PRINCETON, N. J. ^ 
 
 3X5110 
 
 Section .5.3.8 
 
II 
 
I 
 
 THE STORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
Brighton : 129, north street. 
 New York : E. & J. B. YOUNG & CO. 
 
 1898. 
 
THK DIOCESES OF AUSTRALIA. 
 
Colonial dturclj ??tstorics 
 
 THE STORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 EDWARD SYMONDS 
 
 THEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATE OK KING's COLLEGE, LC NUON 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT COMMITTEE. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. J 43, QCEEX VICTORIA STREET, E.C. 
 BRfGHTON : 129, NORTH STREET. 
 
 New York : E. & J. B. YOUNG & CO. 
 1898. 
 
Richard Clay ^< Sons, Liauted, 
 London & BtmoAv 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The ample records of the early days of Australian 
 settlement deal chiefly with secular concerns. There 
 is very little information extant which may be used 
 with any profit by the Church historian. From 1788 
 until the close of the century, it was a hand-to-hand 
 fight for bare existence. To provide food and 
 repress crime taxed the resources of the authorities 
 to the uttermost. In comparison every other con- 
 sideration seemed trivial and unimportant. This does 
 not, it is true, justify the neglect of religion — quite 
 the contrary ; it is alluded to only to explain what 
 would otherwise be to Christian people unintelligible. 
 That the chaplains — first Mr. Johnson and afterwards 
 Mr. Marsden — should have been able to accomplish 
 so much single-handed and in the teeth of such 
 unheard-of discouragements is a marvel. ' In judging of 
 their work we must discard all preconceived ideas of 
 modern times and throw ourselves into their actual 
 surroundings — no church, no school, no discipline, no 
 accessories of divine worship, no support from the 
 ruling powers beyond occasional proclamations, which 
 were bitterly resented by those who wished to be left 
 to their own evil devices. 
 
 With the advent of additional clergy, headed by the 
 Rev. William Cowper, in 1808, a better moral and 
 spiritual tone began to prevail, from the authorities 
 downward. Decent churches were provided, with 
 fittings which if not altogether churchly were at any 
 rate helps to a more reverent demeanour. Schools 
 
vi 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 were built as essential adjuncts to the Church's 
 operations. And though these were in course of time 
 laid violent hands on by the Secularists and the land 
 intended for their maintenance resumed by the State, 
 yet they were not uninfluential in their day. In the 
 mother colony at least the recognition of the Church's 
 claims to have the teaching of her own children has 
 been recognized by every successive parliament. That 
 it is not so with Victoria, or Queensland, or South 
 Australia is to be extremely regretted. Yet are there 
 signs which make one hopeful that the growing sense 
 of the community against the exclusion of religious 
 instruction from the school curriculum will at no 
 distant day compel an amendment. 
 
 Within the limits of a brief historical sketch it has 
 been found impossible to dwell upon many minor 
 details, interesting in themselves, but with scant 
 bearing on the destinies of the Australian Church. 
 Especially is it impossible to trace the full develop- 
 ment of the several dioceses after their separation 
 from the metropoUtan diocese of Sydney in 1847, and 
 their further subdivision from time to time as the 
 exigencies of church extension demanded. Each of 
 the older dioceses calls by this time for a story of its 
 own, for each has a story well worth teUing. Such 
 pioneers as Tyrrell, Perry and Short, unselfish, able 
 and zealous, supported on the one side by Gray of 
 Capetown, consecrated with them, and on the other 
 by Selwyn of New Zealand, what have they not been 
 able to bring about by the blessing of the Divine 
 Head of the Church ! Their successors — good and 
 true men also — have entered into their labours, and 
 have wisely built on their foundations, hence the 
 stability of Church institutions in Australia to-day — 
 their complete freedom combined with respect for 
 authority, offering in these respects an example which 
 may well be followed by much older bodies. Fortun- 
 
PREFACE 
 
 vii 
 
 ately we have biographies of all three of these eminent 
 missionary bishops which may heartily be commended. 
 To their records these pages stand deeply indebted, 
 as also to the reminiscences by Dean Cowper of his 
 life-long friend and diocesan, Bishop Barker. 
 
 I have besides to add my grateful acknowledg- 
 ments for help derived from a perusal of an account 
 of the foundation of the colony by Judge-Advocate 
 David Collins; of Mr. Justice Burton's Religion and 
 Education in New South Wales ; of Bonwick's Curious 
 Facts ; of Rusden's History of New South Wales ; and 
 of the Rev. Dr. Braim's New South Wales ; nor must I 
 omit to tender my best thanks for sympathetic help 
 to the librarians of the Sydney Public Library, who 
 courteously placed every record they had at my 
 disposal, and to the registrars of the dioceses of 
 Sydney, Melbourne, and Ballarat, who willingly did 
 the same with their diocesan and synod reports. 
 
 That this little history may arouse a greater interest 
 in and sympathy with the building up of an important 
 branch of the Catholic Church in the southern hemi- 
 sphere and so correct many existing misapprehensions 
 is the abiding prayer of 
 
 The Author. 
 
 March 24, 1898. 
 
I 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY ... ... ... ... ... II 
 
 THE COLONY FOUNDED 1 4 
 
 INITIAL DIFFICULTIES ... ... ... ... 2 1 
 
 SIGNS OF PROGRESS ... ... ... ... 25 
 
 THE SENIOR CHAPLAIN's RETIREMENT ... 29 
 
 REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN ... ... ... 3 1 
 
 CHURCH BUILDING ... ... ... ... 34 
 
 EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION ... ... ... 38 
 
 AUSTRALIA'S FIRST BISHOP 40 
 
 FORMATION OF SCHOOLS ... ... ... 47 
 
 DIOCESE OF TASxMANIA ... ... ... ... 50 
 
 J, „ ADELAIDE ... ... ... ... 53 
 
 „ „ MELBOURNE ... ... ... 56 
 
 „ „ NEWCASTLE ... ... ... 6 1 
 
 CLOSE OF BISHOP EROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE ... 64 
 
 METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY ... ... 72 
 
 DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE ... ... ... ... 76 
 
 EDUCATION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 79 
 
 EDUCATION IN VICTORIA 82 
 
 FURTHER CONFERENCES ... ... ... 85 
 
 DIOCESE OF BRISBANE ... ... ... ... 91 
 
X 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 DIOCESE OF GOULBURN ... ... ... ... 94 
 
 FORMATION OF SYNODS 96 
 
 CHURCH BUILDINGS ... ... I02 
 
 VICTORIAN CHURCH FINANCE I06 
 
 DIOCESE OF PERTH ... ... ... ... 1 09 
 
 „ BATHURST ... ... ... ... Ill 
 
 „ „ NORTH QUEENSLAND ... ... II 3 
 
 A YEAR OF SYNODS ... ... ... ... II4 
 
 DIOCESE OF GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE ... II 7 
 
 BALLARAT II 9 
 
 „ „ MELBOURNE ... ... ... I25 
 
 THE ABORIGINES ... ... ... ... 1 29 
 
 CONCLUSION ... ... ... ... ... 138 
 
THE STORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 Our earliest reliable information of the great 
 southern land — the terra Australis of the older 
 navigators — is derived from Captain Cook. In May 
 of the year 1770 that famous commander stood into 
 Botany Bay in his little exploring barque the 
 Endeavour. During the previous year he had com- 
 pleted his observations of the transit of Venus at 
 Tahiti, for which his expedition had been principally 
 fitted out. Making westward he had skirted the 
 coast of New Zealand and had finally passed through 
 the stormy straits known by his name — between the 
 northern and southern islands. He struck the coast 
 of New Holland at about 37° south latitude, not far 
 from the present boundary between New South Wales 
 and Victoria. Sailing from Botany Bay northwards 
 at daybreak on Sunday, May 6, the sailor on the 
 look-out reported a deep inlet, then, as now, guarded 
 by precipitous headlands to the north and south. 
 In the ship's log the incident is simply recorded — 
 " being two or three miles distant from the land and 
 abreast of a bay or harbour in which there appeared 
 
12 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 good anchorage, and which I called Port Jackson." 
 Brief and insignificant language indeed by which to 
 describe one of the finest and most capacious harbours 
 that the world possesses. The native inhabitants 
 are reported as scanty in number, di\ided up into 
 small bands of twenty or thirt\- persons, the fighting 
 men amongst them being noticeably few. They 
 appeared to be as black as negroes, an impression 
 afterwards modified by closer acquaintance, and both 
 sexes looked to be entirely naked. 
 
 Most of the earlier discoveries had been confined 
 to the western shores of the island. In 1527 a 
 Portuguese commander named ^lenezes had ap- 
 proached from the side of the Indian Ocean. Next, 
 in 1605, another Portuguese navigator, Luis Paj^ de 
 Torres by name, had sailed between New Holland 
 and New Guinea, thereby proving them to be islands, 
 the two largest on the globe. At the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century the north-western coast was sighted 
 and mapped out by Dirk Hartog, a Dutchman of 
 wide renown. Then within six years the south- 
 western portion of AVest Australia was \-isited by 
 a Dutch vessel, the commander of which is nameless. 
 Finally in 1665 the whole country, known and ima- 
 ginary, was named by the Dutch New Holland. 
 
 But the most important voj^age by far to the Pacific 
 Ocean was made by Captain Abel Tasman, who 
 sailed from Bata\4a, discovering and naming Van 
 Diemen's Land and part of the west and north 
 coasts of New Zealand. Captain Fumeaux again 
 sighted Van Diemen's Land in 1 7 73, and after sailing 
 up the east coast, came to the hasty conclusion that 
 there was only a deep bay to separate Van Diemen's 
 Land from New Holland. He therefore set sail 
 without fiirther delay for Queen Charlotte's Sound, 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Nevertheless the shores of this almost limitless 
 
INTRODUCTORY 
 
 13 
 
 territory had no sort of attraction for either Spanish, 
 Portuguese or Dutch voyagers, who were on the look- 
 out for outlets for their commerce rather than for 
 fields of colonization. But the very point to which 
 they attached not the slightest importance was eagerly 
 seized upon by English discoverers. The time was 
 especially ripe for the discovery of a new land. By 
 the declaration of American independence the planta- 
 tions now comprised within the United States were 
 finally closed to imperial settlement. A new outlet 
 must be found for the many thousands of convicts 
 which it had been the custom to transport there. 
 And here was a land not only fair to look upon, and 
 one to add immeasurably to the treasures of geo- 
 graphical science, but a land of enormous area 
 eminently suited to relieve the crowded gaols and 
 penitentiaries of the mother country. 
 
 In Captain Cook's eyes his timely discovery was 
 little short of providential, as may be gathered from 
 his enthusiastic report. In the rich pastures and 
 varied climate of the new hemisphere he saw infinite 
 possibilities cf future expansion. Since the African 
 coast had been explored without success here was a 
 solution of the problem in this sunny land of indefinite 
 extent, curiously free from unfavourable conditions, 
 yet sufficiently removed from the centres of civilization 
 to reduce the elements of danger to a minimum. In 
 this favourable view Captain Cook was strongly 
 supported by the gifted botanist of his expedition, 
 Sir Joseph Banks, who agreed with his leader in 
 looking upon the Australian shores as a kind of 
 terrestrial paradise. Their recommendations were 
 hailed on all sides with acclamation ; even the con- 
 victed criminals themselves welcomed the prospect 
 of a betterment of their lot by successful industry. 
 Parliament too unanimously approved the project. 
 The endless gratitude of his countrymen is undoubt- 
 
14 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 edly due to the gifted and prescient commander who 
 was as patriotic as he was skilful and brave. 
 
 THE COLONY FOUNDED 
 
 It was under auspices such as these that Governor 
 Arthur Phillip, with his little fleet of ten sail, cast 
 anchor in Botany Bay on January 20, 1788, after a 
 chequered passage of eight months and a quarter. 
 So far the authorities had eagerly availed themselves 
 of this promising field for the bestowal of criminals. 
 But they were not apparently so eager to make 
 provision for the criminal's reform, notwithstanding 
 that the declared objects of the setdement had included 
 the moral benefit of the convict immigrant. We have 
 it on the authority of the Rev. Samuel Marsden that 
 until the fleet was on the point of sailing for New 
 South Wales no chaplain had been thought of, and 
 that it was only through the influence of Bishop 
 Porteus and Sir Joseph Banks that the Government was 
 moved to appoint one, in the person of the Rev. 
 Richard Johnson, to accompany the little band of a 
 thousand souls to their new home in the wilderness. 
 The good effects of this arrangement, so grudgingly 
 assented to, were not long in showing themselves. 
 While at Rio de Janeiro the chaplain was able to 
 hold service on board two of the transports each 
 Sunday during their stay in port; also again at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, where strangely enough the 
 prisoners were found to be in excellent health. Indeed 
 when we consider the vicissitudes of such a voyage 
 in those days, the absence of disease and mishap is 
 truly remarkable. In resuming their passage many 
 seeds and plants likely to be useful were taken in at 
 the various ports of call — coffee, cocoa and cotton, 
 orange, lemon and guava, vines, figs and sugar-cane, 
 
THE COLONY FOUNDED 
 
 15 
 
 rice, -wheat, barley and maize — a wise and thoughtful 
 step which had far-reaching consequences. 
 
 On arrival Botany Bay was at once and unanimously 
 pronounced unfit for the requirements of the colony, 
 notwithstanding that Captain Cook himself had given 
 such a glowing account of the surroundings as to cause 
 its choice for the experimental settlement. Leaving his 
 fleet at anchor Captain PhiUip explored the coast 
 northwards in one of his ship's boats, and to his 
 gratified surprise found a capacious and beautiful 
 harbour in place of the small inlet for boat shelter he 
 had expected from the description of Port Jackson. 
 With all possible speed, and with increasing delight, 
 the different coves of this extensive and land-locked 
 harbour, studded with islands, were examined one by 
 one, and the preference given to that which had the 
 finest spring of fresh water, and in which ships could 
 anchor so close to the shore that at a very small 
 expense the largest of the vessels could be unloaded. 
 Three days later the whole party was safely conveyed 
 from Botany Bay and landed on the shores of a 
 richly-wooded cove, on the banks of a rippling stream 
 about seven miles from the ocean. The portable 
 canvas house brought out for the governor's use was 
 set up in its place, the Union Jack unfurled, the 
 officers and marines drawn up in line, and the infant 
 community of 1030 souls founded under the name of 
 Sydney, in honour of the English Minister of the day. 
 
 As to the immediate prospects of the infant colony 
 opinions soon began to differ widely. On the one 
 hand it was spoken of as embracing every possible 
 element of success, while others declared the country 
 to be the worst that ever was seen — barren and for- 
 bidding. Others again laid stress upon what seemed 
 to them to be the prophetic words of Bacon, that 
 "it is a shameful and unblessed thing to take the 
 scum of the people with whom you plant, and not 
 
1 6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 only so but it spoileth the planting, for they will ever 
 live rogues and not fall to work, but be lazy and do 
 mischief, ... to the discredit of the plantation." 
 Certain it is that famine dogged the steps of Governor 
 Phillip and his party. Officer after officer despaired 
 of growing any article that would be of real use. 
 And this despite the fact that the plants and shrubs 
 brought from Rio and the Cape showed rapid signs 
 of flourishing. It must be owned that convicts were 
 not the best fitted to cope with the hardships of pioneer 
 setdement. Continuous labour in a hot climate, and 
 the restrictions laid upon them by authority to ensure 
 the general safety were not at all to their taste. 
 
 The absence of any religious sanction greatly 
 increased the difficulty. On the evening of that me- 
 morable 26th of January when the marines were firing 
 their volleys to salute the national flag, and healths 
 were being drunk to his Majesty the King and the 
 Royal Family, amid the general acclamations, there was 
 no sound of praise, or prayer, or thanksgiving for the 
 abundant mercies of a remarkably prosperous voyage. 
 Amid the busy scene of clearing space for the encamp- 
 ment and pitching tents, there was no acknowledg- 
 ment of an overruling 'Providence. One cannot but 
 recall the striking contrast of the foundation of Canada 
 in the middle of the previous century. Of that 
 ceremony we read that " tents were pitched, camp fires 
 lighted, evening fell, and Divine service was held. 
 Fireflies caught and imprisoned in a phial upon the 
 altar served as lights, and the little band were solemnly 
 urged by their chaplain to remember that they were 
 as a grain of mustard seed, that should rise and grow 
 till its branches overshadowed the earth ; that although 
 they were few, yet that their work was the work of 
 God, and that His smile would be upon them and 
 their children." 
 
 Where the fault lay we cannot exactly say. The 
 
THE COLONY FOUNDED 
 
 17 
 
 chaplain so tardily added to the establishment must 
 have stood by like the aborigines wondering. In the 
 face of severest discouragement he had not only visited 
 the vessels in port, but now on landing had set himself 
 to a regular visitation of the sick, travelling from camp 
 to camp for advice and instruction to all who would 
 accept them, with very little effect it is to be feared on 
 the disastrous state of religious apathy. No pressure 
 of other business, and no obstacles placed in his way 
 were allowed to interfere with such religious services 
 as he was able to hold, as often as the weather 
 permitted. Nearly three months elapsed before a 
 recently finished storehouse was temporarily set apart 
 as a place of worship. An attempt was made to 
 keep Good Friday of 1789 solemnly in this building, 
 and the convicts were exhorted to spend the rest of 
 the day in their gardens. In August of the following 
 year, we find Mr. Johnson bitterly complaining of the 
 flagrant disregard of public worship, left again as he 
 pathetically urges to the chances of open-air gatherings 
 unprotected from wind, rain and sun, the sole shelter 
 for the scanty congregation being the nearest big tree. 
 Touched by the chaplain's evident distress, official 
 orders were at last given that three pounds of flour 
 should be deducted from the rations of every overseer 
 and two pounds from those of each labourer failing to 
 attend at least once on Sunday without excuse. 
 
 Nor can it be said that Governor Phillip was per- 
 sonally unfriendly to the chaplain's religious duties. 
 Simply stated, the work of the latter was not part of 
 the official routine, and so was in practice ignored. 
 No governor was ever entrusted with vaster powers, 
 which on the whole were exercised wisely and well. 
 Practically a despot, he kept his unruly flock well in 
 hand. Particularly he laid down wise and tolerant 
 rules for intercourse with the natives, forbidding any 
 dealings with them on the part of the convicts, and 
 
 B 
 
l8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 visiting with condign punishment those who killed or 
 ill-used them. Above all, there was to be no kind 
 of forced labour or slavery permitted. As regards 
 public worship, his conscience would seem to have 
 been at length touched, for when the evil example of 
 the higher officials was brought home to him he naively 
 admitted that if nothing else would do he must attend 
 service himself, and that he expected his officers to 
 do the same. At the foundation ceremony previously 
 spoken of he had omitted nothing — with the single 
 and fatal exception of the religious service — that was 
 likely to make the ceremonial elaborate and impres- 
 sive. The speech he delivered on that occasion testi- 
 fied to his high sense of responsibility, and was quick 
 with anticipations of the benefits which would accrue 
 from a successful issue of their great experiment. 
 That the chaplain of the expedition was called upon to 
 take no part in the inauguration was owing no doubt 
 to an official prejudice against him and his sacred 
 office rather than to any personal prejudice on the 
 governor's part. It is to be remembered how 
 grudgingly the appointment was made at all, and 
 under what strong pressure from without of men of 
 influence in Church and State. Considering, more- 
 over, how little provision had been made either for the 
 religious instruction or comfort of the criminal, or for 
 the moral training of his children, it is satisfactory to 
 know that in less than two years sites at least were 
 beginning to be set apart for churches, and an endow- 
 ment in land provided for glebes and schoolhouses. 
 Probably the state of things at the outset was so 
 radically bad that in an official sense the chaplain's 
 influence counted for little or nothing. It is but fair 
 also to note that the first Christmas Day was observed 
 with due ceremony, the chaplain preaching an 
 earnest and suitable sermon. 
 
 About the middle of February 1788 Lieutenant 
 
THE COLONY FOUNDED 
 
 ^9 
 
 King was told off to establish a station at Norfolk 
 Island in the South Seas, and sailed thither in tlie 
 Supply, with tents, provisions, and flax-dressing tools, 
 thus laying the foundation of quite a new and flour- 
 ishing colony. The island climate was found to be 
 more reliable, and the soil more fertile than on the 
 mainland. Free settlers were found willing enough to 
 risk the voyage, and these were accompanied by a 
 band of sailors and marines. In every way this 
 island colony offered a strong contrast to the parent 
 colony at Sydney. At the tmie of the latter's great- 
 est scarcity, Norfolk Island was reaping the advantage 
 of her superior fertility of soil, and even when fears 
 were entertained on account of the increase of popu- 
 lation, they were promptly removed by the arrival for 
 the breeding season of flocks of mutton birds, named 
 by the grateful colonists " birds of Providence." For 
 their religious needs the commandant was unusually 
 solicitous. He read the service every Sunday 
 morning in his own house, and that there might be no 
 excuses made, he issued an order to the effect that 
 "no person is to absent himself from pubhc wor- 
 ship, which will begin at eleven o'clock, when every 
 one will come clean and orderly and behave himself 
 devoutly." What Norfolk Island afterwards became 
 is only too notorious, and forms a dark blot in the 
 annals of English colonization. Lieutenant Kind's 
 wise and thoughtful government was not continued 
 by his successor. Throughout several years no 
 clergyman was appointed to minister there, dire as 
 the need must have been, except that in a case of 
 more than ordinary urgency the Rev. Henry Fulton, 
 who had been sent out from Ireland for seditious 
 practices, but whose conduct had been most exem- 
 plary, was given conditional emancipation and allowed 
 to perform divine service. Also for awhile the chap- 
 lain of the New South Wales Corps, the Rev. J. 
 
20 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Bain, was granted permission to volunteer his services 
 
 to accompany a band of sixty-three emigrants from 
 Port Jackson in 1792. 
 
 In the interval the parent colony was threatened 
 with prompt extinction by famine. Much of the soil 
 was sandy and poor. Competent superintendents 
 were lamentably few. Anything like skilled labour 
 was practically unobtainable, which is the more sur- 
 prising seeing that one of the main objects of the 
 expedition was to clear and settle the land, and to 
 provide permanent homes for the better among the 
 criminal population. Many it is true were weakly 
 from questionable living, and all were insufficiently 
 fed. Altogether, it is concluded from the first ten 
 years* experience that the labour performed was not 
 nearly equal to the expense of maintenance. Defect- 
 ive accommodation was an additional factor in the 
 failure of the industrial problem. ^^len of doubtful 
 antecedents, to say the least, let loose upon 
 society during the night hours, compelled to resort to 
 any means that came most readily to hand to procure 
 a lodging, and only too prone to theft and drunkenness, 
 must of necessity become citizens of the worst descrip- 
 tion. Nor must the scandalous conditions of the 
 voyage out, the shocking immorality tolerated, and an 
 absence of the simplest comforts for the sick be left 
 out of count in gauging the non-success of Governor 
 Phillip's first attempts at self-support. The off-scour- 
 ings of city streets do not provide the best tools 
 wherewith to make of the wilderness a fruitful field. 
 Total failure was prevented solely, and the settlement 
 rescued from imminent starvation by the timely 
 arrival of the vessels of the second fleet. 
 
INITIAL DIFFICULTIES 
 
 21 
 
 INITIAL DIFFICULTIES 
 
 The desultory food supply from Batavia and the 
 Cape of Good Hope barely kept the colony alive, 
 while inland the harvest of grain was so poor that in 
 accordance with Government proclamation the whole 
 crop had to be reserved for seed. Where hunger pre- 
 vailed petty thefts and robberies of larger extent must 
 needs prevail also. These were incessant, one con- 
 vict being sentenced to 300 lashes for stealing potatoes 
 from the chaplain's garden. The governor's garden 
 fared no better, was in fact constantly plundered. A 
 youth of seventeen was actually executed for stealing 
 property of no more than five shillings in value from a 
 tent. Another with leg-irons partially removed was 
 caught robbing a farm and severely punished. 
 
 Shortly after the first Christmas had been celebrated 
 in the midst of such novel surroundings steps were 
 taken to extend the borders of the original camp. 
 Fourteen miles up the river land had been cleared and 
 broken up for cultivation at a spot called Rose Hill, 
 the military and convicts dwelling in tents in the 
 meantime. On the banks of the Hawkesbury to the 
 north some fertile plots had been found, and these 
 were being developed as opportunity offered. At 
 an important crisis fishing in the harbour became a 
 valuable resource, as also an admirable means of 
 healthily employing many of the prisoners. An inci- 
 dent occurred in June 1790 which marks the trend 
 of public opinion, and emphasizes the prevailing desti- 
 tution. As every eye was strained seaward for the first 
 glimpse of the relieving vessels, long overdue, a trans- 
 port was signalled having on board a band of 222 
 women convicts. A cargo "so unnecessary and 
 unprofitable " was not enthusiastically welcomed, 
 
2 2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 especially when it was given out that a thousand 
 more of both sexes were on the high seas and might 
 at any moment be expected. 
 
 All this time the chaplain had aroused consider- 
 able sympathy by his touching appeals on behalf of 
 some of the women landed from the transports. 
 Sickness had decimated their ranks, and the survivors 
 were put to sore straits among the lewd and aban- 
 doned of the older hands. But his influence, unfor- 
 tunately never very strong, was much checked by a 
 rumour that he was keeping back the proceeds of a 
 public collection entrusted to him for distribution. 
 Nor was this the only obstacle by many which con- 
 tinually interfered with the success of his really 
 devoted labours, and which eventually broke down his 
 physical powers. One glimpse of a silver lining to 
 the cloud there was, however, in this same month of 
 June. In response to the chaplain's persistent 
 appeals to the Government it was ordered that in the 
 laying out of each township 400 acres were to be 
 reserved for the maintenance of a minister of religion, 
 and 200 acres for that of a schoolmaster. 
 
 We have but to read contemporary records as to 
 the shameful lack of the commonest necessaries for the 
 settlement — no medicines or provisions for the sick, 
 no beds, blankets or clothing worth speaking of, no 
 decent accommodation for the women convicts — to be 
 convinced of the hopelessness with which the chaplain 
 must have carried on his task. There were, in short, 
 difficulties innumerable to contend with. Prison 
 discipline tended to harden the prisoner; numbers 
 were reckless and abandoned from former habit, while 
 from the ruling powers no attempt was to be looked 
 for to uphold his authority beyond an occasional 
 general order to overseers of gangs to insist upon a 
 formal attendance at Divine service. Inasmuch as 
 this service was for the greater part of the year held 
 
INITIAL DIFFICULTIES 
 
 23 
 
 under a burning sun, exposed to all weathers, we 
 cannot be surprised that persons, whether of higher 
 or lower rank, came so seldom and so reluctantly to 
 public worship. Nor is it wonderful that, patient 
 man as he was, the chaplain should submit it to 
 his Excellency's own consideration whether, before 
 the approaching winter, some place of worship should 
 not be thought of and built both in Sydney and at 
 the new settlement at Parramatta." 
 
 That these earnest and continual pleadings, although 
 falling at the time upon deaf ears, were not without 
 effect will be seen from the events recorded in our 
 next chapter. 
 
 On the third anniversary day, January 26, 1791, 
 matters had sufficiently settled down to allow of a 
 formal commemoration of the foundation of the 
 colony. Colours were hoisted and congratulations 
 exchanged, still with no house of God in which to 
 render fitting thanks. The summer was an excessively 
 hot one. Birds dropped gasping and dying from the 
 stifling atmosphere. But to compensate somewhat 
 maize began to ripen favourably at Rose Hill, and the 
 prospect of starvation for the time receded. Workmen 
 were told off to finish residences for the chaplain and 
 the surveyor, good clay for making bricks having been 
 discovered. 
 
 With the advent of increased military protection 
 represented by the New South Wales Corps, the 
 clerical strength was also raised, though not for long, 
 for its chaplain, the Rev. J. Bain, immediately 
 volunteered for work in Norfolk Island. For some 
 reason or other a wave of lawlessness swept across 
 the settlement about this time. Possibly the recent 
 landing of hundreds of graduates in crime of all 
 degrees of proficiency had much to do with it. More 
 than one consignment had been dispatched to Norfolk 
 
2 4 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Island. Others had made good their escape into the 
 wilds \nth the insane idea of walking to China, 
 encountering on their way the most frightful perils. 
 A terrible mortality began to afflict the colony. 
 Insanity made fearful inroads. And soon, in April 
 1792, a fresh anxiety was added by the expiration of 
 sentence of many of the earliest arrivals. With a 
 \-iew to settle the^e as resident cultivators, grants of 
 land were made as to the free settiers from the old 
 countT}-, with a promise of implements, convict labour, 
 and provisions for two years. 
 
 The New Year of 1793 opened like its predecessors 
 without a place of worship of any kind or description. 
 The chaplain of a Spanish man-of-w£u-, paying a visit 
 to the colony at this period, is constrained to express 
 his astonishment at the services which were still 
 being held in the open air, and to add that had 
 the place been settled by his countr}-men, " a house 
 of God would have been built before any house for 
 man." 
 
 From a combination of circumstances the passion 
 for strong hquors spread through the community 
 like a plague. Rum was an ordinary medium of 
 exchange equally with dollars. It entered even into 
 the Church building accounts, and played a leading 
 part in the erection of the Sydney hospital. Convicts 
 and setders were alike slaves to its malign influence. 
 Cargoes were sent on speculation from the United 
 States, notably from Philadelphia, in this case at any 
 rate belying its name. Merchants of repute forced 
 its entrance against the most stringent regulations. 
 Flour, on the other hand, was proportionably scarce, 
 advancing in value to 4//. per lb. Sheep sold up to 
 j£S each, and turkeys at ^2 2s. per couple. An 
 English cow and calf fetched ^80. Nine-tenths of 
 the free settlei^ were heavily in debt to the merchants. 
 Frequent cruel murders, for which no redress could 
 
SIGNS OF PROGRESS 25 
 
 be had, compelled the numbering of the houses 
 occupied by convicts, and the placing of the tenants 
 under strict surveillance. 
 
 SIGNS OF PROGRESS 
 
 Worn out by five years' weary waiting to no purpose, 
 and despairing of ever gaining assistance from the 
 Government, it is not to be wondered at that Mr. 
 Johnson should have decided at last to take the 
 matter of church building into his own hands, which 
 he did in July 1793. His design was not by any 
 means pretentious, simply a " wattle and daub " 
 structure to accommodate about 300 worshippers. 
 It was built on a rise to the eastward of the head of 
 Sydney Cove. In his return of the cost the total is 
 set down at ^£^67 12^-. iid., of which 14s. iid. 
 was paid in spirits, flour, pork and tobacco, and the 
 remainder in dollars, which, after many vexatious 
 delays, was eventually refunded by Government. Poor 
 as the building was, it served for a second five years 
 the double purpose of church and school until it was 
 destroyed by fire. The term "wattle and daub," it 
 may be explained, describes in brief a working of 
 wattle boughs into a kind of hurdle included within 
 strong posts, and daubed with a tenacious clay. 
 
 By the arrival of the Rev. Samuel Marsden in the 
 early part of 1794 his senior's anxieties were greatly 
 relieved. On the first Sunday after landing he com- 
 menced his duties by preaching to the military in 
 barracks in the morning, and in jNIr. Johnson's new 
 church in the afternoon. In September of the same 
 year a temporary church was finished at Parramatta 
 out of the materials of two old huts, and opened by 
 Mr. Marsden. Previously the chaplain had been 
 obliged to hold his fortnightly service, when not in 
 
26 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 the open air, in the nearest hut to be found vacant 
 for the time being. 
 
 Thus for the first time decent places of worship 
 were to be found in both settlements. Indeed a 
 more permanent church had been planned for Parra- 
 matta, but before it was ready for use it was made 
 use of for a gaol or lock-up, and subsequently for a 
 granary for stores. The boon of these places of 
 worship was not granted a day too soon, for the 
 general state of society was as dissolute as could well 
 be. Profane and obscene conversation had become 
 so prevalent that the senior chaplain had issued an 
 appeal to the colonists to desist from conduct which 
 tended to degrade even the aborigines. His frequent 
 protests lodged at Government House were fast gaining 
 for him the reputation of a troublesome and dis- 
 contented character. The lieutenant-governor at the 
 time was a Major Grose, of the New South Wales 
 Corps, who was suspected, and with reason, of 
 winking at the prevailing immorality. On a memor- 
 able Christmas evening the watch-house was full 
 of prisoners, whereas forty or fifty persons only were 
 to be found at church. The deluge of fiery spirits 
 poured in on the unfortunate colony undoubtedly did 
 much to deepen the shameless habits of the people. 
 
 It was invariably found that under naval com- 
 mandants a much greater encouragement was given 
 to religious observances than under military com- 
 manders, consequently the long tenure of authority 
 by the latter was anything but beneficial. Still an 
 improvement was gradually being etiected. Despite 
 the turbulent disposition of the convicts a better observ- 
 ance of the Sunday was followed by an improvement 
 in other directions. As regards the women especially 
 very stringent regulations were enforced, the good 
 effect of which was soon apparent. Altliough neither 
 a firm nor a good ruler, Governor Hunter must at least 
 
SIGNS OF PROGRESS 
 
 27 
 
 be credited with the effort to bring his superior 
 officers to some sense of their responsibihty. 
 
 It is very curious to contrast Governor PhiUip's 
 anticipations for the colony as " the grandest acquisi- 
 tion of the Crown," with the pessimistic views of his 
 successors. True he was of a more sanguine turn of 
 mind, and was speaking of a yet untried future, 
 whereas they had borne the brunt of the battle. And 
 there was always that brink of starvation, on which 
 the colony was for ever hovering, A state of things 
 under which 4000 persons were dependent on outside 
 sources for their daily bread, with the pressure of 
 hunger so great that one convict is reported to hav^e 
 died from eating his week's allowance in a single 
 meal, could not be otherwise than painfully dis- 
 couraging. We read, too, that even the guests at 
 Government House were expected to take their own 
 bread with them. 
 
