KirkDifa-Znd the Act of Parliament of the Year 1560. for re- pirne efta- nouncing the Jurifdiction of the Court of Rome was blijbed. confirmed, and all Acts paffed in former Reigns, for the Support of popijh Idolatry were annulled. The new Confeffion of Faith was ratified, and the Proteftant Minifters, and thofe of their Communion, declared to be the only true and holy Kirk within that Realm. The Examination and Admifiion of Minifters, is declared to be only in the Power and Difpofition of the Church ; with a faving Claufe for Lay-Patrons. By another Aff, the Kings at their Coronation for the future, are to take an Oath to maintain the reformed Religion then profefifed : And by another, none but thofe who profefs the reform- ed Religion now eftablifhed, are capable of being Judges or Proctors, or of practifing" in any of the Courts of Juftice ; excepting the Rights of Offices hereditary, or for Life. The general Affembly declared their Approbation of the Difcipline of the reformed Churches of Geneva and Switzerland -, and for a Parity among Minifters, in oppofition to the fuperior Claim of the Bifhops. All Church-Affairs were managed by Provincial, Claflical and National Affemblies ; but thefe Acts of the general Affembly not being confirmed by Parlia- ment, Epifcopal Government was not legally abolifhed, but tacitly fufpended till the King came of Age. How- ever, the general Affembly fhewed their Power of the Keys at this Time, by depofing the Bifhop of Orkney for marrying the Queen to Bothwel, who was fuppofed to have murdered the late King •, and by making the Countefs of Argyle do Penance for affifting at the Ceremony. CHAP. Chap. V, ^//^PuRiTANs, 235 CHAP. V. From the Separation of the Proteftant Non- Conformifts to the Death of Archbifiop Parker. THOUGH all the Puritans of thefe Times §*«» would have remained within the Church, ifEhzat)eth> they might have been indulged in the Habits and a,^^) few Ceremonies, yet they were far from being fa- tisfied with the Hierarchy. They had other Objections befides thofe for which they were depri- ved, which they laboured inceflantly throughout the whole Courfe of this Reign to remove. I'll fee them before the Reader in one View, that he may- form the better Judgment of the whole Contro- verfy. Firft, They complained of the Bishops affect- objeSia/u ing to be thought a fuperior Order to PreJbyterst0fthePtt~ and claiming the fole Right of Ordination, and the'v* ^ Ufe of the Keys. They difliked the temporal "Dig- Hierarchy nicies and Lordfhips annexed to their Office, andoftu their engaging in fecular Employments and Trufts, cfjurc^> &c. as tending to exalt them too much above their Brethren, and not fo agreeable to their Characters zsm.s. Minijlers of Chrifi, nor confident with the due Dif-p. 174. charge of their lpiritual Function. Secondly, They excepted to the Titles and Offices of Archdeacons, Deans, Chapters, and other Officials belonging to Cathedrals, as having no Foundation in Scripture or primitive Antiquity, but intrenching upon the Privileges of the Prejbyters of the feveral Diocefes. Thirdly, They complained of the exorbitant Power and Jurifdiction of the Bifhops and their Chancellors in their Spiritual Courts, as derived from the Canon Law of the Pope, and not from the Word of God, 1 or 236 The HISTORY Chap.V. Sgeen or the Statute Law of the Land. They complain'd Elizabeth, Gf their fining, imprifoning, depriving, and putting is66. jvjen t0 exceffive Charges for lmall Offences •, and chat the higheft Cenlures, fuch as Excommunication and Abfolution, were in the Hands of Laymen, and not in the fpiritual Officers of the Church. Fourthly, They lamented the Want of a godly Difci- pline, and were uneafy at the promifcuous and gene- ra) Accefs of all Perfons to the Lord's Tabie. The Church being defcribed in her Articles as a Congrega- tion of faithful Perfons, they thought it neceffary that a Power mould be lodged fomewhere, to enquire into the Qualifications of fuch as defired to be of her Communion. Fifthly, Tho' they did not difpute the Lawful- nefs of Set Forms of Prayer, provided a due Liberty was allowed for Prayers of their own Compofure before and after Sermon •, yet they difliked fome Things in the publick Liturgy eftablifhed by Law ; as the frequent Repetition of the Lord's Prayer ; the Interruption of the Prayers by the frequent Refponfes of the People, which in fome Places feem to be little better than vain Repetitions, and is pra- ftifed in no other Proteftant Church in the World. They excepted to fome PafTages in the Offices of Marriage and Burial, &c. which they very unwil- lingly complied with ; as in the Office of Marriage, With ?ny Body 1 thee worjbip -, and in the Office of Burial, In fure and certain Hope of the RefurretJion to eternal Life, to be pronounced over the word of Men, if not excommunicated, &c. Sixthly, They dii'lik'd the Reading of the Apocry- phal Books in the Church, while fome parts of Cano- nical Scripture were omitted •, and though they did notdiflike the Homilies, they thought that no Man fhould be ordained a Minifter in the Church, but who was capable of preaching and expounding the holy Scriptures. One of their great Complaints therefore, throughout the Courfe of this Reign was, that Chap. V. c/^Puritans. 237 that there were fo many dumb Minifters, Pluralijts §ueen and Non-Reftdents \ and that Prefentations to Bene-Elizabeth» flees were in the Hands of the Queen, Bifhops, or yJ^J^j fome Lay-Patron, which ought to arife from the Ele- ction of the People. Seventhly^ They difapproved of the Obfervation of fundry of the Church Feftivals or Holidays, as having no Foundation in Scripture, or primitive Anti- quity, We have no Example (fay they,) in the Old, or New Tef anient, of any Days appointed in Com- memoration of Saints -, To obferve the Fafl in Lent cf Friday and Saturday, &c. is unlawful and fuper-M-s' Jlilious ; as alfo, buying and felling on the Lord's^'1' Day. Eighthly, They difallowed of the Cathedral Mods of JVorfhip \ of finging their Prayers, and of the Antiphone, or chanting of the Pfalms by Turns, which the Ecclefiaftical Commiflioners in King Ed- ward VIrh's Time advifed the laying afide. Noi* did they approve of mufical Inftruments, as Trum- pets, Organs, &c. which were not: in ufein the Church for above 1200 Years after Chrift. Ninthly, They fcrupled Conformity to certain Rites and Ceremonies, which were enjoin'd by the Rubrick, or the Queen's Injunctions ; as, 1. To the Sign of the Crofs in Baptifm, which is no part of the Inftitution as directed in Scripture ; and though it was ufual for Chriflians, in the earlier Ages of the Church, to crofs themfelves, or make a Crofs in the Air upon fome Occaiions, as a fort of Enchantment, yet there is no expreis mention of its being ufed in Baptifm, till about the 5th Century. Befides, it having been abufed to Superftition by the Church of Rome, and been had in fuch Reverence by fome Proceftants, that Baptifm it felf has been thought imperfect without it, they apprehend it ought to be laid afide. They alfo difallowed of Bap- tifm by Midwives, or other Women, in cafes of Sick- nefs j and of the Manner of Churching Women, wvhich look'd • 238 The H I S T O R Y Chap. V. <%ueen look'd to them too much like the Jewijb Purifica- Elizabeth, f^on. \^XJ\j 2. They excepted to the Ufe of God-fathers and God- mothers, to the Exclufion of the Parents from being Sure- ties for the Education of their own Children. If Parents were dead, or in a diftant Country, they were as much for Sponfors to undertake for the Education of the Child, as their Adverfaries *, but when the Edu- cation of Children is by the Laws of God and Na- ture committed to Parents, who are bound to form them to Virtue and Piety, they apprehended it very unjuftifiable to releafe them totally from that Pro- mile, and deliver up the Child to a Stranger ; as was then the conftant Practice, and is fince injoined by the 29th Canon, which fays, " No Parent jhall be " urged to be prefent, nor be admitted to anfwer as God- *' father to his own Child." In giving Names to Chil- dren it was their Opinion, that heathenifh Names fhould be avoided, as not fo fit for Chriftians ; and alfo, the Names of God, and Chriji, and Angels, and the peculiar Offices of the Mediator. They alfo dif- liked the God-fathers anfwering in the Name of the Child, and not in their own. 3. They diflik'd the Cuftom of Confirming Children^ as foon as they could repeat the Lord's Prayer and their Catechifm, by which they had a Right to come to the Sacrament, without any other Qualification ; this might be done by Children of five or 6 Years old. They were alfo dilfatisfied with that part of the Offke where the Bifhop laying his Hand upon the Children, prays that God would by this Sign certify them of his Favour and Goodnefs, which feems to put a facra- mental Efficacy upon the Impofition of his Hands. 4. They excepted againft the Injunction of KneeU ing at the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, which they apprehended not fo agreeable to the Example of Chrift and his Apoftles, who gave it to his Difciples rather in a Poiture of Feafting than of Adoration. Befides, it has no Foundation in Antiquity for many hun- Chap. V. cf^PuRiTANs. 239 hundred Years after Chrift ; and having fince been Queen grofly abus'd by the Papifts to Idolatry in their Adora-Eiizabeth> tion of the Hoft, it ought (fay they) to belaid afide ; ^S^ but if it fhould be allowed, that the Pojlure was indif- ferent, yet it ought not to be impofed and made a ne- ceffary Term of Communion *, nor did they approve of either of the Sacraments being adminifter'd in pri- vate •, no not in cafes of Danger. 5. To Bowing at the Name of J z s u s, as grounded upon a falfe Interpretation of that PafTage of Scrip- ture, At the Name of Je s u s every Knee /hail bow -, as if greater external Reverence was requir'd to that Name, than to the Perfon of our Bleffed Saviour, under the Titles of Lord, Saviour, Chrift, Imtnanuel, &c. and yet upon this Miftake was founded the In- junction of the Queen, and the 18th Canon, which fays, " When in Time of Divine Service the Name " Jesus fhall be mention'd, due and lowly Reve- " rence fhall be done by all Perfons prefent." But the Puritans maintained, that all the Names of God and Chrift were to be had in equal Reverence, and ■ therefore it was befides all Reafon to bow the Kneea or uncover the Head, only at the Name of Jefus. 6. To the Ring in Marriage. This they fometimes complied with, but wifhed it altered. 'Tis derived from the Papifts, who make Marriage a Sacrament, and the Ring a fort of a facred Sign or Symbol. The Words in the Liturgy are, " Then fhall they again " loofe their Hands, and the Man fhall give unto *' the Woman a Ring, laying the fame upon the ,c Book; and the Prieft taking the Ring, fhall deli- " ver it to the Man, to put it on the 4th Finger of ** the Woman's left Hand ; and the Man holding " the Ring there, and taught by the Prieit fhall lay, quented any feparate Conventicles, or broke through the Laws of the Church, they mould for the firft Of- fence be deprived of their Freed&m of the City of London, and afcer that abide what further Punifh*3 ment fhe fhould direct. This was a vaft Stretch of the Prerogative ; for there was no Law as yet to dif» tranchife any Man for not coming to Church. R But 242 Ibe HISTORY Chap. V. -?*?*. But notwithstanding this threatning Mefiage they JjZa6" 'went on with their Affemblies, and on the 19th of ^Vs. June agreed to have a Sermon and a Communion ai: rhey are Plumbers-Hall, which they hired for that Day under apprehend- Pretence of a Wedding; but here the Sheriffs of plumbers- London detected and broke them up, when they were Hal]^ affembled to the Number of about 100; moft of l c/Grin- them were taken into Cuftody and fent to the Comp- daljp.315.ter, and next Day feven or eight of the Chief were L. of Par .brought before the Bifhop of London, Dean Goodman, kwiP«34*'Mf: Archdeacon Watts, and Sir Roger Martin, Lord ^rfxa Mayor of London. The Bifhop charsed them with a&Jentingjrom their Parijh Lhurches, and with jetting up feparate AjTemblies for Prayer and Preaching and mini- firing the Sacrament. He told them, that by thefe Proceedings they condemned the Church of England, wh ch was well reformed according to the Word of God, and thofe Martyrs that had fhed their Blood for it. To which one of them replied in the Name of the reft, that they condemned them not, but only flood for the Truth of God's Word. Then the Bi- fhop afked the ancienteft of them, Mr. John Smithy what he could anfwer ? Who replied, " That they " thanked God for the Reformation ; that as long as ** they could hear the Word of God preached with- «' out idolatrous Gear about ic they never affembled " in private Houfes •, but when it came to this " Point, that all their Preachers were difplared who " would not fubferibe to the Apparel, fo that they *' could hear none of them in the Church for the " fpace of 7 or 8 Weeks, except Father Coverdalei tc they began to confult what to do •, and remembring C4 there had been a Congregation of Proteftants in " the City of London in Queen Mary's Days, and ano- " ther of Englijh Exiles at Geneva, that ufed a Book " framed bytherfi there, they refolved to meet pri- C{ vately together and ufe the faid Book." And finally, Mr. Smith offered in the Name of the reft, to yield, and do Penance at St. Paul's Crofs, if the 2 Bifhop Chap. V. of the P u R i t a n si 243 Bifhop and the Com miffi oners with him, could re- g>ueen prove that Book, or any Thing elfe that they held, Elizabeth, by the Word of God. ^J567- The Bifhop told him, They could not reprove the ^w[^J Book, but that was no fufficient Anfwer for not going p. 41/ to Church. To which Mr. Smith replied, that " He •* would as foon go to Mafs as to fome Churches, 44 and particularly to his own Parifh Church ; for t£ the Minifter that officiated there was a very Pa- Cl pift." Others faid the fame of other Parifh Prieils. The Bifhop asked, If they accufed any of them ; upon which one of them prefently named Mr. Bedel, who was there prefent, but the Bifhop would not enquire into the Accufation. The Dean oiWeftminfter, who was one of the Ec~ clefiaftical Commifiion, charged them with deroga- ting from the Queen's Authority of appointing indifferent Things in God's Worfhip. To which one of them an- fwered, that " it lay not in the Authority of a «' Prince, nor the Liberty of a Chriftian Man, to ■« ufe and defend that which appertained to Papiflry, " Idolatry, and the Pope's Canon Law." Another faidr that " thefe Things were preferr'd before the " Word of God and the Ordinances of Chrift.1* The Bifhop asked them what was preferr'd ? One of them anfwer'd boldly, " That which was upon the " Bifhop's Head and upon his Back ; their Copes and " Surplices, and Canon Laws." Another faid, " That he thought both Prince and People ought to " obey the Word of God." To which the Bifhop yielded, except in Things that were indifferent, which God had neither commanded nor forbid •, in thefe he aliened, that Princes had Authority to or- der and command. Whereupon feveral of them cried out, tc Prove that, where find you that?" But the Bifhop would not encer into the Debate, but al- ledg'd the Judgment of the learned Bullinger ; to which Mr. Smith replied, That perhaps they could fhew Bullinger againft Bullinger in the Affair of the Habits. R 2 The 244 tte HI STORY Chap.V. gueen The Bifhop asked them, whether they would be Elizabeth, determined by the Church of Geneva. Mr. Smith re- ^Jr^J^ plied, " That they reverenced the Learned in Geneva, " and in other Places, but did not build their Faith '* and Religion upon them. The Bifhop produced the following Paffage out of one of Beza's Letters, againft them ; That againjl the Bifhops and Prince's Will theyfhould exercife their Office, they [the Minifters of Geneva"] did much the more tremble at it. Mark, fays the Bifhop, how the learned Beza trembles at your Cafe. But one of them faid they knew the Let- ter well enough, and that it made nothing againft them, but rather againft the Prince and the Bifhops. Beza and his learned Brethren trembled at their Cafe, in proceeding to fuch Extremities with Men, as to drive them againft their Wills to that which they did not care to mention. Their Words are thefe, " We hope that her Royal Majefty, and fo " many Men of Dignity and Goodnefs, will endea- *c vour that Care may rather be taken of fo many " pious and learned Brethren, than fo great an Evil " fhould happen, to wit, that the Paftors mould be " forced againft their Confciences, to do that which *' is evil, and fo to involve themfelves in other Mens r • °1 \ " ^*ns' or to &*ve over ' for we more ^rea^ ti°&t third Reeords* " Thing (viz.) to execute their Minijlry contrary to the N°XVI. *' Will of her Majefty and the Bifhops, for Caufes, which " though we hold our Peace, may well enough be under- " flood." How the Bifhop could think this was le- vell'd againft the Non-Conformifts is hard to un- derftand. To go on with the Examination. One of the Pri- foners faid, that " Before they compell'd the Cere- tc monies, fo that none might officiate without them, n " Praife, Glory and Honour, for ever and ever.'* Elizabeth, Another in a Letter to Bifhop Grindai, occafioned,**6^ by his Lordfhip's Difcourfe to the Prifoaer at hU^V^ Examination before him, December 19. begins thus, " Pleafeth your TVifdo?n, my Duty remember'd, " &c. being grieved at certain Words fpoken by " you, and at your extreme Dealing with us of " late, I am bold to utter my Grief in this manner. «' You faid, if Difcipline did not tend to Peace and " Unity, it were better refufed ; whereas our Savi- «c our (Thrift commandeth Difcipiine as one part of " the Gofpel, moft neceffary for the Church's Peace «' and Order •, the Apoftles practifed it, and Mr. ™ Calvin and other learned Men, call it the Sinews " of the Church, that keep the Members together ; ™ and Beza fays, where Difcipline is wanting there " will be a licentious Life and a School of Wicked- |« nefs ■ Secondly, You feemed to be offended " with a late Exercife of Prayer, and Faffing, fay- " ing, That you had not heard of any Exercife of in any of the Pulpits of London, without a Licence sji^j from the Archbilhop of Canterbury, or the Bifhop of ^^ London. The Perfecution of the Proteftants in France and Refugees the Low Countries was hot and terrible about thisworM/'» Time. The King of France broke through all his Edi&s, for the free Exercife of the reformed Reli- gion ; he banifhed their Minifters, and much Blood was fpik in their religious Wars. In the Netherlands the Duke I? Aha breathed out nothing but Blood and Slaughter, putting Multitudes to Death for their Religion, This occafioned great Numbers to fly into England, whicfi encreafed the Number of the Dutch Churches in Norwich, Colchefler, Sandwich, Canterbury, Maidjlone, Southampton, London, Southwark, and elfewhere. The Queen, for their Encourage- ment, allowed them the Liberty of their own Mode of PForfhip, which turned to a good Account, for they brought their Manufactures over with them, which proved very beneficial to the Trade and Mer- chandize of the Nation. Even in England the Hearts of all good Men were Dangerous ready to fail, for fear of the Return of popifli Idola- 3t^ecfthe try ; the Queen being fuddenly taken wich a fevere *e>orma- fit of Sicknefs this Summer, which brought her to the very Point of Death, and the prefumptive Heir, Mary, late Queen of Scots, being a bigotted Papift. The Queen, together with her bodily Diftemper, was under great Terror of Mind for her Sins, and for not difcharging the Duty of her high Station as ihe ought : She faid, She had forgotten her God, to whom Jhe had made many Vows, and been unthankful to him. Prayers were compofed, and publickly read in all Churches for her Majefty's Recovery, in which they petition'd, Thai God would heal her Soul, and cure her Mind as well as her Body. The Papifts were never in greater Expectations, nor the Refor- maiion 250 ^HISTORY Chap. V. gitem mation in greater Danger, than now ; and yet Bride- Elizabeth, well, and other Pnfons, were full of Puritans, as Jffh^ appears by a manufcript Letter of Mr. Thomas Lever, now before me, dated December 5, 156S. in which he endeavours to comfort the Prisoners, and declares, ids. P„i8. that though the popifh Garments and Ceremonies were not unclean in themfelves, yet he was deter- mined for himfelf, by God's Grace, never to wear the Square Cap and Surplice, becaufe they tended nei- ther to Decency nor Edification, but to Offence, DifTenfion, and Divifion in the Church of Chrift : Nor would he kneel at the Communion, becaufe it was a fymbolizing with Popery, and looked too much like the Adoration of the Hoft. But at length it pleafed Almighty God to difl|pate for the prefent the Clouds that hung over the Reformation, by the Queen's Recovery. sifiops This Year was publifhed the Bible in Folio, called #&■ the Bijbops Bible, with a Preface by Archbifhop Par- ker. It was only Cranmer's Translation revifcd and corrected by feveral Bimops and learned Men, whofe Names may be feen in the Records of Bifhop Burnet's Hiftory of the Reformation. It was defigned to fet afide the Geneva Tranjlation, which had given Of- fence. In the beginning, before the Book of Gene/is, is a Map of the Land of Canaan ; before the New Tejlament is a Map containing the Places mentioned in the four Evangelifts, and the Journeys of Chrift and his Apoftles. There are feveral Cuts difperfed through the Book, and feveral Genealogical and Chronological Tables, with the Arms of fundry No- blemen, and particularly thofe of Cranmer and Par- Strvpe'j ker. There are alfo fome References and marginal •fa'P-*16' Notes, for the Explication of difficult Paflages. This was the Bible that was read in the Churches till the laft Tranflation of King James I. took place. Topip Con- gut there Was another Storm gathering from je eracy, j^^^d^ which threaten'd the Reformation all over Europe ; molt of the popifh Princes having enter'd Chap.V. C//^PURITANS; 2£I enter'd into a League to extirpate it out of the "World : ^««» The principal Confederates were the Pope, the Em-Elizal)etl,> peror, the Kings of Spain, France, and Portugal ; J^-^ with the Duke of Savoy, and fome lefier Princes : Their Agreement was, to endeavour by Force of Arms to depofe all Proteftant Kings or Potentates, and to place Catholicks in their room ; and to dis- place, banifh, and condemn to Death, all Well- wifhers, and Afiillants of the Clergy of Luther and Calvin, while the Pope was to thunder out his Ana- thema's againft the Queen of England, to interdict the Kingdom, and to abfolve her Subjects from their Allegiance. In Profecution of this League, War was already begun in France, Holland, and in feveral Parts of Germany, with unheard of Cruelties againft the Reformed. Under thefe Difficulties the Prote- ftant Princes of Germany enter'd into a League for their common Defence, and invited the Queen of England into it. Her Majefly fent Sir Henry Killigrew over to the Elector Palatine with a handfome Ex- cufe -, and at the fame Time ordered her Ambaf- fador in France, to offer her Mediation between that King and his Proteftant Subjects : But the Con- federacy was not to be broken by Treaties ; upon which her Majefty, by way of Self-defence, and to keep off the Storm from her own Kingdoms, aflifted the Confederate Proteftants of France and Holland with Men and Money. This was the fecond Time the Queen had fupported them in their religious W ars againft their natural Kings. The foreign popifh Princes reproached her for it ; and her Majefty's Minifters had much ado to reconcile it with the Court Doctrines of Paffive Obedience and Non-Re- fiftance. At home the Papifts were in Motion, having vaft3**"' Expectations from certain Prophecies, that the Queen um er' fhould not reign above 12 Years ; their Numbers were formidable, and fuch was their Latitude, that jr. was not eafy to bring them within the Verge of the 252 The H I S T O R Y Chap. V. gueen the Laws. In Lancajhire the Common Prayer Book Elizabeth^ was \z{^ afidej Churches were fhut up, and the Mafs JSi/5^. faid openly. The Queen fent down Commifiioners of Enquiry, but all they could do was to bind fome of the principal Gentlemen to their good Behaviour in Recognizances of ioo Marks. Two of the Col- leges of Oxford, (viz.) New College and Corpus Chrijli were fo over-run with Papifts, that the Bifhop of Grmdal'/ Wlnchefler their Vifitor, was forced to break open Ly\ the Gates of the College, and fend for the Eccle- • " fiaftical Commifllon to reduce them to Order. Great Numbers of Papifts harboured in the Inns of Court, and in feveral other Places of publick Refort, expecting with Impatience the Death of the Queen, and the Succeflion of the prefumptive Heir, Mary, late Queen of Scotland. ReheWoit Towards the latter End of the Year the Earls of in the Northumberland and Weflmorland, with their Friends, north. tQ ^g Nlimber of 4000, broke out into open Rebel- lion ; their Pretence was, to reftore the popifti Reli- gion and deliver the Queen of Scots. In the City of Durham they tore the Bible and Common Prayer Book to pieces, and reftored the Mafs in all Places where they came ; but hearing of the Advance of the Queen's Army under the Earl of Suffolk, they fled Northward and mouldered away, without Handing a Battle : The Earl of Northumberland was taken in Scotland, and executed at York, with many of his Confederates *, but the Earl of Westmorland efcaped into Flanders and died in Poverty. No fooner was this Rebellion over but the Lord Dacres began ano- ther on the Borders of Scotland ; but after a fmall Skirmifh with the Governor of Berwick he was de- feated and fled, and the Rabble were pardoned. There was a general Commotion among the Papifts in all Parts cf the Kingdom, who would have united their Forces, if the Northern Rebels had kept their ground. To Chap.V. of the Puritan s. 253 To give new Life to the Catholick Caufe, the Pope Stwen publifhed a Bull, excommunicating the Queen, and Ell2abeth, abfolving her Subjects from their Allegiance. In vJ4%[^ this Bull he calls her Majefty an Ufurper, and a Vaf-rhe gueen fal of Iniquity ; and having given fome Inftances of and Kwg- her Averfion to the Catholick Religion, he declares domexcom- « her an Heretick, and an Encourager of Here- "MWf*** " ticks ; and anathematizes all that adhere to her. *« He deprives her of her Royal Crown and Dignity, Collier, " and abfolves all her Subjects from all Obligations p. 5*5- " of Fidelity and Obedience. He involves all thofe " in the fame Sentence of Excommunication, who " prefume to obey her Orders, Commands, or " Laws, for the future ; and excites all foreign Po- « tentates to take up Arms againft her.'* This^Hscf alarm'd the Ad?ninijl ration, and put them upon their iu Guard ; but it quickly appear'd that the Pope's Thunderbolts had loft their Terror ; for the Roman Catholick Princes not being forward to encourage the Court of Rome*s pretended Power of excommu- nicating Princes, continued their Correfpondence with the Queen ; and her own Roman Catholick Sub- jects remained pretty quiet •, though from this Time they feparated openly from the Church. But the Queen took hold of the Opportunity to require all Juftices of Peace , and other Officers in Commijjion , throughout all the Counties in England, to fubfcribe their Names to an Inftrument, profefllng their Con- formity and Obedience to the A 61 of Uniformity in Religion, and for due reforting to their Parijh Churches to hear Common Prayer. This affected Puritans as well as Papifts. The Gentlemen of the Inns of Court were alfo cited before the Ecclefiaftical Commiflion, and examined about their reforting to Church, and receiving the Sacrament, of which moft of them were very negligent. This raifed a Clamour, as if the Queen intended to ranfack into Mens Confciences ; in anfwer to which fhe publifhed a Declaration, that fhe had nofuch Intention, " That fhe did not enquire 1 " into 254 ^HISTORY Chap.V. S^een c< into the Sentiments of People's Mind, but only Elizabeth, « required an external Conformity to the Laws ; and yUfjLj c< that all that came to Church, and obierved her ^*^ «« Injunctions, fhould be deemed good Subjects." So that if Men would be Hypocrites, her Majefty would leave them to God ; but if they would not come to Church, they fhould fuffer the Law. penal Whrn the next Parliament met they paffed a Law La™i \ to make it High Treafon, To declare the Queen to be pap/fts 6 an Heretick, Schifmatick, Tyrant , Infidel or Ufurper •, to 13 Eliz. publifh or put in Ufe the Pope's Bulls ; to be reconciled to cap. 1. the Church of Rome, or to receive Abfcluiion by virtue of them. The concealing, or not difcovering Offen- ders againft this Act, is Mifprifion of Treafon. A Proteftation was likewife drawn up, to be taken by all reputed Papifts, in thefe Words 5 " I do profefs " and confefs before God, that Queen Elizabeth, my Sovereign Lady, now reigning in England, is right- fully, and ought to be, and continue Queen, and lawfully beareth the Imperial Crown of thofe Realms, notwithstanding any Ad or Sentence that any Pope or Bifhop has done or given, or can da or give ; and that if any Pope, or other, fay or judge to the contrary, whether he fay it as Pope, or howfoever, he erreth, and affirmeth, holdeth and teacheth Error." And that the Puritans might not efcape without fome Note of D'floyalty* another Proteftation was drawn up for them ; irt L.e/Par- which they profefs before God, that " they believe kerjp.314.cc jn their Confciences, that Queen Elizabeth is and " ought to be lawful Queen of England, notwith- ** Handing any Act or Sentence, that any Church,- " Synod, Confiftory , or Ecclefiaftjcal AiTembly " hath done or given, or can give ; and thai if any " fay or judge the contrary, in what refpect foever " he faith it, he erreth, and affirmeth, holdeth and " teacheth Error and Falfhood." There was no manner of Occafion for this laft Pro- teftation 5 for in the midft of thefe Commotions the Furi- Chap. V. p/ ^Puritans; 25$ Turitans continued the Queen's faithful and dutiful gueen Subjects, andferved her Majefty as Chaplains in her Elizabeth* Armies and Navy, though they were not admitted v^J^/ into the Churches. One would have thought thefe ^*^ formidable Confpiracies of the Roman Catholicks Ihould have alienated the Queen's Heart from them, and prevailed with her Majefty to yield fomething for the fake of a firmer Union among her Proteftanc Subjects ; but inftead of this, the Edge of the Laws that were made againft popifh Recufants, was turned againft Proteflant Non-Conformifts, which inftead of bringing them into the Church, like all other Me- thods of Severity, drove them further from it. This Year died Mr. Andrew King/mill, born \x\Deathof Hamp/hire, and educated in All Souls College, Oxon,Mrr^w£~ of which he was eledted Fellow in 1558. He had fuch a great Memory, thac he could readily rehearfe in the Greek Language all St. Paul's Epiftles to the Ro- mans and Galatians, and other Portions of Scripture memoriter. He was a moft pious and religious Per- fon, undervaluing all worldly Profit, in comparifon of the Aflurance of his Salvation. In the Year 1563. Wood'/ there were but three Preachers in the Univerfiiy, 0{At^e^0^ whom King [mill was one •, but after fome Time, whenp* Conformity was preffed, and Sampfon turned out of his Deanry, he withdrew out of the Kingdom, refol- ving to live in one of the beft reformed Churches for Doctrine and Difcipline, the becter to prepare him- felf for the Service of the Church ; accordingly he lived 3 Years at Geneva, from thence he removed to Laufanne, where he died this Year, in the prime of his Days, leaving behind him an excellent Pattern of Piety, Devotion, and all kinds of Virtues. The rigorous Execution of the Penal Laws made 1^70. Bufinefs for the Civilians', many were cited into the Proceed~ j. Spiritual Courts, and after long; Attendance, and'?'./, r~y\ r r 1 1 i-it Spiritual great Charges, were fulpended or deprived j theQ^,. Purfuhant, or MefTenger of the Court, was paid by the Mile j the Fees were exorbitant which the Prifo- 256 The H I S T O R Y Chap. V. gueen ner muft fatisfy before he is difcharged •, the Method Elizabeth, Qf Proceeding was dilatory and vexatious, though VJ^7^ they feldom called any WitnefTes to prove the Charge, but ufually tender'd the Defendant an Oath, to anfwer the Interrogatories of the Court ; and if he refufed the Oath they examined him without it, and con- victed him upon his own Confefiion •, if the Prifoner was difmifled he was almoft ruined with the Charges,, and bound in a Recognizance to appear again when- foever the Court fhould fend for him. We mall meet with many fad Demonftrations of this in the latter Part of this Reign. The honeft Puritans made Confci- ence of not denying any Thing they were charged with, if it was true, though they might certainly have put the Court upon the Proof of it : Nay, moft of them thought themfelves bound to confefs the Truth, and bear a publick Teftimony to it, before the Civil Magiftrate, though it was made ufe of to their Dis- advantage. .Mr. Ax- J nave an Example of this now before me *, the 2ui2!f" Reverend Mr. Axton, Minifter of Morton Corbet in Leicejlerjhire, was cited into the Bifhop's Court three feveral Times this Year, and examined upon the Reafons of his refufmg the Apparel, the Crofs in Bap- tifm, and kneeling at the Sacrament, which he deba- ted with the Bifhop and his Officers with a decent Freedom and Courage. At the Clofe of the Debate the Bifhop faid ; Bish. Now Mr. Axton, I would know of you, what you think of the Calling of the Bifhops of Eng- land ? Axton. I may fall into danger by anfwering this Queftion. Bish. I may compel you to anfwer upon your Oath. Axt. But I may choofe whether I will anfwer up- on Oath or not. I am not bound to bring my felf in- to danger ; but becaufe I am perfuaded it will re- dound to God's Glory, I will fpeak, be the Confe- quenco- ruination. Chap. V. of the Pu ri tan s. 257 quence what it will ; arid I truft in the Holy Spirit $ueen that I fhall be willing to die in Defence of theEli2abecfi> T-u 1570. ruth. V*rv^- Bish. Well; what do you think of my Calling? Axt. You are not lawfully called to be a Bifhop, according to the Word of God. Bish. I thought fo ; but why? Axt. For three Caufes, 1. Becaufe you were not ordained by the Confent of the Elderfhip. Bish. But I had the Hands of 3 or 4 Bifhops. Axt. But that is riot the Elderfhip St. Paul fpefaks of, 1 Tifn. iv. 14. Bish. By what Elderfhip were you ordained ? Was it not by a Bifhop ? Axt. I had indeed the laying on of the Hands cf one of the Bifhops of England, but that was theleaft Part of my Calling. Bish. What Calling had you more? Axt. I having exercifed and expounded the Word feveral Times in an ordinary Afiembly of 10 Mini- fters; they joined in Prayer, and being required to fpeak their Confciences in the Prefence of God, de- clared upon the Trial they had of me, that they were perfuaded I might become a profitable Labour- er in the Houfe of God ; after which I received the Laying on of the Hands of the Bifhop. Bish. But you had not the Laying on of the Hands of thofe Preachers. Axt. No ; I had the Subflance, but I wanted the Accident, wherein I befeech the Lord to be merciful to me •, for the Laying on of Hands, as it is the Word, fo it is agreeable with the mighty Action of ordaining the Minifters of God. Bish Well, then your Ordination is imperfect as well as mine. What is your fecorid Reafon ? Axt. Becaufe you are not ordained Bifhop over any one Fiock ; nay, you are not a Paftof over any one Congregation, contrary to 1 Pet. v. 2. Feed the Flcck-} nhdwAftsiurt 23 ,- from whence 'tis manifeit thae S there 258 7 he H I S T O R Y Chap. V. Elfish there fllould be BimoPs and Elders through every ^?J? ' Congregation. 1 57-. 3 ° vyv/ Bish. What is a Congregation ? Axt. Not a whole Diocefe, but fuch a Number of People as ordinarily affemble in one Place to hear the Word of God. Bish. What if you had a Parifh fix or feven Miles long, where many could not come to hear once in a Quarter of a Year ? Axt. I would not be Paftor over fuch a Flock. Bish. What is your third Reafon ? Axt. Becaufe you are not chofen by the Peo- ple •, A5fs xiv. 23. And they ordained Elders by Ele- ction in every Churchy x&eMoyfoavloSi by the lifting up of Hands. B's Chanc How came you to be Parfon of Afw- ton Corbet. Axt. I am no Parfon. Chanc. Are you then Vicar? Axt. No; I am no Vicar, I abhor thofe Names as Antichriftian ; I am Paftor of the Congregation there. Chanc Are you neither Parfon nor Vicar? How hold you your Living ? Axt. I receive thefe temporal Things of the People, becaufe I being their Paftor, do minifter to them fpiritual Things. Chanc If you are neither Parfon nor Vicar you muft reap no Profit. Axt. Do you mean good Faith in that you fay ? Chanc Yea, if you will be neither Parfon nor Vicar there is good Caufe why another lhould. Bish. You muft underftand, that all Livings in the Church are given to Minifters as Parfons and Vi* cars, and not as Paftor $ and Minifters. How were you chofen Paftor? Axt. By the free Election of the People and Leave of the Patron : After I had preached about fix Weeks by way of Probation, I was chofen by one Confent of Chap. V*. p/Z^Puritans. 2CQ of them all, a Sermon being preached by one of gueen my Brethren, fetting forth the mutual Duties of Pa- Elizabeth, ilor and People. JAoL/ Bish. May the Bifhops of England ordain Mini-^*^ fters? A xt. You ought not to do it in the Manner ye do; that is, without the Confent of the Elderfhip, with- out fufficient Proof of their Qualifications, and without ordaining them to a particular Congrega- tion. Bish. Well, Mr. Axton, you mull: yield fome- what to me, and I will yield fomewhat to you ; I will not trouble you for the Crofs in Baptifm ; and if you will wear the Surplice but fometimes it fhall iuffice. Axt. I can't confent to wear the Surplice, 'tis againft my Confcience •, I truft, by the Help of God, I fhall never put on that Sleeve which is a Mark of the Beaft. Bish. Will you leave your Flock for the Surplice ? Axt. Nay ; Will you perfecute me from my Flock for a Surplice ? I love my Flock in Jefus Chrift, and had rather have my right Arm cut off than be removed from them. Bish. Well, I will not deprive you this Time. Axt. I befecch you confider what you do in re- moving me from my Flock, feeing I am not come in at the Window, or by Simony, but according to the Infhtution of Jefus Chrift. On the 22d of November following Mr. Axton ap- peared again, and was examined touching Organs, Mufick in Churches, and Obedience to the Queen's Laws, &c. Bish. You in refufmg the Surplice are difloyal to the Queen, and fhew a Contempt of her Laws. Axt. You do me great Injury in charging me with Difloyalty ; and efpecially when you call me and my Brethren Traitors, and fay, that we are more troublefome Subjects than the Papifts. S 2 BlSH. 260 ^HISTORY Chap.V. $>»een Bish. I fay ftill, the Papifts are afraid to ftir, Elizabeth, j^y t yOU are prefumptuous, and difquiet the State ^Y^t more than they. Axt. If I, or any that fear God, fpeak the Truth, doth this difquiet the State ? The Papifts have for 12 Years been plotting Treafon againft the Queen and the Gofpel, and yet this doth not grieve you. But I proteil in the Prefence of God, and of you all, that I am a true and faithful Subject to her Majefty ; alfo I do pray daily both publickly and privately, for her Majefty's Safety, and for her long and pro- fperous Reign, and for the Overthrow of all her Enemies, and efpecially the Papifts. I do profefs my felf an Enemy to her Enemies, and a Friend to her Friends •■> therefore if you have any Confcience, ceafe to charge me with Difloyalty to my Prince. Bish. In as much as you refufe to wear the Sur- plice, which fhe has commanded, you do in effect deny her to be fupreme Governefs in all Caufes Ec- clefiaftical and Temporal. Axt. I admit her Majefty's Supremacy fo far, as if there be any Error in the Governors of the Church fhe has Power to reform it ; but I do not admit her to be an Ecclefiaftical Elder, or Church Governor. Bish. Yes; but fhe is, and hath full Power and Authority all manner of ways ; indeed fhe doth not adminifter the Sacraments and preach, but leaveth thofe Things to us. But if fhe were a Man, asjhe is a Woman, why ?night Jbe not preach the Word of God as well as we? Axt. May fhe, if fhe were a Man, preach the Word of God ? Then fhe may alfo adminifter the Sacraments. Bish. This does not follow, for you know Paul preached and yet did not baptize. Axt. PWconfefTes that he did baptize, though he was fent efpecially to preach. Bish. Did not Mofes teach the People ? and yet he was their Civil Governor. Axt, Chap. V. of the Vu ri tans. 261 Axt. Mofes's Calling was extraordinary. Re- gueen member the King of Judah, how he would have fa- Elizabeth, crificed in the Temple of God. Take heed how you yj^^j confound thofe Offices which God has diftinguifhed.M s. Bish. You fee how he runneth. p. 55, 5^ Bickley. You fpeak very confidently and rafhly. Bish. This is his arrogant Spirit. —— — Thus the Difpute broke off, and the good Man, notwithstanding all his Supplications, was deprived of his Living, and driven to feek his Bread in another Country, though the Bifhop owned he was a Divine of good Learning, a ready Memory, and well quali- fied for the Pulpit. One fees here the Difficulties the Puritans labour- ed under in their Ordinations ; they apprehended the Election of the People, and the Examination of Pref- byters, with the Impofition of their Hands, neceffa- ry to the Call of a Minifler ; but this, if it were done in England without a Bifhop, would hardly enti- tle them to preach in the Church, or give them a legal Title to the Profits of their Livings : There- fore after they had paft the former Trials they appli- ed to the Bijhop for the Impofition of his Hands ; but others not fatisfied with the Ordination of a fingle Perfon, not rightly called fas they thought,) to the Office of a Bijhop, went beyond Sea, and were ordain- ed by the Prefbyteries of foreign Churches: For though the Englifh Puritans had their Synods and Presbyteries, yet 'tis remarkable that they never ordained a fingle Perfon to the Miniftry. The Controverfy with the Church, which had hi- Mr. Cart- therto been chiefly confined to the Habits, to the wrighc op. Crefs in Baptifm, ~ and Kneeling at the Lord's Sup-P°fes the per, began now to open into feveral more confider- ler"rc}}y able Branches, by the Lectures of the Reverend0^ \ Mr. Thomas Car twrigh I, B. D. Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, and Lady Margaret's ProfefTor, a couragious Man, a popular Preacher, a profound S 3 Scho- 262 The HISTORY Chap.V. Queen Scholar, and Matter of an elegant Latin Stile i he Elizaberh, was in high Efteem in the Univerfity, his Lectures IS7°' being frequented by vaft Crouds of Scholars-, and ^^> when he preached at St. Mary's they were forced to take down the Windows. Beza fays of him, that he thought there was not a more learned Man tinder the Sun. This D vine, in his Lectures, difputed againft certain Blemifhes of the Englijh Hierarchy, and par- ticularly againft thefe Six, which he fubfcribed with his own Hand. Scrype'* (i>) " The Names and Functions of Archbi/hops ^»»-p.6z8" and Archdeacons ought to be abolifhed, as having *' no Foundation in Scripture. (2.) " The Offices of the lawful Minifters of the M Church (viz.) Bijhops and Beacons , ought to be " reduced to the Apoftolical Inftitution •, the Bijkop " to preach the Word of God and pray, and Dea- " cons to take care of the Poor. (3.) l* The Government of the Church ought not " to be intrufted with Bijhops Chancellors > or the eth, but that he did this with all imaginable Caution, as ^JA^j almoft the whole Univerfity would witnefs, if theype;rce>, might be allowed. He prayed the Secretary to hear vindicate and judge the Caufe himfelf •, which was fo far fromP- 77. Novelty, that it was as venerable for its Antiquity as the apoftolick Age it felf » but though the Secretary was convinced, that his Behaviour was free from Arrogancy, or an Intention to move Trouble, and that only as a pubiick Reader in the Univerfity, he had given Notes of the Difference between the Mini- ftry in the Times of the Apoftles, and the prefent Miniftry of the Church of England, yet he left him to the Mercy of his Enemies, who poured upon him all the Infamy and Difgrace their Power would ad* mit. They firft denied him his Degree of Doctor \nHrsPu' Divinity, then forbid his reading pubiick Lectures, nlfiment' and at Jaft deprived him of his Fellowfhip, and ex- pell'd him the Univerfity. A fhort and compen- dious Way of confuting an Adverfary ! Mr. Cartwright being now out of all Employment c'4r}- at home travell'd beyond Sea, and fettled a Corre- wr,gkt fpondence with the molt celebrated Divines in thefe^ e^on Proteftant Univerfities of Europe. While he was abroad he was chofen Minifler to the Englijh Mer- chants at jintwerp, and afterwards at Middleburgb, where he continued two Years with little or no Profit to himfelf; after which he returned into England, being earneflly follicited thereunto by Letters from Clarke'* Mr. Deering, Fulk, W'iburne, Fox and Lever, whenL,('/Car|' we fhall hear more of the Sufferings of this eminent ™"| r' Divine for his Non-Conformity. This Year Grindal Bifhop of London being tranfla- ted to Tork, Sandys Bifhop of Worcester was removed to London \ in his primary Vifitation, Jan. 10. he charged his Clergy, (i.) To keep ftridly to the Book of Common-Prayer. (2.) Not to preach ymhout a Licence. (3J To wear the Apparel, thai is, 266 the HISTORY Chap.V. $*een is, the fquare Cap and Scholars Gown, and in Divine Elizabeth, Service, the Surplice, (4.) Not to admit any of other x\2Jl^j Parifhes to their Communion. He alfo ordered all ^^* ■ Clerks Tolerations to be called in ; by which it appears Strype'x that fome few of the Non- Conform ifts had been tole- Jnnals, rated, or difpenfed with hitherto, but now this was at P- 6m an end. However, the Puritans encouraged one ano- ther by Converfation and Letters to Stedfaftnefs in their Oppofition to the Corruptions of the Church, and not to fear the P-efentments of their Adver- faries. tijz. There was a Spirit in the Parliament, which began proceed- April 2. to attempt fomething in favour of the Puri- m^Jn tans, upon whom the Bifhops bore harder every Day mentfer tnan otner* Mr. Strickland, an ancient Gentleman, jieforma- offered a Bill for a further Reformation in the Church, *?a». and introduced it with a Speech, proving, That the Common Praxer Book, with fome fuperftitious Remains cf Popery in the Church, might eafily be altered with- out the Danger nf changing Religion. But the Treafurer of the Queen's Houfhold flood up and faid, " All Matters of Ceremonies were to be re- " ferr'd to the Queen, and for them to meddle " with the Royal Prerogative was not convenient." Her Majefly was fo difpleafed with Mr. Strickland's Motion, that (he fent for him before the Council, and forbid him the Parliament Houfe, which alarm- ed the Members, and occafioned fo many warm Speeches, that me thought fit immediately to re- ftore him ; this was deftroying the Freedom of Par- liaments, and carrying tiie Prerogative to its utmoft length. But Mr. Strickland moved further, That a Confefiion of Faith mould be publifhed and con- firmed by Parliament, as it was in other Proteflant Countries ; and that a Committee might be appoint- ed to confer with the Bifhops on this Head. The Committee drew up certain Articles, according to thofe which pafifed the Convocation of 1562. but left out others. The Archbifhop afked them, Why they Chap.V. 5/^PuRITANS; 267 they left out the Article for Homilies, and for the Con- §ueen fecratingof BiJIoops, and fome others relating to theElizabetJlJ Hierarchy. Mr. Peter Wentworth replied, becaule I*7U they had not yet examined how far they were agree- ^v^ able to the Word of God, having confined them- felves chiefly to Doctrines. The Archbifhop replied, furely you will refer your felves wholly to us the Bi- fhops in thefe Things ? To which Mr. Wentworth re- plied warmly, No, by the Faith I bear to God, we will pafs nothing before we under jt and what it is, for that were but to make you Popes : Make you Popes who lift, for we will make you none. So the Articles relating to Difci- pline were waved, and an Aft was paffed, confirm- ing all the Doctrinal Articles agreed upon in the Syn< d of 1562. The Act is entitled, For Reformation of Biforders inABforfuh- the Minifters of the Church, " And enjoins all that have/""^'*,?^*- "'afly Ecclefiaftical Livings, to declare their Affent"^*f 44 before the Bifhop of the Diocefe to all the Articles , . Ell-Z> " of Religion, Which only concern the CoNFES-cap. 11. ** SION OF THE TRUE FAITH, AND THE DOCTRINE '* of the Sacraments, comprized in the Book im- " printed, and intituled, Articles, whereupon it was " agreed by the Archbifhop andBifhops,&c. and the whole 11 Clergy in the Convocation of 1562. for avoiding Diver- " fityof Opinions, and for the eft ablifhing of Confent touching '* true Religion ; and to fubferibe them ; which was " to be teftified by the Bifhop of the Diocefe, under " hisSeal ; which Teftimonial he was to read publick- " ly with the faid Articles, as the Confeftion of his Faith, " in his Church on a Sunday, in the Time of Divine "Service, or elfe to be deprived. If any Clergyman •« faid." The meaning of which Claufe, fays Mr. ji^i, Strype, is undoubtedly to comprehend Papifts, and likewife fuch as received their Orders in fome of the foreign reformed Churches when they were in Exile under Queen Mary. 