THE i ^TIER h A FRONTIER TOWN :.?.' .-yni WARD: PL ATT BV 2799 .P57 1908 Piatt, Ward. The frontier FORWARD MISSION STUDY COURSES EDITED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE YOUNG people's MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA THE FRONTIER Leaders' general helps to accompany each text-book in the For- ward Mission Study Courses and special denominational helps may be obtained by corresponding with the Secretary of yotir mission board or society. COMING OF THE WHITE MAN, STATUE, CITY PARK, PORTLAND, OREGON ^ FORWARD MISSION STUDY COURSES EDITED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT THE FRONTIER WARD PLATT LITERATURE DEPARTMENT PRESBYTERIAN HOME MISSIONS 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City 1908 Copyright, 1908, by YooNG People's Missionary Movement or THE United States and Canada TO MY HELPMEET WHO WALKED WITH GOD— AND WAS NOT SHE LOVED THE MASTER'S MISSIONARY CALL A KINDRED SPIRIT MY OTHER SELF MARY CONTENTS Chapter page Preface xi I The Frontier — In the Making i II Transforming the Desert 39 III The Giant Northwest 75 IV The West Between and Beyond 115 V The New Southwest 151 VI The American Indians and Some Other Peoples 181 VII The West and the East 221 APPENDIXES A Table Showing Original Territory and Addi- tions to the United States in Area and Population 255 B Land Area, Population, and Density of Popula- tion for 1900 and 1906, by States and Territories 256 C Vacant and Reserved Areas in the Western Public Land States 257 D Irrigation Proj ects 258 E Text of the Present Irrigation Law 259 F Bibliography 265 Index 281 vii ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Coming of the White Man, Statue, City- Park, Portland, Oregon Frontispiece Lower Yellowstone Project, Montana 9 One of the Many Houses of Settlers Near Rupert, Idaho 9 Physical ISIap of the United States 43 Raising Grapes in the Salt River Valley, Near Mesa, Arizona 47 Date Tree in Salt River Vallej-, Near Mesa, Arizona 47 Building Homes in Anticipation of the Opening of Government Works, Arizona 57 Home Near Phoenix, Arizona, Showing What Irri- gation Will Do for the Desert 57 Second Avenue and Cherry Street, Seattle, Washington 79 Lumber Camp, Rainier, Oregon 93 The Richest Hill on Earth, Butte, Montana 93 The Pride of the Mormons — the Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 131 Truckee-Carson Proj ect, Nevada 141 Pure-blooded Apache Laborers Constructing a Road Through the Desert 141 Main Street of an Oklahoma Town, August Sixth. 165 Main Street of Same Town, August Sixteenth 165 Main Street of Same Town, November Sixth, Same Year 165 ix X Illustrations PAGE Blanket Indian Evangelistic Convention of Okla- homa 201 Anglo-Japanese Training School, San Francisco, California 209 Japanese Buddhist Mission and Pastor, San Fran- cisco, California 209 Chinese Pastor and Family, Portland, Oregon 215 Choir of the Chinese Church, San Francisco, CaJifornia 215 Plymouth Congregational Church, Seattle, Wash- ington 229 Mexican Home Mission Baptist Church, El Paso, Texas 229 Baptist White Temple, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 247 Map of the United States, Showing Territorial Growth End A FIRST WORD The last five years have given us a new frontier. This book attempts to scan its out- line and mark a few of its home missionary- opportunities. The task is fragmentary and incomplete, as sources of information are meager. That conditions are unprecedented and the missionary situation critical is evident. While blazing the way, we have endeavored to point out strategic positions and call atten- tion to certain centers where multitudes are gathering for a momentous world movement. The Church will doubtless meet this situa- tion by volunteer brigades and forced marches. A reader of American History and Its Geo- graphic Conditions, by Ellen Churchill Semple, and The History of the Pacific Northwest, by Joseph Schafer, also The Conquest of Arid America, by William E. Smythe will readily note my indebtedness in chapters one and two to these books. Much other information, because recent, has been gathered from so wide a range of period- icals as to make impracticable a specific ac- knowledgment. xi xii A First Word The Secretaries of the various Home Boards have cooperated. The Editorial Committee of the Young People's Missionary Movement has contributed valuable suggestions, and Dr. A. J. Kynett of Philadelphia has made avail- able helpful literature. Ward Platt. Philadelphia, Pa., August 25, 1908. THE FRONTIER— IN THE MAKING At first the frontier was the Atlantic coast. It was the frontier of Europe in a very real sense. Moving westward, the frontier became more and more American. As successive terminal moraines result from successive glaciations, so each frontier leaves its traces behind it, and when it becomes a settled area the region still partakes of the frontier characteristics. Thus the advance of the frontier has meant a steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines. And to study this advance, the men who grew up under these con- ditions, and the political, economic, and social results of it, is to study the really American part of our his- tory. — Turner The world's scepter passed from Persia to Greece, from Greece to Italy, from Italy to Great Britain, and from Great Britain the scepter is to-day departing. It is passing on to "Greater Britain," to our mighty West, there to remain, for there is no farther West; beyond is the Orient. Like the star in the East which guided the three kings with their treasures westward until at length it stood still over the cradle of the young Christ, so the star of empire, rising in the East, has ever beckoned the wealth and power of the nations westward, until to-day it stands still over the cradle of the young empire of the West, to which the nations are bringing their offerings. The West is to-day an infant, but shall one day b6 a giant in each of whose limbs shall unite the strength of many nations. — Strong THE FRONTIER— IN THE MAKING World navisfation and world history may Three stages ° , TIT 1-i of World be divided into three stages : the Mediterranean History which stands for past history, the Atlantic which means the present, and the Pacific which holds the future. History was shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic in an attempt to find an ocean route to the Orient. Fundamental to the history of the United po^Jtfon of the States Is its location on the Atlantic opposite united states Europe, and a significant fact connected with its future is its location on the Pacific opposite Asia.^ Our geographical position places us in the center of things both in relation to Europe and the Orient. Our location is in the tem- perate zone and from ocean to ocean. Our climate gives us an energetic population. Geo- graphically and providentially we control the western hemisphere. This, coupled with the 1 Semple, American History and Its Geographic Conditions, 91. This work has also suggested several of the views of the bearing of geography upon our early development indicated in the ten or eleven pages which follow. 3 The Frontier Our Western Expansion World Comparisons fact that the United States was peopled by an Anglo-Saxon race, determined our destiny. Our area of three millions of square miles is twice as great from east to west as from north to south. This means a westward expansion. Down our central valley not only sweep the cold winds from the north, but up it also blow the gentle breezes of the Gulf. The northern Rockies, low and more narrow than farther south, permit the passage of the Pacific winds which bring warmth and moisture to Montana and the Dakotas. The position of the United States over against that of China is strategic, because China presents a future of possible productive- ness on a large scale, more similar to that of the United States than any other country of the globe. But China suffers because she has not profited by her location and because of a lack of navigable rivers. Russia is not a for- midable competitor of the United States be- cause of her subarctic situation. Japan makes remarkable progress but lacks area and popula- tion. English Pacific possessions are too far away from the center of power, which lies be- tween the thirtieth and fortieth parallels of north latitude. In the Makins: fci In the lieht of modern history we are able to significance •= -'of the Pacific appreciate the immense importance of our every accession of territory bordering on the Pacific. Hawaii in its location is providential. Our trade with the Orient steadily increases. We are sure to dominate the Pacific and to exert over the Orient a correspondingly great influence. The importance of the development of the West as a basis of this new world in- fluence is apparent. How Explorations Were Directed The most desirable section of the temperate search for Northwest zone in North America is between the twenty- Passage fifth and fiftieth degrees north latitude. In this belt are located our chief Atlantic streams. Providence led European navigators, by their search for a northwest passage, to know much about that portion of our country essential to the development of the United States, and later of the world at large. This search of the ex- plorers resulted, not in the discovery of a pas- sage, but of an immense supply of peltries ; and thus the passion of the navigators was shifted, as one has said, from passage to peltries. This trade resulted in a most thorough ex- f^^""^"^^ " Fur Trade ploration of our shores, rivers, and streams. The Frontier North American Basins Appalachian Mountains an Early Factor Thus, in early days, the fur-bearing animals enticed men into intimate knowledge of our country east of the Mississippi. The fur sup- ply from the earlier discovered streams became exhausted and made it necessary to push on and discover other waters. A mighty trough runs through the middle of our continent from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. About midway it is met by an eastward valley in which are the Great Lakes. The rim separating these two valleys is low and narrow and is near to the lakes. The earlier explorers were obliged to carry their canoes on this rim from but one to ten miles to launch again on waters that run into the Mississippi River. This geographical fact greatly stimulated early explorations. Natural Features The Appalachian Mountains have had an important influence on our history. This range of mountains so compassed the original thir- teen colonies that it welded them into a national life. This made the American Revolution pos- sible, and under God successful. But for these mountain barriers, apart from dangers from Indians, the colonists might have spread out In the Makinsf fc. so thinly as to have resulted in a national con- sciousness so attenuated as to have made re- sistance to Great Britain improbable. And yet while this system of mountains offered for the time being a convenient barrier to secure for us this very important chapter of our history, the average elevation of these ranges is only three or four thousand feet. This, in the ful- ness of time, did not stand in the way of an overflow westward. The only important gateway was through Q^t'e^^^*"*^"* the Mohawk and Hudson valleys. This pass was only about four hundred and forty-five feet above sea-level. Easy trails led from the Mo- hawk and the Genesee to the upper Allegheny and thence to the Ohio and Mississippi. The Hudson and Mohawk valleys held the key to the early northwest even as the meeting of the x\llegheny and Monongahela commanded the "gateway of the West." Western Pioneer Advance Mountain or Backwoods The people who early pushed westward and those who came to settle in the whole stretch Democracy of the Appalachian Mountains formed a back- woods democracy in contrast to the aristocratic inhabitants of the plantation. Large farms 8 The Frontier Overflow ^Vestward English Pioneers Permanent Occupants were not possible in the mountain regions and the necessities common to these isolated com- munities placed all on a common level and en- gendered a resourceful and self-reliant spirit. Thus was a people developed for the conquest of the larger West. In course of time these Appalachian settle- ments overflowed into Tennessee and Ken- tucky, covered great stretches of the Ohio River country, and onward to the Mississippi. Here was developed a new type of Americans, "the sturdy, youthful American of the western wilds." They became so separated by natural barriers from the Atlantic coast states as to make necessary something of a compacted life for defense against the Indians, and for the promotion of common interests inherent in those early infant commonwealths. The English pioneer, however, was distinct from the French trader by his sedentary occu- pation of the land. This meant permanent occupancy, and foretold the future of the coun- try as a whole. These more western communi- ties came gradually to such a robust and self- reliant development as tO' finally result in pushing our national boundary line across the Mississippi into Texas; and really forced our LOWER YELLOWSTONE PROJECT, MONTANA ONE OF THE MANY HOUSES OF SETTLERS NEAR RUPERT, IDAHO In the Making 9 government, in the years following, into the extension of its domain, step by step, to the Pacific. These western and other advancing settlers interest of . Congress kept Congress in a state of chronic anxiety. Had not the United States secured from Napo- leon the Louisiana Purchase, our own people who had even then crossed the Mississippi in great numbers might have formed a govern- ment for themselves. In fact the East was somewhat apprehensive concerning the west- ward tide for fear a new commonwealth might be formed and detach itself from the original government. Even as late as the building of the first transcontinental railroad, Congress was influenced by the probability that unless extensive land grants were made the builders of the road to insure a connection between the Pacific coast and the East, that whole rich west- ern section might establish its own government. Results of the Louisiana Purchase Up to the time of the Louisiana Purchase continental '■ Expansion we had been governed largely by the ocean. Followed The colonies clustering along the Atlantic were ^°Z^chlss dominated by it. This continued until the Re- public was forty years old. Intercolonial com- 10 The Frontier miinication was by sea. Thus we were a sea- faring people occupying the most advantageous coast on the American continent, but now, with our immense extension westward, there began in 1830 a widespread movement of population in that direction as far as to the 95th meridian. It lingered there for many years. Our devel- opment became continental as opposed to mari- time. Our merchant marine began to decline, and ever since we have been preeminently a nation of the soil. Our expansion westward began to be blocked out from 18 10 to 1820, and that portion of our advance was not com- pleted until 1840. Advance For twcuty-five years after the war of 18 12 Along Rivers . there was a large movement of our population to the Mississippi Valley, which was aug- mented by a tide of immigration that set in from Europe at the close of the Napoleonic wars. Steam navigation on lake and river was then so well established',' as to facilitate this movement. If one were to consult a map indi- cating the advance of population at that time, he might note bulges westward; these bulges were in most cases along the courses of rivers. In 1820 these protrusions began to look like long fingers. Between these were many vacant Trails In the Making li spots; but these were rough mountain ranges, swamps, relatively barren country, or large tracts held by Indian tribes. Between 1830 and 1840 these Indian lands were gradually occupied and the tribes remo\^ed to the Indian Territory. Historic Trails By 1840 we had a narrow frontier zone ap- "^^^ •^ _ _ Missouri and proaching the 95th meridian and the northern westward boundary of the Missouri River. The advance paused here, as this was the margin of the arid belt and the eastern boundary of the Indian Territory. But beyond this was a frontier of arid land, snowy mountains, and dread desert stretching away to the Pacific. Venturesome souls were constantly pushing out and across this mysterious region. Only one river in that wide expanse, the Missouri, has sufficient flow of water to become a considerable avenue of travel. Thus this river determined the larger immigration to the Northwest. Lewis and Clark followed this course. At Independence the Missouri makes a bend northwest. This necessitated the beginning of the prairie trails westward. In the valley of the Upper Rio Grande there is a natural gateway through the mountain barrier of the Rockies. This ac- 12 The Frontier California Trails Oregon Trail counts for the old city of Santa Fe, and that early route from Independence to Santa Fe was known as the Santa Fe Trail. Santa Fe, because of its geographical loca- tion, became the center of expansion to the Pacific. The natural advance was by the route of Kit Carson's famous ride in 1840, the Gila Trail ending at San Diego, southern Califor- nia, which country was soon brought into in- tercourse with the United States. A more northern route called the Spanish Trail led to Los Angeles. Our restless population was also turning to Oregon, a name covering the great Northwest. By 1840 the Oregon Trail started like the Santa Fe Trail, from Independence, Missouri. It traversed a distance of twenty-four hundred miles and became a much traveled route. One reason for this was that the soil of Missouri was very productive and this inland country afforded no outlet for a market. So congested became the Missouri market that a farmer sold "a boat load of bacon and lard for a hundred dollars and the Mississippi steamboats at times found in bacon a hot and cheap fuel." Access to the sea became a necessity. This meant greatly augmented emigration to Oregon. The In the Making- 13 sufferings by these caravans crossing the desert are difficult for us to comprehend, and yet these intrepid frontier people pressed on by hundreds and thousands. The qualities born of their hardships were not among the least of their desert cargoes. By i8s^ the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico Gadsden Purchase- extended our southwest border from the Gila Monroe Doctrine River to the southern watershed. In this addi- tion ten millions of dollars were paid for forty- five thousand acres of land almost entirely unfit for occupation. But it was money well ex- pended as it gave us a passageway to the Pacific always open, along a low level, and never blocked by snow. Our vast territory coupled with our isolation from Europe incited to an early dream of continental power. Out of this grew the Monroe Doctrine. Pacific Discovery The story of the western frontier begins Genesis of the •' ^ . ^ Western first with explorations of the Pacific coast. Frontier This was started by the Spaniards in 1 5 13, was continued by various voyagers for a period of two hundred and sixty-five years, and closed with Captain Cook in his discovery of Cape Prince of Wales. 14 The Frontier Balboa's Discovery The Spanish Search for Passage Effect of Destruction of Armada Spain and Great Britain as Rivals on the Pacific It was in 15 13 that Balboa first beheld the Pacific, and declared that by right of discovery- all its coast belonged to the King of Spain, "Since the time of Columbus, Spain had been searching among the West Indies and along the Atlantic coast of Central and South America in the hope of finding an open passage to the Orient." The Spaniards, from a commercial stand- point, were in great need of this looked-for strait, and a search for the same began along the Pacific coast. In 1523 Lake Nicaragua was discovered and the Panama Canal project suggested itself to the Spaniards. In 1588 the English destroyed the Spanish Armada. Spain was thus no longer feared, and England, France, and Holland began to colonize the new world. Spain was now fearful that Great Britain might be successful in her search for a north- west passage and drive her off the Pacific; hence the people of Mexico, helped by the Spanish Government, made unusual exertions for the safety of Spain. This involved an ex- tensive plan for expansion northward. They were to colonize, build forts, and bring the en- tire region of upper California under Spanish In the Making 15 rule. They planned to possess the shores of the north Pacific. In addition was the project of planting missions for Christianizing the Indians. The first mission was founded at San Diego in 1769. The romantic ruins of these missions still remain in California. In 1776 England sent its great discoverer, Captain Cook, to the Pacific to make further search for a northwest passage. Although Cook never returned to England, what seemed incidental to his voyage was attended with momentous results. As he pursued his way along the northwest vaiueofthe -r • • • "^^^ Trade coast, the Indians from tmie to time came to Discovered the ship to exchange sea-otter and other skins for trinkets from the white man. The sailors themselves did not know the value of these skins, but on their return home the ship touched at Canton, China, and the unused furs, which had cost the sailors not a sixpence sterling each, brought as much as a hundred dollars apiece. The crew was wild to return for another cargo. This was not permitted. But instantly the at- tention of the world was turned to the north- west coast. In a few years men of every nation were among the mariners who cruised along that shore to trade with the Indians. i6 The Frontier American Ship Enters the Columbia River Importance of the Discovery English Opportunities Lost Several Boston merchants in 1787 fitted out two small vessels, the Columbia and Lady Washington, with cargoes of articles both cheap and attractive to the Indians. The Co- lumbia was commanded by Captain Gray. One purchase was that of two hundred otter skins for a chisel. Gray after disposing of his cargo of skins in China returned to Boston with a ship-load of tea by way of the Cape of Good Hope, and thus was the first sailor under the American flag to circumnavigate the globe. Later, in 1791, in the Columbia, he returned to the Pacific Coast, and on May 11, 1792, entered the mouth of a river, latitude 46° 10', and named it Columbia River in honor of his good ship the Columbia. Thus this incident of the fur trade resulted in the discovery, by a representative of the United States, of the Columbia River, up which he sailed some thirty miles. Seventeen years before this Spaniards had discovered the bay at the mouth of the river and suspected its existence but failed to enter it. Four years before Gray's discovery of the river an English trader noted the indentations made by the river's mouth, and called it De- ception Bay, and declared no river was there In the Making 17 as laid down on the Spanish charts. In 1778 Captain Cook had passed up the coast without knowing the presence of the river, and only two weeks before Gray made his discovery Captain Vancouver examined the opening but thought it a small inlet or river not accessible to 'Vessels of our burden." Thus by a very narrow margin was the Columbia River and the northwest province saved to the United States. The Louisiana Purchase The country west of the Mississippi River "p°"^^if°^" was supposed to be in the possession of Spain. Acquisition The fact was, however, that Napoleon in 1800 had forced Spain to give back to France this territory called Louisiana, a name covering most of the country west of the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. When a little later the Americans learned of ■lf'^^"°" . Secures This this change of ownership, great uneasiness was Territory for felt among the western settlers. There was at states * this time probably a total of 325,000 white peo- ple whose prospects were in the hands of the power that controlled the Mississippi River. All their salable produce must find a market in New Orleans, down this river, and if an alien power interfered with the free navigation of i8 The Frontier Lewis and Clark Expedition these waters it meant untold hardship to them. They did not fear Spain, who owned the land on both sides of the river, but the French na- tion was far more powerful. War with France was talked of. Jefferson, however, by able diplomacy purchased "Louisiana" from Napo- leon, and this immense stretch westward doubled the area of the United States. Even before this was effected, Jefferson had arranged with Lewis, his private secretary, and with Clark, an able associate, to explore the country to the Pacific Ocean. His plea to Con- gress for an appropriation was most unique. He suggested possible friendly relations with the Indian tribes which, among other things, might result in a sale of plows to the savages. This would encourage them in agriculture and result in less land for their hunting-grounds. Li his desire for a larger knowledge of the West, he was, in his dealings with Congress, to say the least, a tactful man. An appropria- tion of twentj^-five hundred dollars was secured for the expedition. Thus Lewis and Clark, whose annals and whose travels have been much talked of, followed the Missouri River from St. Louis and explored portions of the Northwest as far as the Pacific Ocean. This In the Making 19 expedition, together with Gray's discovery of the Columbia, gave the United States a good claim upon the Oregon country, which was not included in the Louisiana Purchase. Saving the Pacific Northwest But the only way the United States could Factors "^ Leading to establish its claim to the Pacific Northwest to colonization the forty-ninth degree was to colonize the country. The various ventures in fur trading had resulted in a small occupancy. The first efforts toward settlement began in 1831 or 1832, when a Nez Perces delegation of four Indians came to St. Louis to inquire about "The white man's God in heaven." They came in search of General Clark whom they had met when he was west on the Lewis and Clark expedition. Clark, being a Catholic, did not tell them about the Bible. The whole story of this strange embassy, only one of whom re- turned to his people with his sad story, got abroad in the newspapers and found a hearty response among New Englanders. In 1833 the Methodist denomination sent out Missionary the Rev. Jason Lee and other colaborers as mis- under sionaries to the Indians. He began work on J»s°" ^" the Willamette River. The missionaries found 20 The Frontier Further Progress Marcus ■Whitman Government Agent's Report there about twelve white men having farms along the river. They had married Indian wives. Most of them were servants of the Hudson's Bay Company. This was the begin- ning of the first agricultural colony in Oregon. The missionaries were more successful among whites than Indians. They opened a school, started religious services, and even organized a temperance society which a number of the white men joined. Work was continued among the Indians and gratifying progress was made among the chil- dren some of whom attended the school. In 1837 the missionaries were reenforced by twenty assistants. The Indian work, however, did not flourish, as the natives were a degraded race and were dying off at a rapid rate. Two years after the departure of Lee for Oregon the American Board sent out a young physician. Dr. Marcus Whitman, and others. Whitman began work two hundred and fifty miles inland, on the Walla Walla River. The white settlements slowly grew. In the fall of 1837 six hundred head of stock were brought up from California. The government sent out an agent to inspect the settlement. His report to Congress aroused In the Making: 21 'to great interest. He insisted that the United States must never accept a northern boundary that would give Puget Sound to Canada. It must hold out for the forty-ninth degree of north latitude. The formative centers and the sources of or- Formative Centers ganizing and fostering mfluences for these early colonists were really the missions estab- lished by Jason Lee and Marcus Whitman. Lee, returning to the United States in 1838 vjsitsto ' _ ^ ^ ^ the East and to obtain reenforcements, was accompanied by Reenforce- two Indian boys. This awakened enthusiasm. ""^^ ^ Petitions and memorials emanated from these missions to Congress calling attention to the advantages of the country and asking for pro- tection as subjects of the United States. Lee and Whitman were very prominent in these matters. Each visited Washington, where he talked with the President and others concern- ing the future of Oregon. Lee received forty- two thousand dollars as the result of his trip to the east for reenforcements to the work. He took back with him to Oregon a company of more than fifty persons — men, women, and children. This with the trappers who settled in that region about that time constituted a colony of more than a hundred people. Whit- 22 The Frontier Provisional Government Influence of Heroic Lives man also conducted a large company from the East. In 1834 more than one thousand persons were organized into a caravan and made the journey safely. The next year fourteen hun- dred crossed the desert, and in the year after, three thousand. This last reenforcement doubled the white population of Oregon, which now numbered about six thousand. They set- tled in five communities. As the United States provided no govern- r^ent for this territory, delaying to do so be- cause the inhabitants were determined that it should not be a pro-slavery state, the people themselves created a provisional government, which continued for some time after the Ore- gon boundary question was settled between the United States and Great Britain in 1846. About this time occurred Marcus Whitman's remarkable ride to the East and later still, in November, 1847, ^^^ massacre of himself and others by the Indians. The influence of the mission stations of Jason Lee and Marcus Whitman upon these early settlements and pro- visional governments, also the character of the people brought into the Northwest thereby, molded the future firm Christian sentiment of our Northwest. They are elemental forces In the Making 23 to be recognized by the historian. The narra- tive of the labors of Whitman and Lee and their worthy helpers is an inspiring story. It abounds in highest examples of the heroic. These annals must be read in order to appre- ciate the potential and self-sacrificing services rendered by these early statesmen in the inter- ests of the broadest patriotism and the kingdom of Jesus Christ. California While Oregon was developing as described a New in the preceding narrative, California was at- settlement tracting attention. This part of the country was under the Spanish rule of Mexico. In 1 84 1 the first company of immigrants arrived in the Sacramento Valley. They went partly by the Oregon trail, and, for a time after this, the annual caravan westward divided at Fort Hall, the larger number going to Oregon, but a part to California. Captain John Sutter in 1839 secured from Sacramento . Valley the Mexican government eleven square leagues of land in the Sacramento Valley. He built an adobe home, began to farm and raise cattle on a large scale, and carried on a fur trade with the Indians. This was on the main immi- 24 The Frontier Cession of Territory to the United States Effect of the Discovery of Gold grant route from the United States to Oregon. The Mexican government was so weak at this time that the Americans did much as they chose until some four or five thousand were scattered throughout the valley and over the plains of California. They were mostly cattle herders and traded with American ships from New England. Misunderstandings with the Mexican gov- ernment and continued immigration to Califor- nia at last culminated in the raising of the "Lone Star" flag, which heralded the declara- tion of California's independence from Mexico. After the war, in which General John C. Fre- mont, the "Pathfinder," took part, and which lasted about a year and a half, the territory was ceded to the United States. Ten days before the signing of the treaty, an event occurred most momentous to the West. Some fifty miles above Sutter's Fort, on January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall made his world-famous discovery of gold. All at Sutter's wished to keep the discovery a secret, but it escaped. In a few weeks there was a great inrush of inhabitants armed with shovels and pans. In San Francisco and other towns, ordinary lines of business were suspended. In the Making 25 Business houses were deserted. Ships re- mained in San Francisco because they were abandoned by their crews. Picks, shovels, and pans rose to extraordinary prices. Within a year Oregon lost a large proportion of her men. The news went like wild-fire through the East. During the next spring twenty-five thousand persons in caravans moved westward to Sacra- mento. This continued month after month and year after year. San Francisco became the commercial emporium of the West. Two years after the discovery of gold California had a population, mostly American, of ninety-two thousand, while Oregon, including all the ter- ritory west of the Rockies and north of Califor- nia, had less than fourteen thousand people. By 1870 California's population had increased to five hundred and sixty thousand, wHile the Oregon territory had but one hundred and thirty thousand. The early missionary exploits of Bishop bishop William Taylor, the Rev. O. C. Wheeler, and xayior.Rev. other California pioneers belong to this part of the narrative. "The Argonauts of forty- nine" changed the Oregon trail to the Cali- fornia trail, and the emphasis for those years was changed from Oregon to California. O. C. Wheeler, and Others 26 The Frontier Railways to the Pacific ■Wonderful Growth of California and the Northwest In May, 1869, fifty miles west of Ogden, Utah, was driven the golden spike which united the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Rail- ways. From this time on other transconti- nental railways, both north and south, were constructed. Minor roads in the Northwest were completed. The eft'ect on western states and the country generally was most marked. This is seen in the fact that while in the North- west there was in 1870 a total of one hundred and thirty thousand inhabitants, in ten years thereafter there were added one hundred and fifty-two thousand five hundred, and in the next ten years four hundred and sixty-five thousand. California in its cities and agricultural wealth has become a garden of the world. It is so advanced toward what makes up an ideal commonwealth that it can in part only be classed a frontier. Since 1870 the gain in the Northwest has been considerably more rapid than that of California. The growth of a num- ber of these states is like a dream and would seem incredible were not the facts beyond ques- tion.^ 1 For a further study of dates and facts concerning Pacific discovery and its results, see vSchafer, History of the Pacific Northwest, to which our indebtedness is acknowledged In the Making 2,'j Our Debt to the Pioneer We shall never erive proper credit to the in- '^^^^^^^ ^ 1 IT Early Pioneers trepid pioneers of the frontier. We are not Endured able to do so because we cannot realize what they endured. Their journeys, whether by sea in the primitive craft of those rude times, or by land through trackless forests where shelter other than nature provided was impossible, where wild beasts and savages tracked these scouts of our dawning civilization — these jour- neys alone are beyond the power of this genera- tion to understand, for we have nothing in our own experience or within our range of observa- tion by which to make comparisons. Still further removed from our realm of Perils of Rivers knowledge are their journeys by river. The canoe is an unstable craft. One should be well trained and an expert swimmer to handle a canoe under conditions of his own choosing. But more perilous would it be to load one with the few belongings making up one's store of necessities, to do this in a wilderness isolation where even money cannot reproduce them, to put into another a wife and little one, and then to commit all to uncertain currents and perilous rapids, and to glide on, a helpless mark for the 28 The Frontier Merciless Rapids Experiences Too Deep for Words lurking wildman's arrow or rifle. And most venturesome was the attempt to voyage up stream, a strenuous advance against current and tempest with progress painfully slow. The journey may of necessity be in winter when men battle with forming ice and camp at night in deep snow, their fires kept low and inade- quate lest the light make them targets for inhuman foes. Rapids were successfully shot only by a skill foreign to any training known to us. Such apt- ness was part of the secrets wrested from the great wild of nature by persistent and ceaseless struggle with her untamed forces. Sometimes all that stood between life endurable and ex- treme privation, the meager supplies of one or more families, went to the bottom. Or again in the raging rapids a frail bark overturned and wife, mother and tender little child were whirled helplessly down among rocks and merciless waters. Words die in silence. The pioneer goes on alone like some stricken prophet, freighted with a message to be passed on to a people whom he knows not and who can never know him, much less can they feel his heart-throbs which become the pulse-beats of a nation's life. In the Making 29 If progress were across a desert, then suf- fhi^DisfrV^ ferings still more intense pursue him. His schooner of the waste is piloted along a track marked at intervals by bones where animals perished with thirst. The pitiless, monotonous expanse, sagebrush and alkali, a sea of land stretching to the shimmering horizon, a hori- zon that recedes with the journey and, after weeks of slow advance, seems still as far away. Water may be had only at intervals of miles, and the brackish, meager supply is found by the practised vision of experience. By day heat, sand-storms that defy language, and rep- tiles loathsome and venomous. At night a cold drops out of the immensity and he shiveringly scans a vault above him so black that the stars are of unwonted size and burn with an intensity that seems born of the glare of the day. About him the measureless wastes lie in som- ber shadows, and the oppressive stillness is re- lieved only by the howl and cry of wild crea- tures whose notes are keyed to the awful wilderness that shelters them. To cross the desert in a Pullman car uphol- Dreariness Beyond stered and stocked with delicacies is to invade Expression a region where desolation hangs in the very air and discomfort pierces plate glass barriers two 30 The Frontier Favored Visitors of the Desert Intrepid Layers of Foundations windows thick. The absohite dreariness of the arid wastes of our West are beyond expres- sion. They record themselves in human con- sciousness but cannot be reproduced in speech. Certain souls, who live on the desert margin and feel its lure, break at intervals through its barriers and venture a few days' journey, warily undertaken, and with all due precaution. Such may see beauty by day and discourse en- tertainingly on rattlers, and side-winders, and lizards, and the weird scenery of desert growth and color. At night the sky to them pulsates with poetry and a wild charm enthralls them. They talk of the freedom of elemental life ; but this is all recreation on the fringe of a monster wilderness. Their brief holiday trip and its temporary privations will, on their return, give zest and flavor to an otherwise jaded life. Even under such circumstances the desert at best is awful. Our forefather pioneers were bent on no holiday. With their little all they played not on the borders of the pitiless American waste. They sternly invaded it. They faced its scorch- ing heat, they bent before its blasts, and pa- tiently braved its silences. They pushed grimly on, and slimly equipped and scantily pro- In the Making 31 visioned endured it at its worst. They faced it for months and for more than two thousand miles. Those who hved, and most did, came out of it tried in endurance and affliction that made them ever after immune to the hardships of the wilds they came to conquer. God pre- pared Israel in Egypt and God as truly pre- pared our American forefathers for a conquest of this continent. Not to familiarize ourselves with the manner of their life, their privations, their hardships, the enforced alertness, and the nervous tension that made their existence pos- sible, is to shut ourselves from what made us. It is to deprive ourselves of a fellowship of souls, a partial acquaintance with whom will broaden our sympathies, quicken our sensibili- ties, and enrich our lives with rare companion- ships. We are their successors. They laid foundations in blood and afflictions. Since then others have builded and at great cost. To us is transferred the task of carrying up walls partly finished, building far-reaching wings, and ex- pressing in details of benevolence and beauty the meaning of the pioneer. Otherwise his life will have no adequate earthly expression, his privations will prove abortive, and our own lives will have little meaning. 32 The Frontier Higher Missionary Motive Endurance Showing a Heaven-born Passion Of Whom the World Was Not Worthy Other men and women, however, make up this picture of the past of our country. We say other, for they seem strangely set apart from other people. We mean the early mis- sionaries who followed wherever the pioneer penetrated and where often the preacher proved the more intrepid. The pioneer for the most part was prompted by home hunger. The chance was his, even at a perilous venture, to carve out of stubborn possibilities a home. He knew that Vv^hen once the journey was suc- cessfully made, and a few years of hard work had followed, a comfortable subsistence might be comparatively easy. And then the venture, the newness, the opposing elements, the dis- tance, the mystery, "the call of the wild," all beckoned and allured those early Anglo- Saxons. It was In the blood. But what of those souls who endured again and again all the privations of primitive travel and over and again compassed the same fron- tier; always homeless, always seeking those more needy than themselves ; without adequate subsistence, enduring exposures, exertions, and discomforts unknown in older communities? In the Making 33 Going where they were not invited, often not wanted, they contended for the privilege of be- ing benefactors. One could not hide from them nor move to a wilderness so remote that the missionary did not, as a matter of course, ap- pear. His was a passion born of heaven. In God's farrreaching purpose he early gl^^^a^d"^ stirred the people of New England, before Enterprise a missionary society had been formed, and as early as 1793 nine pastors were set apart by their respective churches for a four months' absence. Four dollars and a half per week was allowed them for expenses and four dollars per week for pulpit supply. They followed early settlers into the frontiers of New York and elsewhere. In different ways Connecticut alone sent out, Remarkable Summary over a period of years, two hundred pastors who gave a total of five hundred years of serv- ice; and in a generation New England had spent, out of her penury following the long drain of the Revolutionary War, a quarter of a million dollars in sending the gospel to com- munities entirely outside her borders, save for a few Indians.^ Wherever early settlers went the missionary Bunders of Communities 1 Clark, Leavening the Nation, 27-30. 