 The forlorn state of the children, growing up in 
 ignorance in the midst of the most debasing surround- 
 ings, pressed sorely on the chaplain's mind. In his 
 perplexity he turned to the Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of the Gospel, and readily obtained from them a 
 grant for teachers. The school-room was provided for 
 by his little wattle church, where he had the happi- 
 ness to see as many as could be got together instructed 
 in ways of sobriety and cleanliness. It was his anxiety, 
 as set forth in his letter of appeal in 1792, to have 
 schools established after the English pattern, from 
 which some missionary effort might also be made to 
 Christianize the aborigines. 
 
 At the end of 1798 Governor John Hunter, who 
 had landed in 1795 as captain of the New South 
 Wales Corps, in reporting the burning of Mr. Johnson's 
 useful if plain church, stated that hp had laid the 
 foundation of a larger stone church on the opposite 
 side of the cove, the quaint round tower of which was 
 
2 8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 already finished. The main building, however, pro- 
 gressed but slowly. The intended church at Parra- 
 matta was of smaller size, and was being raised with 
 equal slowness. While these were in process of com- 
 pletion, a spacious storehouse was set apart, with 
 suitable fittings, for Divine service. The arrival of a 
 band of refugee missionaries from Tahiti this year did 
 much to strengthen the hands of the overworked 
 chaplains. They were most kindly received, and 
 settling down at Parramatta, exercised a cheering and 
 wholesome influence upon the society which had 
 welcomed them. To help on the improvement, over- 
 seers were again charged to muster their men regu- 
 larly, and to attend with them at church ; officers were 
 ordered to send their servants, and licensed houses 
 were closed by proclamation — all excellent commands, 
 if only the bulk of the residents could have been got 
 to show some real respect for religion. 
 
 In the development of the country's resources, a 
 striking advance had been made by Mr. John Mac- 
 arthur, who may be called with truth the founder of 
 the wool industry of Australia. Granted a tract of 
 5000 acres on the Cowpastures at Camden, Mr. Mac- 
 arthur set to work by largely improving his flocks 
 and herds as opportunity offered, and with truly extra- 
 ordinary results. Before the end of the century his 
 tiny flock had increased to the number of 7000, 
 and he had won an additional 4000 acres from the 
 wilderness about him. His example was quickly 
 followed by the Rev. Samuel Marsden, who, besides 
 his kindred energy, was likewise quick to see the 
 illimitable possibilities of the industry. Both chap- 
 lains, indeed, were accused of making gain by secular 
 pursuits, which no doubt they did, though not for 
 their selfish benefit, and in a perfectly legitimate way. 
 That they were allowed the labour of assigned servants 
 is nothing to their discredit, seeing that healthy em- 
 
THE SENIOR CHAPLAIN's RETIREMENT 29 
 
 ployment, with humane treatment, was a necessity for 
 the prisoners themselves. Mr. Marsden especially 
 had a strong sense of the usefulness of industry, on 
 the part of both parson and people. He himself 
 laboured indefatigably with hand and brain. His 
 great success as "the best practical farmer in the 
 colony," as he has more than once been called, did 
 not in the least interfere with his more spiritual 
 duties. Not seldom he would take the steamer to 
 Sydney on the Saturday, officiate there on Sunday 
 morning, and walk back the thirteen miles to Parra- 
 matta for service in the evening. Differing widely as 
 he did from his senior in office, they were alike in 
 their strong practical common-sense as they were 
 alike in their devotion to the best interests of the 
 community. 
 
 THE SENIOR CHAPLAIN's RETIREMENT 
 
 The departure in 1800 of the Rev. Richard Johnson, 
 the first and for several years the only chaplam of the 
 settlement, gives an opportunity of judging more 
 impartially the worth of the man who had been willing 
 at such short notice to lead so forlorn a hope. As 
 we have already recorded, his appointment was an 
 afterthought, no spiritual provision for the expedition 
 having been intended at head-quarters. In the scath- 
 ing words of the good Bishop Nixon of Tasmania, 
 "there were constables, military guards, and a governor 
 on board — everything to coerce the wretched exile, 
 but not one thought was bestowed on the exile's soul." 
 Unhappily, though of strong personal excellence, the 
 chaplain was wanting in the force of character neces- 
 sary to cope with the stupendous difficulties of his 
 position. On the voyage out he had been unceasing 
 in the duties of his office, but on landing he had 
 
30 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 been completely ignored. A more determined man 
 would have perhaps enforced the recognition of his 
 sacred office, and would have insisted on his right 
 to confer a rehgious sanction on the foundation 
 ceremonies. His kind-heartedness really stood in 
 his way. Against despotic rulers such as these 
 Australian governors were to all intents and purposes, 
 he had no chance, and their sub-officers did their 
 utmost to thwart his plans for improvement. It 
 was with the greatest hesitation that he gave any 
 information as to the neglect of church attendance. 
 "I used,"' he says long afterwards, "to get as many 
 of them together as I could, and after reading a part 
 of the service, I gave them an exhortation." What 
 a confession of failure may be read between the 
 lines. Yet his patient devotion to duty in the midst 
 of every kind of discouragement, did undoubtedly 
 have its effect in the end, although he remained 
 only to see the foundation of the first permanent 
 church. " On the Sunday after our landing," writes 
 one of the official members of the party, " Divine 
 service was performed under a great tree, in the 
 presence of the troops and convicts, whose be- 
 haviour on the occasion was equally regular and 
 attentive : " a circumstance which leads Mr. Justice 
 Burton to wonder whether a softening influence might 
 not have been gained over even these hardened 
 criminals by an initiatory act of confession and prayer, 
 as marking the beginning of a new life under God. 
 At any rate, the universal testimony of the convicts 
 themselves, in after years, was that they did not 
 believe that there was a better man than Mr. Johnson 
 in the wide world. At the time of his leaving, these 
 convicts had grown to 4000 in number. His success 
 in cultivating the Httle plot of ground allotted to him 
 did indeed provoke a good deal of ill-natured fault- 
 finding, but with his quiet energy, seconded by his 
 
REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN 3 1 
 
 blameless life, he was able to live it all down. Being 
 very provident and thrifty, it was almost entirely due 
 to him that the seeds taken on board at Rio and the 
 Cape were safely kept and planted immediately on 
 arrival. He was, in fact, an intense lover of natural 
 objects, and so took a keen interest in the little flock 
 of sheep which he kept, in addition to his plantation. 
 His voice was continually lifted on behalf of the help- 
 less aborigines, lest the swearing and drinking white 
 man should corrupt them — a plea much in advance 
 of the habits of the time. 
 
 REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN 
 
 The chaplain who now, on the departure of his 
 chief, took up the work single-handed, after filling the 
 post of assistant for six years, was of a totally different 
 temperament. A sturdy Yorkshireman of an ardent 
 and impetuous disposition, he was as unbending in 
 his dealings with evil-doers, as he was manly towards 
 the peaceably-minded. Mr. Wilberforce calls him a 
 " moral hero." As a matter of course he quickly came 
 into conflict with the authorities. As chaplain he re- 
 sented the governor's interference with his spiritual 
 duties, maintaining that they were being performed 
 strictly within Church statutes. The formation of 
 Sunday-schools outside his control was especially 
 objectionable to him as a reflection on the clergy. He 
 threw himself heart and soul into the work of better- 
 ing the condition of the women workers in the factory 
 at Parramatta, and insisted on their receiving more 
 decent accommodation. When this was granted, he 
 obtained by the same means the estabHshment of an 
 orphan school, which was urgently called for. The 
 farming class, too, were deeply indebted to his influ- 
 ence and to his practical knowledge of their wants. 
 
32 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 A school-church was built for them on the Hawkes- 
 bury, an annual charge of twopence per acre being laid 
 on the residents for the maintenance of a religious 
 teacher. Such good works as these did in fact go far 
 to disarm the hostility of his many detractors. 
 
 There being now as many as 600 men off the 
 books, and the ex-convict being as a rule of thoroughly 
 abandoned character, it became necessary to practise 
 a severity of discipUne little adapted to restore order. 
 At such a crisis it was more than unfortunate that the 
 blunder should have been committed of making the 
 chaplains magistrates. At a time when cattle-stealing 
 and bush-ranging were rampant, the fearless discharge 
 of duty by a clerical magistrate could not but cause 
 intense hatred, and lead sooner or later to serious 
 reprisals. Hence the conspiracy that in 1802 de- 
 nounced Mr. Marsden and threatened his life. Among 
 a more than usually ferocious set of Irish prisoners 
 such plots were of common experience, the women we 
 are informed being even more violent than the men. 
 Their animosity was implacable. As some sort of 
 justification, it cannot be doubted that Mr. Marsden 
 did order men to be flogged to whom he would in all 
 probability be called upon later on to act as spiritual 
 adviser, although it is pleaded on his behalf that he 
 was absent when the severest sentences were passed. 
 Also to his credit it must be said that it was against 
 the vices of the emancipist party, who by their wealth 
 and position formed by this time what of aristocracy 
 there was in the colony, that he levelled his unspar- 
 ing rebukes. Governor Macquarie, otherwise a just 
 ruler, inclined to favour the freed class, and so there 
 grew up a hatred of the magisterial chaplain, and an 
 antagonism between him and the governing powers. 
 The dispute led to an inquiry by Mr. Commissioner 
 Bigge into the whole matter, as it concerned the 
 general welfare of the colony. Besides the accusation 
 
REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN 
 
 33 
 
 of cruelty, it was urged that Mr. Marsden "spent his 
 days between the cares of farming, grazing, and 
 trade, and the oversight of his mills." Being made 
 of much sterner stuff than the mild-mannered Mr. 
 Johnson, he stood his ground manfully, and after a 
 searching investigation he was acquitted of the graver 
 charge. The Commissioner's opinion was that some 
 of the chaplain's arrangements did not altogether con- 
 sist with the dignity of the ecclesiastical character, 
 but he was praised for his noble efforts to reform the 
 factory or depot for women convicts, and for his 
 efforts to provide for the neglected orphans of both 
 sexes. In justice to the accused, the deplorable state 
 of society at the time must be taken into account. 
 By his own testimony, which was not sought to be 
 disproved, his mills and farm were carried on by a 
 trustworthy manager without anxiety on his part, and 
 exhibited a necessary example of industry and thrift 
 to the released prisoners. 
 
 One of the good results of Mr. Commissioner Bigge's 
 report was the appointment of an archdeacon. There 
 was previously no responsible head so far as the 
 Church was concerned. By the Commissioner's in- 
 fluence the post was given to the Rev. Thomas 
 Hobbes Scott, who had formerly been his private 
 secretary — a man of no sufficient knowledge of 
 Church affairs, but a good friend to educational ex- 
 tension. He remained only five years, and was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. Wilham Grant Broughton, a priest 
 of unbounded resource, of inflexible purpose and burn- 
 ing eloquence. The appointment was pressed upon 
 him by the Duke of Wellington, then in power, who 
 gave it as his decision that the Australians must have 
 a Church, and who urged, with true prophetic instinct, 
 that " there was no tehing to what extent and import- 
 ance these new colonies may grow." The duke took 
 a most hearty personal interest in pushing on the new 
 
 c 
 
34 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 archdeacon's preparations, and assigned him a salary 
 of ;;/,'"20oo per annum. 
 
 Very naturally Mr. Marsden was greatly disappointed 
 at not receiving the appointment of archdeacon, feel- 
 ing that his claims had been passed over for a stranger, 
 yet he was in every way loyal to his superior in office, 
 and when Archdeacon Broughton arrived he had no 
 more faithful ally. Representing totally opposite 
 schools of thought, they had the most cordial respect 
 for each other. In fact, in the Rev. Samuel Marsden, 
 lax as he was in matters of form and ceremonial, the 
 Church had ever a strong supporter. 
 
 CHURCH BUILDING 
 
 The pleasure with which the notice was received in 
 1803 that the new church at Parramatta was ready for 
 occupation was somewhat qualified by the general order 
 assigning to it its name. " Out of respect to the 
 memory of Governor John Hunter," the church was 
 to be known as St. John's. Similarly Governor 
 Phillip's rule was to be commemorated by the dedica- 
 tion of the first permanent church in Sydney as St. 
 Phillip's. Both parishes were proclaimed by Govern- 
 ment order in July 1803. In Van Diemen's Land the 
 merits of Colonel David Collins were in like manner 
 memorialized by the dedication of St. David's Church 
 in Plobart Town. 
 
 However, the buildings were too greatly needed to 
 allow of a too close scrutiny into the origin of their 
 dedicatory titles. Much more important was the 
 problem of reaching the mass of the strangely mixed 
 population. Governor King, who had succeeded the 
 mistaken Captain Hunter, was fortunately a man of 
 great resource and of undoubted excellence and force 
 of character. He had been recommended to the Im- 
 
CHURCH BUILDING 
 
 35 
 
 perial authorities by Phillip, as his successor, but had 
 been passed over in favour of the commanding officers 
 of the New South Wales Corps, Grose and Paterson, 
 to the evident detriment of good and stable govern- 
 ment. Wiser counsels prevailed in the end, placing 
 at the head of affairs in the mother colony the able 
 lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island. One of his 
 first acts was to sympathize with the misfortunes of the 
 orphan children, whose future had pressed so sorely on 
 the chaplain's conscience, and of whom he wrote in 
 1806, that "finer or more neglected children were not 
 to be met with in any part of the world." The Asylum, 
 containing 1800 inmates, was endowed by a grant of 
 1 2,000 acres at Cabramatta, and a farm of 600 acres at 
 Petersham. The forlorn condition of the women con- 
 victs at Parramatta has been already touched upon, and 
 now compelled attention. Some hundreds of these 
 were employed in the Governm.ent factory, with no 
 provision for their decent lodgment. The few who 
 were able to sleep on the premises did so amongst the 
 machinery and refuse on the floor. By far the great 
 majority had to find accommodation where they could 
 of a most wretched description, and subject to name- 
 less temptations. What wonder that these women be- 
 came notorious as " more dissolute and abandoned 
 than the men." 
 
 In Major-General Lachlan Macquarie, Governor 
 King had for successor an able administrator, an 
 excellent officer, and one really desirous of advancing 
 the best interests of the colony, but he was unhappily 
 given to favouritism. This habit was indeed attri- 
 buted in turn to each of the Australian governors. The 
 conflicting interests of the emancipists, as the freed 
 prisoners were called, and the exclusionists, who 
 favoured a large scheme of free immigration, com- 
 pelled the executive to declare for one or the other. 
 Governor Macquarie generally sided with the emanci- 
 
36 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 pists, while Sir Thomas Brisbane, of later date, as 
 strongly recommended the introduction of free settlers, 
 and during his government a large, number of such 
 settlers were welcomed from the Scotch border. The 
 main objection to this course was the insufficiency 
 of convict servants, who were at the time regarded as 
 indispensable to the profitable cultivation of the land. 
 At any rate, between raids upon property by the 
 aborigines, and the alternation of floods and droughts, 
 agriculture was certainly not in a very flourishing 
 condition. After the flood of 1806, wheat ran up in 
 price to ^4 per bushel, and coarse bread to 2s. per lb. 
 For one bushel of seed-wheat, the incredible price of 
 j£"7 was wilhngly paid. 
 
 To Parramatta, as temporarily the seat of Govern- 
 ment, was accorded the privilege of the first stone 
 church. It was built to seat 400 persons. Two 
 western towers were added subsequently by the wife 
 of Sir Charles Fitzroy, to remind her of the twin 
 towers of the Church of the Reculvers. Of the 
 opening ceremony the Sydney Gazette reports the 
 presence of "many ladies of the first respectabiHty." 
 The first chaplain had preached in a carpenter's shop, 
 in a deserted hut, or more frequently in the open air. 
 His successor for many years did the same. A 
 brighter era dawned when, in 1804, three Tahitian 
 missionaries were welcomed by Governor King, and 
 provided with house and board in return for their 
 services at the various settlements. 
 
 In 1807 Mr. Marsden left for England, to plead 
 the cause of New Zealand missions, and to obtain 
 help for his own work. The Rev. Henry Fulton was 
 left in charge. In August 1808 the Rev. William 
 Cowper arrived, and was placed in charge of St. 
 Phillip's, where he did most excellent work as a 
 fearless and devoted parish priest. He was quickly 
 followed by the Rev. R. Cartwright. When Mr. 
 
CHURCH BUILDING 
 
 37 
 
 Marsden returned to the colony in 1810, the popu- 
 lation numbered over 10,000 souls. By 181 2 there 
 were four clergy ministering, with two substantial 
 churches. 
 
 From the year 18 10 onwards, the Church began to 
 take more definite shape. The clerical staff was 
 augmented by the appointment of the Rev. John 
 Youl, and again in 18 18 by the arrival of the Revs. 
 Richard Hill and John Cross. At Mr. Youl's death, 
 in 1820, his place was filled by the Rev. Thomas 
 Reddall, who was stationed. at Campbell Town. Thus 
 was the way prepared for a more complete Church 
 organization. Under letters patent of Geo. IV., Oct. 2, 
 1824, the archdeaconry of New South Wales was 
 estabUshed within the diocese of Calcutta. The 
 choice of first incumbent was unfortunate. Fresh 
 from secular occupations Archdeacon Scott was never 
 really in touch with his clergy, and was besides greatly 
 deficient in tact. Consequently, after a brief but 
 troubled rule, the post was vacated, to be filled by a 
 man immeasurably his superior in every respect. In 
 the meantime the staff of clergy had been increased 
 to fourteen, ministering in eight churches and six 
 chapels. Seven of the chaplains were provided with 
 parsonage houses, two occupied temporary parsonages, 
 four were in receipt of rent allowance, and one resided 
 at the Parramatta Orphan School. 
 
 In 1833, in an important dispatch, Sir Richard 
 Bourke enumerates an archdeacon, fifteen chaplains, 
 and fourcatechists; also seven stone or brick churches, 
 of moderate size and respectable appearance, within 
 forty miles of Sydney, besides two in more remote 
 districts, and several less permanent buildings in 
 various places, serving a total population of 60,000. 
 
 The Rev. William Grant Broughton, second arch- 
 deacon, ^nd virtually the father and founder of the 
 Austrahari Church, was born in 1788, and was at the 
 
38 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 time of his selection by the Duke of Wellington 
 chaplain of the Tower of London. His acceptance 
 of the arduous post was prompt, and his duties were 
 commenced ^^'ith all the strength of his nature. In 
 a letter to a friend he describes the sphere of his 
 work as ha\'ing a church at St. Albans, another in 
 Denmark, another in Constantinople, with the Bishop 
 in Calcutta. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION 
 
 The instructions issued by King George III. in 
 1790, to Governor Phillip, to set apart in each new 
 township 400 acres of land for the maintenance of a 
 minister of religion, and 200 acres for that of a school- 
 master, which were repeated in 1809 to Governor 
 Macquarie, continued in force until 1824, when they 
 were superseded by royal charter. This charter was 
 promulgated by King George IV. to the following 
 etfect: — 
 
 " Whereas we have taken into our royal considera- 
 tion the necessity of making provision for the main- 
 tenance of religion and the education of youth 
 in our colony of New South Wales, and for that 
 purpose have thought proper to erect into one body 
 politic and corporate, such persons as are hereafter 
 mentioned, viz. the Governor and Chief Justice, the 
 several members of the Legislative Council, the 
 Archdeacon, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney- 
 General, the Solicitor-General, and the nine Senior 
 Chaplains — they are hereby authorized and empowered 
 to purchase, hold, or alienate certain lands; to sell to 
 the amount of one-third, and to grant leases up to 
 thirty-two years, the proceeds to be divided inro — 
 
 Improvement and building account. For 
 making roads, erecting farm buildings, building and 
 
EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION 
 
 39 
 
 repairing of churches, schools, and parsonages, clear- 
 ing and settling the estates. 
 
 "(2) Clergy and school account. For expenditure 
 on the maintenance and support of clergy and school- 
 masters in the proportions of five-sevenths and two- 
 sevenths respectively." 
 
 The bishop or the archdeacon was constituted the 
 visitor to all the said schools. Former trusts and 
 properties were to be vested in this corporation, and 
 one-seventh in extent and value of all lands in every 
 county was to be set apart under the title of the 
 "Clergy and School Estates." The previous expense 
 to the Treasury for educational purposes had been 
 about 7,000. Some 1487 children were under 
 instruction. Owing to serious delays, no grant was 
 issued until 1829, and no provision was made for 
 existing institutions. And what was more detrimental 
 still, this munificent provision was largely neutralized 
 by, the envious opposition of those who were hostile 
 to the entire theory of State aid to religion. Not- 
 withstanding that the colony was founded on the 
 principle of identity of Church and State, we find a 
 powerful body among the colonists at this time 
 objecting to what they characterized "a dominant 
 and endowed Church." 
 
 Finally, the charter was revoked in 1833, after 
 extended notice. Owing to the unexampled difficulties 
 thrown in the way of the trust, much valuable Church 
 property was sacrificed in Sydney, Parramatta, 
 Windsor, and other places ; being sold or leased, and 
 otherwise lost to the Church. On August 28 all the 
 property of the corporation was to revert to the Crown, 
 but was still to be disposed of for the purposes of the 
 original charter.^ It is a surprising fact that the 
 
 ^ "In such manner as to his Majesty and his heirs and successors 
 shall appear most conducive to the maintenance and promotion 
 of religion and the education of youth. " 
 
40 THE STORV OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 archdeacon should have been allowed to sail for 
 England in May 1S29 in ignorance of the revocation, 
 although the notification of it had been issued the day 
 before. Nor was he informed until Ions: afterwards 
 that the schools were to be removed from his control 
 and superintendence. 
 
 Archdeacon Broughton paid this his second visit to 
 the old country in 1S34, to secure help in the many 
 undertakings which were springing up around him. 
 He found the home authorities sadly cold and reluct- 
 ant, so was obliged to return alone and dispirited. 
 His appeals, however, were not wanting in results in 
 other directions. The "S.P.C.K." voted ;^3ooo, and 
 the "S.P.G." ;^iooo, for the lessening of the spiritual 
 destitution under which a great part of the colony 
 was labouring. A diocesan committee of the two 
 societies was formed for the " joint extension of 
 religion and education throughout the length and 
 breadth of the land." Fourteen more churches \vere 
 built, and nine additional clergy sent out to the colony, 
 the English benefactions being generously met by the 
 colonists themselves raising the sum of 13. 5 00 for 
 Church extension in one year. 
 
 Australia's first bishop 
 
 The year 1S36 must undeniably be marked as the 
 beginning of the modern growth and development of 
 the Church in Australia. It was in this year that the 
 otiice of archdeacon was revoked, to make way for a 
 resident episcopate. The grounds for making the 
 change are stated in the Royal Letters Patent, dated 
 June 18: — "Whereas the doctrine and discipline of 
 the United Church of England and Ireland are pos- 
 sessed and observed by a considerable part of our 
 loving subjects in New South Wales, Van Diemen's 
 
Australia's first bishop 
 
 41 
 
 Land, and Western Australia, and these are deprived 
 of some of the offices prescribed by the Hturgy and 
 usages of the Church aforesaid, by reason that there 
 is not a bishop residing or exercising jurisdiction 
 within the same : We have determined to . . . erect 
 these our colonies into a bishop's see or diocese, to 
 be called the Bishopric of Australia, of which William 
 Grant Broughton is appointed first bishop, who together 
 with his successors shall be subject and subordinate to 
 the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury," It was further 
 provided — that every future Bishop of Australia should 
 take the oath of due obedience to the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury as his Metropolitan ; that a written en- 
 gagement to perform the duty should be a sufficient 
 title for Orders ; that the Letters of Orders were to dis- 
 tinctly state that they were for the diocese of Australia 
 only ; that the recipients should not be obliged to 
 make the oath or subscription required in England, 
 and that the Bishop of Australia should be held to be 
 a body corporate with perpetual succession. 
 
 Vigorous of intellect, of devout mind, deeply 
 attached to Church principles and usages, and ot 
 exhaustless energy, the newly-appointed bishop reso- 
 lutely faced the difficulties of his position. His visits 
 were extended to the remotest settlements, and every- 
 where his enthusiasm enkindled a responsive liberal- 
 ity. Confirmations were everywhere held, and a 
 further band of twenty clergy, of whom five were for 
 Van Diemen's Land, were dispatched at the expense 
 of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 
 That the colonists were intensely grateful need hardly 
 be stated, more especially when they heard that in 
 addition to the profuse liberality of the two great 
 societies, a number of English Churchmen, led by the 
 Rev. Edward Coleridge, had collected and sent out 
 no less than ^3000, to help to remedy " the dearth 
 of the appointed means of grace and salvation," The 
 
42 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 list was headed by his Majesty King AVilliam IV., 
 who presented services of plate for Holy Communion, 
 for the use of St. Phillip's and St. James's churches, of 
 the value of loo guineas each. 
 
 Sydney, with a population of nearly 20,000 souls, 
 possessed the two consecrated churches already named. 
 There were four clergy besides the bishop, of whom the 
 Rev. E. A. Dickin officiated in a brewery storehouse in 
 the parish of St. Lawrence. The average number attend- 
 ing Divine service was at St. Phillip's between 600 and 
 700, and at St. James's about 1200. In the country 
 districts as many as thirty-two new churches were in 
 contemplation. At the chief centres of population, New- 
 castle, Bathurst and Gk)ulbum, small churches, holding 
 from 200 to 300 persons, were erected. At Stroud, 
 Port Stephens, the head-quarters of the Australian 
 Agricultural Company, to whom had been granted a 
 million acres of land,- in return for an expenditure of 
 a million sterling, a church was built through the 
 exertions of Sir Edward Parry, of which the incumbent 
 was the Rev. William Macquarie Cowper, the first of 
 Australia's sons to be devoted to the priesthood, and 
 the son of one whose exertions in the cause of religion 
 and morality have never been sufficiently recognized. 
 The son is yet actively engaged as Dean of Sydney 
 and Bishop's Commissary. 
 
 Although in 1S37 the foundation stone was re-laid 
 by Governor Sir Richard Bourke, of the cathedral 
 church of St. -Andrew, which the bishop had decided 
 on as one of his first efforts towards Church extension, 
 no great progress was made until 1S46, when a 
 new committee was formed and fresh plans adopted. 
 The intervening years were busy beyond description. 
 The appointment of chaplains by the Crown, apart 
 from the bishop's control, was the source of much 
 friction. The work of the clergy, too, was excessively 
 severe, both bodily and mentally, lea\'ing no time for 
 
Australia's first eishop 
 
 43 
 
 study or systematic parochial visitation. At Parra- 
 matta two clergymen were all that could be obtained 
 to minister to a scattered population of 3500, with of 
 course outlying districts at great distances. In an 
 early address to the clergy, the bishop laments the 
 lack of helpers in touching language. "I cannot look 
 on," he says, " with tranquillity while I see such 
 extended and populous districts devoid of churches, 
 devoid of clergymen, devoid of schools." 
 
 The first annual meeting of the diocesan committee 
 of "S.P.C.K" and "S.P.G." held on June 30, 1837, 
 showed most gratifying results. Of the thirty-two 
 additional churches, several were in rapid progress, 
 and the remainder were only delayed by the lack of 
 competent workmen. The Httle band of fifteen 
 clergy were growing feeble from age and long service. 
 Their engagements being made to cover as wide an 
 area as possible, the physical toil and mental strain 
 were incessant. No intermission of rest was possible, 
 even in the oppressive heat of summer, and exchange 
 of duty was not easy. Continuous travelling and poor 
 accommodation helped to break down the strongest 
 health. In the early days of his government, Sir 
 Richard Bourke was emphatic in his advice that 
 public aid should be given to Church work. " I 
 think it necessary that, at this early period of the 
 colony's existence, the Government should grant pe- 
 cuniary assistance for the establishment of religious 
 institutions, and take upon itself the nomination of 
 the ministers, or it might happen that the ordinances 
 of Christianity would be neglected, or its tenets per- 
 verted by incompetent teachers." The senior chap- 
 lain's stipend was fixed at £600 per annum, on the 
 surrender of his glebe. Others of the clergy received 
 respectively, ^500, ^460, ^400, ^350, and ^250, 
 together with glebe and parsonage house, or rent 
 allowance. The rest were granted ^^250 and forage 
 
44 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 for their horses. In response to the bishop's contin- 
 ued appeals, promises of more clergy were received 
 from home, which would eventually nearly double his 
 inadequate staff. 
 
 In November 1840, the Roman Catholic Bishop Fold- 
 ing visited Europe, and on his return in 1843 assumed 
 the title of Archbishop of Sydney, conferred on him by 
 the Pope. Bishop Broughton indignantly scouted the 
 claim, contending that there can be neither two 
 metropolitans in the same province, nor two bishops 
 of one diocese. The one would involve a reversal 
 of the canons of the Church, the other a contradiction 
 of the ordinances of the Lord. The inference 
 from the establishment of an archbishopric, with 
 metropolitical privileges within the limits of the 
 province of Canterbury, must unavoidably be that it 
 is intended thereby to deny to the Primate of All 
 England any rightful possession of metropolitical juris- 
 diction within the limits of the new or assumed arch- 
 bishopric. Moreover, the erection of the city of 
 Sydney, within this already existing diocese, into an 
 episcopal see amounts to a denial that there is a law- 
 ful Bishop of Australia, according to the canons and 
 usages of the Church." The form of protest was as 
 follows : — " In the name of God, Amen. We, William 
 Grant, by Divine permission bishop and ordinary pastor 
 of Australia, do protest publicly and explicitly, on behalf 
 of ourselves and our successors . . . that the Bishop of 
 Rome has not any right or authority, according to the 
 laws of God and the canonical order of the Church, 
 to institute an episcopal or archiepiscopal see or sees 
 within the limits of the diocese of Australia and pro- 
 vince of Canterbury." 
 
 The protest was loyally supported by his presbyters in 
 the following pronouncement: — "We, the undersigned 
 presbyters, duly licensed within the diocese and juris- 
 diction of Australia, being present in the church of 
 
AUSTRALIA S FIRST BISHOP 
 
 45 
 
 St. James the Apostle at Sydney ... in the year of 
 our Lord 1843, do hereby testify that ... at the 
 conclusion of the Nicene Creed, standing at the north 
 side of the altar or communion table of the said 
 church, the Right Rev. Father in God, William Grant, 
 bishop of iVustralia . . . did read in our presence, 
 and in the sight and hearing of the congregation, all 
 that protest herein before set forth. 
 
 Robert Allwood, B.A., Minister of St, James's, 
 Sydney. 
 
 H. H. Bobart, M.A., Minister of St. John's, Parra- 
 matta. 
 
 Thomas Steele, LL.D., Minister of St. Peter's, 
 
 Cooks River. 
 W. B. Clarke, M.A., jNIinister of St. Simon's, Castle 
 
 Hill. 
 
 Henry T. Stiles, Minister of St. Matthew's, Wind- 
 sor. 
 
 William H. Walsh, Tvlinister of St. Lawrence's, 
 Sydney." 
 
 An active controversy followed. The newspapers 
 were filled with letters on both sides, pamphlets were 
 issued, and the Rev. Robert Allwood delivered six 
 valuable lectures, proving from Holy Scripture, the 
 testimony of the Fathers, and the decrees of ancient 
 councils, that no Bishop of Rome could claim jurisdic- 
 tion beyond his own see. 
 
 The kind of work which pressed upon him on all 
 sides may be judged from a reference to one of the 
 bishop's journals of visitation. It is not quite the 
 earliest, but it affords a fair sample of the rest. Starting 
 on June 12, 1843, with a meeting of the diocesan 
 society, which was attended by upwards of 1000 
 children, we find his lordship next day laying the 
 foundation stone of the new church of St. Thomas, 
 North Shore; June 14, confirming at St. Anne's, 
 Hunter's Hill; 15th, embarking for Morpeth, preaching 
 
46 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 there and at East Maitland on the i8th ; journeying to 
 the Paterson 19th, and Gresford 23rd. Then, after 
 various minor visits, the new church of St. Mary, 
 West Maitland, was consecrated June 28, and that of 
 St. Peter, East Maitland, next day. A confirmation 
 was held at St. Peter's on the 30th, and at St. Mary's 
 July I. Thence to Singleton, Edenglassie, and Scone. 
 On the road several baptisms and a churching were 
 solemnized in a wayside hut. Mudgee was reached 
 overland by July 28, and the mission to the aborigines 
 there inspected. At Bathurst continuous storms of 
 wind and rain were met with, but large numbers 
 assembled to Hsten to the bishop's plans for the 
 erection of a church. A confirmation followed at 
 Holy Trinity Church, Kelso, on August 6, and thence 
 by way of the Blue Mountains to Sydney. Friday, 
 September 15, saw the bishop on board a merchant 
 barque bound for Port Phillip. The Heads were 
 entered on the 2 5th, and the day spent in beating up 
 towards Geelong. Melbourne was visited October 9, 
 where a church of "dark-coloured stone" was found 
 dedicated to St. James. Confirmation was adminis- 
 tered on the 27th to eight}--seven candidates. Em- 
 barked for Sydney December 11, but on the 14th, 
 meeting the steamer S/iaffuvck at the Heads, bound 
 for Launceston. a transfer was made for Van Diemen's 
 Land. Arrived there on the 15th, and left for Sydney 
 on the 1 8th, having preached fifty-six sermons in 
 ninety days. 
 
 Of these early confirmations the bishop has the 
 pleasure to report that " the appearance and demean- 
 our of young persons who have come forward on 
 these occasions, their unaftected seriousness, their 
 evident marks of attachment to the Church and its 
 ordinances, and the piety with which they have 
 pledged themselves to fulfil the solemn engagements 
 which they undertook in my presence, have filled 
 
FORMATION OF SCHOOLS 
 
 47 
 
 with satisfaction not my heart alone, but the breasts 
 of all who truly desire the welfare of this colony." 
 
 FORMATION OF SCHOOLS 
 
 At the very outset Bishop Broughton was in conflict 
 with the authorities in the matter of primary education. 
 When the first school was mooted by the Rev. Richard 
 Johnson, he was at once supported by grants from 
 the "S.P.G." Ten years later an evening school was 
 formed for the notorious "Rocks" of Sydney. Orphan 
 schools were founded at Parramatta in 1819, by General 
 Macquarie, after the example of Governor King. The 
 King's School was established in 1832, at the head 
 of which was the Rev. Robert Forrest, with a salary of 
 ;£"ioo per annum only. By a vote of the Legislative 
 Council ^^2300 wereexpendcd on thesiteand buildings, 
 sufficient for the reception of from sixty to eighty 
 boarders and day scholars. As with the orphans of 
 the State, all the children were presumed to be 
 members of the Church of England. About 230 of 
 the former were being educated and maintained at a 
 cost to the revenue of ^£2^00. The schools founded 
 by the Clergy and School Corporation numbered 
 thirty-five, attended by 1250 children. They gave a 
 plain, useful education, were superintended by the 
 chaplain, and the Church Catechism was taught in 
 all. By resolution of the council they were opened 
 by reading a chapter from the Authorized Version of 
 the New Testament. 
 
 In place of these schools. Governor Macquarie now 
 suggested that others should be formed on the Irish 
 system, for the general education of the youth of the 
 colony of all creeds — the Scriptures to be read, but 
 no religious instruction to be given by the master or 
 mistress ; the schools to be open on one day of the 
 
48 THE STORY OF THE AUSTR.\LIAN CHURCH 
 
 week to the clergy for special religious instruction. 
 The bishop stoutly opposed, as he did at a later date, 
 when in 1839 George Gipps proposed a somewhat 
 similar plan of combined schools. In 1826 the 
 Church had sixteen schools open, with over 1000 
 scholars. In 1840 there were forty Church schools, 
 educating 2500 children. Aid was given by Govern- 
 ment equal to the receipts from private sources, 
 altered in 1841 to a grant to necessitous schools of 
 hd. per day for each child in towns of 2000 people 
 and upwards, and in other places from ^d. to per 
 day. The annual subsidy of the Parraniatta Orphan 
 Schools was increased to ;^6ooo, of the Church 
 parochial schools to ^2950, of others to ^£5^70. 
 By the Act of 1837 the actual existence of a church 
 and school was made essential to the appointment of 
 a minister receiving aid. In the State schools of 
 Western Australia religious instruction "by any clergy- 
 man " was forbidden, and separate schools for Roman 
 Catholics were established. 
 
 Always an anxiety to the well-wishers of the colony, 
 the subject of education was raised to paramount 
 importance by the cessation of transportation. Many 
 of the tutors had been themselves convicts, whose 
 influence was in itself corrupting. To avoid the taint, 
 it is recorded that in secluded parts Christian mothers 
 made the most heroic efforts to teach their own 
 children. With the same view the bishop pleaded 
 valiantly for a large measure of free immigration. 
 He proposed, in 1838, a loan of ^£"2, 000, 000 for the 
 introduction of 3000 adults, the land fund to bear 
 the cost. In 1846 Mr. Robert Lowe carried a reso- 
 lution in the Legislative Council in favour of schools 
 after the Irish National system, but Governor Sir 
 Charles Fitzroy claimed delay, in order to see whether 
 such an important change was warranted by the 
 circumstances of the colony. Again Bishop Broughton 
 
FORMATION OF SCHOOLS 
 
 49 
 
 made an earnest appeal for suitable provision for 
 religious instruction, "without which," he urged, "the 
 people must gradually sink to that very low standard 
 of morals, which it was among the chief purposes of 
 bringing them to this country that they might help to 
 elevate." Despite all opposition, the measure was 
 eventually carried. A board of national education 
 was formed in 1848, as also a denominational board 
 to control grants made to such schools. 
 
 Sunday-schools were the exception rather than the 
 ~ rule, the first anniversary being held in 1821 at St. 
 Phillip's. In the census of 1838 the only Sunday- 
 school mentioned is that of St. Lawrence, with ninety- 
 five children. The average number in the primary 
 schools of the parish was 230. For St. James's the 
 number given is 500, divided amongst five schools. 
 At St. Phillip's there were also 500 attending four 
 schools. St. John's, Parramatta, reports a good 
 average of Church-goers, from 500 to 600, but no 
 schools. The withdrawal of aid to the King's School 
 in this town was subsequently recommended. 
 
 A small church at Newcastle, where there was a 
 population of 704, seated nearly 300 persons, with an 
 average attendance of 230. The clergyman's resi- 
 dence was much out of repair. For the support of 
 the clergy, an Act was passed, under Sir Richard 
 Bourke, securing to the minister a stipend of from 
 £100 to £200 per annum, according to the number 
 attending Divine service. Grants were to be made 
 from the Treasury towards church building of not less 
 than £200, and not exceeding ;^iooo, to meet an 
 equal amount raised by voluntary subscription. A 
 Bill introduced into the council by Mr. Lowe to secure 
 to the Church of England clergy the freehold of their 
 benefices was, after a dignified and eloquent speech 
 by Bishop Broughton at the bar of the House, by leave 
 withdrawn. 
 
 D 
 
50 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 DIOCESE OF TASMANIA 
 
 With the fleet sailing in 1803, for the occupation of 
 Port Phillip as a convict settlement, came the Rev. 
 Robert Knopwood as chaplain. On the failure of 
 the attempt and its diversion to the banks of the 
 Derwent, in the south of Van Diemen's Land in 1804, 
 Mr. Knopwood accompanied the expedition. He 
 was a magistrate, but did not incur the Tiatred of the 
 prisoners as did Mr. Marsden at Parramatta, being 
 of rather jovial disposition. Except with the lower 
 classes, who had a great liking for him, he did not 
 command much respect. The first church was a 
 large tent, which was succeeded by a small wooden 
 building, with thatched roof and earthen floor, to 
 seat about 100. On this being blown down. Divine , 
 service was provided for in the Government stores or 
 workshops, of which the arrangements were of a most 
 primitive character. The foundation of a permanent 
 church was laid on February 19, 181 7, to be named in 
 early colonial fashion St. David's, out of compliment 
 to Colonel David Collins, the commandant. It was 
 consecrated in 1823 by Mr. Marsden, senior chaj^lain 
 of New South Wales, then on a flying visit from 
 Sydney, the year in which the Rev. AVm. Bedford 
 succeeded to the chaplaincy. A holiday was pro- 
 claimed, to give eclat to the grand procession of civil 
 and military oflicers. Described in the Syd?iey Gazette, 
 St. David's figures as a church "which for beauty and 
 convenience cannot be exceeded by any in the 
 Australasian hemisphere," a sufficiently glowing de- 
 scription of the future pro-cathedral of the diocese. 
 
 Some curious Government orders are extant relating 
 to the conduct of Church service previous to the 
 completion of St. David's. Thus, in March 18 18, it 
 is announced that " Divine service will be performed 
 
DIOCESE OF TASMANIA 
 
 51 
 
 at the Barracks, Government House, at 11 o'clock 
 on Sundays, when the weather permits, until further 
 orders." The reference to the weather became a 
 necessary one, from the inabiUty of the verandah to 
 shelter more than the clergym.an and a select number 
 of the inhabitants. The troops on parade were to 
 attend, and the inspector of public works was ordered 
 to enforce the regular attendance of all the Crown 
 servants in and around the town. St. John's Church, 
 Launceston at the northern extremity of the island, 
 was founded in 1824, and consecrated in 1827, by 
 Archdeacon Hobbes Scott, of Sydney. Its first 
 incumbent was the Rev. John Youl, a returned 
 Tahitian missionary. Of his eccentric methods, it 
 is saifl of him that he was in the habit of summoning 
 his people to church by beating on an iron barrel 
 with a mallet. 
 
 In 1823 Mr. Knopwood was followed in the 
 Government chaplaincy by Dr. Bedford, a man whose 
 schemes of reform were warmly seconded by Governor 
 Arthur, and followed up by the efforts of the colonists, 
 who willingly gathered under his leadership. Drunken- 
 ness and immorality had been terribly prevalent, for 
 the early history of Van Diemen's Land was the old 
 story of strong drink. Constables were paid their 
 wages in rum. A local distillery was started. By 
 the imposition of a heavy duty, however, aided by the 
 influence of the chaplain and his sympathizers, the 
 tone of society was soon greatly changed for the 
 better. It was not to be supposed that a community 
 founded on and saturated with convictism would set 
 an example of high principle. The wonder is that 
 from such beginnings the colony should have devel- 
 oped so favourably. No doubt the timely steps taken 
 for providing a fitting educational system exercised a 
 beneficial mfluence, as did also the extension of 
 political and social freedom to all classes. But it is 
 
52 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 none the less due to the persistent and self-sacrificing 
 efforts of the clergy and devout laity that the fallen 
 were raised, and their children helped to remove the 
 old stigma from their midst. Whatever may be said 
 of the dissipation of high and low — and words are too 
 weak to express a proper horror and detestation of 
 the vicious conduct of many even in authority — yet it 
 must be remembered that the men and women trans- 
 ported to Australia were in numberless cases the 
 sweepings of British cities, prepared for every excess 
 of crime. Add -to this that there was no one on the 
 protracted voyage out to guard the safety of the 
 women convicts, and that on arrival the circumstances 
 in which they found themselves almost inevitably 
 contributed to their continued depravity. • So late as 
 1822 prisoners were landed with no one deputed to 
 receive them, or to protect the women from licence and 
 drunken revelry. Travellers were warned against the 
 dangers of the road after dusk, and there was little 
 less danger of being stripped and plundered in the 
 lower parts of the cit}-. No one laboured more 
 strenuously to mend so horrible a state of things than 
 the Yen. Archdeacon Cowper, of Sydney, where " the 
 Rocks " had attained an unenviable notoriety for filth 
 and crime. Lady iMacquarie too gave active help in 
 the crusade. A reference to the Imperial Parliament 
 seemed to have no appreciable effect. 
 
 A brighter side to the picture appears in the 
 endeavours of the wise and good Sir John Franklin, 
 while governor, to secure a higher education for the 
 youth of the colony. Through Dr. Arnold of Rugby, 
 he secured the services of a former pupil, the Rev. 
 John Philip Gell. Lord Normanby accepted the 
 nomination. Mr. Gell arrived towards the end of the 
 year 1840. Like the governor, he had a high sense of 
 the importance of his mission, "to become the father 
 of the education of a whole quarter of the globe," — 
 
DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE 
 
 53 
 
 an exalted standard indeed. New Norfolk, some 
 twenty-five miles up the Derwent, and a spot of great 
 beauty, was decided on as the site of the new 
 "Christ's College," which was — to quote again Sir 
 John Franklin's anticipations — " to train up Christian 
 youth in the faith as well as in the learning of 
 Christian gentlemen." 
 
 On August 1 8, 1842, the young Queen thought good 
 to "separate, divide, and exempt the island of Van 
 Diemen's Land, and to declare the same to be the 
 diocese of the Bishop of Tasmania." The Rev. Francis 
 Russell Nixon was appointed to the see, an excellent 
 choice in every way. The cathedral church was fixed 
 at Hobart Town. 
 
 DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE 
 
 The primary needs of South Australia were attended 
 to by the Rev. C. B. Howard, who had come out as 
 one of the colonizing party of 1836. Besides pro- 
 viding his stipend, the " S.P.C.K." had made a grant 
 of £200 towards the cost of a small wooden church, 
 to seat 350 persons, the building of which was rapidly 
 pushed forward. A wooden parsonage was erected 
 alongside. But although the clergyman's stipend was 
 found by the society in England, he was bound to 
 hold his licence from the Bishop of Australia, which 
 unfortunately he was not inclined to do. The conflict 
 was carried to the length of a repudiation of episcopal 
 control. The question was referred home by the 
 bishop to Lord John Russell, who upheld his lord- 
 ship's claim to jurisdiction throughout the whole of 
 Australia. There could be in fact no other decision 
 possible. The disputed point was happily settled by 
 the foundation in 1847 of Adelaide as a separate see. 
 In the meantime a second priest had arrived in 1840, 
 
54 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 in the person of the Rev. James Farrell, afterwards 
 dean of the cathedral, whose stipend was found by 
 the Hberahty of the " S.P.G." Mr. Howard's early 
 and lamentable death in 1843 ^^ft this priest to 
 struggle on alone for three years, until the welcome 
 arrival of two colleagues, the Revs. W. J. Woodcock 
 and James Pollitt. These again were joined shortly 
 afterwards by the Revs. G. Newenham and W. H. 
 Coombs, for so many years the incumbent of Gawler. 
 
 The munificent gifts of Miss Burdett Coutts in 
 connection with the " Colonial Bishoprics Fund," 
 were such as to make possible the establishment of 
 the see at a much earlier date than would otherwise 
 have been practicable. The Rev. Augustus Short, D.D., 
 of Christ Church, Oxon., and Vicar of Ravens- 
 thorpe in Northamptonshire, was chosen first bishop, 
 and set sail in September 1847, with his wife and 
 children, in a barque of only 362 tons, the Derivent. 
 Coincident with his arrival was the celebration of the 
 eleventh year of the foundation of the colony. Land- 
 ing in Adelaide after a passage of sixteen weeks, the 
 bishop was instituted in the pro-cathedral of Holy Trin- 
 ity, on December 30. After a month's stay at Govern- 
 ment House, as the guest of Colonel Robe, he removed 
 to a small cottage at Kensington, preferring to feel 
 his way gradually, according to circumstances. By his 
 own statement he found the outlook encouraging. 
 Five clergy were in the field before him, and the 
 people, he states, were particularly intelligent and 
 enterprising. An endowment fund was his chief 
 care, in which his hands were greatly strengthened by 
 the generous eftbrts and gifts of Mr. W. Leigh, of 
 Aston Hall, Lichfield, who gave town lands in the 
 new capital, which subsequently produced a rental 
 ;£35oo per annum, for the general purposes of the 
 Church. 
 
 By the end of six months the bishop had visited 
 
DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE 
 
 55 
 
 most of the settled districts, consecrated ten new 
 churches, and confirmed numbers of young people in 
 every settlement. Also, before the end of the year 
 1848, he had finished a six weeks' tour in Western 
 Australia, a part of the continent cut off by the 11 00 
 miles of the Great Australian Bight by sea, and by 
 the trackless desert by land. He was accompanied 
 by the Rev. Mathew Blagden Hale, who had come 
 out with him from England, and who afterwards be- 
 came first bishop of that western portion of the diocese. 
 A stone church at King George's Sound, the first port 
 of call of incoming steamers, was consecrated on 
 October 20. Here the Rev. John Wollaston was 
 labouring. Busselton, Bunbury, Picton, and Fre- 
 mantle, were so many links in the chain to Perth, on 
 the Swan River, where a cordial welcome awaited 
 him from the governor. Of the six clergy at work, 
 four were in receipt of Government stipends of p^ioo 
 each, the Church population numbering about 3700 
 out of a total of 4600. 
 
 The bishop preached at St. George's, a rooniy but 
 plain building, which on November 15 he was able to 
 consecrate. A week later a second church was con- 
 secrated on the Upper Swan, of which the Rev. Mr. 
 Postlethwaite held charge. Of the Middle Swan, the 
 Rev. W. ^^litcheli incumbent, the bishop records that 
 the parsonage was " no better than an Enghsh 
 labourer's cottage." Testimony is borne to the 
 estimable character of the founder of the colony, a 
 Mr. Peel, by the fact that at his residence at Man- 
 dorah, twenty-three were at the Church service, out of 
 a total population of twenty-five. The bishop returned 
 to Adelaide in January 1849. 
 
56 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE 
 
 St. Peter's Day 1847 was a / .veritable red-letter 
 day for the Australian Church. By some it has been 
 called its birthday, but it may be more aptly regarded 
 as the day of its confirmation. The consecration in 
 Westminster Abbey of the four bishops who were so 
 ably to lay the foundations of a colonial episcopate, 
 was sufficient of itself to mark off the day to all time. 
 Of the officiating prelates, it was fitting that Bishop 
 Blomfield should be the preacher. He chose for his 
 text St. John xxi. 15. There were present besides 
 Archbishop Howley, the Bishops of Gloucester and 
 Bristol, Winchester, Chichester, and Lichfield. 
 
 For some time past Bishop Broughton had been 
 forced to the conclusion that he could not efficiently 
 superintend a diocese ten times the size of the United 
 Kingdom. .Nor was he the man to render perfunc- 
 tory duty. He had expressed his willingness to give 
 up a third of his own income, and had besieged the 
 two great English societies with incessant appeals. 
 The establishment in 1841 of the Colonial Bishoprics 
 Fund enabled plans to be matured for the subdivision 
 of unworkable dioceses. Founded on the appeal of 
 Bishop Blomfield and Archbishop Howley to remedy 
 the neglected condition of English colonists in differ- 
 ent parts of the world, a sum of ^600,000 had been 
 raised by its means for the endowment of more than 
 forty dioceses. Since the year 1833 the number of 
 bishops abroad had grown from five to seventy-five. 
 The see of New Zealand was the first to reap the ad- 
 vantage. Five years later, by the munificence of Miss 
 Burdett Coutts, the diocese of Adelaide was endowed 
 to the west, while by Bishop Broughton's surrender of 
 ;£"iooo of his yearly income, the see of Newcastle 
 was made possible to the north. Grants were made 
 
DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE 
 
 57 
 
 of ^£"10,000 by the "S.P.C.K." and £7S^^ by the 
 ''S.P.G." 
 
 The earliest settlement of Port Phillip coincided 
 with the foundation of the bishopric of Australia. 
 Batman and Faulkner, on their arrival from Van Die- 
 men's Land in 1835, had obtained from the blacks 
 what purported to be a conveyance of 600,000 acres 
 of the surrounding country, in return for sundry knives, 
 tomahawks, and blankets. This astounding document 
 was promptly disallowed, both in Sydney and by the 
 home authorities, but land to the value of jQ'jooo was 
 granted towards the legitimate expenses of settlement. 
 The Crown laid sole claim to the ownership of the 
 soil, and properly forbade any so-called purchases 
 from the aboriginal inhabitants. When Captain Lons- 
 dale was appointed first magistrate, the population 
 numbered about 400. The earliest religious service was 
 conducted in Mr. Batman's house, by a Wesleyan 
 minister from Van Diemen's Land, according to the 
 use of the Church of England. Part of the afternoon 
 congregation was made up of a band of fifty blacks, 
 who are said to have behaved with great propriety, 
 and to have especially enjoyed the singing. A visitor 
 from the same island, the Rev. T. B. Naylor, next 
 year baptized the first white child born in Melbourne. 
 
 Five acres on either side of Little Collins Street 
 were set apart for Church purposes, not without the 
 usual accusation of favouritism, and a small wooden 
 church was speedily erected on the site which in after 
 years was to carry the pro-cathedral of St. James. In 
 1838 the little Church community was encouraged by 
 a visit from the Metropolitan, who was greatly pleased 
 with the zealous laymen who were serving the tem- 
 porary church. The Rev. J. C. Grylls arrived, as 
 S.P.G." chaplain, the same year. Towards the close 
 of 1839 the more permanent church was founded by 
 his Honour, Chief-Justice Latrobe. 
 
58 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 On a second visit the needs of Geelong, always a 
 keen rival of the metropolis, were pressed on the 
 bishop's notice, when, with his accustomed quickness, 
 he drew out a rough sketch on the spot, and laid the 
 fTrst stone of Christchurch within ten days, on the 
 site of two acres granted by Government. This was 
 in September 1843, the midst of a keen depression 
 following on a period of feverish speculation. 
 
 In January 1846 the sum of ;£"iooo was voted by 
 the central Government at Sydney, towards the 
 building of St. James's, to meet an equal amount 
 privately subscribed. The Metropolitan nobly added 
 his own donation of ^500. A church was started on 
 Eastern Hill about the middle of the year, to be 
 dedicated to St. Peter. But an earlier ecclesiastical 
 foundation than all had been made as far back as 1834, 
 by Messrs. Edward and Stephen Henty, who had 
 begun operations as squatters or sheep-owners at 
 Portland, a lovely district in the extreme south-west 
 corner of the colony. The thatched barn in which 
 Mr. Stephen Henty first held Church service was 
 replaced by a plain brick building, with timber-framed 
 tower, in time to welcome the visit of a clergyman in 
 1 84 1, the Rev. A. C. Thomson. With the rapid 
 extension of settlement, with churches springing up on 
 all sides, the Metropolitan's duties increased and 
 multiplied to an alarming extent. With infinite pains 
 he contrived to respond to every call made upon him ; 
 still the burden was beginning to press beyond the 
 power of the strongest man to bear. The consecration 
 on the same day of bishops for Melbourne, Newcastle, 
 and Adelaide happily relieved the strain in time, and 
 opened up unlimited possibilities to the Church in 
 Australia. 
 
 On their consecration, the Right Rev. William 
 Grant Broughton, heretofore Bishop of Australia, was 
 proclaimed by royal letters patent Bishop of Sydney, 
 
DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE 
 
 59 
 
 the others, " with the bishops of Tasmania and New 
 Zealand, to be suffragan bishops, subject and subor- 
 dinate to the see of Sydney, in the same manner as any 
 see within the province of Canterbury is under the 
 authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury." They 
 were all to be known by the title of Lord Bishop. 
 Suitable provision for episcopal residences failed from 
 lack of local funds. Nor was the appeal of the Arch- 
 bishop responded to, backed up though it was by Mr. 
 W. E. Gladstone, Under-Secretary for the Colonies, for 
 the purchase or setting apart of available land for the 
 augmentation of episcopal incomes. The separation 
 of Port PhiUip from the mother colony of New South 
 Wales was successfully accomplished in 1851. Of the 
 80,000 inhabitants, 25,000 were located in the new 
 capital, iMelbourne. Two years previously the separa- 
 tion had been recommended in a report of the Com- 
 mittee of Privy Council, which, among other things, 
 provided (Schedule C) that a sum of ^30,000 should 
 be allotted for the maintenance of public worship, 
 "under the sanctioned regulations of the Churches of 
 England and Rome, of the Church of Scotland, and 
 of the Wesleyan Society." All vested rights of indi- 
 vidual clergymen under the Constitution Act of 1842 
 were to be maintained inviolate. 
 
 Charles Perry, first Bishop of IMelbourne, arrived in 
 Hobson's Bay on January 23, 1848, in the Black wall 
 liner Stag, and was installed on the 28th, in the pro- 
 cathedral of St. James, yet unfinished and unconse- 
 crated. He found the work in the hands of three 
 Government chaplains, the Revs. A. C. Thomson, E. 
 Collins, and J. Y. Wilson, to whom were now added 
 three from his own party. Of these the Rev. Hussey 
 Burgh Macartney, a D.D. of Trinity College, Dublin, 
 was within a few weeks appointed archdeacon of Gee- 
 long ; the Rev. F. Hales, after good work in the diocese, 
 left for Van Diemen's Land, to become eventually 
 
6o THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 archdeacon of Launceston; and Mr. H. P. P. Handfield , 
 was commissioned on ordination to St. Peter's, Eastern 
 Hill, of which ^he is still the incumbent, venerable in 
 years as in honourable service. The existing church 
 attendance was not good. Educational arrangements, 
 even in Melbourne, were far from satisfactory. 
 
 What the state of the country districts must have 
 been may be gathered from the vivid descriptions of 
 Mrs. Perry in her Letters from Gippsland. "The 
 post," she writes, "goes into the country one week 
 and returns the next. The rudeness of the settlers' 
 huts, and of their mode of living, is extreme. The 
 door of the inn is a foot too short at top and bottom, 
 while there are cracks three inches wide between the 
 slabs." A congregation of 200 attended Divine 
 service held in a neighbouring wool-shed. 
 
 As an instance of the bishop's wonderful power of 
 endurance, we find him at the close of his Gippsland 
 tour starting immediately with his party on another 
 from Geelong to Port Fairy, "in two dog-carts 
 driven tandem." The little wooden church there 
 was filled to overflowing, served by an educationist of 
 standing, though not licensed to the cure of souls, the 
 Rev. Dr. Braim. Owing to the wetness of the season, 
 the journey on to Portland was made by sea. From 
 Warrnambool the return trip included the inland 
 settlements of Ballan and Bacchus Marsh. What 
 impressed the bishop most strongly throughout the 
 trip was the unbounded hospitality of the people, and 
 their anxiety for the ministrations of their refigion. 
 A staff of itinerating clergy was proposed, with a 
 central home, from which the dwellers in the bush 
 might be reached periodically. 
 
 The extension of the episcopal tour to the north- 
 east through Seymour, Mount Macedon, Wangaratta, 
 and the Ovens, gave occasion for a long-desired meeting 
 of the bishops at Albury, the border-town between 
 
DIOCESE OF NEWCASTLE 
 
 6l 
 
 New South Wales and Victoria. For a humorous 
 description of this meeting, with its quaint and strange 
 accompaniments, we are again indebted to the facile 
 pen of Mrs. Perry. We are likewise given a glimpse 
 of the side of Bishop Broughton's character not often 
 turned to the public eye — his real liveliness of dispo- 
 sition, contrasting with the intense earnestness which 
 was so patent to everybody. 
 
 DIOCESE OF NEWCASTLE 
 
 To hasten the subdivision of his diocese, becoming 
 every day more urgent, Bishop Broughton generously 
 offered to surrender one-half of his income, to be 
 divided between the proposed new dioceses of 
 Melbourne and Newcastle. The offer was only 
 accepted for the latter to the amount of ;^iooo per 
 annum. William Tyrrell was consecrated first bishop 
 in Westminster Abbey, on the never-to-be-forgotten 
 St. Peter's Day 1847, one of the galaxy of able and 
 devoted men who have left their mark on the Church 
 indelibly. He was accompanied to his see by his 
 two examining chaplains, the Revs. H. O. Irwin and 
 R. G. Boodle, and seven candidates for holy orders. 
 Sailing in the good ship Medway, he safely reached 
 Sydney on January 16, 1848. It was early on a 
 Sunday morning, under a cloudless sky of intensest 
 blue, that the bishop and his party were conducted 
 to the temporary cathedral of St. Andrew, to join with 
 their Australian brethren in the celebration of the 
 Holy Eucharist, The Metropolitan was away on a 
 visitation. No time was lost in journeying on 
 towards their destination. Morpeth was decided on 
 as the episcopal residence. Mr. Irwin was appointed 
 to the charge of Singleton, Mr. Boodle to that of 
 Muswellbrook. In the meantime Bishop Broughton 
 
62 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 had returned to his see city, and immediately arranged 
 a meeting of welcome from the diocesan committee 
 and the Church of England Lay Association. Amid 
 universal congratulations, the hope was expressed that 
 the occasion might prove "an indication that the 
 episcopate would be made in future commensurate 
 with the necessities of the increasing population of the 
 colonial empire." 
 
 Nominally the see of Newcastle embraced an area 
 of 800 by 700 miles, but the settled portions probably 
 covered a region of about 500 by 250 miles, chiefly 
 taken up by squatters or sheep-owners. There were 
 twelve clergy already at work, making fourteen in all. 
 On January 30 the bishop was instituted in the pro- 
 cathedral, a poor and nondescript building, which has 
 been recently removed to make room for the soHd 
 stone structure which it is hoped will one day grace 
 the heights of the city. By the year 1849 had 
 elaborated a plan for the better training of literates 
 for the priesthood, under which many good men were 
 in after years trained for holy orders. His veneration 
 for the metropolitan bishop led him to. seek counsel 
 from him in Sydney in every difficulty; one of the 
 first to occur being how to provide for the growing 
 educational needs of the people. Very little depend- 
 ence could be placed on the good-will of Government, 
 and the annual grant from the "S.P.G."' barely 
 sufficed for a nucleus of the requisite funds. A 
 general diocesan society was resolved upon, which 
 not only did good work on its own account, but 
 eventually developed into a complete synodical organ- 
 ization. On May 26, 1850, a church was consecrated 
 at Armidale, the most northerly in the diocese at that 
 time, now the seat of a separate diocese, that of Grafton 
 and Armidale. The visitation was extended to 
 Brisbane and Ipswich, there being much Church work 
 in progress there requiring supervision. 
 
DIOCESE OF NEWCASTLE 
 
 63 
 
 Bishop Tyrrell's keen interest in missions had been 
 intensified by a flying visit from his old college friend . 
 and companion, George Augustus Selwyn, on his way 
 to New Zealand, and his aff'ection led to his under- 
 taking, in 185 1, a voyage to New Zealand and 
 Melanesia, in the mission schooner Border Maid. 
 The mission was then in its trial stage. He returned 
 on September 20, after an absence of four months, 
 when, finding that the Morpeth steamer had left 
 Newcastle, he set out to walk the twenty miles which 
 separated him from his modest home. 
 
 The increasing usefulness of the Diocesan Church 
 Society was much more fully apparent as settlement 
 gradually pushed its way into the bush districts of the 
 interior. There were the shepherds and selectors to 
 provide for spiritually, besides the enormous develop- 
 ment of population brought about by the gold dis- 
 coveries. The rough and sometimes lawless character 
 of the diggers, from every country almost in the 
 world, constituted an added difficulty. A diocesan 
 book depot was initiated. The bishop was anxious, 
 too, to do something for the welfare of the aborigines, 
 a matter in which he had the warm sympathy of the 
 governor. Sir William Denison, but every plan mooted 
 was checked by the coldness of the Legislative 
 Council. 
 
 In 1853 the bishop, now alone, since the departure 
 and death of his metropolitan, went to Sydney to 
 meet Bishop Selwyn, to devise some means of secur- 
 ing a Church of England college affiliated to the 
 university, in which Church students might be boarded 
 and cared for. He succeeded in reconciling a good 
 deal of factious opposition, and, what was more, carried 
 his point with the Government. He was again called 
 to Sydney in July 1855, to welcome the new metro- 
 pohtan. His pleasure in discussing Church methods 
 adapted to the changing circumstances of the colony 
 
64 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 was very great. The same year he suffered the loss 
 of one of his chaplains, the Rev. H. O. Invin, by 
 removal to Tasmania. The Rev. W. M. Cowper was 
 also promoted to St. PhilHp's, Sydney. At least 
 twelve more clergymen were sorely needed. In 
 writing home the necessities of his diocese, he pleaded 
 with the secretary of the "S.P.G." not to send 
 " doubtful men, who leave England on account of 
 debt or weak health, or from some untoward event 
 in their past history." He desired men who would 
 choose ministerial work as their first love, strong and 
 earnest spirits, sound in mind and body. Towards 
 the end of 1857 he took steps for the subdivision of 
 the diocese, by the separation of Moreton Bay and 
 districts north and west of Brisbane. Some months 
 later he was able to announce that towards the 
 endowment of a new see there the ^'S.P.C.K." had 
 promised a grant of ;^iooo, the "S.P.G." ;^iooo, 
 and the English committee of the diocese £']oo. 
 Also from the original endowment of the see of 
 Newcastle £2^,00. 
 
 CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 
 
 Another memorable year in Australian annals was 
 the year 1850. It witnessed the birth of two Con- 
 stitution Acts, one providing for the new independent 
 colony of Victoria, the other concerning the far-away 
 settlement of Western Australia, just coming into 
 notice, and soon to become a receptacle for the 
 convict element rejected by the older States. Before 
 its close the Church was destined to meet in confer- 
 ence, preparatory to the establishment of free synods 
 in all the dioceses. 
 
 That the land might be more profitably cultivated, 
 pardons were freely granted to men nearing the end 
 
CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 65 
 
 of their sentences, Western Australia being loud in 
 its demand for convict labour. Van Diemen's Land, 
 on the contrary, by its own choice, protested against 
 its continuance as a penal settlement, and wished to 
 be known for the future as Tasmania. The request 
 was very properly granted. The little island-colony, 
 ihe beginning of which had been so steeped in 
 wickedness, was making a brave start for moral and 
 constitutional freedom. In none of the more populous 
 centres has education been more wisely or more 
 generously fostered. 
 
 On the whole the previous decade had brought 
 troublous times to colonists. Impending ruin had 
 many times threatened a general break-up. For a 
 time the resources of the Church were well-nigh 
 exhausted. Emancipists, by which name were known 
 the great body of released prisoners and their sympa- 
 thizers, no longer made up the bulk of the population. 
 Free immigration still further shifted the balance of 
 power. Among those who most strongly denounced 
 the transportation system was Bishop Broughton. 
 His efforts, already alluded to, in favour of a national 
 scheme of immigration under definite religious over- 
 sight, were greatly helped by the terms of the Consti- 
 tution Act of 1842. On the rejection of the report 
 on transportation by the local legislature, the question 
 was taken up vigorously by Mr., afterwards Sir Charles, 
 Cowper. Dissensions followed respecting land tenure, 
 the high purchase value on the abolition of free grants, 
 viz. from five to twelve shillings an acre, being singled 
 out for bitter agitation. 
 
 Notwithstanding these cares, and the monetary 
 crisis which day by day seemed more threatening, the 
 progress of diocesan affairs was by no means stayed. 
 The foundation stones were laid of St. Stephen's, 
 Camperdown, and St. Mary's, Balmain, and a finished 
 church at Denham Court was consecrated. In the 
 
 E 
 
66 THE STORV OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 western interior, afterwards the diocese of Bathurst, an 
 active visitation was made with the happiest results, 
 the bishop making a wide circuit by way of Yass to 
 consecrate the church of St. Saviour at Goulburn, the 
 precursor of the present cathedral church of that 
 diocese. Christchurch, Queanbeyan, and St. John's, 
 Canberra, were consecrated during March 1845, fol- 
 lowed by. the consecration of St. John's, Ashfield, on 
 August 19, and Christchurch, St. Lawrence, next day. 
 At the last-named ceremony twenty-six of the clergy 
 were present, and the offertory amounted to 14. An 
 exhaustive tour of the northern portion of the diocese 
 around Scone, Murrurundi, Tamworth, and Armidale, 
 prepared the way for the subsequent formation of a 
 new diocese at Newcastle. Many churches were 
 either projected or carried to completion. 
 
 By the timely discovery of gold the influx of popu- 
 lation was increased by leaps and bounds. But beyond 
 bringing the much-needed labour, it is doubtful whether 
 the gold-fields, with all their richness, were of real 
 benefit to the country. Disturbances were frequent 
 and widespread. The miOral effect was generally 
 disastrous. The mad race for wealth ended, as a 
 rule, in an equally mad expenditure. 
 
 Bishop Broughton was one of the first to appreciate 
 the loss to the diggers spiritually, of having neither 
 church nor school. He hurried away to the scene of 
 the earliest finds near Bathurst, whither thousands had 
 been drawn by the wild desire to grow rich in a day. 
 At O'Connell he called the men together at dawn of 
 day, and entreated them to build a church, excavating 
 with his own hands a portion of the foundations. 
 Inspired by his example, the roughest and most care- 
 less set to \vork with a will, so that before breakfast- 
 time the holes for the posts were ready. Other w illing 
 hasds felled trees, shaped the logs for plates and joists, 
 and fitted the framework, which was then completed 
 
CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 67 
 
 within a very few hours. Teams from Bathurst brought 
 canvas for covering in, doors, a prayer-desk and com- 
 munion-table. In four days the whole building, sixty-six 
 by twenty-one feet, was ready for occupation. Early on 
 Sunday morning the bishop, mounting by a ladder to 
 the ridge, in his episcopal robes affixed a little wooden 
 cross to the end of the pole; then, having descended, set 
 apart the structure to the worship of the Holy Trinity, 
 by the name of Christchurch. The bell called the 
 rejoicing people together, crowds of whom could not 
 find entrance, and a celebration of the Holy Eucharist 
 fittingly concluded a ceremony reminding one of Mr. 
 Johnson's early labours on the flower-decked slopes of 
 Sydney Cove. It being nine o'clock in the morning, 
 the sermon was preached from the text, " And it was 
 the third hour." 
 
 To Bishop Tyrrell of Newcastle is mainly owing the 
 introduction of a more central organization for the 
 management of Church affairs. But the necessity was 
 sufficiently patent to all, and was urged persistently by 
 each of the bishops upon the laity of his diocese. 
 For many months the Metropolitan, enthusiastic as 
 ever, was in frequent consultation with his provincial 
 bishops, until in September 1850 matters were so far 
 advanced as to allow a general Conference being held 
 in Sydney. The summons was answered in person by 
 the entire bench of bishops. The names — to be held 
 in ever-grateful remembrance — were William Grant 
 Broughton, George Augustus Selwyn, Francis Russell 
 Nixon, Augustus Short, Charles Perry, and William 
 Tyrrell. 
 
 Owing to the pressing needs of their own dioceses, the 
 bishops could spare but a short month for conference, 
 but in this time questions were introduced of stupen- 
 dous importance, and were pronounced upon with 
 singular tact and judgment. A final disposal of any 
 of them was not for a moment contemplated. On the 
 
68 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 ground of ibe proved worthlessness of letters patent, 
 and that in consequence a living authority and head- 
 ship was called for, for purposes of discipline, it was 
 affirmed, to begin with, that duly-constituted diocesan 
 and provincial synods, charged among other powers 
 with the election of bishops without interference by 
 the secular authorities, were a necessity. Bishops 
 were to be tried by the bishops of the province, and 
 priests or deacons by the synod of the diocese, a 
 practice founded on the position occupied by the 
 Catholic Church in primitive times. Discipline was 
 to be enforced on bishops by their brother bishops, on 
 the clergy by their synods, on the laity by private 
 admonition or refusal of Communion. Clergymen were 
 not to be removed except on sentence pronounced by a 
 recognized tribunal. The Canons of 1603-4 were held 
 to be generally binding, while the Authorized Version 
 of Holy Scripture and the Thirty-nine Articles of the 
 Book of Common Prayer were to remain unaltered. 
 The conversion and civilization of the Australian blacks, 
 and of the heathen races of the Western Pacific, came 
 prominently before the conference — a difficult matter 
 made yet more difficult by the wandering habits of 
 these poor people, and the divergency of their language 
 and innumerable dialects. An Australasian Board of 
 Missions was forthwith constituted, in the hope of 
 future extension. 
 
 A pronouncement was made on the subject of 
 ''Regeneration, the work of God in Holy Baptism," 
 the Bishop of Melbourne dissenting, who pleaded for 
 an explanation of the rite as the " sacrament of regen- 
 eration." Some demur having been made as to the 
 public reading of the offertory sentences, and the Prayer 
 for the Church Militant, the bishops decided that "no 
 clergyman can be justly suspected of holding opinions 
 at variance with the sound teaching of the Church, in 
 consequence of his complying with the rubric." 
 
CLOSE OF BISHOP BROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 69 
 
 With united voice their lordships bound themselves 
 "not to incur the responsibility of incorporating 
 themselves with Boards, either general or local, 
 having the reputation of schools in which erroneous, 
 defective, or indefinite religious instruction is given." 
 I he subdivision of dioceses was to be under the 
 control of the provincial synod. A very necessary 
 warning was sounded against irregular marriages, 
 which had become sadly frequent. 
 
 A more notable gathering of single-minded men was 
 never held ; all filled with an enthusiastic love of 
 Church and Country ; all pioneers in a cause calling 
 for the most devoted self-sacrifice ; as wise in deliber- 
 ation as weighty in action, of intense sympathy, 
 of untiring energy and of rare administrative powers. 
 From the Metropolitan downwards all were imbued with 
 a burning desire to lay broad and deep the foundations 
 of a Church polity which should bind in one, indis- 
 solubly, the present and future dioceses of Australia. 
 Naturally some were more highly gifted than others, 
 by instinct, by training, and by practical knowledge, 
 for the solution of the grave problems submitted to 
 them. To name but one, Bishop Selwyn would 
 come charged with the experience of the stirring events 
 which had accompanied his pioneer work in New 
 Zealand. He would be further fortified by the advice 
 of his young friend, William Ewart Gladstone, 
 given the year before, to "organize themselves on 
 that basis of voluntary, consensual compact, on which 
 the Church of Christ rested from the first." Before 
 leaving Auckland, he had been the recipient of an 
 address signed by the Governor, Sir George Grey, 
 the Chief-Justice, the Attorney-General, and other 
 leading citizens, praying that "the Church might be 
 constituted in some way that would secure to her the 
 power to manage her own affairs, and that in any 
 such constitution the laity might have their full weight." 
 
70 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 The Bishop of Newcastle at first sided with those 
 members of Conference who desired the full sanction 
 of the Home Government for the institution of the 
 proposed synods, but on reconsideration came to 
 the conclusion that a simple Enabling Bill was suffi- 
 cient, as in New Zealand and South Australia. 
 
 On the decisions of Conference being referred to 
 the several dioceses for consideration, replies were 
 received from the following; — From Melbourne it 
 was suggested that bishops should be appointed as 
 hitherto by royal prerogative, or by the recommend- 
 ation of the diocesan synod. That there should be one 
 assembly, consisting of clergy and laity, presided over 
 by the bishop. Objection was raised to the creation 
 of an Australian province, suggesting instead that the 
 senior bishop should be ex-officio Primus, subject to 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury. Also to any system of 
 education which included instruction not based on 
 the Holy Scriptures, and not in accordance with the 
 principles of the Church. Signed by seventeen of the 
 clergy, Archdeacon Macartney of Geelong leading. 
 Bishop Perry issued an addendum, to the effect that 
 it was of the utmost importance that the supremacy 
 of the Queen should be distinctly recognized, and 
 that an appeal should always lie from every colonial 
 court to the highest ecclesiastical tribunal at home. 
 The reply from the diocese of Adelaide assumed the 
 Conference to be simply a voluntary assembly of 
 chief pastors to confer upon matters of general 
 interest to the Church. It was agreed that clergy 
 and laity should meet in one assembly. The right 
 and power of the Queen to subdivide dioceses and to 
 appoint bishops should be left intact, but if that 
 right were to be relinquished, then the clergy of the 
 diocese should nominate. They would regard favour- 
 ably any system of education in which the Bible was 
 made the basis of instruction. They deprecated the 
 
CLOSE OF BISHOP UROUGHTON's EPISCOPATE 7 1 
 
 introduction of the question of Holy Baptism as un- 
 called for and injudicious. Signed by eleven of the 
 clergy, Dean Farrell leading. The Tasmanian clergy, 
 while generally favourable, deeply regretted the intro- 
 duction of the subject of Holy Baptism. They joined 
 with their South Australian brethren in cordially 
 welcoming the projected mission to the aborigines. 
 
 In February 1852, we find the Bishop of Newcastle 
 in Sydney in consultation with the Metropolitan on the 
 synod question. At a meeting of his clergy it was 
 petitioned that leave should be given to assemble 
 from time to time, with authority to consult and 
 deliberate for the better ordering of the affairs of the 
 Church. A royal commission was asked for, but not 
 granted, many of the leading laity being opposed, 
 for fear of encroachment on existing authority. Con- 
 demned to inaction by tlie puzzling contradiction of 
 opinion, the MetropoHtan, who held very decided 
 views himself on the inherent freedom of the Church 
 to manage her own affairs, determined on a visit to 
 the old country, to obtain — to use his own words — 
 the removal of those restrictions by which the 
 Colonial Church was inhibited from the free exercise 
 of those powers of self-guidance with which she was 
 originally endowed." 
 
 It was at the close of a laborious and troubled 
 episcopate that the Metropolitan Bishop thought well 
 ^ to take counsel of his English brother bishops. After 
 what must have been to him a restful passage, after 
 the toils and anxieties of office, he sailed up the 
 Thames as the knell was tolling for his noble friend 
 and patron, the Duke of Wellington. On January 30, 
 1853, he preached his last sermon at the re-opening 
 of the Temple Church. The next month he was called 
 to his rest, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 By friend and foe alike, this truly apostolic bishop 
 was honoured, and will ever be honoured, for his 
 
7 2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 bravery of spirit, and for his unflinching advocacy of 
 all that he deemed to be of the truth and right. His 
 efforts in opposition to a school system shorn of the 
 safeguards of religious teaching, though tHey failed to 
 stop its adoption, were nevertheless chivalrous to a 
 degree, and carried conviction to the hearts of many. 
 The Church schools he always designated as her 
 right hand — as the artery through which the life-blood 
 is conveyed from the heart to the extremities, which, 
 if severed, she must die. His selection of co-workers 
 was admirable. " We must have men," he was wont 
 to say, "earnest, zealous, able to make an impression 
 on the minds of others ; not only well-intentioned and 
 of pure lives, but in the extraordinary state of society 
 with which they have to contend, we must endeavour 
 to draw out the talents of the Church and transport 
 them hither." A truly prophetic insight into the 
 spiritual needs of the colonies in every part of the 
 world. 
 
 METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY 
 
 For nearly three years the diocese of Sydney was 
 ably administered by Archdeacon Cowper, as it was 
 not till May 25, 1855, tliat the newly-appointed 
 MetropoHtan arrived. The Right Rev. Frederick 
 Barker had been consecrated at Lambeth on the pre- , 
 vious St. Andrew's Day. Of his party were the Revs. 
 Edward Synge and P. G. Smith, the former of whom 
 was dispatched on a lengthy tour of insi)ection. The 
 latter was sent to the Tumut River, to a more settled 
 charge. They were warmly received on arrival by the 
 Bishop of Newcastle, and the clergy and laity of the 
 diocese. Tiierc were in all forty-eight licensed clergy at 
 work, ten of whom were in Sydney. The number was 
 quickly increased to fifty-six, but another dozen at 
 
METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY 
 
 73 
 
 least were seen to be urgently called for. The bishop 
 determined as soon as possible to establish a Church 
 Training College for teachers. This he was enabled 
 to do within two years. Unhappily, the King's 
 School at Parramatta was found to be in a languish- 
 ing condition, consequent on the departure of its first 
 head-master, the Rev. Robert Forrest. And although 
 a marked improvement was effected by his successor, 
 the Rev. F. Armitage, yet the absence of endowments, 
 or of any funds for repairs and enlargement, seriously 
 hindered the usefulness of the institution. St. Paul's 
 College, affiliated to the university, M-as already in 
 progress to provide for the lack of theological instruc- 
 tion to Church students. For the supply of future 
 clergy — always a pressing want — a bequest of Mr. 
 Thomas Moore of a house and landed estate bringing 
 in an income of nearly ;£^4oo a year, was taken 
 advantage of, and Moore College founded at Liver- 
 pool. Bishop Barker had himself collected over ^5000 
 towards the building. The Rev. William Hodgson, a 
 Cambridge wrangler, was first principal. During the 
 eleven years of his headsliip, thirty-three candidates 
 were trained for holy orders for the Australian 
 dioceses. 
 
 Considerable public interest was taken in the 
 bishop's first tour, which was an extensive one, begun 
 on August 20. At St. John's, Parramatta, which had 
 been rebuilt with the exception of Lady Mary Fitz- 
 roy's twin towers, a halt was made for a confirm- 
 ation. Windsor, Richmond, Penrith, Wallerawang, and 
 Bathurst followed. The Turon River Gold-fields, now 
 in full swing, were taken in due course, where the white 
 tents of the diggers of all nationalities must have 
 offered a novel spectacle to English eyes. Mudgee 
 was reached with some difficulty. Here was held a 
 confirmation, chiefly of adults, after which a serious 
 consultation was had with the Rev. James Gunther on 
 
74 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 the subject of missions to the aborigines. Wellington, 
 Dubbo, Molong, and Orange were visited in turn. On 
 approaching the latter township the bishop's horses 
 got bogged in the sticky black soil. Leaving Carcoar 
 in a southerly direction, the country traversed was 
 that which ultimately became the see of Goulburn — 
 Yass, Queanbeyan, and Wagga Wagga. The Rev. 
 Robert Cartwright, who had come out as assistant- 
 chaplain in 1810, was met with at Lake George, and 
 had many stirring anecdotes to tell of the early days. 
 Of St. Saviour's, Goulburn, the Rev. William Sovverby, 
 afterwards dean, had been in charge for eighteen years. 
 Sydney was reached on November 2, by way of 
 Berrima, Sutton Forest, and Camden Park — a lovely 
 mountainous district with a temperate and healthy 
 climate. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Synge had in the meantime 
 completed his tour of inquiry to the south and 
 south-west, through Kiama, thence by Twofold Bay to 
 the region of the Lower Murray. In six months he 
 had travelled on horseback 2000 miles. How were 
 those remote settlements to obtain the privilege of 
 regular worship? State-aid was confined within strict 
 limits, and grants from without were exhausted. There 
 remained but to form a Diocesan Church Society, such 
 as had been established by the Bishop of Newcastle 
 with such happy results. To some such body would 
 be committed the work which had hitherto been done 
 by the combined Committee of "S.P.C.K." and 
 " S.P.G." Sir William Denison, who was the chief 
 speaker at the inaugural meeting, led the subscriptions 
 with a promise of £100 per annum. The question of 
 education — always a knotty one, and productive of 
 wide divergence of opinion — was by general consent 
 omitted from the objects of the society. 
 
 One of the matters brought home to the observation 
 of the bishop and Mrs. Barker on their journeys, was 
 
METROPOLITAN DIOCESE OF SYDNEY 75 
 
 the sore straits the country clergy were put to for the 
 education of their daughters. They decided that a 
 strong effort should be made to supply the deficiency. 
 A site was secured at Waverley, about five miles from 
 the metropolis, and close to Bishopscourt, where Mrs. 
 Barker soon had the satisfaction of gathering quite a 
 number of pupils from every part of the country. The 
 institution has had a very prosperous career, and has 
 relieved the anxieties of numbers of the country and 
 bush clergy. On the lamented death of its bene- 
 ficent foundress, St. Catherine's, or, as it is more 
 often simply called, the " Clergy Daughters' School," 
 was largely endowed in her memory. Moore College 
 was fairly started in August 1856, by the arrival from 
 England of its principal. The requisite buildings 
 were immediately proceeded with, not the least of 
 which was a chapel, dedicated to the memory of good 
 Bishop Broughton. 
 
 Dwring 1856 Bishop Barker made an exhaustive 
 visitation of the southern country, whither Mr. Synge 
 had paved the way. He thought the aborigines at 
 Eden (Twofold Bay) "a very ignorant and reckless set 
 of savages," which they might well be at the close of 
 a whaling season, after close companionship at sea 
 with some of the lowest class of European sailors. Fine 
 mountain ranges and deep water-courses were crossed, 
 in rich and beautiful country. Most of the places 
 became familiar in later records as forming centres in 
 the Goulburn diocese. It was, in fact, strictly pioneer- 
 ing labour, the shaping into form of a great territory, to 
 be handed over to other hands when the fitting time 
 should come. At Braid wood, then the gold-fields'centre, 
 it is stated of the National school, that " the children 
 had first to go home for their Bibles, as tliey were not 
 allowed to keep them at school." On the borders of 
 Victoria, 500 miles away to the westward, were districts 
 just being opened up to settlement. In a difficult 
 
J 6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 journey of fifty-two days, the bishop traversed these by 
 way of Denihquin, preaching and confirming, and 
 encouraging the erection of churches. Thence he 
 went on to Melbourne, an additional 150 miles or 
 thereabouts, to judge of the working of the lately 
 constituted Church Assembly there. 
 
 The cathedral church of St. Andrew had been pro- 
 gressing with irritating slowness since its commencement 
 twenty years previously. Fresh energy was thrown into 
 the work by the new diocesan. A meeting, presided 
 over by Sir William Denison, was held within the un- 
 finished walls, under the dome of the heavens. Funds 
 were collected, which soon swelled to a total of nearly 
 ;£"4ooo, not quite half the amount required to prepare 
 the building for public worship. Bishopscourt, at 
 Rand wick, was occupied in February 1858. The 
 Yen. Archdeacon Cowper died on July 6, full of faith 
 and good works, a truly apostolic man, but modest 
 withal, who had fought vigorously and continuously 
 to raise the standard of morals which had been for so 
 many years hopelessly lax and indifferent. }3efore he 
 died, however, he was privileged to see the abundant 
 fruit of his labours. Sydney was a changed city. 
 His son was appointed incumbent of St. Phillip's and 
 dean of the cathedral. The clergy numbered seventy- 
 six. Forty new churches had been built. 
 
 DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE 
 
 Although Bishop Short was fortunately far removed 
 from the controversies rife in the more northern colonics 
 respecting the constitution of synods, he was yet not 
 entirely free from anxiety thereupon. Called upon in 
 1862 to sjttle a dispute with one of his priests, whom 
 he had suspended from office, lie endeavoured to 
 have a Bill introduced into the Legislative Assembly, 
 
DIOCESE OF ADELAIDE 
 
 77 
 
 for the purpose of obtaining parliamentary sanction to 
 the ■ synodical constitution already in force by con- 
 sensual compact. The Assembly, however, declined 
 to interfere, and so a legal declaration was thence- 
 forward required from each clergyman, on receipt of 
 his licence, that " he held his office subject to the 
 synodical law, and that as to temporalities he held 
 himself as tenant at will to the ordinary," who had 
 power to withdraw his licence, on his being convicted 
 of any breach of discipline, by assessors properly 
 appointed. 
 
 The general affairs of the diocese were prospering. 
 Many bush journeys of hardship and difficulty were 
 undertaken, and the episcopal visits received with 
 every token of pleasure. People were stirred up to 
 build churches, and to bring their children to con- 
 firmation, and to see that they were trained afterwards 
 in Christian habits. A missionary tour among the 
 widely- dispersed settlers was in those days a stu- 
 pendous undertaking. Rides of forty or fifty miles a 
 day, under a hot sun for days together, were nothing 
 unusual, were in fact but an ordinary experience. 
 Every description of country was met with, and in- 
 numerable fences had to be surmounted on the way. 
 The work was in reality more parochial than episcopal, 
 although it was essential that the bishop should do it. 
 It consisted in visiting the out-stations or shepherds' 
 huts, preaching and explaining and baptizing, and 
 giving heed generally that religious obligations were 
 not utterly lost sight of in the midst of so many 
 temptations to the contrary. The bishop himself was 
 more than ordinarily adaptable to circumstances. 
 Always of a simple and gladsome nature, he made 
 light of hardships which would have cowed many a 
 man accustomed to English ways. He was content 
 to take bodily rest when the opportunity occurred, 
 and he fairly revelled in the beauty of the wild-flowers, 
 
THE STORV\ OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 and in the strange habits of the gaily-plnmaged birds 
 of the pnmeral forest Now snd again, as all travellers 
 of thirty years ago were apt to do in the interior^ 
 he came across men of education, niuYersicy graduates 
 and scions of old families, travelling with bullock 
 teams, over-landing with cattle, or engaged in wool- 
 growing, in country more hke an English park than 
 an Australian plain. 
 
 The busy avocations of a wool-shed in the season 
 will never be forgotten by any one witnessing them 
 for the first time. The crowded board of shearers, 
 the rouseabouts, the wool-packers, the teamsters, many 
 of them rough of manner, but good-hearted and 
 generous to a d^ee, make up a picture as full of 
 promise as it is of colour and variety. But wonderful 
 changes have passed over the country of late years, 
 with the advent of railways and the substitution of 
 extensive squattages for the old square-mile £arms or 
 grazing areas. 
 
 To carry on the muld£arious works successfully, 
 some general scheme for the diocese was needed. 
 One was ultimately proposed by which, through the 
 purchase of land, a permanent endowment might be 
 secured, but of the ^20,000 required only ^7000 
 could be raised. At first the income derivable 
 amounted to about ^Soo, which was afterwards 
 increased to ^^1200, and was devoted to the supply- 
 ing of parochial stipends. The project was gr^tly 
 assisted by the Leigh bequest, previously mentioned, 
 which grew to be a constant source of benefit to the 
 growing Church. Vested in the "aP.G.," but 
 managed by a local board of attorneys, the property 
 largely increased in value, consisting as it did of a 
 two-acre block of land in the centre of the city. 
 Many other gifts of value were added by proqierous 
 colonists in the after days. 
 
 A similar movement in the shape of a pastoral aid 
 
EDUCATION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 79 
 
 fund was begun by Captain William Allen, a liberal 
 and enterprising citizen, such as most of the colonies 
 produced in the early days, who, besides several gifts 
 in his Hfetime, left ^5000 for increasing the incomes 
 of the clergy. Grants in aid were made on condition 
 that a given sum should be raised to meet them 
 locally, during a certain number of years. A widows'and 
 orphans' fund was made possible by the spirited action 
 of the attorneys for "S.P.G." in setting aside a capital 
 sum of ;^io,ooo for its establishment. At the same 
 time, the clergy annuity fund secured a moderate 
 pension to priests disabled by infirmity or old age, 
 and thus rendered incapable of properly fulfilling 
 their office. For a long time happily there v/as no 
 applicant under its beneficial provisions. 
 
 EDUCATION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 
 
 As we have seen, the colony of South Australia 
 was founded on principles antagonistic to the provision 
 of State aid to religion. Nevertheless, in 1848, an 
 attempt was made, with the support of Colonel Robe, 
 the governor, to conform to the practice of the other 
 colonies — New South Wales and Tasmania in par- 
 ticular — by granting assistance to all recognized 
 religious bodies. The compromise was agreed to, on 
 the understanding that the experiment was to last only 
 three years. Consequently, in 185 1, the battle was 
 fought over agam, with the result that the temporary 
 policy was reversed. A capitation grant of two shillings 
 per head of the population was suggested, but met 
 with such strenuous opposition that, in the interests 
 of peace, an amendment was adopted by the Legis- 
 lative Council, that no aid should be given from any 
 public funds whatsoever. What Bishop Broughton 
 had sorrowfully said in Sydney was equally applicable 
 
8o THE STORY OF THE AUSTRAIJAN CHURCH 
 
 to all the colonies and all the dioceses — " It is my 
 duty, in this public manner and on this solemn 
 occasion, to represent some circumstances almost 
 peculiar, so far as I know, to these latter ages, and 
 in a more extended degree, perhaps, to this country 
 than to any other upon earth. I allude to that 
 disposition arising, I would persuade myself, not so 
 much from selfishness as from forgetfulness or want 
 of better information, which has led so many men, 
 the professed friends of religion and members of the 
 Church, to believe that they may lawfully and blame- 
 lessly appropriate the entire possession of the soil 
 of the territory to the use and benefit of themselves 
 and their descendants, without bestowing a thought 
 upon the means by which provision should be 
 made for the perpetual supremacy of the Christian 
 faith." 
 
 On the declaration of the poll at the general election 
 of 1 85 1, when a new constitution was granted to the 
 colony, the bishop knew that the death-knell had 
 been sounded of State grants in aid of Church objects, 
 whether of church or school. Henceforth the volun- 
 tary principle would have to be relied upon solely. 
 For the previous year the grant had been ^850, 
 besides ;;^45oo which had been contributed from 
 Government funds towards building seventeen churches, 
 ten parsonages, and a large National school in Adelaide. 
 There were now eighteen clergymen officiating in 
 twenty-two churches, compared with the five clergy 
 at work and the five churches provided at the time 
 of the establishment of the see. 
 
 One of the first of the bishop's difficulties on 
 entering upon the duties of his charge, to use his own 
 words, was the want of habit, on the part of those 
 who could afford it, of giving, and paying for the 
 support of religious education in behalf of the poorer 
 classes. However, with energy and foresight, he had 
 
EDUCATION IX SOUTH AUSTRALIA 
 
 8l 
 
 within three months of his arrival started a school 
 in Adelaide on National-school lines. " Religion," 
 he writes, "must be taught in definite views, and 
 those views in the Church of England are embodied 
 in her Catechism, which is to be taught to all children 
 after they have learned the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, 
 and the Ten Commandments." In the same year a 
 grammar school was founded, which afterwards devel- 
 oped into the most useful collegiate school of St. 
 Peter, towards the building and endowment of which 
 the "S.P.C.K." grant of ;^20oo was handed over by 
 the bishop. Captain William Allen met this grant 
 by the benefaction of a like sum, increased to ^7000 
 in all before the college was completed. A site 
 of thirty acres was purchased about half-a-mile from 
 the city boundary, and the foundation stone laid on 
 May 24, 1849. The work was actively pushed on, 
 so that by Michaelmas 1853 the main block of 
 buildings was ready for occupation by the regular 
 staff of teachers and sixty resident scholars. The 
 magnificent bequest of another generous colonist will 
 eventually accrue to the extent of over ^100,000. 
 
 The bishop hoped to connect a school-room with 
 every church in the land, and to open it for both day 
 and Sunday schools, but the secular wave which 
 swept over the whole of Australia proved too strong 
 for even his brave spirit. The attempt became more 
 and more hopeless in competition with State organiza- 
 tion supported by Slate funds, until, in 1875, the 
 central board of education was finally superseded by 
 a system "secular, compulsory, and free," with merely 
 permissive Bible reading before school hours, if desired 
 by the parents. 
 
 The University of Adelaide owes its origin to the 
 munificence of Mr. Walter Hughes, who gave a sum 
 of ;^2o,ooo for the purpose. Sir Thomas Elder 
 added an equal sum, and when the total had reached 
 
82 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 ^60,000, the Government supplemented the amount 
 by a grant of five per cent, per annum, and an endow- 
 ment of 50,000 acres of land. Sir Richard Hanson, 
 Chief-Justice, became the first chancellor. He was 
 succeeded by Bishop Short, who had by this time 
 won the respect and affection of all classes and denom- 
 inations. To crown his labours he had the further 
 satisfaction, before leaving the diocese, of founding 
 the training college of St. Barnabas, for the preparation 
 of candidates for holy orders, to which he presented 
 his valuable library of theological and classical works. 
 
 EDUCATION IN VICTORIA 
 
 Added to the many difticulties attending Church 
 finance in a new and struggling community, were the 
 still more formidable ones surrounding the education 
 question. On his arrival in Melbourne, Bishop Perry 
 found to his very great dismay a wretched wooden 
 school-room, built under the walls of St. James's 
 Church, as the sole representative of Church-school 
 teaching. By dint of persistent effort he procured its 
 displacement in 1850 l3y a more worthy one. Then 
 a second school was erected on land purchased in 
 Bourke Sireet by means of a grant of ;£'iooo from 
 Ihe "S.P.C.K." In addition to these and the school 
 premises provided in connection with St. Peter's 
 Church, Eastern Hill, it was determined to have 
 suitable girls' and infants' schools in other portions 
 of the city, rising in importance. A diocesan society 
 was founded in furtherance of the work, but the failure 
 to obtain possession of a portion of the Government 
 grant from Sydney was an intense disappointment, 
 and wofully crippled its operations from the outset. 
 Again recourse was had to a timely grant of £600, 
 promised by the "S.P.C.K/' on certain conditions. 
 
EDUCATION IN VICTORIA 
 
 83 
 
 Church of England Grammar Schools were soon 
 established both at Melbourne and Geelong — always 
 rivals in good works as in business enterprise. Grants 
 were made by Parliament, in the year 1853, of 
 ^20,000. Before 1861 the national and diocesan 
 boards were merged into one. Religious instruction 
 had been previously given by the teachers appointed 
 by the local boards and by the parish priest also. In 
 1872 an Act passed the legislature brmging the edu- 
 cational system of Victoria into line with what was 
 assumed to be the universal trend of public opinion 
 — an Act rendering the teaching in all State schools 
 "secular, compulsory, and free," according to the 
 new catchwords. Teachers were not to be allowed 
 to give the simplest religious instruction, nor any 
 minister of religion to do so during school hours. 
 The local boards were endowed with no real authority. 
 
 The bishop was greatly cheered by a visit in 
 1857 from the Metropolitan, and he returned the 
 visit by proceeding to Sydney two years later, where 
 he was struck by the diversity of the circumstances of 
 the two dioceses. Sydney he thought more parochial. 
 The churches were handsomer than in Melbourne — 
 the people more permanently resident, and their wants 
 therefore more readily ascertainable. In i860 the 
 bishop and the Metropolitan journeyed together to 
 Adelaide, where they were warmly welcomed by 
 Bishop Short and his faithful clergy and laity. These 
 mutual visits, interchanged between the Australian 
 prelates when rare opportunities offered, were fraught 
 with untold blessings to the growing Church life. 
 
 As in New South Wales, the wonderful gold dis- 
 coveries had more than doubled the population within 
 two years, necessitating a proportionate increase of 
 clergy, if the people were not to be thoroughly 
 demoralized. Fired by the enthusiastic example of 
 his Metropolitan, Bishop Perry himself started for the 
 
84 THE STORY OF THE AUStRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 "diggings," accompanied by his fearless wife. For 
 their accommodation the chief-commissioner gave up 
 his tent— a poor protection from the weather, measuring 
 seven feet by nine, and containing as furniture two 
 stretchers, a table, a large tin dish, and an American 
 chair. Both, however, made light of their troubles, 
 and the episcopal ministrations at Forest Creek were 
 much appreciated by the diggers. There were now 
 twenty-four priests and deacons labouring in nine 
 churches and various school-houses. Nine had been 
 removed by sickness and death. For their support a 
 stipend and endowment fund was started with good 
 hopes of permanence. And, as if in encouragement, 
 an Act passed the legislature late in 1852, to promote 
 church building and the maintenance of ministers. 
 The annual grant of ^^30,000 was increased to 
 ;£"5o,ooo, of which the Church of England proportion 
 was at first ;2{^i4,ooo and subsequently ;£^23,5oo. 
 The aid would have been more Avelcome had it not 
 been for the bishop's well-known and strongly expressed 
 objection to the principle of assisting all denomina- 
 tions alike. 
 
 Under Archdeacon Macartney's auspices, the Church 
 was progressing rapidly at Geelong. Christchurch 
 was enlarged by 500 free and open seats. Towards 
 an episcopal residence the Government appropriated 
 the sum of ;^2ooo, with a grant of two acres of land. 
 Bishopscourt at East Melbourne was the fruit of this 
 generosity. The terrible fires which devastated the 
 colony on " Black Thursday," 1857, wofully retarded 
 Church expansion in the country districts. Trinity 
 College was instituted in 1869, in the University 
 Reserves, and the Rev. G. W. Torrance placed in 
 charge of the students, Dr. Eceper being appointed 
 resident tutor. 
 
FURTHER CONFERENCES 
 
 85 
 
 FURTHER CONFERENCES 
 
 By the deatli of Bishop Broughton the Church 
 throughout Australia sustained a grievous, it would 
 not be too much perhaps to say an irreparable, loss. 
 For the time all movements towards synodical govern- 
 ment were effectually stayed. In Victoria, Bishop 
 Perry had been striving to cope with the obstacles 
 continually thrown in his way. Being stoutly opposed 
 on principle to any sort of despotic authority as con- 
 trary to the democratic instincts of colonists, he yet 
 believed in the necessity of an Enabling Act of the 
 legislature, in opposition to the opinion of his late 
 Metropolitan, who just as strenuously desired to have 
 no State interference whatever. Two measures had 
 been introduced into the Legislative Council at 
 Sydney, but withdrawn in deference to protests 
 from the press and people of Victoria. Liberty of 
 action for the Church was strangely interpreted to 
 foreshadow the creation of a dominant Church. A 
 Conference was held in Melbourne during June and 
 July 185 1, with the intention of considering a constitu- 
 tion for the Church of England in Port Phillip. Reso- 
 lutions were carried in favour of a Church Assembly 
 of clergy and laity. All clergy in priests' orders 
 holding the bishop's licence were to be qualified. In 
 1853 the matter had gone so far as to include the 
 actual passing of a Bill in the House of Lords, on the 
 initiation of Archbishop Sumner, to enable Colonial 
 bishops to share their authority with the laity, and in 
 fact to manage Church affairs generally, but it failed 
 to pass the ordeal of the House of Commons. 
 
 In a second Conference, in 1854, a draft Bill was 
 submitted and carried by a decisive majority, and 
 passed on to the legislature for its sanction, to enable 
 the bishops, clergy, and laity of the United Church of 
 
86 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 England and Ireland, in Victoria, to provide for the 
 regulation of the affairs of the said Church. The 
 opposition was led by a prominent Roman Catholic, 
 on behalf of his co-religionists, on the very curious 
 ground that " limiting the power of the bishop was 
 asking them to regulate the affairs of the Church, and 
 that it was impossible for a mixed assembly to frame 
 a constitution for a Church, or to give force to its 
 enactmer.ts." It would seem as though Bishop Gray 
 were right in determining to solve the troublesome 
 problem in his own diocese of Capetown by doing 
 without legislative sanction altogether, and substituting 
 consensual compact. All opposition notwithstanding, 
 the Enabling Act passed the Victorian legislature by 
 fifteen votes to five, and received the Queen's assent, 
 after sundry objections and petitions had been dealt 
 with. 
 