'Tis probable that the controverted Claufe of the Strype'* 20th Article, The Church hath Power to decree Rites A"'P'71' and Ceremonies, and Authority, in Controverfies of Faith, was not among the Articles of 1562. as has been fhewn under that Year •, though it might be (according to Laud and Heyiin) inferred in the Con- vocation Book of 157 1. but what has this to do with the Act of Parliament, which refers to a Book printed nine Years before ? Befides, 'tis abfurd to charge the Puritans with ftriking out the Claufe, as Archbifhop Laud has done ; becaufe they had no Share in the Government of the Church at this Time, norlntereft to obtain the leaft Abatement in their Favour ; nor does it appear that they difal- lowed the Claufe under proper Regulations : One might rather fuppofe, that the Queen mould take Umbrage at it as an Invafion of her Prerogative, and that therefore fome zealous Churchman, finding the Articles defective upon this Head of the Church's Authority, might infert it privately, to avoid the Danger of a Prcsmunire. But after all, Subfcription to the Doctrinal Arti- cles of the Church only, has been reckoned a very great Grievance by many pious and learned Divines, both in the Church and out of it ; for 'tis next to jmpofTible to frame 36 Proportions in any human Words, that ten Thoufand Clergymen can give their hearty Afl'ent and Confent unto. Some that agree to the Doctrine it felt may diffent from the Words and Phrafes by which it is expreJTed •, and others that agree to the capital Doctrines of Chrifti- anity may have fome Doubts about the deeper and more 27o We HISTORY Chap.V. §ueen more abftrufe Points of Speculation. It would be Elizabeth harcj to deprive a Man of his Living, and fhut him H7^ out from all Ufefulnefs in the Church, becaufe he doubts of the local Defcent ofChrift into Hell ; or, Whe- ther the befi Anions of Men before their Converfion have the Nature of Sins ; or that Every Thing in the three Creeds, commonly called the Apoftles, the Nicene, and the Athanafian, may be proved by mofl certain War- rants of Holy Scripture, and are therefore to be believed and received. Wife and good Men may have diffe- rent Speculations upon the Doctrine of the Decrees^ which are a Depth which no Man can fathom. Thefe, and fome other Things, have pinched the Confciences of the Clergy, and driven them to find out Evafions deftruclive to Morality, and the Peace of their own Minds. Some have fubfcribed them as Articles of Peace, contrary to the very Title, which fays, They are for avoiding the Diverfity of Opi- nions. Others have tortured the Words to a Mean* ing contrary to the known Senfe of the Compilers. Some fubfcribe them with a fecret Referve, as far as they are agreeable to the Word of God -, and fo they may fubfcribe the Council of Trent, or even Mahomet's Alcoran. Others fubfcribe them not as Doctrines which they believe, but as Doctrines that they will not openly contradict and preach againft •, and others, I am informed, put no Senfe upon the Articles at all, but only fubfcribe them as a Teft of their Obedience to their Superiors, who require this of them as the legal Way to Preferment in the Church. How hard muft it be for Men of Learning and Probity to fub- mit to thefe Shifts ! when no kinds of Subscriptions can be a Barrier againft ignorant or difhoneft Minds. Of what Advantage is Uniformity of Profefflon with- out an Agreement in Principles ? If the fundamental Articles of our Faith were drawn up in the Language of Holy Scriptures ; or if thofe who are appointed to examine into the Learning, and other Qualifications of Minifters, were to be Judges of their Orthodox Con- Chap.V. of ^Puritans, 271 Confeflions of Faith, it would anfwer a better Purpofe, S&een than Subfcription to human Creeds and Articles. Elizabeth, Tho' the Commons were forbid to concern them- VJ^LI^ felves with the TTcipline of the Church, they ven-^r. s. tur'd to prefent an Addrefs to the Queen, com- p. 91. plaining, " That for lack of true Difcipline in the Addrefs of " Church, great Numbers are admitted Minifters'ieQ""- " that are infamous, in their Lives and Converfa- m:?w'' " fore and after Sermon. T 2, " Thas 274 ^HISTORY Chap. V. §ueen 2. " That every Tuefday and Ihurfday there (hall Elisabeth, « be a Lecture from 9 to 10 in the Morning, in the <*~\rL/ " cn'e^ Church of the Town, beginning with the " Confeffion in the Book of Common Prayer, and " ending with Prayer and a Confefiion of Faith. 3. " 'Every Sunday and Holiday fhall be a Sermon " after Morning Prayer, with a Pfalm before and " after. 4. " Service fhall be ended in every Parifh Church 6t by nine in the Morning every Sunday and Holi- *£ day, to the end that People may reforc to the Ser- " mon in the chief Church, except they have a Ser- " mon in their own. 5. " None fhall walk abroad, or fit idly in the " Streets in time of Divine Service. 6. " The Youth fhall every Sunday Evening be " examined in a Portion of Calvitfs Catechifm, " which the Reader fhall expound for an Hour. 7. fhall rife up from their Pews and fo pafs " to *i Chap. V. of the Purita ns. 275 tc to the Communion-Table, where they fhall receive Queen " the Sacrament in Companies, and then return toEli2abcth> their Pews, the Minifter reading in the Pulpit. 12. " The Communion Table fhall ifand in the t0 be a perfeft " Rule of Faith and Manners ; that it ought to be " read and known by all People, and that the Autho- " rity of it exceeds all Authority, not of the Pope " only, but of the Church alfo i and of Councils, " Fathers, Men and Angels. " They condemn as a tyrannous Yoke, whatfoever " Men have fet up of their own Invention, to make " Articles of Faith, and the binding Mens Confciences " by Chap. V. o//^Puritans. 277 " by their Laws and Inftitutes : In fum, all thofe $»een " Manners and Fafhions of ferving God, which MenE1,2abeth, H4«. Uniformity. Attempts The Parliament met May 8. the Lord Keeper inParda- 0pen'd ic with a Speech, in which he recommended mentfor fo che Houfes in th Queen>s Name, " To fee Rejorma- . , T , . ^-- , _.r;. .. . „, tiim. tnat tne Laws relating to the Dilcipline and Lere- " monies of the Church were put in due Execution -, " and that if any further Laws were wanting, they " fhould confider of them, and fo (fays his Lord- " fhip) Gladius Gladium juvabil. The Civil Sword will te Jupport the EcclejiajlicaU as before Time has been " ufed." But the Parliament feeing the ill Ufe the Queen and Bifhops made of their fpiri'ual Power, inftead of making new Laws to enforce the Ceremo- nies, ordered two Bills to be brought in to regulate them ; in one of which the Hardfhips that the Puri- l. of Par- tans complain'd of were redreiTed. The Bills pall: ker'p,59^fmoothly through the Commons, and were referr'd to a felect Committee of both Houfes, which alarm'd the Bifhops, and gave the Queen fuch Offence, that two Days after fhe fent to acquaint stopt ey the Commons by their Speaker, that it was her the giieen. Pleafure, that no Bills concerning Religion fhould henceforth be received, unlefs the fame fhould be firf! confidered and liked by the Bifhops or Clergy in Convocation ; and further, her Majefty com- manded them to deliver up the two Bills laft read in i the Chap.V. c/^Puritans, 283 the Houfe, touching Rites an d Ceremonies. This was Queen a high Scrain of the Prerogative, and a Blow at the Elizabeeh, very Root of the Freedom of Parliaments. But t ;e J^72, Commons fent her Majefty the Bills, with a fervile /^s-/ Requeft, that me would not conceive an ill Opinion of the Houfe if fhe mould not like them. Her Ma- jefty fent them Word, within a Day or two, that fhe utterly difliked the Bills, and never returned them. This awakened a brave Spirit of Liberty among fome of the Members; many free Speeches were made upon this Occafion, and among others, Sir Peter Wentworth flood up and faid, " That it grieved him to fee, how " many Ways the Liberty of free Speech in Parlia- 'w' *' Eves, we utterly diflike, though we approve of *' the Reverend Memory of the Saints, as Examples *-' to be propounded to the People in Sermons ; and *' of publick and private Fafts, as the Circumftan- '* ces of Nations or private Perfons require. The Confeflion concludes with an Article concern- ing the Office of the Civil Magiftrate. " We hold* *4 that Cnriflians may bear Office-, that Magiftrates " may put Offenders to Death lawfully ; that they " may wage War, and require a lawful Oath of the " Subject i that Subjects are bound to obey all their •' juft and lawful Commands-, to pray for them, to d the Puritans having laid before the World, the Bi-tyWhic- (hops thought thtmfelves obliged to anfwer. Dr. gift. John JVhitgift, M after of Trinity College, and Vice- Chancellor of Cambridge, was appointed to this "Work, which he performed with great Labour and Study, and dedicated it to the Church of England. His Method was unexceptionable •, the whole Text of the Admonition being fet down in Paragraphs, and under each Paragraph the Doctor's Anfwer. Before ^-"/Whit- it was printed it was rev i fed arid corrected by Arch- ^iP"*1* bifhop Parker, Dr. Cooper Bifhop of Lincoln, and Pern Bifhop of Ely ; fo that in this Book (Tays Mr. Strype) may be feen all the Arguments for and againft the Hierarchy, drawn to the befl Advantage. Dr. Whitgiffs Book was anfwered by Mr. Cart-Cart- wright, whofe Performance was called a Mafter- wri§Ilt piece in its Kind, and had the Approbation of great re^ * Numbers in the Univerfity of Cambridge, as well as foreign Divines. JVhitgift replied again to Cartwrighty and had the Thanks of the Bifhopsand of the Queen ; who, as a Reward for his excellent and learned Pains* made him Dean of Lincoln, while Cartwright to avoid the Rigor of the Commiffioners, was forced to abfcond in Friends Houfes, and at length retire into Banifhment. But it was impofllble for thefe Divines to fettle the Controverfy, becaufe they were not agreed upon one and the fame Standard, or Rule of Judgment, Mr. Cartwright maintained, that The Holy Scriptures were not only a Standard ofDofirine, but of 'Difcipline and Government ; and that the Church of Chrifl in all Ages was to be regulated by them. He was therefore for con- futing his Bible only, and for reducing all Things as, near as poflible to the apoftolical Standard. Dr. JVhitgift went upon a different Principle, and main- tainedj That though the Holy Scriptures wexe a,perf.ett . y 3 9& 294- ^HISTORY Chap. V, Queen Rule of Faith, they were not defign'd as a Standard of Elizabeth, Church Difii,. line or Government', but that this was \^JJ^j changeable, and m'ght be accommodated to the civil Go- vernment we live under j that the apojiolical Government was adapted to the Church in its Infancy, and under Per - fecution, but was to be enlarged and altered as the Church grew to Maturity, and had the civil Magiftrate on its Jide. Th" Doctor therefore, inftead of reducing the extc rnal Policy of the Church to Scripture, takes into his Standard the four nrft Centuries after Chrift •, and tbpfe, Ci ilums tha-t he can trace up thither, he thinks pr- er to be retained, becaufe the Church w.is then in it- mature State, and not yet under the Power of , Aniichrift, Mmatfo. The Reader will judge of thefe Principles for him- ft\f* One is ready to think, that the nearer we can. come to the apoftolical Practice the better •, and the lefs our Religion is incumber'd with Rites, and Ce- remonies of later Invention, the more it muft re- femble the Simplicity that is in Chrift., If our blefied Saviour had defigned that his Worfhip mould be fet off with Pomp and Grandeur, and a Multitude of Ceremonies, he would, have told us fbv and it may be have fettled them, as he did for the Church, of the Jews-, but nothing of this appearing, Men mould be cautious of inferring the Commandments or Tra- ditions of Men into the Religion of Chrift, left they caft a Reflection upon his kingly Office. fe rem i-ev The Difpute between Whitgift and Cartwright was and BebA- managecj wjth fome fharpnefs ; the latter thought he nwT*'' its. 'la-^ reafon to complain of the Hardfhips himfelf and his Brethren fuffered; and Whitgift having the Go- vernment on his fide, thought he flood upon higher Ground, and might afiume a fuperior Air ; when Cartwright and his Friends pleaded for Indulgence be- caufe they were Brethren, the Doctor replies, " What •• fignifies their being Brethren -, Anabaptifts, Ari- •'* ans, and other Hereticks, would be accounted " Brethren ; their haughty Spirits will not fuffer " them Chap, V. c///^Piiritans'. 2-95 ** them to fee their Error ; they deferve as great Pu- gueen <; n.fhment as Papifts, becaufe both confpire againft Elizabeth, " the Church. If they are fhut up in Newgate 'tis a l^hm «« meet Reward for their diforderly Doings; for^^'SJ *' Ignorance may not excufe Libels againft a private «' Man, much lefs when they (lander the whole *« Church." — How would the Doctor have liked this Language in the Mouth of a Papift fixceen Years before ? But this has been the Method of warm and zealous Difputantsi the Knots they cannot untie wuh their Fingers they would cut afunder with the Sword. Thus Dr. Wbitgift routed his Adverfary *, he had Whitgifc'i already deprived him of his Frofeflbr's Chair, and o^fevere^' his Degree of Do&or of Divinity , and being n°w^iJJ#. Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, he got him expell'd the Univerfity upon this Pretence : Mr. Cartwright being fenior Fellow of his College, was only in Dea- ., - cons Orders-, the Doctor being informed of this, and^hit eift that the Statute requiring fuch to take upon them p. 64". the Order of Priejlbood, might be interpreted to Prieft's Orders, concluded he was perjured ; upon which he fummoned the Heads of Colleges together, and declared, that Mr. Cartwright had broken his Qath, and without any further Admonition, pufh'd his Intereft among the Majlers, to rid the College pf a Man, whofe Popularity was too great for his Ambition, infomuch that he declared he could iiot eftablifh Order in the Univerfity while a Perfon of his Principles was among them ; after this he writ to the Archbifhop, Sept. 21ft, 1572. and begg'd his Grace to watch at Court, that Cartwright might get no Advantage againft him, for ffays hej he is flatly perjur'd, and it is God's juft Judgment that he mould be fo. punifhed, for not being a full Mini- fter. A pitiful Triumph 1 The Queen alfo, and her CommifEoners, bran-%j&#. diihed their Swords againft Cartwright and his Fol-«^«<*»V lowers; her Majefty by Proclamation called in. the Admonitiopy commanding all, her Subjects, that had U 4 ar>y 296 fbe H I S T O R Y Chap. V. Queen any in their Poffeffion, to bring them to the Bilhop Elizabeth; 0f the Diocefe, and not to fell them, upon Pain of Im- yJJJjt^, prifonment; upon which Mr. Stroud the Publisher brought in 34, and his Wife burnt the reft that were unfold: This Mr. Stroud was the fufpended Minifter of Cranbrook, an excellent Preacher, and univerfally beloved ; but being reduced to Poverty, he was for- 'M. 3. ced to condefcend to the low Offices of correcting the p. 195. prefs, and of publifhing Books for a Livelihood-, when he aopear'd before the Bifaop of London upon this CX cafion, his Lordfhip reproached him for laying down the Miniftry, though Parker had actually de- prived him, and forbid him to preach fix Years before. 'jfjdtheBi- The Bifhops werenolefs careful to crufh the Fa- fiops. vourers of the Admonition ; for when Wit. Wake of Chrijl Church had declared in favour of it, in a Sermon at Paul's Crofs, the Bifhop of London fent for him next Morning into Cuftody ; but he made his Efcape ; Mr. Crick, Chaplain to the Bifhop of Norwich, ha- ving alfo commended the Book in a Sermon at the fame Place, the Archbifhop fent a fpecial MefTenger to apprehend him j and though he efcaped for the £o/Whit prefent, he afterwards fell into the Hands of the §ifciP«5^ Comrwflioners and was deprived; the like Misfor- tune befel Dr. Aldrithx an eminent Divine, and DignU tary of the Church, with many others *, notwithftand- ing which. Dr. Sandys Bifhop of London, in his Letter to the Treafurer, calls for further Help ; " TheCity *'" (fays hej will never be quiet, till thefe Authors of. " Sedition, who are now efteemed as Gods, as Field9 " Wilcox, Cartwrighl, and others, be far removed " from the City ; the People refort to them, as in fC Popery they were wont to run on Pilgrimages ; " if thefe Idols, who are honoured as Saints, were cc removed from hence, their Honour would fall in- " to the Duft, and they would be taken for Blocks as " they are. A fharp Letter from her Majefty would, •' cut the Courage of thefe Men. Good, my Lords, *4 for the Love you bear to the Church of Chriftj, 2 ** re- Chap. V. c//^Puritans; 297 *' refill the tumultuous Enterprizes of thefe new 4>««* " fangled Fellows." Thefe were the WeaponsElizabeth» with which the Doctor's Anfwer to the Admonition \^JJ^ were enforced ; fo that we may fairly conclude with Fuller the Hiftorian, " That if, Cartwright bad the " better of his Adverfary in Learning, Whitgift had " more Power to back his Arguments ; and by this he «< not only kept the Field, but gained the Viclory" On the other hand 'tis certain, vaft Numbers of the Clergy both in London and the two Univerfities, had a high Opinion of Cartwright' 's Writings; he had many Admirers *, and if we may believe his Ad- verfaries, wanted not for Frefents and Gratuities: Many Hands were procured in Approbation and*-, of Par- Commendation of his Reply to Whitgift ; and fomeker>P-4*7. faid, they would defend it to Death. In fhort, tho' Whitgift's Writings might be of ufe to confirm thofe who had already conformed-|they made no Con- verts among the Puritans, butrather confirmed them in their former Sentiments. To purlue this Controverfy to the end : In xh^Combtpam Year 1573. Dr. Whitgifit published his Defence againft^'*'^ Cdrtwrigbt's Reply ; in which he ftates the Difference trover^' between them thus, The £>ueftion is noty whether many Whitgift'i Things mentioned in your Platform of Discipline*-?* 56» were fitly ufed in the Apofiles Time, or may now be well ufed in fundry reformed Churches, this is not denied ; but whether, when there is a fettled Order in Dotlrine and Government ejlablijhed by Law, it may Jland with godly and Chrijlian Wifdom to attempt fo great Altera- tion as this Platform musl needs bring in, with Difo- bedience to the Prince and Laws, and Unquietnefs of the Church, and Offence of many Confidences, If this were the whole Queftion, furely it might ftand with the "Wifdom of the Legifiature in fettled Times, to make fome Conceflions in favour of pious and devout Men; nor can it be inconfiftent with Godly and Chrijlian Wifdom, for Subjects to attempt it by lawful and peaceable Methods, Two 293 ^HISTORY Chap. V. $uee» Two Years after [1575.] Mr. Cart-wright pub- Elizabeth, JifhM a fecond Reply to Wku§ft\ Defence; i: confift- jJ^T^ ed of two Parts; the firft was intituled, The fecond Reply of T. C. again/l Dr. Whitgift'j fecond Anfiver touching the Church Difcipline ; with thefe two Senten- ces of Scripture in the Title Page, For Z'xon's fake i will not hold my Tongue ; for Jerufalem'i y#£»» and that his Work might be thought unfeafonable, his Adverfary being now advanced fo much above him ; for this Year Whitgift was made a Bifhop, when poor Cartwrigbt was little better than a wan- dering Beggar. 'jiemarkj. Thus ended the Controverfy between thefe two Champions; fo that Fuller, Heylin, and Collier, muft be miftaken, when they fay, Whitgift kept the Field, and carried off a complete Victory, when Cartwright had certainly the laft Word. But whoever had the better of the Argument, Whitgift got mod by it ; and when he was advanced to the Pinacle of Church- Preferment acted an ungenerous Part towards his Adverfary for many Years, profecuting him with continual Vexations and Imprifonments, and pointing all his Church Artillery againft him, not fuffering him fo much as to defend the common Caufe of Chn- ftianity againft the Papifts, when he was called to it ; but at length, being wearied out with the Importu- nities of great Men, or growing more temperate in his old Age, he fuffered him to govern a fmall Hofpital in Warwick, given him by the great Earl of Leicejler, where this great and good Manss grey Hairs came down with Sorrow to the Grave. To return, notwithstanding all this Oppofit ion from the Queen and her Com mifli oners, the Puritans gained ground ; and though the Prefs was restrained, they galled their Adverfaries with Pamphlets, which were privately difperfed both in City and Country. Parker employed all his Emiflaries to difcover their printing Preffes, but to no purpofe ; whereupon he complained r,o the Treafurer in thefe Words, '* I un- ct derftand. Chap. V. 5//^Puritan si 301 V derftand throughout alj the Realm (fays he) how $*#n " the Matter is taken ; the Puritans are juftified, Elizabeth, " and we judged to be extreme Perfecutors j I have ^Jl^j " obfe/ved this for feven Years ; if the Sincer;,,y oFL# 0s par. *c the Gofpel mould end in fuch Judgments, I fearker,p.389. ** the Council will be overcome. The Puritans " flander us with Books and Libels, lying they care " not how deep, and yet the more they write the *' more they are applauded and comforred. " The Scholars of Cambridge were generally with the Puritans, but the Matters and Heads of Colleges were againft them •, fo that many who ventured to preach for the Vifcipline were deprived of their Fellowships* . and expelled the Univerfity, or obliged to a publick Retractation. There being no further Profpect of a publick Re-R¥ W- formation by the Legiflature, fome of the leading ?£'*r.y** .^ j • •• • °Wandl- Puritans agreed to attempt it in a more private way ; worth, for this Purpofe they erected a Prefbytery ztWandf worth, a Village 4 Miles from the City, conveniently fituated for the London Brethren, as {landing on the Banks of the River of Thames. The Heads of the Aflbciation were, Mr. Field Lecturer of Wandfworth, Mr. Smith of Mitcham, Mr. Crane of Roehampton, Mr. Wilcox, Standtn, Jack/on, Bonbam, Saintloe, and Edmonds, to whom afterwards were joined Mr. Tra- cers, Charke, Barber, Gardiner, Crook, Egerton, and a Number of very confiderable Laymen. On the 20th of November 11 Elders were chofen, and their Offices defcribed in a Rcgifler, intiuLd, The Orders of "Wandfworth. This was the firif. Pre/by terian Church. in England. All imaginable Care was taken to keep their Proceedings private,, but the Bifhop's Eye was upon them, who gave immediate Intelligence to the High Commiffion, upon which the Queen iflued out a I Proclamation, for putting the Aft of Uniformity in Exe- cution i but though the Commtjfoners knew of the Pref- bytery, they could not difcover the Members of it, nor prevent others being erected in neighbouring Counties. While 3d2 The HIS TORY Chap.V. Queen While the Queen and Bifhops were defending the Ehzabetb, Out-works of the Church againft the Puritans, and ^JiTl^ bracing up the Building with Articles, Canons, In- Growth of junctions, and penal Laws, enforced by the Sword of Papery. the Civil Magiftrate, the Papifts were Tapping the very Foundation ; for upon publifhing the Pope'sr Bull of Excommunication againft the Queen, great Numbers deferted the publick Worfh'p, and reforted to private Conventicles to hear Mafs, while others that kept their Scations in the Church, were fecretly undermining it. « There were at this Time (fays StrypeV «e a learned Writer^ certain Minifters of the Church, p'9 ■•■" that were Papifts, who fubfcnbed and obferved ** the Orders of the Cnurch, wore a fide Gown, a " fquare Cap, a Cope and Surplice. They would " run into Corners, and fay to the People, believe *« not this new Doctrine, it is naught, it will not «' long endure ; although I ufe Order among them *' outwardly, my Heart is not with them, but with *c the Mother Church of Rome. No, no, we do «' not preach, nor yet teach openly; though we «' read their new devifed Homilies for a Colour to «l fatisfy the Time for a Seafon." In Torkjhire they went openly to Mafs, and were fo numerous, that the Proteftants flood in awe of them. In London there was a great Refort to the Portugal AmbafTa- dor's Chapel ; and when the Sheriff, by order of the Bifliop of London, fent his Officers to take fome of them into Cuftody, the Queen was difpleafed and or- dered them immediately to be releafed. sad state Sad was the State of Religion (fays Mr. Slrype) at •/*■«%'»»• this Time ; " the Subftantials being loft in contend- L.o/Par- " ing for Externals; the Churchmen heaped up ker,p.395.u many Benefices upon themfelves, and refided upon " none ; neglecting their Cures. Many of them " alienated their Lands, made unreafonable Leafes, " and Wafte of Woods, and granted Reverfions, and " Advowfons to their Wives and Children.' 4S Among the Laity there was little Devotion; the " Lord's Chap.V. of ^Puritan s, 303 Lord's Day greatly profaned, and little obferved ; Queen the Common Prayers not frequented •, fome l1Ved Ell2abeth* without any Service of God at all •, many were ^Cl^j mere Hea-hens and Atheifts \ the Queen*s own Court an Harbour for Epicures and Atheifts, and a kind of lawlefs Place, becaufe it ftood in no Pa- rifh ; which Things made good Men fear fome (ad Judgments impending over the Nation." The Governors of the Church expreffed no Concern for fuppreffing of Vice, and encouraging Virtue ; there were no Citations into the Commons for Immorali* ties : But the B fhops were every Day (hutting the Mouths of the moft pious, ufeful and induftrious Preachers in the Nation, at a Time when the Queen was fick of the fmall Pox, and troubled with fainting Fits, and the whole Reformation depended upon the fmgle Thread of her Life. This uncertain State of Religion was the more Parian terrible, becaufe of the Parifian Maffacre, which Majfaa*. happen'd this very Summer on the 24th of Aug! ft* being Bartbolomew~Day, when great Numbers of Pro- tectants having been invited to Paris, on pretence of doing Honour to the King of Navarre's Marriage to the King's Sifter, ten Thoufand were maffacred in one Nighr, and twenty Thoufand more in other Parts of the Kingdom, within the Compafs of a few Weeks, by his Majefty's Commiffion *, no diftin&ion being made between Lords, Gentlemen, Juftices, StrypeV Lawyers, Scholars, Phyficians, and the mean eft oiAm'- the People •, they fpared neither Women, Maids, p* ' °' Children in the Cradle, nor Infants in their Mothers Womb. Many fled to Geneva and Switzerland, and great Numbers into England, to fave their Lives. The Proteftant Princes of Germany were awaken'd with this Butchery ; and the Queen put the Coafts into a Po- fture of Defence, but made no Conceflions for uni- ting her Proteftant Subjects among themfelve*. This Year died the Reverend and Learned Mi'. Death of John Knox* the Apoftle, and chief ReformeAf the »*'• K-00** Kirk 304 ^HISTORY Chap. V. §ueen Kirk of Scotland. This Divine came into England in Elizabeth, j^g Rejgn 0f King Edward VI. and was appointed .^ll^one of the itinerant Preachers for the Year 1552. he was afterwards offered a parochial Living in London, but refufed it 5 upon King Edward's Death he retired beyond Sea* and became Preacher to the Engli/h Exiles at Frankfort, till he was artfully fpirited away by the Contrivance of Mr. Cox, now Bifhop of Ely, for not reading the Engli/b Service. He afterwards preached to the Engtyh at Geneva ; but upon the breaking up of thar Congregation in the Year 1559, he returned to Scotland, and was a great Inftrumenc in the Hand of Providence for the Reformation of that Kirk. He was a Son of Thunder, and feared not the Face of any Man in the Caufe of Religion, which betrayed him iometimes into too coarfe Treatment of his Superiors. However, he had the Refpect of all the Proteftant Nobility and Gentry of his Country ; and after a Life of great Service and Labour, he died comfortably in the midft of his Friends, in the 67th L. of Par- Year of his Age, being greatly fupported in his laft ter>P-366, Hours from the 17th Chapter of St. John, and 1 Cor. 15th Chapter, which he ordered to be frequently read to him : His Body was attended to the Grave with great Solemnity and Honour. 3*575. The Queen being incenfed againft the Puritans for their late Applications to Parliament, reprimanded the Bifhops for not fupprefling them, and refolved now her felf to bend all the Powers of the Crown that i&& way. Accordingly CommiJ/i oners were appointed un- P-479* der the great Seal, in every Shire to put in Execu- w^** tion the penal Laws by way of Oyer and Terminer, and the Queen publifhed a Proclamation in the Month. of October, declaring her Royal Pleafure, that all Of- fenders againft the All of Uniformity mould be fe- verely punifhed. Letters were alfo fent from the- Lords of the Council to the Bifhops, dated Nov. 7th, 157?. to enforce her Majefty's Proclamation, in whidh, after having reproached them with holding their }*rfcat~ /». Chap. V. p/1/^ Puritans." 30^ their Courts only to get Money, or for fuch like ^teen Purpofes, they now require them in her Majefty'sE5lzabtt},3 •Name, either by themfelves, which is molt fit, or ^JXLL^j by their Archdeacons, perfonally to vific and fee that the Habits with all the Queen's Injunctions, be exactly and uniformly obferved in every Church of their Diocefe ; and to punifh all Refufers according to the Ecclefiaftical Lav/?. The Lord Treafurer alfo made a long Speech before the Commiffioners in the Star Chamber, in which by the Queen's Order, M He charged the Bifhops wich Neglect, in not en- " forcing her Majefty's Proclamation ; he faid the *' Queen could not fatisfy her Confcience without " crufhing the Puritans, for fhe thought none of her " Subjects worthy of her Protection that favoured " Innovations, cr that directly or indirectly coun- " tenanced the Alteration of any Thing eftablifhed 10' them to command their Archdeacons, and other ;Ec-JJorJJich clefiaftical Officers, to give it in Charge to their Clergy and Queft-Men, to prefentthe Names and Sir- names of all Non-Confor mills in their feveral Pa- rifhes, before the firlt Week in Lent. A Letter of this fort was fent, among others, to the old Bifhop of Norwich, dated from Ludlow, Jan. 30th, 1573. This was very unacceptable Work to a Man that Life of was dropping into his Grave ; but he gave Orders as t*arfceri he was commanded, and many Minifters of his Dio-^'4^- cefe being returned unconformable, were fufpended from read ng Common Prayer and adminiftring the Sacraments, but allowed ftill to catechife Youth, and continue their Parts in the publick Exerci- fes or Prophefyings, for which the Bifhop was fe- verely reprimanded, and threatened by the Commif- X 2 /toners . 3o8 ^HISTORY Chap.V, -n Jloners with the Queen's high Difpleafure 5 where- 1,5 upon he allowed his Chancellor to filence them to- I*»7?. >j^/-\jiatth tnough it was againft his Judgment ; for in his Letter to a Gentleman on this Occafion, he writes, " I was obliged to reftrain them, unlefs I would X. *fPar-« wi]ijngiy procure my own Danger. — . There- ?P'45J-cc ^Qre jet noc tfos jyjatter feem ftrange to you, for " the Matter was of Importance, and touched me " fo near, that I could do no lefs if I would avoid mifiioners then examined him upon 15 or 20 Articles more, of which thefe were fome. (1.) " Whether we be tied by God's Word to the " Order and Ufe of the Apoftles and of the Primitive ** Church in all Things ? (2.) " Whether nothing may be in the Church, *4 concerning Ceremonies or Regimen, but only X 3 310 The HISTORY Chap.V. gueen " that which Chrift himfelf has commanded in his Elizabeth, ct Word ? iSi" i C30 " Whether every particular Parifh Church, ' " of Neceffity, and by the Order of God's Word, «« ought to have their Pallors, Elders, and Deacons " chofen by the People, and they only to have the *« whole Government of the Church in Ecclefiaftical « Matters? (4.) " Whether there mould be an Equality *< among the Minifters of this Realm, as well con- *' cerning Government and Difcipline, as the Mini- " ftration of the Word and Sacraments ? (5 >) " Whether the Patrimony of the Church, as " and Ceremonies prefcribed ; and that they will ,Jj7J' " not hereafter preach or fpeak any Thing tending ^^V^ " to the Derogation of the faid Book, or any Part *< thereof, remaining authorized by the Laws and " Statutes of this Realm." In the Forma Objura- tionis they fubfcribe and proteft upon Oath, " That " the Book of Confecration of Archbifhops and Bi- 11 Siops, and of the ordering of Deacons, fet forth <{ in the Time of King Edward VI. and confirmed " by Authority of Parliament, doth contain in ic " all Things neceflary for fuch Confecration and Or- ^ t0 underftood ; the People were left untaught ; inftead of having two Sermons every Lord's Day, there was now but one in a Quarter of a Year, and for the mod part not that. The Parifhioners fign'd Petitions to the Bifhop for their former Preachers, but to no purpofe ; they muft fwear and fubfcribe, or be buried in filence. Mr. John- On the 20th of September the Reverend Mr. Robert fon'i ^f-Johnfon, already mentioned, fometime domeftick jenvgs. chaplain to the Lord-keeper Bacon, now Parfon of M- s- St. Clements near Temple-Bar, was tried at Wejlmin- p* l"' fter-Hall for Non-Conformity ; it was alleg'd againfl him, That he had married without the Ring -, and rhdicat. that he had baptized without the Crofs. Mr. Peirce p. 83. fays, he was alfo accufed of a Mifdemeanor, becaufe when once he was adminiftring the Sacrament, the Wine falling fhort, he fent for more, but did not confecrate it afrefh, accounting the former Confecra- tion fufficient for what was to be applied to the fame Ufe ; but nothing of this kind appears in his two Indictments which are now before me, with the Names of all the WicnefTes ; but for the other Of- fences {viz.) for omitting thefe Words in the Office of Baptifm, / receive this Child into the Congregation of Cbriji's Flock, and do fign him with the fign of the Crofs, in token, &c. And for omitting thefe Words in the Marrying of Leonard Morris and Agnes Miles} With this Ring I thee wed, with my Body I thee worfhip, and 'with all my worldly Goods I thee endow, in the Name of the Father, &c. and for refufing to fubfcribe, he was fhut up in clofe Prifon for feven Weeks, till he died in great Poverty and Wanti form of The Forms of Subscription varied in the feveral subfctipti- Diocefes, but the ufual Subfcription and Proteftadon on fort jc for fa^ Clergymen as were cited before the Commif- m. s. /toners for Non-Conformity, was this, " I promife un- p. zoo. " feignedly by thefe Prefents, and fubfcribe with my " Hand, Chap. V. j//^Puritans. 315 «' Hand, that I will teach the Word of God foberly, gueen «' lincerely and truly, according to the Do6brineElizabe^ «' eftablimed by Law, without moving unnecefTary , I575* •* Contentions •, and that I will never fuffer any Per- ^° " fon to ufe my Licence of preaching, by rafing « out the Name, or abufing the Seal; and that I << will deliver up my Licence, being fo required by 5* that Authority from whence I had it." 1. " I acknowledge the Book of Articles agreed on «' in the Synod of 1563. and confirmed by the Queen " to be found, and agreeable to the Word of God. 2. " That the Queen's Majefty is fupreme Go- " vernor of the Church of England next under «« Chrift, as well in Ecclefiaftical as in Civil Caufes. 3. " That in the Book of Common Prayer there " is nothing evil, or repugnant to the Word of " God, and that it may be well ufed in this our " Chriftian Church of England. 4. " That as the publick preaching of the Word " in the Church of England, is found and fincere, fo " the publick Order of Adrniniftration of Sacra- " ments, is confonant to the Word of God. cc And whereas I have in publick Prayer, and " Adrniniftration of Sacraments, neglected and omic- " ted the Order by publick Authority fet down, fol- " lowing my own Fancy in altering, adding, or " omitting of the fame, not ufing fuch Rites as by " Law and Order are appointed ; I acknowledge " my fault therein, and amforry for it, and humbly " pray pardon for that Diforder. And here I do " fubmit my felf to the Order and Rites fet down; <{ and I do promife that I will from henceforth in " publick Prayer, and Adrniniftration of the Sa- *f craments, ufe and obferve the fame. The which " Be- Chap. V". of tbe Furit ansI * 2 3 i. " Becaufeof God's Commandment to go for- $ueen «c ward to Perfection, Heb. vi. i. 2. Cor. vii. 1. Pfalm Elizabeth, cc Jxxxiv. 1. Epbef. iv. 15. Alfo to avoid tbem, l^77- « Rom. xv'i. 17. Epbef. v. n. 1 T2?^ v. 22. v"OTV 2. " Becaufe they are an Abomination before the «< Lord our God, Deut. xxvii. 25, 26. and xiii. 17. « £^. xiv. 6. 3. " I will not beautify with my Prefence thofe *c filthy Rags, which bring the heavenly Word of «' the Eternal our Lord God into Bondage, Sub- «« jeclion and Slavery. 4. " Becaufe I would not communicate with other vrN"^ Proceedings : Upon this the Bifhop of Norwich writ back to the Bifhop of London, who was one of thofe that had figned the Letter, for Advice ♦, but his Lordfhip and the Council were afraid to meddle any further. Parker being thus fupported by the Queen writ again to Norwich, commanding the Bifhop peremp- torily to obey the Queen's Orders, upon pain of her Majefty's high Difpleafure ; and advifed him not to be led by fantaftical Folk, nor take fuch young Men into his Counfels, who when they had brought him in- to Danger could not bring him out of it. Of my Care Life of I have for you and the Diocefe (fays the Archbifhop) /Parker, write thus much. p. 464. Upon this the good old Bifhop fubmitted, and writ to his Chancellor from Ludlam, June the feventh, " » Whereas by the Receipt of my Lord of Can- ec terbury's Letter I am commanded by him, in the ct Queen her Majefty's Name, that the Prophefyings on Holidays only, for their own and their Families In- struction ; for the Reformation of Vice, and for a further Acquaintance with the Word of God : The Occafion of their AfTemblies we have in their own Words, " For that heretofore ( fay they ) we have lt at divers Times fpent and confumed our Holidays cC vainly, in drinking at the Ale-Houfe, and play- M7 3- carding at an Ale-Houfe, than at a religious AfFem- bly not appointed by publick Authority. The Reverend Mr; Satitpfon, late Dean of Cbrift^v-on Church, Oxofj, was this Year itruck with the dead^'^ hs Palfy on one Side, which made him refign his Lev cture in the Church at TFbittington College, which he had held to this Time, and for which he had 10/. a Year : It was in the Gift of the Cloth-Workers Com- pany, to whom he recommended Mr. Deering for his auccfcffor; but Deerin? being; filenced for Non-Con- rormity, the Archbifnop utterly refufed him, which Sampson- complained of in a Letter to the Treafurer, faying, " That though my Lord & Canterbury liked ■ " not 332 *' Men be called Puritans •, and he prayed God to •^JXtJ. •' purge them and make them more pure — " And L.oj Par- ' whereas the Archbimop in his Letter had pitied hisker,p.46s>* Complaints of Poverty and Lamenefs, he faid, " He 44 complained of nothing ; if he mould complain of s that he was fo jealous, " for he feared, xy^yi^j " that when Rogues attempted to deftroy thofe that " were fo near her Majefty's Perfon, they would at u laft make the fame Attempt upon her too; and " that even fome that lay in her Bofom [Leicefter] " when Opportunity ferved, would fling her." The Archbifhop feht out his Scouts to apprehend the Con- fpirators that his Steward had named, who pretended a fecret Correfpondence with Undertree ; and among others that were taken into Cuftody, were the Re- verend Mr. Bonham, Brown, and Stonden, Divines of great Name among the Puritans : Stonden had been one of the Preachers to the Queen's Army, when the Earl of Warwick was fent againft the Northern Rebels. Many Perfons of Honour were alfo accu- fed, as the Earl of Bedford, Leicejler, and others. But when Undertree came to be examined before the Council, the whole appeared to be a Sham, between Undertree and the Archbifhop's Steward, to difgrace the Puritans, and punifh them as Enemies to the State as well as the Church. So early was the vile Pra- ctice of fathering (ham Plots upon the Puritans begun, which was repeated fo often in the next Age. Undertree had forged Letters in the Names of Bonbam, Stonden, and others ; as appeared to a Demonftration when they were produced before the Council, for they were i 66^ written with one Hand. When he was examined 'erjP«4 • about his Accomplices he would accufe no body, buc took the whole upon himfelf ; fo that their Honours writ immediately to the Archbifhop to difcharge his Prifoners. But, which is a little unaccountable, nei- ther Undertree nor the Archbifhop's Steward received any Punifhment. Menlshis ^IS Grace's Reputation fuffered by this Plot ; all Conduti in impartial Men cried out againft him, for fhutting up ihsPlot, Men of Character and Reputation in Prifon upon i'uch idle Reports. The Puritans reflected upon his Ho- nour and Honefty ; and in particular the Bifhop of hon« Chap.V. .of ^PuritAns, 335 London, and Dr. Chatterton Mailer of Queen's College, §ueen Cambridge, whom in his Wrath he called a Chat- Elizabeth,1 terer -, and in his Letter to Grind 'al Archbifhop of s^Jlij Tori, iaid, " That he cared not three Chips for *^ " ought that could be proved as to his Allegiance ; " he doing it fo fecretly, faithfully and prudently as " he did ; and would do the fame again, if he knew *' no more than he did at that Time." The Earl of Leicefler could not but refent his ill Ufage of him, which he had an Opportunity to repay had he been fo minded ; the Archbifhop having executed an Act of Juftice [as he called it] upon a Perfon in the Jate Plot, after he had received a Letter from Courc forbidding him to do it ; which was not very con- fident with his Allegiance. But the Archbifhop braved out his Conduct againft every Body, after his own Brethren the Biihops, and all the World had abandon'd "him. He told the Lord Treafurer, " That he cared not for Leicefler, though he was in-i. cfVar-. " formed he took Counfel with the Precifiam to undoker>P"477* " him : That though he had writ to the Earl, and *6 to another Puritan Courtier, it was not in way of " SubmifTion, as fome of the Crew reported and •*' took it. -— » That the Earl had peaceably writ " again to him, diffembling his Malice like a right " Courtier-, but he notwithstanding underftood what " was purpofed againft him, for Religion fake he *c took it." This was the Spirit and Language of our Archbifhop ! One of the laft publick Acts in which his Grace ij7<. was employed, was vi firing the Diocefe of Winched er, Ue "0lfi^ and in particular the Me dLWiqbt -, and here he made„^T ®' ufe of fuch Methods of Severity (fays Mr. Slrype) as D made him talked againft all over the Country. This Ijland was a Place of Refort for foreign Proteftants, and Sea-firing Men of all Countries, which occa- sioned the Haoits and Ceremonies not to be fo ftricl:- }y obferved as in other Places, their Trade and Commerce requiring a Latitude : When our Arch-^ 1 bifliop 33& FA? HISTORY Chap.V. Queen bifhop came thither with his Retinue he gave himfelf Elizabeth, no trouble about the Welfare of the Ifland, but turn- \^iJX^ ed out all thofe Minifters that refufed the Habits, l of?ar- and fhut up their Churches. This was fo great a ker,p.49i. Concern to the Inhabitants, that they fent up their Complaints to the Earl of Leicefter, who made fuch a Report to the Queen of the Archbifhop's Pro- ceedings, that her Majefty immediately gave Order, that Things mould return to their former Channel ; and when his Grace came to Court after his Vifitation, her Majefty received him but coldly, and declared her Difpleafure againft his unfeafonable Severities. The Bifhop of PPincbefter alfo complained, that the Clergy of his Diocefe had been lifted in an unmerciful Man- ner ; all which inftead of foftning our Prelate drew from him the following angry Letter to the Lord L. of Par- Treafurer, wherein he complains, " Of the ftrong In- plndtx' " tereft tne Puritans had at Court ; and of the Incon- N°XCIX.*C ftancy of fome of the Bifhops ; that feveral of that " Order Jay by and did little, while others endea- " voured to undermine him. That the Queen was «' almoft the only Perfon that ftood firm to the <£ Church ; but if the Precifians had the Advantage, " her Majefty would be undone. That he was not '-' fo much concerned for the Cap, Tippet, Surplice, " Wafer Bread, and fuch like Ceremonies, as for W the Authority of the Laws that enjoined them. *c The Queen indeed had told him, that he had the c< fupreme Government Ecclefiaftical, but upon Ex- " periment he found it very much hamper'd and " embarraffed. Before God ('fays he) I fear that " her Highnefs's Authority is not regarded ; and if *6 publick Laws are once difregarded the Govern- " ment muft fink at once." Reforms There was but one Corner of the Britijh Dominions tion of that our Archbifhop's Arm could not reach, (viz.) Guernfey the Ifles of Guernfey and Jerfey ; thefe had been a Re- an Jeriey.ceptac]e fQr ^ prmcfr ^efUgees from the Parifian Majfacre » and lying upon the Coafts ot France, the Inha- Chap. V, o//^PtjRiTAN £ 337 Inhabitants were chiefly cf that Nation, and were <$»"« allowed the Ufe of the Geneva or French Difcipline,Ehzzbtlh> by the Lords of the Council. An Order of the^^i^ States of France had been formerly obtained, to fe- parate them from the Jurifdiction of the Bifhop of Conftance in Normandy but no Form of Difcipline having been fettled by Law fince the Reformation, Mr. Cartwright and Sndpe were invited to affift the Minifters in framing a proper Difcipline for their Churches : This fell out happily for Cartwright, who being forced to abandon his native Coun- try , made this the Place of his Retreat. The two Divines being arrived , one was made titu- lar Pallor of Mount Orgueil, in the Ifle of Jerfey ; and the other of Caftle Cornet in Guernfey. The Reprefentatives of the feveral Churches being afiembled at St. Peterts Pert, in Guernfey, they communicated to them a Draught of Difcipline, which was debated, and accommodated to the Ufe of thole Wands, and finally fettled the Year following, as appears by the Title of it, which is this ; The Ec- clefiajtical Difcipline obferved and praBifed by the Churches of jerfey and Guernfey, after the Reformation of the fame^ by the Minifters, Elders, and Deacons of the Ifles of Guernfey and Jerfey, Sark, and Alderney, confirmed by the Authority, and in the Prejence of the Governors of the fame Ifles, in a Synod holden in Guernfey, June 28, 1576. and afterwards revived by the [aid Minifters and Elders, and confirmed by the faid Governors in a Synod, holden in Jerfey the nth, nth, \ph, 141b, 15th, and iyth Days of October, 1577. The Book con- fifts of 20 Chapters, and each Chapter of feveral Ar- HeyWs tides , which were conftantly obferved in thefeAerius Iflands till the latter end of the Reign of King James Reclivi™s, the Firft, when the Liturgy of the Church of England^' z?6' took place. Though the Papifts were the Queen's moll dan-*"*"? */ gerous Enemies, her Majefty had a peculiar Tender- JW-, Jiefs for them 5 fhe frequently releafed them out of ZY^.y.9. X Prifon, 4i0. 338 7& HISTORY Chap.VJ ^gueen Prifon, and connived at their Religious AfTemblies, ■En"aD"h,of which there were above 500 in England at this V-^-y-x^ Time : Many of the Queen's Subjects reforted to the Portugal AmbaJJador's Houfe in Charter-houfe Tardy where Mais was publickly faid ; and becaufe the Sheriffs and Recorder of London difturbed them, they were commuted to the Fleet by the Queen's exprefs Foreign Se- Command. At the fame Time they were practifing mwarm agajnft rne Queen's Life : And that their Religion might not die with the prefent Age, Seminaries were creeled and endowed, in feveral Parts of Europe, for the Education of Englijh Youth, and for providing a Succeflion of MifTionaries to be fent into England ror the Propagation of their Faith. The firft of thefe was erected when the Kingdom was excommunica- ted ; after which many others were founded, to the unfpeakable Prejudice of the Proteftant Religion. To fet them before the Reader in one View : Colle- ges were erected at the following Places , The 1 ft at Douay, 1569. by Philip King of Spain, ■2d at Rome, 1579. bv P°Pe Gregory 13th. 3d at Valladolid, 1589. by the King of Spain. 4th at Seville, ' 1593. by the fame. 5th at St. Omers, 1596. by the fame. 6th at Madrid, 1606. by Jofepk Crefwel, Jefuir, 7th at Louvaine, 1606. by Philip III. of Spain. 8 th at Leige, 1616. by the Abp. of that Country. 9th at Ghent, 1624. by Philip IV. Fuller, The popifti Nobility and Gentry fent over their B" **' Children to thefe Colleges for Education ; and 'tis in- p' r" credible what a Mafs of Money was collected in Eng- land for their Maintenance, by their Provincials^ Sub-Provincials, AJfijlants, Agents, Coadjutors, E ami- liars, &c. out cf the Eftates of fuch Catholicks as were pofTeffed of Abbey Lands ; the Popedfpenfing wish the'.r holding them on thefe Confiderations. The Oath taken by every Student at his Admiffion was this i . « Having Chap. V. p/Z/^PuRitan £ 339 §hteen tc y yAving refolved to offer my felf wholly up toElizabech> «< J£~j[ .Divine Service, as much as I may, to fulfil J^hm 51 the End for which this our College was founded, I *f promife and fwear in the Prefence of Almighty « God, that I am prepared from mine Heart, with " the Affiftance of Divine Grace, in due Time to «« receive holy Orders, and to return into England, to «{ convert the Souls of my Country-Men and Kindred* «« when, and as often as ic (hall feem good to the " Superior of this College. The Number of Students educated in thefeColle-De Schifc ges may be collected from hence-, that whereas ac- raat- ^"S* cording to Saunders an eminent popifh Writer, there p* 2"3' were but 30 old Priefts remaining in England^ this Year [1575], the two Colleges ot Douay and Rome alone, in a very few Years, fent over 300 ; and 'tis not to be doubted, but there was a like Proportion from the reft. About this Time began to appear the Family of Love>Famify ef which derived its Pedigree Irom one Henry Nicolas, z.Love* Dutchman. By their Confefilon of Faith publifhed this Year, it appears that they were high Enthuliafts; that they allegorized the Doctrines of Revelation, and under a Pretence of attaining to fpiritual Perfection, adopted fome odd and whimfical Opinions, while they grew too lax in their Morals, being in their Principles fomething akin to the Quielijls in the Church of Rome^ and the Quakers among our felves. They had their private Aifemblies for Devotion, for which they tailed of the Severities of the Government. f But the Weight of the penal Laws feli heavieft up- onlome of the German Anabaptijis, who refufed tojoin with the Dutch or Englijh Churches : There were two Sorts of Anabaptifts that fprung up with the Reforma- tion in Germany ; one was of thofe who differ'd only about the Subject and Mode of Baptifm, whether ic iliould be adminifter'd to Infants, or in any other Z 2 manner 340 the H I S T 0 R Y Chap. V< i£« his Entertainments and Feaftings being chiefly on the Lord's Day : Nor do we read among his Epis- copal Qualities, of his diligent Preaching or pious Example. Fuller calls him a Parker indeed, careful to keep the Fences, and fhut the Gates of Difcipline, againft all fuch Nigh-Stealers as would invade the fame; and indeed this was his chief Excellency. He was a confiderable Benefactor to Bennet College, the Place of his Education, where he ordered his MS. Pa- pers to be depofited, which have been of confiderable Service to the Writers of the Englijh Reformation, Hedied of the Stone on the 17th of May, 1575. in the 7 2d Year of his Age, and was interr'd in Lambeth Chapel the 6th of June following ; where his Body refted till it was removed at the End of the Civil Wars by a private Gentleman, who purchafed that Palace for a Manfion Houfe, CHAP, 34* The HISTORY Chap. VI. CHAP. VI. From the Death of Archbifoop Parker to the Death of ArchbiJJoop Grindal. Queen T \R. Edmund Grindal, Archbifhop of York, Bhzabeth, J^f fucceeded Parker in the See of Canterbury, and \l^m^/ was confirmed Feb, 15th, 15-^. He was a Divine of L moderate Principles, and moved no fafter in Courfes of Severity againft the Puritans than his Superiors obliged him, being a Friend to their Preaching and Prophejyings. Sandys was tranflated from London to Yorky and Aylmer was advanced to the See of London. Thislaft was one of the Exiles, and had been a Fa- vourer of Puritanifm \ for in his Book againft Knox, entuled, An Harbour for faithful Subjects, he de- claims againft the Wealth and Splendor of the Bi- ihops, and fpeaks with Vehemence againft their L01 .:'_ T>: pities and Civil Authority. In ehe Convo- cation of 1562. when the Queftion about the Habits was debated, he withdrew, and would not be con- cerned in the Affair •, but upon his Advancement to the Epifcopal Order he became a new Convert, and a cruel Perfecutor of the Puritans. He was a little Man, of a quick Spirit, and of no extraordinary Character in Life. 'ftaceedhgs The Parliament being now fitting, a Bill was of Pavlia- brought into the Houfe of Lords, to tax fuch as did. ment> not come to Church and receive the Sacrament with certain Sums of Money \ but it was thought proper to drop it for the prefent. rA»d con- The Convocation was bufy in framing Articles vocation^ toucning the admitting able and fit Perlbns to the ^^"""Miniftry, and eftablifhing good Order in the Church. 'Thirteen of them were publifhed with the Queen's Licence, though they had not the Broad Seal ; but the other two, For marrying at all Times of the Tear, and Chap. VI. ©/"/&? Puritans." 343 and for ■private Baptifm by a lawful Minijler, in Cafes Queen cf NeceJJity , her Majefty would not countenance. E1,zabeth> One of the Articles makes void all Licences for Prtacb- ,1^-^j ing dated before the $tb of Feb. 1575. hut provides, Aiucen- Thatfuch asfhould be thought meet for that Office floould beces made re-admitted zvitbout Difficulty or Charge. This had™*'^ been practifed once and again in Parker's Time, and was now renewed, that by difqualifying the whole Body of the Clergy, they might clear the Church of all the Non-Conformifts at once •, and if all the Bifhops had been equally fevere in renewing their Licences, the Church would have been deftituie of all Preach- ing ; for the Body of the Conforming Clergy were fo ignorant and illiterate, that many who had Cure of Souls were incapable of Preaching, or even of Read- ing to the Edification of the Hearers ; being obliged by Law only to read the Service, and adminifter the Sacrament in Perfon once in half a Year, on forfeiture of 5 Pounds to the Poor, The Non-Conformifl Miniflers, under the Chara* Diligence cter of Curates or Leclurers, fupplied the Defects of0/'** thefe idle Drones, for a fmall Recompence from theFur'c*'1 Incumbent with the voluntary Afliflance of the Pa.-Preac ' rifh •, and by their warm and affectionate Preaching gained the Hearts of the People : They refided upon their Curacies, and went from Houfe to Houfe vifi- ting their Parifhioners, and intruding their Chil- dren •, they alfo infpected their Lives and Manners, and according to the apoftolical Direction, reproved, rebuked, and exhorted them, with all Long-fuffering and Doctrine, as long as they could keep their Licences, Thus moft of the Puritan Miniflers remained as yet within the Church, and their Followers artended up- on the Word and Sacrament in fuch Places where there were fober and orthodox Preacuers. But ftill they continued their Afibciations and pri- Rife of tire vate AiTemblies, for recovering the Difcipline of t^Controverff Church to a more primitive Standard: This was ^ff^ Grievance to the Queen and Court Bifliops, who^ m' Z 4 were 344 9& H I S T 0 R Y Chap. VI. 5?»» were determined againft all Innovations of this kind. '^5 Strange ! That Men mould cpnfefs in their publick Ser~ voy^, vice every firft Day of Lent, That there was a godly Difci- pline in the primitive Church *, that this Difcipline is not exercifed atprefent in the Church of England, but that it is much to be wijhed that it were reflor'd *, and yet never at- tempt to reftbre it, but fet themfelves with Violence and Oppreflion to crulh all Endeavours that way ! for the Reader will obferve, that this was one chief Occa- fion of the Sufferings of the Puritans in the following Part of this Reign. 'jtjjbciafi- Some of the Minifters of Northampton and Warwick* ens for this fl>irey in one of their afTociated Meetings, agreed up- turpofe. on certa jn Rqies 0f jyifcipHne in their fcveral Parifhes $ x,o/ rm- Dut as f00n a3 t^ey Degan ro pra&jfe them, the Court a,p,wl:>,took the alarm, and fent Letters to the new Archbi- Jhop to fupprefs them. His Grace accordingly fent to. the Bifhops of thofe Diocefes, to fee Things reduced to their former Channel ; and if need were, to fend for Ajfli fiance from himfelf or the Ecclefiafiical Com- miffoners : Accordingly Mr. Paget and Mr. Oxenbridge, the two Heads of the Affociation, were taken into Cuftody and fent up to London. Some Time after there was another AfTembly at Mr. Knewjlubs's Church, at Cockfield m Suffolk, where 60 Clergymen of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgefhire9 met together to confer of the Common Prayer Book, and come to fome Agreement as to what might be tolerated, and what was neceffary to be refufed. Puller, They confulted alfo about Apparel, Holidays, Faft- B. IX. ^g^ hjunffions, &c. From thence they adjourned ¥■ *"' to Cambridge, at the Time of the next Commence^ ment, and from thence to London, where they hoped to be concealed by the general Refort of the People to Parliament : In thefe AfTemblies they came to the following Conclufions, which were drawn up in an elegant Latin Stile by Mr. CartwrigJjt and Travers9 and given to the Minifters for their D:rection in their feveral Parifhes, Chap. Vt fl^/fcPuRifAtiti $4.1* Queen Concerning Minijlers. Elizabeth'} " T ET no Man, though he be an Univerfity xJP^* ** I 1 Man, offer himfelf to the Miniftry 5 nor let canciuGong f* any Man take upon him an uncertain and vague */*£4« $ Vbe HISTORY Chap. yj. gueen te that no Offence or Scandal arife in the Church ; Elizabeth, « anc} if any fuch happen, that it be duly abolifhed.'* 1576. >^v"V Of Collectors for the Poor, or Deacons. cc Touching Deacons of both Sorts, (viz.) Men " and Women, the Church fhall be moniih'd what v a Divine of a quite different Spirit, who in his pri- mary Vifuation made fad Havock among the Puri- tan Minifters. Among others that were fufpended in thatDiocefe, were, Mr. John More,Mr. RichardCrick, Mr. George Leeds, Mr. Thomas Roberts, and Mr. Richard Dowe, all Minifters in or near the City of Norwich: They addreffed the Queen and Council for Relief; buc were told, that her Majefty was fully bent to remove all thofe that would not be perfuaded to con- form to all Orders eftablifhed. The Reverend Mr. m. s. Gazvion, Minifter of Goring, in the fame Diocefe, p- ^5 5« being charged with not wearing the Surplice, norob-Sn-ypeV " ferving the Order of the Queen's Book, he confefTed A"' M48, the former, but faid that in other Things he was conformable, though he did not keep exactly to the Rubrick. When the Bifhop charged him with hold- ing divers Errors, he anfwered, We are here not above 343 fbe H I S T O R Y Chap. VL gueen above half a Dozen unconformable Minifters in this Elizabeth, Q[ty [Norwich] ; and if you will confer with us by ^J^J, Learning, we will yield up our very Lives if we are not able to prove the Doctrines we hold to be confo- nant to the Word of God. After his Sufpenfion he fent his Lordfhip a bold Letter, in which he main* tained, that Chrift was the only Lawgiver in his Church. " If any King or Prince in the World or- *c dain or allow other Officers than Chrift has allow- ** ed, we will (Tays he) rather lay down our Necks ** on the Block than confent thereunto ; wherefore " do not object to us fo often the Name of our •' Prince, for you ufe it as a Cloak to cover your " curfed Enterprizes. Have you not thruft out *' thofe who preached the lively Word faithfully and > *' fincerely ? Have you not plucked out thofe " Preachers where God fet them in ? And do you " think that this Plea will excufe you before the ** high Judge, / did but execute the Law £•■ Mr. Har: Mr. Harvey, another Minifter of the fame City, vey. was cited before the Bifhop May 13. for preaching againft the Hierarchy of Bifhops and their Ecclefi- aftical Officers •, and at a Court held at St. George's Church he was fufpended from his Miniftry, with Mr. Vincent Goodwin and John Mapes< .Mr. Rock- Mr. Rockrey, B.D. oi Queen's College, Cambridge, % rey. Perfon of great Learning and Merit, was expellM m.s. tne Univcrfity for Non-Conformity to the Habits. *' * V Lord Burleigh the Chancellor got him reftored, and difpenfed with for a Year, at the End of which the Mafter of his College admonifhed him 3 Times to compofe himfelf to the Cuftom of the Univerfity in the Habits, which he refuting, was finally difchar^ ged, as an Example to keep others to their Duty. Mr. Green- About the fame Time Mr. Richard Greenham, Mi- ham. ^ nifter of Drayton, was fufpended, a Man of a moft excellent Spirit, who though he would not fubferibe or conform to the Habits, avoided fpeaking of them, that he might not give Offence 5 and whoever reads PeirceV Tindie. P. 97. Chap. VI. c//^PuritAn s: $49 his Letter to Cox, Bimop of Ely, will wonder what S^e** fort of Men they muft be, that could bear hard on f0Elizabe*i peaceable a Divine. -^VW Some Time before the Death of Parker Mr. Stroud, Mr. the fufpended Minifter of Cranbrook, returned to his Stroud'/ Parifh Church, but being represented to the prefentrrc*w^ Archbifhop as a Difturber of the Peace, he was forbid to continue his accuftomed Exercifes in the Church, and commanded to leave the Country ; but the good Man was fo univerfaliy beloved, that the whole County of Kent aimoft fign'd Petitions to the Archbifhop for his Continuance among them. " T ~K 7 E know, moft Reverend Father (fay they; that " V V Mr.Stroudhzs been feveral Times beaten and " whipt with the untrue Reports of flanderous Tongues, " and accufed of Crimes whereof he has moft clear- u ly acquitted himfelf to the Satisfaction of others. " Every one of us, for the moft part, Moft gracious tc Lord, hath heard him preach Chrift truly, and " rebuke Sin boldly, and have feen him hitherto tC apply to his Calling faithfully, and live among nounce fo peremptorily in a Matter purely refpect- .JJ77' ing Religion •, and for Non-compliance tie up the ^1^ Hands of her Archbijhop, who is the fir ft Mover am der the Prince in all Ecclefiaftical Affairs. Before the Expiration of the 6 Months, which was in December, Grindal was advifed to make his Submiffion, which he did fo far as to acknowledge the Queen's Mildnefs and Gentlenefs in his Reftrainr, and to promife Obedience for the future ; but he could not be perfuaded to retract his Opinion, and confefs his Sorrow for what was paft •, there was therefore fome talk of depriving him, but that be- ing thought too fevere, his Sequeftration was con- tinued till about a Year before his Death ; but his Grace never recovered the Queen's Favour. Thus ended the Prophefyirgs, or religious Exercijes of the Clergy, an ufeful Institution for promoting Chriflian Knowledge and Piety, at a Time when both were at a very low Ebb in the Nation. The Queen pu: them down for no other Reafon, but becaufe they enlighten'd the Peoples Minds in the Scripture, and encourag'd their Enquiries after Truth ; her Ma- jefty being always of Opinion, that Knowledge and Learning in the Laity would only endanger their peaceable Submiffion to her abfolute Will and Plea- fure. This Year put an End to the Life of that eminent Death of Divine Mr. Thomas Lever, a great Favourite off-Mr.Lever. Queen Elizabeth till he refufed the Habits. He was Mailer of St. John's College, Cambridge, in the Reign of King Edward VI. and was reckon'd one of the molt eloquent Preachers in thofe Times. He had a true Zeal for the Proteftant Religion, and was an Exile for it all the Reign of Queen Mary. Upon Queen Elizabeth's Acceffion, he might have had the higheft Preferment in the Church, but could not ac- cept it upon the Terms of Subscription and wearing the A a 4 Habits \ 360 7/^HISTORY Chap. VI. Queen Habits ; he was therefore fufpended by the Eccle- £llzabech> fiaftical Commiflloners ; but his great Name and yJXJ^, fingular Merits, reflecting an Odium upon thofe who had deprived the Church of his Labours, and expofed him a fecond Time to Poverty and Want after his Exile, he was at length difpenfed with, and made Archdeacon of Coe, and Matter of Sherburne Hofpital near Durham, where he fpent the Remainder of his Days in great Reputation and Ufefulnefs : He was a refolute Non-Conformift, and writ Letters to encourage the deprived Minifters to Hand by their Principles, and wait patiently for a further Reforma- tion. He was buried in the Chapel of his own Ho- fpital, having this plain Infcription on a flat Marble Stone over his Grave, Thomas Lever, Preacher to King Edward VI. Had he lived a little longer he had been perfecuted by the new Bifhop as his Brother Whittingham was ; but God took him away from the Evil to come. He died mjuly, 1577. and was fuc- ceeded in the Hofpital by his Brother, Ralph Lever. Puiirans ,jy[n Cartwright, upon his return from the Ifle of Aatwer* Guemfey, was chofen Preacher to one of the EngliJJj Factories at Antwerp : Thefe Factories fubmitted to the Difcipline of the Dutch Churches among whom they lived, and their Minifters became Members of their Confiftories. While Cartwright was here many of the Engli/h, who were not fatisfied with the Terms of Conformity, or the Englijh manner of giving Or- ders, went over thither, and were ordained by the Prefbyters of chofe Churches \ nay, fome that had Suype'i received Deacons Orders in the Church of England, jim:. chofe to be made full Minifters by the foreign Con-- P- S1?* fiftories ; among thefe were Mr. Cartwright, Fenner, Afljton and gravers. Gravers was Batchelor of Divi- nity in the Univerfity of Cambridge before he left England, and was ordained at Antwerp, May 14th, 1*578, The Copy of his Testimonials is to this lancet : i« For- Chap. VI. of the Puritans: 361 Queen « TT^Orafmuch as it is juft and reafonable, that fuch Elizabeth, *' j£ as are received into the Number of the Mini- *^7£. " iters or God's Word, mould have a Testimonial Tvavtrj>f " of their Vocation ; we declare, That having cal- reftimo- *< led together a Synod of 12 Minifters of God's nials. «« Word, and almoft the fame Number of Elders at Fuller, " Antwerp on May 8th, 1578. our very learned, B. IX. *' pious, and excellent Brother, the Reverend Doc~torp' 2I4> «c Gualter Travers, was by the unanimous Votes and *' ardent Defires of ail prefent, received and inftiru- «c ted into the Miniftry of God's Holy Word, and «c confirmed according to our accuftomed Manner, " with Prayer and Impofition of Hands ; and the tc next Day after the Sabbath, having preached be- " fore a full Congregation of EngHJb, at the Requeft «' of the Minifters, he was acknowledged and re- Learning, and of long itanding in the Church, but v^-y-^ not ordained according to the Form of the Englifh Strype'i Service Book. The Accufation againft him was Jxn.p.^x :. branched out into 35 Articles, and 49 Interrogato- ries, but the chief was his Geneva Ordination. The D^an, inftead of anfwering the Charge, flood by the Rights of the Church of Durham, and denied the Archbimop's Power of Vifitation, upon which his Grace was pleafed to excommunicate him 5 but Whitt'wgham appealed to the Queen, who directed a Com million to t >e Archbifhop, to the Lord Preii- dent of the Council in the North, and to the Dean of Tork, to hear and determine the Validity of his Or- dination, and to enquire into the other Mifdemea- nors contained in the Articles. The Prefident of the North was a Favourer of the Puritans, and Dr. tiution Dean of Tork, was of Whittingbam's Principles, and boldly averr'd, That the Dean was ordained in a better Sort than even the Archbijhop himfelf ; fo that the CommiGlon came to nothing. But Sandys vexed at the Difappointment, and at the calling in Que- flion his Right of Vifitation, obtained another Corn- million directed to himfelf, the Bifhop of Durham, the Lord Prefident, the Chancellor of the Diocefe, and fome others whom he could depend upon, to vifit jbt vail- the Church of Durham. The chief Defign was to dityoibis deprive Whitiingbam for a Layman ; when the Dean o>-A»l84«rity in his primary Vifitation ; his Lordfhip went on Hill in the fame Method, not without fome Marks of unfair Defigns ; for the Incumbent of Sprowton being p. 2.86. fufpected to be of the Family of Love, his Lordfhip M-s- deprived him, and immediately begg'd the Living for his Son-in-law Mr. Maplefdon, who was already Archdeacon of Suffolk. He fhewed no Mercy ro his fufpended Clergy, though they offered to fubfcribe as far as the Laws of the Realm required. At length they petitioned their Metropolitan Grindal, who tho* in Difgrace, licenfed them to preach throughout the whole Diocefe of Norwich, durante beneplacito, pro- vided they did not preach againft the eftablifhed Or- ders of the Church, nor move Contentions about Ceremonies ; but ftill they were deprived of their Livings. jwv.Law- The Reverend Mr. Lawrfflce, an admired Preach- rencyfe- ef ^ ancj Incumbent of a Parifh in Suffolk, was fu- **!ve ', fpended by the fame Bifhop, for not complying AmT"' W^ tne R*ces anc^ Ceremonies of the Church. Mr. p. 5S5. Calthorp a Gentleman of Quality in the County, applied to the Lord Treafurer in his behalf; and the Treafurer writ to the Bifhop, requesting him to take off his Sequeftration ; but his Lordfhip replied, that what he had done was by virtue of the Queen's Letter to him, requiring him to allow of no Mi- nifters, bu: fuch as were perfectly conformable. «• Mr. Chap. VI, of tbe Turit an s: 365 Mr. Calthorp writ again, and urged the great Want Queen the Church had of fuch good Men as Mr. Law- EliaBet^; rence, for whofe ficnefs for his Work he would under- JJ^\ take the chief Gentlemen of Credit in the County *^J ihould certify ; but his Sequeitration was ftill conti- nued. The like Severities were ufed in moft other Diocefes. The Bifhop of London came not behind the chief of his Brethren the Bifhops, in his perfecuting Zeal againft the Puritans ; he gave out Orders for Appa- ritors and other Officers to go from Church to Church in Time of Divine Service, to obferve the Confor- mity of the Minifter, and to make Report to her Majefty's CommilTioners. As this Prelate had no Compaflion in his Nature, he had little or no regard to the Laws of his Country, or the Cries of the People after the Word of God. Great was the Scarcity of Preachers about Eng- scanty pf land at this Time*, in the large and populous Townf'^w of Northampton there was not one, nor had been for*" cdverf a confiderable Time, though the People applied^^^ to the Bifhop of the Diocefe , by moft humble Supplication for the Bread of Life. In the Coun- ty of Cornwall there were 140 Clergymen, not one of which was capable of preaching a Sermon, and moft of them were Pluralifts and Non-Refidents. Even^w Lon^ the City of London was in a lamentable Cafe, as ap-"on* pears by their Petition to the Parliament which met this Winter, in which are thefe Words. «« — . May it pleafe you therefore, for the tender " Mercies of God, to underftand the woful Eftate " of many Thoufands of Souls dwelling in deep " Darknefs, and in the Shadow of Death, in this fa- *c mous and populous City of London', a Place, in " refpect of others, accounted as the Morning Star, *' or rather as the Sun in its Brightnefs, becaufe of " the Gofpel, fuppofed to ihine glorioufly and abun~ " dantly in the fame ; but being near looked into, " will be found forely eclipied and darken'd through 1 " the 366 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VI. §ueen « the dim Clouds of unlearned Minifters, whereof Elizabeth, 4t there be no fmall Number. There are in uhis \^LL^j " City a great Number of Churches, but the one " " half of them at the leaft are utterly unfurnifhed •• of preaching Minifters, and are pefter'd with *' Candle/licks not of Gold but of Clay, unwortny to " have the Lord's Lights fet in them, with Watch- *' men that have no Eyes, and Clouds that have no «« Water ; . In the other half, partly by*means of " Non-Refidents , which are very many; partly M through the Poverty of many meanly qualified, *' there is fcarce the tenth Man that makes Confci- *c ence to wait upon his Charge, whereby the Lord's " Sabbath is oft-times wholly neglected, and for the " moft part miferably mangled ; Ignorance increa- *' feth, and Wickednefs comes upon us like an armed " Man, As Sheep therefore going aftray, we *£ humbly on our Knees, .befeech this honourable «l Affembly, in tke Bowels and Blood of Jefus *« Place ; for befides the Impropriations in our Shire, vJ4/-0 t( we allow yearly above nine Thoufand two Hun- i *• dred Pounds, and have about 160 Churches, the " greateft part of which are fupplied by Men who ** are guilty of the groffeft Sins ; fome Fornicators, ;- which was "Jan. 10. the Commons voctd, Tip at as Heylin many of their Members as conveniently could, Jhould on the p 2 87. Sunday fortnight, ajfemble and meet together in the Tern- Commons pie Church, there to have Preachings and to join toge'-votea\aft'' ther in Prayer I with Humiliation and Falling, for the 'Ajfiflance of God's Stir it in all their Confutations, du- ring this Parliament *, and for tks Prefervation of the £hieen's Majefty and her Realms. The Houie was fo cautious as not to name the-r Preachers, for fear they m ght be thought Puritanical, but rtferr'd k to fuch of her Majefty's Privy Council as were Members of the Houle. There was nothing in this Vote contrary to Law or Equity, but the Queen was no fooner ac- quainted with it, but Ihe fent Word by Sir Gbriflopber B b Hat- 37° ^HISTORY Chap. VI. $uee* Hatton, her Vice-Chamberlain, that She did much ad- Elizabeth, mjre at jQ ^reai a Rajbnej-S jn ^at Houfe, as to put in K^r^-^j Execution fuch an Innovation without her Privity and Queen fw-Pleafure fir ft made known to them. Upon which it was bids it. moved by the Courtiers, that the Houfe Jhould acknow- ledge their Offence and Contempt, and humbly crave For- givenefs, with a full Purpofe to forbear committing the like for the future *, which they did accordingly. A mean and abject Spirit in the reprefentative Body of the Nation ! Prhatc Her Majefly having forbid her Parliament to ap- Fafiings o/point Times for Falling and Prayer, took hold of lut^wls r^e Opportunity, and gave the like Injunctions to her ' Clergy ; fome of whom, after the putting down of the Prophesying s, had ventur'd to agree upon Days of private Fading and Prayer for the Queen and Church ; and for exhorting the People to Re- pentance and Reformation of Life, at fuch Times and Places where they could get a Pulpit. All the Pu- ritans, and the more devout part of the conforming Clergy, fell in with thefe Appointments ; fometimes there was one at Leicejler ; fometimes at Coventry and at Stamford, and in other Places ; where fix or feven neighbouring Minifters join'd together in thefe Exer- Heylin'* cifes ; but as foon as the Queen was acquainted with Aerius them, fhe fent a warm MefTage to the Archbifhop Redivivus,to fUpprefs them, as being fet up by private Perfons, *' ' without Authority, in defiance of the Laws, and of her Prerogative. Mr. Prowd the Puritan Minifter of Burton upon "Dunmore, complains in a melancholy Letter to Lord Burleigh, of the fad State of Religion by putting down the Exercifes j and by forbidding the Meeting of a few Minifters and Chriftians to pray for the Pre- fervation of the Proteftant Religion in this dangerous Crifis of the Queen's marrying with a Papift. He doubted whether his Lordfhip dealt fo plainly with her Majefly as his Knowledge of thefe Things re- quired, and begs him to interpofe. But che Queen was Chap. VI. c/^Puritans; 371 was determined againft all Prayers but what herfelf §»een fhould appoint. Elizabeth, We have already taken Notice of the Petitions and J^^ Supplications to Parliament from London, Cornwall and fome other Places, for Redrefs of Grievances ; but the Houfe was fo intimidated by the Queen's harm Behaviour, that they durft not interpofe, any further than in Conjunction with fome of the Bifhops, to petition her Majefty as Head of the Church to re- drefs them. The Queen promifed to take Order about it with all convenient fpeed ; putting them in mind at the fame Time, that all Motions for Reforma- tion in Religion ought to arifefrom none but herfelf. But her Majefty's Sentiments differed from the $*fen re* rarliament's ; her greateft Grief was the Increafe7w""/H/' of Puritans and Non-Conformifts, and therefore mfteftd0"3^^ of eafing them, fhe girt the Laws clofer about them, in order to bring them to an exact Conformity. In- formation being given, that fome that had Livings in the Church, and preached weekly, did not admi- nifter the Sacrament to their Parifhioners in their own Perfons, her Majefty commanded her Bifhops in their Vifltations, to enquire after fuch Half Conformists, as disjoined one part of their Function from the other, and to compel them by Ecclefiaftical Cenfures to perform the whole, at leaffc twice a Year. The Puritan Minifters being diffatif- fied with the promifcuous Accefs of all Perfons to the Communion, and with feveral Paffages in the Office for the Lord* s Supper, fomeof them ufed to providequalified Clergymen to adminifler the Ordinance in their room ; but this was now made a handle for their Ejectment : Inquifuion was made, and thofe that after Admoni- tion would not conform to the Queen's Pleafure were fent for before the Commifiioners and deprived. Though the Springs of Difcipline moved but flow- ly in the Diocefe of Canterbury, becaufe the Metro- politan, who is the firft Mover in Ecclefiaftical Cau- fes under the Queen was fufpended and in difgrace ; B b 2 yet 372 T^HISTORY Chap. VI. S&een yet the. Sufferings of the Puritans were not lefifen'd -, Elizabeth, becaufe the other Bifhops that were in the High Com- I SCO ■ . ■« * ^* \^y^, mijjion, doubled their Diligence j the Reverend Mr. Nafh was in the Mar/halfea ; Mr. Drewet in Newgate, and feveral others were fhut up in the Prifons in and about London. Thofe that were at liberty had no- thing to do, for they might not preach in publick without full Conformity *, nor afiemble in private to mourn over their own and the Nation's Sins, without the Danger of a Prifon. This exafperated their Spirits, and put them upon writing fatyrical Pamphlets againft their Adverfa- ries •, in fome of which there are fevere Exprefiions againit the unpreaching Clergy, calling rhem in the Language of Scripture Dumb Dogs, becaufe they took no pains for .the In ft ruction.: of their Pari- fhioners ; the Authors glanced at the Severity of the Laws ; at the Pride and Ambition of the Bifhops ; at the illegal Proceedings of the High Commif- fion, and at the unjuftifiable Rigors of the Queen's Government -, which her Majefty being informed of, procured a Statute this very Parliament, by SeStiout which it is enacted, that " If any Perfon or Per- S'v.' fons> forty Days afcer the End of this Sem°n» j$eZb. ?! ^a^ devife, or write, or print, or fet forth any 2 3 Eliz. " manner of Book, Rh'ime, Ballad, Letter, or Wri- cap. i. (l ting, containing any falfe, feditious, or fiander- ft ous Matter, to the Defamation of the Queen's " Majefty, or to the encouraging, ftirring, or mo- " ving of any Infurrection or Rebellion within this " reconcile themfelves to that Religion they fhall cap ^ " be guilty of Treafon : And to harbour fuch above " 2oDays is Mifprifion of Treafon. If any onefhall fay " Mafs, he fhall forfeit 200 Marks and fuffer a Year's " Imprifonment ; and they that are prefnt at hear- " ing Mafs fhall forfeit 100 Marks and a Year's Im- «< prifonment." But that the Aft might ire more extenfive, and comprehend Proteilant Non-Confor- mifts, as well as Papifts> it is further enacted, " Thau AvA to «- " all Perfons that do not come to Church or Chapel, biSe a11 *' or other Place where Common Prayer is faid, ac- £rj0r's J , , come to «' cording to the A 61. of Uniformity, mall forfeit 20/. chsrcb. *« ^ Month to the Queen, being thereof lawfully *l convict, and fuffer Imprifoament till paid. Thofe *< that are abfent for 12 Months fhall, upon Certi- «« ficate made thereof into the King's Bench, befides *c their .former Fine, be bound with two fufficient «' Sureties in a Bond of 200/. for their good Beha- " viour. Every S:hool-Mafter that does not come to f* Common-Prayer fhall forfeit 10J. a Month, be dif- •' abled from teaching School, and fuffer a Year's " Imprifonment." This was making Merchandize Fuller, of the Souls of Men ( fays a Reverend Author) for B. IX. 'tis a fad Cafe, to fell. Men a Licence to do that which P* 1JI' the Receivers, of their Money conceive to be- unlaw- ful. Befides, the Fine was unmerciful •, by. the Act of Uniformity, it was 12 d. a Sunday for not coming to Church, but now 20/. a Month ; fo that the meaner ^People had nothing to expect but to rot m Pri- fon 3 which made the Officers unwilling to apprehend B b 3 thera.v 374 *be H I S T O R Y Chap. VI, ^een them. Thus the Queen and her Parliament tacked Elizabeth, tne puritans t0 tne papifts, and fubjected them to Jyv r^e ^ame Pena^ Laws, as if they had been equal Ene- mies to her Perfon and Government, and to the P^teftant Religion. A Practice followed by feve- ral Parliaments in the fucceeding Reigns. The Convocation did nothing but prefent an hum- ble Petition to the Queen, to take off the Arch- bifhop's Sequeftration, which her Majefty was not pleafed to grant. .?J*)' This Summer Aylmer Bifhop of London held a VI- inloa-" ^tat'on of his Clergy at the Convocation HoufeolSt. don. Paul's, and obliged them to fubfcribe the following Articles ; i. Exactly to keep to the Book of Common Prayer and Sacraments, 2. To wear the Surplice in all their Miniftrations. 3. Not to add or diminifh any Thing in reading Divine Service. He then made the following Enquiries, 1. Whether all that had Cure of Souls adminifter'd the Sacraments in Per- fon ? 2. Whether they obferved the Ceremonies to be ufed in Baptifm and Marriage? 3. Whether the Youth were catechifed ? 4. Whether their Minifters read the Homilies? 5. Whether any of them called others thatdid notpreacbby ill Names, as Dumb Dogs? Thofe that did not fubfcribe and anfwer the Interro- gatories to his Lordmip's Satisfaction, were imme- diately fufpended and filenced. Rife of the But thefe violent Meafures, inftead of reconciling rowm s.^e purjrans t0 tne Church, drove them further from it. Men that act upon Principles will not eafily be beaten from them with the Artillery of Canons, In- junctions, Subfcriptions, Fines, Imprifonments, &c% much lefs will they be in love with a Church that fights with fuch Weapons. Multitudes were by thefe Methods carried off to a total Separation, and fo far prejudic'd as not to allow the Church of Eng- land to be a true Church, nor her Minifters true Mi- nifters; they renounced all Communion with her, not only in the Ceremonies, but in hearing the Word and Chap. VI. 5//^Puritans. 375 and the Sacraments. Thefe were the People called $ueen Brownists, from one Robert Brown, a Preacher Elizabeth, in the Diocefe of Norwich, defcended of an ancient ^^li, and honourable Family in Rutland/hire, and nearly related to the Lord Treafurer Cecil ; he was educa- ted in Corpus Chrifti College> Cambridge, and preached fometimes in Bennet Church, where the Vehemence of his Delivery gained him Reputation with the People. He was firft a School-Mafter, then a he- nifty of 6turer at Iflington\ but being a fiery, hot-headed £obt-rt young Man, he could not fettle, but went about the rown' Countries inveighing againft the Difciplitie and Cere- monies of the Church, and exhorting the People by no means to comply with them. He was firft taken Notice of by the Bifhop of Norwich, who commit- ted him to the Cuftody of the Sheriff of the County in the Year 1580. but upon acknowledgment of his Offence he was releafed. In the Year 1582. he pub- lifhed a Book called the Life and Manners of true Cbri- flians ; to which is prefix'd, ATreatife of Reformation without tarrying for any ; and of the Wickednefs ofthofe Preachers who will not reform themfelves and their Charge, becaufe they will tarry till the Magifirate com- mand and compel them. For this he was fent for again into Cuftody, and upon Examination confeffed himfelf the Author, but denied that he was ac- quainted with the Publication of the Book •, where- upon he was difmiffed a fecond Time at the Inter- cefllon of the Lord Treafurer, and fent home to his Father with whom he continued 4 Years j afcer this he travell'd up and down the Countries in Com- pany with his Affiftant Richard Harrifon, preaching againft Bifhops, Ceremonies, Eccleftaflical Courts, or- daining of Minifters, &c. for which, as he afterwards boafted, he had been committed to 32 Prifons, in fome of which he could not fee his Hand at Noon- day. At length he gathered a feparate Congrega- tion of his own Principles; but the Queen and her Bifliops watched them fo narrowly, that they were B b 4 quickly 3 y(y ^HISTORY Chap. VI. $u?en quickly forced ro leave the Kingdom. Several of his ;abeth, Friends fhipt off themfelves and their Effects for Hol- %_f)Xl^m land; and having obtained leave of the Magiftrates to worfhip God in their own Way, fettled at Middle' burgh in Zealand. Here Mr. Brown formed a Church according to his own Model ; but when this handful of People were delivered from the Bifhops, their Op- preffors, they crumbled into Parties among them- felves, infomuch that Brown being weary of his Of- fice, return'd into England in the Year 1589. and- ha- ving renounced his Pi inciples of Separation, became B. X.^ Re6tor of A-Church »een They maintained the Difcipline or the Church ofEllzabeth» England to be Popifh and Annchriftian, and all JXJ^j her Ordinances and Sacraments invalid. Hence they forbad their . People to join with them in Prayer, in Hearing, or in any part of publick Wor- fhip ; nay they not only renounced Communion with the Church of England, but with all other reformed Churches, except fucn as mould be of their own Mode]. They apprehended, according to Scripture, that every Cnurch ought to be confined within theLimits of a fingle Congregation j and that the Government mould be Democratical. When a Church was to be gathered, fuch asdefired to be Members made a Confefiion of their Faith in the Prefence of each other, and figned a Covenant, oblig ng them- felves to walk together in the Order of the Gofpel, according to certain Rules and Agreements therein contained. The whole Power of admitting and ex- cluding Members, with the deciding of all Contro- verfies, was in the Brotherhood. Their Church Offi- cers for preaching the Word, and taking Care of the Poor, were chofen from among themfelves, and fepa- rated to their feveral Offices by Failing and Prayer, and Impofition of the Hands of fo.me of the Brethren. They did not allow the Friejl hood to be a diftincl: Or- der, or to give a Man an indelible Character ; but as the Vote of the Brotherhood made him an Officer, and gave him Authority to preach and adminifter the Sacraments among them •, fo the fame Power could dilcharge him from his Office, and reduce him to the State of a private Brother. When the Number of Communicants was larger than could meet in one Place, the Church divided and chofe new Officers from among themfelves as before, living together as Sifter Churches, and giving each Other the right Hand of Fellowlhip. One Church might not exercife Jurifdiction or Authority aver another, 375 The HISTORY Chap. VI. gueen another, but each might give the other Counfel, Ad* Elizabech, vjCCj or Admonition, if they walked diforderly, or nyyKj abandoned the capital Truths of Religion ♦, and if the offending Church did not receive the Admonition, the others were to withdraw, and publickly difown them as a Church of Chrift. The Powers of their Church Officers were confined within the narrow Li- mits of their own Society ; the Paftor of one Church v might not adminifter the Sacrament of Baptifm or the Lord's Supper, to any but thofe of his own Communion and their immediate Children. They declared againft all prefcribed Forms of Prayer. Any Lay-Brother had the liberty of Prophefying, or giving a Word of Exhortation in their Church Affemblies ; and it was ufual after Sermon, for fome of the Brotherhood to ask Queflions, and confer with each other upon the Doctrines that had been deliver- ed ; but as for Church Cenfures, they were for an entire Separation of the Ecclefiaftical and Civil Sword. In fhort, every Church or Society of Chri- flians meeting in one Place, was, according to the Brownists, a Body corporate, having full Power within it felf to admit and exclude Members, to choofe and ordain Officers ; and when the Good of the Society required it, to depofe them, without be- ing accountable to ClafTes, Convocations, Synods, Councils, or any Jurifdiction whatfoever. Retfons of Some of their Reafons for withdrawing from the their sepa. Church are not eafily anfwered : They alleg'd, That ramn. ^g Laws of the Realm, and the Queen's Injunctions, had made feveral unwarrantable Additions to the In- ftitutions of Chrift. That there were feveral grofs Errors in the Church Service. That thefe Additions and Errors were impofed and made necefiary to Communion. That if Perfecution for Confcience fake was the Mark of a falfe Church, they could not believe the Church of England to be a true one. They apprehended further, that the Conflitution of the Hierarchy was too bad to be mended j that the very Pillars Chap. VI. of the Puritans. 379 Pillars of it were rotten, and that the Structure muft $t*e:n be begun anew. Since therefore all Chriftians are E *'"b«h; obliged to preferve the Ordinances of Chrift pure and ill ~!v undefiled, they refolved to lay a new Foundation, ^^ and keep as near as they could to the primitive Pat- tern, though it were with the Hazard of all that was dear to them in the World. This Scheme of the Brownifts feems to be formed Remarks. upon the Practice of the Apoftolical Churches before the Gifts of Inspiration and Prophecy were ceafed, and is therefore hardly practicable in thefe latter Ages, wherein the Infirmities and Paffions of private Church Members too ofcen take place of their Gifts and Gra- ces. This expofed them to frequent Quarrels and Divifions ; but their chief Crime was their Uncbari- tablenefs, in Unchurching the whole Chriftian World, and breaking off all manner of Communion in hear- ing the Word, in publick Prayer, and in the Admi- niftration of the Sacraments, not only with the Church of England, but with all foreign Reformed Churches, which though lefs pure ought certainly to be owned as Churches of Chrift. The Heads of the Brownifts were Mr. Brown him- severities felf and his Companion Mr. Harrifon, together with *g**»ft Mr. Tyler, Copping, Thacker, and others, who were'*'1"* now in Prifon for fpreading his Books ; the two laft being afterwards put to Death for it. The Bifhop of Norwich ufed them cruelly, and was highly difplea- fed with thofe that fhewed them any Countenance. When the Prifoners above-mentioned, with Mr. Hand/on and fome others, complained to the Jufticcs at their Quarter Seflions, of their long and illegal Imprifonment, their Worjhips were pleafed to move the Bifhop in their Favour ; with which his Lord- Strype** fhip was fo difTatisfied, that he drew up 12 Articles cA~An.p. n. Impeachment againft the Juftices themfelves, and cau- fed them to be fummoned before the Queen and Council to anfwer for their Mifdemeanors. In ihe Articles they are charged wkh countenancing Copping* Tyler, 38o §ueen Elizabeth, I 581. Vuritant received into Gen- tlemen's Tamilies, Hhe HISTORY Chap. VI, Tyler, and other diforderly Clergymen. They are accufed of Contempt of his Lordfhip's Jurifdi&ion, in refufing to admit divers Minifters which he had ordained, becaufe they were ignorant, and could on- ly read ; and for removing one Wood from his Living on the fame Account. Sir Robert Jermin and Sir John Higham, Knights, and Robert AJhfield and Thomas, Badley, Efquires, Gentlemen of Suffolk and Norfolk, and of the Number of the aforefaid Juftices, gave in their Anfwer to the Bifhop's Articles in the Name of the reft; in which, after aflerting their own Confor- mity to the Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, they very juftly tax his Lordfhip with Cruelty, in keeping Men fo many Years in Prifon without bringing them, to a Trial, according to Law; and are afhamed thaC a Bifhopofthe Church of England mould be a Patron of Ignorance, and an Enemy to the Preaching the "Word of God. Upon this the Juftices were d.fmif- fed. But though the Lord Treafurer, Lord North, Sir Robert Jermin and others, writ to the Bifhop, that Mr. Hand/on who was a learned and ufeful Preacher, might have a Licence, the angry Prelate declared peremptorily, that he never mould have one, unlefs he would acknowledge his fault, and en*? ter into Bonds for his good Behaviour for the future. While the Bimops were driving the Puritans out of the Pulpits, the Nobility and Gentry received them into their Houfes as Chaplains and Tutors to their Children ; not merely out of Companion, but from a Senfeof their real Worth and Ufefulnefs ; for they were Men of undiffembled Piety and Devotion; mighty in the Scriptures ; zealous for the Proteftant Religion ; of exemplary Lives ; far remote from the Liberties and fafhionable Vices of the Times; and indefatigably diligent in inftructing thofe committed to their Care. Here they were covered from their Oppreflbrs ; they preached in the Family and cate- chifed the Children ; which without all queftion hacj a considerable Influence upon the next Generation. The Chap. VI. of the Ptr R i t an si 381 The Papifts were now very active all over the ^««» Country •, Swarms of Jefuits came over from the Se- Elizabeth, minaries abroad, in defiance of the Laws, and fpread y^lJ^j their Books of Devotion and ControVerfy among the Execution J common People ; they had their private Conventi-efCampi- cles almoft in every Market Town in England ; in on '^ .7**: the Northern Counties they were more numerous-^' r*" than the Proteflants. This put the Government up- on enquiring after their Priefts 5 many of whom were apprehended, and 3 were put t« Death (viz.) Ed- mund Campion^ a learned and fubtle Jefuit educated in Cambridge, where he continued till the Year 1569. when he traveled to Rome, and enter'd himfelf into the Society of Jefus, 1573. Some Years after he came into England^ and travel'd the Countries to propagate the Catholick Faith. Being apprehended he was put on the Rack to difcover the Gentlemen that harboured him, and afterwards was hanged, drawn, and quar- ter'd, when he was but 41 Years of Age. The other 2 that fufFered with him were Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Bryant. Thefe were executed for an Example, but the reft were fpared becaufe the Queen's Match with the Duke of Anjou was fli II de- pending. However, the Proteftants in the Nether- gueen afi lands being in Diftrefs, the Queen affifted them wkhMsf°- Men and Money, for which they delivered into her r"jj" Pro* Majefty's Hands the moft important FortrefTes of their Country, which fhe garrifon'd with Englifh. She al- fo fent Relief to the French Proteftants, Who were ac war with their natural Prince ; and ordered a Coi^ Jection all over England for the Relief of the City of Geneva, befieged by the Dukeof&zwy: All which was hardly confident with her own Principles of Go- vernment •, but as Rapin obferves, Queen Elizabeth'sVo\.VliT. Zeal for the Proteftant Religion was always fubordi-P-475» nate to her private Intereft. About this Time the Queen granted a Commiffion of is8x. Concealments to fome of her hungry Courtiers, hyCon)nii§ri Which they were empowered to enquire into the01 Cc,Keah 2 Titles iev " 382 The HISTORY Chap. VI. $ueen Titles of Church Lands and Livings •, all Forfei- Ehzabech, tureSj Concealments, or Lands for which the Parifh il^it could not produce a legal Title were given to them : The Articles of Enquiry feem to be levell'd againft the Puritans, but through their Sides they muft have made fad Havock with the Patrimony of the Church. Strype'* They were fuch as thefe, What Right have you to jfo.p.114. y0ur Parfonage? How came you into it? Who ordained you ? And at what Age were you or- dained ? Have you a Licence ? Were you married under the Hands of two Juftices of the Peace ? Do you read the whole Service? Do you ufe all the Rites, Ceremonies and Ornaments appointed by the Queen's Injunctions? Have you publickly read the Articles and fubfcribed them ? The Church War- dens of every Parifh had alfo 24 Interrogatories mi- nifter'd to them upon Oath, concerning their Parfon and their Church Lands ; all with a Defign to fe- quefter them into the Hands of the Queen's Gentle- men Penfioners. This awaken'd the Bifhops, who fell upon their Knees before the Queen, and begg'd her Majefty, if fhe had any regard for the Church, to fu- perfede the Commiffion ; which fhe did, though it is well enough known, the Queen had no fcruple of Con- fcience about plundring the Church of its Revenues. ihd. ^ To return to the Puritans ; the Reverend Mr. P*1*5' Robert IVright, domeftick Chaplain to the late Lord Wriohc'j ■fiteft °f Rocbford in EJfex, fell into the Hands of the *«JF Patron was no fooner dead but the Bifhop of London \^^Xj laid Hands on him, and confined in the Gate-Houfe, J for faying, that to keep the Queen's Birth Day as an Holiday was to make her an Idol. When the good Man had been fhut up from his Family and Friends feveral Months, he petition'd the Bifhop to be brought to his Trial, or admitted to Bail. But all the Anfwer his Lordfhip gave was, that be deferved to lie in Prifon 7 Tears. This Ufage, together with Mr. Wright's open and undifguifed Honefly and Piety, mov'd the Compaffion of his Keeper, in fo much that his poor Wife being in Childbed and Diftrefs, he gave him leave with the private Al- lowance of the Secretary of State, to make her a Vifit at Rochford upon his Parole ; but it happen'd that Dr. Ford the Civilian meeting him upon the Road, acquainted the Bifnop with his Efcape, who thereupon fell into a violent Pafiion, and fending immediately for the Keeper, demanded his Prifoner. The Keeper pleaded the great Compaffion of the Cafe ; but the Bifhop threaten'd to complain of him to the Queen, and have him turn'd out. Mr. Wright being informed of his Keeper's Danger, return'd im- mediately to his Prifon, and writ to the Lord Trea- furer on his behalf. " Oh ! my Lord (fays he) I •' mod humbly crave your Lordfhip's Favour, that cap. 12. admits the Miniftrations of thofe who had only been ordained according to the manner of the Scots, or other fo*- reign Churches : There were fome Scores, if not Hundreds of them now' in the Church; and the Arc bifhop of Canterbury at this very Time com- manded Dr. Aubrey, his Vicar General, to licenfe Mr. John Mvrrifon, a Scots Divine, who had had no other Ordination than what he received from a Scots Prefbytery, to preach over his whole Province. The Words of the Licence are as follow •, " Since Pres¥*j. Summer for Non-Conformity, (viz.) Mr. Ellas Thacker^jJ'J* hanged at St. Edmund/bury, June 4th. and Mr. John Ccpfing two Days after, "June 6th. Their Indictment was for fpreading certain Books fedi ioufly penned by Robert Brown againft the Book of Common Prayer, eftablifhed by the Laws of this Realm, The Scdi- Strype'j tion charged upon Brown's Book was, that it fub-i**,P,x8<5, verted the Conftitution of the Church, and acknow- ledged her Majefty's Supremacy Civilly, but not otherwife, as appears by the Report which the Judges fent to Court (viz.) That the Prifoners in- stead of acknowledging her Majefty's Supremacy in all Caufesy would allow it only in Civil. This the Judges took hold of to aggravate their Offence to the Queen, after they had paft Sentence upon them up- on the late Statute of the i^d Eliz. againft fpreading feditious Libels, and for refufing the Oath of Supre- macy. Mr. Copping had fufrered a long and. illegal Jmprifonment from the Bifhop of his Diocefe •, his Wife being brought to Bed while he was under Con- finement, he was charged with not fuffering- his ChilcJ to be baptifed ; to which he anfwered, that his Con- fcience could not admit it to be done with God-fathers and God-motbers, and he could get no Preacher to do it wi'ho.ut. He was accufed further with faying? The Queen was perjured, becaufe (he had fworn to fet form God's Glory directly, as by the Scriptures ar* appointed, and did not ; but thefe were only Circum- ftances to fupport the grand Charge of Sedition in fpreading Brown's Book. However, it feemed a little hard to hang Men for fpreading a feditious Boqk, at a Time when the Author of that very Book [Brown^ was pardoned and let at liberty. Botlj C c 3 the' 390 fbe HISTORY Chap. VI. Queen the Prifoners died by their Principles •, for though Elizabeth, Dr> Stiu the Archbifhop's Chaplain, and others, tra- vJJ *. vail'd and conferr'd with them, yet at the very Hour St vpc'j of their Death they remained unmoveable : They Mn. were both found in the doctrinal Articles of the P» 5 3 3<* Church of England, and of unblemifh'd Lives. One Wilsford a Lav man fhould have fuffer'd with them, but upon Conference with Secretary Wilfon, who told him the Queen's Supremacy might be underftood • only of her Majefty's Civil Power over Ecclefiaftical Perfons, he took trie Oath and was difcharged. Low state While theBifhops were thus harraffing honed and fa! Rehl confcienrious Mini'fters for fcrupling the Ceremonies gior,, of the Church, Practical Religion was at a very low Ebb j the fafhionable Vices of the Time were, pro- phane Swearing, Drunkenneis, Revelling, Gaming, and Prophanation of the Lord*s Day ; but there was no Dif- a. line for rhefe Offenders, nor do I find any fuch cited into the Spiritual Courts, or Ihut up in Prifons. If Men came to their Parifh Churches, and approved of the Habits and Ceremonies, other Offences were over- looks, and the Court was eafy. At Paris Gardens in 'Soutbwark there were publick Sports on the Lord's. Day tor the Entertainment of great Numbers of people that reforted thither ; but on the 13th oi Ja- nuary being Sunday, it happened that one of the Scaf- folds being crouded with People fell down, by which Accident forne were killed and a great many wounded. This was thought to be a Judgment from Heaven ; for the Lord Mayor in the Account he gives of it to Strype\$ the Treafurer fays, " That it gives great Occafion M&. <■<• to acknowledge the Hand of God for fuch Abufe j>. 