34 The Frontier followed. He was a formative factor. The annals of these men show what godless commu- nities they invaded; how people who had once known better things had retrograded ; how the Sabbath, in fact the entire decalogue, was vir- tually abrogated. Yet patiently, with a per- sistency more than human and with a wisdom and power direct from God, these men radiated influences and were the sources of currents that shaped communities and built up states. They could no more be resisted than the forces of nature. Heralds of Naturc is an expression of God. His faith- Message ful servants are his organs of speech. With- out the early preachers, frontiers would have lapsed to barbarism. Their evolution into or- derly towns and law-observing common- wealths, their progress in intellectual and moral life, their stability and in short every element that to-da)'' distinguishes them from utter paganism with all its poverty and hideous- ness, is as inseparable from the preacher as light from the sun. Whoever will know this may read for himself. He will be impressed no more with the surprising history than its abundant testimony concerning our debt to the pioneer preacher. He was God's herald trum- The Home Missionary In the Making 35 peting his proclamation, and as truly was his hand the instrument which molded our infant nation. This statement concerning the influence of the preacher applies to our every national en- indispensable largement and to new phases of our history making for progress. Without him family re- lations relaxed, morality declined, progress stagnated, and civilization stranded. For ex- ample take a hundred years of southern moun- tain-white history. "So amid all sorts and conditions of men, Re«=°«isof Sacrifice and under a variety of circumstances, the min- ute-man lives, works, and dies, too often for- gotten and unsung, but remembered in the Book ; and when God shall make up his jewels, some of the brightest will be found among the pioneers who carried the ark into the wilder- ness in advance of the roads, breaking through the forest guided by the surveyor's blaze on the trees."^ The influences that shall emanate from our successors of Heroes West and become a world-wide bane or bless- ing will be determined by our frontier home missionary investments: our fathers did their part. "They loved not their lives unto the * Puddefoot, The Minute Man on the Frontier, 44. 36 The Frontier death." We are their successors. Their mantle falls on us. Shall we wear it or shift it ? QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER I These questions have been prepared for the purpose of suggesting some new lines of thought that might not occur to the leader. They are not exhaustive, by any means, and every leader should study to use or replace according to his preference. Those marked * may afford an opportunity for discussion. Other questions demanding mere memory tests for reply can easily be added. Aim : To Realize the Providential Development of THE United States as a World Power 1. Name some of the early explorers of North America. 2. What were the explorers seeking when they discovered America? 3. Under what nations did they make their dis- coveries? 4. From what European countries did the first set- tlers come to America, and why? 5.* Name at least four admirable traits that were developed by the hardships endured by the early settlers of our country. 6.* What good effect did the Appalachian Moun- tains have on the development of the colonies? 7. Why did early expansion follow the great waterways ? 8.* Name some of the results to the United States of the victory of Wolfe over Montcalm on the Heights of Abraham. In the Making 37 9.* Sum up the results to the United States of the Revolution. ID. What section of the United States was occupied soon after the Revolution? 11. Why was Napoleon willing to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States? 12. By how much was the territory of the United States increased by the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory? 13. How did the United States acquire Texas and Florida? 14. What were the circumstances that led to the acquisition of the Oregon Territory? 15. How did the United States obtain control of California and Mexico? 16.* What inventions in the early part of the nine- teenth century made possible a more rapid development of the United States? 17. Name in the order of their importance the largest factors in the development of the United States. 18. Did the religious or commercial motives dom- inate in the development of our country? 19.* Do you believe that we could have attained our present position without the religious pioneers? Why not? Give several reasons. 20.* Name some of the advantages that our country has in its position between the two oceans. 21.* What physical advantages has the United States in location over Africa, South America, Russia, and China? 22. Compare the cultivable area of China with that of the United States. 38 The Frontier 23. What countries are competitors of the United States for the commercial supremacy of the world ? 24. What advantages has the United States as a world power over Great Britain? 25. On what two countries does the present re- sponsibility for world evangelization largely depend? REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER r I. Early Colonists. Clark: Leavening the Nation, H. Gregg: Makers of the American Republic, I-VH. Jenks : When America Was New, I-IV. Prince: A Bird's-Eye View of American History, HI- V, vn. Strong: Our Country, XH. II. Louisiana Purchase. Carr: Missouri, IV, V. Clark: Leavening the Nation, VII, X. Hitchcock: Louisiana Purchase, VI-VIII. Prince: A Bird's-Eye View of American History, 142-145. HI. National Resources and Future of the United States. Strong : Our Country, II, XIV. ^Additional references will be found by consulting any good history of the United States, standard encyclopedia, and mag- TRANSFORMING THE DESERT 39 Irrigation is the foundation of truly scientific agriculture. Tilling the soil by dependence upon rainfall is, by comparison, like a stage-coach to the railroad, like the tallow dip to the electric light. The perfect conditions for scientific agriculture would be presented by a place where it never rained, but where a system of irrigation furnished a never-failing water- supply which could be adjusted to the varying needs of different plants. It is difficult for those who have been in the habit of thinking of irrigation as merely a substitute for rain to grasp the truth that precisely the contrary is the case. Rain is the poor dependence of those who cannot obtain the advantages of irriga- tion. The western farmer who has learned to irrigate thinks it would be quite as illogical for him to leave the watering of his potato patch to the caprice of the clouds as for the housewife to defer her wash-day until she could catch rainwater in her tubs. The supreme advantage of irrigation consists not more in the fact that it assures moisture regardless of the weather than in the fact that it makes it possible to apply that moisture just when and just where it is needed. For instance, on some cloudless day the strawberry patch looks thirsty and cries for water through the unmistakable language of its leaves. In the Atlantic States it probably would not rain that day, such is the perversity of nature, but if it did it would rain alike on the just and unjust — on the straw- berries, which would be benefited by it, and on the sugar-beets, which crave only the uninterrupted sun- shine that they may pack their tiny cells with sac- charine matter. In the arid region there is practically no rain during the growing season. Thus the scientific farmer sends the water from his canal through the little furrows which divide the lines of strawberry plants, but permits the water to go singing past his field of beets. — Smythc 40 II TRANSFORMING THE DESERT^ One of the most far-reaching home-making our Growth , .by Internal efforts of our history was httle thought of in Development 1899. By 1905 it was in fuU swing. Within that short space of six years interest in it mul- tiphed a thousand fold. Our greatest national conquests are not external, but those of our natural resources. A prime essential to national greatness is internal development. Had this been practised by China in the same proportion as in the United States, we, with all our ad- vancement, would by comparison be a pyg- my nation. Industrial preeminence was first achieved in New England, one of our most unfavorable sections ; but the mastery of condi- tions so stubborn prepared our countrymen for larger conquests westward, where our first 1 Otir indebtedness to Smy the, The Conquest of Arid America, and to other sources is at times so indirect that this general acknowledgment will in most cases cover all later references, except where quotations are made. The citation of maga- zines, under References for Further Study, at the close of chapters may also largely answer the double purpose of ref- erence and giving of credit. 41 42 The Frontier Expansion Through Regular Agriculture Interrelation of Factors Broad Bearings of Irrigation national lessons were learned and the kind of tasks found which developed the learners for what followed. These were not accidental ; God was in them all. By ordinary agricultural methods thirty-two states were added to the original thirteen. Our national population was increased fourteen fold and our cities came to rival the world's greatest urban centers. According to the census of 1900, we had nearly ten and a half millions of people engaged in agriculture, with a total ap- proaching five and three quarters millions of separate farms. During the ten years ending with 1900, we added in farms an extent nearly equal to that of France and Germany. Our civilization rests upon agriculture. It is the basis of manufactures. Agriculture and manufactures are interdependent. Railroads depend on both. Any considerable enlarge- ment of our agricultural area touches most vitally our national life and acts directly upon all our interests. It quickens equally the pulse of Church life and missionary endeavor. Irrigation Irrigation is not a local affair. Every acre of land, in any part of the United States, re- Published h\/ the Young People's Missionary Movement of the United Stples and Canada Transforming the Desert 43 claimed and made productive sooner or later touches all industries and every moral issue East or West. East of the QTth degree of west lonsfitude two sections . .. . . , Contrasted lies one half the territoiy of the United States, where live nine tenths of our peo- ple. The one half west of the 97th degree is the better of the two and capable of main- taining a population much greater than the present total of the whole country. The dominant motive for western emigra- New phase . . of Aridity tion is home making. This gives stability to each advance, for the home is perennial. This westward migration paused not until it crossed the 97th degree. It there met aridity. With grim determination the set- tlers faced an enigma, a climate then in- scrutable. They faltered and retreated. And now we learn that aridity is a blessing. It was the alphabet of ancient prosperity. Beyond the 97th meridian live not very many more people than in the single state of New York. We rub our eyes with a new awak- ening, and to-morrow, more even than to-day, \ great tides of homesteaders will be pressing, with unquestioning confidence, across this once inhospitable frontier. 44 The Frontier Our Western ^ j-gji^f q£ ^|^g United Statcs is a revela- Table-land -^ tion. A glance shows why the West, our fron- tier, so differs from the East. At the 97th de- gree, which is not far from the western bound- ary Hne of Minnesota, the country begins grad- ually to rise, until when it reaches about the 103d meridian it looks, from there on to the Pacific, like a jumbled mass of mountains and valleys. The whole with its varying altitudes is a high table-land. This accounts for a cli- mate of such marked contrast to that of the East. In some places its farms and cities stand fully a mile above sea-level. Mountain Midway and diagonally across this western Ranges and , i -n i • t i i Desert Section frontier cxtcud the Rocky Mountains. Inland from the Pacific coast are the Cascade and Sierra ranges. These last are of such height as to intercept the clouds moving eastward and rob them of their moisture. Thus on the east side of these mountains we have skies almost cloudless, an atmosphere clear and bracing, and a consequent dryness which has produced a desert landscape mostly uninhabited. The taming of this desert has presented obstacles so new to us that until within the last few years the nation has not, in any large way, set itself to their removal. We have been How Can We Tame This Desert ? Transforming the Desert 45 forced to this, because the public lands open to settlers are mostly exhausted; that is, lands where homes may be made under normal con- ditions. Heretofore our domain has furnished acres Previous 11 1 • r 11 • J T Abundance of m abundance where rainfall is assured, it was Land with necessary only that a citizen of the United ^^'"f*" States "file his claim" for one hundred and sixty acres of land, live on the same for a comparatively brief period, make certain inex- pensive improvements, and the land was his. This has been an outlet tO' congested popula- tions and a foundation of our national wealth. About one third of the land of the United States, however, has not passed into private ownership, but of that one third not more than five acres in a hundred can be tilled without irrigation. Millions of acres await settlement in a country largely rainless. In eastern portions of the United States we Aridity and ^ _ Its Advantage have a rainfall of fifty or more inches per annum. This is also true of the extreme Northwest. In parts of these humid sections the difficulty of disposing of surplus water about equals irrigation problems on the western plains. Any portion of the country where the rainfall is less than twenty inches per annum 46 The Frontier is termed arid. There are portions of the United States where the amount is not half that. Aridity has been spoken of as the great resource of the West. This seems contradic- tory, but we are reminded that from choice great civihzations of the past were in arid regions. In the Bible water is spoken of as in an irrigated country. The Book opens and closes with a river. Christ presents himself as the water of life. An inexhaust- jj^ q^^j. ^j-}^ Wcst the oue element which ibly Fertile Soil gives value is water. A peculiarity of an arid region is its soil. It is seemingly barren, yet an analysis of the soil of our western deserts shows a marvelous natural richness. The ap- plication of water works wonderful transfor- mations. Products in quality and quantity are amazing. The soil in these dry cli- mates has never been impoverished. Its valuable mineral constituents have not been dissolved and washed out by rains. These elements of fertility under irrigation accumu- late rather than lessen. The Nile valley is cited as an example of enrichment caused for ages by the overflowing of the Nile River. These benefits are ascribed to a sediment left on the land. This deposit. Intensive Farming RAISING GRAPES IN THE SALT RIVER VALLEY, NEAR MESA, ARIZONA DATE TREE IN SALT RIVER VALLEY NEAR MESA, ARIZONA Transforming the Desert 47 however, is so sHght as to make it certain that the soil does not draw its productiveness from that source. It is inherent in aridity. Thus the land of arid regions, when once brought under irrigation, possesses possibilities easily in excess of acres in humid regions. This ad- mits of intensive farming. Bright sunshine is a constant asset. The farmer does not wait for the rain any more than he waits to plow. He plants without interruption from inclement weather, and then scientifically applies mois- ture according to the various needs of his growing crops. It is estimated that with this culture one to two acres per person will render a comfortable livelihood. In other words, five to forty acres will better care for an average family than four tO' five times that amount in parts of the country where agricul- ture depends on rainfall. As one passes southward he finds that in a single season irrigation produces a series of crops. The soil is not exhausted and is not fertilized. Features of the Problem This whole dry table-land is in extent from north to south about equal to the distance from A Series of Crops Extent of Table-land 48 The Frontier Transient Streams and Canyon Formation Some Results of Private Enterprise Montreal to Mobile, and from east to west it would reach from Boston tO' Omaha, yet, as we have before noted, it has no navigable river, save for short distances, other than the Missouri. Lack of forests fails to restrain what rainfall there is. It comes rushing down seamed declivities, and fills dry beds of streams which for a brief time become swollen torrents tear- ing out great quantities of earth and rock. This results in canyon formations, the most marvelous of which is the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. The Colorado River, a creature of such fitful conditions, presents in itself a study and history most unique. It Is said tO' be the most observed river in the world. These streams and rivers, in various parts of the western table-land, by private enterprise have been diverted into irrigation ditches until millions of acres have been reclaimed. In the Southwest these ditches have followed the models furnished by a prehistoric race, traces of vi^hose irrigation schemes, agricultural pros- perity, and marvelous cities are the wonder of the world. Possibilities of this kind of irriga- tion, however, have largely been exhausted. Cor- porations have inaugurated ambitious under- Transforming the Desert 49 takings, but these, in a number of cases, have proved unprofitable to the investors, as the land cannot well bear the expense of a water system above the actual cost of construction. One great work yet remained, the control of rivers and streams at their sources, by creating Their sources immense storage dams, from which water, taken in flood tide, when needed later, might gradually replenish the channels of irrigation. Control of Streams at Governmental Action Necessary The cost of such stupendous engineering feats is beyond private capital. Hence, the government has undertaken this work. At present, in different parts of the West, north and south, it has so far completed eleven great plants as to furnish water for five hundred thousand acres of land. It has under way and in contemplation a number of other schemes which will add an acreage several times as large as that already reclaimed. There is not water sufficient to reclaim any- thing like all the land of the arid West, but possibilities in that direction are estimated as high as one hundred million acres. This means ideal homes for from fifteen to twenty millions of people. Limits of the System so The Frontier Provision for Irrigation Our national Congress in 1902 enacted one Fund of the most statesmanlike provisions ever framed for the creation of millions of homes. ^ It set apart the proceeds from the sale of pub- lic lands in the various states to the credit of each. This is the basis of an irrigation fund which has reached a total of more than forty- one millions of dollars. The cost of sui'veying and constructing a great irrigation scheme in any given state is charged against the amount to its credit. The cost is spread equally over the acreage reclaimed and is paid by the settlers in ten equal instalments with- out interest. The money is a revolving fund used again and again to extend irrigation. At the end of the ten years the land, with the in- herent water rights, belongs to the homesteader who meanwhile enjoys the proceeds of his farm. He must, however, actually live upon the land and cultivate it. He can own in most cases not more than from forty to eighty acres. This prevents speculation and insures the aim of the government — the establishment of homes. Whoever lives upon one of these allotments of land is as sure of a comfortable livelihood as he is of running water. The mountains feed 1 See Appendix E. Transforming the Desert 51 these sources of supply and make the streams perennial. Another recent remarkable discovery is that, underground , . . ^ r Lakes and underlymg great stretches of our western Artesian country where water from streams is not avail- '^^"^ able, are vast underground lakes. These have made possible thousands of artesian wells, some of which flow with sufficient volume to irrigate one hundred and sixty acres each. Water in connection with irrigfation plants water-power ° ^ Results may have other uses than application to the soil. Flowing through sluiceways or pipes it may have so great a fall that when striking a water-wheel it is converted into tremendous power which in turn may be utilized in pumping the waters of the same dam to lands on higher levels. Again this power makes possible factories and various manufactories. It is converted into electricity, in which form it is transferred to distant points for light and power. Sometimes it has occurred that in the construction of a great irrigation dam in the desert the activities of the builders have continued night and day, the works being brilliantly lighted during the night with electricity born of the wilderness waters. 52 The Frontier Purposeful Young Manhood Praise for the Most pcoplc liave little conception of the Engineers , . ,. . ,. , , heroism, self-sacrifice, and persistency displayed by the young men of this country in their as- tonishing feats of engineering in connection with building western irrigation plants. They have been obliged to survey and build govern- ment roads where it was impossible for a hu- man being to get a foothold. They have been suspended by ropes over yawning chasms into which they were let down and whose shadowy depths they have explored, where later, blasting from solid cliffs, they have built leagues of government road over whose edge a stone may be dropped a sheer fall of a thousand feet. Conquering An engineer with his assistants was run- AU Obstacles . , ,. - - , ning a surveyor s line when he encountered a towering rock cliff which caused him to sus- pend operations with the remark, "I must stop and think." It was seemingly to think squarely against the impossible, as there was no appar- ent way around or over the mountain of rock. When he learned that this unconquered obstacle would cause a loop of fifteen added miles to the road he decided to go straight on and the road Transform ingf the Desert 53 was built. ^ Where a momitain is in the road of the contemplated flow of a stream, the moun- tain is tunneled for miles. In short, nothing seems insurmountable to this generation of Uncle Sam's young men. This is a life-chapter that the young people L-f*'^*"^ of this country should know more about. These scores and hundreds of trained young men, who have fought their way to the front, with many more who are their helpers, are in scores of isolated places in the United States, heroes in a great cause which they enthusiastically serve. They contribute trained efforts and lives to one of the greatest missionary movements ever launched on the American continent, which is the reclaiming of the desert and peopling it with millions in comfortable homes, sur- rounded by manifold opportunities and uplift- ing influences. These multitudes, save for this ministry, might otherwise never rise above the dreary horizon of grinding subsistence. Irrigation dams are built in various forms, ^"g^tion "^ Dams and conforming to the topography and needs of New localities. The task may be to close the nar- * ei^^ys row mouth of a rocky canyon by building a dam higher than the Flatiron building in New > Blanchard, National Geographic Magazine, April, 1908. 54 The Frontier Creation of Towns and Missionary Opportunity York City, or on lower levels to construct barriers of great length, thereby producing the largest artificial lakes known in the world. These new waterways are, to some extent, navigable. The towns which spring up in these hitherto uninhabited regions are substantial and pros- perous. Their sudden appearance and rapid development are marvelous. While the dam is building, houses are erected on nearly every allotment, still a barren waste. A chief officer of the reclamation service tells how, about three or four years ago, he slept at night on a sage- brush desert thirty miles from a human habita- tion. An assistant sketched for him on the lone sands a plan of a town which, in that inhos- pitable solitude, seemed a satire, yet, it was not so long afterward that this official, in visiting that locality, found a town of hundreds ol in- habitants with a bank and other structures in keeping with a growing community. Where, on his previous visit, his camp had been, now stood the school building of the town. This is not mushroom growth. It is based on irrigated farm lands, than which there is no source of livelihood more sure and sub- stantial. What missionary opportunities in Transforming" the Desert 55 our country are thus being opened up! What communities will now be needing both church and pastor ! These people must be helped. They invest all in getting started. Not the least of the ministries which will make these new neigh- borhoods beautiful and fruitful in spiritual and temporal things may be the daily lives of our young people, who there will find it possible to transplant into their new homes the high ideals and purposes which were born in other surroundings. 'An Ideal Social Order The social order resulting from government social Type irrigation is to have its influence on American life. It creates a democratic and cooperative condition of living as opposed to the individual- istic. One, in a country of abundant rainfall, living on a vast estate, can foster the Individual- istic spirit and exist, but in a co'mmunlty of small holdings, entirely dependent upon a single irrigation plant, Into which Is merged the col- lective material prosperity of the whole com- munity, the individualistic spirit succumbs to the cooperative and the democratic. This is the fairest flower that springs from irrigated soil. 56 The Frontier Sparse Population a Drawback Contrast Under Irrigation In a humid region one may secure a farm covering thousands of acres. This he may devote to various forms of agriculture; or in a semiarid country miles of territory may come under the ownership of a single man and may be devoted to wheat raising or grazing; this, however, means a population so sparse that whole counties are left comparatively unin- habited. Progress, social development, and the betterment of the many are foreign to such conditions. The government irrigation scheme reverses all this. It places limitations upon the amount of land held by the individual. The limita- tions of nature are yet more imperative, as a small farm under irrigation means pros- perity, a large one calamity. The allotments of land are of such few acres — in many cases but forty, twenty, or ten — that the face of the country is transformed from a desert waste or a solitaiy cattle-range into a landscape thickly dotted with homes. The tendency is to group the dwellings, to connect them with modem appliances of water system, telephone, free mail delivery, and other conveniences ; in short, to make them the acme of ideal residence towns for the people. These delectable conditions are BUILDING HOMES IN ANTICIPATION OF THE OPENING OF GOVERNIMENT WORKS ARIZONA HOME NEAR PHCENIX, ARIZONA, SHOWING WHAT IRRIGATION WILL DO FOR THE DESERT Transforming the Desert 57 further enhanced when a series of such com- munities are connected by an electrical railway system. The social and Christian meaning of all this needs little enlargement. One person living in the midst of six hundred desirable and forty acres or of four thousand acres, or conditions nobody living in vast desert stretches, means a correspondingly slight obligation on the part of the Church ; but when the six hundred and forty acres or the four thousand acres have a home on every forty, twenty, or ten acre divi- sion, and when the wilderness comes to sup- port a teeming population, then the Church faces a virgin field where social, industrial, educational, and, most of all, spiritual realities await its guiding hand. These communi- ties offer unique opportunities. Take for ex- ample Riverside, California, one of the earlier communities born of irrigation. One is struck by the large number of homes admirably situat- ed and attractive in appearance. He may be suprised to learn that these are the dwellings of people who, were they living in other places, might be less desirably situated. This Is because the few acres belonging to each family afford an income secure and unfailing. They are not subject to uncertain fluctuations 58 The Frontier that might attend them under other conditions. This means homes with all that word implies. A commonwealth is neither less nor more than the homes of its people. M'e^est It may be suggestive to remark that Rhode Average, East and West Islaud, our most thickly settled state, is able to support something more than five hundred people per square mile, while in, the irrigated district of California to which reference has been made we have more than twice that num- ber for each square mile. Religions Aspect When we consider the various sections of the arid West which are now, because of irri- gation, undergoing rapid transformation, and where in the next few years will spring up hun- dreds of new towns and thickly settled neigh- borhoods, our pulse beats quicker with the thrill of what awaits a Church which to-day enters the gateway of a field so' fascinating. These many coming centers of pulsating life and possible spiritual power will, if properly cared for in their inception, be among our most fruitful sources both of money and personal investment for the foreign field. They may yet furnish for the kingdom abundant means, in- Pascinating Field for the Church Potential Promoters of the Kingdom Transforming the Desert 59 telligence, and spiritual life for the world's greatest need. Forests Another feature of the West illustrates how ^""="0" of Forests all nature, when properly interpreted and operated for the highest good of man, is coor- dinate with God's kingdom in the earth. Streams and rivers cannot be conserved for irrigation if sufficient forest lands are not pre- served. The springs gushing out in these shaded recesses disappear when exposed to searching sunlight. The rainfall, plentiful in the mountains, likewise the melting masses of snow, are held back by fallen forest leaves and masses of undergrowth and the accumulated mold of centuries. The streams which rise there emerge upon the plains with a steady, con- tinuous flow. However, when the mountains have been denuded of forest covering, the waters sweep down their unobstructed sides. Streams become raging rivers. Rivers in a night rise to a flood, and the beneficent mois- ture which might have been evenly distributed for many days, precipitates a calamity. It washes off great stretches of fertile soil and covers productive acres with deposits of barren rock and gravel. The waters are as swift in 6o The Frontier Destruction of Forests Unnecessary Among the Essentials of Life Forests at Head Waters subsiding as in coming. Ruin is in their wake and the agriculturist is left without resources for future crops. The slaughter of our forests has been wanton.^ At the present rate, within from thirty to fifty years, our most valuable timber supply will be exhausted. This, f ro^m the com- mercial standpoint, cannot be supplied by South America and other countries, as they do not possess a marketable substitute for our most useful woods. These forests were designed by the Creator as an inheritance for many gen- erations. No mere land title confers upon any one a divine right ruthlessly to destroy the sources of subsistence and comfort for the many. Forests properly managed will produce an adequate supply of timber practically un- diminished. Our forests may be classed with soil, water, and bread, as indispensable to life. Older countries where forests have been destroyed are in part a desolation. In other words, we can have little running water, productive soil, or bread without the forests. One hundred and sixty-five millions of acres of forest and adjacent woodlands, out of the J Hough, Everybody's Magazine, May, 1908. Transforming the Desert 6 1 total public reserve, have been set apart by the government for the public good. Special at- tention is given to the enlargement of wood areas from which spring the head waters of streams of the arid West. At the head of the forestry department is a Efforts to 111 1 TT -^1 r Maintain Ou remarkable man. He, with an army ot en- Forest thusiastic helpers, among them many of our Reserves young men, is guarding, replenishing, and creat- ing our forest reserve. Thus it comes about that the government forest reserve and the government irrigation scheme are insepa- rable, and that the silent trees on the distant mountainsides, where the sound of the human voice is seldom heard, are linked in a gracious conspiracy with the streams that play about their roots to create and maintain on the dis- tant sun-parched plains a fulfilment of the pur- pose of their Creator. "The wilderness and the dry land shall be glad ; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose." Governmental Attitude The aim of the government is not rapidly to Far-reaching dispose of our public laiids, but to utilize them ' Barnes, " Gififord Pinchot, Forester." McClure's Mag- azine, July, 1908. 62 The Frontier President Roosevelt's Interest Irrigation and Adjacent Pasture-lands Breaking up of Great Cattle-ranges Cattle Industry Passing Into Many Hands in such a manner as may best tend to the crea- tion of homes for the greatest number of people. Hence, these far-reaching- and extensive plans inaugurated in very recent years. The early training of President Roosevelt on a western ranch gave him practical ex- perience and quick understanding in these im- portant matters. He says, ''The forest and water problems are, perhaps, the most vital internal questions of the United States." This whole subject, in the government reports and other literature springing from it, is among the fascinating reading of the day. Irrigation is having an important influence upon great stretches of adjacent lands the topography of which prevents the application of water. This land is covered with a scanty vegetation peculiar to the arid country. It offers fairly good subsistence to cattle. But the government now forbids the fencing in of the public domain ; thus the cattle cannot legally be confined on public lands. The cattle owners are responsible for damages to others, consequently the great ranges are being broken up. The number of cattle supplied to the mar- kets does not, however, decrease. The farmers Transforming the Desert 63 on the arable lands, by arrangement with the government, secure the right to turn their cat- tle upon adjoining public lands. This fosters the making of homes, and the farmer from his irrigated acres, or as a result of dry farming, produces forage sufficient to furnish his cattle a substitute for wide grazing. Thus the cattle industry, more and more, passes into the hands of many rather than the few, and intensive and dry farming come to have an influence on the whole West much more extensive than the mere acres under cultivation. Dry Farming Dry farming is producing marked changes a New Method in the West. This, in any large way, has not been understood and practised, until in the last few years. Where conditions permit, it now has been taken into all the western states and territories. The method is adapted to a region where rainfall is deficient and water for irriga- tion is not available. The method is to begin as early as possible in the spring by plowing. The soil is then season rolled and harrowed. No crop should be planted the first season. After every impor- tant rain the ground is harrowed with the Process for the First 64 The Frontier Steps Till Crop is Secured Increasing Rains in the Semiarid Belt twofold purpose of keeping a soil mulch on the surface and killing out weeds. This soil mulch prevents moisture escaping from be- low and it keeps the soil open to receive the rains instead of permitting them to^ run off as on a hard surface. Early in the fall the ground is plowed again ; then packed, harrowed, and seeded to winter wheat. In the spring these wheat-fields are rolled and harrowed several times until the wheat is soi high that it practically shades the ground. As soon as the grain is harvested the soil is disked,^ creating again a mulch which prevents rapid evaporation from, the surface which has been shaded during several weeks of hot weather. The second spring this jfield is double-disked as early as possible, plowed, harrowed, packed, and a variety of crops is planted. During growth the harrow is used freely. By this method fair returns are secured from lands heretofore considered comparatively worthless.^ Extending down through North and South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and 1 Treated with a farm implement made up of revolving disks. 2 See Deming, Independent, April r8, 1907. Transforming the Desert 65 Texas, to the Gulf, is a belt two' hundred or more miles wide termed semiarid. In this area, especially in the northern part, many new settlers experienced in the early nineties a few years of most distressing drought and famine. Those who were not able to retreat eastward and those who^ were courageous enough to stay, endured hardships the like of which are seldom experienced in this country on so large a scale over a region so extensive. Numbers had pushed beyond the semiarid belt into that which is termed arid. This whole frontier was reckoned as beyond the limit where man could subsist by agriculture without irrigation. The hardy pioneers, however, who endured these unfavorable conditions for a very few years were at last encouraged by increasing rains, and until the present, no period or single year has at all resembled the earlier years and hard- ships mentioned. The system of dry farming is practised to Homesteaders , T-r 1 . Entering the a large extent. Homesteaders m greater num- Dry Farming bers than ever are settling up the once aban- ^^s'^n doned claims or pushing westward into regions hitherto unoccupied, making homes there and witnessing the growth of inviting new settlements. 66 The Frontier Starting with the People Call to the Churches Fields for Taken as a whole, the g-reat arid West and Home ' ° Mission Effort its past development as a field for the Church is a sufficient pledge of its future as a Christian domain. Irrigation changes western lands into gardens, and orchards wave where sagebrush flourished. Whole populations are deposited over wide stretches of territory and the insist- ent call is for scores of our brightest young people to enter thousands of fast ripening har- vest-fields. A pastor under date of 1908 tells how he started work on the Minidoka government irrigation project. "You ask for something about Idaho, and how I came to be there? Well, once upon a time, in 1906, my wife and I were spending our August vacation at Gato, where the Colorado Assembly is held. In the shade of the old pine tree the 'evangelist' told us of , Idaho, a town just started, and a new church of forty members. The pioneer blood in our veins gave a start, and, although we had 'glittering prospects,' six months later found us on a sagebrush claim, in the midst of the great Minidoka government irrigation project of one hundred and sixty thousand Transforming the Desert 67 acres. Our mansion, like most of our neigh- bors, is a board shack Hned with building- paper. The twenty-two hundred dollar church built by those forty members was the largest and practically the first permanent building on the whole project. But my, how poor every one of us was! Right away I was doing car- penter work, with a gang of men, for the government, while preaching on Sundays. It was camping out and vacation all the time. "Our first year is just completed and the Record of forty have grown to sixty-five. During the year we raised about thirteen hundred dollars, one hundred and twenty-five of which was for missions. I challenge any other church in the brotherhood, worth financially four times as much per member, to show as much work done in the year 1907, financially and otherwise, con- sidering the size of the membership as the church. "I admit that the vacation phase of the situa- Keen Self-sacrifice tion has worn off. The sacrificmg reaches almost to the quick sometimes. So far the Board has only been able to help by giving us a meeting with the state evangelist. Without more help we thought we should have to go, but we are still here, and still hoping for help. 68 The Frontier And how can we leave? It's true we think of larger things sometimes. But where is a larger need or as large-hearted a people as here ? Workings of "This great tract of rich fruit and grain the Irrigation . . . , , . . , . , System land IS divided into forty and eighty acre claims. It is already much more thickly settled than farming communities in Iowa or Ne- braska. Its settlers are young people from the Middle West, the most enlightened class I have ever seen in any community. Uncle Sam has built a perfect irrigation system, allowing the people ten years in which to pay for it. Land in these parts on projects two years older than this one is actually selling for from sixty to three hundred dollars per acre. There are four other tracts similar to this one in south- eastern Idaho now under construction, a vast empire containing some of the richest soil in the country. Plea for "Our Secretary simply does not dare organ- ize new churches, for he cannot promise finan- cial aid from the board to help support the minister. I plead with our people, who are no less able and no less generous-hearted than others, that nozv is the time to come to the res- cue of our work in this great country, born full-grown." Prompt Action Transforming the Desert 69 Such types of people will not yield to the imperial caii of the ministrations of poorly equipped, ordinary unfolding agencies. The prairie schooner and the prairie ^'■°"***'" schooner method are both belated. New fron- tier cities throbbing with life so tense and abun- dant will harken to no hesitating prophet, and will be transformed to the city of God by no half-way measures. In no age of our Amer- ican history has there sounded a clearer call, one freighted with larger issues, than that now summoning the choicest young people of the Church to give themselves to our unfolding frontier. QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER II Aim : To Show How New Methods in Agriculture Have Increased the Call for Mission Work on THE Frontier I.* Name the commercial enterprises that are de- pendent upon agriculture. 2.* Could America be a world power without great agricultural resources? Give reasons. 3. Tell just how you are dependent upon agricul- ture daily. 4. Why do more people in agricultural districts own their homes than in cities? 5.* Do you believe that rural life encourages home- making more than urban life? Give reasons. 6. Where are you apt to find the more democratic spirit, in the country or in the city? Give reasons. yo The Frontier 7. In proportion to numbers where will you find superior moral conditions, in the city or country ? 8. Name several methods by which the water is controlled and directed in irrigation systems. 9. Describe the method of irrigating a small farm. 10. What sections of the world have in the past employed irrigation? Name some foreign countries that are now developing irrigation systems. II.* Would you prefer to own and work a farm that is irrigated or one dependent on rainfall? Give reasons. 12. What benefits accrue to the soil from irrigation? 13. Why is it possible to support a larger agricul- tural population in an irrigated section than in a section which depends upon rainfall? 14.* Would you prefer to engage in general mer- cantile business in an irrigated section or in a section dependent upon rainfall ? Why ? 15. Do you believe that our government should con- tinue to assist in extending irrigation? Why? 16. What commercial evils does the Irrigation Fund prevent ? 17.* Name some of the benefits that result to land from forests. 18. Why do you believe that the government should protect our forests? 19. Name some country that has made rapid progress in forestry. 20. Describe clearly the method of dry farming. Transforming the Desert 71 21. Do you believe that this method of agriculture will ever be equal in productiveness to irriga- tion? Give reasons. 22.* Name some difficulties in the establishment of churches among cattle-ranges. 23. What classes of men usually follow the vocation of cowboys? 24. Why is it easier to establish a church in an irrigated section? 25. What class of people usually inhabit these new agricultural sections? 26. Name some social ideals that are a result of irrigated communities. 27. Do you believe that a larger force of home mis- sionaries is now needed under these rapidly changing conditions on the frontier? 28. Has your home missionary society been able to increase its budget in proportion to the in- creased opportunities on the frontier? Why not? 29. What can you do to increase gifts to work on the frontier? REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER H' I. Irrigation.- Anderson : "Irrigation in Southwestern United States and Mexico." Out West, August, '06. 1 For additional reference, see Bibliography, pages 265-279 of this book. The current magazies should also be consulted for more recent articles on these subjects. 2 Send to Government Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C, tor literature on Irrigation. 7^ The Frontier Beacom : "Irrigation in the United States ; Its Geo- graphical and Economical Results." Geograph- ical Journal, April, '07. Cope: "Making Gardens Out of Lava-dust." World To-day, June, '06. Deming: "Irrigation in Wyoming." Independent, May 9, '07. Page: "The Rediscovery of Our Greatest Wealth." World's Work, ^lay, '08. Smythe : The Conquest of Arid America, Part I, Chapter IV; Part II, Chapters III, IV. Taylor: "Agriculture by Irrigation; Economic Prob- lems in Irrigation." Journal of Political Econ- omy, April, '07. II. D7'y Farming. Cowan: "Dry Farming the Hope of the West." Cen- tury, July, '06. Deming: "Dry Farming; What It Is." Independent, April 18, '07. Donahue : "Farming Without Water." World To- day, August, '06. Quick : "Farming Without Water." World's Work, August, '06. III. Forestry. Blackwelder : "A Country that has Used up Its Trees." Outlook, March, '06. Fernow : "Saving the Waste of Forests." Country Life in America, August, '07. Geiser: "Results of Forestry in Germany." World's Work, March, '07. Transforming the Desert "j^) Roosevelt: "Forest and Reclamation Service of the United States." National Geographic Magazine, November, '06. Sterling: "Reforestation in Southern California." Out West, July, '07. Will : "Forestry ; Planting Trees for Profit." World's Work, November, '07. THE GIANT NORTHWEST 75 Mr. James J. Hill has said of his controlling ambi- tion: "I have been charged with everything, from being an 'Oriental dreamer' to a crank, but I ain ready at all times to plead guilty to any intelligent effort within iny power that will result in getting new markets for what we produce in the northwestern country." He has made his dreams come true. Seattle was a straggling seaside town when he put his railroad into it. Since that time the Puget Sound ports have be- come mighty rivals of San Francisco for ocean traffic, and the older city at the Golden Gate has seen them increase their tonnage by leaps and bounds, and at her expense. — Paine The whole country traversed through the northern tier of territories, from Eastern Dakota to Washington, is a habitable region. For the entire distance every square mile of the country is valuable either for farm- ing, stock-raising, or timber-cutting. There is abso- lutely no waste land between the well-settled region of Dakota and the new wheat region of Washington. Even on the tops of the Rocky Mountains there is good pasturage; and the vast timber belt enveloping Clark's Fork and Lake Pend d'Oreille, and the ranges of the Cabinet and Coeur d'Alene Mountains, is more valuable than an equal extent of arable land. — Smalley 76 Ill THE GIANT NORTHWEST* Either North or South Dakota is as large as comparisons ° of Extent New England. Montana, the third largest state in the Union, nearly equals in size Japan, or England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, with twenty-five thousand square miles to spare, or it nearly equals New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, An express train crossing it from east to west needs more than the daylight hours. Washington dwarfs some eastern states but Oregon is about equal to Washing- ton and Maine. Idaho would reach from To- ronto to Raleigh, North Carolina. New Eng- land and the middle states would need dupli- cating several times to cover these northwest states as a whole. The Northzvest Is a Giant in Possibilities We have defined the western frontier to be ^^^^^^l[^^ » Under this title we group the states of North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Wyo- ming is also geographically related, but because of its physical features it falls more naturally into the next chapter. 77 78 The Frontier considered by us as the territory west of the 97th meridian. We noted that for the most part it is an arid plateau with physical features and climate in sharp contrast to the country east- ward. We have pointed out how Providence has placed us geographically in the zone of world power, how the early explorers found waterways convenient for westward explora- tion, and how the first Pacific coast American civilization was planted by missionaries in the Puget Sound region of the Northwest. We have followed the hardy frontiersmen in their western progress, and now let us learn some- thing of the meaning of all this. Puget Sound Pugct Sound is the only harbor north of the and Its r- 1 r- Connections Goldcn Gate equal to a world commerce. It is one of the most marvelous inland waterways on the continent, with its 1,600 miles of coast- line, it opens into the sea with a passage so wide and deep that any vessel afloat in any weather may pass freely in and out. Its waters, up to the very shores, are mostly of such depth that ships may ailchor under the shade of trees. A steamer leaving it for China would reach port two days sooner than from San Francisco be- cause of the shorter curvature of the earth. It is near the Columbia River pass, the only open- iJ II I h HI.) I i I II I I IIEHl lllilii!(i(ffi illll I II Iff i Hill I SECOND AVENUE AND CHERRY STREET, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON On the Favored Orientward The Giant Northwest 79 ing cutting the Coast Range nearly to sea level. This corresponds to the gateway to the Atlantic seaboard through the Appalachian Range, formed by the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. As a seaport for Oriental trade, in addition to the shorter ocean voyage, Puget Sound is Route five hundred miles nearer Chicago by rail than is San Francisco. On freight shipped from Chicago it has then an advantage over San Francisco harbor equal to about the distance from Buffalo to Chicago plus the ascent of Pike's Peak ; for all the overland freight to San Francisco must be lifted up and let down again ten thousand feet in crossing the Coast Range, while at Puget Sound it crosses at about sea- level.i Trade, like water, takes the channel of least O"'" Gateway _,, _^ _ , . , . , to the Far East resistance, ihus Puget Sound is destined as our gateway to the Orient. In time it may be cheaper for San Francisco to receive and send her eastern freight by the way of the North- west as the intervening mountains of the pres- ent railways eastward are too great to be tun- neled. Portland harbor is nearer the Columbia River pass eastward than is Puget Sound, but 1 See Thomas," Our Own Northwest." Success Magazine, Oc- tober and November, 1907. 8o The Frontier the bar at the mouth of the Columbia is a menace to the largest ocean liners, and in storm there is no protection for vessels waiting to enter. The two hundred mile stretch from Portland to Puget Sound is almost a floor level. A ship-canal from Portland to Puget Sound is more than possible. Cities on and contiguous to this harbor promise to be among the greatest in the world. The Northivest Is a Giant in Natural Resources Resources Clustering about Puget Sound are many Contiguous ° ° ^ -^ to This Center natural sources of supply for the Orient. The most extensive forests on earth center there. One lumber firm in a single shipment sent out twenty steamers with cargoes of lumber rang- ing from three and a quarter millions to about four millions of feet each. Puget Sound touches one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. The fruits grown there in qual- ity and quantity are unexcelled. Steamer fuel is found in coal deposits near the harbor. The Columbia gateway eastward opens into a depression termed "The Inland Empire" — the Spokane country. It covers most of eastern Washington and a part of northern Oregon. You can drop New England here with room to Diversified Products The Giant Northwest 8i spare. It is a grain and fruit producing coun- try. It pours out minions upon milHons of bushels of wheat for the Orient. Idaho is tributary to the Puget Sound port with its mines, lumber, and agriculture. IMontana is changing from cattle ranges to farms. The last open range is in the northeastern part of the state, but in five years it will be no more. Montana is becoming an agricultural state. Its famous Gallatin Valley produces a quality of grain sought by makers of cereal foods. Bill- ings probably ships more wool than any other inland point in the world. Its million dollar sugar-beet factory is the largest in the United States. Montana now raises as much corn per acre as Iowa. The western parts of North and South Dakota have become veritable bread- baskets of the earth. The Northwest Is a Giant in Aehievement In everv state of the Northwest, in addition Development "' . in Intensive to private enterprises, the government has con- and Dry structed or has under way irrigation plants that reclaim hundreds of thousands of acres. This means intensive farming. Ten acres of irrigated orchard in some sections is worth six hundred and forty acres of ordinary grain land. Farming 82 The Frontier Seed Selection and Viviculture Fruit Acquisitions Acclimated Alfalfa This insures for all time vast shipments to Asia by Puget Sound. Dry farming is reclaiming millions of acres and still further swelling the tide of breadstuffs to the Far East. Seed selection and viviculture are also work- ing wonders. The agricultural college is a world asset. A professor in Iowa evolved seed that increased the corn crop of his state ten bushels to the acre. In a North Dakota College is a German professor, still in his early forties, an immigrant, who ranks next to Burbank in contributions to the vegetable kingdom. The Russian winters of the Northwest, east of the Rockies, are invigorating to man, but death to small fruits and orchards. This pro- fessor brooded over the numberless north- western homes lacking in fruit comforts. He patiently applied himself, and now luscious strawberries, raspberries, and cherries grow there, which without protection do not kill out at forty degrees below zero. He is at work on other fruits, including ap- ples. A hardy decorative foliage-bush is now produced and roses are on the way. His three journeys to Asia, in tracing alfalfa northward, are among the heroic feats of history. He said in a college chapel service he thought that he The Giant Northwest 83 was doing the Lord's work. One can hardly compute what an accHmated alfalfa may mean to the Northwest. Already its corn has been made to germinate ""^y . Varieties of at lower and lower temperatures until its sea- wheat son for ripening has been lengthened two weeks. Not only does Asia promise to enrich the Northwest with alfalfa, but she has already furnished it with her durum and macaroni wheat, adapted to dry uplands, and where sown it has thereby increased the yield one third. Railroad extension in the Northwest is be- R^"'"°ad Extension wildering. The railway kings are in a helpful war of emulation by which the north country west from the Mississippi to the Rockies is being gridironed, until the map of the Dakotas and Montana resembles in cross lines the east- ern states. In North Dakota a main line sends out a dozen laterals into Canada and as many southward. Two other roads branch into as many feeders. Seven main lines now cross the state. Heretofore South Dakota has had no railroads westward from the Missouri River. Now three lines with branches are intersecting it. Fourteen railways operate in Montana. One new line is pushing straight to the Pacific. Most of this traffic will strike Pusret Sound. 84 The Frontier Electrical Power Immense Ocean Liners Where the railways cross the Rockies there is no pass corresponding to the Cohimbia open- ing through the Coast Range; but the roads will utilize the most powerful electrical loco- motives known to carry their trains over the mountains. This means increased power and saving of coal, and cars now used for coal lib- erated for other freight. The water needed for electricity is at hand. The Spokane River with four hundred thousand horse power is thought to be the most accessible in the world. An Idaho stream is being harnessed which may electrify five hundred locomotives able to draw one hundred and sixty miles of cars. Elec- tricity demands not only water-power but cop- per, and the Almighty has hastened his pur- pose by planting at Butte on the Montana side of the mountains the greatest copper mines thus far discovered. Out of one hill a mile square comes about one fourth of the world's supply. Capitalists harness titanic forces in a competitive race for the Orient. All records in track-laying are outdistanced by roads push- ing through Montana. These transcontinental highways are extend- ing across the Pacific by mammoth ocean liners. Either of two sister steamers belong- The Giant Northwest 85 ing to one road will swallow in its cavernous maw five hundred car-loads of freight. A first cargo consisted of seventy Baldwin railway locomotives, one hundred railway cars, ten thousand kegs of wire nails, and a half million dollars' worth of hardware, besides a miscella- neous freightage. Her lists when full mean in addition three thousand passengers. And yet with all these growing stupendous facilities the freight of Puget Sound harbor cannot find sufiicient carriage. The Northzvcst Is a Giant in Its People Not only may we note this vast centerine of Divine Behest , ' . to be Fulfilled forces marshaled and directed toward the awakening East, but let us glance at the multi- tudes assembling to perform a behest yet dimly understood by us. In the Puget Sound region itself we have the Christian _"^ _ ... . Movements oldest Christian civilization in the United Drawing States west of the Mississippi. Portland is likened to Philadelphia. Here Lee and Whit- man brought the gospel to the Indians and knew not that they answered a cry of Asia's millions. The Nez Perces Indians who came to St. Louis for "The white man's Book" were messengers from a Macedonian world. When Continents to God 86 The Frontier the answering missionaries journeyed painfully across parched plains that now are harvest- fields, when later they were prompted to an urgency more than human in securing colonists and pressing upon the government a boundary line that would not leave out Puget Sound, they were God's forerunners in one of the greatest movements of the race. We now see faintly outlined a purpose which is "purposed in the earth," and we may yet come to know that these men wrought as truly and on a scale as colossal as the Bible characters of apostolic days. They planted and nurtured that North- west civilization which, take it all in all, is not only the most mature, but possibly the most staple of any facing the Pacific ; a golden link in a chain to bind the two continents about the feet of God. Spokane and Immediately at the back of these coast peo- Montana -10 Populations plc are the multitudes crowdmg mto the Spo- kane country which God scooped out between the mountain ranges. Spreading out from Spokane, hundreds of square miles are being populated by a race ninety-six per cent. Anglo- Saxon. They come from the middle West, the very flower of its development. They learned there how to deal with virgin nature and bring The Giant Northwest 87 out her highest traits. This new region that others might not understand they readily in- terpret, and here they are building an inland empire that in wealth, progressiveness, and world-consciousness may surpass any region of the West. Next in line is Montana. While her Protestantism does not exceed in numbers a single denomination in some fourth-class cities, and while one fourth of her inhabitants live within two miles of Butte City court-house, making her population elsewhere more scat- tered, yet, where in eastern Church life do the same number of Christians map and build for the kingdom on anything like the scale of the few in Montana ? Their pastors lead by liberal contributions from slender stipends. They out- line a program of humane and educational en- deavor as broad as Montana itself. In the Dakotas where Ward and kindred Dakota Peoples missionary spirits counted their lives not dear, if they might rear a Christian commonwealth, we find a mingling of European races at their best. The foreigners carried North Dakota for prohibition. The people of that state declare that progress, prohibition, and prosperity go to- gether. They say prohibition secures good citi- zens and shuts out the undesirable from polit- The Frontier Canada to Share in Asia's Transfor- mation Effect of Northern Climate on Wheat American Farmers Trekking Northward A Continental Outlook Toward the Orient ical and social life. Minnesota is not included in our frontier, yet she marshals a host of true- hearted Teutons and Scandinavians who peer over the shoulders of the Dakotas Pacificward and potentially represent what may be lacking in forces massing to carry out a divine behest. We may deviate somewhat in noting the providential trend in Canadian affairs, yet, it may help us to see more clearly what seems a unifying of North American peoples and forces in the direction of Asia. Wheat excels in quality and quantity the nearer it may be grown to the Arctic Circle. The season is short, but furnishes sunshine from 4 A. M. to lo p. m. Soft wheat from Washington becomes there hard wheat. Five hundred thousand American farmers with five hundred millions of dollars have trekked into the Canadian Northwest. Not one tenth of the hundreds of square miles of rich acres have yet been sown. Their extent and richness challenge credence. Her ocean fringe is a primeval forest. For years Canada sought reciprocity privileges with the United States. This would warrant building her railroads southward across the line. We repeatedly refused. She was forced The Giant Northwest 89 to parallel our great transcontinental lines to the Pacific. Canadians no longer talk annexa- tion. They, with good reason, have a sense of self-sufficiency. Their measureless opening re- sources now roll Pacificward and float from her own Vancouver harbor to the Orient. God's purpose points to a contniental movement toward the Far East. The Problems of the Northzvest Are Gigantic Instinctively we glance oceanward. Our po- The 1 1 r- \ • • 1 T-ii •!• • Philippines sition at the door of Asia m the Philippines and Hawaii looms prophetic. Hawaii, key to the Pacific, is ours. Thought flies back to the Civil War. A different outcome of that conflict would have precluded our interfering in Cuba and pre- vented our later advance into the East. Spain, once mistress of the Pacific, drops be- our Destiny hind the horizon. Again in thought we follow early explorers. Rivers point northwestward. The Missouri was created to point that way and eventually it becomes a water trail. There is but one goal. It is clear why the eyes of other navigators were holden that they should not enter the Columbia River. An unseen sworded angel seemed guarding its mouth until Gray's little ship crept up the coast. The May- 90 The Frontier Japan and China Changing India Turning Toward Us iiozver carried the American Republic ; Gray's vessel, the Columbia, was an ark of covenant; it carried law and life for the Orient and its islands of the sea. We see Japan, the first modern world power of the East. She colonizes in Korea and sends her sons to America to learn of us. China is awakening-. Japanese, trained in America, are her schoolmasters. Her latest history dwarfs prophets' dreams. When she comes up to the standard of Japanese living she will have one hundred and fifty millions that she cannot feed, and they will emigrate. She may be able to protect them on any continent. India is now turning" her face toward Amer- ica. She has one hundred millions always hun- gry and they are beginning to emigrate. We set our faces against the Asiatic at close range ; yet the Japanese will come, and by sheer force of dominance and persistency their invading line is stretching along our coast. China, de- spite our exclusion, doggedly sticks to our Pa- cific shore, and India, met by American mob and Canadian revolt, begins an invasion of our Northwest, in which high-caste Brahman does coarse manual toil in company with those of lower caste. for Christ The Giant Northwest 91 Our sprine^s of destiny burst forth from the The Eternal Purpose eternal purpose. They feed currents that carry us not only across the Pacific, but into great waters where we do well to yield the helm to God. We have entered the gates of the Old World, a Highway Our swelling Oriental commerce must prove a highway for our Christ. The real missionaries who arrive and depart along that route will be the Asiatics who come and observe and live and feel among us and then return again and in their mother tongue tell to the waiting children of the East what they sazu and knew and felt. This northwest territory, so vast, so packed with varied riches, so girded with highways of trade, so filled with chosen peoples ; this giant Northwest with its hands gripping Asia, and its face against the Asiatic; what problems be- gin to stagger it, what issues strive for mas- tery ! As heroically as Lee and Whitman pio- neered and planted our first banner there, as truly do hundreds of consecrated preachers on that frontier advance that standard and leaven that commonwealth with the spirit of Christ, the gospel of God's Fatherhood for the race and every man included in the circle of brotherhood. 92 The Frontier Foreign and Home Mis- sions Are One Spirit of the Modern Frontier Preacher This witnessing of the Church in our Judea and Samaria carries us to the ends of the earth. Foreign missions and home missions are one. What is the spirit of this modern frontier preacher and his message to us? What stress is upon him and what is God's call to the Church that he be sustained? How are we meeting that call? In answering these ques- tions we note that Need in Lumber Camps Cheering the Chaplain The Northwest Is a Giant in Its Needs We glance first at what is secondary. In Washington, Oregon, and Idaho possibly two hundred thousand men, for the greater part of the year, are in lumber camps. The work is constantly shifting and continues Sundays. Modern logging devices keep every man alert and preoccupied during the daylight hours. The men are responsive to manly, tactful mis- sionary effort. A dozen camps, some separated by twenty miles, may constitute a two week's circuit. The missionary travels on foot. When he knows his work the men are glad to see him. The following is a side-light :' *T am sure you would have rejoiced if you had been at Camp Three 1 Quoted from Everett T. Tomlinson. The Giant Northwest 93 last night when I returned from Camp Nine, three miles distant, where I held meetings in the afternoon. I had promised the boys I would return in the evening to hold a second service. It became dark and the boys said, ' will not come back.' About six-thirty when I came out on the railroad tracks about a quarter of a mile from the camp, I began to sing. The clerk heard me and rushed into the bunk house and called out, * is coming, boys!' The boys made a break for the door and stood there listening till I got nearer and then the whole fifty of them broke into 'Three cheers for the chaplain,' and I don't believe even Roosevelt would have been cheered more loudly. After a little rest and the cook and 'cookess' had come in, the evening service was opened by singing 'Throw Out the Life-line,' a song they especially enjoy. I asked the fore- man if the roof was good and strong, and he assured me that plenty of hay-wire had been used on the corners, so I told the boys to pull out every stop. After a thirty-minute song- service, I spoke on 'Excuses,' from Luke xiv, 18, and not a man left his seat during the serv- ice. I have some good reports to make when I see you." 94 The Frontier Will Affect the Frontier Settlements Mining Communities While this is a passing phase of work and not directly one of planting churches, yet these men should receive far greater spiritual atten- tion than now. Numbers of them who have pioneered all the way from New Brunswick, hardy, rugged- and great-hearted, remain in the wake of the camps, clear up the land, and build their cabins. The wife is inured to hard- ship and helps plant the new home. Gener- ally she is of a type that brings out her hus- band's better qualities. Thus faithful service in the logging camp may strongly influence the frontier settlement. The mining town or camp presents one of the most stubborn factors in frontier church life. Foreigners often predominate. This means a repetition of the alien religious situa- tion In other parts of the United States, but w^ith emphasis, for the mines are worked seven days in the week. The mining companies, with notable exceptions, ignore Sabbath law, and not infrequently their less enlightened labor- ers ignore all law. The mines may be worked in three shifts of eight hours each. Boarding- houses adopt a corresponding schedule for meals and beds. The miners' shifts are changed each week. This means a rotating congrega- The Giant Northwest 95 tion of those who attend church. Saloons may never close. Three shifts of bartenders cover the twenty-four hours. In a Montana minine: city of eisrhty-five typical ° -' . Mining City thousand people, a part of whom are miners, there are over two hundred saloons and five breweries. The saloons of that one city out- number all the churches in that third largest state of the Union. This is a beautiful, modern city. Its various business enterprises, in sta- bility and appointments, fully equal municipali- ties of its size, yet last year one boarding-house sheltered twenty college bred men only two of whom attended church. Seven attempts to start a Young Men's Christian Association have failed. Churches pull against heavy odds. Thus the work assumes various phases, rang- ing all the way from large towns, prosperous, materialistic, indifferent, down to settlements that resemble the city slum. In the smaller, isolated mining towns, and smaiier Towns and especially in camps, anything like settled, pro- camps gressive Church life is about impossible. Often a place is a center of other interests besides mining. It may be a supply town for other mines and also it may border on an agricultural region, affording helpful Church conditions. 96 The Frontier Important Work Foster, the Missionary at Council Reaching Out Probably not more than one twentieth of the work of home mission boards is among the mines. Yet it is important. It demands the best talent of the Church. Young business men of large educational equipment are there in numbers. The following gives an idea of the gospel messenger in an Idaho frontier town where mining and other interests unite. "Take our work at Council, Idaho. The P. & I. R. R. went up from Weiser to Coun- cil — seventy miles. Council has a little cluster of shacks but is the terminal town. It would of necessity be the supply-point for all the re- gion. It is the gateway to the Seven Devils and the Payette Lakes. We sent in Foster. He was a pioneer, versatile, robust with cour- age, hope, grace, piety. Out of the rough heterogeneous population made up of prospec- tors, adventurers, and others he gathered a church. *'The early work was heroic. It had ele- ments of the frontier which were wdld, pictur- esque, comic, tragic, but the little church grew and housed itself in a meeting-house and par- sonage. It reached out with mission work to White Schoolhouse, Upper Valley, Mickey, In- dian Valley (which had been organized be- The Giant Northwest 97 fore), Upper District, Midvale, Meadows, West District, Hornet Creek. No other de- nominations were operating in the field. It was our work. Foster was bishop of the reahn, and our society of trained workmen and women covered the territory and was foster- mother to the whole people. "Foster, the organizer, hero, pioneer, and Dead wastes messenger of God to do the work of the mother missionary society — a wonderful example of the need, energy, efficiency of the work we are doing — work which makes alive the dead wastes of the mountain and wilderness ; work that has no ally, no competitor. The field is our own. To neglect it is to relegate the re- newed realm to godlessness and vice. Would God our eastern friends could know the power, opportunity, necessity of our missions in the new fields ! "Now the tender pathos. 'Minnie' the "Minnie" gentle, earnest, loving wife of Foster, through exposure in the rude shack where they lived and overworked, and her frail body worn out by the hard service and long rides over the rude trails, grew faint, and sinking, gradually went through the golden gate before her life was half spent. 98 The Frontier Tribute to Sacrifice A Holy Benediction Still Forward "We buried her at Christmas time. The Ht- tle camp and all the realm were in tears. Freighters, ranchmen, prospectors, miners, sheep-herders, saloon men, and magdalens wiped away the fast flowing tears. Sweet, silent tribute to a sacrificing life, giving, serv- ing, and making the world better to the last. "The little church was nearly built when she entered it the last time and sat for an hour in prayerful thought, her tears flowing freely be- cause she knew she might not see the dedica- tion. There was a tender pathos in her words as she said, 'My people will worship here in prayer and song.' The little city was still on the day we buried her. Even the saloons were closed. Love ruled in all hearts. Tears flowed down cheeks of hardy men. Her death was a holy benediction. "Foster with his four little girls lived and worked. Broken, weary, but sustained, bear- ing up and going forward. He said, 'I don't know how to preach since Minnie left me, but the people hold me up and say, "You never preached so well." ' " Crucial Missionary Conditions Suppose now we unroll our map. Generally The Giant Northwest 99 speaking the Northwest is in four parts. The northern prairie, inchiding North and South Dakota and eastern Montana; the Rocky- Mountain section, taking in western Mon- tana and part of Idaho; the inter-mountain country between the Rockies and the Coast Range called the Inland Empire, and which we may term the Spokane country; and lastly the Pacific slope. Let us outline crucial missionary conditions Present , Conditions— at this date. Beginning with North and South The oakotas Dakota trace the Missouri River through both states. West of the Missouri, on account of the discovery of diy farming, also because of railway expansion, the development just now, particularly in South Dakota, is so rapid as to submerge all present home missionary provi- sions to meet the situation. The seventy thousand square miles of North Foreign •' ^ , . Settlers in Dakota are dotted not only with American North Dakota homes, but Poles, Russians, Germans, Syrians, Hungarians, Hollanders, Icelanders, and half- breeds are there in numbers. In some sections the foreign contingent amounts to sixty or even eighty per cent, of the settlers. The American settlers are pouring in from American older sections of the country. Fifteen years lOO The Frontier To\vns and Their Moral Direction South Dakota Largely Americao ago the population of North Dakota was one hundred and sixty-five thousand, to-day it is more than three times that and in ten years it will reach a million. This is due to railway development. The western third of the state is being homesteaded so rapidly that there are whole counties of new settlers. One town not on the map eight years ago has fifteen hundred people and it takes six or eight men to help the station agent handle the freight. The railways building are obliged to lay out towns every twelve miles. A conservative South Dakota business man estimates that this coming development will outrun that of older parts of his state. "Ninety railway stations are building along nine hundred miles of road. Banks, grain-elevators, hotels, general stores; medical, printing, law, and land offices ; business and professional interests of all kinds, are in- viting young men from the Atlantic to the Pacific to come to a new land. They come where there are no precedents. They must determine them. What shall they be? The Church must answer that. South Dakota, on the whole, presents con- ditions similar to her sister state, but more in- tensive and on a larger scale. Its people are The Giant Northwest loi mostly American. As early as 1900 South Da- kota had four hundred thousand inhabitants, only fourteen thousand of whom could not speak English. The Indians have begun to hold land in sev- Indians eralty in the great reservations breaking up in the south, but they make up less than five per cent, of the population there. A writer pictures the manner in which peo- stream of pie arrive and how they begin life on these Dakota prairies. "Each family was permitted to take, free of railroad charge, ten head of live stock, together with household goods and farming implements. When their train trailed up into the new land the pilgrims w^ere emptied into little towns just springing up, or dropped upon the bare and open prairie, one hundred here, two hundred there. Once a party of two thousand overflowed one village of four hun- dred people. The few settlers who had arrived before them drove in from many miles around and helped the newcomers as best they could. The freight cars were backed on sidings and used to sleep in until the immigrants could build their own homes. Every dwelling, store, church, and schoolhouse within twenty miles was filled to overflowing with these families. 102 The Frontier Absorbed by the Prairies Tide Flowing Into Montana Securing Corner Lots for Churches "Within a week, however, the overflow had vanished from the httle towns and the freight cars on the prairie siding lost their lodgers. The immigrants brought their horses and farm wagons with them. As soon as their home- stead claims were located and filed, they hauled out lumber to build shacks, or with the help of neighbors made their sod houses. Then the 'homesteader' loaded his family, his household goods, and his farming tools into his wagon, and trailed out across the prairie to his new home. The day after he had put the house to rights he began to break land for the spring sowing of wheat. The prairie seemed fairly to swallow these thousands of settlers and to cry for more."^ This tide is pouring from the Dakotas over the borders into Montana and five hundred thousand cattle last year were driven from the ranges never to return. The cowboy vanishes. In eastern and southern Montana the increase in population for the last two years is thrice as rapid as before. A busy skirmish-line reaches out to the foot- hills of the Rocky Mountains. An alert mis- sionary pioneers along new railroads and picks 1 Paine, The Greater America, 86. The Giant Northwest 103 up corner lots for churches, and trusts his board to make good on first payments. Incom- ing people will care for the balance, and every- where there are invading multitudes. Suppose w^e cross the Rocky Mountains into spo^ane 1 T 1 X- • 1 o 1 T Country and the inland Empire, the bpokane country, it Pacific siope stretches three hundred and seventy miles west- ward and more than two hundred miles north and south. It is so new to settlement that on your map it may appear almost a blank; but three hundred thousand people are already there, and they are but the beginning, for steam and electric lines push everywhere. If we cross the Coast Range to the Pacific slope the inhab- itants there so increase that the cities of a state double in four 3'-ears. What is the Church doing to meet this situa- Efforts to tion ? It is so new that she is hardly aware of ^eeds it. Yet in the field itself signs of advance are unmistakable. The few reapers report large harvests. One board in North Dakota last year dedicated fifteen churches. An association ad- mitted ten churches, and could, with men and money, have organized twice as many more in the same territory. Another denomination in one corner of that state has organized forty churches in five years. There is little duplica- ro4 The Frontier Outlook of the Workers One District tioii of forces. Out of one hundred and sev- enty-one societies of one denomination, one hundred and twenty-five are in communities where there is no other Protestant church of the same tongue. What is the outlook of men at the front, mis- sionaries who invest everything? One general missionary in North Dakota says that there are eight whole counties where people are going in by the thousand and where towns are springing up in every direction, and the call is insistent for work to be started at many points. Still, he declares, there is yet to be planted the first Eng- lish-speaking church of his denomination. A district superintendent of South Dakota now wrestling with eleven great counties has voluntarily attached four other counties west- ward, and all because otherwise his Church is making no provision to care for that country. His district, thus enlarged, covers fully a third of the southern part of the state. Speaking of his work he says that in ten years his denomi- nation may have a great following there, but if so it means devoted preachers with devoted money to pay them. He reminds us that little men with little money behind them mean diminutive results. The Giant Northwest 105 111 Montana there are more than two thou- '^^^ Unreached sand school districts in wliich no regular serv- in Montana ices of any kind are held and four fifths of them are never reached at all by any sort of religious influences. The situation grows more distress- ing as new districts are forming faster than the religious occupation of the old ones, and this has been going on for ten years. A board rep- resentative in charge of Montana, who has been a missionary in Africa, says that he found no greater needs on the Dark Continent than in Montana. In the mountains of Idaho are young people of eighteen who have never heard a sermon. In the Spokane district a superintendent re- openings in ■^ _ ^ . the Spokane ports that while fifteen hundred communicants Region have been added in a single year, yet his Church does not occupy one half the places open to it now, and with the present rapid increase of population, within two years he cannot supply one place in four. A bishop says, fifty new churches could be erected if he had an initial building appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars. One in charge of a field in Oregon reports Hunger for * ^ ^ the Gospel in that Across another mountain range are Oregon other great rich valleys rapidly being settled io6 The Frontier ■Wide-spread Religious Destitution Conditions in Western Washington and developed, but where there is not one ser- mon in a year. They are hungry, many of them, for the gospel, but we cannot give them any promise under the existing circumstances. We cannot get sufficient money to rightly de- velop the fields that we are occupying. What can we do with the Macedonian cries ? We can only pray and wait. Throughout Washington and Oregon may be found scores of narrow valleys teeming with people. No one is doing anything for them re- ligiously, as but little is attempted by any Church for Washington or Oregon outside the towns. In southwestern Oregon is a county of about fifteen hundred square miles in which live at least twenty-five hundred people, mostly American, and no denomination, according to the report made last year, is doing any work whatever in that whole county. They are abso- lutely without Church privileges. One in charge of a large field in western Washington does not attempt to enumerate fields that should be occupied this coming year. He declares the religious destitution of western Washington to be appalling; that outside the larger towns very little religious work is being done by any denomination. In his division The Giant Northwest 107 only two hundred and nine towns out of eleven hundred and forty-six have church organiza- tions leaving nine hundred and thirty-seven tozvns and villages zvithout any religions priv- ileges zvhatever. Over half the children in western Washington have never been enrolled in a Sunday-school. The whole region is in its infancy and is developing with astounding ra- pidity. Where in this race is the Church of God? Self-sacriiicing Pastors You ask what about these missionary pas- Far-stretching •' Circuits tors ? The circuit system is their only possible method. One preacher, for example, has a par- ish ten miles wide and forty miles long. In it are four towns aggregating twelve hundred people in addition to wide reaches of rural com- munities. He drives thirty miles each Sunday, preaches three times and holds services on week-nights. He is the only pastor of any kind officiating in that field, yet adjoining unshep- herded communities of fifty and a hundred people desire a sermon from him if only now and then. This, of course, is impossible. Peo- ple in these wide parishes, in attending worship make sacrifices we know nothing about. They travel ten and twenty miles and return. io8 The Frontier Difficulties of Travel Slender Support Unwavering Courage The missionaries in Idaho must travel many miles on foot, because at times of the year neither horse nor conveyance can follow the road. Snow-shoes are seen at the doorway of the missionary. Streams and mountain tor- rents must be forded. One of them writes, "Mud, slush, miles, leagues, mountains, streams unbridged, forests not tenanted, canyons un- lighted, wolves unmuzzled, and other things too numerous to mention are more interesting than attractive, along some of the ways to the places where the people are to be found." These men, all too few, whom the Church sends into these wide fields, she slenderly sup- ports. The cost of living is high. Out of a salary of say six hundred dollars must be paid a fuel bill of one hundred dollars. The preacher may keep two horses to cover his wide stretch of country. How are we allowing families of our missionary preachers to live? If it were not for the opportune supplies of Woman's Home Missionary organizations, man after man would have been literally starved off the field. Heroines live in those parsonages. And how do these men feel ? Are they ready to retreat? One in referring to the present The Giant Northwest 109 speaks for himself. "The marks of stress and strain are everywhere apparent when we look over this year of financial famine ; for in it we have lived on half rations, with one half the appropriation of five years ago and a larger camp to care for than we had then. And yet, with the exception of two or three fields that, because of a lack of appreciation of onr situa- tion, considered themselves unjustly discrim- inated against, not a murmur has been voiced. Hardships have been borne and posts have been maintained with grim determination and cheer- ful hope, and wherever there came a chance for a dash into new territory the response has been no sullen protest that we have more than we can take care of, but a cheer and a rush that have put new life into our ranks. So even if our faces are a little drawn and belts pulled up a hole or two more than normal we come out of the year with the unfailing good humor and optimism of the American, Avith some new gains to record, and a discipline that has done us good. "Do vou wonder that we do not more rap- caii for Christian idly reach self-support in these vast stretches cooperation of country, where our churches are scores and often hundreds of miles apart? Do you won- no The Frontier der that reductions seriously cripple us; that we are in desperate need of funds; that every cut on the scant allowance made for so great and so growing a state means the cutting down of life necessities; that it means pruning the tree down to the root-stock with little chance for leafage and none for fruit ? Never has our nation watched a development so rapid in any section of her domain. Never were opportu- nities for so colossal a worldwide influence spread before men as are now spread out on this Pacific coast. Never were calls for Chris- tian help more numerous and urgent. And never have our hands been so fettered and our resources so limited. We do not urge more equitable distribution, but juster appreciation. We do not ask that Massachusetts should have less but that the great West should have more. We do not ask you to cut off slices from other states that we may eat, but we do plead for such increased giving to our national Society as will allow a proportionate generous provi- sion for us. Invest in us. We will pay it back. Grub-stake us, brethren; your share will be enormous. Advance the capital for locations and prospects and operating expenses, and you will see astonishing returns." The Giant Northwest iii Our Responsihility We are trustees of a sriant heritage. Lee Trustees of ° ° a Precious and Whitman and a consecrated host bought it Heritage with their hves. What is our sacrifice? Our Northwest and its Puget Sound country face the Orient. Are we making it a world base of supply? We feed Asia with wheat, what about the bread of life? A farmer in Illi- nois, who gets his mail by rural free delivery, sent a hundred dollars to one of the home mis- sionary boards. He said the offering meant pinching and saving for his wife and self, as the net income of their little farm was less than three hundred dollars. Before this he had sent liberal checks to the same board. He writes that there are so many opportunities to help the Master, he is going to do his best for a little while yet. He quotes a modern preacher that "Heaven lies just beyond where a fellow does his best." Is not his life so linked to God's world purpose that he plows as well as prays unto the Lord ? His zeal exemplifies the spirit that will animate the Church. "The weary ones had rest, the sad had joy That day, and wondered how. A ploughman singing at his work had prayed, 'Lord, help them now.'" 112 The Frontier QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER III Aim : To Show the Marvelous Material Progress AND Possibilities and the Religious Needs of THE Northwest 1. Name the states that are included in the North- west. 2. How did these states become a part of the United States? 