 In South Australia Bishop Short was hardly pressed 
 by the cessation of State aid in 1851. This colony hav- 
 ing, unlike the rest, opposed itself from the beginning to 
 the idea of a State-assisted Church, had enjoyed the 
 grants for three years only by way of experiment. 
 Grasping the situation at once, the bishop proposed 
 concentrated effort, and petitioned the Queen to allow 
 of the meeting of diocesan clergy and laity under 
 episcopal direction. The growing importance of the 
 question induced his lordship to join his brother 
 prelates in their visit to England, to confer with the 
 ecclesiastical lawyers, and to watch the progress of 
 his petition. His hopes were rather damped by the 
 failure of Archbishop Sumner's measure to pass the 
 parliamentary test, but he was greatly comforted by 
 the legal friends to whom he had submitted his draft 
 constitution for the diocese. Sir Richard Bethel), 
 afterwards Lord Westbury, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, Sir 
 Joseph Napier, and Mr. A. J. Stephen, gave it as their 
 unanimous opinion that it was competent for a colonial 
 
furthp:r conferences 
 
 87 
 
 diocese to organize itself without imperial authority. 
 Armed with this opinion, the bishop returned to 
 Adelaide, and early in 1855 a diocesan assembly was 
 called together to consider the synodical compact. 
 The fundamental regulations were solemnly signed at 
 Bishopscourt. 
 
 The way being thus promptly cleared, the first 
 session of synod based on mutual compact met on 
 April 29, 1856, in the Chapter House — the original 
 wooden parsonage sent out, in 1837, by the '*S.P.C.K." 
 for the Rev. C. B. Howard. In his review of two years 
 later, the bishop explains and justifies his action. He 
 tells how he shrank from exercising the absolute 
 authority conferred upon him by his letters patent, 
 preferring to assemble his diocesan synod to make such 
 laws for the internal government of the diocese as did 
 not conflict with the civil law of the colony, or the 
 ecclesiastical law of England, and he touchingly con- 
 cludes : — " Being persuaded from the Scriptures that 
 the strength of the primitive Church, met under the 
 power of the Holy Ghost, lay in the union of apostles, 
 elders, and brethren, and the common interest they 
 took in evangelizing the world, when I found this 
 diocese suddenly placed, so far as regards its relations 
 with the civil government and lemporal endowments, 
 in the condition of the primitive Church, it became an 
 obvious duty to recur to those elements of strength 
 which arc inherent in the apostolic organization." 
 Coincident with these vast strides in the direction of 
 self-government for the Australian Church, the royal 
 assent was given in May 1856 to an Act enabling 
 members of the United Church of England and 
 Ireland in Canada to meet in synod. 
 
 The new Metropolitan having with great zeal set his 
 more immediate diocese in order, turned his attention 
 to this much-vexed question. A Conference of bishops, 
 clergy, and laity was summoned to meet in Sydney 
 
88 THE STORY OF i rii. vl STRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 on Nov. 24, 1 85 8. The draft Bill prepared by Sir 
 Alfred Stephen, C.J. ; Sir William Burton, a retired 
 judge; and Mr. Alex. Gordon, was submitted, "to give 
 the Church permission to hold synods, and to pass 
 in them ordinances that should be legally valid." The 
 Rev. Canon Allwood ably upheld Sir William Burton's 
 contention that a simple Enabling Bill was all that 
 would be required, while the two bishops of Sydney 
 and Goulbmn carried the majority of the Conference 
 with them in their opinion that Parliament should not 
 only be asked to legalize the formation of synods, but 
 to decide on all the details of their constitution. The 
 Bill was adopted by the Conference held immediately 
 after at Newcastle, with the addition that it should be 
 made compulsory on the Metro]:)olitan to summon a 
 provincial synod of bishops and elected members of 
 clergy and laity, as soon as three dioceses should be 
 formed in New South Wales. A private Bill was in- 
 troduced into the Legislative Council towards the end 
 of 1859, but was withdrawn for the further consider- 
 ation of the Church on the point of the bishop's veto. 
 
 The next Conference was called to meet in Sydney 
 on February 7, 1865, by which time a conflict had 
 become imminent in the matter of what should be 
 held to constitute a legal synod. Since the abortive 
 attempt of 1861, both the Metropolitan and the Bishop 
 of Newcastle had advanced considerably in their views 
 of what was requisite for a permanent foundation. The 
 draft Bill was prepared by Canon Allwood. An amend- 
 ment was proposed by Mr. Robert Johnson, M.T.C., 
 and adopted, for the appointment of a committee to 
 frame fundamental constitutions, based on the Bill of 
 1858 as amended, and to obtain legislative sanction 
 thereupon, for the synod to manage the property of the 
 Church accordingly. The committee was appointed, 
 and submitted a series of constitutions on March 15, 
 which were passed by a large majority. The draft Bill 
 
FURTHER CONFERENCES 
 
 89 
 
 was to have been at once introduced into the Legisla- 
 tive Assembly, and a Select Committee asked for, when 
 a further delay occurred through the prorogation of 
 Parliament. An adjourned Conference was thereby 
 rendered necessary, which met on September 26, and 
 passed resolutions for the convenmg of a united Con- 
 ference of the bishops and clergy and lay representa- 
 tives of all the Australian dioceses. It was also resolved 
 that "it is necessary to recognize the inherent and 
 independent rights of the diocese," and that "a revision 
 of the constitution based on the foregoing principle is 
 imperatively needed." 
 
 Since the Conference of 1858, the Bishop of New- 
 castle had come to the conclusion that the Church was 
 free to meet in synod without any legislative sanction 
 at all, without even an Enabling Act, in which latter, 
 however, he was willing to concur in deference to the 
 fears of the Metropolitan. He thought, moreover, that 
 provincial action should take precedence of diocesan. 
 The Sydney Conference had acted wrongly, in his 
 opinion, in not making immediate provision for a 
 provincial synod, and lie gave notice that unless the 
 Metropolitan see retraced its steps, he would petition 
 against their Bill, which eventually he did with success. 
 Bishop Tyrrell's hands had been greatly strengthened 
 by the Privy Council Judgment of 1856, in the case of 
 Long V. the Bishop of Capetown, that "the bishop 
 had acted as though letters patent conferred on him 
 an authority which at the time her ^Lijesty had no 
 power to grant, and that it was important to set at rest 
 the various questions raised by tlie suit." Acting on 
 this judgment, the New Zealand bishops had craved 
 permission " to resign their letters patent, and to be 
 allowed to rely in future upon the powers inherent in 
 their office for perpetuating the succession of their 
 order within the colony of New Zealand." The Bishop 
 of Adelaide was heart and soul with them in so doing, 
 
90 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 completing, if anything more were needed, the conver- 
 sion of the Bishop of Newcastle to their views. Their 
 experience coincided with his own belief in the Divine 
 origin and entire freedom of the Church. 
 
 On August 15, 1865, the diocese of Newcastle met 
 in synod, to give effect to its bishop's expressed beliefs. 
 It claimed an inherent right, as a spiritual voluntary 
 society not connected with the State, to make bye-laws 
 not at variance with any law of the land, to be binding 
 on her own members. A draft " Temporalities Bill " 
 was framed for submission to the Provincial Conference, 
 at its meeting, April 11, 1866. At the intervening 
 Conference on September 26, 1865, the Chancellors of 
 Sydney and Goulburn clung tenaciously to the value- 
 less letters patent, and pinned their faith to legislative 
 sanction. Their representatives were pledged to allow 
 no alteration. It was with difficulty the Newcastle 
 representatives obtained leave to introduce any pro- 
 vision for the proposed provincial synod, and when at 
 last the Sydney Chancellor moved to subordinate the 
 provincial synod to the diocesan, Bishop Tyrrell stoutly 
 protested ogainst the proposal as unprecedented and 
 un-Catholic, and moved the omission of all but the 
 management of Church property from the scope ot 
 parliamentary control. Although outvoted at the time, 
 his lordship's wishes were partially met in the completed 
 measure. At about the same time a circular wns ad- 
 dressed by Bishop Tait of London, to the members of 
 the Colonial Episcopate, asking for their views respect- 
 ing the "desirability, or otherwise, of all bishops in 
 British colonies receiving their mission from the see 
 of Canterbury, and taking the oath of canonical 
 obedience to the xVrchbishop." The Bishop of New- 
 castle replied that, as the mission had been given by 
 letters patent, it did not reside in the Archbishop of 
 Canterl3ury, that it should now be given by the provincial 
 synod, and that the bishop-elect should be consecrated 
 
DIOCESE OF BRISBANE 
 
 91 
 
 by his comprovincial bishops. He objected to any 
 appeal beyond the limits of the colony, and declared 
 against the royal supremacy, as applicable only to an 
 Established Church. Not even a royal mandate was 
 in his opinion required for consecration. 
 
 In these protests, extreme as they were deemed 
 at the time to be, Bishop Tyrrell had the support 
 of an important dispatch from the Duke of Newcastle 
 relating to the Capetown crisis. The dispatch, in 
 brief, laid down as an undeniable principle, governing 
 the Church everywhere, where an independent legisla- 
 ture had been granted : (i) That the Church of England 
 was in no better position, but in no worse, than any 
 other religious body; and (2) that her members may 
 adopt, as may the members of any other communion, 
 rules for enforcing discipline, which will be binding on 
 those who have assented to them, provided they are not 
 contrary to existing laws. Fortified by the terms of 
 this dispatch, the diocese of Newcastle finally aban- 
 doned the " figment of authority " conferred by 
 letters patent, which was so stoutly contended for by 
 the bishops and chancellors of Sydney and Goulburn. 
 
 DIOCESE OF BRISBANE 
 
 When the separation was proposed of Queensland 
 from the mother colony of New South Wales, and its 
 erection into a separate colony, to include all the 
 enormous territory to the far north-east of the conti- 
 nent, an urgent appeal was made by the Bishop of 
 Newcastle, in whose diocese the settled portions of 
 Moreton Bay were situated, for the formation of a new 
 diocese to correspond. Of the ;!£^5ooo required for 
 endowment, he guaranteed to raise ^3000, and by 
 September 1858, the whole amount was lodged in the 
 hands of the Committee of the " Colonial Bishoprics 
 
92 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Fund." The "S.P.C.K." and "S.P.G. " each granted 
 ;£"iooo towards the total amount. 
 
 The district of Moreton Bay was discovered and 
 explored by Lieutenant Oxley, who had been sent by 
 Sir Thomas Brisbane to provide an outlet for convict 
 prisoners. Proceeding as far north as Port Essington, 
 he returned to Sydney in 1823, and on the voyage 
 back put into Moreton Bay, giving the name of 
 Brisbane to a settlement about sixteen miles up the 
 river flowing into tlie bay. Thirty of the worst offenders 
 were immediately dispatched, and before the end of 
 four years the settlement numbered a thousand souls. 
 Unhappily the same mistake exactly was made as was 
 made in the original design of the parent colony. 
 No clergyman or religious instructor was thought of, 
 and all that could be done in the emergency was to 
 entrust to the officers' charge as many Bibles and 
 Prayer-books as could be spared at the moment. 
 During the period of 1824 — 1840 there were eight 
 commandants in charge, with an unlimited power of 
 discipline. In 1839 the sending of criminals to 
 Moreton Bay was stopped, and in 1842 the whole of 
 the surrounding country, and far inland, was thrown 
 open for settlement. Vast plains, scarcely undulating 
 and enclosed by sundry streams and rivulets, were 
 found in the western interior, most suitable, for the 
 grazing of the rapidly increasing flocks of sheep. 
 The air was dry — the skies of a cloudless blue, 
 deepening after sunset to a rich - purple. Means 
 of transit formed of course the chief necessity for 
 further expansion, and we can enter into the feelings 
 of the pioneer settlers when they were wont to turn 
 out in a mass to meet the night coach as it drew up 
 at the rough bush post-office, their only source of 
 communication with the outside world. River traffic 
 was possible as far as Ipswich, a distance of fifty-two 
 miles, shortened to twenty-five miles by road. Bullock 
 
DIOCESE OF BRISBANE 
 
 93 
 
 teams brought periodical supples of food, and took 
 back the clips of wool to the seaport. 
 
 The consecration of the Right Rev. Edward Wynd- 
 ham Tufnell realized the long-cherished wish of the' 
 Bishop of Newcastle for the subdivision of his unwieldy 
 see. To add to his anxieties, his two senior clergy — 
 Canon Rusden of East Maitland, and Canon Wilton 
 of Newcastle — had been called to their rest. Bishop 
 Tufnell arrived during August i860, with six clergy 
 and several lay-helpers. They were met and welcomed 
 in Sydney by Bishop Tyrrell, who took them back 
 with him to Newcastle, and after a splendid reception 
 there, speeded them on their way to Brisbane the same 
 afternoon. 
 
 In the fourth year of its separate existence the 
 diocesan received an official visit from the Metro- 
 politan, who had just returned from his trip to the old 
 country with the good news of the l^ishop of Goul- 
 burn's consecration and expected arrival. It was in 
 July, the height of the lovely winter weather of Brisbane. 
 Sir George and Lady Bowen received the visitors at 
 Government House, Mrs. Barker being of the party. 
 A public meeting tendered its respectful welcome, and 
 three weeks were profitably spent in impressing on the 
 members of the Church the essential unity which 
 bound them together, despite geographical divisions. 
 
 Bishop Patteson was in Sydney when the Metro- 
 politan got back, on a mission to entreat sympathy 
 with his work in Melanesia. At a public meeting 
 held under the presidency of the governor. Sir John 
 Young, the deepest interest was aroused ; among 
 other things resulting in the annual contribution of 
 the Sunday Schools of Australia towards the education 
 and maintenance of the young Melanesian islanders 
 in training, which has been continued ever since. 
 The sum of ^10 maintains and educates one boy or 
 girl at Norfolk Island. 
 
94 I'HE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 DIOCESE OF GOULBURN 
 
 On April 20, 1S60, the Metropolitan, accompanied by 
 the Bishop of Newcastle — after a meeting at Morpeth 
 of much mutual pleasure and profit — paid a long- 
 contemplated visit to Tasmania. They were received 
 by the bishop and Archdeacon Davies with every 
 demonstration of respect, twenty-five of the clergy 
 being present at the visitation held in St. David's 
 Cathedral, Hobart Town, and twenty at the subsequent 
 visitation at St. John's, Launceston, at the northern end 
 of the island. 
 
 A long and toilsome tour of the south-western 
 districts, at the end of the year, paved the way finally 
 for the formation of a new see, with Goulburn for its 
 cerftre. Many years previously Bishop Broughton had 
 been convinced of the necessity of the subdivision of 
 his diocese in this direction. The hardships and 
 difficulties, to say nothing of the loss of time ac- 
 companying these remote journeys, were growing each 
 year more irksome. Theie were places here and there 
 which could not possibly be visited oftener than once 
 in four or five years, and exceptional districts that 
 could not be reached at all in the usual course. That 
 the time had come for the inevitable separation was 
 agreed by all the clergy and laity of the southern 
 portion of the colony. An endowment fund was 
 started, to be fixed at ^12,000, afterwards increased 
 to ;^*i5,oco. The bishop proceeded to England the 
 following year for the purpose of choosing a suitable 
 priest, and, on the nomination of the Archbishop of 
 Canterbuiy, the choice fell on the Rev. Mesac Thomas, 
 M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, then secretary 
 of the ''Colonial and Continental Church Society." 
 His consecration took place at Canterbury on March 
 25, 1S63, the Primate being assisted by the Bishop 
 
DIOCESE OF GOULBURN 
 
 95 
 
 of \Vorcester and the Bishops of Sydney and Mel- 
 bourne. Bishop Thomas arrived in Sydney on jSIarch 
 14, 1864, in time to gladden the heart of the Metro- 
 politan, who was in the midst of a lengthy series of 
 confirmations, awaiting his return. The new bishop 
 was cordially welcomed at a thanksgiving service in 
 St. James's Church, was escorted to Melbourne by 
 his Metropolitan, and duly installed in the pro- 
 cathedral of St. Saviour in his own diocese, thus 
 further relieving the mother diocese of a huge territory, 
 with its increasingly heavy duties and incessant travel. 
 
 The number of clergy handed over with the see 
 was about twenty " men, with whom any bishop might 
 be happy to co-operate," writes Bishop Thomas, when 
 recalling his earlier experiences. The question of 
 clergy supply lay in fact at the foundation of all 
 diocesan work throughout the continent. It was the 
 hope of obtaining additional workers, combined with 
 the need of rest and change, which decided the 
 Metropolitan on his journey to England. He was 
 fortunate in his quest, for of the many who offered 
 themselves eight were chosen. Many more would prob- 
 ably have been selected had it not been for the very 
 special qualifications desired, and the uncertainty of 
 adequate remuneration. Since the bishop had left 
 Sydney the New South Wales Legislature had passed 
 an Act abolishing all grants in aid of religion beyond 
 those made to existing incumbents. The Bill was 
 reserved for her Majesty's approval, owing to the 
 strong opposition, but passed in the end. English 
 Churchmen, speaking generally, had no accurate know- 
 ledge of Australian wants, and consequently did not 
 feel the sympathy with them that could be wished for ; 
 hence the necessity for some one like the Metropolitan 
 to go through the length and breadth of the land, 
 preaching and exhorting continually. His advocacy 
 was liberally responded to, notably in the cause of 
 
96 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 his theological college at the new Liverpool of the 
 antipodes, his appeals for which were met in his old 
 diocese of Liverpool alone by gifts amounting to 
 ;^2ooo. From other sources the sum was raised to 
 ^4000. 
 
 FORMATION OF SYNODS 
 
 On December 5, 1866, the *MetropoHtan Bishop of 
 Sydney met his first synod, which proceeded to con- 
 sider, among other matters, the desirableness of making 
 better arrangements for the due celebration of mar- 
 riages ; the mode of appointment of clergymen to 
 parochial cures ; the relations of the Church in the 
 colony to the mother Church of England ; the enact- 
 ment of a tribunal ordinance ; and the framing of a 
 constitution for St. Andrew's Cathedral, rapidly 
 approaching completion. The further consideration 
 of most of the subjects was referred to select com- 
 mittees for presentation at the next session. With 
 regard to the more pressing matter, a Bill had been 
 introduced into the Imperial Parliament by Mr. 
 Cardwell, to remove doubts as to the effect of letters 
 patent granted to certain colonial bishops, and to 
 amend the law with respect to bishops and clergy in 
 the colonies." The Bill met with scant courtesy at 
 the hands of some of the leading members of the 
 synod. A petition was drawn up, to be forwarded to 
 both Houses of the imperial legislature, as well as to 
 both Houses of Convocation, praying that no conse- 
 cration may take place of bishops, in and for the 
 colotiies, in a manner contrary to the long-established 
 ordinances of the Church, or tending to the weakenin^^ 
 of the connection of the Church with the Church in 
 the United Kingdom. The synod met for its second 
 session on August 20, 1867, when the right rev. 
 
FORMATION OF SYNODS 
 
 97 
 
 president was able to announce the probable arrival 
 of an addition to the episcopal ranks — the bishop of 
 the new see of Grafton and Armidale. 
 
 The visit, in 1868, of Bishop Selwyn of New Zealand, 
 on his way to Lichfield, was taken advantage of by 
 the Bishop of Newcastle to gain support for his state- 
 ment of claim on behalf of the Divine authority 
 inherent in the Church, apart from the secular power ; 
 the bishops and chancellors of Sydney and Goulburn 
 holding the opposite view. At his suggestion the 
 Metropolitan summoned the Bishops of Melbourne, 
 New Zealand, and Newcastle, to confer with himself 
 on the subject, which tended happily to " a visible 
 moderating of previous differences." The consecra- 
 tion of St. Andrew's Cathedral, at the end of 
 November, gave opportunity for a still wider dis- 
 cussion. Seven of the bishops of Australia and 
 Tasmania were present, the Bishop of Perth being 
 the only absentee. The conclusions arrived at were : — 
 
 1. The relation of the Church of England in 
 Australia is one of identity of doctrine and worship, 
 and subject as far as practicable to the law of the 
 Church of England. 
 
 2. The election of colonial bishops, whatever be 
 the mode adopted, should be confirmed by the bishops 
 of the province. 
 
 3. A general synod should be constituted, consist- 
 ing of bishops and representatives of the clergy and 
 laity in the several dioceses comprised within the 
 province, with the object of maintaining the relations 
 of the Church in the province of Australia to the 
 Church both at home and in the various colonies, as 
 well as to secure unity of doctrine and discipline. 
 
 4. The general synod should constitute a tribunal 
 to which there should be a right of appeal from any 
 bishop or diocesan tribunal in the province in cases 
 involving faith and worship. 
 
 G 
 
98 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 5. Every bishop of the province should, at his 
 consecration, take an oath of canonical obedience to 
 the Metropolitan. 
 
 Respecting the efficacy of letters patent to confer 
 territorial jurisdiction, there was a wide divergence of 
 opinion ; the Bishops of Sydney, Melbourne, and 
 Goulburn holding the favourable view, until overruled 
 by an adverse judgment of the Judicial Committee of 
 the Privy Council. The majority expressed a hope 
 that letters patent would continue to be issued, " so 
 long as practicable," assigning to bishops a territorial 
 sphere of action. 
 
 The session of synod for 1868 made its commence- 
 ment in Sydney on August 5. In his opening address 
 the bishop, while congratulating the Church on the 
 utterance of the eighty-two bishops assembled at 
 Lambeth in the previous year, took exception to one 
 of their recommendations relating to synodical govern- 
 ment. The bishops had resolved, " that a provincial 
 synod may make or authorize alterations in the services 
 of the Church required by the circumstances of the 
 province." To this Bishop Barker objected, preferring 
 the 27th constitution of the local Church Act, "that 
 no rule, ordinance, or determination of any diocese 
 or provincial synod shall make any alteration in the 
 articles, liturgy, or formularies of the Church, except 
 in conformity with any alterations which may be 
 made by a competent authority of the United Church 
 of England and Ireland in the United Kingdom." 
 The bishops had also recommended, " that a provincial 
 tribunal of appeal should be established by the 
 provincial synod." To this, too, the Metropolitan 
 objected, if the effect of it should be meant to 
 supersede the right of appeal to the Queen in 
 Council. 
 
 A tribunal ordinance was introduced and passed 
 by the synod, providing for the initiation of a charge 
 
FORMATION OF SYNODS 
 
 99 
 
 by the bishop, or by any person making complaint to 
 the bishop in writing ; the bishop to decide upon the 
 existence of a prima facie ground for the charge; the 
 accused to submit himself to the summary judgment 
 of his diocesan, if he shall so elect, or be cited before 
 a panel of triers, consisting of six clergy and six 
 laymen, the bishop having power of suspension 
 meanwhile, without deprivation of stipend. It was 
 further resolved by the synod that the expediency of 
 the amendment of the Church Act, 8 William IV., 
 chapter v., be a subject of joint reference from the 
 diocesan synods to the provincial synod of New 
 South Wales. 
 
 One of the most important of the ordinances passed 
 by the synod of 1868 was for the more satisfactory 
 presentation to vacant benefices. Briefly summarized 
 its enactments were : — 
 
 1. At the first session of every new synod three 
 clergymen and three resident laymen shall be elected 
 as a board of nominators. 
 
 2. At the meeting to be held in any parish or 
 ecclesiastical district, the electors present may deter- 
 mine that, for the currency of that synod, the appoint- 
 ment of a clergyman may vest absolutely in the 
 bishop, or in the synod board of nominators, together 
 with the parochial board. 
 
 3. If the latter, then the electors may proceed to 
 choose four persons, being communicants, to act as a 
 parochial board of nominators with the churchwardens 
 in office. 
 
 4. In the event of vacnncy the board of nominators, 
 in whom the appointment has been vested, shall 
 present to the bishop. 
 
 5. The right of presentation shall not be allowed to 
 any parish in which provision is not made for securing 
 to the clergyman a stipend of at least ^300 per annum, 
 together with a suitable residence. 
 
too THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 6. An appeal shall lie to the provincial synod of 
 New South Wales. 
 
 The fourth session began its sittings on April 6, 
 1869, the seven bishops of Australia and Tasmania 
 having met in Sydney in the interval to consider the 
 question of the formation of a general synod. The 
 Church Assembly of ^Melbourne had passed a reso- 
 lution affirming the desirability of such synod for the 
 entire province, and making the synod to consist of 
 the bishops and representatives of the clergy and laity 
 of all the colonies. On the motion of the Chancellor, 
 the following matters were referred to the provincial 
 synod, to m.eet some time before May 12 : — 
 
 1. The mode of appointment and consecration of 
 bishops. 
 
 2. The expediency of constituting a general synod 
 for the province of Australia, and the nature of the 
 functions of such synod if formed. 
 
 3. The expediency of such general synod consti- 
 tuting a tribunal of appeal, in cases where any question 
 of faith or worship is involved, from the decision 
 of diocesan bishops or tribunals, together with the 
 expediency of constituting a council of reference in 
 England from a general synod. 
 
 4. The desirability of a general synod constituting 
 a tribunal for the trial of charges against a bishop 
 within the province. 
 
 Among the subjects determined on at the meeting 
 of bishops held in Sydney, November 23 — December 
 I, 1S6S, were : — 
 
 ''That it is desirable, sa\'ir.g the rights of the 
 Crown, that colonial bishops should be appointed by 
 the Church of the diocese, the election to be con- 
 firmed by the bishops of the province, and the person 
 so cliosen and confirmed to be consecrated by the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury or by the Metropolitan. 
 
 " Tliat it is also desirable, so long as it is practicable, 
 
FORMATION OF SYNODS 
 
 lOI 
 
 that letters patent should continue to be issued assign- 
 ing to the bishop a territorial sphere of action. 
 
 "That the diocesan synod may delegate its po'.ver 
 to any bishop or bishops, or to such a body as the 
 standing committee, or a specially-appointed perma- 
 nent committee, or the cathedral chapter, or may 
 nominate two or more clergymen, of whom the bishops 
 of the province shall select one." 
 
 The first provincial synod of the three dioceses of 
 Sydney, Newcastle, and Goulburn, within the colony 
 of New South Wales, met at Sydney, May i, 1869. 
 The Metropolitan, who presided, expressed his con- 
 gratulations upon the progress made towards the 
 complete organization of the Church in Australia. 
 The Very Rev. the Dean of Sydney was elected 
 chairman of the House of Representatives. In the 
 excited state of public feeling, there was naturally 
 some sharpness of debate, but the session was by no 
 means barren of result. Members learned to under- 
 stand one another. A better and higher tone and spirit 
 altogether prevailed than had hitherto existed. 
 
 The House of Bishops decided in the affirmative: — 
 
 1. The expediency of the formation of a general 
 synod, but with no weakening of the previous con- 
 nection between the Colonial Church and the Crown. 
 
 2. The desirableness of leaving the mode of election 
 of bishops to the synod of each diocese. 
 
 3. The desirableness of constituting a tribunal of 
 appeal from diocesan tribunals. 
 
 4. The desirableness of constituting a tribunal for 
 the trial of bishops. 
 
 An open conference was asked for by the House of 
 Representatives with the House of Bishops. The two 
 Houses concurred in the resoludons, with minoramend- 
 ments, except that the synod, by a majority, declined 
 entering on the consideration of the tribunals or 
 council of reference. The House of Bishops agreed 
 
I02 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 in thinking the formation of these tribunals premature. 
 The House of Representatives amended the minute of 
 the House of Bishops relating to the future election of 
 bishops so as to read, "that it is most desirable that 
 bishops in this province should continue to be 
 appointed by the Crown under letters patent, assign- 
 ing to each such bishop a territorial sphere of action, 
 but that, nevertheless, each diocese should have a 
 voice in such appointment." This was assented to. 
 
 CHURCH BUILDINGS 
 
 The fortunes of the Cathedral Church of St. Andrew 
 varied with the varying vicissitudes of the colony. 
 It was projected by Governor Lachlan Macquarie at a 
 time when the country had no bishop, and the city 
 practically no population. The 7000 or so living 
 around the shores of Sydney Cove were served by the 
 churches of St. Phillip's and St. James's. A few 
 residences straggled along the line of George Street, 
 and on the road to Parramatla. There were five or 
 six chaplains at work, all of them more than fully 
 occupied without the duties which would fall to a 
 cathedral staff. Nevertheless, the Governor, who was. 
 an enthusiast in church building, but with no taste for 
 graceful architecture, determined to start his cathedral, 
 and in 181 9 the foundation stone was laid. Alongside 
 was the cemetery, at first unenclosed and uncared-for, 
 but after a good deal of urging, it was enclosed by a 
 fence, then by a brick wall. On the site now stands 
 the largest town-hall in the world, in the centre of 
 a busy hive of commerce, peopled by nearly half-a- 
 million souls. Being in advance of the times, and 
 of the requirements of the Clmrch, the building may 
 be said to have made no progress whatever. When 
 Archdeacon Broughton arrived in Sydney in 1829, 
 
CHURCH BUILDINGS 
 
 during the term of office of Sir Ralph Darling, he 
 found many and great changes. Streets had been 
 formed, inhabitants had increased, and a further 
 church was beginning to be called for. But the 
 archdeacon was wearied with much travelling. Parishes 
 were being organized in all directions ; churches and 
 parsonages in the new centres took up the whole of 
 his time and thoughts, so the cathedral remained in 
 much the same inchoate condition. In 1836 he 
 returned from an English trip, the consecrated Bishop 
 of Australia. A vast change had come over the spirit 
 of Church architecture in the meantime. Instead of 
 the heavy and unsightly fabrics, of which we have 
 abiding examples in St. James's, Sydney ; St. Mat- 
 thew's, Windsor ; St. Stephen's, Penrith, and others, 
 marking the early Australian style, if they can be 
 said to have a style at all, — Gothic architecture 
 was growing in favour, as it was gradually becoming 
 better known and understood. The bishop was in 
 favour of taking St. Mary's at Oxford for a standard 
 for nave and aisles, and the beautiful tower of Magdalen 
 College for the crowning of the work. In 1837 the 
 old foundation of eighteen years before was taken up 
 and relaid by Sir Richard Bourke, now governor. 
 Before the walls were finished, one of those disastrous 
 droughts which periodically afflict the Australian 
 continent, produced a general depression, which 
 sufficed to bring the works to a complete standstill. 
 For five years the advance was slow ; for the next five 
 years the gates were altogether closed. Again in 1846, 
 a number of Churchmen, thinking the time had con)e 
 when a more spirited effort should be made to provide 
 a cathedral church for the diocese, set to work to 
 raise the necessary funds. As in the previous waiting 
 lime, so in this, great changes had passed over the 
 city. A new parish had been formed at the top of 
 Brickfield Hill — Christchurch,St. Lawrence. St. Paul's, 
 
104 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Chippendale, was contemplated. There were also 
 the same changes — may we not say advances — in 
 the public mind respecting church building. Solid 
 stone was decided on in place of plastered interior 
 walls. The roof was to be open-timbered and painted. 
 Two western towers were designed to span the last 
 bays of the aisles. While rival proposals threatened 
 to once more put a stop to progress, a timely visit from 
 Bishop Selwyn of New Zealand offered an opportunity 
 for arbitration. He threw his influence strongly on 
 the side of the western towers, also in favour of 
 lengthening the nave and aisles by two bays. A greater 
 length could not unfortunately be had, because, while 
 all these delays had been hindering the work, the spare 
 ground to the westward had been made over to other 
 parties. The building was proceeded with in Sep- 
 tember 1846, to be pushed on without any consider- 
 able break to its opening in 1868. Of course the rush 
 for the gold-fields in 1851 affected the cathedral in 
 common with every building in process of erection at 
 the time. The sudden rise in the wages of masons 
 from six shillings to twenty-six shillings per day 
 reduced builders to a state bordering on despair. 
 
 The cathedral — at last sufficiently completed for 
 Divine service at a total cost of about ;£"6o,ooo — was 
 consecrated on St. Andrew's Day, 1868. The western 
 towers w^ere finished in 1874. A chapter-house was 
 added as a memorial of Bishop Barker, to be used 
 also as a synod-hall, and was occupied for the first 
 time at the session of the General Synod in 1886. 
 At the enthronement of Bishop Barry in 1888, the 
 offertory, amounting to ;£45o, was expended in 
 providing a new reredos, after a design by T. L. 
 Pearson, Esq., R.A., which includes bas-reliefs in 
 alabaster of the Transfiguration, Resurrection, and 
 Ascension of our Lord. 
 
 The non-religious character of the Cmiversity charter 
 
CHURCH BUILDINGS 
 
 led to the establishment of affiliated colleges as hostels 
 for the students, and a means of theological teaching. 
 St. Paul's College was the first to be provided, the 
 Church of England being quick to recognize its 
 necessity. On St. Paul's Day, 1856, his Excellency, 
 Sir William Denison, laid the first stone. The outlay 
 was some ;^34,ooo, the Government contributing 
 pound for pound, and setting apart ^500 as a yearly 
 income for the warden. 
 
 Moore College, founded in 1856 for the training of 
 candidates for holy orders, was enlarged and partially 
 endowed by gifts from Bishop Barker's old diocese of 
 Liverpool. Early in the year 1868, the college lost 
 the valuable services of its first principal, the Rev. 
 William Hodgson, M.A., by his return to the old 
 country. Under his guidance the institution had 
 greatly flourished. His place was filled by the 
 appointment of the Rev. Robert Lethbridge King, 
 of St. John's College,' Cambridge, grandson of the 
 governor, Philip Gidley King, who had rendered 
 such signal service in the early days of the colony, 
 both at Norfolk Island and at Sydney. In the year 
 1889 it was thought well to transfer the college to the 
 neighbourhood of the metropolis, where a site has 
 been found adjoining the affiliated college of St. Paul, 
 in the university grounds. Many Churchmen have 
 never ceased to regret the sacrifice of the beautiful 
 little Broughton chapel, with its hallowed associations. 
 