140. ct 0f hjs Sabbath Day, and moveth me in Confcience " to give Order for Redrefs of fuch Contempt of " God's Service \ adding, that for this Purpofe he " had treated with fome Juftices of Peace in Surrey, %l who expreffed a very good Zeal, but alledged <£ want ot Commifllon, which he referr'd to the ** Confideration of his Lordfhi^" But the Court paid Chap. VI. c/^Puritans; 391 paid no Regard to fuch Remonftrances •, and the ^««« Queen had her Ends in encouraging the Sports, Pa- Ell2abeth, jtimes and Revellings of the People on Sundays and J^^j Holidays. This Year died the famous Northern Apoftle Mr.Dfa*h<»»l Bernard Gilpin, Minifter of Houghton in the Bifhop- ^*™*£ rick of Durham. He was born at Kentmire in #j$- veren& Mr. morland, 1517., of an ancient and honourable Fa- Gilpin, mily, and was enter'd into ghteen's College, Oxford, Bjp0p in the Year 1533. He continued a Papift all theCarletonV Re.gnof King Henry VIII. but was converted by the^"/ Lectures of Peter Martyr, in the beginning of the^P"1* Reign of Edward VI. He was remarkably honeft, and open to Conviction, but did not feparate from the Romijh Communion till he was perfwaded the Pope was Antichnft. Culhbert Tonjlal Bifhop of Durham, was his Uncle by the Mother's fide, by whofe Encouragement he traveled to Paris, Lovain, and other Parts, being ftill for the real Prefence of Chrift in the Sacrament, though not for Tranfub- ftantiation. Returning home in the Days of Queen Alary, his Uncle placed him firft in the Rectory of EJfingdon, and afterwards at Houghton, a large Parifh containing 14 Villages ; here he laboured in the Work of the Miniftry, and was often expofed to Danger, but conftantly preferved by his Uncle Bi- fhop 'Tonjlal, who was averfe to burning Men for Religion. Miferable and heathenifh was the Condi- tion of thefe Northern Counties at this Time with refpect to Religion ! Mr, Gilpin beheld it with Tears of Compafllon, and refolved at his own Expence to vifit the defolate Churches of Northumberland, and the Parts adjoining, called Riddefdale and Tindale% once every Year to preach the Gofpel, and diflri- bute to the Necefllties of the Poor, which he conti- nued to his Death •, this gained him the Veneration of all Ranks of People in thofe Parts ; but though he had fuch a powerful Skreen as Bifhop Tonjlal, yet the fame of his Doctrine, which was Lutbtr.ant reaching ?c 4 the 392 The H I S. T O R Y Chap. VI. gueev the Ears of Bonner, he fen.t for him to London ; the kh^ah, Reverend Man ordered his Servant to prepare h m a vJ^2v/ long Shirt, expe&.ng to be burnt, but before he came to London Qjeen Mary died. Upon the Ac- cefTion of Queen Elizabeth, Mr. Gifin having a fair Eftare of his own, erected a Grammar School, and allowed Maintenance for a Mafter and Ufher ; him- felf choofing out of the School fuch as he liked beft. for his own private Inftru£tion. Many learned Men who afterwards adorned the Church by their Labours and Uprightnefs of Life, were educated y him in his domeitick Academy. Many Gentlemens Sons reiorted to him, fome of whom were boarded in the Town, and others in his own Houfe ; befides, he took many poor Mens Sons under his Care, giving them Meat, Drink, Clothes and Education, In the Year 1560. he was offered the Bifhoprck of CaHiJle, and was urged to accept it by the Earl of Bedford, Bifhop Sandys, and others, with the moll powerful Motives •, but lie defired to be excufed, and in that Refolution remained unmoveable : His Reafons were taken from the Largenefs of the Dio- cefes, which were too great for the Infpection of one Perfon ; for he was fo itrongly poflefied of the Duty of Bi/hops, and of the Charge of Souls that was com- mitted to them, that he could never be perfwaded to keep two Livings, over both of which he could not have a perfonal Infpecxion, and perform all the Offices of a Pajior; he added farther, that he had fo many Friends and Relations in thole Parts to gratify or connive at, that he could not continue an honeft Man and be their Bifhop. But though Mr. Gilpin would not be a Bifhop^ he fupplied the Place of one, by Preaching, by Hofpitality, by erecting Schools, by taking Care of the Poor, and providing for defti- tute Churches •, in all which he was countenanced and encouraged by the Learned and Reverend James Pil- kington, then Bifhop of Durham, by whom he was excufed from §ubfcriptionsy Habits, and a Uriel; Obfer- 2 vancQ Chap. VI. c//^Puritans. 393 vance of Ceremonies, it being his fixed Opinion, that S&een no Human Invention jhould take Place in the Church, in- ElizabetIl» jlead of a Divine Injiitution. After Bifhop PUhngton's ^L~sJ Peath Dr. Barnes was chofen his Succeflbr, who was difgufted at Mr. Gilpin's Popularity, and gave him Trouble : Once when he was fetting out upon his annual Vifitation to Riddefdale andTindale, the Bifhop Summoned him to preach before him, which he excu- fed in the handfomefl manner he could, and went his Progrefs ; but upon his return he found himfelf iu- fpended for Contempt, from all Ecclefiaftical Em- ploy mcrnts. The Bifhop afterwards fent for him again on a fudden, and commanded him to preach, but then he pleaded his Sufpenfion, and his not being provided -, the Bifhop immediately took off his Sufpenfion, and would not excufe his Preaching, upon which he went into the Pulpit, and difcourfed upon the high Charge of a Chr ftian B fhop •, and having expofed the Cor- ruptions of the Clergy, he boldly addrefled himfelf to his Lordfhip in thefe Words ; " Let not your Lord- f* (hip fay, thefe Crimes have been committed with- J? out my Knowledge, for whatfoever you your felf " do in Perfon, or fuffer through your Connivance " to be done by others, is wholly your own j there- " fore in the Prefence of God, Angels and Men, I " pronounce your Fatherhood to be the Author of " all thcfe Evils -, and I and this whole Congrega- " tion will be a Witnefs in the Day of Judgment, " that thefe Things have come to your Ears." All Men thought the Bifhop would have deprived Mr, Gilpin for this Freedom, as foon as he came out of the Pulpit, but by the good Providence of God it had a quite different Eilecl, the Bifhop thanked him for his faithful Reproof; and after this fuffered him to go on with his annual Progrefs, giving him no further Diflurbance. At length his lean Body being • quite worn out with Labour and Travail, and feeling the Approaches of Death, he commanded the Poor to be called together, and taok a fole.mn Leave of them ) 394 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VI. §ueen them ; afterwards he did the like by his Relations Elizabeth, ancj prjenc]s . tiien giving himfelf up to God, he took ^-J^, his Bed about the End of February, and died March 4, 1583. in the 66th Year of his Age. He was a hear venly Man, endued with a large and generous Soul, of a call Stature of Body with a Roman Nofe ; his Clothes were neat and plain ; for he was always frugal jn his own Drefs though very bountiful to others. His Doors were always open for the Entertainment of Strangers. He boarded in his own Houfe 24 Scho- Jars, moft of whom were upon Charity. He kept a Table for the Poor every Lord's Day, from Michael- mas to Eajler, and expended 500 Pounds for a Free School for their Children. Upon the whole, he was a pious, devout, and open hearted Divine ; a con- scientious Non-Conformift, but againft Separation. He was accounted a Saint by his very Enemies, if he had any fuch, being full of Faith and good Works ; and was at laft put into his Grave aa a Shock of Corn fully ripe. peath of The fame Year died Edmund Grindal, jy Grm"Archbifhop of Canterbury, born at Copland in the County of Cumberland in the Year 15 19. and edu- cated in Cambridge. He was a famous Preacher in King Edwardh Days, and was nominated by him to a Bifhoprick, when he was but 33 Years of Age ; but that King dying foon after he went into Exile, and imbibed the Principles of a further Reformation than had as yet obtained in England. Upon Queen Elizabeth's AccefTion he returned to England, and was advanced fir ft to the See of London, and then to Tork and Canterbury, though he could hardly per- fuade himfelf for fome Time to wear the Habits and Grinuietnefs of the Realm. To which it was anfwered* this might be true in Times of Popery, but the Cafe was very much aker'd by the Reformation, becaufe now the Archbifhops and Bifhops Authority is de- rived from the Perfon of the Queen only ; for the late Queen Mary having furrender'd back all Ecclefiafti- cal Chap. VII. 5//^PuRiTAN8i 399 cal Jurifdiction into the Hands oi the Pope, the pre- $&een fent Queen upon her Acceffion, had no Jurifdiction Elizabeth* refident in her Perfon till the Statute of Recognition ^l^j primo Eliz. by which the Archbifhops and Bifhops of this Realm, being exempted from the Jurifdiction of the Pope are made fubject to the Queen, to govern her People in Ecclefiaftical Caufes, as her other Sub- jects govern the fame (according to their Places,) mM.g. Civil Caufes; fo that the Clergy are no more to beP" 66t* called the Archbifhops or Bifhops Children, but the Queen's liege People, and are to be governed by them according to the Laws, which Laws are fudi Canons, Conjlitutions ', and Synodals Provincial, as were in force before 25 Hen. VIII. and are not contrary, nor repugnant to the Laws and Cuftoms of the Realm, nor derogatory to her Majefty's Prerogative Royal ; and therefore all Canons made before 25 Hen. VIII. giving to the Archbifhops or Bifhops an un- limited Power over the Clergy, as derived from the See of Rome, are utterly void, becaufe fuch Canons are directly againft the Laws and Cuftoms of the Realm, which do not admitof anySubject executing a Law but by Authority from the Prince i and they are deroga- tory to her Majefty's Prerogative Royal, becaufe hereby fome of her Subjects might claim an unlimited Power over her other Subjects, independent from the Crown, and by their private Authority command or forbid what they pleafe. Since then the Arch bifhop's Ar- ticles were framed by his own private Authority, they cannot be juftifled by any of the Canons now in force. And as for the Peace of the Church and Quiet of the Realm, they were fo far from promoting them, that they were like to throw both into Con- fufion. 2. It was faid that the Queen as Head of the Church had Power to publifh Articles and Injunctions for reducing the Clergy to Uniformity ; and that the Archbifhop had the Queen's Licence and Confent for what he did. BuC the Queen her felf had no Authority to publifh Ar- ' tides 4oo The H I S T O R Y Chap. Vll4 $U> the Subftance of Religion efiablifhed in the Church of Eng-^ 0^h-K_ land, and to the Analogy of Faith \ and that it did n°t rift,?. 119, extend to any Thing not exprejfed in the faid Books. Of all which the Archbifhop allowed them an authen- tick Copy in writing, dated December 6th, 1583. and ordered his Chancellor to fend Letters to Chichefler> that the reft of the fufpended Minifters in that County might be indulged the fame Favour. Many good and pious Men {trained their Confcien-7^ ces on this Occafion ; fome fubfcribed tHe Articles ar J ^ ' with this Proteftation in open Court, As far as they are agreeable to the Word of God -, and others de?npto Je- eundo> that is, taking away the fecond. Many upon better Confederation repented their fubfcribing in this Manner, and would have rafed out their Names, but it was not permitted. Some that were allured toFenncrV fubfcribe, with the Promifes of Favour and better Ay)fa™t° Preferment, were neglected and forgotten, and trou- * ' ~ bled in the Commiffaries Court as much as before. 12.<^ The Court took no Notice of their Protejiations or Referves ; they wanted nothing but their Hands, and when they had got them they were all lifted under the fame Colours, and published to the World as ab- folute Subfcribcrs. The Body of the inferior Clergy wifhed and pray -Motives for ed for fome Amendments in the Service Book t0Ameriei' make their Brethren eafy. « I am fure (fays a^ervke •* learned Divine of theie Times) that this GoodBook. " would come of it, (1.) It would pleafe Almighty " God. (2.) The learned Minifters would be more " firmly united againft the Papifts. (3.) The good •c Minifters and good Subjects, whereof many arc D d *' now 402 ^HISTORY Chap. VIL $ueen " now at Weeping Crofs would be cheared ; and Elizabeth," many able Students encouraged to take upon them v^y^,'" the Miniftry. And, (4.; Hereby the Papi/ls* and " more carelcfs Sort of Profeffors, would be more but without Succefs. 1584. The Supplication of the Norfolk Minifters to the Their Sup- Lords of the Council, fign'd with 20 Hands •, the Sup- tothj0"' phcation of the Lincoln/hire Minifters with 21 Hands ; Council tne Supplication of the Effex Minifters with 27 MS Hands; the Supplication of the Oxford/hire Mini- p.3i8, fters with « Hands ; the Supplication of the Mi- 33°>&c- nifters of Kent with 17 Hands, are now before me; befides the Supplication of the London Minifters, and of thofe of the Diocefe of Ely and Camlridgefhire ; re- prefenting in moft moving Language their unhappy Circumftances, " We commend, fay they, to your Honours Compaflion our -poor Families, but much more do we commend our doubtful, fearful, and di- " flreffed Confciences, together with the Cries of our poor People, who are hungring after the Word, •' and are now as Sheep having no Shepherd. We ct have applied to the Archbifhop but can get no •■ Relief, we therefore humbly beg it at your Ho- " nours Hands " They declare their Readi- nefs to fubfcribe the Doctrinal Articles of the Church, according to the Stat. 13 Eliz. cap. 12. and to the other Articles, as far as they are not repug- nant to the Word of God. And they promife further, If they may be difpenfed with as to Subfcription, that they cc Chap. VII. cf the Puritans. 40^ they will make no Difturbance in the Church, nor g&een . (eparate from it. Elizabeth, The Kentijh Minijlers in their Supplication to thevji/4lj Lords of the Council, profeffed their Reverence for the Eftablifhed Church, and their Efteem for the Book of Common Prayer, fo far as that they faw no Necefiity of feparating from the Unity of the Church on that Account : That they believed the Word preached, and the Sacraments adminifter'd accord- ing to Authority, touching the Subftance, to be law- ful. They promifed to mew themfelves obedient to the Queen in all Caufes Ecclefiajlical and Civil ; but then they added, that there were many Things thatM. s, needed Reformation, which therefore they could not h'o-V' V&» ueftly fet their Hands to. They conclude with praying for Indulgence, and fubfcribe themfelves Their Ho- nours daily and faithful Orators, the Minijlers of Kent fufp ended from the Execution of their Minifiry. The London Minijlers applied to the Convocation, Petition of and 15 of them offered to fubfcribe to the Queen's Lo"don Supremacy, to the Ufe of the Common Prayer Book, ™!ffert . and to the Doctrinal Articles of the Church if they t-lon% ° " might be reftor'd ; but then add, " We dare not fay «* there is nothing in the three Books repugnant to the Word *c of God till we are otherwife enlighte?ted ; and there- «4 fore humbly pray our Brethren in Convocation, «« to be a Means to the Queen and Parliament, than «* we may not be preffed to an abfolute Subfcription, " but be fuffered to go on in the quiet Difcharge of li the Duties of our Calling, as we have done here- «* tofore, to the Honour of Almighty God, and the " Edification of his Church. We proteft before " God and our Saviour Jefus Chrift, that if by any «c Means, by doing that which is not wicked, we ers upon Oatb9 which a Bifhop cannot. (3 .) Becaufe t warrantable by the Letter of the Statute of ift Elizabeth, yet the Ca- L.ofWhu-non Law being in force before tne making of that §ifr>p34°-St;Uute, and the CommifTron warranting the Com- mnTioncrs to proceed according to the Law Ecclefiafti* cal, they might lawfully adminifter it according to an- cient Cujtom. To which it was anlwered, Thai fuch' aii Oath was never allowed by any Canon of I he Church* Ghap; VII. c//^Puritans. 415 Church or General Council, for a Thoufand Years $ueen af er Chrift ; that when it was ufed againft the Pri-£lizabetb, mitive Chriftians, the Pagan Emperors countermanded s^tt,- it j that it was againft the Pope's Law in the Deere- ^^ tals, which admits of fuch an Inquifuion only in Cafes of Herefy ; nor was it ever ufed in England till the Reign of King Henry IV. and then it was enforced as Law only by a haughty Archbifhop without con- fent of the Commons of England, till the 25th of Henry VIII. when it was utterly abrogated. Thi$Life0f pretended Law was again revived by Queen Mary, Whitgifi^ but repealed again by ift of Queen Elizabeth, and?* 395» fo remains. Befides, as this purging Men by Oatb 3S>^' has no Foundation in the Law of the Land, 'tis un- doubtedly contrary to the Laws of Nature and of Nations, where this is a received Maxim, Nemo tene- tur feipfum accufare : No Man is bound to accufe himfelf. The Queen therefore had no Power to authorize her Com mi Mi oners to fet up an Inquifition, and admini- '"fter an Oath for the fufpected Perfon, to anfwer all Queftions the Court mould put to him, and to con- vict him upon thofe Anfwers ; or if they could con- front his Evidence to punifh him as perjured. If any Perfons difobeyed the Orders and Decrees of the Their Pew- Courty by not appearing at their Summons, &c. the Com-er °f Im~ mijfioners were empowered to puni/h them by Fine QKPr'J°''meT>t^ Imprisonment at their Discretions. Thisalfo was contrary to Law, for the Body of a Sub- ject is to be jufticed, fecundum Legem terrce, as Magna Charta and the Law faith. The Clerk Felon in the Bifhop's Prifon is the King's Prifoner, and not the Bifhop*s, and therefore by the ill Henry VII. cap. 4. ■' The Bifhop of the Diocefe is empowered to im- *c prifon fuch Priefts, or other religious Perfjns " within his Jurifdiction, as fhall by Examination, *' and other lawful Proofs requifite by the Law of " the Church* be convicted of Fornication, Inceji, " or any flejhly Incontinency, and there to detain 1, of Kyi, ^ them for fuch Time, as lhall be thought by their p. 145. 2 » Di- 416 Queen their own deviling. Therefore their doing this with-,^JL^4j out a ipecial Ratification under the Great Seal, was^^, no doubt an Ufurpation of the Supremacy, and p. 573. brought them within the Compafs of a Praemunire, according to the Sratutes of 25 Henry VIII. chap. 20. and 1 Eliz. chap. 3. Lafily, Though all Spiritual Courts (and confe- uently the High Commiffion.) are and ought to be ubject to Prohibitions from the fupreme Courts of Law, yet the Commiffioners would feldom or never admit them, and at length terrified the Judges from granting them : So that upon the whole, their Pro- ceedings were for the moft part contrary to the Act of Suhmifion of the Clergy, contrary to the Statute Laws of the Realm, and no better than a fpiritual Inquifition. If a Clergyman omitted any of the Ceremonies of Manner of the Church in his publick Miniftrations ; or if a Pa-the Courts. rifhioner bore an Ill-will to his Minifter, he might?*00**' inform the Commiffioners by Letter, that he was a fufpeiied Perfon ; upon which a Purfuivant or Meffen- ger was fent to his Houfe with a Citation, to the fol- lowing Effect : " T7f 7E- VV1M and command you, and every of Form cf f' VV you, in her Majefty's Name, by virtue of &****. ^lrsj of the CommifTioners on Saturday in the Afternoon, L.ofwhk- and being commanded to anfwer theInterrogatoriesgifc,p.i63, of the Court upon Oath, he refufed unlefs he might firft fee them, and write down his Anfwers with his own Hand ; which his Grace refufing, immediately gave him his Canonical Admonitions once, twice, and thrice ; and caufed him to be regiiter'd for Contempt, and fufpended. But let the Reader carefully perufe the 24 Articles themfelves, which the Archbifhop framed for the Service of the Court ; and then judge whether ic were poffible for an honeft Man to anfwer them up- on Oath, without expofing himfelf to the Mercy of his Adverfaries. They were thefe that follow : 1 . Imprimis, " /^\Bjicimus, ponimus, & articu- WhitgJft*jj \J " lamur, i.e. We objetl, put,1* Mi" f l agreeable to the Word of God.y Declare by whom, ■vJi^, ** and how often, which hitherto you have advifddlyjj2\f ■ " refufed to perform, and fo yet doperfiji. Et objic. Whitgifr, « &c. B. III. o 23. Item, " That you have taken upon you toR-ec,N°^j «' preach, read, or expound the Scriptures, as well *4 in publick Places as in private Houfes, not being " licenfed by your Ordinary, nor any other Magi- " Urate having Authority by the Laws of this Land " fo to licenfe you. Declare the like Circumjlances *' hereof. Et objic. ut fupra. ■24. Item, " Quod prtzmiffa omnia & finguia, &c. " i.e. That all and fingular the Premifes, &c." Could the Wit of Man invent any Thing more like an Inquifition ! Here are Interrogatories enough to entangle all the honeft Men in the Kingdom, and bring them into Danger. When the LordTreafurer Burleigh had read them over, and feen the Execu- tion they had done upon the Clergy, he writ his Grace the following: Letter. o // may pleafe your Grace, ic JAM forry to trouble you fo oft as I do, but IrheTrea- tC \^ am more troubled my felf, not only with ma-Arer'J Re*. Ci ny private Petitions of fundry Minifters, recom- mar\i^'- ec mended for Perfons of Credit, and peaceable in . " " their Miniflry, who are greatly troubled by^J^J^ fc Brayne as he thought fit,~— but when by exami-r^fy/hit- Cc ning him it was meant only to lift him with 24g"fr,F.t6o. *c Articles, he had caufe to pity the poor Man." The Archbifhop being defirous to give Satisfaction The Abp. to the Treafurer, Tent him two Papers of Reafons,-^V?"*,'i one to juftify the Articles, and the other the Manner* r of Proceeding ex mero Officio. In the former he fays, That by the Ecclefiaftical [cr Canon] Laws, Arti- cles of Enquiry may be adminifter'd, and have been ever fince the Reformation; and that they ought f-q/Whta not to be compared with the Inquifition, becaufe theSlfc'P'l6i» Inquifition punifhed with Death, whereas they only punifhed obftinate Offenders with Deprivation. In the latter his Lordfhip gives the following Reafons among others for proceeding ex Officio mero. (1.) UHl1 ReaZ we proceed only by Prefentment and WitnefTes, then'0"' J6* Papifts, Brownifis, and Family Men, would expect J ^theOath the like Meafure. (2.) 'Tis hard to get WitnefTes ex officio, againft the Puritans, becaufe moft of the Parifhi- oners favour them, and therefore will not prefent them, nor appear againft them. (3.) There is great Trouble and Charge in examining WitnefTes, and fending for them from diftant Parts. (4. J If Arch- bifhops and Bifhops fhould be driven to ufe Proofs by WitneJJes only, the Execution of the Law would be partial, their Charges in procuring^and producing WitnefTes would be intolerable ; and they fhould noc be able to make quick Difpatch enough with lbs Sectaries, Thefe were the Arguments of a Proteftanc Archbifhop ! I don't wonder that they gave no Satis- faction to the wife Treafurer j for furely, all that have any Regard for the Laws of their Country, or the Civil and Religious Rights of Mankind, mult be afhamed of them. The Treafurer having given up the Archbifhop, lords if £he Lords of the Council took the Caufe in hand, thecoma and^-'-M 428 The H I S T O RY Chap. VII. Queen and writ to his Grace and the Bifhop of 'London in fa- Elizabeth, vourof the deprived Minifters, Sept. 20th. In their \J^t, Letter they tell their Lordfhips, «« That they had j/^Yj^." heard of fundry Complaints out of divers Coun- gift,p.i6(5. " ties, of Proceedings againft a great Number of Ec- st clefiaftical Perfons, fome Parfons, fome Vicars, fome " Curates, but all Preachers -, fome deprived, and '« fome fufpended by their Lordfhips Officers, " Chancellors, 6fr. but that they had taken no No- " tice of thefe Things, hoping their Lordfhips fC would have ftaid their hafty Proceedings, efpecial- «c ly againft fuch as did earneftly inftruct the People " againft Popery. But now of late hearing of " great Numbers of zealous and learned Preachers " fufpended from their Cures in the County of EJJex, - berty of the Subject ; and advifed thofe in the Marches bf Wales, that execute Torture by virtue of Inftructt- ons under her Majefty's Hands, to look to it, thac their Doings are well warranted ; but the Court would not profecute upon this Charge. All that the Puritans could obtain was a kind of Con- Conference ference between the Archbifhop of Canterbury and the Bi- *t Lai»- ihop of Winchefter en the one part, andDr.S/w-^andMr. beth* Travers 430 The H I S T 0 R Y Chap. Vlf. $wen Tracers on the other, in Prefence of the Right Ho- Elizabeth,noUrable the Earl of Leicefter, the Lord Gray\ and Jl^. Sir Francis fValJingham. The Conference was at Lam- beih, concerning Things needful to be reformed in the Book of Common Prayer. The Archbljhop open'd it with declaring, /j of St. Peter's Colche- fter, Mr. Co£& of St. Gyles9 s Colcheflcr, Mr. Beaumont of iirt/? Thorp, Mr. Redridge of Hutton, Mr. Chaplain of Hempflead, Mr. Culverwel ofPelflead, Mr.D. Chapman Preacher of Dedham, and Mr. Knevit of Mi/* £#d Colchefter, in all about 38. Thefe (Tays my AuthorJ *'■ J. are the painful Minifters of Effex, whom the Bifhop p' ' " ^ threatens to deprive for the Surplice, faying, We fhaii be /Ffo7 ^1, and diligent Preacher ffays Mr. Strype) and era-em- Mr# Glf_ J ed by many of good Rank. He had writ learned. ford'.* sufc Jy againli the Brownijis, and by his Diligence hdAferln£s* wrought a wonderful Reformation in the Town ; '■?■ s- but being informed ugainft for preaching up a limi-p'^ * ted Obedience to the Magistrate, he was fufpended Rild impriibned. After fome Time he was brought upon his Trial, and his Accufer failing in his Evi- dence he was releaild. But the Bifhop of London fet- L. of AyU ting his Spies upon him, he was imprifon'd again forP* IIIk Non-Conformity. Upon this he applied to the Lord Treafurer, who writ to the Afchbifhop in his Fa- vour j but his Grace having confuked his Brother of London, told his Lordfhip that he was a Ring-leader of the Non-Conformiits j that he himfelf had re- ceived Complaints againft him, and was determined to bring him before the High Commiilion. The Parifhicners of Maiden prefented a Petition in behalf of their Minister fign'd with 52 Hands, whereof two were Bailiffs of the Town, two Juftices of the Peace, four Aldermen, fifteen Head Burgefies, and the Vicar : But to put an end to all further Applica- tion, the Archbifhop writ to the Treafurer, " that Fu^era" " he had rather die, or live in Priibn all Days 0fB-Iir- «' his Life, than relax the Rigor of his Proceeding?, p" " by (hewing Favour to one, which might give Oc- " cafion to others to expect the fame, and" undo all *c that he had been doing •, he therefore befeeches his '* Lordfhip not to animate this froward People by *e writing in their Favour." Sir Francis Knollys the Queen's Kinfman, and Treafurer of her Chamber^ feconded the Treafurer, befeeching his Grace to open the Mouths of zealous Preachers that were found in Doctrine, though they refufed to fubferibe to any Traditions of Men, not compellible by Law : But all was to no Purpofe, for (j\s Fuller obferves) F f a !' This 43 6 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VII. $ueen " This was the conftant Cuftom oiWbitgift \ If any Elizabeth, «c Lord or Lady fued for Favour to any Non-Con- l^X. " formifls, he would profefs how glad he was to ferve them, and gratify their Defires, alluring them for his Part, that all poffible Kindnefs mould be indulged to them, but at the fame " Time he would remit nothing of his Rigor. Thus " he never denied any Man's Defire, and yet never *' granted it, pleafing them for the prefent with ge- '* -neral Promifes, but ftill kept to his own Refolu- << tion •, whereupon the Nobility in a little Time " ceas'd making any further Applications to him, as " knowing them to be ineffectual." Some of the Minifters were indicted at the Afiizes, as Mr. Beau- mont of Eaft Thorp, Mr. Wilton of Aldham, Mr. Hawk- don of Fry an, Mr. Seredge of Eaft Having field, for omitting the Crofs in Baptifm, and for not wearing the Surplice once every Month, and at every Com- munion. Moft of them were deprived, or to avoid it forced to quit their Livings and depart the Country. Mr. Dyke Among thefe was the excellent Mr. Dyke, Preacher fufpepdeJ. firft at Coxai jn gjjrex^ and afterwards at St. Alb am in Hertford/hire, whofe Character was without Blemifh, and whofe practical Writings difcover him to be a Divine of confiderable Learning and Piety •, he was fuTpended, and at lafl deprived, becaufe he continued but a Deacon, and did not enter into Priefts Orders, which (as the Bifhop fuppofed) he accounted Popifli. He alfo refufed to wear the Surplice, and troubled his Auditory with Notions that thwarted the eitablilhed HifPa- Religion. The Parifhicners being concerned for the r^^'J-u.Lofs of their Minifter, petitioned the Lord Burleigh bim. ' t0 intercede for them, fetring forth, ""That they had L. of Ayl. " ^vec^ without any ordinary Preaching till within p. 303. " thefe 4 .or 5 Years, by, the Want of which they 06 were unacquainted with their Duty to God, their " Sovereign, and their Neighbours ; but that of " late it had pleafed the,Lord to vifit them with the li Means of Salvation, five ordinary Miniftry of the " Word, Chap. VII. c/ /^ Puritans. 437 * fhip'3 440 «?;/, was very moving;^, s. this Divine, at the Time of his Prefentation, acquain-P* 58i* ted his Patron and Ordinary, that he could not with Quietnefs of Confcience ufe fome Rites, Ceremo- 444 tffe HISTORY Chap. VII. $ueen nies, and Orders apr. ointed in the Service Book ; who Eliz^->i-promifed, tnal- if [je Would take the Charge of the il^i, faid Cure, he fhould not be urged to the precife Ob- fervation of them ; upon which Condition he ac- cepted the Charge, and was admitted and regularly inducted. Mr. Paget was a lame Man, but in the Opinion of Mr. ' Strype a learned, peaceable, and quiet Divine, who had complied with the Cuftoms and Devotions of the Church, and was indefatigable in his Work, travelling up and down the neighbour- ing Country to preach the plain Principles of Reli- gion; but Mr. Farmer, Curate of Bar -nfl 'able, envy- ing his Popularity, complain'd of him to the High CommiJJion, (i.) Becaufe he did not mention in his Prayers the Queen's Supremacy over both Ejlates. (2.) Becaufe he had faid that the Sacraments were but dumb Elements, and did not avail without the Word preached. (%.) Becaufe he had preached that Chrift did not defcend into Hell both Body and Soul. (4.) That the Pope might fet up the Feafl of Jubilee as well as the Feafts of Eajler and Pentecojl. (5.) That Holy Days and Fafting Days were but the • Traditions of Men, which we were not obliged to follow. (6.) That he difallowed the Ufe of Organs in Divine Service. (7.) That he called Minifters that don't preach dumb Dogs ; and thofe that have two Benefices Knaves. (S.) That he preached that the late Queen Mary was a deteftable Woman and a wicked Jezebel. Ankles But when Mr. Paget appeared before the Commif- agamfi fioners, Jan. nth. 1584. he was only articled ac- cording to the common Form, for not obferving the Book of Common Prayer, and the Rites and Ceremo- nies of the Church. To which he made the following Anfwer : 'And his L « y d0 acknowledge, that by the Statute of the ^ fiver. „ 1 .fl.^rzr;- r &' ift of Eliz. I am bound to ufe the faid Com- p. 570. mon Prayer Book in fuch Manner and Form as is «' pre- Chap. VII. of the Puritans.- 44,5 (i.) Becaufe Mr. Paget had not Time, nor a Confe- rence, as he craved, and as the Statite in doubtful Matters warranteth. (2.) Becaufe he had not three feveral Admonitions, norfo much as one to do that in Time, which the Law reqiiires. If this had beeri done, and upon fuch Refpite and Admonition he had not conformed, then the Law would have took him for a Recufanty but not otherwife. (3. J If this Courfe had been taken, yet Mr. Paget's GmiiTions had fo many favourable Circumftances fas the Pa- rifh's not having provided a Book, and his Ordinary's promifing not to urge him with the precife Obfer- vance of all the Ceremonies (that it was hardly con* fiitent with the adviled Consideration and Charity of a Judge to deprive him at once. As to his Irregularity, by dealing in the Miniftry after Sufpenfion, the Sufpenfion was thought to be Void, becaufe it is founded upon a Method not within the Cognifance of thole that gave Sentence , for the Ground is refufins to fublcribe to Articles tender'd by the Ecclefiaftical Com miffi oners, who had no fVar- rant to offer any fuch Articles at all \ for their Authority reaches no further than to reform and corretl Facts done contrary to certain Statutes expreffed in their Commijfon, and contrary to other Ecclsfiaflical Laws \ but there was never yet any Claufe \n their Com million to offef Sublcription to Articles of their own Devifing. But luppofe the Sufpenfion was good, the Irregularity was taken away by the Queen's Pardon long before his Deprivation. Befides, Mr. Paget did not deal in the Miniitry after h;s Sufpenfion, till he had obtained from Chap. VII. of the Puritans. 447 from the Archbifhop of Canterbury a Releafe from $ueen that Sufpenfion, which if it was not fufficient, ic wasElizabeth> apprehended by him to be lb, the Archbifhop being ^JJJ^V, chief in the CommifTicn •, and all the Canonijls allow, ^v^. that Simplicity, and ignorant mijlaking of Things, being void of wilful Contempt, is a lawful Excufe to difcbarge Irregularity, But the CommifTioners avowed their own Aft, and the Patron difpofed of the Living to another. Mr. Paget having a numerous Family fet up a little nh father School, but the Arms of the Commiffioners reached 's''#r;^% him there ; for being required to fake out a Licence, they tender'd him the Articles to fubfcribe, which he refufing, they fhut up his School and fent him a beg- ging. Let us hear his bWh Relation of his Cafe in a Letter that he fent to that great Sea Captain Sir John Hawkins, who had a great Efteem for this good Man. c I was never pfefent at any feparate Affembly from^ ofVJtA* c the Church (fays hej but abhorred them. I al-Sift;P-37?» c ways reforted to my Parifh Church, and was pre- c fent at Service and Preaching •, and received the * Sacrament accord ng to the Book. I thought it my 8 Duty not to for fake a Church beca'ufe of fome Ble- * mifhes in it ; but while I have endeavoured to live £ in Peace others have prepared themfelves for War. 6 I am turn'd out of my Living by Commandment. ' I afterward] preached without Liv'ng or a Penny 4 Stipend ; and when I was forbid I ceaifed, I then c taught a few Children, to get a little Bread for my 1 felf and mine to ear ; fome difliked this, and wifhed ' me to forbear, which I have done, and am now to ' go as an idle Rogue and Vagabond from Door to ' Door to beg my Bread, though' I am able in a ' 'lawful Calling to get it." Thus this learned and ufeful Divine was laid afidetilJ the Death of Whitgift, after which he was inftitnted to the Living of St. Anne, alias Agnes, within Alderfgat'e. The Reverend Mr. Walter Travers, B. D. fome-Afr- Tra~ time Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, already verSi a men- ** 448 ^HISTORY Chap. VII. ^ueen mentioned, came into Trouble this Year. He had Elizioech, been ordained at Antwerp, and being an admired i584- Preacher, a fine Gentleman, and of great Learning, **'*^J he became domeftick Chaplain to Secretary Cecily and Lecturer at the Temple. Dr. Alvey the Mafier dying about this Time, Tr avers was recommended to fucceed him by the Dodor on his Death-Bed, and by the Benchers of the Houfe, in a Petition to the Treafurer on his behalf; but the Archbifhop inter- poied, and declared peremptorily, that unlefs he would be re-ordained according to fhe Ufageofthe Church of England, and would fubfcribe to his Arti- cles, he would not admit him.. Upon which he was fet a fide, and Mr. Hooker was prefer'd. Tr avers continued Lecturer about two Years longer, and was then deprived of his Lecturefhip and depofed from the Miniftry. The Treafurer and other of Travers's Friends, advifed him for Peace fake to be re-ordained , but he replied in a Letter to his Lordfhip, that this would be to invalidate his former Orders ; and not only fo, but as far as in him lies, to invalidate the Ordinati- ons of all the foreign Churches. L< As for my felf (fays " he) I had a fufficient title to the Minifterial Office, e Ab- Another Treatife, writ and difperfed privately ■* rae ' about this Time, againft the Difcipline of the Church, was entitled, An Abflratl of certain Afts of Parliament, and of certain of her Majeflfs Injunctions and Canons, &c. printed by H. Denham, '1584. The Author's Strypej Defign was to fhew, That the Bifhops in their Ec- 183!! '^'clefiaftical Courts had exceeded their Power, and broke through the Laws and Statutes of the Realm ; which was fo notorious, that the Anfwerer, inftead of confuting the Abjlraoler, blames him for expofing their Father's Nakednefs, to the thrufting through of Religion by the Sides of the Bifhops. But who was in fault? Shall the Liberties and Properties of Mankind be under an arbitrary Direction, and the poor Sufferers not be allowed to hold up the Laws and Statutes of the Land to their Opprefibrs, becaufe of their great Names or religious Characters ? Puritans The Affairs of the Church were in this Ferment apply to the wnen tne Parliament met Nov. 23. in which the Pu- ment. ritans, defpairing of all other Relief, refolved to make their utmoft Efforts for a further Reformation of p. 175- Church Difcipline. Fuller fays, their Agents were foliciting at the Door of the Houfe of Commons all Day, and making Intereft in the Evening at the Chambers of Parliament Men ; and if the Queen would have taken the Advice of her two Houfes they tifeof^ had been made eafy. December 14th three Petitions WJiitgKt, were 0fferec] t0 the Houfe ; one touching Liberty for ^' ' godly Preachers ; a fecond to exercife and continue their Miniftry ; and a third for a fpeedy Supply of able Men for deftiiuce Places. The firft was brought in by Chap. Vli. o/^Puritans, 451 by Sir Thomas Lucy ; the fecond by Sir Edward Dy- ^§J?een mock ; and the third by Mr. Gates. Soon after thisXj;,zagSth» Dr. Turner ffood up, and put the Houfe in Remem-<-<^v4^ brance of a Bill and Book which he had heretofore offered to the Houfe ; the Bill was entitled, An^Hl Aft concerning the Subscription of Minifters, and pro- w^* *"* poles, " That no other Subfcription but what is en-7,f- s- *_* joined by the 13th of Queen Elizabeth, be required p" 4 ' " of any Minifter or Preacher in the Church of Eng- *' land\ and that the refufmg to fubferibe any ether *' Articles, mall not be any Caule for the Arch- •' bifhops or Bifhops, or any other Perfons having " Ecclefiaftical Jurifdiction , to refute any of the *c faid Minifters to any Ecclefiaftical Office, Fun- " ction or Dignity ; but that the faid Archbifhops, ." Bifhops, &c. fhall inftitute, induct, admit and " inveft, or caufe to be inftituted, &c. fuch Per- *' fons as fhall be prefented by the lawful Patrons* *s notwithftanding their refufal to fubferibe any other M Articles not fet down in the Statute 13 Eliz* And tc that no Minifter for the future fhall be fufpended, " deprived, or otherwife molefted in Body or Goods, " by virtue of any Ecclefiaftical Jurifdiction, buc *' only in the Cafes of obftinately and wilfully de- " fending any Herefies, condemned by the exprefs Ci Word of God, or for their difTolute Lives, which " fhall be proved by two credible Witneffes, or by " their own voluntary Confeftion." The Book confifted of 34 Articles of Complaint, but by Ad- vice of the Houfe it was reduced by the Minifters into a Petition confiding of 16 Articles, which lie defired might be imparted to the Houfe of Lords, and they be requefted to join with the Commons in exhibiting them by way of humble Suit to the Queen. The five firft were againft infufheiene Mi- nifters i then followed, 6. That all Paftors to be admitted to Cures might **** *** be tried and allowed by the Parifhes. pofahjor 1 j Reforms*. tlon% G g 2 7, That 4£2 ^HISTORY Chap. VIE gueen 7. That no Oath or Subfcription might be tendered Elizabeth, to any at their Entrance into the Miniftry, but fuch ilji^, as is exprefly prefcrib'd by the Statutes of this Realm, except the Oath againft corrupt entring. 8. That Minifters may not be troubled for Omif- fion of fome Rites or Portions prefcrib'd in the Book of Common Prayeri 9. That they may not be called and urged to an- fwer before the Officials and CommiJJaries, but before the Bifhops themfelves. 10. That fuch as had been fufpended or deprived for no other Offence, but only for not fubfcribing, might be reftored. ir. That the Bifhops would forbear their Excom- munication ex Officio mero of godly arid learned Preachers, not detected for open Offence of Life, or apparent Error in Doctrine ; and that they might nor be called before the High Commiffion, or out of the Diocefe where they lived, except for fome notable Offence. 12. That it might be permitted to them in every Archdeaconry, to have fome common Exercifes and Conferences among themfelves, to be limited and pre- fer! bed by the Ordinaries. 13. That the high Cenfure of Excommunication may not be denounced or executed for fmall Mat- ters. 14. Nor by Lay - Chancellors, Commiffaries or Officials, but by the Bifhops themfelves, with the Affillance of grave Perfons. 15. 1 6. That Non-Refidency and Pluralities may be quite removed out of the Church, or at lead thac according to the Queen's Injunctions ( Article 44. ) no Non-Refident having already a Licence or Facul- ty may enjoy it, unlefs he depute an able Curare, that may weekly preach and catechize, as is required in her Majefty's Injunctions. Attended y^ g^ and jpetjtjon was attended with a mo- supptka- yina Supplication to the Queen and Parliament, in tiont ' the Chap. VII. of the Puritans. 453 che Name of Thoufands of the poor untaught People ^««» of England, drawn up by Mr. Sampfon, in which they Ellzabeth> complain, that in many of their Congregations they \^l£j had none to break the Bread of Life, nor the comfort- able Preaching of God's holy Word : That the Bi-Strype'x fhops in their Ordinations had no regard to fuch zsAmals> were qualified to preach, provided they could butp2,i?