3. Compare them in area with New York, Penn- sylvania, Iowa, and Georgia. 4. Compare the Northwest in area with Germany, France, and England. 5. What other state can be added to Ohio and Pennsylvania to equal the area of Oregon? 6. Locate the Northwest in latitude with countries in Europe and Asia. 7. Can you name any inlet in the United States that offers greater natural harbor facilities than Puget Sound? 8. How much nearer is Puget Sound to China and Japan than San Francisco? 9. Name some of the principal products of the Northwest that the Orient needs. 10.* Will the Panama Canal stimulate trade between the East and West coasts of the United States? 11. Name some of the products of the Northwest that are needed in the East. 12. Compare the climate in Oregon and Montana with that in the state where you live. Which do you prefer, and why? The Giant Northwest 113 13.* As a young man where would you prefer to establish yourself in business, in the East or the Northwest? Give reasons. 14.* Name some of the difficulties in Christian work among lumbermen? 15. Name some of the temptations peculiar to lum- bermen and miners. 16. What two extremes in social and intellectual life are found among miners? 17.* Name some of the difficulties in Christian work among miners. 18.* Among which one of these two classes would you prefer to work, and why? 19. How docs the inrush of foreigners magnify the home mission problem in the Northwest? 20.* Name some of the difficulties in Christian work among homesteaders. 21. Why cannot they support a minister and build their own church? 22. Did the church with which you are connected receive any financial assistance outside of the local community when it was first organized? 2^.* Describe what you would consider an ideal minister in one of these Northwestern parishes. 24. Where would you find such a man now? 25. How large should his salary be? 26.* If Christianity is not strongly entrenched in our country can we hope to win the Orient for Christ? 27.* Give as many reasons as you can why you believe that the Church should immediately in- crease its force of Christian workers in the Northwest. 114 The Frontier REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER HI I. The Northwest. Carr: "The Great Northwest." Outlook, June, '07. Clark: Leavening the Nation, XHI. Northrop: "The Great Northwest." World To-day, January, '06. Oberholtzer : "Opening of the Great Northwest." Century, March, '07. Rader: in Methodism and the Republic, 63-78. Puddefoot : The Minute Man on the Frontier, X. II. Oregon. Clark: Leavening the Nation, XIH. Drake: The Making of the Great West, 233-241. Elford : "Oregon ; An Inland Empire." Overland Monthly, June, '05. Van Dyke : "Big Woods of Oregon." Outing, Feb- ruary, '06. III. Washington. Clark: Leavening the Nation, XIII. IV. Montana. Clark : Leavening the Nation, X. Elrod : "Resources of Montana and Their Develop- ment." Science, May 20, '04. V. Marcus Whitman} Mow^ry: Marcus Whitman, XII. Nixon : How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon, VI, VIII, X. Shelton : Heroes of the Cross in America, IV. 1 For additional references, see Bibliography, pages 265-279. Reference should also be made to denominational mission- aries who pioneered in these sections. THE WEST BETWEEN AND BEYOND "5 Below the Grand Canon of the Colorado, with Ne- vada and California on the west and Arizona on the east, is a region of great aridity. Here date-palms, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, figs, sugar, and cotton flourish where water can be applied, and ultimately a region of country can be irrigated larger than was ever cultivated along the Nile, and all the products of Egypt will flourish therein. — Powell Nevada farmers are very prosperous on the average, taking one year with another, and probably much more so than the farmers in more pretentious localities. For the most part, they were poor when they came and have grown steadily better off. The climate is perfectly adapted to the production of all the cereals and hardy fruits. The wheat is perfect, with a full, rich kernel and a clean, golden straw, free from smut and rust. It has taken prizes at all the great exposi- tions. With a variety of soil, on the different slopes of hillside, plain, and valley, there are conditions to meet almost every requirement in an agricultural way within the limitations of climate. The great industry of Wyoming from the time of its first settlement has been stock-raising. Its agriculture has been mostly auxiliary to this. Herds of horses, cattle, and sheep are grazed upon the enormous free pasture or range from spring to autumn, and then fed upon the native or alfalfa hay raised in the irrigated valleys. This industry has been the source of local prosperity and enlisted great sums of eastern and foreign capital. — Sinythe Ii6 IV THE WEST BETWEEN AND BEYOND' San Francisco harbor, possibly not less im- outstanding \ ■' Features portant than Puget Sound in the Northwest, is the Pacific golden gateway opening from this marvelous young domain toward an ancient hemisphere. Kansas City is a railway portal from the east, guarding the entrance to both this west and the southwest country. A study of a good railway map is suggestive. It marks the zones of development and shows radiating centers. The railways dominate the West. Wherever they pass through regions with pos- sibilities towns and settlements string the line like beads. A relief map is expressive. Ne- braska and Kansas gradually rise westward. Wyoming and Colorado are like a high rolling sea solidified. The Rocky Mountains strike straight down through these states. The cli- max is Colorado, the highest state between the 1 The section that lies between the Northwest and the Southwest: Western Kansas, Western Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Southern Idaho, Nevada, and parts of Cali- fornia. 117 ii8 The Frontier Great Variety Self-evident Need oceans. It is a continental watershed. Next, between the Rockies and the Coast Range, are Utah, southern Idaho, and Nevada, a high broken table-land, yet, by contrast to the re- gions rimming them, they form a mammoth inland basin. Then follows a precipitous plunge over the Sierras, which lands us in semi- tropical California. These altitudes and valleys, wind-swept plains and sheltered lowlands, afford a variety of climate, productiveness, and scenery no- where duplicated in an equal area. They prob- ably embrace the richest mining belt on the planet. Colorado towers not only physically above this "West Between" domain, but, apart from California, in development it is easily the most advanced state therein. Wyoming is comparatively crude. Utah is one-sided in both material and moral growth. Nevada is a lusty infant. All are big with treasure and unfolding strength, but in Colorado, while all is morning, there is ripeness and maturity of life. In Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah, woman enjoys the right of suffrage equally with man. In the western parts of Nebraska and Kan- sas we have missionary conditions less inten- The West Between and Beyond 119 sive, but similar to those in North and South Dakota, described in the last chapter. New railway development, dry farming, and irriga- tion are in evidence. It will be hard to con- vince any missionary of these wide fields that the Northwest offers conditions more critical or places more numerous that should instantly receive the open-handed consideration of the Church. Colorado A glance at the map might leave an impres- immense ,_.,,., 1-1 • Resources of sion that Colorado is about two thirds unm- Colorado habitable mountains: but these ranges are scarred by many narrow valleys with a climate all their own. Colorado's western slope pre- sents a marked contrast to its eastern half. Warm winds from the Gulf of California make localities there ideal for luscious fruits. "Peach Day" at Grand Junction means free bounty to all w^ho come. On this west slope there is more water than irrigable land. Eastern Colorado w^as first developed. It began with the railway. Capital was munificent. Streams of immi- grants cooperated and the new^ commonwealth leaped forward amazingly. First was the gold mining which now pays fifty millions of dollars a year ; also two millions of irrigated acres con- I20 The Frontier Public- Gpirited Men Elements of Progress tribute forty millions, manufactures one hun- dred million dollars, and other added sources equal manufactures. This is all within one generation. Colorado has a population of more than half a million. Its climate and scenery are famous. This state has been fortunate in its public- spirited men. Immense fortunes taken from mines and various enterprises have been ex- pended in the commonwealth that bestowed them. This is in marked contrast to the spirit of capitalists who in the past have exploited Nevada and Wyoming, and spent elsewhere the millions extracted there. Thus Denver ranks as one of the most beautiful and progres- sive cities of the Union. Colorado Springs, by the public spirit of a leading citizen, has become nationally noted as a place of residence. The Greeley Colony, founded on irrigation, has been a model for other like laudable settle- ments. Twenty-four railways penetrate all parts of the state. Zealous local pride and patriotism make available the people's best for Colorado's uplift. Its religious and intellectual life is vig- orous. Its churches, at the centers, are strong. Its public and Church schools are excellent. / The West Between and Beyond 121 Missionary opportunities, however, are numer- ous and striking. It is difficult for people in older sections to outside understand why a wealthy young state should stiii Required not fully care for its own religious interests. If the Church, in such states, controlled the wealth there the case would be reversed. In the growth of a commonwealth, however, among its latest developments is the devote- ment of large treasure to Jesus Christ. Rapid material progress at the start instils a mate- rialism that makes outside contributions to spir- itual ends even the more necessary. But such missionary beginnings will prove fruitful. The first Protestant denomination in Colo- Large and Quick Returns rado began in Central City. Last year that Possiwe particular congregation gave an average of three dollars per member for missions. Never- theless, the general situation is so new that a single denominational body says of one part of the state: "If we had the money we could this year build twenty-five new churches and open forty-two new preaching places." Many localities have never had a minister. People will come pouring into the state as a result of present railway extension. The returns on present Church investments will be great. One Pressure on Scattered 122 The Frontier denomination increased by three thousand members last year, about three times the rate of the year before. One superintendent asks help to open fifteen places. Another declares: "If I had three hundred dollars I could put five preachers into five counties where there is no Protestant service held, and a multitude of peo- ple making new homes are there asking us to come to them." A similar story comes from many quarters. Workers The prcssurc on isolated workers is tremend- ous. A missionary writes that they cannot press the battle to the utmost. The thin line of attack is so painfully scattered that there is no shoulder to shoulder courage in the conflict. An Extensive j^ Baca Couuty ouc pastor has a circuit cov- Circuit ^ , ering two hundred miles which must be trav- eled by team. His salary is four hundred dol- lars. He reports forty conversions for the year. He invests his life. How much does it cost us ? "We can take much out of the life of a circuit preacher and his family, but we cannot get it all that way." Urgent From fifty to a hundred thousand people came into eastern Colorado last year. One writes: "Appeal after appeal comes to me from this great area [Colorado and adjacent The West Between and Beyond 123 states]. Shall we falter now or shall we fur- nish the sinews of war for those who are will- ing to make the heroic sacrifices and go for their Master's and these people's sakes" ? Wyoming Wyoming, with physical features less pro- Wyoming, -' °' . the Pennsyl- nounced than Colorado, is a marked contrast vaniaof in internal improvement. It has probably not * ^west far from one hundred and twenty-five thousand people, less than one and a half per square mile, for a territory about twice the size of New York State. It has immense untouched min- eral and other natural resources. Fully one fifth of the state is underlaid with coal. Its petroleum has named it the "Pennsylvania of the West." A million acres are irrigated or in process Grazing and - , . T-'-'i • -11 Irrigation of reclamation. Its n-rigation law is widely known and has been extensively copied. It is based on the proposition that water belongs to the public. About one ninth of the state is cov- ered with forests. Hundreds of manufactures are in operation. It is, however, preeminently a grazing country. In a single year its wool clip was six millions of dollars. Its cattle number seven hundred thousand. Lack of railways has 124 The Frontier Railway Lines and Mineral Deposits prevented progress. Only one line has trav- ersed the state, and that through the most un- inviting part. After years of slow advance a resident missionary says concerning the new situation : ''Happily, now all this has changed. On all sides the doors have not only been opened, but have been torn off their hinges to admit the homesteader. The national govern- ment seems to vie with the state government in paving the way for the settlement of this commonwealth. The discovery that this is one of the richest states in the Union in natural resources has been followed by the order for the expenditure of millions of dollars in irriga- tion projects. All this without a dollar of cost, other than the actual expense per acre, accrues to the purchaser. For the land he pays fifty cents per acre; for the water right he pays in ten equal payments, running over ten years, just what it costs. With ten millions of arable acres subject to settlement on these or other easy terms, it seems needless for anybody to remain land hungry. "These conditions are bringing thousands of excellent farmers from Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and elsewhere. Not a desolate waste, but a 'land of milk and honey/ The West Between and Beyond 125 this is found to be. Instead of a country where bhzzards breed, it is in many respects the best cHmate on the continent. The railroads, too, are contributing to the development of the state. Instead of a single railway along the southern border there are soon to be four roads intersecting the state from east to west. Two other lines are to cross the state from north to south. Deposits of coal, iron, copper, lead, sil- ver, and gold are attracting investors from every quarter." This superintendent adds that conditions caii for Mission Re- now call for twice the present pastoral force enforcement in his field. His denomination had less than four hundred members in that state ten years ago, now they have more than four times that number, and about twenty-two hundred in Sun- day-schools. Yet, at best, many live pitiably isolated from a gospel ministry. We quote from a missit)nary periodical : "Back from the railroads are hundreds of homes and ranches, forty to one hundred and fifty miles from the town where the people go once or twice a year to do their trading, camping out while going and coming. They do not mind these things in health, but when sickness and death come, God be merciful ! 126 The Frontier Loneiysorrow "Some time ago death entered a home that was one hundred and twenty miles from the railroad and took away a little child. No peo- ple outside the family were there at the time and a furious blizzard raged without. It was necessary that some one should ride that one hundred and twenty miles to the town. There was no one to go but the mother's sister, a young girl, so she threw the saddle on her pony and started at midnight for the destination which she reached the next day. Here a little casket and some clothing was strapped on the back of the saddle and on the evening of the third day the girl arrived at the stricken home having ridden two hundred and forty miles. At that sad burial there was no one in that whole countryside to offer a prayer, read a pas- sage of Scripture, or speak a word of comfort to those who w'ere in sorrow. "^"""•'f "A missionary went into that country later Waiting •' , , , . , , on, and one of the old-tmiers grasped his hand and looking wist'fully into his face said: 'Sir, we have waited twenty years for you.* Why was this? Not because the missionary socie- ties were not doing their part, but because the churches had allowed the missionary treasuries to become empty. The West Between and Beyond 127 "One of our missionaries took a territory The Pathetic twenty thousand square miles in extent in which there were seven churches and eight mis- sions, with nine new ones to open. In that whole territory there were but half a dozen churches of other denominations and they, for the most part, were pastorless. Twenty thou- sand square miles ! What could one or two or three ministers do? And one day when the missionary was two hundred miles down the road a little procession wound its way through a gap in the mountain. There were cowboys booted and spurred, some weeping women, and in an old wagon a long pine box. The little company stopped at the edge of a little hamlet, and one of the boys rode up to the general store and asked the manager if there was a gospel slinger there? The manager, a deacon in our little church, shook his head ; he could not tell those people that the missionary society could not help support a missionary and they were without a pastor. The cowboy's head dropped, and he seemed overcome by his disappointment. *We thought sure there'd be some one here. Bill's bronc stepped in a gopher hole day 'fore yesterday and throwed and dragged him. We kind'r— thought ' 128 The Frontier A Layman's Response Keep Watch of Wyoming Depressed Area "The manager looked across that burning waste to that pathetic httle group waiting so patiently. He choked up, then told the man to call his friends and go to the church, and him- self, his fright forgotten in his sympathy, con- ducted the services." The Church which keeps in touch with Wyo- ming for the next few years and shows its faith by generous reenforcements of money and workers, will raise up for itself and the king- dom a mighty following. Keep close watch of the map of Wyoming. Great Interior Basin Utah, Nevada, and southern Idaho are parts of our "Great Interior Basin." Each continent of the world has a similar depression. That of Europe is the largest, ours is the smallest. It has been known as the "Great American Des- ert." Its waters do not get beyond its borders. The rivers all flow into lakes that have no out- lets or they are lost in desert sands. It em- braces the southeastern part of Oregon, parts of Idaho and Wyoming, the whole of Nevada, about half of Utah, a strip off the eastern line of California, and a large area In the southern part of that state. The West Between and Beyond I129 It has a roiis:hly triansfitlar shape with its Dimensions o •' ^ '- ^ and Elevation apex to the south. Each angle is occupied by extensive irrigated areas or irrigation projects. Its extreme length is eight hundred and eighty miles and its width at the latitude of Salt Lake City about five hundred and seventy-two miles. Its area approximates two hundred and ten thousand square miles. At its widest point the general elevation of the lowlands is three thou- sand feet. A central elevated region north and south divides the desert into two areas of rela- tive depressions with Salt Lake, Utah, on the east and Carson, Nevada, on the west. "Southward the land descends to even below broadly Sketched sea-level in the Imperial Valley. The rivers all flow into lakes that have no outlet or are lost in desert sands. In the eastern depression, the Mormons since 1847 have partially developed the territory by irrigation. In Carson basin, Nevada, about ninety thousand acres are under cultivation by private enterprise and there is enough other land susceptible of irrigation, be- cause of the water-supply, to bring the total up to five hundred and fifty thousand acres. The Truckee-Carson irrigation scheme built by the government will reclaim nearly four hundred thousand acres. 130 The Frontier Irrigation ' "Ncvada IS the dryest arid state. It is the Possibilities -^ _ _ most thinly populated of any in the Union, hav- ing only about fifty thousand people. Its area, 109,140 square miles, is equal to that of Italy, which has a population seven hundred and fifty times as great. Not one of its acres in a hun- dred is improved farm land, thus it has more territory for settlers than any other part of the United States. The irrigated area in Utah comprises eight counties and has about two hundred thousand inhabitants. Nevada on its acres that may be irrigated, and are already un- der cultivation, will support at least half a mil- lion. Mines decrease in value but irrigated lands are an endless source of revenue. Several railways cross this Great Basin. In building these lines skeletons of those who perished in the old emigrant days were exhumed. It was then clearly revealed that in several places the grave-diggers were actually within a few feet of good water which to them would have proved a priceless boon, for be- neath those burning sands water is found all over the basin, pure and sweet, at the depth of from eight to twenty feet. These lands, when watered, are of amazing fertility.'" » C. J. Blanchard. From Stereograjih, copyright, 19nl, by Umlerwood & Underwood, New York THE PRIDE OF THE MORMON'S— THE TEMPLE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH The West Between and Beyond 131 Utah and Mormonism Utah requires study. It is "a succession of f'^°'*^'J^" mountains, desert valleys, and crystal streams, and scattered over it all is the wealth of the mine and the sleeping potentiality — here and there partially awakened — of the home, the field, the orchard, and the workshop." The larsfest portion of the population, two Present and ° -^ . . . Future hundred and fifty thousand, live m a section population covered by a two hours' railway ride from Provo to Ogden. The agriculture of Utah is more diversified and hence more completely self-sustaining than that of any other western state. More than five hundred thousand acres are irrigated and twice as much more will soon be added. This is a field affording large and favorable opportunities for growth in popula- tion, and the territory available is well scat- tered over the state. The Mormons in Utah and elsewhere num- Position of 11 1 n r 1 Mormonism ber probably about two hundred and fifty thou- sand. They have some twenty-three hundred missionaries. They aim ultimately to have two missionaries in every county of the United States. An element of perpetuity is that, in the eyes of the law, the children of polygamous 132 The Frontier Monstrous Religious Teachings Aggressive- ness marriages are illegitimate. This fact, in pro- portion as the young people become educated, tends to an adherence to Mormonism and its teachings for self-defense. Most people have too much sense to accept Mormon teachings if, at the beginning, the Mormon missionaries ex- plained the system as they do later to those who become identified with their communities. By that time the person finds himself so involved that it is not convenient to retract. Mor- monism is un-American. It is squarely opposed to the national government as such, counts it- self the government and submits to the laws of the United States only when it becomes im- possible to resist. Even in these days a polyg- amist, self-confessed, is elected to Congress and not unseated by the United States government. Thus Mormonism seems influential out of all proportion to its numbers. The religious teachings of the Mormons con- cerning God and human life are vile and mon- strous. Unless one be confronted with the evi- dence, his imagination will hardly mount to the absurdities of this sect. Nothing is more opposed to Christianity. It aims to control the politics of the state. It now has the balance of power in Idaho, Utah, and The West Between and Beyond 133 Wyoming. It is making headway in that direc- tion in Montana, Colorado, and Nevada. The Mormons are pioneers in the cultivation of irrigated land. They push into the newly re- claimed sections. The Church must be alert and aggressive or it will find that the irrigated districts of several states have become centers so dominated by Mormon influence that the gospel may be greatly hindered as an influence leavening the new communities. A Mission Field The Mormons have opposed the education of the common people. Missionary schools helped Truth to force them into an educational system. Then more than one half of six hundred public schools were utilized to propagate Mormon teachings. Publicity ended this. They are forced to higher standards intellectually and are framing a philosophy of Mormonism. Thus unwillingly, but irresistibly, Mormonism is being pushed into the light. This is a great advance for truth, and places them on the de- fensive. The increase of Gentile immigration and the rising intelligence among its own young people are a serious menace to this foe. Reports of missionaries show a goodly list of Leaven of Schools and 134 The Frontier Meeting Real Needs Strength of the System Mormons who have been won by the direct preaching of the gospel. The denominations which for years have been laying deep educational foundations are those now reaping the larger harvests. The wife of an influential Mormon remarked that she dislikes sending her children to a certain Protestant mission school. She knew that the local missionary leader of that denomination opposed her husband, but, she said, she could not do otherwise, as that school was the best. Mormon leaders urge their young people to prepare themselves for their destiny, which is to hold the reins of the United States govern- ment. We must maintain mission schools and the gospel that the young of Utah may learn patriotism. Many of the Mormon people are worthy of our sympathy. They have, for the most part, been recruited out of the sturdy ignorant class, from parts of Europe and this country, and numbers of them would doubtless never have identified themselves with Mor- monism had they known what they later learned. The difficulties attending upon re- nouncing Mormonism and separation from it are great. Converts to Christianity there may find it necessary to remove to other communi- The West Between and Beyond 135 ties in order to escape the evils of a virtual boy- cott. Master organization reaches to the last individual and any signs of indifference call for immediate attention. For a woman, once a Mormon, to turn her ^ ^"^."^^'^ ' ' ^ Hard Field back upon it means heroism of the highest or- der. If the Church, by any adequate measures, will meet the Mormon situation with a tithe of the sacrifice and determination that repentant Mormons must exercise to become Christians, the outlook will become far different than at present. We have no home field with a record for sustained and heroic missionary service sur- passing that of Utah. Men who for many years have been doing Christian work there consider it the hardest field either home or for- eign. Only the most consecrated type of work- ers will succeed. A general missionary says: "It is hard to get good men to come to Utah. After coming most of them leave at the first disappointment. We need men here zvith the same settled conviction that takes others to the foreign Held. A conviction that God has called them to this as a life-work. A pastor worked in a town ninety-seven per cent. Mor- mon for twelve years and in the last year has baptized more converts than during all the pre- 136 The Frontier Signs of En- couragement Must be Ade- quate Invest- ment ceding years. Suppose he had left two years ago?" A sign of encouragement is the pohtical re- volt in Salt Lake City. The Smoot case en- kindled great fear among the Mormons. Rail- way magnates are securing the Salt Lake City electric light and railway system, and are build- ing new lines. Millions of dollars are being spent there on railway terminals. Several of the largest smelters in the world are going up. The mining output for 1906 was one third greater than any preceding year. A Gentile in Salt Lake City is investing millions of dollars in improved real estate. The new railroads and government irrigation schemes are opening new towns. As the Gentiles move in the Mormons may find it increasingly difficult to retain their control as heretofore. One denomination re- ports that in its membership in Utah ten per cent, has come from Mormon families. We can never succeed in Utah save by ex- pensive methods. We must strongly reenforce the boards working there. Present provision is inadequate. This kind goeth not out but by extraction. Enough has been accomplished to show that the investment is well worth making now. The West Between and Beyond 137 How the gospel appears to a converted Mor- ^/^^^^^j^jf^^ ^^ mon may be somewhat understood from the following written by one who is now a conse- crated missionary teacher: "If there was any one thing that convinced me more than another that Mormonism is not true, it was in compar- ing the lives of the mission teachers with the lives of the Mormons. I hear much about the work in Utah being discouraging. There may be cause for being discouraged, yet I doubt whether there is a mission field in Utah where there have not been seen conversions. Am I selfish? I may be, yet I cannot help feeling that the salvation of my soul was worth all the money spent at and the sacrifices of the missionaries when I consider what I have been saved from — Mormonism with all its satanic teachings and practises." This emphasizes the point that the Church which maintains the best schools in Utah will contribute most to the overthrow of Mormonism. "The question may be asked why Prot- stronger ^ -^ . -^ Support estant forces have not accomplished more all these years. What sort of a chance have we given them ? How have they been backed up ? Is it not a wonder that more workers have not died of loneliness? They have been so few 138 The Frontier Mormons in Idaho Examples of Success and their equipment has been so meager. Re- sults in proportion to investment have not been wanting. It is high time for the Church to awake to its own neglect. It may be found at last that misguided Mormons may form but a small minority as against those in the Church of God who have extended no hand and have helped open no way for their escape." Idaho In swinging northward from Utah into southern Idaho we are still in the Great Basin and in a Mormon region. About half of the six thousand in Pocatello are Mormons. They have there a twenty thousand dollar church. This proportion of Mormons holds in other large towns of southeastern Idaho, while in the agricultural district the ratio reaches eighty or ninety per cent. Yet throughout the state Protestantism is winning. At Twin Falls a church started four years ago is now building a thirty thousand dollar structure. An enterprising missionary rented a room at Weiser. The outlook was discouraging. He found twelve members the first day. In eight days he had built a tempo- rary structure costing a hundred and fifty dol- The West Between and Beyond 139 lars. A revival followed and in a month the membership grew to forty-five. They now have one hundred and fifty members and a six thousand dollar building. , Nevada Nevada is the fourth state in size in the Giant Nevada Union. Its southern boundary is in the same latitude as South Carolina while its northern limit is on a line with Massachusetts. In the Carson Valley or sink we have the depression corresponding to the Salt Lake Valley on the other side of the Great Basin. Nevada is a vast table-land averaging in altitude about four thousand feet. Its new development is, if pos- sible, more sensational than that of other west- ern states. While there are new mining interests which outiook for Agriculture may surpass any of the past, yet the present and the future larger prosperity of Nevada is based on agriculture. The agricultural output over a series of years will not only eclipse the wealth from the mines, but in an especial sense it will tend to the more rapid development of that state. The farmers will find a ready mar- ket at the mining towns for all they can pro- duce and at good prices. The mining town will 140 The Frontier JDe greatly benefited therelDy, because good liv- ing supplies will be at hand in abundance in- stead of those now shipped from a distance and sold at exorbitant rates. Lines of 'pj-j^ Truckec-Carson irrigation project in the Rapid Growth _ . 7 . Carson sink and Goldfield mine discoveries are the two chief factors in recent rapid increase in population. About sixteen hundred miles of new railway were built in 1907. The Goldfield population leaped last year to eighteen thousand and seven millions of dollars are being spent on new buildings and improvements. Three other towns with an aggregate of twelve thousand are near. In eastern Nevada, Ely, the great copper-mining city, promises to be the Butte of Nevada. Its population trebled in five years. Threshold 'pj^g Churchcs have a great field in this state. of a New Era .... for the Church They are entering into its life. The mines are now largely owaied and managed by men who are building homes in the state. Dividends are being Invested there. The needs are greater than ever and the situation demands money and men at once. At Reno, the capital, there are students who, until they entered the state uni- versity, never had the opportunity of attending a church service or Sunday-school. "Nevada to-day offers a magnificent opportunity to the TRUCKEE-CARSON PROJECT, NEVADA PURE-BLOODED APACHE LABORERS CONSTRUCTING A ROAD THROUGH THE DESERT The West Between and Beyond 141 Christian missionary. It has generous, willing- men and women who will repay a thousand fold any real interest taken in the spiritual welfare of the state. The only question is wdio will come and come at once." A missionary superintendent with a territory Expansive Figures about seven hundred and fifty miles square, traveled during the year fifteen thousand miles. One mile in seven was by private conveyance. Living expenses are high. He cites an extreme case of hay selling at ninety dollars per ton and wood at eighty-five dollars per cord. This is a part of his statement to his general committee : "We have our banner unfurled in ninety- eight different communities that I know of, and are giving the people some sort of religious service. In a number of cases this amounts only to a Sunday-school or an occasional visit of a minister, but it is all that the people can support at this time. "This territory which is the arena of our Greater , , , , Nevada at conflict is receiving more than a passing no- the Door tice from the world about us. The prophecy of my predecessor made years ago, and reiter- ated from time to time, is w^ondrously coming to pass : 'The new and greater Nevada is upon us.' The tide ebbed until the mud flats were Brave Beginnings 142 The Frontier bare but it is flowing in upon us again covering all former marks, obliterating for us the rocks and sands of former shores and making new Golden Gates and sunny harbors. Magic of '*We have one of the greatest farming coun- the \Vaters ° ° tries in America. We have the soil; we have always had it. The problem of the West has always been not one of soil but water for the soil. In the great basin of the Lower Carson Uncle Sam has opened his great nine million dollar farm, on which he has undertaken to deliver the water to 4,375 homesteads of eighty acres each. And he has made good. The water is flowing over the land in great abund- ance. And this is only a beginning. Similar schemes on the part of the government will take hold, not only of the waters of the Truckee, but doubtless also of the Humboldt, the Walker, the Carson, as well as other streams. Private capital is already interested in the reclamation of swamp and desert land in Fall River, Honey Lake, Carson, Antelope, Smith, Humboldt, and Owen River valleys, opening up these great rich valleys to thousands of home seekers. The new Nevada is upon us, and it is not a desert Nevada. It is a Nevada of green fields, of alfalfa, and of waving grain. The West Between and Beyond 143 of great fruit orchards, of spring-time flowers, and singing birds. "Nevada is also the center of activity along Railroad •' ° Activity the line of railroad building. Recently there have been opened up in the Tonopah and Gold- field, the Las Vegas and Tonopah, the Gold- field and Bullfrog, the Nevada Northern, the Sante Fe to Searchlight, the Fallon branch of the Southern Pacific, and the Virginia and Truckee branch to Gardenerville. In addition to this the great Western Pacific transconti- nental line crosses our entire territory. Great railroad corporations, to the extent of millions of money, believe in the future of Nevada. Thousands of men with all sorts of businesses are coming to us, seeing their opportunity. An investment to-day means large returns to- morrow. Institutions of all kinds move with speed and power. "The only institution that seems, compara- The church , 1 • 1 £ 1 • • > • 1 ^"^* Awake tively speakmg, to be markmg tune is the Church of Jesus Christ. Why is it? I do not know a single religious denomination that, from my view-point at least, is doing one half of the work it might accomplish. When every other sort of business concern sees its opportunity, why does the greatest business 144 The Frontier Western California San Francisco a Center of Power corporation known to man neglect its opportu- nity? In writing for publication and in per- sonal letters and conversations not a few, and repeatedly from the platform, I have said that 'Dollars invested by our Church to-day, in propagating work in Nevada, will return in thousands to-morrow.' But the question of money return ought to have no part in the prob- lem. The people are here and are coming to lis by the thousands. Jesus died on Calvary to save them. The Church has a duty to perform concerning their salvation." California In northern California is a retarded expan- sion caused by large sections of country held heretofore for grazing and raising grain. The coming development of inland waterways there and also the quickening of the soil by moisture are presenting the Church with conditions sure to become acute unless intelligently considered. One who travels over that country tells his board that he has work as purely missionary as can be found anywhere in the United States. It is difficult to appreciate the sweep of power emanating from San Francisco. No city or state of the Union, exclusive of itself, holds The West Between and Beyond i45 anything hke the grip of this metropoHs on the Oriental world. We have pictured Puget Sound and shown its pregnant relationship to the East. San Francisco is differently situated commercially, yet holds overbalancing present- day advantages. It is central on the coast, with no^ frontier inconveniently near. Much of the territory covered by this chapter is tributary to it. Lines of influence, like sun's rays, ra- diate from and center there from every part of the United States. As a financial hub where converge world forces it also radiates across the Pacific. It is full-orbed. In it cluster the greatest Christian Oriental propagandas on this side of the globe. From America nothing reli- giously affects China and Japan so profoundly as the work of home mission boards in San Francisco. Church schools there are interna- tional. One great denomination grips Japan from San Francisco almost as effectively as by its agencies in that country. This is a large subject and there is not space wonderful here for it. We advise readers to follow up this general theme through their various boards. We introduce the discussion that we may urge generous support for all accred- ited Christian agencies centering in San Fran- 146 The Frontier Buddhism on the Pacific Coast Stupendous World Openings cIsco. That city is to become one of the great- est of all time. Providence and its providential harbor determine that. In English-speaking work the Church meets difficulties there faced in no other city of America. Protestantism in San Francisco is pivotal and world-embracing. Let the Church comprehend that fact and she will make it her spiritual Gibraltar facing the East. Forces in Array Japanese Buddhist missions expend forty thousand dollars per year to plant that faith on the Pacific coast. This is probably twice what any Protestant Church appropriates for Japanese work there. Buddhism has a finer headquarters building in Fresno, California, than any mission building of the most numer- ous Protestant body operating on the coast. It has cultured men. Next door to a Protestant mission in San Francisco is a Buddhist mission. This, by way of illustration, shows that great as is otherwise our task there, yet it is inten- sified, because the heathen world is not quies- cent. The Orient invades our western coast with its religions and is aggressive. The Church of God does right nobly, but did any body of people in any age live in such a Tlie West Between and Beyond 147 world at home, and face such a world Pacific- ward as do we just now? The situation is as glorious as stupendous. Nothing but our best will save other races and ourselves. We rise or fall together. We cannot leave this for an- other generation. It will be determined before then. The battle is on. America is the for- tress. Who wins America wins ultimate world- capitulation. QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER IV Aii\r : To Realize the Urgent Call to the Church FROM These Rapidly Growing States I.* Name some of the advantages that San Fran- cisco as a harbor has at present over Puget Sound. 2. Name the states included in the discussion of this chapter. 3. Compare the area of Colorado with that of England and Scotland. 4. Compare the area of Utah with Ohio and Tennessee. 5. Compare the area of Wyoming with Oregon. 6. Which one of these states in this section most resembles in its products Pennsylvania? 7* Do you believe that it will be able to support a population as dense as Pennsylvania? Why? 8. In which state of these two sections, the North- west and the West, would you prefer to live, and why? 1 48 The Frontier 9.* Which one of these two sections has the greater commercial resources and possibilities? Give reasons. 10.* Do you believe these western states can sustain as large a population per square mile as the states east of the Mississippi River? Give reasons. 11. What will be the population of the United States when the section west of the Mississippi River is as densely populated as the section east of the Mississippi River? 12. Name the factors that are the most influential in increasing the population. 13.* Which is the more permanent, an agricultural or a mining community? Why? 14. Where in the Bible do the Mormons find a basis for their religion? 15. Why would you prefer not to have your sister brought up in a polygamous household? 16. Why is Mormonism un-American? 17. On what grounds is Mr. Smoot allowed to hold his seat in the United States Senate? 18. Contrast this sect in its social and religious spirit and teaching with Christianity. 19. Why do you suppose this sect has made such progress in the United States? 20. What lessons can Christians learn from the Mormons ? 21. Why has the Church of Christ not done more to Christianize the Mormons? 22. After reading this chapter in which section do you think missionary work is most needed? The West Between and Beyond 149 23. What type of Christian effort is most in demand ? 24.* Why cannot a wealthy state Hke Colorado finance its own home mission work? 25.* Give as many reasons as you can for imme- diately occupying these sections for Christ. REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER IV^ I. Colorado. Clark : Leavening the Nation, XI. Drake : The Making of the Great West, 308-314- Mills : "Economic Struggle in Colorado." Arena, February, '06 ; March, '06 ; May, '06 ; October, '06. Smythe: The Conquest of x\rid America, Part HI, Chapter H. H. Wyoyning. Clark: Leavening the Nation, X. Smythe: The Conquest of Arid America, Part HI, Chapter VHL HL Mormons and Morino-nisin. Clark: Leavening the Nation. XV. Davis : "Practical Results of Mormonism." Mis- sionary Review of the World, March, '07. Drake: The Making of the Great West, 264-268. Guernsey: Under Our Flag. 132-160. Horwill : "Investigation of the Mormon Church." Albany Review, June, '07. Kinney: "Present Situation Among the Mormons." Missionary Review of the World, August, '06. Smythe: The Conquest of Arid America, Part II, Chapter I. 1 Ciirrent magazines should be consulted for other refer- ences on these subjects. THE NEW SOUTHWEST isi The Southwest is different from all other parts of the country. The Anglo-Saxon is everywhere else in the ascendant. Here the Latin races are dominant. It is astonishing to find so many oldest churches all over the country. The superlative is a national trait. We have either the oldest or the youngest, the greatest or the smallest, or the only thing in the world. However, it is almost certain that the oldest church and house are to be found in Santa F6. The Church of San Miguel was built seventy years before the landing of the Pilgrims, and the house next to the church fifty years. It is the oldest settled, is the furthest behind, has the most Church-members per capita, and is the most ignorant and superstitious part of the land. In one part Mormonism holds sway. In the other Roman Catholicism of two centuries ago is still the prevailing religion. — Puddefoot Place the 50,000,000 inhabitants of the United States in 1880 all in Texas, and the population would not be as dense as that of Germany. Place them in New Mexico, and the density of population would not be as great as that of Belgiuin. Those 50,000,000 might all have been comfortably sustained in Texas. After allowing, say 50,000 square miles for "desert," Texas could have produced all our food crops in 1879 — grown, as we have seen, on 164,215 square miles of land — could have raised the world's supply of cotton, 12,000,000 bales, at one bale to the acre, on 19,000 square miles, and then have had remaining, for a cattle- range, a territory larger than the state of New York. Place the population of the United States in 1890 all in Texas, and it would not be as dense as that of Italy; and if it were as crowded as England this one state would contain 129,000,000 souls. — Strong 152 Decided Advance V THE NEW SOUTHWEST It is so new that one hardly knows where to begin the story. It is as histy as new. The de- cided advance has been since 1900 and the re- markable acceleration is within three years. The Southwest includes Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Arkansas and western Louisiana have characteristics similar to these four commonwealths. Natural Domain and People in the Large These six divisions have as much territory as France, Germany, and Austria-Hungary, Population which have a population of 1 50,000,000. The Southwest has 7,000,000. It is predicted that men now living ma}'' see 75,000,000 there. It is called the land of sunshine and opportunity. In one year New York recorded 118 cloudy days and El Paso, Texas, 36. When Arizona and New Mexico are ad- f^.^°^ Arizona and mitted as states they will rank in size in the New Mexico order named, four and five, and Nevada will 153 Extent and Possible 154 The Frontier Oklahoma and Texas Present Growth of the Southwest Accessions from Cities be moved from four down to six. It is as far across Arizona and New Mexico from east to west as from New York to Chicago. Oklahoma more than equals in area New England and Delaware, leaving out Maine, while Texas, which extends southward almost as far as does Florida, could be sliced into four and two-third lowas. The most rapid development in the Union is just now going on in the Southwest." The home missionary situation is nowhere more acute and more freighted with destiny. In the decade ending with 1900 the center of popula- tion advanced but ten miles westward, but the growth of the Southwest drew it three miles southward. One hundred thousand a month is its increase in population. Home-seekers' excursions are frequent. Trains are so filled as to necessitate several sections. The people are ninety-six per cent. American. They come from between the Appalachians and the Miss- issippi. Texas and Oklahoma are now receiving larger accessions than any other states. Those who come to the Southwest are. generally speaking, experts in the selection of land and in 1 Harvey, Metropolitan Magazine, August, 1908. s of crease The New Southwest 155 its tillage. Many are from the cities. A per- ceptible current from the city toward the soil is significant. In Roosevelt County, New Mexico, where in sample •^ Increasi 1900 no one lived, there are now homes on two thousand quarter sections. The Imperial Val- ley, Arizona, has doubled its people within one year and now has twenty-five thousand. Nature in the Southwest, as elsewhere west Treasures . Disclosed of the Mississippi, has worn a forbidding as- pect. This has turned men to other parts of the country. When, however, the divine pur- pose ripened, the government, the agrictiltural college, and railway development all conspired to unlock and advertise dormant treasures so long disguised. Religious Foundations If American Protestantism were to center Pioneer Mission in the Southwest all its home missionary ener- service gies at present employed in different parts of the United States, it would find there an ample field. Denominational destinies are be- ing swiftly determined. A locality is quick to appreciate the Church which begins its min- istry among the people when most it is needed, that is, at the beginning. 156 The Frontier Investing in js^ denomination which stays with the people Foundations _ ^ -^ ^ -^ _ in their days of adversity is the Church of their choice in the years following. In proportion as a mission board provides for rural commu- nities is its later work in the cities prosperous. City churches are largely built up out of small towns. A general officer of a prominent body complains that in a wide section of the West his Church is almost without a following. He gives as a reason their pioneer neglect of rural communities there. The type of Protestantism to which the Southwest will respond and which will become the Church of its adoption is the type that not only selects advantageous centers where conditions are least primitive, but which also starts with the people at the bottom and builds itself into their daily stress and struggle. Whatever Church is to figure largely in the Southwest must begin now. It must invest largely and contribute its highest type of men. It will reap what it sows. A hesitating admin- istration will prove disastrous. In all the years of initial missionary growth in the Southwest, years in which a rough fron- tier life seemed but little responsive to the la- bors of consecrated men, these faithful souls rested in the assurance that God's Word would Results from Earlier Sowing The New Southwest 157 not return void. Now, Hke a field well i:)loughed and carefully sown, the Southwest everywhere is responsive to former spiritual tillage. The old-timers remark upon the trans- formation. The saloon is becoming unpopular. It is not Reform , Tendencies so long ago that bull-fights in Arizona contrib- uted to the building of a cathedral. Now gam- bling has been swept clean from both Arizona and New Mexico, while Texas comes forward with its new antigambling laws. The senti- ment for intellectual improvement is positive and school privileges are excellent. The rough element in life retires. It is no longer in good form. While these signs of encouragement, born interests of . , . . , , -111 t^s Newer of early missionary labors, are seen m the older settlements settled communities, yet almost everything is to be done in the rapidly forming newer settle- ments. Reenforcements all out of proportion to those in the older towns are imperative. While most of the people may have lived else- where in a Christian community, yet their re- moval to a region where all is new tends to unsettle the foundations of spiritual life. They are completely absorbed in the preliminary struggle of existence and in establishing homes 158 The Frontier Prompt Action Will Prevent Drifting- Mexicans and Indians and surroundings which must be built in virgin newness from the ground up. The community is without precedents. Without strong anchorage it will drift. With- out a positive dominating spiritual leadership it will not progress morally. We inherit so much in standards and observances which have be- come parts of a fixed order, that we are uncon- scious of these shaping influences of life and character. In a new settlement there is little moral background or perspective, hence the necessity for the most effective agencies. Mediocre men and measures may prove harmful as they prejudice the situation against future well-directed efforts. This is all to show that what is done for the Southwest should be done novv% and that efforts lacking in states- manship and resources will prove a disappoint- ment. Spiritual experiments will not fit a situ- ation marked by tremendous material certain- ties. In sections where Mexicans and Indians are numerous, advance is retarded. The Indians, for the most part inoffensive and industrious, present needs calling for efforts as purely mis- sionary as in the foreign field. This is also true of the Mexicans who are much of a dead lift. Features of Arizona The New Southwest 159 Missions thoroughly manned among these peo- ples are fruitful, but they present conditions in sharp contrast to the work among Americans. Arkona Arizona is spoken of as a land apart. Its air suggests the great Sahara Desert or that of Mount Sinai, Arabia. The territory is divided by cliffs running diagonally northwestward. The northern part has an elevation of about six thousand feet, with pine forests covering ten thousand square miles. Arizona has the largest untouched forest in the United States. The southern part of the territory offers great opportunities for settlement, as irrigation has wrought changes there more wonderful than in any other part of the United States. A climate almost tropical cooperates with a soil like that of the Nile Valley. Arizona is a little larger than Italy with its Population . . and Water- population of thirty-three millions of people supply and but little smaller than the United Kingdom of Great Britain with forty-three millions. The annual rainfall is less than seven inches, but it has ten millions of acres susceptible of irriga- tion. Arizona stands most in need of conserv- ing its streams and, providentially, conditions i6o The Frontier Conditions To Be Met A Typical Town are most favorable to that end. The Roosevelt Reservoir will be one hundred feet higher than Niagara Falls. Living expenses are very high. This necessi- tates missionary appropriations larger than for other sections of the country. This is equally true of several parts of the Southwest. A rail- way from Phoenix to Los Angeles opens new territory where towns are building. Imme- diate attention bestowed there will richly repay missionary investment. An Arizona town in the southern part may illustrate conditions. It has 17,500 people, half of whom are Mexicans and Indians. Classed with the Americans are many Jews and Roman Catholics. One third of the influential people are Jews. Not more than one fourth of the Americans are interested in Church matters. This means that the normal field of operations is among but one eighth of the population. In the building of a fine church, apart from some aid by local banks, not more than two hundred dollars w^as secured in the town outside the de- nomination itself. The illustration shows how, in the initial stages, missionary aid is necessary. Stimulating \ preacher who may command a large hear- opportunities ing End occupy a place of influence in one of The New Southwest i6i these cities will succeed almost anywhere in the United States. The intellectual atmosphere is stimulating, as the brightest and most progres- sive young business men from all parts of the country carry on the enterprises and fill the pro- fessions. There is much latitude in religious thinking and a spirit of toleration. J\Iate- rialism, however, strongly dominates. A manly, vigorous thinker, well equipped and spiritually endowed, will find in such a minis- terial field one after his own heart. Concerning Health-Seekers In passing, we refer to a matter incidental cautions to '^^ =>' _ Health- to our subject but important. Many people seekers journey to the Southwest in search of health. It would seem that some are not informed be- fore going concerning the climate. While there is much sunshine and the air has all the curative properties ascribed to it, yet in the win- ter months the extremes of temperature de- mand about the same comforts and protection one needs in the eastern states. Many who go there, with but the shelter of a tent, must cer- tainly endure hardships. Increased cost of liv- ing makes ordinary home essentials the more difficult to obtain. One who goes there to re- l62 The Frontier Christian Ministrations gain health will find it desirable to be well pro- vided with funds. Frontier churches in some localities, in addi- tion to their efforts to maintain religious work, not always self-supporting, find in their midst a parish of transient health-seekers whose dis- comforts may heavily tax the sympathy and ministrations of local societies. And, while the personnel may change, the number may not les- sen. Pastors of missionary churches receive letters asking that special attention be given some loved one temporarily residing there. The churches and pastors seek to minister ten- derly to the many sick always with them. Reference is made to this, in its relation to home missions, that the Church generally may inform itself concerning this extensive need. Church hospitals for tuberculosis, properly lo- cated, will prove of untold service. Home missionary work in the Southwest With the Sick has bccu retarded because many of the churches have been supplied with pastors who were there to recuperate. These men were servants of God and their hero-ic struggle to regain health was in every way commendable, but they were not able to push the work where most it needed reenforcement. This condition is now largely Need of Church Hospitals Problems Connected The New Southwest 163 eHminated. It emphasizes the need ahxady mentioned of sanitariums in locaHties whei*e the Church may properly care for its members, hundreds of whom might be restored to heakh by such beneficent ministry. New Mexico New Mexico embraces features of our oldest ^^""^y New Mexico American civilization. Santa Fe claims pri- ority in age over other cities in the United States. An old church there, said to have been reared in 1540, has a bell bearing the date 135 1. An adobe house near at hand is pointed out as older than the church. The old and the new blend in New Mexico, R^p'** ^ ^ • rr-y Modern but the new takes on remarkable vigor. Twen- Growth ty thousand homes occupying two millions of acres have been established in a part of that territory in a single year. In twelve months the number of post-offices advanced from three hundred and twenty-two to five hundred and twenty-three. The new life of New Mexico is emphatically modern. This is seen in the char- acter of its rapidly building towns. One misses nothing of the recent and the ^^chu'^rcSTes" best in conveniences of living. Churches Planted planted in growing centers cannot be less at- 1 64 The Frontier The Pecos Valley Population and Resources tractive than those in similar towns elsewhere. Missionary appropriations that might have proved effective five years ago will now entirely fail to command the situation. The conditions to be overcome are similar to those mentioned as existing in Arizona. The aid, however, while it must be substantial, is needed but for a little time. An able preacher backed by a home mission board will soon have a prosper- ous self-supporting church, whose perennial contributions toward the work of the board which nurtured it will reimburse the treasury many times its initial investment. The Pecos Valley in the southeastern part presents a new development which, in complete transformation and extent, will satisfy any one who is at all interested in an ideal home mission field. In 1890 only lean cattle found subsist- ence there. Now its numberless artesian wells water a soil that can be cultivated almost con- tinuously. Sugar-beets raised here show the highest per cent, of beet-sugar known. One apple orchard produced a seventy thousand dol- lar crop. This extensive valley within two years will be densely populated. New Mexico at the last census had two hun- dred thousand people. It has now probably X i^^^i^^i^ ■*■ * "* ■' "iS'' J d 1 ^1 ^^^HB^- '^rai HPHI H i 1 ^^^^1 >« '.y T '•5 . ' •' ■ !fJi.^ "t 'W ^IB BE H H ■~^...mM m 1 1 ii t/ .fi.2.iy?»S3ffiGR.« ■ r> ^"k^ ^■1 ni8| MAIN STREET OF AN OKLAHOMA TOWN, AUGUST SIXTH MAIN STREET OF SAME TOWN AUGUST SIXTEENTH MAIN STREET OF SAME TOWN, NOVEMBER SIXTH, SAME YEAR Oklahoma's Development The New Southwest 165 twice that number and is expected to reach a half milHon by 1910. Among the natural re- sources of New Mexico are one and a half millions of acres of coal land and five millions of acres of timber. In the northwest is a wide section, now remote from railways, but with natural resources certain to bring a large popu- lation. Missionary workers will do well to keep this part of New Mexico well within their angle of vision. Oklahoma Oklahoma is so recent to history that those born the year it was admitted as a territory are still in their 'teens. It is not seventeen years from the lonely haunt of the jack rabbit and coyote to a land filled with magnificent farms, bustling towns, sooty mines, and smoking in- dustrial plants. Oklahoma for the next few years presents TheChurch-s . , . . . ^^ . Opportunity one of the exceptional opportunities of Chris- tendom to strongly entrench Christianity. The Church that does not at once become strongly aggressive there will find later beginnings diffi- cult. The growth in population and raihvay extension is unparalleled for the same period. No other state has been admitted to the Growth of T T • -1 • 1 1 • T 1 Population Union with so many inhabitants, it now has and Towns 1 66 The Frontier one million five hundred thousand and is able to support five millions more. It is difficult anywhere in the state to get farther than twenty-five miles from a railway. The open- ing up of the "Big Pasture" is one of the latest attractions. This means a whole section of country preempted by a thrifty American peo- ple. Churches should immediately dot that region. Cities and towns are substantial, although their grow^th is phenomenal. Okla- homa City, the distributing center, had in 1900 about ten thousand people. To-day it has forty thousand. Seven cities have populations of ten thousand or more. There are thirty-five towns of between twenty-five hundred and ten thou- sand. Three towns in the southwest part of the state have grown in four years from noth- ing to four thousand, six thousand, and eight thousand respectively. There are sixteen hun- dred and fifty-two towns on the map. Okla- homa has accomplished in fifteen years what it took Kansas forty years to attain. A strategic Oklahoma is strategfic. Its climate and soil tate t.' would alone make it influential, but its central location and accessibility ordain it a potential commonwealth from which will emanate lines of communication to many parts of the coun- The New Southwest 167 try. There is nowhere such an interminghng of northern and southern people. Its Church Hfe will be cosmopolitan. Its Christianity will, of necessity, have large vision, which means the missionary spirit. The foreign field may find here another strong base of supply. Oklahoma's location gives it agricultural wide Range o t5 of Products possibilities for products of both a temperate and semitropical climate. Three fourths of its land is adapted to cotton and four fifths of it to wheat. It may now rank as fourth among cotton states. A writer says that Oklahoma can supply the West with cotton goods made in its own mills run by natural gas. It can fur- nish illuminating oil to the Northwest, and pave the cities of the Union with its asphalt. Since iQOO Oklahoma's factories have Progress ^ _ Since 1900 doubled, the output has tripled, and the capital invested quadrupled. She has more banks than Kansas and Nebraska combined. She publishes five hundred and seventy-five newspapers and periodicals. Her one hundred and five thousand Indians, real and theoretical, are outnumbered by whites fourteen to one. It is estimated that three fourths of the men ^ caii for Energetic and boys and half of all the people are outside Action any religious body. There are many Indians, 1 68 The Frontier but the problem is that of whites, as the Indians will be largely absorbed. The mission boards are awake to the situation. They are endeav- oring to arouse the Church to a sense of what is passing. An insistent call comes to one of the boards for aid in building twenty churches. Two hundred and fifty dollars each will insure their erection, as the larger part of the money will be contributed locally. To secure results initial donations are necessary, as settlers who build homes on new soil often find their re- sources overdrawn. A few strong men placed just now in southwestern Oklahoma, at a cost to the boards of about five hundred dollars each, to supplement self-support in the local church, will mean a great return to the denomi- nation which has the foresight and liberality to make the investment. Conditions in Okla- homa are stable, with no likelihood of a back- ward movement. Tcvas Texas an 'p^ ^^^^ outliue Tcxas is an ambitious task. Imperial State One can draw a straight line for nine hundred miles within the state. Along with Oklahoma it shows the present high-water mark of ad- vancement in the United States. It ranks fifth in population. It is predicted that by 1950 its The New Southwest 169 people may number thirty millions. Texas and Oklahoma are destined to become our empire states both in people and material output. Years agfo Texas sfave eastern capitalists ten Present _ == => /^ Inrush of counties in the Panhandle to build its state cap- settiers ital. The capitalists erected a fine structure and now their reward is a large one. This land, held for grazing, with ten acres or more needed for each steer, is now found to be good wheat soil. Everywhere in Texas, as in the Panhandle, the great ranches are being sur- veyed into farms. The purchaser may secure what land he needs down to ten acres. The in- rush of settlers is bewildering. Along one railroad for a distance of one hundred and fifty miles but five families lived a little time ago, now more than twenty thousand heads of fami- lies are there, four fifths of whom came in twenty months. Texas now produces sixty-three varieties of Great variety ^ -^ of Products agricultural products. In the southeastern part along the Rio Grande, a hundred miles inland, a rare quality of sugar-cane is grown. It will heavily affect the world's sugar market. Thou- sands of acres in the vicinity of Corpus ChristI are turned to prolific truck patches where, throughout the winter, the landscape is green 170 The Frontier El Paso Railways ot Texas Centering at Galveston with the finest garden produce for northern markets. The Bermuda onion yield is enor- mous. This land a short time since sold for a dollar and fifty cents an acre. The oil output of southwest Texas annually foots up millions of barrels. El Paso in the extreme southwest is on the borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. It is a port of entry from Mexico. While it is an old city its forty-three thousand population has mostly been gathered within a few years. It is the largest city for five hundred miles east, north, or west, and for fifteen hundred miles south. It is the commercial gateway to Ari- zona, New Mexico, and west Texas. As a home missionary center its importance is not likely to be overestimated. Several denomina- tions have recently erected fine churches there. For forty 3^ears, up to 1905, Illinois led in total railway trackage. Now Texas leads with twelve thousand five hundred miles and has nearly five times the area of Illinois in which to expand. Galveston is one of the most prom- ising cities. With its proximity to the Panama Canal, with the teeming Southwest at its back, with a growing network of railways to trans- port to its harbor the countless resources of The New Southwest 171 mines and acres, who will forecast the future of Galveston? The Wide Outlook As the Northwest culminates in Puget G^t^^^yto ^ the Panama Sound, and the West Between in San Fran- canai cisco, so the Southwest will find its gateway through Galveston to the Panama Canal. This means the Southwest pouring itself out upon the Orient and western South America. We now have less to do with South America than with Asia. The Panama Canal lessens the dis- tance from New York to Asia by seven thou- sand miles, but Galveston, nearer even than New Orleans, has by location large advantages over New York in freight passing through the divided Isthmus. The startling changes wrought by great cur- The church . 1 r- 1 Should rents of trade, soon to spring from the South- Prepare for west and to flow through the Panama Canal, ^^^"^"^^ are difficult to predict. That they will surpass all present anticipations of the Church is cer- tain. Protestantism should, without loss of time, scan and study the Southwest and be ready for the tide that is rising in that country. Why is Porto Rico a new sister to our South- our Neglect west? And why for so long a time have we America 172 The Frontier been on little more than speaking terms with our older sister, South America? Longingly she and Latin America have looked our way. They have fashioned some twenty-one repub- lics since ours was born. They have had a hard • time with their various violent internal dis- orders. We have been neighborly enough to afford protection by gesticulating toward would-be foreign intruders so that they have been made to understand; but, on the whole, we have been so busy with our growing family and setting them all up in housekeeping that we have left South America much to herself. South South America, with more than twice the American r t -n • t c 1 'i- i* Advancement area of tlic United States and with its thirty- five millions of people, has in the last few years advanced with giant strides. Governments there are becoming stable. Many parts of their continent rival the most progressive of our own land. We can learn of Brazil and the Argen- tine Republic concerning public improvements. The productive power of the people rapidly in- creases and we are told that South America is a country of such vast and varied resources as to need the surplus capital of both America and Europe for its development. Mark the location and tilt of South America. The New Southwest 173 Boston is on a direct Hne with Valparaiso on the west coast. "The principal ports of the western coast of South America will be from 60 to 1,700 miles nearer to New York than to San Francisco." South America pushed straight north would about fit into our east coast. On the west coast note Chili with its singular history and its tremendous awakening, as if it were in a competitive race to be abreast of Texas at the Isthmian Canal opening. What does all this mean ? No man may now The North- . . westward fully answer, but an}'- one may direct his vision outiook to outstanding headlines pointing unmistakably the way of our future. Glance again north- westward. About and contributory to Puget Sound is wheat, wheat. Why were not the millions on millions of acres, yellow with bread for Asia, located elsewhere than in a territory seemingly made to order, to fit a world harbor specially constructed to float commissary fleets to an eastern hemisphere ? And in the Southwest is Galveston, backed '^^l^^^^^' again by wheat. Yes and more. Texas alone open Door can supply the world with one fifth more cot- ton than now grows on the whole globe. Cot- ton, not wool, is what clothes the eastern world. Again, Texas and Louisiana feed man- 174 The Frontier Molded for a Mission The Export Trade kind with three quarters of all the rice eaten, and they stand ready to produce every kernel now grown, a full present-day ration of rice for India, China, Japan, and every other land. Look at the map, and note how little territory lopped off at the northwest would have cut out Puget Sound. Again, look at Texas. Why is it elongated and sharpened in the direction of the Panama Canal ? One may answer that the Rio Grande was made the boundary line and deter- mined this elongated Texas. True, but why was not the continent so molded that the river would have emptied into the Gulf farther north and left more rice and cotton country on the Mexican side of the line? Texas then would not appear on the map as if it had been gripped by a Hercules and stretched to a point extend- ing far southward in an effort to make it meet something. You answer, this was to give Galveston a wide sweep of country that it might be a mighty export city, the second of the United States, outranked only by New York. And why do the lands radiating from that particular port nearest the Panama Canal, groan with their profusion of cotton, rice, and wheat? And why were not the lands located elsewhere ? The New Southwest 175 Why is a rice-raising expert, to whom rice- ^*^*chinese growers go for ideas, located with his model Experts plantation in Texas ? And is there any signifi- cance in his being an Oriental, a distinguished Japanese? A colony of Japanese devoted to rice culture are there. One of them owns 1,600 acres. He is also one of the wealthiest land- owners in Japan. He may vote in his own country, because of the class to which he be- longs, for a representative to the House of Peers. He employs expert farmers from Japan as foremen. His white neighbors are his labor- ers. Another Japanese of our Southwest has been a member of the Japanese House of Rep- resentatives and also principal of the noted Jap- anese educational institution founded by Nee- sima. The Chinese are there, good farmers, getting the best from rich land. Why is it that Orientals, both in the Northwest and in the Southwest fringe our export harbors to Asia? Again, why is the most phenomenal railway ^ super- development of the Union in Texas, and all Purpose available for Galveston? Then mark the time element. Why was Texas awakened into this amazement of production at about the time the Panama Canal was started ? Why did the rail- 176 The Frontier way fever in Texas break out at about the same time? Why did Galveston rise from its over- whehning disaster of a few years ago and build as if dominated by a superhuman purpose? Was there a conscious Panama Canal motive which actuated the human side of these well- timed movements? To affirm that such was the case might be ridiculous. But is it unrea- sonable to suggest that back of all this there may be a "purpose, which is purposed in the earth" ? Fa^c^trr^" It may be permissible to note that in the Southwest Jews are numerous. In various cities they direct and dominate large business interests. Study the relation of the Jews to the growth of Galveston and its commerce. Mark their present influence in endeavoring to make it a harbor of entry for immigrants as well as a port of world trade. And then, as in your thought all radiating lines of commerce be- come luminous because of the Christ who maps them and makes them bearers of his proclama- tion to the nations, you may recognize that in this new dispensation Israel once more appears and that the rejected Messiah still gives to his countrymen a place of honor in his imperial advance. The New Southwest 177 "The touch of race on race across the Pacific 1°"''^ °L grows warmer every day. Through the chan- nels of trade, through the sending over of hun- dreds of young men into educational work in the Orient, through the contact opened up by their looking to us for professional instruction and through an ever-growing travel, the touch of life on life becomes more intimate. The only safety for the awakening people in the Philippines, in China, and in Japan is to fill these channels with the water of life, as well as with the secular freight they bear. "Paul saw a man of Macedonia beckoning ^ ^^"7 . "^ Macedonian him to bring the gospel over into Europe. We caii cannot estimate the results to-day of his obe- dience to that heavenly vision. There stands over against ... us ... a man forty times as great as Paul's man, beckoning us to bring the gospel over into Asia. He calls to us: 'Make your whole coast an apostle to the Gentiles. Fill the heads of your people with Paul's gospel and their hearts with his love, and then, through the touch of your com- mercial, political, social, educational and reli- gious life upon ours, come over into Asia and help us.' "' 1 Dr. Charles L. Thompson. 178 The Frontier QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER V Aim : To Realize the Call to the Church in the Rapid Development of the Southwest 1. Name the states included in this section. 2. How do France, Germany, and Austria-Hun- gary compare with the Southwest in area? 3. How does Texas compare with Germany in area, population, and possible resources? 4. How does Arizona compare with Nevada in area, population, and possible resources? 5. How many times can Pennsylvania be superim- posed on Texas? 6. How does Oklahoma compare with France in climate ? 7. Name the chief products of the Southwest. 8.* Do you believe the Southwest has greater com- mercial possibilities than the Northwest? Give reasons. 9. To which state in the Southwest would you prefer to go as a farmer? Why? 10. To which state in the Southwest would you prefer to go as a business man? Why? 11. How do the Northwest and Southwest compare in area and population ? 12. Name the states that offer a good climate for tuberculosis patients. 13. Can a state be expected to care for invalids from other states? 14. Are the newly-established churches able to pro- vide for the care of invalids from other sections? The New Southwest 179 15, By what agency are hospitals for consumptives to be established? 16.* Name the factors that are contributing most to the development of the Southwest. 17.* What is the dominating motive among men in entering these new sections? 18.* Why is the Church less aggressive than com- mercial enterprises? 19. What do you consider some of the greatest temptations in a new community? 20. Give some examples of high moral ideals in these states? 21.* Is an old established or a new community most easily influenced? Why? 22* In which section of the West do you believe there is the greatest need for Christian workers now? Give reasons. 23. To which state would you prefer to go as a Christian worker? Why? 24.* Which section do 3'ou consider the most stra- tegic in its relationship to foreign countries and why ? 25.* Sum up as carefully as you can the immediate need for home missionary workers. REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER V I. The Southwest. Harvey: "The Great Southwest." Munsey's Maga- zine, March, '05. 1 For additional references, see Bibliography, pages 265-279 i8o The Frontier Matson : "The Awakening of Nevada." Review of Reviews, July, '06. Ogden: "Farming in the Southwest." Everybody's Magazine, November, '07. Puddefoot: The Minute Man on the Frontier, XXII.. "The Growth of Southwest Texas." Review of Re- views, February, '06, II. Texas. Bessey: "Vegetation of Texas." Science, April 19, '07. Cunniff: "Texas and the Texans." World's Work, March, '06. Mowry: The Territorial Growth of the United States, V. III. Oklahoma. Clark: Leavening the Nation, XI. Cunniff: "The New State of Oklahoma." World's Work, June, '06. Hough: "Rise of the State of Oklahoma." Apple- ton's Magazine, April, '07. McGuire : "Big Oklahoma." National Geographic Magazine, February, '06. THE AMERICAN INDIANS AND SOME OTHER PEOPLES i8x Much that was vicious in the administration of In- dian affairs has been eliminated during recent years. The system of Indian education was never better, never more liberally supported by the government, and in allotting good land in severalty to Indians whose reservations still contain good land, we are ful- filling our obligation to those individual Indians. But from the portion of the nation's trust which fell into the political pot we have the barren reservations, perpetuated for many thousands of Indians of the second and third generation whom we must, perforce, continue to support, or "civilize" as railroad section hands and ditch diggers and sellers of bead-work, while the white man cultivates their good land. We now show a belated eagerness to square ourselves with these Indians by allotting to them their choice of land from the poor remnants which have been left to them after the many choosings of the white man — a pathetic spectacle, this granting Indians the choice of land on which no well-equipped white man could make a living. This portion of our great obligation is beyond redemp- tion. — Htimphrey However future legislation may affect the numbers of Chinese coming to America is no part of this dis- cussion. Present facts and conditions are sufficient stimulus to greatest endeavor. The existence of so many Chinese now among us; the increasing number of native-born, who are eligible for citizenship; the great possibilities of the Chinese as individuals and as a people; the expediency and eternal rightness of cultivating friendly relations with neighboring nations; the unique x^osition of America as the embodiment and exponent of the highest civil and religious life and in- stitutions yet developed; the certainty that if we do not Christianize the Chinese they will paganize us — all these and other considerations impose obligations, responsibilities, and necessities which we cannot escape, and give us unequaled prestige and opportunity for evangelizing the Chinese. — James VI THE AMERICAN INDIANS AND SOME OTHER PEOPLES An obstruction in a stream indicates the current and Obstruction swiftness of its current. Waters will flow. The obstruction opposes and there is commo- tion. The Indian has been stationary. Prog- ress swept around and by him. The Indian objected. The stream foamed in agitation about him or swept him away. Man and nature are coordinate. They rise Man Bound . . Up With or relapse together. The difference in nations Nature is in their different relations to nature. Man cannot rise save by conquest of nature, and na- ture is raw and crude and wild until domesti- cated by man. Nature is the complement of man and reflects man. A pictured group of men will tell you their natural environment and a pictured landscape will indicate the kind of people living there. Paul tells how the perfect- ing of nature awaits the perfect man. "For the earnest expectation of the creation waiteth for the revealing of the sons of God. For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth 183 1 84 The Frontier Working Together Working Apart God the Key to Enlight- enment The Anglo- Saxon and America in pain with us until now." Paul's full vision of the situation is set forth in verses eighteen to twenty-five of the eighth chapter of Romans. Man who acknowledges the kinship of na- ture, and devoutly yokes himself to her, and works in companionship with her and God, transforms both himself and nature. The wil- derness is changed to an Eden, and the man is transfigured into a son of God. Man may repudiate his higher relationship to nature and she will repudiate him. He re- mains a slave, for freedom comes only by con- quest. She tells him no deep secrets. He lurks afraid, superstitious. His God even must be appeased. He is a barbarian, and lives in a wil- derness. If you would see how far we have come, study a blanket Indian. But nations know nature only as they know God, The gospel reveals God. Thus Chris- tian nations are enlightened, free, powerful. When the early Anglo-Saxon came to this continent he at once proceeded to subdue it. He has been busy at it ever since. That strug- gle has made him the modern Anglo-Saxon, and he has made the United States of America. Neither could have been produced without the other. But this early Anglo-Saxon brought American Indians and Other Peoples 185 God, the Holy Scriptures, and conscience with him. Could either this country or the typical American have been possible without obedience to God and the ten commandments ? This ques- tion helps to measure the missionary and what we owe him. Antipodal Races The white man, when he landed, found the ^l"'^'"'' Indian in surroundings that had environed him white Man for centuries. All present potentialities were there. And yet this red man had left almost no mark on his world. Had some plague silently divested this North American continent of every inhabitant, few signs would have re- mained, save in the Southwest, to indicate that the land was once inhabited. The Indian gave no challenge to nature, and both sulked in sav- agery. These two types of man meeting on this continent explain their antagonisms. The antipodes met. How could they mingle ? ^^'ppJ;^^^^^ Not that their relationships might not have Makes the been more humane, not that the more enlight- ^p'^^^^" ened should not have been more considerate and tolerant concerning his dusky brother. All this might have been, and many a page of our history be marked with beneficence rather than blood — would God it were so !— yet, in the out- i86 The Frontier come, the whites would be a supreme and the Indians a subject race. Why? The paleface grappled with nature, the red man did not. This fixed the rank of each. While we cannot excuse unholy antagonisms nor deny the Indian any just right, we may bet- ter interpret history if we hold this key, namely, that these two representatives of the race stood for principles as opposed as light and darkness, life and death. They could never blend; one must go down before the other. Suppose the white race had been driven into the sea and the aborigines had held the soil until now, what kind of a country would this be and what dif- ferent direction would have been given to the history of the world ? We must not be interpreted as in anywise excusing the white man where he might have accorded better treatment to the Indian ; but we do well to keep in mind that this country was an evolution, and that its Indian policy was likewise an evolution. Demand for Living Room What White Broadly speaking, the earlv settlers asked Occupancy , , , '' Involved only Hviug room. But this meant forests felled, roads, farms, mills, towns, wide communica- American Indians and Other Peoples 187 tion — in short, the destruction of the wilder- ness. This in turn meant ruined hunting- grounds and the obliteration of primitive In- dian life. The white man could not avoid this. The Indian could not permit it and remain an uncivilized Indian. In either case it was a grim struggle for self-preservation. The Indian re- sisted encroachment, the other fought for subsistence. The intention of the white man was, on a Benevolent Intention the whole, benevolent. As the stronger, his thought was not to annihilate the weaker. The two races could not mix, for no two ideals of living could be more antagonistic. What was essential to one was abhorrent to the other; therefore they agreed to live apart. The white man made a treaty. It provided hunting- grounds and wide domain for the Indian where he might live unmolested. Factors in the Field But the Anglo-Saxon little dreamed the ^7^^^^"''°" largeness of his future. In course of time a white Race- normal advance overflowed the Indian frontier, stolidity Dissensions followed, antagonisms were kin- dled, wars broke out. It was impossible for these two races to see alike. They looked in The Frontier Border Warfare Efforts of Missionaries opposite directions. The Indian was always moved on, and every move might have been thought the last. The government again and again violated treaties, but, in most cases, the government met issues as unpremeditated as to the Indian they seemed unjust. Progress had come that far. It could not pause unless it changed its nature. The Indian sat stolidly smoking in front of his wigwam, squarely in the road of human advance. The Indian did not care to advance, he insisted on being let alone. This meant that humanity must double on its track backward toward barbarism. We cannot now easily appreciate that ever-recurring dilemma — the American Indian. That the border line of two such civilizations was that of border wars and bitter hostilities is not surprising. Taking humanity for what it is and was, taking savagery for what it may be, our colonial Indian history is not after all diffi- cult to explain. These early annals are brightened by illus- trious examples of Christian brotherhood to- ward the original inhabitants. David Brain- erd, Eliot, Edwards, and others, choicest spir- its of a noble race, gave themselves without stint to the uplift of the red man. The response American Indians and Other Peoples 189 was proportionate to the sacrifice, and gave early pledge of the power of the gospel to save aborigines as well as the civilized. These efforts were among the highest expres- working of ° . Elemental sions of a heroic Church. Had they continued, Forces relationships would have been more friendly, but never do we find the Indian rising to a posi- tion of nature conquest. At best he follows weakly and hesitatingly in the white man's tracks, and, save in his own element, he is a secondary race. Wars follow, and the condi- tions of life for generations tend to strenuous crudeness. Life was elemental — so formative, shifting, and new that the higher graces of thought for others with missionary zeal were hardly to be looked for; yet, that they flour- ished so extensively is indicative of the mascu- line Christianity of those times. Since then we have been preoccupied by internal development and an expansion beyond all thought of early Americans. Landmarks, limitations, and fron- tiers of those days were fitted to another age and country than the United States of to-day. Tribal divisions have made work among un- obstacles of 'f Tribe and tamed inhabitants of the country difficult. Language There was no written language. This resulted in such variations of speech as to make it im- 190 The Frontier Present Indian Population Distribution of Indians possible for one tribe to understand another. It has been estimated that they employed two hundred different languages. Numbers mid Distribution The present number of Indians, exclusive of Alaska, is from 250,000 to 300,000. While estimates differ concerning the aborigines in the country at the time of its discoA^ery and later, some prominent authorities of to-day think the number has never been greater than now. The Indian is not dying out ; his birth- rate increases. Concerning the present distribution of the Indians and our national policy regarding them, we quote from Dr. S. H. Doyle. They are divided into seven classes as follows: "i. The Six Nations of Nezv York. These number about 5,500, and are but little removed from the simpler life of the poor whites of the state, "2. The Five Civilised Tribes. These are the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles. They live in Indian Territory, and number nearly 67,000. The gospel has been preached and schools maintained among these tribes for generations, so that few traces American Indians and Other Peoples 191 of their native Indian Hfe are seen among them to-day. "3. The Eastern Cherokees of North Caro- lina. These refused to go westward with the great body of their sixty tribes years ago, but remained among the mountain homes of their forefathers. Their population is about 35,000. "4. Indians on Reservations. These reser- vations are under the control of the national government, are not taxed or taxable, and are to be found in almost every one of the western states. The population of the reservations is over 125,000. "5. The Pueblos of Neiv Mexico. The an- cestors of the Pueblos were a remarkable and ancient people. They were neither warlike nor migratory, but dwelt in houses, built of bricks, after a style of architecture pecu- liarly their own. The Pueblos number nearly 10,000. "6. The Apaches. They consist of about 400 prisoners of war, under the War Depart- ment. "7. Imprisoned Indians. These are in na- tional, state, or territorial prisons. Their num- ber is about 200. 192 The Frontier Periods of Governmental Relation Colonial Period Historical Survey "The relation of the United States govern- ment to the Indian has been divided into three periods: the colonial, the national, and the modern, the last beginning with the presidency of General Grant. "The colonial period was characterized by- constant wars, bloodshed, and rapine. The trouble arose mainly from the fact that the two races and civilizations, differing vastly in char- acter, had been brought together on our shores with the coming of the white man. Yet the fact cannot be disguised that the most bloody Indian wars and massacres of colonial days were inspired by the whites themselves. The English and the French struggled for a century for supremacy in America, and in these strug- gles both nations and even the American colo- nists did not scruple to use the Indians as allies when sorely pressed. 'French tomahawks and scalping-knives struck dov/n and mutilated English women and children, in the exposed settlements of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. French officers were in com- mand at Deerfield, at Fort William Henry, and at Braddock's defeat. Nor does history record American Indians and Other Peoples 193 that they put forth any effort to prevent the horrors perpetrated by the Indians. Nor was England in her hour of need more scrupulous.' "The national period of the government's National relation to the Indian has been called *a century of dishonor.' Peace with the Indians was im- possible, because of the insatiate greed of the settler for the Indian's land. To prevent set- tlement upon the lands allotted to the Indians was impossible. Washington tried it but failed. He recommended to Congress that 'no settle- ment should be made west of the clearly marked boundary line, and that no purchase of land from the Indians except by the government should be permitted.' This recommendation, however, was disregarded, and another Indian war was the result. In the earliest treaties made by the government with the Indians, where boundary lines were distinctly marked, the lands designated were given to the Indians forever, and white settlers were left to the mercy of the Indians for punishment. On Jan- uary 21, 1785, such a treaty was made with the Ottawas, Chippewas, and Delawares. But these treaties were utterly disregarded by the whites, and the wars followed which resulted in the defeat of General St. Clair and the mas- Modern Period 194 The Frontier --" sacra of his troops, and in the victory of Gen- eral Anthony Wayne over the Miamis, These wars are ilkistrative of every war that has oc- curred with the Indians from that time to this. Treaties were made, promising lands to the In- dians, 'while water ran and grass grew.' The ink in which the treaty was written was scarcely dry before our unrestrained and unrestrainable settlers would proceed to violate their terms. This invariably led to irritation, and to indi- vidual acts of revenge on the part of the In- dians, and then followed war. "The modern period of our relations with the Indians began with the first term of General Grant as President. In 1870 he introduced vs^hat has been called 'The Peace Policy.' He announced his intention of dealing with the In- dian question in a more just and friendly man- ner. He advocated their civilization, the edu- cation of their children, and the fulfilment of treaty obligations. He appealed to Christian bodies to assist in their amelioration. As a re- sult of his policy the 'Indian Rights Associa- tion' was formed. It consists of nine members, for whose services no salary is paid. The work of the association is to 'spread correct informa- tion, to create intelligent interest, to set in mo- American Indians and Other Peoples 195 tion public and private forces which will bring about legislation, and by public meetings and private labors to prevent wrongs against the Indian and to further good works of many kinds for him.' The 'Woman's National In- dian Association' is a supplementary body, which deals philanthropically with the Indian as an individual. It establishes missions where there are none and turns them over to Christian denominations, who will care for them. "The Peace Policy has produced splendid re- ^'^" ^^"'^y suits. Indian outbreaks are less frequent. Military outposts have been abandoned, and some have even been turned into schools. Sav- age and barbarous customs are giving way to the forms of civilization. "The Department of the Interior at Wash- ington has charge of the government of the In- dians. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs is at the head of the Indian office, which is a bu- reau in this department. About one half of the Indians to-day are on reservations — a term applied to the land set apart or reserved by the government for the exclusive use of the In- dians. On each reservation is a government agent, who has associated with him a physician, clerk, farmers, policemen, and other employees, Present Organization 196 The Frontier Evils of Reservation System Indian Education all of whom are paid by the government. The entire establishment is called an Indian agency. The agents are responsible to the Commissioner of Indians, who is appointed by the President and resides in Washington. "One of the worst features of the Reserva- tion System is the distribution of rations. The reservations are not fitted for agriculture. The inhabitants have therefore to be fed by the gov- ernment, which deals out rations periodically to many of the tribes. This is a vicious system. It breeds laziness and incapacity. It gives the Indian agent, if he be unscrupulous, a danger- ous advantage over those for whom he should care, for he can give or withhold the rations, and thus has the very lives of the 'nation's wards' in his hands. The Indian by such a sys- tem never can be taught to become a self- respecting and self-supporting citizen. "The education of the Indian boys and girls is receiving special attention by the govern- ment. It aims to educate them both indus- trially and intellectually. For this purpose it has established non-reservation boarding- schools, reservation boarding-schools, and res- ervation and independent day-schools. The In- dians also attend state and territorial public American Indians and Other Peoples 197 schools, contract day and boarding-schools, and mission day and boarding-schools. The object of Indian education is not so much to give a 'higher education' as it is to fit the boys and girls for the duties of every-day life. The course of instruction is patterned after that in our common schools, and to this is added in- dustrial training. In the large non-reservation schools shoemaking, harness-making, tailoring, blacksmithing, plastering, and brickmaking and laying are taught with considerable effective- ness." Recent Radical Change We have inserted this quotation at length as it concisely sums up the past and outlines the present policy down to the last three or four years. In that time radical changes have been introduced. They provide that the Indian as rapidly as possible shall pass from government tutelage and be placed like every other citizen face to face with nature and there fix his own status. The reason for this is fairly summed up in the following, quoted from. Julia H. Johnston's Indian and Spanish Neighbors: "When the best thing has been said for the ^he '=' . . " Last Man ' Indian, he is to-day the last man. The immi- grants landing at Ellis Island in three months Indian Citizenship 198 The Frontier outnumber the entire Indian population, and four times as many Porto Ricans as there are Indians have come under our stars and stripes. The negro question is forty times as great as the Indian question. But shall the red man be forgotten? Not if the Church has a message from God, for God forgets no man in his message." Allotments -pj^g Indian is to be absorbed within twenty- and Industry five years. He will be known only as an Amer- ican citizen. The Dawes act of 1887, modified by the Burke law, provides that the Indians are to receive allotments of land, 160 acres each, and as soon as any show ability to manage their own affairs they are to receive title to the land and are clothed with the right to vote. More than half the Indians in the United States are now voters and have received their land allot- ments. Government education for the Indian began by an appropriation of $20,000 in 1877. The yearly amount is now nearly $4,000,000. Most judicious and painstaking efforts are made to secure work for the Indians on the railways, irrigation dams, in the sugar-beet fields, and elsewhere. They prove valuable helpers, and on the whole the labor demand is greater than the supply. American Indians and Other Peoples 199 An appropriation of $25,000 was made to ^J,^^*^*'°° protect the Indians of the Indian Territory intoxicants against the illegal traffic in intoxicants. The work done by the government's agent and his helpers is most gratifying. For the last twenty-five years our govern- a Quarter ment has applied itself to the improvement of Honor^ ° the red man as probably no other nation has ever devoted itself to the needs of a ward. Our Indian wrongs have been many and deep. To be understood they must be studied in their in- dividual bearings; but concerning the present attitude and efforts of the government for the betterment of that race there can be no ques- tion. This "last man" needs our sympathy because sympathy of the rapid and revolutionary changes that confront him. Their aim is beneficent but none the less confusing to the Indian. The Indians are now being named so that a Names and family record may be continuous. This means Basis that the tribe disappears and the family becomes paramount. The most marked advance has been among the "Five Civilized Tribes" of Oklahoma — formerly a part of Indian Terri- tory. A study of their progress and present status is important. 200 The Frontier Indian Missions Initial Barriers Personal Standing Now the Aim Lifelong Workers Needed This brings us to the immediate and present bearing of missions on the Indian problem, A hindrance to missionary success has been the scandalous treatment of the aborigines by the whites. A sullen hatred met the white mis- sionary. Considering the difficulties and the comparatively small number of Indians, mis- sions among them have been successful beyond what might have been expected. A new era of Indian missions is nov\^ upon us. We must meet our native brother in his new relationships. Family life, social obligations, business relationships, all are to have the same meaning to him as to any man. He is to be encouraged to stand alone and to learn that there is One only whom any man may safely trust for guidance. The demand is for recruits who will enlist for life, learn the language of the people to whom they go and there build a life-time of ministry into a new and changing order. The success of these missions in the past, with all the disadvantages of the reservation system or worse, is among the brightest annals of the kingdom. American Indians and Other Peoples 201 At least eig'lit Protestant denominations are f/^^* ° _ Christian engaged in this work. Our red neighbors are Bodies accessible. Possibly we cannot better summa- rize than to quote again from Julia H. John- ston :^ *'An Indian chief wrote to a southern board ^ Pathetic Plea of missions : *God did not reject us, I hope his friends wdll not reject us. I hope your board will soon send a man in the name of Christ to come and seek and save the poor lost red man. We are distressed on every side. We want friends and help. Our last and only hope is in the Church of Christ. Our woes are heavy upon us.' "Before the first missionaries came to Saddle opposition , • Overcome Mountam, Oklahoma, the hearts of the Indians were steeled against all white men. Their ob- jections to a government school were so great that another site was chosen. When the Great Father brought them a missionary, a little bit of a woman who could not defend her scalp against them for five minutes, they were might- ily stirred, and said, *We will let this Jesus woman sit down with us because the Great Father has sent her.' "At first they objected to 'the church road,' "The way ■' ■' Ahead Road ' » Indian and Spanish Neighbors, 83, 84. 202 The Frontier "Aim-day-co' Bishop Ridley's Testimony and would have no building, fearing the 'bad white man' would come, but at last, some time after the organization of the missionary so- ciety, 'God's Light upon the Mountain,' they changed their minds about 'the church road' and called it 'the way ahead road,' which the teacher had showed them. "Another lovely young teacher among these people was called by them 'Aim-day-co.' The Kiowa chief. Big Tree, thus explained the name : 'When we Kiowas see any one going the wrong road and into danger, we cry out, "Aim-day-co — Turn this way." Our sister saw ns on the wrong road — she saw our great dan- ger and called to us, "Turn this way. Turn to Jesus." Thus we call her "Aim-day-co." ' " Inspiring Results A comprehensive statement comes from the Episcopal Bishop of California, having super- vision over an immense territory reaching to Alaska. Bishop Ridley says that he remembers "when there was not a Christian Indian from the tidal waters to the river sources among the mountains, but that now there is not a tribe without church, school, and a band of praying Christians. American Indians and Other Peoples 203 "From that earher to this later day, encour- south Dakota Communi- agements have contmiied. In December, 1904, cants the Indian population of South Dakota was 20,000, Of these 4,000 were communicants in about one hundred congregations of one de- nomination, some districts containing fifteen or twenty of these. In making a circuit of them the missionary is obliged to travel from two to four hundred miles. These Indian congrega- tions gave last year $8,075. "The Pima Church, in Sacaton, has a mem- cook in bership of 525 persons, the largest of any church in Arizona. This is one of seven gath- ered by that heroic missionary. Rev. Charles Cook, whose heart was so stirred by hearing of the Pimas from an army officer that in 1870 he gave up the pastorate of a German church under his care in Chicago and started out with- out pledge of support from any board and with- out money enough to pay his traveling ex- penses. He took a Bible, a rifle, a small melodeon, and some cooking utensils with him. While learning the language, he supported himself as a trader. For ten years his labors seemed vain, but now the results show 1,100 Christian Indians, and Mr. Cook requires nine helpers in his work, six of whom are Indians. >04 The Frontier A Wonderful Religious Gathering " By This Sign Conquer" In one house of worship the adults crowd the room at one service, and in the evening the chil- dren fill it. Only in this way, turn about, can the house accommodate the numbers. An on- looker reports, 'It may well be doubted if such a devout and worshipful audience can be dupli- cated in our land.' " 'If there is anywhere in the United States at any time of the year a religious gathering which surpasses, or even equals, in interest the annual convocation of the Indian congregations of South Dakota I should like to know it,' writes one competent to speak. "At this time about 2,000 people gather. There are ten departments, represented by dele- gates, and each company bears aloft a white standard with a cross, and the motto, 'By this sign conquer,' embroidered in different colors for each division. These great companies start from their several camps, fall into line before bishop and clergy and march to the place of meeting. A photograph of this great kneeling congregation, engaged in solemn worship on the vast level of the blue-arched prairie, red men and white together, brothers all, is a pic- ture which once seen, though but in the com- pass of a leaflet, can never be forgotten. American Indians and Other Peoples 205 "The representatives of ninety conereo;ations women-s ^ . . . Offerings gather to consider woman's work at this time, each delegate anxious to tell her story and to present the offering from her district. These gifts, at the last convocation, varied from three to five hundred dollars, and at the close of this memorable day those sisters in red had offered nearly $2,500 for the missionary work in South Dakota and elsewhere, at a sacrifice that meant many times what that amount would have cost white people in moderate circumstances. Less than thirty-five years of missionary work in this field by Bishop Hare and his clergy, with their wives, have changed the fierce, warlike heathen Sioux into these devout Christians. "President (then Governor) Roosevelt's ad- Jddrels^'' dress at the Ecumenical Missionaiy Confer- ence,^ rehearsing his personal experiences among the Indians, stirs the pulse-beats even now, from the printed page : " T spent twice the time I intended to. be- 3r"^"*'= *° *^'' ■■■ ■ Missionaries cause I became so interested ... to see what was being done. It needed no time at all to see that the great factors in the uplifting of the Indians were the men who were teaching the Indian to be a Christian citizen. . . . No » New York City, 1900. Report, Vol. I, 40-43. 2o6 The Frontier more practical work, no work more productive of fruit for civilization, could exist than the work being carried on by men and women who give their lives to preaching the gospel of Christ to mankind. Transformed " 'Qut there on the Indian reservations you Indians "^ see every grade of the struggle of the last 2,000 years repeated, from the painted heathen sav- age, looking out with unconquerable eyes from the reservation on which he is penned, ... to the Christian worker of a dusky skin, but as devoted to the work, as emphatically doing his duty as given him or her to see it as any one here to-night. I saw a missionary gathering out on one of those reservations, . . . not the same in grade but the same in kind, as that which is here to-night, and it was a gathering where ninety-nine per cent, of the people were Indians ; where the father and mother had come in a wagon with the ponies, with the lodge-poles trailing behind them, over the prairie for a couple of hundred miles to attend this missionary conference. They were helped by the white missionaries, but they did it almost all themselves, subscribing out of their little all they could, that the work might go on among their brethren who yet were blind. American Indians and Other Peoples 207 It was a touching sight to look at and a sight to learn from. "'You who go out throughout the world The Altruistic realize that the best work can be done by those who do not limit the good work to their own immediate neighborhood, that the nation that spends most effort in trying to see that the work is well done at home is the one that can spare most effort in trying to see that duty is done abroad.' "And yet — there are forty-two of the one w*""^ Remaining hundred and sixty-five existent tribes who have not even heard of Christ." Our Mexican Wards Looking toward the Southwest we see Another . . -11 Undeveloped 100,000 Mexicans; our inheritance with the Race soil annexed from Mexico. If one would see the contrast between the two civilizations, Mex- ican and American, let him step across from El Paso, Texas, into the Mexican town of Juarez on the opposite bank of the Rio Grande in Mexico. The two places might seem, save for certain modern marks, a thousand miles apart. Unrestricted gambling, squalor, and poverty is in open evidence. The Mexican lets to-morrow care for the things of to-day. Like 2o8 The Frontier the Indian, he must get his diploma from na- ture and earn it by the sweat of his brow. We must allow for heredity. The grade up which we have come is long and gradual. Genera- tions are its milestones. We will not expect too much at once either of Mexicans or Indians. But the Mexican, where the investment in him is adequate, responds. Some sixty mission schools with one hundred and forty teachers are in New Mexico. Encouraging Thousands of Mcxlcau people are Christians Returns ^ ^ and scores of them are preaching the gospel. The schools, where boys and girls are adjusted to higher standards, are fundamental tO' future homes. Although state or government schools may be of a high order, yet the mission school fills an important place, as an essential to the curriculum of life is to know Christ and to be trained in the ways of modern living. These winsome, responsive children and these young people, how they appeal to the hearts of their teachers! As in other missions, we find work among the Mexicans owes most to a few lives who, for a generation or more, have given themselves to this people and now as a result they number faithful Christians by hundreds. This is exemplified in the forty years' service American Indians and Other Peoples 209 rendered by Dr. Thomas Harwood of Albu- querque, New Mexico. Well-equipped mission schools and a thoroughly organized mission territory, all under strong Anglo-Saxon leader- ship, are essential. The Japanese The Japanese are easily the best class of im- Japanese ••• ^ Openness to migrants among recent arrivals. They repre- Progress sent the highest intelligence, the broadest out- look, and the most successful initiative of Asi- atics coming to us. The upheaval in their own land and the liberating influences of Chris- tianity and western civilization divorce the Jap- anese from dead tradition and leave them hos- pitable to all that humanity has to offer. He is a born student. His passion for learn- Passion for ^ _ _ Learning ing is phenomenal. His mental poise is equaled only by his dispassionate, analytical view of his surroundings. The Japanese percentage of illiteracy is the smallest among the newer immi- gration. His ideals are American, and he as- similates our civilization and modes of living as if born to them. He either cuts loose from his mother country or entertains the ambition to carry back to it what will help place it at the front among enlightened nations. 210 The Frontier' Industry and Business Acumen Mostly in Hawaii Very Small Increase High Range of Pursuits His industry is monumental. He wins at a price few pay and is not conscious of sacrifice. His business ability is of the first order, and whether in the field of capital or labor he plans to fit in so as to produce least friction in our American life. His intelligence concerning the whole situation here is almost startling, and withal, if forced to defend his presence in this country, his statements are so sane, lucid, and modest as to make successful reply impossible. His manner of defense is equal to its matter. The Japanese began coming in 1866, with a total of seven persons. Most of them have ar- rived since 1900. The majority are in Hawaii. At least one tenth as many return each year as arrive. Their immigration to us is but one twenty-fifth of that of the Italians. Japanese increase in immigration is insig- nificant as compared with other peoples. In five years, from 1902 to 1906, the total number of Japanese coming to the United States, and their distribution, is as follows : Hawaii, 44,503; California, 15,122; Oregon, 1,454; Washington, 9,504; other States, 3,559. European immigration to the Pacific coast ex- ceeds many times the Japanese. In 1906 there came but three Japanese to 191 Europeans. American Indians and Other Peoples 211 About 62 out of each hundred Japanese are farmers and farm laborers; but their percent- age of professional men is exceeded only by Germany. One in every eight is a skilled la- borer. They show a larger number of mer- chants than those from any European country. Less than six per cent, of the Japanese are of that class of laborers who usually go to our cities. The amount of money they bring per capita is exceeded only by the Germans and English. In 1 906 but 84 Japanese were excluded as ASeif-sup- , , . , Y porting People possibly liable to become a public charge. In the same year but one Japanese was received in our hospitals, while the lowest of any other for- eign nationality was the Scandinavians, 179. Nearly 98 per cent, of Japanese immigrants are between the ages of 14 and 44. European im- migration is from one tenth to one third infant and aged. The Japanese laborers do not lessen the f/of^^s;^"^, wages of their class. They are desirable from structure a mercantile standpoint. They buy 89 per cent, of their supplies in this country. They are peace-loving. Fifty per cent, of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian group are Japanese, and not the slightest trouble has arisen. They adopt 212 The Frontier Nobly Meeting the Earthquake Test American methods of dress and living. They do not, as a rule, colonize in cities, but endeavor to establish independent homes for the purpose of bringing themselves quickly in touch with the native population. In San Francisco they were the first in the time of earthquake and fire to organize and cease to become recipients of public aid. Their plan of self-relief was more effective than any other. The Japanese government sent $25,000 to care for its own people. But $10,000 was used by them and the $15,000 is now held for a benevolent object. The Japanese Emperor also sent $100,000 for the general relief fund, very little of which went to the Japanese. The Chinese Problem fhc evangcHzation of the Chinese people, of Chinese . . a • • 11 Evangelization whethcf HI China Or America, is a problem too great to be treated exhaustively in this chapter. A few salient points only can be set forth. Waiving all political and economic discus- sion, our work is with and for the Chinese as we find them in America. There may be in all about 70,000 Chinese here between the At- lantic and the Pacific. Fully half are on the Pacific Coast. In some large cities of the East Their Distribution American Indians and Other Peoples 213 there are considerable colonies, and many smaller cities have also small squads. The Chinese are a proud, conservative, self- ^^'^^ ^ . . . Character- satisfied people, with three religious systems of istics and their own, and a highly organized civilization "' Treatment that has lived down all contemporaries for thousand of years ; but, added to these inherent and initial difficulties to their accepting a new and exclusive faith, the Chinese are met, pur- sued, and surrounded with difficulties, restric- tions, and indignities not shown to any other people. These are contrary to the spirit of our faith, and such as seriously to prejudice them against a faith that permits such practises upon a defenseless people. The mountain of difficul- ties they bring with them is climaxed by the artificial ones we heap upon them. Conditions of Christian work among the Their ^-,, . ... , , 1 ■ 1 Reasonable Chniese m America cannot be understood with- view out some realizing sense of this handicap. Some people seem to think it useless to try. But Chinese are sensible, reasonable, religious, and practical, and they have learned two , things : First, that the unchristian treatment they receive represents the passing sentiment only of the thoughtless and hoodlum elements, and is not the sober thought of the intelligent 214 The Frontier Christian Brotherhood people of America, nor even of the Pacific Coast; second, that the Lord Jesus Christ "hath power on earth to forgive sins." Chinese v^ork among Chinese, in China and in America, is doing more than all other agen- cies combined toward harmonizing these two great peoples, by bringing multitudes of Chi- nese into spiritual fellowship and fraternity with ourselves, and by demonstrating to our- selves and to the world now that great truth which Peter and all the Apostles had to learn, that "unto the Gentiles (Chinese) also hath God granted repentance unto life." The Chinese are not here as contract laborers and they are not servile. They come as free men. They do not depress wages, and in skilled labor they do not compete. They benefit white labor. They are not an inferior people and they assimilate when they have oppor- tunity. We need them industrially more than they need us. They need the gospel and it is ours to give. Opposition -pj^g causes of the exclusion and singular Only in a _ '^ Narrow Range treatment of Chinese and Japanese are excep- tional, unjustifiable, and suicidal. The real builders of the West and the Christian forces there have no more sympathy with this attitude Their Presence Not an Evil H n n f)^M Wr .■^ ^^mm l£\ ^M ^B^ d ijI IpiM ^Hv ''^' w ^^^r^^^^H '^'^ l^^^l CHINESE PASTOR AND FAMILY, PORTLAND, OREGON CHOIR OF THE CHINESE CHURCH, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA American Indians and Other Peoples 215 toward Orientals than do people elsewhere. In fact they are sufferers along with these immi- grants, as they are in sore need of their service. We touch elsewhere on the strategic impor- ^^°^^ contact Disarms tance of home missions among these people, prejudice Close contact with these Christians disarms all prejudice. Their fidelity, fervency, and self- sacrifice challenge the best that is in us. They prompt us to a higher plane of spiritual life and service. They are strangers here and should see reflected in us the face of Jesus Christ. These missions have resulted in strong reen- forcements to the foreign fields. Chinese Christians in one denomination in influences , . .... Reaching this country, at their own initiative and ex- oversea pense, opened and maintain a Christian mission in China. When we consider the future of Japan and China as related to the coming king- dom, is it not providential that on our own shores we may so deal with our Eastern bro- thers as to produce results more far-reaching than with the same number in China itself? Is not a fair gage of how much we care about saving our brother across the sea, the interest we take in him when he is here? 2i6 The Frontier QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VI Aim : To Realize the Opportunity for Christian Effort Among the American Indians, Mexicans, Japanese, and Chinese I. The American Indians. I.* By what right did our forefathers settle in America ? 2. To whom did the country belong? 3. Were the Indians making the most of their resources ? 4.* Have people from foreign lands a right to take land from others if they can accomplish more with it? 5. If the Japanese are better rice growers than Americans does that give them a right to our rice lands? 6. What constitutes the right to possession? 7. Is the law that discovery constitutes possession just to aboriginal iJeople? 8.* Is it a Christian principle? 9. How did the early settlers get along in their relations with the Indians? 10. Name some arts that the pioneers learned from the Indians. 11. Can you name any treaties that our government made with the Indians that were violated by the Indians? American Indians and Other Peoples 217 12. Can you give an example of a treaty with the Indians violated by our government? 13.* By what right did our government place the Indians on reservations? 14. How does the land on which the Indians are located compare in productiveness with that which they once held? 15. Is it possible for the Indians to make a living on these reservations? 16. How have the reservations proved an injury to the Indians? 17.* Can a good tj'pe of manhood and womanhood be developed in laziness? 18. What do you consider the best adjustment to be made with the Indians in view of our past injustice to them? 19. Do the Indians need Christianity? 20. Are the Indians ready to receive gospel teaching? 21. Can you give any examples of good, earnest Indian Christians? 22. Where are most of the Indians now located? 23. How many missionaries has your board among them ? 24.* Do you believe that under the new Indian policy the opportunity for successful mission work has been increased? Give reasons. 2i8 The Frontier II. The Mexicans. 25. How many Mexicans are there under our flag? 26. What are their chief temptations? 27. What type of mission work is most successful among them? 28. Has your mission board work among them? III. The Japanese. 29. Have the Japanese proved themselves equal to the Americans in commercial activity? 30. Why do the Japanese come to the United States? 31. What type of people come? 32. Do you know of any foreigners who adopt American customs more readily? 2,?,. What is their Oriental religious faith? 34. What kind of Christians do they become? 35.* How will Christianizing them in America aid both home and foreign missions? IV. TJic Cliinese. 36. Do you believe that the Chinese may some day become our strongest commercial rivals? 37. Has our treatment of the Chinese in this country been such as we should feel was just for us in their country? 38. Has our treatment of them aided missionary work among them? American Indians and Other Peoples 219 39. In view of this, how do you account for the success of missions among them? 40. Sum up as strongly as possible the importance of mission work among the Chinese. REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER VI I. Indians. Forbes-Lindsay: ''Shaping the Future of the In- dians." World To-day, March, '07. Humphrey: The Indian Dispossessed, i-iii. Johnston: Indian and Spanish Neighbors, i-iii. Kennan : "Lands of Indians and Fair Play." Out- look, February 27, '04. Leupp : "Gospel of Work for Indians." Nation, October 6, '04. McBeth : The Nez Perces Since Lewis and Clark, XVII, XVIII. Oskison : "Making an Individual of the Indian." Everybody's Magazine, June, '07. Oskison: "Remaining Causes of Indian Discon- tent." North American Review, March i, '07. Riggin : in Methodism and the Republic, 299-308. II. Japanese in the United States. Fulton: "Japanese Pupils in American Schools." North American Review, December, '06. Inglis : "Reasons for California's Attitude Toward the Japanese." Harper's Weekly, January 19, '07. Johnson: in Methodism and the Republic, 194-213. Kawakami : "The Japanese in California." Inde- pendent, November 29, '06. 220 The Frontier Kawakami: "Naturalization of the Japanese." North American Revievv', June, '07. Thompson : "Japanese in San Francisco." World To-day, December, '06. III. Chinese in the United States. Harwood : "Extinction of the Chinese in the United States." World's Work, December, '04. Irwin: "Chinese Slave Trade in California." Everybody's Alagazine, July, '04. James : in Methodism and the Republic, 171-193. Nickerson : "Chinese Treaties and Legislation of the United States and their Enforcement." North American Review, September, '05. THE WEST AND THE EAST 99X This North American continent is a laboratory of grace. How graciously shall the nations be graced by its grace? Men and continents are saved to serve. Only a saved life can render an effective saving service. A wise purpose has chosen this continent and visited it with supremely benign favors. May God vindicate, through the continent's pure ministry to the world, the wisdom of his own choice. May God grant that we, his colaborers, shall vindicate the wisdom of that choice. — McAfee The Christian young people of the American Churches have had deposited with them a great trust. "Who say ye that I am? " the Master seems ever to be asking all his twentieth centurj' disciples. By holding his exalted ideas fixedly before us; by gener- ous gifts for the widening of his kingdom; by devoted- ness to present duty as he reveals it to us, we shall answer this supreme question so clearly that all about us may hear. If by our conduct we make winsome the gospel and the life of the Son of God; if we con- scientiously use our means as Christian stewards, giv- ing with a clear conscience up to the limit of our ability, then we shall with cheer and courage hasten the coming of the Master's kingdom in America, that America, Christianized, may use to the utmost her un- equaled opportunity for the evangelization of the world. — Shelton VII THE WEST AND THE EAST Suppose we climb a mountain and from the counting the ^'^ Mile-Stones outlook trace the way we have come. We re- count the mile-stones marking our highway of national destiny. W^e again note our countr}^'s providential The Destined location and the divine plan in its physical fea- tures. We scan explorers' paths and find their ways opened or closed as they helped or hin- dered an overshadowing purpose. We watch the awakening of the arid West and mark the quickened currents of life In the Northwest, the West, the Southwest. Everywhere we find multitudes gathering and titanic forces oper- ating. But all paths and rivers and railways like veins and arteries carry our life streams ocean ward ; and, there flowing as they may, they all eventually unite in a resistless ocean tide Orientward. Our Internal Development Our internal material development we ob- Railroads serve is threefold. First is the railroad. In 223 224 The Frontier the earlier days the crawling "prairie schooner" or the few trains on solitary railways, carrying people to favored oases of the trans-Missis- sippi countiy, caused little congestion of popu- lations, and that at so comparatively slow a rate as to enable the Church to make adjust- ments with something like deliberateness. Now the West is becoming a net of railways. Great trunk lines multiply in all directions. Thousands of people are emptied on wide areas in a single month. The situation changes as by magic. The old order of pioneering is as inadequate and out of date as are former facili- ties for travel. The Church will never over- take this swiftly-moving, swarming West with ox-team and schooner. Opening Up of Another factor is the opening up of nciv tcr- New Territory rati ritory. Take Oklahoma and other broad res- ervations thrown open to settlers, who camped on their borders like locusts, waiting for the entrance shot to be fired. Improvised towns spring up in a single night, and improvements on a broad scale and of enduring nature fol- low with astounding rapidity. Church priv- ileges are wholly inadequate for multitudes who never needed them anything like as now, while at the same time the forces of evil are The West and the East 225 multiplied in number and hold the lead, playing with deadly execution upon the laxened moral life of the community. The evil one pickets new settlements with cavalry and machine guns. The Church can hardly expect to cap- ture the situation with a few poorly pro- visioned, brave scouts armed with muskets of '61. Another element is irrigation. Hundreds of i"»gation square miles marked "desert" are changed to acres of amazing fertility; and this good work continues. The government wasely expends millions upon millions in reclaiming "bad lands." Where the early pioneer picked his way among sagebrush and arid desolation is now landscape billowing with plenty and beau- tiful wath orchards of luscious fruits ; and this is but a beginning. That is no place to bring the w-ater of life in sickly, drying rivulets. An Urgent Crisis Do not misunderstand us. We do not dis- ^^^'i'^^^^ Response count the splendid strategic work the Church has done in the West. Our meaning is, such quick and unprecedented changes are now tak- ing place in these regions, and on a scale so ?;tupendous, that opportunities may completely 226 The Frontier Men of Exploits Tense and Tremendous Situations distance us before we of the East awake to the new conditions. Whatever is done there, if effective, must, Hke other enterprises, be char- acterized by alertness, push, statesmanship, and cash. Men without means and missionary en- terprises with meager appropriations find the situation too large for Httle undertakings. Yet we have never had more able leaders, more heroic, self-denying preachers, or those who have won larger victories in proportion to the munitions supplied than these splendid men of the frontier: young men from our colleges who scorn easier tasks and clerical emoluments ; men of exploits who prefer, and on short ra- tions if they must, to carve empires out of the wilderness rather than to stand as they might in stately churches and minister to complacent congregations. Concerning the whole home missionary situ- ation, one who reads reports coming from any part of the West encounters appeals for im- mediate relief of tense and tremendous situa- tions, and hardly knows which is the most pressing. If the scope of this book covered the South, New England, and the Cities, the same heart-breaking urgency would, in various forms, be reflected from every quarter. The West and the East izy The flood is already submerging the mission- Need of En- . . . lightenment ary boards, but it is nothing to what it may become in three years. The truth is, we have never known anything Hke the present stress in home missionary enterprises. It is all so sudden that few pastors even understand about it. Our greatest peril is the ignorance of the Churches generally upon the whole subject ; yet, the new tide that rises will not wait for us leisurely to face the situation. The emergency is unprecedented. It cannot be at all met in the West by present forces and present missionary contributions. We will here and there find a quiet eddy which may lead some to question extreme conditions as depicted; yet whoever covers the field with a wide sweep of observa- tion is shut up to but one conclusion. t Wide Meaning of Movements It is evident to any who give the matter Reflex Results thought that the foreign field likewise demands Field a general and positive reenforcement. The West has the needed latent resources of every kind. It is clear that the older parts of our country will not alone furnish for the foreign field what is instant and imperative. An exten- sion of our base of supplies is essential. For 228 The Frontier Wise Beginnings Importance of Early Aid the missionary forces of the Church to invest largely in the West is literally to reclaim an empire whose revenues, spiritual and material, will in five years begin flowing into missionary treasuries, and with such rising liberality as to dwarf all preliminary expenditures. Have we not come to a time when we must, of necessity, arise and save our own land if humanity is to be saved ? America for Christ means the world for Christ, but the whole round world for Christ means all America as his. It is providential that beginnings were made and the work strenuously advanced before the larger purpose of God was manifested. It now appears that not a church has been built and not a missionary enlisted without directly con- tributing to an all-inclusive plan. One board in forty years has aided in the erection of fifteen thousand churches, more than half of them west of the Mississippi. When the Louisiana Purchase became a part of the United States it had but 522 churches in all its borders, and now this one denomination has seven thousand churches there, six thousand of which were aided by missionary funds. How hopeless would seem the task in our West to-day if Protestantism PLYMOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, SEATTLE. WASHINGTON MEXICAN HOME MISSION BAPTIST CHURCH, EL PASO, TEXAS The West and the East 229 all these years had not steadily extended her borders. These many churches there are now our battle-line for the greatest advance of the ages. Every picket detachment will be swelled to a company and every company to a regiment. The Church, when it knows, will not hesitate. The rising emergency will be overtopped by wide-spread enthusiastic enlist- ment. When Christ was born his Church was poor christ-s Imperial and few in numbers. Wise men of the East Purpose brought gifts to him. Now since he has been lifted up he is drawing all men unto him, and his Church has tens of thousands for recruits and untold millions of gold to fill his treasuiy. Surely when he is in the field, when he unrolls for us his map of imperial purpose, every one of us will count it honor and joy to say, "Lord, what wilt thou have me to do?'' The Church's Education Concerning Home Missions It is evident that a fi.rst move in fully re- Knowledge claiming the West is to get before the whole present Church the present status of the frontier. It Frontier is safe to say that our country west of the Mississippi is, in its missionary conditions and 230 The Frontier Foreign Field Has Preoccupied Attention Home Field Now to the Front Preparation for a 'World Movement possibilities, not so well known by the Church generally as is India. Missionary education has been largely concerning the foreign field. This is fortunate, for with our natural tend- ency to greater interest in home rather than in foreign affairs, had the home field been most exploited in literature and public utterance, it would now be more difficult to arouse an ade- quate interest in the foreign work. While home missions are in the heart of the Church, yet the divine plan has been so unmis- takable concerning the Church among the na- tions, and the succession of notable victories there has been so marked and far-reaching, as largely to preoccupy the attention of Chris- tendom. A rapid change of front in the United States is so recent as to attract the attention of the observant only. Not that forces on the foreign field are now less aggressive or successful, but that in addition the home field presents such a massing of multitudes and such wide-spread significant preparations as to indicate a cul- mination beyond anything in American reli- gious history. As we have endeavored to show in preceding chapters, God seems to be calling out large re- The West and the East 231 enforcements and training them for a world movement. The West suddenly awakens as if answering a divine summons, and developments of every kind go forward as if responding to imperial urgency. America is none too large for these evolutions of the armies of the Lord. Concerning this newer situation, little litera- Fragmentary - f. , 1-1 • , Literature ture save of a fragmentary kmd exists. Missionary boards have furnished periodical sketches and leaflets, and doubtless within the next year they will send out much more on the new West. This information, however, reaches but a campaign part of the Church ; hence a very urgent serv- inforl^ation ice needed is what all may render, namely, to secure from your board its newest home mis- sionary literature and circulate it in your local church. So far as you are concerned the great- est home missionary field, next to yourself, is the church where you worship. The reason is evident. The chief obstacles to missionary ad- vance at home and abroad are not the peoples to be evangelized, languages to be learned, or hardships to be endured; all doors are wide open, save one, and that is the one into the individual church, out of which must largely come missionary support and the missionaries 232 The Frontier Selfishness Hardest to Percentage of Missionary Gifts themselves. It has been aptly said: "There have been no failures in foreign missions anywhere except in some of our churches at home." We can change the cannibals in the Fiji Is- lands and make them so far Christian that a woman to-day can go in safety from one end of the islands to the other unattended. We can change the high-class Brahman so that an in- valid outcast whom he would not look at a few years ago he is now willing to sit up all night with and feed with a spoon. All this foreign mission work has done and can continue to do. What it has not yet done here in the homeland is to change the selfishness of our own people into a spirit of sacrificial Interest for the saving- of the world. While our Church-members give, on the average, only two cents a week to save the mil- lions for whom we are responsible, we have lit- tle to boast of. Contrast this with the gener- osity of Christians across the sea. The native Zulu Christians have taken the full support of all their own churches and are contributing money to send the gospel to others. At the time of the famine in India, when the native Christians were paid out of the g-eneral fund Pastors Must Have a The West and the East 233 twenty cents a week for their support, they in- sisted on giving ten per cent, of it back again to the missionaries for Church work. There is a native Christian pastor in China, formerly a gambler, with a large family and a salary of fifty dollars a year, who gives twenty per cent, of it for missionary work. These men are not exceptions ; they represent the sacrifices which native Christians are ready to make. It is good generalship to strengthen ourselves at the weak- est point. We need pastors here at home with a passion for missions. It is a material age. Our people. Passion for ... . . , Missions as a whole, love ease and luxury; we want everything for ourselves first, and we need pas- tors more than ever who will have the courage to preach to us in no uncertain terms about Christian stewardship. We want ministers who will not be afraid to tell the people in the pev/s that the money they have is not their own, but it is God's money which they hold in trust ; and that the question, when the claim of missions is presented, is not, "How much of our money wdll we give to the Lord?" but rather, "How much of the Lord's money are we going to keep for ourselves?"^ A business man told J S. B. Capen. 234 The Frontier why he increased his missionary offering dur- ing a financial panic. He said the boards had more pressing calls for funds then, also that many would likely shrink in their missionary contributions. But as such times call for spe- cial self-sacrifice and heroism, he thought a still larger number might increase their offerings and thus give the boards the larger emergency funds needed. MuSdl**"^ An intelligent, well-directed campaign of in- formation and prayer concerning the present missionary situation in the United States will bring larger results for every field than any other means. Missionary treasuries are re- plenished by the many. The alabaster box and the widow's mite are among the chief assets of the Church militant. Who goes straight to the people with the story of the waiting multitudes will find a ready and generous response. That story brings to God's people reminders of the ever-present Christ and his compassion for the multitudes, and again in your message they will hear him say, "Give ye them to eat." For the people to place in the hands of Jesus their loaves and fishes and thereby, with his blessing, satisfy the hunger of millions, is no more vital to others than to themselves. They thus feed The West and the East 235 Needs themselves ; for are not twelve baskets full more than five loaves ? Use of the Highest Motives Obedience to the missionary commission is obeying the fundamental to the life of the Church. That life is born in self-surrender. It unfolds and matures in Christlike service. No Church can escape a choice between two fields — a mission- ary field or a cemetery. The statement is ever new, "My people perish for lack of knowledge." The story of the world's need told to your story of the ... . World's church, and presented m its various organiza- tions, is as essential to their spiritual life as is the gospel of Christ to the heathen for their salvation. You cannot possibly otherwise so vitalize the missionary movement as prayer- fully to advertise its needs. When you are filled with information a new dynamo will be turned on. You have the essentials : intelli- gence, sources of information, and the gift of utterance. When these are brought to bear on your church it will respond, for as a rule God's people do not withhold their gifts when they hear his voice. The motive, after all, which must move the Church, is not proportionate giving or system- Divine Self- investment 236 The Frontier atic giving-. It is not incited by mere duty or the needs of others. These are all important and would be sufficient if there were not a greater; but overshadowing and including all these is the desire and direct command of Jesus, "As the Father hath sent me, even so send I you." This command is personal and complete. In one way or another we are asked to invest self. The nature and extent of that investment is seen in the manner God sent Jesus into the world. Note the "as" and "so" of the com- mandment. The second equals the first. Power of Love God had ouc Sou. He loved him. He also loved the world. He could not rescue the world and withhold his Son. He offered up the One that he might have both. The mind of the Son was that of the Father. The sending of Jesus into the world cost him poverty, perse- cution, agony, and crucifixion. These facts did not indicate less of God's love for the Son, but they help us to measure the love of the Father and the Son for a lost world. And after all, it is the cross that draws men Godward. The man Jesus gripped the world by renouncing it. He saved his life by losing it. No ohe ever so obliterated himself for the world, and the world has never so enshrined another. and the Cross The West and the East 22^7 Christ is Kins: of kino's because he is servant LI^p^"*"/ c> o Effect of of servants. His utter humiHation is the meas- chrisfs ure of his exaltation. Now we are God's com- "^"^ ** missioned ones to continue and complete the work of Jesus. We are "sent" "as" Jesus was sent by the Father. He invests us with the same program of renunciation and the same promise of victory. The two are inseparable. The world bows to the kingship of great souls in proportion as they have exemplified this command of Jesus. Christ's lordship and ownership are gospel o^^'^gj^jj;^"^ notes we must sound out clear and often. We enthrone him nowhere only as we enthrone him within. If he reigns in us, then he reigns through us; and whatever we have is his to that end. Christ is not an absentee owner. He takes complete direction of your life for himself. Christian stewardship — or the lack of it — stands more in the way of Christ's ad- vance than all the obstacles of the heathen world. Consecrated treasure means a conse- crated Church, "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." The heathen of this and all other continents will not with- stand an advance of that kind. Does the Church acknowledge the present direction and 238 The Frontier ownership of Christ? Do the average pay- ments of its members for missionary conquest indicate this ? Obedience Measures Pozver The Attitude The measure of power in yourself or in your for World . ^ ■' , -^ . Conquest local church is the measure of obedience to this command. We can no more have a church apart from this marching order than we can have Christianity without Christ. Obedience to this commission is not a matter of geography but of surrender. Attitude determines longi- tude. The apostolic Church waited for the promise in an attitude of self-abandonment. The command was "beginning at Jerusalem." It was the hardest place in which to begin and to prevail. Nowhere was the tide so against the Church, but if they might receive power to overcome Jerusalem, the rest of the world was as good as vanquished. An enduement that would win Jerusalem would work anywhere. This is the secret of an overcoming Chris- tianity — the kind that can win at our Jerusa- lem : that is, in our life, our church, our coun- try. In that apostolic Church the ultimate aim was world conquest, but the test of its equip- ment was its power in Jerusalem. In that at- The West and the East 239 titude they prayed and waited, and for that purpose the Spirit was imparted. The tongues of fire which burned their way to the ends of the earth blazed a pathway by the way of Jeru- salem. That spirit in your life and in your study class will work the same wonders in your local church. By way of it and our homeland, the gospel will gladden "every creature." The answer to the local problems of individual churches is their right answer to Christ's mis- sionary commandment. How would you estimate a professing Chris- ^he . Missionary tian or a church that ignored the decalogue, m Law comes whole or in part? Is this missionary law less f''o™caivary binding? We dwell at some length on this as the whole issue centers here. All attempted substitutes are puerile and confusing. If Christ had substituted anything for Calvary this \vould not be a missionary era. When you give yourself, the gospel dispensa- secret of tion dominates your life. You become con- scious of spiritual illumination and rest of soul. Christ in his surrender spake concerning his illumination ; not only was he glad "for the joy that was set before him" but he thereby discov- ered the secret of human living. He says, "Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me ; for 240 The Frontier Christ Revealed Monthly Missionary Prayer- meeting I am meek and lowly in heart : and ye shall find rest unto your souls." He tells the secret. It is a yoke of service, but it will prove an easy one if we learn from him how to wear it. Meekness and lowliness of heart — self-renun- ciation — mean soul rest. Then again this attitude is what reveals Christ to us. He says, Go everywhere, tell the good news to every creature, "and lo, I am with yoii always." Is this preaching? Possibly, but are not these truths translated into the life of the Church the beginning and end of all mis- sionary effort? Suggestive Methods And now In what other ways may the local church be helped to answer the Master's call ? The monthly missionary prayer-meeting gives tone to the membership. Many may not attend, and the beginnings may not tingle with enthusiasm, but, when your purpose is an- nounced, a number will be thankful that they are to meet in the regular prayer-meeting once a month and talk and pray about Christ's world conquest. You will be sui-prised to find just who are Interested. Among them may be a number of quiet people whose missionary inter- A Practical Calendar The West and the East 241 est you had not discovered. However, the Lord who sits over against the treasury has known. The Christ, ahvays present with those who according to the commandment go to the ends of the earth, also meets with these who gather to inquire about his purpose. As they travel in prayer to needy fields, Jesus himself draws near, and their hearts, like those of the disciples of old, burn within them. We cite as an example, a down-town church where conditions of success might be counted doubtful. It is a congregation of the people with fluctuating membership. The gospel of world salvation and Christian stewardship, the missionary prayer service, the mission study classes, each in proper season and with no at- tempt at undue prominence, are made a part of the regular calendar. No one contributes largely from his plenty, without but the many, gladly and without pressure, give without as unto God, and the total is a surprise to all. deficits Financial ability falls far below that of other congregations, but in missionary offerings these people lead all the churches of that denomina- tion in a large city. Its own treasury does not lack. There are no deficits. Penitents seeking pardon and wanderers returning to God find 242 The Frontier Training the Sunday-school Missionary Teachers and Committees Mission Study Class this church a convenient and attractive gateway to the Father's house. This is but one example of scores. Then there is your Sunday-school. The re- demption of America and beyond must largely come by way of those now in our Sunday- schools. The teacher is the diamond pivot on which a door may swing and the outstreaming light flood uneven pathways. Is method important? Yes, but the spirit is everything. A Sunday-school teacher may again and again go to the mission field in the persons of those who hear God's call in the faithful teaching and holy living. The commit- tee in charge of monthly missionary exercises in the Sunday-school are the King's recruiting- officers. They will exercise great care that their offices and their programs are not per- functory. That study class may be waiting your initia- tive. You cannot? Read the prophets — their hesitation, their fear; but God called, and re- treat meant disaster. God wins most of his victories through people like yourself. To re- fuse is our unmaking. Only the one-talent man failed. He did not try. "Seek ye first the king- dom of God." Aim that it stand first. If in The West and the East 243 your young people's society it is not where it should be, help to push it up to first place. seek to place it there. Study over it, pray, consult, work, persevere, be bound to find a way and Christ will make a way. No excuses mav we offer for failure. Too no Excuse •' . Acceptable much is at stake. You will not excuse a mis- sionary who deserts his field ; you cannot. You listen to his tale of hardship, and yet feel he should have stayed. Does God call him to stay more than he calls us to provide conditions that make staying less difficult ? Can you turn from that study class, that Sunday-school, that hard task, because it is hard, even bordering on the impossible? Has not God as truly placed us just where we are faithfully to perform our task, and that if need be at as great cost as if in a mission field? Does he call a number to go and win, and excuse us if we fail at home ? The Missionaries and the Home Field The home field and the local church just now sacred are where the tide of battle centers. Mission- ^^p°"^' ' ' ^ aries, home and foreign, prayerfully watch the outcome. As we value destiny we dare not fail. God has entrusted to us the responsibili- ties of this crucial hour. 244 The Frontier Forces at the Front Deserve to be Sustained Reflecting the Master And, after all, who are these people at the front, these missionaries scattered over the waste places of this republic ? Do we wonder what it is to see with their eyes stubborn con- ditions in the midst of which they toil ? They are flesh and blood, people of like passions with ourselves. Are we asking if the battle goes hard against them, and if the load at times seems unbearable ? Do they sometimes ask why they enlisted in such warfare? Why they should serve with rigor, and live on a pittance, and away from friends and scenes that clutch at their heart when they dare think of them? Are they tempted with the thought that the Church too much forgets ? Does it seem to them that, when they have sacrificed so much, the Church should not tie their hands with lack of support for the w^ork ? Brave souls — choice spirits of the Church militant, they utter no complaint, nor does cen- sure fall from their patient lips. We see in them an incarnation that suggests the Master. They are Christian evidences in shoes. They, on the altar of self-surrender, break an ala- baster box that fills all the Church with a sweet odor of holy living and high service. While The West and the East 245 they continue we cannot lose the heavenly vision. Personal Consideration One dans^er if avoided may save the Church Look Not .... . . ,-11-°'" Substitutes a wealth of possibilities in these ripening fields. That danger is the thought that if you, your class, your young people's society, or church does not take up some particular work men- tioned, another will do it. That spirit pre- dominant means disaster. Do what you can — and do' it now ! Take facts presented, counsel with others about them, write your board or the superintendent of the mission to which your heart turns, for further particulars if needed, and your example, multiplied by many, may mean a hastened millennium for whole regions that otherwise may too long continue as they are. If you are not to help, who should ? Better still, what do the young men and Look at the Need women of the Church propose to do with such a call, for instance, as comes to a single board from Oklahoma and other points? Twenty men needed — not anybody, but as good as the Church furnishes. Bright, stalwart fellows just graduated from theological schools, or men of experience. If God does not in such an 246 The Frontier Frontier Work a Keen Test Enlistment of a New Brotherhood Challenge of an Emergeftcy emergency call you, then to whom is the appeal directed ? Frontiers, once enchanting fiction, are now bleak prose. The romance of missions is born of remoteness. The Christian's highest conse- cration may now mean, not a distant heathen land, but the one slipped under his feet. His battle may be not so much to go, as to stay. It is his Bunker Hill or Waterloo. Suppose a new order of brotherhood were inaugurated — a band of men to work where others do not care to go — men to get under the load, to stay there until God calls them else- where. We mean an exact duplication of for- eign missionary zeal expended on American soil. That spirit will work resurrection. It will beget a like consecration. Evil spirits will flee before it. Let us not be misunderstood ; this is not even an implied reflection on modern preachers. As a whole, they represent a loy- alty to Christ unsurpassed, unless it be by preachers' wives. We refer to a new enlist- ment for special service. In a national emergency, citizens thrust aside ordinary considerations to render extraor- dinary service. The kingdom of God in the United States is in instant need of the surren- The West and the East 247 dered treasure and toil of its subjects. A campaign of redemption of waste places cannot succeed by proxy or absent treatment. There is no redemption without the shedding of blood. We mean, there can be adequate returns only on investments that cost what is as dear as life. Christ himself thought it not worth while to make any attempt to save men on a cheaper basis — he gave himself. Humanly speaking the man is everything. " comes to the Put him anywhere, and what ought to be, hap- Man pens. Is any one too good to go ? Was Abra- ham or Paul or the Man of Nazareth too valu- able a man to undertake a mission ? AVith such heroic opportunities facing him, no young man in the ministry need be long in deciding whether he will go where most needed or stay where least self-denial is required. All senti- mentality about high purpose and lofty conse- cration shrivels in the noonday light of un- answered, momentous obligations. The Chris- tian man who does not squarely face the responsibility, it may be of going, certainly of sending, may well ask himself to what purpose he lives and whom he serves. Young man, this is for you. If you will fj^jj^"^*" invest in what is worth while, consecrate your- Young Men 248 The Frontier The Young Women Summoned A Standard for Young People Immortal Hebrew Names self to a Christlike lay service in any Christless locality, or, if God calls you, enter the ministry just as you would the missionary field. Fling to the winds anxiety about pastorates, rank, preferment, and so-called ministerial success. By prayer and a close walk with God maintain that spirit to the close of your ministry. When you become self-conscious you are a dead preacher. Young- woman, you may be the one for whom that mining camp is waiting. That may be your call. Do you say you are sO' busy in your home church you cannot well be spared? If you can be easily spared you may not be wanted. Is not this call, "America for Christ," becoming personal ? This enlistment for service in any place by young people who come to the work exactly as they would go to the foreign field will do for home missions in the United States what Christ asks. Young people, "Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it." We might never have heard of Abraham or Paul had they refused their westward call. It was their making and their crown of immor- tality. In the rapid expansion of the kingdom in apostolic days, in the doors then thrown The West and the East 249 wide, and in victories all out of proportion to those engaged, we recognize the omnipo- tent, omnipresent, unconquerable Christ. One fact alone bewilders. Israel — blind, unrespon- sive, inscrutable Israel! God hath raised up another Israel. We face Mission of a '■ ^ _ _ New Israel an epoch. Is he not saying, "Arise, shine ; for thy light is come, and the glory of Jehovah is risen upon thee" ? And thus may our West gain help from our East, that in turn it may bear "the glory of Jehovah" to the waiting Orient. QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VII Aim: To Realize What Each One May Do To Increase the Missionary Interest in His Local Church 1. What needs on the frontier have impressed you most ? 2. Name some new impressions that you have received in this study. 3. Compare the area of the territory west of the Mississippi with that east of the Mississippi. 4. Compare the population west of the Mississippi with that east of the Mississippi. 5. Give some examples of how railroads have con- tributed to the development of the countrj'. 6. Could the interior country be developed without them? 250 The Frontier 7. Sum up the effect of irrigation on the work of home missions. 8. State all the reasons you can why the Church should quickly occupy the frontier. 9. Can the Churches gain anything by postponing activity? 10. Sum up the loss that will come to the Church from delay. 11. What would you suggest to be done in your own young people's society to acquaint the members with the needs on the frontier? 12. How can you acquaint the Sunday-school with these facts? 13. How can you educate your church through the weekly prayer-meetings regarding these pressing needs on the frontier? 14. Do you believe that your church is familiar with these conditions? 15. How much has your church increased its gifts to home missions during the past three years? 16. Why do Church-members not give more to work outside of their own parishes? 17. Is it because of a lack of vision or consecration? 18. What do you consider the main cause for a lack of gifts to home missions? 19. Why is it that people won from heathenism and paganism are more generous in their gifts ac- cording to their resources than we at home? 20. Do you suppose that prayer for missions would stimulate giving? The West and the East 251 21. How often does your church hold missionary prayer-meetings ? 22.* Name what to you are the highest motives for missionary work. 23. Do these motives depend largely upon your own Christian experience? 24. Would you say that persons who have little interest in missions have a meager knowledge of the real blessings of Christ? 25. Is it possible to crown Christ King of our lives and yet not have a deep interest in missions ? 26. Do you suppose a missionary could be successful without a consecrated life? 27. Why does he become a missionary? 28. Is there any power in his life which should not be in yours? 29. What can you do to increase the missionary spirit in your church? 30. Have you ever thought of becoming a mis- sionary? REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY CHAPTER Vn For further material on this chapter the Secretary in charge of mission study of your denominational board should be addressed. APPENDIXES 253 Appendix A 255 APPENDIX A TABLE SHOWING ORIGINAL TERRITORY AND ADDITIONS TO THE UNITED STATES IN AREA AND POPDLATION 1 TenUorij Area in Square Miles Population When Acquired Population in 1900 Present Division into States and Territories Original Territory About 820,000 About 4,000,000 About 51,000,000 Ala., Conn., Del., D. C, Ga., 111., Ind., Ky., Me., Md., Mass., Mich., N.H.. N.J.,N.Y., N. C. 0., Pa., R. L, S. C. Tenn., Vt., Va., W. Va., Wis. Province of Louisiana, 1803 About 900,000 75,000 About 16,000,000 Ark., Cal., N.Dak., Ind. Ter., Iowa, Kans., La., Minn., Mo., Mont., Neb., Okla., S. Dak., Wyo. Florida, 1819 66,612 About 5,000 About 500,000 Florida and small parts of Ala., La., and Miss. Texas, 1845 376,133 About 150,000 About 3,000,000 Texas and parts of CoL, Kan., N. M., and Okla. Oregon Country, 1846 288,345 About 10.000 About 1,200,000 Idaho, Wash., Oregon, and parts of Mont, and Wyo. New Me.xico and Cali- fornia, 1848: Gadsden Pur- chase. 1853 .\bout 590,000 About 75,000 About 2,000,000 Ariz., Cat., Nev., Utah, and parts of CaL.N.M., and Wyo, '• Mowry, Territorial Growth of the United Stales, 225. 256 Appendix B APPENDIX B LAND AREA, POPULATION, AND DENSITY OF POPULATION FOR 1900 AND 1906, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES! Stats or Territory Alabama Arizoaa Arkansas California... Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia . Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland . Massachusetts. Michigsm Minnesota Missouri. Montana Nebraska Nevada * New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. North Dakota . . . Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina.. South Dakota . . . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont , Virginia Washington West Virginia . . . , Wisconsin Wyoming Area in Square Miles D 1 I- Eslimaled Poputc^ionl p„^,;i„„ ^^"" 1906 51,998 113,956 53,335 158,297 103,948 4,965 2,370 70 58,606 59,265 84,313 56,665 31,209 36,354 56,147 82,158 40,598 48,506 33,040 12,327 8,266 67,980 84,682 46,865 69,420 146,572 77.520 110,690 9,341 8,224 122,634 49,204 52,426 70,8.^7 41,040 38,848 96,699 45,126 1,248 30,989 77.615 42,022 265,896 84.990 9,564 42,627 69,127 24,170 56,068 97,914 Total for Continental United States 3,026,789 7.5,994,57.5 1,828,697 122,93 1,311,564 1,485,053 5.39,700 908,420 184,735 278,718 528,542 2,216,331 161,772 4,821,550 392,060 2,516,462 2,231,853 1,470,495 2,147,174 1,381,625 694,466 1,188,044 2,805,346 2,420,982 1,751,394 1,.55l,270 3,106,655 243,329 1,066,300 42,335 411,588 1,88.3,089 195,310 7,268,894 1,893,810 319,146 4,157,545 398,331 413,536 6,302,115 428,556 1,340,316 401,570 2,020,616 3,048,710 276,749 343,641 1,854,184 518,103 9.58,800 2,069,042 92,531 2,017,877 143,745 1,421,574 1,648.049 615,570 1,005,716 194.479 307,716 629,341 2,443,719 205,704 5,418,670 519,188 2,710,898 2,205,690 2 1,612,471 2,320,298 1,539,449 714,494 1,275,434 3,043,346 2,584,533 2,025,615 1,708,272 3,363,153 303,575 1,068,484 42,335 432 624 2,196,237 216,328 8,226,990 2,059,326 463,784 4,448,877 590,247 474,738 6,928,515 490,387 1,453,818 465,908 2,172,476 3,536,618 316,331 350,373 1,973,104 614,625 1,076,406 2,260,930 103,673 Number of Periions per Square Mite 1900 83,941,510 36 1 25 10 5 188 94 4,645 10 38 2 86 13 70 40 18 54 30 23 121 349 42 22 34 45 2 14 46 250 2 1.53 39 5 102 JO 4 140 407 44 5 48 12 3 38 46 8 39 38 1 26 1 Bureau of the Census, Bulletin 71, p. 16. " State census. 3 Popuhtioa decreased from 1890 to 1900; has inerrjased since that date, but no reliable data to show iricrease; population in 1900 used instead of estimates. * Less than one pereon per square mile. Appendix C 2S7 APPENDIX C VACANT AND RESERVED AREAS IN THE WESTERN PUBLIC LAND STATES 1 Stale or Territory Total Area Acres Vacant Acres Per Cent. Reserved Acres Per Cent. 72,332,800 101,350,400 66,512,000 53,272,000 52,531,200 93,491,200 49,606,400 70,848,000 78,451,200 45.308,800 24,979,200 61,469,200 49,696.000 54,380,800 44.275,200 62,649,600 47,082,321 33,156,877 30,110,586 33,485,389 942,483 55,748,400 4,481,958 61,226,774 52,095,312 7,050,306 1,983.249 20,180,261 9,932. Ii3 38,847.341 8,566,563 37,623,329 65.1 32.7 45.3 62.9 1.8 59.6 9.0 86.4 66.4 15.6 7.9 32.8 20.1 71.4 19.3 60.0 20,344,487 21,874,865 11,197,552 7,801,355 120,215 18,566,188 628,855 5,983,409 7,571,223 3,438,709 1,437,117 14,495,400 12,236,301 8,360,121 11,392,757 14,017,618 28.1 21.0 16.8 14.4 Kansas 0.2 19.9 1.3 8.4 9.6 7.6 5.8 23.6 24 6 Utah 15.4 25.7 22.4 Total 981.144,000 442,513,262 45.1 159,466,172 16.2 Newell, Irrigation, 6. 258 Appendix D APPENDIX D IRRIGATION PROJECTS AREAS, COST, EXPENDITDRES, ETC., ON ENTIRE PROJECTS OR SUCH UNITS AS IT IS EXPECTED TO COMPLETE BY 19111 Location Project .4rfo in Acres Eslimated Cost Eslimaied ExpemlUure to December 31. 1907 Per Cenl.of Com- pletion Salt River Orland 210.000 30.000 100,000 140,000 50,000 160,000 100,000 8,000 30,000 30,000 16,000 110,000 160,000 20.000 10,000 10,000 160,000 40,000 66,000 18,000 120,000 100,000 30,000 8,000 40,000 24,000 20,000 100,000 $6,300,000 1,200,000 4,500,000 5,600,000 2,250,000 4,000.000 3,000,000 350,000 900,000 1,200.000 500,000 3,850,000 4,800,000 640,000 370,000 200,000 8,000,000 1,240,000 2,700,000 1,100,000 3,600,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 500,000 1,600,000 1,500,000 600,000 4,500,000 84,362,100 16,900 1,876,700 2,900,000 9,750 1,839,700 1,381500 282,000 796,400 314,800 344,100 2,797.300 3,804,600 579,400 358,600 167,900 53,200 519,600 751,850 765,500 1,305,080 1,281,900 418,700 372,180 481,180 565,420 5.220 2,313,990 69.2 1.4 41.7 Uneompahgre .... Grand Viilley Minidoka Payette— Boise, . . Garden City 51.8 .4 46.0 46.5 80.5 88.4 Milk River, in- cluding St.Mary Sun River North Platte Truckee— Carson. . 26.2 09.0 Nebraska— Wyo. . . 73.0 79.2 81.5 New Mexico New Mexico New Mexico— Tex. North Dakota Hondo Leasburg Rio Grande Pumping, Buford —Trenton, Wil- 97.0 83.9 41.9 Montana— N. Dak. Low'r Yellowstone Umatilla 64.9 69.6 36.2 South Dakota Utah Washington Washington Washington Belle Fourche .... Strawberry Valley Okanogan Sunnyside Tieton 36.6 27.9 74.4 30.7 37.6 8.7 Wyoming Shoshone 51.5 Total 1,910,000 $70,000,000 2530,665,570 1 Blanchard. Statistician of United States Reclamation Service. ^ An average of $36.65 per acre. APPENDIX E TEXT OF THE PRESENT IRRIGATION LAW » Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represen- tatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all moneys received from the sale and disposal of public lands in Arizona, California, Col- orado, Idaho, Kansas, ]\Iontana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, beginning with the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and one, including the surplus of fees and commissions in excess of allowances to registers and receivers, and excepting the five per centum of the pro- ceeds of the sales of public lands in the above States set aside by law for educational and other purposes, shall be, and the same are hereb}^ reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special fund in the Treasury to be known as the "reclamation fund," to be used in the examination and survey for and the construction and maintenance of irrigation works for the storage, diver- sion, and development of waters for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the said States and Terri- tories, and for the payment of all other expenditures provided for in this Act : Provided, that in case the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands other than those realized from the sale and disposal of lands referred to in this section are insufficient to meet the requirements for the support of agricultural colleges in the several States and Territories, under the Act of 1 Quoted from Smythe, The Conquest of Arid America, 344-349- 259 26o Appendix E August thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, entitled "An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of the public lands to the more complete endowment and support of the colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, established under the provisions of an Act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two," the deficiency, if any, in the sum necessary for the support of the said colleges shall be provided for from any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to make examinations and surveys for, and to locate and construct, as herein pro- vided, irrigation works for the storage, diversion, and development of waters, including artesian wells, and to report to Congress at the beginning of each regular session as to the results of such examinations and surveys, giving estimates of cost of all contemplated works, the quantity and location of the lands which can be irrigated therefrom, and all facts relative to the practicability of each irrigation project; also the cost of works in process of construction as well as of those which have been completed. Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall, before giving the public notice provided for in section four of this Act, withdraw from public entry the lands required for any irrigation works contemplated under the provisions of this Act, and shall restore to public entry any of the lands so withdrawn when, in his judgment, such lands are not required for the purposes of this Act; and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, at or immediately prior to the time of be- ginning the surveys for any contemplated irrigation works, to withdraw from entry, except under the homestead laws, any public lands believed to be sus- Appendix E 261 ceptible of irrigation from said works : Provided, That all lands entered and entries made under the homestead laws within areas so withdrawn during such withdrawal shall be subject to all the provisions, limitations, charges, terms, and conditions of this Act; that said survej'S shall be prosecuted diligently to completion, and upon the completion thereof, and of the necessary maps, plans, and estimates of cost, the Secretary of the In- terior shall determine whether or not said project is practicable and advisable, and if determined to be im- practicable or unadvisable he shall thereupon restore said lands to entry; that public lands which it is pro- posed to irrigate by means of any contemplated works shall be subject to entry only under the provisions of the homestead laws in tracts of not less than forty nor more than one hundred and sixty acres, and shall be subject to the limitations, charges, terms, and condi- tions herein provided : Provided, That the commuta- tion provisions of the homestead laws shall not apply to entries made under this Act. Sec. 4. That upon the determination by the Secretary of the Interior that any irrigation project is practicable, he may cause to be let contracts for the construction of the sam.e, in such portions or sections as it may be practicable to construct and complete as parts of the whole project, providing the necessary funds for such portions or sections are available in the reclamation fund, and thereupon he shall give public notice of the lands irrigable under such project, and limit of area per entry, which limit shall represent the acreage which, in the opinion of the Secretary, may be reasonably re- quired for the support of a family upon the lands in question; also of the charges which shall be made per acre upon the said entries, and upon lands in private ownership which may be irrigated by the waters of the 262 Appendix E said irrigation project, and the number of annual in- stalments, not exceeding ten, in which such charges shall be paid and the time when such payments shall commence. The said charges shall be determined with a view of returning to the reclamation fund the esti- mated cost of construction of the project, and shall be apportioned equitably: Provided, That in all con- struction work eight hours shall constitute a day's work, and no Mongolian labor shall be employed thereon. Sec. 5. That the entryman upon the lands to be irri- gated by such works shall, in addition to compliance with the homestead laws, reclaim at least one half of the total irrigable area of his entry for agricultural purposes, and before receiving patent for the lands covered by his entry shall pay to the Government the charges apportioned against such tract, as provided in section four. No right to the use of water for land in private ownership shall be sold for a tract exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to any one landowner, and no such sale shall be made to any landowner unless he be an actual bona fide resident on such lands, or occu- pant thereof residing in the neighborhood of said land, and no such right shall permanently attach until all payments therefor are made. The annual instalments shall be paid to the receiver of the local land office of the district in which the land is situated, and a failure to make any two payments when due shall render the entry subject to cancelation, with the forfeiture of all rights under this Act, as well as of any moneys already paid thereon. All moneys received from the above sources shall be paid into the reclamation fund. Registers and receivers shall be allowed the usual com- missions on all moneys paid for lands entered under this Act. Appendix E 263 Sec. 6. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to use the reclamation fund for the operation and maintenance of all reservoirs and irrigation works constructed under the provisions of this Act : Provided, That when the payments required by this Act are made for the major portion of the lands irrigated from the waters of any of the works herein provided for, then the management and opera- tion of such irrigation works shall pass to the owners of the lands irrigated thereby, to be maintained at their expense under such form of organization and under such rules and regulations as may be acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior : Provided, That the title to and the management and operation of the reservoirs and the works necessary for their protection and opera- tion shall remain in the Government until otherwise provided by Congress. Sec. 7. That where in carrying out the provisions of this Act it becomes necessary to acquire any rights or property, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to acquire the same for the United States by purchase or by condemnation under judicial process, and to pay from the reclamation fund the sums which may be needed for that purpose, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney-General of the United States upon every application of the Secretary of the Interior, under this Act, to cause proceedings to be commenced for con- demnation within thirty days from the receipt of the application at the Department of Justice. Sec. 8. That nothing in this Act shall be construed as affecting or intended to affect or to in any way in- terfere with the laws of any State or Territory relating to the control, appropriation, use, or distribution of water used in irrigation, or any vested right acquired thereunder, and the Secretary of the Interior, in carry- 264 Appendix E ing out the provisions of this Act, shall proceed in con- formity with such laws, and nothing herein shall in any way affect any right of any State or of the Federal Government or of any landowner, appropriator, or user of water in, to, or from any interstate stream or the waters thereof : Provided, That the right to the use of water acquired under the provisions of this Act shall be appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of the right. Sec. 9. That it is hereby declared to be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior in carrying out the pro- visions of this Act, so far as the same may be prac- ticable and subject to the existence of feasible irrigation projects, to expend the major portion of the funds arising from the sale of public lands within each State and Territory hereinbefore named for the benefit of arid and semiarid lands within the limits of such State or Territory: Provided, That the Secretary may temporarily use such portion of said funds for the benefit of arid or semiarid lands in any particular State or Territory hereinbefore named as he may deem ad- visable, but when so used the excess shall be restored to the fund as soon as practicable, to the end that ulti- mately, and in any event, within each ten-year period after the passage of this Act, the expenditures for the benefit of the said States and Territories shall be equalized according to the proportions and subject to the conditions as to practicability and feasibility afore- said. Sec. 10. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to perform any and all acts and to make such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for the purpose of carrying the provisions of this Act into full force and effect. APPENDIX F BIBLIOGRAPHY General and Historical Baldwin, J., The Conquest of the Old Northwest. American Book Co., New York. 50 cents. Bandelier, Adolph F., The Delight Makers. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. $1.25. Brooks, N., First Across the Continent. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons, New York. $1.50, net. Casson, Herbert N., The Romance of Steel in America. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York. $2.50. Chandler, Julian A., and O. P. Chitwood, Makers of American History. Silver, Burdette & Co., New York. 60 cents. Cordley, R., Pioneer Days in Kansas. Pilgrim Press, Boston. $1.00, net. Drake, Samuel A., The Making of the Great West. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.50. Earle, Alice M., Home Life in Colonial Days. The Macmillan Co., New York. $2.50. Fernow, B. E., Economics of Forestry. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York. $1.50. Gregg, David, Makers of the American Republic. E. B. Treat & Co., New York. $2.00. Hulbert, A. B., The Ohio River; A Course of Empire. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $3-50. Inman, Henry, The Old Santa Fe Trail. The Mac- millan Co., New York. $2.50. 26s 266 Appendix F Jenks, Tudor, When America Was New. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York. $1.25. Lummis, Charles F., Spanish Pioneers. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 111. $1.50. McMurray, Charles, Pioneers of the Rocky Mountains and Northwest. The Macmillan Co., New York. 40 cents, net. Moore, Charles, The Northwest Under Three Flags. Harper & Brothers, New York. $2.50. Mowr}', W. A., The Territorial Growth of the United States. Silver, Burdette & Co., New York. $1.50. Newell, Fred H., Irrigation in the United States. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York. $2.00. Paine, Ralph D., The Greater America. Outing Pub- lishing Co., Deposit, N. Y. $1.50, net. Parkman, F., The California and Oregon Trail. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York. 50 cents. Prince, Leon C, A Bird's-Eye View of American His- tory. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.25. Roosevelt, Theodore, Winning of the West. 4 vols. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $10.00. Semple, Ellen C, American History and Its Geographic Conditions. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. $3.00, net. Smythe, William E., The Conquest of Arid America. The Macmillan Co., New York. $1.50. Sparhawk, F. C, A Chronicle of Conquest. Lothrop, Lee & Sheppard, Boston. $1.00. Standard History on Period 1840-1860. Strong, Josiah, Our Country. Baker & Taylor Co., New York. 60 cents. Appendix F 267 Van Dyke, John C, The Desert. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $1.25. White, Stewart E., The Blazed Trail. McClure, Phil- lips & Co., New York. $1.50. White, Stewart E., The Westerners. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $1.50. American Commonwealth Series. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. Each $1.25 and $1.10: Virginia, by J. E. Cook; Oregon, by F. H. Hoddcr ; Cali- fornia, by Josiah Royce ; Ohio, by Rufus King ; Michigan, by T. W. Cooley ; Kansas, by L. W. Spring ; Indiana, by J. P. Dunn, Jr. Missions Adams, Ephraim, The Iowa Band. Pilgrim Press, Boston. $1.00. Clark, Joseph B., Leavening the Nation. Baker & Tay- lor Co., New York. $1.25, net. Connor, Ralph, The Sky Pilot. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. Connor, Ralph, Black Rock. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. Connor, Ralph, The Prospector. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.50. Connor, Ralph, The Doctor. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.50. Craighead, J. G.. A Story of Marcus Whitman. Pres- byterian Board of Publication, Philadelphia. $1.00. Crowell, Katherine R., The Call of the Waters. Flem- ing H. Revell Co., New York. 50 cents. 268 Appendix F Doyle, Sherman H., Presbyterian Home Missions. Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, New York. 75 cents. Eggleston, Edward, The Circuit Rider and Hoosier Schoolmaster. E. P. Judd, New Haven, Conn. $1.25. Hines, H. K., Missionary History of the Pacific North- west. H. K. Hines, Portland, Ore. McAfee, Joseph E., Missions Striking Home. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 75 cents. McLanahan, Samuel, et al.. Home Mission Heroes. Presbyterian Board Home Missions, New York. 35 cents. Morris, S. E., At Our Own Door. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.00, net. Mowry, W. A., Marcus Whitman. Silver, Burdecte & Co., New York. $1.50. Nixon, O. W., How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon. Star Publishing Co., Chicago, 111. $1.50. Phillips, Alexander L., The Call of the Homeland. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Richmond, Va. 50 cents. Piatt, Ward, Methodisn) and the Republic. Board of Home Missions and Church Extension, M. E. Church, Philadelphia. 50 cents. Puddefoot, W. G., The Minute Man on the Frontier. T. Y. Crowell & Co., New York. $1.25. Shelton, Don O., Heroes of the Cross in America. Young People's Missionary Movement, New York. 50 cents. Sherwood, James M., Memoirs of David Brainerd. Funk & Wagnalls Co., New York. $1.50. Appendix F 269 Smith, Justin, History of the Baptists West of tlie Miss- issippi River. American Baptist PubHcation So- ciety, Philadelphia. 50 cents. Stewart, Robert L., Sheldon Jackson. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $2.00. Talbot, Ethelbert, My People of the Plains, Harper & Bros., New York. $1.65, net. Tomlinson, Everett T., The Fruit of the Desert. The Griffith & Rowland Press, Philadelphia. $1.25. Tompson, C. Lemuel, The Presbyterian. Baker & Tay- lor Co., New York. $i.co, net. Tuttle, Daniel S., Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop. Thomas Whittaker, New York. $2.00, net. Whipple, Henry B., Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate. The I\Iacmillan Co., New York. $2.50, net. White, Greenough, An Apostle of the Western Church, Bishop Kemper. Thomas Whittaker, New York. $1.50, net. Young, Egerton R.. An Apostle of the North. Flem- ing H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. American Indians Eells, I\Tyra, Ten Years' Mission Work Among Indians at Skokomish. Pilgrim Press, Boston. $1.25. Finley, James B., Life Among the Indians. Methodist Book Concern, New York, go cents. Humphrey, Seth K., The Indian Dispossessed. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $1.50. 270 Appendix F Jackson, Helen H., A Century of Dishonor. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $1.50. Johnston, Julia H., Indian and Spanish Neighbors. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 50 cents. McBeth, Kate C, The Nez Perces Indians Since Lewis and Clark. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.50, net. Pond, Samuel M., Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas. Pilgrim Press, Boston. $1.25. Sparhawk, Francis C, Onoqua. Lothrop, Lee & Shep- pard, Boston. $1.00. Strong, James C, Wah-kee-nah and Her People. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $1.25. Wood, Norman B., Lives of Famous Indian Chiefs. American Indian Historical Publishing Co., Au- rora, 111. $2.50. Young, Egerton R., Algonquin Indian Tales. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. Young, Egerton R., Child of the Forest. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. Young, Egerton R., On the Indian Trail. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.00. Magazine References Irrigation, Dry Farming, Forestry, and Related Subjects Anderson, "Irrigation in Southwestern United States and Mexico." Out West, August, '06. Barnes, "Gifford Pinchot, Forester." McClure's Maga- zine, July, '08. Beacom, "Irrigation in the L^nited States : Its Geo- graphical and Economic Results." Geographical Journal, April, '07. Appendix F 271 Blackwelder, "A Country That Has Used Up Its Trees." Outlook, March 24, '06. Blanchard, "A Stupendous International Irrigation Project." Leslie's Weekly, March 14, '07. Casson, "The New American Farmer." Review of Reviews, May, '08. Cope, ''Making Gardens Out of Lava-dust." World To-Day, June, '06. Cowan, "Dry Farming the Hope of the West." Cen- tury Magazine, July, '06. Deming, "Irrigation Problems in Wyoming." Inde- pendent, May 9, '07. Deming, "Dry Farming; What It Is." Independent, April 18, '07. Donahue, "Farming Without Water." World To-Day, August, '06. Dunn, "One Tree to Save a State's Lumber Supply." Technical World Magazine, August, '08. Edmonds, "A National Inventory." Review of Re- views, May, '08. Fernow, "Saving the Waste of Forests." Country Life in America, August, '07. Fielde, "Lumbering in Washington." Independent, No- vember 7, '07. Forbes-Lindsay, "Spending a Billion and a Half Dol- lars to Make a Desert Bloom." Harper's Weekly, February 2, '07. Geiser, "Results of Forestry in Germany." World's Work, March, '07. Hays, "The American Farmer Feeding the World." World's Work, August, '08. 2^2 Appendix F Hough, "The Slaughter of the Trees." Everybody's Magazine, May, '08. Jenkins, "Reclaiming Arid Lands Near Denver." Na- tional Magazine, July, '08. Kirkbride, "One-Acre Ranch." Century Magazine, March, '08. Kirkwood, "The Romantic Story of a Scientist." World's Work, April, '08. Mitchell, "Checking the Waste of Our National Re- sources." Review of Reviews, May, '08. Nelson, "The Lumber Industry of America." Review of Reviews, November, '07. Page, "The Rediscovery of Our Greatest Wealth." World's Work, May, '08. Pinchot, "The Conservation of National Resources." Outlook, October 12, '07. Quick, "Farming Without Water." World's Work, August, '06. Roosevelt, "Forest and Reclamation Service of the United States." National Geographic IMagazine. November, '06. Sterling, "Reforestation in Southern California." Out West, July, '07. Taylor, "Economic Problems in Agriculture by Irriga- tion." Journal of Political Economy, April, '07. Vanderhoof, "Irrigating an Empire." World To-Day, August, '08. Van Dyke, "In the Big Woods of Oregon." Outing Magazine, Februar}', '06. Will, "Forestry: Planting Trees for Profit." World's Work, November, '07. Wright, "The Government as a Home Maker." World To-Day, February^ '06. Appendix F -/o Railways and Waterways Baker, "Destiny and the Western Railroad." Century Magazine, April, '08. Carr, "The New Northwest and the Railways." Out- look, August 24, '07. Cochrane, "Why Railroads Are Busy." Moody's Maga- zine, January, '07. Larkin, "A Thousand Men Against a River." World's Work, March, '07. Mathews, "The Future of Our Navigable Waters." Atlantic ]\Ionthly, December, "07. Mathews, "The New Mississippi." Everybody's Maga- zine, April, '08. McGee, "Our Dawning Waterway Era." World's Work, April, '08. McGee, "Our Inland Waterways." Popular Science Monthly, April, '08. Prosser, "Railways Divide a New Kingdom." Tech- nical World Magazine, August, '08. Tait, "Taming the Mississippi." World To-Day, March, '07, Willey, "A War Against a River." Wide World Magazine, August, '08. Tlic Northwest Borah, "The Citizenship of Idaho." Pacific Monthly, February, '08. Carr, "The Great Northwest." Outlook, June 22, '07. Chappie, "Triumphs of the Canadian West." National Geographic Magazine, August, '07. 274 Appendix F Cushman, "The Northwest Gateway of Our Com- merce." The Outing Magazine, February, 08. Elford, "Oregon : An Inland Empire." Overland Monthly, June, '05. Elrod, "Resources of Montana and Their Develop- ment." Science, May 20, '04. Gooding, "The Promise of Idaho." Pacific Monthly, February, '08. Hunter, "Idaho." Pacific Monthly, February, '08. Lloyd, "Where Rolls the Oregon." Outing Magazine, February, '06. Lockley, "Westward Ho to Idaho." Pacific Monthly, February, '08. Mills, "Economic Struggle in Colorado." Arena, Feb- ruary, March, May, October, '06. Moorehead, "Crossing the Great Divide by Electricity." World's Work, April, '08. Northrop, "The Great Northwest." World To-Day, January, '06. Oberholtzer, "Opening of the Great Northwest." Cen- tury Magazine, March, '07. Reed, "The Empire of the Northern Prairies." World To-Day, February, '08. Thomas, "Our Own Northwest." Success Magazine, October and November, '07. Van Dyke, "Big Woods of Oregon." Outing Magazine, February, '06. Willey. "The Folk of the Puget Sound Country." Out- ing Magazine, February, '06. Wolf, "The Inland Empire." Pacific Monthly, May, '07. Appendix F 275 The Mormons Davis, "Practical Results of Mormonism." Missionary Review of the World, March, '07. Horwill, "Investigation of Mormon Church." Albany Review, June, '07. Kinney, "Present Situation Among the IMormons." Missionary Review of the World, August, '06. The Soufhzvesi Bessey, "Vegetation of Texas.'' Science, April 19, '07. Brownell, "Oklahoma: The Fight for Statehood." Ap- pleton's Magazine, April, '07. Cunniff, "Texas and the Texans." World's Work, March, '06. CunnifiF, "The New State of Oklahoma." World's Work, June, '06. Currie, "The Transformation of the Southwest through the Legal Abolition of Gambling." Cen- tury Magazine, April, '08. Dinwiddle, "Oklahoma : To-Day and To-Morrow." Appleton's Magazine, April, '07. "Growth of Southwest Texas." Review of Reviews, February, '06. Harvey, "The Southwest's Evolution." Metropolitan Magazine, August, '08. Harve3^ "The Great Southwest." Munsey's Magazine, March, '05. Hough, "The Rise of the State of Oklahoma." Apple- ton's Magazine, April, '07. Hough: "Oklahoma: the Coming of the White Man." Appleton's Magazine, April, '07. 276 Appendix F Matson, "The Awakening of Nevada." Review of Reviews, July, '06. McGuire, "Big Oklahoma." National Geographic Mag- azine, February, '06. Ogden, "The Newest Land of Promise." Everybody's Magazine, November, '07. Ogden, "Farming in the Southwest." Everybody's Magazine, November, '07. Willey, "The Southwestern Oil Fields." Moody's Magazine, January, '07. The West Behveen and Beyond Blanchard, "The Quickening of Nevada." Pacific Monthly, May, '07. Button, "Our Strategic Position on the Pacific." Pa- cific Monthly, November, '07. McAdie, "Climate of the Pacific Coast." Outing Maga- 2ine, February, '06. Reinhart, "Seizing the Desert's Last Stronghold." World's Work, April, '08. The American Indians Brown, "The Indians and Oklahoma." Outlook, Janu- ary 19, '07. Forbes-Lindsay, "Shaping the Future of the Indians." World To-Day, March, '07. Kennan, "Lands of Indians and Fair Play." Outlook, February 27, '04. Leupp, "Gospel of Work for Indians." Nation, Octo- ber 6, '04. Oskison, "Making an Individual of the Indian." Every- body's Magazine, June, '07. Appendix F 277 Oskison, "Remaining Causes of Indian Discontent." North American Review, March i, '07. Sparhawk, "The Indian's Yoke." North American Re- view, January, '06. Willey, "Our Other Race Problem." Metropolitan Magazine, October, '07. Chinese, Japanese, and Some Other People Brooks, "The Real Pacific Question." Harper's Weekly, October 12, '07. Dodd, "The Hindus in the Northwest." World To- Day, November, '07. Fulton, "Japanese Pupils in American Schools." North American Review, December 21, '06. Hart, "The Japanese in California," World's Work, March, '07. Harwood, "Extinction of the Chinese in the United States." World's Work, December, '04. Ichihashi, "Japanese Students in America." Outlook, October 12, '07. Inglis, "Reasons for California's Attitude Toward Jap- anese." Harper's Weeklj^, January 19, '07. Irwin, "The Japanese and the Pacific Coast." Collier's Weekly, September 28, '07; October 12, 19. 26, '07. Irwin, "Chinese Slave Trade in California." Every- body's Magazine, July, '04. Kawakami, "Naturalization of the Japanese." North American Review, June 21, '07. Kawakami, "The Japanese in California." Independent, November 29, '06. 278 Appendix F Kessler, "An Evening in Chinatown." Overland Monthly, May, '07. Lockley, '"The Hindu Invasion." Pacific Monthly, May, '07. Lusk, "The Real Yellow Peril." North American Re- view, November, '07. Maitland, "Chinese in California and South Africa." Contemporary Review, December, '05. Miller, "The Ruinous Cost of Chinese Exclusion." North American Review, November, '07. Nickerson, "Chinese Treaties and Legislation of the United States and Their Enforcement." North American Review, September, '05. Scheffauer, "The Old Chinese Quarter, San Francisco." Macmillan's Magazine, July, '07. Thomson, "Japanese in San Francisco." World To- Day, December, '06. Wherry, "Hindu Immigrants in America." Missionary Review of the World, December, '07. Miscellaneous "American Trade Around the World." World's Work, August, '08. Brock, "The Americanism of the Last West." Outing Magazine, February, '06. Cameron, "Wheat the Wizard of the North." Atlantic Monthly, December, '07. Dickey, "The Modern Pioneer." World To-Day, Feb- ruary, '08. Harger, "Revival in Western Land Values." Review of Reviews, January, '07. Appendix F 279 Harvey, "A School for American Business Men." Appleton's Magazine, February, '08. Harvey, "Epics of the West's Expansion." North American Review, July 5, '07. McCandless, "Hawaii, the Cross-roads of the Pacific." World's Work, March, '07. Moody, "The Real Cowboy." Outdoor Life, Febru- ary, '07. Rov.'e, "Our Trade Relations with South America." North American Review, March i, '07. Sherman, "Followers of the Bunch Grass Hunter." Outing Magazine, February, '06. Straus, "Our Era of Commercial Greatness." World's Work, August, '08. True. "The Coming of Law to the Frontier." Outing Magazine, February, '08. Watson, "Copper Wealth in a Remarkable New Camp." Leslie's Weekly, March 14, '07. Willey, "America in the Orient." Putnam's Magazine, July, '08. Wright, "Westward to the Far East." Pacific Monthly, IMay, '07. A great number of issues of several board periodicals and publications, for the last three years, also their leaflets, are of special value. The denominational reports will repay reading. INDEX 281 INDEX A Abraham's v/estward call, 24S Absorption of the American Indian, 198 Africa and the West as mission fields, 105 Agricultural college a world asset, 82 Agriculture the basis of civilization, 42 "Aim-day-co," 202 Alfalfa, an acclimated, 83 Altruistic spirit, the, 207 American Board in Oregon, 20 American History and Its Geographic Conditions quoted, 3 American Revolution, the, 6 Anglo-Saxon blood, 4, 32; the modern Anglo- Saxon, 184 Appalachian Mountains, 6-8 Arctic Circle and wheat, 88 Arctic Ocean, 6 Area of the United States, 4 "Argonauts of '49," the, 25 Arid West, our, 46 Aridity a blessing, 43, 46 Arizona, 153, 159-163; as a health resort, 161 ; bull- fights in, 157; the Roose- velt Reservoir, 160 Armada, the Spanish, 14 Artesian wells, 151; in Pe- cos Valley, 164 Asia, a source of improved products, 82, 8^; its mis- sionary aspect from the West, III, 145-147, 174- 177, 209-215, 249 Atlantic Ocean and the colonies, 9 B Bacon as fuel, 12 Balboa, 14 Barnes's "Gifford Pinchot, Forester" referred to, 61. "Big Pasture," Oklahoma, 166 Billings, Montana, 81 Blanchard, C. J., referred to, 53, 258 Boston and the early fur trade, 16 Boundary line, the north- ern, 21,22 Brainerd, David, 188 Buddhism in San Fran- cisco, 146 Burbank, Luther, referred to, 82 Butte copper mines, 84 C California, discovery of gold in, 24; early settlers in, 23; present condi- tions in, 144; Spain in, 14 California Trail, 25 Canada, annexation and reciprocity, 89 83 284 Index Canadian Northwest, Americans in the, 88; raih-oads, 89 Canyons, 48 Cape Prince of Wales, 13 Capen, S. B., quoted, 233 Caravans cross the conti- nent, 21, 22 Carson Basin, Nevada, 129, 142 Cascade Mountains, 44 Cattle-ranges and irriga- tion, 56 Center of power, 4 Central City, Colorado, 121 Chili, 173 China, awakening, 90; early fur trade with, 15; pos- sible productiveness, 4 Chinese, in America, 212; characteristics and ill- treatment of, 213; home missions among, 215 Churches, the call to the, 66, 225-240 Civil War reminiscences, 89 Civilizations c o h t r a s ted, two, 207 Climate of the U. S., 3; causes of, 4 Coast Range, the, it8 Colorado, altitude of, 117; climate, gold mining, products, resources, 119; irrigated land, 119; pub- lic-spirited men, 1 20 ; rail- ways, 120: religious interests in, 121, 122 Colorado River, the, 48 Colorado Springs, 120 Columbia River named by Captain Gray, 16 Columbia River pass, 78, 79 Congress, land grants by, 9 Connecticut's missionary work, ^;i Conquest of Arid America, The, i-eferred to, 41, 259 Consecration, the highest, 246 Cook, Captain, 13, 15, 17 Cook, Rev. Charles, referred to, 203 Cooperative spirit, a, 55 Copper in Montana, 84 Corner lots secured for churches, 103 Corpus Christi. Texas, mar- ket-gardening in, 169 Cotton, in Oklahoma, 167; in Texas, 173 Council, Idaho, its mission work, 96 Crops, irrigation insures a series of, 47', order of, in dry farming, 63, 64 Crossing the continent, Lee and Whitman, 21, 22 D Dakotas, climate of the, 4; the people, 87 Dawes act of 1887, 198 Deception Bay, 16 Deming, in The Indepen- dent, referred to, 64 Democracy, a backwoods, 7 Denver, 120 Desert, hardships of, 13, 28, 31; holiday experiences in, 30; transformation of, 41 ; underground lakes in, 51 Destruction of our forests, 60 Development, begins west- ward, 10; varied in w^est- ern states, 118 Index ^85 Ditching, prehistoric mod- els in, 48 Doors opened by cotton and wheat, 173 Doyle, Dr. S. H., quoted on Indian affairs, 190-197 Dry farming, 63-65, 82 E Edwards, Jonathan, re- ferred to, 188 Efforts of the churches, 103 El Paso, Texas, 170, 207 Electricity, in desert work, 5 1 ; in developing towns, 57 Eliot, John, referred to, 188 Ely, Nevada, 140 Engineering feats in wes- tern work, 52 England's Pacific posses- sions, 4 English pioneer, the, 8 Enlightenment needed, con- cerning home missions, 227, 229; literature frag- mentary, 231; loss from lack of knowledge, 235 Enthroning the Christ, Everybody's Magazine ve- ferred to, 60 Exemplary church, an, 241 Explorations, European, in North America, 5; on the Pacific coast, 13 Extension of the United States, 9 "Five Civilized Tribes" of Oklahoma, 199 Flag carried around the globe, our, 16 Foreign countries repre- sented in the Dakotas, 99-101 Forest, the function of the, 59 Forestry department, our, 61 Fort Hall, 23 Foster, at Council, Idaho, 96; his wife "Minnie," 97, 98 Fremont, John C, 24 French, nation, 18 ; trader, 8 "From passage to peltries," 5 Frontier in the making, our, 3 Frontier preachers, 91-94 Fruit grown in irrigated regions, 116 Fur trade, and exploration, 6; with China, 15,16 Gadsden Purchase, 13 Gallatin Valley, Montana, 81 Galveston, Texas, 170, 174 Gambling being driven out of the Southwest, 157 Gateway of the Upper Rio Grande, 11 Generosity of converted heathen, 232 Gentile influence in Utah, 136 Geography, its bearing on early development of United States, 3 Giant Northwest, the, 75- 114 Gila Trail, 12 Goal, the destined, 223 286 Index God, nature an expression of, 34 Gold in California, dis- covery of, 24 Golden spike driven, 26 Goldfield, Nevada, 140 Governmental action in irri- gation development, 49, Gray, Captain, discovers and names Columbia River, 16 "Great American Desert," the, 128; physical fea- tures, 129 "Great Interior Basin," our, 128-130 Great Lakes, the, 6 Greeley Colony, 120 Gulf, breezes from, 4 H Harwood, Dr. Thomas, of Albuquerque, 209 Hawaii, 89; Japanese in, 210, 211; location of, 5 Heroic leaders, 226 Hill, Mr. James J., quoted, 76 Holland in the New World, 14 Home and foreign heathen, 230. 237 Home mission fields, 66 Home missionary heroes, 226; the home mission- ary, 35 Homes, motive in western emigration, 43, 50: result from irrigation, 57; the object in governmental action, 62, 63 Homesteaders in the Da- kotas, loi Hudson's Bay Company, 20 Hudson Valley, 7 Humid and arid regions contrasted agriculturally, 56; our humid sections, 45 Humphrey, S. K., quoted, 182 Idaho, 77, 81; conditions in, 138; mining town, q6; Mormons, 138; pas- tor's experience, 66; phy- sical features, 118; Twin Falls church, 138; un- reached in, 105 Ignorance a peril, 227 Immigration, Napoleonic wars and, 10 Imperial Valley, Arizona, 129. 15s Independence, Missouri, 11 India, the attitude of, 90 Indian afifairs. Dr. S. H. Doyle quoted on, 190- 197 Indian and Spanish Neigh- bors quoted, 197, 201 Indian and the white man, the, 185 Indians, American, 181-207; missions to, 188, 189, 200- 207; policy of govern- ment toward, 18, 186, 192-199; present popula- tion, 190, 191 Indian Territory, the, 1 1 : Indians of, 199 Individual man a chief fac- tor in progress, 247 Intensive farming, 47, 81 Internal development, 41 Irrigated arid regions and fruit growing, 116 Index .87 Irrigation, 40-59. 116, 123, 129, 130, 164, 225; by governmental action, 49- 57; provision for fund, 50, 259-264 James, G. W., quoted, 182 Japan, 90; as a competitor, 4 Japanese, as immigrants, 209 ; colony in Texas, 175; occupations of, 211; sta- tistics, 210 Jefferson's tactful plea to congress, 18 Jews in the Southwest, 176 Johnston, Julia H., quoted, 197, 201 Journeys of pioneer times, 27 Juarez, Mexico, 207 K Kansas, conformation of, 117 Kansas City a portal, 117 Key to interpret history, 186 Kit Carson's ride, 12 Kynett, Dr. A. J., xi Lake Nicaragua, 14 "Last man," the, 197, 199 Lee, Rev. Jason, 19, 85; conducts colony to Ore- gon, 2 1 ; missionary and patriotic services, 19-21 Lewis and Clark, 11, iS, 19 Local church methods, 240 "Lone Star" flag, the, 24 Los Angeles, 12 Louisiana Purchase, the, 9, Lumber, camps, 92; ship- ments, 80; welcome of mission work, 92, 93 M Macaroni wheat grown in the Northwest, 83 Macedonian call, a new, 179 Marshall, James W., 24 Massacre, Whitman's, 22 McAfee, James E., quoted, 222 Mexican government, the, 24 Mexicans, 207; mission schools for, 208 Mexico and Spain, 14 Millennium, a hastened, 245 Mines and mining, 25, 84, 94—96, 118, 130, 139, 140; church conditions in min- ing camps and towns, 94- 96 Minidoka government irri- gation project, the, 66-68 Minnesota's boundary line, 44; her people, 88 Minute Alan on the Fron- tier quoted, 35 Mission, call to young peo- ple, 247, 248; responsi- bility of the Churches, III, 146, 147, 177, 182, 207, 222-249; prayer- meetings, 240; study classes, 241, 242; training of the Su-nda3^-school , 242 Missionaries in home fields, courage and optimism, 108, 109; perils and sac- rifices, 22, 23, 32-35, 67, 97, 98, 107, 108, 122, 135, 188, 244-247 Index Missions and missionary- conditions, an^ong Chi- nese, 212-215; among Indians, 200-207; among Japanese, 209 - 212; among Mexicans, 207- 209; in the Northwest, 89-108; in the "West Between," 1 18-146; in the Southwest, 155-177 Mississippi River, 17 Missouri, productive soil, 12; River, 18, 47 Mohawk Valley, 7 Monroe Doctrine, 13 Montana, 77, 81; climate, 4; people, 87; railways, 84; unreached population, 105 Mormon, ambitions, 134; convert's story, 137; in- fluence of missionary schools, 133; most diffi- cult field, 135; outlook and results, 136-139 Mormons, in Idaho, 138; in Utah, 131; irrigation by the Mormons, 129 N Napoleonic wars and immi- gration, 10 National Geographic Maga- zine referred to, 53 Nature and God, workers with, 184 Nebraska's conformation, 117 Needs of the Northwest, 92 Nevada, area, population, possibilities, 130; churches, 140; farmers, 116; irrigation, 129, 142; missionary's statement, 141; physical conditions, 139; railroads, 142; State University, 140 New England Christian en- terprise, 33 New Mexico, 153, 155; con- ditions in, 163; Pecos Valley section, 163; pop- ulation, 163, 164; re- sources, 164 New settlement conditions, 157. 225 New Southwest, the, 151- 180; climate, extent, peo- ple, 153; growth, 154: religious foundations, 155 Nez Percys Indians at St. Louis, 19, 85 Nile Valley cited, 46 Noble work of young men, 53 North Dakota, 77,81, 99,100 Northwest, along the Pa- cific, 14-23; the Cana- dian, 88; the Early, 7; the Giant, 75-114; crucial missionary conditions, 99; problems, 90 Northwest passage, search for a, 5, 14, 15 O Obedience measures power, 238 Obstruction reveals swift current, 183 Ocean liners. Pacific, 84 Ogden, Utah, 26 Oklahoma, 153; church needs, 167, 168, 245; de- velopment of and oppor- tunities in, 165, 166; pop- ulation, products, prog- ress, 16-167 Index 289 Oregon, American Board in, 20; claim or United States, 16-23; compara- tive size, 77; emigration to, 12; Lee and Whit- man's colonies, 21, 22; people of, 85; provisional government in, 22 ; United States claim upon, 19; unreached in, 105 Oregon Trail, 12 Orient, the, and San Fran- cisco, 145; our commerce with the East and mis- sion work, 91 Orientward trend in com- merce and missions, 5, 76, 78-85, 89-91, III, 144-147. 171-177. 209- 2^5. 249 p Pacific Northwest, the, 14- 23 Pacific Ocean, territory bor- dering on the, 4, 5, 14 Pacific winds and the Rock- ies, 4 Paine, The Greater America, quoted, 76, 102 Panama Canal, 14, 170,171 Panhandle of Texas, 169 Panic times, thoughtful contributions in, 234 "Pathfinder, the," 24 Pauls call westward, 248 Passion for missions, a, 233 Pecos Valley, New Mexico, 164 People of the Northwest, the, 85, 86 Philippines, the, 8g Pima church in Sacaton, 203 Pinchot, Gifford, 61 Pioneer, hardships, 27-31, 65; placing of successors under obligation, 31; re- sults to Indian life, 187, 188; spirit, 8, 13 Polygamy in Utah, 131, 132 Population, as affected by irrigation, 56; by rail- ways, 26; table showing recent increase by states, 256 Portland, Oregon, 79, 85 Porto Rico, 171 Possible results of irriga- tion, 49 Powell quoted, 116 Power from irrigation plants, 51 Preachers, on the frontier, 91, 104, 107-109; wives of, 108, 246 Prehistoric models in ditch- ing, 48 Problems, Asiatic immigra- tion, 90; of irrigation works, 53; of the North- west, 89 Progress, the march of, 188 Prohibition in North Da- kota, 87 Projects in irrigation, 258 Protestantism, in Colorado, 121; in the Southwest, 155 Public lands, our, 45 Puddefoot, W. G., quoted, 35. 152 Puget Sound, 21, 78; con- tiguous resources, 80; freight facilities, 85 Q Qualities born of hardships, 13 290 Index R Railroads, dominate the West, 117, 223, 224; elec- tric traction, 84; exten- sion in the Northwest, 87, ; first transcontinental, 9; the lead in trackage, 170; in Texas. 170; in the Great Basin, 130 Rainless sections in the United States, 45 Reclaimed arid sections, 48, 56 Religious aspect m new towns, 58, 106 Reno, Nevada, the State University at, 140 Reserves, our forest, 61 Responsibility, our, iii, 243-249 Rhode Island's population and that of irrigated dis- tricts compared, 58 Rice culture in Texas, T75 Ridley, Bishop, quoted, 202 Rio Grande, a sugar-cane region, 169 Riverside, California, 57 Rocky Mountains, 11, 44, 102, 103, 117 Roosevelt Reservoir, 160 Roosevelt, Theodore, trained on a western ranch, 62; tribute to In- dian missionaries, 205 Russia as a trade competi- tor of the United States, 4 Sacramento Valley, 23, 25 Saloons becoming unpopu- lar in Arizona, 157 Salt Lake City, 129, 136 San Diego, 12, 15 San Francisco, 24; a gate- way to the Orient, 117; importance of , 144; Japa- nese aid when needed, 212; longer and more mountainous route for overland freight, 78, 79; mission work in, 145, 146 Santa Fe, old buildings in, 163 Santa F6 Trail, 12 Scandinavians, 88 Schafer, Joseph, xi; re- ferred to, 26 Seed selection, results of, 82, 83 Self-investment, 236, 239, 247 Selfishness, 232; to be over- come in the home Church, 232 Semiarid belt, 65 Semple, Ellen Churchill, x; quoted, 3 Shelton, Don O., quoted, 222 Sierra range of mountains, 44, 118 Small farms under the irri- gation system, 56 Smalley quoted, 76 Smoot case, the, 136 Smythe, William E., xi; quoted, 40, 116; referred to, 41 Social order, an ideal, 55 Soil in the arid West, 46 Soul rest, 240 South America, 171, 172 South Dakota, 77, 81; rail- roads and incoming set- tlers, 100-103; superin- Index 291 tendent's district, 104; the Indians of, 204 Southwest, the, 152 ; health- seekers in, 161; pastoral care desired, 162; sani- tariums needed, 163; the outlook, 171 Spain in the New World, 14, 16; present attitude, 89 Spanish, Armada, 14; Trail, 12 Spokane, country, 103; River, 84 Standard of missionary de- votion for young people, 248 Statistics, agriculture, peo- ple engaged in, in 1900, 42; American farmers going to Canadian Northwest, 88; Califor- nia, population in 1870, 25; Chinese population, 212; Colorado products, 119, 120; educational ap- propriation for Indians, 198; farms, in 1900, 42; forest reserves, area, 60, 61; Gadsden Purchase, price paid, 13; Indians, main classes, 190, 191; irrigation projects, area and cost, 49, 258; Japa- nese population, 210; Louisiana Purchase, churches, 228; Oklahoma towns and cities, 166; Oregon Trail, length of, 12; Northwest, popula- tion in 1870 and 1880, 26; railroad new mileage, in Nevada, in 1907, 140; Southwest, population. 153; states, area and population, 256; terri- tor}' added to United States, area and popula- tion, 255; Texas meas- urements, 152, 169, 170; United States, area, 4, 256; unreached popula- tions in Oregon and Washington, 106, 107; vacant and reserved areas, 257 St. Louis, Nez Percys in, 19 Strong, Josiah, quoted, 2, Sunday-school missionary training and work, 242 Supplies furnished by Wo- man's Home Missionary organizations, 108 Sutter, Captain John, 23 Table-land, extent of dry, 47. Tammg the desert, 44 Taylor, Bishop William, 25 Teutons, the, 88 Texas, 152-154; advance- ment in, 168; crops, land, settlers in, 169 Tomlinson, Everett T., quo- ted, 92 Towns springing up in irri- gated sections, 54, 56 Trails, historic, 11,12 Transcontinental railway, the first, 26 Truckee-Carson irrigation scheme, 129, 140 Turner quoted, 2 Twin Falls, Idaho, the church at, 138 292 Index U Underground lakes in the desert, 51 United States, course of dis- covery and settlement, 5- 26; growth in territory, 9, 13, 17, 24, 255; internal development, 223, 224; well located for world in- fluence, 3, 223 Urgent missionary needs, 225, 226 Utah, Mormonism, 131-138; physical features, popu- lation problems, 118 Vacant and reserved areas in western public land, , 257 Vancouver, Captain, 17 W Walla Walla River, 20 Washington, 77; conditions in, ic6, 107 Water under the desert sand, 130 Watershed, a continental, 118 Wells, artesian, and irriga- tion, 51, 164 "West Between and Be- yond," 1 15-149; domxi- nated by railways, 117; great variety, 118; im- mense resources from soil and mines, 1x8-144 West, the, 2; gateway of the, 7; its importance, 5 Western exijansion, our, 4 Western, frontier, our, 78; table-land, 44 Wheat, quality when grown toward Arctic Cir- cle, 88; special hardy varieties, 83 Wheeler, Rev. O. C, 25 Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 20, 22, 85 Whole world for Christ, 228, 229 Willamette River, 19 Winning Christianity, a, 23 8 Wise beginnings made, 228 Woman, missionary, 201; suffrage states, 118 Woman's Home Missionary organizations aiding the work, 108 Working with nature and God transforms man, 1S4 World history, three stages of, 3 Wyoming, features of, 117, X18; in-igation law, 123; physical aspects and conditions in, 123-128; stock raising, 1 1 6 Zulu Christians, and giving, 232 Forward Mission Study Courses "Anywhere, provided it be forward." — David Living- stone. Prepared under the direction of the YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Editorial Committee: T. H. P. Sailer, Chairman; R. P. Mackay, T. Bronson Ray, Howard B. Grose, S. Earl Taylor, C. R. Watson, John W. Wood, H. F. Williams. The forward mission study courses are an out- growth of a conference of leaders in young people's mission work, held in New York City, December, 1901. To meet the need that was manifested at that confer- ence for mission study text-books suitable for young people, two of the delegates, Professor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary Committee of the Ep worth League, projected the For- ward Mission Study Courses. These courses have been officially adopted by the Young People's Mission- ary Movement, and are now under the immediate direction of the Editorial Committee of the Movement. The books of the Movement are now being used by more than forty home and foreign mission boards and societies of the United States and Canada. The aim is to publish a series of text-books cover- ing the various home and foreign mission fields, and written by leading authorities. The entire series when completed will comprise perhaps as many as forty text-books. ^, The following text-books having a sale of over 450,000 have been published: 1. Into All the World. A general survey of mis- sions. By Amos R. Wells. 2. The Price of Africa. (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor. 3. Princely Men in the Heavenly Kingdom. (Biographical.) By Harlan P. Beach. 4. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. A study of Japan. By John H. De Forest. 5. Heroes of the Cross in America. Home Mis- sions. (Biographical.) By Don O. Shelton. 6. Daybreak in the Dark Continent. A study of Africa. By Wilson S. Naylor. 7. The Christian Conquest of India. A study of India. By James M. Thoburn. 8. Aliens or Americans? A Study of Immigra- tion. By Howard B. Grose. 9. The Uplift of China. A study of China. By Arthur H. Smith. 10. The Challenge of the City. A study of the City. By Josiah Strong. 11. The Why and How of Foreign Missions. A study of the relation of the home Church to the foreign missionary enterprise. By Arthur J. Brown. 12. The Moslem World. A study of the Mo- hammedan World. By Samuel M. Zwemer. 13. The Frontier. A study of the new West. By Ward Piatt. These books are published by mutual arrangement among the home and foreign mission boards, to whom all orders should be addressed. They are bound uni- formly, and are sold for 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, in paper, postage extra. ''[.'""fon Theolo lll)/iinm^',?^,7 Libra 1 1012 01234 8407 DATE DUE iitgjSj^.*t^>tfw^*-*^ CAYLORD PRINTEOINU.S*.