 In the King's School, Parramatta, the Church had 
 for a number of years a centre for the higher-class 
 education of boys. In its foundation it was assisted 
 from Government funds. Its first head-master was a 
 Government chaplain resident. From the year 1832 
 it met with much success, educating as it did many 
 leading men of various walks in life. But soon it 
 became the point of attack for politicians hostile to 
 any system of Church or even religious education ; 
 
Io6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 hence it was made to pass through many changes of 
 fortune. In January 1869 it was resuscitated by the 
 exertions of the Rev. George Fairfowle Macarthur, 
 who remained its head-master for seven years. During 
 1885 the school was brought under the control of a 
 council appointed by the synod of the diocese, and 
 incorporated by Act of Parliament. 
 
 Year by year the Clergy Daughters' School at 
 Waverley continued to be of infinite service to the 
 country clergy in the higher education of their girls. 
 It stood upon three and a half acres of land granted 
 by the Government. The cost of board and education 
 to the sixteen foundationers was fixed at ^25 per 
 annum. ' But the buildings were extended, and the 
 scope of the institution considerably widened in 1886, 
 in loving memory of its foundress. 
 
 VICTORIAN CHURCH FINANCE 
 
 AVhereas the gold fever doubled and even quad- 
 rupled the population, the number of clergy remained 
 almost stationary. Death and sickness had been busy 
 in the clerical ranks. Curates especially were urgently 
 needed — a matter feelingly referred to by the bishop in 
 one of his earlier Church assemblies : " There was not 
 a single church either in Melbourne or Geelong, the 
 two most populous centres, with two working clergymen 
 in it." Clearly his lordship was right in thinking that 
 it " ought not to be so." His visit to England served 
 but to deepen his regret that something approaching 
 home organization should not be attempted here. 
 The cessation of State aid in November 1869 rendered 
 the problem of adequate support even more hopeless. 
 It was to take effect in the course of five years. Land 
 that had been given was to be restored. What was 
 still worse, the customary grants from England were 
 
VICTORIAN CHURCH FINANXE 107 
 
 gradually being lessened as the Government aid was 
 being gradually taken away. To meet the crisis, help 
 was once more extended from the two great home 
 societies, the "S.P.C.K." promising a grant of ^2000 
 for each diocese, against ^8000 raised locally, and the 
 " S.P.G." a grant of ^1000, on the like conditions, 
 viz. against a local contribution of ^4000 within 
 five years. 
 
 Much worn by constant journeyings and the 
 growing cares of the more distant parts of his diocese, 
 the bishop in 1870 advocated the subdivision of his 
 diocese, or the appointment of a coadjutor-bishop. 
 The Church Assembly, while agreeing in the main, 
 was not disposed to grant the jus successionis, and so 
 the matter fell to the ground for that year. 
 
 During the previous year steps had been taken with 
 a view to the erection of a cathedral church. Plans 
 and estimates were procured for a building to cost 
 ;^75,ooo, exclusive of tower ^nd fittings. Pending the 
 carrying out of such an extensive plan, the constitution 
 of a cathedral chapter was adopted in anticipation, 
 but not finally confirmed until 1878. The chapter 
 was to consist of the bishop, the dean, the two 
 senior archdeacons, six clerical and six lay canons 
 elected for life by the assembly, and two clerical and 
 two lay canons nominated by the bishop. 
 
 In December 1858 Castlemaine was formed into an 
 archdeaconry, and the Rev. Archibald Crawford ad- 
 vanced to the post. In common with other of the 
 gold-fields this district had been subject to many and 
 great vicissitudes. By the terms of the original 
 Patronage Act of Victoria, a first vote was given to 
 all contributors of ^2. A contribution of ^^loo 
 conferred a second vote, and each additional gift of 
 £100 carried with it an additional vote. The un- 
 satisfactory character of the measure was being 
 continually felt in practice — notably at an election of 
 
Io8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 trustees for St. Mark's, Collingwood, one of the rising 
 suburbs of Melbourne. An amending Act was con- 
 sequently passed in 1870, by which a standing board 
 of nominators was to be appointed, quite independent 
 of any specific vacancy in the parish concerned. A 
 system of selection was organized, the bishop to have 
 the right of one turn in three. This was in its turn 
 abolished by a later Church Assembly, in favour of a 
 settlement which gave power to the diocese to elect 
 three nominators, who should join three others elected 
 by the parish : the bishop to preside and have an 
 independent vote, as well as a casting vote if necessary. 
 
 The blunder of issuing letters patent to newly- 
 appointed bishops after they had been declared 
 inoperative in self-governing colonies, became more 
 and more apparent as time went on, and in many cases 
 blocked the way to a free management by the Church 
 of her financial concerns. A precisely similar ill 
 effect was caused when a new diocese had to be 
 created, and a new bishop consecrated. The difficulty 
 had been partly met in Victoria, by obtaining for the 
 Church constitutions a legislative enactment, which 
 provided that they should be recorded in the Supreme 
 Court, and that for all purposes relating to Church 
 property they should be legally binding, as if in a 
 specific deed of trust, unless expressly ordered other- 
 wise. The Church Assembly in 1877 adopted the 
 plan of appointing by ballot six of the clergy and six 
 laymen, to hold office for three years, with power to 
 make an independent election in case of a vacancy 
 in the see, subject, however, to confirmation by a 
 majority of the bench of bishops. The Queen's 
 mandate was not mentioned. 
 
 One of the first provisions of the Assembly had 
 been to vest the management of every consecrated 
 church in the vestry and churchwardens — one fourth 
 of whom were to be nominated by the incumbent. 
 
DIOCESE OF PERTH 
 
 The Act to provide for ur.consecrated churches was 
 obtained from the Victorian Legislature later on, in 
 1885, by which a "Trusts Corporation was formed 
 specially for that purpose. 
 
 At the end of 1861 the Diocesan Council advised 
 that either the bishop or some other suitable clergy- 
 man of the diocese should go to England to secure an 
 addition to the clerical staff. It was decided in 
 the following year that the bishop himself should 
 undertake the mission, accompanied by one of his 
 clergy. The great dearth of candidates for the ministry, 
 and the many drawbacks in the way of their adequate 
 training for holy orders, in sufficient numbers, led the 
 bishop to organize a large scheme of lay agency. As 
 a substitute for the unattainable, it was extremely 
 successful. The diocese of Melbourne has to this 
 day the largest and best equipped band of lay helpers 
 in Australia. 
 
 DIOCESE OF PERTH 
 
 Although the south-western coast of Australia, broken 
 by the estuary of the picturesque Swan River, has 
 always been the least known, and the most sparsely 
 populated of the settled portions of the continent, 
 yet it was the first to be discovered. As long back 
 as the year 1527, the navigator Menezes sighted it 
 when exploring the Indian Ocean. The famous Dirk 
 Hartog renewed acquaintance with its north-western 
 shores in 1616. In 1665 it was named New Holland 
 by the Dutch after sundry casual visits. Coming to 
 modern days. Major Lockyer was dispatched to 
 Western Australia with a party of convicts and a 
 detachment of the 39th Regiment, to take possession 
 of King George's Sound, and to hold it as a depen- 
 dency of the mother colony of New South Wales. 
 
no THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 During the next two years, Captain Fremantle, ot 
 H.M.S. Challenger, hoisted the British flag at the 
 port since bearing his name at the mouth of the Swan 
 River. The settlement was not a financial or a com- 
 mercial success. The settlers were in perpetual strife 
 with the aboriginal inhabitants. Employers were on 
 bad terms with their labourers. The soil was unfavour- 
 able, the seasons wretched, the roads were bush-tracks, 
 and the food-supply insufficient. And so in 1848, 
 reduced to a state of utter helplessness, the few who 
 had remained so far from eastern civilization, prayed 
 that convicts might be sent to them to help till the 
 land, and generally to rescue the country from despair. 
 To obviate the evils of an unmixed convictism, a 
 guarantee was given that an equal number of free 
 settlers should be introduced. 
 
 At a very early date after his consecration and arrival 
 on the scene of his labours. Bishop Short had made 
 the journey from Adelaide to oversee the churches. 
 From Albany, King George's Sound, he travelled over- 
 land to Perth. All along the route he found excellent 
 work in progress, and he had been received on all 
 hands with acclamation. But it was evident that so 
 distant a settlement, and one of such growing import- 
 ance, could not be left to the chance visits of a diocesan 
 who had already more duties than he could possibly 
 overtake satisfactorily at home. And so, when the 
 new see of Perth was created in 1856, the Bishop of 
 Adelaide felt greatly relieved in being spared his most 
 distant and certainly his most troublesome journeyings. 
 The apjjointment of Archdeacon Hale to the post was 
 welcomed by everybody who knew his splendid work 
 amongst the aborigines, as well as the unaffected 
 respect he had won from all classes of European 
 colonists. 
 
 The problem of a sufficient supply of clergy was 
 solved by the Government retaining the chaplaincies 
 
DIOCESE OF BATHURST 
 
 III 
 
 largely in its own hands. The colony differed in this 
 as in so many other respects from its southern and 
 eastern confreres, owing to the strong imperial ele- 
 ment remaining up to a very late period. In Perth 
 there are more Government officers connected with 
 the Church than even in the little island-diocese of 
 Tasmania, once so largely imperial. In the matter of 
 education, religious instruction was given in the ele- 
 mentary schools during one hour of the day, leaving 
 four hours for secular teaching. The Bible was read 
 and such rehgious books allowed as were appointed by 
 the Central Board. No catechisms were used, and for 
 the protection of parents who desired it, a conscience 
 clause was in operation of a sufficiently stringent 
 nature. 
 
 DIOCESE OF BATHURST 
 
 Instead of the Metropolitan's labours being lessened 
 by his loss of the enormous south and south-western 
 districts of the colony, now the see of Goulbiirn, they 
 seemed rather to press upon him with accumulated 
 force. His western tours were rendered, it is true, 
 somewhat more frequent, but the claims of the Metro- 
 politan area were fast becoming, not only urgent, but 
 absorbing. On a i)rolonged visit to the far west in 1864, 
 Bishop Barker had carefully broached the subject of a 
 separate bishopric, which was taken up with approval, 
 but advanced slowly in public favour, on account 
 of the paucity of funds. The project, however, was 
 never allowed to sleep, and a year afterwards we find 
 the bishop again in the west, in earnest consultation 
 with the squatters and leading laymen of Bathurst and 
 neighbourhood. In 1866 his visitation was extended 
 much farther than usual, with a view to the making of 
 a final and supreme effort to achieve the long-wished- 
 
il2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 for separation. In the outside districts he got the lay 
 Churchmen together, and convinced them that the 
 territory was far too vast for efficient supervision from 
 the seaboard. An increased number of clergy was 
 imperatively demanded, with a bishop of their own to 
 guide and advise. About ^5000 was raised towards 
 these pressing needs. Actual steps were taken to 
 formulate some plan by which the formation of the 
 new see might be hastened. 
 
 Again, on ^^lay 6, 1867, the Metropolitan, on almost 
 his last western round, called together the bishopric 
 committee, which had been appointed, to receive their 
 report. All things considered, the report may be 
 spoken of as fairly favourable. It was found that the 
 operations of the Central Church Society had been of 
 immense advantage. Of the eight western clergy, six 
 were in part maintained by its help, while eleven 
 churches had been built, and three school-churches. 
 The endowment of the proposed see was gradually 
 being subscribed. 
 
 Two more years elapsed before the next material 
 step was taken, which proved fortunately to be the 
 final one. By the year 1869, all preliminaries were 
 settled, and the last condition fulfilled by the appoint- 
 ment of the Rev. Samuel Edward Marsden as first 
 bishop. Numberless old memories were revived and 
 new associations formed by this choice. A native of 
 Sydney, and a grandson of the heroic Samuel Marsden 
 of Parramatta, of Maori missionary fame, the new 
 prelate would be welcomed to Australia with no 
 ordinary warmth. 
 
 The bishop arrived in Sydney on ^larch 16, 1870. 
 After the usual cordial greetings from his co-Churchmen, 
 clerical and lay, and being much cheered thereby, he 
 was accompanied to Bathurst by the Metropolitan on 
 May 3, and there installed in his own Cathedral of All 
 Saints, on the 5 th of the same month. Thus once more 
 
DIOCESE OF NORTH QUEENSLAND II3 
 
 was Bishop Barker relieved from the stress of his 
 anxieties by the ciitting-off of another huge tract of 
 the interior from his hitherto unwieldy see. Thence- 
 forward the lot of the newly-divided see flowed evenly 
 along, becoming year by year more closely identified 
 with the common progress of the colony. 
 
 DIOCESE OF NORTH QUEP:NSLAND 
 
 Bathurst being now safely provided for, and its new 
 diocesan manfully at work, west, north, and south, 
 there remained but one outlying portion of the Metro- 
 politan see to cause trouble and anxiety. This was in 
 North Queensland, which came under the Primate's 
 ken, because it was in no other diocese. Access to it 
 was to be gained only by sea, involving a voyage, not 
 always smooth, of over a thousand miles, and an 
 unlimited amount of bush-travelling, from the several 
 ports at which steamers were wont to call. It was 
 about the month of June 1874 that Bishop liarker 
 first made known his great wish that North Queensland 
 should be made into a separate see. The obstacles 
 were well-nigh insuperable. With the Rev. R. L. King 
 as companion, one of the distinguished family which has 
 deserved well of Australian colonists of every degree, 
 he set out for the far north on a mission of inquiry. 
 Towards the financial requirements, the Bishop of 
 Brisbane promised ^1000, the S.P.G." ;^iooo, and 
 the "Colonial Bishoprics Fund" ;2^iooo. Thus en- 
 couraged, the Metropolitan made a further strenuous 
 effort in 1876, this time accompanied by the Rev. 
 Stanley Howard, a delicate and lovable priest of his 
 diocese, since called to his rest. The visit was neces- 
 sarily a long one, culminating in the successful forma- 
 tion of the see. The Metropolitan left for England on 
 March 13, 1877, and was cheered by finding a priest 
 
 H 
 
114 THE STORY- OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 thoroughly qualified for the missionary diocese. The 
 Rev. George Henry Stanton, vicar of Holy Trinity, 
 St. Giles's in the Fields, was appointed bishop in 1878. 
 On arrival in Sydney on April 11, 1879, he was wel- 
 comed at various meetings, as well as by a large 
 gathering of Churchmen at Bishopscourt, in which the 
 Bishop of Brisbane was able to take part, he being in 
 Sydney on business connected with the Australasian 
 Board of ^Missions. It is worthy of note that the Rev. 
 Copland King, a son of the Rev. R. L. King, Bishop 
 Barker's companion in travel, has for some years led 
 the van of the New Guinea Mission, off the shores of 
 North Queensland. 
 
 A YEAR OF SYNODS 
 
 The year 1872 was marked by a succession of 
 synods. At Newcastle the bishop, as president of 
 the diocesan synod, enunciated some very plain truths. 
 He objected altogether to the custom of having 
 bishops intended for a colonial province consecrated 
 in England, as involving " the sad unreality of taking 
 an oath of canonical obedience to the wrong authority. 
 In the early Church the patriarch was consecrated by 
 the bishops of his own patriarchate ; so it should be 
 here. The office of Metropolitan and Archbishop was 
 precisely the same." A weighty pronouncement which, 
 read in the light of recent events, testifies to the 
 remarkable prescience of Bishop Tyrrell. 
 
 On October 10 a General Conference met in Sydney, 
 which distinguishes this year as an epoch in the 
 development of the Australian Church. After pre- 
 liminary debate, it was determined "that this Conference 
 do now resolve itself into the General Synod of the 
 Dioceses of Australia and Tasmania, in conformity 
 with its constitution, which has been adopted." Thus 
 
A YEAR OF SYNODS 
 
 was formed the first general synod, completing the 
 gradation of diocesan, provincial, and general, with 
 however the curious and unprecedented anomaly of 
 striving to balance the triangle on its apex instead of 
 on its base. Diocesan jealousy effectually prevented 
 the natural gradation, and retained for itself the 
 diocese as the unit. All measures were to be sub- 
 mitted to the diocesan synod for approval before 
 acceptance. Three subjects were referred to select 
 committees, and determinations founded on their 
 reports were passed by the synod : — 
 
 1. The constitution of an appellate tribunal. 
 
 2. Rules for the confirmation and due consecration 
 of future bishops, and the election of future primates. 
 
 3. Rules for the formation of new dioceses and 
 provinces were eventually reserved till the next session. 
 
 There were present, in addition to the Metropolitan 
 Bishop of Sydney, the Bishops of Newcastle, Goulburn, 
 Bathurst, Grafton and Armidale, Adelaide, Melbourne, 
 Brisbane, Perth, and Tasmania. The Bishop of New- 
 castle proposed to make the general synod supreme 
 over provincial and diocesan synods as in a natural 
 sequence, but, recognizing the overwhelming opposition 
 to any such proposal, did not press the point. He 
 was more successful in the matter of an appellate 
 tribunal, to which appeals were to be made from all 
 diocesan tribunals. He secured that the tribunal 
 should be one of final appeal, and that no right of 
 appeal from its decisions should lie with parties to 
 causes, only with the appellate committee themselves. 
 
 Bishops were to be elected in future according to 
 regulations laid down by each diocese in synod 
 assembled, the confirmation in all cases to be by the 
 bishops of the province. They were to be conse- 
 crated by three bishops at least, one of whom should 
 be the Metropolitan of the province or the Primate. 
 The Primate should be elected by the House of 
 
Il6 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Bishops from their own number. The Australasian 
 Board of Missions was re-elected, and provision made 
 for its continuance. 
 
 The General Synod met for its second session on 
 October 3, 1876. There were nine bishops present, 
 the Bishops of Melbourne and Perth being unavoidably 
 absent. It was at this session that the Metropolitan 
 urgently pleaded for the establishment of a separate 
 diocese for North Queensland. He reported that to 
 supplement the ^4000 promised towards the endow- 
 ment the "S.P.G." would give ^£400 per annum. A 
 determination for the formation of the diocese was 
 passed unanimously. 
 
 The next session of 1881 found the Metropolitan 
 in England in serious ill-health. Bishop Moorhouse 
 of Melbourne presided. Rules for the formation of 
 new provinces, and for the regulation of the status of 
 new metropolitans were adopted. It was determined 
 that the Bishop of Sydney should remain Primate, and 
 that on the next voidance of the see the dioceses of 
 New South Wales should be deemed to form a 
 province, of which the Bishop of Sydney should be 
 Metropolitan. Rules were then adopted for the 
 appointment of future bishops of Sydney, to conserve 
 the three interests involved, of the diocese, the province, 
 and the Church. Of the two methods proposed, viz. 
 the submission of three names by the diocesan synod, 
 one of which should be struck out by the bishops of 
 the province, and a second by the Australian bench 
 of bishops, or the appointment of a committee by the 
 diocese to meet the other two bodies for an election 
 by concurrent majorities — the former of the two was 
 adopted. Rules were also passed for the trial of 
 bishops for certain offences. The synod was held at 
 a critical time. Bishop Barker's life hung in the 
 balance, and there was a danger lest the diocese of 
 Sydney should elect a new bishop before satisfactory 
 
DIOCESE OF GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE II7 
 
 arrangements had been made as to the position he 
 would occupy with relation to the other Australian 
 dioceses. These fears were justified by the lamented 
 death of the Metropolitan at San Remo in 1882, after 
 an arduous and honourable episcopate of twenty-eight 
 years. His successor in the see was the Rev. 
 Canon Barry, Principal of King's College, London. 
 The new method of election proving cumbrous and 
 unsatisfactory, the new Primate was in reality chosen 
 and sent by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 At a further session, held in 1886, a Church mission 
 to New Guinea was determined upon, and earnestly 
 commended to the support of the several dioceses. 
 
 DIOCESE OF GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE 
 
 At the diocesan synod meeting in Sydney, on 
 August 20, 1867, the right rev. the president was able 
 to announce the probable arrival of a bishop for 
 Grafton and Armidale before the close of the year. 
 Bishop Tyrrell's efforts had been long and strenuously 
 directed towards this subdivision of his diocese. The 
 progress of settlement on the fine New England table- 
 land had been rapid and profitable. Along the belt 
 of coast country, too, population had pushed northward 
 to the Queensland ])order, embracing a strip of country 
 of great fertility, suitable for the growth of sugar antl 
 fruits. Grafton, on the Clarence River, occupied the 
 central position, and was the seat of an increasing 
 population with a thriving commerce. It was proposed 
 to unite the two districts, lying mainly east and west, 
 and so to relieve the congested diocese of Newcastle 
 of all its northern territory. Before the separation of 
 Brisbane it lay on the track thither, consequently 
 could be visited in a brief and hasty manner by the 
 way; now it seemed to lie beyond the interests of 
 
Il8 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Newcastle altogether, as much on account of the 
 diversity of occupations of the people as on account 
 of the impracticable distances to be traversed. The 
 centre of the new diocese would be Armidale on the 
 table-land. Generous as always, Bishop Tyrrell guaran- 
 teed ;^5ooo towards the endowment. 
 
 In the first instance the post of pioneer-bishop was 
 offered to the Rev. S. R. Waddelow, but on the advice 
 of u London physician he was reluctantly obliged 
 to decline consecration. The Rev. W. C. Sawyer 
 was selected in his place by the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, and was consecrated in Canterbury Cathedral 
 on the Feast of the Purification, 1867, together with 
 the good Bishop Milman for Calcutta. The bishop 
 and his party reached Sydney at Christmastide. 
 Leaving his wife at Morpeth, under the hospitable 
 roof of Bishop Tyrrell, he pushed on at once to the 
 scene of his future labours, riding to Armidale and 
 returning to Newcastle by way of his eastern boundary 
 at Grafton. Eight weeks later he took his family by 
 steamer to Grafton, where he settled them in their 
 new home on the banks of the Clarence, on March 13, 
 1868. On the 15th the bishop drove to evensong, 
 ordering that his boat should take him home. The 
 church was very full, and the service more than usually 
 solemn and impressive. Shortly before ten o'clock, 
 on the return journey, with his second son, two 
 servants, and the two boatmen, the sail was hoisted, 
 when, by some mistake never satisfactorily explained, 
 the boat was capsized by a sudden gust of wind. 
 The bishop, his sleeping boy, and one of the women 
 servants were drowned, the bodies not being recovered 
 for two days. With true Australian sympathy offerings 
 were immediately collected throughout the diocese 
 for the widow and orphan, amounting in a few weeks 
 to ;£"i7oo. A fatal oversight had been committed by 
 some one in not placing the bishop's life-belt in the 
 
DIOCESE OF BALLARAT 
 
 119 
 
 boat that night as usual. Bishop Sawyer was never 
 even installed in office. 
 
 x\fter a rather tedious delay, the Rev. James Francis 
 Turner was nominated for the vacant see, and was 
 consecrated in Westminster Abbey, on St, Matthias' 
 Day, 1869. He arrived in Sydney on August 13, 
 where he was greeted by the Bishop of Newcastle, as 
 well as cordially welcomed by the clergy and lay 
 Churchmen of the metropolis. This second sub- 
 division of his diocese was an inestimable relief to 
 Bishop Tyrrell. With a thankful heart he accompanied 
 Bishop Turner to his installation at Armidale, and 
 took a loving farewell of his former flock. For ten 
 years longer he was spared to continue his devoted 
 labours in the smaller area inland from Newcastle, 
 literally dying in harness on March 24, 1879. With 
 the single exception of his short cruise among the 
 South Sea Islands, with his friend Bishop Selwyn, 
 he never left Australian shores. All that he possessed, 
 including very valuable sheep stations, he left in the 
 hands of trustees for the extension of Church work. 
 The name of William Tyrrell will live in the annals 
 of the Australian Church as the single-minded Bishop 
 of Newcastle. 
 
 DIOCESE OF BALLARAT 
 
 The beautiful city of Ballarat, about seventy-five 
 miles to the north-west of Melbourne, rose to sudden 
 importance on the discovery of gold in August 1851. 
 Divine service was first held by a little band of 
 Wesleyans in a *'mia mia," or tent of boughs, such as 
 the aborigines put together as a shelter from the 
 weather. When the Rev. C. F. Perks was sent from 
 St. Peter's, Melbourne, on a brief mission to " the 
 diggings," he was compelled, like the first Australian 
 
I20 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 chaplain sixty years before him, to hold service in 
 the open air. There was no church or settled ministry 
 at the end of 1853, although the population had 
 increased to 25,000. For these the Rev. J. H. 
 Gregory provided occasional service. In June 1854, 
 by the appointment of the Rev. T. C. B. Stretch as 
 archdeacon, a new era was commenced. Churches 
 and parsonages were built to meet the spiritual 
 necessities ot the ever-growing centres of Ballarat, 
 Bendigo, Castlemaine, Maryborough, and other gold- 
 fields. Naturally the more rapid the spread of Church 
 agencies, the more arduous became the duties of the 
 bishop. More than once Bishop Perry begged that 
 his diocese might be divided, only to find first one 
 difficulty and then another to bar the way. For the 
 five years previous to his half-jubilee, as St. Peters 
 Day 1872 has been called by his biographer, the 
 proposal had peacefully slept. The Yen. Archdeacon 
 Stretch wisely and energetically collected funds in 
 the meantime for the endowment when required. 
 At length the plan was endorsed by authority, one 
 of the leading laymen of Melbourne advocating the 
 choice from the Australian clergy of a priest to be 
 advanced to the episcopate. The idea was a most 
 proper one, but shared the fate of most ideas pro- 
 pounded in advance of their day. 
 
 In the event the selection was left to the Bishop of 
 ^lelbourne, who was to have the advice of the .Arch- 
 bishops of Canterbur}^ and York. An income of 
 ;!fiooo per annum was guaranteed. Their choice fell 
 on the Rev. Samuel Thornton, Rector of St. George's, 
 Birmingham, a man of equal energy and eloquence. 
 The diocese had been determined on by an Act of 
 the Melbourne Church Assembly on October 30, 
 1873, but did not come into actual^ existence until 
 the consecration of its first bishop — a ceremony which 
 took place on St. Philip and St. James's Day, 1875, 
 
DIOCESE OF BALLARAT 
 
 121 
 
 in Westminster Abbey. The Primate was assisted by 
 the Bishops of London, Melbourne, and Goulburn. 
 On August 5 of the same year, the bishop arrived 
 safely in Melbourne, and was welcomed with accla- 
 mation by all classes of his flock at Ballarat. 
 
 The first Church Assembly was summoned for 
 November 23, when, of the thirty-five clergy, twenty- 
 eight were present. There were also in the diocese 
 a band of forty licensed readers, who were of incalcul- 
 able service to the overworked incumbents of parishes. 
 The population was estimated at 215,000, one-fourth 
 of them at least members of the Church of England. 
 In this, as in each succeeding assembly, a protest was 
 made against the secular system of State education, 
 and the necessity proclaimed of the re-introduction, 
 whenever practicable, of religious instruction as a part 
 of the teacher's work. On the literary tendencies of 
 the day the bishop was especially severe, characterizing 
 a good deal of what men were reading and writing 
 as tainted by a "cynical, impatient disrelish for 
 definite Christianity." A board of electors was chosen 
 to act in case of a vacancy in the see for the appoint- 
 ment of a bishop, to consist of six clergymen and six 
 laymen. In 1880 the number of churches had grown 
 to ninety-four, with thirty-nine parsonages — an en- 
 couraging increase since the formation of the diocese. 
 
 The determinations i and 2 of the General Synod 
 were unanimously adopted by the Church Assembly 
 of 1 88 1. An effort was at the same time made to 
 secure an Education Act on the model of that of New 
 South Wales, containing more liberal provisions for 
 religious teaching, but without success. In 1883 the 
 bishop visited England at the request of his diocesan 
 council: i. To establish fresh relations with the great 
 English Church Societies, and in particular to secure, 
 as other means had failed, a renewal of the noble 
 offer of the "S.P.C.K." towards endowment, which 
 
122 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 had lapsed from the inability of the diocese to fulfil 
 the conditions. 2. To pave the way for the addition 
 of suitable men from home to the working staff of the 
 diocese as required. 3. To afford such information 
 in England on Church affairs in Australia, as might 
 correct former mistakes, and perhaps lead to financial 
 help towards an endowment fund for sustaining and 
 extending Church work in the poorer and more newly- 
 settled districts. 
 
 The bishop preached during his mission over 200 
 sermons, and addressed seventy meetings. About 
 ;£'5ooo was collected in all, to which the "S.P.C.K." 
 added another ;£iooo. The "Colonial and Conti- 
 nental Church Society" awarded a grant of £100 per 
 annum. On his return the bishop pleaded for a 
 greater elasticity in Church services, and protested 
 against the slovenliness which was complained of 
 by Bishop Selvvyn as characteristic of colonial work. 
 Sometimes a mean conduct of Divine worship was 
 necessitated by poverty, but there was also prevalent 
 " a morbid dread of Ritualism, which with some folks 
 seemed to block the way to better church arrange- 
 ments, as well as to a heartier and more comely 
 worship." There were now forty-two clergy and 
 seventy-six readers — sixty-one of them honorary. 
 
 In the matter of the Patronage Bill before the 
 Church Assembly, the Rev. R. T. Cummins objected 
 to the measure proposed in 1879, giving no place 
 to the laity in appointments. The existing system 
 was criticized by the Rev. H. E. Cooper as too 
 cumbrous'and intricate in its machinery. Archdeacon 
 Beamish held out for the absolute veto of the bishop, 
 and suggested a Board to intervene between the 
 parishes and the bishop, presided over by his lordship, 
 who would have a vote with the other representatives, 
 and a casting vote in case of equality. Full patronage 
 should not be granted to any parish, except in return 
 
blOCESE OF 13A.LLARAT 
 
 123 
 
 for complete parochial endowment. The Bill ultimately 
 provided that if the bishop and the parochial authorities 
 failed to agree, the matter should be referred to the 
 Board of electors of the diocese, whose decision should 
 be final. 
 
 A clergy endowment fund was formed, to meet the 
 conditions of "S.P.C.K." and "S.P.G." when promis- 
 ing their grants of £3000 to supplement the ;2{^i 2,000 
 to be raised by the bishop and the diocese. Con- 
 siderably more was required to keep the Clergy 
 Sustentation Fund in working order, and to overtake 
 the fresh work imperatively called for. An appeal 
 was made to relieve Bishopscourt from debt. The 
 property on the shores of Lake Wendouree, just out- 
 side the city, had been purchased for about ;^^ooo, in 
 place of building at a cost of ^^4000 as originally 
 planned. A widows and orphans' fund, started in 1879, 
 was being actively worked. An encouraging response 
 was received to these appeals. 
 
 In 1884 it was moved that as the rebuilding of 
 Christchurch pro-cathedral was in contemplation, 
 advantage should be taken to discuss the possibility 
 of erecting a more worthy cathedral church for the 
 diocese on the same site. A select committee was 
 appointed to report to the assembly. A corporate 
 body of trustees was appointed, after the example of 
 other dioceses. The cathedral committee reported at 
 the next session in favour of the building, but decided 
 against the duplicate collection of funds by the 
 diocese and parish. Competitive designs were invited 
 from Austrahan architects. Of the twenty-four designs 
 sent in, the first premium was awarded to one by a 
 Ballarat firm. It was resolved that the cathedral should 
 be of stone, not to exceed ^£"3 5,000 in cost, exclusive of 
 tower and spire, and that a Cathedral Board should be 
 appointed, to receive all contributions and to make 
 investments. For the purpose of comparison, it was 
 
124 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Stated that the cost of Goulburn Cathedral had been 
 ^^iSjOoo; of Adelaide, 7, oco; ofHobart, ;£"ii,ooo. 
 
 The number of the clergy havuig increased to fifty- 
 six, it was evident that the sustentation and superannu- 
 ation funds must be considerably augmented. Unfortu- 
 nately, each diocese had to struggle along with its 
 own small scheme. Up to the present time the totals 
 had reached about ^^16,252, besides the clergy endow- 
 ment fund of nearly 7,000. 
 
 In connection with the recognition of the colonial 
 clergy in England by the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 the ''Colonial Clergy Act" of 1 8 74 was condemned 
 for its unsatisfactory working. The bishop, in his 
 address to the assembly, said that " no precautions 
 could be objected to for discovering men with doubt- 
 ful papers, or who, although pledged to serve abroad, 
 return on insufficient grounds. But his Grace appears 
 to have adopted the view that every clergyman 
 ordained abroad may be presumed to have given such 
 a pledge, and when he appears at home must give 
 valid reasons for forsaking the ministry to which he 
 was ordained. I can imagine no greater deterrent 
 from colonial service than this ear-marking of those 
 who may incline to give their youthful ministry to the 
 work of the Church abroad. The ministry to which 
 our clergy are ordained is simply the ministry of the 
 Church of England, and should any of them choose 
 to transfer their service from one part of the Church's 
 field of operations to another, and find patrons or 
 beneficed clergy at home ready to nominate them, 
 why should any further barrier be interposed, than 
 the production of their canonical papers and of a 
 certificate from their last bishop that they left his 
 diocese in good standing ? . . . The colonial clergy 
 may rely upon their bishops to champion vigorously 
 their legitimate claims.'' 
 
DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE 
 
 DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE 
 
 On February 26, 1874, the bishop and Mrs. Perry 
 were speeded on their way to the old country by a 
 farewell service at St. James's pro-cathedral. There 
 in the following year, and greatly to the regret of the 
 Church and diocese, he tendered his resignation of 
 the see, after a difficult but most successful episcopate 
 of twenty-eight years. For successor the appointment 
 was made of the Rev. James Moorhouse, Vicar of 
 St. James's, Paddington, an admirable appointment 
 in every way, which was more than amply justified by 
 ten years' active and prosperous labour. The bishop 
 was consecrated in Westminster Abbey, October 22, 
 1876, the Archbishop of Canterbury being assisted by 
 the Bishops of Ely and Hereford. On landing in 
 Melbourne, in January 1877, he threw himself at once 
 into the question of the building of the cathedral. 
 A large and representative meeting was held in the 
 town-hall on March 20, when the bishop was in the 
 chair and was the chief speaker. In urging on the work, 
 he wished to point out that practical men could not 
 be expected to give unless it were clearly shown to 
 them that it would be auxiliary to the great spiritual 
 purposes of the Church in the colony. The cathedral 
 would be the fitting place in which to meet the doubts 
 and difficulties of the day. He went on to prove 
 that the cathedral service was the best form possible 
 of lifting the voice of worship to the gates of heaven, 
 and would serve also as the pattern and example of 
 what the services of all churches should be. The 
 service of the Church of England was peculiarly one 
 of public worship. Sir W. F. Stawell, C.J., the Rev. 
 Dr. Bromby, and Mr. Justice Fellowes strongly sup- 
 ported the proposal, the latter claiming that equal 
 liberality should be shown by colonists in their spiritual 
 
126 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 as in their temporal business concerns. A sum of 
 ^2000 was subscribed at the close of the meeting, 
 which was quickly augmented to 1,000. 
 
