TH E A\ohammadan Dynasties S. Lane- Poole 3.S-. //. 0 { the ®Jjeologtr a / PRINCETON, N. J Division 3 Section ... • Life THE MOHAMMAD AH DYNASTIES THE MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES CHRONOLOGICAL AND GENEALOGICAL TABLES WITH HISTORICAL INTRODUCTIONS STANLEY LANE - POOLE ©Westminster ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE 14 PARLIAMENT STREET MDCCCXCiV HERTFORD STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SON PRINTED BY PREFACE The following Tables of Mohammadan Dynasties bare grown naturally out of my twenty years’ work upon the Arabic coins in the British Museum. In preparing the thirteen volumes of the Catalogue of Oriental and Indian Coins I was frequently at a loss for chronological lists. Prinsep’s Useful Tables, edited by Edward Thomas, was the only trustworthy English authority I could refer to, and it was often at fault. I generally found it necessaiy to search for correct names and dates in the Arabic historians, and the lists of dynasties prefixed to the descriptions of their coins in my Catalogue were usually the result of my own researches in many Oriental authorities. It has often been suggested to me that a reprint of these lists would be useful to students, and now that the entire Catalogue is published I have collected the tables and genealogical trees in the present volume. VI PREFACE The work is, however, much more than a reprint of these tables. I have not only verified the dates and pedigrees by reference to the Arabic sources and added a number of dynasties which were not represented in the Catalogue of Coins, but I have endeavoured to make the lists more intelligible by prefixing to each a brief historical introduction. These introductions do not attempt to relate the internal history of each dynasty : they merely show its place in relation to other dynasties, and trace its origin, its principal extensions, and its downfall ; they seek to define the boundaries of its dominions, and to describe the chief steps in its aggran- disement and in its decline. In the space at my command these facts could only be stated with the utmost brevity, but in the absence of any similar attempt to arrange, define, and explain the relative positions and successions of all the Mohammadan Dynasties in every part of the Muslim world, I hope the manual may be useful to students of history. To the collector of Arabic coins and PREFACE Vll Saracenic antiquities I know, from personal experience, that it will be practically indispensable. The plan I have followed is to arrange the dynasties in geographical order, beginning with Spain, which first threw off the control of the Caliphs of Baghdad. From the extreme west of the kingdoms of Islam I gradually work eastwards, till the end is reached in India and Afghanistan. Certain deviations from the strict geographical order are explained as they arise (see p. 107). Each dynasty has its historical introduction, a chronological list of its princes, and (when necessary) a genealogical tree. The years of the Christian era are given as well as those of the Hijra,* and when the latter occur in the introductory notices they are distinguished by italic * The Hijra date is of course the more exact, as it is derived from Arabic historians; whilst the date a.d. is merely the year in which that Hijra year began, and does not necessarily correspond with it for more than a few months. The correspondence is near enough, however, for practical purposes ; and a reference to the conversion tables in my Catalogue of Indian Coins will render it more precise. When the Hijra year began at the close of the Christian year the following year a.d. is given. PREFACE viii type. Beneath each chronological list is given [in square brackets] the name of the succeeding dynasty. The two synoptic Tables of the Mohammadan Dynasties, (1) during and (2) after the Caliphate, will give a general idea of their relative positions, and roughly indicate the comparative extent of their dominions. The numismatist will find almost all the coin -striking dynasties within the limits of time assigned ; and the Oriental student in general may find this map of the Mohammadan Empire instructive in its rough delineation of the relative territorial extent of the various dynasties, its assignment of each dynasty to its proper geographical position in the Muslim world, and its attempt to indicate the interweaving of the several houses and the supplanting of one by another in the various kingdoms and provinces of the East. It is interesting to trace the gradual absorption of the vast empire of the Caliphs from the opposite quarters of Africa and the Oxus provinces. "We see how the P REFACE IX Omayyads of Cordova were the first to divide the authority of the head of the religion, and then how the Idrlsids, Aghlabids, Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and many others, destroyed the supremacy of the ‘Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad in their Western provinces; and how, meanwhile, the Persian dynasties of Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids, Ziyarids, and Buwayhids gradually advanced from the Oxus nearer and nearer to the City of Peace, until, when the Buwayhids entered Baghdad on Dec. 19, 945, the Caliph ruled little more than his own palace, and often could not even rule there. Then a fresh change comes over the scene. The Turkish tribes begin to overrun the Mohammadan Empire. The Ghaznawids establish themselves in Afghanistan, and the Seljuks begin their course of conquest, which carries them from Herat to the Mediterranean, and from Bukhara to the borders of Egypt. When the Seljuk rule comes to be divided among many branches of the family, and division brings its invariable con- X PREFACE sequence of weakness, we find several dynasties of Atabegs, or generals of Seljukian armies, springing up in the more western provinces of Syria and Diyar-Bakr and Al-Trak, whilst the Shah of Kbwarizm founds further East a wide empire, which increases with extraordinary rapidity, and eventually includes the greater part of the countries conquered hy the Seljuks as well as that portion of Afghanistan which the Ghaznawids, and after them the Ghorids, had subdued to their rule. And then comes the greatest change of all. The Mongols come down from their deserts and carry fire and sword over the whole eastern Mohammadan Empire ; the Turkish slaves, or Mamluks, of Saladin found their famous dynasty in Egypt ; the Berber houses of Marin and Ziyan and Hafs are established along the north coast of Africa ; and the Christians are rapidly recovering Andalusia from the Moors, who had given it so much of its beauty and renown. And here the epoch is chosen for beginning the second table, which begins at PREFA CE xi the Mongol invasion and brings the history down to the present day. Vertically the tables are divided under the headings of the chief divisions of the Mohammadan Empire. The various dynasties have been placed as nearly as possible, not only under their proper geographical head, but in the proper portion of the space allotted to that head : but the difficulties of arrangement and the necessity of economizing space have brought about a certain number of exceptions. The Turkish and Mongol tribes who wandered in Siberia, Turkistan, Kipcliak, etc., are altogether omitted, because no exercise of ingenuity availed to provide a convenient place for them. Horizontally the tables are divided, though the lines are not ruled through, into centuries, an inch represent- ing one hundred years. The date of the beginning is taken at a.h. 41, the year of the foundation of the Omayyad Caliphate, because the Mohammadan Empire XU PREFACE was scarcely organized until this house came into power, and it would have been very difficult to indicate in any satisfactory manner the tide of Muslim conquest with its flow and ebb. Where space permits the names of a few leading kings and caliphs are inserted in the space allotted to their dynasty, especially when such names are familiar to European students. In the orthography of Oriental names I have thought it best to be precise and consistent, except in some instances of names which have been adopted into the English language and cannot now he amended. Every letter of the Arabic and Persian alphabet is represented as a rule by one character, as shown in the table on p xix. The final h, which has an inflexional use, is omitted, since it serves no purpose in Roman writing : hut it must be remembered that every name ending in short a (as -Basra, hut not a as San‘a) has a final h in Arabic. To indicate the elision of the l in the article al before certain letters, (as d, s, r ), PREFACE xiii the l is printed in italic type : thus ‘Abd-a?- Rahman is to he pronounced ‘Abd-ar- Rahman.* The l is retained (though not pronounced) because it is so ■written in Arabic. On the other hand I omit the article altogether before a name. All the Caliphs and a multitude of other dynasts have names with the prefixed al, and a considerable saving of space and some added clearness is gained by omitting it. To show, however, that the article is to be used in the original I retain the hyphen : thus -Hakim stands for Al-Hakim. The only sign not generally employed by Orientalists is the Greek colon (■) which I use to denote the quiescent hamza in the middle of a word : as -Ma'inun, where there is a catch in the breath between the a and m. To students who are not Orientalists, and who wish to be accurate without elaboration in the orthography of * If the inflexion of the Arabic is to he reproduced the name would he ‘Abdu-r-Rahman, and would require to he modified in accordance with its government in the sentence ; hut this would he carrying accuracy to an extreme of pedantry. XIV PREFACE Eastern names, I would recommend the omission of all the diacritical points and the prefixed hyphen, and the assimilation of the italic l to the letter which follows it : thus for popular purposes one might write Abd-ar- Rahman instead of ‘Abd-aZ-Rahman, Hakim instead of A 1-Hakim. Ho system of transliteration can possibly re- present the pronunciation of all parts of the Mohammadan world : what would suit the accent of Eez would not fit the mouth of an Egyptian, still less of a Panjabi. One simple suggestion may, however, he made. Whereas for consistency I have adopted the a throughout to represent the Arabic vowel fath, an e may advan- tageously be substituted for the a in spelling Egyptian or Algerian names, where el is nearer the native pro- nunciation than al, and Shems-ed-dln than Shams-al-dln. The European reader when confronted with the long string of names and titles commonly affected by Oriental potentates is naturally puzzled to select the name by which a Mohammadan ruler may he called ‘ for short.’ PREFACE xv In the early days of Isalm a great man was content to be known by a single or at most a double name. There would be his proper name, or what we should call his ‘ Christian name,’ such as Mohammad, Ahmad, ‘Omar ; and to this would sometimes he added a patronymic (or rather hyionymic), as Abu-l-Hasan, ‘the father of -Hasan,’ or the name of his father as b. Tiilun or ibn Tulun, ‘the son of Tulun.’ The patronymics beginning with Abu may always he omitted (except Abu-Bakr) in shortening the name, and so may the sonship prefixed by the abbreviation b. They are necessary in the dynastic lists for purposes of identification, but Ahmad the TCdunid is a sufficient designation for Ahmad b. Tulun, and the Ziyanid Musa i is adequately defined without his patronymic Abu-Hammu. But very soon other titles of an honorific or theo- cratic character began to be added. Such epithets (lakab) as Nur-aLdln, ‘Light of the Faith,’ Nasir- aLdin, ‘ Succourer of the Faith,’ Sayf-aLdln, ‘ Sword XVI PREFACE of the Faith,’ were prefixed to the proper name; and adjectives or participles such as Al-Man§ur ‘ the victorious,’ AZ-Sa‘Id ‘the Fortunate,’ AZ-Rashld ‘the Orthodox,” were appended to the title Khalifa (caliph) or Malik (king). Thus we find the caliph Harun a/-llashld, ‘the Orthodox,’ or ‘ rightly -directed,’ caliph Aaron ; and Saladin’s full title was Al-klalik AZ-Nasir Salah-aZ-din Yusuf b. Ayyub, ‘The Victorious * King, Redresser of the Faith, Joseph son of Job.’ In the case of compound names such as these, the owner is generally called either by the participial title A Z- Kasir, Al-Mansur, AZ-Rashid, etc , or by the lakab with the termination aZ-dln (‘of the Faith’) or aZ-dawla (‘of the State’), etc. Thus the brother of Saladin is known both as Al-‘Adil, ‘the Just [King]’ and as Sayf-aZ-din, ‘ Sword of the Faith.’ On the other hand the Atahegs of Al-Hosil are generally cited by both * Lit. ‘ Helping ’ : one who helps the religion of Islam by his victories. PREFACE XVII the proper name and the epithet, as ‘Imad-a^-din Zangi, ‘Izz-aMin Mas'ud ; though the epithet by itself is sufficient. As a general rule the first name given in the chronological lists (omitting the patronymic Abu- such an one) may be used to designate the ruler, to the exclusion of the rest. When there are several similar titles it is better to add the proper name : for instance there are eight Al-Mansurs among the Mamluk Sultans, and it is necessary to distinguish them as Al-Mansur Xala'un, Al-Mansur Lajln, etc. To give a list of the authorities I have used in compiling the lists of dynasties and historical notices would involve publishing a catalogue of an Orientalist’s library. I have referred to all the leading Arabic historians, consulted special histories, and derived con- siderable help from articles in the Asiatic and numismatic journals. Where I am specially indebted to a particular author I refer to his work in a footnote. The coins, however, are the backbone of the book and the PREFACE xviii historian’s surest documents, and upon them I have relied throughout. In a work abounding in names and figures it would he strange if misprints and mistakes did not occur. I shall he grateful to any scholar who will convict me of error ; for those who ‘ serve tables ’ know the danger and annoyance of even slight inaccuracy. S. L.-P. The Athemum, 1st October, 1893 . PREFA CE xix TABLE OF TRANSLITERATION <£ ZL t o 3 j J u* A LT b P t th j ch h kh cl ah r z s sh s a (rarely e) u (rarely o) TOWELS y L S' 3 t Is z t ‘ gh I j f J * J 1 r m & n s h J w «-? y j— aw (rarely o) uf— ay l CORRIGENDA Page 46 line 3 for Hammudid read Hammadid ,, 71 lines 2, 5 for Kayruwan read Kayrawan ,, 78 for [ Tatar s\ read [ Mongols ] ,, 79 line 7 from bottom, for Tughtakln read Tuglitigin ,, 157, 172 for faeis read faes „ 168 heading B. for 712, 1312, read 811, 1408 CONTENTS Preface v Table of Dynasties during the Caliphate .... face xviii Table of Dynasties after the Caliphate ..... face xx THE CALIPHS Sjec. vii— xiii 1 Orthodox 9 Omayyads 9 Table of Connexion of lines of Caliphs . . . . 10 Genealogy of Omayyads . . . . . . 11 ‘Abbasids ......... 12 Genealogy of ‘Abbasids . . . . . . 14 SPAIN Sjec. viii — xv 16 Omayyads of Cordova ....... 21 Genealogy ......... 22 Minor Spanish Dynasties (Reyes de Taifas) . . 23 Hammudids (Malaga) ...... 23 Geneulogy ........ 24 xxii CONTENTS Hammudids (Algeciras) ...... 25 ‘Abbadids (Seville) ....... 25 Zayrids (Granada) ....... 25 Jabwarids (Cordova) 25 Dhu-?-Nunids (Toledo) 25 ‘Amirids (V aleneia) 26 Tojibids (Zaragoza) ....... 26 Hudids (Zaragoza) ....... 26 Denia, Kings of ....... 26 Nasrids (Granada) ........ 28 Genealogy ......... 29 NORTH AFRICA Sjec. viii — xix 31 Idrisids (Morocco) ........ 35 Agblabids (Tunis) 36 Genealogy ......... 38 Zayrids (Tunis) 40 Hammadids (Algiers) ....... 40 Almoravides (Morocco, Algiers, Spain) . . . . 41 Genealogy ......... 44 Almohades (North Africa, Spain) . . . . . 45 Genealogy ......... 48 Hafsids (Tunis) ........ 49 Genealogy ......... 52 Ziyanids (Algiers) 51 Genealogy ......... 54 Corsairs .......... 55 Marinids (Morocco) ........ 57 Genealogy ......... 59 Sharifs (Morocco) 60 Genealogy ......... 62 CONTENTS xxiii EGYPT and SYRIA S.*c. ix — xix .... 65 Tulunids .......... 68 Ikhshldids ......... 69 Fatimids 70 Genealogy ......... 72 Ayyubids 74 Genealogy ........ face 76 Mainluks .......... 80 Genealogy ......... 82 Khedives 84 Genealogy ......... 85 ARABIA FELIX (YAMAN) Sajc. ix— xyiii ... 87 Ziyadids (Zabid) 90 Ya'furids (San‘a and Janad) 91 Najahids (Zabid) ........ 92 Genealogy ......... 93 Sulaybids (San‘a) ........ 94 Genealogy ......... 94 Hamdanids (San'a) ........ 95 'Mahdids (Zabid) 96 Zuray'ids (‘Aden) 97 Genealogy ......... 97 Ayyubids 98 Rasulids .......... 99 Genealogy . . . 100 Tahirids 101 Genealogy ......... 101 Rassid Imams (Sa‘da) 102 Genealogy face 102 Imams of San‘a 103 XXIV CONTENTS SYRIA and MESOPOTAMIA (Arab Period) Classification of Asiatic Dynasties Arab tribes ..... Hamdanids (-Mosil, Aleppo) Genealogy ..... Mirdasids (Aleppo) .... Genealogy . . . '. ‘Okaylids (-Mosil, etc.) Genealogy ..... Marwanids (Diyar-Bakr) . Genealogy ..... Mazyadids (-Hilla) .... Genealogy ..... S.*c. x — xn 105 107 109 111 113 114 115 116 . . face 116 118 118 1 . 119 120 PERSIA and T R A X S 0 X I A X A (Persian Period) Sjec. rx — xi Dulafids (Kurdistan) ........ Genealogy ......... Sajids (Adharbijan) ‘Alids (Tabaristan) ........ Tahirids (Khurasan) ........ Genealogy ......... Saffarids (Persia) ........ Samanids (Transoxiana and Persia) Genealogy ......... Ilak Khans (Turkistan) ....... Ziyarids (Jurjan) ........ Genealogy ......... Hasanwayhids (Kurdistan) ...... Buwayhids (S. Persia and -‘Irak) ..... Geographical distribution ...... Genealogy ......... Kak way bids (Kurdistan) ....... Genealogy 121 125 125 126 127 128 128 129 131 133 134 136 137 138 139 143 114 145 145 CONTENTS XXV THE SELJUKS fWestern Asia) S-*:c. xi — xn . . . 147 Genealogy ........ face 152 Great Seljuks ......... 153 Seljuks of Barman ........ 153 Seljuks of Syria ........ 154 Seljuks of -‘Irak and Kurdistan ..... 154 Seljuks of -Rum (Asia Minor) . . . . . . 155 Danishmandids (Asia Minor) . . . . . 156 THE ATABEGS (Seljuk Officers) S.EC. XII — XIII 157 Burids (Damascus) 161 Genealogy .... 161 Zangids (Mesopotamia and Syria) 162 Genealogy .... 164 Begtiginids (Arbela) . 165 Ortukids (Diyar-Bakr) 166 Genealogy .... 169 Armenia, Shahs 170 Genealogy .... 170 Adharbljan, Atabegs. 171 Genealogy .... 171 Salgharids (Fars) 172 Genealogy .... 173 Hazaraspids (Luristan) 174 Genealogy .... 175 Khwarizm Shahs 176 Genealogy .... 178 Kutlugh Khans (Kirman) . 179 Genealogy .... 180 XXVI CONTENTS TILE SUCCESSORS OF THE SELJUKS IN THE WEST S.EC. xiv — xix 181 Amirs of Asia Minor face 184 ‘Othmanli Sultans .... 186 Table of growth and decay of the Ottoman Empire 190 Genealogy ..... 196 TnE MONGOLS S^ec. xiii — xvm . 199 Sketch- tree of Mongol Dynasties . 206 Great Klians 207 Ogotay’s line .... 207 Tuluy’s line .... 211 Genealogy of Great Khans . face 216 Mongols of Persia .... 217 Genealogy ..... 221 Golden Horde ..... 222 Batu’s line (Blue Horde) 224 Orda’s line (White Horde) . 226 Rival Families .... 229 Table ..... 232 Khans of the Krim (Crimea) 233 Shayban’s line (Czars of Tiumen, etc.) 238 Genealogy of the House of Juji face 240 Chagatay Khans (Transoxiana) . 241 Genealogy ..... face 242 PERSIA S.s:c. xrv — xix . 243 Jalayrs (-‘Irak, etc.) . 246 Genealogy ..... 248 Muzaffarids (Fars, etc.) 249 Genealogy ..... 250 CONTENTS xxvii Sarbadarids (Khurasan) 251 Karts (Herat) ......... 252 Genealogy 252 Kara-Kuyunll (Black Sheep Turkomans) .... 253 Ak-Kuyunli (White Sheep Turkomans) .... 254 Shahs of Persia ........ 255 Safavids 259 Afghans ......... 259 Afsharids ......... 259 Zands ......... 260 Kajars ......... 260 Genealogies ........ 261-2 TRANSOXIANA SiEC. xiy — xix 263 Timurids .......... 265 Table of the descendants of Timur . . . face 268 Table of connexion of the Transoxine Khanates . . 269 Shaybanids ......... 270 Sub-dynasties of Bukhara and Samarkand . . . 272 Genealogy ......... 273 Janids 274 Genealogy ......... 276 Mangits 277 Khiva, Khans of ....... 278 Khokand, Khans of 280 INDIA and AFGHANISTAN Sjec. x-xix ... 281 Ghaznavids (Afghanistan and Panjab) .... 285 Genealogy ......... 290 Ghorids (Afghanistan, Hindustan) . . . . . 291 Genealogy face 294 CONTENTS xxviii Sultans of Dehli (Hindustan) ...... 295 Slave Kings ........ 299 Khaljls 299 Taglilakids 300 Sayyids ......... 300 Lodis ......... 300 Afghans ......... 300 Genealogies ........ 301-3 Provincial Dynasties of India ..... 304 Governors and Kings of Bengal ..... 305 Shark! Kings of Jaunpur ...... 309 Kings of Malwa ....... 310 Kings of Gujarat ....... 312 Genealogy ........ 314 Kings of Khandesh . . . . . . . 315 Bahmanids (Kulbarga, etc.) 316 Genealogy ........ 319 ‘Imad Shahs (Berar) 320 Nizam Shahs (Ahmadnagar) ..... 320 Band Shahs (Bidar) ....... 321 ‘Adil Shahs (Bljapur) . . . . . . 321 Kutb Shahs (Golkonda) 321 Mogul Emperors of Hindustan ...... 322 Genealogy ......... 329 Amirs of Afghanistan 330 Durranls ......... 334 Barakzais ......... 334 Genealogy ......... 335 Index to Rulers 337 I. THE CALIPHS S>EC. VII— XIII 1. ORTHODOX 2. OMAYYADS 3. ■ABBASIDS I. THE CALIPHS s^:c. vii— xm On the death of the Prophet Mohammad in a.d. 632, in the eleventh year after his Flight (Hijra, 622) from Mecca to -Medina, his father-in-law Abu-Bakr was elected head of the Muslims, with the title of Khalifa or Caliph (‘successor’). Three other Caliphs, ‘Omar, ‘Othman, and ‘All, were similarly elected in turn, without founding dynasties, and these first four successors are known as the Orthodox Caliphs ( Al-Khulafa A\-Rashidun). On the murder of ‘All in 661 (a.h. IfO), Mo‘awiya, a descendant of Omayya of the Prophet’s tribe of the Kuraysh, assumed the Caliphate, and founded the dynasty of the Omayyad Caliphs , fourteen in number, whose capital was Damascus. In 750 {132'] this dynasty was supplanted (except in Spain) by that of the Abbasid Caliphs , numbering thirty-seven, descended from ‘Abbas, an uncle of the Prophet, and having Baghdad (founded 762, 1J/.5) as their capital. The ‘Abbasid Caliphate at Baghdad was exterminated by the Mongol Hulagu in 1258 (656). A line of their descendants, the Abbasid Caliphs of Egypt, held a shadowy spiritual dignity 4 THE CALIPHS at Cairo, until the last of the house was carried to Constantinople by the Ottoman Sultan SalTm I., after the conquest of Egypt in 1517, and surrendered his title of Caliph to the conqueror. At the accession of the first Caliph, Abu-Bakr, the rule of Islam comprised no territory outside Arabia ; but during his brief reign of two years the tide of Mohammadan conquest had already begun to swell. In 633 {12) the Battle of the Chains, followed by other victories, admitted the Muslims into Chaldaea (-‘Irak -‘Arab!), and gave them the city of -Hlra. In 634 {IS) the Battle of the Yarmuk opened Syria to their arms ; Damascus fell in 635 {14) ; Emesa, Antioch, and Jerusalem in 636 ; and the conquest of Caesarea completed the subjugation of Syria in 638 {17). Meanwhile the victory of Kadislya in 635 {14) was followed by the conquest of Mada-in (Seleucia-Ctesiphon), the old double capital of Chaldaea, 637 {16 ) ; Mesopotamia was subdued, and the cities of -Basra and -Kufa founded ; and Khuzistan and Tustar were annexed in 638-40. The decisive Battle of N ahawand in 642 {21) put an end to the Sasanid dynasty, and gave all Persia to the Muslims. By 661 {41) they were at Herat, and soon carried their arms throughout Afghanistan and as far as the Indus, where they established a government in GROWTH OF THE CALIPHATE 5 Sind. In 674 ( 54 ) they occupied Bukhara, and two years later Samarkand, but these early raids in Transoxiana were not converted into settled conquests until 711 ( 93 ). On the East the Caliphate had reached its utmost limits in little more than forty years after the Muslims first led a campaign outside Arabia. On the West their progress was slower. In 641 ( 20 ) Egypt was conquered, and by 647 ( 26 ) the Barhary coast was overrun up to the gates of Boman Carthage ; but the wild Berber population was more difficult to subdue than the luxurious subjects of the Sasanids of Persia or the Greeks of Syria and Egypt. K ay r a wan was founded as the African capital in 670 ( 50 ) ; Carthage fell in 693 ( 74 ), and the Arabs pushed their arms as far as the Atlantic. Erom Tangier they crossed into Spain in 710 ( 91 ), and the conquest of the Gothic kingdom was complete on the fall of Toledo in 712. Southern Erance was overrun in 725, and in spite of Charles the Hammer’s victory near Tours in 732 ( 114 ), the Muslims continued to hold Narbonnc and to ravage Burgundy and the Dauphine. Thus in the West the Caliphate attained its widest extent within a century after its commencement. To the North, the Greeks retained Anatolia, which 6 THE CALIPHS never belonged to tbe Caliphate, but the Muslims invaded Armenia, and reached Erzerum about 700. Cyprus had been annexed as early as 649 {28), and Constantinople ■was several times besieged from 670 {50) onwards. Thus the empire of the Caliphs at its widest extended from the Atlantic to the Indus, and from the Caspian to the cataracts of the Nile. So vast a dominion could not long be held together. The first step towards its disintegra- tion began in Spain, where ‘Abd-a^-Eahman, a member of the suppressed Omayyad family, was acknowledged as an independent sovereign in 755 {138), and the ‘Abbasid Caliphate was renounced for ever. Thirty years later Idris, a great-grandson of the Caliph ‘All, and therefore equally at variance with ‘Abbasids and Omayyads, founded an ‘Alid dynasty in Morocco, with Tudgha for its capital, 788 {172). The rest of the North African coast was practically lost to the Caliphate when the Aghlabid governor established his authority at Kayrawan in 800 {1817). In the following century, Egypt, together with Syria, attained independence under the rule of Ibn-Tulun, by the year 877 {2617). It is true that after the collapse of the Tulunids, governors were again appointed over Syria and Egypt by the ‘Abbasid Caliphs for thirty years ; but in 934 {323) -Ikhshld founded DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE 7 his dynasty, and thenceforward no country west of the Euphrates ever recognized the temporal authority of the Caliphs of Baghdad, though their spiritual title was generally acknowledged on the coins and in the public prayer (khutha), except in Spain and Morocco. In the East, the disintegration of the ‘Abbasid empire proceeded with equal rapidity. The famous general of -Maunun, Tahir Dhu - 1 - Yaminayn, on being appointed Viceroy of the East in 819 (20 4), became to most intents independent ; and his house, and the succeeding dynasties of the Saffarids, Samanids, and Ghaznawids, whilst admitting the spiritual lordship of the Caliphs, reserved to themselves all the power and wealth of the eastern provinces of Persia and Transoxiana. From the middle of the ninth century the ‘Abbasids had fallen more and more under the baneful influence of mercenary Turkish bodyguards and servile viaires du palais ; and the absorption of the whole of their remaining territory by the Buwayhids, who occupied even the ‘ City of Peace,’ Baghdad itself, in 945 (3 3 If), was little more than a change in their alien tyrants. From this date the Caliphs merely held a court, but governed no empire, until their extinction by the Mongols in 1258 (656). Occasionally, however, as in the Caliphate of -Nasir, they 8 THE CALIPHS extended their authority outside the palace walls, and even ruled the whole province of Arabian -‘Irak (Chaldaea). In classifying the dynasties which thu3 absorbed the ‘Abbasid empire, a geographical system is both natural and convenient. Beginning with the earliest secession, Spain, the dynasties of Andalusia and North Africa are placed first ; those of Egypt and Syria come next ; then follow the Persian and Transoxine dynasties; whilst those of India, which spread over a dominion never subdued to the Caliphate, are placed last. In dealing with the Persian and Syrian sections, however, the geographical arrangement is necessarily modified, since the wide sweep of the Selj uks and Mongols temporarily obliterated the older divisions and formed fresh starting points in the dynastic history. The relative positions, both geographical and chronological, of the various dynasties are shown in the table prefixed to the volume. THE CALIPHS 9 A.H. A.D. 11—40 1. ORTHODOX CALIPHS 632—661 11 Abu-Bakr ...... 632 13 ‘Omar 634 23 ‘Othman 644 35 ‘All 656 —40 —661 [ Succeeded by Omayyads.~\ A.H. A.H. 41—132 2. OMAYYAD CALIPHS 661-750 41 Mo'awiya i . 661 60 Yazid i . 680 64 Mo‘awiya ii . 683 64 Marwan i 683 65 ‘Abd-al-Malik 685 86 •Walld . 705 96 Sulayman 715 99 ‘Omar . 717 101 Yazid ii 720 105 Hisham 724 125 ■Walld ii 743 126 Yazid hi 744 126 Ibrahim 744 127 —132 Marwan n 744 —750 \lAbbdsids ; Omayyads of Cordova ] CONNEXION OF TIIE LINES OF CALIPHS 10 THE CALI1HS tfl The Imams, Fatimid Caliphs, etc. OMAYYAD CALIPHS Omayyads of Spain 12 TIIE CALIPHS A.H. 132-656 3. ‘ABBASID CALIPHS A.D. 750—1258 132 -SaffHh . 750 136 -Mansur 754 158 -Mahdl . 775 169 -Had! 785 170 -Rashid . 786 193 -Amin . 809 198 -Ma'mun 813 218 -Mu'tasim 833 227 -Wathik 842 232 -Mutawakkil . 847 247 -Muntasir 861 218 -Musta‘In 862 251 -Mu‘tazz 866 255 -MubtadI 869 256 -Mu‘tamid 870 279 -Mu‘tadid 892 289 -Muktaf! 902 295 -Muktadir 908 320 -Kabir . 932 322 -Radi 934 329 -MuttakI 940 333 -Mustakfl 944 334 -Mutl‘ 946 363 -Tai‘ . 974 381 -Kadir . 991 422 -Ka'im . 1031 467 -MuktadI 1075 487 -Mustazbir 1094 512 -Mustarshid 1118 529 -Rashid . 1135 ‘ ABBASIDS 13 530 -Muktafi 555 -Mustanjid 566 -Mustadi 575 -Nasir 622 -Zakir . 623 -Mustansir 640 —656 -Musta'sim 1136 1160 1170 1180 1225 1226 1242 —1258 \_Idrisids, Aghlabids, Tulunids, Tahirids, Saffarids, Buwayhids, Hamddnids, Ghaznawids.'] ‘ABBASID CALIPHS ‘Abbas 14 the caliphs -Mustakfi 20. -Radi 21. -Muttaki 23. 'ABB A SIDS 15 — H- ,g *8 S . 1c3 '*o3 *■ «• 't 1' a a s s « ‘1 a » - a . PH 36. -Mustansir -Mustansir ‘Abbasid 37. -Musta‘sim Caliph of Egypt II. SPAIN S/EC. VIII— XV 4. OMAYYADS OF CORDOVA MINOR DYNASTIES 5. HAMMUDIDS (MALAGA) 6. HAMMUDIDS (ALGECIRAS) 7. ‘ABBADIDS (SEVILLE) 8. ZAYRIDS (GRANADA) 9. JAHWARIDS (CORDOVA) 10. DHU-£— NUNIDS (TOLEDO) 11. 'AMIRIDS (VALENCIA) 12. TOJIBIDS AND HUDIDS (ZARAGOZA) 13. KINGS OF DENIA ALMORAVIDES (See NORTH AFRICA) ALMOHADES „ „ „ 14. NASRIDS (GRANADA) 2 f II. SPAIN sa:c. viii— xv Spain was conquered by the Muslims in 710-12 ( 91 - 3 ), and ruled, like the other provinces of the Mohammadan empire, by a series of governors appointed by the Omayyad Caliphs, until 756 ( 138 ). Among the few members of the Omayyad family who escaped from the general massacre which signalized the accession of the ‘Abbasids was ‘Abd- aZ-Rahman, a grandson of Hisharn, the tenth Omayyad Caliph. After some years of wandering, he took advantage of the disordered state of Spain, which was divided by the jealousies of the Berbers and the various Arab tribes, to offer himself as king. He met with an encouraging response, and landed in Andulasia at the close of 755. In the following year ( 138 ) he received the homage of most of Mohammadan Spain, and successfully repelled an invasion of ‘Abbasid troops. His successors maintained themselves on the throne of Cordova with varying success against the encroachments of the Christians of the north, and the insurrections of the many factions among their own 20 SPAIN subjects, for two centuries and a half. They contented themselves with the titles of Amir and Sultan, until ‘Abd- a?- Rahman in adopted that of Caliph in 929 (317). He was the greatest of the line, and not only exercised absolute sway over his subjects and kept the Christian kings of Leon, Castile and Navarre in check, but warded off the chief danger of Moorish Spain, invasion from Africa, and main- tained his authority on the Mediterranean by powerful fleets. After his death, no great Omayyad carried on his work, but the famous minister and general, Almanzor (Al-Mansur), preserved the unity of the kingdom. After this, at the beginning of the eleventh century, Moorish Spain became a prey to factions and adventurers, and a number of petty dynasties arose, who are known in Spanish histoiy as the Reyes de Taifas or Party Kings. Most of these were absorbed by the most distinguished of their number, the cultured house of the ‘Abbadids of Seville, who were the leaders of the Spanish Moors against the encroachments of the Christians, until they were forced to summon the Almoravides to their aid, and discovered that they had invited a master instead of an ally. OMAYYADS OF CORDOVA 21 A.H. A.D. 138—422 4. OMAYYADS OF CORDOVA 756—1031 138 ‘Abd-af-Rahman r 756 172 Hisham i 788 180 -Hakam i ...... 796 206 ‘Abd-af-Rahman n 822 238 Mohammad i ..... 852 273 -Mundhir 886 275 ‘Abd-Allah ....... 888 300 ‘Abd-af-Rahman hi. (Al-Khalil'a Af-Nasir) . 912 350 -Hakam n -Mustansir . . . . .961 366 Hisham n -Mirayyad 976 399 Mohammad ii -Mabdi ..... 1009 400 Sulayman -Musta'In ..... 1009 400 Mohammad n (again) 1010 400 Hisham n (again) 1010 403 Sulayman (again) 1013 407 'All b. Hammud * ..... 1016 408 ‘Abd-af- Rahman iv -Murtada . . . 1018 408 -Kasim b. Hammud ..... 1018 412 Yahya b. ‘ All ...... 1021 413 -Kasim (again) ...... 1022 414 ‘Abd-a^- Rahman v -Mustazhir . . . 1023 414 Mohammad in -Mustakfi .... 1024 416 Yahya (again) 1025 418 Hisham in -Mu‘tadd 1027 — 422 —1031 [Minor Dynasties ] Of the dynasty of Hammudids. See Table 5. OMAYYADS OF CORDOVA Hixham, 10 th Omayyad Caliph 22 SPAIN MINOR DYNASTIES 23 MINOR SPANISH DYNASTIES * (REYES DE TAIFAS) AH. 07- 449 5. HAMMUDIDS f A.D. 1016—1057 407 ‘All -Nasir (MALAGA) 1016 408 -Kasim -Ma mun . 1018 412 Yahya Mu'tali . 1021 413 -Kasim (again) 1022 416 Yahya (again) 1025 427 Idris i -Muta-ayyad 1035 431 Hasan -Mustansir 1039 434 Idris ii -‘All 1042 438 Mohammad i -Mahdi . 1046 444 Idris in -Muwaffak 1052 445 Idris ii (again) . 1053 446 Mohammad n -Musta'li 1054— —449 1057 [Almoravides] * In the tables and trees of these dynasties Codera’s Tratado de Numismdtica Arabigo- Espanola (1879) has been generally followed : which see for lists of various petty rulers here omitted. t The Hammudids took the title of Caliph or 1 Prince of the Faithful.’ 24 &PALX MINOR DYNASTIES 25 A.H. A.D. 431-450 6. HAMMUDIDS (ALGECIRAS) 1039- 1058 431 Mohammad -MahdT ...... 1039 440 -Kasim -Wathik 1048 — 450 — 1058 [! Abbadids of Seville] 414—484 7. ‘ABBADIDS (SEVILLE) 1023—1091 414 Abu-l-Kasim Mohammad x. b. Isma‘il . . 1023 434 Abu-‘Amr ‘Abbad -Mu'tadid b. Mohammad i . 1042 461 — Abu-l-Kasim Mohammad ii -Mu‘tamid b. ‘Abbad 1068 — 484 1091 [Almoravides] 403-483 8. ZAYRIDS (GRANADA) 1012—1090 403 Zawi b. Zayri ....... 1012 410 Habbus ........ 1019 430 Badis b. Habbus -Muzaffar -Nasir . . . 1038 466 ‘Abd-Allah b. Sayf-a7-dawla Bulukkin b. Badis . 1073 483 Tamim b. Bulukkin ...... 1090 [Almoravides] 422—461 9. JAHWARIDS (CORDOVA) 1031—1068 422 Abu-l-Hazam Jahwar ..... 1031 435 Abu-l-Walid Mohammad b. Jahwar . . . 1043 450 — ‘Abd-al-Malik b. Mohammad .... 1058 — 461 1068 [! Abbadids of Seville] 427-478 10. DHU-X-NUNIDS (TOLEDO) 427 Isma‘Il -Zafir 1035 429 Yahya -Ma-mun b. Isma‘il .... 1037 467 — Yahya -Kadir b. Isma‘il b.-Ma - mun . . . 1074 — 478 1085 [Alfonso VI of Leon] 26 SPA LX A.H. A.D. 412—478 11. ‘AMIRIDS (VALENCIA) 1021—1085 412 ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz -Mansur .... 1021 453 ‘Abd-al-Malik -Muzaffar .... 1061 457 -Ma'mun of Toledo ..... 1065 467 -Kadir ,, ,, ..... 1074 468 Abu-Bakr b. ‘Abd-al-Malik 1075 478 -Kadi ‘Othman b. Abu-Bakr 1085 >> -Kadir of Toledo ..... [ Christians (the Cid) : then Almoravides ] * >> 410—536 12. TOJIBIDS & HUDIDS (ZARAGOZA) 1019—1141 410 Mundhir -Mansur b. Yahya -Tojibi . . 1019 414 Yahya -Muzaffar b. Mundhir 1023 420 Mundhir b. Yahya 1029 431 Sulavman -Musta'in b. Hud 1039 438 Ahmad Sayf-a/-dawla -Muktadir b. Sulayman 1046 474 Yusuf -Mu'taman b. Ahmad 1081 478 Ahmad -Musta‘in b. Yusuf 1085 503 ‘Abd-al-Malik ‘Imad-aAdawla b. Ahmad . 1109 513— Ahmad Sayf-af-dawla b. ‘Abd-al-Malik 1119— 536 [i Christians ] 1141 408—468 13. KINGS OF DENIA 1017—1075 408 Mujahid b. Yusuf 1017 436 ‘All Ikbal-a/-dawla b. Mujahid 1044— —468 \H.udids of Zaragoza ] 1075 A L MORA VIDES, A LMOHA D ES 27 In 1086 the Almoravides came to Spain, summoned by the ‘Abbadids to help them against Alfonso of Leon. In 1090 they came again, and this time they conquered the whole of Moorish Spain, and made it a province of their African empire (see Table 19). Tbeir successors in Africa, the Almohades, similarly annexed the Spanish province in 1145-50 (see Table 20). A few petty dynasties sprang up at Valencia and Murcia between these two invasions, and during the decline of the Almohades’ power ; hut the only important line was that of the Nasrids or Banu-Nasr of Granada, whose cultivated Court and beautiful palace, Alhambra, for a time revived the splendour and distinction of Moorish Spain as it had been in the days of the great Caliph ‘Abd-a/- Rahman in. Their long struggle against the advancing Christians, however, ended in the fall of Granada before the assaults of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, and with the flight of Boabdil the last remnant of Mohammadan rule vanished from the Peninsula. 28 SPAIN A.H. A.D. 629—897 14. NASRIDS 1232-1492 (GRANADA) 629 Mohammad i -Ghalib . 1232 671 Mohammad n -Fakih . 1273 701 Mohammad in 1302 708 Nasr Abu-l-Juyush 1309 713 Isma‘Il i Abu-l-Walid . 1314 725 Mohammad iv 1325 733 Yusuf Abu-l-Hajjaj 1333 755 Mohammad v -Ghani . 1354 760 Isma‘11 ii ... 1359 761 Mohammad vi Abu-Sa‘Id 1360 763 Mohammad v (again) 1362 793 Yusuf ii ... 1391 794 Mohammad vn 1392 810 Yusuf hi Abu-l-Hajjaj -Nasir 1407 820 Mohammad vm -Mutamassik 1417 831 Mohammad ix -Saghir . 1427 833 Mohammad viii (again) . 1429 835 Yusuf iv ... 1432 835 Mohammad vm (third time) . 1432 848 Mohammad x 1444 849 Sa‘d -Musta'in 1445 850 Mohammad x (again) . 1446 857 Sa‘d (again) .... 1453 866 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan . 1461 887 Mohammad xi (Boabdil) 1482 888 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan (again) 1483 890 Mohammad xn (Zaghal) 1485 892 —897 Mohammad xi (Boabdil, again) 1486 —1492 [. Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile~\ NASRIDS OF GRANADA Yusuf b. NASR III. NORTH AFRICA S/EC. VIII— XIX 15. IDRISIDS (MOROCCO) 16. AGHLABIDS (TUNIS, ETC.) FAJIMIDS (See EGYPT) 17. ZAYRIDS (TUNIS) 18. HAMMADIDS (ALGIERS) 19. ALMORAVIDES (MOROCCO, ALGIERS, SPAIN) 20. ALMOHADES (NORTH AFRICA, SPAIN) 21. MARTNIDS (MOROCCO) 22. ZIYANIDS (ALGIERS) 23. HAFSIDS (TUNIS) 24. SHARIFS (MOROCCO) III. NORTH AFRICA SJ3C. Till— XIX The narrow strip of habitable land between the grea African desert and the Mediterranean Sea was always the nursery of schismatics. The superstitious and credulous Berbers offered a favourable soil for the germination of all varieties of Mohammadan heresy. Any prophet who found himself without honour in his own country had only to go to the Berbers of North Africa to he sure of a welcome and an enthusiastic following ; whilst the distance from the centre of the Caliphate and the natural turbulence and warlike character of the population predisposed the ‘Abbasids to ignore the disloyalty of provinces which profited them little and cost them ceaseless energy and expense to control. Hence the success of such strange developments of Islam as the Almoravides and Almohades, the establishment of ‘Alid dynasties such as the Idiisids and Fatimids, and in our own time the widespread authority of the Prophet -Sanusl. 3 34 NORTH AFRICA North Africa had been subdued by the Arabs with difficulty between the years 647 (26) and 700, and bad since been ruled with varying success by the lieutenants of the Caliphs. So long as Yazld b. Hfitim, the popular and energetic governor of Kayrawan for the ‘Abbasids, lived, the tendency of the Berbers to foster rebellion and schism was held in check, but on bis death in 787 (170) North Africa became a prey to anarchy, which was only suppressed by allowing the local dynasties, which then sprang up, to exercise independent authority. After the year 800 the ‘Abbasid Caliphs had no influence whatever west of the frontier of Egypt. IDRiSIDS 35 A.H. A.D. 172—375 15. IDRISIDS 788-985 (MOROCCO) In the year 785 (168) an insurrection of the partisans of the family of ‘All took place at -Medina. Among those who took part in it was Idris b. ‘Abd-Allah b. Hasan b. Hasan b. ‘All b. Abu-Talib. On the suppression of the revolt Idris fled to Egypt, and thence to Morocco where he founded an ‘Alid dynasty in the region about Ceuta. His coins bear the names of the towns of Tudgha and -AVallla. The Idrlsid dominions reached their greatest extent about 860, and gradually dwindled until the extinction of the dynasty in 985 (375). Some of the dates are not recorded by lbn-Khaldun. 172 Idris i 788 177 Idris ii b. Idris i 793 213 Mohammad b. Idris ii . . . 828 221 ‘All i b. Mohammad .... 836 234 Yahya i b. Mohammad .... 849 Yahya ii b. Yahya ..... ‘All ii b. ‘Omar b. Idris ii Yahya in b. -Kasim b. Idris n 292 Yahya rv b. Idris b. ‘Omar . . . 904 310 -Hasan 922 [Miknasa Berbers ] 36 NORTH AFRICA A.H. A.D. 184—296 16. AGHLABIDS 800—909 (TUNIS, ETC.) Ibrahim b. -Aghlab was governor of the province of Zab for the Caliph at the time of confusion which followed upon the death of Yazid the ‘Abbasid governor - general of ‘Africa’ (Afrlkiya, i.e. Tunis) in 787 {170), and was appointed to the government of the whole African province by the Caliph Harun -Rashid in 800 {18 If) ; but did not interfere with the authority of the Idrlsids in the far west. His dynasty was practically independent, and the Aghlabids seldom troubled to put the Caliphs’ names on their coins in token even of spiritual suzerainty. They were not only enlightened and energetic rulers on land, but employed large fleets on the Mediterranean, harried the coasts of Italy, France, Corsica, and Sardinia, and conquered Sicily in • 827-78 ; which island remained in Mohammadan hands until the conquest by the Normans. The Aghlabid domination in Africa when at its best was indeed the period of the greatest ascendancy of the Arabs in the Mediterranean : their AGHLABIDS 37 corsairs were the terror of the seas, and besides Sicily they took Malta and Sardinia, and even invaded the suburbs of Koine. The incapacity of the later Aghlabid princes, however, and the growth of sectarian disaffection under the fostering influence of the Shl'ite Idrisids in the west, paved the way for the Fatimid triumph in 909 [296). 184 Ibrahim i 196 ‘Abd-Allah i . 201 Ziyadat-Allah i 223 Abu-‘Akal -Aghlab 226 Mohammad i . 242 Ahmad . 249 Ziyadat-Allah ii 250 Mohammad ii 261 Ibrahim ii 289 ‘Abd-Allah n. 290 Ziyadat-Allah m —296 800 811 816 837 840 856 863 864 874 902 903 —909 \Fatimids] AGHLABIDS 38 NORTH AFRICA ra ic 3 < ns rO 11. Ziyadat- Allah hi FA TIM IDS, Z AY RIDF, ETC. 39 The Aghlabids were succeeded by the Futimids, who, however, belong more particularly to the series of Egyptian Dynasties (see Table 27). Their empire, which at one time included the whole north African coast from Egypt to the Atlantic, together with Sicily and Sardinia, became split up into various kingdoms as soon as their removal of their seat of government to Cairo in 972 {362) weakened their control of the more western provinces. Their lieutenant over Africa, Yusuf Bulukkln, chief of the Sanhaja Berbers, soon declared himself independent and founded the dynasty of the Zayrids, whilst another dynasty, the JIamniadids, established themselves at Bougie (Bujaya) in Algeria and restricted the Zayrids’ authority to little more than the province of Tunis. Further west in Morocco various tribes of Berbers, -Miknasa, Maghrawa, etc., acquired independence, and occupied the site of the Idrlsids’ kingdom, but hardly attained to the dignity of dynasties. These were in turn subdued by the Almoravides, who also took a large part of the territory of the Ilammadids of Algeria ; but it was reserved for the Almohades to reign in the capitals of Hammad and ZayrI. 40 NORTH AFRICA A.H. ad. 362—543 17. ZAYRIDS (TUNIS) 972—1148 362 Yusuf Bulukkin b. ZayrI 972 373 Mansur b. Yusuf . 983 386 Badls b. Mansur . 996 406 -Mu‘izz b. Badls 1015 453 Tamlm b. -Mu‘izz 1061 501 Yahya b. Tamlm . 1107 509 ‘All b. Yahya 1115 515 —543 -Hasan b. ‘All 1121 —1148 [Roger of Sicily ; then Almohades] 398-547 HAMMADIDS 1007—1152 (ALGERIA) 398 Hammad ...... 1007 419 -Raid b. Hammad ..... 1028 446 Muhassin b. -Raid .... 1054 447 Bulukkin b. Mohammad b. Hammad 1055 451 ? -Nasir b. ‘Ainas b. Mohammad 1062 P 481 -Mansur b. -Nasir .... 1088 498 Badls ....... 1104 500 -‘Aziz ....... 1106 ? Yahya b. -‘Aziz . . . — —547 —1152 [Almohades] A L MORA VIDES 41 A.H. A.D. 448-541 19. ALMORAVIDES (-MURABITS) 1056—1147 (MOROCCO, PART OF ALGERIA, SPAIN) In the middle of the eleventh century the successes of the Christians in Spain, the energy of the Genoese and Pisans in recovering for Christendom the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, and the valour of the Normans in Southern Italy, had thoroughly humbled the power of the Muslims in the Mediterranean. The Fatimids of Egypt alone maintained the ancient prestige of the Saracens. The Zayrids of Tunis were incapable even of repressing the frequent revolts which disturbed their restricted dominion ; and the rivalry between Zayrids, Hammadids, and Fatimids prevented any collective action against the Christians. It was time for a Mohammadan revival, and among a people so easily excited to religious exaltation as the Berbers a revival was always possible if a prophet could be found. The prophet appeared among the tribe of Lamtuna in the person of ‘Abd-Allah b. Tashfln. This man preached a holy war for the glory of Islam, and the Berbers were not slow to follow him. His adherents called themselves Al-Murdbitln, which • means literally ‘ pickets who have hobbled their horses on the enemy’s frontier,’ and hence ‘ Protagonists for the Faith.’ 42 NORTH AFRICA The Spaniards corrupted the name into Almoravides, and the French marabout, or devotee, is another perversion of it. The Almoravides acknowledged the supremacy of the ‘Abbasid Caliphs. The Lamtuna Berbers under ‘Abd-Allah were joined by the great clan of the Masmuda, and led by Abu-Bakr and his second cousin Yusuf b. Tashfin, reduced Sijilmasa and Aghmat by 1068 (4 60 ), founded the city of Morocco (Marrakush), and in the course of the next fifteen years spread over Fez, Mequinez (Miknasa), Ceuta (Sabta), Tangier (Tanja), Salee, and the west of Morocco. In 1086 Yusuf b. Tashfin, whose great qualities both as general and as administrator had secured the devotion of the Protagonists, was entreated by the ‘Abbadids of Spain to come over and help them against the assaults of Alfonso vi. and Sancho of Aragon and the invincible valour of the Cid Campeador Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar. Yusuf utterly crushed the Castilian army at the battle of Zallaka, or, as the Spaniards call it, Sacralias, near Badajoz, October 23, 1086; but he did not follow up his victory. Leaving 3000 Berbers to support the Andalusians he returned to Africa. But in 1090 the King of Seville again prayed him to come and help him against the Christians, and this time Yusuf annexed the whole of Moorish Spain, with the exception of ALMORAVIDES 43 Toledo, which remained in the possession of the Christians, and Zaragosa, where the Hudids were suffered to subsist. The success of the Almoravides, however, was fleeting. Their hardy warriors soon became enervated in soft Andalusia, and offered no adequate resistance to the steady advance of the Christians. They made no attempt to recover the command of the Mediterranean, and were content to leave the Hammadids and Zayrids in possession of most of Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. The Almoravide dynasty had lasted less than a century when the fanatical rush of the Almohades swept over the whole of north Africa and southern Spain, and left no rival house standing. A.H. A.D. 448 Abu-Balcr ...... 1056 480 Yusuf 1087 500 ‘All 1106 537 Tashfin ...... 1143 541 Ibrahim 1146 541 Ishak 1147 4i FORTH AFRICA . Ibrahim ALMOHADES 45 A.H. A.D. 524-667 20. ALMOHADES (-MUWAHHIDS) 1130-1269 (ALL NORTH AFRICA) The M u wall h ids (in Spanish, Almohades) or Unitarians were so called because their doctrine was a protest against the realistic anthropomorphism of orthodox Islam. Their prophet Abu-‘Abd-Allah Mohammad b. Tumart, a Berber of the Masmuda tribe, began to preach the doctrine of the Unity of God (- Taw hid ) and took the symbolic title of the Mahdl, at the beginning of the 12th century. Dying in 1128 { 522 ) he left the command of the Unitarians to his fi’iend and general ‘Abd-al-Mu-min, who formally accepted the chief authority over the Masmuda Muwahhids in 1130. In 1140 {5S!i) ‘Abd-al-Mu-min began a long career of conquest. He annihilated the army of the Almoravides in 1144, captured Oran, Tilimsan, Fez, Ceuta, Aghmat, and Salee in two years, and by the successful siege of Morocco in 1146 ( 541 ) put an end to the Almoravide dynasty. Meanwhile he had sent an army into Spain (1145) and in the course of five years reduced the whole Moorish part of 46 NORTH AFRICA the Peninsula to his sway. Master of Morocco and Spain, he next carried his conquests eastwards, and in 1152 ( 5J/.7 ) abolished the Hammudid rule in Algeria; in 1158 {553) he drove the Norman successors of the Zayrids out of Tunis, and by the annexation of Tripoli united the whole coast from the frontier of Egypt to the Atlantic together with Moorish Spain under his sceptre. The Holy War with the Christians in Spain was the chief anxiety of his successors, and the disastrous defeat at Las Navas in 1235 {632) was the signal for the expulsion of the Almohades from the Peninsula, which was then divided between the ever-encroaching Christians and the local Mohammadan dynasties, among whom the Nasrids of Granada (Table 14) offered the most stubborn resistance to the enemy, and held out until the fall of their city in 1492 delivered the whole of Spain over to Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic. The loss of Spain was quickly followed by the undermining of the Almohades’ power in Africa. Tripoli had long before been annexed by Saladin (1172). Their lieutenants in Tunis, the Hafsids, threw off their allegiance and founded an independent dynasty in 1228 ; whose example was followed by the Ziyanids of Tlen^en (Tilimsan) in western Algeria, in 1235 ; while, amidst the confusion created by many pretenders to A L MO HADES 47 the throne of Morocco, the chiefs of the mountain tribe of the Marlnids pushed their way to the front and put an end to the dynasty of the Almohades by the conquest of their capital, Morocco, in 1269 (667). A.H. A.D. 524 ‘Abd-al-Mu'min .... 1130 558 Abu-Ya‘kub Yusuf i 1163 580 Abu-Yusuf Ya‘kub -Mansur . 1184 595 Mohammad -Nasir 1199 611 Abu-Ya‘kub Yusuf ii -Mustansir . 1214 620 ‘Abd-al- Wahid -Makhlu 1 1223 621 Abu-Mohammad ‘Abd- Allah -‘Adil 1224 624 Yahya -Mu‘tasim .... 1227 626 Abu-1- ‘Ula Idris -Ma-mun 1229 630 ‘Abd-al- Wahid -Rashid 1232 640 Abu-l-Hasan ‘Ali -Sa‘id 1242 646 Abu-Hafs ‘Omar -Murtada . 1248 665 —667 Abu-1- ‘Ula -Wathik 1266 —1269 [_Marlnlds, Ziyanids , Hafsids ] ALMOHADES 48 NORTH AFRICA II A FS IDS 49 AH. A.D. 625—941 21. HAFSIDS 1228-1534 (TUNIS) The Hafsids were at first lieutenants of the Almohades in their province of Tunis. The government passed from father to son, and the dynasty became independent. For three centuries the Hafsids governed Tunis with justice and mildness, and cultivated friendly commercial relations with the trading republics of Italy. The Corsair Khayr-a/- dln Barbarossa conquered Tunis in the name of the Ottoman Sultan in 1534, and though the Emperor Charles v. restored the Hafsid king in 1535 and placed a Spanish garrison at the Goletta of Tunis, the province remained chiefly in the hands of the Corsairs, who re-took Tunis itself in 1568 and the Goletta in 1574;* since when, it has been a province of the Ottoman Empire, but in 1881 became practically a possession of France. Tripoli, which had been taken from the kingdom of Tunis by the Spaniards in 1510, was added to the Ottoman Empire by the Corsairs in 1551. * See my Barbary Corsairs (1890), ch. viii, xii, xiv, xv. 4 NORTH AFRICA A.H. A.D. 625 Abu-Zakarya Yahya i 1228 647 Abu- ‘Abd- Allah Mohammad i -Mustansir 1249 675 Abu-Zakarya Yahya u 1277 678 Abu-Ishak Ibrahim i 1279 683 Abu-Hafs ‘Omar i . „ 1284 694 Abu- ‘Abd- Allah Mohammad n -Mustansir . 1295 709 Abu-Bakr i -Shadid ..... 1309 709 Abu-l-Baka Khalid i . 1309 711 Abu- Yahya Zakarya ..... 1311 717 Abu-Darba Mohammad m -Mustansir . 1317 718 Abu-Yahya Abu-Bakr ii -Mutawakkil . 1318 747 Abu-Hafs ‘Omar ii 1346 [747 Marlnid occupation ..... 1346 750 Abu-l-‘Abbas Ahmad i -Fadl 1349 751 Abu-Ishak Ibrahim ii -Mustansir 1350 770 Abu-l-Baka Khalid ii . 1368 772 Abu-l-‘Abbas Ahmad ii -Mustansir 1370 796 Abu-Faris ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz .... 1394 837 Mohammad iv -Muntasir .... 1433 839 Abu-‘Amr ‘Othman . . . . . 1435 893 Abu-Zakarya Yahya m .... 1488 899 Abu- ‘Abd- Allah Mohammad v 1493 932 -Hasan ........ 1525 —941 —1534 [Corsair Pashas, and Beys, under the Ottoman Sultans ] ZIYANIDS 51 AH. A. I). 633—796 22. ZIYANIDS 1235—1393 (ALGERIA) The Ziyanids, lieutenants of the Almohades in Algeria, followed the example of their neighbours the Hafsids to make themselves independent as soon as their masters began to grow feeble. Their capital was Tlennjen (Tilimsan). In their turn the Ziyanids succumbed to the power of Marlnids of Morocco in 1393. 633 Yagmorasan b. Ziyan 1235 681 ‘Othman i 1282 703 Abu-Ziyan i ... 1303 707 Abu-Hammu Musa i 1307 718 Abu-Tashfin ‘Abd-aZ- Rahman i r Abu-Sa‘id ‘Othman n . 1318 749 L Abu-Thabit -Zaim 1348 753 Abu-Hammu Musa n . 1352 788 Abu-Tashfin ‘Abd-aZ-Rahman n 1386 796 Abu-Ziyan n '[Marlnids of Morocco ] 1393 HAFSIDS ‘ Abd-al- Wahid b. Abii-Hafs 52 NORTH AFRICA 14. Ibrahim n ‘ Omar 16. Ahmad n Mohammad 17. Abu-Faris ‘Abd-al-‘Aziz II A FS IDS 53 £ — | O 00 ZIYANIDS 54 NORTH AFRICA CO CORSAIRS AND OTTOMANS 55 From, the 16th to the present century the North African provinces of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli were in the posses- sion, more or less nominal, of the ‘Otkmdnll or Ottoman Sultans of Turkey. The annexation of these provinces was due to the energy of the Barbary Corsairs. Previously to the arrival of Barbarossa, the Spaniards under Don Pedro Navarro had established several strong positions on the African coast, at the Pehon de Alger, Bougie (Bujaya), Oran (Wahran), Tripoli, etc., with a view to overawing the petty pirates of Algiers. In 1509 Uriij Barbarossa, a Lesbian adventurer, occupied the island of Jarba, off the coast of Tripoli, and began his operations against the Spaniards. He took Jijil in 1514, Algiers in 1516, Tinnis and Tlenujen (Tilimsan) from the Marinids in 1517; and in 1519 his brother Khayr-aWin Barbarossa was recognised by the Ottoman Sultan as Beglerbeg or Governor- General of the province of Algiers, which corresponded very nearly to the Algeria of to-day, though the Spaniards kept their hold on the fortress or Penon de Alger until 1530 and held Oran till 1706. In 1534 Khayr-aAdin took Tunis from the Hafsids, hut the city was retaken by the Emperor Charles v. in the following year, and not restored to the Corsairs of Algiers till 1568. It was again captured for the moment 56 NORTH AFRICA by Don John of Austria in 1573, but finally annexed by Ochiali (Uluj ‘All) in 1574. Meanwhile another Corsair, Dragut (Torghud), reduced Tripoli to the authority of the Porte in 1551, and drove out the Knights of St. John, who had held it since their expulsion from Rhodes in 1522. The three provinces of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli were thus annexed to the Turkish Empire in 1519, 1568, and 1551, respectively. Algiers was governed first by a series of twenty-six Pashas, appointed from Constantinople ; but in 1671 the janissary garrison of Algiers elected a Hey from amongst themselves, whose power soon eclipsed that of the Pasha, and in 1710 the two offices were united in that of Dey, which subsisted until the Erench conquest in 1830. Tunis was governed until 1705 by Heys appointed by the Porte, after which the Turkish soldiery elected their own Beys , one of whom still affects to reign, though Tunis has been occupied by France since 1881. Tripoli is still a Turkish province governed by a Pasha appointed by the Sultan. Morocco alone* of the North African provinces has never owned Christian rule, though the Spaniards held various forts on the coast, and still retain Ceuta ; and the English once owned Tangier, but neglected to keep it.* See my Barbary Corsairs (1890). MARI SIDS 57 A.H. A.D. 591—875 23. MARlNIDS 1195-1470 (MOROCCO) The Marinids traced their dynasty from 1195 (5.97), as rulers in the highlands of Morocco ; hut they did not succeed to the capital of the Almohades till 1269 (667). Soon after 1393 (796) they added to their kingdom the territory of the Ziyanids in western Algeria. They were superseded by their kinsmen the Wat‘asids in 1470. 591 ‘Abd-al-Hakk 1195 614 ‘Othman i 1217 637 Mohammad i 1239 642 Abu-Yahya Abu-Bakr . 1244 656 Abu-Yusuf Ya‘kub 1258 685 Abu-Ya‘kub Yusuf 1286 706 Abu-Thabit ‘Amir 1306 708 Abu-?-RabI‘ Sulayman . 1308 710 Abu-Sa‘id ‘Othman ii . 1310 731 Abu-l-Hasan ‘All . 1331 749 Abu-Aynan .... 1348 759 -Sa‘id 1358 760 Abu- Salim Ibrahim 1359 762 Abu-‘Omar Tashfln 1361 763 ‘Abd-al-Halira 1361 763 Abu-Ziyan Mohammad n 1361 768 ‘Abd-al-‘Aziz 1366 58 NORTH AFRICA 774 Mohammad hi -Sa‘Id .... 1372 776 t Abu-l-‘Abbas Ahmad -Mustansir . } l ‘Abd-a?-Rahman . ... 1 1374 786 Musa ....... 1384 786 -Muntasir ...... 1384 788 Mohammad iv -Wathik 1386 789 Abu-1- ‘Abbas Ahmad -Mustansir (again) 1387 796 Abu-Faris ...... 1393 ? Faris -Mutawakkil p 811 Abu-Sa‘id .....' 1408 819 f Sa‘Id ^ 1 Ya‘kub ......) 1416 827 ‘Abd-AUah . . ' . 1424 875 Sharif ....... 1470 “WAT'ASIDS 875 Sa‘Td, Shaykh Wat‘as .... 1470 906 Mohammad i b. Sa‘Id .... 1500 936 Ahmad b. Mohammad .... 1530 957 Mohammad ii b. Ahmad 1550 \_Shar~tfs of Morocco ] MARINIDS MARINIDS 59 21. -Muntasir 23. Abu-Faris 60 NORTH AFRICA A.H. A.D. 951—1311 reigning 24. SHARlFS (MOROCCO) 1544—1893 reigning The title Sharif (lit. ‘ noble ’) implies descent from the Prophet Mohammad, from whom the Sharifs of Morocco trace their lineage through Hasan the elder son of Fatima hy ‘All. The Sharifs possessed themselves of Tarudant in 1515, and Morocco and Fez soon afterwards, but their formal assumption of sovereignty dates from 1544 (951). The series falls into two divisions, Hasan! and Filall Sharifs, and a period of anarchy for six years occurred between the two. Their boundaries have always remained much as they are in the present day, but there has frequently been a rival Sharif at Fez in opposition to the Sharif of Morocco. The Sharifs claim to be inheritors of the title of Caliph and Prince of the Faithful. SHARIFS 61 A.H. A.D. 951—1069 A. HASANl SHARIFS 1544 — 1658 951 Mohammad i -Shaykh . 1544 965 ‘Abd-Allah ..... 1557 981 Mohammad n , 1573 983 Abu-Marwan ‘Abd-al-Malik i 1575 986 ( Abu-1- ‘Abbas Ahmad i -Mansoor Shaykh . 1578 1012 Abu-Faris ' rivals Zaydan ' 1603 1016 Zaydan (alone) .... 1608 1038 Abu-Marwan ‘Abd-al-Malik n 1628 1040 "Walid ..... 1630 1045 Mohammad m 1635 1064 Ahmad ii 1654 —1069 —1658 1075—1311 B. FILALl SHARIFS 1664-1893 1075 Bashid b. -Sharif b. ‘All 1664 1083 Isma‘il -Samin .... 1672 1139 Ahmad -Dhahabi 1727 1141 ‘Abd-Allah* .... 1729 1171 Mohammad i 1757 1204 Yazid 1789 1206 Hisham ..... 1792 1209 Sulayman ..... 1795 1238 ‘Abd-af-Bahman .... 1822 1276 Mohammad ii 1859 1290 Hasan (now reigning) . 1873 * Interrupted by ‘All b. Isma‘11, 1147-9; -Mustadi b. Isma‘Il, 1151-3, and Zayn-al- ‘Abidin, 1158. 62 NORTH AFRICA 11. Ahmad ix FILALl SHAElFS SB A RIFS 63 IV. EGYPT AND SYRIA S/EC. IX— XIX. 25. TULUNIDS 26. IKHShTdIDS 27. FATIMIDS 28. AYYUBIDS 29. MAMLUKS ■OTHMANUS (5ee X) 30. KHEDIVES IY. EGYPT AND SYRIA SMC. IX— XIX Egypt and Syria have generally formed one government in Mohammadan history. Syria was conquered by the Arabs in 635-638 ( 14 - 17 ), and Egypt in 641 ( 21 ). From the time of the conquest to 868 ( 254 ) Egypt was ruled as a separate province by 98 governors appointed by the Omayyad and ‘Abbasid Caliphs ; but the new governor in 868, Ahmad b. Tfilun, founded a dynasty which lasted 37 years. This was succeeded after an interval by the Ikhshidids, who in turn gave place to the greatest of mediaeval Egyptian dynasties, that of the Fatimid Caliphs. TJnder these last, however, Syria became the seat of independent dynasties (Hirdasids, Burids, Zangids), but was again united to Egypt by Salaclin, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and so continued until both became separate provinces of the Ottoman Empire. In 1831 Ibra- him Pasha, eldest son of Mohammad ‘All, again joined Syria to the dominions of the ruler of Egypt, but it was restored to the Porte in 1841 by the intervention of the European Powers, and has ever since been a Turkish vilayat. 68 EGYPT AND STRIA A.H. A.D. 254 — 292 TtJLUNIDS 868—905 Tulun was a Turkish slave, who was sent by the Samanid ruler of Bukhara as a present to the Caliph -Ha'mun, and attained high rank in the court at Baghdad and Surra- man-ra'a. His son Ahmad succeeded to his father’s dignity in 240, and was appointed deputy - governor of Egypt in 868 ( 25If ), where he soon made himself practically independent. In 877 (26 If) he was allowed to incorporate Syria in his government, and the two countries remained in the possession of his dynasty until its extinction in 905 (292). The Tulunids were renowned for the wealth and luxury of their capital -Katai' (between -Eustat and the later Cairo) and for their public works. A.H. A.D. 254 Ahmad b. Tulun 868 270 Khumarawayh b. Ahmad 883 282 Jaysh Abu-l-Asakir b. Khumarawayh 895 283 Harun b. Khumarawayh .... 896 292 Shayban b. Ahmad 904 —905 [ Governors under the ‘Abbasid Caliphs ] IKHSHIDIDS 69 A.H. A.D. 323-358 IKHSHIDLDS 935—969 After a brief interval, during which the governors of the ‘Abhasid Caliphs again held precarious sway in Egypt and Syria, Mohammad -Ikhshid established another quasi- independent dynasty. -Ikhshid was the generic title of the rulers of Earghana, beyond the Oxus, and Tughj, the father of Mohammad, was the son of a Earghana officer in the service of the Caliph of Baghdad. Tughj rose to be governor of Damascus, but was disgraced and died in prison. Mohammad retrieved his father’s misfortune and became in turn governor of Damascus in 318 , and in 321 governor of Egypt. He did not take over the office, however, till 935 (323). In 938 (327) he assumed the title of -Ikhshid, and in 941 (330) Syria was added to his dominions, together with Mecca and Medina in the following year. A.H. A.D. 323 Mohammad -Ikhshid b. Tughj 935 334 Abu-l-Kasim Ungur b. -Ikhshid 946 349 Abu-l-Hasan ‘Ali b. -Ikhshid . 960 355 Abu-l-Misk Kafur [a eunuch] 966 357 Abu-l-Fawaris Ahmad b. ‘Ali . 961 —358 —969 [Fatimids] 70 EGYPT AND SYRIA A.H. A.D. 297—567 27. FATIMIDS 909—1171 The Fatimids, like the Idrisids, were (or pretended to be) descendants of Fatima the daughter of the Prophet (see the genealogical table, p. 72). The Idrisids had prepared the way for them, and numerous du'ls or missionaries had impregnated the Berbers with Shi'ite doctrine, until the task of the new Prophet ‘Obayd Allah, who took the title of Al-Hahdl, and claimed to he Caliph and Prince of the Faithful, became simple : in 909 ( 297 ) he suppressed the effete remnant of the Aghlahids and soon made himself master of all North Africa, with the exception of the Idrlsid kingdom in Morocco. The Fatimid capital was the city of -Mahdiya (the ‘ Africa ’ of Froissart) near Tunis. Half a century later they added Egypt and Syria to their dominions. Jawhar the Fatimid general conquered the former country from the boy-king of the Ikhshidid dynasty in 969 {356), and founded the fortified palace of -Kahira, which developed into the city of Cairo. Southern Syria was taken at the same time, and Aleppo was in- corporated in 991 {381) in the Fatimid Empire, which now stretched from the Syrian desert and the Orontes to the FATIMIDS 7 L borders of Morocco. The removal of the seat of government from Kayruwan and -Mahdlya to Cairo, however, cost the Fatimids the loss of their western provinces (see p. 39) ; and the Normans gained Sicily in 1071, Malta in 1098, Tripoli in 1146 and -Mahdlya and Kayruwan in 1148: but the power of the Fatimid Caliphs in Egypt and Syria long continued undiminished and their wealth and commerce spread throughout the Mediterranean lands. Saladin sup- planted the last Fatimid Caliph in 1171 (567). A.H. A.D. 297 -Mahdi Abu-Mohammad ‘Obayd- Allah . 909 322 -Kai'm Abu-l-Kasim Mohammad 934 334 -Mansur Abu-Tahir Isma‘11 945 341 -Mu‘izz Abu-Tamim Ma‘add . 952 365 -‘Aziz Abu-Mansur Nazar 975 386 -Hakim Ahu-‘Ali -Mansur 996 411 -Zahir Abu-l-Hasan ‘All 1020 427 -Mustansir Abu-Tamim Ma‘add 1035 487 -Musta‘li Abu-l-Kasim Ahmad 1094 495 -Amir Abu- ‘All -Mansur 1101 524 -Hafiz Abu-l-Maymun ‘Abd-al-Majld 1130 544 -Zafir Abu-l-Mansur Isma‘Il . 1149 549 -Faiz Abu-l-Kasim ‘Isa . 1154 555 -‘Adid Abu-Mohammad ‘Abd- Allah 1160 —567 —1171 [. Ayyubids ] MOHAMMAD 72 EGYPT AND SYRIA The Twelve Imams of the Imam! Sect a* : is* Si- £ «? -X— ; Hq — *- 1-° § * ^ H3 I Q) ^ a «3 (D _ 2S &, 1 * e .2 r .0 >c- ~ l? §1 ^ ^ ^ &:• sifij-BUisj aqj jo sra^mj uaA9g aqx si {i, •eras 1 aqj jo t snrcinj papjaouoQ , Qqx miv-p'iv, -Mahdl FATIMIDS FA TIM IDS 73 14. -‘Adid 74 EGYPT AND SYRIA A.H. A.D. 564-648 28. AYYUBIDS 1169-1250 Salah-a/-dm. or Saladin, the son of Ayyub (Job), was of Kurdish extraction, and served under Xur-a/-dln (You redin) Mahruud b. Zangl, who had lately made himself king of Syria (see IX.). By him Saladin and his uncle Shirkuh were sent to Egypt, where a civil war invited interference. Friendly assistance developed into annexation, and after the death of Shirkuh Saladin became virtual master of Egypt in 1169 (564), though the last Fatimid Caliph did not die till three years later. In the first month of 567 (Sept. 1171) Saladin caused the JYhutba or public prayer to he said at Cairo in the name of the contemporary ‘Abhasid Caliph -MustadI, instead of the Fatimid -‘Adid, who lay on his death-bed. The change was effected without disturbance, and Egypt became once more Sunnite instead of Shi rite. The Holy Cities of the Hijaz generally formed part of the dominion of the ruler of Egypt; and in 1173 (569) Saladin sent his brother Turan-Shah to govern the Yaman (see A YYUBIDS 75 V.). Tripoli was taken from the Normans in 1172 (568). The death of his former master Nur-aLdln in the same year laid Syria open to invasion, and in 1174 (570) Saladin entered Damascus and swept oyer Syria (570-572) up to the Euphrates in spite of the opposition of the Zangids. He did not annex Aleppo until 1183 (579), after the death of Nur-aZ- din’s son, -Salih. He reduced -Mosil and made the various princes of Mesopotamia his vassals in 1185-6 (581). He was now master of the country from the Euphrates to the Nile, except where the Crusaders retained their strongholds. The battle of Hittln, 4 July, 1187, destroyed the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem; the Holy City was occupied by Saladin within three months ; and hardly a castle, save Tyre, held out against him. The fall of Jerusalem roused Europe to undertake the Third Crusade. Richard I. of England and Philip Augustus of France set out for the Holy Land in 1190, and joined in the siege of Acre in 1191. After a year and a half’s fighting, peace was concluded in 1192 for three years without any advantage having been gained by the Crusaders. In March 1193 (589) Saladin died. On his death, his brothers, sons, and nephews, divided the 76 EGYPT AND SYRIA various provinces of his wide kingdom, but one amongst them, his brother Sayf-aZ-dln -‘Adil, the Saphadin of the Crusader chroniclers, gradually acquired the supreme authority. At first Saladin’s sons naturally succeeded to their father’s crowns in the various divisions of the kingdom: Afdal at Damascus, -‘Aziz at Cairo, -Zahir at Aleppo. But in 1196 {592) -Afdal was succeeded by -‘Adil at Damascus; in 1199 {596) -Mansur the successor of -‘Aziz was supplanted by -‘Adil at Cairo; and Aleppo alone remained to the direct descendants of Saladin until 1260 {648). Having acquired the sovereignty of Egypt and most of Syria in 1196-9, and appointed one of his sons to the government of Mesopotamia about 1200 {597), -‘Adil enjoyed the supreme authority in the Ayyubid kingdom till his death in 1218 {615). His descendants carried on his rule in the several countries ; and we find separate branches reigning in Egypt, Damascus, and Mesopotamia, all sprung from -‘Adil. Those who reigned at Hamah, Emesa, and in the Yaman,- were descended from other members of the Ayyubid family. In 1250 {648) the ‘Adil! Ayyubids of Egypt, the chief branch of the family, who also frequently held Syria, A Y Y U B I D S Shiidhi b. Mnnvuu I ( T» /net p. 76) - Atlil Sayf-n/-diu Ahu-Bakr (sai*hadin) (M. 689, D. 592, E. 596- f615) -Atdnl -‘Aziz •All ‘Othman 1). 582-92 (E. 589- t 622) t 695) -Man?fir Mohammad (E. 595-6) Ghazi (. ' A. 682- t 613) I iA r Mohammad , (A. 613- t 634) -Kamil Mohammad (E. 616- f635) Isma'Il Ibrahim (D. 635 637-43) _J Mu-azzaiu -Ashraf Isa Musii (I). 615- (M. 607-17; f 624) Him? 617, D. 626-f635) -Awliad A with iM.597- t607) -Xa?ir Yusuf i A, 634-58 D, 648-58 t 659) I -Ashraf Musa i.E. 648-50) ‘Adil ii -§alih Abu-Bakr Avviib (E D. 635-7) (E. 637- 1 647 D. 643-7) i -Mu'azzam Turan-Shah ,E. D. 647-8) -Mas'ud -Xii?ir Yusuf Dawud (Y. 612- (D. 624-6) Mohammad [A.=Aleppo; B. = Ba‘albakk , D. = Damascus ; E. = Egypt; H.=IJamah ; M = Mesopotamia ; Y.=Yamnn ] Xiu-a/-diu Shams-o/-dIu Tuffhtaeln Shaham •hah Turan-Shiih Savf-al- t 543 (Y. 569- Islam 1 77) (Y. 577— J 593) 1 | -Muzaffar i -Haliz -Muzaffar -‘Aziz Fnrrukh- Takl-aZ-din Mu'izz -a/- -Xasir Arslan Ghazi ‘Othmun shah ‘Omar din Isma'Il Ajyub (H. 574- (Y. 693-8) (Y. 598- Shah (M. 617-43) 1 Dawud 1 630 1 B. 575- 1 587) 611) -Sa‘id 1 578) I -Kamil t05S 1 1 | Mohammad Bnhram -Mansur i Ahmad Shah Mohammad | (B.5 78- 1 627) (H. 587- f617) -Muzaffar Sulnvmiin 1 ! (Y. 611-612) -Muzaffar n Kilij-Arsliin Mahmud (H. 617-26) (H. 626- f 642) 1 -Mau?iir n -Muzaffar Mohammad •All (II. 643-683) -Muzaffar in Mahmud (H. 683-9S) (-din Shirkuli 1 564 Mohammad (Hi-?, 574- 1 681) -Mujahid Shlrkiih a (Huns, 581- 1 637) -Mnn?ur Ibralum (Him?, 637- t 04 4 -Ashraf (Him?, 644 ' t 661) A YYUBIDS 77 made way for the Bahrl Mamluks or Slave Kings. The Damascus branch, after contesting the sovereignty of Syria with the Egyptian and Aleppo branches, was incorporated with Aleppo, and both were swept away in the Tatar avalanche of Chinghiz Khan in 1260 (655). The same fate had overtaken the Mesopotamian successors of -‘Adil in 1245 ( 6Jf3 ). The Mamluks absorbed Emesa in 1262 (661). The Ayyubids had given place to the Rasulids in Arabia as early as 1228 (625). But at Hamah a branch of the family of Saladin continued to rule with slight intermission until 1341 (7 42 ), and numbered in their line the well-known historian Abu-l-Fida. A.H. A. EGYPT A.D. 564 -Nasir Salah-a?-din Yusuf ( Saladin ) 1169 589 -‘Aziz Tmad-al-dln ‘Othman . 1193 595 -Mansur Mohammad .... 1198 596 -‘Adil Sayf-al-dln Abu-Bakr* ( Saphadin ) 1199 615 -Kamil Mohammad* .... 1218 635 -‘Adil n Sayf-a/-din Abu-Bakr * 1238 637 -Salih Najm-al-dln Ayyub * . 1240 647 -Mu‘azzam Turan-Shah* 1249 648 -Ashraf Musa ' . 1250 —650 —1252 [ Mamluks ] * These Sultans also ruled at Damascus. 8 EGYPT AND SYRIA A.H. A.D. B. DAMASCUS 582 -Afdal Nur-aZ-dln ‘All .... 1186 592 -‘Adil Sayf-af-din Abu-Bakr (see Egypt) . 1196 615 -Mu'azzam Sharaf-ai-din ‘Isa . 1218 624 -Nasir Salah-aGdin Dawud 1227 626 -Ashraf Musa (of Mesopotamia) 1228 635 -Salih Isma‘il. ..... 1237 635 -Kamil (of Egypt) ..... 1237 635 -‘Adil ( „ ) 1238 637 -Salih ( „ ) 1240 637 -Salih Isma‘il (restored) .... 1240 643 -Salih (of Egypt) 1245 647 -Mu'azzam (of Egypt) .... 1249 648 -Nasir Salah-af-din Yusuf (of Aleppo) 1250 —658 [Tatars'] —1260 C. ALEPPO 582 -Zahir Ghiyath-a?-din Ghazi . 1186 613 -‘Aziz Ghiyath-aZ-din Mohammad . 1216 634 -Nasir Saluh-af-din Yusuf (see Damascus) 1236 -658 [Tatars] —1260 D. MESOPOTAMIA 597? -Awhad Najm-aGdin Ayyub . 1200? 607 -Ashraf Muz affar-af-din Musa (see Damascus) 1210 628 -Muzafiar Ghazi 1230 —643 —1245 [Tatars ] A YYUBIDS A.H. E. HAMAH 574 -Muzaffar i Taki-aZ-dTn ‘Omar 587 -Mansur i Mohammad .... 617 -Nasir Kilij-Arslan 626 -Muzaffar ii Taki-aZ-din Mahmud . 642 -Mansur ii Mohammad .... 683 -Muzaffar in Mahmud .... —698 [Governors under the Mamluk Sultans'] 710 - Mu-ayyad Abu-l-Fida Israa-‘Il [the historian ) 733 -Afdal Mohammad .... —742 [Mamluks] F. EMESA (HIMS) 574 -Mohammad b. Shlrkuh .... 581 -Mujahid Shlrkuh ..... 637 -Mansur Ibrahim 644 -Ashraf Muzaffar-aZ-din Musa —661 [Mamluks] G. ARABIA 569 -Mu'azzam Turan-Shah b. Ayyub . 577 -Sayf-al-Islam Tughtakin b. Ayyub 593 -Mu‘izz-aZ-din Isma‘il .... 598 -Nasir Ayyub. ..... 611 -Muzaffar Sulayman .... 612 -Mas‘ud Salah-aZ-din Yusuf . —625 or 626 A.D. 1178 1191 1220 1229 1244 1284 —1298 1310 1332 —1341 1178 1185 1239 1245 —1262 1173 1181 1196 1201 1214 1215 —1228 80 EGYPT AND SYRIA A.H. A.D. 660—922 29. MAMLUK SULTANS 1262—1617 Mamluk means ‘owned,’ and was generally applied to a white slave. The Mamluk Sultans of Egypt were Turkish and Circassian slaves, and had their origin in the purchased body-guard of the Ayyubid Sultan -Salih Ayyub. The first of their line was a woman, Queen Shaj ar-aZ-durr, widow of -Salih ; but a representative of the Ayyubid family (Musa) was accorded the nominal dignity of joint sovereignty for a few years. Then followed a succession of slave kings, divided into two dynasties, the Ikihn (‘ of the River’) and the Burjl (‘of the Fort’) who ruled Egypt and Syria down to the beginning of the 16th century. In spite of their short reigns and frequent civil wars and assassinations, they maintained as a rule a well-organized government, and Cairo is still full of proofs of their appreciation of art and their love of building.* Their warlike qualities were no less conspicuous in their successful resistance to the Crusaders, and to the Tatar hordes that overran Asia and menaced Egypt in the 13th century. * See my Cairo (1892) chap, iii, and Art of the Saracens of Egypt (1886) chap. i. MAMLUKS 81 A.H. 648 — 792 A. BAHRI MAMLUKS A.D. 1250—1390 648 Shajar-af-durr ..... 1250 648 -Mu'izz ‘Izz-a/-din Aybak . 1250 655 -Mansur Xur-af-din ‘All 1257 657 -Muzaffar Sayf-a/-din Kutuz 1259 . 658 -Zahir Rukn-al-din Baybars -Bundukdari 1260 676 -Sa‘!d Xasir-a?-din Baraka Khan . 1277 678 -‘Adil Badr-af-din Salamish 1279 678 -Mansur Sayf-af-din Kalaun 1279 689 -Ashraf Salah-a/-din Khalil 1290 693 -Xasir Xasir-a/-din Mohammad . 1293 694 -‘Adil Zayn-a7-din Kitbugha 1294 696 -Mansur Husam-a/-din Lajin 1296 698 -Xasir Mohammad (again) . 1298 708 -Muzaffar Ruku-a?-din Baybars -Jashankir 1308 709 -Xasir Mohammad (third time) 1309 741 -Mansur Sayf-af-din Abu-Bakr . 1340 742 -Ashraf ‘Ala-af-din Kujuk . 1341 742 -Xasir Shihab-af-din Ahmad 1342 743 -Salih ‘Imad-af-din Isma‘il . 1342 746 -Kamil Sayf-af-din Sha'ban 1345 747 -Muzaffar Sayf-af-dln Hajji 1346 748 -Xasir Xasir-af-din Hasan . 1347 752 -Salih Salah-af-din Salih 1351 755 -Xasir Hasan (again) .... 1354 762 -Mansur Salah-af-dln Mohammad 1361 764 -Ashraf Xasir-af-din Sha‘ban 1363 778 -Mansur ‘Ala-af-din ‘All 1376 783 -Salih Salah-al-din Hajji . 1381 784 Barkuk (see Burjls) .... 1382 791 Hajji again, with title of -Muzaffar 1389 —792 —1390 [_Burjl Mamluks ] 6 BAH III MAMLUKS 82 .EGYPT AND STRIA Dotted lines inilicate the relation between master and slave. M A ML UK S 83 A.H. 784—922 B. BURJI MAMLUKS A.D. 1382—1517 784 -Zahir Sayf-aZ-din Barkuk . 1382 801 [Interrupted by Hajji 791-2.] -Nasir Nasir-aZ-diu Faraj . 1398 808 -Mansur ‘Izz-aZ-din ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz 1405 809 -Nasir Faraj (again) .... 1406 815 -‘Adil -Musta'in (‘Abbasid Caliph) 1412 815 -Mirayyad Shaykh .... 1412 824 -Muzaffar Ahmad .... 1421 824 -Zahir Sayf-aZ-din Tatar 1421 824 -Salih Nasir-aZ-din Mohammad . 1421 825 -Ashraf Sayf-aZ-din Bars-bey 1422 842 -‘Aziz Jamal-aZ-din Yusuf . 1438 842 -Zahir Sayf-aZ-din Jakmak . 1438 857 -Mansur Fakhr-aZ-din ‘Othman . 1453 857 -Ashraf Sayf-aZ-din Inal 1453 865 -Mu’ayyad Shihab-aZ-din Ahmad . 1460 865 -Zahir Sayf-aZ-din Khushkadam . 1461 872 -Zahir Sayf-aZ-din Bilbey . 1467 872 -Zahir Timurbugha .... 1468 873 -Ashraf Sayf-aZ-din Kait-Bey 1468 - 901 -Nasir Mohammad . . 1495 904 -Zahir Kansuh ..... 1498 905 -Ashraf Janbalat ..... 1499 906 -Ashraf Kansuh -Ghuri 1500 922 -Ashraf Tuman-Bey .... 1516 [ Ottoman Sultans .] —1517 As there are seldom more than two kings of a family in the above list a genealogical table is unnecessary. 84 EGYPT AND SYRIA A.H. A.D. 1220—1311 30. KHEDIVES 1805—1893 After the conquest by Salim i in 1517 {922) Egypt remained for three centuries a Turkish Pashalik, where, however, the authority of the Pasha sent from Constanti- nople was minimized by a council of Mamluk Beys. The arrival of Napoleon in 1798 put an end to this divided system ; hut after the victories of England at Abu-klr and Alexandria and the consequent retreat of the French in 1801, the old dissensions revived. In 1805, however, Mohammad ‘All, the commander of an Albanian regiment in the Turkish army of Egypt, after massacring a number of the Mamluk chiefs, made himself master of Cairo. A second massacre in 1811 completed the work, and hence- forward Egypt has been governed, in nominal subordina- tion to the Porte, by the dynasty of Mohammad ‘All, whose fourth successor, Isma‘11 Pasha, in 1866, adopted the official title of Khedive. Syria was annexed in 1831, but restored to Turkey under pressure of England in 1841. The Sudan was conquered in successive expedi- tions, down to the time of Isma‘Il, but abandoned after KHEDIVES 85 the death of General Gordon in 1885. The southern boundary of Egypt is now drawn near the second cataract of the Nile, and since the suppression of ‘Arabl’s military revolt by English troops in 1883, the administration of Egypt has been conducted under the advice of English officials. A.H. A.D. 1220 Mohammad ‘Ali ..... 1805 1264 Ibrahim ...... 1848 1264 ‘Abbas i 1848 1270 Sa‘id 1854 1280 Isma'il ...... 1863 1300 Tawfik 1882 1309 ‘Abbas n (regnant) .... 1892 2. Ibrahim 5. Ismalil 6. Tawfik 1. Mohammad ‘Ali Tusiin 4. Sa'id Halim I 3. ‘Abbas i 7. ‘Abbas ii Mohammad ‘Ali V. ARABIA FELIX (YAMAN) S/EC. IX— XVIII 33. ZIYADIDS (ZABID) 34. YA'FURIDS (SAN'A, JANAD) 35. NAJAHIDS (ZAbId) 36. SULAIHIDS (SAN'A) 37. HAMDANIDS (SAN'A) 38. MAHDIDS (ZABID) 39. ZURAY'IDS (‘ADEN) AYYUBIDS ( See EGYPT) 40. RASULIDS (YAMAN) 41. TAHIRIDS (YAMAN) 42. RASSID IMAMS (SA'DA) 43. IMAMS OF SAN'A Y. THE YAMAN S.EC. IX— XYIII The history of Arabia after the Mohammadan revolution bore a close resemblance to its pre-Islamic annals. The Arabs under the Caliphate were very like the Arabs of ‘ the Days of Ignorance,’ a people of many disconnected tribes headed by chiefs, and many towns and districts governed by Shaykhs, who were sometimes under control, and at others asserted their independence and styled themselves Amirs or Imams. The Caliphs appointed a governor of the Yaman, and a sub-governor of Mecca or Medina ; but the outlying towns recognized chiefly the authority of their local Shaykhs. In the beginning of the third century of the Hijra, which saw the dismemberment of the great Islamic empire by the rise of powerful dynasties on its skirts, the governor of the Yaman followed the example of the Idrisids and Aghlabids in North Africa ; and about the time when the Tahirids were amputating the right hand of the ‘Abbasid empire in Khurasan, Mohammad the Ziyadid established his authority at Zabid, the city he had founded in the Tihama, and thus inaugurated the rule of independent dynasties in Arabia, though the Caliphs still continued to appoint governors at intervals. 90 ARABIA FELIX {YAM AN) AH. A.D. 204—409 33. ZIYADIDS* 819—1018 (ZABID) The Ziyadids, or Banu Ziyad, ruled at Zabid for two centuries, and their kingdom included a considerable part of the Yaman. As their power waned, various inde- pendent rulers and dynasties sprang up : the Ya\ fur ids established themselves at San'a and Janad ; Sulayman b. Tarf subdued a wide territory bordering the northern coast of the Yaman, with ‘Aththar for its capital ; and the Carmathian ‘All b. -Fadl even plundered Zabid itself shortly after 904 {292). Under the last Ziyadid, the government of their province fell entirely into the hands of a succession of slaves, until Najah, an Abyssinian slave of Marjan, the last Ziyadid Maire du palais, sub- stituted his own dynasty, the Najahids , at Zabid in 1021 ( 418 ). * The history of the Arabian dynasties may be read in H. C. Kay’s comprehensive work Yaman, its early mediaeval history , 1892, which includes a translation of the Arabic history of ‘Omara and other im- portant and interesting materials. ZIYADIDS 91 A.H. A.D. 204 Mohammad b. ‘Abd- Allah b. Ziyad 819 245 Ibrahim b. Mohammad .... 859 289 Ziyad b. Ibrahim ..... 901 291? Abu-1- Jaysh Ishak b Ibrahim 903? 371 ‘Abd- Allah (or Ziyad, or Ibrahim) b Ishak 981 —409 —1018 Vezirs 3- '1 Rushd ...... 981 c. 373 -Hosayn b Salama .... 983 402 Marjan ...... 1011 —412 —1021 Nafis, 407—12 \_Najdhids~\ A.H. A.D. 247- 345 34. YA'FURIDS 861—956 (SAN‘A AND JANAD) 247 Ya‘fur b. ‘Abd-aZ-Rahman 861 259 Mohammad h Ya‘fur .... r- 00 279 ‘Abd al-Kadir b. Ahmad b. Ya‘fur 892 279 Ibrahim b. Mohammad .... 892 c. 285 As‘ad b. Ibrahim ..... . c. 898 288 Rassid Imam -Kadi .... 900 299 Carmathian ‘AH b. -Fadl 911 303 As ‘ad restored ..... 915 332 Mohammad b. Ibrahim .... 943 352 ‘Abd-Allah b. Kahtan .... 963 —387 —997 [Dynasty becomes insignificant] 92 ARABIA FELIX (TAMAN)- A.H. A.D. 412-553 35. NAJAHIDS 1021—1158 (ZABID) Najah, the Abyssinian slave of the last Mayor of the Palace of the Ziyadid dynasty, ruled Zabld till his death in 1060 (1+52 ) ; the town was then (4-5-4) seized by the Sulayhids and formed part of their dominions until If73, when the son of Najah recovered it, though it changed hands between the two dynasties several times during his life (see p. 94). After 1089 (4 82) Zabld remained con- tinuously with the Najah ids, until their dynasty (which had fallen, like the Ziyadids, under the influence of vezlrs) gave place to the Mahdids in 1059 (554). A.H. A.D. 412 -Mu'ayyad Najah (+452) 1021 454 ‘ Ali -Dd‘i, Sulayhid, . 1062 473 Sa‘Id -Abwal b. Najah 1080 482 Jayyash b. Najali 1089 498 -Fatik i b. Jayyash 1104 503 -Mansur b. -Fatik 1109 c. 517 -Fatik ii b. -Mansur . . c. 1123 531 -Fatik in b. Mohammad b. -Mansur 1136 — 554 — 1159 [. Mahdids .] NAJAHIDS 93 94 ARABIA FELIX {YAM AN) A.H. A.D. 429—495 36. SULAYHIDS 1037—1101 (SAN ‘A) The da‘i (missionary) ‘All b. Mohammad, founder of the Shi ‘ it e dynasty of the Sulayhids, or Banu Sulayh, made himself independent at Masar in 1037 {4%9), annexed Zabid after the death of Najah, in 1062 {454), conquered San‘a and all the Yaman by 1063 {455), and took possession of Mecca 455-6. His capital was San‘a ; but he also held Zabid until his death in 1080 {473), and his son -Mukarram recovered it in 475, hut lost it in If! 9, took it again about 1088 {481), and almost immediately lost it for the last time. In 480 -Mukarram removed his capital from San ‘a to Dhu- Jibla in Mikhlaf Ja'far. A.H. A.D. 429 Abu-Kamil ‘All b. Mohammad . 1037 473 -Mukarram Ahmad .... 1080 484 -Mansur Abu-Himyar Saba . 1091 —492 ‘All the Sulayhid I' Mohammad - Kadi ‘Abd- Allah 1. ‘All -Da‘I 2. -Mukarram \_Hamddnids of /San‘o] -Muzaffar 1 I Ahmad 3. -Mansur Saba II A MI) AN IDS 95 A.H. A.D. 492—569 37. HAMDANIDS 1098—1173 (SAN ‘A) The various branches of the Banu Hamdan were descended from the tribes of Hashid and Bakll, which held a high rank among the Yaman Arabs, and occupied the country about San'a and Sa‘da. They supplied rulers to San‘a after the Sulayhids for three quarters of a century, up to the Ayyubid invasion. A.H. A.D. 492 Hatim b. -Gbashlm 1098 502 ‘Abd- Allah b. Hatim 1108 504 Ma‘n b. Hatim 1110 c. 510 Hisham b. -Kubbayt . . . . . e. 1116 -Hamas b. -Kubbayt ..... Hatim b. -Hamas ..... 545 Hatim b. Ahmad ..... 1150 556 ‘All -Wahid b. Hatim .... 1160 —569 —1173 \_Ayyubids.'] 96 ARABIA FELIX (YAM AN) A.H. A.D. 554—569 38. MAHDIDS 1159—1173 (ZABlD) The Mahdids, or Banu-l-Mahdl, succeeded the Hajahids at Zabid. ‘All b. -Mahdl was a devotee and prophet in the Tiharna, who acquired a following whom he named -Ansar and Muhajirun, or Helpers and lief u gees (after the example of Mohammad), and eventually 1150 (5^5) began to occupy forts and subdue the country, till at length he was able to attack and conquer Zabid 1159 (5 5 If). His successors held the Tiharna, together with some districts and towns beyond, until the Ayyubid conquest. A.H. A.D. 554 ‘All b. -MahdT .... 1159 554 -Mahdl b. ‘All .... 1159 558 ‘Abd-a7-Nabi b. ‘All . 1162 —569 —1173 \_Ayyulids.-\ ZU RAY 1 IDS 97 A.H. 476—569 A.T>. 39. ZTJRAYTDS 1083-1173 (‘ADEN) The two sons of -Karam, ‘Abbas and Mas‘ud, were appointed joint governors of ‘Aden in 1083 (4 76 ) by the Sulayhid -Mukarram, and the joint system of government continued for several generations. Tlie ‘Aden princes Abu- Su‘ud and Abu-Gharat asserted their independence of the king of San‘a, but were not always able to maintain it. The dynasty was, next to the Sulayhids, the most important in the Yaman, and survived till the Ayyubid conquest. # BANXJ MAS‘UD -Karam 1 BANU ZURAY* 476 1. Mas‘ud 1083 476 i. ‘Abbas 1083 2. Abu-l-Gharat c. 508 ii. Zuray‘ c. 1114 iii. Abu-Su‘ud 3. Mohammad 4. ‘All I 533 dep. 1138 iv. Saba 533 534 548 v. ‘All -A‘azz -Murtada 1138 vi. Mohammad 1139 I vii. ‘Imran 1153 560 viii. Mohammad Abu-Su‘ud Mansur 1164 —569 ' —1173 [infants under veztr Yasir b. Bilal) \_Ayyubids~\ * The list is taken from H. C. Kay’s Yaman (Edw. Arnold, 1892), p. 307. 7 98 ARABIA FELIX {TAMAN) A.H. A.D. 569—625 AYYUBIDS 1173—1228 (YAM AN) •The Ayyubid conquest in 1173 {569) is the great crisis in the mediteval history of Arabia. The kinsmen of Saladin swept over the Yaman and overturned its dynasties with the same uncompromising thoroughness as they displayed in Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. The Hamdanids of San‘a, the Mahdids of Zabld, and the Zuray'ids of ‘Aden, were alike suppressed by the Kurdish conqueror Turan Shah, son of Ayyub, and for half a century, 1173-1227 {569-625) the Yaman remained in the hands of the great family which ruled Egypt and Syria. The list of the Ayyubids of Arabia has already been given (p. 79) in connexion with the leading branch of Egypt, but is here repeated for convenience. A.H. A.D. 569 -Mu'azzam Turan -Shah 1173 577 Sayf-al-Islam Tughtigin 1181 593 Mu‘izz-af-dm Isma‘11 .... 1196 598 -Nasir Ayyub ..... 1201 611 -Muzaffar Sulayman .... 1214 612 -Mus‘ud Yusuf 1215 —625 —1228 [.Rasd/ids] RASULIDS 99 A.H. A.D. 626-858 40. RASULIDS 1229-1454 (TAMAR) The Rasulids succeeded the Ayyubids in the government of all the Yaman, from Hadramawt to Mecca, and their power was maintained for over two centuries. They took their name from an envoy ( rasul ) of the ‘Abbasid caliph, whose son, ‘All b. Rasul, was appointed governor of Mecca by the last Ayyubid Sultan of Arabia, -Mas'ud, in 1222 {619). On the death of Mas'ud in 1228 {625) ‘All’s son Xur-a/-dln ‘Omar established his authority over the Yaman. 626 -Mansur ‘Omar b. ‘All 1229 647? -Muzaffar Yusuf 1249? 694 -Ashraf ‘Omar 1295 696 -Mu-ayyad Dawud . 1297 721 -Mujahid ‘All 1321 764 -Afdal -‘Abbas 1363 778 -Asbraf Isma‘11 1 1376 803 -Nasir Ahmad 1400 829 -Mansur ‘Abd- Allah 1426 830 -Ashraf Isma‘ll ii 1427 831 -Zahlr Yahya 1428 842 -Ashraf Isma‘11 in . 1438 845 -Muzaffar Yusuf 1441 Rival claimants : 846 -Mufaddal Mohammad 1442 846 -Nasir ‘Abd-Allah . 1442 854- 8 -Mas'ud 1450-4 855 -Mu-ayyad -Hosayn 1451 [ Tdhirids.] RASUL1DS 100 ARABIA FELIX {TAMAN) 13. -Muzaffar Yusuf TAH1RIDS 101 A.H. 850—923 41. TAHIRIDS (TAMAN) The Tahirids, or Banu Tahir, succeeded to the Yarnan on the break-up of the Itasulids, and maintained their authority until the conquest of Arabia by the last but one of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt, Kansuh -Ghurl. The ‘ Othmdnll Turks then occupied the country, thus made ready for their rule, in 1517 {923), but were forced to abandon it in 1633, in favour of the native Imams. 850 | Zafir Salah-al-din ‘Amir i (Zabid, f870) -Mujahid Shams-aZ-din ‘All {‘Aden, f883) . . | 1446 883 -Mansur Taj-a/-dln ‘Abd-al-Wahhab . 1478 894 -Zafir Salah-a2-dln ‘Amir .... 1488 —923 TAHIR 1 —1517 1 la. -Zafir i 15. -Mujahid 1 Dawud 2. -Mansur 3. -Zafir ii \_Mamluks ; ‘ Othmanlis] 102 ARABIA FELIX {TAMAN) A.H. A.D. 280 -c. 700 42. HASSID IMAMS 893-c. 1300 (SA‘DA) A line of Imams of the Zaydite sect of the Shl'ites was founded at Sa'da in the Yaman by -Had! Yahya, grandson of -Kasim -Rassi, a schismatic of the time of -Ma'rnun the ‘Abbasid Caliph, and lasted down to the present day. The series is confused and the dates often uncertain, hut the following list and genealogical table give the results of the latest researches.* t 246 -Kasim -Kassi Tarjuman-af-din . . f 860 280 -Hadi-ila-l-hakk Yahya 893 298 -Murtada Abu-1- Kasim Mohammad 910 301 -Nasir Ahmad ..... 913 324 -Kasim -Muklitar .... Yusuf -Da‘i ..... -Kasim -Mansur ..... 935 393 -Mahdi -Hosayn f 404 1003 426 Ahu-Hashim -Hasan .... . 1035 430 -Nasir Abu-l-Fath -Naylami 1038 532 -Mutawakkil Ahmad t 566 . . 1137 593 -Mansur ‘Abd-Allah f 614 . 1196 i 614-23 -Nasir ‘Izz-a?-din Mohammad . 1217-1226 t 614 -Hadi Najm-aZ-dln Yahya . 1217 623 P -Mahdi Ahmad b. -Hosayn . . 1226? 656 -Mutawakkil Shams-af-din Ahmad 1258 c. 680 -Muntasir Dawud .... . 1281 See H. C. Kay’s Yaman , 1892, for further details. HASSID IMAMS ( To fact p. 10S.J I -Kasim -Kussi Tnrjumun-nf-din t248 v 1 ' Mohammad i 1 2. -Uadi Yahya t 298 1 -Abd-Allah i_ i i ‘Abd-Allah Ibrahim 1 1 Yahya 3. Abu-l-Knsim 4. -Nas Mohammad -Murtada Ahmad t 325 Ahmad ‘Ali Rukavva abti. 301. t 310 1 1 i i Abu-l-Hosayu Ynliva ‘Ali 5. i_ •Ahd-a/- Rahman Ismael 7. -Kasim Yahya -Hiidi | -Mukhtar -Man?ur t 345 1 t 393 1 6. Yusuf Mutahhar 1 Mohammad 9. Abu-Hiishim Ahmad Ja'far 8. -Malidi ■ Dn-i 1 1 -Hasan 1 Hosayn 1 i 1 t 404 Mohamnmd * Abd-Allah Kasim 1 i t 459 | Sulaynnin Hasan ‘Ali ‘Abd-Allah 10. Ali mad Yahya Nasir Hamza Malika -Mutawakkil I i | t 506 1 • Yahyii 1 Hasan Sulayman ' | | i Al^mad 1 Muhsin 1 1 Muhsin Hamza 1 < Mohammad ?) 1 Shams-a/-diu Hadr-a/-din 13. Najm-u/-din ‘Imiid-a/- 11. Abd-Allah Yuliya Mohammad Yahya -Had! din Yahya -Mansur f 614 I 12. ‘Izz-al-diu Mohammad 15. Shams-al-din Ahmad -Najir -Mutawnkkil IMAMS OF SANA 103 A.H. A.n. c. 1000— 43. IMAMS OF SAN ‘A c. 1591— The preceding Imams had their chief seat at Sa‘da, but they frequently succeeded in taking San ‘a. It was not, however, until the expulsion of the ‘Othmanll Turks in 1633 {1010) that San ‘a became the permanent capital of the Imamate of the Taman. The Imams who ruled there are generally distinguished by the title of Imams of San'a, but they were really only a con- tinuation of the previous line of Sa‘da, since their founder was -Kasim -Mansur, a descendant of Yusuf -Da‘i, great- grandson of -Had! Yahya, the founder of the Hassid Imamate. The following list, chiefly after Niebuhr, is incomplete, for representatives of the same family still possess authority in the Yaman. c. 1000 -Kasim -Mansur . ... c. 1591 1029 -Mu'ayyad Mohammad . . . 1620 1054 -Mutawakkil Isma‘il .... 1644 1087 -Majid Mohammad .... 1676 -Mahdi Ahmad .... 1093 -Hadi Mohammad .... 1682 1095 -Mahdi Mohammad .... 1684 1126 -Nasir Mohammad .... 1714 1128 -Mutawakkil -Kasim .... 1716 1139 -Mansur -Hosayn .... 1726 1139 -Hadi -Majid Mohammad . . . 1726 1140 -Mansur (restored) .... 1727 1160 -Mahdi -‘Abbas .... 1747 c. 1190 -Mansur . .... e. 1776 VI. SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA (ARAB PERIOD) S/EC. X— XII 44. HAMDANIDS (-MOSIL, ALEPPO) 45. MIRDASIDS (ALEPPO) 46. ‘OKAYLIDS (-MOSIL, ETC.) 47. MARWANIDS (DIYAR-BAKR) 48. MA2YADIDS (-HILLA) VI. SYRIA AKD MESOPOTAMIA (ARAB PERIOD) SA1C. X— XII. In classifying the Mohammadan dynasties of Asia, the purely geographical system adopted for Africa must he modified, in order to present the various groups of dynasties in historical sequence. These dynasties fall naturally into the following divisions: — VI. The Arab dynasties of Syria and Mesopotamia previous to the in- vasion of the Seljuk Turks ; VII. The Persian and Transoxine dynasties before the Seljuks; VIII. The Seljuk family in all its ramifications; IX. The dynasties founded by officers who had served in the Seljuk armies, and subsisting between the decay of the Seljuk power and the invasion of the Mongols; X. The western successors of the Seljuks, especially the ‘Othmanll Turks ; XI. The Mongol family of Chingiz Khan in all its branches ; XII. The dynasties which sprang up • in Persia on the decline of the Mongol power ; XIII. The dynasties which sprang from Timur 108 DYNASTIES OF ASIA (Tamerlane) in Transoxiana on the decay of the older branch of the Mongols ; XIY. The dynasties of India (including Afghanistan). In this arrangement the geographical progress from west to east is still generally preserved. We have first Sp-ia and Mesopotamia down to the great sweep of the Selj uk invasion ; then Persia and Transoxiana to the same epoch. The Seljuks and their officers and suc- cessors in the west follow. A new power, that of the Mongols, then comes to sweep away for a time all these lesser dynasties, save the ‘Othmanlls. The Mongols in turn grow weak, and their Persian supplanters, notably the several dynasties of Shahs, to the present day, are placed next. Further north and east, the Mongols were continued in a new line, that of Timur ; and the dynasties sprung from this renowned chief, together with their TJzheg successors in Transoxiana, are brought down to the present day. Still moving eastward, we arrive at India, and begin the series of Mohammadan dynasties of Hindustan with their historical source, the Ghaznawids of Afghanistan, and carry them down to the fall of the Mogul Empire and the establishment of British supre- macy in India. SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA 109 The first of these groups is formed of the dynasties founded by Arab tribes in Syria and Mesopotamia. The geographical division is not arbitrary, for the mountains of Kurdistan and the Zagros range form a natural boundary between Persia and Mesopotamia, which, at least in the earlier centuries of Mohammadan history, was seldom over-stepped. The Buwayhids indeed combined lower Mesopotamia with their Persian empire, but as a rule a dynasty which ruled in Diyar-Bakr or -Jazlra did not extend its sway beyond the mountains to the east, though it frequently spread into Syria. The first group is not only distinct geographically ; it is also an ethno- logical class. "With the exception of the Marwanids, who were Kurds, the dynasties classed in this group were all pure Arabs. The Arab tribes which had migrated from their native deserts northwards into Syria and Mesopotamia had always been a political power with which the Caliphs had to reckon, and on the rapid decay of the central authority at Baghdad the various clans which roamed the Syiian desert and the valley of the Euphrates began to form permanent settlements, to occupy towns and forts, and found dynasties. Thus the Taghlib tribe furnished the JPamdajiid dynasty in -Mosil, Aleppo, and other cities; 110 SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA the Banu Kilab set the Mlrdasids on the throne of Aleppo ; the Banu ‘ Olcayl established their rule in Diyar-Bakr and -Jazlra (Mesopotamia) and part of -‘Irak (Chaldaea) ; and the Banu Asad set np the powerful Mazyadid dynasty at -Hilla. Yet while they exercised authority over cities, districts, and even whole provinces, these Arab chiefs did not abandon their national life, but for the most part continued to dwell in tents with their tribesmen, and wander as the needs of their flocks or their predatory instincts suggested. HAMDANIDS 111 A.H. A.D. 317-394 44. HAMDANIDS 929—1003 (-MOSIL, ALEPPO, ETC.) The Hamdanid family, descended from the Arab tribe of Taghlib, had settled in the neighbourhood of -Hosil, and Hamdan b. Hamdun had taken a prominent part in the political events of that city as early as 873 {260). In 894 {281) Mohammad b. Hamdan was in possession of Maridln, but was expelled by the Caliph -Mu'tadid ; in 904 {292) Abu-l-Hayja ‘Abd- Allah b. Hamdan was ap- pointed governor of -H5sil and its dependencies ; and from this time the power of the Hamdanids greatly increased. In 919 {307) Ibrahim b. Hamdan was made governor of Diyar-ItabPa, where he was succeeded by his brother Dawud in 921 {309); Sa'id b. Hamdan became governor of Nahawand in 924 {312), and several other members of the family received appointments. ‘Ahd-Allah made his son -Hasan his lieutenant at -Hosil, which, with an interval, {317 — 319), the latter held, together with Diyar- IiabPa, and Diyar-Bakr, until his deposition by his son Abu-Taghlib in 968 {358). In 941 {330) he was given the title of Nasir-aMawla by the Caliph ; and at the same time his brother ‘All was named Sayf-a/-dawla. 112 SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA The latter, after governing "Wasit, took Aleppo from the Ikhshidids in 944 {333), and won a great reputation in his wars against the Greeks. The Hamdanids were Shrites, and Sayf-aZ-duwla paid homage to the Fatimid Caliphs. After the deaths of these two brothers, the power of the dynasty rapidly declined. The Futimids absorbed the dominions of Sayf-a/-dawla\s grandsons in Syria, and the Buwayhids ousted Abu-Taghlib from Meso- potamia in 977-9 {367-9). The recovery of -Mosil by his brothers -Hosayn and Abu-Tahir was but a temporary and brief revival. I. OF -MOSIL 317 Nasir-a?-dawla Abu- Mohammad -Hasan 929 358 ‘Uddat-af-dawla Abu-Taghlib -Ghadanfir 968 —369 —979 371 t Abu-Tahir Ibrahim .... 981 —380 1 Abu- ‘Abd- Allah -Hosayn —991 {Buwayhids, ‘Okay lids'] II. OF ALEPPO 333 Sayf-ai-dawla Abu-l-Hasan ‘All . 944 356 Sahl-al-dawla Abu-1-Ma‘all Sharif 967 381 Sa‘Id-a?-dawla Abu-l-Fada'il Sa‘Id 991 392 t Abu-l-Hasan ‘All. .... 1001 394 i Abu-1-Ma‘all Sharif .... 1003 \_Fatimids] HAMDANIDS 8 i\a. ‘Al! iv4. Sharif 114 SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA a.h. A.n. 414—472 45. MIRDASIDS 1023—1079 (ALEPPO) Asad-aZ-dawla Abu-‘AlI Salih b. Mirdas, of the Arab tribe of the Banu Kilab, raided the neighbourhood of Aleppo (Halab) with his Bedouins as early as 1011; and in 1023 (414) the inhabitants revolted against the Fatimid governor, and delivered the city to Salih, who ruled Aleppo until killed in a battle with the Egyptians in 1029 (420). His son Shibl-a/-dawla Nasr succeeded him, but was also killed by the Fatimid army in 1037 (429), and it was not until five years later that another son, Mu‘izz-a/-dawla Tamal, who had governed -Rahba, recovered Aleppo from the Egyptians. In 1057 (449) Tamal again abandoned Aleppo to Egypt, whilst his brother ‘Atlya occupied -Rahba. This fresh Fatimid rule was terminated in 1060 (452) by the conquest of the city by Rashid-aJ- dawla, son of Shibl-aAdawla ; but he was expelled in the following year by his uncle Mu‘izz-a?-dawla, who died in 454, and bequeathed Aleppo to his brother ‘Atlya. Rashid- aZ-dawla, however, recovered the city in the same year, MIRDASIDS 115 and ‘Atlya seized -Rakka, whence he was expelled by the ‘Okaylid Muslim h. Kuraysh in 1070 ^63). Rashld- aZ-dawla was succeeded in Jf68 by his son Jalal-aZ-dawla, who took Manbij from the Greeks, and whose brother Sabik (or Shablb) held Aleppo until its conquest by the ‘Okaylid Muslim in 1079 (J, \72 ).* 414 Salih b. Mirdas ..... 1023 420 Skibl-a/-dawla Abu -Kamil Nasr . 1029 429 Fdtimids ...... 1037 434 Mu‘izz-a7-dawla Abu ‘Ulwan Tamal 1042 449 Fdtimids ...... 1057 452 Rash!d-a?-dawla Mahmud 1060 453 Mu‘izz-a?-dawla restored 1061 454 Abu-Du'aba ‘Atlya .... 1062 454 Rashld-a7-dawla restored 1062 468 Jalal-a/-dawla (Samsam-al-dawla) Nasr 1075 468 Abu-l-Fada'il Sabik .... 1076 —472 MIRDAS —1079 1. Salih 2. Shibl-ai-dawla 3. Mu‘izz-a/-da\vla 5. Abu-Du aba ‘Atlya 4. Rashil-al-dawla I 6. Jalal-a?-da\vla 7. fLibik [‘ Okay lids] * See H. Sauvaire, A Linar of Salih ebn Merdas of Aleppo [Numismatic Chronicle , 1873). 116 SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA a.h. a.d. 386 -489 46. ‘OKAYLIDS 996-1096 (-MOSIL, ETC.) The Banu ‘Okayl, or ‘Okaylids, a very large Arab clan, formed one of the five divisions of the Banu Ka‘b, of the Modarite tribes of Arabia ; and after their adoption of Islam their sub-clans spread over parts of Syria, -‘Irak, and even North Africa and Andalusia. In the early days of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate, -‘Irak ■was full of ‘Okaylids. The Banu Muntafik, one of their sub-clans, migrated to the marshy country about -Basra, called the Batiha or Bata-ih (‘The Swamps’), under the family of Ma‘ruf ; the Banu Khafaj a for centuries occupied themselves in looting caravans in the deserts of -‘Irak, as late as 1327 ; while the Banu ‘Obada in- habited, with the Banu Muntafik, the country between -Kufa, AVasit, and -Basra, and eventually furnished the line of ‘Okaylid princes of -Mosil. In the fourth century of the Hijra, the ‘Okaylids of Syria and -‘Irak were tribu- tary to the powerful Arab dynasty of Hamdanids, but on the fall of these princes, the ‘Okaylids attained indepen- dent sovereignty. Abu-Dhawwad Mohammad was granted by the last of the Hamdanids the cities of Nasibln and Balad in 989 {379), to which he added -Mosil in 380, but {To /act p. 116) Ilaji' i -Musayyib Abu-/- -Dlinwwfiil Moltunnuml t 386 Xajdat-a\- d air la Ahu- Mmiffn AT, mil 1. llusam-a/- dawla -Mukallad t 391 Abii-l-Musavvib Rnli - I Abu-I-Fadl Bndran (Xofi/ihi) t 425 I 4. Kumysb (Nafibbi, 425 ; JUbfil, 443) | 1 458 6. Ibiiiblni t 486 . Abu-Gluishsluim dop. 444 f 448 Ma‘n L_ Abu- Abd- Altai, . [_t 4°^ _ Kamiil-n/-dnwla Sayf-a/-din Abii-Sinfm Gharlb (• Okbara ) f 425 _J Abu-Mlavan {' Okbara) J r A:i?r t 449 SbaniR-a/-da\vln Salim f 519 Aleppo t,ll 479 : thru Ja'bar and Rakkd\ I •All 7' (da 1 bar) dep. t 502 t 489 Sbibab-a/- din Malik Surrendered Ja'bar 564 to Nur-a\-din b. Zanyi) [Mubvi-aZ-din Abu-l-Haritli Muliarish, descended irnm Sbu'ayb b. -Mukallnd, go veined 'Ana and Haditlia, and was suoceoded. 499, bv bis s Muhammad, descended from Malik b. -Mukallad, governed Hit in 496. See II. (' Kav, Rotes on the History of the Bonn • Okay! J.R.A.S.] ' Sbibal)-n/-dawbi Abu-Dira* Itfiti* t 40(1 i Sulayinfin, who died in 528. l OKA YLIDS 117 was expelled by tbe Buwayhids in 381. His brother Mu- kallad was more successful ; he took -Mosil in 996 {386), and was confirmed in the government, together with -Kufa, -Kasr, and -Jami'an, by Baha-aJ-dawla the Bu- wayhid, on condition of tribute ; to which were presently added -Anbar, -Mada-in, and Dakuka. In the time of Muslim b. Kuraysh, the dominions of the ‘Okaylid of -Mosil extended from the neighbourhood of Baghdad to Aleppo. On his death, the principality speedily decayed in power, and -Mosil, its capital, was conquered by a Turkish adventurer, Kawam-aAdawla Karbuka in 1096, {4-89), and merged in the Selj uk empire. Other branches, or individual chiefs, of the ‘Okaylids, who governed various small towns in Syria and Mesopotamia, are indicated in the genealogical table. After the destruc- tion of their power in Mesopotamia the ‘Okaylid returned to their old camping grounds in -Bahrayn. 386 Husam-a7-dawla -Mukallad . 996 391 Mu‘tamid-a?-dawla Kirwash 1000 442 Za‘Im-a?-da\vla Abu-Kamil Baraka 1050 443 ‘Alam-aZ-dln Abu-1-Ma‘all Kuraysh 1051 453 Sharaf-a?-dawla Abu-l-Makarim Muslim 1061 478 Ibrahim . ... 1085 486 ‘Ali 1093 —489 [_Seljuki\ —1096 118 SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA A.H. A.D. 380—489 47. MARWANIDS 990—1096 (DIYAR-BAKR) On the death of Bad, governor of Hisn Kayfa, in 990 (380) his sister’s son, Abu-‘Ali b. Marwan, a Kurd by race, succeeded to his dominions, which included the chief towns of Diyar-Bakr, such as Amid, Arzan, Mayya- farikin, and Kayfa. His successor paid homage to the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, and was rewarded with the government of Aleppo, as the Caliph’s officer, for a time, in succession to the expelled Hamdanids. The Mar- wanids also acknowledged the suzerainty of the Buway- hids ; but vanished upon the invasion of the Selj uks. 380 Abu- ‘Ali -Hasan 990 387 Mumalihid-a/-dawla Abu-Mansur 997 402 Nasr-a?-dawla Abu-Nasr Ahmad . 1011 453 Nizam-aZ-dawla Nasr . 1061 472 Mansur ..... 1079 —489 MARWAN 1 —1096 1 Abu- ‘All 1 -Hasan 2. Mumahhid-a?-dawla 3. Abu-Nasr Alimad f 4. Nasr Sa'Id | [Amid] 5. Mansur MAZY AD IDS 119 A.H. A.D. 403—545 48. MAZYADIDS 1012—1150 (-HILLA) The Banu Mazyad, a tribe of the Banu Asad, after leaving Arabia, spread over the deserts to -Kadislya on the left hank of the Tigris. The fourth of the dynasty, Sadaka, built his new capital of -Hilla on the site of the town of -JamiTm in 1101 (495), and the beauty of its buildings and extent of its trade were long celebrated. Sadaka is one of the great heroes of Arab history, ex- tolled by poets and chroniclers. The dynasty declined after his death, and in 1162 (558) the Caliph -Mustanjid attacked the tribes of the Banu Asad in -‘Irak, and killed 4000 of their fighting men, so that they disappeared from the Euphrates country. The Banu Muntafik of the Batiha succeeded to part of their territory ; the Zangids replaced them in power. 403 Sanad-a/-dawla ‘All i . . . . . 1012 408 Nur-a^-dawla Dubays i 1017 474 Baha-aZ-dawla Abu-Ka.mil Mansur . . 1081 479 Sayf-a/-dawla Sadaka i 1086 501 Nur-a/-dawla Dubays ii .... 1107 529 Sadaka ii . . . . . . 1134 532 Mohammad ....... 1137 540 ‘All ii 1145 —545 —1150 \Zangidf\ MAZYAD -ASADI 120 SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA VII. PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA (PERSIAN PERIOD) S/EC. IX— XI 49. DULAFIDS (KURDISTAN) 50. SAJIDS (ADHARBIJAN) 51. ‘ALIDS (TABARISTAN) 52. TAHIRIDS (KHURASAN) 53. SAFFARI DS (PERSIA) 54. SAMANIDS (TRANSOXIANA AND PERSIA) 55. TLAK KHANS (TURKISTAN) 56. ZIYARIDS (JURJAN) 57. HASANWAYHIDS (KURDISTAN) 58. BUWAYHIDS (SOUTHERN PERSIA AND -'IRAK) 59. KAKWAYHIDS (KURDISTAN) YII. PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA (PERSIAN PERIOD) S^C. IX— XI The following group of dynasties ruling in Persia and the province of Md-wara-\-nahr (‘Beyond the River’ Oxus), or Transoxiana, up to the inroad of the Seljuks, belongs to the period of Persian revival. The Caliph -Ma'inun, whose mother was a Persian slave, attained to the Caliphate, and dethroned his brother -Amin, by the aid of Persian troops raised in Khurasan ; his power was maintained by his Persian adherents ; and his policy was unlimited conciliation of Persian national aspirations. The result was a revival of Persian influences at the expense of the old Arab polity, and the consequent weakening of the State. The great officers, governors, and generals, in the provinces began to acquire a dangerous degree of power, which -Ma - mun and his successors in the Caliphate were unable to curb, and various Persian dynasties, professing a merely nominal 124 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA dependence upon the Caliphs, sprang up, just as the Arab tribes of Mesopotamia further west asserted their authority against the decrepit Caliphate. Some dynasties, such as the Buwayhids, were not even orthodox, but professed the Shl'ite tenets, which have always been popular in Persia, as they are at this day. Although the period is characteristically Persian, it is not to he assumed that all the dynasts were Persians by race. Abu- Dulaf, for example, was an Arab, Hasanwayh a Kurd, whilst the Ilak Khans were Turks. The chief dynasties, however, were of Persian origin. DULAFIDS 125 A.H. A.D. c. 210— c. 285 49. DULAFIDS c. 825— c. 898 (KUEDISTAN) Abu-Dulaf -‘Ijll was an officer of the Caliph -Amin, and received the government of Hamadhan, in which he was succeeded by his son ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz and his grandsons. ‘Omar b. ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz increased his dominions by the acquisition of Ispahan and Nahawand in 281. They were succeeded by other governors of the Caliphs. c. 210 Abu-Dulaf -Kasim b. Idris -‘Ijll . . c. 825 228 ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz 842 260 Dulaf 873 265 Abmad ....... 878 280 ‘Omar 893 — c. 285 — c. 898 1. Abu-Dulaf I 2. ‘Abd-ai-‘AzIz 3. Dulaf 4. Abmad 5. ‘Omar Harith Abu-Layla t 284 [‘Abbusid Governors] 126 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. 266— c. 318 50. SAJIDS 879— c. 930 (ADHARBlJAN) Abu-7-Saj Dlvdad was governor of -Kufa and -Ahwaz at the time of his death, 879 (266). At that date his son Mohammad was governor of the Hijaz; but was transferred to -Anbar in 269 ; and then to Adharbljan in 276, to which was added Armenia in 898 (285). On his death his brother Yusuf, who had been Wall of Mecca in 884 (271), succeeded to the government of Armenia and Adharbljan, setting aside Mohammad’s son Dlvdad. Yusuf invaded -Rayy in 918 (306) and was imprisoned by the Caliph in the following year, but was restored to his appointments in 922 (310). He annexed -Rayy in 311, and waged war upon the Carmathians. In 931 (319) the government of Adharbljan was vested in Muflih, a freedman of Yusufs. 266 Abu-7-Saj Dlvdad died 879 276 Mohammad -Afshin b. Dlvdad 889 288 Yusuf b Dlvdad .... 900 315 Abu-l-Musafir -Fathb. Mohammad 927 — e. 318 — e. 930 [Abbdsid Governors ] ‘A LIDS 127 A.H. A.D. 250—316 51. ‘ALIDS 864-928 (TABARISTAN) The branch of ‘Alid, or Zaydite, Imams who ruled at Sa‘da in the Yaman has already been noticed (p. 102). Other members of the same family, descendants of either -Hasan or -Hosayn, the grandsons of the prophet Mohammad, long maintained their rights to the Imamate or Caliphate in the provinces bordering the southern shore of the Caspian, Daylam, Tabaristan, and Gilan. A list of merely spiritual pontiffs, or sporadic rebels, is beyond the present purpose, hut in 864 (250) the ‘Alids gained possession of Tabaristan, became a power, struck coins, and held the province for sixty-four years, until expelled by the Samanids. After this event, several rival houses of ‘Alids continued to maintain themselves in Gilan and Daylam, and at least one of them, Abu-1-Eadl Ja'far -Tha-ir fi-llah, exercised the royal privilege of coinage. 250 -Hasan b. Zayd ...... 864 270 Mohammad b. Zayd 883 287 Samanid government ..... 900 301 -Nasir Hasan b. ‘All -Utrush . . . 913 304 -Hasan b. -Kasim 916 —316 —928 (Samanids ; Ziydrids.~\ 128 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA 205—259 52. TAHIRIDS 820-872 (KHURASAN) Tahir Dhu-l-Yamlnayn (‘Ambidexter’), the celebrated general of -Ma'mun, descended from a Persian slave, was appointed by that Caliph to the government of Khurasan in 820 ( 205 ), where he and his dynasty became practically independent, though holding their authority by patent of the Caliphs and with express acknowledg- ment of vassalage. They did not attempt to extend their power much beyond the borders of their province, and after half a century collapsed tamely before the attack of Ya‘kub b. Layth the Saffurid. 205 Tahir Dhu-l-Yammayn .... 820 207 213 230 248 —259 Talha .... ‘Abd- Allah . Tahir ii M ohammad . 1. Tahir Rhu-l-Yammayn 822 828 844 862 —872 2. Talba Mus l ab 3. ‘Abd-Allah 4. Tahir ii ' I 5. Mohammad [Saffarids] All Sulayman Hosayn SAFFARIDS 129 A.H. A - D - 254-290 53. SAFFARIDS 867-903 (PERSIA) Ta'kub, the son of -Layth the Saffar (‘Coppersmith’), •was by a freak of fortune promoted from the leadership of a band of outlaws to a post of trust at the Court of the Caliph’s governor of the province of Sijistan (Slstan, or Nimruz), whom he eventually succeeded, sometime before 868 {255). By that year he had annexed Herat and occupied Fars, including the capital Shiraz, to which he soon added Balkh and Tukharistan, and in 872 {259) took Khurasan from the Tahirids. After an expedition in Tabaristan, where he defeated Hasan b. Zayd the ‘Alid, he openly revolted against the Caliph -Hu'tamid, and advanced through Shiraz and -Ahwaz upon Baghdad ; but was routed by the Caliph’s brother -Mu waff ak, and died in 878 {265). His brother and successor ‘Amr was confirmed in the governments of Khurasan, Fars, Kurdistan, and Sijistan. The Caliph, however, dis- trusting ‘Amr’s increasing power, induced Isma‘11 the Samanid to attack him in 900 {287), when the 9 130 PERSIA AND TRAXSOXIAXA Saffarid -was defeated and made prisoner. His grandson Tahir succeeded him in Sijistan, hut, endeavouring to re-establish the power of his house in Pars, was im- prisoned 903 {290). Two other members of the family vainly sought to recover its lost territory. In 296 Sijistan was granted to the Samanids, but the Saffarids continued for nearly a century to aim at the possession of this province, and several of them succeeded in holding it for a time.*' 254 Ta'kub b. -Layth .... 868 265 ‘Amr b. -Layth .... 878 287 Tahir b. Mohammad b. ‘Amr 900 —290 [Samanids] —903 * See H. Sauvaire, Sur vn fels Saffaride inedit de la Collection de M. Ch. de V Ecluse ( Numismatic Chronicle, 1881) for an account of the later Saffarids of Sijistan. SAM AN IDS 131 A.H. AI) - 261—389 54. SAMANIDS 874—999 (TRANSOXIANA AND PERSIA) Saman, a Persian noble of Balkh, being aided by Asad b. ‘Abd-Allah, the governor of Khurasan, renounced Zoroastrianism, embraced Islam, and named his son Asad after his protector. Asad’s four sons all distinguished themselves in the service of the Caliph -Maunun, and ■were rewarded about 819 (20 lj) with provincial govern- ments: Null had Samarkand; Ahmad, Parghana; Yahya, -Shash ; and Ilyas, Herat. Ahmad took the lead among his brothers, and not only succeeded Nuh at Samarkand, but incorporated Kashghar in his dominions. His second son Isma‘il took Khurasan from the Saffarids in 903 (290), defeated Mohammad b. Zayd the ‘Alid of Tabaristan, and brought under his sway the whole territory from the Great Desert to the Persian Gulf, and from the borders of India to near Baghdad. His power was most firmly established in Transoxiana, where Bukhara and Samarkand became the centre of civilisation, learning, art, and scholarship for a large part of the Mohammadan world. His successors were weakened by rebellions in Khurasan and Sijistan and by the growing power of 132 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA the Buwayhids. In half a century they were restricted to little more than Transoxiana and Khurasan, whilst the real power fell more and more into the hands of the Turkish slaves with whom they filled their Court. One of these, Alptigln, founded the dynasty of the Ghaznawids, which in 994 (384) succeeded to the Samanid territory south of the Oxus. North of the river their power was curtailed by the llalc Khans of Turkistan, who had acquired the leadership of the Turkish tribes from Farghana to the borders of China, and after in- vading Transoxiana and taking Bukhara in 990 (380), finally put an end to the Samanid dynasty in 999 (389) ; though Ibrahim -Muntasir continued to fight for the throne till 1104 (395). AH. A.D. 261 Nasr i b. Ahmad 874 279 Isma‘11 b. Ahmad ...... 892 295 Ahmad b. Isma‘!l ...... 907 301 Nasr ii b. Ahmad ...... 913 331 Nuh i b. Nasr ...... 942 343 ‘Abd-al-Malik i b. Nuh .... 954 350 Mansur i b. Null ...... 961 366 Null ii b. Mansur 976 387 Mansur ii b. Null n 997 389 ‘Abd-al-Malik ii b. Nuh n . . . . 999 [Khans of Turkistan ; Ghaznawids ] SAMANIDS SAM AX IDS 133 • Mansur n 10. ‘Abd-al-Malik n Ibrahim -Muntasir + 395 134 PERSIA AM) TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. c. 320— c. 560 55. ILAK KHANS c. 932— c. 1165 OF TURKISTAN The history of these Khans is very meagrely recorded. They appear to have united the Turkish tribes east of Farghana under their authority towards the end of the tenth century, when they had already become Muslims. Their capital was at first Kashghar, but after the conquest of Transoxiana from the Samanids in 999 (389) Ilak Nasr ruled his tribesmen, who roamed from the Caspian as far as the borders of China, from Bukhara. An attempt to seize the provinces south of the Oxus was signally defeated by Mahmud of Ghazna in 1007 (398), and henceforward the Ilak Khans were restricted to Trans- oxiana, Kashghar, and Eastern Tartary. Under their rule, many tribes established themselves in Transoxiana and were afterwards pressed forward into Persia : such as the celebrated Turkoman tribe of the Seljuks. The succession and chronology of the Khans of Turkistan are exceedingly uncertain, and the following list is merely tentative.* * From Dorn, Inventaire des Monnaies de V Institut des langues orientales du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Appendice ( Peters- burg. , 1881). ILAK KHANS 135 + 383—4 c. 389—400 c. 401—407 c. 403—408 f 423 c. 421 — 425 c. 425 — 435 e. 440—460 t 472 f 488 t 490-5 t 495 c. 558 439—55 455 455?— 496 ‘Abd-al-Karim Satuk Musa b. Satuk Shihab-aGdawla Harun Bughra Khan b. Sulayman Abu-l-IIosayn Xasr i b. ‘All Kutb-aAdawla Abu-Xasr Ahmad i b. ‘All Sharaf-a7-din Tughan Khan b. ‘All Abu-l-Muzaft'ar Arslan Khan i b. ‘All Yusuf Kadr Khan i Sliaraf-a/-dawla Abu-Shuja‘ Arslan Khan n Mahmud i Bughra Khan In the West Chaghratigin Abu - 1 - Muzaffar ‘Imad - &l - dawla Ibrahim Tufghaj or Tafkaj Khan b. Xasr Shams-al-Mulk Nasr ii b. Tafkaj Khidr Khan b. Tafkaj Alimad Khan ii b. Khidr Mahmud Khan ii Kadi- Khan ii b. ‘Omar b. Alimad Mahmud Arslan Khan hi b. Sulayman Abu-1-Ma‘ali Hasan Tigin b. ‘All Bukn-a/-dm Mahmud Khan hi b. Arslan Kilij Tafghaj Khan b. Mohammad Jalal-a7-dln ‘All Gurkan b. Hasan Tigin In the East. Tughril Khan b. Yusuf Kadr Khan Tighril Tigin b. Tughril Harun Bughra Khan b. Yusuf Kadi- Khan Xur-a?-da\vla Ahmad b. Arslan Khan 136 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. 316—434 56. ZIYARIDS 928—1042 (JURJAN) The southern shore of the Caspian had never been well affected to the Caliphate, and the followers of ‘All had repeatedly established their heterodox power in these regions (see p. 127); nor were the Sainanids more suc- cessful than the Caliphs in maintaining their authority there. Taking advantage of this, Mardawlj b. Ziyar, descended from a long line of princes, made himself independent in Tabaristan and Jurjan, and even occupied Ispahan and Hamadhan, and pushed his forces as far as Hulwan, on the Mesopotamian frontier, between the years 928 — 931 {316 — 319). He was the patron of the Buwayhids, and gave ‘All b. Buwayli his first appoint- ment as governor of Karaj. Mardawlj held his dominions as titular vassal of the ‘Abbasid Caliph : his brother and successor Washmagir paid nominal homage to the Samanids as well. After the rise of the Buwayhids in 932 {320), the authority of the Ziyarids scarcely extended beyond the borders of Jurjan and Tabaristan; ZIYA RIDS 137 and Kabus was even exiled for 18 years ( 371 — 389 ) by the Buwavhid Mirayyid-aZ-dawla. On his return, however, he recovered Gilan as well as his former provinces, in which his sons succeeded him, until dis- possessed by the Ghaznawids. 316 Mardawij b. Ziyar 928 323 Zahlr-a^-dawla Abu-Mansur "Washmag-Ir 935 356 Blstun .... 967 366 Shams-al-Ma‘alI Kabus 976 403 Falak-al-Ma‘alI Manuchabr . 1012 420 Anushirwan (Dara ?) . 1029 —434 ZIYAR 1 —1042 Mardawij 1 2. Wasbmaglr 1 3. Blstun 4. Kabus ' 1 1 5. Manucbahr 6. Anushirwan (Dara?) [ Ghaznawids ] 138 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. c. 348-406 57. HASANWAYHIDS c. 959—1016 (KURDISTAN) Hasanwayh b. -Hosayn -Barzikani was the chief of one of the Kurdish tribes which, like the Marwanids, began to make themselves prominent in the tenth century ; before the middle of which he had possessed him- self of a large part of Kurdistan, including the towns of Dinawar, Hamadhan, Naha wand, the fortress of Sarmfyj, etc. His power was so considerable that the Buwayhids did not disturb him, and at his death ‘Adud-aZ-dawla of that dynasty, after annexing his dominions, appointed Badr b. Hasanwayh as governor over his late father’s province. Badr still further enhanced the dignity and authority of his family, and was decorated by the Caliph with the title of Nasir-aZ-dawla. His grandson Zahir, who succeeded him in 1014 (J/-05), only kept his position for a year, after which he was expelled by Shams -aZ- da wla the Buwayhid , and was shortly afterwards killed. c. 348 Hasanwayh b. -Hosayn . ... c. 959 369 Nasir-a?-din Abu-7-Najm Badr b. Hasanwayh 979 405 Zahir b. Hilal (f 405) b. Badr . . . 1014 —406 —1015 [Buwayhids] BUWAYHIDS 139 A.H. A.D. 320-447 58. BUWAYHIDS 932—1055 (SOUTHERN PERSIA AND -‘IRAK) Buwayh, reputed to be a descendant of the ancient Kings of Persia, was the chief of a warlike clan of the highlanders of Daylam, and like most of his countrymen had taken part in the frequent wars which disturbed the provinces bordering on the Caspian. Like them, also, he had transferred his services from the Samanids to the rising chieftain Mardawlj the Ziyarid about 930 (318), and his eldest son ‘All (‘Imad-aLdawla) had been granted by Mardawlj the government of Karaj. ‘All, with the help of troops from Daylam and Gilan, soon extended his authority southwards, occupied Ispahan for a time, and annexed Arrajan 932 (320) and Nubandijan (321), whilst his brother Hasan (Itukn-a/-dawla) drove the Arab garrison out of Kazirun. The two brothers then pushed on to the eastward, and joined by the third, Ahmad (Mu‘izz-a?-dawla), seized Shiraz (322). The Caliph was forced to recognize them as his lieutenants, and when Mu‘izz-a?-dawla, working his way westward from Kirman, 140 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA and reducing the province of -Ahwaz (or Khuzistan), entered Baghdad itself in 915 {331/.), the Caliph -Mustakfi not only bestowed the honorific titles of ‘Imad, Rukn, and Mu'izz aMawla on the three brethren, but granted Mu'izz the rank and style of Amir-al- Umara, or Premier Noble, a dignity which was held by many subsequent members of the family. It is a mistake to say that they were ever given the title of Sultan , for they never styled themselves so on their coinage, hut used the titles Amir and Malilc. Their authority, nevertheless, was as absolute as any Sultan’s in Baghdad, and the Caliphs were their abject puppets, though treated with outward homage, in spite of the Buwayhids’ Shi'ite proclivities. How the brothers and their descendants divided Persia and -‘Irak among themselves is shown in the following tables, as well as the intricate history of the dynasty permits. Division among the princes encouraged aggression, and the wide dominions of the Buwayhids fell peacemeal to the Ghaznawids, Kahwayhids , and Seljulcs. BUWAYH1DS 141 I. OF FARS 320 ‘Imad-a2-dawla Abu-l-Hasan ‘All . . 932 338* ‘Adud-a?-dawla Abu-Shuja‘ Khusru . . 949 372* Sharaf-a/-dawla Ahu-l-Fawaris Shir Zayd . 982 379 Samsam-a?-dawla Abu-Kalinjar -Marzuban . 989 388* Baha-a\-daivla (of -‘Irak) .... 998 403* Sultan-a/-dawla Abu-Shuja‘ . . . 1012 415* ‘Imad-a7-dln Abu-Kalinjar -Marzuban . 1024 440* Abu-Xusr Khusru Flruz -Rahim . . . 1048 —447 —1055 * Also ruling -‘Irak, etc., see next list. II. OF -‘IRAK, -AHWAZ, AND KIRMAN 320 Mu‘izz-af-dawla Abu-l-Hosayn Ahmad. 932 356 ‘Izz-af-dawla Bakhtiyar 967 367 Adud-al-datvla (of Bars) 977 372 Sharaf-al-dawla (of Fars) 982 379 Baha-af-dawla Abu-Xasr Flruz . 989 403 Sultan-a\-daivla (of Fars) 1012 DIVIDED PROVINCES: -‘IRAK 411 Musharrii-a2-dawla .... 1020 416 Jalal-aZ-dawla . 1025 435 ‘Imad-al-dln (of Fars) .... 1043 440 Abu-Nasr Khusru Flruz (of Fars) 1048 —447 KIRMAN —1055 403 Kawam-a7-dawla Abu-l-Fawaris . 1012 419 'Imad-al-dln (of Fars) 1028 440 Abii-Mansur Fullad Sattun . 1048 —448 —1056 142 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA III. OF -EAYY, HAMAD HAN, AND ISPAHAN 320 Rukn-aJ-dawla Abu- ‘Ali Hasan . . . 932 366- Mu'ayyid - a?- dawla Abu-Mansur ( Ispahan only) ....... 976 —373 —983 366 Fakhr - a?- dawla Abu-1- Hasan ‘All ( adding Ispahan 373) ..... 976 387 Majd-aZ-dawla Abu-Talib Rustam (deposed by Mahmud of Ghazna) .... 997 —420 —1029 387 Shams-a7-dawla Abu -Tahir ( Hamadhan only ) 997 e. 412 Sama-a£-dawla Abu-l-Hasan ( deposed by Ibn- Kakwayh) . . . . . . c. 1021 —414 —1023 \_Kdkwayhids ; Ghaznawids ; Seljuks] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BU'WAYHIDS FARS KIRMAN, -‘AHAVAZ, -‘IRAK -RAYY, HAMADHAN ISPAHAN 320 ‘Imad-aZ-dawla 320. Mu‘izz-a/-da\vla 320 Rukn-aZ-dawla 338 ‘Adud-aZ-dawla 356 ‘Izz-aZ-dawla 366 Fakhr-aZ- dawla 366 Mu’ayyid- aZ-dawla 367 (‘Adud) 372 Sharaf-aZ-dawla 373 379 Samsam-aZ-dawla 379 Baka-aZ-dawla 388 (Baha) 387 Skams-aZ- dawla 387 Majd- aZ-dawla 398 [Kak- wayhids) 403 Sultan-aGdawla (kirman) 403 Ka- wam-aZ-d. 411 Mu- sharrif-aZ-d. 412 Sama- 415 ‘Imad-aZ-din 416 Jalal- aZ-dawla aZ-d. 414 {Kak- wayhids ) 420 419 (‘Imad) ( Ghazna - wids) 435 440 Khusru Firuz —447 ( Seljiiks ) 440 Fullad — Sattun 448 BITWAYIIIDS 144 PERSIA AND TRANSOXIANA Khusru Flruz Fullad Sattun Abu- ‘AH Khusru KAKWA YHIDS 145 A.H. A.D. 398 —443 69. KAKWAYHIDS 1007—1051 (KURDISTAN) Mohammad b. Dushmanzar, known as Ibn-Kakwayh, was first cousin to Hajd-a?-dawla the Buwayhid, of Hamadhan, whose dominions he annexed by the deposition of Sama-aZ-dawla in 1023 (414)- He had previously taken Ispahan in 1007 (398). The family continued to rule, in Ispahan, Hamadhan, Yazd, Nahfi- wand, etc., until their conquest by the Seljuk Tughril Beg in 1051 (M3). A.H. A.D. 398 ‘Ala-af-dawla Abu- Ja'far Mohammad . 1007 433 Zahir-af-din Abu-Mansur Faramarz 1041 —443 KAKWAYH 1 —1051 Dushmanzar daughter = Fakhr-a?-dawla | the Buwayhid 1. ‘Ala-a?-d. Mohammad Majd-a/-dawla 2. Faramarz Karchasp Abu-Harb (of Hamadhan (of Natanza) ‘Ali and Nahawand) 10 VIII. THE SELJUKS S/CC. XI— XII 60. A GREAT SELJUKS OF PERSIA B SELJUKS OF KIRMAN C SELJUKS OF SYRIA D SELJUKS OF -‘IRAK E SELJUKS OF -RUM 60*. DANISHMANDIDS (CAPPADOCIA) SELJUKS 149 A.H. A.D. 429-700 60. THE SELJUKS 1037-1300 (WESTERN ASIA) The advent of the Seljukian Turks forms a notable epoch in Mohammadan history. At the time of their appearance the Empire of the Caliphate had vanished. What had once been a realm united under a sole Moham- madan ruler was now a collection of scattered dynasties, not one of which, save perhaps the Fatimids of Egypt (and they were schismatics) was capable of imperial sway. Spain and Africa, including the important pro- vince of Egypt, had long been lost to the Caliphs of Baghdad; northern Syria and Mesopotamia were in the hands of turbulent Arab chiefs, some of whom had founded dynasties ; Persia was split up into the numerous governments of the Buwayhid princes (whose Shl'ite opinions left little respect for the puppet Caliphs of their time), or was held by sundry insignificant dynasts, each ready to attack the other and thus con- tribute to the general weakness. The prevalence of 150 WESTERN ASIA schism increased the disunion of the various provinces of the vanished Empire. A drastic remedy was needed, and it was found in the invasion of the Turks. These rude nomads, unspoilt hy town life and civilised in- difference to religion, embraced Islam with all the fervour of their uncouth souls. They came to the rescue of a dying State, and revived it. They swarmed over Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Asia Minor, devastating the country, and exterminating every dynasty that existed there ; and, as the result, they once more reunited Mohammadan Asia, from the western frontier of Afghanistan to the Mediterranean, under one sovereign ; they put a new life into the expiring zeal of the Muslims, drove back the re -encroaching Byzantines, and bred up a generation of fanatical Mohammadan warriors, to whom, more than to anything else, the Crusaders owed their repeated failure. This it is that gives the Seljuks so important a place in Mohammadan history. The Seljuks, or Saljukids, were the descendants of Seljuk b. Yakak, a Turkoman chieftain in the service of one of the Khans of Turkistan. Seljuk migrated from the Kirghiz steppes with all his clan to Jand in the province of Bukhara, where he and his people enthusiastically SELJUKS 151 embraced Islam. He and his sons and grandsons took part in the wars between the Samanids, the Ilak Khans, and Mahmud of Ghazna, and the brothers Tughril Beg and Chagar Beg eventually became strong enough to venture upon the invasion of Khurasan at the head of their wild Turkoman tribes, and after several victories over the Ghaznawid armies succeeded in taking the chief cities. In 1037 (1$9) the public prayer was said in the name of Chagar Beg Dawud, ‘ King of Kings,’ in the mosques of Merv, while his brother Tughril Beg was similarly proclaimed in Nayshapur. Balkh, Jurjan, Tabari- stan, and Khwarizm were speedily annexed; the Jibal, Hamadhan, Dinawar, Hulwan, -Rayy, and Ispahan followed (4.33 — 7), and in 1055 (4-47) Tughril Beg entered Baghdad itself, and had his name proclaimed as Sultan in the city of the Caliph. Other Turkish tribes came to swell their armies, and the whole of western Asia, from the borders of Afghanistan to the frontier of the Greek Empire in Asia Minor and of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, became united under the rule of the Seljuks before 1077 (^70). Tughril Beg, Alp-Arslan, and Malik Shah held supreme sway over the whole of this vast Empire, but after the 152 WESTERN ASIA death of the last, civil war sprang up between the brothers Bargiyiiruk and Mohammad, and separate branches of the Seljuk family attained virtual independence in different parts of the widely scattered dominions, although the main line still preserved a nominal suzerainty down to the death of Sinjar, the last ‘Great Seljuk’ (whose rule was almost confined to Khurasan) in 1157 {552). The Selj uks of Kirman, of -‘Irak, of Syria, and of -Rum or Asia Minor, were the chief sub-divisions of the family, but individual members of it ruled in Adharbijan, Tukharistan, and other provinces. In the East, the Seljuk empire succumbed before the attack of the Khwarizm Shah; in Adharbijan, Fars, Mesopotamia, and Diyar-Bakr it was supplanted by dynasties founded by Seljuk officers, or Atabegs, hut in -Rum it survived until the beginning of the power of the ‘Othmanll Turks in 1300. ( To /act p. Ift2» jrrL-if I l Chngar Dry Diwfttl II A LI*- ARSLAN GREAT SELJUKS I. TUGHUIL BEG SELJUKS OF SYRIA 1 SELJUKS OF KIRMAN III MALIK SIIA1I ii. Kirin an Shall Kilij -Arslan i D Aw ud h Ridwaii r. DukAk T V. BAROI YARTK VI. MOHAMMAD VII. SIXJAR IV. MAHMUI) SELJUKS OF -'IRAK) 3. TurLi iglril i. 4 Iran Shall ii . Hosavn I , I I \n. Arslun xb Bahrain Shall xr. Turfin Shall ii I Shall ii •>. Malik 7 Kiiv-Khui.ru i 8. SuliivinAn ii h’nitm u Tiii'hril Shall ii | 13. Kny-Kawus n 14. Kilij-lnlun tv 13«. Kny-Kulmd lo Kny-Khiwu i: SELJUKS 153 A.H. A.D. 429 —552 A. GREAT SELJUKS 1037—1157 429 Rukn-a?-din Abu-Talib Tughril Beg . 1037 455 ‘Adud-a?-dln Abu-Shuja‘ Alp-Arslan . 1063 465 Jalal-a?-din Abu-l-Fath Malik Shah 1072 485 Nasir-aZ-dln Mahmud .... 1092 487 Rukn-aZ-din Abu-l-Muzaffar Bargiyaruk 1094 498 Malik Shah u 1104 498* Ghiyath-af-dm Abu-Shuja‘ Mohammad 1104 51 If Mu'izz-af-din Abu-l-Harith Sinjar 1117 — 552 [Shahs of Khwarizm ] —1157 433 -583 B. SELJUKS OF KIRMAN 1041—1187 433 ‘Imad-af-din Kara-Arslan Kaward Beg 1041 465 Kirman Shah ..... 1072 467 Hosayn ...... 1074 467 Rukn-af-din Sultan Shah 1074 477 Turan Shah ...... 1084 490 Iran Shah ...... 1097 494 Arslan Shah ..... 1100 536 Mughlth-a?-d!n Mohammad i 1141 551 ( Mubyi-af-dxn Tughril Shah . Bahrain Shah \ 1156 563 < Arslan n Shah > (rivals) Turkan Shah j 1167 583 Mohammad n 1187 [Ghuzz Turkomans] * Mohammad had been at open war with Bargiyaruk for many years before the latter’s death. t Sin jar had been governor of Khurasan for twenty years before his accession as Great Seljuk. 154 WESTERN ASIA A.H. A.D. 487—511 C. SELJUKS OF SYRIA 1094—1117 487 Tutush b. Alp-Arsliin .... 1094 488 Ridwan b. Tutush ( at Aleppo ) (Dukak b Tutush at Damascus 488-497) 1095 507 Alp-Arslan -Akhras b. Ridwan 1113 508 Sultan Shah b. Ridwan 1114 —511 - —1117 \Burids, Ortukids ] A.H. A.D. 511—590 D. SELJUKS OF -‘IRAK AND KURDISTAN 1117—1194 511 Mughith-aLdin Mahmud 1117 525 Ghiyath-a^-din Dawud. 1131 526 Tughril i ..... 1132 527 Ghiyath-aZ-dln Mas'ud 1133 547 Mu‘!n-aZ-din Malik Shah 1152 548 Mohammad 1153 554 Sulajunan Shah 1159 556 Arslan Shah ..... 1161 573 Tughril n 1177 —590 —1194 [Shahs of Khwarizmi SELJUKS 155 A.H. A.D. 70—700 E. SELJUKS OF -HUM (ASIA MINOR) 1077—1300 470 Sulayman i b. Kutlumish 1077 479 Interregnum ..... 1086 485 Kilij -Arslan Dawud .... 1092 500 Malik Shah i 1106 510 Mas‘ud i ..... 1116 551* ‘Izz-a?-dln Kilij -Arslan ii . 1156 584 Kutb-a/-dln Malik Shah n . 1188 588 Ghiyath-a7-din Kay-Khusru i 1192 597 Rukn-af-din Sulayman n 1200 600 Kilij -Arslan in 1203 601 Kay-Khusru i restored .... 1204 607 ‘Izz-a?-dln Kay-Kawus i 1210 616 ‘Ala-af-din Kay-Kubad i 1219 634 Ghiyath-a?-dm Kay-Khusru n 1236 643 ‘Izz-aZ-d!n Kay-Kawus nf . 1245 655 Rukn-a7-dln Kilij- Arslan iv. 1257 666 Ghiyath-af-dln Kay-Khusru in . 1267 682 Ghiyath-aZ-din Mas‘ud nj . 1283 696 ‘Ala-a7-din Kay-Kubad n . 1296 —700 —1300 [Mongols, ‘Othmanli Turks, etc.] * Kilij - Arslan survived till 588, but divided his dominions among his sons some years earlier. t In conjunction with his brothers Kilij -Arslan in and Kay-Kubad. J Mas‘ud was allowed by the Mongol Abaga to govern Siwas, Arzan- jiin and Erzerum, from the death of his father Kay-Kawus in.677, during the nominal sovereignty of his cousin Kay-Khusru in, whom he succeeded in 682. Mas‘ud appears to have been restored to his kingdom on the deposition of his nephew Kay-Kubad in 700, and to have reigned for four years ; but the last four Seljuks were merely governors under the Mongols of Persia. 156 WESTERN ASIA A.H. A.D. c 490—560 60 A - DANISHMANDIDS c 1097— 1165 (SlWAS, CAESAREA, MALATIA) Whilst the Seljuks were extending their empire in Asia Minor, another Turkish chief, Gumishtigin, son of Danishmand, established his power in Cappodocia over the cities of Slwas (Sebaste), Kaysariya (Caesarea), and Malatlya (Melitene), near which last place he inflicted a sanguinary defeat upon the Franks. His successors played a distinguished part in the wars of the Crusades, but the dynasty was soon absorbed in its greater Seljuk neighbour. A.H. Mohammad i Gumishtigin b. Tilu Danishmand A.D. 499 Ghiizi b. Gumishtigin ..... 1105 529 Mohammad n. b. Ghazi .... 1134 537 Dhu-GNun b. Mohammad ix Yaghi (or Ya‘kub) Arslan h. Ghazi 1142 560 Ibrahim b. Mohammad n [_Seljuka of -Rum] 1165 IX. THE ATABEGS (SELJUK OFFICERS) S/CC. XII— XIII 61 . 62. A B C D 63. 64. A B 65. 66 . 67. 68 . 69. 70 . BURIDS ATABEGS OF DAMASCUS ZANGIDS „ „ -MOSIL .. .. ALEPPO „ SINJAR „ „ -jazTra BEGTIGTnIDS „ „ ARBELA ORTUKIDS OF KAYFA „ „ maridFn SHAHS OF ARMENIA ATABEGS OF ADHARBUAN SALGHARIDS, ATABEGS OF PARIS HAZARASPIDS, ATABEGS OF LURISTAN SHAHS OF KHWARIZM KUTLUGH KHANS OF KIRMAN IX. THE ATABEGS (SELJUK OFFICERS) sa:c. XII— XIII The Seljuk Empire was a military power, and the army on which it depended was commanded by Turkish slaves. Free men could not be trusted with the highest commands or the rule of distant provinces ; it was necessary to rely on the fidelity of purchased slaves brought up at the court in close relations with the Seljuk princes. Every Seljuk had a following of mam- luks, generally brought from Kipchak, who filled the chief offices of the court and camp, and eventually won their manumission by hard service. The inevitable result of this system was the supplanting of the senile master by the virile slave. As the Seljuks grew weak and their empire broke up into sub-divisions, their mamluks, who had fought their battles for them, became the guardians or regents (Atabegs) of their youthful heirs, 160 AT A BEGS and speedily exchanged the delegated function for the privileges of sovereignty. In this way Tughtigln, a mamluk of the Seljuk Tutush, was appointed Atabeg over his youthful heir Dukak, and on his death assumed full sovereign powers at Damascus. ‘Imad-a?-dln Zangl, founder of the Atabegs of -Mosil and Aleppo, etc., was the son of a slave of the third Selj uk Sultan Malik Shah ; the Adharbijan Atabegs sprang from a Kipchak mamluk of Mas'ud the Seljuk Sultan of -‘Irak ; Anushtigln, ancestor of the Khwarizm Shahs, was cupbearer to Sultan Malik Shah ; Ortuk and Salghar, founders of dynasties in Diyar-Bakr and Pars, were Seljuk officers; and the Begtiglnids, Hazaraspids, and Kutlugh Khans were officers of the slaves of the Seljuks. In the twelfth century the whole Seljuk empire, save Anatolia, was in the hands of these captains of their hosts, who form a distinct group of dynasties. BUR IBS 161 A.H. A.D. 497—549 61. BURIDS 1103—1154 (ATABEGS OF DAMASCUS) Tughtigln — one of the numerous officers who held command in the Seljuk armies, became Atabegs or regents of the younger Seljuk princes, and eventually usurped their power — was an enfranchised mamluk of Sultan Tutush, and afterwards, 1095 (488), was appointed Atabeg of his son Dukak, the Seljuk prince of Damascus, whom he succeeded. A.H. A.D. 497 Sayf-al-Islam Zahir-a/-dTn Tughtigln . 1103 522 Taj-al-Muluk Buri .... 1128 526 Shams-al-Muluk Isma‘11 1132 529 Shihab-a?-dm Mahmud 1134 533 Jamal-al dln Mohammad 1138 534 Mujlr-a?-d!n Abak (or Anaz, f 564) 1139 — 549 \Zanyids\ —1154 1. Tughtigln 1 2. Buri 3. Isma‘Il 4. Mahmud 5. Mohammad 6. Abak 11 162 ATABEGS A.H. A.D. 521—648 62. ZANGIDS 1127—1250 (ATABEGS OF MESOPOTAMIA AND SYRIA) The Atabeg ’Imad-aZ-dln Zangi was the son of Aksunkur the Hajib (chamberlain), a Turkish slave of Malik Shah, and from 1085 to 1094 (1+78-1+87) lieutenant of Tutush at Aleppo, against whom he rebelled, and was slain. Zangi was appointed governor of -‘Irak, including Baghdad, in 1127 ( 521 ), and in the same year annexed -Mosil, Sinjar, -Jazlra and Harran, and then Aleppo (522) and other Syrian cities. He especially distinguished himself as the champion of the Muslims against the Crusaders, and was the true forerunner of Saladin. On his death his dominions were divided between his sons Nur-a/-din Mahmud, another famous anti -crusader, who held Syria, and Sayf-aZ-dln GhazI, who ruled in -Mosil and Mesopotamia. In the next generation the Syrian branch died out ; but a new offshoot had been established at Sinjar ; whilst a fourth sub-dynasty sprang up somewhat later at -Jazlra. The Sinjar line gave place to the Ayyubids in 1221 (618 ) ; the others came under the rule of Lulu - , the slave and vezir of the last of the -Mosil Zangids, until all were absorbed in the empire of the Mongols. ZANGIDS 163 A.H. A.D. 521—631 A. ATABEGS OF -MOSIL 1127—1234 521 ‘Imad-aLdln Zangi ( with Aleppo ) 1127 541 Sayf-aLdln GhazI i 1146 544 Kutb-al-din M5dud .... 1149 565 Sayf-a/-dln GhazI n 1169 576 ‘Izz-aLdln Mas‘ud i . . 1180 589 Nur-a?-dln Arslan Shah i 1193 607 ‘Izz-aLdin Mas‘ud n . 1210 615 Nur-a/-dm Arslan Shah n . 1218 616 Nasir-aZ-dln Mahmud .... 1219 631 Badr-a/-dln Lu lu - .... 1233 657 Isma‘11 b. Lu’lu’ ..... 1259 —660 [Mongols] —1262 541 — 577 B. ATABEGS OF SYRIA 1146—1181 541 Nur-aLdm Mahmud b. Zangi 1146 569 Salih Isma‘11 ..... 1173 —577 —1181 [Atabegs of -Alosil and Sinjar, 577 ; then Ayyubids, 579] 566—617 C. ATABEGS OF SINJAR 1170—1220 566 ‘Imad-al-dln Zangi b. Modud 1170 594 Kuth-a?-dln Mohammad 1197 616 ‘Imad-al-dln Shahanshah 1219 616 Mahmud [or ‘Omar) .... 1219 —617 [Ayyubids] —1220 576—648 D. ATABEGS OF -JAZIRA 1180—1250 576 Mu‘izz-al-dln Sinjar Shah . 1180 605 Mu‘izz-a?-dln Mahmud 1208 6xx -Mas‘ud . \1xx —648 [Ayyubids] —1250 ZANGI b. Aksunkur 164 AT A BEGS BEGTIGLVIDS 165 a.h. A.n. 639 —630 63. BEGTIGINIDS 1144—1232 (ATABEGS OF ARBELA, ETC.) In 1144 (539) ‘Imad-aMln Zangi appointed one of his Turkish officers, Zayn-aZ-dln ‘All Kuchuk b. Begtigin, to be his viceroy at -M5sil, and in 1149 (5^4) placed Sinjar and afterwards Harran, Takrit, Irhil (Arbela), etc., under his authority. On Zayn-a?-dln’s death at Irhil in 1167 (563), his elder son Muzaffar-a£-dln Kukburl fled to Harran, whilst Irhil passed to the younger son Zayn- a/-dln Yusuf, under the tutorship of the Amir Hujahid- a^-dln Kaimaz. On Yusuf’s death in 1190 (586), Saladin, who then exercised supreme influence over Syria and Mesopotamia, appointed Huzaffar-a?-dln Kukburl as his brother’s successor at Irhil and Shahrazur, but gave his former governments of Harran, -Ituha (Edessa) and Su- maysat to his own nephew Takl-a?-dln ‘Omar. Kukburl died in 1232 (630), and being without sons bequeathed Irhil to the ‘Ahhasid Caliph. 539 Zayn-aZ-dln ‘Al! Kuchuk b. Begtigin . 1144 563 Zayn-a?-dln Yusuf b. ‘All (at Irbil) t 586 1167 563 Muzaffar-al-dln Kukburl b. ‘All (at Harran) . 1167 586 »» » m ,» >, (at Irbil) 1190 —630 —1232 [‘Abbasids ; then Mongols] 166 SELJUK OFFICERS A.H. A.D. 495—712 64. ORTUKIDS 1101—1312 (D1YAR-BAKR) Ortuk b. Aksab, the founder of this dynasty, was a Turkoman officer in the Seljuk armies, and was appointed governor of Jerusalem when the Holy City was conquered by his commander Tutush the Seljuk Sultan of Damascus. Ortuk’s sons Sukman and Il-Ghazi, both famous in the wars with the Latin princes of Palestine succeeded to their father’s post in 1091 (484), until the city was annexed by the Fa timid Caliph in 1096 (489), when they retired to Edessa (-Ruha) and -‘Irak respectively. In 1101 (495) Il-Ghazi was appointed prefect of Baghdad by the Seljuk Sultan Mohammad, and in the same year Sukman was made governor of Hisn Kayfa in Liyar-Bakr, to which he added Maridin a year or two later. In 1108 (502), however, Maridln was transferred to his brother Il-Ghazi, and henceforward there were two collateral lines of Ortukids, at Kayfa and at Maridln. The Kayfa branch, after the warlike exploits of Sukman against Baldwin and Jocelin, settled down into tranquil obscurity, hastened to ORTUKIDS 167 pay homage to Saladln, when his power became threaten- ing, and were rewarded with the addition of the city of Amid to their territory in 1183 (579), until their line was suppressed by the Ayyulid -Kamil in 1231 (629). A minor branch of the Kay fa family governed Khartapirt (Quart-Picrre) in Diyar-Bakr from 1127 (521) to 1223 (620). Il-GhazI, the founder of the Maridin line, and one of the most redoubtable of Muslim warriors against the Crusaders, gained possession of Aleppo in 1117 (511), and in 1121 (515) was also invested with the govern- ment of Mayyafarikin (in Diyar-Bakr) by the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud. Maridln and Mayyafarikin continued to be held by his descendants, the latter until 1184 (580), the former until their submission to Timur and absorption by the Kara-Kuyunli in 1408 (811); but the Maridln Amirs ceased to be of importance after the Ayyubid supremacy was established in Syria and Meso- potamia. Aleppo fell 1123 (517) to another Ortukid chief, Balak b. Babram, who had also held Ana (1)97) and Khartapirt (515), and was a prominent leader in the wars with the Crusaders. 168 ORTUKIDS A.H. A.D. 495—629 A. ORTUKIDS OF KAYFA 1101—1231 495 Mu‘In-aGdawla Sukman i 1101 498 Ibrahim ..... 1104 c. 502 Rukn-aGdawla Dawud . 1108 c. 543 Fakhr-aGdln Kara-Arslan . 1148 570 Nur-aGdln Mohammad 1174 581 Kutb-aGdln Sukman ii 1185 597 Nasir-aGdln Mahmud . 1200 619 Rukn-aGdln Modud 1222 —629 [. Ayyubids ] —1231 A.H. A.D. 502—712 B. ORTUKIDS OF MARIDIN 1108—1312 502 Najm-a?-dln Il-GhazI . 1108 516 Husam-aGdln Timurtash 1122 547 Najm-a^-dln Alpi .... 1152 572 Kutb-a/-dln U-GhazI . 1176 580 Husam-a^-dln Yuluk- Arslan . 1184 c. 597 Nasir-aGdln Ortuk-Arslan -Mansur 1200 637 Najm-aGdin GhazI i -Sa‘Id . 1239 658 Kara-Arslan -Muzaffar 1260 c. 691 Shams-aGdln Dawud . 1292 693 Najm-aGdln GhazI ii -Mansur . 1294 712 ‘Imad-aGdln ‘All Alpi -‘Adil 1312 712 Shams-aGdTn Salih 1312 765 Ahmad -Mansur .... 1363 769 Mahmud -Salih .... 1367 769 Dawud -Muzaffar 1367 778 Majd-aGdln ‘Isa -Zahir 1376 809 Salih ...... 1406 —811 —1408 [Kara Kuyunli ] ORTUKIDS 169 14. Mahmud 170 ARMENIA A.H. A.D. 493- 604 65. SHAHS OF ARMENIA 1100-1207 Sukman -Kutbi, so called because he was once the slave of Kutb-a/-d!n Isma‘Il, the Seljuk governor of Marand in Adharbijan, wrested the town of -Khalat in Armenia from the Marwanids in 1100 {493), and his descendants and their mamluks continued to govern this region for a century until their conquest by the Ayyulids in 1207. A.H. A.D. 493 Sukman -Kutbi 1100 506 Zahlr-a2-dln Ibrahim Shah-Arman . . 1112 521 Ahmad 1127 522 Nasir-al-dln Sukman ii .... 1128 579 Sayf-a£-dln Begtimur ..... 1183 589 Badr-aZ-dln Aksunkur 1193 594 -Mansur Mohammad . . . . . 1198 603 ‘Izz-aZ-dln Balban ..... 1206 —604 —1207 1. Sukman 2. Ibrahim 4. Sukman n 3. Balban 6. Aksunkur : * 5. Begtimur 7. Mohammad 3. Ahmad [Ayyiibids] * Dotted lines indicate the relationship between master and slave. ADHARBIJAN 171 A.H. A.D. 531—622 66. ATABEGS OF 1136—1225 ADHARBIJAN Ildigiz, a Turkish slave from Kipchak, rose in favour at the court of Mas'ud, the Seljuk Sultan of -‘Irak, and was finally granted the government of Adharbljan, together with the Sultan’s widowed sister-in-law. His son Mohammad was the virtual ruler of the Seljuk kingdom of -‘Irak as well as of his own province. Mohammad’s brother Kizil- Arslan, who had acted as his deputy in Adharbljan, succeeded to his authority, and was created Amlr-al- Umara ; hut on his claiming sovereign rights, he was assassinated, and his two nephews, who followed him, moderated their ambition. A.H. A.D. 531 Shams-aZ-dm Ildigiz ..... 1136 568 Mohammad -Pahlawan Jalian . . . 1172 581 Kizil- Arslan ‘Othman . . . . . 1185 587 Abu-Bakr ....... 1191 607 Muzaffar-a?-d!n Uzbeg 1210 —622 —1225 1. Ildigiz 2. Mohammad 3. Kizil-Arslan 4. Abu-Bakr Kutlugh Inanj \_Shdh of Khwdrizin\ 5. Uzleg 172 A TABEGS A.H. A.D. 643-686 67. SALGHARIDS 1148—1287 (ATABEGS OF FARIS) Salghar was the chief of a band of Turkomans who migrated into Khurasan, and after a career of rapine attached themselves to the Seljuk Tughril Beg, who appointed Salghar one of his chamberlains. One of his descendants, Sunkur b. Modud, made himself master of the province of Fars in 1148 (543), and founded a dynasty which lasted nearly a century and a half. Atabeg Sa‘d became tributary to the Shah of Khwarizm, to whom he surrendered Istakhr and Ashkuran ; and Atabeg Abu-Bakr, in his turn, paid homage to Ogotai Khan the Mongol, and was rewarded with the title of Kutlugh Khan. The later Atabegs were merely vassals of the Mongols of Persia , and the last of them, the princess ‘Abish, was the wife of Mangu-Tlmur, a son of Hulagu. The poet Sa'di lived at the court of the Atabeg Abu-Bakr. BALGHARIDS 173 A.H. 543 Sunkur* 557 Zangl . 571 Takla . 591 Sa‘d . 623 Abu-Bakr . 658 Mohammad . 660 Mohammad Shah 660 Seljuk Shah 662 ‘Ahish — 686 [Mongols] Modiid 1. Sunkur S.I angi 3. Takla 4. Sa‘d A.D. 1148 1162 1175 1195 1226 1260 1262 1262 1263 —1287 5. Abu-Bakr 6. Mohammad Salghar | J I Sa‘d 7. Mohammad Shah 8. Seljuk Shah 9. ‘Ahish * Most of the Salgharids used the title Muzaffar-af-din. 174 A T A BEGS A.H. A.D. 543-740 68. HAZARASPIDS 1148—1339 (ATABEGS OF LURISTAN) The founder of this line was Abu-Tahir, a general who was sent by the Salgharid Atabeg to reduce the Greater Luristan in 1148 (5^3). This original territory was aug- mented by a grant of the province of Khuzistan by the Mongol Abaga. The Atabeg Afrasiyab i seized Ispahan on the death of Arghun, but was speedily punished. This petty dynasty continued to rule till about 1339 (7 40). Many of the dates are uncertain. Their capital was Idaj ; but Yusuf Shah ii is recorded to have annexed Shustar, Huwayza, and -Basra. There was also another petty dynasty of Atabegs, who governed the Lesser Luristan from the end of the 12th to the 16th century.* * For both dynasties see Sir Henry Howorth’s History of the Mongols , Part III. pp. 140, 406, 751-6. BAZARASPIDS 175 A.H. A.D. 543 Abu-Tahir b. Mohammad 1148 c. 600 Nasrat-a?-din Hazarasp . c. 1203 c. 650 Takla . c. 1252 c. 657 Shams-af-din Alp-Arghu . c. 1259 c. 673 Y asuf Shah i . c. 1274 c. 687 Afrasiyab I . 1288 696 Nasrat-aZ-din Ahmad .... 1296 733 Kukn-a/-din Yusuf Shah ii . 1333 740 MuzafEar-a?-dTn Afrasiyab ii . 1339 756 Shams-a?-dm Hushang (or Xur-al-Ward) 1355 e. 780 Ahmad . c. 1378 c. 815 Abu-Sa‘Id ...... 1408 c. 820 Hosayn . c. 1417 827 Ghiyath-a?-din ..... 1423 Expelled by Ibrahim b. Shah Rulch 1. Abu-Tahir I 2. HAZARASP 3. Takla 4. Alp-Arghu 5. Yusuf Shall i 7. Ahmad I 'I 6. Afrasiyab i 8. Yusuf Shah n 9. Afrasiyab ii x I I Nur-aZ-Ward Husbang [Thnurids] 176 KHWARIZM A.H. A.D. e. 470—628 69. SHAHS OF KHWARIZM 1077—1231 A Turkish slave of Balkatigln of Ghazna, named Anush- tigln, rose to be the cup-bearer of tbe Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah, who made him governor of Khwarizm (Khiva), a post to which his son succeeded with the title of Khwarizm Shah. Atsiz was the first of the line to show any ambition for independence, but his revolt in 1138 (533) was punished by his expulsion from Khwarizm by Sultan Sinjar. Atsiz, however, shortly returned, and henceforward the Khwarizm Shahs enjoyed sovereign power. Atsiz extended his authority as far as land on the River Slhun (Jaxartes). Tukush added Khurasan, -Rayy and Ispahan to his dominions 1193-4 (589-590), and his son, the celebrated ‘Ala-aZ-dln Mohammad, after a stubborn war with the Ghurids in Khurasan, reduced the greater part of Persia by the year 1210 (607), subdued Bukhara and Samarkand, and invading the territory of the Gur-Khan of Kara-Khitay, seized his capital Otrar. In 1214 (611) he entered Afghanistan and took Ghazna, and then, having adopted KHWARIZM SHAHS 177 the ‘Alid heresy (61!j) prepared to put an end to the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. His career of conquest was suddenly cut short by the appearance of the Mongol hordes of Chingiz Khan on his northern borders. Mohammad fled incontinently before this appalling swarm, and died in despair on an island of the Caspian Sea, 1220 (617). His three sons wandered for some time through the provinces of Persia, and one of them, Jalfd-aZ-dln, even •visited India for two years ; but after a decade of stirring adventures, during which he contrived to hold Adharbljan from 622-8 , he was finally banished by the Mongols in 1231 (628). At one time the rule of the Khwarizm Shah was almost conterminous with the Seljuk empire, but this period of widest extent scarcely lasted a dozen years. a.h. a.d. c. 470 Anushtigln 1077 490 Kutb-a/-din Mohammad .... 1097 521 Atsiz 1127 551 II- Arslan 1156 568 Sultan Shah Mahmud (f 589) . . . 1172 568 Tukush 1172 596 ‘Ala-a?-din Mohammad .... 1199 617 Jalal-a£-dln Mangbarti ..... 1220 —628 —1231 (Mongols] 12 SHAHS OF KIIWARIZM 178 KHWARIZM Rukn-a/-dm Ghiyal 1] -aZ-din 8. Jalal -a/-diii Gursanchi Shir Shah Mangharti f C19 f 627 1 628 KUTLUGH KHANS 179 A.H. A.H. 619-703 70. KUTLUGH KHANS 1222-1303 (KIRMAN) Burak Hajib, a native of Kara-Khitay, and an officer of ‘Ala-a/-dln the Khwarizm Shah, succeeding in estab- lishing his power in Kirman in 1222 {619), during the period of anarchy which followed the overthrow of the Khwarizm Shah by Chingiz Khan ; and his authority was confirmed by the Mongol Ogotay, who conferred upon him the title of Kutlugh Klian. The dynasty kept within the limits of Kirman, and were loyal vassals of the Mongols of Persia, two of whom married daughters of the family. The daughter of the last of the line married Mohammad the Muzaffarid of Kars. A.H. 619 Burak Hajib Kutlugh Khan .... A.D. 1222 632 Rukn-a?-dln Kkojat-al-Hakk 1234 650 Kutb-a/-din Mohammad .... 1252 655 Kutlugh Khatun ( widow of preceding)* . 1257 681 Jalal-aLdin Suyurghatmish .... 1282 693 Saiwat-ai-dln Padishah Khatun . 1293 694 Jalal-ai-dm Mohammad Shah 1294 701 Kutb-ai-din Shah-Jahan .... 1301 —703 [Mongol governors till 741 ; then Muzaffarids.) —1303 * From 555 to 660 her son Hajjaj Sultan was the titular ruler. 180 KIRMAN KTJTLUGH KHANS 1. Burak Hajib I ' I I 2. Eukn-aZ-dln Taynku I 3. Kutb-aZ-din = 4. Kutlugh Khatun I I III Hajjaj Sultan 5. Jalal-aZ-dln 6. Safwat-ai-din daughter — Abaga Il-Khau 7. Jalal-aZ-din 8. Kutb-a?-din daughter — Baydu Il-Khan daughter = Mohammad b. -Muzaffar X. THE SUCCESSORS OF THE SELJUKS IN THE WEST S/EC. XIV-XIX AMIRS OF 71. KARASI 72. HAMID 73. KARMIYAN 74. TAKKA 75. SARU KHAN 76. aydFn 77. MANTASHA 78. KI2I L-AHM A 79. KARAMAN A MINOR (MYSIA) (PISIDIA) (PHRYGIA) (LYCIA) (LYDIA) (LYDIA) (CARIA) (PAPHLAGONIA) (LYCAONIA) 80. 'OTHMANL? SULTANS OF TURKEY X. THE SUCCESSORS OF THE SELJUKS IX THE WEST SJEC. XIY— XIX We have seen how the Atabegs and other officers of the Seljuks succeeded to the government of the Persian, Mesopotamian, and Syrian provinces of their wide empire, but, failing to found powerful dynasties, were forced to make way for the Mongols in the thirteenth century. There was, however, one part of the Seljuk empire where the Mongols made no lasting impression, and where the Seljuks were followed by a dynasty greater than their own, the splendid line of the ‘ Olhm&nli or Ottoman Turks. Before entering upon the Mongol period of Mo- hammadan history, these successors of the Seljuks in the West must he noticed. In the second half of the thirteenth century the Seljuks of -Rum, or Hither Asia, became the vassals of the Mongols of Persia, who directed affairs in Anatolia through a governor. But the hold of the Mongols upon tills distant province was slight and brief. The 184 AMIRS OF ASIA MINOR decayed Seljuks might submit, but the young dynasties which sprang up among their ruins paid little heed to the remote despots of Persia, who made few efforts to restrain them. Ten States soon divided the Seljuk king- dom of -Bum amongst themselves. The Karan dynasty occupied Mysia ; the families of Saru Khan and Aydin, Lydia ; the Mantasha princes, Caria ; those of TakJca, Lycia and Pamphylia ; Hamid , Pisidia and Tsauria ; Karaman, Lycaonia; Karmiydn , Phrygia; Kizil-Ahmadli, Paphlagonia ; whilst the house of ‘ Othman held Phrygia Epictetus. All these dynasties were gradually absorbed by the rising power of the ‘ Othmdnlls , once the least among them. Karas! was annexed in 1336 ( 737 ); Hamid was purchased as a marriage dower in 1382 (7 83); and in 1390 (7 92) Bayazid (Bajazet) i annexed Karmiyan, Takka, Saru Khan, Aydin, and Mantasha, in a single campaign, and completed his conquest by adding Kara- man and Kizil-Ahmadli in 1392-3 (7 9I/.-5). ^Thus at the end of the fourteenth century, not a hundred years after the assumption of independence by ‘Othman i, the arms of his great-grandson had swept away the nine rival dynasties. I1IT1IYNIA EPICTETUS «■* VISIDIA PHRYGIA — ««* — * LYCAONIA BYZANTINES 'OTIUIANLIS XARASf IIAMlD KARMIYAN TAKKA KHAN | AYDiN MANTASHA KIZIL-AHMADLl K ARAM AN G60 Michael Palacologus G82 Andronicus 717 BrillS G30 Ertughril s E L J u K s c. 620 Kara- c. 643 Mobam- 678 Mahmud 719 Yakhshi 750 ‘Ala-n/- din ‘Ali G90 Timur Shuja‘-a/-din •Adil Beg Bayazid Kotu- G99 ‘Othmiin 7‘2G Orkhdu ‘Ajlan Beg Hamid Hosayu Karmiyfin Beg 'Alishir •Alim ‘Ati Ya‘kub Takka Beg 700 Avdin Beg 733 Moham- mad 740 -Omal 748 Isa 700 Mantasha Beg Ya'qub Mahmud 791 Ilyas 713 §nru Khan ^746 I?M 731 Nlcaea 761 Murad i 792 Bayazid 737 783 792 792 792 792 792 795 794 S04 INVASION OF TIMCH ANNEXED BY BAYAZID: RESTORED BY TIMUR 805 Mohammad i 805 Ya'qub 80S Kbidr 80S Fta S05 Ilyas 805 Islaudiyur 805 Alolmni- 80.) f 1,1111 Omni restored mad ii Junayd Junayd 824 -j Ahmad Mustafa 1 Layth 829 833 Ibrahim 829 Ibrahim 855 Mohammad n Isma’il FINAL ANNEXATION BY MURAD II Ahmad ‘0 T H M A N L I 864 s seD/i’ 1 ;".'” 1 "' 1 \ Ishak 877 AMIRS OF iS/J MINOR 185 After the battle of Angora in 1402 ( 80J /. ), when Bayazicl was defeated and made prisoner by Timur, and the ‘Otli- manli power in Asia seemed to he annihilated by the Tatar hordes, seven of these dynasties (but not Karas! or Hamid) were restored by the conqueror, and enjoyed a renewed vitality for about a quarter of a century. By that time, however, the ‘Othmanlis had recovered from the blow, and in 1426-8 ( 829-832 ) five of the restored dynasties were re-absorbed by Murad (Amu- rath) n; and in 1471 (877), after the second conquest of Karaman, the rule of the Ottoman Turks, in the strong hands of Mohammad ii, was again supreme over all the provinces which once owned the sway of the Ten Amirs, as it is at this day. The following table shows the division of the Seljuk kingdom of Bum among the Ten States, and their absorption by the ‘Othmanlis, ‘'and gives the names and (so far as known) the dates of their princes.* * Details may be consulted in my article on the Successors of the Seljuks, in Journal R. As. Soc., N.S. xiv. (1882). 186 TURKEY A.H. A.D. 699—1311 80. ‘OTHMANLl OR OTTOMAN 1299-1893 SULTANS OF TURKEY The ‘Othmanli or Ottoman Turks were a small clan of the Oghuz tribe, who were driven westward from Khurasan by the Mongol migration, and took refuge in Asia Minor early in the thirteenth century. In recog- nition of their aid in war, the Seljuk Sultan allowed them to pasture their flocks in the province anciently known as Phrygia Epictetus (henceforward called Sultan- dni) on the borders of the Byzantine Bithynia, with the town of Sugut (Thebasion) for their headquarters. Here ‘Othman, the eponymous founder of a dynasty which numbers thirty-five Sultans in the direct male line, was born in 1258 (656). ‘Othman pushed the Byzantine frontier further back, and his son ‘Orkhan took Brusa and Nicaea, .absorbed the neighbouring State of KarasI, and organized the famous corps of Janizaries ( Yarn chari ‘ new soldiery ’), who for several centuries were the flower of the conquering armies of the ‘Othmanlis. In 1358 (759) the Turks crossed the Hellespont, established a ‘ OTHMANLI SULTANS 187 garrison at Gallipoli, and began the conquest of the Byzantine Empire in Europe. Adrianople and Philippopolis fell a few years later, and the victories of the Maritza (1364), Kosovo (1389), and Nicopolis (1394) over the chivalry of all Europe gave the Turks assured possession of the whole Balkan peninsula, except the district sur- rounding Constantinople. The capital of the Eastern Empire was temporarily saved hy the diversion caused hy the invasion of Asia Minor by Timur (Tamerlane) and the overwhelming defeat of the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid i (commonly called Bajazet, from an ignorant pronunciation of the German spelling) in 1402 (80/f) on the field of Angora. For the moment an empire which had stretched from the Danube to the Orontes appeared to he almost anni- hilated hy a single blow. Its recovery, however, under the wise rule of Mohammad i, ‘ The Gentleman,’ was scarcely less remarkable, and, after an interval of peace and consolidation, Murad ii was able to defend the empire from the attacks of Hunyady, the ‘ White Knight of Wallachia,’ and to avenge a violated treaty by the decisive victory of Yarna (1444) over a vast army of Christian crusaders. This signal success secured the 188 TURKEY Turks from invasion from the north, ancl the history of the next two centuries is a long record of triumphs. Constantinople fell to Mohammad n in 1453, and the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire was thereby destroyed. The Crimea was annexed (1475), the Aegean islands became Ottoman soil, and the Turkish flag waved even in Italy over the castle of Otranto. In his brief reign of eight years, Selim i, ‘the Grim,’ defeated the Shah of Persia, and added Kurdistan and Diyar- Bakr to the Turkish Empire ; took Syria, Egypt and Arabia from the Mamluks (1517); and not only became the master of the Holy Cities of Mecca and -Medina, but received from the last ‘Abbasid Caliph of Cairo the relics of the Prophet Mohammad and the right of suc- cession to the Caliphate, in virtue of which the Ottoman Sultans have ever since claimed the homage of the faithful. Sulayman the Great, patris fortis films fortior, over- shadowed Selim’s exploits by his own magnificent achieve- ments. In 1522 he expelled the Knights of Rhodes from their corsairs’ stronghold. In the north he conquered Belgrade, and in 1526 utterly crushed the Hungarians on the field of Mohacs, slaying their king Louis ii and 20,000 ‘ OTHMANLI SULTANS 189 of his troops. For a century and a half Hungary became a Turkish province. Sulayman even besieged Vienna (1529), and, though he failed to subdue it, he compelled the Archduke Ferdinand to pay him tribute. ‘ The Sultan’s claim to be called The Great rests not merely upon his undoubted -wisdom and ability, and the splendid series of his successes, but upon the fact that he maintained and improved his grand position in an age of surpassing greatness — the age of Charles x, Francis i, Elizabeth, and Leo x — of Colombus, Cortes, and Raleigh. In the great days of Charles he dared to annex Hungary and lay siege to Vienna ; and in the epoch of great navies and admirals, of Doria and Drake, he swept the seas to the coasts of Spain, and his admirals Barbarossa, Piale, and Dragut, created panic fear along all the shores of the Mediterranean, drove the Spaniards out of the Barbary States, and defeated pope, emperor, and doge together at the great sea-fight off Prevesa (1538 ).’ * The empire of Sulayman stretched from Buda-Pesth on the Danube to Aswan on the Cataracts of the Nile, and from the Euphrates almost to the Straits of Gibraltar. * See my History of Turkey, ch. x (1888). OTTOMAN EMPIRE 191 If 'll I DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 192 TURKEY The reign of Sulayman the Great is the apogee of Ottoman power. The downward course began with the blow inflicted upon the naval prestige of Turkey by Don John of Austria’s signal victory off Lepanto (1571). In spite of the conquest of Cyprus (1571) and such successes on land as the defeat of the Austrians on the Keresztes (1596), the Turks were no longer the terror of Europe. Murad iv added Baghdad to their Asiatic dominions in 1638, and Candia and other islands were wrested from the Venetians in 1645; but on the con- tinent of Europe the defeats at St. Gothard (1664), Choczim (1673), and Lemberg (1675) by John Sobieski, culminating in the fatal siege of Vienna (1682) and the rout at Mohacz, were followed by the total loss of Hungary (1686), and the invasion of Bosnia and Greece by the Austrians and Venetians. Prince Eugene delivered a final blow at the battle of Zenta (1697), and the treaties of Carlovitz (1699) and Passarovitz (1718) mark the end of Turkish supremacy in Hungary, Podolia, and Transylvania. The frontiers of the empire remained almost unchanged from this epoch of humiliation up to the recent partition of 1878. Russian aggression began in 1736 with the annexa- 193 l 0 THMA NLI S UL TA NS tion of Oczakov and Azov, and continued with the seizure of the Crimea in 1783, besides several invasions of the Danubian Principalities. Turkey itself was a prey to the exactions of a disorderly soldiery, and Mahmud n, the greatest of modern Sultans, though he massacred the mutinous Janizaries (1826), could not arrest the process of disintegration which was going on in the Ottoman empire. In Africa, Egypt became practically independent under Mohammad ‘All in the first quarter of this cen- tury, and since 1883 has been still further removed from the ‘ sphere of Turkish influence ’ by the British occupation. Algiers and Tunis became semi-independent under their Deys and Beys in 1659 (1070) and 1705 (1117) respectively, and France has been the possessor of Algiers since 1830, and of Tunis, in all but name, since 1881. The regency of Tripoli is all that now remains of the Turkish empire in Africa. In Asia, however, it has lost little since the day when Murad iv took Baghdad from the Persians ; though Kars and Batum were awarded to Russia in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin, when the island of Cyprus was hypothecated to Great Britain. Turkey’s most serious losses have been in Europe. 13 194 TURKEY Greece parted from her in 1828; the Danubian Princi- palities coalesced into the State of Roumania in 1866 ; and Servia got rid of her Turkish garrisons in 1867. The designs of Russia, which had been checked by England and France in the Crimean War (1854-5), were again manifested in the invasion of Turkey in 1877-8; hut the Great Powers did not sanction the aggrandizing ambition of Russia. The Treaty of Berlin (1878), though it gave little to Russia, carried out the partition of Turkey in Europe which had already begun. Roumania and Servia were created separate kingdoms, the independence of Montenegro was recognized, Greece was given Thessaly, Bosnia and Herzegovina were entrusted to Austria, and a new tributary principality of Bulgaria was established, to which Eastern Roumelia was added in 1885, whereby Turkey was virtually deprived of her last possession north of the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire in Europe is now reduced to a strip of territory south of the Balkans, corresponding to ancient Thrace, Macedon, Epirus, and Illyria, instead of stretching almost to the gates of Vienna as it did in the great days of Sulayman. A.H. 699 726 761 792 805 824 855 886 918 926 974 982 1003 1012 1026 1027 1031 1032 1049 1058 1099 1102 1106 1115 1143 1168 1171 1187 1203 1222 1223 1255 1277 1293 1293 ‘OTIIMANLI SULTANS A.D. ‘Othman i 1299 Orkhan 1326 Murad (Amurath) i 1360 Bayazld (Bajazet) i 1389 Mohammad i 1402 Murad ii 1421 Mohammad ii 1451 Bayazld ii 1481 Selim i 1512 Sulayman i . 1520 Selim ii 1566 Murad hi 1574 Mohammad hi 1595 Ahmad i 1603 Mustafa i 1617 ‘Othman n . 1618 Mustafa i ( restored ) 1622 Murad rv 1623 Ibrahim i 1640 Mohammad xv 1648 Sulayman ii . 1687 Ahmad n 1691 Mustafa n 1695 Ahmad hi 1703 Mahmud i 1730 ‘Othman m . 1754 Mustafa in . 1757 ‘Abd-al-Hamld i . 1773 Selim in 1789 Mustafa iv . 1807 Mahmud n . 1808 ‘Abd-al-Majld . 1839 ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz 1861 Murad v 1876 ‘Abd-al- Hamid ii regnant 1876 ‘OTHMANLl OR OTTOMAN TURKS 196 TURKEY 12. Murad hi 1574 14. Ahmad i 1603 XI. THE MONGOLS S/EC. XIII— XVIII 81. GREAT KHANS OF MONGOLIA 82. MONGOLS OF PERSIA 33. GOLDEN HORDE OF KIPCHAK 84. KHANS OF THE KRIM (CRIMEA) 85. CHAGHATAY KHANS xr. THE MONGOLS * SMC. XIII— XVIII The history of the Mongols begins practically with the great conqueror Chingiz Khan. There are many traditions of his ancestors current among his biographers, hut, as in the case of many another man of unexpected fame, his pedigree has been elaborated rather on the ground of natural propriety than of fact. All that can safely he said about the early history of the Mongols is that they were a clan among clans, a member of a great nomad confederacy that ranged the country north of the desert of Gobi in search of water and pasture ; who spent their lives in hunting and the breeding of cattle, lived on flesh and sour milk (kumis), and made their profit by bartering hides and beasts with their kinsmen the Kliitans, or with the Turks and Chinese, to whom they owed allegiance. The name Mongol was not known abroad until the tenth century, and probably came to be applied to the whole group of clans only when the chief of a particular clan bearing that name acquired an ascendancy over the rest * The following introduction, and those to the succeeding sections of the Mongol dynasties, are reprinted from my Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum , vol vi. They are of course based upon Sir Henry Howorth’s great History. 202 MONGOLS of the confederacy, and gave to the greater the name of the less. If not the founder of the supremacy of his clan, Yissugay was a notable maintainor of it, and it was pro- bably he who first asserted the independence of the Mongols from Chinese rule. In spite, however, of conquest and annexation, the people who owned the sovereignty of Yissugay numbered only forty thousand tents. Yet it was upon this foundation that Yissugay’s son, Chingiz Khan, built up in twenty years the widest empire the world has ever seen. The father died in 1175 a.d., and Temujin his son, a child of thirteen years, and not yet called by the high title of Chingiz Khan, ruled in his stead over the tribes that wandered by the hanks of the Onon. A detailed chronicle of the career of conquest inaugurated by this Asiatic Alexander is no part of the present purpose.* It is sufficient to say that after thirty years of struggle against home-foes, in which he succeeded in firmly estab- lishing his authority over his own and the neighbouring clans, in face of powerful and treacherous conspiracies, Temujin found himself free to devote the twenty years that remained of his life to wider and more ambitious designs. Having reduced all the tribes north of the desert * See Sir H. H. Howorth’s History of the Mongols, i. 49 — 115. CHINGIZ KHAN 203 of Gobi, from the Irtish to the Kliinggan Mountains, and having incorporated among his subjects the Karaits, who had forfeited their independence by the treachery of their king, Wang Khan (the Prester John of European fable, and an old but perfidious ally of Yissugay and his son), Temujin summoned, in 1206, a Kuriltay or Diet of the chiefs of all the tribes ; and a shaman , or priest, announced to the assembled nobles that a higher title than belonged to others had been decreed by Heaven to Temujin, and henceforward his name should be Chingiz Kaan, ‘ the Very Mighty King.’ Thus at the age of forty-four did Chingiz begin his undisputed reign. Three years later, after receiving the submission of the TJighurs, he began his invasion of China, and though it was reserved for his grandson to complete the subjugation of the Celestial Empire, a great part of the northern provinces, the ancient kingdom of Liau-tung, and the Tangut Kingdom of Hia, were added, as subject provinces or feudatory states, to the Mongol dominions during the great Khan’s own lifetime. The next obstacle in the path to universal sovereignty was the old Turkish kingdom of Kara-Khitay, which corresponded nearly to the modern limits of Eastern Turkistan, and was ruled by a line of kings called Gur- 204 MONGOLS Khans, who exacted homage from the border states of Persia and Transoxiana. Chingiz and his horsemen, how- ever, instead of paying homage, speedily rode down all resistance, and soon found themselves masters of Kashghar, Khoten, and Yarkhand, with the rest of the territory of Gur-Khans. The Mongol dominions now marched with the wide kingdom which had recently been conquered by the Khwarizm Shah ; and this, therefore, became the next object of attack and the next example of the futility of resistance. The Mongol armies, divided into several immense brigades, swept over Khwarizm, Khurasan, and Afghanistan, on the one hand, and on the other over Adharbljan, Georgia, and southern Russia, whilst a third division continued the reduction of China. In the midst of these diverging streams of conquest, Chingiz Khan died, in 1227 at the age of sixty -four. The territory he and his sons had conquered stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Euxine, and included lands or tribes wrung from the rule of Chinese, Tanguts, Afghans, Persians, and Turks. It was the habit of a Mongol chief to distribute the clans over which he had ruled as appanages among his sons ; and this tribal rather than territorial distribution MONGOLS 205 obtained in the division of the empire among the sons of Chingiz. The founder appointed a special appanage of tribes in certain loosely defined camping-grounds to each son, and also nominated a successor to himself in the supreme Khanate. Beginning therefore with the Khulcauns, or supreme suzerains over all the other Mongol chiefs, the following seems the natural order : 1 . The line of Ogotdy, ruling the tribes of Zungaria ; Khulcauns , till their extinction by the family of Tuluy. 2. The line of Tuluy, ruling the home clans of Mongol- istan ; Khulcauns after Ogotay’s line, down to the Manchu supremacy. 3. The Persian branch of the line of Tuluy ; Hulagu and his successors, the Il-khans of Persia. 4. The line of Jujl, ruling the Turkish Tribes of the Khanate of Kipchak ; the Khans of the Golden and White Hordes, with the sequel, the Khanate of Astrakhan, and the offshoots, the Khanates of Kazan, Ivazimof, and Krim ; and finally the Khans of Khiva and Bukhara. 5. The line of Chagatuy, ruling Ma-warii-Z-nahr, or Transoxiana. SKETCH-TREE OP THE DYNASTIES SPRUNG PROM CHINGIZ KHAN CHINGIZ 206 MONGOLS 4 MONGOLS 207 A.H. A.D. 603-1043 81. GREAT KHANS 1026—1634 1. Line of Ogotay . — Appanage, Zungaria* ; Supreme Khakaans (1227 — 1248). By the will of Chingiz, Ogotay besides receiving his appanage in Zungaria was appointed to succeed to the supreme authority ; and it is a singular testimony to the reverence in which the intentions of the great founder of Mongol power were held that Ogotay, although neither the eldest nor the most capable of the sons of Chingiz, was suffered quietly to assume the sovereignty over all the chiefs of the family and tributaries, and received their loyal homage at the general Diet held in 1229. His reign was marked by a considerable extension of the Mongol dominions. The Kin empire, or northern half of China, which had only been partially reduced in the lifetime of Chingiz, was now (1234) entirely subdued; (the southern * It will be simpler thus to indicate roughly the position of the camping-grounds of Ogotay’s subjects, than to say “the clans camping in or about Zungaria,” etc. In this instance the tribes in question were the Nay mans and the ancestors of the modern Kalmuks. 208 MONGOLS half, or Sung empire, resisted the invaders till the time of Khubilay.) Korea was annexed (1241). The gallant and unfortunate Jalal-aZ-din, son of the late Khwarizm Shah Mohammad, was hunted through the wide territory which had once owned his father’s rule. A great expedition into Europe was conducted hy Batu, son of JujI; the Mongols entered Moscow and Novgorod, pene- trated to Hungary, burned Cracow, and laid siege to Pesth. The opportune death of Ogotay called for a general assembly of the family, and a reverse sustained at Liegnitz, at the hand of the Grand Duke of Austria, saved Europe. Mean- while the internal affairs of the empire had been organized and ably administered under the wise and just rule of the prime minister Yeliu Chutsay, a Khitan, who did much to restore order and security to the provinces, in spite of the incapacity of his imperial master, who was given over to the prevailing Mongol vice of habitual drunkenness. Ogotay’s death in a.d. 1241 ( 637 ) was followed by an interregnum of several years, during which his widow Turakina governed the empire as regent for her eldest son Kuyuk, until he should return from Europe, where he had been distinguishing himself in the invasion of GREAT KHANS 209 Hungary under his cousin Batu. He received the summons in Hungary, and on his return to Karakorum in 1246, was elected Khakaan by a general Kuriltay attended hy most of the chiefs of the family, except the sons of JujT, who were dissatisfied with the succession and excused themselves. Kuyuk restored the tranquility which had been disturbed during the rule of his mother, and armies were now despatched to continue the work of extension in China and Persia. Kuyuk was the only member of the family of Ogotay who succeeded to the supreme throne, and on his death in 1248 the empire passed to the line of Tuluy, and neither Kuyuk’s sons nor any of his brothers succeeded him. Under the first Khakaan of the new line, the family of Ogotay offered no opposition to their dethrone- ment ; but when Mangu died and Khubilay was elected to the sovereignty by an informal Diet held in China, the discontent of Ogotay’s descendants manifested itself in immediate and general revolt, and a series of disastrous campaigns ensued.* Kaydu, the grandson of Ogotay, fought no less than forty-one battles with the supporters of Tuluy on the east, and fifteen with their Kipchak allies on * See Howorth, i. 173 — 186. 11 210 MONGOLS the west : but the struggle was unequal, and soon after Kaydu’s death (about 1301, 7 01) the family of Ogotay did homage to the line of Tuluy ; their clans were dis- persed among the tribes of Transoxiana and Kipchak, and their chiefs lived in obscurity under the rule of the Chagatay Khans. Once and again, in a period of confusion, some representative of Ogotay’s house was raised to the throne of Transoxiana ; and it was the fancy of the great Timur to bring again to light the heirs of the heir of Chingiz by setting up Suyurghatmish and his son Mahmud in the stead of the deposed house of Chagatay ; hut this was only a fictitious revival, and these two rois faineants cannot he said to represent the original Khakaans. GREAT KHANS 211 2. Line of Tuluy : — Appanage, Mongolistan ; Khakaans (1248-1634) in three stages, (1) Yuen dynasty- in China (1248-1370), (2) Diminished empire at Karakorum (1370-1543), (3) Divided tribes and gradual submission to Manchus (1543-1634). Mangu, the son of Tuluy, owed his accession partly to his personal reputation as a warrior and general, and partly to the adherence of the numerous tribes of Mongolia proper, the nucleus of the Mongol armies under Chingiz, which formed the appanage of Tuluy. In 1251 his inauguration took place, and in 1257 he died. Yet in this short reign there was room for the beginning of two important changes. Mangu kept his court at the usual capital Karakorum, north of the desert of Gobi, and appointed his brother Khubilay governor of the southern provinces : this was the beginning of the transfer of the seat of government from Karakorum to Peking. The other change was the despatch of another brother, Hulagu, to Persia, where in place of the shifting rule of provincial governors he established his own dynasty, and thus Persia now possessed a line of kings of the royal house of Chingiz, like the other great divisions of the Mongol empire. 212 MONGOLS The death of Mangu in 1257 was the signal for a general struggle. The house of Ogotay laid claim to the supreme sovereignty, as has been said ; and Arikbuka, a brother of Mangu and Khubilay, was the candidate in the Mongol homeland. Khubilay was saluted Khakaan by the chiefs of the army in China ; Arikbuka was elected by another Diet at Karakorum ; and Kaydu received the like title and homage from the tribes of Ogotay and Chagatay further west. JujT’s line in Kipchak did not attempt to gain the Khakaanship, but supported the house of Tuluy. The fine generalship, large resources, and wide personal popularity of Khubilay — Marco Polo’s Great Khan and Coleridge’s Kubla Khan — carried him safely through these early complications. Arikbuka was speedily routed, and Kaydu was kept at a distance, though he did not cease from troubling till after Khubilay’s death. The Kliakaans of the blood of Chingiz now became a Chinese dynasty. By 1280 Khubilay had conquered the southern or Sung empire of China, and, having thus united the whole country under his sole rule, fixed his court at Khan Baligh. (Cambaluk) or the ‘ City of the Khan,’ now called Peking ; whilst the old capital Karakorum became a provincial centre during the first of the three YUEN DYNASTY 213 periods into -which the history of his descendants may he divided. This first period includes the century which elapsed between his founding of the Mongol empire in China and the expulsion of the invaders under his tenth successor, Tughan-Tlmur (1370).* The Mongol Khakaans of this period are known in Chinese annals as the Yuen Dynasty. With what sumptuous glory this dynasty began we know from Marco Polo : the causes of its decay — the extravagance of the court, the favouritism of the Lamas, the poverty and sickness of the people, the plagues and famines, earthquakes and other ‘ signs ’ — may be read in Sir Henry Howorth’s History. The attempts of various pretenders were crowned by the successful attack of Chu Yuen Chang, prince of U, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, who assumed the royal title and seized Peking in 1368. In two years China was rid of the Mongols ; and the most prosperous period of the history of the Khakaans was over. The second period extends from the expulsion from China to the temporary revival under Dayan Khan (1370-1543). This is the time of the Diminished Empire , when the Mongols were confined to the steppes from which they * Howorth, i. 284-340 214 MONGOLS first -went forth to conquer, the camping grounds hy the rivers Kerulon and Onon, north of the desert of Gobi. Even here they were not absolutely independent. The Ming armies surprised the Mongols by Lake Luyur and totally routed them, capturing 80,000 prisoners, lifting 150,000 head of cattle, and carrying off an immense booty. This defeat effectually tamed the spirit of the Khakaans, supreme now in name alone ; and they became actual vassals of the Ming emperors, who appointed the rulers of the tribes hy patents drawn up in Peking. In the 15th century a worse thing happened to them ; many of the clans became for a while subject to the Uirats. But at the end of the same century Dayan Khan, the fourteenth Khakaan in succession from Tughan-Tlmur, effected a temporary union among the scattered tribes, and organized them in certain groups. The third period is the history of the disastrous results of Dayan’s decentralizing policy — civil war among the Divided Tribes, and the consequent absorption of them one hy one hy the Manchu power which had newly risen on the ruins of the Ming in China. Internal wars, separate dynasties, and universal disunion, soon brought even the nominal sovereignty of the Khakaans to an end; and after 1634 the descendants of Khubilay were mere vassals of China. A.H. 603 624 639 644 646 655 693 706 711 720 723 728 729 729 732 732 771 780 790 794 S02 805 814 837 843 856 MONGOLS 215 GREAT KHANS A.D. Chingiz Khan ...... 1206 Ogotay ....... 1227 Interregnum : Turakina . . . . 1241 Kuyuk 1246 Mangu ....... 1248 YUEN DYNASTY Khubilay 1257 TTlja'itu ....... 1294 Kuluk ....... 1307 Buyantu ....... 1311 Gegen ....... 1320 Yisun-Timur ...... 1323 Rajipeka ....... 1328 Kushala 1329 Jiyaghatu 1329 Rintshenpal ....... 1332 Tuglian-Tlmur ...... 1332 DIMINISHED EMPIRE Biliktu 1370 Ussukhal ....... 1378 Engke Soriktu 1388 Elbek 1392 Gun-Tlmnr 1400 djai-Tlnihr 1403 Delbek 1411 Adsai 1434 Taisong 1439 Akbarji 1452 216 MONGOLS 857 Ukektu . 1453 857 Molon 1453 867 Mandaghol . 1463 875 Dayan DIVIDED TRIBES 1470 951 Bodi 1544 955 Kudang 1548 964 Sasaktu 1557 1001 Setzen 1593 1013 —1043 Lingdan 1604 —1634 [Manchu Tatars ] THE HOUSES OF OGOTAY AND TULUY (To fact p. 216 .) SUPREME KHANS I. CHINGIZ Jugi Chug a tag II. ooot.iy III. Kuyuk Kuchu Kashi IV. Mongu V. Kliubilay Arikbuka HTdagu J | I (yukn I dynasty) Khoja Shiramiin Kai/du Chingkin W '" 1 I I Dharmabala VI. Ulja itu Timur VII. Ivuluk VIII. Buyantu XI. Rajipeka XII. Kushala XIII. Jiyaghatu IX. Gegcn XV. TuglLn Timur XIV. Rintlhenpal (KUA KAAXS | OK MONGOLIA) XVI. Uiliktu XVII. U.-wukhal I XVIII. Engke XIX. Elliek Khargolsok Soriktu | | XX. Gun-Timur XXI. UljJi-Timur XXlll. Adsai i r | | XXII. Dclbek XXIV. Tuisoug XXV. Akbarji XXVIII. Maudaghol XXVI. Ukoktu XXVII. Molon Khargolsok I Bolkhu Jin on g XXIX. liayan (followed by Divided Tribes) Chapar Knmala I X. Yisun-Timur IL-KSANS OF PERSIA 217 A.H. A.D. 654-750 82. MONGOLS OF PERSIA * 1256—1349 It was in the reign of Mangu that Persia was given a royal dynasty in the House of Hulagu (of the line of Tuluy), called Il-khans, or provincial Khans, to indicate the homage they owed and invariably acknowledged (very cheaply) to the supreme Khakaans. Hulagu had little difficulty in establishing his authority over the country allotted to him. The ambitions Shah of Khwarizm whom Chingiz had routed had already cleared the way by con- quering the better part of Persia, and there were no formid- able opponents to meet. Hulagu speedily drove before him the small princes who were trying to build their little dynasties on the ruins of the great empire of Khwarizm; came to Baghdad and cruelly murdered -Musta'sim, the feeble representative of the ’Abbasid Caliphs ; and dis- covered no serious obstacle in his path till he was checked in Syria by the valiant Mamluks of Egypt, who kept him successfully at arm’s length. Hulagu was now master of * Howorth, iii. 218 MONGOLS all the provinces of Persia and Asia Minor from India to the Mediterranean. His dominions marched with those of Chagatay and Juji on the north, and with the territory of the Egyptian Sultans on the south ; and within these limits for nearly a century his dynasty reigned in practical in- dependence, whilst rendering a certain feudal homage to the remote Xhakaan in China. Save for an occasional contest over the succession, the country was quietly and peaceably governed, and the ll-khans showed a praiseworthy desire .to emulate the examples of earlier rulers of Persia in the encouragement of science and letters. In the reign of Abu-Sa‘id, however, the dynasty was undermined by the same causes which had previously destroyed the power of the Caliphs and the Seljuks, and were destined at last to bring about the downfall of the Mamluks in Egypt : rival amirs, generals, ministers, fanatics, began to take a large share in the government of the country, and in their jealousies and animosities lay the prime danger of the ll-khans. After Abu-Sa‘Ids death the throne of Persia became the toadstool on which the puppet sovereigns set up by rival amirs seated themselves only to find it crumbling beneath them. Two great houses tore Persia in sunder : that of Amir Chupan, a favourite I L- KHANS OF PERSIA 219 general of Ghazan and of his successors ; and that of Amir Hosayn the Jalayr, also called the Ilkanian. Each of these had a son named Hasan, distinguished by the epithets Great and Little ; the son of Chupan was Amir Hasan Kuchuk or the Little ; and the son of the Jalayr was Amir Shaykh Hasan Buzurg or the Great. Their power was immediately felt. Arpa Khan, a descendant not of Hulagu but of Arikbuka his brother, was placed on the throne after Abu-Sa‘Id’s death, but was deposed the same year (1336) by Musa, who drew his pedigree from Baydu the sixth ll-khan. Musa was quickly displaced by the nominees of the Greater Hasan, whose rival of the line of Chupan presently set up an opposition in the sovereignty in the person of Satl-Beg, a sister of Abu-Sa‘Id, who had been the wife of Chupan, then of Arpa, and was finally married to Sulayman, who nominally supplanted her in the supremacy. After the troubled reign of Hushirwan, the Jalayrs were the chief power in Persia, and the dynasty of Hulagu became extinct. The Jalayrs, Muzaffarids, Sarbadarids etc., made havoc of the country till the great Timur came and swept them away. 220 MONGOLS A.H. A.D. 654 Hulagu 1256 663 Abaga 1265 680 Ahmad 1281 683 Arghun 1284 690 Gaykhatu 1291 694 Baydu 1295 694 Ghazan Mahmud . 1295 703 Uljai'tu 1304 716 Abu-Sa‘id . 1316 736 Arpa 1335 736 Musa 1336 RIVAL KHANS* 736-8 Mohammad 1336-8 739-52 Tuglia-Timur . 1338-51 739-41 Jahan-Timur . 1339-40 739-40 Sati-Beg (princess) . 1339 740-4 Sulayman (m. Sati Beg) 1339-43 745 Nushirwan 1344 * Mohammad, Tugha-Timur, and Jahan-Timur were set up as puppet- khans by the Jalayr Amir, Shaykh Hasan Buzurg ; Sati-Beg and her husband Sulayman were nominees of the rival Amir Hasan Kuchuk Chupani ; and Nushirwan of -Ashraf Chupani. All were of the posterity of Hulagu, except Tugha-Timur who was descended from a brother of Chingiz Khan, and Nushirwan whose pedigree is doubtful. IL-KHANS OF PERSIA IL-KHANS OF PERSIA 221 222 MONGOLS A.H. A.D. 621—907 83. KHANS OF THE GOLDEN 1224—1502 HORDE To Juji, the eldest son of Chingiz, were assigned the tribes of the old empire of Kara-Khitay, north of the Slhun or Jaxartes, and here he, dying before his father, was succeeded by his eldest son Orda. A younger son of Juji, Batu, by his famous invasion of Europe, extended the appanage of his family much further to the west, and secured for himself the sovereignty of the Turkish Khanate of Kipchak. North of Batu’s territory, another brother, Tuka-Timur, appears to have been allotted the district of Great Bulgaria, on the Upper Yolga; a fourth son of Juji, Shayban, ruled the steppes now known as those of the Kirghiz Kazaks, north of Orda’s appanage, and a fifth, Teval, led the Pechenegs, afterwards known as Nogays, between the Ural and Yemha. All these tribes and their chiefs were more or less subject to the family of Batu, which, although a younger branch, had acquired the greatest power and had made their capital Saray on the Yolga the metropolis of the Jujid empire; and all these tribes are included in the general name Golden Horde , so- called from the Khan’s royal camp, Sir Orda or Golden Camp. It must be added that only the ruling family GOLDEN HORDE 223 and the cream of the army were of Mongol race : the vast majority of the tribes allotted to the sons of JujI were conquered Turks or Turkomans. The family of JujI has, therefore, to be considered in the following distinct lines : — A. The line of Haiti, chief Khans of the Golden Horde, ruling the Blue Horde in Western Kipchak (1224-1359). B. The line of Or da, titular heads of the family, ruling the White Horde in Eastern Kipchak ( 1226— 1428), Khans of the Golden Horde in Western Kipchak after Batu’s line (1378-1502); and finally decaying as Khans of Astrakhan (1466-1554). C. The line of Tuka- Timur, Khans of Great Bulgaria, north of Kipchak ; occasional Khans of the Golden Horde in Western Kipchak ; finally Khans of Kazan (1438-1552), Kazimof (1450- 1678), and Krim (1420-1783). D. The line of Shayldn, in the Uzbeg or Kirghiz Kazak steppes (1224-1659); afterwards migrating and becoming Khans of Khiva and Bukhara (1500- 1872). 224 MONGOLS A. The line of Bdtu : — Chief Khans of the Golden Horde; appanage, the Blue Horde in Western Kipchak* (1224-1359). Batu’s line had the privilege of ruling what was emphatically the Great Khanate of the West. Its history is important in its relations with the growth of Russia. At first the liege-lords of the Russian princes, receivers of their tribute, and owners of their daughters, it was the fate of the Great Khans of Kipchak eventually to become the vassals of those whom they had once held in bondage. But before this stage in the decay of the Golden Horde, Batu’s line had become extinct, and the Khans had been supplied from his brothers’ families. So long as the descendants of Batu held the reins of government, the great domain of the Khanate of Kipchak was main- tained in all its power. The history of this line, through ten Khans, to Janl-Beg, the last great ruler of this branch of Juji’s family, is comparatively plain. But on his death in 1357 anarchy ensued. His son Birdl-Beg reigned for * The country watered by the Don and the Volga, extending east and west from the Ural or Yaik to the Dnieper, and north and south from the Black Sea and Caspian to Ukek. Howorth, ii. 36-194. GOLDEN HORDE 225 two years ; two Khans asserting themselves to he sons of Jani-Beg succeeded in a single year; and then follows an intricate period of twenty years of rival candidates. There were five branches of JujI’s house from which claimants for the Golden Khanate might spring, on the extinction of Batu’s line. Korth and south, in Great Bulgaria and the Krim, ruled the numerous progeny of Tuka-Tlmur. South also, by the Caucasus, camping along the Terek and Kuma, were the descendants of Baraka, the younger brother and second successor to Batu, to whom the Golden Horde owed much of its terrible prestige. East of the Great Khanate was the White Horde with its chiefs of the family of Orda ; and also east, but further north, were the Hzbeg tribes of Shayban’s leading ; whilst along the northern shore of the Caspian the clans of Hogay pastured their herds. The attribution of the fifteen khans of this period of rival families to their several ancestors in the table on page 230 is partly conjectural, but their dates are established by coins. In 1378, the sovereignty of the Golden Horde passed into the family of Orda in the person of Toktamish. 15 226 MONGOLS B. The line of Order. — Appanage, the White Horde in Eastern Kipchak,* 1226-1428 ; Khans of the Golden Horde in Western Kipchak, 1378-1502 ; Khans of Astrakhan, 1466-1554. Although Batu was the most powerful of the sons of Jiijl, Orda the eldest inherited his father’s appanage hy the Jaxartes, and received a special homage as hereditary head of the family. He ruled the left division of the Golden Horde, known as the White Horde (Ak Orda), (a colour which ranked higher than the Blue), in distinction from the right wing, or Batu’s tribes, which were designated the Blue Horde (Kok Orda) in token of imaginary dependence. Living in the far-away steppes beyond the Caspian, the White Horde soon yielded the palm to its Blue brethren on the Don and Volga ; hut in its rough wintry life it retained a vigour and hardihood which eventually placed its rulers on the throne of the more civilized and decayed descendants of Batu. Of the earlier rulers of the White Horde little is * The country of the Lower Jaxartes and the Ulugh and Kuchuk Tag Mountains : bounded on the west by Batu’s Blue Horde, on the north by Shayban’s Uzbegs, on the east by Chagatay’s Khanate, on the south by the desert of Kizil Kumin and the Alexandrovski range. Howorth, ii. 216 - 362 . GOLD EX HORDE 227 known ; the Khanate passed regularly from father to son ; and the only noticeable fact is the possession by Kuchi of a territory at Ghazna and Bamiyan under the suzerainty of either the Chagatay Khans or the Il-khans of Persia. Urus Khan is the first chief of Orda’s line who possesses any individuality in the history of the White Horde. He had the distinction of defeating the troops of Timur more than once. Timur in his overbearing fashion had appointed to the sovereignty of the tribes of Juji’s appanage a member of Orda’s family, Toktamish, whose father had been killed and he himself exiled by Urus Khan. Assisted by the troops supplied by Timur to carry his nomination into effect, Toktamish sustained several repulses at the hands of Urus, and it was not till after the death of this Khan and the short reign of Toktakya his son that Tokta- mish was able to wrest the command of the White Horde from another son of Urus, Timur Halik. Toktamish is 1 the last really great figure in the history of the Golden Horde.’ After seizing the throne of the White Horde he marched upon Western Kipchak, defeated Mamay, the king-maker of Saray, and by this victory in 1378 (7 80) put an end to the division between the White and the Blue Hordes, and united Eastern and Western 228 MONGOLS Kipchak under his sole rule. Henceforward Orda’s family ruled the Blue Horde, bringing no doubt the cream of the White Horde with them ; and their original camping-grounds gradually passed into the hands of the descendants of Shayban. Under Toktamish the Golden Horde recovered much of its prestige. A great campaign was carried into Russia, Moscow was sacked and burnt (1382), and the Grand Principality was ravaged with the ancient fury of the Mongols. This revival of the glory of Kipchak, however, was only the flicker of a dying torch. Toktamish had the misfortune or the in- gratitude to quarrel with the prince who had helped him to his success ; and no one offended Timur with impunity. The great conqueror in two campaigns, one marked by the battle of Urtupa on the 18th June, 1391, and the second by a crushing defeat near the Terek in 1395, when Toktamish had returned from exile, destroyed for ever the power of the Khans of Kipchak. Toktamish indeed re-entered Sariiy in 1398, after Timur’s departure, but he was speedily driven out again by Timur Kutlugh, son of his old enemy, Urus, and forced to take refuge with the Lithuanian prince Yitut, whom he involved in war with the Tatars; he died in 1406. GOLDEN HORDE 229 The period succeeding the overthrow of Toktamish is one of the most obscure in the labyrinth of dark passages which the history of the Golden Horde affords. It is filled with the incessant straggles of Rival Families for the throne. There were at least three distinct sets of candi- dates for the decayed Klianship : the family of Hr us Khan, supported by the Nogay chief Idiku, the second king-maker of Kipchak ; the sons of Toktamish ; and some younger members of the family of Shayban. The table on page 232 will give an idea of this confused period. The rival Khans not only ruled simultaneously in Kipchak, but held the same cities in the same years; and the history of Saray and other large towns must have been the record of continual sieges and recaptures. This is the end of the Golden Horde. It was absorbed by Russia in 1502 {907), and its history degenerates into the petty annals of its scattered fragments. Of these one alone belonged to the family of Orda — the insignificant Khanate of Astrakhan,* founded by Kasim, a grandson of Kuchuk Mohammad, about 1466, and held by his descendants until its abolition in 1554 by the Grand Prince of Moscow. * Howorth, ii. 349-362. 230 MONGOLS KHANS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE i. THE BLUE HOEDE OF WESTERN KIPCHAK a. FAMILt OF BATU 621 Batu . 1224 654 Sartak 1256 654 Baraka 1256 664 Mangu-Timur 1266 679 Tuda-Mangu 1280 686 [Tula Bugha] 1287 689 Toktu mo- 712 Uzbeg 1312 741 Tini-Beg 1340 741 Jani-Beg Mahmud 1340 758 Birdi-Beg Mohammad . 1357 760 Kulna 1359 760 Nuruz-Beg . 1359 b. RIVAL FAMILIES OF SHAYBAN OF ORDA OF TUKA- TIMUR A.H 760 Khidr 762 Mardud. 762 Timur Khoja 762 Kildi Beg 762 Murid Khoja 764- -8 Pulad Khoja 764 Kutlugh Khoja 764 ‘Aziz Shaykh 764 ‘Abd-Allah 768 Hasan 772 Tulun-Beg 771 Mohammad Bulak —772 775 Ilban —780 777 Khag ban 779 ‘Arab Shah —780 [780 TJnited to White Horde 1378] GOLDEN HORDE 231 ii. THE WHITE HORDE OF EASTERN KIPCHAK FAMILY OF OEDA A.H. A.D. 623 Orda 1226 679 Kuchi ........ 1280 701 Bayan . 1301 709 Sasibuka ....... 1309 715 Ibisan ........ 1315 720 Mubarak Khoja ...... 1320 745 Chimtay ....... 1344 762 Urus ........ 1361 777 Toktakya ....... 1375 777 Timur Malik ...... 1375 778 Toktamish Ghiyath-a7-din .... 1376 —793 (who unites Blue and White Hordes 1378) —1391 \_Rival Families ] 232 MONGOLS fc « -< K T3 CO « a -3 !g S «d Ph fee © PP g ^ 2s JSs-a P3 h d •4 [=4 hJ < r~ H- 1 P3 ?«=> *C N CO 00 00 CO co 2 bC—, s-. KS. O s-< id .2 •3 -B Qj EH EH co io co 7 i NNOOl 05 0 — 0 r- oo co oo 3 I O •d M t^- T*« ■ eJ m-^ 00 s ^ ; « -g ; S 3 a h^PP o CO 00 864 Ahmad ( Sayyid Ahmad 886 < Murtada ( Shay kb Ahmad [907 Final submission to Russia. 1502] KAZAN, KAZIMOF, AND KRIM 233 A.H. A.D. c. 823—1197 84. KHANS OF THE c. 1420—1783 KRIM (CRIMEA) C. The Line of TuJca- Timur : — Appanage, Great Bulgaria, and subsequently Krim and Kaffa ; occasional Khans of the Golden Horde; finally, Khans of Kazan, Kazimof, and Krim.* Tuka-Tlmur was the youngest son of JujI, and was attached to the left (or Orda’s) wing of the Golden Horde, but probably had his own camping- grounds on the Upper Yolga, including part at least of Great Bulgaria. Almost nothing is known of this branch in its original seats. Mangu-Tlmur (of Batu’s line) gave Urang-Timur, son of Tuka-Tlmur, Krim and Kaffa, and the family being thus established north and south of Batu’s Khanate soon began to interfere in its dynastic succession. "We have seen how three Khans of the first period of rival families belonged probably to Tuka-Tlmur’s line, and one of the second period. But the chief im- portance of this branch is after the downfall of the Golden Khanate which followed upon Timur’s invasions. * Howorth, ii. 198-216, 274, 363-626, 1074-5 234 MONGOLS One of the line, Ulugh Mohammad, after attempting to seize the Great Khanate on Burak’s death, betook himself in 1438 to his old possession of Great Bulgaria, and there revived his forefathers’ Khanate, under the title of Khanate of Kazan, which, no longer overshadowed by the Great Khanate on its south, became an independent thorn in the side of the growing Muscovite giant. With the death, however, of Mohammad Amin, in 1519, the Mohammadan posterity of the founder of Kazan came to an end, and Khans of the true faith had to he transplanted from the Kazimof, Krim, Astrakhan and other stocks, under the auspices of Russia, who finally suppressed the Khanate and appointed a Russian governor of Kazan in 1552. When Ulugh Mohammad was murdered by his son Mahmudak, in 1446, two of his other sons fled to Russia, and after some service in the Muscovite army one of these, Kasim, was granted the town and district of Gorodetz on the Oka, in the division of Riazan. He gave the town his own name, and the line of Khans ruling here, and known as the Khans of Kazimof, were used by Russia to play off against their more powerful neighbour at Kazan, and were allowed to supply a couple of Khans to the greater Khanate on the ex- KHANS OF THE CRIMEA 235 tinction of Ulugh Mohammad’s direct Muslim line. This Khanate, which never had a really independent existence, was absorbed by Russia in 1678. The most important of the three Khanates sprung from the house of Tuka-Tlmur was that of the Krim. Ulugh Mohammad had a brother, Tash-Tlmur, who was once a general under To k tarnish, and was the actual founder of the powerful dynasty of the Khans of the Krim or Crimea, though his son, Hajji Giray, is generally regarded as the first Khan. The Krim dynasty was always an element in the Eastern Question, and as an outpost of Turkey or an ally of Russia was an object of considera- tion on both sides. Eventually the inconvenience of these violent neighbours was agreed between Russia and Turkey, and the Khanate of the Krim was extinguished by treaty in 1783. A lineal descendant of these powerful Khans, one Sultan Krim Giray KattI Giray, settled in Edinburgh and married a Scottish lady.* * Athenceum , No. 2762 A.H. 823 871 873 878 882 883 921 929 929 938 938 958 985 992 996 1002 1002 1017 1019 1031 1036 1045 1048 1052 1054 1064 1075 1081 1088 1094 MONGOLS KHAN'S OF THE KRIM (CRIMEA) A.D Hajji Giray c. 1420 Nur-Dawlat ...... 1466 Mangli Giray i 1469 Nur-Dawlat ( restored ) .... 1474 Jani-Beg Giray i 1477 Mangli Giray ( restored) . . . . 1478 Mohammad Giray i . . . . . 1515 Ghazi Giray i ..... 1523 Sa‘adat Giray i 1523 Islam Giray i ..... 1532 Sahib Giray r ..... 1532 Dawlat Giray i 1551 Mohammad Giray ii . . . . . 1577 Islam Giray ii ..... 1584 Ghazi Giray ii . . . . . . 1588 Fath Giray i ..... 1594 Ghazi Giray ii ( restored ) . . . . 1594 Salamat Giray i ..... 1608 Jani-Beg Giray ii ..... 1610 Mohammad Giray hi . . . . . 1627 Jani-Beg ii ( restored) ..... 1635 Inayat Giray ...... 1638 Bahadur Giray ...... 1642 Mohammad Giray rv . . . . . 1644 Islam Giray m . Mohammad iv ( restored) .... 1654 ‘Adil Giray ...... 1665 Selim Giray i 1670 Murad Giray 1677 Hajji Giray n . . . . . . 1683 1095 1102 1102 1103 1109 1114 1117 1119 1119 1125 1127 1127 1136 1142 1149 1150 1152 1156 1161 1168 1171 1177 1180 1181 1182 1184 1184 1184 1185 1185 1189 1191 — 11 ! 1684 1691 1691 1692 1698 1702 1705 1707 1707 1713 1715 1715 1724 1730 1736 1737 1739 1743 1748 1755 1758 1764 1767 1767 1768 1770 1771 1771 1771 1772 1775 1777 -1783 KHANS OF THE CRIMEA Selim i ( restored) Sa'adat Giray ii ... Safa Giray .... Selim i ( again restored) Dawlat Giray ii ... Selim i ( again restored) Ghazi Giray nx . Kaplan Giray i . Dawlat Giray [restored] Kaplan i ( restored ) Kara Dawlat Giray . Sa'adat Giray in Mangli Giray ii ... Kaplan i ( again restored) Fath Giray ii M angli ii (restored) Salamat Giray n Selim Giray ii . Arslan Giray .... Hakim Giray .... Krim Giray .... Selim Giray in . Arslan Giray ( restored ) Makhsud Giray i Krim Giray ( restored ) Dawlat Giray in ... Kaplan Giray ii . Selim hi ( restored ) Makhsud Giray n Sahib Giray ii . Dawlat hi [restored) . Shahin Giray [Crimea ceded to Russia] 238 MONGOLS D. The Line of Shayldn : — Appanage, the Uzbeg country (between the Ural and Chu rivers) ; occasional Khans of the Golden Horde ; Khans or Czars of Tiumen, circ. 1226 — 1659; Khans of Bu- khara, 1500 — 1868, and of Khiva, 1515 — 1872.* "When Batu invaded Hungary in 1240, his brother Shayban accompanied him, and acquitted himself so well that Batu not only made him King of Hungary, a title of a somewhat nominal value, but gave him an appanage of certain tribes north of Orda’s Khanate. Shayban was to camp in summer from the Ural mountains to the rivers Ilek and Irghiz, and in winter about the lands watered by the Sir, Chu, and Sarisu. His descendant in the sixth generation, Mangu-Tlmur, was a contem- porary of the great Khan Uzbeg of the Golden Horde, and from him the tribes of Shayban’ s appanage took the name of Uzbegs, which has since become famous. On the extinction of Batu’s line, the family of Shayban supplied several Khans to the Golden Horde ; and in the second period of rival families, after the overthrow of * Howorth, ii. 686-1010 CZARS OF TIUMEN 239 Toktamisk, the house of Shayban is represented, ’ in all probability, by Darwish Khan and Sayyid Ahmad. The home-line of Shayban remained in the original camping -grounds and assumed the title of Czars of the Tiumen, under which they were obeyed over a great part of Siberia. They survived till 1659, when their country was occupied by the Kalmuks : but for some time before this their authority had been purely nominal. Much more important were the branches descended from Pulad, son of Mangu -Timur, and once ruler of the Golden Horde. Pulad’s two sons, Ibrahim and ’Arab-Shah, were respectively ancestors of the Khans of Bukhara and Khwdrizm or Khiva. The former Khanate was founded by Mohammad Shayban!, grandson of Abu-l-Khayr, who was grandson of Ibrahim, in 1500, and survives to the present day, although General Kaufmann made it a Kussian dependency in 1868. ‘Arab-Shah, the founder of the Khanate of Khiva, is also known as, if not a Khan of the Golden Horde, at least a striker of coins in Kipchak just before the invasion of Toktamish. Hi s descendant in the fifth generation, Ilbars Khan, took forcible possession of Transoxiana and adjacent provinces after Shaybam’s death, probably about 1515, and his 240 MONGOLS posterity are still called Khans of Khiva, hut they have been tributary to Russia since 1872. The history of these Khanates, which sprang up on the ruins of the empire of Timur, belong to a later section (XIII). It should be added that another son of Juji, Teval, was the chief of the Pechenegs, camping about the river Bug in Southern Russia, and was the grandfather of Xogay, who took a large part in the affairs of the Golden Horde, but afterwards fell out with Toktu and was driven, along with his tribes, who adopted the name of Xogay s, beyond the Yolga, and found settlements between the Ural and the Yemba. The history of this horde is very fragmentary, and their state was peculiarly migratory.* * Haworth, ii. 1011-1068 CRAG AT AY KHANS 241 A.H. A.D. 624—760 85. CHAGATAY KHANS 1227—1358 (TRAN SOXIANA) The Khanates founded by three sons of Chingiz — Ogotay, Tuluy, and JujI — have in turn been noticed. There remains Chagatay, who was allotted the appanage of Ma-wara-Z-nahr, or Transoxiana (Bukharia), with part of Kashghar, Badakhshan, Balkh, and Ghazna, and who founded the Khanate of those regions. The history of his descendants is very scantily recorded, and, beyond occasional raids over the Persian border and internal disputes, nothing of note has been set down. Two members of Ogotay’s family (‘All and Danishmandja) intrude themselves into the series, proving the presence of Ogotay chiefs of rank and importance in the Chagatay dominions (pp. 210, 265). The genealogy and chronology of this branch are alike doubtful ; and the following list is merely tentative. 16 242 MONGOLS A.H. 624 639 645 650 650 659 664 664 663 670 c. 672 706 708 709 709 c. 718 721 721 722 730-4 734 c. 735 c. 739 c, 741 c. 743 744 747 749 —760 A.D. Chagatay ...... 1227 Kara-Hulagu ..... 1242 Yisu Mangu ...... 1247 Kara-Hulagu ( restored) . . . 1252 Organa Kliatun 1252 Algu 1261 Mubarak Shah ..... 1266 Burak Khan ...... 1266 Nikpay ...... 1270 Tuka-Timur ..... 1272 Duwa Khan ...... c. 1274 Kunjuk Khan ..... 1306 Taliku 1308 Kibak Khan ..... 1309 Yisunbugha ...... 1309 Kibak Khan ( restored ) . . . . 1318 Ilehikaday . . . . . . 1321 Duwa Timur . . . . . 1321 Tirmashirin 1322 P Sinjar? 1330-4 Jingishay 1334 Buzun ....... c. 1335 Yisun Timur . . . . . c. 1339 ‘Ali (of Ogotay stock) . . . . c. 1340 Mohammad c. 1342 Kazan 1343 Danishmandja (of Ogotay stock) . . 1346 Buyan Kuli ...... 1348 —1358 [. Anarchy and rival chiefs, until 771 Supremacy of Timur 1370.] THE nOUSE IIP f’HAGATAV II. Kara-Hulagii = IV. Organa VI. Mubarak Shah Yisun Ihiwa I \ II. lUirAk Khfin Kndnmi I IX. Tukii-T Ogotay n 5ii (Peta) I v Algu XXII. Mohammad . I *Adi! Sultan XV. llrli i- Durji Kabul Sultan XVII. Timm- T" n i Siujar XMII. Jciikishiiy Abukan XX. Yisun 3 Timur I Timur Shall f This tabic has been kindly arranged for me by Sir Henry Ilaworth I mal Khoja I Tnghlnk Klf 1 -” XII. PERSIA S/CC. XIV— XIX 86. JALAYRS (-‘IRAK) 87. MUZAFFARIDS (FARS) 88. SARBADARIDS (KHURASAN) 89. KARTS (HERAT) TTMURIDS (See XIII) 90. KARA-KUYUNU (ADHARBIJAN) 91. AK-KUYUNU (ADHARBUAN) 92. SAFAVIDS 93. AFGHANS 94. AFSHARIDS >■ 95. ZANDS 96. KAJARS SHAHS OF PERSIA XII. PERSIA S2EC. XIV— XIX On the decay of the power of the Persian Mongols a number of prominent chiefs and provincial governors asserted their independence. Of these the Jalayrs were the most powerful, and held the provinces of -‘Irak and Adliarbljan, in which they were succeeded by the Turkomans of the Black and White Sheep. The more eastern provinces were ruled by the Muzaffarids, hut not without a severe struggle with Abu-Ishak and other members of the family of Mahmud Shah Inju, whose seat was Ispahan. In the north-east, Khurasan was for a time divided between the Sarbadarids and the Kart Maliks of Herat. Timur swept across Persia in 1384-93, and his descendants held part of the country for a century. At the beginning of the 16th century, however, Shah Isma‘Il the Safavid established his authority over all the provinces governed by the Tlmurids, Turkomans, and minor dynasties, and presently added Khurasan, since which time the modem kingdom of the Shahs of Persia has remained practically unchanged in its boundaries, save for some losses on the west to Turkey. 246 PERSIA A.H. A.D. 736—814 86. JALAYRS 1336- 1411 (-‘IRAK, ETC.) The chiefs of the tribe of Jalayrs, also called Ilkanians, became the leading family in Persia after the death of the Mongol Abu-Sa‘Id. Their head, Shaykh Hasan Buzurg (‘the Great’), as has been seen (pp. 219, 220), set up three puppets on the Mongol throne ; after -which he assumed sovereign functions himself, and taking possession of -‘Irak made Baghdad his capital. His son Oways, who succeeded him in 757 (1356), took Adharbijan and Tabriz from the Golden Horde (7 59), and added -Mosil and Diyar- Bakr to his dominions (7 66). Husayn, his successor, was engaged in wars with his neighbours the Muzaffarids of eastern Persia, and with the Turkomans of the Black Sheep, who had made themselves dominant in Armenia and the country south of Lake Yan ; until the latter agreed to become his allies (77 9). On his death in 1382 (7 8If), the kingdom was divided between his two sons ; Adharbijan and -‘Irak falling to Sultan Ahmad, and part of Kurdistan JALAYRS 247 (for a year) to Bayazid. On the invasion of Timur, who overran northern Persia and Armenia in 1384-7, and reduced Baghdad, Mesopotamia, Diyar-Bakr, and Yan in 1393 (7 96), Sultan Ahmad fled to Egypt, where he took refuge with the Mamluk Sultan Barkuk, who assisted him to recover Baghdad after Timur’s return to Samarkand. Erom this time until Timur’s death in 1403 {807) Sultan Ahmad’s life was spent in losing and recapturing his dominions, and when in 808 he was once more actual ruler of Baghdad, his breach with Kara-Yusuf the Turkoman and his ensuing invasion of Adharbijan ended in his defeat and death, 1410 {813). His nephew Shah AYalad continued to govern Baghdad until the arrival of the Black Sheep in 1411; and Shah AYalad’ s widow, Tandu (who had previously been married to the Mamluk Barkuk) reigned at AVasit, -Basra, and Shustar (doing homage, however, to the Tlmurid Shah Bukh) till 819, when her stepson suc- ceeded to the government, and was followed by his brothers Oways {822-829) and Mohammad, and by their cousin Husayn, who was killed by the Black Sheep Turkomans.* See Sir H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, iii, 654-679. 248 PERSIA A.H. 736 Shaykh Hasan Buzurg .... A.D. 1336 757 Shaykh Oways ..... 1356 777 Hosayn ...... 1374 784 784-5 Bayazid (in Kurdistan) . Sultan Ahmad ..... 1382 813 ( Repeatedly expelled by Timur 796-807) Shah W: alad ...... 1410 —814 —1411 Hosayn Gurkhan I 1 . Hasan Buzurg I 2. Oways 3. Hosayn Hasan i 5. All mad ‘Ald-al-dawla 4. Bayazid ‘Ali I 6. Shall 'W'alad = Tandu Hosayn Mahmud Oways Mohammad [Kara- Kuyunii] M UZ A FFA RIDS 249 A.H. A.D. 713-795 87. MUZ AFFARIDS 1313—1393 (FARS, KIRMAN, AND KURDISTAN) The Amir -Muzaffar, founder of this dynasty, a grand- son of Ghiyath-a^-dln Hajji of Khurasan, after holding various posts at the court of the Mongols of Persia, was appointed governor of Maybudh near Ispahan. His son Mubariz-a?-din Mohammad succeeded him in his government in 1313 {713), and received the much more important command of Tazd in Fars in 1319 {719) from the Mongol Abu-Sa‘id. Kirman was added in 1340 ( 71/1 ), and after a prolonged struggle with Abu-Ishak Inju, Mohammad captured Shiraz and all Fars in 1353 {751/.), and added Ispahan in 1356 (7 58), when Abu-Ishak was executed. After carrying his arms successfully as far north as Tabriz, Mohammad was deposed and blinded in 1357 (759), and, although restored for a brief space, died in a second exile in 1364 (765). His successors retained the government of Fars, Kirman, and Kurdistan until the irruption of Timur in 1387.* The poet Hafiz lived at the court of Shah Shuja‘. •Howorth, iii, 693-716. 250 PERSIA A.H. A.D. 713 Mubariz-aAdln Mohammad b. -Muzaffar 1313 759 Jalal-aAdln Shah Shuja' . 1357 786-9 Mujahid-a?-dm ‘All Zayn-al- ‘Abidin . 1384- 1 [Expelled by Timur) f Shah Yahya [at Yazd) \ —1387 789 < Sultan Ahmad [at Kirman ) > contemporary . 1 Shah Mansur [at Ispahan) J 1387 — 795 -Muzaffar '1 —1393 1. Mohammad '1 1 daughter Sharaf-a\-dln -Muzaffar 2. Shah Shah Shah t 754 Sliuja* Mahmud Sultan ( Ispahan ) Shah Mansur Shah Yahya 3. Zayn-al- ‘Abidin Ahmad ( Ispahan ) ( Yazd ) [Ears) ( Kirman ) \Timurlds] SARBADARIDS 251 A.H. A.D. 737-783 88. SARBADARIDS 1337—1381 (KHURASAN) ‘Abd-a/-R,azzak, a native of the village of Bashtln in Khurasan, and at one time in the service of the Ilkhan Abu-Sa‘Id, in 1337 (737) headed a rebellion of his countrymen against the oppression of the local governor. The rebels took the name of Sar-ba-dar or “Head to the gibbet ” in token of the neck-or-notliing-ness of their cause. Nevertheless they obtained possession of Sabzawar and the neighbouring district, and held it for nearly half a century, during which period twelve successive chiefs assumed the command, nine of whom suffered violent deaths. A.H. A.D. 737 ‘Abd-aZ-Razzak b. Fadl-Allah 1337 738 "Wajih-ai-dln Mas'ud b. Fadl- Allah 1338 741 Ay-Timur Mohammad .... 1344 746 Isfandiyar ...... 1346 747 Fadl-Allah ...... 1346 748 Shams-aZ-din ‘All .... 1347 753 Yahya 1352 756 Zahlr-a?-din . 1355 760 Haydar -Kassab 1359 760 Lutf-Allah 1359 761 -Hasan -Daroighani .... 1360 766 ‘All -Mu-ayyad 1364 —783 [Abolished by Timur ] —1381 252 PERSIA A.n. 1245—1389 A.H. 643-791 89. KARTS (HERAT) The Maliks of Herat of the Kart race of Gh5r had held their government from the early days of the Mongol rule in Persia. As the Mongols grew weak, the Karts became an important power in Khurasan, until Herat was conquered by Timur in 1381 (783), and, after a period of vassalage, the dynasty was extinguished in 1389 (7 91). A.H. A.D. 643 Shams-aZ-din i 677-82 Rukn-aZ-dTn, contemp. 1278-83 1245 684 Fakhr-aZ-din 1285 708 Ghiyath-aZ-din ..... 1308 729 Shams-aZ-din ii . 1328 730 Hafiz 1329 732 Mu‘izz-aZ-dIn ..... 1331 772 —791 Ghiyath-aZ-din Pir ‘Ali 1370 —1389 Rukn-a\-din Abu-Bakr b. ‘ Othman 1. Shams-aZ-din i 2. Rukn-aZ-din 3. Fakhr-a/-dln 4. Ghiyath-aZ-din 5. Shams-aZ-din ii 6. Hafiz 7. Mu‘izz-aZ-dIn Mohammad ( Sarakhs ) \Tlmunds\ 8. Ghiyath-aZ-din Plr ‘Ali KARA-KUYUNLl 253 A.H. A.D. 780—874 90. KARA-KUYUNLI 1378—1469 TURKOMANS OF THE BLACK SHEEP (ADHARBIJAN, ETC.) In the last quarter of the fourteenth century a clan of Turkomans, known as the Black Sheep, from the device on their standard, dominated the country south of the lake of Yan, and, having allied themselves with the Jalayr Sultan Hosayn, established a dynasty in Armenia and Adharbljan. Kara- Yusuf, the second chief of the line, was several times driven into exile by Timur, but as often returned, and after the conqueror’s death in 1405 {807) resumed his former dominions, and in 1411 added those of the Jalayrs. The Black Sheep were superseded in 1469 {87 If) by Uzun Hasan of the rival clan of the White Sheep. A.H. A.H. 780 Kara-Mohammad 1378 c. 790 Kara-Yusuf . . c. 1388 802 Invasion of Timur . 1400 4 808 Kara Yusuf ( restored ) . 1405 823 Iskandar . 1420 841 Jahan Shah . 1437 872 Hasan ‘All 1467 —874 —1469 [. Ak-Kuyunll ] 254 PERSIA A.H. A.D. 780—908 91. AK-KUYUNLI 1378—1502 TURKOMANS OF THE WHITE SHEEP. (ADHARBIJAN, ETC.) The White Sheep or Ak-Kuyunli succeeded their rivals the Black Sheep in Adharbijan and Diyar-Bakr, but after some thirty years of sole authority they were defeated by Shah IsmaTl the Safavid at the great battle of Shurur in 1502 (907), and the dynasty soon afterwards expired. A.H. A.D. 780 Kara-Yuluk ‘Othman .... 1378 809 Hamza ....... 1406 848 Jahangir ...... 1444 871 Uzun Hasan ...... 1466 883 Khalil ....... 1478 884 Ya‘kub 1479 896 Baysunkur* ...... 1490 897 Rustam ...... 1491 902 Ahmad 1496 903 Murad ....... 1497 905 Alwand ...... 1499 906 Mohammad ...... 1500 907 Murad ( restored ) 1501 —908 —1502 [. Safavids ] * ‘Ali and Masih were rival claimants in 896. SHAHS OF PERSIA 255 A.H. A.D. 907—1311 92-6. SHAHS OF PERSIA 1052—1893 The series of the Shahs of Persia is composed of five distinct dynasties of different races : the Safavids, Afghans, Afsharids, Zands, and Kajars. Of these the first claimed Arab lineage, for the Safavids traced their descent from the seventh Imam Musa -Kazam (f 183), of the family of Hosayn the grandson of the prophet Mohammad (p. 72). Many shaykhs of the family acquired a reputation for sanctity, and among these the most celebrated saint was Shaykh Safi-a?-dln of Ardabil, from whom his descendants took their name of Safawl or Safavid. It was not till four generations after Shaykh Safi that one of his descendants, Haydar, added the role of warrior to the profession of saint. He engaged in a contest with TTzun Hasan of the White Sheep Turkomans, and his third son Isma'Il, preserving a continuity of policy, seized Shlrwan, utterly defeated the Turkomans at the battle of Shurur in the spring of 1502 (907), and making Tabriz his capital proceeded to conquer all Persia. The Tlmurid governors and other petty dynasts were rapidly subdued, and in a few years Shah Isma'Il’s arms had advanced through Khurasan as far as Herat, besides annexing the southern provinces, 256 PERSIA till his dominions stretched from the Oxus to the Persian Gulf, from Afghanistan to the Euphrates. His territories now marched with those of the ‘Othmanlis, and the religious antagonism between the Shi'ite Safavids and the Sunnite ‘Othmanlis, embittered by the wide-spread Shl'ite propaganda in Asia Minor, brought about a war. Selim the Grim, after massacring or imprisoning 40,000 Shl'ites in his Asiatic dominions, led a campaign against Shah Isiua‘11. At the head of 80,000 horsemen and 40,000 foot, Selim marched upon Persia and forced the Shah to give battle at Chaldiran (1514), when the fine general- ship of Sinan Pasha and the valour of the Janizaries won the day. Selim entered Tabriz in triumph, and after annexing Diyar-Bakr and some surrounding districts abandoned the idea of further conquests in the East in favour of an invasion of Egypt. From this time on- wards there have been frequent contests over the Turko- Persian frontier, and provinces in Georgia and Armenia have been taken and re-taken, hut the general boundary has not greatly varied, except when Murad IY conquered Baghdad and annexed Mesopotamia to the Turkish Empire in 1638. In the like manner the northern frontier was long contested by the Uzbegs; and Afghanistan has been SHAHS OF PERSIA 257 alternately part of India and part of Persia, until the establishment of an independent dynasty by Ahmad Durrani in 1747. Eabar, the founder of the Mogul empire in India, was an ally of Shah Isma‘11, and his son Humayun was aided in his recovery of Hindustan by Shah Tahmasp. The greatest of the Safavid kings was Shah ‘Abbas (1587-1629), who, seconded by Sir Anthony Shirley, the organizer of the Persian army, recovered several of the western provinces from the ‘Othmanlis, and whose reign was celebrated for the cultivation of the arts and literature, the increase of public works, and the ob- servance of an enlightened foreign policy. He belonged to the great epoch which produced such rulers as Sulayman the Great, Akbar, and Elizabeth. The Safavid dynasty practically ended when the Afghans under Mahmud rose in revolt, seized Herat and Mashhad, defeated Shah Hosayn, and after a seven months’ siege took the capital Ispahan in 1722 (1135). Members of the Safavid family, however, still retained a vestige of authority, chiefly in Mazandaran, and after ten years of anarchy, revolts, and Eussian and Turkish invasions, Hadir Kull the Afsharid Turk, made use of the pretext of restoring the enfeebled Safavids, to seize the 17 258 PERSIA supreme power, to which he soon added the avowed as well as the real sovereignty in 1736 ( lllj.8 ). Nadir Shah not only maintained the Persian kingdom in its fullest ex- tent, but subdued Afghanistan, seized Kabul and Kandahar (1737), pushed on to Lahore, defeated the Mogul army after an obstinate battle near Kamal, and sacked Dehli in March 1738 ( 1151 ). Peace was made, and for a time the Persian empire extended from the Indus to the Caucasus. The Afsharid dynasty, numbering four Shahs, ended in a period of anarchy, during which the Afghan Azad held Adharbijan; ‘All Mar dan the Bakhtiyari, Ispahan; Mohammad Hosayn, the chief of the Kajars, ruled Astarabad; and Karim Khan the Zand fought with Shah Ilukh the Afsharid for the supreme throne. The Zand eventually got the upper hand, and from 1750 (1163) to 1779 (1193) governed all Persia except Khurasan, where Shah Iiukh the Afsharid, though old and blind, still main- tained some show of authority. On the death of Karim Khan a contest was waged for a dozen years between his Zand successors and Aka Mohammad the Kajur, which ended in the triumph of the latter, whose nephew in the fourth generation now reigns over the relics of a great people from his throne at Tihran. SHAHS OF PERSIA 259 A.H. A.D. 907—1148 92. SAFAVIDS 1502—1736 907 Isma‘11 i ..... 1502 930 Tahmasp i 1524 984 Isma‘11 ii 1576 985 Mohammad Khudabanda . . . 1578 985 ‘Abbas i ..... 1587 1038 Safi i 1629 1052 ‘Abbas n . . . . . 1642 1077 Sulayman i 1667 1105 Hosayn i ..... 1694 1135 Tahmasp n 1722 1144 ‘Abbas hi 1731 —1148 —1736 93. AFGHANS 1135 Mahmud ...... 1722 1137 Ashraf 1725 —1142 —1729 94. AFSHARIDS 1148 Nadir 1736 1160 ‘Adil 1747 1161 Shah Rukh 1748 —1210 —1796 260 PERSIA A.H. 95. A. I). ZANDS 1163 Karim Khan 1750 1193 Abu-l-Fath . 1779 1193 ‘All Murad . 1779 1193 Mohammad ‘Ali . 1779 1193 Sadik . . 1779 1196 ‘All Murad (again) 1782 1199 Ja'far . 1785 1203 Lutf ‘All 1789 —1209 —1794 96. KAJARS 1193 Aka Mohammad . 1779 1211 Fath ‘All .... 1797 1250 Mohammad .... 1834 1264 Najir-aZ-din, regnant 1848 SHAHS OF PERSIA 261 SAFAVIDS* * 1. Isma‘11 1 2. Tahmasp i 3. Isma‘11 ii 4. Mohammad Khudabanda llaydar Shah Shuja 5. ‘Abbas i Hamza Safi Mirza 6. Safi i 7. ‘Ablas ii 8. Sulayman I 9. Hosayn i i i l 10. Tahmasp ii Sani daughter daughter =ltizd Kitli I I I Afsharid * The pedigrees of the Shahs of Persia are abridged from the Catalogue of Persian Coins in the British Museum , by E. S. Poole, LL.D. 1 1 . ‘Abbas in Hosayn Isma‘Il Shah Rukh Mohammad Mirza 262 rERSIA AFSHARIDS Imam Kull Ibrahim 2. ‘Adil Shah 3. Ibrahim 1. Nadir Riza Kuli * I 4. Shah Rukh 1. Karim Khan 2. Abu-1- 4. Moham Fath mad ‘All ZANDS I I 5. Sadik =wife 6. Ja‘far 3. ‘Ali Murad I 7. Lutf ‘Ali Zafii KAJARS Mohammad Hasan 1. Aka Mohammad 2. Fath ‘All I ‘Abbas 3. Mohammad 4. Nasir-aZ-din Hosayn ‘All Zill-i Sultan XIII. TRANSOXIANA S/EC. XIV— XIX 97. TIMURIDS 98. SHAYBANIDS 99. JANIDS OF ASTRAKHAN 100. MANGITS 101. KHANS OF KHOKAND 102. KHANS OF KHIVA XIII.— TRANSOXIANA SJEC. XIV— XIX A.H. A.D. 771—906 97. TlMURIDS 1369—1500 Timur, or Timur Lang (Timur the Lame), commonly corrupted into Tamerlane, was related to the family of Chingiz Kaan, and one of his ancestors had been Yizir to Chagatay the son of Chingiz and ruler of Transoxiana. Timur, who was horn in 1335 (7 36 ), was appointed to the government of Kash by Tugha-Timur, (p. 220), and became Yizir to the Chagatay Khan Suyurghatmish, whose authority he completely usurped before 1369 { 771 ), though he allowed the Khan and his successor Mahmud to retain the nominal sovereignty until 1397 { 800 ). In 1380 (7 82 ) Timur began a long series of campaigns in Persia; and in seven years overran Khurasan, Jurjan, Mazandaran, Sijistan, Afghanistan, Pars, Adharbijan, and Kurdistan. An invasion by Toktamish, the Khan of the Golden Horde, called his attention nearer home in 1388, but in 1391 (7 93 ) he inflicted a total defeat on the Khan, which, however, had to he repeated in 1395 266 TRANSOX I AN A (797). Meanwhile in 1393 he had taken Baghdad from the Jalayrs, and had reduced Mesopotamia. In 1397 he entered northern India, and in the following year (801) raided Kashmir and Dehli. His next great movement was to the west. In 1401 he invaded Anatolia, and took Si was and Malatia; and in 1402 (80J/.) totally routed the ‘Othmanli Turks at Angora and took Sultan Bayazid prisoner (p. 185). He reinstated the minor princes of Asia Minor, and, having subdued Syria and taken Aleppo and Damascus (803), he received the homage of their former possessor, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. "Whilst on the march for a still more ambitious campaign against China, Timur died at Otrar, 1405 (597), aged 70. The conquests of Timur raised the kingdom of If 2- wara-\-nahr (‘Beyond the Biver’ Oxus) or Transoxiana to an importance it had never before attained. Samar- kand became the capital of an empire which stretched, in name at least, from Dehli to Damascus, and from the Sea of Aral to the Persian Gulf-; and although much of Timur’s conquest was rather a raid than an annexation, yet Transoxiana remained for some time the centre of a kingdom which embraced most of Persia and Afghanistan besides the provinces beyond the Oxus. But Timur’s TIMURIDS 267 empire was too unwieldy to be maintained in all its original vastness. When the petty dynasties of Persia, Karts and Sarbadarids, Muzaffarids and Jalayrs, had been swept away, and the Turks had been driven out of Anatolia, and all Western Asia from the Hindu Kush to the Mediterranean trembled before one man, a reign of terror and not an organized empire had been established. As soon as the great conqueror was dead, Ottomans, Jalayrs and Turkomans began to recover their lost provinces in the west. Although Timur’s descendants retained their hold of the north of Persia for a century, they were able to offer but a feeble resistance to the rising power of the Safavids ; and when in the sixteenth century the line of Shayban (of the house of Chingiz) succeeded to the capital of Tamerlane, the dominions of his descendants had shrunk to the limits which the Khanate of Bukhara long afterwards preserved. The table (facing p. 268) of Timur’s descendants, who struggled with one another for the disjointed fragments of his empire, shows one cause of their weakness; there were too many rivals. Shah Rukh, indeed, for a while succeeded in subduing the jealousies of his kinsmen and maintaining the power and dignity of the empire; but after his death in 1447 {850) his 268 TRANSOXIANA dominions were split up into various petty principalities, which made way for the Safavids in Persia and the Shaybdnids in Transoxiana. Yet the line did not become extinct with the loss of Timur’s dominions. His descen- dant Babar founded a new empire in Hindustan which, known to us as that of the * Great Moguls ,’ lasted down to the present century (see XIV.). A.H. A.D. 771 Timur. ....... 1369 [771 Suyurghatmish, nominal Khan 790-800 Mahmud ,, ,, ] 807-12 Khalil 1404-9 807 Shah Rukh ....... 1404 850 Ulugh Beg ....... 1447 853 ‘Abd-al-Latlf ...... 1449 854 ‘Abd-Allah ....... 1450 855 Abu-Sa‘Id ....... 1452 872 Ahmad ....... 1467 899 Mahmud ....... 1493 900 Anarchy 1494 —900 —1500 \Shaybanids] (To Jatt p. 208) THE DESCENDANTS OF TIMOR AND THEIR GOVERNMENTS Balkh, 809-812 Mohammad Sultan audar Ahmad Baykara Ifpahdn, 807-10 Bars and Vskand Hamadhdn and 817 Ifj/ahdn, 812-17 812-17 817-8 Islam 3. SIIAH-RUKII Khurasan, Mazandardn , Sijistdn, 807 IfpaMn, Shiraz, etc. 817, t850 I daughter Sultan llosayn, 1 8 1 _L Yuliya ‘Omar ‘O Shaykh Ispahan, 810-12 4 2. KIIAL1L SULTAN Transoxiana 807-12; Itmjij, 812, t 814 Ayjnl Kai/g, 817 t 817 Suyrir- ghatmish 4. ULUGn BEG Ibrahim Sultau Balkh, 812-1 t 838 827 hr 7. Sultan ABU-SA'ID Transox, ana, 855-72 Herat, Balkh, Khurasan, etc., •abd-al-latif Transoxiana, 853 t854 Rukn- n/-diu ,,L. ghiitmish Kabul, Kandahar, 821 t830 I Mohammad Juki. 1 848 Sultan Mohammad Mazandardn, Mas'ud KUul , etc. 830-43 Kabul, etc* 812-20 Abu-l-Ghazi Ilosuyu Jurjan and Mazandardn 863-4 Khurasan, etc. 878 f 912 1 854 t855 f 856 1 801 8. Sultan AHMAD 9. Sultan MAHMUD Transoxiana, 873-99 Mazandardn. 864 t 899 Transox, ana, 899-900 t 900 1 Shah-ltukh 1 899 UlugJ Beg Kabul and Ohazi, 865-907 ‘Omar Shaykh Abu-Bakr iff, Farghana, c. 870 Badakhshdn, 1 899 r. 865-84 Murad Khalil •Omar Ahmad Mohammad Juki 1 861 1 868 Sultan Ibruhim Mohammad Khurasan, 87' t875 Shah Mahmud Khurasan, 861 i 1 863 Mas'ud Bavsuukur Hissar, 900-1 Transoxiana, 'l 900-2 4 'ransoxiana, 902-3 Zuhir-n/-din Mohammad BA BAR Jahangir Na?ir Farghdna, 899 Kabul, 911 Hindustan, 932 t 937 i MOGUL EMl'EHOUS TRANSOXIANA 269 CONNEXION OF THE TRANSOXINE KHANATES CHINGIZ I Juil I I . I SHAYBAN Orda ‘Arab Shah i KHANS OF KHIVA ( 1515 - 1872 ) Kuchuic Mohammad Ibrahim Mohammad shaybanT SHAYBANIDS ' ( 1500 - 1599 ) : daughter = jax I JANIDS or ASTRAKHAN DYNASTY ( 1599 - 1785 ) Shah Murad = daughter i MAN GITS ( 1785 - 1868 ) 270 TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. 906—1007 98. SHAYBANIDS 1500—1599 "Whilst the three sons of Mahmud, the last Tlmurid Sultan of Transoxiana, were fighting over the ruins of an empire, a new power was approaching, which made an end of all the princes of Ma-wara-^-nahr and re-established a strong government in the place of anarchy. This was the Uzbeg horde led by Mohammad ShaybanI, almost the last of the great warriors of the lineage of Chingiz. The early history of the family of Shayban has been mentioned (pp. 238-40). Their home-line remained in Siberia as Czars of Tiumen ; but a large proportion of the clan migrated to Transoxiana under ShaybanI, overthrew the rival princes of Timur’s line, and founded the Uzbeg kingdom, which survived in the Khanates of Bukhara and Khiva until their submission to Russia within the last quarter of a century. This Uzbeg kingdom was ruled by several successive dynasties. First, the Shaybanids governed Transoxiana for the whole of the sixteenth century, leaving Khwarizm SHAYBANIDS 271 (Khiva) to be ruled by its own line of Khans (p. 278), who were also descended from Shayban, and abandoning Khurasan to the Safavids. Next, the Janids or Astrakhan dynasty, connected in the female line with the Shaybanids, governed the same gradually diminishing territory during the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries. Thirdly, their connexions by marriage, the Mangits, usurped the Khanate of Bukhara, which was now greatly restricted by the growth of the neighbouring Khanate of Khokand, by the rise of various independent principalities at Tashkand, Uratippa, and else- where, and by the aggrandizement of the Durranids of Afghanistan. Finally Bukhara, Khiva, and Khokand, all fell before the aggression of Russia in 1868-1872. A.H. A.D. 906 Mohammad Shaybani .... 1500 916 Kochkiinjl ...... 1510 937 Abu-Sa‘Id 1530 940 ‘Obayd- Allah 1533 946 ‘Abd-Allah i 1539 947 ‘Abd-al-Latlf ..... 1540 959 Nuriiz Ahmad ..... 1551 963 Pir Mohammad i .... 1555 968 Iskandar ...... 1560 991 ‘Abd-Allah ii 1583 1006 ‘Abd-al-Mirmin ..... 1598 1007 Pir Mohammad ii .... 1599 [Astrakhan] 272 TRAN SOXI ANA Samarkand was the capital of the Shayhanids, but there was generally a powerful, and sometimes independent, govern- ment at Bukhara. More than once the governor of Bukhara was practically the ruler of Transoxiana, and this province became almost as much the Dauphine of Samarkand under the Shayhanids as Balkh was under the succeeding dynasty of Astrakhan. SUB-DYNASTY OF BUKHARA A.H. A.D. 947 ‘Abd-al-‘Aziz ..... 1540 957 Yar Mohammad ..... 1549 961 Burhan Sultan ..... 1553 964 ‘Abd-Allah ( who united Samarkand in 986, and became from 991 ‘Abd- Allah ii of the Chief Khanate , q. v.) 1556 SUB-DYNASTY OF SAMARKAND 968 Khusru Sultln ..... 1560 975 Sultan Sa'Id ..... 1567 980 Juvanmard ‘Ali ..... 1572 986 ‘Abd- Allah of Bukhara 1578 CHINGIZ KHAN SHA YUAN IDS 273 05 18 274 TRANSOXIANA a.h. a.d. 1007—1200 99. JANIDS 1599—1785 OR ASTRAKHAN DYNASTY When the Russians absorbed the Khanate of Astrakhan or Hajji Tarkhan (p. 229) in the middle of the 16th century, two of the dispossessed chiefs, Tar Mohammad and his son Jan took refuge at Bukhara with Iskandar the Shaybanid, who presently gave his daughter in marriage to Jan. The issue of this marriage, BakI Mohammad, succeeded (after a year’s interval) his maternal uncle ‘Abd-Allah n, and he and his descendants, during most of the 17 th century, ruled Samarkand, Bukhara, Farghana, Badakhshan, and Balkh, which last province was sometimes independent. Their power gradu- ally decayed; the Durranids eventually gained possession of all their Cisoxine territories (1752 ff.) ; a rival Khanate sprang up at Khokand (Farghana) about 1700; and the Janids were finally ousted in 1785 by the chiefs of the Mangit tribe, who had possessed the real power for some years before the actual dethronement of the last Janid, Abu-1 -Ghazl. A.H. 1007 1014 1017 1050 1057 1091 1114 1117 1160 1164 1167 1171 —121 J A NIBS 275 Baki Mohammad A.D. 1599 Tail Mohammad* * * § 1605 Imam Kuli (+ 1060) . 1608 Kadir Mohammad (t 1061) . 1640 ‘Abd-al-‘Aziz 1647 Subhan Kuli f 1680 ‘Obayd-AllahJ . 1702 Abu-l-Fayd § 1705 ‘Abd-al-Mu'min . 1747 ‘Obayd- Allah ii . 1751 Mohammad Eahlm ( Mangit ) 1753 Abu-l-Ghazi 1758 \_Mangits] —1785 * Governed Balkh from 1007. f Previously ruled Balkli for 23 years. J Makim Khan held Balkh 1114-1119. § Buled only beyond the Oxus. JANIDS AND MANGITS 276 7 RA N SO XI A NA . Muzaffar-aZ-din MANGITS 277 A.H. A.D. 1200—1284 100. MANGITS 1785—1868 The Mangits, or “ Flat-noses,” a tribe akin to the Nogays, left their Kipchak camping-grounds to follow the fortunes of Mohammad ShaybanI at the beginning of the 16th century. Under the Astrakhan dynasty they gradually increased in influence, and in the second half of the eighteenth century their chiefs became the vizirs of the rulers of Bukhara and eventually supplanted their masters. Their dominions had shrunk considerably from the wide extent of the Shaybanids’ kingdom, and Ma'sum Shah’s wars with the Durranids for the recovery of the Cisoxine territory were rewarded with but temporary success. The present Khan has been tributary to Russia since the campaign of 1868. A.H. A.D. 1200 Mir Ma‘sum Shah Murad . 1785 1215 Haydar Tora .... 1800 1242 Hosayn 1826 1242 ‘Omar 1826 1242 Nasr-Allah .... 1827 1277 Muzaffar-a7-dln .... 1860 —1284 Tributary to Russia —1868 278 TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. c. 921—1289 101. KHANS OF KHIVA c. 1515—1872 Khwarizm or Khiva, 'which had once furnished an ambitious line of Shahs of its own (p. 176), was an appanage of the house of Juji, and never properly belonged to the Khanate of Transoxiana ; up to the time of Timur it was held by the Golden Horde. After the confusion of the Timurid period, the Uzbegs of Mohammad Shaybani occupied Khiva as well as Transoxiana, and about 1515 an independent Uzbeg Khanate was established there, the early history of which is exceedingly obscure. "Wars were constantly waged with Bukhara with varying success. Nadir Shah of Persia conquered Khiva in 1740 and a Persian governor ruled there for a year. Finally General Kaufmann annexed it on the part of Russia in 1872. A.H. A.D. c. 921 Ilbars i c. 1515 c. 931 Sultan Hajji ...... c. 1525 Hasan Kull ...... Sufyan Bujugha ....... Avanak Kal c. 946 Akatay ....... e. 1540 953 Dost 1546 KHIVA 279 A.H. 965 1011 1032 1053 1074 e. 1085 1099 1114 1126 1126 1127 114z 1153 1154 1154 115r 1158 e. 1184 1219 1221 1241 1258 1261 1271 1272 1272? 1282 —1289 Hajji Mohammad i . ‘Arab Mohammad i . Isfandiyar Abu-l-GhazI i . Anusha ..... Mohammad Arank Ishak Aka Shah Niyaz ‘Arab Mohammad ii . Hajji Mohammad ii . Yadighar Arank ..... Shir GrhazI .... Ilbars ii .... Annexation by Nadir Shah . Tagir ( for Nadir Shah) Abu-Mohammad Abu-1- GhazI ii . Kaip ..... Abu-l-GhazI in ... Iltazar ..... Mohammad Eahlm Allah Kull .... Eahlm Kull .... Mohammad Amin ‘Abd-Allah .... Kutlugh Mohammad . . Sayyid Mohammad Sayyid Mohammad Eahlm . [ Annexation by Russia,'] A.D. 1558 1602 1623 1643 1663 c. 1674 1687 1702 1714 1714 1715 173r 1740 1741 1741 174r 1745 c. 1770 1804 1806 1825 1842 1845 1855 1855 1856? 1865 —1872 280 TRANSOXIANA A.H. A.D. c. 1112—1293 102. KHAN'S OF c. 1700—1876 KHOKAND Shah Rukh, who claimed to be a descendant of Chingiz Khan, made himself independent in Farghana and founded the Khanate of Khokand about 1700. The chronology of the earlier Khans is uncertain. In 1800 Tashkand was annexed by Khokand. The Khanate passed into the possession of Russia in 1876. A.H. A.D. e. 1112 Shah Rukh Beg Rahim ‘Abd-aMCarim . Erdeni . c. 1700 1184 Sulayman . 1770 1184 Shah Rukh ii 1770 1184? Narbuta 1770? 1215 ‘Alim 1800 1224 Mohammad ‘Omar 1809 1237 Mohammad ‘All . 1822 e. 1256 Shir ‘All . 1840 1261 Murad 1841 e. 1261 Khudayar . 1845 1273 Malla 1857 1275 Shah Murad 1859 e. 1277 Khudayar (2nd reign) 1861 c. 1280 Sayyid Sultan 1864 1288 Khudayar (3rd reign) . 1871 1292 Nasir-a/-dln 1875 —1293 [Annexed by Russia] —1876 XIV. INDIA AND AFGHANISTAN S/EC. X— XIX 103. GHAZNAWIDS 104. GHORIDS 105. SULTANS OF DEHlT 106. KINGS OF BENGAL 107. KINGS OF JAUNPUR 108. KINGS OF MALWA 109. KINGS OF GUJARAT 110. KINGS OF KHANDESH 111. BAHMANIDS OF THE DECCAN 112. ‘IMAD SHAHS OF BERAR 113. NIZAM SHAHS OF AhMADNAGAR 114. BARID SHAHS OF BlDAR 115. 'ADI L SHAHS OF BijAPUR 116. KUTB SHAHS OF GOLKONDA 117. MOGUL EMPERORS OF HINDUSTAN 118. AMIRS OF AFGHANISTAN XIY. IHDIA AND AFGHANISTAN sa:c. X— XIX No considerable part of India ever belonged to tlie Caliphate. Soon after their conquest of Herat, indeed, the Arabs pushed on to Kabul in 664 (44) and thence descended to Multan ; but this reconnaissance did not lead to continuous occupation. An advance from the south pro- duced more permanent results. Piratical expeditions by sea to the mouths of the Indus were frequent in the early days of Islam, and in 711 ( 92 ) Mohammad Kasim, a nephew of -Hajjaj, the celebrated governor of -Basra, conquered Sind from the coast as far as Multan, and although no attempt was made to enlarge this dominion, the province continued to be ruled by Arab governors for nearly two centuries. The conquest of Hindustan by the Mohammadans, how- ever, sprang not from Sind but from Afghanistan. The early annexation by the Arabs of the mountainous country 284 INDIA south of the Hindu Kush had been nominal and temporary, and Ya‘kub b. Layth the Saffarid of Sijistan (p. 129) was the first to establish a settled Hohammadan government at Kabul. Here his dynasty was succeeded by governors appointed by the Samanids (p. 131), and it was Alptigln, one of the local governors of the Samanids, who laid the foundations at Ghazna of the first independent Moham- madan dynasty in Afghanistan. Henceforward for two centuries Ghazna was the capital of a powerful dynasty to which it gave the name of Ghaznawids. The incursions of the Ghaznawids into India and their settlement at Lahore formed the true beginning of Muslim rule in Hindustan. The Ghaznawid kingdom at Lahore prepared the way for Mohammad b. Sam the Ghorid and his successors the Sultans of Dehli, who brought the whole of northern India under Mohammadan sway. The invasion of the Mongols under Eabar put an end to the divisions which had weakened the Dehli kingdom in its later years, and Dakar's grandson Akbar organized the splendid Empire of the Great Moguls which lasted down to the present century. GHA ZNA WIDS 28 5 A.H. A.D. 351—582 103. GHAZNAWIDS 962—1186 (AFGHANISTAN AND PANJAB) Among the Turkish slaves whom the Samanid princes delighted to honour with the chief posts in the govern- ment of their dominions, Alptigln rose by favour of ‘Abd- al-Malik to he commander of the forces in Khurasan, hut, being deprived of this office on the death of his patron, he retired in dudgeon in 962 (35T) to the city of Ghazna, in the heart of the Sulayman mountains, where his father had been governor under the Samanids, and where the son had succeeded to his authority. In the mountain fastnesses he could safely defy the ill-will of his masters in the plains ; hut he died in a year’s time without enlarging the dominion he had assumed ; nor did his son Ishak or his slave Balkatigln enhance the power of the Ghaznawids. The true founder of the dynasty was Sabaktigin, another slave of Alptigln, and the husband of his daughter. Sabaktigin widened his territories on both sides ; in India by the defeat of the Bajputs and the establishment of a govern- ment at Peshawar : in Persia by the acquisition of Khu- 286 INDIA rasan, of which he was appointed governor by the Samanid Nuh in 994 (38J)) in reward for his assistance in quelling a rebellion in Transoxiana. Sabaktigin out of loyalty or prudence accepted the position of a vassal of the Samanids, but the vassalage was nominal ; he had become more power- ful than his liege-lord before his death in 997 {387). Mahmud of Ghazna, the son of Sabaktigin, is one of the greatest figures in Mohammadan history. After over- coming his younger brother Ismail, who had forced a contest, he repudiated the supremacy of the feeble re- presentative of the Samanids, and received an investiture for the governments of Khurasan and Ghazna direct from the Caliph of Baghdad, ‘ the dispenser of powers which he himself no longer enjoyed.’*' Having made peace with his powerful neighbours the Ilak Khans, who were then giving the coup de grace to the expiring Samanids, Mahmud began a series of campaigns in India. Twelve several * It is commonly asserted that Mahmud then adopted the title of Sultan, which had never before been assumed by a Mohammadan ruler : but the statement is not warranted by his coins, whereon he styles himself occasionally Amir and Sayyid, and very rarely Malik, but never Sultan. The first of the dynasty to use the new title was Ibrahim, who doubtless imitated the Selj uks, who were the earliest to adopt the style of Sultan, according to the evidence of the coins. It is singular that this first of Indian Sultans should be described as a ‘professed devotee,’ who copied Korans and left seventy-six children. GHAZNA WIDS 287 times, between 1001 and 1024, be descended from his highlands into the plains of Hindustan, and, gradually en- larging the scope of his expeditions, beyond Kashmir and the Panjab, at length he occupied Kanauj and Muttra (1017) and seized Somnath and Anhalwara, the capital of Gujarat, 1024 (475). These expeditions were more or less raids undertaken with a view to plunder and to satisfy the righteous iconoclasm of a true Muslim, and the ‘Idol -Breaker ’ returned to Ghazna laden with costly spoils from the Hindu temples of Somnath and Muttra; but they led to far-reaching results. The way into India had been opened ; the Panj ab had been permanently annexed; and the kingdom of Gujarat had accepted a raja from the hands of its conqueror. Besides his Indian wars, Mahmud beat off the attack of the llak Khan, reduced Ghor (1010) and the country of the Tipper Marghab (1012), and even annexed Transoxiana with its two great cities of Samarkand and Bukhara in 1016 (407). Towards the close of his reign he discovered a serious danger in the growing power of the Seljuk chiefs Tughril and Chagar Beg, whom he had at first unwisely encouraged; but, after reducing them to apparent submission in 1027 (4-ZS), he did not live to witness their 288 INDIA final triumph. On his return from an expedition into the heart of the old Caliphate, in which he took Ispahan from the Buwayhids (p. 142), Mahmud died at Ghazna in the spring of 1030 (I/-21). His magnificent encourage- ment of science, art, and literature, was no less remarkable than his genius as a general and statesman. He founded and endowed a university at Ghazna, and his munificence drew together perhaps the most splendid ‘ assemblage of literary genius,’ including the poet Firdausi, that any Asiatic capital has ever contained.* Ghazna was enriched with palaces and mosques, aqueducts and public works, beyond any city of its age : for Mahmud had known how to learn from India, as well as how to plunder it. The empire which had thus been founded stretched from Lahore to Samarkand and Ispahan ; hut it was soon lopped of its western limbs. In a few years the Seljuks (p. 151), after defeating Mas'ud the son of Mahmud near Merv, had taken possession of all the Persian and Transoxine provinces of the Ghaznawids, from Balkh and Khwarizm to Ispahan and -Eayy (1037-1045); and the rulers of Ghazna learned to turn their eyes to the east, now that the west was closed to them. Lahore * Elphinstone, History of India, 341-5 (5th ed. 1866). GHAZNA WIDS 289 became their capital when Ghazna fell to the Ghorids in 1161. Thus the losses in the west confirmed the settlement in Hindustan, and when in 1186 ( 582 ) the successors of of Mahmud, who had not emulated his ambition, gave place to the hardy Afghans of Gh5r, the Indian provinces soon separated from the highlands ; and thus began the series of independent Mohammadan dynasties of India. A.H. A.D. 351 Alptigin ...... 962 352 Ishak ....... 963 355 Balkatigin* ...... 966 362 Pin 972 366 Sabaktagln ...... 976 387 Isma‘il ....... 997 388 Mahmud, Yamin-aZ-dawla 998 421 Mohammad, Jalal-aAdawla . 1030 421 Mas‘ud i, Nasir-din- Allah 1030 432 Modud, Shihab-aAdawla 1040 440 Mas'ud ii ..... 1048 440 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan, Baha-aAdawla . . 1048 440 ‘ Abd-aA Rashid, ‘Izz-aAdawla 1049 444 Tughril (usurper) ..... . 1052 444 Farrukhzad, Jamal-aAdawla . . 1052 451 Ibrahim, Zahlr-aAdawla . 1059 492 Mas'ud in, ‘Ala-aAdawla 1099 508 Slilrzad, Kamal-aAdawla 1114 509 Arslan, Sultan-aAdaivla 1115 512 Bahram Shah, Yamin-aAdawla 1118 547 Khusru Shah, Mu‘izz-a/-dawla . 1152 555 Khusru Malik, Taj-aAdawla . 1160 —582 [Ghorids] —1186 * On the chronology of the early Ghaznawids see E. E. Oliver, The Decline of the Sdmdnis, in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal , lv. pt. i. 1886. 19 290 INDIA GHAZNAWIDS 1. Alptigin 1 1 2. Ishak 5. Sabaktigin 3. Balkatigin 1 6. Isma'il 1 7. Mahmud i 1 8. Mohammad i i 9. Mas‘ud i 13. ‘Abd-af-Bashid 1 1 1 10. Modud 12. ‘All 1 1 1 14. Farrukhzad 15. Ibrahim l 1 11. Mas‘ud ii 1 16. Mas‘ud hi (infant) i 17. Shirzad 18. Arslan 19. Bahrain Shah I 20. Khusru Shah I 21. Khusru Malik ( Dotted lines indicate the relation of master to slave.) G HO RIDS 291 A.H. A.D. 543—612 104. GHORIDS 1148—1215 (AFGHANISTAN, HINDUSTAN) ✓ From early times the mountainous district of Ghor (or Ghur), between Herat and Ghazna, had been the seat of a small but practically independent dynasty, who usually made the fortress of Firuz-koh their headquarters. Mahmud of Ghazna had reduced this principality in 1010 (401), when the Afghans of Ghor were ruled by Mohammad b. Suri ; and the descendants of this chief continued to govern at Firuz-koh and Bamiyan under the orders of the Ghaznawids, with whom they allied themselves by marriage. The execution of one of the family (Kutb-a/- din Mohammad) by his father-in-law Bahram Shah the Ghaznawid was avenged by the capture of Ghazna in 1148 (543) by the murdered man’s brother, Sayf-aJ-dln Suri, the ruler of Ghor ; hut in the following year Bahram Shah succeeded in re-entering his capital, and tortured the invader to death. This second act of bar- barity brought down a signal punishment upon Ghazna 292 INDIA at the hands of a third brother, ‘Ala-aZ-dln Hosayn, surnamed Jahan-soz, or 1 world -incendiary,’ from the ferocity with which he gave up the splendid city of Mahmud the idol-breaker to lire and sword. Contemptuously leaving the ashes of Ghazna, ‘Ala-aZ-din returned to Ghor ; and after a brief captivity in the hands of Sultan Sinjar the Seljuk of Khurasan, he died in 1161 (556) in a time of anarchy, when the Ghuzz Turkomans swept over Afghanistan and for a while abolished both Ghorid and Ghaznawid governments. The Ghuzz soon wended their migratory way into Persia, and on their departure two brothers, nephews of the ‘ World-Incendiary, ’ became the leaders of the Ghorid family. The elder, Ghiyath-aZ-dln b. Sam, had taken Ghazna from the Ghuzz in 1173 ( 569 ), and annexed Herat two years later. He remained titular sovereign of all the wide possessions of his family until his death in 1202 ( 599 ). The younger brother, however, Sliihab-aZ- din, afterwards styled Mu‘izz-aZ-dIn, and commonly known as Mohammad Ghorl, was the real ruler and extender of the kingdom. He conquered part of Khurasan from the Seljuks, and then began a series of campaigns in India, in which he reduced Sind and Multan ( 571 ), G HO RIDS 293 where Arab governors had made Muslim rule familiar; subdued the Ghaznawids in their last retreat at Lahore in 1186 {582 ) ; and then proceeded to attack the leader of the Chohan Rajputs, Prithwi Raja of Ajmir. His first onslaught was repulsed with terrible loss (587), but in the following year, 1192, a hard-fought battle on the same field of Thaneswar ended in the total defeat of the Rajputs, and the death of Prithwl Raja and many others of the 150 princes who had assembled for the defence of Hindustan. The victory meant nothing less than the submission of nearly the whole of northern India; for Kanauj fell in 1194, and Gwalior, Bandal- khand, Bihar, and Bengal were successively reduced by the generals of Mohammad Ghorl. Por the first time the whole of Hindustan admitted, in a greater or less degree, Mohammadan sway. So long as his brother lived, Mohammad Ghorl always remained a loyal viceroy, hut on Ghiyath-aMin’s death in 1202 (599) he succeeded to the supreme authority, when his first duty was to defend his realm against the Khwarizm Shah, who had overrun Persia and was forcing his way into Afghanistan. In the midst of the confusion of this invasion, Mohammad Ghorl was assassinated by a party 294 ISDIA of Ghakkars in 1206 ( 602 ). His dynasty did not long survive him. His nephew Mahmud was indeed proclaimed Sultan throughout the wide dominions conquered by the uncle ; hut the unity of the kingdom vanished with its founder. The Turkish slaves who had served as generals under Mohammad Ghorl assumed independent power. Kutb-a?-din Aybak became the first of the Slave Kings of Dehll ; Kasir-aZ-dln Kubacha ruled in Sind; and Yildiz governed Ghazna. The titular successor of the great Ghorid, from his capital of Flruz-k5h, reigned over little more than western Afghanistan (Ghor and Herat) with part of Khurasan ; and from all these the Ghorids were expelled by the armies of the Khwarizm Shah in 1215 ( 612 ). Long afterwards, however, their descendants re- covered some relics of their ancient dominions, and the Kart princes of Herat traced their origin to the family of Mohammad Ghorl. The opposite table shows the relationship and places of government of the chief members of the Ghorid family.* * For further details see E. Thomas, Supplementary Contributions to the Series of the Coins of the Kings of Ghazni (1859). Kutb-o/-dm Mohammad (. Firuz-koh ■ killed by Buliram Skak) GHORIDS 1. ‘Izz-aZ-din Ilasau (Ghor) i ' To fact p. 294) i 2. Sayf-oZ-din i 3. 'Alii-aZ-dm i Bahii-aZ-dlu •i Sbihab-a7-« illl 1 Shuju*- 1IAMIYAN | LINE Suri Hosavn Jahansoz Sam Mobammn ,d aZ-diu i. Fakhr-aZ-din (Ghor ; Ghazna, (Ghor, 544-666 ; (Flruz-koh, 644) (Mtidin) ‘Ali Mas'ud 643-4 ; killed by Ghazna, 550) 1 (Ehirmas) (550- -r) Bahrain Skfik, 644) 1 i 9. *Ala-a/-din i 4. Sayf-aZ-dlu i 5. Ghiyatk-nZ-d!n i 6. Shihab-aZ-din 10. ‘Ala-aZ-din ii. Shams-aZ-din Atsuz Mohammad Mohammad Mu‘izz-aZ-din Mohammad Mohammad (Ghor, 607-610) • (Ghor, 566-8) (Ghor, 558 ; Mohammad Ghori (Ghor and 1 Herat, 571 ; (Ghazna, 569 ; Firiiz-kdh, t 699) Sind, 671 ; [under 6] ; 1 Lahore, 682 ; 599-603 : I 7. Mahmud Hindustan, 588 ff ; restored 610 ; iii. Bahu-nZ-din (Dust, 599 ; Ghor and Ghazna, 699 surrenders to Sam Ghor and Firuz-koh , 603 ; t 602) Khvoarizm Shah t 602 t 607) 612) 1 8. llaha-aZ-diu Sam 'Ala-aZ-din 1 iv. Jalal-aZ-din (Ghor, etc., 607) (Ghaztta, 602-3) 602-9 (killed by Khwurizm Shah) SULTANS OF DEHLI 295 A.H. A.H. 602—962 105. SULTANS OF DEHLI 1206—1554 (HINDUSTAN) Mohammad Ghorl, after conquering northern India to the mouth of the Ganges, either by his oto campaigns or by those of his generals, appointed his slave Iyutb-a/- din Aybak to act as his viceroy at Dehli ; and on the death of the master in 1206 {602) the slave proclaimed himself sovereign of Hindustan, and founded the first Mohammadan dynasty which ruled exclusively in India ; for hitherto Mohammadan India had been but an outlying province of the kingdom of Ghazna. This dynasty, the first of five which preceded the Mogul conquest, is commonly known as the Slave Kings. The greatest of the line was Altamish (more correctly Iltutmish), who subdued the governor of Sind, Nasir-aZ-dln Kubacha ; compelled the viceroy of Bengal to acknowledge the supremacy of Dehli ; repelled the attempt of Tildiz to revive in India the kingdom of which the Khwarizm Shah 296 INDIA had robbed him at Ghazna ; and in turn -withstood the attempts of Jalal-aZ-din, the son of that Shah, to set up his rule in Hindustan when driven over the Hindu-Kush by the Mongols of Chingiz Khan. Fortunately for India these Mongols stopped short at the Indus, though their raids were a frequent source of alarm for many years. Altamish vigorously maintained his authority over the whole country north of the Yindhya mountains ; and the Caliph of Baghdad, for the first time recognizing a distinct Mohammadan kingdom of India, gave its sovereign the sanction of a formal diploma of investiture from the spiritual head of Islam. Bidiya, the daughter of Altamish, was the only woman who ever sat on the throne of Dehll, until Queen Yictoria figuratively took her seat there in 1858. Under the later Slave Kings the Hindus began to pluck up the courage which had oozed away before the arms of Mohammad Ghor! and Altamish ; and Balhan had to sternly suppress many serious native outbreaks, which were in some degree the fruit of his policy of getting rid of the Slave governors — a policy which led to the subversion of his own dynasty. The Khalji Turks, the second Muslim dynasty of India, began to extend Mohammadan rule beyond the Yindhya s SULTANS OF DEHLI 297 into the Deccan. ‘Ala-a^-din Mohammad re-conquered Gujarat, 1297 ; took Chitor and temporarily subdued the Rajputs, 1303; and his eunuch general Malik Kafur seized Deogiri and "Warangal, and founded a Deccan province of the Dehli kingdom. The extent of the dominion, however, tended towards disruption. After power had again changed hands, and a Turkish slave had established the Taglilakid dynasty, Mohammad b. Taghlak, a man of remarkable but bizarre genius, per- ceived the impossibility of ruling the Deccan from Dehli, and accordingly sought to transplant by force both court and population from the northern capital to Deogiri, which he re-named Dawlatabad, the ‘ seat of government.’ But he could not check the disintegrating process which had begun ; whole provinces revolted, and he was ever on the wing from end to end of his empire to suppress rebellion ; and his successors were forced to witness the separation of province after province from the central stock, until the Sultan of Dehli sometimes commanded but a small district round his capital. The invasion of Timur, who turned northern India -into a shambles in 1398-9, hastened the catastrophe. The Sayyids and Lodls, who followed the house of Taghlak, held but one govern- 298 INDIA ment out of the many that now prevailed in Hindustan. Bengal, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Gujarat were the seats of independent Mohammadan dynasties, and the Rajputs and the Hindus of the Deccan had recovered much of their former possessions. The irruption of the Moguls under Bfibar, who estab- lished his authority over most of northern India, save Bengal, in 1526-30, was too brief to accomplish the work of re-uniting the scattered fragments of the empire of ‘Ala-a/-dln the Khaljl. After Bahar’s death the Moguls were driven out of India by Shir Shah and the Afghans of Bengal 1539-40 (946-7), and the courage and genius of the Afghan conqueror almost availed to restore the waning prestige of the Mohammadan power. But the provinces refused to obey an Afghan sovereign, and their disunion opened the way for the return of Babar’s son Humayun in 1554 (962) and the establishment under Akbar of the famous Mogul Empire, which lasted to the present century. A.H. 602 607 607 633 634 637 639 644 664 686 689 695 695 715 716 720 SULTANS OF DEHLI 299 A. SLAVE KINGS Aybak, Kutb-aZ-din Aram Shah .... Altamish (Iltutmish), Shaim-aZ-din Flruz Shah i, Rukn-ai-diu . Ilidiya ..... Bahrain Shah, Mu‘izz-a7-dm Mas'ud Shah, ‘Ala-a/-dm Mahmud Shah i, Nasir-ai-din Balban, Ghiyath-a/-dm Kay-Kubad, Mu‘izz-a/-din . B. KHALJIS Flruz Shah ii, Jalal-aLdin . Ibrahim Shah i, Rukn-aZ-din Mohammad Shah i, ‘Ala-ai-din ‘Omar Shah, Shihab-aZ-dm . Mubarak Shah i, Kutb-a/-dln Khusru Shah, Nasir-a?-din . A.D. 1206 1210 1210 1235 1236 1239 1241 1246 1265 1287 1290 1295 1295 1315 1316 1320 300 INDIA C. TAGHLAKIDS A.H. A.D. 720 Taghlak Shah i, Ghiyath-a/-dln . . . 1320 725 Mohammad n b. Taghlak .... 1324 752 Flruz Shah hi 1351 790 Taghlak Shah n . . . . . . 1388 791 Abu-Bakr Shah ...... 1388 792 Mohammad Shah hi . . . . . 1389 795 Sikandar Shah i 1392 795 Mahmud Shah n . . . . . . . 1392 797 Nasrat Shah ( interregnum ) .... 1394 802 Mahmud n restored ..... 1399 815 Dawlat Khan Lodi ..... 1412 D. SAYTIDS 817 Khidr Khan .... 1414 824 Mubarak Shah II, Mu‘izz-a/-dln . 1421 837 Mohammad Shah iv 1433 847 ‘Alim Shah ..... 1443 E. LODIS 855 Bahlol Lodi ..... 1451 894 Sikandar n b. Bahlol . 1488 923 Ibrahim n b. Sikandar 1517 —930 Invasion of Bdbar —1526 F. AFGHANS 946 Shir Shah 1539 952 Islam Shah ..... 1545 960 Mohammad v. ‘Adil Shah 1552 961 Ibrahim in Sur .... 1553 962 Sikandar Shah in ... 1554 [Mogul Emperors ] 1. Kutb-aZ-din Aybak (slave of Mohammad Ghorl) 302 INDIA B. KHALJlS 11. Firuz ii I 12. Ibrahim i x i 13. Mohammad i ! I I 14. ‘Omar 15. Mubarak i 16. Khusru C. TAGHLAKIDS 17. Taghlak i I 18. Mohammad Juna Mahmud Fath Sipah-Salar Itajab I 19. Firuz hi Zafar 22. Mohammad m 21. Abu- 23. Sikandar i 24. Mah- Bakr mud ii 20. Taghlak n 25. Nasrat SULTANS OF DEHLI 303 1 28. Mubarak ii D. SAYYIDS 27. Khidr 1 1 Farid 1 29. Mobammad iv .1 30. ‘Alim F. AFGHANS 1 1 34. Shir Shah 1 1 1 x Ghdzl Khan Stir 38. Sikandar in 35. Islam Shah 36. 1 1 Mohammad 37. Ibrahim m Sur ‘Adil Flruz Shir Khan 304 INDIA PROVINCIAL DYNASTIES OF INDIA The Empire of Mohammad b. Taghlak included the whole of Hindustan, together with Telingana and other districts in the Deccan. Before his death the more distant provinces began to grow into independence, and soon after the beginning of the fifteenth century the greater part of his dominions was in the hands of seven provincial Mohammadan dynasties, besides the Hindu Rajas. A.H. 599—984 1 . Governors and Kings of Bengal 796—905 2. Shark! Kings of Jaunpur . 804—937 3. Kings of Mai wa . 799—980 4. Kings of Gujarat 735—995 5. Kings of Kashmir 801—1008 6. Farukids, Kings of Khandesh 748—933 7. Bahmanids, Kings of Kulbarga A.D. 1202—1576 1394—1500 1401—1530 1396—1572 1334—1587 1399—1599 1347—1526 On the decay of the Bahmanids, the following five dynasties divided their dominions between them : — 890—980 8. ‘Imad Shahs of Berar 896 — 1004 9. Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar 897 — 1018 10. Barid Shahs of Bidar 895 — 1097 11. ‘Adil Shahs of Bijapur 918 — 1098 12. Kutb Shahs of Golkonda . 1484—1572 1490—1595 1492—1609 1489—1686 1512—1687 The Hindustan dynasties were absorbed into the Mogul Empire by Akbar, and those of the Deccan succumbed to the attacks of Aurangzlb. KINGS OF BENGAL 305 A.H. A.D. 599—984 106 GOVERNORS AND 1202—1576 KINGS OF BENGAL Mohammad Bakhtiyar, the conqueror and first governor of Bengal, subdued but a small part of the present province, chiefly in the neighbourhood of his capital LakhnawtI. In the early part of the thirteenth century Sonargaon and Satgaon became seats of Mohammadan governors, and the name Bangala included these as well as LakhnawtI. Elruzabad (Panduah) was the capital of the triple province, until in 1446 {850) the seat of govern- ment was again moved to LakhnawtI, which was now first called Gaur, and remained the capital until 1564 {972), when it was succeeded by Tandah. The governors of Bengal sometimes also held Bihar, and occasionally Chitta- gong and Orlsa. When the Dehll kings grew ' weak, the Bengal governors waxed independent, and several dynasties assumed kingly powers. Humayun occupied Bengal in but after the successful defeat of the Moguls by Shir Shah in 1539 {9J/.6) governors were again appointed, and again {960) founded independent dynasties. In 982, however, Bihar fell before the arms of Akbar, and by 1576 {98 Jj) the Mogul was supreme in Bengal. 20 306 INDIA A. GOVERNORS 599 Mohammad Bakhtiyar Khaljl 602 ‘Izz-aZ-din Mohammad Shiran 605 ‘Ala-aZ-din Mardan ..... 608 Ghiyath-aZ-din ‘Iwaz 624 Nasir-aZ-din Mahmud ..... 627 ‘Ala-aZ-din Jani ...... 627 Sayf-aZ-din Aybak 631 ‘Izz-aZ-din Tughril Tugkan Khan 642 Kamar-aZ-din Tamar Khan-Kiran 644 Ikhtiyar-aZ-din (Mughith-aZ-din) Yusbak 656 Jalal-aZ-din Mas'ud Malik Jani . 657 ‘Izz-aZ-din Balban ..... 659? Mohammad Arslan Tatar Khan. . Shir Khan Amin Khan 677 Mughlth-aZ-din Tughril .... 681 *Nasir-aZ-din Bughra Khan .... 691 Rukn-aZ-din Kay-Kawus .... 702 Shams-aZ-din Firuz Shah .... 718 Shihab-aZ-dln Bughra Shah (West Bengal) 710 Ghiyath-aZ-diu Bahadur Shah (East Bengal) 719 ,, ,, (All Bengal) 723- 6 Nasir-aZ-din . . . (Lakhnawti) 725- 31 Bahadur Shah restored, with Bahrain (East Bengal) 731-9 Bahram Shah (alone) . . . . . 726- 40 Kadr Khan . . . (Lakhnawti) 724- 40 ‘Izz-aZ-din A‘zam-al-mulk . . (Satgaon) 1202 1205 1208 1211 1226 1229 1229 1233 1244 1246 1258 1258 1260? 1278 1282 1291 1302 1318 1310 1319 1323- 5 1324- 30 1330-8 1325- 39 1323-39 * The following six governors belonged to the family of Balban, the Sultan of Dehli, see the genealogy p. 301. KINGS OF BENGAL 307 B. KINGS A.H. 39—984 A.D. 1338—1576 739-50 Fakhr-aZ-din Mubarak Shah (East Bengal) 1338-49 / 50—3 Iklitiyar-aZ-dm GhazI Shah (East Bengal) 1349-52 740-6 ‘Ala-aZ-din ‘All Shah (West Bengal) 1339-45 HOUSE OF ILYAS 740-6 Shams-aZ-din Ilyas Shah (contending in West Bengal) 1339-45 746 „ (West Bengal) 1345 753-9 ,, (all Bengal) 1352-8 759-92 Sikandar Shah i b. Ilyas .... 1358-89 792 Ghiyath-aZ-din A'zam Shah b. Sikandar ( rebels 1370) reigns ...... 1389 799 Sayf-aZ-dln Hamza Shah h. A‘zam 1396 809 Shams-aZ-din b. Hamza .... 1406 HOUSE OF RAJA KAXS 812 Shihab-aZ-din Bayazid Shah (with Raja Kans) 1409 817 Jalal-aZ-din Mohammad Shah b. Raja Kans . 1414 835 Shams-aZ-din Ahmad Shah b. Mohammad 1431 846 house of ilyas ( restored) Nasir-aZ-dln Mahmud Shah i 1442 864 Rukn-aZ-din Barbak Shah h. Mahmud i 1459 879 Shams-aZ-din Yusuf Shah b. Barbak 1474 886 Sikandar Shah n b. Yusuf . 1481 886 Jalal-aZ-din Fath Shah b. Mahmud i . 1481 308 INDIA HABSHI KINGS A.H. A.D. 892 Sultan Shahzada Barbak .... I486 892 Sayf-aZ-dln Firuz Shah i 1486 895 Nasir-aZ-din Mahmud Shah ii b. Fath Shah. {of Ilyas stock) ...... 1489 896 Shams-aZ-din Abu-Z-Nasr Muzaffar Shah . 1490 HOUSE OF HOSAYN SHAH 899 ‘Ala-aZ-din Hosayn Shah .... 1493 925 Nasir-aZ-din Nasrat Shah b. Hosayn . . 1518 939 ‘Ala-aZ-din Firuz Shah ii b. Nasrat . . 1532 939 Ghiyath-aZ-din Mahmud Shah iii b. Hosayn (partial rule 1526) ..... 1532 — 944 {Conquest by Eumdyun ) — 1537 HOUSE OF MOHAMMAD SUR 960 Shams-aZ-din Mohammad Sur Ghazi Shah . 1552 962 Bahadur Shah (Khidr) b. Mohammad Sur . 1554 968 Ghiyath-aZ-din Jalal Shah b. Mohammad Sur 1560 971 (Son of preceding) 1563 HOUSE OF SULAYMAN KARARANI 971 Sulayman Khan Kararani (Bihar and Bengal) 1563 980 Bayazid Shah b. Sulayman .... 1572 980 Dawud Shah b. Sulayman .... 1572 — 984 [Mogul Emperors'] — 1576 KINGS OF JA UNPUR 309 A.H. AD. 796—905 107. SHARK! KINGS OF 1394—1500 JAUNPUR (‘KINGS OF THE EAST’) Khwa j a-Jahan , the vezlr of Mahmud of the house of Taghlak, deserted his youthful sovereign and founded an independent government at Jaunpur, whence he and his successors held sway for a time over Bihar, Oudh, Kanauj, and Baraich, with considerable state, as their noble monuments testify; and made war upon their former masters at Delill (which they twice besieged), and their neighbours the kings of Malwa. In 1476 (881, or accord- ing to some historians 879 ) Jaunpur was conquered by Sikandar b. Bahlol and reunited to Dehl! ; but the adherents of the banished Hosayn Shah endeavoured for some years to restore the fallen dynasty. A.H. A.D. 796 Khwaja-Jahan . . . , 1394 802 Mubarak Shah 1399 803 Shams-aZ-din Ibrahim Shah Shark! b. Mubarak 1400 844 Mahmud Shah b. Ibrahim .... 1440 861 Mohammad Shah (jointly with his father Mahmud) ...... 1456 863 Hosayn Shah b. Mahmud .... 1458 —905 fled to Bengal 881, died 905 —1500 [Sultans of DeliW] 310 1XD1A A.H A.D. 804-937 108. KINGS OF MALWA 1401—1530 Malwa was among the old Rajput kingdoms which longest withstood the Mohammadan invasion. It had boasted one of the most illustrious of the ancient Hindu dynasties, who made their capital, TJjjayn, a seat of learning and science. Three centuries of contest elapsed before it was subdued, in the time of Sultan Ralban of Dehll. Its natural boundaries were the Narbada on the south, the Chambal on the north, and Gujarat and Bandal- khand on the west and east. Under the Khaljl kings, however, it included Hushangabad, Ajmlr, ltantambhor, and Elichpur, and even Chitor was sometimes forced to pay tribute. Its Mohammadan capital, Mandu, founded by Hushang Ghori, stood on a spacious plateau surrounded by precipices, and was famous for its palaces and mosques. Two successive Mohammadan dynasties reigned in Malwa. The first was founded by Dilawar Khan Ghoii, a governor of the king of Dehll, and consisted of himself, his son, and his grandson. The second dynasty was established KINGS OF UAL WA 311 by Mahmud Klialji, the vezlr of the grandson of Dilawar, and fell when Malwa was annexed in 1530 ( 937 ) by the neighbouring king of Gujarat, with whom the rulers of Malwa had waged perpetual war. The Khaljis were a fighting race, and had carried the arms of Malwa to the gates of Dehll in the north and Bidar in the south, whilst with the Rajputs of Chitor and Chanderl their hostilities were unceasing.*' I. GHOKlS A.H. A.D. 804 Dilawar Khan Ghorf .... 1401 808 Hushang (Alp Khan) b. Dilawar . 1405 838 Mohammad Ghazni Khan b. Hushang . 1434 II. KHALJIS 839 Mahmud Shah i Khalji 1435 880 Ghiyath Shah b. Mahmud 1475 906 Nasir Shah b. Ghiyath 1500 916 Mahmud ii b. Nasir .... 1510 —937 (Kings of Gujarat] —1530 * The list of the Kings of Kashmir should follow here ; hut their chronology is so uncertain that an accurate table can hardly be con- structed. See my Catalogue of the Coins of the Muhammadan States of India , xlvii, 08. 312 INDIA A.H. A.D. 799—980 109. KINGS OF GUJARAT 1396—1572 Gujarat owed its long immunity from Mohammadan subjection to its inaccessible position, beyond the great desert and the hills connecting the Yindhya with the Aravali range, which rendered it difficult to invade except by sea. It was not until the time of ‘Alii-aZ-dln of Dehli, at the close of the 13th century, that Gujarat became a Mohammadan province. At the end of the 14th century it became independent again, but its rulers were now Muslims instead of Hindus. Zafar Khan, the son of a Rajput convert, was appointed to the government of Gujarat in 79J), and assumed independence in 1396 (799). He found himself surrounded by enemies, Rajput rajas and wild tribes of Bhlls, and possessed of but a narrow territory between the hills and the sea, including, how- ever, a considerable stretch of the coast, as far as Surat at least. He soon enlarged his dominions by the conquest of Idar and Diu ; plundered Jhalor ; and even took possession of Malwa for a space in 1407. Ahmad Shah i, his successor, founded Ahmadabad, which became the capital of the dynasty and afterwards of the Mogul KINGS OF GUJARAT 313 province, and is still an important city. Mahmud Shah i not only earned on the traditional wars of his family with Malwa and Khandesh, but added the stronghold of Junagarh in Kattiawar, and Cbampanir, to his dominions, and kept a large fleet to subdue the pirates of the islands and to attack the Portuguese; to whom Bahadur Shah, the conqueror of Malwa, conceded the right to build a factory at Diu, and at whose hands he met his death. The last years of the dynasty were clouded by the intrigues of factious nobles, and the kings became mere puppets; until Akbar’s conquest in 1572 ( 980 ) restored prosperity to the harassed province. A.H. A.D. 799 Muzaffar Sliah i Zafar Khan .... 1396 814 Ahmad Shah i ..... 1411 816 Mohammad Karim Shah .... 1443 855 Kutb-aZ-din ...... 1451 863 Dawud Shah ...... 1458 863 Mahmud Shah i Baykara .... 1458 917 Muzaffar Shah ii . 1511 932 Sikandar Shah 1525 932 Nasir Khan Mahmud n 1525 932 Bahadur Shah 1526 943 Miran Mohammad Shah Faruki (of Khandesh) 1536 944 Mahmud Shah in ..... 1537 961 Ahmad Shah ii ..... 1553 969 Muzaffar Shah in Habib .... 1561 —980 (Mogul Emperors ] —1572 KINGS OF GUJARAT 314 INDIA 12. Mahmud hi 11. Miran Mohammad KINGS OF KHANDESH 315 A.H. A.D. 801-1008 110. KINGS OF KHANDESH 1399—1599 Nasir Khan, the first Mohammad ruler of Khandesh who asserted his independence of the kingdom of Dehll, claimed to be descended from the caliph ‘Omar. He was related by marriage to the kings of Gujarat, from whose dominions Khandesh (comprising the lower valley of the Taptl) was separated only by a belt of forest. The capital Burhanpur was founded near the fortress of Aslrgarh. Akbar took Burhanpur and received the homage of its king in 1562 ; but Khandesh was not fully incorporated in the Mogul Empire until 1599 { 1008 ), when Aslrgarh fell after a six months’ siege. A.D. A.H. 772 Malik Raja ..... 1370 801 N asir Khan ...... 1399 841 Miran ‘Adil Khan i 1437 844 Miran Mubarak i .... 1441 861 ‘Adil Khan n 1457 909 Dawud Khan ..... 1503 916 ‘Adil Khan in .... 1510 926 Mlran Mohammad Shah i 1520 942 Miran Mubarak ii .... 1535 974 Miran Mohammad ii . 1566 984 ‘Ali Khan ...... 1576 1005 Bahadur Shah ..... 1596 —1008 {Mogul Emperors ] —1599 316 INDIA THE DECCAN A.H. A.D. 748—933 111. BAHMANIDS 1347-1526 (KINGS OP KULBAKGA, ETC.) The Deccan was partly conquered by Mohammadans for the first time by ‘Ala-a^-din Mohammad of Dehll, who in 1294 seized Deoglri and Elichpur and thus formed a new province south of the Satpura mountains. Mohammad b. Taghlak enlarged the Deccan province by an invasion of Telingana in 1322, and for a time made Deogiri (re-named Dawlatabad) the capital of his empire. Among the numerous revolts which disturbed his reign that of the recently organized province of the Deccan was the earliest to achieve independence. From 1347 for nearly two centuries the Bahmanid kings of Kulbarga, Warangal and Bidar, held sway over the northern half of the Deccan above the Kistna. Their founder was Hasan Gangu, an Afghan in the employment of a Brahman at Dehll. He rose to high office under the Taghlak Sultans and received the title of Zafar Khan. When the revolt against Mohammad b. Taghlak broke out in the Deccan, Hasan placed himself at the head of BA II M A NIBS 317 the insurgents, drove the royal troops from the country, and ascended the throne at Kulbarga under the style of ‘Ala-aZ-dm Hasan Gangu Bahmanl.* His dominions marched on the north -with Berar, on the east with Telingana, whilst the river Kistna and the sea formed the southern and western boundaries. They included the greater part of the modern Bombay Presidency south of Surat and most of the Nizam’s territory. In addition, the Rajas of Telingana and Yijayanagar were from time to time compelled at the point of the sword to pay homage and tribute. Under ‘Ala-a/-d!n Ahmad n the Konkan was reduced and the neighbouring kings of Khandesh and Gujarat were defeated. In 1471 Mohammad Shah n carried his arms into Orlsa, seized Conjeveram, and made war in the south upon the Raja of Belgaon ; so that the Bahmanids’ sway extended from sea to sea and included nearly the whole of the Deccan north of Mysore. The extension of territory was followed by a new division into provinces, and the division led to disintegration. Yusuf ‘Adil Shah, a successful general of Mohammad Shah n, declared the independence of the * See an article by James Gibb in Numismatic Chronicle, hi. i. 91-115; and my Catalogue of the Coins of the Muhammadan States of India in the British Museum , lxii-lxvi. 318 INDIA new province of Bljapur; Nizain-al-mulk prepared the way for the separation of Junayr; ‘Imad-al-mulk was proclaimed king in Berar, and the loss of these provinces was speedily followed by the independence of the rest and the extinction of the parent dynasty. The l Imdd Shahs of Berar, Nlzdm Shahs of Ahmadnagar, Band Shiihs of Bldar, iAdil Shahs of Bljapur, and Kuth Shahs of Golkonda divided the kingdom of the Bahmanids amongst them. A.H. A.D. 748 Hasan Gangu ‘Ala-a/-d!n Zafar Khan . 1347 759 Mohammad Shah i 1358 776 Mujahid Shah ..... 1375 780 Dawud Shah ..... 1378 780 Mahmud Shah i . 1378 799 Ghiyath-a/-dm ..... 1397 799 Shams-a?-din ..... 1397 800 Taj -aZ-din Flruz Shah. 1397 825 Ahmad Shah i 1421 838 ‘Ala-aGdin Ahmad Shah ii . 1435 862 ‘Ala-aZ-dln Humayun Shah . 1457 865 Nizam Shah ..... 1461 867 Mohammad Shah ii 1463 887 Mahmud Shah ii . 1482 924 Ahmad Shah in . 1518 927 ‘Ala-a/-dln Shah ..... 1520 929 Wall- Allah Shah .... 1522 932 Kallm-Allah Shah .... . 1525 —933 [ Five Deccan Dynasties ] —1526 BAHMANIDS BAHMANIDS 319 a C3 18. Kallm-Allah 320 INDIA A.H. A.D. 890—980 112. ‘IMAD SHAHS 1484—1572 (bjirar) 890 Fath-Allah ....... 1484 910 ‘Ala-af-din ....... 1504 e. 936 Darya ........ c. 1529 c. 968 Burhan ....... c. 1560 976 Tufal (usurper) ...... 1568 —980 —1572 v [Nizam Shahs ] A.H. A.D. 896—1004 113. NIZAM SHAHS 1490—1595 (ahmadnagar) 896 Ahmad i b. Nizam Shah .... 1490 914 Burhan i ....... 1508 961 Hosayn ....... 1553 972 Murta^a ....... 1565 996 Mlran Hosayn ...... 1588 997 Isma‘!l ....... 1589 999 Burhan n ...... 1590 1003 Ibrahim ....... 1594 1004 Ahmad u ...... 1594 1004 Bahadur* ....... 1595 [Mogul Emperors ] * Murtada ii reigned nominally from 1598-1607 ; and the province then came under the domination of Malik Amber. ‘IMAD SHAHS 321 A.H. 897 — 1018 114. BARlD SHAHS A.D. 1492 — c. 1609 897 Kasim i. (bidak) 1492 910 Amir i 1504 945 ‘All . 1549 990 Ibrahim 1562 997 Kasim n 1569 1000 Mirza ‘All . 1572 c. 1018 Amir ii . e. 1609 895—1097 115. ‘ADIL SHAHS 1489—1686 895 (bIjapur) Yusuf ‘Adil Shah. 1489 916 Isma‘Il 1511 941 Mallu . 1534 911 Ibrahim i 1535 965 ‘All i . 1557 987 Ibrahim ii . 1579 1035 Mohammad . 1626 1070 ‘All ii 1660 —1097 [Mogul Emperors ] —1686 918—1098 116. KUTB SHAHS 1512—1687 918 Sultan Kull . (golkonda) 1512 940 Jamshld 1543 957 Subhan Kull . 1550 957 Ibrahim 1550 989 Mohammad Kull .... 1581 1020 Abd-Allah . 1611 1083 Abu-l-Hasan 1672 —1098 [Mogul Emperors ] —1687 21 322 INDIA A.H. A.D. 932-1275 117. MOGUL EMPERORS 1526—1857 OF HINDUSTAN Biibar, the Mongol conqueror of Hindustan, was descended in the fifth generation from Timur (see the genealogical table p. 268) and was bom in 1482, in Farghana, where his father was governor. Driven from his native province by the Uzbegs of Shaybani about 1504, Babar sought his recompense in the subjection of Afghanistan. He took possession of Badakhshan in 1503 (909), occupied Kabul in the following year, and annexed Kandahar in 1507. For many years he meditated the invasion of India, but it was not until 1525 (932) that he felt himself strong enough to descend at the head of his Turks (he abhorred the name of Mongol*) upon the Panjab and occupy Lahore. On the 20th April 1526 he signally defeated the army of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Dehli on the historic plain of Panipat, and the victory was followed by the rapid * In Arabic Mughal, whence the English Mogul or Moghul. MOGUL EMPERORS 323 occupation of Dehli and Agra, and the submission of the northern parts of Hindustan, from the Indus to the borders of Bengal. Babar died in 1530 (937) before he could subdue the kingdoms of Bengal, Gujarat and Malwa; still less had he approached the Deccan. His son Humayun, though but nineteen years of age, endeavoured to complete his father’s work. His attempt to reduce the united kingdom of Gujarat and Malwa was, however, abortive ; and the Afghans of Bengal, led by the genius of Shir Shah, the usurping king of Bihar, succeeded after an obstinate struggle in driving Humayun step by step to the west. A treacherous attack on the Mogul camp at Chonsa in 1539 (9^6) banished them from Bengal; and a total defeat at Kanauj in the following year gave Shir Shah the command of all Hindustan (hut not Gujarat), and compelled Humayun to seek refuge, first in Sind, and then in Persia. Fifteen years passed before the Mogul Emperor returned to re-conqucr his empire. Meanwhile Shir Shah, after laying the foundations of the administrative organization which Akhar afterwards perfected, died, and the disunion among his successors paved the way for the invader. In 1555 Humayun recovered Dehli, and there died in January 1556 (963). 324 INDIA Humayun had only begun the work of reconquest ; it was left to his son Akbar, a youth of fourteen, to finish it. The boy’s guardian Bayrani Khan, a Turkoman, utterly defeated the Indian forces under Hi mu on the 5th November 1556 on the same plain of Panipat where Babar had won his great victory. By this single blow Akbar found him- self master of the better part of Hindustan, and, young as he was, he soon took the reins of power into his own hands. Dehli and Agra were his by the victory of Panipat; Gwalior fell in 1558 {966), Jaunpur in 1559, and Malwa and Khandesh were temporarily overrun in 1561-2. Kajputana submitted after the storming of Chitor in 1567 {975), and Gujarat was reduced in 1572 {980). Bengal, which had nominally admitted the Mogul sovereignty, rose in rebellion, but was subdued in 1575-7 {983-lf). Kashmir was annexed in 1587 and Kandahar six years later.*' ‘ Akbar was too wise to meddle seriously in Deccan politics. All he wanted was to secure himself against invasion from the south ; and with this view he annexed the rugged borderland of Khandesh, and used its capital, * See my History of the Mogul Emperors of Hindustan illustrated by their Coins , xii. ff. MOGUL EMPERORS 325 Burhanpur, with the rocky fastness of AsTrgarh, [which had withstood his siege and his English gunners for six months before it succumbed in 1601 (1008), ~\ as outposts to defend his southern frontier. He also subdued Berar and took the fortress of Ahmadnagar (1600).’* The kings of Bljapur and Golkonda paid him homage and offered him tribute : but he never attempted annexation in the Deccan, beyond securing his frontier ; nor had the Deccan sulali or province, even in this limited sense, been organized as thoroughly as the rest of the empire at the time of his death in 1605 (1011/.). The true successor of Mohammad b. Taghlak in his dreams of Deccan conquest was Aurangzlb, the sixth Mogul Emperor. As governor during Shah-Jahan’s reign in 1636-43 he had oi’ganized the four divisions of the Deccan province — Dawlatabad (including Ahmadnagar), Khandesh, Telingana, and Berar ; and he made the king of Golkonda a vassal in 1656. The fratricidal struggle which preceded his accession to the throne at Dehll in 1659 (1069), and the work of ordering his administration, diverted his attention from the Deccan for some years ; and it was not till 1681 that he began that long series * See my Aurangzlb (Rulers of India) pp. 144—204. 326 INDIA of campaigns in the south which did not end till his own death twenty-six years later. He besieged and took Bijapur in 1686 and Golkonda in 1687, and put an end to the dynasties of the ‘Adil and Kutb Shahs. But against the new power of the Marathas which had arisen in the Deccan in the middle of the 17th century he could make no head ; and though his armies traversed the Deccan in all directions and took many forts, the country and its hardy mountaineers were never subdued. Yet when AurangzTb died in 1707 his dominions stretched from Kabul to the mouths of the Hugli, and from Surat across Haydarabad to Masulipatan and even Madras. All India, save the apex of the Deccan, was his in name ; but except in forts and cities, the possession was nominal in the south. The empire of the Great Moguls began to break up after the death of Aurangzlb. His successors were for the most part weak and debauched; and the rising powers of the Sikhs, Jats, and Marathas were young and strong. The invasions of Kadir Shah in 1738, and Ahmad Durrani in 1748, 1757, etc., were signs of the feebleness of the empire. Fifty years after Aurangzib’s death the Marathas were supreme in the south, except where the newly- MOGUL EMPERORS 327 founded dynasty of the Nizam kept them at arm’s length, and were pushing their way through Gujarat up to Dehli ; the Rajputs had ceased to acknowledge the Mogul supremacy; the Sikhs were gradually winning the mastery of the Panjab from the Afghans ; the Jats were practically independent near Agra ; Oudh was virtually a separate kingdom, and so was Bengal ; though the little patches of territory at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras scarcely portended the great future of the East India Company. The progress of the Company’s arms need not be related here. The battle of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764) laid the ghost of the Mogul Empire, though the fiction of Mogul sovereignty was maintained till 1857. The last three emperors were pensioners of the British Crown ; and Bahadur n, after upsetting his puppet- throne by joining in the Mutiny, died in exile at Rangoon in 1862. 328 INDIA A.H. A.D 932 Babar, Zahlr-af-din* . 1526 937 Humayun, Nasir-af-dln 1530 963 Akbar, Jalal-af-din . 1556 1014 Jahangir, Nur-af-dln . 1605 1037 Ddivar-Bakhsh . 1627-8 1037 Shah-Jahan, Shihab-af-din 1628 1068 Murad- BaJchsh (in Gujarat ) 1658 1068-70 Shuja ‘ (in Bengal) 1658-60 1069 Aurangzlb ‘Alamglr, Muhyl-af-din 1659 1118 A‘zam Shah .... 1707 1119-20 Kdm-Bakhsh .... 1708 1119 Shah-‘Alam Bahadur Shah i, Kutb-a?- din . 1707 1124 Jahandar, Mu‘izz-a/-dln 1712 1124 Farrukh-siyar . . . . . 1713 1131 Rafl‘-a7-darajat, Shams-a?-dln . 1719 1131 Bafl‘-a7-dawla Shah-Jahan n 1719 1131 Niku-siyar .... 1719 1132 Ibrahim ..... 1720 1131 Mohammad, Nasir-af-dln . 1719 1161 Ahmad ...... 1748 1167 ‘Alamglr ii, ‘Azlz-a7-dln . 1754 1173-4 Shah-Jahan in . 1759-60 1173 Shah-‘Alam, Jalal-a?-dm . 1759 1202-3 Bldar-Bakht .... 1788 1221 Mohammad Akbar n . 1806 1253 Bahadur Shah n .... 1837 — 1275 [Great Britain ] —1857 * Babar and most of bis successors had the Arabic name Mohammad in addition to their Persian names. In the list, the names of usurpers and pretenders are printed in italics. Akbar Mohammad Hakim MOGUL EMPERORS 329 330 INDIA a.h. a.d. 1160—1311 118. AMIRS OF AFGHANISTAN 1747—1893 The modern history of Afghanistan as an independent State begins in 17-17. After the deposition of the Ghorids, the country ceased to possess a dynasty of its own,* and merely formed part of a larger kingdom. It became a province of the Il-khans of Persia, and then of the Tlmurid empire ; and after the establishment of the Moguls in India, it was sometimes part of their dominions and sometimes belonged to the Shahs of Persia ; or, more often, was divided between the two. Kabul and Kandahar were generally in the possession of the Moguls until after the death of Aurangzib, whilst Herat belonged to Persia. In 1737 Nadir Shah, the Afsharid ruler of Persia, seized Kabul and Kandahar and made his memorable descent upon India. After his assassination in 1747 the Afghans resolved to be independent of Persia, and chose Ahmad Khan the chief of the Abdall or Durrani tribe to he their Shah. The post of vezir, or second man in the state, was conferred * The line of the Kart Maliks were a local exception at Herat (p. 252). AMIRS OF AFGHANISTAN 331 upon Jamal Khan the hereditary chief of the rival tribe of the Barakzais. Henceforward for nearly a century this arrangement subsisted : the Shah was a Durrani and the Vezlr a Barakzai. Ahmad Shah reduced all Afghanistan, conquered Hei’at and Khurasan, invaded India repeatedly, occupied Dehli for a time, and annexed Kashmir, Sind, and part of the Panjab ; but his Indian possessions gradually passed over to the growing power of the Sikhs, who had become masters of the Panjab before the end of the 18th century. A massacre of the Barakzais by Zaman Shah, Ahmad’s grandson, instead of diminishing, increased the influence of the heriditary vezlrs, who exercised the chief power during the nominal reign of Mahmud Shah and the early reign of Shah Shuja*. Several attempts were made to oust them from their dominant position ; hut the blind- ing and murder of Path Khan Barakzai in 1818 was the signal for the deposition of the Durrani dynasty, and after some years of anarchy Dost Mohammad, the brother of the murdered Yezlr, took possession of the throne (1826), as the first Barakzai Amir of Afghanistan. During the decline of the later Durranls the claim of Persia to the possession of Herat had been pressed by force 332 INDIA of arms. Since its conquest by Ahmad Shah the city had been held by various Afghan princes, with little dependence upon the central government. In 1816 the Persians had attacked Herat, but had been repulsed by Path Khan the Barakzai. In 1837, urged on by Russia, the Shah of Persia again advanced upon the ‘ key of Afghanistan,’ and again, after a ten months’ siege, protracted by the splendid defence of Eldred Pottinger, was forced to retire (1838). When Dost Mohammad showed signs of encouraging Russian overtures, the British Government of India, excited by the narrow escape of Herat, and alarmed at the unfriendly attitude of the Amir, declared war, and the Afghan campaigns and disasters of 1839-1842 ensued. Shah- Shuja 1 , the representative of the deposed Durranls, was in an evil day restored to the Amirate, and Sir William Macnaghten was posted at Kabul as British Resident. Dost Mohammad had surrendered and remained passive, but his son Akbar Khan continued the resistance of the Barakzais. In Kov. 1841 Macnaghten and Bumes were treacherously murdered, and of the sixteen thousand British troops and camp followers who left Kabul under a safe-conduct only one escaped to tell the tale of slaughter. The massacre was avenged by Pollock’s army AMIRS OF AFGHANISTAN 333 in 1842, and the Afghans thenceforward, for nearly forty years, were allowed to manage their own internal affairs. Dost Mohammad died in 1863, the subsidized ally of England ; and the history of Afghanistan since his death has consisted chiefly in the struggles of his sons and grand- sons for the throne. A second attempt to force a British Resident at Kabul upon the Amir, as a check upon the envoys of Russia, led to the defeat and deposition of Shir ‘Ali, the murder of Cavagnari, and the campaigns of Stewart and Roberts in 1879-81. The Amir ‘Abd a/- Rahman, then established by the British, has since, on the whole, succeeded in holding the mastery over his refractory subjects. 334 INDIA A H. IJURRAXIS* A.D. 1160 Ahmad Shah ...... 1747 1187 Timur Shah ...... 1773 1207 Zaman Shah ...... 1793 1216 Shuja‘-al-mulk (Shah Skuja‘) 1801 1216 Mahmud Shah ...... 1801 1218 Shuja' (2nd reign) ..... 1803 1224 Mahmud (2nd reign ; latterly at Herat, to 1245) 1809 1233 ‘Ali Shah (at Kabul) ..... 1817 1233 Ayyub Shah (at Peshawar and Kashmir) 1817 1245 Kamran (at Herat, to 1258) 1829 1255 Shuj a‘ (3rd reign) ..... 1839 1258 Fath Jang (fled the same year) 1842 1242 BARAKZAIS Dost Mohammad 1826 1255-8 Shuja 1 restored . . 1839-42 1280 Shir Ali 1863 1296 (Afdal and ‘Azim at Balkh and Kabul 1865-7) Ya'kub Khan ...... 1879 1296 ‘Ahd-af- Rahman Khan regnant . 1879 * Tlie list and pedigree of the Durranis is adapted from an article by M. Longwortk Dames in the Numismatic Chronicle, m. viii. 325-63 (1888). DURRANlS AMIRS OF AFGHANISTAN 335 iv. ‘Abd-aZ-Rahman iii. Ya'kub Khan ‘Abd-Allah Jan Ayyub INDEX TO RULERS * ‘Abd-al- Hamid, ‘Othmdnlis, 195 Abaga, II- Khan of Persia, 220 Abak, Burid, 161 ‘Abbiid -Mu'tadid, ‘Abbadid, 25 ‘Abbadids, 25 ; 20, 27, 42 ‘Abbas, uncle of Mohammad, 3 ‘Abbas, Khedives, 85 ‘Abbas, Safavids, 259 ‘Abbas, Zuray'ld, 97 ‘Abbasid Caliphs, 12, 13 ; 3, 6, 7, 19, 34, 36, 42, 60, 67, 68, 69, 74, 89, 109, 111, 123, 140, 151, 165, 188, 217, 286, 296 ‘Abbasid Caliphs of Egypt, 3 ‘Abd-al-‘Aziz Mansur, Amirid, 26 ‘Abd-al- ‘Aziz, Du'afid, 125 ‘Abd-al-‘Azlz, Hafsid, 50 ‘Abd-al-‘Aziz, Jdnid, 275 ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz, Mamlick, 83 ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz, Marinid, 57 ‘Abd-al- ‘Aziz, ‘Othmanli, 195 ‘Abd-al- ‘Aziz, Shaybanid, 272 ‘Abd-al- Hakk, Marinid, 57 Abd-al-Halim, Marinid, 57 ‘AbdalTs see DurranIs ‘Abd-al-Kadir, Yafurid , 91 ‘Abd-al-Karim Satuk, link, 135 ‘Abd-al-Kar!m, Khokand, 280 ‘Abd-Allah, Aghlabids, 37 ‘Abd-Allahb. Tashfin, Almoravid, 41, 42 ‘Abd-Allah -‘Adil, Almohad, 47 ‘Abd-Allah, Fatimid, 71 ‘Abd-Allah, Filall Sharif, 61 ‘Abd-Allah, Golden Horde, 230 ‘Abd-Allah, Hamddnid (Yamm), 95 ‘Abd-Allah Abu-l-Hayja, Ham- ddnid of -Mdsil, 111 ‘Abd-Allah, Hasanl Sharif, 61 ‘Abd-Allah, Khiva, 279 ‘Abd-Allah, Marinid , 58 ‘Abd-Allah, Omayyad of Cordova, 21 ‘Abd-Allall, Rasalids, 99 ‘Abd-Allah, Shaybdnids, 271, 272 ‘Abd-Allah, Tdhirid, 128 ‘Abd-Allah, flmurid, 268 ‘Abd-Allah, Zayrid, 25 ‘Abd-Allah, Yafurid, 91 ‘Abd-Allah, Ziyddid , 91 ‘Abd-al-Latlf, Shaybanid, 271 ‘Abd-al-Latlf, Tim arid, 268 ‘Abd-al-Majld, Fatimid, 71 ‘Abd-al-Ma^Id, ‘‘Othmanli, 195 ‘Abd-al-Malik, Amirid, 26 ‘Abd-al-Malik, Hasanl Sharif s, 61 ‘ Abd - al - Malik ‘Imad-a?-dawla, Hudid, 26 ‘Abd-al-Malik, Jahwarid, 25 ‘Abd-al-Malik, Omayyad, 9 ‘Abd-al-Malik, Sdmdnids, 132 ‘Abd-al-Mirmin, Almohad, 45, 47 ‘Abd-al-Mu min, Jdnid, Tib ‘Abd-al-Mu min, Shaybanid, 271 ‘Abd-aZ-NabI, Mahdid , 96 - ‘Abd-a?-Kahman, Afghan, 334 ‘Abd-a/-Rahinan, Filall Sharif, 61 ‘Abd-a?-Rahman, Marinid, 58 * Tbe first number refers to the dynastic list in which the name occurs. In the case of identical names the alphabetical order of the dynasties is followed. Where two or more identical names occur in the same dynasty, the dynastic name is put in the plural. Prefixed words like Abu-, Banu, Ibn, must be sought under the second name. 22 338 INDEX TO RULERS ‘Abd-af-Rahman, Omayyads of Cordova, 21; 6, 19, 20 ‘Abd-af-Rahman Abu - Tashfin, Ziydnids, 51 ‘Abd-aG Rashid, Ghaznawid, 289 ‘Abd-aZ-Razzak, Sarbaddrid, 251 ‘Abd-al-Wahhab, Yaman), 101 ‘Abd-al-Wahid -Makhlu‘, Almo- had, 47 Abd-al-Wahid -Rashid, Almo- had, 47 ‘Abish, Salgharid, 173 Abu-Bakr, Almoravid, 42, 43 Abu-Bakr, ‘Amirid, 26 Abu-Bakr, Atdbeg of Adharbijan, 171 Abu-Bakr, Ayyubids, 77, 78 Abu-Bakr Shah, Debit, 300 Abu-Bakr i -Shadid, Hafsid, 50 Abu-Bakr ii Abu-Yahya -Muta- wakkil. Hafsid, 50 Abu-Bakr, Mamluk, 81 Abu-Bakr Abu-Yahya, Marinid , 57 Abu-Bakr, Orthodox Caliph, 3, 4, 9 Abu-Bakr, Salgharid, 173 Abu-l-Hasan, Xasrid, 28 Abu-Sa‘Id, see Sa’id, Abu- Adhahbijan, Atabegs of, 171 ; 160 -‘Adid Abu -Mohammad ‘Abd- Allah, Fatimid, 71 ‘Adil, - Afsharid, 259 -‘Adil, Almohad, 47 -‘Adil Sayf-a/-dln Abu-Bakr, _(Saphadin), Ay y 7/ bid, 76-8 -‘Adil ii Sayf-al-din Abu-Bakr, AyyTibid, 77 -‘Adil Giray, Krim, 236 -‘Adil Zayn-af-din Kitbugha, Mam- luk, 8i -‘Adil -Musta‘in(‘Abbasid Caliph), Mamluk, 83 -‘Adil Badr-a/-dTn Salamisli, Mam- luk, 81 -‘Adil, Ortukid, 168 ‘Adil Khan, Khandesh, 315 ‘Adil Shah, Debit, 300 ‘Adil Shahs, 321 ; 318 Adsai, Mongol, 215 ‘Adud - a/ - dawla Abu - Shuj a‘ Khusru, Buwayhid, 141 ‘Adud-a/-dm Alp-Arslan, Seljuk, i 53 ; 151 -Afdal Nur-aZ-din ‘All, Ayyubid, 78 Afdal, Afghan, 334 -Afdal -‘Abbas, Rasulid, 99 Afghanistan, Amirs of, 330-5 Afghans of DehlI, 300, 303 Afghans, Shahs of Persia, 259 Afrasiyab, Hazdraspids, 175 ; 174 Afsharids, Shahs of Persia, 259 -Aghlab Abu-‘Akal, Aghlabid, 37 Aghlabids, 36, 37 ; 6, 70 Ahmad Shah, Afghan, 334 ; 257, 326, 330 Ahmad, Aghlabid, 37 Ahmad, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 Ahmad, Armenia, 170 Ahmad Shah, Bahmanids, 318 Ahmad Shah, Bengal, 307 Ahmad Mu'izz-aGdawla, Buway- hid, 141 ; 139, 140 Ahmad, Dulafid, 125 Ahmad, Fatimid, 71 Ahmad -Dhaliabl, Filali Sharif, 61 Ahmad, Golden Horde, 232 Ahmad Sayyid, Golden Horde, 232 Ahmad Shaykh, Golden Horde, 232 Abmad Shah, Gujarat, 313 Ahmad i -Fadl, Hafsid, 50 Ahmad ii -Mustansir, Hafsid, 50 Ahmad, Hasani Sharifs, 61 Ahmad Nasrat-af-din, Hazara- spid, 175 Ahmad Sayf-a/-da\vla, Hi/did , 26 Ahmad Sayf-af-dawla -Muktadir, Hudid, 26 Ahmad -Musta'in, Hudid, 26 Abmad Abu-l-Fawaris, Ikhshidid, 69 Abmad Khan, llak Khans, 135 INDEX TO RULERS 339 Ahmad, II- Khan of Persia, 220 Ahmad Sultan, Jalayr, 246-8 Ahmad, Mamluks , 83 Ahmad -Mustansir, Marinid, 68 Ahmad, Marwdnid, 118 Ahmad, Mogul, 328 Ahmad Sultan, Muzaffarid, 248 Ahmad -Mansur, Ortukid, 168 Ahmad, ‘Othmdnlis, 195 Ahmad, Basulid, 99 Ahmad, Sdmdnid, 132 Ahmad, Timiirid, 268 Ahmad, Tulunid, 68, 67 Ahmad, Wat'asid, 58 Aka Mohammad, Kdjar, 260 ‘Akal, Abu-, Aghlabid, 37 Akatay, Khiva, 278- Akbar, Jalal-a/-dln, Mogul , 328 ; 305, 313, 315, 324-5 Akbar n, Mogul, 328 Akbarji, Mongol, 216 -Akhras, Seljuk of Syria, 154 Ak-Kuyunl! ( Turkomans of the _ White Sheep), 254 Aksunkur Ba.dr-a.l-im, Armen. , 170 ‘Ala-a/-dawla Mohammad, Kdk- wayhid, 145 ‘Ala-a2-dawla Mas'ud, Ghaznawid, 289; 288 ‘Ala-af-din, Bahmanids, 318 ‘Ala-a2-dln ‘All, Bengal, 307 ‘Ala-af-din Firoz, Bengal, 308 ‘Ala-af-din Ilosayn, Bengal, 308 ‘Ala-af-din Jani, Bengal, 306 ‘Ala-a2-din Mardan, Bengal, 306 ‘Ala-a/-dln Mas‘ud, Dehli, 299 ‘Ala -a/ -din Mohammad, Dehli, 299 ; 297, 316 ' ‘Ala - a l - din Hosayn Jahan-soz, Ghorid, 292 ‘Ala-a/-din Mohammad, Khwdrizm Shah, 177; i 76, 179 ‘Ala-a?-dln, Seljuks of Bum, 155 ‘Alam-a/-dln Abu-1-Ma‘al! Ku- raysh, ‘Okay lid, 117 ‘Alamgir Aurangzlb, Mogul, 325-8 ‘Alamgir n,‘AzIz-aZ-din, Mogul, 328 Alfonso of Leon, 27, 42 Algu, Chagatay, 242 ‘All -Sa‘id, Almohad, 47 ‘All, Almoravid, 43 ‘Ali -Afdal, Ayyubid, 78 ‘All Kuchuk, Begtigvnid, 165 ‘All Fakhr-ai-dawla, Buivayhid, 142 ‘All ‘lmad-a/-dawla, Buwayhid, 141 ; 136, 139 ‘All, Carmathian, 91 ‘Ali, Chagatay, 242 ; 241 ‘All Ikbal-a/-dawla, Denia, 26 ‘Ali -Zahir, Fatimid, 71 ‘All, Ghaznawid, 289 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan, Hamdanid, 112 ‘All Sayt’-a/-daivla, Hamdanid, 112 ‘All -Wahid, Hamdanid (Yam.), 95 ‘Ali -Nasir, Hammudid, 21, 23 ‘All, Jdrisids, 35 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan, Ikhshidid, 69 ‘All (xurkan Jalal-a?-din, 1 lak, 135 ‘All, Pir, Kart, 252 ‘All Khan, Khandesh, 315 ‘All, Mahdid, 96 ‘All, Mamluks, 81 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan, Marinid, 57 ‘All, Abu-, Marwdnid, 118 ‘AllSanad-abdawla, Mazyadid, 119 ‘All Abu-l-Hasan, Nasrid, 28 ‘All, ‘Okay lid, 117 ‘All, Orthodox Caliph, 9 ; 3, 6 ‘All Alpi, Oitukid , 168 ‘Ali b. Rasul, itasulid, 99 ‘All -Mujahid, Rasulid, 99 ‘All -Mu ayyad, Sarbaddrid, 251 ‘All Shams-a/-din, Sarbaddrid, 251 ‘All Abu-Kamil, Sulayhid, 92, 94 ‘Ali, Tdhirid (Yaman), 101 ‘All Murad, Zand, 260 ‘Ali, Zayrid, 40 ‘All, Zuray'id , 97 ‘All -A‘azz -Murtada, Zuray'id, 97 ‘Alids, 127 ; 6, 33' 35, 129, 136 ‘Alim, Khokand, 280 ‘Alim Shah, Dehli, 300 340 INDEX TO RULERS Allah Kuli, Khiva, 279 Almanzor ( Vezir ), 20 Almohades (-Muwahhids), 45- 47; 27, 39, 43, 49 Almoraviiies (-Mura bits), 41- 43; 20, 27, 39, 45 Alp-Arghii Shams-aGdin, Hazdr- aspid, 175 Alp-Arslan ‘Adud-af-din, Seljuk , 153; 151 Alp-Arslan -Akhras, Seljuk, 154 Alpi, Ortukids, 168 Alptigin, Ghaznawid, 289 ; 285 Altamish, Dehli, 299 ; 295-6 Alwand, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 ■Amin, ‘Abbasid, 12 Amin Khan, Bengal, 306 ArnJn Mohammad, Khiva, 279 Amir-al-Umara, 140, 171 -Amir, Abu-‘Ali -Mansur, Fdtimid, .71 ‘Amir Abu-Thabit, Marinid, 57 ‘Amir, Tahirids (Yaman), 101 ‘Amirids (Valencia), 26 ‘Amr b. -Layth, Saffarid, 130 Amurath, ‘Othmanlis, 195; 185 Anaz, Burid, 161 Anusha, Khiva, 279 AnushTrwan, J l- Khan, 220 Anushirwan, Ziydrid, 137 AnushtigTn, Khwarizm Shah, 177 Arab chiefs, 89, 109 ff. ‘Arab Shah, Gold. Horde, 230 ; 239 ‘Arab Mohammad, Khiva, 279 Aram Shah, Dehli, 299 Arank, Khiva, 279 Arank Mohammad, Khiva, 279 Arghun, Il-Khan Persia, 220 ; 174 Arikbuka, Mongol, 211 Armenia, Shahs of, 170 Arpa, Il-Khan of Persia, 220 Arslan, see Alp-Arslan, Kara- Arslan, Kizil-Arslan, etc. Arslan Tatar Khan, Bengal, 306 Arslan, Ghaznawid, 289 Arslan Khan, Ilak Khans, 135 Arslan Giray, Krim, 237 Arslan, Seljuk of -‘ Irak, 154 Arslan, Seljuks of Kir man, 153 Arslan, Zangids, 163 As‘ad, Ya'furid , 91 Ashraf, Shah of Persia, 259 -Ashraf Musa, Ayyubid, 77 -Ashraf Muzaffar - a/ - din Musa, Ayyubid, 78 -Ashraf Chupani, 220 -Ashraf Sayf-ai-din Bars -bey, Mamluk, 83 [83 -Ashraf Sayf-a/-din Tnal, Mamluk, -Ashrai Janbalat, Mamluk, 83 -Ashraf Sayf - a/ - din Kait-Bey, Mamluk, 83 -Ashraf Kansuh -Ghuri, Mamluk, 83 -Ashraf Salah-a?-diu Khalil, Mam- luk, 81 -Ashraf ‘Ala-aZ-din Kujuk, Mam- luk, 81 -Ashraf Nasir-aZ-din Sha‘ban, Mamluk, 81 -Ashraf Tuman-Bey, Mamluk, 83 -Ashraf lsma‘il, Basulids, 99 -Ashraf ‘Omar, Basulid, 99 Atabegs, 157 ff. ‘Atiya Abu-Du'aba, Mirddsid, 1 15 Atsiz, Khwarizm Shah, 177 Aurangzib ‘Alamgir, Mogul, 325-8 Avanak, Khiva, 278 -Awliad Najm-a/-din Ayyub, Ay- yubid, 78 Aybak, Bengal, 306 Aybak, Kutb-a/-din, Dehli, 298 ; 294-5 ' Aybak, Mamluk, 81 AydIn AmTrs, 184-5 Aynan, Abu-, Marinid, 57 Ay-Timur, Sarbaddrid, 251 Ayyub Shah, Afghan, 334 Ayyub, Ayyubids, 77, 78, 80, 98 Ayyubids, 74-79; 67,80,167,170 Ayyubids of the Yaman, 98 A‘zam Shah, Bengal, 307 INDEX TO RULERS 341 A‘zam Shah, Mogul , 328 ‘Azina, Afghan , 334 -‘Aziz Ghiyath-af-dln Mohammad, Ayyubid, 78 -‘Aziz ‘Imad-a?-dln ‘Othman, Ay- yubid, 77 -‘Aziz Abu-Mansur Nazar, Fa ti- mid, 71 -‘Aziz, Hammadid, 40 - Aziz Jamal -a/-dln Yusuf, Mam - luk, 83 [328 ‘Azlz-a/-dln ‘Alamglr ii, Mogul, ‘Aziz Shaykh, Golden Horde, 230 Babar, Zahlr-aLdln, Mogul, 328 ; 257, 298, 322 Bad of Kayfa, 118 Badls, Hammadid, 40 Badls, Zayrid, 25, 40 [138 Badr Nasir-af-dln, Hasanwayhid, Badr-a/-dln Aksunkur, Armen. 170 Badr-a/-dln Ludu', Za/ngid, 162-3 Baha-al-dawla Flruz, Buwayhid, 141, 117 Baha-al-dawla, Ghaznawid, 289 Baha-a?-dawla, Mazyadid, 119 Bahadur Giray, Krim, 236 Bahadur Shah, Bengal, 306 Bahadur Shah Khidr, Bengal, 308 Bahadur Shah, Gujarat, 313 Bahadur Shah, Khandesh, 315 Bahadur Shah, Mogul, 328 ; 327 Bahlol Lodi, Heidi, 300 Bahmanids, 316-319 Bahrain Shah, Bengal, 306 Bahram Shah, Lehll, 299 Bahrain Shah, Ghaznawid, 289 Bahram, Seljuk of Kirman, 153 BahrI Mamluks, 80-82 Bajazet(BayazId) , ‘ Othmanlis, 1 95 ; 184, 187, 266 Bakhtiyar Khaljl, Bengal, 306 Bakhtiyar, Buwayhid, 141 BakI Mohammad, Jdnid, 275 Balak, Ortukid , 167 Balban ‘Izz-aGdln, Armenia, 170 Balhan, Bengal, 306 Balban, Dehli, 299 ; 296, 306« Balkatigin, Ghaznawid, 289; 176 BANu-Nasr, etc. ^Nasrids, etc. Baraka, Golden Horde, 230 ; 225 Baraka Khan, Mamluk, 81 Barakzais, 334 ; 331-3 Barbak, Bengal, 307 Barbarossa, Kkayr-a/-dln, 49, 55, 189.; Uruj, 55 Bargiyaruk itukn-a/-dln, Seljuk, 153 BarId Shahs, 321 ; 318 Barkuk, Mamluk, 81, 83 ; 247 Bars-Bey, Mamluk, 83 Batu, Golden Horde, 230 ; 208-9, 222-4, 226, 233, 238 Bayan, Golden Horde, 231 Bayazld Shah, Bengal, 307 Bayazld, Jalayr, 248 Bayazld (Bajazet ), ‘Othmanlis, 195 ; 184, 187, 266 Baybars, Mamluks, 81 Baydu, ll-Khan of Persia, 220 Baysunkur, Ak-Kuyunll, 254 Beg Puiad, Golden Horde, 232 BegtigInids, 165 Begtimur Sayf-a/-dln,^4 rmenia, 170 Bengal, Governors of, 306 Bengal, Kings of, 307 Berbers, 33, 39, 41, 70 Beys of Tunis, 56 Bldar-Bakht, Mogul, 328 Bilbey, Mamluk, 83 Biliktu, Mongol, 215 Birdi-Beg, Golden Horde, 230; 224 Blstun, Ziydrid, 137 Blue Horde, 224, 230 Boabdil of Granada, 28 ; 27 Bodi, Mongol, 216 Bughra Khan, Bengal, 306 Bughra Khan Mahmud, llak, 135 Bughra Khan Harun, llak, 135 Bughra Shah, Bengal, 306 Bujugha, Khiva, 278 Bulukkin, Hammadid, 40 Bulukkln Yusuf, Zayrid, 39, 40 342 INDEX TO RULERS -Bundukdari Baybars, Mamluk, 81 Burak Khan, Chagatay , 242 Burak, Golden Horde, 232 Burak Hajib, Kutlugh Khan , 179 Burhan Sultan, Shaybanid, 272 Burids, 161 Burji Mamluks, 83 Buwayhids, 139-144; 109, 112, 117, 118, 132, 136, 137,138,288 Buyan Kuli, Chagatay, 242 Buyantu, Mongol, 215 Buzun, Chagatay, 242 Buzurg Hasan, Jalayr, 248 Caliphs, 3-15 ; see ‘Abbasid Carmathians, 90, 91, 126 Chagar Beg D&vrxA, Seljuk, 151,287 Chagatay Khans, 241-2; 205, 210 ChaghratigJn, Ilak Khan, 135 Chakra, Golden Horde, 232 Charles Martel, 5 Charles v, 49, 55 Chimtay, Golden Horde, 231 Chingiz Khan, Mongol, 215 ; 77, 177, 179, 202-4, 296 Chupan, 218-220 Cid, 42 Cordova, Omayyads of, 21, 22 Corsairs, 49, 55-6 Crimea, Khans of, 236 Crusaders, 75-6, 80, 166—7 -Damighani, Sarbadarid, 251 Danishmandids, 156 Danishtnandja, Chagatay, 242 ; 241 Dara, Mogul, 329 Dara, Ziydrid, 137 Darwish, Golden Horde, 232 Dawar-Bakhsh, Mogul, 328 Dawlat Bird!, Golden Horde, 232 Dawlat Giray, Krim, 236, 237 Dawlat Khan Lodi, Dehli, 300 Dawud -Nasir, Ayyubid, 78 Dawud Shah, Bahmanid, 318 Dawud Shah, Bengal, 308 Dawud Shah, Gujarat, 313 Dawud Khan, KhandesK, 315 Dawud, Ortukids, 168 Dawud, Basulxd, 99 D a w ud C hagar Beg , Seljuk .151,287 Dawud Ghiyath-ai-dln, Seljuk of -‘■Irak, 154 Dayan, Mongol, 216; 213 -Daylami, Hassid Imam, 102 Daylamids, see Buwayhids Dehli, Sultans of, 299-301 Delbek, Mongol, 215 Denia, Kings of, 26 Deys of Algiers, 56 -Dhahabi, Filali Sharif, 61 Dhu-2-Nun, Ddnishmartdid, 156 Dhu-2-Nunids, 25 Dhu-l-Yaminayn, Tahirid, 128 Dilawar Khan GhorT, Malwa, 311 Dost, Khiva, 278 Dost Mohammad, Afghan, 331 4 Dragut (Toighud), Corsair, 56, 189 Dubays,Xur-a/-dawla,d/rtZ)/«<2. 119 Dukak, Seljuk of Syria, 154 Dulaf, lhilufid, 125 Dulaf Abu-Kasim, Dulaf d, 125 Dulafids, 125 DurranTs, 330-5 Duwa Khan, Chagatay, 242 Duwa Timur, Chagatay , 242 Elbek, Mongol, 215 Engke Soriktu, Mongol, 215 Erdani, Khokand, 280 Fada'il, Abu-1-, Mirdasid, 115 -Fadl, Hafsid, 50 Fadl-Allali, Sarbadarid, 251 -Faiz Abu-1- Kasim ‘Isa, Fatimid, 71 Fakhr-a?-dawla Abu-1- Hasan' All, Buwayhid, 142 Fakhr-a?-din Mubarak Shah, Ben- gal, 307 Fakhr-aLdin, Kart, 252 Fakhr-a/-dln Kara-Arslan, Ortu- kid, 168 INDEX TO RULERS 343 -Fakih Mohammad, Nap-id, 28 Faraj, Mamluk, 83 Faramarz Zahir-a?-din, Kdkwai/h- id, 145 Faris, Abu-, Hasani Sharif, 61 Faris, Abu-, Hafpd, 50 Faris, Abu-, Mai mid, 58 Faris -Mutawakkil, Marinid, 58 Farrukh-siyar, Mogul, 328 Farrukhzad, Ghaznawid , 289 FarukT Kings of KhandEsh, 315 Faruk! Shah, Gujarat, 313 Fath Shah, Bengal, 307 Fath ‘All, Kdjdr, 260 Fath Giray, Krim, 236, 237 Fath, Ahu-1-, Zand, 260 -Fatik, Najdhids, 92 Fatima, 60, 70 Fatimids, 70, 73 ; 39, 41, 67, 74, 112, 114, 118 Fawaris, Abu-1-, Ikhshidid, 69 Fayd, Abu-1-, Jdnid, 275 Fida, Abu-1-, Ayyubid, 77, 79 Filali Sh arifs, 61 Firuz, Taj -al-dln, Bahmanid, 318 Firuz Shah, Bengal, 306 Firuz, Buwayhids, 141 Firuz Shah, Dehli, 299 Fullad Sattun Abu-Mansur, Bit- way hid, 141 Gangu, Hasan, Bahmanid, 316-8 Gaykhatu, 1 1- Khan of Persia, 220 Gegen, Mongol, 215 -Ghadanfir, Hamdanid, 112 -Ghalib, Nap-id, 28 -GhanI, Rapid, 28 Gharat, Abu-1-, Zuray'id, 97 Ghazi, Ayyubids, 78 Ghazi Shah, Bengal, 307 Ghazi, Diinishmandid, 156 Ghazi Girav, Krim, 236, 237 Ghazi, Zangids, 163 Ghazi, Abu-1-, Jdnid, 275 Ghazi, Abu-1-, Khiva, 279 Ghaznattids, 289 ; 7, 132, 137 Ghiyath-a/-din Ghazi, Ayyubid, 78 Ghiyath-al-din Mohammad, Ayyu- bid, 78 Ghiyath-a/-din, Bahmanid, 318 Ghiyath -a/-din ‘Iwaz, Bengal, 306 Ghiyath-aGdiu A'zarn Shah, Ben- gal, 307 Ghiyath - a l - din Bahadur Shah, Bengal, 306 [308 Ghiyath-a/-dln Jalal Shah, Bengal, Ghiyath-ai-din Mahmud Shah, Bengal, 308 Ghiyath-a/-din Balban, Dehli, 299 Ghiyath-ai-dinTaghlak, Dehli, 300 Ghiyath-a/-din b . Sam , Ghorid, 292 Ghiyath-a/-din Toktamish, Golden Horde, 231 Ghiyath-aGdin, Hazaraspid, 175 Ghiyath-a/-din, Kart, 252 Ghiyatk-a/-din Pir'Ali, Kart, 252 Ghiyath Shah, Mdlwa, 311 Ghiyath-a?-din Mohammad, Seljulc, 153 ' [154 Ghiyath-a?-din, Seljuks of -‘■Irak, Ghiyath-ai-din, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 Ghorids, 291-4; 176, 289 GhorIs (Kings of Malay a), 311 -Ghuri, Mamluk, 83 Ghuzz, 153, 292 Giray, Krim, 236 Golden Horde Khans, 222-231 Gujarat, Kings of, 312 Gumishtigin, Ddnishmandid, 156 Guu-Timur, Mongol, 215 Gurkan ‘Ali, flak Khan, 135 Gurkhans, 176, 203-4 Habbus, Zayrid, 25 Habshi Kings of Bengal, 308 -Hadi, ‘ Abbdsid , 12 [103 -Hadi Mohammad, Imam of San' a, •Hadi -Majid, Imam of San 1 a, 103 -Hadi Najm-aGdin Yahya, Rassid Imam, 102 344 INDEX TO RULERS -Had! Taliya, Rassid, 91, 102 -Hafiz Abu-l-Maymun ‘Abd-al- Majid, Fd timid, 71 Hafiz, Kart, 252 Hafs, Abu, Almohad , 47 Hafs, Abu-, Hafsid, 50 Hafsids, 49, 50 ; 46, 55 Hajjiij, Kutlugh Khan , 179 'Hajil, Mamluks, 81 Hajji Giray, Krim, 236, 237 Hajji Mohammad, Khiva, 279 -Hakami, Omayyads of Cordova, 21 -Hakim Abu -‘All -Mansur, Fdti- mid, 71 Hakim Giray, Krim, 237 -Hamas, Hamddnid (Taman), 95 Hamdanids, 111-113 Hamdanids of the Taman, 95 Hamid Amiss, 184-5 Harnmad, Hammadid, 40 Hammadids, 39, 40 ; 43, 46 Haniniu, Abu-, Ziydnids, 51 Hammudids, 23, 24, 25 ; 21 Hamza, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 Harun a 7 -B,asliid, ‘Abbbsid, 12, 36 Harun, Ilak Khans, 135 Harun, Tulunid, 68 -Hasan, ‘Alids, 127, 129 Hasan, Uzun, Ak-Kuyunli, 253-5 Hasan Gangu, Bahmanid, 316-8 Hasan Rukn-a/-dawla, Buwayhid, 142 ; 139 Hasan Kuchuk Cbujiani, 219, 220 Hasan, Golden Horde, 230 -Hasan, Hafsid, 50 Hasan Buzurg, Jalayr, 248 ; 219, ‘220, 246 -Hasan, Idrisid, 35 Hasan Tigln, link Khan, 135 -Hasan Abu -‘All, J [anvanid, 118 Hasan Kuli, Khiva, 278 Hasan ‘All, Kard-Kuyunli, 253 -Hasan Abu-Hashim, Rassid, 102 -Hasan Nasir - a.1 - dawla, Ham- ddnid, 112 Hasan -Mustansir, Hammiidid, 23 -Hasan -DamighanI, Sarbadarid, 251 -Hasan, Zayrid, 40 Hasan, Abu-1-, Ikhshidid, 69 Hasani Sharifs, 61 II asanwayhids, 138 Hatim, Hamdanids (Taman), 95 Haydar -Kassab, Sarbadarid, 251 Haydar Tora, Hangit, ‘111 Haydar, Safavid, 255 Hazam, Abu-1-, Jahtvarid, 25 Hazaraspids, 174, 175 Hasan, Filali Sharif, 61 Himyar, Abu-Saba, Sulayhid, 94 Hisham, Filali Sharif, 61 Hisham, Hamddnid (Taman), 95 Hisham, Omayyad, 9 ; 19 Hisham, Omayyads of Coidova, 21 Hoeihe Khans, Turkistax, 134-5 Horde, Golden, 222-231 Hosayn Shah, Bengal, 308 Hosayn Jahan-soz, Ghorid, 292 -Hosayn, Hamddnid, 112 Hosayn, Hazdraspid, 175 [253 Hosayn, Jalayrs, 248 ; 219, 2l6, Hosayn Shah, Jaunpur, 309 Hosayn, Mangit, 277 -Hosayn, Rasulid, 99 Hosayn, Safavid, 259, 257 Hosayn, Selji/k of Kirman, 153 -Hosayn (Yezir), Ziyddid, 91 Htjdids, 26 ; 43 [217 Hulagu, 11- Khan of Persia, 220; Humavun Ala-a/-dln, Bahmanid, 318 ' Humayun Nasir-aGdin, Mogul, 328 ; 257, 298, 305, 323 H usum-a/-da\vla -Mukallad, 1 Okay- lid, 117 Husam-a7-dlnTimurtash, Ortukid, 168 Husam - a l - din Tuluk-Arslan, Ortukid, 168 Hushang Shams-af-din, Hazdras- pid, 175 Hushang Alp Khan, Mdlwa, 311 IXDEX TO RULERS 345 I bis ax, Golden Horde , 231 Ibrahim, Aglilabids, 37 Ibrahim, Almoravid, 43 Ibrahim Zahir-aZ-din, Armenia, 170 Ibrahim, Bukhara, 239 Ibrahim, Danishmandid, 156 Ibrahim Shah, Dehli, 299, 300, 322 Ibrahim, Ghaznawid, 289 Ibrahim i Abu -Ishak, Hafsid, 50 Ibrahim n -Mustansir, Hafsid, 50 Ibrahim Abu-Tahir, Hamddnid, 112 Ibrahim, Hamddnid, 111 Ibrahim Tufghaj, link Khan, 135 Ibrahim Shah Sharki, Sliams- aZ-din, Jaunpur, 309 Ibrahim, Khedive, 85 ; 67 Ibrahim Abu-Salim, Marinid, 57 Ibrahim, Mogul, 328 Ibrahim, ‘Okaylid, 117 Ibrahim, Omayyad, 9 Ibrahim, Ortukid, 168 Ibrahim, ‘ Othmdnlis , 195 Ibrahim, Sdmanid, 132 Ibrahim, Timur id, 175 Ibrahim, Yafurid, 91 Ibrahim, Znyadid, 91 Idiku, 229 Idris -Ma'mun, Almohad, 47 Idris, Hammudids, 23 Idris, Idrwds, 35 ; 6 Idrisids, 35 ; 6, 36, 39, 70 ‘Ikbal-aZ-dawla, Hudid, 26 Ikhshidids, 69 ; 6, 67, 112 Ikhtivar-aZ-din Ghazi, Bmgal, 307 Ikhtivar-aZ-din Yusbak, Bengal, _ 306' Ilak Khans of Turkistan’ (Hoeihe), 134, 135 ; 132, 286 Il-Arslan, Khwarizm Shah, 177 Ilban, Golden Horde, 230 Ilbars, Khiva, 278, 279 Ilchikaday, Chagatay, 242 Ildigiz Shams-aGdin, Atabeg of Adhdrbijan, 171 Il-Ghazi, Ortukids, 166-8 Il-Khan t s of Persia, 217-221 ; 155, 172, 205, 330 Iltazar, Khiva. 279 Iltutmish, Dehli, 299 Ilyas Shah, Bengal, 307 ‘Imad-a?-dawla Abu-1- Hasan ‘Ali, Buwayhid, 141 ; 136, 139 ‘Imad-aGdawla, Hudid, 26 ‘Imad - a l - dawla, Ilak Khan, 135 ‘Imad-aZ-din ‘Othman, Ayyubid, 77 •Imad-aZ-din Abu-Kalinjar -Mar- zuban, Buwayhid, 141 ‘Imad-aZ-din ‘All Alpi -‘Adil, Ortukid, 168 ‘Imad-aZ-din K award, Seljuk of Kirrndn, 153 ‘Imad-aZ-din Shahanshah, Zangid, 163 ‘Imad-aZ-din Zangi, Zangids, 163 ‘Imad-al-mulk, Berar, 318 ‘Imad Shahs, 320; 318 Imam Kuli, Janid, 275 Imams, the Twelve, and the Seven, 72, 255 Imams of Sa‘da and San‘a, 102-3 ‘Imran, Zuray'id, 97 Inal, Mamluk, 83 Inayat Giray, Krim, 236 Inju, 245, 249 Iran Shah, Seljuk of Kirtrnn, 153 ‘Isa, Ayyubid, 78 ‘Isa, Fatimid, 71 ‘Isa, Ortukid, 168 Isfandiyar, Khiva, 279 Isfandiyar, Sarbadarid, 251 Ishak, Almoravid, 43 Ishak, Ghaznawid, 289 ; 286 Ishak Aka Xivaz, Khiva, 279 Ishak Abu-1- javsh, Ziyddii , 91 Ishak, Abu-, Inju, 245, 249 Iskandar, Kara- Kuyunli, 253 Iskandar, Shaybdnid, 271 Islam Giray, Krim, 236 Islam Shah, Dehli, 300 Isma'il, Ayyubids, 78, 79, 98 346 INDEX TO RULERS Isma'il, Burid, 161 Isma‘11 -Zafir, Dhu-\-Nunid, 25 Isma'il, Fdtimids, 71 Isma'il -Samin, Filali Sharif, 61 Isma‘11, Ghaznawid, 289 Isma‘11, Khedive, 84, 85 Isma‘11 -Salih, Mamluk, 81 Isma'il, 1 Vasrids, 28 Isma'il, Rasulids, 99 Isma'il, Safavids, 259; 245,254-6 Isma‘11, Sdmdnid, 132 Isma'il -Salih, Zangid, 163 Isma‘11 Kutb-a?-din, 170 ‘Iwaz, Bengal, 306 ‘Izz-af-dawla Bakhtiyar, Buway- hid, 141 ‘Izz -a?-dawla ‘Ahd - al - Rashid, Ghaznawid, 289 ‘Izz-af-din, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 ‘Izz-af-din A‘zam-al-mnlk, Bengal, 306 ‘Izz-a/-dln Aybak, Mamluk, 81 ‘Izz-af-din Balban, Armenia, 170 ‘Izz-a?-dln Balban, Bengal, 306 ‘Izz-aZ-din Mas'ud, Zangids, 163 ‘Izz-af-din Shiran, Bengal, 306 ‘Izz-aGdin Tughril Tughan Khan, Bengal, 306 Jabar Bird!, Golden Horde, 232 Ja'far, Zand, 260 Jahandar, Mogul, 328 Jahangir, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 Jahangir Nur-a/-din, Mogul, 328 Jahan-Shah, Kara-Kuyunli, 253 Jahan-soz, Ghorid, 292 Jahan-Timur, 1 1- Khan, 220 Jahwar Abu-l-Hazam, 25 Jahwarids, 25 Jakmak, Mamluk, 83 Jalal-a/-dawla, Buwayhid, 141 Jalal-aGdawla, Ghaznawid, 289 Jalal-af-dawla Nasr, Mb dbsid, 115 Jalal-af-din Fath Shah, Bengal, 307 Jalal-a/-din Mas'ud Malik Jani, Bengal, 306 Jalal-aGdin Mohammad Shah, Bengal, 307 Jaliil-aGdln Firuz, Dehli, 299 Jalal-aGdin, Golden Horde, 232 Jalal-aZ-din, link Khan, 135 Jalal-aZ-din Mohammad Shah, Kutlugh Khan, 179 Jalal-a/-din Suyurghatmish, Kut- lugh Khan, 179 J alal-af-din Mangbarti, