i * / * i. . f ' I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/heimskringlaorsa04snor THE HEIMSKRINGLA SAMUEL LAING. VOLUME THE FOURTH. PUBLISHERS' NOTE. Five hundred an, l then went into the interior of the Thrond- hjem land, where many joined him, and among them Thorfin Svarte of Snos with a troop of people. When the Birkibeins, in the beginning of winter [1177], came again into the town, the sons of Gudrun from Saltnes, Jon Ketling, Sigurd, and William, joined them; and when they proceeded afterwards from KINGS OF NORWAY. 347 Nidaros up Orkadal, they could number nearly 2000 * men. They afterwards went to the Uplands, and on to Thoten and Hadaland, and from thence to Ringerike, and subdued the country wheresoever they came. Chapter XLII.— The Fall of King Ey stein. King Magnus went eastward to Viken in autumn with a part of his men, and with him Orm the king’s brother ; but Earl Erling remained behind in Bergen to meet the Birkibeins in case they took the sea route. King Magnus went to Tunsberg, where he and Orm held their Yule [n 77]. When King Magnus heard that the Birkibeins were up in Be, the king and Orm proceeded thither with their men. There was much snow, and it was dreadfully cold. When they came to the farm they left the beaten track on the road, drew up their array outside of the fence, and trod a path through the snow with their men, who were not quite 1500+ in number. The Birkibeins were dispersed here and there in other farms, a few men in each house. When they per¬ ceived King Magnus’s army they assembled, and drew up in regular order ; and as they thought their force was larger than his, which it actually was, they resolved to fight; but when they hurried forward to the road only a few could advance at a time, which broke their array, and the men fell who first ad¬ vanced upon the beaten way. Then the Birkibeins’ * =2400. t = 1800. 348 CHRONICLE OF THE banner was cut down ; those who were nearest gave way, and some took to flight. King Magnus’s men pursued them, and killed one after the other as they came up with them. Thus the Birkibeins could never form themselves in array ; and being exposed to the weapons of the enemy singly, many of them fell, and many fled. It happened here, as it often does, that although men be brave and gallant, if they have once been defeated and driven to flight, they will not easily be brought to turn round. Now the main body of the Birkibeins began to fly, and many fell; because Magnus’s men killed all they could lay hold of, and not one of them got quarter. The whole body became scattered far and wide. Eystein in his flight ran into a house, and begged for his life, and that the bonde would conceal him ; but the bonde killed him, and then went to Kins: Magnus, whom he found at Rafnnes, where the king was in a room warming himself by the fire along with many people. Some went for the corpse, and bore it into the room, where the king told the people to come and inspect the body. A man was sitting on a bench in the corner, and he was a Birki- bein, but nobody had observed him ; and when he saw and recognised his chiefs body he sprang up suddenly and actively, rushed out upon the floor, and with an axe he had in his hands made a blow at King Magnus’s neck between the shoulders. A man saw the axe swinging, and pulled the king to a side, by which the axe struck lower in the shoulder, and made a large wound. He then raised the axe KINGS OF NORWAY. 349 again, and made a blow at Oral the King-brother, who was lying on a bench, and the blow was directed at both his legs ; but Orm, seeing the man about to kill him, drew in his feet instantly, threw them over his head, and the blow fell on the bench, in which the axe stuck fast; and then the blows at the Birki- bein came so thick that he could scarcely fall to the ground. It was discovered that he had dragged his entrails after him over the floor ; and this man’s bravery was highly praised. King Magnus’s men followed the fugitives, and killed so many that they were tired of it. Thorfin of Snos, and a very great number of Throndhjem people, fell there. Chapter XLIII.— Of the Birkibeins. The faction which called itself the Birkibeins had gathered together in great numbers. They were a hardy people, and the boldest of men under arms ; but wild, and going forward madly when they had a strong force. They had few men in their faction who were good counsellors, or accustomed to rule a country by law, or to head an army; and if there were such men among them who had more knowledge, yet the many would only allow of those measures which they liked, trusting always to their numbers and courage.* * This faction of the Birkibeins, of which the origin is here related by Snorre, became very celebrated under another leader, Sverre, whom they raised to the throne upon a very doubtful title ; and it was predominant for about ninety years, or until the death of Hakon Hakonson, in the affairs of Norway. Their opponents were called the Cowl-men at first, afterwards the Baglers ; and the conflicts between these two factions occupy much of the interesting sagas of King Sverre and his successors 350 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. Of the men who escaped many were wounded, and had lost both their clothes and their arms, and were altogether destitute of money. Some went east to the borders, some all the way east to Svithiod ; but the most of them went to Thelemark, where they had their families. All took flight, as they had no hope of getting their lives from King Magnus or Earl Erling. Chapter NLIY .—Of King Magnus Erlingson. King Magnus then returned to Tunsberg, and got great renown by this victory; for it had been an ex¬ pression in the mouths of all, that Earl Erling was the shield and support of his son and himself. But after gaining a victory over so strong and numerous a force with fewer troops, King Magnus was con¬ sidered by all as surpassing other leaders, and that he would become a warrior as much greater than his father Earl Erling as he was younger. for a century after the period at which Snorre’s chronicle ends. They well deserve a translation, especially Sverre’s saga. The two factions, the Birkibeins, and Baglers, appear to have become at last the king’s party and the Church’s party, in the contention for power between the state and the Church which was carried on in every country of Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The Birkibeins enabled King Sverre to oppose the churchmen much more successfully than any contemporary sovereigns. These Birkibeins, the vikings of the forest, were bred under him, and attached to him and his race alone.—L. END OF THE HEIMSKRINGLA. ADDITIONAL NOTES. ADDITIONAL NOTES. i. The most learned Scandinavian antiquaries of our times have ascertained to their own satisfaction that three distinct populations have inhabited the North:—a Mongolian race, of which the type is to be found in the Laplander, the Samoeid, the Esquimaux; a Celtic race ; and a Caucasian race which, almost within the limits of northern history, came from Asia, drove out or extirpated the Celtic and Lap- landic races, and are the present inhabitants. It appears that Professors Rask and Peterson come to this conclusion on philological and' mythological grounds; Professors Molbech, Nilsson, and Finn Magnusen come to the same conclusion on archaeological grounds, from the relics of the former inhabit¬ ants, their arms, utensils, and ornaments, discovered from time to time, and collected in museums.* The mythological grounds,—that is, the similarity of worship and belief in religion,—are the least conclusive, perhaps; because in all natural religions, and in all superstitions, there is a common principle—an attempt to express a sentiment common to all races of rational men, it being part and parcel of mind itself: viz., a sentiment of divine power. This innate movement of mind common to all creatures endowed with mind, however imperfectly developed, must produce very striking analogies between the religious ideas and worship of men living in the most widely-separated corners of the earth; but these analogies do not prove that these populations have had any * See Runamo og Runerne ved Finn Magnuson. Kiobenhavn, 1841.—L. VOL. IV. Z 354 CHRONICLE OF THE connection or communication with each other in some distant age, but only that the human mind everywhere, and in all ages, is labouring to express a sentiment common to all men; and, excepting where the revealed religion of the Gospel has penetrated, with only the same means to express it. It is thus that Buddha or A r udha, and Wodin or Odin, appear to have invthological analogies and connection of some obscure kind; but it is not the connection of the one mythology being derived from the other, but that of both springing from a common root in the mind of man, and which makes them therefore necessarily alike. The philological researches give more distinct results. When we find w T ords significant in the Laponic or Celtic languages used as names of places, or of natural objects, in situations far removed from the known seats of those races, we mav reasonablv infer that at some unknown period those races have been the original occupants of the country. Thus the word “ trask ” is used in the island of Gotland in the Baltic, as well as in Lapland itself, to denote a small lake ; and the word belongs to the Laponic, not to the Gothic or Celtic languages. The words “ Ben,” “ Tind,” and others, applied to mountains of peculiar size or shape in the district of Bergen, as well as in Wales or in the Highlands of Scotland, where the words are significant of the peculiar feature of country, are of some weight in proving a former occupancy by a Celtic race, who have given names to localities adopted by their successors. The word “ tarn,” used for a small mountain lake in Cumberland and Northum¬ berland, is used in the same sense in Norway; and would have some weight, if historical proof were wanting, in show¬ ing that, at some period, people speaking the Norwegian tongue occupied the land. The archaeological antiquaries, without reference to any theory derived from mythology or from languages, have found that their subjects of study, the relics of antiquity, naturally fall into three divisions :—that of an age prior to the use of metals in arms or utensils, when bone and stone were the materials used ; and in that aoe burning appears to have been the way of disposing of the dead, less perhaps from any observance connected with re¬ ligion, than from the want of metal tools to dig the soil with KINGS OF NORWAY. 355 so as to inter the dead;—that of an age when bronze was used in arms and utensils, that is, a mixture of metals to give hardness to copper or other soft metals ; and in which age the use of stone for hammers, arrow-points, or spear-heads, was still mixed with the use of metals;—and lastly, an age when iron was applied to these purposes, although bronze, and even stone and bone, were still in use, from the want, no doubt, of a sufficient supply of iron, and from the great con- sumpt of it in missile weapons. Although dates cannot be assigned to these three ages, and they run into each other, yet the mass of relics of ancient times so clearly falls into these three divisions, that the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen is divided and arranged upon this principle, and with the fullest approbation of the learned antiquaries of the North. The division coincides with and confirms the results of the mythological and philological researches. These epochs, however, are beyond the pale of chronology. The successions only, as in those of geological science, can be made out with considerable probability. The date cannot be affixed even to the beginning of the last inhabitation by the iron-using Caucasian race—the followers of Odin from Asia. Phrenological science, perhaps, or that branch of it called craniology, might be applied with advantage to discover if the skulls, or other human remains, found in the oldest de¬ positaries, in which articles of stone or bone only have been found, belong to the Mongolian, viz., the Laponic or Celtic, or to the Caucasian, viz., the Gothic type. The difference would be as evident as between the skulls of the African and American races. But as burning must of necessity have been the general mode of disposing of the dead when iron tools for digging were rare, undoubted specimens of human skeletons of the times when stone, bone, or even bronze were only used, must be scarce. The Jettestuer (jette or giant rooms) found in Jutland, and all over the North, are by many ascribed to an age prior to the general use of metals, or at least of iron, the articles found in them being of stone, bone, or of bronze,—rarely, if ever, of iron ; and burnt bones or ashes indicating that they belong to an age when the dead were burnt before interment. These Jettestuer appear to be 356 CHRONICLE OF THE identical with what are called Piets’ houses in the north of Scotland; viz., small chambers constructed of stones laid rudely together, so as to contain a small round space covered with a single flag-stone, and sufficient to hold the ashes, but not the entire bodies of the dead. They are numerous in the three northern counties of Scotland ; and, from ashes and burnt earth being found in them, are supposed by the com¬ mon people to have been the dwellings of a pigmy race called Pechts or Piets. They deserve the investigation of the an¬ tiquary, and a comparison with the Jettestuer of Jutland. The antiquary might thereby throw some light upon the disputed question, whether the Piets were a Celtic or Gothic people; and whether the Piets were not a race who had expelled a still older race, the Laponic, and had themselves been extirpated by a Caucasian or Gothic race, the followers of Odin. This last succession of inhabitants in Scandinavia is evidently an historical event, although wanting an historical date, and to us only mythological. Manners, customs, laws, and religious and social institutions, existing in Iceland, though evidently derived from and more adapted to a people in the plains of Asia, and by tradition and religious belief received through their Scandinavian ancestors from Asia, must surely be of Asiatic origin, although the date of the migration from the original seat of those manners, customs, and institutions cannot be assigned. How could the symbolical use of horse¬ flesh at religious festivals be an observance in Iceland or Norway, where the horse is, from the climate, not in such numbers as to have ever been slaughtered for food, if not a religious ordinance in commemoration of an original country in which the horse was generally used for food ? How could the great and connected mass of tradition and mythology, all referring to an Asiatic origin and home, have arisen in Norway, Sweden, and Iceland, if not founded upon some real event and connection ? The event itself is probably not so far distant from historical times as antiquaries imagine. The account which Snorre gives in the fifth chapter of the Ynglinga Saga, and also in the Edda attributed to him, of Odin having been driven northwards by the increasing power of the Komans in the countries in which he originallv lived, O v ' KINGS OF NORWAY. 357 may not be so wide of the true date, nor so much too near times of well-ascertained historical truth, as many antiquaries suppose. Torfseus, reckoning upon extravagant assumptions of longevity in the genealogies given in the Saga, supposes in his history of Norway that Odin came to Scandinavia in the time of Darius Hydaspes, about 520 years before the Christian era. But in his “Series Regum et Dynas- tarum Danias,” lib. iii. cap. 2, he reckons back from Harald Harfager, who w T as born 853, to Odin, twenty-six genera¬ tions, son succeeding father, and allows thirty-five years to each generation, which brings Odin to about fifty-seven years before the Christian era. He is obliged, therefore, to sup¬ pose another Odin or two to have flourished 500 or 1000 years earlier; and by assuming that King Aun or Ane, of whom the Ynglinga Saga makes mention in the twenty-ninth chapter, reached the age of 210 years, he stretches his genea¬ logical chronology far enough. But twenty-six reigns, son succeeding father,—and the reigns are all we know of these mythological personages, or rather the names only,—never did follow each other in this unquiet world; and an average of thirty-five years for human life, during twenty-six generations, would not accord with any experience or calculation of human life. The Odin of Snorre lived, as he tells us distinctly in the Edda, about the time when the Romans under Pompey ravaged Asia. In Florus, lib. iii. cap. 4, we find that Lucul- lus in this war with Mithridates, came “ ad terminum gentium Tanaim lacumque Maeotim.” This was about 70 years before Christ. None of the genealogical deductions admit even of so ancient a date. If we take the Saxon genealogies, we find Cerdic called the ninth in descent from Woden, and he lived about the year 495 ; Ida was called the tenth in descent, and he lived about 547; and Ella was called the eleventh, and he lived about 560. If we even adopt the extravagant sup¬ position that these descents were not of reign succeeding reign in turbulent, unsettled times, but of son succeeding father uninterruptedly, and each living thirty-five years on an average, we bring Odin down to between 175 and 197 years after our era. If we value these mythological genea- 353 CHRONICLE OF THE logies in years according to any rational principle, we must take some fixed point in chronology, and from it upwards to the end of the doubtful mythological, and to the be- ginning of the certain historical reigns, take the average duration of reigns, and from the same point downwards take the average of a similar number of reigns. We would thus get a measure to apply to the mythological period, formed upon the duration of reigns in times similar in unsettled govern- o o ment to the more ancient mythological. The battle of Stikle- v stad, at which King Olaf the Saint fell, appears to be such a fixed chronological point. It is stated by Snorre, that the battle took place on Wednesday the I V. of the Calends of August, viz., the 29th July. Now the IV. Calends of August did fall on a Wednesday in the year 1030. In the Saga of Harald Hardrade, King Olaf’s half-brother, who w r as killed at the battle of Stanford Bridge near York, Snorre tells us that this event took place thirty-five years after the battle of Stiklestad, at which this King ITarald, then a youth, was present. Now the battle of Stanford or Battle Bridge was fought 011 Monday the 25th September, nineteen days before the battle of Hastings, which took place on Saturday the 14th October, in the year 1066, which brings the battle of Stikle¬ stad, fought thirty-five completed years before, to 1030. The Saga-reckoning of years is so many winters; and thirty-five winters had passed between the battle of Stiklestad in autumn 1030, and the battle of Stanford Bridge in autumn 1066. The Saxon Chronicle also gives the year 1030 as the date of the battle in which King Olaf fell; and this Chronicle, giviim nothing but the dates and events, without any relation of causes or results, or any attempt at giving anything more than the event and date, is unquestionably the best histori¬ cal authority for the time and fact. During the battle of Stiklestad a total solar eclipse is understood by antiquaries, from the text of Snorre, to have taken place; and this would have fixed the day and year beyond all question. But on the IV. Calends of August, 1030, there was no full moon, and consequently there could be no total solar eclipse; and there is no getting rid of Snorre’s distinct day, Wednesday KINGS OF NORWAY. 359 the IV. Calends of August, and of that IV. Calends of August in 1030 actually falling upon a Wednesday in that -ear. Professor Hansten of Christiania has, it is said, cal¬ culated that a total eclipse of the sun did take place in the latitude of Stiklestad, 63° 40'' north, 011 the 31st of August, 1030; but that would be a Monday, not a Wednesday. The only other near eclipse is one on the 29th June 1033? and some antiquaries have removed the battle for the sake of the eclipse to the year 1033; but the eclipse fell on a Friday the 2.9th June, not on a Wednesday the IV. Calends of August; and Snorre is distinct about his V ednesday, and that it was Wednesday the IV. Calends of August. It has been suggested to the translator by Professor Kjelland, that possibly it may have been a fog, and not an eclipse at all, and, on considering Snorre’s description of what took place, this conjecture appears highly probable. The duration of the obscurity, viz., from half-past one to half-past three, as stated in the Saga, exceeds greatly the duration of the ob¬ scurity produced by a total eclipse. I he degree of obscuiity produced by a total eclipse is not such that objects at the dis¬ tance of 40 or 50 yards are undistinguishable, so that the use of the bow or movements in the field, such as the ad\ance of Dag Ringson, as stated in chapter 139, could be impeded or suspended by it; but these circumstances would apply per¬ fectly to a dense fog. The redness of the air and the light, although the sky was without a cloud, and the sun shone clear, applies perfectly to the land being enveloped in a dense mist, through which the rays of the sun could not penetrate; and the gradual coming on of this obscurity, until at last people could not see each other for two houis distinctly, is exactly what might occur in a very thick fog, although the sun and sky were not obscured by clouds , but could not occur from the obscurity of a few minutes’ duration attending a total eclipse, and which is not a dark¬ ness sufficient to obstruct any work or movement out of doors like the obscurity of a thick mist. Whether the ob¬ scurity was caused by fog or by an eclipse, and whether the day was the 29th of July or the 3 IS ^ August, the year is fixed as well as any chronological point can be to 360 CHRONICLE OF THE the year 1030. Now going upwards from this point, we find— Olaf the Saint had reigned when he fell Earls Svein and Hakon, whom he expelled . Earl Eirik, their father . . Olaf Trygveson ... . . Earl Hakon the Great . . Harald Grafeld and Gunhild’s sons Hakon Athelstan’s foster-sons Harald Harfager, who lived 83 years, reigned We have here eight reigns, including one of very unusual duration, averaging 2of years. Going downwards from the same point, we find— 15 years. 2 ,, T2 „ 4 „ 17 » 14 „ 26 „ 73 „ Svein Alfifuson, for his father Canute the Great . Magnus the Good and his uncle Harald Hardrade . Harald Hardrade, after the death of Magnus alone Magnus his son, jointly with Olaf Kyrre Olaf Kyrre alone .... Magnus Barefoot • * • « » Sigurd the Crusader, with Eystein and Olaf, his brothers ...... Magnus the Blind ..... 7 years. 