 In his opening address to the Church Assembly of 
 1877 (J^^ly ii)> the bishop dwelt on the difficulties of 
 the country clergy by reason of the scattered popula- 
 tion. Two-thirds of the people attended no place of 
 worship at all. He impressed on Churchmen that the 
 Holy Communion was the central point of Christianity, 
 Greater exertions were needed in the direction of 
 religious instruction. Union among Christians would 
 be best brought about by a broadening of thought. 
 The clergy should be trained in the wise, the loyal, 
 the historic spirit of the Catholic Church. The 
 theology of no particular period could be fastened on 
 the Church, which was an everlasting body. A 
 committee was appointed to report upon the 
 best means of affording religious instruction to 
 Church children attending State schools. As to the 
 cathedral, the bishop strongly reccommended setting 
 it, as in Europe, in the heart of the population. The 
 St. Paul's site in Flinders Street would be close to the 
 station, and so accessible from all the railway suburbs. 
 
 An extraordinary session of assembly was convened 
 for November 20, in which the battle of the sites was 
 finally fought out and settled. Of those selected by 
 the committee — viz. Holy Trinity, East Melbourne ; 
 St. Peter's Church and Schools,' Eastern Hill; St.. 
 James's Parsonage and Schools, William Street ; and St» 
 Paul's Church and Schools, Flinders and Swanston 
 Streets — the latter was now fixed upon by an overwhelm- 
 ing majority. The bishop's address dwelt on the con- 
 tinued necessity of religious training for children and 
 young persons. He implored lay help in giving instruc- 
 tion privately to boys and girls engaged in service 
 or business. The work of the Church was to gather 
 into Christ's body those who are without, and the 
 
DIOCESE OF MELBOURNE 
 
 127 
 
 godly and assiduous training of those who are within. 
 Every Christian should be a central force or centre of 
 spiritual force. At a subsequent public meeting, the 
 bishop contended that aid should be given even to 
 Roman Catholic schools imparting sound religious 
 knowledge. 
 
 When the Church Assembly met for its 1879 
 session, Bishop Moorhouse proposed the founding of a 
 permanent diaconate, " to confer deacons' orders on 
 those who still pursue a secular calling." In unusual 
 cases these sub-deacons might pass on to the priest- 
 hood. Most valuable ministers were lost to the 
 Church from having no opportunity of training or of 
 testing their spiritual powers. Bishop Milman of 
 Calcutta had organized an order of sub-deacons and 
 readers, with the sanction of the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, who declared that the bishop was com- 
 petent to introduce those offices into his own province. 
 The diocese was to be divided into rural deaneries, 
 for concentrating and developing Church agencies ; 
 to provide an authorized means of communication 
 between Churchmen ; to draw together men of differ- 
 ing theological views, and so promote brotherly feeling; 
 and to remove the sense of isolation and helplessness 
 so chilling to the energy of sensitive men. 
 
 On the question of education, the bishop pleaded 
 once more for religious teaching in State schools by 
 the teacher, the lessons to be selected from the Bible, 
 and any parent objecting the child should be in- 
 structed in some secular subject while the lesson was 
 being given. He also advocated the payment for 
 secular results to Roman Catholic schools, on the 
 ground that they could not in conscience accept the 
 State system. No one objected to the free and 
 compulsory clauses, but they all did to the secular ; 
 " Let them be swept away before they have produced 
 a^ national blight and curse ; " " Under the secular 
 
128 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 provisions of the Act, one-half of our children will 
 never receive any religious education at all, and of the 
 other half, a moiety will receive httle better than none, 
 while the remainder, seeing all reference to religion 
 banished from the schools, must inevitably come to 
 look upon the subject with indifference, if not with 
 contempt." 
 
 The growing importance of obtaining an educated 
 ministry for the service of the Church, led in 1877 
 to the enlargement of Trinity College, affiliated to the 
 university, by the addition of a handsome suite of 
 rooms. It was well that students preparing for holy 
 orders should breathe the freer atmosphere, and mingle 
 liberally with their lay fellow-students, as well as with 
 the students of other colleges. 
 
 The sessions of 1881 and 1882 were concerned 
 with several questions of practical importance. The 
 committee appointed to consider the best means of 
 providing for aged and disabled clergymen suggested 
 that the scheme be referable only to clergy under forty- 
 five years of age — those above that age, and the nineteen 
 over sixty years, to be left to the operation of the old 
 fund. Clergy to be allowed to retire at sixty-five if 
 they have served the diocese for thirty-two years, and 
 on disabling infirmity if of twelve years' standing. The 
 minimum pension was fixed at ;£"5o, the maximum at 
 ^150 per annum. After 1883 the old fund was 
 ordered to be capitalized. The bishop urged more 
 thorough organization in the working of parishes, after 
 the model of St. Alphege, Southwark, and St. Peter's, 
 London Docks, also short services for children, as 
 well as shorter and more practical sermons for adults. 
 The clergy should give earnest heed to intellectual 
 culture, so as to secure variety of interest. By the 
 enlargement of Trinity College there was a brighten- 
 ing prospect ahead, which would help to guard against 
 the danger of an ignorant clergy. The "Bishop of. 
 
THE ABORIGINES 
 
 129 
 
 Melbourne's Fund," started soon after his arrival, was 
 doing excellent work as "a great home missionary 
 society." Funds were, however, still urgently needed 
 for aid in country districts. There were forty-three 
 parishes able to maintain a clergyman, and forty-two 
 not able. 
 
 At the session of 1885, the Rev. Canon Vance 
 moved for the formation of a diocese of Sandhurst, 
 but the idea was not realized. It was abundantly 
 evident that the diocese was now too onerous for the 
 oversight of one bishop. A diocesan missioner was 
 appointed. 
 
 THE ABORIGINES 
 
 We fear it must be acknowledged that the abor- 
 igines of Australia are of a low type generally, though 
 they differ greatly in different districts. Those of 
 Western Australia, e. g., are finer in physique and 
 mentally superior to the blacks of South Australia. 
 Under favourable circumstances, and with a regular 
 supply of food, they are well-formed, and are almost 
 universally of a happy disposition. The small groups 
 seen by Captain Cook impressed him very favourably, 
 and his dealings with them were marked by kindness 
 and humanity. The same may be said of Governor 
 Phillip's provisions for their just treatment. Conflicts 
 of course were inevitable, between the reckless, crime- 
 stained men of the earliest settlements and these un- 
 sophisticated children of the forest, responsive 
 when treated with kindness, but cruel in their revenge 
 of injustice and robbery. Their manner of living was 
 extremely wretched — in " raia mias," or "wurleys," 
 which were nothing but a few boughs of trees or sheets 
 of bark, loosely laced together, and covered by skins of 
 the opossum. Around these invariably roamed troops 
 
 I 
 
130 THE STORY OF THE AUSTilAllAX CHURCH 
 
 of misaabl^ ]ialfstarTed4oakii^ dog^ Nowlieiie did 
 they inanyvajtindiegiaimd. Nuts and seed^ and die 
 f of animals cangiit in hanting, fonned ih^ staple 
 food. Most of die sangminaiy battles between black 
 apd white arose oat of food quurds, the settlers 
 unfeeliogly driving them off the cultivated land^ and 
 the abof^ines letafiaidng bf the destmction of the 
 growing caopsL Over and Ofver a^jain the poor blacks 
 pleaded to be left in qoiet pot^ession of diat port of 
 the coontiy where they had been accustomed to gain 
 thdr livelihood, promising on their pait to make no 
 attacks <m the colonists, unless pnmAed by insahs 
 andcnidties. To its credit be it said, the GoiiCTnment 
 was alwajs and eveiywlieie precise in its demand that 
 the natives sboold be dealt with jostlj. Bat emtaftes 
 could iiaidly be lestxaiiied wheie so manj hardened 
 and i&disposed peisons were engaged in hot di^nte 
 aboat land and the necessaries of life. At a place 
 called Mjall Credc, tibeie was in 183S a brutal murder 
 of t^mty €fr §osty of the abodgines. Sei«i ai die 
 mordereis were anesled, oondemned and executed, 
 cansu^ a great shock among the Enropean sfttlCT^ 
 who were in the habit ci eirwang such outrages by 
 sajing that thej were not aware of any breach of the 
 law in killing blacks, as it had been so fieqoentljdoDe 
 in the oolonj befixe. To this Hr. Justice Barton 
 reified, with decided indjjgnation, that "Hibck or 
 white, the law would be eqaa% u^hdd.^ In die pn>- 
 tecdcmof the native races;, Gtyiona-Macquarieg^adlf 
 assocaaled himseif with the Rev. Samnd Maisden,and 
 thanked him for his aUe;, finn, and unwearied exeitioiis 
 as a nagistiate ; but when Mr. Maisdenrefiised to sit 
 on the bench with pjirdoned convicts^ the two friends 
 became estiai^ed, and Mr. Maisden's name was left 
 out of the committee ^ for the crvihyation and care of 
 the aborigines of New Sooth Waks.'' 
 
 In the matter of rd^ious befid^ a mayjodly of die 
 
THE ABORIGINES 
 
 tribes recognized a Creator and an overruling Power 
 above them, modified, it is true, by an overwhelming 
 dread of the vengeance of evil spirits. Family and 
 class distinctions were very strictly enforced, no inter- 
 marriage being permitted. The chiefs held their power 
 by hereditary descent, if they proved themselves de- 
 serving and capable, otherwise they were reduced to 
 the ranks. Women were treated with much cruelty, 
 being absolutely at the mercy of the men. As personal 
 property, everything was reckoned which conduced to 
 the maintenance of life, the stone hatchet, the fishing - 
 net or spear, and the like weapons. The rest formed 
 the common property of the cluster of huts or village. 
 Fish forming a chief article of food, most of the men 
 and lads were expert fishers, and v/ere exceedingly 
 clever too with the throwing-stick and the boomerang. 
 In the disposal of the dead, various customs existed, 
 either burning or burying alongside a running stream, 
 or placing the body in the fork of a tree. 
 
 As early as the year 1814, attempts were made to 
 establish schools for the children, and a Conference 
 was held between the races at Parramatta, with a view 
 to gaining over the parents to consent. Many of them 
 were willing to hand over their children unreservedly 
 to the Government, while others refused, nor would 
 these latter listen to any proposals for their own 
 instruction in farming. Unhappily, the Conference, in 
 place of healing dissension, issued in more fatal out- 
 breaks of violence. At a much later time, Bishop 
 Short of Adelaide formed a high opinion of the capa- 
 ci^ of the black children, maintaining that they were 
 but little inferior to white children, when taught and 
 brought up on the same lines. One aboriginal girl, 
 who married a white settler, did certainly teach her 
 husband to read, and kept her household affairs in 
 admirable order. 
 
 The settlement of Port Phillip was marred by a 
 
1$2 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 series of wholesale killings and poisonings by squatters 
 and armed overseers ; at least, so it has been alleged 
 on good authority. Such conflicts would almost 
 invariably follow on some pilfering expedition of the 
 aborigines, who were accustomed to regard food as the 
 conwnon property of the hungry, and the fierce retali- 
 ation of the aggrieved colonists. On their part, the 
 blacks, where in sufficient numbers, were merciless in 
 revenge, spearing both cattle and their keepers, and 
 looting their tents and huts. More charitable measures 
 ultimately prevailed, when Port Phillip became the 
 flourishing colony of Victoria, A mission-station was 
 formed at Lake Condah, under Church control, with 
 about eighty inmates, costing a little over ;£"25o a year, 
 and another at Lake Tyers, costing for seventy inmates 
 rather more than ^300 per annum. At Corranderrk an 
 establishment was started under the auspices of the 
 State, at which as many as 135 of various ages were 
 cared for, and trained in habits of morality, cleanliness, 
 and thrift. In the year 1877-7S, the report shows 
 the receipt of ^£^1089 for hops grown by the little 
 community under the tutorship of European overseers. 
 The great variety of dialects, as among the South Sea 
 islanders, was the great obstacle in the way of united 
 effort. Still, the friends of the missions, nothing 
 daunted, persevered, and before long had the satis- 
 faction of seeing comfortable huts of slab or bark 
 taking the place of the old mia mias," and the 
 women dressed neatly and suitably, and becoming 
 adepts in domestic ways. Best of all, a good stone 
 church provided the opportunity of common Divide 
 worship. 
 
 In 183^ a mission-station was formed, on the initi- 
 ation of the Church Missionary Society, in the lovely 
 ^^'ellington valley, some 200 miles west of Sydney. 
 Towards the cost, a grant of ^500 per annum was 
 made from the pubhc revenue, besides ^1000 for an 
 
THE ABORIGINES 
 
 annual gift of blankets and provisions. Seven thousand 
 acres of land were provided as an endowment. The 
 mission, however, did not prosper permanently. Per- 
 haps the settlers around cast a covetous eye on the 
 attractive bit of country, which they would look upon 
 as being thrown away on a people who could, in their 
 opinion, make no profitable use of it. Every endeavour 
 was made by the Superintendent, the Rev. James 
 Giinther, afterwards Archdeacon of Mudgee, to influ- 
 ence these poor people for good, holding, as he did, 
 that it was useless to expect any of them, more especially 
 the children, to be gained, except by those whom they 
 had learned to respect and love. Later on, grants were 
 made by the Government to institutions on the river 
 Murray at Maloga and Warrangesda, both of which 
 were carried on with energy and success, to the lasting 
 benefit of the one hundred or one hundred and twenty 
 pensioners dependent upon them. At Warrangesda, a 
 thousand acres were resumed by the Crown, and the 
 sum of £,2 granted for each contributed by indi- 
 viduals. A vote of £,200 was made to the refuge 
 centred at Maloga. An " Aboriginal Protection Asso- 
 ciation " was inaugurated in 1 881, of which the Metro- 
 politan-Bishop Barker was an influential member, and 
 made an early report. 
 
 But to South Australia, or rather to the diocese of 
 Adelaide and its indefatigable Bishop Short, with the 
 active assistance and support of Archdeacon Hale, 
 must be given the credit of founding the most com- 
 plete, and, it must be added, the most sensible 
 establishment for the welfare of the aborigines. Quite 
 in the early days of the colony, the Church began to 
 devise a scheme for their civilization and conversion to 
 Christianity. With the archdeacon as the moving 
 spirit, a sheep-run was secured close to the aboriginal 
 reserve. The two were combined with a carrying 
 capacity of 5000 sheep, purchased for the establish- 
 
134 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 ment. On the archdeacon's elevation to the see oi 
 Perth in 1856, this thriving venture at Poonindie was 
 handed over to the management of three trustees. 
 The bishop made a visit in 1872, when he was able to 
 report that the mission "showed a well-ordered com- 
 munity of more than eighty aborigines and half-castes, 
 husbands and wives, single men, boys, girls and infants 
 living in quietness, sobriety, and godliness ; employed 
 in the various labours of a sheep-station, and a culti- 
 vated farm of 260 acres; supplying themselves with 
 clothing and domestic comforts, dweUing in neatly- 
 kept cottages, sending their children regularly to school, 
 and in all respects conducting themselves in a manner 
 to compare with the best-ordered villages in England." 
 The mission was started in 1850 with five married 
 couples and a single man, the ages ranging from 
 nineteen to twenty-five years. 
 
 Of course, the great object of all concerned was to 
 hold the inmates aloof from the debasing practices of 
 their own tribe, as well as from the evil example of un- 
 scrupulous colonists. The trained scholars were soon 
 able to read the lessons, and even to conduct service 
 themselves in the archdeacon's absence. They were 
 fearlessly trusted on long journeys with teams, and 
 other property for the transport of produce, and never 
 failed to justify the confidence reposed in them. 
 
 A sketch of the ordinary routine of the mission 
 station will not be without interest. It is given in the 
 interesting biography of Bishop Short, by one of his 
 own clergy. Canon Whitington of Adelaide : — 
 
 6 a.m. Station-bell rings. Horses fed and watered, 
 
 and oxen brought in. 
 
 7 „ Chapel-bell for morning prayer. 60 present 
 
 out of 86 on the bishop's visit. 
 7.30. Breakfast. 
 
 8 a.m. Station-bell calls to the various employments 
 
 of the day. 
 
THE ABORIGINES 
 
 12 noon. Dinner-bell. 
 
 K p.m. winter. 1 , 
 
 i ^ f vVork ceases. 
 
 6 summer. J 
 
 7.30. Evening prayer by the Superintendent, and all 
 retire at 9. 
 
 Besides the ration allowance?, week by week, regular 
 wages were paid. A sum of j^^io was subscribed 
 annually by the inmates, to maintain one Melanesian 
 scholar at the island of Mota. Also, when their founder 
 and fast friend, the Bishop of Perth, visited them after 
 an interval of sixteen years, they gathered from among 
 themselves a further ^10, with which to present him 
 with a silver tea-service. Their honesty of service may 
 be best measured by the fact that Poonindie wool 
 always commanded a good price, even in competition 
 with other clips. A yearly grant from the "S.P.G." 
 was supplemented by ^300 per annum, voted from 
 the Colonial Treasury. But alas, only about 500 blacks 
 were benefited, of the 5000 estimated to be in South 
 Australia. 
 
 For many years after the separation of the colony, 
 there were no missions or stations in Queensland for 
 the betterment of the condition of the aborigines. 
 Indeed the up-country settlers, the adventurous spirits 
 who led the van of aggressive colonizing, earned a 
 very evil repute as to their treatment of the wandering 
 tribes met with on the road, who seemed to them to 
 block the way. No doubt there were provocations 
 on both sides as usual. In any case it became war 
 to the knife ; whole tribes being shot down, we are 
 told, without mercy, as wild beasts would be or birds 
 of piey. When Bishop Hale was transferred, in 1876, 
 from Perth to Brisbane, a committee was appointed to 
 work with him in his freely given and persistent efforts 
 for the improvement of their lot. Votes for blankets 
 and simple necessaries were made by Parliament, and 
 an area of 10,000 acres set apart at Port Mackay for 
 
136 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 a refuge, the grant of which was, however, afterwards 
 repealed. The project failed for awhile, from want of 
 funds. Being renewed, and the finances established 
 by an annual grant from the "S.P.G.," a fresh start 
 was made at Bellenden Ker, now one of the most 
 prosperous of the Australian missions. Here, as 
 elsewhere, can be found many blacks leading really 
 consistent Christian lives. Mention must not be 
 forgotten of a German mission-station w^hich was 
 started on the shores of Moreton Bay, and which did 
 good work in a humble way. 
 
 The Government of Western Australia did its best 
 to prevent wrong-doing towards the aborigines, and . 
 encouraged the founding of a mission, in 1847, 
 Benedictine priests, at New Norcia. Further north, 
 on the boundary line of settlement, steps were also 
 taken to secure fair dealing, not, we fear, altogether 
 with the good-will of the squatters, many of whom 
 thought that the ideas put into the heads of the blacks 
 would make them less valuable as labourers. Although 
 accustomed to fatigue in long hunting expeditions, 
 they were averse to sustained labour, and not suited 
 for carrying heavy loads. Nevertheless, being ex- 
 tremely fond of animals, they were often trained to 
 become useful as she])herds and boundary riders. 
 With the help of the "S.P.G.," there has been of late 
 years a fairly flourishing mission-station on the 
 Gascoigne River, which it is trusted will redeem the 
 good name of the colony with respect to the native 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The story of the conciliation of the Tasmanian 
 aborigines has been well told by Mr. G. A. Robinson, 
 who wielded such a marvellous power over them as to 
 induce them to surrender in a body. The narrative 
 is as full of interest as the venture was of bravery and 
 skill. It was at the close of a sanguinary conflict 
 between the two races, carried on with great cruelty 
 
THE ABORIGINES 
 
 on both sides for a number of years. More is the 
 pity that it should have heralded the utter extinction 
 of the remnant that had been got together at such 
 pains. About 250 were at first gathered on Flinders 
 Island, in Bass's Straits, but these were rapidly thinned 
 by death as time went on, until, in the year 1847, a 
 miserable little band were transferred to Oyster Cove, 
 on the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, some thirty miles 
 to the south of Hobart Town. Here they were 
 destined to become parishioners of mine thirty years 
 ago, and here died the last of the race. Truganinni, 
 or, as she was more generally called, Lalla Rookh, 
 had been a famous princess in her day, when the 
 tribe was powerful and a foe to be dreaded, and on one 
 memorable occasion had shown great heroism in saving 
 Mr. Robinson's life. She died at the age of sixty-five, as 
 nearjy as could be estimated. King Billy, otherwise 
 William Laune, was considerably younger as well as 
 of a much less romantic disposition. In fact there 
 was little to distinguish him from the careless, 
 reckless aboriginal of the early days of the settlement. 
 Of a jovial temperament, he sought the society of 
 seafaring men, whom he accompanied on more than 
 one whaling voyage in the South Seas. His premature 
 death from consumption, accelerated by the dissolute 
 habits he had acquired, ended the career of the last 
 of the Tasmanians. At the time of the Duke of 
 Edinburgh's visit it was amusing to watch King 
 Billy, at the Hobart regatta, walking with His Royal 
 Highness as a fellow royalty. Alas, that a naturally 
 high-spirited race, from which in years gone by a 
 really effective body of native police had been organ- 
 ized, should be fated to produce so degenerate a 
 specimen as its final effort ! 
 
 Most of the aborigines are great mimics, and have 
 their national and tribal dances of an elaborate 
 character. This often leads them to represent in 
 
138 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 pantomime scenes of hunting and fishing and mimic 
 warfare, as well as of civilized life coming under 
 their notice, such as the novelty of railway travel- 
 ling and the eccentricities of their white brothers. 
 Nor are they devoid of a keen sense of humour. 
 Bungary, one of the best known, as he was one of the 
 most intelligent, of the friendly Sydney natives, was 
 wont to create intense amusement by his wonder- 
 fully apt reproduction of the ceremonious bows of the 
 different Governors. 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 On January 26, 1S88, was celebrated throughout 
 the Australian colonies, but more especially in the 
 mother colony of New South Wales and in the mother 
 city of Sydney, the Centenary of Australian Settlement. 
 The Australian Church held her centennial rejoicings 
 at the same time. For however reluctantly the 
 authority may have been given for a chaplain to 
 accompany the first fleet of transports, yet it is a 
 blessed fact that he did so. Consequently the 
 Commonwealth of Australia, which seems to be at 
 last \vithin measurable distance, and the ecclesiastical 
 commonwealth, will be able to look back upon the 
 self-same day as the foundation-day of their liberties. 
 The centenary occurred but a few months after the 
 Jubilee of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen- 
 ly mpress of Great and Greater Britain. How^ marvel- 
 lous the contrast between 1837 and 1887, in all that 
 concerned the Church and the religious life of these 
 realms, is too evident to need repetition. How much 
 more marvellous the contrast between the convict 
 settlement of 1788 and the thriving metropolis of the 
 Australias of 1888, with its half-million industrious 
 citizens ; between the hastily erected tent for Governor 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 Phillip's shelter, and the castellated mansion graced 
 by the presence of Lord and Lady Carrington; between 
 the tiny fleet of weather-beaten sloops lying off 
 Sydney Cove, after discharging their human freight, 
 and the crowded ranks of ocean-going steamers of every 
 description of tonnage, and flying the flags of all 
 nations. Where the virgin forest rang to the coo-ee of 
 the savage, resounds now the din of commerce, while 
 melodious peals ring the thousands of worshippers 
 to service, and schools, colleges, and university complete 
 the chain of every known department of knowledge. 
 When we thank God for the hierarchy of fifteen 
 bishops, with their working staff of clergy running 
 into the higher hundreds, let us not omit a generous 
 meed of praise to the solitary man who, wearied 
 to exhaustion by Government neglect or worse, set 
 to work with his own hands to build a house of 
 God with wattle-boughs cut from the bush, daubed 
 with the clay of the neighbouring hollows. It was 
 just such a church as our Saxon forefathers would 
 have dedicated to the glory of God, and it roofed 
 over a band of 300 worshippers on the Sunday, while 
 on the week-day 200 of the lambs of the flock, other- 
 wise growing up in wretchedness and ignorance, were 
 gathered in for loving instruction. This temporary 
 building, which cost not quite £^0 in money, is surely 
 worthy of being ranked with the most costly of the 
 Australian cathedrals, though neither bishop nor arch- 
 deacon, nor even canon, ever ministered at its altar 
 — only a Government chaplain, simple-minded and 
 earnest, but sick at heart with hope deferred. 
 
 The Centenary of the Australian Church witnessed 
 many changes not recorded in these pages. As the 
 dioceses were divided and subdivided, what was diffi- 
 cult before became quite too intricate to follow in a 
 general history — I mean the chronicling of the minor 
 details of Church life and progress. 
 
I40 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 Of the establishment of the see of Tasmania by 
 Royal Letters Patent we have already spoken at the 
 beginning of our history. Bishop Nixon's appoint- 
 ment dates from 1842, and from the very first he 
 commended himself by his able and tactful adminis- 
 tration, both to his flock and to those in authority. 
 The endless conflicts between the settlers and the 
 aborigines gave him much pain, and no one was more 
 devoutly thankful than he when Mr. G. A. Robinson's 
 scheme of pacification ended by gathering the dwind- 
 ling remnant safely under Government shelter. It 
 was a sad story at the best, as were most of the 
 experiences of Van Diemen's Land in the olden days. 
 So much the greater credit to those who so nobly 
 raised the standard of living, first among the official 
 class and then among the people, and who so firmly 
 laid the foundations of that Church organization upon 
 which all later developments have been based. Bishop 
 Nixon was followed in his difticult post by the 
 Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, and Principal of Cheltenham Training 
 College. He was consecrated by Archbishop Longley 
 in Canterbury Cathedral in the year 1864, the Bishop 
 of Winchester and Bishop Nixon assisting. A crisis 
 came when, after many threatenings, a Bill was passed 
 through the legislature abolishing all grants in aid of 
 religious bodies. Churchmen stoutly protested, and 
 the governor, yielding to pressure, thought well to 
 reserve the measure for the Royal Assent. It was 
 referred back to Hobart Town, with a requirement 
 that provision must be made for the vested interests 
 of the clergy then licensed, as well as for certain 
 future necessities. This was done in a second Act 
 passed by both Houses of Parliament, and assented 
 to, by the terms of which a sum of something like 
 
 1 00,000 in Government Debentures was set apart 
 in perpetuity for the due maintenance of divine worship. 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 141 
 
 In addition the Diocesan Synod passed sundry reso- 
 lutions pledging the parishes to raise a supplementary 
 amount according to the population and circumstances 
 of each. By the introduction of railways the bishop's 
 journeyings were materially lightened, yet there still 
 remained sufficient to tax his utmost powers, even 
 with the assistance of his two archdeacons of Hobart 
 and Launceston. On Bishop Bromby's retirement 
 his place was filled by the Rev. Daniel Fox Snndford, 
 an LL.D. of the University of Glasgow, whose con- 
 secration took place in St. Paul's Cathedral, April 25, 
 1883. Archbishop Benson was assisted by the bishops 
 of London, Bangor, Ely, Lichfield, Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne, Bedford, Bloemfontein and Calcutta, and Bishop 
 Bromby. After six years' steady labour, unmarked by 
 any special incident, he was in turn succeeded by the 
 Rev. Henry Hutchinson Montgomery, of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and Vicar of St. Mark's, Ken- 
 nington, consecrated in Westminster Abbey, May i, 
 1889, by Archbishop Benson. The bishops of 
 Rochester, Antigua, Moosonee, and Ballarat took 
 part in the ceremony. Whereas the stream of home 
 affairs continued to flow evenly on, the bishop was 
 enabled to take his full share in the councils of the 
 Church, and was more especially able to render signal 
 service to the missionary cause in Melanesia. As was 
 naturally to be expected, the disablement and enforced 
 departure for England of Bishop John Selwyn dealt a 
 terrible blow to the mission, the life and soul of which 
 he had been for upwards of sixteen years. Funds too 
 were running low, and so it was decided to allow the 
 see to remain vacant for a considerable period. Under 
 these forlorn circumstances Bishop Montgomery wil- 
 lingly responded to the appeal that he should as bishop 
 make a thorough visitation of the islands. The tour 
 occupied several months of the year 1892, and included 
 the New Hebrides, Banks', Torres, and Solomon 
 
142 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 groups. A most interesting record of the trip, from 
 the bishop's own pen, will be found in The Light of 
 Melanesia, pubHshed by the S.P.C.K. in 1896. 
 
 Of the five years' episcopate of Bishop Barry as 
 MetropoUtan and Primate it may be briefly said that 
 it was marked by conspicuous abiHty, and was accom- 
 panied by a continuous growth of Church Hfe. In 
 addition to his wide sympathies he was quick to 
 seize upon matters of detail, and his advice was 
 always worth following. From habit the synods were 
 beginning to work smoothly of themselves, but a 
 guiding hand was called, for at times, and so wise 
 a controlling mind could not be otherwise than 
 of lasting benefit. He resigned in 1888, to the 
 great regret of the diocese. At the session of, 
 synod called for the purpose of electing a successor, 
 several names of eminence in the home Church were 
 submitted, from which, after an exhaustive debate, 
 three were chosen to be sent on to the provincial 
 bishops, and from these again two to be considered 
 by the Australian bench of bishops in accordance 
 with the terms of the Ordinance. By this process of 
 exhaustion the Rev. William Saumarez Smith, D.D., 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Principal of St. 
 Aidan's Theological College, Birkenhead, was left as 
 final nominee. Owing to a regrettable informality on 
 the part of the senior bishop in reporting the result 
 the election was declared invalid, and the entire 
 routine had to be gone through de novo. The Primate- 
 elect was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, June 24, 
 1890, by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The prelates 
 assisting on the occasion were the bishops of London, 
 Carlisle, St. Davids, Llandaff, Colchester, Marlborough, 
 Bedford, and Madras, and Bishops Campbell, Marsden, 
 and Barry. Encouraged by the recommendation of 
 the Lambeth Conference of 1897, it has at last been 
 resolved to accord to the Primate of Australia his 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 rightful title of Archbishop. Seeing that in reality he 
 has occupied the position and executed the office of 
 Archbishop since the first General Synod of 1872, the 
 change is simply one of title. 
 
 In the year 1875 Bishop Hale was transferred from 
 far-away Perth to the see of Brisbane, which had just 
 lost its first bishop by resignation. The diocese had 
 been steadily advancing, if not quite so rapidly as its 
 friends had once anticipated. In the course of years 
 a radical change had passed over the colony, bringing 
 to the management of its sheep-runs an agent or over- 
 seer class in place of the original owners, who had 
 won their pastures mile by mile from the wild bush, 
 and whose personal influence helped so much to 
 encourage the earlier bishops and clergy. In spite of 
 his inability to master the art of Australian horseman- 
 ship. Bishop Tufnell had managed to become inti- 
 mately acquainted with his diocese from end to end, 
 making long excursions to the westward by coach 
 and buggy before the advent of railways, and availing 
 himself of the coasting steamers to visit Maryborough, 
 Rockhampton, and the further north. The building 
 of an episcopal residence on the outskirts of the city 
 was entirely owing to his efforts and private liberality. 
 But the mother church of St. John remained, and still 
 remains to this day, the pro-cathedral, every endeavour 
 to provide a more worthy substitute having failed of 
 accomplishment. If in his departure from Perth the 
 blacks of Western Australia lost a staunch friend in 
 Bishop Hale, their fellows in Queensland undoubtedly 
 gained one. Missions in their behalf received a fresh 
 impetus, even the Government being roused to a keener 
 sense of obligation in the matter of their protection 
 and moral improvement. Unfortunately the bishop's 
 physical strength proved unequal to the tasks thrown 
 upon him, hence his resignation after ten years' 
 unremitting exertion. He will long be remembered 
 
144 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 as the "good bishop." His successor was chosen 
 from the ranks of the London clergy. As Vicar of 
 St. John the EvangeUbt, Holborn, the Rev. WilHam 
 Thomas Thornhill Webber had made his mark as an 
 able organizer and successful church builder. He 
 was consecrated third bishop of the diocese in St. 
 Paul's Cathedral by the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 June II, 1885, the bishops of London, Carlisle, and 
 Bedford, with Bishops Tufnell and Mitchinson assisting. 
 Losing no time in entering on the duties of his office, 
 he took out with him from England a goodly staff of 
 clergy, whom he distributed throughout the country 
 districts, reserving the Rev. Bernard Robert Wilson 
 for the charge of the pro- cathedral, and placing the 
 Rev. Nathaniel Dawes at St. Andrew's, South Brisbane, 
 and the Rev. IManley Power at Christchurch, Milton. 
 By this time the magnificent pasture lands of the 
 Darling Downs had been found to be equally favour- 
 able to agriculture. Immense tracts of country natur- 
 ally open to the plough were either subdivided 
 privately by the graziers or resumed by the State to 
 be re-sold for farming purposes. Toowoomba, health- 
 ily and beautifully situated on the eastern edge of this 
 smiling corn-land above the main range, soon became 
 the seat first of an archdeaconry, then the head- 
 quarters of a coadjutor-bishop. The Vicar of South 
 Brisbane was called to fill both offices. At the bishop's 
 request he was consecrated by the Primate in St. 
 Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, May i, 1889, the bishops 
 of Brisbane, Riverina, Melbourne, Bathurst, and 
 Grafton and Armidale taking part in the ceremony. 
 In Bishop Dawes the diocesan found a loyal and 
 efficient helper in the increasing labours of the see 
 until his appointment as first Bishop of Rockhampton 
 in 1892. For his next coadjutor Bishop Webber 
 looked to the cathedral city of Ballarat, which had 
 for dean the Very Rev. John Francis Stretch, an 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 LL.B. of the University of Melbourne and a born 
 Australian. Dean Stretch was consecrated to his 
 new office November i, 1895, in St. Paul's Cathedral, 
 Melbourne, by the Primate of Australia, assisted by 
 the bishops of Ballarat, Brisbane, Melbourne, and 
 Goulburn. His sphere of work has been fixed at 
 Roma, round about the terminus of the main line of 
 railway from Brisbane to the extensive downs of the 
 far west. 
 
 The task of finding a worthy successor to Bishop 
 Short in the important see of Adelaide was by no 
 means an easy one. At length the choice fell on the 
 Rev. George Wyndham Kennion, M.A., of Oriel 
 College, Oxon, Vicar of All Saints, Bradford, and his 
 consecration was fixed for November 30, 1882, in 
 Westminster Abbey. Under commission from the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop Jackson of London 
 was the officiating prelate, assisted by the bishops of 
 Winchester, Rochester, Lichfield, Bedford, Ballarat, 
 and Nelson, together with Bishops Short, Ryan, and 
 Hellmuth. Of his successful episcopate of twelve 
 busy years not much has been said, not because it is 
 unworthy of remark, but simply because the limits of 
 this little work forbid. Stated in brief, it was carried 
 out wisely and loyally on the lines laid down by his 
 predecessor. During his tenure of office he greatly 
 promoted the growth of Church agencies, raising 
 funds for the endowment of churches, and sustaining 
 an active, living administration in every parish of the 
 diocese. Towards the completion of the cathedral 
 church of St. Peter he succeeded in gaining an 
 additional ^16,000, the chancel and one bay of the 
 nave having been finished in the previous bishop's 
 time. But perhaps his greatest work was the estab- 
 lishment of his " Home Mission Fund," by means of 
 which over forty new churches and one city church 
 were erected, besides schoolrooms and missions all 
 
 K 
 
146 THE STORV OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 over the colony. To the keen regret of Churchmen 
 of every school of thought, he was called home all 
 too soon to the see of Bath and Wells. The Rev. 
 John Reginald Harmer, Dean of Christ Church 
 College, Cambridge, a literary coadjutor of the learned 
 Bishop Lightfoot of Durham, was chosen to succeed 
 him. On May 19, 1895, his consecration took place 
 in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, and the bishops of Manchester, Sarum, Durham, 
 Bath and Wells, and Trinidad. Bishop John Selwyn 
 was also able to assist. Nominally the see of 
 Adelaide is identical with the colony of South Aus- 
 tralia, which would include the Northern Territory, 
 bordering on the equator, and separated from the 
 metropolis by a few thousand miles of ocean. Prac- 
 tically, however, that territory lies outside the range 
 of possible visitation, and will eventually, no doubt, 
 form part of a separate diocese, cutting off as well the 
 extreme north of the colony of Queensland, and 
 extending to the island of New Guinea unless the 
 lately consecrated bishop of the latter should be given 
 jurisdiction of the whole of these tropical regions. 
 
 Just as the colony of Western Australia for many 
 years stood alone among Australian States in not 
 possessing a Constitutional Government, so is Perth in 
 many ways peculiar among the dioceses. It has, to 
 begin with, a nominal area of 1,000,000 square miles, 
 the south-western fringe of which only is peopled. 
 Then it is cut off by the 11 00 miles of the Great 
 Australian Bight from any sort of rapid communi- 
 cation with the more eastern colonies. To attend 
 the sessions of general synod held in Sydney every 
 five years, the bishop is compelled to undertake a full 
 week's journey at considerable trouble and expense. 
 But, in spite of its prodigious size. Bishop Hale had 
 actually no more than forty or fifty thousand souls 
 within his jurisdiction. These were distributed 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 between the various settled districts, those to the 
 northward about Shark's Bay and the Gascoigne 
 River involving the longest journeyings. When the 
 see was vacated in 1875, by the departure of the 
 bishop for Brisbane he had for successor the Right 
 Rev. Henry Hutton Parry, who came fortified by 
 his eight years' experience as coadjutor-bishop of 
 Barbadoes. Church matters during his tenure of 
 office advanced but slowly, nor did the affairs of State 
 progress any more rapidly, until the inrush of gold- 
 seekers to the fields of Cue, Coolgardie, and Kalgoorlie 
 altered the entire aspect of the country. Men of 
 every degree, and of every nationality, continued to 
 pour into the seaports and to throng the bush-tracks 
 leading to the diggings. Whether for good or ill, 
 townsliips multiplied and grew apace, the revenue 
 leaped up year by year, raising the hopes of statesmen 
 in power to the highest pitch of expectation. The 
 Church has been hard put to it to cope with the 
 demands suddenly made upon her for clergy to 
 minister in the new fields. In the early stages of the 
 difficulty Bishop Parry was called away by death. 
 His place was filled by the consecration of the 
 Rev. Charles Owen Leaver Riley, Vicar of St. Paul's, 
 Preston, October 18, 1894. The Archbishop of 
 Canterbury was assisted by the bishops of Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, Peterborough, Reading, Norwich, Bath and 
 ^ Wells, and Honduras. For very many years to come 
 the anxieties of the diocese are not likely to be 
 diminished, the problem of an adequate supply of 
 clergy alone presenting a stupendous obstacle in the 
 way of a Church extension commensurate with the 
 growth of population. 
 
 The diocese of Riverina was formed in 1884, a 
 large inland territory included, as its name implies, 
 within the waters of several navigable rivers. Far 
 removed from the seaboard, and commencing only 
 
148 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 at the termini of the railways, there are necessary 
 there the same long and exhausting jom^neys on horse- 
 back which marked the pioneer days of long ago. 
 Droughts, floods, unfortunate seasons, and low prices 
 have reduced the power of Churchmen to do what is 
 urgently required of them. Its first bishop, the Right 
 Rev. Sydney Linton, previously a Norwich vicar, a 
 saintly man and a ceaseless worker, was not spared 
 to reap any great harvest to his labour. He was 
 called to his rest while winning the first-fruits in the 
 love and respect of his scattered flock. Nevertheless 
 he contrived during his ten years' episcopate to visit 
 every portion of his vast diocese, cheering his little 
 band of clerg)' in their isolation, and giving renewed 
 hope by his presence to an almost despairing laity. 
 Synodical organization, as understood in the older and 
 more favoured sees, seemed hopeless under the 
 circumstances, yet not only was it instituted but there 
 are good hopes of its having taken permanent root. 
 " Bishop's Lodge was built at Ha}', on the opposite 
 bank of the IMurrumbidgee to the pro-cathedral of St. 
 Paul, a roomy and comfortable residence, but one 
 labouring unhappily under a heavy indebtedness. At 
 the bishop's request, who was much " given to hospi- 
 tality," ample provision was made for the due 
 entertainment of his clergy, an admirable principle 
 ■which its present occupant, with his largely reduced 
 income, will find it difticult to carry out. On the 
 lamented death of Bishop Linton the choice of 
 successor rested with the provincial bishops, who called 
 to the office the Rev. Ernest Augustus Anderson, 
 Vicar of St. Paul's, West Maitland, in the diocese of 
 Newcastle. Mr. Anderson had previously done good 
 service as a mission-priest in the Lack blocks of North 
 Queensland, where he had gained just the kind of 
 experience which he would now be able to utilize with 
 effect. But here a difficulty arose as to the place of 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 149 
 
 consecration. The Honble. John Campbell, M.L.C., 
 who had generously endowed the diocese on its 
 formation, had made it a condition of his gift that all 
 future bishops should be consecrated in England, to 
 prevent, as he hoped, the severance of the Church in 
 Australia from the Church of England. Opinions 
 were much divided, the ]dea being set up on the one 
 hand of the Church's independence, as evidenced by 
 her power to pass binding ordinances in her synods, 
 by her undisputed right to choose her own bishops, 
 and by her possession of a primate who in Australia 
 commanded the self-same obedience as the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury in England, while it was insisted on by 
 others that the founder's wishes must be complied 
 with or the endowment relinquished. Eventually the 
 bishop-elect proceeded to England, where he was 
 consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, June 29, 1895, the bishops of 
 London, Sarum, and Bath and Wells taking part. 
 Thus was perpetuated what was so often and so 
 forcibly deprecated by Bishop Tyrrell, the "sad 
 unreality of taking the oath of obedience to the 
 wrong authority." The diocese covers the huge 
 south-western corner of the colony of New South 
 Wales, and consists of a series of apparently inter- 
 minable plains, for the most part treeless, measuring 
 about 100,000 square miles. 
 
 The loss of Bishop Moorhouse from the Australian 
 bench in 1886, on his call home to Manchester, was 
 irreparable. His ringing voice had, year by year, 
 » called Ctuirchmen to arms, to do battle for the religious 
 instruction of the little ones ; for a supply of educated 
 clergy; for bright, short services; for a studious ministry, 
 and an eye to the trend of the times. He did not, 
 however, have his strong wish gratified for a new 
 diocese centred at Sandhurst, the Bendigo of golden 
 days, to be carved out of the overgrown Melbourne 
 
150 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 see. His successor was the Rev. Field Flowers Goe, 
 Rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, who was conse- 
 crated in Westminster Abbey, February 24, 1SS7, by the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops of London, 
 Rochester, Manchester, and Perth, with Bishops 
 Perry, Alford and Marsden. On arrival in Melbourne, 
 as one of his first acts he was able to announce at the 
 Church Session of 1887 the completion of the Clarke 
 buildings of Trinity College, which had been so near 
 to the heart of his predecessor. For himself Bishop 
 Goe acknowledged the extreme kindness of his recep- 
 tion. He congratulated the diocese on the progress of 
 the cathedral, as the crowning work of forty years' 
 labour, and trusted that the Church would be considered 
 as bound up with all the events of our lives. 
 
 The see of Goulbum sustained a distinct loss by 
 the decease of Bishop Thomas. Undaunted by 
 difficulties, and a plodding, earnest worker, he suc- 
 ceeded in visiting regularly the most distant of his 
 parishes. He was ever a staunch friend to his clergy 
 — more than once standing between them and a 
 threatening parish council, greatly to their advantage. 
 A priest of long colonial experience was selected for 
 the vacancy in the person of the Rev. William 
 Chalmers, Vicar of St. Andrew's, Brighton, Victoria, 
 and formerly a student of St. Augustine's College, 
 Canterbury, and " S.P.G." Missionary to Borneo. 
 On November i, 1892, he was consecrated in his own 
 cathedral church of St. Saviour, by the Primate, 
 assisted by the bishops of Ballarat, Newcastle, 
 Riverina, Brisbane, and Melbourne. Financial troubles 
 have sadly hindered the diocese of late years in 
 providing for the increasing spiritual needs of the 
 interior. A recent grant of ^1000 from the *' S.P.C.K." 
 will, however, do much to strengthen the spirit of 
 self-sacrifice of which the cathedral church is so 
 striking a monument. 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 The place of the great pioneer bishop, Tyrrell, 
 who died as we have seen in 1879, was filled by the 
 election of the Rev. Josiah Brown Pearson, Vicar of 
 Newark, and Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 He was consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, May i, 
 1880, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by 
 the bishops of London, Winchester and Hereford, and 
 Bishop Perry. His episcopate was marked by much 
 earnestness and ability, with steady progress in Church 
 extension, but was sadly clouded towards the end by 
 an utter prostration of health. The diocese suffered 
 severely in consequence, so that it became a source 
 of devout thankfulness when the bishop recovered 
 sufficiently to be able to resign his see, however 
 reluctantly the resignation might be accepted on other 
 grounds. During the three years' interval, the diocese 
 was administered by the very Rev. the Dean of 
 Newcastle, Arthur Edward Selwyn — one of the 
 veterans of the Church in Australia. The shadow 
 was finally removed by the translation to Newcastle, 
 in 1 89 1, of Bishop Stanton of North Queensland, who 
 received a right hearty welcome. The appointment 
 was in fact a most desirable one from every point of 
 view. A new cathedral which was projected and 
 commenced on the original site of the quaint old 
 structure on the hill so widely known as a beacon to 
 mariners entering the harbour met with troublous 
 ^ times, and is yet far from completion. Bishop Pearson 
 died in England four years after his resignation, having 
 partially recovered from the effects of his long and 
 lamentable affliction. 
 
 At the close of sixteen years' continuous labour, 
 Bishop Marsden decided, in 1885, to resign the see of 
 Bathurst, and to seek a more restful sphere in the old 
 country. Here he subsequentlyaccepted the invitation 
 of the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol to become 
 his assistant. The administration of a diocese com- 
 
152 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 prising the whole north-western interior of New South 
 Wales, approaching 100,000 square miles in extent, is 
 certainly enough to tax the powers of the strongest 
 physique. The Rev. Charles Edward Camidge, Yicar 
 of Thirsk, was appointed to the vacant see, and was 
 consecrated October 18, 1887, by the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, assisted by the bishops of Rochester 
 and Sodor and Man, with Bishops Perry and 
 Marsden. Cordially welcomed to his cathedral 
 city, he manfully faced the arrears of work found to 
 have accumulated during the vacancy. In addition, 
 the colony was called upon to pass through the 
 vicissitudes of alternate droughts and floods. Travel 
 became difficult, while, to add to the problems to be 
 solved, continual changes were being made in the 
 laws dealing with State education. In these various 
 matters Bishop Camidge has always shown himself 
 determined to rule on recognized Church lines. But 
 he has also shown himself equally ready to foster good 
 work, wherever, and by whomsoever, exhibited. To- 
 gether with the bisho]JS of ISIelbourne and Grafton 
 and Armidale, he thought well to decline the Arch- 
 bishop's invitation to the recent Lambetli Conference, 
 preferring to remain at his post in the absence of so 
 many of his episcopal brethren. His services were 
 thus available, and were most generously given, for the 
 needful ministrations in the neighbouring dioceses. 
 To the great gain of the Church he still continues his 
 valuable oversight of his huge diocese. 
 
 North Queensland was unfortunate enough to lose 
 its first bishop in 1891 by translation to Newcastle, 
 but not until he had brought his enormous diocese 
 into something like ecclesiastical order. His Vicar 
 at St. James's pro-cathedral, Townsville, the Rev. 
 Christopher George Barlow, was nominated to the suc- 
 cession. The consecration ceremony was appointed for 
 July 25, 1891, at St. Andrew's Metropolitan Cathedral, 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 Sydney. The Primate was assisted by the bishops of 
 Newcastle and Grafton and Armidale. Some excep- 
 tion was taken to the confirmation of the bishop-elect 
 by certain of the AustraHan bishops, on the ground 
 that he was not a University graduate. The objection 
 was, however, overruled, and the event has ami)ly 
 justified the action of those who supported the 
 nomination. Perhaps no diocese has suffered more 
 keenly from the change which has come over the 
 pastoral industry of recent years in the transference 
 of ownership from private gentlemen of means and 
 position — many of them staunch Churchmen and 
 generous givers — to financial institutions, banks, and 
 trading companies of various descriptions. The 
 severance of Rockhampton to the south, in- 1892, 
 immensely relieved the labours of the two neighbouring 
 bishops. All of Queensland to the north of the twenty- 
 first parallel is still retained by Bishop Barlow — a min- 
 ing and grazing region of almost illimitable extent, but 
 containing besides the sugar plantations of the coast, 
 for the working of which many thousands of Kanakas 
 have been imported from the South Sea Islands. For 
 the spiritual welfare of these, active efforts have been 
 made in consultation with the Bishop of Melanesia, 
 from whose charge they mainly come. A goodly 
 number of them have already embraced Christianity 
 and are leading worthy consistent lives. A habit of 
 r reverence is indeed a noticeable trait in the character 
 of the Polynesian races. 
 
 Compelled by continued ill-health to resign his see 
 of Grafton and Armidale, Bishop Turner set sail for 
 England, but died at Naples on his homeward voyage. 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. Arthur Vincent Green, 
 Archdeacon of Ballarat, an eminent priest of Australian 
 training and orders, though not of birth, being an 
 LL.D. of both Sydney and Melbourne. The conse- 
 cration ceremony was performed May i, 1894, by the 
 
154 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 bishops of IMelbourne, Ballarat, Adelaide, Newcastle, 
 Riverina, and Goulburn. Monetary difficulties beset 
 the new bishop from the outset. The endowment, 
 never very large, had been gradually dwindling away 
 from injudicious investments and other causes. Never- 
 theless he completed his primary visitation with a 
 good heart. The older parishes were strengthened 
 and new ones formed in the bush districts to cope 
 with the onward march of settlement. A splendid 
 spirit of self-abnegation was evinced by the country 
 clergy, the good results of which can scarcely be over- 
 estimated. To help lessen the strain the Archdeacon 
 of Tam worth was dispatched on a mission to the old 
 country to entreat assistance. His efforts were fairly 
 successful. Indeed English Churchmen, whether 
 individually or as represented by the great societies, 
 have been proverbially generous towards Australia. 
 But it is questionable whether the time has not come 
 for her to brace herself up to a supply of her own 
 needs. The present period of financial and industrial 
 depression constitutes a formidable obstacle, it is true, 
 but not an insuperable one, for difficulties not seldom 
 have the eftect of developing a keener sense of 
 responsibility. The experiment of choosing bishops 
 from the ranks of the Australian clergy, although still 
 in its initial stage, has been so far decidedly successful. 
 It would be invidious to mention names, but the fact 
 must be apparent to all who have any intimate know- 
 ledge of affairs. The supply of clergy has benefited at 
 the same time and perhaps for a similar reason. 
 Troubles of a lesser character, about stipends and 
 Church finance generally, will no doubt be overcome 
 likewise by the energy and determination of colonists. 
 A renewed spirit of self-reliance will at any rate help 
 towards that happy result. 
 
 A much-needed coadjutor has been provided for 
 the diocese of Ballarat. On the nomination of Bishop 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 Thornton, the Rev. Henry Edward Cooper, M.A., 
 of Trinity College, Dublin, Vicar of Hamilton and 
 Archdeacon, was consecrated November i, 1895, in 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. The Primate was 
 assisted by the bishops of ^lelbourne, Ballarat, Goul- 
 burn, and Grafton and Armidale. Bishop Cooper's 
 long and intimate association with his diocesan, 
 coupled with his many years' service in the diocese, is 
 a guarantee, were any needed, of his extended useful- 
 ness in the higher sphere. For nearly two years, in 
 fact, it has fallen to him to administer the diocese 
 single-handed. 
 
 Justwithin the "One HundredYears" maybe fittingly 
 included the founding of the New Guinea Mission, 
 long projected and many times delayed. At the 
 Melbourne Church Assembly of 1887, Canon Chal- 
 mers, now Bishop of Goulburn, moved — "That this 
 assembly desires to direct the attention of the Church 
 to the Church Mission of .New Guinea, determined 
 upon by the General Synod held last year in Sydney, 
 and earnestly commends it to sympathy and support." 
 The proposal was taken up throughout Australia, and 
 an enthusiastic young priest, the Rev. Albert Mac- 
 laren, found to head the mission. He was accom- 
 panied by the Rev. Copland King, the youngest of the 
 four generations of the name covering the whole 
 century 1 788-1 888 — Governor King, Admiral King, 
 Archdeacon King, Missionary- Priest King. His three 
 brothers in holy orders are all at work in Australia. 
 The terribly sad news of the premature death of Mr. 
 Maclaren from fever, and the subsequent vicissitudes 
 of the mission — absorbingly interesting as they are — 
 do not come within the scope of our pages. Yet it 
 does mark an epoch in the history of the Australian 
 Church, that after much prayerful waiting she should 
 have been able at length to send forth her first mission- 
 ary bishop. In the Right Rev. M. J. Stone-Wigg, of 
 
156 THE STORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCH 
 
 University College, Oxon.,and lately Canon and Rector 
 of St. John's pro-cathedral, Brisbane, Australasia 
 possesses her youngest bishop. His consecration in the 
 Metropolitan Cathedral of St. Andrew, Sydney, on 
 January 25 last, created intense sympathy. In the 
 absence of the Primate, the Bishop of Brisbane, as 
 senior prelate, officiated, and was supported by the 
 bishops of Melbourne and Bathurst. Liberal offertories 
 were made during the day towards the objects of the 
 mission, to which has been added a grant of ;£i^oo 
 from the funds of the " S.P.C.K." for the establishment 
 and endowment of the episcopate. 
 
 Missions to the Chinese have been established in 
 most of the centres of population. Chinese deacons 
 and catechists are making splendid headway among 
 their countrymen in Sydney, Melbourne, and Hay. 
 They are an affectionate, teachable race, with great 
 inherent promise for the future, and by their means 
 will be solved, we believe, the difficulty of how best to 
 secure an entrance for the Christian faith into the 
 hitherto impracticable territory of China, with its 
 countless millions waiting for the Gospel to be preached 
 to them. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Aborigines, Captain Cook's 
 observations respecting, 12 ; 
 character of, 129; conflicts 
 Avith, 130 ; mission stations 
 for, 132 ; life at Poonindie of, 
 134; Tasmanian, 137 
 
 Adelaide, foundation of see of, 
 53 ; first Bishop of, 54 ; 
 Church endowments of, 78 ; 
 consecration of second Bishop 
 of, 145 ; consecration of third 
 Bishop of, 146 
 
 Anderson, Right Rev. E. A., 
 consecration to the see of 
 Riverina of, 149 
 
 Australia, Captain Cook's visit 
 to, II ; fitness for colonization 
 of, 13 ; foundation of first 
 colony of, 15, 16 ; third anni- 
 versary of settlement of, 23 ; 
 erection of see of, 41 ; centen- 
 ary of foundation of, 13S 
 
 Ballarat, early settlement of, 
 119; consecration of first 
 Bishop of, 120; first Church 
 assembly of, 121 ; designs for 
 cathedral church for, 123 ; 
 consecration of coadjutor- 
 bishop of, 155 
 
 Barker, Most Rev. Frederick, 
 consecration to the Metropo- 
 litan see of Sydney of, 72 ; 
 episcopal visit to Brisbane of, 
 93 ; journey to England of, 
 95 ; death at San Remo of, 117 
 
 Barry, Most Rev. Alfred, ap- 
 pointment to Metropolitical see 
 
 of Sydney of, 117; five years' 
 episcopate of, 142 
 
 Bathurst, foundation of see of, 
 III; installation of first Bishop 
 of, 112; resignation of first 
 Bishop of, 152 ; consecration 
 of second Bishop of, 152 
 
 Bedford, Rev. William, ap- 
 pointment to Tasmanian 
 chaplaincy of, 51 
 
 Bigge, Mr. Commissioner, re- 
 l)ort of, 33 
 
 Botany Bay, visit of Captain 
 Cook to, II ; unfitness for 
 settlement of, 15 
 
 Bourke, Governor Sir Richard, 
 dispatch from, 37; foundation 
 of cathedral by, 42 ; pro- 
 posals for Government aid to 
 religion by, 43 
 
 Brisbane, foundation of see of, 
 91 ; consecration of first 
 Bishop of, 93 ; resignation of 
 first Bishop of, 143 ; arrival 
 of second Bishop of, 143 ; 
 episcopate and resignation of 
 second Bishop of, 14 1. ; conse- 
 cration of third Bishop of, 144 
 
 Bromby, Right Rev. C. H., 
 consecration as second Bishop 
 of Tasmania of, 140 
 
 Broughton, Most Rev. W. G., 
 appointment as second arch- 
 deacon of, 33 ; previous 
 career of, 38 ; second visit to 
 England of, 40 ; appointment 
 as first Bishop and Metropoli- 
 tan of Australia of, 41 ; pro- 
 
INDEX 
 
 test against Roman intrusion 
 of, 44 ; journals of visitations 
 of, 46; appointment as Bishop 
 of Sydney of, 59 ; visit to the 
 gold-fields of, 67 ; death in 
 England of, 71 ; character of, 
 72 
 
 Camidge, Right Rev. C. E., 
 consecration to the see of 
 Bathurst of, 152 
 
 Chalmers, Right Rev. William, 
 consecration to see of Goul- 
 burn of, 150 
 
 Chinese, missions to, 156 
 
 Church, absence of a, 16 ; tem- 
 porary "wattle and daub," 
 25 ; centennial rejoicings of 
 the, 138 ; growing organiza- 
 tion of the, 139 
 
 Church Conference, bishops 
 summoned by the Metropoli- 
 tan to, 67 ; decisions of and 
 replies to, 70 ; meetings in 
 Melbourne for, 86 ; meetings 
 in Sydney for, 88 ; first general 
 meetings in Sydney of, 114 
 
 Cooper, Right Rev. H. E., 
 consecration as coadjutor- 
 bishop of Ballarat of, 155 
 
 Cowper, Ven. William, arrival 
 of, 36 ; appointment as arch- 
 deacon and administrator of 
 the diocese of, 72 ; lamented 
 death of, 76 
 
 Cowper, Very Rev. W, M., 
 first appointment of, 42 ; 
 transfer to St. Phillip's, Syd- 
 ney, of, 64 ; appointment as 
 Dean of Sydney of, 64 
 
 Dawes, Right Rev. Nathaniel, 
 consecration as coadjutor- 
 bishop of Brisbane of, 144 ; 
 appointment as first Bishop of 
 Rockhampton of, 145 
 
 Education, Royal Charter in 
 
 bfchalf of, 38 ; revocation ot 
 charter on, 39 ; Government 
 grants in aid of, 48 ; intro- 
 duction of Irish system of, 48 ; 
 National Board of, 49 
 
 Famine, settlement threatened 
 
 with, 20 
 Fulton, Rev. H., description of, 
 
 19 ; brief loctuii tenency of, 36 
 
 Glebes, reservation of land for, 
 22 
 
 Goe, Right Rev. F. F., conse- 
 cration to the see of Mel- 
 bourne of, 150 
 
 Goulburn, foundation of see of, 
 94; installation of first Bishop 
 of, 95 ; regretted death of 
 first Bishop of, 150 ; consecra- 
 tion of second Bishop of, 150 
 
 Grafton and Armidale, founda- 
 tion of see of, 117 ; sad death 
 by drowning of first Bishop of, 
 118; consecration and arrival of 
 second Bishop of, 119; resigna- 
 tion of second Bishop of, 153 ; 
 consecration of third Bishop of, 
 154 ; financial depression of, 
 154 
 
 Green, Right Rev. A. V., con- 
 secration to the see of Grafton 
 and Armidale of, 154 
 
 Hale, Right Rev. M. B., ap- 
 pointment to the new see of 
 Perth of, no; translation to 
 see of Brisbane of, 143 
 
 Howard, Rev. C. B., arrival as 
 S.P.G. chaplain. South Aus- 
 tralia, of, 53 
 
 Johnson, Rev. Richard, ap- 
 pointment as first chaplain of, 
 14 ; retirement of, 29 ; sum- 
 mary of life and work of, 30 
 
 Kennion, Right Rev. G. W., 
 consecration to the see of 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adelaide of, 145 ; translation 
 to the see of Bath and Wells 
 of, 146 
 
 King, Governor Philip Gidley, 
 successful rule of, 34 
 
 Knopwood, Rev. R., appoint- 
 ment to the chaplaincy of Van 
 Diemen's Land of, 50 
 
 Linton, Right Rev. Sydney, 
 appointment to the see of 
 Riverina of, 148 ; episcopate 
 and early death of, 148 
 
 MACQUARiE,Governor Lachlan, 
 reputed favouritism of, 32 ; ad- 
 ministration otherwise of, 35 ; 
 educational proposals of, 47 
 
 Marsden, Right Rev. S. E., 
 appointment to the new see of 
 Bathurst of, 112; resignation 
 and work in England of, 152 
 
 Marsden, Rev, Samuel, arrival 
 of, 25 ; industrial pursuits of, 
 28 ; character of, 31 ; con- 
 spiracy against, 32 ; visit to 
 England of, 36 
 
 Melbourne, foundation of see 
 of, 56 ; first Bishop of, 59 ; 
 Church Conference held in, 
 85 ; formation of cathedral 
 chapter for, 107 ; resignation 
 of first Bishop of, 125 ; con- 
 secration of second Bishop of, 
 125 ; consecration of third 
 Bishop of, 150 
 
 Montgomery, Right Rev. H. H., 
 consecration to the see of Tas- 
 mania of, 141 ; episcopal visit 
 to Melanesian Islands of, 142 
 
 Moore College, establishment 
 of, 73 ; departure of first 
 principal of, 105 
 
 Moorhouse, Right Rev. James, 
 consecration to the see of 
 Melbourne of, 125 ; transla- 
 tion to Manchester of, 149 
 
 New Guinea, founding of 
 missions to, 155 ; consecra- 
 tion of first Bishop of, 156 
 
 New Zealand, discovery of, 12 ; 
 first Bishop of, 63 
 
 Newcastle, foundation of see of, 
 61 ; first Bishop of, 61 ; pro- 
 posed subdivision of see of, 
 64 ; consecration of second 
 Bishop of, 151 ; illness and 
 resignation of second Bishop 
 of, 151 ; translation of Bishop 
 Stanton to, 151 
 
 Nixon, Right Rev. F. R., ap- 
 pointment to see of Tasmania 
 of, 53 ; close of episcopate of, 
 140 
 
 Norfolk Island, settlement of, 19 
 North Queensland, foundation 
 of see of, 113 ; arrival of first 
 Bishop of, 114; translation 
 to Newcastle of first Bishop 
 of, 152 ; consecration of 
 second Bishop of, 153 
 
 Parramatta, settlement on 
 the banks of the, 21 ; dedica- 
 tion of St John's Church at, 
 34 ; factory and orphan schools 
 
 of, 35-47 
 Parry, Right Rev. H. II., ap- 
 pointment to the see of Perth 
 of, 147 
 
 Perth, Bishop Short's visit to, 
 55 ; foundation of see of, no; 
 translation to Brisbane of first 
 Bishop of, 143; appointment of 
 second Bishop of, 147 ; conse- 
 cration of third Bishop of, 147 
 
 Phillip, Governor Arthur, land- 
 ing of, 14; anticipations of, 27 
 
 Port Phillip, early settlement of, 
 57 
 
 Riley, Right Rev. C. O. L., 
 consecration to the see of 
 Perth of, 147 
 
i6o 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Riveiina, foundation of the see 
 of, 148 ; first Bishop of, 148 ; 
 consecration of second Bishop 
 of, 149 
 
 Sandford, Right Rev. D. F., 
 consecration to the see of 
 Tasmania of, 141 
 
 Scott, Ven. T. Hobhes, appoint- 
 ment as first archdeacon of, 
 33 ; character of, 37 
 
 Short, Right Rev. Augustus, • 
 appointment to the see of 
 Adelaide of, 54 ; visit to 
 Western Austraha of, 55 ; 
 fatiguing bush journeys of, 
 77 ; influence on synod ical 
 organization of, 86 
 
 Smith, Most Rev. W. S., con- 
 secration to the primatial see 
 of Sydney of, 142 
 
 South Australia, early days of, 
 53 ; education in, 79-86 
 
 Stanton, Right Rev. G. H., con- 
 secration to the see of North 
 Queensland of, 114 ; transla- 
 tion to Newcastle of, 152 
 
 Sydney, foundation of see of, 
 59 ; consecration of second 
 Bishop of, 72 ; metropolitan 
 cathedral of, 76-102 ; ap- 
 pointment of third Bishop of, 
 117; episcopate of third 
 Bishop of, 142 ; consecration 
 of fourth Bishop of, 142 ; 
 assumption of title of Arch- 
 bishop of, 143 
 
 Synod, first session in Adelaide 
 of, 87 ; first session in New- 
 castle of, 90 ; first session in 
 Sydney of, 96 ; meeting of 
 first provincial, loi ; forma- 
 tion of general, 1 14 
 
 Tahiti, scientific expedition of 
 
 Captain Cook to, ii ; arrival 
 of missionaries from, 28 
 
 Tasmania, erection of see of, 
 53 ; adoption of name of, 65 ; 
 consecration of second Bishop 
 of, 140 ; consecration of third 
 Bishop of, 141 ; consecration 
 of fourth Bishop of, 141 
 
 Thomas, Right Rev. Mesac, 
 consecration to the see of 
 Goulburn of, 95; death of, 
 150 
 
 Thornton, Right Rev. Samuel, 
 consecration to the see of 
 Ballarat of, 120 
 
 Tufnell, Right Rev. E. W., 
 consecration to the see of 
 Brisbane of, 93 ; episcopate 
 and resignation of, 143 
 
 Turner, Right Rev. J. F., con- 
 secration to the see of Grafton 
 and Armidale of, 119; death 
 at Naples of, 154 
 
 Tyrrell, Right Rev. William, 
 consecration to the see of 
 Newcastle of, 61 ; keen in- 
 terest in missions of, 63 ; ex- 
 ertions for subdivision of the 
 diocese of, 64 ; great influ- 
 ence on synodical organization 
 of, 67 ; death and valuable 
 bequests of, 119 
 
 Van Diemen's Land, discovery 
 of, 12; diversion of settlement 
 to, 50 ; Colonel David Col- 
 lins, commandant of, 51 
 
 Victoria, separation of colony 
 of, 64 ; education in, 82 ; 
 Church finances of, 106 
 
 Webber, Right Rev. W. T. T., 
 consecration to see of Brisbane 
 of, 144 
 
 Richard day 6^ Sons, Limited, London Bimgay. 
 
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 A Six Months' Friend. By Helen Shipton, author of "Chris- 
 topher." With several Illustrations. 
 
 British Citizen (The) : his Rights and Privileges. A short History by 
 the late J. Thorold Rogers, M.P. 
 
 Factors in Life. Three Lectures on Health — Food— Education. By 
 the late Professor Seeley, F.R.S. 
 
 Guild of Good Life (The). A Narrative of Domestic Health 
 and Economy. By the late Sir B. W. Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Household Health. A Sequel to "The Guild of Good Life." By 
 the late Sir B. W. Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Hops and Hop-Pickers. By the Rev. J. Y. Stratton. With 
 several Illustrations. 
 
 Life and Work among the Navvies. By the Rev. D. W. 
 Barrett, M.A. With several Illustrations. 
 
 The Cottage Next Door, By Helen Shipton. With several 
 Illustrations. 
 
 Thrift and Independence. A Word for Working Men. By 
 the Rev. W. Lewery Blackley, M.A. 
 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 LONDON : NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C ; 
 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, K.C