* read, and did but conform to the Ceremonies : That they deprived fuch as were capable of Preaching on the account of Ceremonies that do not edify, but are rather unprofitable Burdens to the Church ; and that they moleft the People that go from their own Parifh Churches to feek the Bread of Life, when they have no Preaching at home. They complain, that there are Thoufands of Parifhes deftitute of the neceffary Means of Salvation, and therefore pray the Queen and Parliament to provide a Remedy. In anfwer to the Petition laft mentioned the Bifhop Anfaer of of Winchefler, in the Name of his Brethren, drew uptheBifi0Pu the following Reply. The five firft Petitions tend to one Thing, that is the Reformation of an unlearned and inefficient Mi- niftry -, to which we anfwer, that though there are many fuch in the Church, yet that there was never lefs Reafon to complain of them than at prefent, and that Things were mending every Day. To the 6th Article they anfwered, That it fa- vour'd of popular Elections long fince abrogated \ that it would breed Divinons in Parifhes, and preju- dice the Patron's Right. To the 7th Article and the four following they t. o/wkk- reply, That if they are granted the whole Hierarchy gifc,p,i8S will be unbraced •, for the 7th Article fhakes the Ground of all Ecclefiaftical Government, as fubvert- ing the Oath of Canonical Obedience to the Bifhop in omnibus Hath & konejiii. The 8th Article re- quires a Difpenfation from the civil Magistrate, to the fubverting the Acl for Uniformity of Common Prayer, fcfr. and Confirmation of the Ril£s andCerems- G g 3 uies, 454 ^HISTORY Chap. VII. Queen nies of the Church. The 9th defires a Difpenfation fcliznbt ;h,from zfre Jurifdidlion of our Ecclefiaftical Courts, as \^S/X^ Chancellors, Officials, &c. which wiil in the end fu overt all Epifcopal Authority. To the 10th they fay, That the Minifters that have been fufpended are heady, rafh and contentious ; and 'tis a perilous Example, to have Sentences revoked that have been given according to Law, except they would yield. The nth Petition cutteth off another confiderabie branch of Ecclefiaftical Jurifdidtion, viz. the Oath exojjicio^ which is very neceffary in fome Cafes, where the Parifhioners are fo perverfe, that though the Mi- nifter varies the Service of the Church as by Law ap- pointed, they will not complain, much lefs be Wit- nefTcs againft him. The Exercifes mentioned in the 12th Article are by the Queen's Majefty fuppreffed. To the 13th and 14th they anfwer, That they are willing to petition the Queen, that the Sentence o{ Excommunication may be pronounced by the Bifhop, with fuch Afliftance as he fhall call in, or by fome Ecclefiaftical Perfon commiifion'd by him. Life of To the 15th and 16th Articles they anfwer, That fWhitgifr, the fmall Value of many Ecclefiaftical Livings, V'19i" made Pluralities and Non-Rcfidencies in a manner neceffary, sill a- The Debates upon this laft Head running very gapftpht* high, a Bill was ordered to be brought in immediate- ly againft Pluralities and Non-Refidencies, and for Life of Appeals cut of the Ecclefiaftical Courts. It was faid Whirgifc, jn favour of the Bill, that Non-Refidencies and Plura- P? *94> ]jtjes vvere ma\um \n feV-l°9' Years of Age ; that they mould have Prefentation to a Cure ; that they mould bring Teftimonials of their good Life •, and that the Bifhop might refufe whom he thought fit, without the Danger of a Quare impedit. The fecond was, to reflrain the Commuta- tion of Penance, except upon great Confideration, of which the Biihop to be Judge. The third was to reftrain Licences to marry without Banes. The fourth to moderate fome ExceiTes about Excommu- nication. The fifth for reftraining Pluralities of Be- nefices. Thtfixth concerning Fees to Ecclefiaftical Officers and their Servants. But even thefe Articles lay by till the Year 1597. when ^iey were confirmed in Convocation, and afterwards incorporated among the Canons. In the mean Time, the Bill againfl Pluralities paf- The Biff fed the Houfe of Commons, and was fent up to -K\^t1e^ed fl Lords, where the Archbifhop^ of Canterbury and T and Biihop oHVmchejier made longSpeeches, ft That neither the Cathedrals, nor ProfefTor^ in the Uni- verfitfes could fublift without them. To prove this, G g 4 they 456 ^HISTORY Chap. VII. vv-uTh they Produced a Lift of the fma11 Value of many Ec- 1 584. cleflaftical Livings, according to the Queen's Books, J^ryO To which it was replied , That there were many fufpended Preachers would be glad of the fmalleft of thofe Livings, if they might have them without Mole-r ftation i however, that it were more proper to go upoq Ways and Means for the Augmentation of fmaller Livings, than to fuffer the poor People to perifli for Jack of Knowledge, while the Incumbents were in- dulged in Idlenefs and Sloth •, but the Weight of the Bench of Bifhops, with the Court Interefl, threw out the Bill. Gthi* Bills , " Bill is againft exeeflive Fees and Exactions in Eo ** clefiaftical Courts ; which Fees are none other 11 than have been of long Time- accuftom'd to be *e taken *, the Law already eftablifh'd providing a 44 fharp and fevere Punifhment for fuch as fhall ex- t 59$. tition, the Minifters printed their Apology to the Churchy and humble Suit to the High Court of Parlia- ment, in which they mention feveral Things in the fuhlick Service as repugnant to the Word of God, as, Requiring Faith in an Infant to be baptized ; Confounding Baptifm and Regeneration ; Adding to the pure and perfect Institutions of Chrift the Crofs in Baptifm and the Ring in Marriage ; Advan- cing the Writings of the Apocrypha to a Level with Holy Scripture by reading them in the Church ; with many others. They conclude with an earneft Suppli- cation to their Superiors, to be continued in their Callings, confidering their being fet apart to the Miniftry, and the Obligations they were under to God and their People •, they proteft they will do any Thing they can without Sin, and the rather, be- caufe they are apprehenfive that the Shepherds being ftricken their Flocks will be fcattered. And to tie The Puritans laft Refort was to the Archbiftiop, jrckbificp. wh0 hacj a prevailing Intereft in the Queen ; a Paper was therefore publifhed, entitled, Means how to fettle a godly and charitable Quietnefs in the Church ; humbly addreffed to .the Archbifhop, and containing the following Propofals. Ybebpro- j. That it would pleafe his Grace not to prefs fuch po/als. Subfcription as had been of late required, feeing in rofWhit- the Parliament that eftablifhed the Articles, the Sub- g >P'iy 'fcription was mifliked and put out. 2. That he would not oblige Men to accufe them- felves by the Oath ex Officio, it being contrary to Law, and the Liberty of the Subject. 3. That thofe Minifters who have been of late fufpended, may be reftored, upon giving a Bond and Security not to preach againft the Dignities of Arch- bifhops, Bifhops, &c. nor to difturb the. Order ©f 2 the Chap. VII. of the Puritans. 461 the Church, but to maintain it as far as they can ; 3««* and foberly to teach Jefus Chrift crucified. Elizabeth, 4. ThatMinifters may not beexpofed to the mali-^^yi^/ cious Profecution of their Enemies, upon their Omif- lion of any Tittle in the Service Book. 5. That they may not be obliged to read the Apo- crypha, feeing in the firft Book printed in her Ma- jelly's Reign the fame was left out, and was after- wards inferced without Warrant of Law, and con- trary to the Statute, which allows but three Altera- tions. 6. That the Crofs in Baptifm may not be enforced, feeing in King Edward's 2d Book there was a Note which left that, and fome other Rites indifferent » Which Note ought to have been in the Queen's Book* it not being among the Alterations appointed by Statute. 7. They further defire, that in Baptifm the God- fathers may anfwer in their own Names, and not in the Child's. 8. Than Midwives and Women may not bap- tize. 9. That the Words upon Delivery of the Ring in Marriage may be left indifferent. 10. That his Grace would not urge the precife wearing of the Gown, Cap, Tippet and Surplice, but only that Minifters be obliged to wear Apparel meec and decent for their Callings. 1 1. That Lefturers that have not Cure of Souls, but are licenfed to preach, behaving themfelves well, be not enforced to minilter the Sacraments, unlefs they be content fo to do. But the Archbifhop would abate nothing, nor ad-?%*« mit of theleaft Latitude from the National Eftablifh-re>^« ment. He writ an Anfwer to the Propofals, in which he infills upon a full Conformity, telling the Petitioners, that it was none of his Bufmefs to alter the Ecclefiaflical Laws, or difpenfe with them ; which was all they were to expect from him. What could wife sfiz The H I S T O R Y Chap. VIL Queen wife and good Men do more in a peaceable way for Elizabeth, the Liberty of their Confciences, or a further Refor- s^Y^ mation in the Church ? They petition'd the Queen, applied to both Houfes of Parliament, and addreffed the Convocation and Bifhops ; they moved no Sedi- tions nor Riots, but failed and prayed for the Queen and Church as long as ihey were allowed \ and when they could ferve them no longer, they patiently fub- mitted to Sufpenfions and Deprivations, Fines and Imprifonments, till it fhould pleafe God, of his infi- nite Mercy, to open a Door for their further Ufeful- nefs. 158?. The Papifts made their Advantages of thefe Divi* state of £ons . a pjot was (j jfcoverec] j-his very year againft the °PerY- Queen's Life, for which Lord Paget and orhers fled their Country ; and one Parry was executed, who Strype'* was to have killed her Majefty, as fhe was riding •P-M9' Abroad •, to which (it is iaidj the Pope encouraged him, by granting him his Bleffing, and a plenary Indulgence and Remiftion of all his Sins ; affurirtg him that befides the Merit of the Aclion in Heaven, his Holinefs would make himfelf his Debtor in the beft Manner he could, and therefore exhorted him to put his mojiholy and honourable Pur pofes in Execution ; this was written frorn Rome, Jan. 30, 1584. and figned by the Cardinal of Como. Mary Queen of Scots was big with Expectation of the Crown of England at this Time, from the Preparations of foreign popifh Princes, who were determined to make the ftrongeft Efforts to fet her upon the Throne, and to reftore the Catholick Religion in England ; but they could pot get ready before her Head was laid down upon the Block. Proceed- The Parliament that met again in November being %J °f fenfible of the Importance of the Queen's Life, en* terd into a voluntary Aflociation to revenge her Death, if that mould happen by any Violence. They alfo made a fevere Statute againft Jefaits and Semina- ry Priefts, or others that engaged in any Plots, by virtue Vavha ment. ibid. p. 293 Chap. VII. of the Puritans* 463 virtue of the Bull of Excommunication of Pope ^ueen Pius V. and againfl: any Subject of England thatE1,z*betk» fhould go abroad for Education in any of the po- ^ry2^ pirn Seminaries. But none of thefe Things could move the Queen or Bifhops to take any Steps to- wards uniting Proteftants among themfelves. But to put an effectual Stop to the Pens of thePref* **: Church's Adverfaries, hisGraceapplied to the QuzenPr*'*e& for a furtherReftraint of the Prefs, which he obtained tyetf and publifhed by Authority of the Star-Chamber (faysWhit§,{*» Mr. Strype) June 23, 28 Eliz. It was framed by thep 1Zh Archbifhop's Head, who writ a Preface to it : The Decree was to this Purpofe, " That there fhould be " no Printing Preffes in private Places, nor any " where but in London and the two Univerfities. " No new PreiTes were to be fet up but by Licence «« from the Archbifhop, and Bifhop of London for " the Time being ; They to fignify the fame to the <* Wardens of the Stationers Company, who mould ': Cirl~ broad, having fpent 5 Years in preaching to thewr,ga^'"'' Engli/b Congregation at 'Antwerp'-, he had been fick Er)ilianj3 of an Ague, which ended in an Heclick', for Which the Phyficians advifed him to 'try his native Air. Upon this he writ to the Earl of Leicejler and the Lord Treafurer for leave to come home ; thefe No- blemen made an honourable mention of him in Par- liament, but he could not obtain their Mediation with the Queen for his Pardon, fothat as foon as it was known he was landed, though in a weak and Ian- guifhing Condition, he was apprehended and calt into Prifon ; when he appeared before the Archbi- fhop, he behaved1' with that Modefty and Refpecx as foftned the Heart of his great Adverfary, who •upon Promife of his peaceable and quiet Beha- viour, fuffered him to go at large ; for which the Earl of Leicejler and Mr. Cart-wright returned his Grace Thanks •, but all the Intereft they could make could not obtain a Licence to preach. " Mr. Cart- " wright (fays the Archbiflhop to the Earl ) fhall be «' welcome to me at all Times, but to grant him a M Licence to preach till I am better fatisfied of his " Conformity, is not confident with my Duty or " Confcience." However, the Earl made him Go- Ami f?t ties vernor of an Hofpital of Warwick^ where he was con- at War- nived at for a Time, and preached without a Licence •, w,ck* his Salary was an Houfe, and 100/. ffi* Ann*. Mr. Fenner and PF00J, two other iufpended Mirfi- Suhfcripti- fters were releafed after 12 Months Imprifonment,0"^^^ upon a general Subfcription to the Articles, as far as ,j^L f H h the '' 4*66 ^HISTORY Chap. VII. Queen the Law required, and a Promife to ufe the Book of Elizabeth, Qommon prayereth»- fome kind of Affinity that is between us, hoping weJ^JLj for :efufing the Oath ex Officio, he fuffered a long S1 Sm Imprifonment. He was afterwarcs apprehended p. 7J4, again, upon Sufpicion of his being one of the Au*#43>&Ci thors of Martin Mar Prelate, which he denied, but confefled he did not diflike the Book, and was there- fore confined in the Compter and the Gate-Houfe, till (I believe) he confented to leave the Realm. In the Parliament that met this Year, Otlob. 2a.th.Su?Ph''a' and 28 Eliz. the Puritan Minijlers made another Effort ^"f^ ue r -r, ,. -r» •■ r r i • i r 1 Puritans for Parliamentary ReJier, ror which purpole they pre- 10 tfo par- fented an humble Supplication to the Houfe of Com- Uament, mons ; in which they fay, 44 It pierces our Hearts « with Grief to hear the Cries of the Country 44 People for the Word of God. The Biihops either " preach not at all, or very feldom ; neither can *4 they for their manifold Bufinefs, their Diocefes *? being too large for their perfonal Infpection ; be- <4 fides they are incumber'd with Civil Affairs, not 44 only in their own Ecclefiaftical Courts, in Cau- 44 fes Teftamentary, &c. but as Lord Barons, Juftices 44 of Peace, Members of the Star-Chamber, Council *4 Table, and Ecclefiaftical Commiffion ; all which is 44 contrary to the Words of Chrift, who fays, His «' Kingdom is not of this World ; and contrary to the 44 Practice of all other reformed Churches. And 64 whereas the Scriptures fay, that Ministers of the 44 Gofpel mould be fuch as are able to teach found 44 Doctrine and convince Gain-fayers, yet the Bi- 44 fhops have made Priefts of the, bafeft of the 44 People, not only for their Occupations and 44 Trades whence they have taken them, as Shoe- 44 Makers, Barbers, Taylors, Water- Bearers, Shep- 44 herds, and Uorfe -Keepers ; but alfo for their want 44 of good Learning and Honefty. How true this f* our Complaint is, may appear by the Survey 44 of 474 F&> HISTORY Chap. VII. Queen " of Tome Shires and Counties hereunto annexed, even Elizabeih," fome 0f tne befts whereby the reft may be efti- li^" mated. ^^^ " We do acknowledge, that there are a Number " of Men within the Miniftry, who have good and •* acceptable Gifts, and are able to preach the " Word of God to Edification s of which Number " there are two Sorts : There are a great Number ** that live not upon the Place where they are bene- " ficed, but abandon their Flocks, directly contra- c« ry to the Charge of Chrift to Peter, faying, Feed u my Sheep ; and of the Apoftle Paul to the Elders *' at Ephefus, Take heed to your /elves, and the Flock **■ over which the Holy Gboft has made you Overfeers, *' to feed the Church of God. Of this Sort are fun- ** dry Bifhops, who have Benefices in Commendam ; *s Univerfity Men, and Chaplains at Court 5 Others " get 2 or 3 Benefices into their Hands, to ferve " them for Winter and Summer Houfes ; which Phi- *' ralities and Non-Reftdencies are the more grievous " becaufe they are tolerated by Law. There are ** indeed feveral that refide upon their Benefices, *s but content themfelves with juft fatisfying the c< Law ; that is, to have Divine Service read, and ** four Sermons a Year. " But great Numbers of the beft qualified for " Preaching, and of the greateft Induftry and Ap- " plication to their Spiritual Functions, are not fuf- " fered quietly to difcharge their Duties, but are *' followed with innumerable Vexations, notwith- " ftanding they are neither Hereticks nor Schifmaticks, *' but keep within the Pale of the Church, and per- " fuade others to do fo, who would otherwife have " departed from it. They faft and pray for the •• Queen and the Church, though they have been *' rebuked for it, and diverfly punifhed by Officers " both Civil and Ecclefiaftical. They are fufpended *• and deprived of their Miniftry, and the Fruits of " their Chap. VII. c//^Puritams; 475 * their Livings are fequefter'd for the Payment of £««» " fuch a Chaplain as their Superiors think fit to em- Elizabeth, " ploy : This has continued for many Months and .i^^, " Years, notwithstanding the Interceflion of their ^^^^ eia*0f an aD*e anc* Efficient Miniftry appears, is too counties, large to be inferted ; it was taken in the Years 1585 and 1586, by fome Perfons employed for that Pur- m. s. pofe againft the Meeting of the Parliament •, 'tis di~ p. 684, & vided into eight Columns : The firft contains the Name of the Benefice. The fecond the yearly Value. The third the Number of Souls. The fourth the Name of the Incumbent, and whe- ther a Preacher or not. The fifth what other Benefices he has, and what Curates do ferve him. The fixth his Character and Converfation. The feventh who made him Minifter. And, The eighth the Patron of the Living *, according to the following Plan. The ap.VIl. of the ] fern: r a n S; 477 The Patron. *3 a u 4-1 C r-1 u , d o rvj c 3 ■ &■ ° ' I c3 i Who ordained, or made him Mini- ficr. l ^ 1 PQ fcO- *j— _Q - pq . d, a5 o -Q X> rt rt ■S-1 «-, PQ PQ : d, &> PQ ca : His Converfa- iion. to 1 35 O US - — o A common Dicer, burnt in the Hand for Felony, & full of all Ini- quity. -Covetous-Jiis Curate Rob. Doway,zn ig- nora'nt Man. d ^ C <— rt O « fo Q -S "4, Num- ber of Souls. O 1 § o o CO :0 O \o o *s5 i ° : *, o o o £ M -— 1-1 Name of the Benefice. 4 ^ u tQ > CSJ PQ 47* 3 ••Si IS *0 to *SJ Ixl > CO *sa ,§■« '§0 55 lis -JS at Si 5 * s ££ S3 £ ^ ^HISTORY Chap.VH N JN VO ^- ^ . •8 - I O O t>N 1-4 vo •-« I o CO CO co vo co III I II 1 II II I 4-> 3 O fl SS 5s. I I A 3 >> to H^ I '*» •■>i *X « tfc . CJ ♦ 5 sT" a c c c c u M c -a o c c c 3 •S| c c 4_» '> 4-* ** 3 "O O C -O .an ^3 *-» 8 <_. m3 S Chap. VII. of the Puritans.' 479 It muft be uncommon Diligence and Application, •&■** as well as a very great Expence, to colled: fo many Eliza^f ^ Names and Charadters of Men ♦, the exact Valuation *J^>J of fo many Livings ; the Number of Non-Refident ummlm. Minifters ; of fuch as had been Mafs-Priejis ; and of Mechanicks and Tradefmen: But fuch was the Zeal of thefe pious Men ! The Survey of Lincoln/hire was figned by the Juftices of the Peace of that County, and the others are attefted by fome of the principal Clergymen of thofe Parts ; and are fo particular in all Circumftances, as leave little room to doubt of their Truth in general, though there may be fome few Miftakes in Characters and Numbers. Upon thewholethe Survey takes Notice, thatafcer 28M- * Years Eftabiifhment of the Church of England* therep> zo6w were but 2000 Preachers to ferve near 10000 Parifli Churches, fo that there were almoft 8000 Pariflies without preaching Minifters. To this Account Jnpa*** agrees that of Mr. Fenner who lived in thefe Times, •Dr Brii~ and fays, that a third Part of the Minifters of England^** * 4S" were covered with a Cloud of Sufpenfions ; that if Perfons would hear a Sermon they muft go in fome Places, 5, 7, 12, yea in fome Counties 20 Miles, and at the fame Time be fined 12 d. a Sabbath for being abfent from their own Parifh Church, tho' it be proved they were hearing a Sermon elfewhere, be- caufe they had none at home. Nor is it at all ftrange it Ihould be thus in the Country, when the Bifhop of London enjoined his Clergy in his Vifitation this very Year, 1. That every Parfon fhould have a Bible in L.efkjU Latin and Englijh. 2. That they mould have Bullin-V' Il8-» ger*s Decads. 3. That they fhould have a Paper- Book, and write in it the Quantity of a Sermon every Week. 4. That fuch as could not preach them- felves Ihould be taxed at four purchased Sermons a Year. What a miferable State of Things was this ! when many Hundreds of pious and confcientious Preachers were ihur, out of the Church, and ftarving with their Families for want of Employment. With 48o 1586. upon which Sir Francis advifed in Council, -J " That fpecial Care fhould be taken of popifh Recu- " fants •, and that the abfolute Authority of private " Bifhops without Appeal fhould be reftrained •, that " they might not condemn zealous Preachers againft. " the Pope's Supremacy, for refufing to fu'ofcribe «« unlawful Articles, nor without the Affembly of a " fynodical Council of Preachers, forafmuch as the " abfolute Authority of the Bifhops, and their Ara- " bition and Covetoufnefs had a Tendency to lead *{ People back to Popery." But how much Truth foever there was in thefe Obfervations, the Queeri and Archbifhop were of another mind. The Puritans being wearied out with repeated Ap- Puritans plications to their Superiors, for Relief began to de-remove fpair, and in one of their Affemblies came to this^r/^ Conclufion •, 'That fince the Magi/irate could not be indu-^rc^i ced to reform the Di/cipline of the Church, by fo many Petitions and Supplications (which we all confefs in the Liturgy is to be wifhed) that therefore after fo many Tears wailing it was lawful to acl without him, and introduce a Reformation in the befi manner they could. We have mentioned their private Gaffes in EJ/ex, Warwick* /hire, Northampton/hire, and other Parts, in which their Book, entitled, The holy Difcipline of the Church defcri- bed in the Word of God, being revifed, was fubferibed by the feveral Members in thefe Words, according to Mr. Strype, which are fomething different from the Form at the End of the Book in the Appendix, " We acknowledge and confefs the fume, agreeable Theit vc+m " to God's moft holy Word, fo far as we are able tor/ <***- " judge or difcern of \F, excepting fome few Po nrsff'1'*'0" ^ " [which they lent to their Reverend Brethren in^-,,^ " fome Affembly of them for their further Relblu- " tion] and we affirm it to be the fame which we de- *[ fire to be eftablifhed in this Church , by daily I i 2 " Prayer 484 Queen (( Elizabeth, \,Brid- Oxford, writ againft the Puritans, and maintained ges an- t'nat They zvere not grievcufly afflicled unlefs it were ^;TPtn- caufid h ^e^r own T)ejerts. The Doctor was anfwer- ji£r'/ ed by Mr. Fenner, who appealed to the World in fhefe Words ; " Is it no grievous Affliction, by " Sufpen- Chap. VII. of the Puritans.' 487 '* Sufpenfion to be hung up between Hope and Defpair Queen *' for a Year or two, and in the mean Time to fee E :>zabechi " the Wages of our Labours eaten up by Loiterers ? lll^j ** Nay, our righteous Souls are vexed with feeing c* and hearing the Ignorance, the profane Speeches, whether the Hiftory of former tans Ages can furnifh an Example of fo many Severities againft Divines of one and the fame Faith, for a few trifling Ceremonies -, or of a more peaceable and r Chriftian Behaviour under Sufferings. Camden indeed complains of their difperfing Pam- JfoSpa. phlets againft the Church and Prelates, in a Time nifh/wtf-of common Danger, when the Nation was in Arms [ton. againft the Spanijb Invalion ; but thefe Pamphlets were only to fhew, that the Danger of the Return of Popery (which all Men were now apprehenfive of J arofe from flopping the Mouths of thofe Mini- fters who were moft zealous ag;ainft it. It had been eafy at this Time to have diftreiTed the Government and the Hierarchy, for the Cry of the People was againft the Bifhops •, but the Puritans both here and in Scotland, were more afraid of the Return of Popery than their Adverfaries : Thofe in Scotland enter'd in- to an Affociation, to afTernble in Arms at what Time and Place their King mould require, to affift the Queen of England againft the Spaniard , and their Brethren in London look the Opportunity to petition the Queen for the Liberty of their ikeypeti- Preachers, "That the People might be better inftrucl- XI *•?' *' ecl m ^e duties °f Obedience to their Civil Gover- **ee*' " nors, and not be left a Prey to Priefts and Jefuits, p.'s/s. " wno were no better than Traitors to her Majefty «« and the Kingdom. They afTure her Majefty, That " the People will give their Minifters a goodMainte- «c nance, that they [the People] will always pray for " her Majefty's Safety, and be ready to part wirh their «' Goodss and pour out their Blood like Water for v her Chap. VII. ©//^Puritans. 489 M her Prefervation, if they may but have the Go- $*eeit " fpel." But the Queen gave them no Anfwer ; E!,zabeth, the whole Reformation muft be hazarded rather than ^iljj". the Puritans be relieved. After this, they applied to the Lord Mayor ana1 And apply Court of Aldermen, befeeching them to addrefs the*0 the Court Queen, to make fome better Provifion for the City \°5 &&*-. and to enforce their Petition, they laid before them*7*** a new Survey of the Miniftry of London, taken this very Year, with the Names of every Parifh. Prieft and Curate fet down againft his Living and Curacy, m.sj which is now before me •, and it appears at the Foot p. 48a. of the Account that there were, Double beneficed Men within the City ■ 18 Double beneficed Men without ■ 27 Simple Preachers (as the Survey calls them) — 10 Dumb, or unpreaching Minifters — — — — 17 Refident Preachers, abiding in London only 19 With the Survey they offered divers Reafons to Without prevail with the Court to appear for them ; as9Sttcce-*f' (1.) Becaufe the Laws of the Realm have provided very well for a learned preaching Miniftry, whereas by the Account above, it appears that many are Pluraliits and Non-Refidents, others illiterate, being brought up to Trades, and not to Learning, and others of no very good Character in Life. (2.) Be- caufe divers of the principal Preachers of this Land have of late been put to filence. (3. J Becaufe of the prevailing Ignorance and Impiety that is among the common People for want of better Instruction. (4-)m. s. Becaufe we now pay our Money and Dues to themP«839« that do little or nothing for it : But the Aldermen were afraid to interpofe, Such was the Scarcity of Preachers, and the Third Cry of the of the People after Knowledge, that the fufpended^<#?/<"' Minifters of EJfex petition'd the Parliament, March **'*&'»& Sth, 1587. for fome Remedy, " Such (fay they; 2 »« is 490 the H I S T O R Y Chap. VII. gaeen te is the Cry of the People to us Day and Night for Elizabeth," the Bread of Life, that our Bowels earn within us; y^Z^, " and remembring the folemn Denunciation of the ie Apoftle, Woe be to us if we preach not the Go/pel, we " begin to think it our Duty to preach to our People " as we have Opportunity, notwithftanding our " Sufpenjion, and to commit our Lives and whole " Eftates to Almighty God, as to a faithful Creator ; " and under God to the gracious Clemency of the " our Univerfities, and other learned Men conient- lL/^» ** ing~ herein, as Bradford, Lambert, Jewel, Pilking-^ *' ton, Humphreys, Fiflke, &c. But what do I (peak " of particular Perfons ? Ic is the common Judgment " of the Reformed Churches of Helvetia, Savoy, *« France, Scotland, Germany, Hungary, Poland, the " Low Countries, and our own. I hope Dr. Bancroft " will not fay, that all thefe have approved hat for *l found Doctrine which was condemned by the ge- " Time Minifters chofe one out of their Company in x^y^ " ev^y City, to whom they gave the Title of Bi- " flop ; yet the Bifliop was not above them in Ho- " nour and Dignity, but as Confuls in the Senate " propofe Matters, afk their Opinions, direct others " by giving Advice, by admonifhing, by exhorting, «' and fo guide the whole Action, and by their Au- ueen Years before he died ; but continued preaching and E1'"bech, writing to the laft, and was in high Efteem over all ^X^j England for his Learning, Piety, and Zeal for thewood'* Proteftant Religion. He died at his Hofpital withAch. Ox. great Tranquility and Comfort in his Non-Conformi-P* 2>8. ty, the latter end of March or the beginning of April I58|. in the y2d Year of his Age. Soon after him died the very learned Dr. Lawrence Heath 0f Humphreys, a great Friend and Companion of Samp-Dr-lium~ fan's ; he was born in Buckingham/hire, and educated pys# in Magdalen College, Oxon, of which he was perpetual Fellow. In the Reign of Queen Mary he obtained leave to travel, and continued at Zurich till Queen Elizabeth's Accefllon, when he was made Queen's ProfefTor in Divinity 5 he was afterwards Prefident of Magdalen College, and Dean of Gloucejler, which was the higheft Preferment he could obtain, becaufe heCimhden. was a Non-Conformift from the Ceremonies of the Church. The Oxford Hiftorian fays, he was a moderate and confeientious Non- Conform ifl, and flocked his Col- lege with a Generation of that Sort of Men that could not be rooted out in many Years : He was cer- tainly a ftrict Calvinifl, and a bitter Enemy of the Papifts ; he was a great and general Scholar, an able Linguift, and a deeper Divine than moft of his Age : He writ many learned Works, and at length died in his College, in the 63d Year of his Age, 1589, having had the Honour to fee many of his Pupils Bi- fhops, while he who was every Way their Superior was denied Preferment for his puritannical Princi- ples. To thefe we may add the venerable Edwin Sandys, And of Archbifhop of Tork, an excellent and frequent Sandys Preacher in his younger Days, and an Exile for Re-^/ ligion in Queen Mary's Reign. He was afterwards fucceffively Bifhop of Worcejler, London and Tork, and a zealous Defender of the Laws againft Non- Conforrnifts of all Sorts •, when Arguments failed he Kk 3 wou ii 502 the H I S T O R Y Chap. VII. P,1Sl6i, maintaining Idolatry under the Name of Decency, in the Habits, Fonts, Baptifm by Women, Gang- Days, Saints Eves, Bifhoping of Children, Organs, Wafer- Cakes, &V. Ha? ye any more Work for the Cooper ? In printing of which the Prefs was difcovered and feized, with feve- ral Pamphlets unfiniihed ; as, Epifio [Epifco] Maflix, Paradoxes, Dialogues, Mifcellanea, Varice Leciiones, Martin's Dream, jj; The Lives and Doings efp. Englifh Popes, Itinerarium, orjfifiiations*, Lambethifms . The two lafl of thefe were imperfect ; but to com- plete the Itinerarium, the Author threatens to furvey all the Clergy of England, and note their intolerable Pranks : And for his Lambethifms he would have a Martin at Lambeth. Other Books were publifhed of the fame Nature •, as, A Demonfiration of Difcipline 5 the Counter- Poifon, &c. The Writers on the Church-Side came not behind their Adverfaries in BufFoonry and Ridicule, as ap- 2 rears 5o6 ?he HISTORY Chap. VIII, <%ueen pears by the following Pamphlets printed at this Elizabeth, Time. ^I2^j Pappewith an Hatchet, alias, A Fig for my Godfon : Ludicrous Or, Crack me this Nut, that is, a found Box of the ' pamphlets Ear for the Ideot Martin to hold his Peace. Writ- ueen were common Swearers, Drunkards, Ufurers, Witches, Elizabeth, Conjurers, Hcreticks ; any Man that had two Wives ; W^v^L; or Women that had two Hujbands : Whether they knew "- any that went to Conventicles or Meetings for faying Prayers in private Boufes ; any that were of Age and did not receive the Sacrament at Church three Times a L.of\Vh\t- year . Wich others, calculated todiflblve all Friend- g t,p.}09,^.p> in Country Towns, and fet a whole Diocefe in a Flame. When Sir Francis Knollys had read the Articles he fent them to the Treafurer, calling them by their proper Name, At tides of Inqtiifition, highly prejudicial to the Royal Prerogative : But there was no Hopping his Grace's Career. i$9°- Among the Divines that fuffered Death for the Li- jvfr.Udal\j bels abovementioned, were the Reverend Mr. Udal, Examina- whofe Cafe being peculiarly hard, I fhall give the tion. Reader an Abftract of it. He had been Minifter of Peircc'j Kingjlon upon Thames ; but having been filenced by vindic. the official Dr. Hone, he lay by for half a Year, p' ll9' having no farther Profpect of Ufefulnefs in the Church. At length the People ofNewcaftle uponTyne wanting a Minifter, prevailed with the Earl of Hun- tingdon to fend him to them ; when he had been there about a Year he was fent for up to London by the Lord Hunfdon and the Lord Chamberlain, in the Name of the whole Privy Council : Mr. Udal fet out December 29th, 1589. and on the 13th of January appeared at Lord Cobham*s Houfe before the Com- miflioners, Lord Cobham, Lord Buckhurji, Lord Chief Juftice Anderfon, Dr. John Young Bifhop of Ro- chejler, Mr. Fortefcue, Mr. Egerton the Queen's Soli- citor, Dr.Aubery, and Dr. Lezvin. The Bifhop began the Examination in this Manner : Bifhop. Have you the Allowance of the Bifhop of the Diocefe to preach at Newcajlle? Udal. There was neither Bifhop of the Diocefe, nor Archbifhop of York at that Time0 Fortefcue. By what Law then did you preach at Nezv- cajlle, being filenced at Kingjlon ? Udal. I know no Law againit ir3 fec;ng I was filenced only by the Chap. VIII. of the Puritans; '509 Official^ whofe Authority reaches not beyond his gueen Archdeaconry. L. C. J. Anderfon. You are called Elizabeths' to anfwer concerning certain Books, thought to be of ill^L/ your writing. Udat. If it be any of Martin's Books, ^v^ I have difowned them a Year and a half ago at Lam- beth. L. C. J. Anderfon. Who was the Author of the Demonftration, or the Dialogue ? Udal. I fhall not anfwer. Anderfon. Why will you clear your felf of Martin, and not of thefe ? Udal. Becaufe I would noc be thought to handle the Caufe of Difcipline as Mar- tin did ; but I think otherwife of the other Books, and care not though they mould be fathered upon me ; I think the Author did well, and therefore would not difcover him if I knew him ; but would hinder it all I could. L. C. J. Anderfon. Why dare you not confefs if you be the Author ? Udal. I have faid I liked of the Books, and the Matter handled in them *, but whether I made them, or no, I will not anfwer, for by the Law I am not obliged to it. An- derfon. That is true, if it concerned the Lofs of your Life [and yet the Juftice tried and condemned him for his Life.] Udal. I pray your Lordfhip, does not the Law fay, No Man fhall be put to anfwer without Prefentment before Jujlkes on Matters of Record, or by due Proofs and Writ original, &c. A. 42 Edw. 3. cap. 3. Anderfon. That is Law if it be not repealed. Bijhop of Rochejler. Pray let me afk you a Queftion concerning your Book. But Udal was upon his Guard, and faid, 'Tis not yet proved to be mine. Mr. Solicitor. 1 am forry, Mr. Udal, you will not an- fwer nor take an Oath, which by Law you ought to do •, but he did not fay by what Law. Udal, Sir, if I have a Liberty by Law, there is no reafon why I fhould not challenge it : Shew me by what Law I am, obliged to accufe my felf. Dr. Lewin. You have ta- ken the Oath heretofore, why mould you not take it now ? Udal. I then voluntarily contended certain Things concerning my preaching of the Points of Difcipline, which could never have been proved -, and 5io The H I S T O RY Chap. VIIL s&een and when my Friends laboured to have me reftored Elizabeth, to my Miniftry, the Archbifhop anfwered, there \^?^j was fufficient Matter againft me by my own Confef- u fion why I mould not be reftored j whereupon I co- venanted with my own Heart never to be my own Accufer again. At length the Bifhop told him his Sentence for that Time was to be fent to the Gate-Houfe : Take it in his own Words, " I was carried to the Gate-Houfe '* by a Mefienger, who delivered me with a War- cC rant to be kept clofe Prifoner, and not to be fuf- c' fered to have Pen, Ink, or Paper, or any body to *' fpeak with me. Thus I remained half a Year, in "c all which Time my Wife could not get leave to '* come to me, faving onlv that in the hearing of the ft Keeper me might fpeak to me, and I to her of cf fuch Things as ihe fhould think meet ■ All " which Time my Chamber-Fellows were Seminary " Priejls, Traitors , and profejfed Papijis. At the End " of the half Year I was removed to the White Lion tC in Southzvark, and fo carried to the Afiizes at " Croydon." itis Trial On the 23d of July Mr. Udal was brought to Croy- don with Fetters on his Legs, and indicted upon the Statute 23 Eliz. cap. 2. before Baron Clarke and Mr. Serjeant Puckering, for writing a wicked, fcandalous and feditious Libel, called a Demonfiration of Difci- pline, dedicated to the fuppofed Governors of the Life of Church of England, in which is this Paffage •, ct Who Whicgifc, " can without blufhing deny you [the Bifhops] to P- 34S- <■' be the Caufe of all Ung-odlinefs ? Forafmuch as and put himfelf upon the Trial of his Country. In ^l^j opening the Caufe Mr. Daulton the Queen's Counfel ^r^- made a long Inventive againft the new Dijiipline, which he affirmed was not to be found in the Word of God. To whom Udal replied, This being a Contro- verfy among learned Divines, he thought Mr. Daul- ton might have fufpended his Judgment, fince he had formerly fhew'd fome liking to the Caufe. Upon which the Judge faid, Sirrab! Sirrah! anfwer to the Matter. Mr. Daulton, go on to the Proof of the Points in the Indi&ment, which were thefe three : 1. That Udal was the Author of the Book. 2. That he had a malicious Intent in making it. 3. That the Matters in the Indictment were Felony by the Statute 23 Eliz. cap. 2. The firft Point was to prove Udal to be the Author of the Book ; and here 'tis obfervable, that the Wit- neffes were not brought into Court, but only their Examinations, which the Regifter fwore to. And, Firft, Stephen Chatfield' s Articles were produced, which contained a Report of certain Papers he had feen in Udal's Study. Upon feeing them, he afked, Whofe Writings they were? Udal anfwer'd, a Friend's. Chatfield then defired him to rid his Hands of them, for he doubted they concerned the State. He added, That Udal told him another Time, than if they put him to Jilence, he would give the Bijhops fuch a Blow as they never had. Chatfield was called to witnefs thefe Things, but appeared not. Daulton faid he went out of the Way on purpofe. The Judge faid, Mr. Udal, You are glad of that. Mr. Udal an- fwered, my Lord, I wifh heartily he were here; for as I am fure he could never fay any Thing againft me to prove this Poinc •, To I am able to prove it to be true, that he is very lorry that he ever made any Complaint againft me, confefiing he did it in anger when Martin came firft out, and by their Suggeftions, whom 512 The HISTORY Chap. VIII. gueen whom he had proved fince to be very bad Men. Elizabeth, Mr udal added, That the Book was publifhed before ^Y^ this Converfation with Chatfield. The Examination of Nicolas Thompkitis before the Commiffwners was next produced. This 1ho?npkins was now beyond Sea, but the Paper faid, that Udal had told him, He was the Author. But Thompkins himfelf fent Word, that He would not for a iooo/. affirm any more, than that he had heard Udal fay, that m he would not doubt hut fet his Name to the Book if he had indifferent Judges. And when Udal offered to produce his WitnefTes, the Judge faid, 'That becaufe the Witnef- fes were againft the Queen's Majejly they could not be heard. The Confeflion of Henry Sharp of Northampton was then read, who upon Oath before the Lord Chan- cellor had declared, That he heard Mr. Penry fay, that Mr. Udal was the Author of the Demonstra- tion. This was the whole Evidence of the Fact upon which he was condemned, not a fingle living Wit- nefs was produced in Court •, fo that the Prifoner had no Opportunity to afk any Queftions, or refute the Evidence. And what Methods were ufed to extort thefe Confefiions may eafily be imagined from the Confeffors flying their Country, and then teftifying their Sorrow for what they had faid. To prove the Sedition, and bring it within the Sta- tute, the Council infifted upon his Threatning the Bi~ /hops, who being the Queen's Officers, it was con- ftrued a Threatning of the Queen her felf. The Pri- foner defired Liberty to explain the PalTage, and his Council infifted, that an Offence againft the Bi- Ihops was not Sedition againft tne Queen ; but the Judge gave it for Law, that They who [pake againft the Queen's Government in Caufes Ec cleft a Heal or her Laws, Proceedings, and Ecclefiaftical Officers, defamed the Queen her felf. Upon this the Jury were directed to find him guilty of the Faff, and the Judges took upon Chap. VIII. «/^Puritan§; 513 upon diem the Point of Law and condemned him as Queen a'Felon. Mr. Fuller confefTes, that the Ptoof againfl: Elizabctf,> him was not pregnant, for it was generally believed ^J^^ he writ not the Book, but only the Preface. TheyM>., udal might as well have condemned him without the Form condemned* of a Trial, for the Statute was undoubtedly flretchedB. IX. beyond the Intent of it, to reach his Life. He be-p-1?* haved modeftly and difcreedy at the Bar •, and having faid as much for himfelf as muft have fatisfied anv equitable Perfons, he fubmitted to the Judgment of the Court. Mr. Udal was cafb in the Summer Aflizes, 1590. but did not receive Sentence till the Lent afcer ; in the mean Time he was offered his Pardon, if he would fign the following Submifiion. " T John Udal have been heretofore, by due Courfey^" °f: «* JL of Law convicted of Felony, for penning or fet-Jer,bwz a «e ting forth a certain Book, called, The De?nonftration " ' «' of Difcipline, wherein falfe, flanderous, and feditious Scrype'j Matters are contained againfl her Majefty's Prero-^'7- P *«. gative Royal, her Crown and Dignity, and againfl the ( " Laws and Government Ecclefiaftical and Temporal " by Law eltablifh'd under her Highnefs, and tending " to theerecting a new Form of Government, contrary " to her faid Laws ; all which Points I do now perceive *c by the Grace of God, to be very dangerous to the ** Peace of this Realm and Church, feditious in the €t Commonwealth , • and infinitely offenfive to the " Queen's moft excellent Majefly ; fo as thereby I *' now feeing the grievoufnefs of my Offence, do " moft humbly on my Knees, before, and in this *' Prefence, fubmit my felf to the Mercy of her *' Highnefs, being mod forry that I have fo deeply " and worthily incurred her Majefty's Indignation »'. Queen : In his Letter of Nov. i ith. he fays, " I pray " you call to mind my tedious State of Imprifonment, "' " Words not altogether dutiful of certain Bifhops, " cannot but be extreme Cruelty, againit one that *c has endeavoured to mew himfelf a dutiful Subject, " and faithful Minifter of the Gofpel. " If all this prevail not. yet my Redeemer liveth/ '• to whom I commend my felf, and fay as fometime n Jeremiah faid in a Cafe not much unlike, Behold, I *c am in your Hands to do with ?ne whatfoever feemeih U good unto you '> but know you this, that if you put me M to Death you Jhall bring innocent Blood upon your own • 376. " to be governed ecclefiaftically by Minifters, af- 44 fifted by Elders, as in the foreign reformed 44 Churches. 5. " I believe the Cenfures of the Church ought 4< merely to concern the Soul, and may not impeach 44 any Subject, much Jefs any Prince, in liberty of 44 Body, Goods, Dominion, or any earthly Privi- 44 lege ; nor do I believe that a Chriftian Prince 44 ought otherwife to be fubject to Church Cenfures, 44 than our gracious Queen profeffes her felf to be 44 to the Preaching of the Word and the Admini- 44 ftration of the Sacraments." tuitions With this Declaration of his Faith he fent an hum- tobeba- ble Requeft, That if her Majefty would not graci- vified, oufly be pleafed to pardon him, (he would change his Sentence into Banijhment, that the Land might Fuller, not be charged with his Blood. King James of Scot' B. IX. iand wrjt to the Queen, rcquefting tnoft earneftly, ^' *°3' that for the fake of his Inter cejfwn, Udal might be re- lieved of his prefent Strait, promifmg to do the like for her Majefty in any Matter fhe fhould recommend to him. The Turkey Merchants alfo offered to fend him as Chaplain to one of their Factories abroad* 3 ' it Chap. VIII. o///^Puritans, 519 if he might have his Life and Liberty ; which Queen Udal contented to, as appears by his Letter to Elizabeth, the Lord Treafurer, in which he lays, *« Lament- yl^lt " able is my Cafe , having been three Years in U Durance, which makes me humbly defire your «c Lordmip's Favour, that I may be releafed from " my Imprifonment, the Turkey Merchants having from thence they were returned again to the Star-Chamber^ and a Bill was exhibited againft them \yith 20 Arti- n.t. 4. cles 5 Chap. VIII. of the Puritans.- £23 cles -, in Anfwer to which they maintain, That their Queen .AfTociations were very ufeful, and not forbidden byElizabetha any Law of the Realm ; that they exercifed no ^ii^ Jurifdiftion, nor moved any Sedition, nor tranf- ^*^ acted any Affairs in them, but with a due Regard to their Duty ro their Prince, and to the Peace of the Church ; that they had agreed upon fome Regula- tions to render their Miniftry more edifying, buc all was voluntary, and in breach of no Law ; and as for the Oath, they refufed it not in Contempt of the Court, but as contrary to the Laws of God and Nature. But this Anfwer not being fatisfactory they werer% c< Caufes, as well Ecclefiaftical as Civil, in as large \J^.^ " and ample Manner as ic is agnized by the High " Ase- . w^ •« Thus have we declared, right gracious Sove- " reign, truly and fincerely, as we will anlwer it " before God, and to your Majefty upon our Alle- " giance, what Judgment we are of concerning the " Matters informed againft us ; and further teftify, " that no Minifter within this Land defiring a fur- to others. Mr. Ca-wdery, late Minifter of Luffingbam in ^Jj^y Suffolk^ had been fufpended by the Bifhop of London for powers cf refufing the Oath ex Officio ', but not acquiefcing in hlstle Com- Lordfhip's Sentence, the Bifhop fummoned him be-m'Jp:>::ys fore the High CommifTioners, who deprived him for \ ' m c? * i * Ail* v.vS'W* Non Conformity and lack of Learning, and gave away^ " », his Living to another, though Mr. Cawdery was onec?/?. of the mod learned Clergymen, and belt Preachers in the Country, and offered to give Proof of his Learning before his Judges. When this would not be accepted he pleaded with Tears his Wife and eight poor Children that had no Maintenance, but the Hearts of the CommifTioners not being mollified, Mr. Cawdery was advifed to appeal to the Court of Ex- HeyUIifr. chequer, and ferve a Subpoena upon the Chaplain thatPfesb- had Poffefiion of his Living ; here the Jurifdiction of ^ : the Court was argued before all the Judges in Hilary Term, 159 1. Dr. Aubrey the Civilian confefTed, that their Proceedings were not warrantable by the Letter of the Statute primo Eliz. but were built upon the old Canon Law (till in force ; though it has been fhewn that their Proceeding by way of Inquifition was war- ranted by no Law at ali ; but the Judges confirmed the Proceedings of the Court, and left Mr. Ca-wdery with his large Family to ftarve as a Layman. The Suit cofl Mr. Cawdery's Friends a round Sum of Mo- ney, befides two and twenty Journies which he made to London. But it was a brave Stand for the Rights of the Subject, and ftagger'd the Archbifhop fo much, that he declined the Bufinefs of the Commiffion afterwards, and lent molt of his Prifoners to the Star- Chamber. While thefe Caufes were in Debate fundry Books were writ for and againft the Oath ex Officio ; among others Mr. Morrice, Attorney of the Courc of Wards, and Member of Parliament, writ a learned Treatiie to prove, that no Prelates, or Ecclefiaftical Judges, M m 4 have 536 The HISTORY Chap. VIII. gueen have Authority to compel any Subject of the Land to Elizabeth, an q^j^ excepC in Caufes Teftamentary or Matri- \Js\f^j monial ; and he gives thefe Reafons for it, (i.) Be- jur. Actor- caufe it is agamft the Word of God. (2.) It was rey Mor- never allowed by any general Council for a thoufand rice sAr- Years after Chrift. (3.J It was forbidden by the gumtnts p Emperors againft the Chriftians. (4.) 'Tis #rr aw tt the » * > r\ i • ^ r 'Vtt cathtx againft the rope s Decretals except in Cafes of He- Offitio. rely, fc? uhi periculum eft Accufatori, and not other- L.ofW'hh- wife. (5.) 'Tis againft the Laws of the Realm. gifc.p.5 59- And, (6.) Becaufe it is againft the Queen's Preroga- tive. Morrice's Book was anfwer'd by Dr. Cofins a Civilian, in his Apology for the Ecclefiaflical Proceedings ; to which Morrice had prepared a Reply, but the Archbifhop hearing of it, fent for him, and forbid the Publication. The Attorney complained of this Ufage to the Treafurer in thefe Words ; " Cofins " may write at his Pleafure of Ecclefiaftical Courts i( without Check or Controulment, though never " fo erroneoufly *, but I poor Man, fuch is my ill " Hap, may not maintain the right Caufe of Ju- " ftice without fome blot or blemifh." But this was his Grace's fhorteft Way of ending Controverfies. Many °f Though Mr. Cartwright and his Brethren above- tlxe Bre~ , mentioned had the Refolution to lie in Gaol for two t ren a e Years, rather than take the Oath ex Officio, others ,: out of Weaknefs, or fome other Principle, yielded ifc : m.t0 'r' anc* difcovered their Clafjes, with the Names of thofe that were prefent at them : Among thefe were Mr. SlGne, Rector of Warkton in Northamptonfhire ; Mr. Henry Ah >ey> Fellow of St. John's, Cambridge \ Mr. Thomas Edmunds, Mr. William Perkins, Mr. Littleton, Johnfon, Barhar, Cleavely and Nutter. And <#/b- Thefe Divines confelled upon Examination, that vorttyir t^ey nacj fevera] Meetings with their Brethren in y"° *■' London, at the Houfes of Mr. Travers, Egerton, Gardner, and Barbar ; that there had been AfTem- blies of Minifters ar Cambridge, Northamptonflrire and Warwick/lire , that at theie Meetings there were ufually Chap. VIII. of the Puritans. 