12 „ 19 » 3 >> 24 „ 27 „ 5 „ We have here eight reigns, averaging 13! years each ; and in the 272 years between the accession of Harald Harfager in 863, and the mutilation and deposition of Magnus the Blind in 1135, we have sixteen reigns, averaging seventeen years. Now Harald Harfager, according to Torfieus and Schoning, was born 853, and was the twenty-sixth in descent from Odin. If we apply this reasonable measure of seventeen years as the average duration of reigns in the mythological period immediately before, as it is in the his¬ torical period immediately after Harald Harfager, whose reign began in 863, we bring Odin to 442 years "before his reign, that is, to the year 421 of our era. If we apply the same measure to the Saxon genealogies of Cerdic, Ida, and Ella, who in the years 495, 547, and 560, were reckoned the ninth, tenth, and eleventh in descent respectively from KINGS OF NORWAY. 361 Woden, we bring the Saxon Woden to the year 342, or 377, or 373 ; that is, to within the span of a mans life of from forty-four to seventy-nine years of the date of the Scandi¬ navian Odin. It appears to have been some kind of anti¬ quarian vanity that led the early northern antiquaries to place Odin or Wodin as far back as possible among the mists of antiquity, and to reject every reasonable measure of the length of reigns, or of human life, that brought him within the Christian era. The religion of Odin itself bears strong internal evidence of having borrowed doctrines, institutions, and ceremonies 1/, of tiav 1 n^ been impressed by some rude notions adopted from the Christian Church. In Har the High, Jafnhar the Equal to the High, and Thride the Third, we find a rude idea of the Trinity in the Edda. Adam of Bremen, who lived about the time of the introduction of Christianity into Sweden, and wrote in the year 1075, de¬ scribes the temple at Upsala as exhibiting this rude idea of the Trinity. It had three idols, he says, of which that of Thor was in the middle and on the highest throne, and those of Odin and Frigg on either side. Odin himself, an incarna¬ tion of divine power, and one of this trinity, attended by his twelve companions or godes, and establishing a religion and religious government, is a coincidence with our Saviour and the twelve apostles too strong to be merely accidental. Some imperfect knowledge and rude imitation of Christianity are evidently at the bottom of this form of heathenism. It will also be observed that in all the forms of heathenism that existed before Christianity, the priesthood, whether hereditary or dedicated by selection to their vocation, were all a temple- priesthood. They belonged to particular services, gods, and temples; and not to any territorial district like a parish, or to any particular group of people like a congregation. Christianity, however, from the first appears to have been altogether congregational. The bishops, elders, and deacons belonged to particular congregations in particular localities, within which they taught and governed in things spiritual. If the Christian Church lost this original and characteristic formation at Rome, it was by imitating and adopting, some 362 CHRONICLE OF THE centuries after its first establishment, the former heathen establishment of a temple-priesthood, a pontifical college, and a pontifex maximus. Odinism appears to have been formed, like early Christianity, and no doubt a.11 imitation of it, upon the congregational principle. The gode had under his charge a certain portion of territory called a godord, similar to a Christian parish. The inhabitants of this locality paid him certain dues as their priest and local judge. Each godord appears to have had its own Thing, or court, for administer¬ ing the laws of the general or district Thing, for apportioning dues or taxes, and the levies of men and ships. To this early and complete arrangement of the country and population into godords, or parishes, may be ascribed the great military and naval achievements of the pagan Northmen. It was an effective military arrangement of the whole people. As an arrangement connected with religion, its principle is evidently congregational, and derived from Christianity in the early nges when it had no hierarchy. The godord, that is, the right to jurisdiction and certain dues for civil and ecclesi¬ astical function within a locality, appears to have become a saleable transferable property at last, just like an advowson to the cure of souls in an English parish at the present day. So perfectly similar were the arrangements of Odinism and Christianity, that a century after the establishment of Chris¬ tianity and Christian Church institutions in Iceland, Bishop Isleif held a godord as quite compatible with his functions. The apostolic succession also, if it may be so termed, from the twelve original godes, the companions of Odin, or a quali¬ fication derived from them, appears to have been considered, just as a true apostolic succession is considered in England at the present day, necessary for holding the office of gode. These are coincidences with the Christian Church which can scarcely be accidental. The use of the sign of the cross also as a religious symbol appears to have prevailed in Odinism in the earliest times, and must have been borrowed from Christianity. Antiquaries call it the sign of Thor’s hammer, not of the cross; but the use of any sign as a religious symbol by which people of the same faith might recognise each other, although necessary in the persecutions of the KINGS OF NORWAY. 363 early Christians, could only arise from imitation among the followers of Odin-worship, and especially of the same sign. It would naturally be adopted, however, from a superstitious belief that there was some virtue in the sign itself. The use of water also in giving a name—and in the earliest historical period we find that Harald Harfager, with whom history commences in Norway, had water poured over him and a name given him in infancy—is a rite evidently borrowed from Christianity. It has 110 meaning in Odinism. It is a remark¬ able circumstance in the mythology of the Odin religion, that there was no god particularly connected with water, or the sea, or the winds ; and the circumstance is a very strong proof that the Odin religion was not indigenous in Scandinavia, in which the people in all ages must necessarily have been sea¬ faring, and dependent on the elements, and that this religion had its origin, as the tradition states it, in the inland parts of Asia, where sea and wind, and the interests connected with these elements, were unknown or unimportant. The use of water at the ceremony of giving a name, without any sacra¬ mental meaning or symbolical reference to their own mytho¬ logy, seems to prove a mere imitation of the Christian ceremonial by a later religion. It is, indeed, possible that all the passages in which baptism by water are mentioned may have been interpolated by the skalds or saga-men, in compli¬ ment to the kings descended from those pagans, and to please their family pride with the idea that their remote pagan ancestors had not died unbaptized, and consequently out of the pale of Christian salvation, according to the ideas of those times, in which the mere ceremony of baptism was synony¬ mous with Christianity. But this is merely conjecture, not sanctioned by any antiquarian authority. These are not analogies common to all forms of religion, because arising from a common root—the sense of religion in the mind of man; nor are they coincidences which may be common to two religions totally unconnected with each other, because formed among two bodies of mankind living under physical and social circumstances very similar, although in very different times and totally distinct countries ; but they are palpable imitations of ceremonial and arrangement, prov- 36 4 CHRONICLE OF THE ing that the one religion has been impressed by the other— has adopted ceremonies, observances, institutions, and doc¬ trines, from some obscure knowledge of the other. Mahomet, some centuries after Odin, has drawn much from Christianity. The true historical place of Odin, or rather of Odinism,—for Odin may not have been, like Mahomet, an historical per¬ sonage, but merely a name given to several distinct con¬ querors known only by tradition,—would appear to be after Christianity and before Mahometanism; and as the genea¬ logies indicate, if fairly measured, about the fifth century. Hengist and Horsa are stated in the Saxon Chronicle to have been the sons of Wihtgils, who was the son of Witta ; and Witta was the son of Wecta, a son of Woden. This genea¬ logy is rejected, because it brings Woden so near to his¬ torical times, making Hengist and Horsa the fourth in descent from the god or warrior Woden. Yet if we apply the same measure of seventeen years to each of these descents from the time of Hengist and Horsa (the year 449) upwards, we find a wonderful coincidence with the other Saxon genea¬ logies of Cerdic, Ida, and Ella, and come within eight years of the two latter. One man of 79 years of age might have been the Odin or Woden of the Scandinavian genealogies, and of the Saxon—the ancestor of Hengist, Cerdic, Ella, and of Harald Harfager, Gorm, Canute, if he had been born about the year 342, and had died about 421. But were the numer¬ ous followers of Odin without any religion before the fourth or fifth century ? By no means ; not more than the followers of Mahomet before his appearance in the sixth century. Odinism is a new patch upon an old garment. There has been evidently a polytheism,—a worship of Thor, Loke, of a good and evil principle; and a more ancient mythology, upon which the incarnation of Odin, the rude idea of a trinity, the twelve godes, and other ideas and forms of belief and observance borrowed from the Christian Church in the early ages of Christianity, have been stitched in the fourth or fifth century.—L. KINGS OF NORWAY. 365 II. Iyar Vidfadme is said, in the forty-fifth chapter of the Ynglinga Saga, to have conquered a fifth part of England. This is the first mention made in the saga of expeditions to England ; and in the saga the fifth part of England is gene¬ rally applied as synonymous with the kingdom of Northum¬ berland. When did this Ivar live ? and how does his date correspond with that given by the Saxon Chronicle, and all our English historians on its authority, as that of the first appearance of the Danes in England, viz., the year 787 ? Harald Harfager was born, according to Torfaeus, in his “ Series Regum Daniae,” anno 853. Gorm the Old, king of Denmark, Harald’s contemporary, was born 830. By the genealogies of both these kings, taken by Torfaeus from the Codex Flateyensis, the Langfedgatal, a genealogical table preserved in it, and from Snorre’s Ynglinga Saga, both kings were the sixth in descent from Ivar Vidfadme. Allowing seventeen years to each reign or descent, we have the year 728 or 75 1 as the time of Ivar Vidfadme. This is a genera¬ tion too early for the year 787. The king who was reigning at either of these dates, 728 or 751, could scarcely be landing for the first time in England in 787; and 793 appears to be the next date of the appearance of these heathen men, and it was not before the next quarter of a century that they had any footing in England. If we turn to the Saxon Chronicle, we find no ground at all for the inference drawn by all our historians from the passage under the date 787, viz. that the first invasion or piratical incursion of the Danes was in the year 787. The passage is this :— “ An. dcclxxxvii. Her nom Beorhtric cyning Offan dohtor Eadburhge. And on his dagum cwomon aerest III scipu Nord-manna of Heredalande. And tha se gerefa thaer to rad. hi wolde dryfan to thaes cyninges tune, thy the he niste hwaet hi wgeron. hine inon of-sloh tha. That waeron tha aerestan scipu Deniscra monna the Angel-cynes lond gesohton.” 3 66 CHRONICLE OF THE “Anno 787. Here took (in marriage) Beorhtric the king Offa s daughter Eadburhga. And in his days came first three ships of Northmen of Heredaland. And then the sheriff rode thereto: he would drive them to this king’s town, because he would inquire what they were. This man they slew. These were the first ships of Danish men who sought the English king’s land.” 1 he following is the Latin version of the passage, given by Gibson:— “An. 787. Hoc anno cepit (in uxorem) Beorhtricus Bex Offae filiam Eadbargain. Ejns autem temporibus venerunt primum tres naves Norwegiorum de Herethorum terra. Turn eo (regis) prsepositus equo vectus illos molitus est compellere ad regis villam, propterea quod nesciret unde essent: ibi autem is occisus est. Istse prim.se fuerant naves Danorum quae Anglorum nationem peterent.” How this passage appears not to allow of the strict inter¬ pretation given to it by our historians. It savs that in the year 787 Beorhtric married Offa’s daughter, and in his davs —not specially in the year 787—came the three ships; but Beorhtric lived to the year 800. The three ships are stated first to be of Northmen or Norwegians of Heredaland. Here¬ daland is either Hordaland, an ancient district of Norway of great note in the sagas,—so great that, in the poetry, king of Hordaland is frequently used for king of Norway,—and situated where South Bergen province now is; or it may be the country on the south side of the Throndhjem fiord, still called the Heredaland, or the Inhered, comprehending several extensive parishes, and where formerly the main power of the kings of Norway lay; or Heredaland may mean the king’s demesne lands to which the men belonged. In either inter¬ pretation these Northmen of Hordaland were strangers on the coast; and the king’s officer went to inquire what they were. But Danes from Jutland or Slesvik, who had from the year 450 to the year 585 or 600, when the kingdom of Mercia was established, been yearly coming over the sea in colonies from those coasts (for the Anglo-Saxons all came from that coast), could not suddenly have lost the art of navigating vessels so ^, c 11 n 18 o years afterwards they would be a strange KINGS OF NORWAY. 367 people to the Saxon inhabitants of England, whose great¬ grandfathers, in some of the latest settled kingdoms of the Heptarchy, must have been born in that very country. But Northmen from Hordaland, who had to cross the North sea at once from Norway to Northumberland, instead of coasting along from the mouth of the Eider or of the Elbe to the mouth of the Rhine and the coast of Flanders, from whence a run across to the south-east coast of England is an affair of a couple of days, might very well be an unknown and strange people, before the year 787, to the inhabitants of Northumber¬ land. It is for the Anglo-Saxon scholar to determine whether there may not be a mistake in transcribing the original manu¬ scripts of the Saxon Chronicle, with respect to the word Deniscra. If it could be omitted, so as to read that these were the first ships of these men,—viz., of Northmen from Heredaland,—who came to England, it would make sense of the passage. As it stands, the specification of three ships of Northmen or Norwegians, from Heredaland or Hordaland, does not agree with the term Danish men; as the Danish kingdom or name did not in those ages, in the eighth or in the ninth century, either as a whole or in parts under tribu¬ tary kings, extend to the north of the Gaut river in the Scandinavian peninsula. In the cognate language, the old Norse, the difference of a letter or two would change the demonstrative pronoun expressing that kingdom, viz., of Hordaland or Heredaland, into Danish kingdom. If such a reading could be admitted, of which the Anglo-Saxon scholar only can judge, it would both give sense to the passage, and would agree with what must have been the natural course of events,—viz., that at all times after the establishment of the Heptarchy, as well as before, there were piratical expeditions or commercial communications between the mother country of Holstein, Slesvik, and Jutland, viz., the Danish kingdom and the colonies from it in England, to the extent at least that Danes could not be an unknown people, and confounded with Northmen from the north of Norway, or from Horda¬ land. It is to be observed also, that in 793, 794, and in all the notices in the first half of the following century of piratical invaders in the Saxon Chronicle, they are called 368 CHRONICLE OF THE heathen,"not Danish men, who maraud in Northumberland or east of the Thames; while those who apparently coasted along the continent before crossing over, and ravaged in the south and west of England, in Kent, Dorsetshire, and even in Cornwall, are generally called Danes. If this reading be admissible, it would remove the difficulty with regard to the time when Ivar Vidfadme or his descendant Ragnar Lodbrok marauded in England. They were Danes, or people from the same coast from which the Anglo-Saxons themselves originally came as marauders and colonists into England; and the limitation in the passage of the Saxon Chronicle under the year 787 would apply, as the sense of the passage seems to require, only to the Northmen from Hordaland or Heredaland, who first came in that year to the shores of England; not to the Danes from Jutland, Slesvik, and Hol¬ stein, who, it is reasonable to suppose, must from the days of Hengist have been in the habit of visiting England from the same coast from which he and so many expeditions after his sailed, either to trade with their kinsmen or plunder them. We see no reasonable ground for believing that after so many naval expeditions to England from that coast, during the centuries subsequent to the year 450, the art of navigating from the same coast to England was so entirely lost that in the year 787 the Danes,—that is, the inhabitants of the coasts from which the Anglo-Saxons originally embarked,—were an unknown people to their own posterity in England. But the Northmen from Heredaland might very well be strangers; and the year 787 might very well be the first of the appear¬ ance of those northern marauders, who immediately after¬ wards laid waste the country by their expeditions.—L. III. The 32nd chapter of the Knytlinga Saga,—that is, of the saga of the family of Knut or Canute the Great,—is a very curious and important historical document. It is a kind of statistical account of the military force and organisation of KINGS OF NORWAY. 369 Denmark in the time of Saint Canute. He was the son and successor of King Svein, a sister’s son of Canute the Great. This Svein was a son of the Earl Ulf, who, after the battle of Helga River, was assassinated in the church of Saint Lucius in Eoeskilde, in the winter of 1027, by order of Canute the Great; and to whom Canute’s sister Astrid, a daughter of King Svein the first Danish conqueror of England, was married. On the death of Canute the Great in 1035, his son Hardaknut succeeded to the Danish, and his son Harald to the English crown. In 1040 Hardaknut, by the death of his brother Harald, succeeded to England also; and on his own death in 1042 King Magnus the Good of Norway claimed the kingdom of Denmark, in virtue of an agreement made in 1036 between him and Hardaknut, and ratified by the chief people of each country, that the survivor of the two kings should succeed to the kingdom of the other in default of heirs male. Earl Svein, however, the son of Earl Ulf, nephew of Canute the Great, and next heir of that line, wrested the kingdom from the Norwegian king, and died in 1075, or forty years after Canute the Great, and was succeeded by his son Harald Hein, and on his death in 1080 by his next son Saint Canute. During the forty-five years between Canute the Great and Saint Canute, the kingdom was in too distracted a state, from the wars relative to the succession, for any such general organisation of its military force into districts, and fixed quota of vessels to be furnished by each in a levy. We must go back for the origin and establishment of this regular organisation to the pagan times preceding King Canute and his father Svein Eorked-beard, the conqueror of England, who was born a pagan ; and it enables us to account for their military power. The Godords and Thingsteads at which the people within each circle or godord assembled, were evidently the bishoprics, parishes, and churches of the Christian organi¬ sation of the country, with the numbers of ships each terri¬ torial division had to furnish to a levy, remaining as in the pagan times, and described as belonging to each church-circle or godord. This chapter tells us that the most southerly bishopric of Denmark was Heidaby, viz., Slesvik, the old town of Heidabv having been on the bank of the Slie, VOL. IV. 2 A 370 CHRONICLE OF THE opposite to tlie present town of Slesvik; and that it had 350 churches, that is, Thingsteads, or head places of assembling the community of the godords, and furnished 130 ships to the king on a levy. Ribe, a bishopric in Jutland next to it, had 324 churches, and furnished no ships. Aros, a third bishopric also in Jutland, had 210 churches, and furnished 90 ships. The fourth bishopric was Yiborg, also in Jut¬ land, which furnished 100 ships. It then describes Limfiord, an inlet from the Baltic reaching almost to the North sea, and only divided from it by a narrow neck of sand, over which Harald of Norway drew his vessels when blockaded by King Svein Ulfson’s fleet in the fiord, and thus escaped into the North Sea. It then goes on to describe the bishoprics north of this inlet; viz., Hiorring, with 160 churches, furnish¬ ing as its quota in a levy 50 ships. The sixth bishopric is Odense, in the island of Fyen, with 300 churches, furnish¬ ing 100 ships. The seventh is Roeskilde, in the island of Seeland, with 411 churches, furnishing 120 ships; and the eighth is the bishopric of Lund in Scania, across the Sound, with 353 churches, and furnishing 150 ships. We have here 2358 districts, or churches, furnishing 850 ships to the king on a general levy, which appears to have been called out almost every summer. From this minute account of the available naval force of Denmark alone, we see that there is probably no exaggeration in the accounts of the immense number of vessels collected on the naval expedi¬ tions of those times. Canute, we are told in the saga, had 1200 vessels in his fleet at the Battle of Helga River, which startles the historical reader; but when we find 850 of these vessels were only the regular levy furnished by Denmark, and that he had all the shipping of England also at his com¬ mand, the number is quite credible. These vessels may have been very small; but the smallest could scarcely have had less than ten men of a standing crew to row and manage them, besides the fighting men. This would make a greater sea force than Denmark possesses at the present day, includ¬ ing her German territories of Holstein and part of Slesvik, and the considerable shipping towns of Altoria, Kiel, Flensborg belonging to it. The registered seamen belonging to Den- KINGS OF NORWAY. 37i mark, and available for the service of the crown if called on, amount at present only to 6650 men; and the sea- force, it is stated by statistical writers, could not be raised to 8000 men, without taking all the men from the commercial marine of the country. Denmark has been positively, as well as comparatively, a greater naval power in the eleventh than in the nineteenth century. She has larger vessels now, but fewer sea-going men. She wants, like all the Continental countries, the basis of a naval power,—a numerous popula¬ tion engaged in coasting trade, fishing, and employment with small vessels; and the very improvement of agriculture, roads, and means of living on land diminishes the employ¬ ment of a seafaring coasting population with them; while the very same improvement, from the shape of the country, diversity of products in different quarters of it, and the nature of our staple products,—coal, metals, and other heavy or bulky commodities,—increases the employment and numbers of a coasting seafaring population with us. When the em¬ ployment of marauding on the coasts of other countries, the viking-trade, fell into disuse, there was no employment for a seafaring population in Denmark, in which, from the simi¬ larity of products over all, there is no constant demand in one quarter for what another quarter could spare. The vessels employed in these war expeditions must have been of a size to keep the sea, and stow the arms, water, and provisions of a considerable body of men. Ships of twenty benches of oars,—and we read of such belonging to bondes,— carried sixty men when in fighting equipment; for we find from Erling Skakke’s speech, in chapter 6 of Hakon Herdi- breid’s Saga, that three men belonged to each oar—one to row, one to shoot, and one to cover those two with a shield. If we suppose the whole of the vessels of a levy to have averaged this size, about 51,000 men would be the number raised by a general levy. When we consider that this was a beneficial and favourite summer employment for the whole population between seed-time and harvest, interfering in no way with their usual occupations and habits, this number does not ap¬ pear extravagantly great; but it is probable that by far the greater proportion of the vessels of a levy were not of a size 37 2 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. to convey sixty men, with their bulky arms, missiles, provi¬ sions, and water, but were merely transports, or large half¬ decked boats. But such a class of vessels could scarcely have fewer than ten men to row them. If we allow half of the 850 vessels to have been of this class, and the other half fight¬ ing vessels with an average complement of sixty men, we find that about 30,000 men may have been raised by a general levy in the dominions of Svein or Canute. This force ap¬ pears inconsiderable; but it is probable that long after the kingdoms of the Heptarchy in England had been united, the force of the country as a whole remained in a very ineffec¬ tive state, and not so fully organised that any considerable body could be drawn together suddenly to any locality; and the Danes having the command of the sea, and their ships to retire to, could always invade, with superior numbers and superior supply of missiles, any part of the coast they pleased.—L. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 795. Irish monks in Iceland. Ragnvald the Mountain-high (—821). 820. Birth of Half dan the Black. 821. Death of Ragnvald the Mountain-high. Halfdan the Black becomes king. Half dan the Black (822-860). 840. First Norman kingdom established in Ireland. 850. Birth of Harald Harfager. 860. Death of Halfdan the Black. Harald Harfager becomes king. Iceland discovered by Nadod, the Norse viking, and called by him Snowland. Harald Harfager (861-930). 861-865. Harald’s conquests in Southern Norway. 864. Iceland re-discovered by the Swede Gardar, after whom it was called Gardar’s Holm. 865. Conquest of Throndhjem. 866. Harald in Throndhjem. Conquest of Naumudal. 867. Harald in Throndhjem. The first battle of Solskel. Conquest of More. Iceland visited by Raven Floke. 868. Harald in Throndhjem. The second battle of Solskel. Ragnvald becomes earl in More. 374 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY". Death of King Vemuncl. 869. Harald in Throndhjem. Conquest of the Fiord district. Fall of the earls Hakon Griotgardson and Atle. 870. Harald makes an expedition to Vermaland. Harald conquers Vingulmark. Harald harries in Eanrike. Harald invades Gautland. 872. The battle of Hafersfiord. 874. First settlement of Iceland by Ingolf and Leif. 876. Harald in Viken. Greenland seen by Gunbiorn, son of Ulf Krage. 878. Harald’s expedition to the West. Kagnar, earl of More, obtains the Orkneys. Sigurd becomes earl of the Orknevs. 890. Death of Bagnvald, earl of More. Death of Halfdan Highleg in the Orkneys. Harald’s sons become rebellious. Eolf Ganger leaves Norwav. goo. Harald makes his sons kings. Harald’s second expedition to the West. 901. Birth of Eirik Blood-axe. 914-916. Eirik Blood-axe a viking in the Baltic. 917-920. Eirik Blood-axe a viking in the Western seas. 919. Birth of Hakon the Good. 922. Eirik Blood-axe marries Gunhild, the king’s mother. 930. Eirik Blood-axe becomes chief king. Eirik Blood-ccxe (931-935) and Hakon the Good (935-960). 932. Death of Halfdan the Black, son of Harald. 933. Death of Harald Harfager. 934. Eirik extends his domain in Norway. Hakon the Good comes from England, and is accepted as king by the Throndhjem people. 935. Hakon visits the Uplands and Viken. Hakon returns to Throndhjem. Eirik Blood-axe leaves Norwav, and gets a kingdom in England. 936. Hakon makes an expedition to the West, and afterwards goes to Throndhjem. 940. Death of Athelstan, king of England. 941. Death of Eirik Blood-axe. 945. Hakon the Good makes depredations in Denmark and Gautland. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 375 946. Hakon the Good in Viken. Trygve Olafson returns from his viking expedition in the West. Hakon the Good makes an expedition to the North. 950. Eeligious conflicts with the Tlirondhjem people. Hakon the Good in More. Hakon conquers the sons of Eirik. 951. Birth of Harald Grenske. 954. The battle at Eastarkalf. 960. Death of Hakon the Good. Harald Grayskin and his brothers become kings in Norway. Harald Grayskin (961-969) and his brothers , together with Earl Hakon Sigurdson (963-995). 961. Gunhild’s sons in the interior of the country. Harald Grayskin makes depredations in Ireland. 962. Death of Sigurd, earl of Lade. Meeting of Earl Hakon, Trygve, and Gudrod. 962 or 963. Birth of earl Eirik. 963-965. War between Earl Hakon and the sons of Gunhild. 963. Death of Trygve. Death of Gudrod. Harald Grenske takes flight. Astrid, Eirik’s daughter, takes flight. Birth of Olaf Trygveson. 964. Olaf Trygveson with his grandfather. 965. Death of Sigurd Sleva. Harald Grayskin makes an expedition to Biarmaland. 965- 966. Olaf Trygveson in Svithiod. 966- 968. Peace between Earl Hakon and Gunhild’s sons. 967- 972. Olaf Trygveson in Eistland (Esthonia). 968. Earl Hakon takes flight from Eirik’s sons. Earl Hakon kills his uncle Griotgard. 969. Earl Hakon in Denmark. Death of Erling Eirikson. Death of Harald Grayskin. Death of Gold Harald. Hakon becomes Harald Gormson’s earl in Norway. 970-975. Hakon the Great is Harald Gormson’s earl. 970-977. Valdemar king in Holmgard (Novgorod). 970. Earl Hakon in Throndbjem. Earl Hakon fights with Eagnfred Eirikson. 971. Earl Hakon in Tlirondhjem. 376 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. Eagnfred spends the winter south of Stad. Battle of Thinganes. Eagnfred flies from Norway. 972. Earl Hakon makes an expedition to the North. Conflict between Earl Eirik and Skopte (Tidenda- skopte. Olaf Xrygveson comes to his uncle in Gardarike (Bussia). 973“9Si. Olaf Trygveson in Gardarike. 973. Death of Tidendaskopte. Earl Eirik takes flight. 974. Eirik in Denmark. Eirik becomes Harald Gormson’s earl in a part of Norway. 975. Emperor Otto II.’s expedition to Denmark. Harald Gormson, Svein Fork-beard, and Earl Hakon are baptized. The earl makes depredations in Scania and Gautland, and kills Ottar, Gautland’s earl. Harald Gormson harries in Norway. 676-985. Earl Hakon independent. 982-984. Olaf Trygveson in Vindland. 982. Olaf Trygveson marries Geira, Burisleif’s daughter. 983. Olaf harries in Scania and Gotland. 984. Death of Queen Geira. America (Great Ireland) visited by the Icelander Are Marson. Greenland visited by Eirik the Eed. 985 - 995 * Olaf Trygveson in the Western Isles. 985. Death of Harald Gormson. 986- 1014. Svein Fork-beard king in Denmark. 986. America visited by Biarne Heriulfson. 988. Olaf Trygveson is baptized in the Scilly Isles. Olaf Trygveson marries Queen Gyda. 994. Harald Grenske goes to the East and visits Smrid the Proud. 995 * I he Jomsborg vikings defeated at Hjorungava°‘. Thorer Klakke sent to Dublin. Death of Harald Grenske. Death of King Vissavald. Birth of Olaf the Saint. Death of Earl Hakon. Olaf Trygveson becomes king in Norway. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 377 Olaf Trygveson (995-1000). 998-999. Halfred Vandredaskald in Sweden. 999 (or 1000). Birth of Earl Hakon Eirikson. 1000. The battle of Svold. Norway divided. Discovery of America (Vinland) by Leif Eirikson. The Earls Eirik and Svein , Olaf the Swede , and the kings of Denmark (1001-1014). 1002. Thorvald Eirikson’s expedition to Vinland, and his death there. 1007. Olaf the Saint makes expeditions to Denmark and Sweden. 1007-1010. Thorfin Karlsefne’s and Gudrid’s attempted colonisation in Vinland. 1008. Olaf the Saint in Gotland.. Olaf the Saint makes depredations in Finland. Birth of Anund Jacob. 1009. Olaf the Saint in Denmark. Olaf harries in Friesland. Olaf comes to England. 1010-1012. Olaf the Saint in England. 1010. Siege of London. Battle of Hringmara Heath, ion. Canterbury is conquered. Birth of Ragnvald Brusason. 1012. Olaf the Saint leaves England. 1013. Olaf the Saint in France. Svein Eork-beard comes to England. 1014. Ethelred II. takes flight to Normandy. Earl Sigurd of the Orkneys falls in Brian’s Battle. Olaf the Saint in Normandy. Olaf the Saint goes to England. Olaf comes to Norway, and receives homage as king in the Uplands. Olaf the Saint (1015-1030). 1015. Olaf the Saint and Earl Svein in Throndhjem. The battle of Nesiar. Earl Svein takes flight to Svithiod and dies. 378 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. The Swedish tax-collectors come to Throndhjem. Birth of Eystein Orre (son of Thorbjorn Arnason). 1016. Death of Ethelred II. Canute the Great’s treaty with Edmund. Death of Edmund. Canute sole ruler in England. Olaf the Saint in Nidaros. Olaf makes an expedition to the South. Olaf sends a message to Hialte. Olaf becomes reconciled with Erling Skialgson. Olaf in Viken. Olaf takes Ranrike. Olaf founds Sarpsborg. 1016-1022. Einar Tambaskelfer in Svithiod. 1017. Olaf in Sarpsborg. Thrond the White is slain by the people of Jamtaland. Eyvind Urarhorn makes an expedition to the East. Death of Hroe the White. Gudleik Gerske makes an expedition to the East and perishes. Olaf treats with Earl Ragnvald. Hialte comes to Norway, goes with Biorn the Marshal to Ragnvald, and then proceeds to King Olaf the Swede. 1018. Olaf the Saint conquers the kings of the Uplands. Death of Sigurd Syr. Hialte with Olaf the Swede. Biorn the Marshal and Earl Ragnvald at the Thing. Olaf the Saint in Hordaland and Tunsberg. King Hrorek’s ambush. Hrorek is taken to Iceland. Hialte returns to Iceland. Olaf the Saint makes an expedition in vain to Ko- nungahella. Eyvind Urarhorn makes a viking expedition to the West. Battle of Ulfrek’s fiord. 1019. Hrorek with Thorgils Arason. Olaf the Saint in Sarpsborg. Sigvat the skald goes to Gautland. Olaf the Saint marries Astrid, Olaf’s daughter. Ingigerd is married to Jarisleif, and Earl Ragnvald ^ accompanies her to Gardarike. Emund the lagman visits Olaf the Swede. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 379 Anund Jacob chosen king. Olaf the Saint and Olaf the Swede reconciled. Eyvind Urarhorn is killed by Earl Einar of the Orkneys. Olaf the Saint goes to Throndhjem. 1020. Hrorek visits Gudmund Eyjolfson. Olaf the Saint in Nidaros. Thorkel is fostered by Olaf. Earl Thorfin visits Olaf. Death of Earl Einar. Olaf visits Naumudal and Halogaland. Asmund Grankelson becomes Olaf’s hirdman. 1021. Hrorek at Kalfskin. Olaf in Nidaros, and Thorkel with him. Earl Bruse with his son Kagnvald and Earl Thorfin in Norway. The Orkneys become tributary to Norway. Disagreement between Olaf and the Throndhjem people. Death of Hrorek. Olaf travels through More and Baumsdal against the Upland people. Meeting with Dale-Gudbrand. The Upland people are baptized. 1022. Death of Olaf the Swede. Ottar the Black visits Olaf the Saint in Hedemark. Olaf in Tunsberg. Einar Tambaskelfer returns from Sweden. Asbiorn Selsbane makes an expedition to the South to buy corn. 1023. Olaf in Sarpsborg. Meeting with Erling Skialgson. o OO Olaf at Augvaldsnes. Asbiorn kills Thorer Sel. Olaf in Hordaland, Yos, and Sogn. Einar Tambaskelfer goes to England. Olaf goes through Yalders and the Uplands, and comes to Throndhjem. 1024. Olaf in Nidaros. Birth of Magnus the Good. Death of Asbiorn Selsbane. Karle from Langey becomes a hirdman. Thorarin Nefiulfson is sent to Iceland. The inhabitants of the Farey Isles become Olaf’s subjects. 38 o CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. Einar Tambaskelfer returns to Norway. Thorarin returns from Iceland. 1025. Olaf the Saint in the Uplands. Ketil Kalf marries Olaf’s sister Gunhild. Thord Guthormson marries Olaf’s aunt Isrid. Death of Gudmund Eyjolfson. Canute the Great’s messengers come to Olaf in Tunsberg. The Icelanders come to Olaf. Erling’s sons Aslak and Skialg proceed to Canute. Olaf’s message to Anund. 1026. Olaf in Sarpsborg. Anund in West Gautland. Canute in Denmark. Canute sends a message to Anund. Karle, Gunstein, and Thorer Hund go to Biarmaland. Death of Karle. Canute goes to England. Hardaknut and Earl Ulf rule in Denmark. Olaf the Saint summons to him all his hirdmen from the Farey Isles. Olaf and Anund meet at Konungahella. Olaf goes to the North. Death of Thoralf of Dimun. Geller Thorkilson is sent to Iceland. Sigvat the skald goes on a commercial voyage to Yalland. 1027. Olaf in Nidaros. Stein Skoptason takes flight to Thorberg Arnason, and spends the winter with Erling Skialgson. Thorod Snorrason goes to Jamtaland and meets Arnliot Gelline. Dispute between Asmund Grankelson and Harek of Thiotta. The sons of Arne and Erling treat with Olaf. Stein and Thorer Hund go to Canute in England. The ship “ Visund ” is built. Olaf goes to the south. Karl of More is sent to the Farey Isles. The Althing in Iceland refuses Olaf’s claims. Thorod returns to Iceland. Erling and his sons go to England. Sigvat comes to England. Olaf harries Seeland and Scania. Canute conies to Denmark. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 381 Anund and Olaf are united. Canute’s misfortune in Helga River. (September.) Canute causes the murder of Earl Ulf. Olaf returns through Gautland. Erlin" Skialsson comes with Canute’s messengers to O O Norway. 1028. Olaf in Sarpsborg, later in the Uplands. Thorer and Griotgard, Olver’s sons, die. Sigvat the skald returns to Olaf. Olaf in Tunsberg. Death of Karl of More. Grankel burnt in his house in Halogaland by Harek. Canute subjugates Norway, and appoints Earl Hakon regent. 1029. Olaf sails to the North. Death of Erling Skialgson. Death of Aslak Fitiaskalle. Olaf goes through the Uplands to Svithiod. Canute goes to England, where he is visited by Kalf Arnason. Olaf in Nerike. Olaf goes to Gardarike. Earl Hakon goes to England. Death of Earl Hakon. America visited by Gudleik Gudlaugson. 1030. Biorn the Marshal visits Olaf in Gardarike. Olaf goes to Gotland. Einar Tambaskelfer goes to England. Olaf in Svithiod. Olaf goes to Norway. (July.) Battle of Stiklestad. Death of Olaf. Svein Knutson becomes king in Norway. Svein Knutson (1030—1034). 1031. Harald Hardrade in Gardarike. The people begin to talk about Olaf s sanctity. Olaf’s bones are removed. 1034. Einar Tambaskelfer and Kalf Arnason visit Magnus the Good in Gardarike. 1035. Magnus the Good comes through Svithiod to Norway. Svein takes flight. Death of Canute the Great. Harald becomes king in England. 382 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. Magnus the Good (1035-1047). 1036. Death of Svein Knutson. Magnus and Hardaknut meet. Death of Gunhild, Canute the Great’s daughter. 1040. Death of Harald in England. Hardaknut becomes Harald’s successor. 1042. Death of Hardaknut. Hardaknut succeeded by Edward the Confessor. Magnus is accepted as king in Denmark. Magnus appoints Svein, son of Ulf and Astrid, earl 1043. Magnus in Norway. Svein in Denmark. Svein takes the name of “ king.” Magnus in Vindland. Svein flies to Svithiod. (August.) Battle of Lyrskogs Heath. Battle of Be. 1044. Magnus in Jutland. Battle of Aros. I0 45 - Harald Hardrade in Gardarike. Harald marries Ellisif. Harald in Svithiod. 1046. 1047. Battle at Helganes. Svein takes flight to Svithiod, and meets Harald. Magnus in Norway. Harald and Svein in Svithiod. Harald and Svein make depredations in Denmark. Magnus comes to Denmark. Aihanee a,nd division of the kingdom between Magnus and Harald. 0 Harald and Magnus in Norway. Svein in Denmark. De a ath d ofMagnus nUS depredations in Den ™rk. Svein becomes king in Denmark. Harold Hardrade (1047-1066). 1048. Svein in Denmark. Harald marries Thora, Thorberg’s daughter. Harald harries in Denmark. 1049. Harald in Norway. Harald goes to Denmark. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 383 1050. Harald harries in Denmark. Death of Einar Tambaskelfer and of his son Eindride. 1062. Harald in Nidaros. Harald goes to the Gant River. Harald defeats Svein at Nis River. 1063. Svein in Denmark. Harald in Oslo. .1064. Harald in Oslo. Earl Hakon Ivarson of Vermaland makes an expedi¬ tion to Norway. Earl Hakon in Gautland. Harald and Svein become reconciled. Harald goes up the river to Lake Vener and defeats the Gauts. Harald Godwinson visits Normandy. 1065. Harald in the Uplands. Earl Toste takes flight to Flanders. 1066. Death of Edward the Confessor. Death of Ulf the Marshal. Harald goes to England. Battle at Stanford Bridge. Death of Harald and of his daughter Maria. Battle of Hastings. Death of King Steinkel in Sweden. Magnus (1067-1069) and Olaf Kyrre (1068-1093). Harald’s sons. 1067. Olaf in the Orkneys. Magnus in Norwav. 1068. 1069. Magnus and Olaf kings. 1069. Death of Magnus. 1076. Death of Svein Astridson. 1089. Birth of Eystein Maguuson. 1090. Birth of Sigurd the Crusader. 1093. Death of Olaf Kyrre. Hakon Magnuson (1094) and Magnus Barefoot (1094-1103). 1094. Both of the kings in Nidaros. Death of Hakon. 1095. Magnus in Viken. Magnus harries in Denmark. Thorer of Steig raises troops against Magnus. 1099. Birth of Olaf Magnuson. 1100. Magnus’s expedition to Gautland. 384 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. 1101. First battle at Foxerne. Second battle at Foxerne. Treaty of Peace. 1102. Skopte Ogmundson and bis sons make an expedition to the Mediterranean Sea. Magnus makes an expedition to the West. 1103. Magnus in Ireland. Skopte, the first of all the Northmen to pass Norvasund. Death of Magnus. Sigurd the Crusader (1104-1130), Eystein (1104-1123) and Olaf (1104-1115), Magnus's sons. 1107. Sigurd begins his expeditions to the South. 1108. Sigurd in England and in Valland. 1109. Sigurd in Galicia, Spain, Formeutera, Iviza, Minorca, and Sicily. 1110. Sigurd comes to Jerusalem and returns home. 1115. Death of King Olaf. 1123. Death of King Eystein. 1124. Eclipse of the sun. 1127. The Castle church built in Konungahella. 1130. Death of Sigurd the Crusader. The kingdom is divided between Magnus and Harald. Magnus the Blind , Sigurd's son (1131-1135) and Harald Gille y Magnus's son (1131-1136). 1134. Magnus and Harald in Nidaros. Battle of Fyrisleif. 1135. Magnus and Harald in Bergen. Magnus is made blind. Death of Bishop Beinald in Stavanger. The Yinds destroy Konungahella. Birth of Inge Haraldson. The last representative of the male line of the descen¬ dants of William the Conqueror dies out. 1136. Sigurd Slembe claims the crown. Sigurd (1137-1155), Inge (1137-1161), Eystein (1142-1157) and Magnus (—1142), Harold's sons. 1137. Death of Harald Gille. Sigurd takes Magnus the Blind out of the cloister. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 385 Magnus in the Uplands. Battle of Mynne. Magnus takes flight. o o Earl Karl Sunason makes an unsuccessful attack on Norway. Magnus the Blind and Eirik Eimune attack Norway unsuccessfully. Sigurd Slembe plunders in the Danish waters and on the Gaut river. 1138. Sigurd Slembe in Alaborg. Sigurd and Magnus in Lister. 1139. Magnus in Biarkey with Vidkun Jonson. Sigurd in the cave near Tjaldasund. Inge asks his brother Sigurd for help. Death of Sigurd Slembe. Death of Magnus the Blind. 1142. Eystein, Harald Gille’s son, comes from Scotland. 1147. Birth of Hakon, son of Sigurd and Thora. 1148. Birth of Hakon Herdibreid Sigurdson. 1152. Cardinal Nikolas comes to Norway. 1153-1 t 57. Jon, Norway’s first archbishop. 1153. Eystein makes an expedition to the West. 1155. The kings meet in Bergen. Death of Sigurd Haraldson. 1156. Eystein and Inge meet at the Seleys. Birth of Magnus Erlingson. 1157. Death of Eystein. Hakon goes to Gautland. Inge Haraldson (—1161) and Hakon Herdibreid Sigurdson (1157-1162). 1158-1188. Eystein archbishop in Norway. 1158. Hakon comes to Konungahella. Gregorius Dagson defeats Hakon’s people. 1159. Hakon goes to Throndhjem. Hakon sails to Bergen and Viken. Battle at the Gaut river. Hakon takes flight. 1160. Inge in Viken. 1161. Battle at Eors. Death of Gregorius. Battle of Oslo. Death of Inge. VOL. IV. 2 B 386 CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY. Magnus Erlingson becomes king and goes with his father to Denmark. Hakon is defeated at Tunsberg. Hakon Hcrdibreid (—1162) and Magnus Erlingson (1162-1184). 1162. Hakon in Throndhjem. Battle of Sek. Death of Hakon Herdibreid. Magnus becomes king of all Norway. Sigurd Sigurdson collects an army in the Uplands. 1163. Magnus and Erling in Tunsberg. Battle of Re. Deatli of Earl Sigurd of Reyr. Erling and Sigurd, the foster-son of Markus, at Konun- gahella. Death of Sigurd. Death of Markus. 1164. Erling inflicts punishment on the inhabitants of His- ing Isle. Erling in' Tunsberg. O O Magnus crowned. Erling resents King Valdemar’s claims. O O 1165. Erling in Bergen. Yaldemar conies to Viken with an army. Erling harries in Denmark. o Kristin the king’s daughter visits Yaldemar. o o 1166. Kristin summons Erling in Denmark, where he be¬ comes reconciled with Yaldemar. Olaf Gludbrandson and Sigurd Agnhot collect a force. 1167. Erling in Oslo. Battle of Rydjokul. 1168. Olaf’s army in the Uplands and Yiken. Erling conquers Olaf at Stanger. 1169. Olaf in Alaborg. 1174. Eystein Eysteinson collects an army of Birkibeins in Yiken. 1175-1176. Birkibeins in Yiken and Throndhjem. 1177. Birkibeins in Nidaros and the Uplands. Magnus in Tunsberg. Battle of Re. Death of Eystein. 1184 Death of Magnus Erlingson. INDEX OF PERSONS Aal, Jacob, i. 55, 251, 259, 325 ; ii. 207 Absalon, Archbishop, iv. 335 Adalbert, i. 37, 177 Adalbrikt, priest (Aftalbrikt), iv. 237 Adam of Bremen, i. no, 114, 177, 224; ii. 217; iii. 321 ; iv. 361 Adils, king in Svithiod (ASils), i. 307- 309; ii. 16, 50 ; iii. 237 Adrian, Pope (Adrianus), iv. 289 ASgir, i. 256 Afrafaste (Afrafasti), iii. 223, 228, 245, 257 Age, father of Ozur (Agi), ii. 197 Agnar, son of Hroar, i. 31 Agnar, son of Sigtryg (Agnarr), i. 326 Agnar, son of Yngvar, i. 313, 315 Ague, Dagson (Agni), i. 293, 294, 315 Agricola, i. 10 , Ake, the bonde (Aki), i. 358-360 Ake, son of Vagn, a Jomsborg viking, ii. 119 Ale the Bold (Ali), i. 301 Ale of the Uplands, i. 308, 309 Ale Uskeynd (Ali uskeyndr), iv. 284 Alexander the Great, i. 94 Alf Alrekson (Alfr), king in Sweden, i. 295-297 Alf Askmand (AskmaSr), ii. 38-42 Alf Hrode or Rode, son of Ottar Bir- ting (Alfr hroSi), iv. 238, 281, 331 Alf Yngvarson, i. 313, 316 Alfarin (Alfarin n), i. 328 Alfgeir, King (Alfgeirr), i. 329 f Alfhild, a daughter of Alfarin (Alf- hildr), i. 328 Alfhild, the king’s slave-woman, iii. 68, 69, 302, 306 Alfifa, daughter of Earl Alfrun and mother of King Svein (Alfifa), iii. 276-287 Alfred the Great, i. 15, 42, 65, 92, 130, l66 > 3 2 5 , 392 ; iii. 92 Alfrun, Earl (Alfrunn), iii. 276 Alfvine (Alfvini), ii. 113-115 Algaute, King (Algauti), i. 313, 314 Allogia, Queen, ii. 79 Alof (Alof), daughter of Harald Har- fager, i. 366, 378, 391 Alof, daughter of Asbjorn, ii. 66 Alof, daughter of Bodvar, ii. 181 Alof, wife of Geirthiof, i. 307, 308 Alof (Olof), daughter of Olaf Skygne, i- 323 Alrek (Alrekr), Swedish king, i. 294-296 Ainunde (Amuudi) Arnason, iii. 32 Amunde Gyrdson, iv. 215-219, 233, 246, 285 Amunde of Ilrossey, iii. 7, 8 Anderson, Joseph, i. 27 Anderson, R. B., i. 23, 27, 46, 100, 118, 270 Andreas, father of Pal, iv. 332 Andreas, Simonson, iv. 242, 265, 282 Andres the Deaf, iv. 207 Andres Brunson, iv. 195-204 Andres Guthormson, iv. 250 Andres Kelduskit (kelduskitr), iv. 225 Andrew, Saint, ii. 273 Ane or Aun (Ani or Aun), i. 300-303 ; iv. 357 Angelo, Michael, i. 12 Anglo-Saxons, i. vi., 3-21, 30-46, 79, 86, 92, 119, 121, 129-134, 142, 154, 161, 164, 369, 382, 392; ii. 7 ; iv. 93, 366-368 ^ An Skyte (Ann skyti), of Jamtaland, ii. 200 Anson, Lord, i. 200 Arabs, iii. 211 Arctander, i. 187 Are (Ari) Einarson, iv. 231 Are Marson, ii. 381 Are Thorgeirson, iv. 339 Are Thorgilson Frode, i. v., 29, 32, 36- 40, 262, 265-267; ii. 88 ; iii. 198, 286 Arinbjorn (Arinbjorn), ii. 86, 88 Ariosto, i. 12 Arnbjorn Ambe (Arnbjorn Ambi), iv. 232 Arnbjorn Arnason, iii. 32, 176, 204 Arne Arnason (Arni Arnason), iii. 32, 114-117, 199, 280, 288 Arne Arumodson, iii. 32, 33, 165, 191, 260 Arne Brigdarskalle (brigSarskalli), iv. 302 Arne Fjoruskeif (fjoruskeifr), iv. 115, 157, 158 Arne Frirekson, iv. 292 Arne Magnusen, i. 216, 248 383 INDEX OF PERSONS. Arne of Stodreim, iv. 239, 257, 299, 3°o, 312 Arne Sturla, son of Snsebjorn, iv. 236, 261 Arnfid or Arnfin (Arnfidr or Arnfiunr) Thorfinson, ii. 4, 13, 90 Arnfin Arnmodson, iii. 260 Arnfin from Sogn, ii. 201 Arnkel (Arukell) Torfeinarson, ii. 7, 8 ; iii. 4 Arnliot Gelline (Arnljotr Gellini), ii. 200 ; iii. 130-133, 244-257 Arnmod (ArnmoSr, iii. 32 Arnor, the earls’ skald (Arnorr jarla- skald), ii. 201, 249 ; iii. 5, 23, 67, 294, 297, 299, 318, 319, 324, 328, 330, 33 8 - 342 , 346, 409; iv. 7, 47, 48 Aruvid (Arnvibr) the Blind, ii. 404-409 Arnvid, King, i. 353, 35+ Asa (Asa), Eystein’s daughter, i. 324 Asa, Ingjald’s daughter, i. 320, 321 Asa, Earl Hakon’s daughter, i. 362 Asa the Fair, iv. 337 Asa, daughter of Harald, i. 328, 329, 331 Asas, the Asgard gods, i. 271-279 ; iii. 27; iv. 129 Asbjorn (Asbjorn) of Forland, iv. 304 Asbjorn Jalda, iv. 284 Asbjorn, Earl, i. 354 Asbjorn, lenderman, iv. 188, 189 Asbjorn of Medalhus, ii. 22, 25 Asbjorn Sigurdson Selsbane, iii. 48-73, 97, 249 Asbjorn Snara, iv. 335 Asbjorn Thorbergson, ii. 166, 200 Asbjorn oi Yrjar, ii. 66 Asgaut (Asgautr) the bailiff, ii. 316- 3i9 Asgaut, Earl, i. 354 Ashild (Ashildr), i. 367 Askel (Askell), father of Aslak Fitja- skalle, ii. 151 ; iii. 45 Askel, slain by Thiostolf, iv. 221 Aslak (Aslakr) of Aurland, iv. 77 Aslak Erlendson, iv. 257 Aslak Erlingson, ii. 271, 280; iii. 88, i 9 °, 395 i iv. 224 Aslak of Finey, iii. 220, 262 Aslak Fitjaskalle (fitjaskalli), ii. 152 ; iii. 45-47, 189-193 Aslak Hakonson, iv. 217 Aslak Hane (hani), iv. 163-165 Aslak Holmskalle (holmskalli), ii. 129 Aslak Jonson Unge (ungi), iv. 261, 278 Aslaug (Aslaug), daughter of Sigurd Orm, i. ,335 Asmund (Asmundr) Grankelson, iii. 26, 70-73, 123-125, 178, 308 Asmund Ssemundson, iv. 195, 201 Asmund, son of King Svein’s sister, iii. 405, 406 Asolf (Asolfr) Skulason, iv. 54, 55, 96. Asta (Asta), daugliterof Gudbrand, ii. 133-136, 158 , 249, 251, 281-287, 355 - 3571 iih 81 Astrid (AstriSr), daughter of Burisleif, ii. 100, 120, 209, 225 Astrid, daughter of Eirik Bjodaskalle, ii. 72-78, 149, 181, 335 Astrid, daughter of the Swedish King Olaf, ii. 384, 393, 395-397, 404 5 iii- 169, 199, 200, 217, 220, 221, 295, 296, 302, 305, 306 Astrid, Trygve’s daughter, ii. 149, 154, I 55 > iii- 367 Astrid, the Danish King Svein’s daughter, iii. 99, 319 ; iv. 369 Astrid, daughter of Ogmund, iv. 219 Athelstan, king of England (ASal- steinn), i. 65, 103-108, 392-394; ii. 3, 6 , 7, 9 , 36, 48, 88, 164, 166; iii. 3 X 5 Atle Mjove (Atli mjovi), i. 334, 356 Atle the Icelander, iii. 329 Atte (Atti) the Dull, of Vermaland, ii. 400, 401, 405; iii. 353 Audbjorn (AuSbjorn), King, i. 353-355 Aud (Auftr) the Wealthy, i. 369 Aude (AuSi) the Rich, i. 287 Audun (Au< 5 un), i. 279 Audun, son of Hal, iv. 267 Audun Raude (rauSi), iv. 241 Augvald (Ogvaldr), ii. 162 Aun (see Ane) Avaldamon, King, i. 207 Avang, an Icelander, i. 208 Baglers, i. 244 ; iv. 349, 350 Balder (Baldr), the god, i. 275 ; ii. 2 Baldwin (Baldvini), iv. 27, 115, 125- 127 Bard (BarSr) White, ii. 295 Bard, the father of King Inge, iv. 55 Bard Jokulson, iii. 203 Bard the priest, iii. in Bard Standale (staudali) son of Bryn- jolf, iv. 260, 332 Bard Svarte (svarti), son of Atle, iii. 3 2 9 Bard Herjulfson, ii. 230 Bartholinus, i. 81 Baugeid (BaugeiSr), iv. 287 Baxter, Mrs. Elizabeth, i. xiv. Baylie, Dr., i. 221 Bede, the Venerable, i. 14, 15, 21, 32, 33» 42, 131 Beintein (Benteinn), son of Kolbein, iv. 224, 232, 235 Bendikt, iv. 217 Benzelius, i. 84 Beorhtric, iv. 366 Bera, Queen, i. 295, 296 Berdlukare (BerSlukari), i. 355 Berg (Bergr), iii. 144. Bergliot (Bergljot), daughter of Hakon the Earl, ii. 95, 269 ; iii. 45, 395, 399 Bergliot, daughter of Halfdan, iii. 399, 402 Bergliot, daughter of Earl Thorer, i. 39i I ii- *5 Bergliot (Bergljotr) Ivarson, iv. 281 INDEX OF PEKSONS. Bergthor (Bergen ) Bestil (bestill), ii. 201 Bergthor of Lundar, ii. 141 Bergthor, sou of Mas, iv. 231 Bergthor Sveinson, iv. 146 Bernhard, Duke, iii. 326 Berse (Bersi) the Strong, ii. 200 Berse Skaldtorfuson, i. 256; ii. 249, 308 ; iii. 66 Biadmynia (BjaSmynja), daughter of Myrkjartan, iv. 95 Biadok (Bjaftok), iv. 237 Biarne (Bjarni) Herjulfson, i. 201, 202, 205, 212; ii. 230-233 Biarne Gullbrarskald (gullbrarskald), ii. 71, 249; iii. 191, 205, 261, 294, 3°L 3 11 . 343 Biarne the Bad, iv. 322-324 Biarne, son of Sigurd, iv. 254 Biorn (Bjorn) the bailiff, iii. 169-172 Biorn Buk (bukkr), iv. 239 Biorn the marshal, ii. 314-387; iii. 199, 207-211, 260, 261 Biorn, son of Egil, iv. 217, 218 Biorn, son of Eirik, i. 377 Biorn Eiterkveisa, ii. 74, 75 Biorn the chapman, i. 367, 385, 387, 388, 389, 395 Biorn Krephende (Krepphendi), iv. 73, 76, 81, 91-94 Biorn Nikolason, iv. 282, 283 Biorn, king of Sweden, ii. 366, 368 Biorn of Studla, ii. 200 Biorner, i. 84 Birger (Birgir) Earl, iv. 247, 341, 342 Birkibeins (birkibeinar), i. 244; iv. 342- 35° Bjorn son, Bjornstjerue, iv. 215 Blotsvein (Blotsveinn), iv. 155 Bodmod, i. 31 Bodvar (BoSvarr), ii. 181, 335 ; iii. 236 Bolle (Bolli) Tliorlaksou, ii. 184 Bolverk (Bolverkr), iii. 346, 348, 349, 377, 3 8 4 Borghild (Borghildr), daughter of Dag, iv. 148, 149 Borghild, daughter of Hakon, iv. 207 Bork (Botkr), from the Fjords, ii. 200 Botolf (Botolf), ii. 25 Bove (Bovi), 320 Brage (Bragi), the god, i. 316 ; ii. 2, 45, 46, 67, 299 Brage the Old, i. 275 Brand (Brandr) the bishop, iv. 324 Brand the Generous, ii. 181 Brenne-Flose (Brennuflosi), ii. 181 Brian (Brjann), king of Munster, iii. 5 Brigida (BrigiSa), daughter of Harald, iv. 247, 241 Brigida, daughter of Ulf, iii. 393 . Brimilskiar (Brimilskjarr), Earl, ii. 350 Britons, ii. 7 ; iv. 93, 94 Brod-Helge (Broddhelgi), ii. 118 Bruse (Brusi), honde, ii. 194-197 Bruse Sigurdson of Orkney, iii. 5-23, 343 389 Bruse Thormodson, iv. 231 Brynjolf, ii. 142 Bryujolf (Brynjolfr) Ulfalde (ulfaldi), ii. 249, 323, 324, 326; iv. 344 Brynjolf Sveinson, i. 196 Brynjolfson, Gisle, i. 190, 262 Buchanan, iv. 95 Buddha or Vudha, iv. 354 Budle (BuSli), iii. 351 Bue (Bui) of Borgundarholm, ii. 119- 121, 125-129, 131 Bugge, Sophus, i. 85 Buonaparte, i. 12 Burger, i. 259 Buriz Heinrekson, iv. 300 Burisleif (Burizleifr), ii. 100, 104, 109, 120, 195-198, 207, 209 Buste (Busti), thrall, ii. 76 Byleist, i. 327 Cabot, Sebastian, i. 200 Csesar, i. 12 Canute Lavard (Knutr lavardr), iv. 141, 184, 187 Canute the Great, i. 4, 5, 8, 87, 108, 120, 131, 159, 167; ii. 195, 257, 262, 267, 268, 272-275, 280, 287, 338 ; in. 3, 22, 68, 82, 83-90, 99, 116, 118, 122, 123, 142-167, 173, 174-184, 190, 201, 205-210, 218, 220, 246-249, 276- 280, 287-292, 303, 304, 305, 315, 317, 3 l8 , 320-323, 345; iv. 30, 67, 360, 364, 368-372 Carl Johan, King, i. 153 Carl Magnus (Karlamagnus), iii. 70 Carlyle, Thomas, i. vii.-ix., xvi., 3 Catherine (Katrin), iv. 141 Cato, i. 35 Caucasians, iv. 353-356 Cecilia, i. 127; iv. 178, 179 Cecelia, daughter of Gyrd, iv. 232 Cederschiold, Dr. E., i. 29 Celsius, i. 84 Celts, i. 12, 13, 79; iv. 353-356 Cerdic, iv. 357, 360, 364 Cervantes, i. 12, 44 Charlemagne (Karlamagnus), i. 80, 165, 373 ; ii. 102, 303, 305 Charles I., iii. 214 Charles the Simple, ii. 268 Christian III., i. 184 Christian IV., i. 250 Christina, Lady, i. 240 Christina (Kristin), daughter of King Inge, iv. 141 Christopher of Bavaria, i. 183 Cicero, i. 12, 34 Cimbri, ii. 257 Claussen, Peter, i. 249, 250, 257 Cleasby, It., i. x., 21, 85, 158, 168, 2 77 Clemet Arason, iv. 231 Cobbett, i. 44 Columbus, Christopher, i. 192, 193, 198, 200, 230, 232, 233; ii. 230 Constantinus Monomaclius, iii. 263, 264 39° INDEX OF PERSONS. Cook, Capt., i. 225 Cottle, A. T., i. ix. Dag (Dagr) Dygvason, i. 291-295 Dag of Vestmarar, i. 327 Dag, son of Harald, i. 367, 385 Dag, son of Hring, iii. 222, 223, 230, 2 33 , 238, 2 39 , 254, 259, 262, 265, 266 Dag Ivarason, iv. 207 Dag Raudson, iii. 170-T73 Dag Eilifson, iv. 82, 109, 113, 207, 246 Dageid (Dageiftr), i. 295 •Daglings, family of Doglingar), i. 295 Dale-Gudbrand (see Gudbrand). Dan Mikillate (Danr Mikillati), i. 264, 291, 301 Danp (Danpr), i. 290 Darius Hydaspes, iv. 357 Dasent, G. W., i. vi., ix., 24, 27, 161 David, Scottish king, iv. 208 De Foe, D., i. 44 De Fries, i. 89 Dicuil, i. 50 Dixin, ii. 100, 101 Domalde (Dbmaldi), i. 288, 289 Domar, i. 289, 290 Donald Bane, iv. 95 Don Quixote, !. 227 Dotta, iii. 385 Drifa, i. 286, 287 Drot (Drott), i. 290, 291 Du Cange, iii. 349 Du Chaillu, P. B., i. 161, 175 Du Fresne, iii. 416 Dungad (DungaSr), earl of Caithness, iii. 4 Dunimiz. iv. 197, 202 Durner (Durnir), i. 286 Dygve (Dyggvi), i. 290, 291 Eadburgha, iv. 366 Eadgils, i. 305 Eanmund, i. 305 Easton, Peter, i. 227, 229 Edgar (Eatgeirr), i. 131 ; ii. 268 ; iv. 26 Edla (ESla), ii. 383 Edmund (Eatmundr) the Saint, ii. 238 Edmund, son of Ethelred, ii. 264, 268 Edmund Ironside, ii. 273. 274 Edward (EatvarSr), ii. 264, 268 ; iii. * 57 , 3 T 7 , 344 , 345 ; iv. 25, 26, 28, 31, 3 2 , 5 ° Edward the Confessor, i. 131 ; ii. 268 ; iv. 50 Edward the Elder, i. 130 Edwy (Katvigr), ii. 268 Egede. Hans, i. 184, 187 Egil (Egill), Aslakson, iv. 77-81 Egil in Gautland, ii. 384 Egil, son of Hal o’ Side, iii. 82, 106, 160 Egil, son of Skallagrim, ii. 1, 6, 181 ; iv. 117 Egil, son of Aun the Old, i. 302-303 Egil Ulserk (ullserkr), ii. 31-36 Eilif (Eilifr), father of Earl Orm, iv. 219 Eilif Gautske, ii. 322-325 Eilif, Earl, iv. 132 Eilif Ragnvaldson, ii. 399 Einar (Einarr), a relation of priest Andres, iv. 195, 197 Einar Arnason, iv. 225 Einar of Modruveller, iii. 76-78 Einar Guthormson, iv. 250-252 Einar from Hordaland, ii. 201 Einar, son of Laxapaul, iv. 227, 228, 257 Einar Bangmud (rangmuSr), ii. 382 ; iii. 5-14, 19, 27 Einar Skalaglam, ii. 47, 56, 57, 67, 71, 9 ° Einar Skulason, iv. 115, 117, 118, 125, 127, 173 , i 8 2, 193, 204, 215, 237, 242- 246, 264, 265, 280, 295 Einar Ogmundson, iv. 225 Einar Tambaskelfer (|)ambaskelfir), ii. 66, 95, 116, 201, 220, 221, 269, 273, 2 93 - 3 0 9 ; iii- 45, 68, 141, 180, 181, 211, 218, 219, 279-283, 288-292, 310, 3 2 3 ,. 381. 382, 3?5-4po Eindride (EindriSi) Einarson, iii, 180, 218, 395, 398, 399, 402, 403 Eindride of Gautdal, iv. 225 Eindride of Gimsar, ii. 211 Eindride Jonson, iv. 262, 273, 274, 279- 281 Eindride Styrkarson, ii. 66, 269 Eindride Unge (ungi), iv. 239, 240, 295, 304-3 18 Eindride Heidafylja, iv. 321 Eirik (Eirikr), iv. 217 Eirik, son of Agne, i. 294, 295 Eirik Agnarson, i. 326 Eirik Arnason, iv. 344, 345 Eirik Arsale (arsseli), iv. 155 Eirik Biodaskalle (bjoSaskalli), ii. 72- 78, 149, 181, 335 Eirik the Victorious, i. 377 ; ii. 63, 133. .196, 344 , 366 Eirik Blood-axe, i. 102, 366, 386-390; ii. 1-14, 27-47, 57, 62, 189, 190; iii. 4 , 15 Eirik Eimune (Eimuni), iv. 154, 181, 187, 196, 197, 220, 221 Eirik, Archbishop, iv. 232, 236 Eirik the Good, son of Svein, iv. 102, PP3, I4G 154 Eirik, son of Eindride, iv. 225 Eirik, Earl, son of Hakon, i. 201 ; ii. 96-98, 122-133, *4 8 , 182, 192-196, 208-228, 232, 267, 269-273, 278, 299, 301, 321 ; iii. 83, 146 ; iv. 360 Eirik Eymundson, i. 357-360, 377; ii. .196, 366 Eirik, king of Hordaland, i. 345, 363 Eirik, king of Jutland, i. 366 Eirik, king of Upsala, i. 345, 357, 358, 359, 360 Eirik Odson, iv. 228, 232, 234 Eirik the Red (rauSi), i. 179, 180, 197, 201, 204, 207; ii. 189, 230, 232-238 INDEX OF PERSONS. 39 * Eirik, son of Yngve, i. 298, 299 Eirik of Pomerania, i. 183, 198 Eirik Vidforle. i. 196 Eirik, son of Harald Harfager, i. 372, 381, 382-385, 395, 397, 398 Eirik, father of Leif, ii. 202 Eirik’s sons, ii. 13, 27-35, 39, 42, 43, 47-70, 91, 190 Eldjarn (Eldjarn), iv. 73, 99 Elfgrims, iv. 83, 84, 90, 191, 343 Elgiva, ii. 274 Elizabeth, daughter of King Jarisleif, iii. 366 Elizabeth, queen of England, i. 62 ; iv. 293 Ella, i. 95 ; iv. 357, 360, 364 Ellisif, iii. 366-368 ; iv. 35, 36, 53 Emma, Queen, daughter of .Richard, earl of Rouen, ii. 268, 273, 274 ; iii. 148, 149, 317, 318 ; iv. 25, 50 Emund (Emundr), lagman, ii. 399-405, 408, 409 Emund Ringson, ii. 399 Emund Olafson, ii. 384; iii. 295, 305, 325 Erich son, i. 84 Erlend (Erlendr) of Gerde, iii. 220, 262 Erlend, son of Earl Hakon, ii. 142-144 Erlend Himalde (lrimaldi), iii. 393 ; iv. 3 T 9 Erlend, Torf-Einar’s son, 11. 7, 8 ; 111. 4 Erlend, son of Earl Thorfin, iv. 36, 41, 91, 96. 109, 113, 116 Erling (Erlingr) Erlendson, iv. 109. 113 Erling Gamle (gandi), son of Eirik, i. 398; ii. 53, 55, 67, 68, 81 . Erling, son of Earl Hakon, ii. 132 Erling, son of Sigurd, iii. 307 Erling Skakke (skakki), Kyrpingaorm’s son, i. 240; iv. 239-241, 246, 259, 270-272, 276-284, 293, 298-350, 372 Erling Skialgson of Sole, i. 121-123, 129 ; ii. 152-156, 205, 206, 212, 269- 271, 280, 302, 309, 311, 322 ; iii. 35, 45-64, 99, iii, 113, 115, 118, 142 166, 167, 179, 185-193, 211, 220, 290 ; iv. 224 Erling of Tankernes, i. 56 Eskil of West Gautland, ii. 399 Ethelred (Aftalraftr), English king, i. 159 ; ii. 121, 257-264, 268, 273, 274 ; iii. 146, 317, 344; iv. 25, 50 Eyjolf (Eyjolfr), ii. 380; iii. 74 Eyjolf Dadaskald (DaSaskald), ii. 71, 97 , 98 Eyjolf Valgerdson, ii. 118 Eystein (Eysteinn), Adil’s son, i. 309- 3H. Eystein, Archbishop, iii. 284, 393, 394; iv. 319, 324-327 Eystein Eysteinson, iv. 341-347 Eystein Glumra, i. 352, iii. 3 Eystein, son of Halfdan, i. 324, 325, 327 Eystein the Severe (harSrafti), i. 324 Eystein Haraldson, iv. 215-265, 275, 291, 292, 294 Eystein Magnuson, iv. 103, 115-154, 360 Eystein Orre (orri), Thorberg’s son, iii. 112, 113 ; iv. 41, 48 Eystein the Great (riki), i. 329, 332, 333 , 343 , 344 ; io 7 , 108 Eystein Trafale (trafali), iv. 255 Eystein the Elder (hinn ellri), iv. 286 Eyvind (Eyvindr) Finson Skaldaspiller (skaldaspillir), i. 264, 280, 298, 356 ; ii. 1. 35-41, 44, 47-51, 56, 69-71, 127 ; iii. 24 Eyvind Ivelda, ii. 160-163 Eyvind Kinrifa (kinnrifa), ii. 157, 174, J 75 Eyvind Skreyja, ii. 38-42 Eyvind Snak (snakr), ii. 201 Eyvind Urarhorn (urarhorn), ii. 326- 329, 382 ; iii. 10, 19 Eyvind Olboge (olbogi), iv. 109-113 Eyvind, son of Berdlukare, i. 355 Faste (Fasti), Earl, i. 306 Fin (Finnr) Arnason, Earl, iii. 32, 23, 114-123, 199, 231, 232, 243, 255, 261, 263, 279, 280, 288, 343, 399-410; iv. 5 , 8 > I2 , T 3 > 336 Fin Erlingson, iv. 337 Fin the Little (litli), ii. 371-3 75 Fin Saudaulfson, iv. 228 Fin Skoptason, iv. 96, 97, 106, 107 Fin from Rogaland, ii. 201 Finboge, i. 207 ; ii. 244, 245 Fiolner, i. 282 Fjolner (Fjolnir), son of Ingvefrey, i. 263, 284 Fiske, Willard, i. ix. Flemings (Flaeminjar), iv. 296 Folke (Folki) Birgerson, iv. 247 Folkvid (FolkviSr), i. 316 Forniot (Fornjotr), i. 288 Franks (Frakkar), i. 6 ; iv. 296, 297 Frederik (FriSrekr), Emperor, iv. 125 Frederik, son of Heinrek, iv. 125 Frederik III., i. 196 Frederik, Bishop, ii. 170 Fredfrode (FriSfroSi), i. 284 Freeman’s “Norman Conquest, ii. 257 ; iv. 26 Frey (Freyr), i. 264, 272, 273, 275, 277, 282-284, 295, 309, 361 ; ii. 181 Freydis, i. 199, 204, 207 ; ii. 213, 230, 244-246 Freyja, i. 115, 273, 283 ; ii. 20, 24 Frevvid the l)eaf (FreyviSr daufi), 11. 305, 406-409 _ , . Fridleif (FriSleifr), son of Frode, 1. 301 Frigg, i. 16, 86, 93, 104, no, 145, 272 ; ii. 50; iv. 361 Frirek (Fririkr), the standard-bearer, iv. 42 Frirek Keina (kcena), iv. 304, 310, 322, 323 Frode the Bold (FroSi hinn frsekni), i. 303-307 Frode Eysteinson, i. 344 392 INDEX OF PERSONS. Frotle Haraldson, i. 366, 385, 386 Frode Mikillate (mikillati), i. 284, 285 3 OI > 343 ; ii- 5 ° Frosfce (Frosti), i. 293 Gamal (Gamall), iv. 16 Gamle (Gamli), son of Eirik, i. 398; ii. 13, 33-38, 48 Gandalf (Gandalfr), son of Alfgeir, i. 329-344 . Ganglere, i. 100, 101 Gauka-Tkorer (GaukaJ)orir), iii. 223- 257 Gaut (Gautr), i. 313 Gant the Red (hiun rauSi), iii. 101, ^ 139 , T 40 Gaute (Gauti) Tofason, ii. 401, 402 Gauthild (Gauthildr), i. 313, 320, 323 Gautrek the Mild (Gautrekr hiun mildi), i. 313 Gautvid (GautviSr), i. 319 Gefion, i. 274, 275 Geigad (GeigaSr), i. 297 Geira, ii. 100-109, 209 Geirfin (Geirfiffr), ii. 266 Geire (Geiri), father of Glum, ii. 9 Geirmuml (Geirmundr), ii. 123, 124 Geirthiof (Geirpjofr), i. 307 Geller (Gellir), son of Thorkel, iii. 82, 106, 107, 125, 165 Gerd (GerSr), i. 282 Gersime (Gersimi), i. 283 Gibbon, iii. 349 Gille (Gilli) the backthief (bakrauf), iv. 85 G lie the lagman, iii. 79, 80, 100, 135, 136, 140 Giparde (GiparSi), iv. 98-101. Gisl (Gisl), son of Visbur, i. 288 Gissur (Gizurr) Gulbraskald (gullbra), ii. 7 r, 249 ; iii. 234; 258 Gissur the White, son of Teit, ii. 171, 181, 187. 202, 335 Gissur the Black, ii. 338-347 Gissur from Valders, ii. 131, 132 Gjukungs, iv. 129 Glum (Glumr), son of Geire, ii. 1-91 ; iii. 361 Godgest (Goftgestr), i. 309 Godwin (GuSini), Earl, son of Ulfnad, i. 240; iii. 157; iv. 25-28 Goethe, i. 43 Gondul (Gondul), ii. 44, 45 Gorm (Gormr) the Old, i. 337, 345, 346 ; ii. 81, 82, 196 ; iii. 86, 145 ; iv. 364, 3 6 5 Goths, i. 6, 12, 30, 51, 53, 79, 82, 291, 314; iv. 35^, 356 Grane (Grani) the skald, iii. 346, 385 Grankel (Grankell, Granketill), iii. 26, 123, 125, 178, 248 Granmar (Granmarr), i. 315-320 Gregorius Dagson, iv. 220-300 Grelad (GreloS), iii. 4 Grette the Strong, i. 31 Grim (Griinr) the Good, iii. 239 Grim Rusle (rusli), iv. 337 Grim of Yist, iv. 225 Grim Thorgilson, iii. 271-281 Grimhild, i. 287 ; ii. 240 Grimkel (Grimkell), ii. 314, 315 ; iii. 281, 282 Grimm, Jacob, i. 93, 367 Griotgard (GrjotgarSr), son of Ilakon, i. 354 ; ii. 52-55 Griotgard the Brisk (roskvi), ii. 201 Griotgard Olverson, iii. 175, 176, 204, 249 Groa (Groa), daughter of Thorstein, iii. 4 Grosvenor, Lady, iv. 120 Grundtvig, Bishop, i. xiv., 259 Gryting (Grftingr), King, i. 347 Gudbrand, Dale (GuSbranSr i Dolum), i- 33 2 » 333 , 344 ; ii. 60, 158 ; iii. 34- 43' 81 Gudbrand Hvite, ii. 126 Gudbrand Kula, ii. 133, 136 Gudbrand, son of Skafhog, iv. 134, 292 Gudlaug (GuSlaugr), i. 298, 300 Gudleif, son of Gudlaug, i. 231, 232 Gudleik Gerske (gerzki), ii. 328-330 Gudmund (GuSmundr), Bishop, iv. 339 Gudmund, son of Eyjolf, ii. 380, 381 ; iii. 78, 82 ; iv. 23 Gudmund of Modruveller, ii. 181 ; iii. 76 Gudny, i. 233 Gudrid (GuSkiftr), daughter of Birger, iv. 232 Gudrid, daughter of Guthorm, iv. 376 Gudrid, wife of Tliorlin Ivarlsefue, i. 199-213 ; ii. 236-247 Gudrod (GuSroSr), son of Bjorn, i. 388, 395 , 397 ; ii- 4 ,. 5 , 48. 5 2 - 60, 61, 64 Gudrod, son of Eirik, i. 398 ; ii. 67, 72, 89, 91, 189, 190 Gudrod of Gudbrandsdal, ii. 288, 349, 35 L 354 Gudrod, son of Halfdan, i. 324, 327- 33 1 Gudrod, king of Scania, i. 320, 321 Gudrod Liome (ljomi), i. 373-378, 387 Gudrod Skiria, son of Harald, i. 367 Gudrod, son of Olaf Klining, iv. 93, 290 Gudrun (Gudrun), daughter of Einar, iv. 225 Gudrun, daughter of Jarnskegge, ii. 169 Gudrun, daughter of Nefstein, iv. 54 Gudrun of Saltnes, iv. 346 Gudrun, daughter of Thord, iv. 96 Gudrun, daughter of Bergthor, ii. 141 Gunbjorn, i. 179 Gunhild (Gunnhildr), wife of King Eirik, i. 382-384, 395-398 ; ii. i, 8" 1 3 , 37 , 4 2 > 43 - 47-ior, 152, 189, 190, s8 9 - 344 5 iii- 87, 207 ; iv. 360. Gunhild, daughter of Burisleif, ii. 100, 120, 195, 196, 197 Gunhild, daughter of Halfdan, iii. 24 INDEX OF PERSONS. 393 Gunhild, daughter of Knut, ii. 274; iii. 316 Gunhild, wife of Simon, iv. 242, 289 Gunhild, daughter of Sigurd, ii. 283 ; iii. 81 Gunhild, daughter of Earl Svein, ii. 280; iii. 396 Gunhild, niece of King Harald, iii. 395 , 410 Gunnar (Gunnarr), of Gelmin, ii. 295 Gunnar of Gimsar, iv. 217, 218 Gunnar the treasurer, iv. 304 Gunne Fis (Gunni fiss), iv. 195 Gunstein (Gunnsteinn), i. 117; iii. 71- 120 Guthorm (Guthormr) Grabarde (gra- barSi), iv. 184, 250 Guthorm, son of Gudbrand, i. 333 Guthorm, son of Harald Harfager, i. 362, 369, 381,^ 385 Guthorm, son of Harald Fletter, iv. 194 Guthorm, son of Eirik, i. 398 ; ii. 27, 28; iii. 400, 410-412 Guthorm, uncle of Harald Harfager, i- 343 - 346 , 362, 367, 368, 377 Guthorm of Heine, iv. 216 Guthorm, son of Sigurd, i. 335, 336 Guthorm, son of Sigurd Syr, ii. 283, 35 6 Guthorm Sindre (sindri), i. 342, 389 ; ii. 1, n-13, 27, 28, 34 Guthorm Thorerson, iii. 376, 377 Gyda (Gyfta), wife of Olaf Trygveson, ii. 113-115 ; iii. 157, 289 Gyda, daughter of Eirik, i. 345, 362 Gyda the Old, iv. 141 Gyda, daughter of Godwin, iii. 157 Gyda, daughter of Svein Foi'k-beard, iii. 157; iv. 25 Gyda, daughter of Thorgils Sprakaleg, iii. 157 ; iv. 30 Gylaug (G^laugr), i. 300 Gylfe (Gylfi), i. 100, 274, 275 Gymer (G^mir), i. 282 Gyrd (Gyrdr) Amundason, iv. 266, 269 Gyrd Bardson, iv. 232 Gyrd Godwinson, iv. 51 Gyrd, son of Gunhild, iv. 269 Gyrd, son of Harald, i. 328 Gyrd, son of Kolbein, iv. 224, 235 Gyrd, on the king’s ship, iv. 34 Gyrger (Gyrgir), iii. 350-352 Gyrid (GyriSr), Dag’s daughter, iv. 269 Had (Haddr) the Hard, i. 363 Hadrian, Pope, i. 157 Hafthor (Hafjibrr), i. 279 Hagbard (HagbarSr) i. 297, 300 Hagson, K. A., i. 249 Hake (Haki), i. 277-299 Hake the Berserk, i. 336 Hake, brother of Hysing, i. 335 Hake, son of Gandalf, i. 343 Hake the Scot, i. 205 Hakon Fauk (Hakon faukr), iv. 148,193 Hakon the Old, ii. 74-77 Hakon the Good, i. 65, 103, 105, 108, 25 8 , 391 - 394 ; ii- 1-58, 164, 166, 289, 3 T 5 » 344 I id- 26, 108; iv. 133, 360 Hakon Griotgardson, i. 348, 350, 356, 357 , 390 Hakon Herdibreid (HerSibreiftr), iv. 242, 258, 265-311, 371 Hakon Ivarson, iii. 399-407 ; iv. 5, 7, 9 , I 5"22, 336 Hakon Paulson of the Orkneys, iv. 116 Hakon Paulson Pungelta, iv. 224 Hakon Mage (magi), iv. 224, 234 Hakon Serkson, iv. 157, 158 Hakon the Swedish king. iv. 96 Hakon Magnuson, iv. 58, 73-77, 85 Hakon Hakonson, i. 177, 242, 204, 266; iv- 349 . Hakon Sigurdson, Earl of Lade, i. 280, 354 , 39 i ; ii- I-I 93 , 289; iii. 4, 83, 84, 394 .; iv- 239 Hakon Eirikson, the Earl, ii. 195, 196, 226, 267, 272-286, 294, 295, 299, 321 ; iii. 68, 88, 144-146, 166, 168, 180, 192-199, 202-218, 246, 247, 395, 396 Hal (Hallr) Audunson, iv. 267 Hal of Sida, i. 266; ii. 170 ; iii. 82 Hal Thorarinson, i. 266, 267 ; ii. 171 Hal Thorgeirson, iv. 234-236 Hal Utrygson, iv. 23 Hal, father of Thorstein, iii. 78 Hal, father of Egil, iii. 160 Haldor (Halldorr), iv. 249 Haldor, son of Brvnjolf, iii. 100; iv. 57, 260, 266, 282-287, 344 Haldor, son of Gudmund, ii. 181, 202 Haldor Sigurdson, iv. 217, 218 Haldor in Skerdingsstedja, ii. 142, 166 Haldor Skvaldre (skvaldri), iv. 115- 127, 182, 186, 189 Haldor, son of Snorre, iii. 357-393 Haldor the Unchristian (ukristui), ii. 208, 211, 218, 219, 223, 225 Haldorson, Bjorn, i. 21 Halfdan (Halfdan) brother of Gudrod, i. 321 Halfdan Eysteinson, i. 327-330 Halfdan, son of Erode, i. 301, 308 Halfdan the Black, son of Gudrod, i. 3 2 8 - 343 , 359 ; ii- i 5 Halfdan Gultan (gulltonn), i. 323 Halfdan Haleg (haleggr), i. 372-386 ; iii. 3 Halfdan Hvitbein (hvitbeinn), i. 324- 326 Halfdan the "White, son of Harald, i. 362, 381, 385, 386 Halfdan, Earl, ii. 49 ; iii. 24 Halfdan, son of Sigurd Syr, ii. 283, 356 , 357 ; iii- 399 Halfdan the Black, son of Harald, i. 3 6 2-395 Halfdan, son of Solve, i. 323 Halfred Ottarson Vandredasknld (Hall- freSr vandrsedaskald), ii. 71, 101, 394 ' INDEX OF PERSONS. 103, 109, IIO, 182-186, 204, 217, 220- 226 ; iii. 241 Halfrid, daughter of Snorre, ii. 247 Ilallad (HallaSr), son of Ragnvald, i. 370 , 375 , 376 Hallarstein (Hallarsteinn), ii. 71, 98 Halkel (Hallkell), father of 'l'iud, ii. 127 Halkel Huk (hukr), iv. 166, 247, 260, 261, 268, 269 Halkel of Fjalar, ii. 201 Halstein from the Fjord District (Hall- steinn), ii. 201 Halvard (HallvarSr) Fseger (faegir), iv. 231 Halvard Gunnarson, iv. 255. 257 Halvard Hareksblese (hareksblesi), ii. 249 ; iii. 184 Halvard Hauld (hauldr) of Reyr, iv. 265 Halvard the Holy, iv. 220, 221 Halvard Hikre (hikri), iv. 293 Halvard the Icelander, iii. 12 Halvard Skalk (skalkr), i. 333 Hannoverians, i. 45 Hansten, Prof., iii. 270 ; iv. 359 Harald (Haraldr) Fletter (flettir), iv. 82, 194 Harald Gille (gilli), sou of Magnus, i. 40, 151 ; iv. 166-172, 182-216, 223, 234, 236, 237, 247, 249, 294, 298, 307, 341 Harald Godwinson, iv. 26-29, 32, 40- 5 1 , 64, 96, 141 Harald Gorinson, ii. 13, 14, 29, 38, 67, 80-97, T02 > to 4> x °6, 108, 116, 117- 120, 150, 196, 199, 344; iii. 83; iv. 3 01 Harald Grenske (grenski), son of Gud- rod, ii. 62, 63, 89, 90, 133-136, 151, x 5 8 , x 59 Harald Grayskin (grafeldr), son of Eirik, i. 398; ii. 9, 14, 38, 47-73, 82- 88 , iii. 83 ; iv. 360 Harald, father of Asa, Halfdan Black’s mother, i. 331 Harald Goldbeard (gullskegg), i. 333, 334 Harald, son of Harald Ivesja, iv. 154 Harald Sigurdson Hardrade (liarCraSi), i. 266 ; ii. 257, 283, 399 ; iii. 220, 222, 2 39 > 265, 2 94 , 344 - 417 ; iv. 1-73, 82, 96, 103. 340, 341, 358, 360 Harald Harfager (harfagri), son of Halfdan, i. 3, 32, 37, 65, 70, 92, 102, 103, 126, 127, 149, 157, 263, 265, 307, 33 L 33 2 , 33 8 - 39 8 i ii- 3 - x 7 , 3 D 39 , 4 8 , 49, 7 2 , 89, 136, 139, 147, 156, 160, 196, 258, 263, 283-290, 299, 302, 344 ; 2 , 3, x 5, 2 4, x °7, 108, 222, 244 ; iv- 66, 357, 360, 363-365 Harald Hein, iv. 64 Harald Harefoot, i. 131 Harald, Eystein’s courtman, iv. 254 Harald Maddadson, Earl, iii. 276; iv. 208, 243 Harald Kesja, iv. 154, 369 Harald, king of England, i. 5, 240 ; ii. 274, 289; iii. 157, 300, 317; iv. 369 Harald, Gold, ii. 68-88 Harald Sveinson, ii. 120 Harald, son of Yaldemar, iv. 141 Harald, son of Thorkel, iii. 205 Harald Klak (Klakkharaldr), i. 337 Hardaknut (HorSakmitr), i. 5, 131, 173 ; ii. 81, 274 ; iii. 99, 147-150,' 180, 300, 301, 315, 317, 318, 345; iv. 25, 3 1 , 269 Harek (Harekr) Gand, i. 336 Harek, son of Guthorm, ii. 8 Harek Hvasse (hvassi), ii. 200 Harek of Thiotta, i. 123 ; ii. 157, 172- 175 ; iii- 2 4, 2 5, 33, 70, 7 1 , I2 3 _I2 5, 162-164, 178, 179, 211, 217, 248, 251, 2 53, 262, 264, 308 Hauk (Haukr) Habrok (habrok), i. 393 Hauk froin the Fjords, ii. 201 Hauk of Halogaland, ii. 171-173 Havard (Havar&Y) Hogvande (hogg- vandi), ii. 129, 131, 132 Havard Klining (kliningr), iv. 269, 281 Havard, son of Thorfin, iii. 4 Havard from Orkadal, ii. 200 Head, Sir Edm., i. ix., 28 Hedin (HeSinn) Hardmage (harSmagi), iv. 227 Heimdal (Heimdallr), i. 275 ; ii. 52 Hekia, i. 205 Hel, i. 290, 327 Helga, Einar’s wife, iv. 195 Helge (Helgi), son of Halfdan, i. 308 Helge Hvasse (hvassi), i. 335 Helge, brother of Finboge, ii. 244, 245 Helsing, (Helsingr), i. 334, 335 Heming (Hemingr), son of Hakon, ii. 95, 226 Heming, brother of Sigvalde the Earl, ii. 119 Hengist, iv. 364, 368 Henry or Henrik (Heinrekr), emperor of Germany, iii. 318 ; iv. 125 Henrik Halte (Haiti), iv. 292 Henry I. of England, iv. 117 Henry III. of England, ii. 274 Henry Strion (strjona), ii. 273, 274 Herdis, i. 237, 238 Herjulf, i. 201 ; ii. 230-232 Herlaug (Herlaugr), i. 349, 354 Hermod (HermoSr), ii. 45 Hessians, i. 45 Hialte (Hjalti), Skeggjason, ii. 171, 187, 202, 320, 332-348, 360-362, 382 Hild (Hildr), daughter of Hrolf, i. 370, .37 1 Hild, wife of Granmar, i. 318 Hilder (Hildir), son of Hogne, i. 319 Hildebrand, H. O., i. vii.-xvi., ii. 77, 88, 207 ; iii. 22, 256, 343; iv. 53, 60 Hildebrand (Hildibrandr), i. 335 Hildigun (Hildegunnr), i. 317, 318 Hiorvard (HjorvarSr), i. 317-320 Hjaltalin, Jon, i. 27 Hlif, daughter of Dag, i. 327 Hlodver (HloSvir) Lange, ii. 200 INDEX OF PERSONS. 395 Hlodver Thorfinson, ii. 90, 139; iii. 4 Hnos (Hnoss), i. 283 Hofgardaref (Hofgarftarefr), ii. 249; iii. 234, 258 Hogne (Hogni), in Njardey, i. 310, 319, 32° Hogne, Eysteinson, i. 329, 343 Hogne, Karuson, i. 343, 344 Holmfrid (Holmfriftr) ii. 227, 309, 384 Holte (Holti), ii. 398 Homer, ii. 203 Horace, ii. 203 Hordakare (HorSakari), ii. 66, 132, 181 Horn, F. W., i. vi. Horsa, iv. 364 Hoskuld (Hoskuldr), ii. 181 Hottentots, i. 220 Hrane (Hrani) Gauzke (gauzki), i. 357, 362 Hrane the Far-travelled (ViSforli), ii. 62, 136, 249, 251, 275-285 Hrane, Thin-nose, ii. 283 Hreidar (Hreiftarr), ii. 66 Hreidar Erlingson, iv. 337 Hreidar Griotgardson, iv. 231 Hring (Hringr), son of Dag, i. 367 ; iii. 171, 222 Hring, son of Harald, i. 367, 385 Hring, king in Hedemark (see King) Hroald (Hroaldr) the priest, iv. 313 Hroald Hryg (hryggr), i. 363 Hroe (Hroi) the White, ii. 62 Hroe Skjalge (skjalgi), ii. 322, 328 Hrolf (see Rolf) Hrollang (Hrollaugr), king in Naumu- dal, i. 349, 350 Hrollaug, son of Ragnvald, i. 370, 379 Hi’orek (Hrcerekr), son of Harald, i. 366, 385; ii. 288, 289, 349-354, 368- 382 Hrut (Hrutr), iii. 238, 311 Hugleik (Hugleikr), i. 297, 298 Huge (Hugi) the Brave, iv. 93, 94 Huge the Stout, iv. 93 Huld (Huldr), a vala, i. 287 Hulvid (Hulviftr), i. 316, 319 Hume, David, i. 4, 16 Hunde (Hundi), son of Sigurd, iii. 4, 5 Hunthiof (Hunjjjofr), i. 352 Hyrning (Hyrningr), ii. 149, 150, 190, 206, 222 Hysing (H^singr), i. 334, 335 Ida, i. 93; iv. 357, 360, 364 Igor, ii. 398 Illuge Bryndalaskald (Illugi Bryndce- laskald), iii. 346, 353 Indians, i. 210, 220 Ingsevones, i. 291 Inge (Ingi) Arnason, iv. 239 Inge Halsteinson, Swedish king, iv. 247 Inge Bardson, iv. 55 Inge Haraldson, king of Norway, i. 40, 151 ; iv. 215-319 Inge Steinkelson, Swedish king, iv. 96- 106, 141, 155, 184, 207 Ingibjorg (Ingibjorg, daughter of priest Andres, iv. 195 Ingibjorg, daughter of Guthorm,iv. 134 Ingibjorg, daughter of Harald Har- fager, ii. 49 ; iii. 24 Ingibjorg, daughter of Harald, Valde- mar’s son. iv. 141, 301 Ingibjorg, wife of Ragnvald the earl, ii. 3 6 5 . Ingibjorg, daughter of King Trygve, ii. 149, 203-206, 330-348. 360 Ingibjorg, daughter of Tliorkel Leira, ii. 122, 133 Ingibjorg, daughter of Ogmund, iv. 77 Ingibjorn Sipil (Ingibjorn sipill), iv. 304 Ingigerd (Ingigerftr), daughter of Bir¬ ger, iv. 247 Ingigerd, daughter of Harald Hard- rade, iii. 386: iv. 35, 36, 53, 64 Ingigerd, daughter of Harald Har- fager, i. 367 Ingigerd, daughter of Lodin and As- trid, ii. 149 Ingigerd, daughter of Olaf the Swedish king, ii. 338, 342, 343-404 ; iii. 200- 216 Ingirid (Ingiriftr), wife of Heinrik Halte, iv. 292 Ingirid, daughter of Lodin, ii. 149 Ingirid, daughter of Ragnvald, iv. 184, 213* 215, 237, 239, 255, 300 Ingirid, daughter of Sigurd Syr, iv. 54 Ingirid, daughter of King Svein, iv. 59, 64 Ingimar (Ingirnarr) Sveinson, iv. 187 Ingjald (Iugjaldr), son of Onund, i. 312-322 Ingjald, son of King Olaf, i. 325 Ingolf, ii. 230 Ingvefrey (Yngvifreyr), i. 263, 264, 283, 284 (see Yngve) Isleif (Isleifr), i. 37. 38, 267 ; iv. 362 Isrid ( sriSr), daughter of Gudbrand, iii. 81 Ivar (Ivarr), Bishop, iv. 227, 232 Ivar Dynta, son of Stare, iv. 232 Ivar, son of Guthorm, ii. 8 Ivar of Elda, iv. 281 Ivar, son of Hakon, iv. 278 Ivar White, iii. 158, 159, 394 Ivar Ingimundson, iv. 135, 182, 208, 214 Ivar Kolbeinson, iv. 213, 231 Ivar, son of Ragnvald, i. 369 Ivar, son of Sigtryg, iii. 200 Ivar Skrauthanke (skrauthanki), iv. 231 Ivar Smetta, ii. 201 Ivar Sneis, iv. 239 Ivar Ozurson, iv. 193 Ivar Vidfadme (VidfaSmi), i. 30, 321- 323; iv. 365, 368 Jacob (Jakob), son of the Swedish king Olaf, ii. 384, 407-410 (see Onund) Jardthrud (Jar 0 J)ru 0 r), daughter of Sigurd, iii. 307 39 6 INDEX OF PERSONS. Jarisleif (Jarizleifr), ii. 392, 397, 398; iii. 200, 211, 215, 216, 265, 292, 348, 354, 366 Jarnskegge (Jarnskeggi), of Yrjar, ii. 66, 165-170 Jews, i. 96 Jesus Christ (Jesus Kristr), ii. 376; iii. 245 Joan (Joan), son of Arne, iii. 307 ; iv. 64, 79 Joau the Strong, iii. 393 Jokul (Jokull), sou of Bard, ii. 249; iii. 203, 204 Jomale (Jomali), iii. 93, 94, 96 Jon (Jon), Arnason (see Joau) Jon, sou of Birger, iv. 248 Jon, Archbishop, iv. 232, 319 Jon, son of Halkel, iv. 247, 260, 268, 269, 298, 307, 321 Jon Kauda, iv. 227, 232 Jon Ketling (Ketlingr), iv. 346 Jon, son of Sorkver, iv. 247 Jon Kutiza, iv. 300 Jon, son of Lopt, iv. 195, 324 Jon Mornef (mdrnef), iv. 261, 273 Jon, son of Sigurd, iv. 207 Jon Sniiorbalte (smjorbalti), iv. 166 Jon Smyril (smyrill), iv. 227 Jon, son of Svein, iv. 290, 291, 304, 3 l8 Jon Tapard (taparSr), iv. 254 Jon, son of Tliorberg, iv. 337 Jonaker (Jonakr), i. 314 Jorun (Jorunn), the skald-maid, i. 342, 39 ° Jorun, daughter of Thorberg, iii. 393 ; iv. 23 Jorund (Jorundr), son of Yngve, i. 298-300 Jostein (Josteinn), ii. 149, 201 Julian (Julianus), ii. 258 Jupiter, i. 96, 97 Kalf (Kalfr) Arnason, i. 151 ; iii. 32, 33 , 115, JI 7 , 172-175, 192, 193 , 203- 206, 211, 248-263, 280, 288-293, 301, 309-3 1 2, 343, 401, 407-409 Kalf, a relation of Kalf Arnason, iii. 259 ^ . Kalf Kringluauga, iv. 227 Kalf Range (rangi), iv. 227, 231 Kalf Skurfa, i. 376 Kare (Kari), iv. 207 Kark (Karkr), ii. 142-146 Karl tlie bonde, iv. 9-14 Karl Morske (moerski), iii. 135-140 Karl Sonason, iv. 218, 219, 247 Karl Sorkvison, iv. 141 Karle (Karli), iii. 71-73, 90-97, 119- 122 Karlshofud (KarlshofuS), ii. 149 Kar (Karr) of Gryting, ii. 24, 25, 166 Ketil (Ketill) the High, ii. 200 Ketil Kalf (kalfr), ii. 301, 311, 353, ^354 ; iii. 81, 395, 410 Ketil Jamte (jamti) ii. 17; iii. 107, ic8 Ketil Krok (krokr), iv. 53, 54 Ketil the Dean, iv. 236 Ketil from Rogaland, ii. 201 Kimbe (Kimbi), iii. 266, 267 Kiotvi (Kjotvi) the Rich, i. 363, 364 Kirjalax, iv. 125, 128, 129, 293, 295 Kisping (Kispingr), ii. 42 Kjartan, son of Olaf, ii. 181-204 Kjelland, Rrof., iv. 359 Kleng (Klcengr), son of Bruse, ii. 301 Klerk (Klerkr), ii. 77 Ivlerkon, ii. 77, 79 Klyp (Klyppr), ii. 66, 67, 152 Knut (Knutr), son of Gorm, ii. 67, 81 Knut, son of Birger, iv. 247 Knut, son of Knut, iii. 316 Knut Lavard (lavar< 5 r) (see Canute) Knut, son of Svein of Jadar, iv. 170 Knut, son of Svein Fork-beard (see Canute the Great) Knut, son of Harald, iv. 154 Kodran, son of Gudmund, iv. 23 Kol (Ivolr), son of Hal, i. 266 Kolbein (Kolbeinn), iv. 173 Kolbein Hruga, iv. 236 Kolbein Ode (oSi), iv. 268 Kolbein Sterke, iii. 40-42 Kolbein, son of Thord, ii. 181, 202 Kolbein Thorliotson, iv. 223 Kolbjorn (Kolbjorn), son of Arne, iii. r 32 . Kolbjorn Klakke (klakki), iv. 82-90 Kolbjorn the marshal, ii. 200, 223, 224 Kolle (Kolli) the skald, iv. 215-219 Konofogor, ii. 382; iii. 10 Kormak (Kormakr), son of Ogmund, ii. 1, 2i. 47 Kristin (Kristin), daughter of Birger, iv. 141 Kristin, daughter of luge (see Chris¬ tina) Kristin, daughter of Knut Lavard, iv. Kristin, daughter of King Sigurd, iv. 2 39> 259, 288, 292, 293, 299, 303. 334, „ 337 , 34 i Kristin, daughter of Stig, iv. 141 Ivristrod (KristroSr), iv. 185-187 Kvaser (Kvasir), i. 272 Kveldulf, i. 277, 355 Kyrpingaorm (Kyrpingaormr), iv. 237, 239 Lagman (Logmaffr), son of Gudrod, iv. 23 Leif (Leifr), son of Eirik, i. 180-215 ; ii. 189, 202, 230-246, 279 Leif Ossurson, iii. 79, 80, 100, 135-141 Lincoln, Abraham, i. 121 Liot (Ljotr), son of Thorfin, ii. 90; iii. 4 Livy, i. 34 Lodin (LoSinn), stepfather of Olaf Trygveson, ii. 150 Lodin, son of Erling, ii. 271 INDEX OF PERSONS. 39 7 Lodin Saupprud (sauppruSr), iv. 231, 236 Lodin of Viggjar, ii. 295; iv. 78 Logberse (Logbersi), iv. 215 Loge (Logi), i. 288, 293 Longfellow, H. W., i. ix. Lopt (Loptr), son of Ssemund, iv. 195, 196 Lotharius (Lozarius), Emperor, iv. 131 Macaulay, T. B., i. 34 Magne (Magni), Bishop, iv. 147, 178, 180 Magnus Barefoot (berfcettr), iv. 60-117, 154, 155, i6 7, 20 8 > 210, 234, 299, 344, 36° Magnus, son of Birger, iv. 247 Magnus the Blind, iv. 149, 167-169, 181-236, 360 Magnus, Bishop, iv. 205 Magnus, son of Erlend, iv. 109 Magnus, son of Erling, iv. 298-350 Magnus, son of Harald Gille, iv. 237 Magnus the Good, i. 37, 127, 173 ; iii. 69, 73 , x 99 , 2 °°, 2i6 > 23 7 - 292-346, 362-408 ; iv. 21, 24, 31, 154, 360,-369 Magnus, son of Harald Hardrade, iv. 12, 23, 35, 53, 58-60, 360 _ _ Magnus, son of Harald Kesja, iv. 154 Magnus, Swedish king, iv. 247, 292 Magnus the Strong, iv. 155 Magnussen, Arne, i. 29 Magnussen, Finn, i. 190, 199, 247 ; iv. Mahomet, i. 115, 116; iv. 364 Malcolm (Melkolmr), Scottish king, iii. 5 5 iv. 95 Malmfrid (MalmfriSr), daughter of Harald, iv. 141, 147, 301 Manuel (Manueli), Emperor, iv. 125 Margad (MargarSr), Irish king, iii. 410-412 Margaret (Margret), daughter of Arne, iv. 239 Margaret, daughter of Birger, iv. 247 Margaret, daughter of Harald Gille, iv. 247 Margaret, daughter of Inge, iv. 102, 103, 141, 155 Margaret, daughter of Ivnut Lavard, iv. 141 Margaret (Margrit), daughter of Wil¬ liam, iv. 135 Maria, daughter of Queen Zoe’s brother, iii. 362, 364 Maria, daughter of King Eystein, iv. 134 , 337 Maria, daughter of Harald Gille, iv. 247 . 3°7 Maria, daughter of Harald Hardrade, iv. 35 , 3 6 , 4 1 , 53 Markus of Skog, iv. 311-323 Marsh, G. P., i., ix. Mas (Mar), iv. 231 Mathilda (MathilSr), iv. 27, 51, 104 Maurer, Dr. K., i. 102, 367 Mercurius, ii. 258 Michael Catalactus, iii. 349, 350, 353 Michael (Mikjall), ii. 121 ; iii. 350 Mimer (Munir), i. 272, 273, 278 Mithridates, i. 91 ; iv. 357 Mobius, Th., i. xvii., 21 Molbech, iv. 353 Moliere, i. 44 Mongolians, iv. 353, 355 Moors, iv. 119, 121 Morris, Wm., i. 24, 28 Mortensen, i. 249 Morukare (Moerukari), Earl, iii. 157 ; iv. 26, 37, 38 Munan, son of Ale, iv. 284 Munan, son of Ogmund, iv. 219 Munch, P. A., i. x., xiii., xiv. ; ii. 184, 207 ; iii. 106, 256, 287, 343 Myrkjartan, King, iv. 95, 109, no Narfe (Narfi), ii. 25 Nefstein, father of Gudrun, iv. 54 Nereid, iv. 188, 189 Nereid the Old, ii. 283 Newton, Sir Isaac, i. 92 Nikolas (Nikolas), son of Arne, iv. 239 Nikolas, son of Svein, iv. 132, 155, 156 Nikolas, Cardinal, iv. 248, 249 Nikolas Kufung (kufungr), iv. 340, 341 Nikolas Mase (masi), iv. 247, 292 Nikolas, son of Nikolas, iv. 155 Nikolas, son of Sigurd, iv. 320, 321, 344-346 # Nikolas, son of Simon Skalp, iv. 247, 307 , 3°9 Nikolas Skeg (skegg), iv. 281 Nikolas, son of Skialdvar, iv. 273, 274, 280, 299 Njord (NjorSr), i. 264, 272, 273, 275, 280-282; ii. 20 Nokve (Nokkvi), son of Pal, iv. 320 Nokve of Raumsdal, i. 352 ; ii. 363 Norfe, iv. 120 Od (Oftr), i. 283 ; ii. 34 Od (Oddr) Kikinaskald (kikinaskald), iii. 294, 344, 346, 381 Od Kolson, i. 266 Od the Monk, ii. 71, 73 Odin (OSiun), i. 2, 16, 46, 47, 51, 57, 82, 86, 91-118, 126, 127, 137, 145, 150, 233, 248, 255, 256, 266, 270-287, 290, 300-315, 323, 324, 327, 330, 331, 339, 35 1 ; d. 1, 2, 9, 18, 20, 24, 25, 44-46, 48, 56-58, 63, 67, 69, 91, 107- 109, 147, 163, 261, 308, 391 ; 111. 237, 258 ; iv. 71, 158, 354-364 Odin Ondskald, i. 342 Off a, i. 93 ; iv. 366 Ogmund (Ogmundr), father of Kor- mak, ii. 21 Ogmund Denger (dengir), iv. 246 Ogmund, son of Erling, iv. 337 Ogmund, son of Hordakare, ii. 152 Ogmund Ivarson, iv. 281 Ogmund, son of Orm, iv. 219 Ogmund Sande (sandi), ii. 200 393 INDEX OF PERSONS. Ogmund Skoptason, iv. 96, 101, 102, 106, 107 Ogmund Svipte (sviptir), iv. 228, 246 Ogmund Thorbergson, iv. 77 Olaf (Olafr), sou of Biorn, i. 377 Olaf of Dal, iv. 148, 149 Olaf Dreng (drengr), ii. 201 Olaf, a relation of Kalf Arnason, iii. 259 Olaf the Swede, son of Eirik, ii. 63, I 33* i 4 8 > i8 2, 192, 193, 196, 204, 208, 211, 213, 217, 218, 227, 228, 253, 254, 269, 287, 312, 316-319, 325, 331, 336, 33 8 5 345 - 3 8 3 , 3 8 5 - 3 8 9 , 392-409 ; iii- 2 3 . 44 , 35 , 3 i 9 , 367 Olaf Geirstada-Alf (Geirstaftaalfr), i. 263, 328-331, 363 Olaf Gudbrandson, iv. 337-340 Olaf, Harald Harfager's sou, i. 385, 388, 395 , 397 Olaf, sou of Harald Kesia, iv. 154, 222 Olaf Kyrre (kyrri), son of Harald, i. r 5 8 J 159 iv- 35 , 3 8 , 4 °, 50 - 73 , 360 Olaf the Saint (helgi), Haraldson, i. 3, 47 , 55 , 5 6 , 68, 73, 87, 101-109, TI 7, 122, 127, 145, 146, T50, 167, 172, 178, 196, 231, 250, 256, 258, 267, 339, 381; 11. 24, 90, 115, 135, 182, 248-410; iii. I- 3 I 5 , 3 i 9 , 326-328, 330, 338, 343, 346-348, 363, 376, 377, 380, 382, 392- 394, 401 4x1-413 ; iv. 33, 35, 54, 56, 57, 64, 65, 107, 108, 126, 139, 140, I 73 _I 7 8 , T9 2 , 248, 249, 251-253, 293- 296, 325. 330, 35 8 , 360 Olaf the White (hviti), i. 369, 386 Olaf I\ lining (kliningr), iv. 290 Olaf, king in England, ii. 8 Olaf Kvaran, ii. 113, 138 Olaf Magnuson, iv. 103, 115-147, 154, 207, 360 Olaf Skygne (skygni), i. 323 Olaf, son of Svein, iv. 64 Olaf the Tree-feller (tretelgja), i. 320— 324 Olaf Trygveson, i. 3, 20, 40, 73, 87, 101, 105, 108, 120, 121, 129, 152, 168, 180, 186, 194-197, 205, 256, 266, 267, 316 ; ii. 16, 47, 71-248, 257, 267, 269, 270, 272, 280, 285-297, 321, 330, 334, 335, 344; 111. 4, 5, 26, 162, 211, 289, 290, 312, 315; iv. 154, 360 Ole (Oli) = Olaf Try gveson Olof, daughter of Olaf Skygne (see Alof) Olof, daughter of Bodvar (see Alof) Olmod (OlmoSr), ii. 152-155 Olver (Olvir), the bonde Miklimun (miklimunnr), iv. 199, 200 Olver the Wise, i. 334 Olver of Eggja, iii. 27 29, 32, 33, 172, 204 Olver, three bondes, ii. 391 Ondur (Ondurr), son of Visbur, i. 288 Onund (Onundr), son of Eystein, ii. 16, 17 ; iii. 107 Onund, sou of Yngvar, i. 311-315 Onund, son of Olaf the Swedish king, iii. 44, 88-90, 99, 143, 144, 150-156, x 59, 217, 221 Onund, sou of Simon, iv. 242, 265, 303-324 Orm from Ljoxa (Ormr), ii. 25, 166 Orm Lyrgja, ii. 141 Orm Lygra, ii. 166 Orm from Oprustad, ii. 200 Orm Ivarson, iv. 239, 291, 292, 306, 33 8 , 339 , 347 , 349 Orm, son of Eilif, iii. 395, 402, 404, 407; iv. 219, 239 Orm Skogarnef, ii. 201 Ornulf Skorpa, iv. 322-324 Osur (Ozurr), son of Age, ii. 197 Ottar, the father of the skald Halfred, ii. 182 Ottar Balle (balli), iv. 216 Ottar Birting (birtingr), iv. 160-162, 216, 228, 229, 233, 237, 238, 246, 331 Ottar, son of Egil, i. 305, 306, 307 Ottar, the Earl, ii. 107 Ottar Black (svarti), ii. 249-278, 338- 354 , 393 5 iii ; 21, 44 Otto (Otta), Bishop, iv. 51 Otto, Duke, iii. 324, 325 Otto, Emperor, ii. 103-108, 150 Otto, son of Svein Fork-beard, ii. 108 Ozur (Ozurr), bonde, iv. 322, 323 Ozur, Archbishop, iv. 196 Ozur Tote (toti), i. 382 Pal or Paul (Pall) Flip (flipr), iv. 195 Pal Andreasou, iv. 332 Pal, Earl, son of Thorfin, i. 56 ; iv. 46 41, 91, 96, 116 Pal, son of Skopte, iv. 340 Paley, i. 97-99 Palnatoke (Palnatoki), ii. 119 Patriarch (Patriarki), iv. 181 Payne, W. M., iv. 215 Peringskiold, i. 113, 194, 195, 247-251 ; ii. 203, 229 Peter (Petr) Saudaulfson, iii. 393 • iv. 216, 230, 235 Philip (Phillipus), son of Arne, iv. 239 Philip, son of Gyrd, iv. 200, 259, 260, 3 ° 4 , 3 i 3 Philip, son of Birger, iv. 247 Philip, son of Peter, iv. 304 Phoenicians, i. 85 Piets, i. 55 ; iv. 356 Pinkerton, 1. 12, 42, 55, 66, 93, 342; ii. 139 ; iv. 91 Poppo, Bishop, ii. 106 PtAFN, C. C., i. 29 Ragna, daughter of Nikolas, iv. 247 292 Ragna, daughter of Orm, iv. 239 Ragnar (Ragnarr) Lodbrok (loSbrok), i. 335) 357 J ii- 68 ; iv. 368 Ragnar Rykkil (rykkill), son of Harald Harfager, i. 367, 385 INDEX OF PERSONS. 399 Ragnfred or Ragnfrod (RagnfreSr or RagnfroSr), i. 398 ; ii. 91-95 Ragnhild (Raguhildr), daughter of Arne, iii. 33 Ragnhild, daughter of Eirik and Gun- hild, i. 398 ; ii. 13 Ragnhild, daughter of Eirik of Jut¬ land, i. 366, 367, 372 Ragnhild, daughter of Erling, ii. 271; iii. m-115; iv. 337 Ragnhild, daughter of Earl Hakon, ii. 95 : iii- 395 Ragnhild, daughter of Harald Gold- beard, i. 333 Ragnhild, wife of Raud, iii. 170 Raguhild, daughter of King Magnus, iii. 403, 404, 407 ; iv. 155, 222 Ragnhild, daughter of Sigurd Hjort, i- 335 . 336 , 337 . 339 Ragnhild, daughter of Skopte, iv. 246 Ragnhild, daughter of Sveinke, iv. 239 Ragnvald (Rognvaldr), sou of Bruse, iii. 21, 199, 265, 343, 347, 348 Ragnvald, Earl of More, son of Eystein Glumra, i. 35 2 - 355 , 3 6 9, 37°. 37 °- 379 ; ii. 268 ; iii. 3 Ragnvald, son of Inge, iv. 184 Ragnvald, Earl, iv. 240, 241 Ragnvald, Earl, son of Ulf, ii. 204-206, 330 , 334 , 335 , 359 - 365 , 369, 3 ^ 3 - 399 ; iv. 292 Ragnvald Kunta, iv. 304, 310 Ragnvald, son of Olaf, i. 263, 330 Ragnvald liettilbeine (rettilbeini), i. 373, 386, 387 ; ii. 8, 160 Ragnvald from Arvik, ii. 126 Ragnvald, son of Harald Harfager, i. 375 . Ranveig (Rannveig), daughter of Sigurd, iii. 307 Rask, Rasmus, i. 190, 253 ; iv. 353 Raud (RauSr) in Osterdal, iii. 170-172 Raud the Strong, ii. 176-180 Raume (Raumi), ii. 200 Razabard (RazabarSr), iv. 332 Reas, ii. 77, 78 Reinald (Reinaldr), Bishop, iv. 79, 194 Rekon, ii. 78 Rekoue (Rekoni), ii. 78 Rettibur (Rettiburr), iv. 198-204 Richard (RikarSr), priest, iv. 250 Richard, Earl of Rouen, i. 372 ; ii. 268 ; iii. 317; iv. 25, 50 Richard, son of William, i. 372; ii. 268 Rig (Rigr) King, i. 290 Rimhild (Rimhildr), iv. 170 Ring (Hringr), king in Hedemark, ii. 288, 289, 350, 354 Robert (Roftbertr), son of Richard, i. 372 ; ii. 268 ; iv. 25 Roger (Roftgeirr), Duke, iv. 124, 125 Rolf Ganger (Gonguhrolfr), i. 31, 59, 7 °, 75 , i 3 8 , 3 ° 7 , 370 - 372 , 379 I ii. 268 Rolf (Hrolfr) Krake (kraki), i. 31, 308, 309, 317 ; ii. 50 ; iii. 236, 237 Rolf Nefja, i. 369 Romans, i. 6, 7, 8, 12, 17, 34, 52, 79, 88, 92, 94, 102, 232, 274, 297, 350, 369 ; ii. 219; iv. 356, 357 Rudbeck, i. 84, 113 Runolf (Runolfr), ii. 18r, 247 Rurik, ii. 398 Rydberg, Viktor, i. 46, 118 S.EMUND (Sa?mundr) Husfreyja, iv. 194, 195, 200, 202 Sadagyrd (SaSagyrSr), son of Bard, iv. 215, 227, 228, 246 Saining (Ssemingr), son of Njord, i. 264, 280 ; ii. 21 Sars, Ernst, i., xvii. Sauda Ulf (SauSaulfr), iii. 393 Sauer (Saurr), ii. 16 Saxe (Saxi), son of Bove, i. 320 Saxe of Vik, iv. 207 Saxo Grammaticus, i. 39, 81, 218, 259, 297 ; ii. 1, 16; iii. 236 Saxons, i. 7, 13, 16, 42-46, 86, 1x3-118, i3U 133, 140, 163, 372; ii. 105; iii. 3 22 Schlyter, ii. 358 Serk (Serkr) of Sogn. iv. 109 Siarek (Sjarekr), father of Thord the skald, iii. 154 Sigar (Sigarr), i. 300 Sigard (SigarSr), iv. 200 Sigfrod (SigfroSr), i. 362 Sigrid (Sigridr), daughter of Saxe, iv. 103, 207 Sigrid, daughter of Fin, iii. 402; iv. 219, 239 Sigrid, daughter of Ketil, iii. 395 Sigrid, daughter of Skialg, iii. 48, 49, 72, 204, 205 Sigrid, daughter of Earl Svein, iii. 88, 393 Sigrid Sseta, iv. 257 Sigrid the Haughty, daughter of Toste, ii- 63, I 33 ~i 3 6 . I 57 -I 59 > 196, 204, 207, 208, 269 ; iii. 319 Sigrid, daughter of Dag, iv. 285 Sigrod (SigroSr), son of Harald, i. 385, 39 °, 397 . Sigmund, ii. 2 Sigtryg (Sigtryggr), iii. 200 Sigtryg, son of Harald, i. 366, 385 Sigtryg, King, i. 326 Sigtryg, son of Eystein, i. 332 Sigurd (Sigurdr), Agnhot (agnhottr), i y - 337 . 34 ° Sigurd of Austerat, iv. 207 Sigurd Bild (bildr), ii. 201 Sigurd the bishop, ii. 178 ; iii. 36, 43, 59, 62, 246, 275, 286 _ Sigurd, son of Hlodver, i. 381; ii. 139 ; iii. 4, 5, 6, 15 Sigurd, son of Eirik Bjodaskalle, ii. 77 , 78, 79 . T 49 Sigurd, son of Eystein, earl of Orkneys, i- 369, 375 ; iii- 3 Sigurd, son of Eystein Trafale, iv. 255 400 INDEX OF PERSONS. Sigurd, son of Erling, ii. 271 ; iii. 115 ; . iv * 337 Sigurd, father of Eirik Bjodaskalle, ii. 181 Sigurd, son of Gudrun, iv. 346 Sigurd, son of Gyrd, iv. 200 Sigurd from Halogaland, ii. 171-173 Sigurd, son of Halvard of Reyr, iv. 265, 266, 273-275, 278, 281, 282, 285, 301- 318 Sigurd Hit (hit), ii. 273, 275 Sigurd Hjupa (hjiipa), iv. 304, 310 Sigurd Hjort (hjortr), i. 30, 335, 336 Sigurd Ring (liringr), i. 31. 357 Sigurd, son of Hrane, iv. 109, 113, 141- 147 , 344 Sigurd Hrise (hrisi), i. 373, 375 ; ii. 158 Sigurd Hund (hundr), iii. 307; iv. 112 Sigurd, Earl, son of Earl Hakon, i. 390, 391; ii. 3, 8, 10, 19-27, 48, 49, 53-58, 80, 88 Sigurd, Bue’s brother, ii. 119, 126, 130 Sigurd Kapa (kapa), iv. 304, 308 Sigurd, son of Kolbein, iv. 224, 232, 2 35 Sigurd the Crusader, i. 19, 127, 171, 240; iv. 91, 95, 103, 113-186, 203, 239, 240, 299, 360 Sigurd Mun .(munnr), iv. 184, 215-261, 265, 294, 311 Sigurd Orm (ormr), i. 335 ; ii. 81 Sigurd, priest, son of Bergtlior, iv. 179, 23 1 Sigurd, sou of Raud, iii. 170, 171 Sigurd,son of Sigurd,iv. 170-173, 187- 191 Sigurd, son of Sigurd, fostered by Markus, iv. 311, 318, 320, 322 Sigurd Slembe (slembidjakn), i. 40 ; iv. 183, 207-236 Sigurd Sleva, son of Eirik, i. 398 ; ii. 64, 66, 152 Sigurd Stork (storkr), iv. 225, 300 Sigurd Syr, son of Halfdan, i. 122; ii. 159, 249, 281-292, 301, 309-311, 355; iii. 8r, 220, 265, 346, 399 Sigurd, son of Thorer, iii. 47, 48, 307 Sigurd, son of Thorlak, iv. 101-105, 140 Sigurd Ulstreng (ullstrengr), iv. 78, 80, 82-85, 97 , 98 Sigurd Woolsack (ullbelgr), iv. 85, 86 Sigurd Skrudhyrua (skruShyrna), iv. 255 Si^valde (Sigvaldi), ii. 119-128, 182, 196, 197, 208-225, 257, 298 Si^vat (Sighvatr), king of Attunda- land, i. 315 Sigvat (Sigvatr) the skald, son of Tliord, i. 238, 258 ; ii. 71, 249-391; • iii- 35, 6 9, 7°, 86, 87, 141-201, 234- 3 I 5 Simon, Bonde, iv. 241, 242 Simon, sou of Halkel Huk, iv. 248 Simon, son of Rare, iv. 239 Simon Skalp (skalpr), iv. 247, 260-298; Sinfjotle, ii. 2 | Skade (SkaSi), i. 280; ii. 21 Skafhog (Skafhoggr), iv. 134 Skafte (see Skopte) Skage (Skagi). son of Skopte, ii. 95 Skegge of Yrjar, ii. 126 (see Jarnskegge) Skialdvor (Skjaldvor), daughter of Brvnjolf Ulfalde, iv. 143, 344 Skialdvor, daughter of Nikolas, iv. 344 Skialg, father of Erling, iii. 45, 48 Skiold (Skjoldr), son of Odin, i. 274 Skiold, King, i. 326 Skjalf, i. 293, 294 Skjalg (Skjalgr), the rich son of Erling, ii. 271 ; iii. 56-60, 88; iv. 78 Skjoldungs (Skjoldungar), i. 308 Skogul (Skogui), ii. 44, 45, 63 Skolm (Skolmr), father of Thoralf, ii. 40 Skopte (Skopti), of Giske, iv. 77 Skopte, the speaker of laws, ii. 320; iii. 78 Skopte, son of Skage, ii. 96, 97 Skopte, son of Thorod, ii. 71, 316, 381 ; iii. 82, 109 Skopte, son of Ogmund, iv. 55, 96,105- 107, 116, 246 Sknelings, i. 182, 184, 203, 206, 210, 211 ; ii. 238-243 Skule (Skuli), Duke, son of Bard, iv. 54, 55, 207 Skule, the king’s foster-son, iv. 53-55, 74 Skule, Thorfinson, ii. 90; iii. 4 Skule, Tliorsteinson, ii. 217 Smith, Birket, librarian, i. xvii. Snorre (Snorri), son of Thorfin, i. 205, 206, 208 ; ii. 242, 243, 247 Snorre the gode, i. 231, 232, 267 ; iii. 78, 82 Snorre Sturlason, i. 1-3, 13, 14, 30-42, 64, 82, 83, 92, 100-104, 119, 143, 194- 196, 233-262, 272, 277, 284, 311, 325, 33B 35 6 , 376, 386; ii. 1, 85, 89, 95, 102, no, 177, 181, 182, 203, 207, 229, 25 8 , 268, 321, 399; iii. 22, 100, 153, 236, 256, 270, 318, 357, 392; iv. 29, 50, 53, 60. 115. 298, 349, 350, 356-365 Snow the Old (Snjar liinn gamli), i. 286 Suowfrid (SnsefrlSr), i. 373, 385 Sokmimer (Sokkmimir), i. 286 Solve (Solvi) the Old, i. 323 Solve of Jutland, i. 310, 311 Solve Klofe (klofi), i. 352-354, 381, 385 Solve, son of Solve, i. 323, 324 Solveig, daughter of Halfdan, i. 323 Solveig, wife of Andres, iv. 195, 199 Sorkver (Sorkvir), iv. 141, 247 Sote (Soti), Earl, i. 363 Sote the viking, ii. 252 Soxolf (Soxolfr), father of Ulfhedin, iv. 222 Sporsnial (Sporsnjallr) ofNerike, i. 315 Stare (Stari), father of Ivar, iv. 232 Starkad (StakatSr) the Old, i. 301 Steenstrup, J., i., xvii. Steigarthorer ( see Thorer of Steig) INDEX OF PERSONS. 401 Stein (Steinn), son of Herdis, iii. 346, 393 ; iv - 4 - 6 , 3 s - 5 8 , 60 Stein, son of Skopte, iii. 82, 106-117 Steinkel (Steinkell), King, iv. 16, 17, 21, 96 Stephanus, iv. 324 Stephens, Geo., i. vi., ix., xvii., 85 Stig Hvitaled (Stigr hvitaleSr), iv. 141 Storm, G., i. xvii. Stradbjarne (StraSbjarni), iv. 304 Strut-Harald(Strfitharaldr), ii. 119,120 Stuf (Stufr) the skald, iii. 346, 361, 3 62 , 3 6 75 3 8 6 , 387; iv. 60, 63 Styrbjorn (Styrbjorn), i. 377 ; ii. 63, i 9 6 , 198, 344 , 346 Styrkar (Styrkarr), son of Asbjorn, ii. 66 Styrkar of Gimsar, ii. 126, 166 Styrkar Glsesirofa (glaesirofa), iv. 226 Styrkar the marshal, iv. 49, 50 Sulke (Sulki), i. 363 Sumarlide (SumarliSi) of Orkney, iii. 5,6 Svanhild, i. 366 Svase (Svasi), giant, i. 372, 373 Svegder (SvegSir), i. 285, 286 Svein (Sveinn) Alfifuson, iii. 276-304 ; iv. 138, 360 Svein, son of Bergthor, iv. 290 Svein Bryggjufot(bryggjufotr), iv.82,86 Svein, son of Eirik, ii. 267; iv. 141 Svein, servant of Hrorek, ii. 369, 370 Svein, Earl, son of Godwin, iv. 26, 51 Svein, son of Hakon the Earl, i. 267 ; ii. 226-228, 269, 280, 286, 295-313, 321, 35 G 384 5 iii- 45 , 83, 88, 157, 198, 218, 286, 395, 396; iv. 360 Svein Haraldson, iv. 77-82 Svein Fork-beard (tjuguskegg), ii. 108, 119-126, no, 19^-219, 227, 2^8, 262, 344; iii. 83, 99, 321; iv. 301, 369 Svein the priest, iv. 226 Svein ltimhildson, iv. 170-173 Svein Sveinson, iv. 239 Svein Ulfson, iii. 321-417; iv. 3-9, n- 19, 29, 30, 58, 59, 64, 141, 155, 326, 336 , 3 6 9 , 370 , 372 Sveinke (Sveinki) Steinarson, iv. 82-90 Sverre (Sverrir), King, i. 19, 30, 40, 55, I 43, J 9 6 ; iv. 264, 298, 310, 349, 350 Sverting (Svertingr), son of Bunolf, ii. 181, 202 Svinagrim (Svinagrimr), iv. 226 Svipdag (Svipdagr), i. 297, 313, 316, 319 Teit (Teitr), son of Isleif, i. 267 Teit, Ketilbjorn’s son, ii. 181 Templars, i. 117 Teutons, i. 9, 13, 19, 42, 46, 367 Thangbrand (Jhingbraudr), i. 266 ; ii. 170, 171, 181, 187 Thialfe (J^jalfi), iv. 95 Thictmar, ii. 106 Thiodolf (J>j 6361 fr) of Hvin, i. 263, 264, 285-296, 302, 305, 306, 309, 311, 314, 32x, 323-33°, 342 , 374 , 375 , 387 VOL. IV. Thiodolf the skald, iii, 294, 296, 300, 3x9, 323, 329, 332 - 348 , 353 , 361, 364, 368, 372, 384, 396; iv. 1-8, 22, 24, 25, 46, 47 , 55 , 56 Thiostolf (pjostolfr), Alason, iv. 185, 216-222, 233-236, 246 Thjodrek the Monk, i. 19, 39; ii. 71, 73, 171 ; iii. 256 ; iv. 115 Thor (j 5 orr), i. 16, 80, 86, 93, 101, 108, no, 113, 115, 117, 145, 275, 279, 281 ; 11. 24, 91; iii. 35, 36, 39, 260; iv. 361, 362 Tliora (J>6ra), a daughter of Guthorm, iv. 184, 213 Thora, daughter of Hakon, ii. 43 Thora, daughter of Joan, iv. 64 Thora, mother of Sigurd the Crusader, iv. 103, 173 Thora Mosterstang (Mostrstong) i. 391 Thora of Rimul, ii. 141, 143, 145 Thora, daughter of Saxe, iv. 207 Thora, daughter of Skage, ii. 95, 96 Thora, daughter of Ogmund, iv. 55, 96 Thora, daughter of Thorberg, iii. 112, 385 , 393 , 399 ; iv. 12, 35 Thora, daughter of Thorstein, iii. 32 Thora, the bonde’s servant-girl, iv. 241 Thoralde (poraldi) Kept (keptr), iv. 226 Thoralde, iii. 30, 31 Thorar (J^drarr) the lagman, iii. 126- 128 Thorarin (] 3 orarinn) Loftunga, ii. 249 ; iii. 181, 183, 276, 284, 285 Thorarin, son of Nefjulf, ii. 181, 377- 382 ; iii. 57-60, 75-79 Thorarin Skeggjason, iii. 346, 364 Thorarin Stuttfeld (stuttfeldr), iv. 115, 117, 123, 157-159 Thorberg (] 3 orbergr), son of Arne, ii. 271 ; iii. 32, m-117, 199, 263, 280, 288, 289, 311, 385, ; iv. 41 Thorberg Skafhog (skafhogg), ii. 191, 192 Thorberg of Varnes, ii. 25 Thorbjorn (] 3 orbjorn) Gjaldkere (gjahl- keri), iv. 321 Thorbjorn, son of Gunnar, iv. 304 Thorbjorn Hornklofe (hornkloti), i. 3 d 2 , 35 X- 357 , 361-364, 367, 369 ; ”• 2-63 Thorbjorn Skakkaskald (skakkaskald), iv. 215, 270, 298, 303, 324 Thorbjorn, father of Gudrid, ii. 239 Thord (j)6rSr), iv. 34 Thord Freysgode (FreysgocSi), ii. i8r Thord Folason, ii. 373-375 ; iii. 241, 257, 258 ; iv. 96 Thord Geller (gellir), i. 31 ; ii. 118 Thord, son of Guthorm, iii. 81 Thord Husfreyja, iv. 257 Thord, son of Hordakare, ii. 66, 152 Thord Istrumage (istrumagi), iii. 38, 4 ° Thord, son of Kolbein, ii. 71, 122, 148, 193, 222, 227, 249, 272, 273 ; iii. 5, 74 2 C 402 INDEX OF PERSONS. Thord, son of Thorlak, iii. ioi, 103, 139, 140 Thonl, from Njardarlog, ii. 201 Thord Sigvaldaskald, ii. 298 Thord, son of Siarek, ii. 40, 42, 249, 301 ; iii. 154 Thord, son of Skopte, iv. 96, 107 Thord Skotakol (skotakollr), ii. 395, 396 Thord, Barkarson, iii. 74 Thord of Gata, iii. 79 Thord, son of Erlmg, iii. 115 Thord Hesthofde, ii. 241 Thordis (pordis), Skeggja, iv. 289 Thorer (porir) brother of King Magnus, iii. 381, 383 Thorer, son of Erling, ii. 271 Thorer Faxe (faxi), ii. 16 Thorer, son of Gudbrand, ii. 294 Thorer Haklang (haklaugr), i. 363, 365 Thorer Helsing (helsingr), ii. 17 ; iii. 108 ; iv. 296 Thorer, son of Hroald, i. 372, 381 Thorer Hjort (hjortr), ii. 126, 157, 176, ^ 1 77 Thorer Hund (hundr), iii. 26, 47, 53, 54, 63, 64, 72-74, 90-98, 1x9-123, 167, 172, 179, 198, 204, 205, 211, 217, 249-265, 273, 274, 307 _ Thorer Hvinantorde (hvinantorSi), iv. 222 Thorer, son of Ingirid, iv. 188 Thorer Klakka, ii. 138, 140 Thorer Lange (langi), ii. 324, 325, 375 Thorer, son of Ragnvald, i. 370, 378, 379 ThorerSel (sell-), iii. 49-58, 63, 64, 71, 72 Thorer Skeg (Skegg), ii. 25 Thorer of Steig, iii. 376; iv. 58, 73-82 Thorer Treskeg (treskegg), i. 376 Thorer, son of Olver, iii. 172-175 Thorfin (Thorfinnr or Th.orfi. 3 r) Eisle (eisli), ii. 200 Thorfin Hausakliufer (hausaklju.fr), ii. 9 , * 3 , 9 °; iii- 4 Thorfin Mun (muunr), ii. 71, 249; iii. 2 34, 235, 258 Thorfin, son of Earl Sigurd, iii. 5-23, 33 * 343 * 407 I iv- 36 Thorfin Svarte (svarti), iv. 346, 349 Thorfin Karlsefne, i. 194, 197, 199, 204-206, 223, 231 ; ii. 241-247 Thorgaut (porgautr) Skarde (skar 3 i), ii. 316-319, 329 Thorgeir (porgeirr) Afradskol (afr Iv. 5, 32, 33 Ulfhedin (Ulfliedinu), son of Soxolf, iv. 222 Ulfhild (Ulfhildr), daughter of St. Olaf, iii. 199, 208, 221, 226 Ulfkel (Ulfkell) Snilliug (Snillingr), ii. 262, 273 Ulfuad (UlfnaSr), iv. 25 Unger, C. R., i. x.-xii., 29, 249 ; ii. 207, 343 ; iv. 53 Unibur (Uniburr), iv. 197 Urguthriot (Urgujiriotr), Earl, ii. 150 Uspalc (Uspakr), iii. 346 Usvifer Spake, iii. 357 Uthyrmer (Upyrmir), ii. 200 Vagn, son of Ake, ii. 119, 121, 126, i2 8-i33 Yak (Vakr) Raumason, ii. 200 Valdemar (Valdimarr), son of Jaris- leif, ii. 398 Yaldemar, Danish king, iv. 141, 134, 300, 301, 328, 333-337 Yaldemar, Russian king, ii. 77-80, 98, 99 , 137 , 194 Valgard (ValgarSr) of Yal, iii. 346, 367, 368 Yalgaut (Valgautr), iii. 160 Valgerd (ValgerSr), iv. 23 Valthiof (Valjijofr), son of Godwin, iii. x 57 ; iv. 37 - 39 , 5 I- 53 Yana, i. 285 Vandrad (Vandraftr), iv. 9-11 Vanlande (Yanlandi), i. 115, 285-287 Vaus (Vanir), i. 272, 273 Varin (Varinn), ii. 162 Varings (Vaeringjar), i. 80, 114; ii. 262 ; ^ iii* 129, 293-297, 347-366 Yatnorm (Vatnormr), sou of Dag, iv. 220, 223 Ye (Ye), i. 271-274 Vemund (Vemundr), king, i. 355 Vemund Volubrjot (volubrjotr), ii. 66 Yesete (Yeseti), ii. 120 Veterlide (VetrliSi), ii. 171 Vidkun (ViSkunnr), son of Jon, iii. 307; iv. 79, 80, 109, 113, 114, 149, 225 Yigaglum (Vigaglumr), ii. 129 Vigfus (Yigfuss), ii. 71, 129 Vigfusson, Gudbr., i. vi., ix.-xi., xiv., 21, 27, 85, 158, 168, 262, 264, 26s, 276, 284, 333, 376, 386; ii. 1, 2, 57, 186, 234; iii. 22, 107, 315 Vigleik (Vigleikr), son of Arne, iii. 192, i93 Yikar (Yikarr), ii. 200 Vikingakare (Yikingakari), ii. 336 Vilas, W. F., i. xviii. Vilborg, ii. 181, 335 Yile (Vili), i. 271-274 Visavald (Visavaldr), ii. 135, 398 Visbur (Visburr), son of Vanlande, i. 287-289, 293 Vitgeir (Vitgeirr), i. 386 Volsungs, iv. 129 Yot (Vottr), i. 306 William (Vilhjalmr) Bastard, i. 372; iv. 25-29, 50-53, 326 William, Bishop, iv. 240 William, son of Gudrun, iv. 346 404 INDEX OF PERSONS. William, Earl, in Valland, ii. 368 William, King, in Sicily, iv. 124 William Lougspear (langaspjot), ii. 268 William Skinnare, iv. 226 William, son of llolf Ganger, i. 372 Wimmer, Ludv., i. 85 Worm, Ole, i. 22r, 222, 249 Ynglings, i. 2, 115, 263, 264, 283, 29 1 , 2 99 , 33 °, 33 i. Yngvar (Yngvarr), i. 311-315 Yngve (Yngvi), son of Alrek, i. 296, 298 Yngvefrey (see Ingvefrey) Yrsa, Queen, i. 307, 308 Zoe the Great, Queen, iii. 349, 3 6 2 , 363, 365 Ylfings, i. 317, 318 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Aberdeen (Apardjon), in Scotland, iv. 243 Acre (Akrsborg), in Palestine, iv. 125, 126 Adalsysla (Aftals^sla), a part of Estlionia, i. 311 ; ii. 194 Africa (Affrika), i. 269 ; 111. 353 ; iv. 120, 121, 158 Agdanes (AgSanes), at the entrance of Throndhjem fjord, i. 398; ii. 140; iii. 115, 118 ; iv. 33, 132, 153, 330, 33 1 Agder (AgSir), south-western part of Norway, i. 328, 331, 363, 378; ii. 27-29, 89, 151, 161, 227, 305, 311, 326, 328; iii. 44, 100, 154, 179, 182, 191, 192, 219, 290, 319, 362; iv. 93, 302 Agnafit, a neck of land where Stock¬ holm is now situated, i. 294; ii. 253 Alaborg (Alaborg), Aalborg in Den¬ mark, iv. 223, 236, 340 Alcasser de Sal, iv. 120 Aldeigiuborg (or Aldeigja), Ladoga in Russia, ii. 194, 397, 399; iii. 3 6 7 Alfheim (Alfheimar), Bohuslen in Swe¬ den, and a part of Smaalenene in Norway, i. 328, 333 ; ii. 200 Algesiras, iv. 120 Alkasse, a citadel in Spain, iv. 120 Alkassir, iv. 120 Alleghany river, i. 220 Alptafiord (AlptafjorSr), a fiord in Iceland, ii. 170 Alptanes, i. 82 Alrekstad (AlreksstaSir), Aarstad in Norway, i. 391 ; ii. 43, 60 Altona, iv. 370 Alv Isle, ii. 43 America, Americans, i. viii.-xii., ii, 12, 17, 48, 125, 133, 182, 192, 193, 198- 200, 210-214,220, 224, 227,231, 238; ii. 232, 381 ; iii. 141 ; iv. 355. See also Yinland Angelsey (Ongulsey), Angelsea near England, iv. 93, 94 _ Apavatn in Iceland, ii. 298 Apulia, iv. 124 Archangel, i. 117, 382 Arendal, iv. 230 Arnarnes Thing (Arnarnes)>ing), in Norway, iv. 143 Aros (Aross), in Sweden, where Upsala is now situated, ii. 407 ; iii. 217 Aros (Aross), Aarhus in Denmark, iii. 217, 33 i, 337 - 34 ?; iv. 370 Arvig (iErvik), Ervik in Norway, ii. 126 Asaheim (Asalieimr) or Asaland (Asa- land), mythological name, i. 270, 279 Asgard (Asgarftr), mythological name, i. 100, 233, 270, 274, 289 Ascalon, iv. 125 Ashdown, ii. 262 Asia (Asia), Asiatics (Asiamenn), i. 47, 49- 53, 96, 101, 103, 104, 269, 270; ii. 24 ; iv. 353 ,. 355 - 357 , 3 6 3 Asopli, Sea of, iii. 365 Asington, ii. 262 Assonet Point, i. 214, 220 Assor, i. 270 Atley Island, Atle Island in Sondfiord, Norway, i. 356 Attundaland (Attundaland), in Swe¬ den, i. 319; ii. 358 Audsholt (AuSsliolt), in Iceland, iv. 232 Augvaldsnes (Ogvaldsnes), Agvaldsnes on Ivarmt Island, Norway, i. 391 ; ii. 27, 161-163 ; iii. 49, 52, ss, 58, 61, 63, 64 Aumord (AumorS), near Fredrikstad, Norway, iv. 148 Aurland, Urland in Sogn, iv. 77 Austrat (Austratt), Osteraad near Throndhjem, Norway, ii. 170; iii. 399, 400; iv. 207 Austrey, one of the Fareys, iii. 101 Australia, i. 220 Baden-Badenians, i. 45 Baffin’s Bay, i. 189, 200 Bahuus, i. 361 Balagard’s-side (Balagarssiffa), a part of the coast of Finland, ii. 256 Balivick, iv. 245 Baltic Sea (Eystrasalt), i. 20, 46, 48, 50- 53, 57, 117, X2i, 134, 166, 167, 171, 275, 291, 305, 310, 322, 371, 382, 388 ; ii. 12, 29, 61, 64, 65, 77, 86, 100,133, 194, 209, 251, 312, 326, 328 ; iii. 108, 322; iv. 133, 155, 354, 370 406 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Barvik (Barvik), in Sweden, iii. 154 Batald (Bataldr), Batalden in Sond- fiord, Norway, iv. 223 Bavaria (Beiaraland), i. 165 ; iv. 131 Bayeanx, i. 75 Befia, Bafverd, a river in Sweden, iv. 285 Belgium, i. 131 ; ii. 109 Berg, i. 238, 239 Bergen (Biorgyn), in Norway, i. 127, 171, 172, 183, 236, 237 ; ii. 43, 44, 66 ; iv. 54, 61, 96, 132, 142, 153, 178, 188- 191, 196, 210,212, 228, 254, 259, 262, 268, 269, 28l, 293, 304-306, 3II, 32O, 32I-324, 33O, 332, 34I, 343, 347, 354, 366 Berkley, i. 214, 220 Bezina River, in Yallachia, iv. 295 Biarkey, Bjerko in Norway, iii. 26, 47, 7 2 - 73, 97, 98, J1 9, 121, 307; iv. 79, 149, 225 Biannaland, on the coast of the White Sea, i. 117, 118, 382; ii. 63 : iii. 90- 95, 9 8 , 119- 522; iv. 76 Biarnaurar, Bjornor in Norway, ii. 157 Biarney, Bjorno in Norway, i. 204 ; iii. .193 Birkistrand (Birkistrond), in Norway, ii. 30 Black Sea (Svartahaf), i. 269, 270 ; iii. 365 Bleking, i. 81, 217 Blokumannaland (Blokumannaland), Yallachia, iv. 295 Blueland(Blaland), Ethiopia, i. 269, 270 Boar (Bcear), in Norway, iii. 34 Boku (Bokn), Bukn, an island and a fiord near Stavanger in Norway, iii. 186, 188, 192, 290 Borgund, in Norway, iii. 192, 193 Bornholm (Borgundarholmr), ii. 100, 101, 119, 120 Borro, Borre in Norway, i. 326, 327 Boston, iv. 245 Bothnian Gulf, ii. 64 Bratsberg (Brattsberg), in Norway, iv. 258 Bratsas (Brattsass), in Sweden, iv. 197 Brattahlid (BrattahliS), in Greenland, i. 201; ii. 202, 230, 233, 236, 241 Bravalla, i. 30, 81 Breida (BreiSa), Breden in Norway, iii. 36 Breidablik (BreiSablik), a mythological name, i. 275 Breidifiord (BreiftifjbrSr), in Iceland, i. 196 ; ii. 118, 381 Breitstadfiord, ii. 295, 296 Bremanger, ii. 188 Bremen, i. 37, no, 114, 177, 207, 247 Bretagne, i. 372 Bretland, Wales, i. 386; ii. 7, no; iii. 9, 411 ; iv. 26, 93 Brunsvik (Brunsvik), Braunschweig in Germany, iii. 326 Bulgaria (Bolgaraland or Yulgaria), iii. 211, 347; iv. 131 Bulghar. iii. 211 Bunes (Bunes), in Norway, ii. 141 Byrda (Byrfta), in Norway, ii. 93, 175; iv. 226 Byskupshafn (Byskupshofn), Bispe- havn near Bergen, iv. 331 Caithness (Katanes), in Scotland, i. 78, 369, 380; ii. 139; iii. 5, 6, 8, 10, 22, 207 ; iv. 243 Calmar (Kalmaruir), in Sweden, iii. 163 ; iv. 156 Cambridge, i. 257 Cambridgeshire, i. 131 Canterbury (Kantaraborg), in England, ii. 257, 263 Cantire (Satin), in Scotland, iv. gi-gc Carlisle, iv. 245 Carpathian Mountains, i. 53 Casan, iii. 211 Chasgar, i. 270 Cheshire, iv. 93 Chester, iv. 93 Christiania, i. xi., 114, 175; iii. 270, 350, 414 ; iv. 359 Christiania fiord (Foldin), ii. 309; iii. ! 79 ,.i 83 Christiansand, ii. 28 Clontarf, iii. 5 Cod, Cape, ii. 237 Connaught (Kunuaktir), in Ireland, iv. 95 , 109 Connecticut River, i. 220 Constantinople (MikligarSr), i. 80, 114 ; ii. 262 ; iii. 349, 353, 360, 362-366 ; iv. 116, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 241, 2 93, 295, 296, 337 Copenhagen, i. vii., 1, 77, 114, 168, 174, 188, 228, 229; ii. 127; iii. 350; iv. 55 , 355 Cornwall, i. 132, 372, 382; ii. no; iv. 368 Co uriand (Kurland), Kurland in Russia, ii. 366 Crossness, i. 204 ; ii. 238 Croyland, iv. 52 Cumberland River, i. 220 Cumberland (Kumraland), in England, i. 87, 124, 130 ; ii. no; iv. 354 Cyprus (Kipr), iv. 125, 127 Dal (Dnlr), Store-Dal, in Norway, iv. 148, 149 Danavirke'(Danavirki), ii. 102, 104 Dardanalles, i. 172; iv. 127 Davis’s Straits, i. 183, 184, 186, 187, 192, 204 Denmark, Danes (Danmork, Danariki, Danaveldi, Danir), i. 2, 4, 6, 8-12, I 7 , l8 , 31, 33 , 44 , 66, 72, 74~76, 125, 129-131, 139 , 155 , 159 , 164, 173, 183, 237, 240, 245, 248, 249, 262, 264, 26b, 274, 2 75, 291, 298, 300-312, 322, 345, 346 , 3 6 7, 370, 382, 388 ; ii. 6, 9-16, 27 - 3 °, 33 , 35 , 38, 64, 67, 8r-86, 90, 97, io 4, io 9, 117-120, 123, 127, 133, GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 407 150, 192, 195-197,204, 207-211, 217- 219, 251, 253, 257, 259, 262-264,275, 287-289; 322, 327, 340, 344,372, 401, 402, 406 ; iii. 3, 22, 82-89, 99? M 2 ~ 144, 147, 155. i57, 162, t6 7 , 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 205, 216, 218, 219,229, 276-278, 300, 301, 317-326, 330, 331, 337 , 339 - 345 , 362, 368-370, 373 , 37 8 - 390, 404, 407-417 ; xv. 3, 5-8, 13, 15, 17-19, 29-32, 58, 61, 68, 76, 82, 90, 132, 138, 184, 187, 188, 205, 208, 218, 220-223, 228-231, 236, 300, 301, 324- 3 28 , 329, 333 - 337 , 340 , 3 6 5 - 372 . Digliton Rock, i. 214, 217, 218, 220, 225, 230 Diimxn, one of the Fareys, iii. 79, 106 Dornoch, Frith of, i. 369 Dorsetshire, iv. 368 Dovre (Dofrar), in Norway, iii. 34 Dovrefield (Dofrafjall), in Norway, i. 325, 347, 362; ii. 104, 292; iii. 68, 90,402; iv. 74, 76 Drafn, Drammensfjord, iii. 183 Dragseid (DragseiS), a neck of land across Statland in Norway, ii. 156 Drepstok, ii. 230 Dublin (Dyflinn), in Ireland, i. 386 ; ii. 113, 138 ; iii. 5,23,410 ; iv. 109,110 Durham, i. 130, 163 Dwina (Vina), Dvina, river in Russia, i. 117, 382 ; ii. 65, 66; iii. 92 Dyrsa (Dyrsa), a river in Denmark, iv. 334 Eari. Isle (Jarir,ey), Jerso in Norway, East Fiord (AustfirSir), in Iceland, ii. 244; iii. 12 Edne (Effni), Etne in Norway, iv. 259. Egersund (Eikundasund), in Norway, iii. 100, 179, 182 Egg, Egge in Norway, i. 152, 209 ; ii. 25; iii. 27, 33, 117, 172, 204, 279, 289. 290, 311 Eid (EiS), Askim parish in Norway, i. 335 Eid, Manseid (?)in Norway, i. 355 ; ii. 30 Eid, Eda parish in Norway, ii. 390 Eid, Eidsvold parish in Norway, ii. 353; iii. 44 Eider (Eiffar), Eda parish in Norway, ii. 390 Eider River, ii. 102 Eid Forest (EiSaskogr), Edskog parish in Norway, i. 324, 358 ; ii. 323, 355, 391; iii. 108, 199, 220 Eikeys Isles (Eiki’eyar), Okero in Sweden, ii. 328, 401, 402 Einby (Einbue), Enebo in Norway, iii. 197 Eirik’s Fiord, i. 201, 204, 207, 236, 239- 241, 244, 246 Eirik’s Isle, i. 180 Ekkjalsbakke (Ekkjalsbakki), in Scot¬ land, i. 369 Elbe, i. 6, 9, 10, 49; iv. 367 Elda, Eildeu in Throndhjem, iv. 281 Ellipalta, Hellespont, iii. 365 Ely, Isle of, i. 131 Enea, Europe, i. 269 Engilsnes, Cape St. Angelo, in Gi’eece, iv. 127 England, English (Englar), i. vi., viii., ix., xi., xii., 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10-17, 20, 41, 42, 44-46, 50, 54, 57, 62, 65-67, 70, 72, 74, 75, 79, 86, 87, 97, 105, iii, 113, 121, 131-134, 137 , I 3 8 , T 49 , I 5 G 154, 157-159, 164, 165, 171, 173, 174, 198, 226, 237, 260, 266, 322, 364, 382, 392, 393 ; 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 19, 51, no, 113-115, 150, 171, 189, 248, 257, 258, 262, 263, 272-275, 280, 287, 327 ; iii. 3, 68, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 99,118,122, 123, 142, 144-148, 157, 165, 167, 177, 184, 205-207, 218, 229, 270, 279, 280, 289, 300, 317, 323, 344, 345 ; iv. 25- 55, 67, 68, 94, 99, 117, 179, 194, 244, 245, 249, 293, 326, 327, 362, 365-372 Erfurth, i. 267 Erie, Lake, i. 220 Espihol, in Iceland, i. 32 Essex, i. 132 ; ii. 263 Estland, Estlionia (Eistland), i. 117, 120, 285, 311, 312, 322, 386; ii. 76-78, 148, 195, 366 Ethiopia (Blaland), iv. 295 Eui'ope (Evropa or Euea), Europeans, i. 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 35, 48- 54, 63, 76, 79, 82, 87, 114, 117, 136, 138, 149, I5 1 , x 53, lC 5 , i 8 2, 183, 185, 190, 198, 199, 218, 233, 237, 244, 245, 270; iii. 317 ; iv. 350 Eyiiord (EyjafjorSr), in Iceland, ii. 118 ; iii. 76 Eygotaland, i. 219 Eyland, Oland in the Baltic, belongs to Sweden, ii. 329, 358 Eyna (Eynafylki), Inderoenin Norway, i- 335 , 349 ;..ii- i 6 , 2 94; iii. 31 Eyi'arsund, Oresund, the Sound be¬ tween Denmark and Sweden, ii. 107 ; iv. 155 , 37 ° Eyrathing (Eyrajiing), near Thrond¬ hjem in Norway, iii. 298; iv. 146, 236, 3 IQ , 320 Eysyssel (Eys^sla), Osel Island, ii. 195, 225 Eyvindvik, i. 148 Falster (Falstr), one of the Danish islands, iii. 341 Farewell, Cape, i. 176, 181, 185, 187 Farey Islands (Fsereyjar), i. 73, 76, 108, i 8 3, 195, 197, 236, 365 ; ii. 139, 316 ; iii. 74, 79, 80, 82, 100, 103, 104, 134, 135 , I 4 ° 5 iv. 9 1 Feey Sound (Feeyjarsund), on the coast of Norway, ii. 32 Fetlafiord (FetlafjorSr), in Bretagne (?), ii. 264, 265 Fez, in Africa, iv. 120 Fialar (Fjalir), in Norway, i. 356 ; ii. 201, 277 4o8 GEOGEAPHICAL INDEX. Fiadrundaland (FjaSrundaland), Fjerd- hundra in Sweden, i. 312, 315 Fife (Fill), in Scotland, iii. 87 Filey Bay, iv. 245 Finland (Filmland), i. 117, 118, 183, 286, 287, 293, 340, 373 ; ii. 176, 22i, 255, 2 5 6 - 266 ; iii. 24 Finmark (Finnmork), i. 309, 382 ; ii. 3 2 3 Finey, Finno, in Norway, iii. 220, 262 Firda District or Fiord District (Fir- Safylki), in Norway, i. 355, 356, 381; 11. 10, 54, 89, 93, 124, 156, 201. 227 ; ni. 40, 252 ; iv. 214, 262, 304, 306 Fitjar, in Norway, i. 391 ; ii. 36, 40 ; iii. 313, 315 Flanders (Fliemingjaland), ii. 109, 171, 258, 326, 327; iv. 27, 29, 33, 39, i°7, 367 Flatey, in Iceland, i. 30 Flekkefiord, in Norway, ii. 28 Flensborg, in Slesvik-Holstein, iv. 370 Flornvagar (Floruvagar), near BergeD, in Norway, iv. 191, 258 Fogd Isle, i. 321 Fold,Folden (Foldin),Christiania fjord, in Norway, i. 358 ; ii. 61, 281, 309 ; iii. 179 ; iv. 322 Forland, in Norway, iv. 304 Forminterra, in the Mediterranean, iv. 121 Fors, in Sweden, iv. 185, 263 Fossum, in Norway, i. 348 Foxerne (Foxerni), in Sweden, iv. 99-101 France (Frakkland), French (Frakkar), i. 6, 12, 17, 32, 38, 70, 74, 88, 137, x 49> iS5, 163, 164, 372, 382 ; ii. 103, no, 248, 264, 267 ; iii. 413 ; iv. 117 Fredarberg (Frseftarberg), in Norway, h. 32, 35 Fredrikstad, in Norway, iv. 148 Frekeysund (Frekeyarsund), Freko- sund, in Norway, iii. 193, 289 Frede (FrseSi), Fraedo, ii. 30 Friesland (Frisland), i. 382; ii. 69, 103, 109, 150, 257 ; iv. 29 Frosta, Frosten, 111 the Throndhjem district, i. 148 ; ii. 166, 296 ; iv. 204 Frosta-Thing (FrostaJhng), ii. 15, 21-23 i ii. 167 Fulford, iv. 37 Fyen (Fjon), in Denmark, i. 274 ; iii. 33 °, 33 1 ) 336 , 337 - 34 1 , 368, 408; iv. 3 Fyrileif, Ferlbf, in Sweden, iv. 185, 194 Fyrisvols (Fyrisvellir), Fyrisvall in Sweden, i. 290, 296-299 ; ii. 196 Gainsborough, ii. 258 Gairsay, Isle of, i. 123 Gallicia (Galizuland), in Spain, iv. 118 Gardarike. See Russia. Garonne River, ii. 265, 266 Gata, a farm on one of the Farey Islands, iii. no, 105, 136-141 Gaular, in Norway, i. 334, 356 Gaularas (Gaularass), Byaas, near Throndhjem, in Norway, i. 319; iii. no Gaulardal (Gaulardalr), Guldal in Norway, i. 347, 348 ; ii. 22, 141, 142, I 44> 146, 165, 293, 294, 296, 300, 319 Gautdal (Gautdalr) Gutdal, in Nor¬ way, iv. 225 Gaut River (Gautelfr), Gota River in Sweden, i. 328, 357, 361, 381, 385 ; 11. 12, 158, 227, 322-324, 330, 331, 368, 401 ; iii. 45, 99, 105, 143, 301, 321-323, 386-388, 417; iv. 3, 17, 67, 76, 82, 83, 96, 101, 102, 197, 222, 269, 302, 320, 323, 367 Gautland, Gotaland, Gautlanders, (Gautar), in Sweden, i. 31, 240, 301, 3 ° 5 , 3 1 3 , 3 * 4 , 3 I 9 ? 3 2 o, 357, 360-363, 377 5 u. 12, 36, 103, 107, 108, 182, 195, 204, 206, 253, 269, 323, 325,326, 330, 338 , 340 , 343 , 344 , 348 , 358 , 363, 368 , 383-400, 408; iii. 1, 99, 107, 160, 162, i 6 5, 169, 176,183, 325, 330, 336, 339, 341 ; iv. 17, 20, 21, 90, 97, 99, 101, 102. 169, 218, 219, 265, 268 Geirstad (GeirstaSir), Gjerstad in Nor¬ way, i. 330 Geirsver, Gjesvaer in Finmark, iii. 96 Gelmin, Gjolme in Norway, ii. 295 Gerde (GerSi), Gjerde in Norway, iii. 220, 262 ; iv. 239 Germany, Germans, i. 6, 10, 12-15, 3 2 , 38 , 43 , 45 , 4 G 51, 88, 93, 123, 124, I 33 , i 34 . 137 , 138, 140, i 54 , 155 , 202, 210, 259, 267, 274; iii. 318 ; iv. 370 Gibraltar, Straits of (Norvasund), i. ^ 269 ; ii. 266 ; iv. 107. See Norvasund. Gimsar, Gimse in Guldal, in Norway, ii. 126, 166, 211 ; iv. 217, 218 Gimsey, Gimso in Norway, iv. 287 Giske (Giski), Gisko in South More, in Norway, iii. in, 289; iv. 77, 96 Glamba, ii. 247 Glambajarland, ii. 247 Gljufrafiord (GljufrafjorSr), iv. 225 G lorn men River (Raumelfr), in Norway, h I 4 8 , 344 , 3 6i > 385 1 h. 311. See also Raum Godey (Goftey), in Bodo parish, in Nor¬ way, ii. 176, 179, 180 Godheim (GoSheimr), i. 280, 281, 285 Godnarfiord (GoSnarfjbrSi'), Randers- fiord in Norway, iii. 384 Gold Tower (Gullvarta), in Constanti¬ nople, iv. 128 Gotland, an island in the Baltic belong¬ ing to Sweden, Gotlanders (Gotar), i. 51, 82, 291, 292 ; ii. 40, 192, 193, 254, 328; iii. 203, 216; iv. 354 Graeningasund (Graeningasund), in the Bergen district in Norway, iv. 261 Grafdal (Grafdalr), Gravdai, near Ber¬ gen, in Norway, iv. 322 Greece (Grikkland), Greeks (Grikkir). i. 367; iii. 181, 349, 351-353, 361-366, 375; iv. 127, 129, 181, 203, 295-297 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 409 Greek Sea (Grikklandshaf), the Aegean Sea, iii. 347 ; iv. 125 Gregorius Church (Gregoriuskirkja), iii. 394 Greenland (Greenland), i. 176-210, 214, 223-225, 237 ; ii. 189, 202, 230-239, 241, 244-246, 379, 380, 381 ; iii. 75, 141 Greenland Ocean (Groenlandshaf), the sea between Greenland and Iceland, ii. 381 Grenland, Thelemark in Norway, ii. 62 Grenmar (Grenmarr), Langesundsfjord in Norway, i. 357 ; ii. 302 Grimsby (Grimsbaer), in England, ii. 6 Grimsey (Grimsey), near Iceland, iii. A 77 Griotar (Grjotar), Grote in Norway, ii. 293 Grislupollar in France, ii. 264, 265 Groningar (Groeningar), in Norway, iii. 197 Gudbrandsdal (Dalir or Gudbransdalir), in Norway, i. 103, 332, 334, 347, 372, 3 8 5 i 396 ; ii. 288, 292, 301, 349 ; iii. 34, 35, 81, 198, 348; iv. 58 Gula-Tlnng (Gulajhng), ii. 15, 152, 154; iv. 75, 144 Gunbjorn skerry, i. 179, 186, 187 Gunvaldsborg (Gunnvaldsborg), in France, ii. 264, 266 Gylling, an island in Halogaland, ii. 180 Had Isle (Hod), Hareidland in Nor¬ way, ii. 125, 126 Hadaland (HaSaland), Hadeland in Norway, i. 325, 329, 333, 336, 339, 34 G 344 , 375 , 3 8 5 - 3 8 7 5 ii- 288, 292, 35°, 355 iii- 43, 81 ; iv. 24, 347 Hafersfiord (HafrsfjorSr), Hafsfjord, nearStavanger.in Norway, i. 70, 363, 3 6 4 > 396 ; ii. 263. Hakadale (Hakadalr), Hakedal in Nor¬ way, i. 343 Hakon’sHill (Hakonarhella), near Ber¬ gen, in Norway, ii. 43 Halkelsvik (Hallkelsvik), in Yolden parish in Norway, ii. 126 Halvard’s church (HallvarSskirkja) in Oslo, in Norway, iv. 181, 221, 236, 292 Halland, in Sweden, ii. 10, 14 ; iii. 156, 330, 410; iv. 3, 6, 13, 18, 76, 77, 187, 336 Halogaland (Halogaland), Helgeland, north of Throndhjem, in Norway, Halogalanders (Haleygir), i. 121,148, 166, 171, 183, 300, 309, 325, 382, 385 ; ii. 29, 69, 123, 126, 132, 171, 175, 176, 190, 198, 200, 227, 203 ; iii. 23-27, 30- 53, 70, 7G 90, 118, 119, 123, 164, 178, 227, 249, 259, 308 ; iv. 54, 79, 94, 133, 145, I 49 , 225, 344 Hamarsfiord (HamarsfjorSr), Hammer- fjord in Norway, iv. 227 Hardanger (HarSangr), near Bergen, in Norway, ii. 58, 59, 66, 85 ; iv. 259 Haring (Haering) Stromo, in Helgeland, in Norway, ii. 180 Harm (Harmr) Bronofjord, in Helge¬ land, in Norway, iv. 79 Hastings (Helsingjaport), in England, i. 53 ; iv. 51, 358 Haug (Haugr), in Yserdal, Norway, iii. 30, 310, 311, 347; iv. 63 Haugasund, in Boliuslen, in Sweden, i. 396 Haugasund, Haugesuud in Norway, ii. 328 Hauge (Haugar), near Haugesund, i. 396 Haukadal (Haukadalr). in Iceland, i. 266, 267 Haukby (Haukboe), iv. 72 Haukfliot (Haukfljot), in England, ii. 6 Hebrides (SuSreyjar), near Scotland, i- 76, 158, 366, 368, 371, 394 ; ii. 7, no, 139, 230; iii. 23, 311 ; iv. 91, 93, 95, 166, 240, 290 Hedal (Hedalr), in Gudbrandsdal, in Norway, iii. 34 Hedemark (Hei^mork), in Norway, i. 324, 325, 329, 332 , 333 - 34 B 343 , * 344 . 385 ; ii. 60, 227, 288, 301, 349-352, 355 ; iii- 43 , 81, 170, 172, 175, 198 5 iv. 24 Hefring (Hefringr), Hovring, near Throndhjem, in Norway, iv. 75, 78 Hegravik (Hegravik), near Bergen, in Norway, iv. 192 H eidaby (HeiSafjT), the town Slesvik, iii. 326, 388 ; iv. 132, 369 Helga river (ain Helga), in Eastern Scania, in Sweden, iii. 150, 151, 154, 156, 158 ; iv. 369, 370 Helganes, Helgenes in Denmark, iii. 337 . 338 , 367, 369 Helgafel, in Iceland, i. 199 Hellornes, Holdernes near the Hum¬ ber, in England, iv. 36 Helluland, i. 202, 204, 212, 213 ; ii. 233 Helsingjaland, Helsingland, i. 365; ii. 17, l8 , 64, 65, 312, 313 ; iii. 108,244, 292, 297, 305, 347 Herdaler (Herdalir), in Finland, ii. 256 Herdla (HerSla), Herlo in Norway, iv. 227, 239 Herey Isles (Hereyjar), in Norway, ii. . 124 ; iii. 133, 192 Herinlfsnes, i. 201 ; ii. 230, 232 Herna in Norway, iii. 102 Heines, near Throndhjem in Norway, iv. 204 Hertfordshire, i. 131, 157 Hesjutun (Hesjutun), Ostun in Nor¬ way, iv. 79 Hiardarholt (Hjarftarholt), in Iceland, hi- 393 Hillar, in Norway, iii. 303 Hillarsund, Hillosund, in Norway, iii. 303 . 3°4 Himinbiorg (Himinbjorg), i. 275 Hin (Hinn), Hino in Norway, iv. 225 Hind Island, ii. 178 4 io GEOGEAPHICAL INDEX. Hiorring, in Denmark, iv. 370 Hiorungavag (Hjorungavagr), in Nor¬ way, ii. 126, 135 Hising (Hising), in Sweden, ii. 323, 328 ; iii. 1 ; iv. 197, 242, 269, 273, 3i8, 319, 322, 323 Hjartapol (Hjartapollr), Hartlepool in England, iv. 244 Hjorundarfiord (H jorundarf jorSr), Hjorendfiord in Norway, ii. 125 Hlaupandanes, on mainland in tlie Orkneys, iii. 7 Hlesey (Hlesey), Lseso in the Cattegat, ii. 402 ; iii. 389, 390 ; iv. 205 Hlyrskog’s Heath (Htyrskogslieiftr), in Denmark, iii. 326, 329 Hoby, i. 81 Hof in Gautland, in Sweden, ii. 390 Hof in Gudbrandsdal, in Norway, iii. 36 Hofde, ii. 241 Hofund (Hofund), Gjerpen, parish in Norway, iv. 258, 259, 287 Hofud Isle (HdfutSey), Hovedo, near Oslo, in Norway, iv. 220, 289 Holar (Holar), in Iceland, i. 30, 39, 78, 178, 198 Holar in France, ii. 263 Holar in Norway, iii. 163 Holdernes, iv. 53 Holland, i. 131 ; ii. 257 Holmgard (Holmgar'Sr), Novgorod, ii. 77. See Novgorod. Holrnland, ii. 257 Holm, the grey (Holmrinn grai), near Stromstad in Sweden), iv. 230 Holstein (Holsetaland), ii. 12, 104 ; iii. 348 ; iv. 367, 368, 370 Holtar, Holtan in Norway, i. 327 Honduras, i. 211 Hongrum (Hongrum), in Sweden, iii. 295, 296 Hope, i. 205, 206 Hordaland (HorSaland), in Norway, i. 345 , 2 46 , 3 6 3 , 385, 386, 391, 395 ; ii. i°, 36, 44, 58, 89, 93, 95, 152, 156, 227, 368 ; iii. 44, 45, 65, 100, 102, 142, 191, 219, 252, 259, 290, 291, 298, 312 ; iv. 214, 227, 239, 321, 366, 367, 368 Hornborusund, Homborgsund in Nor¬ way, iv. 221 Hornpoint, i. 186 Hrafnista, Eamstad in Norway, iv. T 45 Hrafnseyr (Hrafnseyrr), in England, iv. 53 Hrmgmara Heath (Hringmaraheiftr), in England, ii. 262 Hringsfiord (Hringsfjorftr), in France, iv. 302 Hrossanes, in Norway, iv. 302 Hrossey, one of the Orkneys, iii. 7 Hudson’s Bay, i. 213 Hull, i. 198 Humber (Humbra) River, in England, i- 55 ; ii- 275 ; iv. 37, 53 Hundsver, some islands on the coast of Norway, iii. 193 Hundthorp (HundJ>orp), in Norway, iii. 35 Hungary (Ungarariki), iv. 26, 131 Husaby (Husaboer), Husstad (?) in Norway, ii. 25, 293 Hustadir (HustaSir), in Norway, iv. 154 Hvaler (Hvalir), in Norway, iv. 230 Hvarf, Cape, i. 179, 187 Hvarfsnes, Kvarven near Bergen, in Norway, iv. 322 Hvedn Isle (Hvethi), Hveen, in Ore- sund, iv. 205 Hvin, Kvinesdal in Norway, i. 263, 387; ii. 200 Iceland (Island), Icelanders (Islen- dingar), i. 14, 19, 30, 31-40, 49, 50, 59, 66-79, 83, 104, 106-108,128, 149, 150, 176, 178-187, 190, 193-201, 204, 214- 216, 223, 231-246, 255, 265, 266, 277, 342, 3 6 5; ii- 9, 24, 57, 58, 69, 116, 1 I 7 > J 39. I 7° J 180-187, 202, 230, 234, 239, 241, 247, 298-300, 315, 316, 32c, 332 , 338, 339 , 34 1 , 377-382, 392; iii. I2 > J 3 , 74 , 75 , 78, 79 , 82, 106, 107, 109, 125, 165, 181, 238, 259, 278, 329, 346, 357 , 387, 392, 393 ; iv- 100, 117, * 35 , 136, 157, 158, 170, 171, 205, 2c8, 210, 222, 231, 267, 268, 324, 356, 362 Igalikko, i. 188, 189 Igigeitum, i., 189 lluvellir (Iluvellir), Ilevold, near Throndhjem, in Norway, iv. 147. Indal, i. 249 India, i. 17, 58 Indriey (Inney(?)), in Norway, i. 348, 349; ii- 16, 25, 296 Iona, iv. 92 Ipswich, ii. 113 Ireland (Irland), Irish people (Irar), i. 5°, 205, 231, 232, 236, 278, 382, 386 ; ii- 7 , 9 , 12, 13, no, 113, 114, 115,138, 382; 111. 5, 9, 10, 23, 311, 410; iv. 91 - 93 , 109, 113, J 66, 168 Irish Ocean, i. 207 Isafiord (Isafjorftr), in Denmark, i. 274 ; ii. 119 Islay (II.), one of the Hebrides, iv. 91, 92 Italy, i. 7, 30, 137, 138, 165, 219 Ivist (Ivist), one of the Hebrides, iv. 91, 92 Iviza (Iviza), an island in the Mediter¬ ranean, iv. 123 Jadak (JaSarr), Jsederen in Norway, i- 363-365, 387; hi. 54, 88, 100, 115, II6 , 185, 187, 211, 220, 395 ; iv. 170 Jamtaland, Jemteland, Jamtalanders (Jamtr), in Norway, i. 365; ii. 17, 65, io 3, 200, 312, 313, 327 ; iii. 108, 109, 125-128, 131, 223, 244, 245, 265, 292, 297, 305, 347; iv. 133, 134 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 411 Jarnberaland (Jarnberaland), Dalarne ' in Sweden, iii. 221 Jerusalem (Jorsalaborg or Jdrsalir), i. 269; ii. 266; iii. 211, 307, 360-362; iv. 115, Il6 > I2 5> I26 , l86 > 2 39 Jomsborg (Jomsborg) and Jomsborg Vikings, i. 117, 197 ; ii. 119-135, x 4 °, 209, 210, 272, 289 ; iii. 276, 324, 325 Jon’s Church (Jonskirkja), in Nidaros, iv. 341 Jon’s field (Jonsvellir), near Bergen, in Norway, iv. 191 Jordan (Jordan) River, in Palestine, iii. 361,362; iv. 125,126,153,164 207, 241 Jorvik (Jorvik), York in England, iv. 37. See York. Jotunheim (Jotunheimr), i. 274 Judith Point, i. 214 Julianahope, i. 188 Jungufurda (Jungufur'cSa), in England, ii. 275 Jutland (Jotland), in Denmark, i. 55, 76, 171, 291, 300, 306, 310, 311, 337, 366; ii. 10, 12, 28, 29, 85, 86, 106, 257 ; iii. 145, 148, 151, 154, 182, 319, 320, 3 2 5 , 3 26 , 330 , 33 B 337 , 3 8 °, 3 Sl , 3 8 3 , 3 8 7 , 39 °, 4 i 5 , 4i6 ; iv. 8, 132, 334 , 34 °, 355 , 35 G 366-370 Kalfskin (Kalfskinn), in Iceland, ii. ^ 3 Sl Karkortok, i. 188 Karlsar (Karlsar), Garonue in France, ii. 265. 266 Ivarmt (Kormt), Karmoen in Norway, i. 391; ii. 27, 161; iii. 49, 55, 61. Karmtsund, Karmsund in Norway, i. „ 396; ii. 28, 321 ; iii. 49, 52, 55 Kastalarbryggja, Cambridge (?) in Eng¬ land, iv. 52 Kent, ii. 262, 264 ; iv. 368 Kialarnes, i. 203-205 ; ii. 237 Kiev, iii. 365 Kiel, iv. 370 Kingiktorsoak, i. 189 King’s Sound (Konungssund), Soder- strom in Stockholm, ii. 254 Kiulima (KinnlimasiSa), in North Hol¬ land, ii. 257, 258 Kipr. See Cyprus. Kirjalaland (kirjalaland), Karel in Fin¬ land, ii. 366 Klare River, i. 322 Klifland (Kliflond), Cleveland in Eng¬ land, iv. 36 Konungahella, Kongelf, ii. 159, 383; iii. 1, 99; iv. 54, 67, 148, 180, 188, 194-197, 204, 222, 265, 266, 284, 285, 3 l8 , 3 X 9 , 3 22 > 3 2 3 Ivorpeklinte, i. 81 Krokaskog (Krokaskogr), in Bohuslen, in Sweden, iv. 219, 342 Krosbrekka (Krossbrekka), in Norway, iii. 195 Kurland (Kurland), in Russia, i. 322; iii. 322, 405. See Courland. Kvaldinsey, Ivdllandso in Sweden, iv. 97, 106 Kvam, in Iceland, i. 233 Kvilda (Ivvildir), Ivville in Sweden, iv. 228 Kviststad (KviststaSir), in Norway, iii. 2 55, 2 5 8 , 3 11 Labrador, i. 211, 213 Lade (HlaSir), in Norway, i. no, 152, i 56. 35°. 39°. 39 1 ; ii- 3- IO , J 9, 2 °, 24, 26, 65, 145, 146, 156, 157, 165, 190, 297 Ladeliamrar (HlaShamrar), Ladeham- ren, near Throndhjem, in Norway, ii. 190 Ladoga, iii. 292, 294 Lancashire, i. 87, 131 Langatun (Langatun), in England, iv. 2 45 Langey, Lango in Norway, iii. 71, 98 Langtown, iv. 245 Lapland (Finnmork), i. 58, 117, 118, 3 82 -3 8 4 ; id- 2 4, 179, 217, 250; iv. 7, 84, 141, 142, 146, 225, 226, 353- 35 6 Laugen, River, iii. 85 Ledreborg, i. 274 Leikberg, in Sweden, iv. 243 Leire (HleiSra), in Denmark, i. 274, 284 , 3°7, 3°9, 3 12 ; iv. 6 Lena, i. 281 Lengjuvik (Lengjuvik), Lenviken in Norway, iii. 98, 119 Lerdal (Leiradalr), in Norway, ii. 116 Lesjar, Lesje in Norway, iii. 33, 34, 38, 194, 198, 348 Lewis Isle, in the Hebrides, iv. 91 Lidandisnes (LiSandisnes), Lindesnes the south point of Norway, ii. 156 ; iv- 334 Lidsstad (LiSsstacSir), Listad in Norway, iii. 38 Limerick, i, 236 Limfiord (LimafjorSr), in Denmark, i. 200, 201 ; ii. 29, 86-88, 105, ic6, 123; iii. 147, 148, 178, 182, 331, 415 ; iv. .37° Limgard (Limgarftssifta), in Norway, iv. 223 Lincolnshire, iv. 245 Linustadir (LinustaSir), Linstad in Norway, iv. 231 Lisbon (Lizibon), in Portugal, iv. 119, 120 Lister (Listi), in Norway, iv. 224, 321 Ljoxa, Lexdal in Norway, ii. 25, 166 Loar (Loar), Lorn in Norway, iii. 34-38 Lofoden, in Norway, i. 171, 172 Lofund, Lofo in Sweden, i. 310 Lofufiord (LofufiorSr), Laholmsfjord in Sweden, iv. 4 Loire (Leira) River, in France, ii. no, 267 London (Lundunir), in England, i. 393; ii. 259, 273 ; iii. 413, 414; iv. 28, 51 412 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Lorodal (Lorodalr), Lordal in Norway, iii. 34 ^ Lubeck, ii. 103 ; iii. 348 Lund (Lundr), Lund in Sweden, iv. 156, 196, 370 Lundar (Lundar), Lunde in Guldal in Norway, ii. 141 Lusbreid (LusbreiS), Logstorbredning in Denmark, iii. 415 Lygra, Lygren in Norway, iii. 102, 104 Lyngar, in Iceland, iii. 329 Lyseiiord, i. 204; ii. 239 jVLelar Lake (Logrinn), in Sweden, i. XI 4, 274, 293, 299, 310, 320, 321; ii. 2 53, 345, 4?7, 408 ; iii. 217 Maerin (Maerinn), Muri in Norway, ii. 165, 166, 167; iii. 28, 29 Man, Isle of (Mon), in England, i. 76, 368; ii. no; iv. 91, 92, 93, 290 Manheim (Manheimar), i. 280 Manork, Minorca, one of the Balearian Islands, iv. 123 Markland, i. 202, 204, 206, 212, 213; ii- 233 Marsey, Mars in Jutland, ii. 106 Masarvik (Masarvik), Mosvigen in Throndhjem fiord, in Norway, ii. 296 Massachusetts, i. 199, 209, 214, 217, 220 Mecklenburg, ii. 12, 103; iii. 348 Medaldal (MeSaldalr), Meldal in Nor¬ way, ii. 60, 293 Medalhus (MeSalhus), in Guldal, in Norway, ii. 141, 142, 166 Mediterranean, i. 79, 165, 199 Melbridge tooth, i. 369 Mercia, i. 79, 86, 93, 131; iv. 366 Mexico, i. 18, 51 Middlesex, i. 131 Mjosen(Mjors), Mjosen lake in Norway, i- 333 ; ii- 3 IX ; 352 , 353 ; iii. 67 Modruveller (MoSruvellir) in Iceland, ii. 181, 381 ; iii. 76 Monkholm (Holmr), near Throndhjem in Norway, i. 15 ; iv. 217 More (Moeri), More in Norway, i. 103, 109, no, 156, 342, 353, 355, 369, 370, 375 , 378 , 385, 388; ii. 19, 25, 26, 30, 53, 55, 56, 64-66, 89, 92, 96, 97, 123, I2 5 , 142, 156, 171, 201, 268, 319; iii. 33, 75, iii, 133, 194, 203, 254,289; iv. 78, 96, 166, 216, 217, 226, 268, 305, 320 Morea, iv. 127 Moster (Mostr), in Norway, i. 391; ii. 140; iv. 261 Mula Thing (Mulajnng), iii. 367 Mull, iv. 91, 92 Mynne (Mynni), Minne in Norway, iv. 217 Myrkva Fiord (MyrkvafjorSr), Morko- fjord in Sweden, i. 317 Mon (Mon), Moen in Denmark, iv. 222 NAMSEN River, i. 71, 309 ; ii. 93 Naumudal (Naumudalr), Namdal in Norway, i. 349, 350; ii. 93, 123, 227 ; iii- 24, 25, 108 ; iv. 145 Naustdal (Naustdalr), in Norway, i. 355 Nerike (Naeriki), in Sweden, i. 319, 322, 323; iii. 200 Nes in Gudbrandsdal in Norway, iii. 34 Nesiar, Brunlanes in Norway, ii. 302, 3 ° 5 , 326 New England, i. 70 New Foundland, i. 210, 211, 213, 217 ; ii- 233 New Port, i. 226, 228, 229, 230; ii. 264 New Romney, ii. 265 New Zealand, i. 225 Niardvik, i. 31 Nid (NiS) River, in the Throndhjem district, ii. 165, 168, 170, 297, 298 ; iii- 298, 398; iv. 1, 2, 33, 74, 216 Nidarholm (NiSarholmr), Munkholm near Throndhjem, i. 15 ; ii. 146, 182 Nidarnes(NiSarnes), where Throndhjem is now situated, i. 3 Nidaros (Ni< 5 aross), Throndhjem, i. 152, 266; ii. 16, 104, 168, 173, 174, 180- 182, 198, 201, 203-205, 295, 297, 301, 3 11 , 3 T 4 , 317; iii- 23, 24, 27, 32, 68, 90, 107, 115, 125, 133, 179, 205, 281, 2 9i, 298, 328, 377, 382, 393, 416; iv. 33 , 35 , 54 , 55 , 59 , 61, 62, 64, 65, 72, 74 , 78, 96,104, 107, 132, 145-147, i 54 , 173, 184, 204, 226, 228, 248, 259, 268, 281, 301, 310, 344, 347 Nis River (Nizi), in Halland, in Swe¬ den, iv. 14-16, 25 Nitja, Nit River in Norway, iii. 43 Njardarlog (NjarSarlog), Tysne Lake, near Bergen, ii. 201 Njardey (Njarftey), Naeroen in the Throndhjem district, i. 310 Noatun (Noatun), the god Njord’s dwelling, i. 275, 281 Nordal (NorSdalr), Norddal in Sweden, iv. 96 Nordland, i. 309 Nordnes (Norftnes), near Bergen, iv. 132, 191-194, 211, 341 Norfolk, i. 131 Normandy (Norftmandi), Normans, in France, i. 4, 10, 31. 36, 49, 57, 59, 62, 66, 67, 70, 74-76, 129-131, 137, 138, 150, 151, 307, 333, 372; ii. 248, 258, 268, 274; iii. 165, 229; iv. 25, 26, 50 North Cape, i. 117, 172 North Sea, ii. 276 ; iii. 416; iv. 370 Northumberland (NorSimbraland), in England, i. 4, 10, 66, 67, 74-76, 87, 93 , 130-13 2 , 137 , 15 °; ii- 6 - 8 , no, 274, 275; iv. 26, 29, 44, 52, 354, 365, 367, 368 Norvasund (Norvasund), Straits of Gib¬ raltar, i. 266, 269; iv. 120, 121, 240 Norway (Noregr), Northmen or Nor¬ wegians (NorSmenn), i. vi., vii., 2, 4- 21, 30-36, 40-46, 50, 55-76, 79, 82, GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 413 83, 86, 87, 92, 102, 104, 106, 108-110, 113, 119, 120, 129-134, 140, 142, 143, 146-159, 161, 162, 164-175, 177, i 7 8 - 18r, 184-186, 190 -192, 195-199. 201, 207, 208, 210, 218, 225, 228, 231, 235- 245, 248, 249, 262-267, 277, 291, 298, 307-309, 312, 322, 324, 325, 330, 335, 338, 340 , 342, 345 , 355 , 365 , 366, 368- 372 , 376 , 377 , 379 , 3 Sl , 3 8 2 , 384, 386, 392, 394 , 39 6 ; n - 3 , 6-10, I2 " 29 , 33 , 36, 41-53, 56, 68, 76, 77, 80, 83-87, 89-95, 98, 101-108, 1x2, 114,1x6, 120- 122, 127, 132, 134, 136-140, 147, 149, 150, 156, 159, 163, 170, 171, 177, l8 o- 183, 188, 189, 192, 193, 197, 199, 208, 213, 216, 227-230, 241, 244, 246-248, 252, 259-283, 288-299, 303, 304, 312, 313, 3 l8 , 320-323, 329, 330 , 332 , 336 , 338 , 341 - 347 , 354 , 355 , 361-368, 37 i, 381, 382, 384, 386, 387, 392, 393, 396, 398, 399, 400, 405, 406, 410 ; in. 1-13, 22-26, 33, 65, 77-79, 83-88, 94, 100, 105-108, 125-127, 140, 144, 145, 148, 152, 155-158, 161, 162, 165-167, 177- 184, 189, 190, 197-201, 206, 207, 209- 213, 216-229, 234, 241, 245, 259, 276, 278, 279, 281, 286-307, 316-322, 324, 328, 330, 33 T > 334 , 337 - 339 , 343 , 346 , 349, 361-370, 374 - 396 , 407-413; IV. 1-22, 30-49, 53-74, 82, 83, 86, 92-103, 107-123, 126, 129, 131-138, 144, 145, 148, 153-156, i59- i6 3, 166-168, 181- 184, 187, 194, 195, 198, 204, 207, 209- 211, 219, 220, 222, 229, 230, 234-236, 240, 241, 244, 245, 248, 249, 254, 267, 268, 275, 286, 290, 291, 294-296, 299, 301, 310, 312, 327-329, 333 - 337 , 342 , 349, 354 , 356 , 357 , 362, 363, 367 - 369 - Nova Scotia, i. 213; li. 233 Novgorod (Holmgar'Sr), i. 51, 120; ii. 78, 79 , 329 , 397 I iii- 292, 294, 305, 354, 366, 367 ; iv. 141 Nyjamoda (N^jamoSa), Newport, on the Isle of Wight, in England, ii. 264 Nyrfe Island (Nyrfi), Norvo, near Aale- sund, iii. 193 Oddasund, in Denmark, i. 300 Odde, in Iceland, i. 38 Odinse ( 0 ‘Sinsey), in Denmark, i. 274, 312 ; iv. 370 Ofrustad (OfrustaSir), Offigstad (?) in Norway, ii. 72-74 Oglo (Oglo), a district in Norway, ii. 55 , 56 Olfus (Olfus), in Iceland, ii. 118 Olvishaug (Olvishaugr), Alstahaug, in Skogns parish, in Norway, ii. 25 Omd (Ornd), in Norway, i. 309 ; ii. 178 ; iii. 48 Ongrum (Ongrum), near Tlirondhjem, ii- 295 Ongul (Ongull), Engelo in Norway, iv. 344 Opdal (Uppdalr), in Norway, i. 351 ; ii. 292 Oprustad (OprustaSir), in Norway, ii. 201 Ordost (Oxftost), Oroust in Sweden, ii. 328 .. . . Orebi'o, Orebro in Sweden, 1. vi. Orkadal (Orkadalr), Orkedal in Nor¬ way, i. 347, 35 1 ; ii- 142, 165, 200, 269, 293-295, 300, 319 ; in. 34, 402 ; iv- 347 Orkneys (Orkneyjar), i. 56, 73, 76, 78, 123, 125, 156, 158, 163, 188, 195, 342, 346, 366, 368, 369, 375- 381, 394 ; 11. 5, 7, 9, x 3, 36, 76, 90. 92, 139 , 231, 316, 382 ; iii. 3-10, 15-23, 27, 33, 54, 74, 110, 277, 343, 407 ; iv. 36, 41, 53, 91, 109, 113, 116, 208, 239, 240 Orland, i. 348 Oslo (Oslo), in Norway, iii. 414 ; iv. 13, 14, 17, 54, 168, 182, 220, 236, 258, 284, 287, 288,, 338 Osmundwall (Asmundarvagr), on one of the Orkneys, ii. 139 ; iii. 10 Osterdal, i. 332; iii. 70 Ostrarfiord (OstrarfjbrSr), Osterfjord in Norway, iii. 65 Otta (Otta) River, in Norway, iii. 34 Oyeren Lake, i. 335 Oxford, i. 85 PANNONIA, a part of Hungary, iv. 13 r Palestine (Jorsalaheimr Jorsalaland), iv. 125, 127, 207, 241 Paris, i. 50 Peituland, Poitou in France, ii. 267 Pentland Firth (PetlandsfjorSr), be¬ tween Scotland and the Orkneys, ii. 139 ; iii. 207, 343 Perth, iv. 245 Peru, i. 1851 Pesina Plains (Pezinavellir), in Val- lachia, iv. 296 Pilavik (Pilavik), Filey Bay in England, iv. 245 Plymouth Sound, i. 209 Poland, iii. 346 Pomerania, ii. 12, 103 ; iii. 348 Ponthieu, iv. 26 Portugal, iv. nq Portyrja, Porter or Portbr in Norway, iv. 223 Prussia, i. 13, 325; ii. 12 Rafnnes, Ramnes in Norway, iv. 314, 348 Randaberg, Ranneberg in Norway, iv. 337 . r, Randaros (Randaross), Randers in Den¬ mark, iv. 334, 335 , . , T Rand Lake (Rond), Randsfjord in Nor¬ way, i. 341 ; iv..250 Railing (Rseningr), in Sweden, 1. 321 Ranrike (Ranriki), in Sweden, i. 361 ; ii. 5, 227, 323 ; iv. 72, 185 414 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Rastarkalf (Rastarkalf r), in Norway, ii. 32 Rasvol (Rasvollr), Rasvold in Norway, iii- 393 Rau mar ike (Raumariki), Ronierike in Norway, i. 148, 324, 325, 329, 341, 344, 357, 358, 360, 385 ; ii. 89, 122, 227, 288, 301, 349, 350, 352, 353, 355; 43,. 44 ; iv. 17, 24, 221, 290 Raum River, Glonimen River in Nor- way, i. 328 344 ; ii. 311, 325 Rnumsdal (Raumsdalr), Romsdal in Norway, i. 352, 355, 385 ; ii. 19, 56, 64, 89, 93, 123, 156, 227 ; iii. 33, 133 ; iv. 78, 217, 305, 310 Ravensere, iv. 53 Re (Re), Ramnes in Norway, iii. 330 ; i. v - 3’4, 3 r 7 Reidgotaland (BeiSgotaland), Jutland in Denmark, i. 291 Reikiaholar (Reykjaliolar), in Icelaud, iv. 225 Rein (Rein), in Norway, iv. 54, 55, 242 Reinulain (Reinsletta), in Norway i. 389 Reykholt, in Iceland, i. 239. 241, 242 Reykjanes, in Iceland, ii. 118, 230 Reyr, Ror in Norway, iv. 265, 266, 273, 2 74, 281, 301 Rhine River (Rin), i. 10, 13, 48. 49 ; iv 367 Rhodes, i. 117 Rhode Island, i. 199, 221, 226, 229 Ribe, in Denmark, iv. 370 Rimul, Romul in Norway, ii. 145 Rinansey (Riuansey), one of the Ork- »eys, i. 378, 380 ; iii. 3, 4 Ringarike (Hringariki), Ringerike in Norway, i. 335, 34G 343, 344, 375, 385 ; 11. 158, 281, 355 ; in. 43, 81 ; iv. 2 4, 347 Ringkiobingfiord in Denmark, ii. 257 Ringsaker (Ringisakr or Hringisakr), in Norway, i. 344, 367; ii. 350, 352, 354 Ringsted (HringstaSir), in Denmark iv. 184 llingunes (Hringunes), Ringnes in Nor way, ii 301, 311, 353 ; iii. 81, 410 Rockcastle Creek, i. 226 Roeskilde (Hroiskelda), Roskilde ii Denmark, i. 274 ; iii. 157^ 321 • i v ^ 3 6 9 , 370 Rogaland, Stavanger district in Nor¬ way, i.- 363, 387, 395, 396 ; ii. IO , 58. 89, 93, 123, I52, 156, l6l, 201, 206, 227, 270, 302 ; iii. 44, 50, 191, 219, 2 5 2 , 259, 290 Roman Empire, i. 6-8, 15, 53, 58, 138, 164, 314 Rome (Rum orRumaborg),i. 6, 8, 10 11 16, 34 , 4 . 1 , 63, 85, 88, 138, 208, 340 ; n. 273 ; iii. 68, 142, 303, 304 ; iv. 107, I2 5 , 159 , 248, 249, 324, 361 Ronaldsa, South (Rongvaldsey), one of the Orkneys, ii. 139 ; iii. 4 Rouen (RuSa or Ruciuborg), in France, i- 75, l6r ; ii- 268, 274, 275 ; iii. 144, 145, 317; iy. 25, 26, 29, 50 Rugen, Isle of, ii. 209 Russia (GarSariki), i. 8, 177, 186, 274; ii. 76-80, 98, 102, 109, iii, 135, 137, ’94, 2 3°, 3 12 , 3 28 , 39 2 , 397, 39 s ; iii- 200, 205, 210, 211, 213, 219, 245. 261, 265, 28 i, 2 9 2 , 294, 301, 305, 306, 348, 349, 366-368 Rydiokul (Ryftjokull), in Norway, iv. 33 8 , 339 . Rygiarbit, in Norway, iii. 179 ; iv. 301, 328 Rykinsvik (Rykinsvik), Rbkensviken in Norway, i. 341 S^EHEIMRUD (Saiheimrui5), iv. 252 Saet (Ssett), Sidon in Syria, iv. 126 Saint Albaus, i. 15, 157 Saint Angelo, Cape, iv. 127 Saint Michel, Mount, ii. 265 Saint Lawrence, Gulf of, i. 210, 211, 217 Saltnes, near Throndhjem, iv. 346 Salten fiord (Salpti),' in Norway, ii. Saltvik (Saltvlk), in Norway, ii. 200 Sand (Sandr), in Norway, iv. 225 Saudbridge (Sandbru), in Bergen, iv. 257 Sandey, one of the Hebrides, iv. 92 Sandver, in Norway, iii. 91 Sandvik (Saudvik), Sandwich, on one of the Orkneys, ii. 113 ; ii. 7, 12 Sandwich Isles, i. 225 Sarp (Sarpr), waterfall in the Glom- men, in Norway, ii. 325 Sarpsborg, town in Norway, i. 148 ; ii. 348, 389, 393, 396 ; iii. 45 - 9°, 99, i 6 5, 183 ; iv. 54, 148, 188, 189, 216, 329 Saudungsund (SauSungssund), Saude- sund, in Norway, ii. 277 Saurby (Saurboer), in Iceland, iv. 208 Saurby (Saurbceir), in Bohuslen, in Sweden, iv. 284 Saurhlid (SaurliliS), a part of the present Throndhjem, iii. 275 Saurhaug (Saursliaugr), Saxhaug in Norway, ii. 16 Saxland, the north-west of Germanv, i. 13, 131, 274, 307, 322, 382, 388 ; 11. 12, 101, 103, 108, 109, 150, 247, 327, 372 ; iii. 326 ; iv. 131 Scandinavia (Norftrlond), i. viii., 46-48, 5 1 , 53, 54- 57, 5 8 , 76, ior, 108, 114, . I 34, I 57 , j 65, 244, 270, 340; ii. 25; ’ v - 356, 363. Scania (Skani), Skaane, i. 177, 320, 321, 325; ii- 9, 11, 12, 103, 107, 119- 121, 253 ; iii. 143, 150, 156, 157, 163, 326, 33°, 336, 337, 339-34R 368 378, 380, 383; iv. 3, 196, 370 Scilly Isles (Syllmgar), near England, ii. no, iii, 113 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 4i5 Scotland (Skotland), .i. 78, 105, 108, 114, 132, 180, 196, 237, 245, 264, 285, 289, 340, 368, 382, 386 ; ii. 5, 7, 9, 12, 2i, no, 335, 403; iii. 3, 4, 9, 22, 23, 86, 87, 277, 298, 311 ; iv. 36, 91, 92, 95, 208, 236, 243, 354. 356 Seaheim (Saeheimr), near Tonsberg, in Norway, i. 388, 389 Seaheim, in Nordhordland in Norway, i. 391 ; ii. 44 Seeland (Sjaland, Selund or Silund), Sjaelland in Denmark, i. 274, 275, 284, 303, 306; ii. 11, 12, 14, 107, 119; iii. 143. 144, 157, 330, 331, 334, 335, 336 , 338 , 37 °, 387; iv. 3, 11, 14, 55, 187, 370 Seine River (Signa), ii. no, 265, 268 Sek Island (Sekkr), Sekken in Roins- dalsfjord, in Norway, iv. 308 Selardal (Selardalr), in Iceland, iii. 329 Seley Islands (Seleyjar), Sel Isles in Norway, iii. 184 ; iv. 260 Seliuhverfe(Seljuhverfi), Jbsunds parish in Norway, iv. 79 Seliupollar, a place in France (?), ii. 264, 265 Serkland, in Africa, i. 269; iii. 353, 360; iv. 121, 153 Seville, iv. 120 Shetland (Hjaltland), i. 76, 78, 125, 366, 368, 369, 394; ii. 9, 316; iii. 19, 21-23, 277 ; iv. 36, 91 Shropshire, iv. 93 Sicily (Sikiley), i. 6, 165 ; iii. 353, 354, 360; iv. 107, 124, 125 Sidon (Saett), iv. 115, 126 Sida (Siffa), in Iceland, i. 266; ii. 170 Signihlsberg, i. 275 Sigtuna (Sigtuuir), nearUpsala in Swe¬ den, i. 114, 275, 310; ii. 253; iii. . 295 , 297, 367 Sil, Sel in Gudbrandsdal, iu Norway, iii. 36 Sile (Sili), in Sweden, i. 320 Sil Plains (Silvellir), iii. 36 Sinholm Sound (Siuholmssund), near Bergen, iv. 153 Sintre, in Portugal, iv. 119 Sjaland (Sjaland), in Sweden, ii. 258 SjavidSound(Sjaviffarsund), Bosphorus, Hi- 3 6 5 Skagafiord, ii. 247 Skager Rack, i. 55, 167 Skalholt (Skalaliolt), in Iceland, i. 78, 178, 196, 198 ; iv. 206 Skarar (Skarar), Skara in Sweden, ii. 340 , 399 Skardaborg (Skarffaborg), Scarborough in England, iv. 36 Skareid (Skaereiff), in Norway, i. 325 Skarusund, in Norway, ii. 296 Skarpa, Skorpa, an island near Bergen, iv. 321 Skarpasker, in Norway, iv. 244, 245 Skat void, ii. 55 Skaun, Stange parish, in Norway, i. 348 , 349 5 ii- 74 , 3*7 ; iii- 3 1 Skaun, Bbrgseskogu, iu Norway, ii. 293 Skegge Mound (Skeggjahaugr), in Os- teraad, in Norway, ii. 170 Skerdingsstedja (Skerffingssteffja), Skerdingstad in Norway, ii. 142, 166 Skerfsurd (Skerfsurff), Skjaers-Urdeu in Norway, iii. 194, 196 Skiotan’s Ford (Skjotansvaff), in Jut¬ land, i. 292 Skiptisand (Skiptisandr), the station Sand, in Norway, iv. 251 Skiringsal (Skiringssalr), near Larvik, in Norway, i. 325 Skog (Skogr), in Norway, iv. 311, 318 Skot, Skottet, in Romsdal, in Norway, iii. 193 Skotborg River (Skotborgara), Skod- borg River iu Denmark, iii. 326 Skrattasker, Fladeskjer, in Agvaldsnes in Norway, ii. 162 Skurbagar (Skurbagar), near Ivoug- helle, iv. 199, 200 Skut River (Skuta), a river in Norway, i. 287 Skye (Skiff), one of the Hebrides, iv. 9 T » 92, 94 Slesvik (Slesvik), i. 171, 382 ; ii. 106 ; iii. 326; iv. 132, 366-370 Slidre Lake, iii. 67 Slien fiord (Sle), in Slesvik, ii. 102, 106 ; iii. 326 ; iv. 369 Smaland (Smalbnd), Smfiland, in Sweden, iii. 165 ; iv. 155, 156 Smalsar Horn, Hornelen iu Norway, ii. 188 Snasen Vand, ii. 295 Snos (Snos), Snaasen in Norway, iv. 346 , 349 Snowfieldnes, in Iceland, i. 186 Snowfieldsjokul, in Iceland, i. 179 Sogn, in Norway, i. 333, 334, 356, 385 ; ii. 10, 89, 93-95, n6, 156, 20r, 227, 269, 277 ; iii. 45, 46, 65, 252, 312, 313, 3 I 5 ; iv. 33 , J 09 , 214, 262 Soknarsund, near Stavanger in Norway, iii. 290 Solbjorg (Solbjorg), in Raurike in Nor¬ way, iv. 199, 204 Sole (Soli), in Norway, ii. 206 ; iii. 50, 5 r » I 9 °, 395 i iv- 224 Soley Islands (Soleyjar), Solor in Nor¬ way, i. 323, 324; iii. 44 Solskel (Solskel), an island in Norway, i- 352 , 354 Solunds (Solundir), Sulen Islands in Norway, ii. 116; iv. 33, 34 Solve (Sblvi), Selven iu Norway, i. 389 Sondfiord, in Norway, i. 356 Sotanes (Sotanes), iu Bohuslen in Sweden, ii. 27 Sotasker (Sotasker), in Sweden, ii. 352 Spain (Spann), i. 12, 17, 269; iv. 118, 119, 120, 240 416 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Sparby (Sparabu), Sparbuenin Norway, ii. 17; iii. 31, 107 Sparbyggja (Sparbyggjafylki), Spar- buen, Stod, and Snaasen in Norway, i- 348 , 349 ; ii- 16 Stad (StaSr), Statland in Norway, i. 186, 355 , 3 6 3 ; ii- 27, 3 °, 3 1 , 6 4 , 6 5 . 92-94, 124, 126, 156, 205; iii. 44, 141, 179, 182, 192 ; iv. 216 Stad (Sta< 5 r), in the district Fosen in Norway, i. 389 Staf (Stafr), in Norway, ii. 25 ; iii. 228, 2 73 Stafabrekka, iii. 34 Stanford Bridge (StanforSa bryggjur), in England, iv. 39, 358 Stangar (Stangir), Stange in Norway, iv. 340 Staurrin (Staurrinn), ii. 193, 194 Stavanger (Stafangr), in Norway, i. 127, 356 , 3 63, 364; iii- 3 X 9 ; iv. 199. T 94 Steig, in Gudbrandsdal, in Norway, iii. 81, 376; iv. 82, 344 Stein (Steinn), in Esthouia, i. 285, 286, 311, 341 ; ii. 319 ; iii. 182 Steinavag (Steinavagr), Steinavaag, in Norway, iii. 192; iv. 307 Steinbjorg (Steinbjorg), Steinbjerg, near Throndhjem, iv. 76 Steinker, Steinkjser in Norway, ii. 295- 297 ; iii. 33 Stiflusund, in Norway, i. 328, 329 Stiklestad (StiklastaSir), in Verdal in Norway, i. 102, 109, 152, 250, 254'; ii. 248 ; iii. 238, 239, 243, 253, 256, 261, 267, 270, 273-276, 281, 303, 309, 3 IQ , 3 12 , 346 , 348 ; iv. 56, 293, 294, 358 , 359 Stim (Stimr), Stemhesten in Norway, iv. 154 Stjoradal (Stjoradalr), Stjordal in the Throndhjem district, i. 249, 348 ; ii. 55 , 297, 3 r 7 Stjornvelta (Stjornvelta), near Bergen, iv. 269 Stockholm, i. 1, 114, 293, 325 Stodreim (StoSreimr), Storeim in Nor¬ way, iv. 239 Stoksund (Stokksund), Norrstrom in Stockholm, i. 293, 294 ; ii. 253, 254 Stord (StorS), Stordoen in Hordaland in Norway, ii. 36, 44, 45 Straumsey, Stronsay, one of the Ork¬ neys, i. 205, 209 ; iii. 136 Straumeynes (Straumeyjarues?),. i. 298 Straumfiord, i. 205, 206 Striad, near Throndhjem, i. 348 : ii. 165, 294, 319 Studla (StuSla), Stole in Norway, ii. 200 ; iv. 239, 259 Suabia, iv. 131 Sudathorp (Su'SaJjorp), Suderup in Slesvik, iii. 380 Sudermannaland (SuSmannaland), Sd- dermanland in Sweden, ii. 358 Sudervik (SuSrvik), Syndervig in Den¬ mark, ii. 257 Sudervirke (SuSrvirki), Southwark, a part of London, ii. 259, 261 Suffolk, i. 131 Sula (Sula), in Yerdal in Norway, iii. 226 Suit;, Sylte, in Valdai, in Norway, iii. 194 Sundal (Sunndalr), in Sweden, iv. 96 Surnadal (Surnadalr), Surendalin Nor¬ way, iii. iii Sutherland (SutMand), in Scotland, i. 78, 369 ; iii. 5, 6 Svimraros (Svimraross), where Cim- brisliamn is now situated, in Scania, iv. 156 Svinasund (Svinasund), Svinesund, be¬ tween Smaalenene in Norway and Bohuslen in Sweden, i. 357 ; ii. 227, 3 22 > 3 2 3 Svithoid (SviJ>jo$ or Sviaveldi), Sweden, Swedes (Sviar), i. vii., 2, 44, 50, 51, 53, 74, 75, 84, no, 112, 120, 129, 131, 145, 147, 157, 217, 240, 245, 248, 262- 264, 269, 270, 273-275, 280-289, 292, 2 95 , 297-317, 3 20 - 3 2 4 , 343 , 35 s , 367, 382; ii. 16-18, 74-76, 107, 133, 134, 148, 192-196, 204, 208, 216, 217, 219, 251-254, 288, 313, 316, 319, 323, 329, 334 , 338 , 345 , 346 , 357-36o, 364, 382, 384, 39 2 , 397 - 400 , 406, 408-410; in. 44, 88, 89, 109, 126, 127, 143, 150, 152, 155, x 5 6 > i 5 8 , 159 , x 99 , 2°o, 2 j 6, 217, 219-222, 223, 230, 242, 245, 292, 294-297, 301, 305, 325, 337, 347, 367- 370, 383; iv. 16, 65, 76, 96, 99,103, x 33 , 293, 34 i, 35 °, 35 6 , 361 Svold (Svoldr), a small island near Rugen, ii. 116, 209, 210, 217 Syria (S^rlaud), iv. 126 . Tagus River, i. 49 Tanais River, Don in Russia, i. 47, 270 ; ii. 25 Tanaquisl (Tanakvisl), i. 270 Taunton River, i. 214, 217, 220 Taurrin (Taurr and Taurrinn), Soder Torn, near Stockholm, i. 294 Thames (Temps), i. 49; ii. 259, 261; iv. 368 Thanet, Isle of, i. 5, 9 Theksdal (peksdalr), Texdal in Nor¬ way, iv. 79 Thelemark (J^elamork), in Norway, i. 55, 363, 385 5 ii- 62, 200 ; iv. 259, 341, 350 Thing-nes (pinganes), Dingenes in Norway, ii. 95 Thing field (pingvdllr), in Iceland, iii. 74 Thioda (pjofta), Thy in Denmark, iii. 387, 388 Thiotande (pjofcandi), in Norway, iii. *93 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 417 Thiotta (J?jotta), Tjoto in Norway, ii 174 ; iii. 24, 25, 33, 70, 123,162, 164 1 78 , 179, 211, 217, 248, 251, 262 Thoptar (J^optar), Tofte in Norway i, 372 Thorsberg (porsbjorg), in Norway, i. 3 8 9 Thorshavn (J>orshofn), on one of the Fareys, iii. 136 Tlioteu (j>otn), in Norway, i. 325, 329, 333 , 344 , 3 8 S 5 iii- 43 - 67; iv. 347 Thraelaberg, near Oslo, Norway, iv. 292 Thrandarnes (prandarnes), iii." 48, 72 Throndhjem (prandheimr), in Nor¬ way, i. 15, 71, 74, no, 129, 148, 152, T ° 3 » I 7 I » r 77 , 236, 242, 249, 310, 348 - 357 , 3 62 , 3 8 5 , 389, 39 °, 395 , 397 ; 3 5 , 9 , IO , i 5 _2 7, 48, 49, 52-58, 63, 65, 66, 68, 80, 88-93, 108, 122, I2 3 , 146-148, 156, 164-168, 173, 174, 180, 190, 199-201, 217, 227, 269, 289, 2 94 _ 3 01 , 3 I °- 3 I 9 - 327; iii. 2, 23, 24, 27 o 28, 3 °’ 3 i, 33 , 45 , 68, 75, 107, IQ 8, 11 5, 118, 226, 227, 230, 245, 246, 2 49 , 251, 258, 276, 278-281, 284, 287, 288, 291, 292, 297, 298, 303, 308, 315, 332 , 336, 342, 381, 382, 393, 395, 396, 400, 402, 403, 412 ; iv. 2, 5, 16, 35, 61, 62, 73, 74, 78, 79, 81, 103, 113, * 39 , I 45 , I 57 , I 9 I , 215, 216, 226, 228, 23 1 , 236-238, 248, 253, 258-260, 268, 273, 281, 282, 301, 303, 304, 310, 319, 3 g°’ 32 3 > 325 , 33 °, 332, 343, 346, 349, Thrudvang (J^ruftvangr), the god Thor’s abode, i. 275 Thule, i. 39 Thursa, iv. 243 Tialdasund (Tjaldasund), Tjelesund in Norway, iv. 225 Tiber, i. 49 Tiundaland (Tiundaland), in Sweden i. 3 I 3 ; ii- 200, 358, 359 Todar fiord (ToSarfjdrSr), Tafjord in Norway, in. 194, 203 Tornea, i. 172 Tours, ii. 267 Troy, i. 272 Tumathorp (Tumathorp), Tumarp in Scania, iv. 156 Tungur, near Stavanger, in Norway, iii. loo 1 unsberg (Tunsberg), Tdnsberg in Nor- way 1. 236, 357, 360, 3 77, 387, 397 ; 301, 372, 375; iii- 2,44,46, 82, 85, 176, 179, 183, 184; iv. 54, 189, 220, 223, 236, 301-304, 311, 313, 318, n, 3 83 , 35 ° Turkey (Tyrkland), i. 8, 273, 285 Tuskaland (Tuskaland), in France, ii. 267 UlST. See Ivist. Ulfasund (TJlfasund), Ulvesund Norway, ii. 30, 277; hi. 3x4 VOL. IV. Ulfkel’s Land (Ulkelsland), in Eng¬ land (?), ii. 262, Ulfreks Fiord (UlfreksfjorSr), in Ire¬ land, ii. 382 ; iii. 10 Ullaraker (Ullarakr), Ullerfikr in Sweden, ii. 360, 361, 408 Ulster (Ula 0 stir), in Ireland, iv. 109, no Unarheim (Unarlieimr), Onereim in Norway, iv. 330 United States of America, i. 13, 44, 165, 229 Uphaug (Upphaugr), Ophaug in Nor¬ way, ii. 126 Uplands (Upplond), Upland people (Upplendingar), in Norway, i. 146, 285, 308, 324, 329, 333, 344, 346, 362, 368, 372, 374, 384, 385, 397 ; ii. 4, 5, J 5 , 59 , 60, 62, 63, 73, 122, 126, 132, i 36, 138, 147, 287, 288, 292, 310, 348, 37 1 - 377 - 4 ° 4 > 4°8, 409 ; iii. 27, 33, 34, 44, 67, 68, 80, 90, 169, 198, 230, 239, 247, 280, 281, 286, 377, 394,395, 400; iv. 6, 15, i 7> 20, 25, 73, 74, 78, 112, 149, 153, 1:84, 217, 250, 254, 310, 3 11 320, 330, 337, 340, 347 Upsala (Uppsalir or Uppsalr), in Swe¬ den, i. 84, 110-112, 145, 146, 264, 275, 282, 284, 286, 289, 290, 296, 299, 301, 3 ° 2 , 3 ° 5 * 3 ° 9 . 3 12 , 313, 315, 316, 319, 322, 345 ; 111. 63, 196, 253, 344, 346, 357 359 - 363, 366, 384, 400, 403-406 ; iv. 361 Usa (Usa), in Northumberland, in England, iv. 37 Utstein (Utsteinn), Utsteno in Nor¬ way, i. 391 ; ih. 189, 192 Vadla (Vatila), in Norway, i. 326, 327 Vagar (Vagar), Vaagen in Lofoden, ii. J 57 , 230; iii. 71, 72, 119; iv. 133, 226 Vagar (Vagi), Vaage in Gudbraudsdal, m Norway, iii. 34, 36, 38 Vagarost (Vagarost), in Gudbrandsdal in Norway, iii. 36 Vagnvik, strand at (Vagnvikastrond), in Norway, iv. 79 Val (Vollr), in Icelantl, iii. 367 Vaide (Valdi), Wall in England, ii. 275 Valdai (Valldalr), Valdalen in Norway, iii. 194, 203 Valders (Valdres), in Norway, i. 345 ; ii. 131 , iii. 65, 66 Valhal (Valholl), i. 3, 109, 115, 279, 290; ii. 1, 2 , 44, 46 Valland, the north-western part of France, i. 372, 382; ii. no, 258, 264, 267, 268, 274, 275; iii. 144, 413 ; iv. 28, 107, 117, 240 Valsnes, in Norway, iv. 226 Vambarholm (Vambarholm), in Nor¬ way, iv. 80 Vanaheim (Vanaheimr), i. 270, 272, 285 Vanaland, i. 270, 285 Vang (Vangr), Vossevangen in Nor¬ way, iii. 65 2 D 418 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Vapnafiord (VapnafjorSr), in Iceland, ii. 117, 118 Yardyniar (VarSynjar), in Dalsland, Sweden, iv. 96 Varna, Vei’no cloister in Norway, i. 326 Varnes, Vernes in Norway, ii. 25, 166 Varrande (Varrandi), in Peituland in France, ii. 267 Vatnsby (Vatnsbu), Vasbo in Sweden, iii. 200 Vatnsdal (Vatnsdalr), in Iceland, iii. 203 Vear, Vedbo in Dalsland, Sweden, iv. 96 Vedrey (Vefirey), Vaderoerne in Sweden, iii. 164 Veey (Veey), Veo in Romsdal in Nor¬ way, iv. 305, 308 Veggen (Veggin), in Ranrike in Nor¬ way, ii. 61 Vegsund, in Norway, iii. 193 Vendel (Vendill), Vendsyssel in Den¬ mark, i. 306, 307, 326 ; iii. 29 Vendilskage (Vendilskagi), the Scaw in Denmark, iii. 387, 389 ; iv. 301 Vener Lake (Vsenir), Vaenern in Sweden, i. 308, 322, 323, 362; ii. ^ 323 ; iv. 20, 96, 97 Veradal (Veradalr), Verdal in the Throndhjem district, i. 249, 348 ; ii. 25, 316 ; iii. 30, 31, 226, 228, 235, 238, 245, 264, 273, 309, 310, 317 Vermaland, Vermeland in Sweden, i. 322, 323, 325 , 329,. 337 , 358 , 360, 362; ii. 18, 358, 400; iii. 200, 220; iv. 17, 96 Vestfold in Norway, i. 32^-332, 341, 343 , 357 , 385, 388, 395; ii. 5, 48, 89, 133, 281_ Vestland, in Norway, iii. 330 Vestmare (Vestmarar), in Norway, i. 327 Vestribygd, i. 176, 186, 204 Vettaland in Bohuslen in Sweden, ii. 326; iv. 285 Viborg (Vebjarg), in Denmark, iii. 320, 381 ; iv. 370 Vidar (ViSir), Vie in Norway, ii. 74 Viggia (Vigg or Viggja), Viggen in the Throndhjem district, ii. 295; iii. 238, 311 ; iv. 78 Vikar (Vikar), Vik in Brono parish in Norway, iv. 226 Vikarskeid (Vikarsskei'S), in Iceland, ii. 118 Vikeu (Vik or Vikin), the country around Christiania fjord in Norway, i* 55 , 357 , 368, 371, 377, 381, 385, 387, 388, 395, 397; ii. 3-5, 10, 12, 14, 27. 49, 52, 61-63, 73, 86, 89, 90, 116, 126, 147-151, 157, 156-161, 189, 190, 227, 280, 301-303, 311, 322, 324-327, 330 - 332 , 368, 372, 388 ; iii. 2, 44, 45, 80, 81, 88, 99, 107, 165, 176, 183, 184, 187, 276, 290, 382, 414; iv. 2, 16, 20, 3 i. 73 , 75 , 76 , 82, 83, 86, 90, 97, 98, 102, 103, 181, 185, 187, 188, 190, 207, 2x5, 219, 220, 222, 223, 228, 230, 241, 242, 254, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 269, 281-284, 301, 304, 311-313, 3 l8 , 321, 323, 324, 328, 329, 332-334, 337 , 340 , 342 , 343 Vindland, the shores of the Baltic in¬ habited by the Vinds, ii. 11, 12, 94, 100, 102, 103, 109, iii, 119, 120, 121, I 9 2 , i 93 > j 96 , 19 7 > j 98 , 207-210, 225, 383, 384, 405, 409 ; iii. 276, 322, 324- 329, 342, 348, 405 ; iv. 174, 176, 196- 202, 204, 222, 249 Vingulmark (Vingulmork), in Norway, i. 328, 329, 331, 334, 335, 341, 344, 357, 360, 384; ii. 5, 89, 98, 348 Vinland, i. 180, 192-233; ii. 202, 203, 207, 236, 237, 241, 242, 244, 247 Viskardal (Viskardalr), Viskedal in Sweden, iv. 76, 77 Vist, in Romsdal, in Norway, iv. 225 Vistula, i. 49, 53 ; ii. 195 Volga River, iii. 211 Vors (Vors), Voss in Norway, ii. 66, 336 ; iii. 65 Vorve (Vorvi), in Jutland, in Denmark, i. 291, 292 Vulgaria, Bulgaria, iii. 211. See Bul¬ garia. Wales (Bretland), i. 132, 278, 372, 382; ii. 7, 110 ; iv. 93, 94, 354. See Bret¬ land. Wallis Island, iii. 10 Wei wick, iv. 245 Westfiord (VestfjorSr), in Lofoden, in Norway, i. 309; iii. iii, 122 Westman Isles, in Iceland, i. 50; iii. 75 Westmanland (Vestmannaland), in Sweden, ii. 358 White Sea (Gandvik), in Russia, i. 6,17, T 99, 3 82 ; ii- 65 ; iii. 90, 95 Whitings Isle (Hvitingsey), in Norway, ii. 321 ; iii. 100 Wight, Isle of, ii. 264 William shy (Vilhjalmsbcer), in France, . ii. 265 Winchelsea, iv. 52 Winchester (Vincestr), in England, iii. 317 York (Jorvik), in England, i. 130, 163 ; ii. 6; iv. 39, 358 Yrjar, Orland in the Throndhjem dis¬ trict, i. 348 ; ii. 66, 165, 170; iii. 399 / /,7ir '''W 1 ' ' V/fM' r V \K au tland idhus villi//. '//l\ y" •*Mw' ;£ J' h, i>' »im\v ^nv''- Waf/l^V ^/rtum \ CT 7 blo^ \ / ^ \ a\\»uw. Mu/* : aV.Iiw^ ’ Meczin t.pi Palermo Brig'"'" Msport -i S. Jo cow pt* s'* %' ■£."■ ' L- f OF THE WORLD Leskobon* AS KNOWN TO THE NORTHMEN GetsiS} Nocd'° r Scale of En^Usli Miles +oo MeridianO.of Ferro Cojiyri^it John. Barth.olojn.ewr & Co, Bdia r /Langur.; gardnpdj. *1 >far. 11 "Xi m-Vs l<,0rfa >wi£ Sto"! (Stod Il.Veti*\ I/at't'x flat's i jiljiVrJr 5 /in <71 Bising* '(Oland) l jit of May, fn.*si/n wiatv t ;ki 'E mmniM 0s 1 ILLUSTRATING THE SETTLED ENTS ©f the N(G IN' THE X™ CENTURY. MflOB! English Miles 100 Jolm Bartholomew <$. Co., EcLiif z 1 I 9 <