537 ily between 12 an I 24 Minifters prefent ; that gaee* they had a Moderator ; thar tney begun and ended Elizaoeth, with Prayer j and that their ufuaJ Debates were, i59tij how far they might comply wich the Eftabliihment ^'^ rather than forego their Miniftry •, here they revifed their Book of Difcipline, and confulted of peaceable Me- thods in Subordination to the Laws for promoting a Re- t formation in the Church, and how far they mighc exercife their own Platform in the mean Time: But: the worft Part of their Confeflion was their difcover- ing the Names of the Brethren that were prefent, which brought them into trouble. The Reafons they gave for taking the Oath were, (1.) Becaufe it was adminifter'd by a lawful Magiftrate. (2.) Be- caufe the Magiilrate had a Right to fearch out the Truth in Matters relating to the publick Safety. (3.) Becaufe it was impoffible to keep Things any longer fecret, many Letters of the Brethren having been intercepted. (4.) Becaufe there was nothing criminal in their AiTemblies, and the Magiftrate might fufpect worfe Things of them than were true; and though their ConfefTions might bring fome into trouble, they might deliver others that were fufpect- ed. How far thefe Reafons will juftify the Confef- fors, I leave with the Reader ; but 'lis certain they purchafed their own Liberties at the Expence of their Breihrens •, for they had the Favour to bedif- mifTed, and lived without Difturbance afterwards. To render the Puritans odious to the Publick, &]\Executkn Enthufiajls without Difb'nction were ranked among "/Hackee them •, even Racket and his two Prophets, ArlbingtonStry^s and Coppinger : Hacket was a blafphemous, ignorant Ann' Wretch, that could not fo much as read ; he pre-Vo1, * tended to be King Jefus, and to fet up his Empire inp* the room of the Queen's, who fhefaidj was no lon- ger to be Queen of England : He defaced her Maje- ily's Arms, and dabbed her Picture through wich his Dagger, in the Houfe where he lodged. Being apprehended and put upon the Rack, he confefTed every 538 The HISTORY Chap. VIII. I Queen every Thing they would have him, and upon his Elizabeth, Xrial pleaded Guilty, declaring he was moved ihere- \J29l^j unto by the Spirit ; he was hanged July 1 8th. and The Puri- died raving like a Madman. Coppinger ftarved him- iznsnot felf in Prifon, but Arthington lived to recover himfelf concerned and Was pardoned. Dr. Nichols fays, that by the Sol- with few-ijcitations 0f thefe Men the Puritans ftirred up the Peircei people to Rebellion, their Defign being communi- ' cated to Car tzar ight, Egerton and Wigginton •, whereas there was not a tingle Puritan concerned with them. B. IX. Fuller the Hiftorian fpeaks candidly of the Matter ; p.j86. a ^his Bufinefs of Racket (fays he) happen'd unfea- " fonably for the Prefbyterians ; true it is, they as " cordially detefted his Blafphemies as any of the " Epifcopal Party ; and fuch of them as loved " Hacket the Non-Conformift, abhorred Hacket the " Heretick, afcer he had mounted to fo high a their refufal to degrade deprive and ifiiprifon them at Pleafure, and not to releafe them till they had complied. At the fame time he offered two B lis to the Houfe ; Bill a- one againft the Oath ex Officio, and the other ag?.ini\ gahfi their illegal Imprifonments ; which laft he [ rayed them- might be read prefently. Sir Francis Knollys feconded the Attorney and faid, " That in his Opinion thefer. o/Whitv f' Abufesought to be reformed ; and that if the Pre-girtjP-38S. £c lates had atted againft Law they were in a Presmp- " yiire. Fie added, that after the Reformation of " King Henry VIII. no Bimop practifed Superiority " over his Brethren ; that in King Edward Vlthfs " Time a Statute was made, that Bifiiops mould " keep their Courts in the King's Name ; and that " though this Statute was repealed by Queen Mary, " and not fince revived, yet it was doubtful what xa to be tc Authority Bifhops had to keep Courts in their own kept in the " Name, becaufe it was manifeftly againft the Prero-BVs-mme' 16 gaiive that any Subject fhould hold a Court, sC without exprefs Warrant from the Crown. If it <{ was faid, They kept their Courts by J?refcription, " or £4o ^HISTORY Chap. VIII. gueen " or by the Statute of King Henry VIII. which gives Elizabeth," Bifhops the fame Rule under the King as they had ^l^llj " under the Pope, he anfwered, That there was a Marriage, Lay- Preaching, &c. from which they vin-i^J-^l/ cheated themfelves in a very folid and judicious Reply, M s, fhewing how far they difowned, and with what Limi-p. 850. tations they acknowledged the Charge. But the Bifhops oblerving no Meafures with thhrhelr Veti- People, they ventured to lay their Cafe before'-"" i0 the the Lords of the Council in an humble Petition, Comcl -^ wherein they fay, that " Upon a careful Examination tryp^/j " of the Holy Scriptures, we find the Englijh Hie-U\t_ ' 9^ " rarchy to be diflbnant from Chrifl's Inflitution, and 97. " to be derived from Antichrift, being the fame the <« Pope left in this Land, to which we dare not fub- «« ject our felves. — — — We further find, that God " has commanded all that believe the Gofpel to walk " in that holy Faith and Order which he has appoint- te ed in his Church ; wherefore in the Reverend " Fear of his Name we have joined our felves toge- " of us the Space of 2 Tears and a half, upon the Bi- ,JJ^^, ueen te we might provide fuch Relief by our Diligence Elizabeth," ancj Labours as might preferve Life, totheCom- K^\r^> " fQrC both °f our Souls and Bodies." ■ Signed by your poor Supplicants in the following Prifons ; In the Gate-Houfe. John Gualter, John Nicolas, John Barnes, John Grawford, Thomas Conadyne, Thomas Reeve, William Dod/bowe, Father Debnam, Edmund Thompfon, Thomas Freeman. In the Fleet. Henry Barrowe, John Greenwood, Daniel Studley, Robert Badkyne, Walter Lane, In Newgate. William Deptford, Widow B or rough, Roger Water er. In Bridewel. William Broomal, James Forrejler, Antony Claxton, Nic, Lec^ John Francis, IVilliam Foreftery John Clarke, John Fijher, John Bucer, Roger Rippon, Robert Andrews, Richard Skadet, Luke Hayes, Richard Maltujfe, Richard Umberfield, William Fowlery William Burt, William Hutton. In the Clink. George Collier, John Sparrow, Edmund Nicolfon, Chriftopher Browne, Thomas Mitchel, Andrew Smith, William Blackborrow, Thomas Lemare, Chrijlopher Raper, Quintin Smith. In the White Lion, Thomas Legal, Edmund MarJJj, Antony Joh'nes, Cook Chap. VIII. of the P ■ Cook, ■ Auger. ' "Woodftreet Compter. George Snells, Chrijtopher Bowman, Robert Jack/on. In the Poultry Compter. Rowlet Skipwith, George King ft one, Thomas Eyneworth, Richard Hayward, John Lancafter. In all S9 Prifoners deceafed. URITANS. 553 Out of Woodftreet Co mp- $?<*» ter> Elizabeth, George Dinghtie. Out of Newgate. Richard Jack/on, Widow Mainard, "Widow Row, Nic. Crane, Thomas Stephens. Out of the Clink. Henry Thompfon, jferom Studley. Out of Bridewel. O#/0/7^PoultryCompter. John Pardy. John Chaundler. In all 10 Among the Names fubfcribed to this Petition is Barrowe*/ Mr. Henry Barrowe, an ingenious and learned Man, s*#//«i- butof a very warm Spirit, as appears by his Book, cn-i7c"fora titled, A brief Difcovery of falfe Churches, printed i^o.Co^ereme' and reprinted 1 707. This Gentleman having been fe- StlTPe * veral Years in Prifbn, fent another Supplication to theu"' ° * Attorney General and Privy Council for a Conference with 1 7 5# the Bifhops, or that their Minifters might be confer'd with in their hearing, without Taunts of Railings, for fearching out the Truth in love ; " If it be ob- *' jedted [fays Barrowe'] that none of our Side are *c worthy to be thus difputed with, we think we *' fhall prove the contrary ; for there are three or ct four of them in the City of London, and more elfe- *( where, who have been zealous Preachers in the " Parifh 554 rhe H I S T O R Y Chap. VIII. gueen €c Parifh Afiemblies, and are not ignorant of the Elizabeth, « Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Tongues, nor otherwife sJ>l^hf " unlearned, and generally confeffed to be of honeft , " Converfation. Jf this Motion takes effect the " rifeth there would be no End of Difputations." ^J^oLf Thus thefe pious and confcientious Perfons, after a ^^ long and illegal Imprifonment, were abandoned to the Severity of an unrighteous Law ; fome of them being publickly executed as Felons, and others pro- fcribed and fent into Banimment. Among the former were, Mr. Barrowe, Gent, of Mr- Bar- Grafs Inn, Mr. Greenwood and Penry Minifters ; the^°^e s two firft had been in Prifon fome Years, and fe-^/^*,' veral Times before the Commiffiioners ; their Examina- tions writ by themfelves are now before me. Barrows was apprehended at the Clink Prifon in Southward where he went to vifit his Brother Greenwood ; he was carried immediately to Lambeth, where rhe Archbifhop would have examined him upon the Oath ex Officio, but he refufed to take it, or to fwear at all upon the Bible •, but (fays hej by God's Grace I will anfwer nothing but the Truth. So the Archbifhop took a Paper of Interrogatories into his Hand and afked him, i. JVh ether the Lord's Prayer might be ufed in the Church ? He anfwered, That in his Opinion it was rather a Summary than a Form ; and not finding it ufed by the Apoftles, he thought it mould not be conftantly ufed by us. 2. Whether Forms of Prayer may be ufed in the Church ? He anfwered, That none fuch ought to be impofed. 3. Whether the Common Prayer be idolatrous or fuperftitious ? He anfwered, That in his Opinion it was fo. 4. Whether the Sacra- ments of the Church are true Sacraments and Seals of the Favour of God? He anfwered, He thought as they were publickly adminifter'd they were not. .5. Whe- ther the Laws of the Church are good ? He anfwered, That many of them were unlawful and Antichriftian. 6. Whether the Church of England is a true Church ? He anfwered, That as it was now formed it was not ; yet that there are many excellent good Chriftians of it. 7. Whether the Queen be fupreme Governor of the Church, 5S6 ^HISTORY Chap. VIII. gueen Church, and may make Laws for it ? He anfwered, Elizabeth, Tnac the Queen was fupreme Governor of the Church, <1^^ but might not make Laws other than Chrift had left ^* in his Word. 8. Whether a private Per/on may reform if the Prince negletls it? He anfwered, That no private Perfons might reform theState, but they are to abftain from any unlawful Thing commanded by the Prince. 9. Whether every particular Church ought to have a Pref- bytery ? He anfwered in the Affirmative. After this Examination he was remanded to clofe Prifon, and denied a Copy of his Anfwers, though he earneflly defired ic. uls fecond His next Examination was before the Archbifhop, Examina- the Lord Chancellor, Lord Treafurer, Lord Buckhurji, tlm' and the Bifhop of London, at Whitehall, where he found 12 of his Brethren in the fame Circumftances with himfeif, but was not admitted to fpeak to them. Being called into another Room and kneeling down at the End of the Table, the Lord 'Treafurer fpoke to him thus. Treaf. Why are you in Prifon ? Bar- rowe, Upon the Statute againft Recufants. Treasurer, Why will you not go to Church ? Barrowe, Becaufe I think the Church of England as eftablifhed by Law not a Church of Chrift, nor their Manner of Wor- ship lawful. After a long Debate on this Head the Treafurer faid, You complain of Injuftice, where have you Wrong ? Barrowe, In being kept in Prifon without due Trial ; and in the Mifery we fuf- fer by a clofe Imprifonment contrary to Law. The Archbifhop faid, he had matter to call him before him for an Heretick. Barrowe replied, That you mall never do, 1 may err, but Heretick by the Grace of God I will never be. It beinor obferved that he did not pay fuch Reverence to the Archbifhop and Bifhop of London as to the temporal Lords, the Chancellor afked him, If he did not know thofe two Men, point- ing to the Bijhops. To which he anfwered, That he had caufe to know them, but did not own them for fjord Bijhops, Being then afked by what Name he 1 would Chap. VIII. of the P u r i t a n si 557 would call the Archbifhop •, he replied, That he was §&ee* a Monjler, a Perfecutor, a Compound of he knew not E]iz*beth, what, neither Ec cleft afiical nor Civil, like the fecond sJryJ^f Beaft fpoken of in the Revelations : Upon which the Archbifhop rofe out of his Place, and with a fevere Countenance laid, My Lords, Will you fuffer him ? So he was plucked off his Knees, and carried away. Mr. Greenwood the Minifter was examin'd after ^2^ of the fame Manner before the Archbifhop of Canter-Mr\ ar" bury, the Bifhops of London andlVinchefter, the Lords Qrl&n- Chiefjffftices, the Lord Chief Baron, and the Majler wood, of the Rolls : He Had Interrogatories put to him as <"^ «***". Barrowe had, but refufed to fwear, and made much the fame Anfwer with the other. At length, on the 2 1 ft of March, 1592. they together with Saxio Bel- lot, Gent. Daniel Studley, Girdler, and Robert Bowlle, Fimmonger, were indicted at the Seffions Houfe in ^ the Old-Bailey, upon the Statute of 23 Eliz. Forwri- * ting and publijhing fundry feditious Books and Pamphlets, tending to the Slander of the Shieen and Government : Though they had only writ againft the Church ; but this was the Archbifhop's artful Contrivance, to throw off the Odium of their Death from him- felf to the Civil Magiftrate •, for as the Reverend and Learned Mr. Hugh Broughton writes,' fi Though Brougfc- •' Mr. Barrowe and Greenwood were condemned for101**1 c< Difturbance of the State ; yet this would have""'*'' " been pardon'd, and their Lives fpared, if they fundry Divines were appointed to perfuade them to recant ; but not fucceeding, they were brought in a Cart to Tyburn on the laft of March, and expofed under the Gallows for fome Time to the Barrowe People, to fee if the Terrors of Death would af- <»MiGreen- fright them •, but remaining conftant, they were wo°d exe' brought back to Newgate, and on the Sixth of April, carried a fecond Time to Tyburn and executed. At the Place of Execution they gave fuch Teftimo- nies of their unfeigned Piety towards God, and Loy- alty to the Queen, praying fo earneftly for her long and profperous Reign, that when Dr. Reynolds, who attended them, reported their Behaviour to her Ma- jefty, fhe repented that me had yielded to their Death. They had been in clofe Prifon ever fince the Year 1590. expofed to all the Severities of Cold, Hunger, and Nakednefs, which Mr. Barrowe reprefented in a Supplication to the Queen, already mentioned, con- cluding with an earned Defire of Deliverance from their prefent Miferies, though it were by Death ; but the Archbiihop intercepted the Paper, and en- deavour'd to prevent the Knowledge of their Condi- tion from coming to the Queen's Ear : Upon this Mr. Barrowe expos'd his Grace's Behaviour towards miferable Men, in a Letter to one Mr. Fifher, where- Barrowe'/ in he charges him " with abufing the Queen's Cle- Lettet a- *« mency by falfe Informations and Suggeftions •, gawftthe " and with artful Difingenuity, in committing fo tjoop* t( marjy jnr]OCent Men to Bridewel, the Compter., New- " gate* the Whits Lyon and the Fleet, and Imen port- Chap. VIII. c/^Puritans. 559 *'* ing them to the Civil Magiftrate to takeoff the Cla- Queen u mourof the People from hi mfelf. Hefays, That heEll2abeth» " had deftin'd himjelf and his Brother Greenwood, to ^J-l^^ ** Death, and others to be kept in clofe Prifon ; *' their poor Wives and Children to be caft out of the 46 City, and their Goods to be confifcated. Is not " this a Chriftian Bifhop ( fays he) Are thefe thereof " Virtues of him who takes upon him the Care and Go- Whkgifr, " vernment of all the Churches of the Land, totearP-416* ea" ecuted for the fame Crime, in a cruel and inhuman1^* H^ Manner. He was a pious and learned Man, well dif- pofed to Religion ( fays Mr. Strype ) but miftaken in his Principles, and hot in his Temper %; a zealous Platformer, and a declared Enemy of the Archbi- fhop. He was born in the County of Brecknock, and educated firft at Cambridge, and afterwards in Sr. Albany-Hall, Oxford, where he proceeded M. A. 1586. and entered into Holy Orders, being well acquaint- ed with Arts and Languages. He preach'd in both Univerfities with Applaufe, and afterwards travel- ling into Wales, was the firft ( as he faid ) that preach'd the Gofpel publickly to the Welch, and lowed the good Seed among his Countrymen. In the 560 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VIII. gueen the Year 1588. he publifh'd a View of fuch publick Elizabeth, iyants and Dijorders as are in her Majejiy's Country of v^-vrx/ Wales, with an humble Petition to the High Court of Parliament for their Redrefs : Wherein is ihewed not only the Neceffity of reforming the State of Reli- gion among that People, but alfo the only way in regard of Subftance to bring that Reformation to pafs. He alfo publifhed an Exhortation to the Gover- nors and People of her Majefty's Country of Wales, to labour earnejlly to have the preaching of the G of pel plant- ed among them. Printed 1588. Prodama- vVhen Martin -mar -prelate, and the other fatyrical preheld Pamphlets againft the Bifhops were publifh'd, a fpe- bwt. cial Warrant was ifiued out from the Privy Council, 1590. under feveral of their Hands, whereof the Archbifhop's was one, to feize and apprehend Mr. Penry, as an Enemy of the State ; and that all the Queen's good Subjects fhould take him fo to be. To avoid being taken he retired into Scotland, where he continued till this prefent Year 1593. Here he made many Obfervations of Things relating to Religion, for his own private Ufe ; and at length prepared the Heads of a Petition, or an Addrefs to the Queen, to fhew her Majefty the true State of Religion, and how ignorant fhe was of many Abufes in the Life of Church of England, efpecially in the Manage- Whitgift, ment; 0f Ecclefiaftical Matters ; and likewife to in- P-4-9* terceed for fo much Favour, that he might by her Authority, have Liberty to go into Wales, his native Country, to preach the Gofpel. With this Petition he came from Scotland, refolvingto finifh and deliver it with his own Hand, as he fhould find Oppor- ffe is takextumty ; but upon his Arrival he was fcized with his Papers in Stepney Parifh, by the Information of the Vicar, in the Month of May, and arraign- ed, condemn'd and executed haftily, the very fame Month. The Heads of the Petition, taken upon him, were as follow, " The lafl: Days of your Reign " are Chap. VIII. o/^PuRlTAMsS 561 "' are turned rather againft Jcfus Chrift and his ^*een " Gofpel, than to the Maintenance of the fame. Eltza&ecfc, " I have great Caufe of Complaint, Madam \ fiay,^J2^L^ «« the Lord and his Church have Caufe to complain #/, Peti. *' of your Government becaufe we your Subj cts, tion whs «' this Day are noc permitted to ferve our God un e r %2 enun- «* your Government according to his Word^ bur arc^M^* *' fold to be Bondflaves, not only ro our Affi&c"ti- «' ons, to do what we \vill, fo that we keep our M lelves within the Compafs of eftablifhed pivil *' Laws, but alio to be Servants to the Man of Sin «* [trie Pope] and his Ordinances. M It is not tne Force that we feem to fear that rifiof *« will come upon us ( for the Lord may deftroy both Whitgift, " you for denying, and us for flack leeking of his^'4'1' ftt Will ) by Strangers : I come unto you wich it : " If you will h^ar it, our Caufe may be eafed j .if " not, that Pofterity may know that you have " been dealt with, and that this Age may know «« that there is no Expectation to be look'd for at *c your Hands. " Among the reft of the Princes under the Gof- *6 pel, that have been drawn to oppofe it you muft " tnink your felf to be one ; for until- you fee this, " now they are ready to defend them to be the " Lord's, and that he has no other Tabernacle " upon Earth but them. Our Brethren then durft *' not temporize in the Caufe of God, becauie the •• Lord Chap. VIII. cf the Puritans. 563 11 Lord ruled, himfelf in his Church, Sy his own 4W# «* Laws, in a good Meafure ; but now behold ! they£1,:ia'',?** *c may do what they will, for any Sword that fche.^^., '•* Cnurch has to draw aganft them, if they contain ^^ V themfelves within your Laws. *' This Peace, under thofe Conditions, we cannot *c enjoy ; and therefore, for any Thing I can fee, ts Queen Mary's Days will be fet up again, or we *« muft needs temporize. The whole Truth -ve |S muft not fpeak ; the whole Truth we muft not * profefs. Your State muft have a Stroke above the ** Truth of God. M Now, Madam, your Majefty may confider " what good the Church of God hath taken at your M Hands, even outward Peace with the Ablence yteries, with full Power to give Collation there- " upon ; and to order all Matters and Cauies Eccle* " fiaftical within their Bounds, according to the " Difcipline of the Kirk. " Further, the Act ratifies and confirms all former " Acts of Parliament in favour of Kirk Difcipline, and '_' declares, That it mail be lawful for the Kirk and cc Minifters to hold General Afiemblies once a Year, 7 or oftner if NeceflUy require, the King's Com- mifiioner being prefent if his Majefty pleafes. It ratifies and approves of Provincial and Synodal Afiemblies twice a Year within every Province j and of Prefbyteries and particular Seflions appoint- " ed by the Kirk, witr^ the whole Difcipline and tc Jurifdiction of the fame. Provincial AfTemblies £C have Power to redrefs all Things omitted or done " amifs in the particular Aflemblies, to depofe the feveral Champions appear- ed about this Time for the Caufe of Epifcopacy, as' Dr. Bilfon, Bancroft, Bridges, Cofms, Soarn, and Dr. Adrian Sararid, a Spaniard, but beneficed in the Church of England: This lait was anfwered by Beza ; Bridges was anfwered by Fenner, Cofins by Morricr" and Bilfon by Bradjhaw, though the Prefs was fhut againft the Puritans. Bur the mofl celebrated Performance, -and of great- Account of eft Note, was Mr. Hooker's Ec cleft aft Heal Polity, ' itfHooker'* eight Bo-ks ; the four firft of which were publifhed>£^/i>0%- this Year 5 the fifth in the Year 1597. and the three L:j/Whlt" laft not till many Years after his Death, for which §; C>MZI* Reafon fome have fufpecled them to be interpolated, though they were depofitSd in the Elands of Arch- bifhop Abbot, from whofe Copy they were printed, about the beginning of the Civil Wars. This is eftec med the moft learned Defence of the Church of England, wherein all that would be acquainted with ts Conftitucibn (fays a learned Prelate) may fee up- 2 on 572 Queen Elizabeth, IS94- General Maxims contained in it. The HISTORY CJtap.VIH. on what Foundation it is built. Mr. Hooker begun his Work while Majter of the Temple, but meeting with fome Trouble, and many Interruptions in that Place, the Archbifhop, at his Requeft, removed him to Bo/cum in the Diocefe of Salijbury, and gave him a minor Prebend in that Church ; here he finifhed his four firft Books -, from thence he was removed to the Parfonage of Bijhopjborn in Kent, about 3 Miles from Canterbury, where he finifhed his Work and his Life, in the Year 1600. and 47th Year of his Age. The chief Principles upon which this learned Au- thor proceeds, are, 1. " That though the Holy Scriptures are a per- " feci Standard of Doctrine, they are not a Rule of " Difcipline or Government. 2. " Nor is the Practice of the Apoftles an inva- " riable Rule or Law to the Church in fucceeding " Ages, becaufe they acted according to the Cir- cumftances of the Church in its infant and perfecu* ted State. 3. " Neither are the Scriptures a Rule of human Actions fo far, as that whatsoever we do in Mat- ters of Religion without their exprefs Direction or Warrant is Sin, but many Things are left indiffe- rent. i< cc fares being purely fuch ; but later Ages have wrought ^Ji^^the Civil Powers into her Conftitution, and kept Men within her Pale by all the Terrors of this World, as Fines , Imprijonments, Bani/hmentsy Fire and Sword. 'Tis the peculiar Excellency of the Go- fpel Worfhip to be plain and fimple, free from the Yoke of Jewi/h Ceremonies ; but the Antichriftian Powers thinking this a Defect, have loaded it with numberlefs Ceremonies cf their own Invention ; and though there are Laws in Scripture fufficient for the Direction of the Church, as cor ftituted by Cnrifl and his Apoftles, they have thought fit to add fo many Volumes of Ecclefiaftical Laws, Canons, and In- junctions, as have confounded, if not fubverted the Laws of Cnrift. But if Men confidered the Church as a Spiritual Body, conftituted by Cnrift its fole Lawgiver for fpiritual Purpofes, they would then f-.e that it had .no Concern with their Civil Prdperies and Eftates 5 nor any Power to force Men to be of its Communion by the Pains and Penalties of this World. The Laws of the New Teitament would appear fufficient for the Well-being of fuch a Society j and in Cafes where there are no particular Laws or Injunctions, that it is -the Will of Chrift and his Apoftles there mould be Liberty and Forbearance ; tnere would then be no Occafion for Cbri/tian Courts fas they are called) nor for the Interpofiiion oF human Authority* any further than to keep t e Peace Upon the whole, as fir as any Churcn is governed by the Laws and Precepts of the N^w Teitament it is certainly a Cfiurch of Chr ft ; bur when it lets up its own By- Laws as Terms of Communion, or works the Laws of the Civil Magiftrate into its Conftitution, it is fo far a Creature of the Sate. Mr. Hooker9 b two laft Proportions are ihconMent ■with the firft Principles of the Reformation, {viz.) . that Ail that are born, within the Confines of nan eftablifb- Chap. VIII. of the Puritans; $j$ ed Churchy and are baptized into i(p are bound to fubmit $?ee" to its Ecclefiafiical Laws under fuch Penalties as the Ellzabetfca Church inherWifdomfhall direfi. Muft I then be of J^y^ the Religion of the Country where I am born ? That is, at Rome 2, Papiftj in Saxony a Lutheran ; in Scot- land a Prefbyterian ■, and in England a Diocefan Pre- latift ; and this under fuch Penalties as the Church in her Wifdom fhall think fit ? Muft I believe as the Church believes, and fubmit to her Laws right or wrong ? Have I no Right as a Man and a Chriflian, to judge and act for my felf, as long as I continue a dutiful and faithful Subject to my Prince ? Surely re- ligious Principles and Church Communion mould be the Effect of Examination and a deliberate Choice, or they lofe their Name, and muft degenerate into Hypocrify or Atheifm. From general Principles Mr. Hooker proceeds to vindicate the particular Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, and to clear them from the Exceptions of the Puritans, which will eafily be done when he has proved, that the Church has a Difcrelionary Power to appoint what Ceremonies, and efiablijb what Order foe thinks fit ; he may then vindicate not only the Cere- monies g£ the Church of England, but all thofe of Rome, for no doubt that Church apprehends all their Ceremonies conducive to her Well-being, and not ia- confident with the Laws of Chrift. This Year died Dr. John Aylnier, Bifhop of London, Death if whofe Character has been iufficienUy drawn in this Ay,merJ» Hiftory j he was born m Norfolk, educated in Cam-B'-^°f bridge, and in Queen Mary's Reign an Exile for Reli- onuOP" gion ; he was fuch a little Man, that Fuller fays, Fuller'* when the Searchers were clearing the Ship in which ^r/^'w3 he made his Efcape, the Merchant put him into a ' « great Wine Butt that had a Partition in the middle, fo that Mr. Aylmer fat enclofed in the hinder Parr, while the Searchers drank of the Wine which they faw drawn out of the Head on the other Part ; he was of an active, bufy Spirit, quick in his tan" guagc. 576 The H I S f O R V Chap. VIII. Queen guage, and after his Advancement of a flout and di- Ehzabeth, gant Behaviour: In his younger Days he was in- y^y^ clined to Puritanifm, but when he was made a Bilhop he became a refolute Champion of the Hierarchy, and a bitter Perfecutor of his former Friends. In his latter Days he was very covetous, and a little too lax in his Morals: He ufually played at Bowls on Sun- days in the Afternoons ; and ufed fuch Language aC his Game, as juftly expofed his Character to Re- proach ; but with all thefe Blemifhes, the Writer of his Life (Mr. Stripe) will have him a learned, pious, and humble Bimop. He died at Fulham, June 3. 1594. in the y^.:h Year of his Age. 'x$9S» Aylmer was fucceeded oy Dr. Fletcher Bimop of tiehfm- Worcejier, who in his primary Vifitation gave out 27 ceeded by Articles 0f Enquiry to the Church Wardens concern- Fletcher *n§ ^eir P,eac^ers » as» Whether they prayed for the Queen as f preme Head over all Perfons and Cau- fes within her Dominions, Ecclefiaftical and Tempo- ral — ? Whether they were learned or frequent- ed Convem;cles — — or taught Innovations — — or commended tne new Difcipline --- or fpoke in Dero- gation of any part of tne Common Prayer — or did not adminifter the Sacrament in their owi* Perfons at Who perfe- certain Times of the Year ? &c; By thefe, and fuch cutes the fike Enquiries, the Prifons that had been lately uncans. c]eatT(^ were fi:lel again; for by an Account fenc to the Queen from the Ecclefiaftical Commifiioners to- wards the Clofe of this Year, it appears that in the Mar/ha! lea, Newgate, the Gate-Houfe, B'idewd, the Fleet, the Compters* the White Lion, and the King's Bench, there were 89 Prifoners for Rel gion ; iome Popiih Recufanrs, and the reft Proreftant Non-Con- fbrmifts •, of whom 24 had been ' omtrmted by the Ecclefiaftical Commiffion, and the reft by the Coun- cil and the Bifhops Courts. But his Lordjbip's Pro- ceedings were quickly interrupted, by his falling un- der her Majefty's D'fpleafure a Few Months after his Tianflation, for marrying a iecond Wife,- which the Queen Chap. VIII. of the Puritans; $jj Queen looked upon as indecent in an elderly Clergy- §ueen man ; for this (he banifhed him the Court, andcom-ElizaDtths manded the Archbifhop to fufpend him from his Bi- , ^ll9JLj lhoprick •, but after fix Months, her Majefly being >- a little pacified, ordered his Sufpenfion to be raken off, but would never admit him into her Prefence, which had fuch an Influence upon his great Spirit, as was thought to haften the Death, which happen'd the next Year, as he was fetting in his Chair fmoak- ing a Pipe of Tobacco. The Year following he was fucceeded by Dr. Bancroft, the great Adverfary of the Puritans. Thefe violent Proceedings of the Bifhops drove A»d drives great Numbers of the Brawnifts into Holland, where them into their Leaders, Mr. John/on, Mr. Smith, Mr. AinJ- Holland« ivortb> Mr. Robinfon, Mr. Jacobs and others were gone before-hand, and with the leave of the States were erecting Churches after their own Model at Amjler- dam, Amheim, Middleburgh, Leyden, and other Pla- ces. The Church at Amjlerdam had like to have been torn in pieces at firft by interline Divifions, bur. afterwards flourifhed under a Succeffion of Parlors for above a hundred Years. Mr. Robin/on, Pallor of the Church zzj^ejden, firft flruck out the Congregational or Independent Form of Church Government, and at length part of this Church tranfplanting themfelves into America laid the Foundation of the noble Colony of New England, as will be feen hereafter. Hitherto the Controverfy between the Church zwSccntroverfy Puritans had been chiefly about Habits and Ceremo-abc™ f '^* nies, and Cburcb-Di/cipline, but now it began to open Sa a> •" upon Points of Doctrine j for this Year Dr. Bound published his Treatife Of the Sabbath, where- in he maintains the Morality of a feventh Part of Time for the Worfhip of God i that Chriftians are bound to reft on the Lord's Day as much as the Jews on the Mofaical Sabbath, the Commandment of Reft being moral and perpetual ; that therefore it was not lawful to follow our Siudies or worldly Bufmefs on Pp that 578 7/^HISTORY Chap. VIII. Queen that Day ; nor to ufe fuch Recreations and Pleafures Elizabeth, as were lawful on other Days, as Shootings Fencing \12?2^ and Bowling, &c. This Book had a wonderful Spread among the People, and wrought a mighty Refor- mation ; fo that the Lord's-Day, which ufed to be prophaned by Interludes, May-Games, Morrice Dan- ces, and other Sports and Recreations, began to be Fuller, kept more precifely, efpecially in Corporations. All B. IX. j-^g puritam fen jn with this Doctrine, and diftin- P' l 7* guiihed themfelves by fpending that Part of facred Time in publick, family, and private Acts of Devo- tion. But the governing Clergy exclaimed againlt it, as a Reftraint of Chriflian Liberty ; as putting an unequal Luftre on the Sunday, and tending to. eclipfe the Authority of the Church in appointing other Fejlivals. Mr. Rogers, Author of a Commen- tary on the 39 Articles, writes in his Preface, That it was the Comfort of his Soul, and would be to his dying Day, that he had been the Man, and the Means that the Sabbatarian Errors were brought to the Light and Know- ledge of the State. But I Ihould have thought this Clergyman might have had as much Comfort upon his Death-bed, if he had fpent his Zeal in recom- mending the religious Obfervation of that facred Day, Dr. Bound might carry his Doctrine too high if he advanced it to a Level with the Jewiflj Rigors ; but it was certainly unworthy the Character of Divines to encourage Men in Shooting, Fencing, and other Di- verfions on the Lord's Day, which they are forward enough to give way to, without the Countenance and ^r* ,, Example of their fpirilual Guides. But Archbifhop Bxkjup- Wbitgift called in all the Copies of Dr. Bound's Book frejjidby by his Letters and Officers at Synods and Vifitations, the Abp. and forbid it to be reprinted j and the Lord Chief Ju- L.of Whit- ftice Popham did the fame •, both of them declaring, gift,p5 31. that the Sabbath Dotlrine agreed neither with the Do- ctrine of our Church, nor with the Laws and Orders of this Kingdom ; that it difturbed the Peace of the Commonwealth and Church, and tended to Schifm in the Chap. VIII. of the Puritans- r$yg the one, and Sedition in the other 5 but notwithftand- §ueen ing all this Caution, the Book was read privately Elizabeth, more than ever, " The more Liberty People were ^i^L* •■ offered ( fays Mr. Fuller) the lefs they ufed, refu- s-*^7' u fing to take the Freedom Authority tender'd them, " as being jealous of a Defign to blow up their Civil " Liberties." The Archbifhop's Head was no foon-But pre- er laid, but Dr. Bound prepared his Book for the**''*! Prefs a fecond Time, and published it with large Ad- ditions, 1606. and fuch was its Reputation, that fcarce any Comment, or Catechifm was publifhed by the ftricter Divines for many Years, in which the Morality of the Sabbath was not ftrongly recommended and urged : But this Controverfy will return again in the next Reign. All the Proteflant Divines in the Church, whether^f^#«^ Puritans or others, feemed of one Mind hitherto™*" Con~ about the Doftrines of Faith, but now there arofe a roverM* Party which were firft for foftning, and then for overthrowing the received Opinions about Prede- flirtation, Perfeverance, Free-Will, Effectual Grace% and the Extent of our Saviour's Redemption. The Articles of the Church of England were thought by all M^i hitherto to favour the Explication of Calvin *, but thefe Divines would make them (land Neuter, and leave a Latitude for the Subfcriber to take either Side of the Queftion. All the Puri- tans to a Man maintained the Articles of the Church to be Calviniftical, and inconfiftent with any other Interpretation, and fb did far thegreateft Number of the conforming Clergy ; but as the new Explications of Arminius grew into Repute, the Calvinifts were reckoned old fafhioned Divines, and at length brand- ed with the Character of Doctrinal Puri- tans. The Debate begin in the Univerfity of Cambridge, Mr; Bar- where one Mr. Barret, Fellow of Gonville and Caiusx^iQl^% College, in his Sermon ad Clerum, declared himfelf againft Calvin** Doctrine about Predejlinaticn andFal- P p 1 ling 58o ^HISTORY Chap. VIII. §ueen ling from Grace ; reflecting with fome Sharpnefs upon Elizabeth, that great LUijine, and advifing his Hearers not to • 1^", read him. For this he was fummoned before the ^Y^*/ Vice-Chancellor and Heads of Colleges, and obliged to retract in St. Mary's Church, according to a Form prefcribed by his Superiors ; which he read after a Manner that fhewed he did it only to fave his Place in the Univerfity . This was fo oftenfive to the Scho- lars, that 40 or 50 Graduates of the feveral Colleges fign'd a Petition, dated May 26. 1595. defiring fome further Courfe might be taken with him, that the great Names which he had reproached, as L.ofWhit-p. Martyr, Calvin, Beza, Zanchius, &c. might re- gifr;p445.ce|ve fome Reparation. Both Parties writ to the Archbifhop, who blamed the Univerfity for their too hafty Proceedings, and feemed to take part with Barret ; but the Heads of Colleges in a fecond Let- ter vindicated their Proceedings^ defiring his Grace not to encourage fuch a bold, corrupt, and unlearn- ed young Fellow, and infilled on the Rights and Prerogatives of the Univerfity. At length Mr. Bar- ret was fent for to Lambeth, and having been examin- ed before the Archbifhop and fome other Divines, Heyl.Hift.they agreed that he had maintained fom^Errors, and Presb. enjoined him in a humble Manner to confefs his Ig- P- 34i« norance and Miflake, and not to teach the like Doctrines for the future ; but he chofe rather to quit the Univerfity. This Barret was a conceited Youth, who did not treat his Superiors with Decen- cy : In one of his Lecters he calls the grave and Hickman'^ learned Mr. Perkins, Homuncio qiiidam, A little con- quinpuift. temptible Fellow : But at laft he turned Papift. Devlin ^ne ^re was no f°oner kindled, but it was obferved p. no! tnat Barret and his Friends were countenanced by the High-Conformifts and Roman CathoJicks, and that his Adverfaries took part with the Puritans, which was like to produce a new Divifion in the Church. To put an End to thefe Difpures the Heads of the Univerfity fenc Dr. Whilaker and Dr. Tyndal to Lam- beth, Chap. VIIL of f be Puri tan si 581 betb, to confult with the Archbifhop and fome other S&een learned Divines upon thefe Points \ who at length, Elizabtthi 1595. Nov. 20th. concluded upon the following nine Pro- pofitions, commonly called the Lambeth Articles, which the Scholars in the Univerfity were ftrictly en- join'd to conform their Judgments unto, and not to vary from. The Articles were as follow j 1. " That God from Eternity has predeftinatedLambeck " fome Perfons to Life, and reprobated others ioArtlclss> '' Death. 2. " The moving or efficient Caufe of Predeftina- 'J tion to Life is not forefeen Faith or good Works, Cf or any other commendable Quality in the Perfons iC predeftinated, but the good Will and Pleafure of 2 God. 3. " The Number of the Predeftinate is fixed, *r and cannot be leflfened or encreafed. 4. C| They who are not predeflinated to Salva- " tion fhall be neceffarily condemned for their ** Sins. 5. " A true, lively, and juftifying Faith, and tC the fanctifying Influence of the Spirit, is not ex- lC tinguifhed$ nor does it fail, or go off either finally CJ or totally. 6. ,c A juftified Perfon has a full AfTurance and " Certainty of the Remifilon of his Sins, and of his " everlafting Salvation by Chrift. 7. " Saving Grace is not communicated to all fenced to by Archbifhop JVhitgift, Dr. Fletcher Bifhop ^^'2^ of London, Dr. Vaugban elect of 'Bangor, and fome others ; they were fent to Dr. Button Archbifhop of Fork, and Dr. Young of Rochefter, who fubfcribed them, only wifhing that the Word [ necejfarily ] in the fourth Article ; and thofe Words in the feventh Article [If they will] might be omitted. The Arch- bifhop in his Letter which he fent to the Univerfity with the Articles, fays they are to look upon them not as new Laws and Decrees, but only as an Expli- cation of certain Points which they apprehend to be true, and correspondent to the Doctrine profeffed in the Church of England, and already ejlablifhed by the Laws 1,^/Whit-c/ the Land. But forafmuch as they had not the gifcjP'46 3 Queen's Sanction, he defires they may not become a publick ASi, but ufed privately and with Difcretion. He adds, that her Majefty was fully perfuaded of the Truth of them ; which is flrange, when fhe com-, manded Sir Robert Cecil to fignify to the Archbifhop Stijlikedhyby Letter, " That fhe mifliked much that any Al- the Court. c« lowance had been given by his Grace and his Bre- " thren for any fuch Points to be difputed, being a " Matter tender and dangerous to weak, ignorant " Minds : And thereupon commanded him to fufpend L"'' He alfo writ to Secretary Cecil to put a Stop to the Proceedings of the Vice-Chancellor, which he, toge- ther with the Archbifhop accornplifhed ; but the Univerfity not being fatisfied with him, he was obli- ged next Year to quit his Profefforfhip and retire Pp 4 L SH ^HISTORY Chap. VIIL Queen London, where he died two or three Years after, ha- Eli2abeth,vjng |Deen Lacly Margaret's Profeffor at Cambridge \J^i^ about 25 Years. He left a-»;large Pofterity behind him, and was buried in St. Olave's Hart-Street, his Pall being fupported by fix Doctors of Divinity, by z.of Whit- Order from the B;fhop of LondonA.-The Chancellor giftjp.475, jn i-jjs Letter to the Univerfity was v'ery angry, be- caufe they fifted Baro with Interrogatories, " as if ("fays c' hej he was a Thief: This feems done of Stomach, *c among you." How fad then was the Cafe of the Puritans ! Sentiments The Divines of Oxford, and indeed all the firft Re- cjthecK formerSj were jn tne fame Sentiments with thofe of %0d. Cambridge about the dilputed Poin.s ; Calvin's In- fiiiutions being read publickly in the Schools by appointment of the Convocation, though perhaps they might not go the full Length of the Lambeth Articles, nor exprefs themfelves with the exa&nefs of thofe who lived afterwards, when thofe Doctrines were publickly oppofed by Arminius and his Fol- lowers, i^9<5- The Article of our Saviour's local Defcent into Hell ^fd^Ps e&a** t0 ^e queftioned at this Time. It had been ge/StDf ijit the received Doctrine 6f the Church of England, That. to Hell, the Soul of Chrift being feparated from his Body de- ••cvUIifl.fcended locally into Hell, that he might there tri- Prcsb. yrnph over Satan, as before he had over Death and p. >49* gjn> gut tjie ]earnecj p^r> JJtigb Brougbton, the Rabbi of his Age, whom King James would have courted into Scotland, convinced the World that the Word Hades, ufed by the Greek Fathers for the Place into which Chrift went after his Crucifixion, did noc mean BslL or the Place of the Damned, but only the life of State of the Dead, or the invifible World. It was Whitgift, further debated, Whether Chrift underwent in his P* -*Si' Soul the Wrath of God, and the Pains of Hell, and flnimed all his Sufferings upon the Crofs before he died. This was Calvin's Sentiment, and with him agreed all the -Puritan Divines, who preach'd it in their Chap. VIII. c//^Puritans. 585 their Sermons, and inferted it in their Catechifms. ^?«n On the other hand, Bifhop Bilfon in his Sermons atEllzabeth» Paul's Crofs maintained, That no Text of Scripture af- Jr>^j ferted the Death of Chrift' s Soul, or the Pains of the Damn- Heyl Hift, ed to be requiftte in the Perfon of Chrift before he could be Pf esb. our Ranfomer, and the Saviour of the World. But ftillP* 3S°» he maintained the local Defcent of Chrift into Hell, or the Territory of the Damned ; and that by the Courfe of the Creed the Article muft refer not to Chrift living upon the Crofs, but to Chrift dead \ and that he went thither not to fuffer, but to wreft the Keys of Hell and Death out of the Hands of the Devil. When thefe Sermons were printed they were prefently anfwered by Mr. Henry Jacob, a learned Brownift. Bilfon, by the Queen*s Command, defended his Ser- mons, in a Treatife entitled, A Survey of Chrift' s Sufferings, which did not appear in the World till 1604. The Controverfy was warmly debated in both Univerfities ; but when the learned Com- batants had fpent their Artillery it dropt in filence, without any Determination from Authority, though it was one of the Articles, ufually objected to the Puritans, for which they were fufpended their Mi- niftry. Among other Reproaches call: upon their Clergy, *i97* one was, that they deluded the People by claiming My;Dar" a Power to exorcife the Devil. " Some of their Mi- ^(f'fjL " nifters ('fays Mr. Strype) pretended to call out Dc- petendixg " vils, that fo the amazed Multitude having a greats cafi cut '*' "^gneration for thefe Exorcizers of Devils, by themclca* " I^wer of their Prayers and Failings, might the^'"17"' ?c more readily and awfully fubmit to their Opinions *s and Ways ; a Practice borrowed from the then ?'. Papifts to make their Priefts rever'd, and to con- " firm the Laity in their Superftitions." One would think here was a Plot of fome cunning, defigning Men, to conjure the People into the Belief of the Difcipline -, but all vanifhes in the peculiar Principles cf a, weak and (as Mr. Strype confefies) honeft Man, whole 586 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VIII. $ueen whofe Name wasDarrel, a B. A. and Minifter of Not- *° 'tingbam. This Divine was of Opinion, that by the \^ry^i Power of Prayer the Devil might be caji out of Perfons i^tfWhit-pojJejffed ; and having tried the Experiment upon one &b,M9hDarlin of Burton, a Boy of about 14 Years old with ^9i* Succefs, and upon fome others, he was importuned by one of the Minifters, and feveral Inhabitants of the Town of Nottingham to vifit one William Somen, a Boy that had fuch convulfive Agonies, as were thought to be preternatural, infomuch that when Mr. "Barrel had feen them, he concluded with the re (I of the Spectators that he was pjfeffed, and advifed his Friends to defire the Help of godly and learned Mini- fters to endeavour his Recovery, but excufed himfelf from being concerned, left if the Devil ihould be dif- poflefied the common People fhould attribute to him fome fpecial Gift of cajling out Devils ; but upon a fecond Requeft from the Mayor of Nottingham, he agreed with Mr. Alderidge and two other Minifters, with about 150 neighbouring Chriftians, to fet apart a Day for Fading and Prayer, to entreat the Lord to caft out Satan, and deliver the young Man from his Torments ; and after fome Time the Lord was en- treated, and they blefled God for the fame ; this was November 1597. A few Days after, the Mayor and fome of the Aldermen began to fufpect that Sotners was a Cheat, and to make him confefs, they took him from his Parents and committed him to the Cuftody of two Men, who with Threatnings prevailed with him to acknowledge, that he had difTemble<^and counterfeited all he did. Upon this he was carried before the Commiffion, where at firft he own'd himfelf a Counterfeit, and then prefently denied it again ; but being thoroughly frighted he fell into Fits before the Cornmiffioners, which put an End to his Examination for the preient. After fome Time, being ftill in Cu- ftody, he returned to his confeffmg, and charged Mr. Darrel with training him up in the Art for four Years. Upon this Mr. Darrel was fummq.ied before the Z Com- Chap. VIII. of the Puritans; 587 CommifTioners, and brought Witnefies with him to $?"» prove, thai Somers had declared in a very folemn Man- E1,2abeth» ner that he had not diffembled ; upon which he was ^r\rs^ difmiffed, and the CommiJJion diffolved ; but the Affair making a great Noife in the Country, Mr. Darrel was lent for to Lambeth, and after a long Hearing be- fore the Archbiffiop, and others of the High Com- miflion, he was depofed from his Miniftry, and com- mitted clofe Prifoner to the Gate-Houfe, for being Ac- cefiary to a vile Impofture, where he continued many Years. While Mr. Barrel was in the Prifon he writ anflfr folemn Apology, to fhew that People in thefe latter Days mayProtefia~ le pojfejjed with Devils ; and that by Prayer and Faftingt!m' the unclean Spirit may be cafl out. In the End of which he makes this Proteftation ; " If what I am accufed 4* of be true (war. That I have been Acceffary to a 44 vile Impofture, with a Defign to impofe on Man- *4 kind) let me be regifter'd to my perpetual Infa- 44 my, not only for a notorious Deceiver, but fuch 44 an Hypocrite as never trod on the Earth before -, 44 yea, Lord ! for to thee I convert my Speech, who 44 knoweft all Things, if I have confederated more f* or lefs with Somers, Darling, or any of the reft \ 44 if ever I fet Eye on them before they were pojfejfed, 44 then let me not only be made a Laughing-Stock, 44 and a By-Word to all Men, but rafe my Name alfo 44 out of the Book of Life, and let me have my Por- 44 tion with Hypocrites." It has been obferved, that the Bifhops had now Puritans wifely transferred the Profecution of the Puritans*1'™*10*?* from themfelves to the temporal Courts, fo that in-*!? '" flead of being fummoned before the High Commiffion, they were indicted at the Afllzes, and tried at com- mon Law ; this being thought more advifeable, to take off the Odium from the Church. Judge Ander- fudge kn~ Jon difcovered his Zeal againft them this Summer in an der*oa'* extraordinary manner, for in his Charge to the Jury1^' at Lincoln h,e told them, That the Country was infeft- 588 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VIII. <$ueen ed with Brownifts, with Difciplinarians and Ereclors of Elizabeth, prejbyteries ; which he fpoke with lb much Wrath, yJ^J^j with to many Oaths, and fuch reviling Language, as Strype'j fcandalized the Gentlemen upon the Bench. He cal- Mv. Jed the Preachers Knaves, faying, that they would Vcl. uk. ftart Up into tne Pulpit and fpeak againft every body, ?• 2<54- He was for extending the Statute of Recufancy to them that went at any Time to hear Sermons from their own Parifh Churches, though they ufually at- tended in their Places, and heard Divine Service du- tifully. When Lord Clinton and the Deputy Lieu- tenants, and Juftices of thofe Parts, obtained the Bi- fhop's Allowance for a Day of Farting and Prayer at Lowtb, upon an extraordinary Occafon, his Lord- ihip urged the Jury to find a Bill agamit them, up- on the Statute of Conventicles. #&». Al- Mr. Allen, Minifter of that Parifh, being indicted fen s c*je. j^ means 0f a revengeful Juftice of Peace, for not reading all the Prayers at once (he ufing iometimes to omit part of them for the Sermon) was obliged to hold up his Hand at the Bar, when Judge Anderfon Handing up, fpoke to him with a fierce Counte- nance -, and having infinuated fome grievous Faults againft the Man (though he named nonej called him oftentimes Knave, rebellious Knave, with more fuch reproachful Language, though it was known all over the Country that Mr. Allen was a good Preacher ; that he had fubfcribed •, was well liked by the Bi- fhop *, was conformable in his Affections ; and be- haved upon this Occafion with all Humility and Sub- miffion. But his Lordfhip had faid in his Charge, that he would hunt all the Puritans out of his Circuit. One Thing was remarkable in Mr. Allen's Arraign- ment, that when upon' fome Point wherein Judgment in Divinity was required, Mr. Allen referred himfelf to the Bifhop his Ordinary then fitting upon the Bench, the Judge took him up with marvellous In- dignation, and faid, He was both bis Ordinary and Ri-. jbop in thai Place, Thua Chap. VIII. of/^PuRiTANs; 589 Thus the Puritan Clergy were put upon a Level §"<*" with Rogues and Felons, and made to hold up their E-1,zabeth> Hands at the Bar among the vileft Criminals ; there ^J^^j was hardly an Ajjize in any County in England, but Remarks. one or more Minifters, through the Refentments of fome of their Parifhioners, appeared in this Chara- cter, to the Difgrace of their Order, and the Lofs of their Reputation and Ufefulnefs ; befides being cx- pofed to the Infults of the rude Multitude. " But iStrypeV «' would to God Cfays my Author) that they which y^J' ujc «« judge in religious Caufes, though in the Name ofp, Z67, " tc Civil Affairs, would either get fome more Know- «c ledge in Religion and God's Word than my Lord " Anderfon hath, or call in the Afiiftance of thofe «' that have." Archbifliop Whiigift was bufy this Summer about Proceedings Elections for the enfuing Parliament, which was to0^ i>*r/'*" meet Otlob. 24th. Mr. Strype fays, his Grace took * what care he could to prevent fuch as were d i fa fFeclied yj^it ife to the Conftitution of the Church, that is, all Puri- ^ . tans, from coming into the Houfe ; but fome thought it a little out of Character for an Archbifhop to appear fo publickly in the Choice of the Peoples Reprefentatives. The Houfe being thus modell'd did not meddle with the Foundations of Difcipline, or Form of publick Worjbip ; but feveral Bills were brought in to regulate Abufes in Spiritual Courts, as againfr. Licences to marry without Banes ; againft: excefilve Fees, frivolous Citations ex Officio, and Excommunications for little Matters, as two Pence or three Pence. But thefe, and all other Bills of this Nature, were according to Cuftom, quafhed by a Meffage from the Queen, forbidding them to touch her Prerogative ; and alluring them, that fhe would take the aforefaid Grievances into her princely And Cen- Con fide ration. , Accordingly her Majefty referr'd vocatiuu thefe Matters to the Convocation •, it being- her flea- dy M.ixim, not to proceed in Affairs of the Church by Statutes, which none but the Parliament could repeal, Sqo The H I S T O R Y Chap. VIII. Queen repeal, but rather by Canons, which fhe could con- Eluabeth, firm or djfpenfe wjrn at her Pleafurc. The Convoca- \^L^, tion drew up fome Regulations upon thefe, and Tome other Heads, relating to Ecclefiaftical Courts, which the Queen confirmed by her Letters Patents, Jan, 1 8th. in the 40th Year of her Reign. They were printed the fame Year by her Authority, and may be feen in Bifhop Sparrow's Collection of Articles, Injunctions, &c. 1598. But ftill the Ecclefiaftical Courts were an infuffer- tnhihm* able Grievance *, the Oppreffions that People un- mu grant- derwent from the bottomlefs Deep of the Canon ** Law put them upon removing their Caufes into Wefminfter Hall, by getting Prohibitions to flop Proceedings in the Bifhops Courts, or in the High Commifion. This awaken'd the Archbifhop, who in order to fupport the Chilians, drew up certain Que- ries to be confidered by the Lords and Judges of the Land touching Prohibitions ; of which this was the the Alp. principal, " That feeing Ecclefiaftical Authority is complaim « as truly vefted in the Crown as Temporal, Whe- oftkem, tc tner the Queen's Temporal Authority mould any " more reftrain her Ecclefiaftical, than her Ecclefiafti- " cat mould her Temporal? And feeing fo many, and ** fo great Perfonages with fome others, are trufted '• to do her Majefty Service in her Ecclefiaftical Com- 46 miffion, Whether it be convenient, that an Offen- cc der ready to be cenfured, mould obtain, and pub- «' lickly throw into Court a Prohibition, to the delay " of Juftice, and to the Difgrace and Difparagement and banifhing Men at their Pleafure, till they be- came as Terrible as the Spanijh Inquifition, and brought upon the Nation all the Confufions of a Civil "War. From this Time to the Queen's Death there was *ACepti- Puritans; the Combatants were out of Breath, or*"^6*- willing to wait for better Times. Some apprehended ^rch an^ that the Puritans were vanquifhed, and their Num-purkans. bers leflened by the fevere Execution of the penal Laws ; whereas it will appear by a Survey in the beginning of the next Reign, that the Non-Con- forming Clergy were above 1500. But the true Reafon was this, the Queen was advanced in Years, and could not live long in a Courfe of Nature, and the next Heir to tne Crown being a Puritan, the Bifhops were cautious of acting againft a Party for whom his Majefty had declared, not knowing what Revenge he might take when he was fixed on the Throne ; and the Puritans were quiet, in hopes of great Matters to be done for them upon the ex- pected Change, Not- £92 The H I S T O R Y Chap. VIII. S&eets Notwithstanding all former Repulfes from Court, E1jga0beth,the Queen's laft Parliament, which fat in the Year i^-J, 1601. renewed their Attacks upon the Ecclefiaftical Vroceed- Courts ; a Bill was brought in to examine into Bi- ings 6f fhops Leafes, and to difable them from taking Parlia- Fines. Another againft Pluralities and Non-Re- Mhtjttbe J*^ents ' anc* anocner againft Commiffaries and Arch- sp. courts, deacons Courts 5 multitudes of Complaints came to Life of Che Houfe againft the Proceedings of the Ordina- "Whitgiftj ries ex mero Officio without due Prefentments pre- P«547. ceding, and againft the frequent keeping their Courts, fo that the Church- Wardens were fometimes cited to two or three Spiritual Courts at once •, Com- plaint was made of their charging the Country with quarterly Bills ; of the great Number of Apparitors, and Petty Sumner s9 who feized upon People for tri- fling Offences ; of the AdmifTion of Curates by Offi- cials and Commiffaries , without theBifhop's Knowledge, and without Teftimonials of their Converfation 5 of fcandalous Commutations of Penance, and divers ^ueenpo- Abufes of the like Kind ; but the Queen would not teas them. fuffer c*ne Houfe to debate them, but referr'd them Life of to the Archbifhop, who writ to his Brethren the Bi- W ttgift, i^Qpg^ t0 endeavour as much as pofiible to reform 5 4y. ' the above-mentioned Grievances, which (fays he) have produced multitudes of Complaints in Parlia- ment *, and had they nor been prevented with good Circumfpe&ion, and promife of careful Reformation, there might, perhaps, have enfued the taking away of the whole, or molt of thofe Courts. " So prudent- Work of the Lord's Day, but they had their Hours Jji^j of Family Devotion on the Week Days, efteeming it their Duty to take care of the Souls as well as Bodies of their Servants. They were circumfpect as to all the ExcefTes of Eating, Drinking, Apparel, and lawful Diverfions, being frugal in Houfe-keeping, induftrious in their particular Callings, honeft and exact in their Dealings, and folicicous to give to every one his own. Thefe were the People that were branded with the Name of Precisians, Puritans, ScHISMATICKS, ENEMIES TO GoD AND THEIR Country, and throughout the Courfeof this Reign underwent cruel Mockings, Bonds and Imprifonment. Sir Francis Waljingham has given a Summary Ac~§*ief"s count of the Queen's Policy towards them, in a Let-^*"*f t0~ ter to Monfieur Cretoy, which I fhall tranfcribe in his 4^. own Words. " I find, fays Sir Francis, that the Queen's Burnet'* " Proceedings both againfl Papifts and Puritans are Hl/*' *^" " grounded upon thefe two Principles. °4i9-* *' The one, That Confciences are not to be forced but to be won, and reduced by Force of Truth, with the Aid of Time and Ufe of all good Means oflnftruction and Perfuafion. ~' Ci Conference to being Papifts in Faction, fhe was 61 then obliged to provide feverer Laws for the Secu- " rity of her People «'* For the other Party, which call themfelves Re~ af formers, and we commonly call Puritans, this hath " been the Proceeding towards them: Agreatwhile, ct when they inveighed againft fuch Abufes in the 6C Church, as Pluralities, Non-Refidence, and the Ci like, their Zeal was not condemned, only their cc Violence was fometimes cenfured. When they c< refufed the Ufe of fome Ceremonies and Rites as fu- perflitious, they were tolerated with much Conni- vance and Gentlenefs ; yea, when they called in queilion the Superiority of Bifhops, and pretended to a Democracy in the Church, their Proportions ' were conftdered, and by contrary Writings deba- :c ted and difcuffed *, yetall this while it was perceived 54 that their Courfe was dangerous and very popular ; i6 as becaufe Papiftry was odious, therefore it was ?< ever in their Mouths, that they fought to purge 4' the Church from the Reliques of Papiftry, a Thing ci acceptable to the People, who love ever to run €i from one Extreme to another. " Becaufe Multitudes of Rogues and Poverty was ?' an Eye-fore, and a Diflike to every Man, there- ?c fore they put into People's Heads, that if Difcipline ?' were planted there would be no Vagabonds, no '* Beggars, a Thing very plauiible ; and in like man- *' per they promiied the People many ot the impofTi- <* ble Wonders of their Difcipline ; befides, they ff opened to the People a Way to Government by *' their Con fi ft ories and Prefbyteries, a Thing tho' ^ in Confequence no lefs prejudicial to the Liberties cf of private Men than to the Sovereignty of Princes, f* yet in -firft fhew very popular; neverthelefs this, *' except it were in fome few that enter'd into extreme *f Contempt, was born with, becaufe they pretended " in Chap. VIII. of the Puritans. 599 " in dutiful Manner to make Proportions, and to ^en " leave it to the Providence of God and the Autho-E]!babetJl> " rity of the Magiftrate. C^rKJ " But now of late Years, when there ifiued from cl them, that affirmed the Confent of the Magiftrate " w as not to be attended-, when under pretence of a " Confefiion to avoid Slander and Imputations, they " combined themfelves by Clajfes and Subfcriptions ; " when they defcended into that vile and bale Means " of defacing of the Church by ridiculous Pafquih ', " when they began to make many Subjects in doubt " to take Oaths, which is one of the fundamental " Parts of Juftice in this Land, and in all Places j " when they began both to vaunt of their Strength, *' and Number of their Partizans and Followers, and c< to ufe Comminations, that their Caufe would pre- " vail through Uproar and Violence, then it ap- 11 peared to be no more Zeal, no more Confcience, «c but meer Faction and Divifion ; and therefore 4< though the State were compelled to hold iome- " what a harder Hand to reftrain them than before, «e yet was it with as great Moderation as the Peace " of the State or Church could permit. Thus her " Majefty has always obferved the two Rules before- " mentioned, in dealing tenderly with Conferences, " and yet in difcovering Faction from Confcience, " and Softnefs from Singularity." The falfe Colourings of this Letter are eafily d\(- Reworks. covered : It admits that the Confcience^ of Men ought not to be forced but when they grow into Fa 51 ion •, that is, to an inconfiftency with the Peace and Safety of the Civil Government ; but was there any Thing like this in the Petitions, Addrefles, and fubmifiive Be- haviour of the Puritans ? But they did not attend the Confent of the Magiftrate. Let the Reader judge by the foregoing Hiltory, whether they did not attend and apply for it feveral Years i and if after all, the Confent of the Magiftrate muit be expected before we follow the Dictates of our Confidences, 'tis eafy to Qjq 4 fee 6oo ^HISTORY Chap. VIII. gueen fee there would have been no Reformation in the Elizabeth. Proteftant World. But the Queen's worft Maxim W-v-v> was' That whHe foe ■pretended, not to force the Confci- k v ences of her Subjects, fhe obliged them under the feve- refi Penalties to come to Church, and make an outward Profejfion of that Way of Worfhip which they inwardly difallow'd. This was to eitablifh Hypocrify by a Law, and to force Men to deal falfly with God, and their own Confciences, in Matters of the molt folemn Importance. ofPraSi- Practical Religion was all this Reign at a very cat Reh- iow Ebb ; the greater! Part of the Clergy being &'ot1' barely capable of reading Prayers and a Homily. In the remoter Countries and Villages the People were either Papifts, or no better than Heathens. " If any among the Clergy or Laity were remark- " ably pious, itrict Obfervers of the Sabbath, and ?< declared Enemies of Prophanenefs, and Popery " ffays Mr. OJhuni) they were either real Purkans, ' fay for the Lois of the Earl of EJJex, whom fhe had lately Chap. VIII. c/^PuRiTANSi 601 lately beheaded ; but others, from a juft Indigna- §.««» tion to fee her felf neglected by forne who were too Ellzabeth> ready to worfhip the rifing Sun. This threw her into a Melancholy, attended with a Drowzinefs and Heavinefs in all her Limbs ; which was followed with a Lofs of Appetite, and all the Marks of an approaching Diffolution : Upon this fhe retired to Richmond ; and having caufed her Inauguration Ring, which was grown into the Flefh, and became pain- ful, to be filed off, fhe languifhed till the "24th of March, and then died, in the 70th Year of her Age, and 45th of her Reign. Queen Elizabeth was a great and fuccefsful Princels at home, and the Support of the Proteftant Intereft abroad while it was in its Infancy ; for without her Afliftance, neither the Hugonots in France, nor the Dutch Reformers could have flood their Ground : She afllfted the Proteftants of Scot- land againft their Popifh Queen, and the Princes of Germany againft the Emperor ; though at the fame Time fhe demanded an abfolute Submifiion from her own Subjects -, and would not tolerate that Religion at home which fhe countenanced and fupported a- broad. As to her own Religion, fhe affected a mid- dle Way, between Popery and Puritanijm, though her Majefty was more inclinable to the former : She difliked the fecular Pretentions of the Court of Rome over foreign States, but was in Love with the Pomp and Splendor of their Worfhip : On the other hand fhe approved of the Doctrines of the foreign reform- ed Churches, but thought they had ftripp'd Re- ligion too much of its Ornamenrs, and made it look with an unfriendly Afpect upon the Sovereign Power of Princes. She underftood not the Rights of Con- fidence in Matters of Religion ; and is therefore juftly chargeable with perfecuting Principles. More fangui- nary Laws were made in her Reign than in any of her Predeceffors : Her Hands were ftained with the Blood of Papijls and Puritans ; the former were executed for denying her Supremacy, and the latter for Sedition or B. II. h 3 1 3 602 ^HISTORY Chap. VIII. gtteen or Non-Conformity. Her greateft Admirers blame Elizabeth, ^r for plundering the Church of its Revenues, and yi^i^ for keeping feveral Sees vacant many Years together ^^/^ for the fake of their Profits ♦, as the Bifhopricks of Ely, Oxford, and others •, which laft was without a Bifhop for twenty two Years. The Queen was de- vout at Prayers, but feldom or never heard Sermons except in Lent , and would often fay, That two or three Preachers in a County were fufficient. She had high Notions of the fovereign Power of Princes, and of her own abfolute Supremacy in Church Affairs : Fuller'* And being of Opinion that all Methods of Severity Worthies, were jawfui to bring her Subjects to an outward Uniformity, fhe countenanced all the Engines of Per- fection, as Spiritual Courts, High Commijfion, and Star-Chamber, and ftretched her Prerogative to fup- port them beyond the Laws, and againft the Senfe of the Nation. But with all thefe Blemifhes Queen Elizabeth ftands upon Record as a wife and politick Princeis, for delivering the Kingdom from the Diffi- culties in which it was involved at her Acceflion ; for preferving the Proteftant Reformation againft the potent Attempts of the Pope, the Emperor, and King of Spain abroad, and the Queen of Scots and her PopiiTi Subjects at home •, and for advancing the Re- nown'of the Englijb Nation beyond any of her Prede- cefibrs. Her Majefty held the Balance of Europe, and was in high Efteem with all foreign Princes, the greateft Part of her Reign ; and tho* her Proteftant Subjects were divided about Church Affairs, they all diicover'd a high Veneration for her Royal Perfon and Government ; on which Accounts (he was the Glory of the Age in which fhe lived, and will be the Admiration of Pofterity. The END. A P P E N- APPENDIX. &@&*a N°. I. A Copy of the Letter fent to the Biihops and Paftors of England, who have renounced the Roman Antichrift, and profefs the Lord Jefus Chrift in Sincerity. The fnperintendent Minijlersy and Commijjioners of Charges within the Realm of Scotland : To their Brethren the Bifhops and Paftors of England, who have renounced the Roman Antichrift, and do profefs with them the Lord Jefus in Sincerity, defire the per- petual Increafe of the Holy Spirit. «9 SM&GM&MjWSJ Word and Writ, it is come to our e Knowledge (Reverend Paftors) that di- vers of our deareft Brethren, amongft whom are fome of the beft learned within that Realm, are deprived from Eccle- fiaftical Function, and forbidden to preach, and fo by you, that they are ftraight to promote the Kingdom of Jefus Chrift, becaufe their Con- sciences will not f after to take upon them (at the Com- mandment of the Authority) fuch Garments as Idolaters, in Time of Blindnefs, have ufed in their Idolatry, which Brute cannot be but moil dolorous to our Hearts, mindful of 6o4 APPENDIX. of that Sentence of the Apoftle, faying, If ye bite and devour one another, take Heed left ye be confumed one of another. We purpofe not at this prefent to enter into the Ground of that Queftion which we hear of, either Part to be agitate with greater Vehemency than well liketh us 5 to wit, whether that fuch Apparel is to be counted amongft Things that are fimple indifferent or not $ but in the Bowels of the Lord Jefus we crave that Chriftian Cha- rity may fo prevail in you, we fay, the Paftors and Leaders of the Flock within that Realm. That ye do not to others that which you would not others fhould do to you. Ye cannot be ignorant how ten- der a Thing the Confcience of Man is. All that have Knowledge are not alike perfwaded, your Confciences reclaim not at wearing of fuch Garments, but many Thoufands, both Godly and Learned, are otherwife perfwaded, whofe Confciences are continually ftricken with thefe Sentences : What hath Chrift Jefus to do with 'Belial ? What Fellowfhip is there betwixt Dark- nels and Light ? If Surpluce, Corner Cap, and Tippet, have been Badges of Idolaters in the very hSt of their Idolatry, what hath the Preachers of Chriftian Liberty, and the open Rebuker of all Superftition, to do with the Dregs of the Romijb Beaft ? Our Brethren that of Confcience refufe that unprofitable Apparel, do neither damn yours, or moleft you that ufe fuch vain Trifles : If you fhall do the like to them, we doubt not but therein ye fhall pleafe God, and comfort the Hearts of many which are wounded with Extremity, which is ufed againft thofe godly, and our beloved Brethren. Colour of Rhe- torick, or manly Perfwafion will we ufe none, but chari- tably we deiire you to call that Sentence of Pity to Mind : Feed the Flock of God which is committed to your Charge, caring for them, not by conftraint, but willingly, not as though ye were Lords over God's Heritage, but that ye may be Examples to the Flock. And further alio, we deiire you to meditate that Sentence of the Apoftle, faying, Give none Offence, neither to the jfewsy nor to the Grecians, nor to the Church of God. In what Con- dition of Time ye and we both travel in the promoting of Chrift's Kingdom, we fuppofe you not to be ignorant. And therefore we are more bold to exhort you to walk more circumfpeftly, than that for fuch Vanities the godly ihould be troubled. For all Things that may feem law- ful, APPENDIX, 605 ful, edify not. If the Commandment of Authority urge the Conscience of yours and our Brethren, more than they can bear 5 we unfainedly crave of you, that ye remember that ye are called the Light of the World and the Earth. All civil Authority hath not the Light of God always fhining before their Eyes in the Statutes and Command- ments , but their Affections oft-time favour too much of the Earth, and of worldly Wifdom. And therefore we think that ye fhould boldly oppone your felves to all Power, that will or dare extol it felf, not only againft God, but alfb againft all fuch as do burthen the Confciences of the faithful, farther than God hath burthened them by his own W ord. But herein we confefs our Offence, in that we have enter 'd farther in reafoning than we purpofed and promifed at the beginning : And therefore we fhortly return to our former humble Suppli- cation, which is, that our Brethren, who among you re- fufe the Romijh Rags, may find of you, the Prelates, fuch Favours, as our Head and Mafter commands every one of his Members to fhew one to another, which we look to re- ceive of your Gentlenefs, not only for that ye fear to of- fend God's Majefty, in troubling of your Brethren for fuch vain Trifles 5 but alfo becaufe ye will not refufe the hum. ble Requefts of us your Brethren, and Fellow Preachers of Chrift Jefus, in whom, albeit, there appear no great worldly Pomp, yet we fuppofe you will not fo far defpife us, but that ye will efteem us to be of the Number of thofe that fight againft that Roman Antichrift, and travel, that the Kingdom of Chrift Jefus univerfally may be main- tained and advanced. The Days are Evil 5 Iniquity a- bounds j Chriftian Charity (alas) is waxen cold ; and therefore we ought the more diligently to watch : For the Hour is uncertain when the Lord Jefus fhall appear, be- fore whom we your Brethren, and ye may give an Ac- count of our Adminiftration. And thus, in Conclufion, we once again crave Favour to our Brethren, which granted, ye, in the Lord, iha.ll command us in Things of double more Importance. The Lord Jefus rule your Hearts in his true Fear to the End, and give unto you and unto us Victory over that conjured Enemy of all true Religion 3 to wit, over that Roman Antichrift, whofe wounded Head Satan, by all Means, labours to cure again, but to Deftru&ion luall he, and his 9o5 APPENDIX. his Maintainers go, by the Power of the Lord Jefus : To whofe mighty Power and Protection we heartily commit you. Subfcribed by the Hands of Superintendents, one Part of Miniiters, and fcribed in our general Affemblies and fourth Seffion thereof. At Edinburgh, the 28th Day of December > itf6* Tour loving Brethren* And Fellow Preachers, in Chrifi Jefus, Jo. Craig* Da. Lyndesay, Guil. GlSLISOMUS, Jo. Spottiswood,- Jo. Row, Rob. Pont, Jo. WlRAM, J A CO MailVIL, Jo. Erskin, Nic. Spital. N°, APPENDIX. 607 /^flA />£>©&. /jfjc©© N°. II. A Directory of Church-Government, anciently contended for, and, as far as the Times would fuffer, pra&ifed by the firft Non- conforming in the Days of Queen Elizabeth, found in the Study of the moft accomplimed Divine Mr. Thomas Cartwright, after his Deceaie. The Sacred Discipline of the Church, defcribed in the Word of God. rTyH E Tiifcipline of Chrift's Church that is necejfary for all Times, is delivered by Chrift, and fet down in the Holy Scriptures ; therefore the true and lawful T)ifci- pline is to be fetched from thence, and from thence alone. And that which refteth upon any other Foundation, ought to be ejleemed unlawful and counterfeit. Of all particular Churches, there is one and the fame Right, Order and Form : therefore alfo no one may chal- lenge to it felf any Tower over others -, nor any Right which doth not alike agree to others. The Aliniflers of Tublick Charges, in every particular Church, ought to be called and appointed to their Charges by a lawful Ecclefiajlical Calling, fuch as hereafter is fet down. All thefe for the divers Regard of their feveral Kinds are of equal Tower among ft themfelves. No Man can be lawfully called to \Publick Charge in any Church, but he that is fit to difcharge the fame. And none is to be accounted fit, but he that is endued with the common Gifts of ail the godly > that is, with Faith, and OoS APPENDIX. and a biamelefs Life : And further alfo, with ihofe that are proper to that Ministry wherein he is to be ufed, and neceffary for the executing of the fame $ whereupon, for "Trial ofthofe Gifts, fome convenient Way and Examina- tion is to he ufed. The Tarty to be called mufi firft be elected j then he is to be ordained to that Charge whereunto he is chofen, by the 'Prayers of that Church whereunto he is to be admit- ted 5 the mutual 'Duties of him and of the Church being before laid open. The Minifiers of the Church are ; firft, they that are Minifters of the Word. In their Examination, it is fpe- cially to be taken heed unto, that they be apt to teach, and try'd Men, not utterly unlearned, nor newly planted and converted to the Faith. Now thefe Minifiers of the Word are, firft, Paftors, which do adminijler the Word and Sacraments, then Teachers, which are occupied in wholefome Doctrine. Se/ides, there are al/o Elders, which watch over the Life and Behaviour of every Man, and T)eacons which have Care over the 'Poor. Further, in every particular Church there ought to be a (Presbytery, which is a Conjiftory, and, as it were, a Senate of Elders. Under the Name of Elders here are contained, they who in the Church minijler T)octrine, and they who are properly called Elders. Sy the common Counfel of the Elderfhip, all Things are directed that belong to the State of their Church. Firjl, fuch as belong to the Guidance of the whole Body of it in the holy and common AJfembly, gathered together in the Name of the Lord, that all Things may be done in them duly, orderly, and to Edification, z. Then alfo fuch as pertain to particular Perfons. Firft, to all the Members of that Church, that the Good may enjoy all the Privi- leges that belong unto them, that the Wicked may be cor- rected with Ecclefiajiical Cenfures, according to the qua- lity of the Fault, private and publick, by admonipi/tg and by removing either from the Lord's Supper by Stiff cn- fion, {as it is commonly called) or out of the Church by Excommunication. The which belong fpecially to the Minifters of Publick Charge in the Church to their calling, either to be begun or ended, and ended either by relieving, or puniping them, and that for a Time by Sufpenfion, or altogether by T)epo futon. For 'APPENDIX. 609 For diretling of the Elder jhip, let the Tafiors be fet over it 5 or if there be more Tajlors than one in the fame Churchy let the Tajlors do it in their 'Turns. Sut yet in all the greater Affairs of the Church, as in excommunicating of any, and in chufng and depofing of Church Mtnijiers, nothing may be concluded without the Knowledge and Confent of the Church. Particular Churches ought to yield mutual Kelp one to another ; for which Caufe they are to communicate among ft themfelves. The End of this communicating together is, that all Things in them may be fo directed, both in regard of ^Doctrine, and alfo of fDifcipline, as by the Word of God they ought to be. Therefore the Things that belong hereunto are deter- mined by the common Opinion ofthofe who meet fo to com- munkate together ; and whatfeever is to be amended, fur- thered or procured, in any of thofe fever al Churches that belong to that AJfembly. Wherein, albeit no particular Church hath 'Power over another, yet every particular Church of the fame Refort, Meeting and Counfel, ought to obey the Opinion of more Churches with whom they communicate. For holding ofthefe Meetings and AJfemblies, there are to be chofen by every Church belonging to that AJfembly^ principal Men from among the Elders, who are to have their InftruElions from them, and Jo to befent to the Af- fembly. There mufl be alfo a Care had, that the Things they pall return to have been godly agreed on by the Meet- ings, be diligently obferved by the Churches. Further, in fuch Ajfemblies there is alfo to be chofen one that may be fet over the Ajfemblies, who may mo- derate and direel them. His 2>uty is to fee that the Af- femblies be held godly, quiet and comely : Therefore it be- longeth unto him to begin and end the Conference with *Prayer 5 to know every Man's Inflrutlions ; to propound in Order the Things that are to be handled 5 to gather their Opinions, and to propound what is the Opinion of the greater 'Tart. It is alfo the Tart of the refl of the AJfembly tofpsak their Opinions of the Tilings propounded godly and quietly. R r The 6io APPENDIX. The Synodical Difcipline gathered out of the 5y- nods and Ufe of the Churches which have re- Jiored it according to the Word of God, and out of fundry Books that are written of the fame, and referred unto certain Heads. Of the Necejjlty of a Calling. LET no Man thmft himfelf into the executing of any Part of publick Charge in the Administration of the Word, Sacraments, Difcipline or Care over the Poor. Neither let any fuch fus or feek for any publick Charge of the Church ; but let every one tarry until he be lawfully called. The Manner of entering and determining of a Callings and againfi a Minifiry of no certain 'Place 5 and the 'Defertion of a Church. LET none be call'd but unto fome certain Charge ordain- ed of God, and to the Exercifing of the fame in fome particular Congregation : And he that is fb called, let him be fo bound to that Church, that he may not after be of any other, or depart from it without the Con- fent thereof. Let none be called, but they that have firft fubfcribed the Confeffion of Do&rine and Difcipline: Whereof let them be admonifhed to have Copies with tbemfelves. In the Examination of Minifters, the Teflimony of the Place from whence they come is to be demanded, where- by it may be underftood what Life and Conversation he hath been of, and whether he hath been addi&ed to any Herefy, or to the reading of any heretical Books, or to cu- rious and ftrange Queftions, and idle Speculations $ or ra- ther, whether he be accounted found and confenting in all Things to the Doctrine received in the Church. Where- unto if he agree, he is alfo to expound fome Part of the holy Scriptures twice or oftner, as it fhall feem meet to the Examiners, and that before the Conference, and that Church which is interefled. Let him alfo be demanded of the principal Heads of Divinity: And whether he will diligently execute and difcharge his Miniitry $ and in the Execution thereof propound unto himfelf, not his own De- 1 fires APPENDIX. 6n fires and Commodities, but the Glory of God and Edifi- cation of the Church. Laftly, Whether he will be ftudi- ous and careful to maintain and preferve wholefbme Do- ctrine, and ecclefiaftical Difcipline. Thus^ let the Mini- ster be examined, not only by one Elderfhip, but alfo by fome greater Meeting and Affembly. Of Eleclion. DEfore the Election of a Minifter, and the Deliberation *** of the Conference concerning the fame, let there be a Day of Faft kept in the Church interefled. Of the (Place of exercifing this Calling. A Lbeit it be lawful for a Minifter, upon juft Occafion, •*•* to preach in another Church than that whereof he is Minifter $ yet none may exercife any ordinary Miniftry elfewhere, but for a certain Time, upon great Occasion, and by the Confent of his Church and Conference. Of the Office of the Minijlers of the Word ; . and firft of the Order of Liturgy , or Common (Prayer. T E T the Minifter that is to preach, name a Pfalm, or ■*-' a Part of a Pfalm (beginning with the firft, and fo proceeding) that may be fung by the Church, noting to them the End of their finging (to wit) the Glory of God and their own Edification. After the Pfalm let a ihort Admonition to the People follow, of preparing them- felves to pray duly unto God : Then let there be made a Prayer containing a general Confeffion : Firft of the Guile of Sin, both original and actual 5 and of the Punifhment which is due by the Law for them both : Then alfo of the Promife of the Gofpel, and in refpecl of it, Supplica- tion of Pardon for the faid Guilt and Punifhment, and Petition of Grace promifed, as for the Duties of the whole Life, fo efpecially for the godly expounding and receiving of the Word. Let this Petition be concluded with the Lord's Prayer. After the Sermon, let Prayer be made again 5 firft, for Grace to profit by the Do&rine delivered, the principal Heads thereof being remem- ber'd ; then for all Men, but chiefly for the univerfal Church, and for all Eftates and Degrees of the People 5 which is likewife to be ended with the Lords Prayer and the Singing of a Pfalm, as before. Lail of all, let the Congregation be difmifled with fome convenient R. r a Form 612 APPENDIX. Form of Blefling taken out of the Scripture 5 fuch as is Numb. vi. 24. a Cor. xiii. 14. Of breaching. T E T him that mall preach choofe fome Part of the *-J canonical Scripture to expound, and not of the Apo- crypha. Further, in his ordinary Miniftry, let him not take Poftils (as they are called) but fome whole Book of the holy Scripture, efpecially of the New Teftament, to expound in Order : In Choice whereof regard is to be had both of the Minifter's Ability, and of the Edification of the Church. He that preacheth muft perform two Things 5 the firft, that his Speech be uncorrupt 5 which is to be confidered both in regard of the Do&rine, that it be holy, found, wholfome and profitable to Edification ; not devilifh, he- retical, leavened, corrupt, fabulous, curious, or conten- tious j and alfo in refpecl of the Manner of it, that it be proper to the Place which is handled, that is, which either is contained plainly in the very Words ; or if it be gather- ed by Confequent, that the fame be fit and clear, and fuch as may rife upon the Property of the Word, Grace of Speech, and Suit of the Matter 5 and not be allegorical, ftrange, wrefted, or far fetch'd. Now let that which is fuch, and chiefly which is fitted for the Times and Occa- fiofts of the Church, be delivered. Further, let the Ex- plication, Confirmation, Enlargement and Application, and the whole Treatife and handling of it, be in the vul- gar Tongue 5 and let the whole Confirmation and Proof be made by Arguments, Teftimonies and Examples taken only out of the holy Scriptures, applied fitly and according to the natural Meaning of the Places that are alledged. The fecond Thing to be performed by him that preach- eth, is a reverend Gravity : This is confidered firft in the Stile, Phrafe and Manner of Speech, that it be fpiri- tual, pure, proper, fimple, and applied to the Capaci- ty of the People ; not fuch as human Wifdom teacheth, nor favouring of new Fanglednefs, nor either fo affe&ate as it may ferve for Pomp and Oftentation, or fo carelefs and bafe, as becometh not Minifters of the Word of God. Secondly, It is alfo to be regarded as welL in ordering the Voice, in which a Care muft he had, that (avoiding the keeping always of one Tune) it may be equal, and both rife 'APPENDIX. 6ij rife and fall by Degrees; as alfo in ordering the Gefture, wherein (the Body being upright) the guiding and or- dering the whole Body is to foHow the Voice, there being avoided in it all unfeemly Geftures of the Head, or other Parts, and often turning of the Body to divers Sides. Fi- nally, Let the Gefture be grave, modeft, and feemly, not utterly none, nor too much neither, like the Geftures of Plays or Fencers. Thefe Things are to be performed by him that preach- eth ; whereby, when need requireth, they may be exa- mined who are trained and exercifed to be made fit to preach : Let there be, if it may be, every Sabbath Day, two Sermons, and let them that preach, always endeavour to keep themfelves within one Hour, efpecially on the "Week Days. The Ufe of Preaching at Burials is to be left as it may be done conveniently 5 becaufe there is Danger that they may nourifh the Superftition of fome, or be abufed to Pomp and Vanity. Of the Catechifm. T E T the Catechifm be taught in every Church. Let •*-i there be two Sorts. One more large applied to the delivering of the Sum of Religion by a Sute and Order of certain Places of the Scriptures, according to which fome Point of the holy Do6trine may be expounded every Week. Another of the fame Sort, but ihorter, fit for the Examination of the Rude and Ignorant before they be ad- mitted to the Lord's Supper. A Of the other Tarts of Liturgy or 'Divine Service. L L the reft of the Liturgy or Divine Service con- fifteth in the Adminiftration of the Sacraments, and by the Cuftom of the Church in the Bleffing of Marriage : The moft commodious Form thereof is that which is ufed by the Churches that have reformed their Difcipline according to the Word of God. Of Sacraments. LET only a Minifter of the Word, that is, a Preacher, minifter the Sacraments, and that after the Preaching of the Word, and not in any other Place than in the pub- lick Affemblies of the Church. R r 3 of 6i4 APPENDIX. Of 'Baptifm. "VST" Omen only may not offer unto Baptifm thofe that * ^ are to be baptized, but the Father, if it may be, or in his Name fome other. They which prefent unto Baptifm, ought to be perfuaded not to give thofe that are baptized the Names of God or of Chrift, or of Angels, or of holy Offices, as of Baptift, Evangelift, &c. nor fuch as favour of Paganifm or Popery 5 but chiefly fuch where- of there are Examples in the Holy Scriptures, in the Names of thofe who are reported in them to have been godly and virtuous. Of the Communion. T ET the Time of celebrating the Communion be made ■*-~i known eight Days before, that the Congregation may prepare themfelves, and that the Elders may do their Duty in going to and vifiting whom they ought. Of fl?>n'lfy'm^ their Names that are to communicate. LE T them which before have not been received to the Lord's Table, when they firft defire to come to it, give their Names to the Minifter feven Days before the Communion, that Care of enquiring of them may be com- mitted to the Elders 5 that it there be any Caufe of Hin- drance, there may be Stay made betime 5 but if there be no fuch Thing, let them proceed (where need may be) to the examining of their Faith, before fome of the Elders and Minifters every Month before the Communion. X-et this whole Treatife of Difcipline be read in the Con- fiftory 5 and let the Minifters, Elders and Deacons, be cenfured one after another 5 yet fo that the Minifter con- cerning Doclrine, be cenfured of Minifters only. Let them only be admitted to the Communion, that have made Confeffion of their Faith, and fubmitted them- felves to the Difcipline j unlefs they fhall bring Letters Te- ltimonial of good Credit from fome other Place, or fhall approve themfelves by fome other fufficient Teftimony. Children are not ro be admitted to the Communion be- fore they be of the Age of 14 Years, except the Confifto- ry fhall otherwife determine. On the Sabbath Day next before the Communion, let Mention be made in the Sermon of the Examination, whereunto the Apoftle txhortetb, and of the Peace that is by Faith 5 In the Day of the Communion, let there be Speech APPENDIX. 6x5 Speech of the Do&rine of the Sacraments, and efpecially of the Lord's Supper. Of Fafiing. T E T the Day of Falling be published by the Paftor *-* according to the Advice of the Confiftory, either for Supplication, for turning away of Calamities prefent, or threaten'd 5 or for Petition of fome fpecial Grace. Let the Sermons upon the fame Day, before and after Noon fas on the Lord's Day,) be fuch as may be fit for the pre- fent Occafion. Of Holidays. "OOlidays are conveniently to be abolifhed. Of Marriage. T E T Efpoufing go before Marriage. Let the Words •*-i of Efpoufing be of the prefent Time, and without Condition, and before fufficient Witnefles on both Sides. It is to be wifh'd, that the Minifter, or an Elder, be pre- fent at the Efpoufals, who having called upon God, may admonifh both Parties of their Duties. Firft, may have Care of avoiding the Degrees forbidden both by the Law of God and Man ; And then they may demand of them, whether they be free from any Bond of Marriage j which if they profefs and be Strangers, he may alfo require fufficient Teftimony. Further alfo, they are to be de- manded, whether they have been married before, and of the Death of the Party with whom they were married, which, if they acknowledge, and be Strangers, he may demand convenient Teftimony of the Death of the other Party. Finally, Let them be asked if they be under the Government of any ? Whether they whom it concerncth have confented ? The Efpoufals being done in due Order, let them not be diffolved, though both Parties ihould confent. Let the Marriage be folemnized within two Months after. Be- fore the Marriage let the Promife be publiihed three fe- veral Sabbath Days 5 but firft, let the Parties efpoufed, with their Parents or Governors, defire the publishing thereof, of the Minifter and two Elders at theleaft, that they may be demanded of thofe Things that arc needful 5 and let them require to fee the Inftrument of the Covenant of the Marriage, or at leaft, fufficient Teftimony of the E%oti- R r 4 Yals. 6i6 APPENDIX. fals. Marriage may be folemnized and blefled upon any ordinary Day of publick Prayer, faving upon a Day of Faft. Of Schools. JET Children be inftrufted in Schools, both in other •*~/ Learning, and efpecially in the Catechifm, that they may repeat it by heart, and underftand it j when they are fo inftrucled, let them be brought to the Lord's Sup- per, after they have been examined by the Minifter, and allowed by him. Of Students of 'Divinity and their Exercifes. TN even Church where it may conveniently be done, •* Care is to be had that fome poor Scholars, ftudious of Divinity, being fit for Theological Exercifes j and efpeci- ally for expounding of holy Scripture, may, by the Libera- lity of the godly Rich, be taught and trained up to preach. Let that Expofition, as often as it fhall be convenient to be had, be in the Prefence at leaft of one Minifter, by whofe Prefence they may be kept in Order, and in the fame Sort (as touching the Manner of Preaching) that publick Sermons are made 3 which being ended, let the other Students (he being put apart that was Speaker) note wherein he hath failed in any of thofe Things that are to be performed by him that preacheth publickly, as is fet down before : 0£ whofe Opinion let the Minifter that is prefent, and is Moderator ot their Exercife, judge and ad- moni/h the Speaker as he mall think meet. Of Elders. T E T the Elders know every particular Houfe and Per- J-i fon of the Church, that they may inform the Minifter of the Condition of every one, and the Deacons of the Sick and Poor, that they may take Care to provide for them : They are not to be perpetual 3 neither yet eafily to be changed. Of Confijlories. T N the Confiftory the raoft Voices are to be yielded un- ■■• to. In it only ecclefiaftical Things are to be handled. Of them, firft they are to be dealt with fuch as belong to the common Direction of the publick Affembly, in the Order of Liturgy or divine Service, Sermon, Prayers, Sacraments, Marriages, and Burials. Then with fuch alfu APPENDIX. 617 alfo as pertain to the Overfight of every one, and their particular Deeds. Further, they are to caufe fuch Things as (hall be thought meet, to be regifter'd and written in a Book. They are alfo to caufe to be written in another Book, the Names of them that are baptized, with the Names of their Parents and Sureties : Likewife of the Communicants. Further alfo are to be noted their Names that are married, that die, and to whom Letters tefti- moniil are given. Of the Cenfures. "VTONE is to be complained of unto the Confiftory, •*- unlefs firft the Matter being uttered with filencing the Parties Name, if it feem meet fo to be done by the Judgment of the Confiftory. In private and lefs Faults the Precept of Chrift, Matt. xviii. is to be kept. Greater and publick Offences are to be handled by the Confiftory. Further, publick Offences are to be efteemed, Firft, Such as are done openly before all, or whomfoever, the whole Church knowing of it. Secondly, Such as be done in a publick Place, albeit few know it. Thirdly, That are made fuch by Pertinacy and Contempt. Fourthly, That for the Heinoufnefs of the Offence are to bepunifhed with fome grievous civil Punilhment. They that are to be excommunicated, being in publick Charge in the Church, are to be depofed alfo from their Charges. They alfo are to be difcharged that are unfit for the Miniftry, by reafon of their Ignorance, or of fome incurable Difeafe 5 or by any other fuch Caufe, are dif- abled to perform their Miniftry : But in the Rooms of fuch as are difabled by Means of Sicknefs or Age, let another be placed without the Reproach of him that is difcharged $ and further, ib as the Reverence of the Miniftry may remain unto him, and he may be provided for, liberally and in good Order. When there is Queftion concerning an Heretick, com- plained of to the Confiftory, ftreight let two or three Neighbour Minifters be called, Men godly and learned, and free from that Sufpicion, by whofe Opinion he may be fufpended, till fuch Time as the Conference may take Knowledge of his Caufe. The Obftinate, after Admonition by the Confiftory, though the Fault have not been fo great, are to be fufpended 618 APPENDIX. fufpended from the Communion $ and if they continue in their Obflinacy, this fhall be the Order to proceed to their Excommunication. Three feveri) Sabbat rer the Sermon, publickly let be declared the Oifence com- mitted by the Offender. The firil Sabbath let not the Offender's Name be published : The fecond let it be declared, and withal a certain Day of the Week named, to be kept for that Caufe in Fafting and Praver. . '■ third let Warning be given of his excommunicating to follow the next Sabbath after, except there may be Shewed fbme fufficient Caufe to the contrary : So upon the fourth Sabbath Day let the Sentence of Esax>mmunicatioir be pronounced againft him, that his Spirit may be laved in the Day of the Lord. He that hath committed great Offences, opprobrious to the Church, and to be grievoufly puniOied by the Ma- giftrate's Authority 5 albeit he profefs his Repentance in Words, yet for the Trial thereof, and to take away the Offence, let him for a Time be kept from the Commu- nion 5 which how often and how long it is to be done, let the Confiftory, according to their Difcretion, deter- mine 5 after which, if the Party repent, he is brotherly to be received again, but not until he have openly pro- fcffed his Repentance before the Church, by Confent whereof he mould have been excommunicated. If the Minifters of any publick Charge of the Church commit any fuch Thing, they are to be depofed from their Charge. Of the Ajjemblies of the Church. T> Articular Churches are to communicate one with ano- ■*- ther, by common Meetings and Reforts : In them only ecclefiaftical Matters are to be handled, and of thofe, only fuch as pertain to the Churches of that Refort ; concerning other Churches, unlefs they be defired, they are to determine nothing further than to refer fuch Mat- ters to their next common and great Meeting. Let the Order of Proceeding in them be this : Firft, Let the Survey be taken of thofe that are prefent, and the Names of thofe that are abfent, and mould be there, be noted, that they may give a Reafon at their next Meeting of their Abfence, or be cenlured by the Judg- ment of the Aflembly next. Let the Acts of the laft AiTembly of that Kind be read, that if any of the fame remain APPENDIX. 619 remain unfinished, they may be difpatch'd : Then let thofe Things be dealt in that are properly belonging to the piefent Aflembly 3 where firft the Inftru<>• His fecond Examination, p. 5 $6. His Trial, p. 557. His Execution, p. 558. His Letter againft Archbifbop Whirgift, ibid. Barrowifts. See Brownifts. Beale, Mr. writes againft the Proceedings of the BifiopS} p. 429. His Speech in Parliament againfl Them, p. 540. Benifon, Mr. his Sufferings, p. 458. The Council's Letter in his Favour, p. 439. The Bifbop 's Anfwer to it, p. 440. Beza, his Character p/Cartwright, p. z6i, 299. His Letter to iks Lord Treafurer for a farther Reformation, p. 281. Bible tranflated into Englifh, p. 20, a I. Burnt by the Bifbops, p. 20. Set up in ChmsbeJ, p. 28. Again bnrnt by the P^p'fls, p- 118. S f Amthtt 626 INDEX. Another Tr {inflation of it at Geneva, p. 163. Another caUedihz Bilhops Bible, p. z so- Bidding of Prayers, the Rife of that Cufiom, p. 49. Bilney, Byfield, and Bainham, &>c. their Martyrdom, p. 18. Bilfon, Bifbop, his Opinion of Chrifi's Sufferings, p. 585. Birchet'j Madnefs and Death, p. 305. Bifhopricks, new ones erciled, p. zo. Bifhops to be chofen by Conge d' Elire, p. 14. To be appointed by the Kings Letters Patent during Pleafure, p. 50. Difference be- tween thofe of the church of England and the primitive ones3 ac- cording to Mr. Deering, p. 311. Bifhops, Priejis, and Deacons, &c. Our firfi Reformers Opinion about thofe Orders j p. 36, 37,64,81. Bancroft'/ new Doftrine about them, p. 494. Bifhops Bible, p. 250. Bifhops, their Anfwer to the Puritans Propofals for a further Refor- mation, p. 453. Their own Propofals, p. 4s 5. Debates in Par- liament about their Power, p. $39. Their Cruelty fet forth by the Brownijls in their Petition to the Council, p. 546. Bloody Statute. See Six Articles. Bonner, Bipop, fubmits to King Edward'* Injunctions , p. 49. And to the new Service- Book, p. 58. But being at lajl fufpeBed by the Government, is deprivd, p. 61. Is refiordby Queen Mary, p. $6. His unheard of Cruelties to the Proteftants, p. 98,99, 102. De- prived again and imprifond by Queen Elizabeth, p. 142. Bothwell, Earl, his infamous Marriage with the Queen 0/ Scots, and miftrable End, p. 233. Bound, Dr. his Treatife of the Sabbath, p. 577. ^Tis fupprefs'd by the Archbifbop, p. 578. But prevails, p. 579. Bourne, Dr. occafions a Tumult by preaching againfi the Reforma- tion, p. 85. Bowing at the Name ofyefus, what the Puritans thought of it, p.239. Bradford, Mr. John, fuffers Martyrdom, p. 99. His charitable Tem- per, p. 104. lie was againfi the Habits, p. 191. Brayne, Mr. fufpended, p. 4.19. Bridges, Dr. writes againfi the Puritans, and is anfwer d by Fenner, p- 4S6. Broughton, Mr. Hugh, explains drifts Defcent into Hell, p. $84. Browne, Bobert, p. 280. Hifioryofhim, p. 37$. Brownifts, their Rife, p. 374, 375. Their Principles, p. 376. Rea- fons of their Separation from the Church, p 378. Severities againfi them, p. 7,79- Two of their Minifiers executed, p. 389. Their Numbers increafe, p. 543. Their Church Settlement and Admini- flration of the Sacraments, ibid. They are difcoverd and impri- fond, p. 544. Their Examination, ibid. Their petition to the Council, p. <>45. Their Sufferings, p. 546, &c. Their Petition to tfe Lord Treafurer, p. 549. Several of them fly into Holland and there plant Chirshes, p. 577. Buccr INDEX. 627 Bucer comes over, and is made Divinity ProfeJJbr at Cambridge.; p. 52. His Opinion about the Habits, p. 69, 191. His Sentiments about Difcipline, p. 80. His Bones dug up and burnt by the Pa- pip, p. 103. Bullen, Anne, her Marriage with Hen. VIII. p. 13. A Friend to the Reformation, p. 17. She is beheaded, p. 21, 22. Bullinger, his Opinion of the Habits and Ceremonies, p. 198. Burleigh, Lord Treafurer, his excellent Letter to the Archbifiop about his 24 Articles, p. 425. Burner, Bifiop, his Opinion of the Civil Magi fir ate s Power to reform Religion conftderd, p. 42. C. CAlais loft from the Englifh, p. 120. Calvin 's Judgment of the Englifh Service-Boik, p. in. Of the Englifh Ceremonies, p. 115. Campion the Jefuit, ike. executed, p. 38 it Canons, Ail for revijing them, p. 15. Never done, p. 16. Another AH for it, p. 62. Which alfo comes to nothing, p. 63. New ones, p.45 $. Carew, Mr. his Sufferings, p. 435. Cartwrighc, Mr. his Sentiments of the Ecclefiaftical Supremacy^ p. 13 3. He oppofes the Hierarchy of the Church, p. 26 I, 262. His Pofitions, p. 263. He writes to the Secretary, p. 164. He is ex- pell 'd the Univerfity and retires beyond Sea, p. 265. Being return d3 he draws up the Puritans fecond Admonition to the Parliament* p. 28*5. His famous Difpute with Whicgifr, and his Standard of Difcipline and Church Government, p. 293. His hard Vfage, p. 295. His fecond Reply to Whicgifr, p. 298, 299. A Proclamation againft him, p. 309. He affifts in framing a Difcipline for Jerfey and Guernfey, p. 337. Is chofen Preacher to the Englifh Fa&orj at Antwerp, p. 3^0. Returns to England and fettles at Warwick, p. 465. Forbid by the Archbifiop to anfwer the Rhemifts Teftamenty p. 47 i. Examination of him and his Brethren before the High Commiffioners, p. «j £ 9. Articles exhibited againft him, p 520. He refufes to anfwer upon Oath, p. 521. He and his Brethren brought before the Scar- Chamber, p. 522. They are committed to Prifon, p. 523. They petition the Council and the Archbifiop, p. 524. They addrefs to the §ueen in a long Declaration, p. 5 2 5 . He is re- leas' d, and reftord to his Hofpital at Warwick, but his Brethren continue under Sufpenfion, p. s 1 3, 5 34. He defends himfelf and his Brethren from being concerned with Hacker, p. ^38. Cathedral Wot flip difltfCd by the Puritans, p. 237. Cathedrals, Requeft apainft them, p. 480. Cawdery, Mr his Sufferings, p. 492 Kb farther Sufferings, and Appeal to the Court of Exchequer, p. ^35. (Ceremonies of the Church, Debates in Convocation about them, p. I 80. The confiderable Number of the Clergy that were for amending them, p. 181, 184. Several of tl em fcrupled by the Puritans, p. 237. See Rices. S f % Charke, 623 INDEX. Charke, Mr. expelf 'd the Univerjity, p. z 84. Chauncries, &c. given to the King, p. 20, SI. Church of England, Pope's Authority over it taken aiv ay, p. 14, By what Authority, and in what Way it n- Rejidence, p. 454. Continues fitting after the Parliament, p.481. Jddreffes tl e Queen again againfl the Bill to prevent Plural/ties, p. 499. Makes fome Regulations of Spiritual Courts, p. 590. Copping, Mr. the Brownift, executed, p. 389. Coinwa), Petition of the Inhabitants to the Parliament for better Mmifiers, p. 366. Coverdale, Miles, ajffts in tranflatlng the Bible, p. 21. Made Co- adjutor, and then Bijbop of Exeter, p. 73,74. Retires out of the Kingdom, p. 86, 87. His bufferings at home for Hon Conformity, and Death, p. 185. He was much follow d by the Puritans, p..»i9. Country Clergy, their Hardfhips, p. 443. Cox, Dr. brings in King Edward'/ Service Bock at Francfort, which breaks the Church, p. 112, 113. Cranmer, Archbifiop, gives Sentence of Divorce for King Henry V 'III. p. 1 3. Promotes the Reformation in his Reign, p. 1 7. Reviews and corrects Tyndal'j Bible, p. 21. Appointed to d'ifpute againfl Lambert the Martyr, p. 2 9. Mis Power declines with the King, p. 3 9. His Judgment concerning the Epifcopal yurifdiilion, p. 50. His per - feeuting Principles, p. 59. Caufes Joan of Kent to be burnt for a Heretick, p. 60, 6r. And George Van Paris, ibid. He is zealous for the Habits, p. 70. Relaxes his Opinion about them, p. 71. His Sen- timents about D/fcipline, p. 81. He was not fatisfy'd with tie Li- turgy, though twice reformed, ibid. He is fent to the Tower, p. 86. Tried for HighTreafon, p. 88. Declared a Heretick, p. 92. Degra- ded, and recants, p. 1:0. Retraces his Recantation, and is burnt, p. 10 1. He was utterly againfl the Popifi Habits at lafi, p. 191. Cr an we! j Lord, a Friend to the Reformation, p. 17. Appointed Vi- fitor General of the Monafieries, p. 1 8. The Caufe of his Fall, p. 29. He is beheaded, p. 32. Crofs in Baptifm, Objeclions of the Puritans againfl it, &c, p. 237. D. DArrel, Mr. his Sufferings for pretending t» cafi out unclean Spi- rits, p. 585. His folemn Protejlation, p. 587. Day, Bifeopj deprivd, p. 66, 76. Refiord, p. 86. S f s Dea- >3° INDEX/ Deacons, Cunclujions of the Puritans concerning themi p. 346. Dead, oj praying for them, p 36. T>-!a- ation oj Faith by the Reformers in Prifon, p. 9}. Of Articles of B.J w 3 fet' forth by the Bifbops, p. 158. D.erui?, Mr. Articles of his Examination, p. 309. Deprived and reflor d, p. 511. His Letter to the Lord Treafurer, ibid. Deprivd again, p. 3 12. His Death and character, p. 351, Defender of the Faith, Original of that Title, p. 8. Delegates, Court of, Rife of it, p. 15. Deprived. Vide Miniiters. Defcent of Chrijl into Hell, Controverfy about it, p. 584. Difcipline of the Church, the fir [I Reformers Opinion about it, p. 8 1, 82. Puritans Objections and Complaints of the Want of it, p. 236. The Commons addrefs the Queen to reform it, p. 27 'I. Rules for it agreed upon by the Minifiers and Magijirates of Northampton, p. 273. The Church in her Service ftiU complains of the Want of it, p. 344. Ajfociations of the Puritans for rejioring it, ibid. Their Book of Difcipline, p. 449. Another Treatije about it called the Abftraft, p. 45c. BiU to reform it, p. 4^ 1. Form of Subfcrip- tion to the Book of Difcipline, p. 483. Perfons who fubfcribed it, p. 484- Difputation at Oxford, between the Reformers and Papij?s3 p. 92, Another appointed by Queen Elizabeth, p0 1 36. Doftrinal Puritans, p. 579. Do&rines of the Church reformed, p. 74. Dutch Church. See German. Dyke, Mr- fufpended, p. 436. His Parifbioners intercede for him, ibid. And the Lord Treasurer, but in main, p. 437. E. ■ Cclefiaftical Laws. See Canons. Edward VI. born, p. a8. Succeeds his Father, p. 44. The Re- gency appointed during his Minority, p. 45. Reformat/on in his Reign, p. 46. His Injunctions about Religion, &c. p- 47. He forbids Preaching far a Time, and why, p. %z. His fir ft Service Book, p. s>, 54, 5 7- Infurrebticns and Rebellions in his Reign, and on what Account, p. 5 8, 5 9. Severities on Account of Religion in his Time, p. 59, 60. He with great Reluctance figns the War- rant for executing Joan Bocher for Herefy, p. 61. An Infance of his Piety, p. 68. His Letter to the Archbipop to difpenfe with the Habits in Hooper'* Confecraiion, p. 70, 71. His Patent for ejla- lliping the German Church in London, p, 71. His Book of Arti- cles, &c p.*74, 75. His fecond Service Book, p. 75, 7&> Ap- points a Royal rifitation about the Church Plate, &c p. 77- How far tie Reformation was carried in his Reign, and his Dejire of proceeding farther, p. 78, 79. He laments that he could not rejhre the primitive Dijcipline, p. 8c. His Death and Character, p. 8 if. Remarks on the Sentiments of the Reformers in this Reign, p. 8a. lbs King by his lafl Will appoints the Lady Jane Grey his Succef- fir, INDEX. 63 i for, p. 84. His Laws about Religion repealed, p. 88. But re- vived by jgueen Eli7abeth, p. 117. His Service Book re-efiablifbed with Alterations, p. 1 38, 139. Elector Palatine writes to the $)ueen in favour of the Puritans, p. 273. Elizabeth, §ueen, illegitimated by her Father, p. 22. Her Danger and Sufferings in her Sifters Reign, p. 118. Her Accejficn to the Crown, p. 122. State of the Nation and of Religion at that Time, ibid. She forbids all Preaching for a Time, p. 125. Tife Supre- macy reflord to her by Parliament, p. iz6. She appoints Ecclefi- aflical Commiffioners, p. 128. Is afraid of reforming too far, p. 138, 176. Her Injunctions about Religion, p. 148. She re- tains Images and fever al popijh Ceremonies in her Chapel, p. 15^, 1^6. Affifls the Confederate Proteflants in Scodand, p. 168, 169. The Pope writes to her, p. 171. She is averfe to the married Cler- gy, p. 176. Her Supremacy confirm d, p. 176. She writes to the Archbifiops to inforce the Act of Uniformity, p. 187. Refufes to ra- tify tie Bi(bops Advertifements, p. 189, 204, 210. She vfts the Vniverjlty of Cambridge, p. 2.2 1. A remarkable Inflance of her flretching the Prerogative, p. 241. Her dangerous Sicknefs, and the Hazard of the Reformation at that Time, p. 249. She afftfls the Confederate Proteflants of France and Holland, p. 251. Re- bellion of her popifb Subjects, p. 252. She is excommunicated by the Pope, p. 255. Proceedings of her Parliament thereupon, p- 253, 254. She is very arbitrary with her Parliament, p. 266, 272. And ftops their Attempts for a farther Reformation, p. 282. Her Inveteracy againfl the Puritans, and Attempts to fupprefs them, p. 304, 30 5, 307. She was favourable to the Papifls, p. ^37. Perfecutes the Anabaptifls, p. 340. Her Reafons for putting down the religious Exercifes of the Clergy, p. 352, 3 ■$ 9. Her Letter to the Bfpop of London for that purpofe, p. 353. Grmdal'j honejl Ad- vice to her, p. 358. For which fie fecjueflers and confines him, ibid. Her defignd Marriage with the Duke of Anjou, p. 368. She for- bids a Fajl which the Commons had appointed, p. 369, 370. And the private Faflings of the Clergy, ibid. She requires full Confor- mity, p. 5 7 r . Continues to affifl foreign Protejlants, p. 381. Grants a Commiffion of Concealments, ibid. But revokes it, p. 382. Grants a new Ecclejiajiical Commiffcn, p. 409. Again flops the Parliaments Proceedings for a farther Reformation, p. 450. A Plot of tie Papi (is againfl her Life, p. 462. She rejects the Bill for the better Obfervation of the Sabbath, p. 464. And flops other Bills for Reformation, p. 481. Another Plot of the Papfls againfl her, p. 482. Puritans petition her, but in vain, p. 488. Her Conduct in the Spanifh Invafion, p. 499. She again flops the Pro- ceedings of Parliament, p. 500. Prohibits the Books againfl the Church, p. 507. Her arbitrary Meffage to the Parliament, p. 5 . 8. Again, p. 540. She repents of putting Barrowe and Greenwood, two Brownifls, to Death, p. 558. Diflikes the Predefiinarian Con- trovsrfy, p. 582. She again fops the Parliaments Proceedings, P- 5sVj 59-« Her Death and Character, p. Coo. S f 4 Elli- t^z I N D E X.] Elliflon, Mr. his Sufferings, p. 443. Epifcopacy, Rife of the Ccntrvuerfy about its Divine Right, p. 494. The Con tr over fy carried on, p. 571. Erudition of a Chriflian Man, a remarkable Book, calPd the King's Book, Account of it, p. 3 3, ckc. Remarks upon it, p. 57. Effex Petitions for their deprived Minifiers, p. 407, 458. Hdntes of thofe that were fufpended, p. 433. See Non- Subscribers. Excommunication, Puritans Notion of it, p. $19.. Exercifcs, Religious, See Prophefyings. Exiles for Religion in Queen Mary'j Days, p. 86, 87, 108. Their Petition to her in behalf of the Sufferers at home, p. 98, 99. Dif- putes among them about the Ceremonies and Service Book, which gave Rift to the Puritans, p. 1 10. They appeal to Calvin, p. ill. Some of them fet up the Geneva Difcipline, p. 1 1 3 . Their Reafons for laying a fide the Rites and Ceremonies, p. 114. Remarks upon the Breach between them, p. 115. Farther Difference among them, p. 116. They return home at Queen Elizabeth'* Acceffion* and with what Temper, p. izg, 124. Their good Refolutions, p. 12.5. See Reformers. F. FAgius comes over into England, p. $2. His Bones dug up and burnt by the Papijls, p. 103. Faith, thejirfl Reformers Opinion about it, p. 3 3. Family of Love, p. 339. Fait voted by the Commons, p. 369. Forbid by the Queen, p. 37°» Failings of the Clergy put down, p. 370. Fenner, Mr. defends the Puritans, p. 486,487. Ferrars, Bifio$, burnt, p. 98. He was againfi the popifb Garments, p. 191. Field and Wilcox imprifond for the Admonition to the Parliament, p, 18 $. Their Apology, p. 286. Their Supplication, p. 287. Their Confeffton of Faith, and Preface to it, p. 287, 2.88, &c. Their Conference with the Archbifeofs Chaplain, p. 291. And hard if age, p. 2.92. Field, Mr. fufpended, p. 406. Firli-Fruirs and Tenths. See Annates. Fifher, Bificp, refufes the Oath of Sttcceffon and Supremacy, p. 16. Beheaded for it, ibid. & p. 25'. Fletcher, Dr. made Bificp of London, and perfecutes the Puritans, p. 576. The Queen d.f pleas' d with him for his fecond Marriage ^ ibid. He dies, p. 577. Foreign Protejiants take SanBuary in England, p. %\. Their Senti- ments about the Habits and Ceremonies, p. 1 97, &c. Forma Promiffionis, to he fuhfcriVd by the Clergy, p. J11* Forma Objurationis, p. 313. Forms, &>c. a Variety of them in different Churches allow 'd even by tie Papifls, p. $5.' This complain d of m the Church of England, p. 186, * Fox, INDEX. 633 Fox, Mr. John, his Letter to Dr. Humphreys, p. 175. His Acts and Monuments, p. 1S5, 186. Heglefted by the Church for fcru- pling the Habits, p. 186. Summon 'd before the Commifjioners, but refujes to fubfcribe, p. zio. Intercedes with ihe Queen to /pare fome Anabaptifis that were condemn d to be burnt, p. 340. His Death and Character, p. 493. Francfort, the Congregation there, and their Manner of Worfiip, p. ic8, ICQ. Interrupted by Dr. Cox and his Party, p. 112, 115. Remarks on that Affair, p. 115. The Congregation divided again, p. 1 1 6. Their new Book of Difcipline, p. 117. Freemen of London to be disfranchise for not going to Church, p.241. Free -Will, the frfi Reformers Opinion about it, p. 34, Rife of tte Ccntroverfy about it, p. 105. See Predeftination. Freke, Dr. made Bijbop of Norwich, p. 347. His Severity againfi the Puritans, p. 364. And againfi the Brownifis, p. 379. His Articles againfi the Jufiices, ibid. French Church in London refiord, p. 165. Frith, John, burnt, p. 18. Frith, Simon, his Supplication of the Beggars, p. 17. G. GArdiner, Bijbop, imprifond, and hardly us"d in King Edward'* Reign, p. 58. DeprivdofhisBifioprick, p. 73. Refiord by Queen Mary, p. 86. Commiffiond to perfecute the Protefiants, p,96. His Cruelty to Dr. Taylor the Martyr, p. 98. His farther Cruelty, remarkable lUnefs, and Death, p. ico. Gardiner, Mr. his melancholy Cafe, and hard Ufage, p. 471. Garments, Popifb. See Habits. Gawton, Mr. his bold Letter to the Bijbop of Norwich, p. 348. Geneva Bible, Account of it, p. 1 63. Geneva Difcipline fet up by fome of the Englifh Exiles at Geneva, P- 1 1 >• . Geneva Divines^ their Opinion of the Habits, &c. p. 1 99. German and Dutch Church efiablifi'd in London, p. 71- Put down by Queen Mary, p. 87. Refiord under Queen Elizabeth, p. 165. Forbid to admit Puritans to their Communion, p 3*4- Germany, Difputes there occajiond by the Interim, p. 67. Gifford, Mr. his Sufferings, p. 435. Gilpin, Mr. Bernard, his Death and extraordinary ClaraBer, p. 391, &c. God-Fathers and God- Mothers, Opinion of the Puritans about them, p. 238. Good Works, turfirfi Reformers Opinion about them, p. 3 5. Greenham, Mr. fufpended, p. 348. Greenwood, the Browniit Minifier, tried with Barrowe, &c. p. 557, Executed, p. 558. Grey, Lady Jane, proclaimed Queent p. 84. Tried for High Treafcn, p 88. Executed with her Husband, p 89. Grievances complain d of by the Puritans, p. 476. Grinds!, 634 INDEX. Grindal, Dr, made Bifiop of London, p. 144. Was againfi the Ha- bits though he conform d, p. 193. Of a mild Temper ; p. 204, 124. Several Puritans examind before him, p. 242. "White's /mart Letter to him, p. 247- He is made Archbifiop of York, p. 26$. Suppreffes a Letter to the Queen from the Elector Palatine in favour of the Puritans, p. 273- Cannot go the Lengths of Archbifiop Par- ker, p. 279. Samplbn'j Plain Dealing with him, p. 332. He is made Archbifiop of Canterbury, p. 342. Petitions to him in be- half of Mr. Stroud, p. 349. He regulates the Prophefyings , p. 3 5 1. Refufes to put them down, and writes to the Queen in their behalf p. 357. For which he is fequefier d and covfind, p. 3 5 8. He fub- vnts in part, p. 359. Licenfes Puritan Minijlers to preach, p. 364, Admits of Presbyterian Ordination, p. 3 8$. His Death and Cha- racter, p. 3 94. Gualter, his Advice to the Englifh Reformers, p. 124, Their Anfwers, p. 125. His Letters againfi the Habits, &c. p. 198. Gueft, Dr. Bifiop o/Rochefter, his Opinion of the Ceremonies, p.i 94. H. HAbits, different Opinions of the Reformers about them, p. $6. Who were at the Head of the two Parties, p. S 7. Rife of the Contro- verfy about them, p. 66. Hooper refufes them, p. 68. Judgment «f foreign Divines about them, p. 6g. And of the Reforming Clergy at home, p. 71. Th? Puritans write to the Courtiers againfi pref- fing them, p. 18S. But the Bifiops are for inforcing them, p. 189. A farther Account of the Sentiments of the firfi Reformers about them, p. 190, &c. State of the Queflion about them, p. 195. A farther Account of the Opinion of foreign Divines concerning them, p. 197, &c. ihe Englifh Laity averfe to them, p. 201,229. The Bifiops InjunEiicns for inforcing them, p. 202. Dr. Humphreys and Sampfbn cited, and examined about them, p. 204. Their Ar- guments againfi wearing and inforcing them, p. 205, 206, 207. Reafons of the deprivd London Clergy for refufing them, p. 212, &c. They are fcrupled by the TJmverfity of Cambridge, p. 221. Abflrac? of the deprivd London Minfiers Reafons againfi them, p. 225. And of the Puritans -in general, p. 240. Hackee executed, and the Puritans not concern d with him, p. 537, 5?8. Hales, fudge, his hard Vfage, &c. p. 87. Harvey, Mr. fufpended, p. 348. Heath, Bifiop, deprived, p. 66, J6. Refiord, p. 86. His Speech againfi the At? of Uniformity, p. 139. Deprivd again, p. 141,142. Henry VIII. his Birth and Character, p. 8. Obtains the Title of Defender of the Faith, for writing againfi Luther, ib,id. Moves the Pope for a Divorce from his Queen Katherine, and appeals to the principal Univerfities of Europe, p. 9. Breaks with the Pope for not granting the Divorce, p. 10. Affumes the Title of Supreme Head of the Church of England, p. 1 1. Is divorced and marries . Anne Eullcn, p. 13. The Clergy fitbmit to him t p. 15. He ob- 1 tains INDEX. 635 tains the Firfi Truhs and Tenths, p. 16. Monajleries, &c. fur- render d to him, p. 18, 19,10. Articles of Religion devisd by him, p. 21. He is excommunicated by the Pope, p. 25. His In- junctions thereupon, for regulating the Behaviour of the Clergy, p. 26. Hindrances to a farther Reformation in his Reign, p. 28. He per- fecutes the Protectants, p. 29, 52, $9. And the Papifls for denying his Supremacy, p. 25, 32. State of the Reformation at his Death, p. 39. He dies, p. 41. HeretickSj Rife of the penal Laws againft them, p. ^. Refections there- upon, p. 6. ) Queen Mary, p. 86. His Mart)rdom, p. 97. His excellent Letters to Builinger, Qpc. ibid. Horn, Dr. flies beyond Sea, p. 86,87. Made Bifl op of Wincheftcr, p. 144. Preaches for the Habits, p. 189. But was not fond of tie//. at fir), p. 191. Hubbock, Mr. his Sufferings, p. $34. Humphreys, Dr. his Letter againfl the Habits, &C. p. 1 9$* £'o. He rejigns his Prebend, p. z8o. His Death, p. 359. Libellers, feditiou s, to fuffer Death, p. 372. Licences for preaching to be renewed, p. 202.. On what Conditiont p. 204, 219 To be reneiv'd again, p. 272. Again, p. 345. Litchfield and Coventry, Bifbop of, his Letter for putting down the Prophefyings, p. 356. Liturgies, Antiquity of them confiderd, p, 55. Liturgy. See Service-Book. Exceptions of the Puritans againfi it, p. 236. Ketv Liturgy confirm d by Parliament, p. 57, 76. Rea- fons for amending it, p. 40 1 . Lollards, Wickliffe'j Followers fo called, p. 5. The fever al Statutes made againfi them, p. 6, 7. Repeal ' d, p. 14, 50. London, Citizens of, their Petition to the Parliament for better Mi' niflers, p. 365. Sad Condition for want of Preachers, p. 223,224. London Clergy, Proceedings of the Ecckfiajlical Commiffioner s againfi them, p. 210, 211. Reafons of thofe who were depriv 'd for refu- sing the Habits, p 212, &c. Sad Conferences of thefe Proceedings^ p. 225. AbflraB of their Reafons for Son-Conformity, ibid. An- fwerd, and their Replies, p. 227, 228. Their Petition to Convoca- tion to be rejlored, p. 405. Lord's-Day, publick Sports on it, p. 590. Bill for the letter Cbfer- vance of it rejected by the Queen, p. 464- Lords of the Council diffatisfyd with the Bifbops Proceedings againfi the Puritans, and write to them about it, p. 427, 42 S. Lutherans, their Uncharitablenefs, p. ic8. M. MArriage, the Ring in it, forbidding it at certain Times, and licenfing it for Money ; diflik'd by the Puritans, p. 239. Marriages of the Clergy legitimated, p. 76. Queen Elizabeth averfe to them, p. 176. Martin-Mar-Prelate, a fatyrical Pamphlet, p. S03. Mary, Queen, her Acceffion to the Crown, p. 83, 84. Her Declara- tions about Religion, p. 85. Her Treatment of the Suffolk Men, p. 86. She refiores Popery, p. 88, 94. Her Injunctions to the Bi- fbops, p. 90. Her Marriage with Philip c/Spain, p. 91. She re- fiore,s the Church Lands, p. 95. Razes out of the publick Records what 638 INDEX. what was done againfi the Monks, p. 96. Burnings of the Prote- ctants in her Reign, p. 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107. Her fiery Zeal, p. 102. Number of thofe put to Death for Religion in her Time, ibid, and 103. Calamities of the Ration under her Govern- ment, p. 119, 120. Her Sicknefs and Death, p. 120, 121. Her Char abler, p. 121. Mary, Queen of Scots, her Bigotry and iU ConduB, p. 232. Her Fa- vourite and Husband murder d, p. 233. She is obliged to rejign her Crown to her Son ; and is put to Death by Queen Elizabeth, ibid. and 498. Mafs- Books called in, p. 64. Maffacre at Paris, a terrible one, p. 305. Matthews'* Bible. See Tyndal. Merbury, Mr. his Examination and Imprifonment, p. 441. Minifters fufpended and deprived for Hon- Conformity, p. 208, 21 r, 261,280,284,296,308,312, 347, 364,400,406,433,436, 443,4*5. 491,534- *e Clergy. Miniftry, Puritans Complaint of the Abufe of it, p. 256. Their Ccn- clufions for regulating it, p. 345. Monafteries vifited,$. 18. They are fuppreffed,^. 19. Their Revenues, p. 20. Moore, Sir Thomas, refufes the Oath of SucceJJion and Supremacy, p. 16. Beheaded for it, ibid. andi^. Morrice, Mr. Attorney, his Arguments againfi the Oath ex Officio, p. 536. He moves the Houfe of Commons againfi it, and againfi the fpiritual Courts , p. 539. He fujfers for it, and is imprifoned, p. 541. N. NAg's-Head Confecration, a Fable, p. 1 42. Negus, Mr. detrivd, p. 434. New-England, the Foundation of ihat Colony, p. 577- New Teltament, firfi iranjlated into Englifh by Wickliffe, p. 5. Then by Tyndal, 47 5« The Puritans Qbjeftwis to it, p. 516. Mr. At- torney INDEX. 639 torney Morrice'j Arguments againjl it, p. 5 36. Many of the Puri- tans take it and difcover their Synods, ibid. Their Reafons for it, P- 537- Ochinus comes over to England, p. 52. Offices of the Church reform d, p. 5$, 54. Ordinal, a new one in King Edward'j Time, p. 63, 64, 76. Ordination of Minijlers. See Ordinal. Ordination in foreign Churches, and not Epifcopal, allow d to he valid, by ourjirjl Reformers, p. 9t. Admitted by Archbijhop Grindal, p. 385. P. PAget, Mr. Euflbius, his Sufferings , p. 443. Articles againjl him, and his Anfwer, p. 444. Caujes of his Deprivation ar- gued, p. 446". His farther Sufferings, p. 447. Papifts rife for the old Religion in King Edward'/ Reign, p. 58. Their Demands, p. 59. They are fupprejfed, ibid. Their Numbers for- midable in Queen Elizabeth'* Time, and their ExpeBations from her Death, p. 251. They rife in the North, but are fupprejfed, p. 2 $2. Their jprfi open Separation from the Church, p. 163. Pe- nal Laws againjl them, p. 254, 462, 598. Parilian Majfacre, p. 303. Parker, Archbifiop, his Confecration, p. 1 42. ObjeBions againjl its Canonicalnefs, p. 143. 'Tis confirmed by Parliament, ibid. He vi- sits his Diccefe, p. 172. Settles the Order of Leffons, p. 173. His Zeal againjl the Puritans, p. 189, 190, 204. Was not fond of the Habits at fir ft, p. 192. His Queflions to Humphreys and Samp- fon, at their Examination, p 20$. His violent Proceedings, p. 208, 217, 218, 219. *&* Complaints, p. 223, 30 1. His Zeal for Uni- formity, p 279. His Letter upon Mr. Deering'j being rejlord by the Council, p. 311. He incenfes the Queen againjl the Religious Exercifes of the Clergy, p. 326. And fuppreffes them in tie Diocefe of Norwich, p. 329. His ConduB in a (bam Plot, p. 533. Which he defends, p. 335. He vijits the Ifle ofWight, ibid. His fever e Proceedings there, diJliKd by the Queen, and his angry Letter there- upon, p. 3^6. His Death and CharaBer, p. 340. Parkhurft, Bijbop of Norwich, inveighs againjl the Habits, p. 194. His Timoroufnefst p. 307, 308. Lamentl the Perfecution of the Puritans, p. 326. His Approbation of the Religious Exercifes of the Clergy, p. 327. He is forced to fupprefs them, p. 329. His Death and CharaBer, &c. p. 329. Parliament, Attempts in it towards a farther Reformation, p, z(>6, 271, 282, 450, &c. 456, 480, 559. Penry, Mr. the Brownift, his Hijlory, p 559. Proclamation againjl him, p. 560. He is taken, ibid. His Petition to the Queen unfi- nip'd, p. 561. His Trial and Condemnation, p. 564. His Decla- ration, ibid. His Complaints to the Treafurer, p. 565. His Fro- tefation, p. $66. He is executed in a Hurry, p. 567, Perkins, Mr. William, his Death, CharaBer, atdWrhi-'gs, p. 59s- Per- 640 INDEX. Perfecution of the Proteftants under King Henry VIII. p. 18, 29, 32,39. Of thofe they calfd Hereticks in Edward Vlth's Timey p. 59, 60, dr. Of the Proteftants in Queen Mary'* Reign., p, 96, &c. Of the Proteftants in France and the Low Countries, p. 249. Of the Anabaptifis in England, p. 340. Of the Brownitts, p. 379, 544, &c. See Puritans. Peter Martyr comes over, and is made Divinity Profejfor at Oxford, p. 52. His Opinion about the Habits, p. 69, 191, 197. Order d to leave the Kingdom in Queen Mary'j Reign , p. 87. His Wife's Body dug up, p. 118. Petitions of the Minifiers in divers Counties, againfi Subfcription, p. 404, 405, 406. Of Gentlemen and Parifbioners for their Mi- nifiers, p. 406, 407, 436. Their Petitions to Parliament, p. 450, 452,473. To the Convocation, p. 459, To the Queen, p. 488, 52s. See Supplication. Philip, King, marries Queen Mary, p. 91. Philpot, Mr. his Martyrdom, p. 100. Pilkington, Bipopof Durham, writes to the Earl of Leicefter againfi pr effing the Habits, p. 188. See more, p. 193. His Death and Character, p. 350. Plumbers-Hall, Puritans meeting there apprehended and examirid, p. 241. They are imprifon'd, p. 24$. Pluralities and Non-Refidence, the Bill againfi them oppoi'd by the Convocation, p. 454. Rejected by the Lords, p. 455. Another Bill to prevent them ; which the Convocation alfo addrejfes the'. Queen againfi, p-499- Pool, Cardinal, arrives from the Pope, and reconciles the Kingdom to Rome, p. 94. Lofes his Influence, becaufe thought not fevere enough againfi Hereticks, p. 118. His Death, p. 121. Pope'j Power and Extortions in England, p. I. Refiraind by the Statutes of Provifors and Praemunire, p. 2. King Henry VIII. breaks with him, and on what Occafion, p. 9. His Authority in England abolifi'd by Parliament, p. 1 1, 12, 14. Oath to be taken againfi it, p. 16. He excommunicates King Henry VIII. p. 25. Laws againfi him repeal d in Queen Mary'j Time, p. 95. Revivd by Queen Elizabeth, p. 126, 176. His Authority abolifi'd in Scot- land, p. 170, 234. He admonifies Queen Elizabeth, p. 171. And excommunicates her, p, 253. Popery, Queen Mai y'j- Reign a true Picture of it, p. 84. 'Tis re- jtord by Parliament, p. 88. A bloody Religion, p. 102, 103, 186. The People of England'/ Averfion to it, p. 201. It gains Ground in Queen Elizabeth'* Time, p. 302, 337, 381, 569. Statute againfi /educing her Subjects to it, p. 373. Popifh Biftops depriv'd, p. 141. Their Behaviour to Queen Eliza- beth, p. 171. Popifh Books licenfed, p. 482. Popifh Confederacy to extirpate $e Protefiant Religion, p. 2$o. Popifh Laws repeat 'd, p. 50. Powers, INDEi 641 Powers, Civil and Ecclejiajlical, Obfervations concerning their jufi Boundaries , p. 154, 135. Poynec, Dr. tranjlated to the See of Winchefter, p. 74. His Death3 p. 117. Practice of Prelates, a Pamphlet publip'd by the Puritans, p. 403. Prayers for the Dead, Opinion of the Reformers about then^ p. 36. Of bidding Prayer, p. 49. Praemunire, Statute of , p. 2. Preachers, the great Scarcity of good ones formerly in the Church, p. 162, \5l, 172, 175, 218, 219, 365, &c. The Reafor.s of it, p. 367, 418,473,476, 477,478, 479, 4?9- Diligence of the Puritan Preachers, p. 343. Preaching forbid, p. 22, 52,85, 123. §redefHnation and Free Will, Rife of the Controverfy about themt p. 103. 21 evivd in the Univerjity of Cambridge, p. 579. Senti- ments of the Church on this Head, ibid, and 584. Prerogative, A&s in favour of it, p. 31. Presbyterian Ordination admitted by Archbifbop Grindal, p. 38). Presbyterian Church, the jirft in England, p. 301. Presbytery ejlablijti'd by Law in Scotland, p. 570. Prefs rejlraind, p. 228, 463.. A private one fet up by the Puritans, p. 503. D.fcover'd, and the Entertainers of it punifi'd, p. 507. Proclamations, AcJs concerning them, p. 31. Repeat d, p. jo. Prohibitions granted to flop Proceedings in the Bijbops Courts, p. 5903 591.. Prophefyings, what, the Rife of them, and Orders about them^ p. 275. Confejpon of Faith fignd by the Members, p. 276. They increafe, p. 326. Are fupprefsd in the Diocefe of Norwich, p. 327. The CounciVs Letter to continue them, p. 328. But to no Purpofe^ p. 329. They are regulated in ether Diocefes, p. 351. Queens Reafons for putting them down, p. 352. Her Letter to the B'fiop of London, &c. for that Purpofe, p. 353. Letter of the Bifbop cf Litchfield and Coventry to his Archdeacon, in Compliance there- with, p. 356. Crindal refufes to put tl.em down, and writes to the Queen in their Favour, p. 357. They are totally fupprp£ed3 p. 359. Attempt to revive them, to no Purpofe, p. 464. Protectants burnt in Queen Mary'-f Reign, p. ^7, &c. Private Con- gregations of them, p. ic6. See Perfecution and Reformers. Protectants and Papifts, mix'd Execution of them, p. 32. Protectants in France, and the Low- Countries, QPc. cruelly perfe- cted, p. 249, 251- Whereupon many come over to England, p. 249. Provifors, Statute of, p. 2. Pro- :., Mr. his Letter to Lord Burleigh, p. 370. PuRITai.Jj their Docirmes agreeable to thofe of Wickliffe, p. 4. Tlii* 1 .p. 108. Their Sentimci s concerning the Supremacy, p. 13?' 7 were for Un:frr . . . ~ . m in their Way, as well as the etl Reformers inJheirs, p. 1^6, 147, When and on what Ac- re: :; they began to Puritans, p, 138, Several cf them T i tefl/fl 642 INDEX. refufe Bifiopricks, p. 142. Their Principles compard with thofe of the other Reformers, p. 144, &c. Some of them refufe Livings , and others comply for the prejent, p. 161. Their Propofals in Con- vocation, for a further Reformation, p. 180, 182. They write to the Courtiers againji preffing the Habits, p. 188. Their Reafons againft them, p. 19^, 2.05, 206, 107, 212, &c. Other Things in the Church diflik'd by them, p. 196. Deprivd for refujmg the Habits, p. ill. Farther Severities againji them, p. 219. Univerjity of Cambridge favourable to them, p. 220, 223. Sad Confequences of their Deprivation, to themfelves and to the Church, p. 223. The Hardpips they were under, p. 229. Some continue in the Church, ibid. Others feparate, p. 230. Their Objections againfl the Hie- rarchy of the Church, Sec. 233. They agree with the Conformifts in DoBrine, p. 240. A Meeting of them broke up at Plumbers-Hall, and their Examination before the Bifiop of London, &c. p. 242. Their Sufferings, p. 24$. Their Zeal, p. 246. Their Loyalty, p. 255. The Laws againji Papifls turnd againft them, ibid. Their Courage and Integrity in confefpng what they believd to be the Truth, p. 256. The Difficulties they labour d under in their Ordinations, p. 26 r, 947. Farther Hardfbips put upon them by the Clergy in Convocation, p. 271,273. And by Archbifiop Parker , p, 279. More of them fujpended, j". 180. They apply to the Par- liament, p. 284. Their Admonitions to them, p. 285. They gain Ground, p. 300. They ereB a Presbytery at Wandfworth, p. 301. A jevere Perfecution begun againft them, p 304. They offer a publick Deputation, p. 308. Deprivd for refufing to fubferibe two Forms of the Ecclejiajiical Commijfioners, p 312. New Forms of Subfcripticn for them, p. 314. Their Miniflers careffed by the People, p. 312. Their feparate Communions, and the Protefiation ef the Members, ibid. Dutch and French Churches forbid to ad- mit them to their Communion, p. 324. A ft am Slot father d on them, p. 33 3. Diligence of their Preachers, p. 343. Their Ajfoci- ations, p. 344. And Conclujlons therein, p. 345. More of their Miniflers fujpended, p. 347. Several of them ordain d at Antwerp, p. $60. Farther Severities againfl them, p. 364, 365, 371, 572, 373, 374. They are receivd into Gentlemen* Houfes, p. 38c. Sup- plication of the Jujtices in their Favour •, p 387. A great many more of their Miniflers fujpended, p. 400. The Hardships they were binder from Whitgift'i Articles, p. 401, 404. Petitions in their Favour, p. 406". The Lord Treafurer, and the Council write to the Archbifiop in their Favour, p. 425, 428. They obtain a kind of Conference at Lambeth, p. 429. Bifiop Aylmer'i Severities againfl them, p. 432, QPc. More of their Minijters fujpended, p. 433, 436. Their farther Hardfiips, p. 443, QPc. Their Book of Difci- pline, p. 449. They apply to the Parliament, p. 4 So. Their Pro- pofals for Reformation, p. 4<>r. Their Supplication, p. 4<;2. The Bifiop s Anfwer to their Propofals, p. 453. They apply to Convo- cation, p. 459. Their Apology to the Church, and Propofals to the Archbifiop, p. 460. Their Supplication again to the Parliament, 1 P-473, INDEX. 643 p. 475, &c. And Bill offer d for farther Reformation, p, 480. Ballard'j Judgment of them, p. 482.. They remove farther from the Church ; and their Form of Subfcription to their Book of Dif- ciplme, p. 483. Their farther Sufferings, p. 485. Their quiet Behaviour, p. 488. They petition the Queen, ibid. And apply to the Court of Aldermen, but in vain, p. 489. Their Proceedings in their Claffes, p. 49 1. They apply again to Parliament, p. 499. Their farther Sufferings, p. 519. An Addrefs of fever al of their Mimjlers to the Queen ; fbewivg the Vnreafonablenefs of the Oath ex Officio, and vindicating themfelves from fever al Charges on the Head of Schifm, Rebellion, the Supremacy, Excommunication, Conferences, and Singularity, p. 52£ Difcipline eftablij&'d, p. 234. ^ £»/»- jwdry o/*fo? .£»•& Affairs there, p. 569. Scots Divines -write to lhe Bifops againfi impojlng the Habits, p. 200. Scriptures, Debates about tranjlating them, p. 21. See Bible. Seminaries, Popip, erefted, p. 338. The Oath taken by the Students t P- 339. Separation from the Church of England, the Rife and fad Confequen- cesofit, p. 230. Remarks thereupon, p. 231. The chief Lead- ers of it, p. 241. It increafes, p. 374. Protejlation of the Mem- bers of thofe that join d the feparate Cliurch, p. 322. Their Ajfemblies broke up, p. 330. Service Book, King Edward'/ frft, p. 53, 54, ^7. Occaftons In- furreilions, p. 58. His fecond Service Book, p. 75,76. Abetter defignd by Cranmer, p. 81. Difputes about it among the Englifh Exiles, p. no. Calvin'j judgment of it, p. Hi. Review'd and eft ablifi' d under Queen Elizabeth, p. 138, 139. The Pope offers to covfrm it, p. 172, Motives for Amendments in it, p. 401. Settle, Mr. hs Examination and Troubles, p. 485. Shaxton, Bifiop, a Friend to the Reformation, p. 17. Refigns his Bifboprick on account of the Six Articles, but turns Apoftate and Per- fecutor, p. 30, 31. Simpfon, Mr. Cuthbert, put to the Rack and burnt, p. 107. Singularity, Puritans vindicate themfelves from that Charge, p. 532. Six Articles, Statute of , and fad Effect s of it , p. 30. Rigorous Pro- fecution cf them fomewhat abated, p. 39. Repeal' d, p. 50. Snikh, Mr. John, examind with Jeveral other Puritans by Bifiop Grinda!, p. 241, &c. Smith, Mr. and other Brownifts, their Sufferings, p. 548. Spanifh Jtivajion, p. 498. Sparke, Dr. his Part in the Conference at Lambeth, p. 450. Spiritual Courts, on what Ground their Authority new ftands, and how limited, p. 1 $, 16. Objections of the Puritans again ft them, p. 235. Their Extortion and rigorous Proceedings, p. 255, 316. Debates in Parliament about them, p. 539, ^tg, 592. Prohibi- tions to ft op Proceedings in them, p. 590, 591. Star-Chamber Court, an Account of it, p. 521. A great Grievance, p. S2 2- Strickland, Mr. forbid the Parliament Houfe by the Quem, p. z66. Stroud » INDEX. Stroud, Mr. his Sufferings, p. 296. His farther Troubles, and Pe~ titions in lis Favour, p. 349, 350'. Stubbs, Mr. writes agamft the Queens defigjd French Match, for which his right Hand was cut off, p. 368, $69. Subfcriptions to human Forms, the Unreafor.ablenefs ofimpofing them, and the Difficulties the Clergy labour under therefrom, p. 169, 170. See Articles. Form o/Subfcription for the Clergy, p. 314. And for the Laity, p. 316. Subscription requird by Whitgift, p. 597. His Reafcns for it, p. 402. Succeffion and Supremacy, Oath of, p. 16. Sufferings of Chnfi, Difpute about the Nature of them, p. 584, $85. Suffolk Men, how treated by <$uee:; Mary, p. 86. Supplication of the Beggars, the Book fo calf d, p. 17. Supplication of the Puritans to the Parliament, with their Survey and Bill annexed, p. 473, &c. See Petitions. Supremacy, AB of, p. 11. Oath admimfierd, p. 16. Executions for refufing it, p. 25, 32. It may as well be prejudicial as Ser- viceable to Religion, p. 8?, An AH for refioring it under Queen Elizabeth, p. 126. Powers vefted in the Crown thereby* p. 129, &c. An Aft to confirm it, p. 176. Puritans Sentiments about it, p. 528. Surplice. See Habits. Survey of the State of the Church, as to its Minifiers in the Tears 1585, 1586, p. 476, 477, 478,489- Sufpended. See Minifters. Synods of the Puritans, Conclufions in them, p. 345,491, $20, 550, 5 36. See Clafles. T. TAylor, Br. his Martyrdom, p. 97, 98. He derided the popifo Garment s, p. 191. Tempters received the Sacrament fitting, p. 449. Thacker, Mr. executed, p. 389. Theodofius'j pcrfecuting Law, p-4$. Thirty-nine Arcicles. See Articles. Tillotfon, Archbifhop, Remarks on a Pajjage of his refieB'ng on the Dijfenters, p. 147. Tonftal, Biftop, deprivd, p. 76. Refiord, p. 8 (J. Deprivd again, p. 141, 142. Tr avers, Mr. Tefiimonial of his Ordination at Antwerp, p. 361. Concern d in the Conference at Lambeth, p. 431. His Troubles, p. 447. He is fufpended, p. 466. His Supplication to the Coun- cil, p. 467. Hooker' J Anfwer to it, p. 469. He is filencd for Life, p. 470. Tyndal'r Tranflation of the Sew Tefiament, p. 17, 20. Of the gree; and Profeffions. In Two Parts. Part I. Containing, the Law! relating to Parifh Officers, to Landlords ar.d Tenants, to the Gam-, to Juries, Precedents for Veftry and Juftice's Clerks, and a Summary of th; Laws in Force reajafi ;;!e and diforjderly Perfon?, Rogues^ Vagrants, ( 2 ) &c. Part II. Containing the Forms of Bonds, Obligations, Cjrid'»V?n, AgreementSj Articles of Apprenticeship, Leafes, CompoSitioni, Afiign- ments of Bonds, Judgments, Policies, Awards, Deeds of Bargain and bale, Bottomree, Charter Party, &c. Deeds of Composition, Declarations, Tiuii, Defeafances, Feoffments, &c. Deeds relating to Fines, Leafes, Mortgages, &c. Letters of Attorney, Licence, &c. Forms of Deeds of Copartner- ship, Deeds relating to Recoveries, Releafes, Warrants of Attorney, &c. Precedents of Lait Wills, Teftaments, and Codicils, Acquittances, Affi- divits, Certificates, Promifory Notes, Bills of Exchange and Proteits, Protections, &c. Petitions of Apprentices on bad Ufage, of Debtors, for f'ling out Commissions of Bankruptcy, Recognizances of various Kinds, the manner of Recording and Inrolling Deeds, the Account of the four TVms and their Returns, &c. Chauncy's Doctrine according to Godlinefs, grounded upon the Holy- Scriptures of Truth, and agreeable to the Doctrinal Part of the Eng- lish Protectant Ai tides and ConfeiTions. To which is annexed, a brief Account of the Chorch-Order of the Gofpel according to the Scriptu.es, Cruden's compleat Concordance to the Bible. D . Ca'amy's Sermons in Defence of the Inspiration of the Scriptures. CroJby's Hiftory of the Englifh Baptifts. Clare's Youth's Introduction to Trade and BuSinefs. Chambdud*s Dialogues, French and Englifh, on the mod humorous and ente-taining Subjects ; containing the Idiom of the Converfation of Cour- tiers Citizens, Merchants, Tradefmen, and almoSt all Profeffions of Life.' Cleor.-- : ©r the Fair Inconftant. A Hiitory cf the Life and Adven- ture? of a celebrated Lady of Diftinction, lately very eminent in high Life. Cicero's Select Orations, in Latin and Englifh, with Notes of various Authors. The Works of Virgil done in the fame manner. The Works of Horace, done in the lame manner. Ovid's Meiamorph. and Epiftles, Hone in the fame manner. Phxdrus's Fables, doi e in the fame manner. Terence, done in the fame manner. The above Clafficks are translated into Englifh P.ofe, as near ihe Orifinal as the different. Idioms of the Latin and E glim Languages will allow with the Latin Text and Order of Conftruction on the fame Page } and Critical, Historical, Geographical and ClalTical Notes in Englifh irom the beft Commentators, both Ancient and Modern; befides a very great Number of Notes entirely new, done by eminent Hands for the Vk of Schools, as well as of private Gentlemen, with good Allowance to Schoolm-Jters and others, who take a Number. Divine 'Breathings : or a Pious Soul Thirfhng after Chnft, in one hun- dred Meditations. . ,.. ,-... t «j Divine Er«.-c" : or the efficacious Operations of the Spirit of God on the Soul of Man in His effectual Calling and Conversion Stated, proved, and vindicated : wherein the real Weaknefs and Inefficiency or Moral Suafion, without .he Super- addition of the exceeding Greatneis of God's Power, foe Faith and Conversion to God, are fuliy evinced. Being an Antidote againit the Pelagian Error. By John Skepp, l..t Manlier of the Gofpel in London; with a Recommendatory P. eface by 'Mavis's L*ws concerning Bankrupts brought down to the prefent Time. Forney's Divine Contemplations, with his Life and Letters. Mi*. Dutton's Spiritual Letters, Poems, &c. Exr>ofitory Notes, with Practical Obfcrvations on the New Tcitament, by Wf« Burkit, M. A. with 89 Copper- Plates finely engraved. « Defence of the Doct. of Grace from the Charge of Licentioufnefr. on the Supralapfarian Scheme. on the five Points againft Dr. Whitby and others. Watchman's Anfwer to the Queftion, What of the Night ? and Practical Improvement thereof. In two SermOD9. on the Glory of the Church in the latter Day. Funeral Sermons for the Rev. Mr, Samuel Wilfon, and others. An Hiftorical Account of the Life afid Reign of David King of Ifrael ; interfperfed with various Conjectures, Digreffions and Dlf- quifitions, in which, among many other things, Mr. Bayle's Criticifros on the Condixft and Character of that Printe are fully considered. By the Author of Revelation examined with Candour. A new General Hiftory of Birds, including the Methods of Breeding, Managing, and Teaching Song-Birds ; containing properObfervations upon the different Species afid Kinds of Birds throughout the known World. Extracted from the moft curious Naturalifts, Virtuofo's and Travellers both Ancient and Modern. Illustrated with almoft four hundred Figures, copied from the Originals. Dr. Hales's Statical EfTays on Vegetables, Statics, and Hjemaflatics, &c. with Copper- Plates. The Hofpital Surgeon : or a new, gentle, and eafy Way to cure fpeedily all forts of Wounds, and other Difeafes belonging to Surgery. By Mr. Bcilofte, Surgeon Major to the Hofpitals of the French King's Army : T» which is added, Mr. VerJuc's Treatife of Bandages. Hudfon's New Englifh Introduction to the Latin Tongue. New Mathematical Projection : Shewing plainly by Inflection, exact Rules for the true forming every Letter in the Alphabet, with their Proportion and Dependance on one another, neatly engraved on a Copper Plate, with an Explanation of the Scheme. Hickeringill's Wrrks, containing the H;ftory of Prieftcraft ; the Black Ncn Conformift ; the Ceremony-Monger ; with his Satyrs, and all the reft of his fcarce and valuable Pieces. ( 4 ) Mervcy's Meditations and Contemplations, with Reflections en the flower-Garden. A Winter Piece, &c. Juvenal in Ufum Delphini. Life of Sir Thomas More. Lord Chancellor King on the Conftitution and WorJhip of the Pri- mitive Church. Dr. Lommius of Fevers with his Medicinal Obfervations. Dr. Leland's Defence of the Divine Authority of the Old and New Teftament, with a particular Vindication of the Chara&eis of Mofes and the Prophets, our Saviour Jefus Chrift, and his Apoftles, againft the unjuft Afperfions, and falfe Reafoning of a Book entitled, The Moral Philofopher. The London New Method of Arithmetick, by John Halliday, M. A„ Dr. Linden's Letters on the Improvement of Mining and Smelting, with other Subjects. The Mirror of Architecture : or the Ground Rules of the Art oi Building exactly laid down by Vincent Scamozzi, Matter Builder of Venice', with very large Additions by JohnBrown and William Leybourn , Illuftrated by a great Number of Copper Plates. Six Pocket Maps, viz. of the World, Europe, Ada, Africa, Nnrth America, and South Americi, accurately drawn from the latefl Obfer- vations, by the King's Geographer. Curioufiy engraved and neatly co- loured. A Set of Pocket Maps of all the Counties of Scotland. Aifo Maps of ail forts and Sizes, Metrotintos, and Engraving of Heads. Views, Landfcapes, &c. of different Sizes. Dr. Nichols's EiTay on the Contempt of the World. The Nature and Fitnefs of Things. A Poem on the Perfections of God, OverJey's young Gauger's Inftrudtor : Being the rnoft plain and eafy Introduction to that Art ; wherein are contained the Doftrine of De- cimal Arithmetick ; the Method of extracting the Roots of all Powers, in a new, eafy, and more expeditious Method than hitherto publifhed j the Method of Gauging all kinds of Vefl'els : A new, eafy, and fhorc way of Gauging Casks by the Pen : The Defcription, Construction and Ufe of the Sliding Rule, with feveral neceffary Amendments-, as alf» feveral ufeful Tables and Problems never before published ; with an Appendix on the Gauging of irregular Bodies, wherein feveral Errors ©f former Writers on this Subject are demonstrated and corrected. Bifhop Patrick, Louth, and Whitby, on the Old and New Teltament Principles of Drawing from the Works of feveral eminent Marten with Variety of Drawing Books, Colours, and Pencils. Pomtret's Life and Letters, on a Sheet. Rowe's Tranflation of Saluft, with the Author's Life and Character. The Rights of the Chriftian Church afferted againft the Romifh, and and all other Priefts who claim an Independent Fewer over it. D . Strotlier's Materia Medica, Terentius in Ufum Delphini. Dr. Thomfon's Anatomy of the Humane Bones. Warne's Church of Englaud turned DilTenter, and his other Tracts, Wilfon's Sermons on various Subjects and Occafions. Wallin's Evangtlxal Hymns. Exhortations to Prayer and the Lord's Supper. Dr. Woodward's Natural Hiltory of toliils, both Engiifh and Foreign, Archbiihop Wake's Genuine Epiftles of the Fatheis. Dr. Watts on a feperate State of Sauls after Death. Advice to Youth upon their Entrance on the World. ■ i . ■. Pf>Irns, Hymns, and other Works, F I X I Si Date Due PRINTED IN U. S. A .?; ■ • > 9 v MTU 15 jsun is -'"> i >•■■'■■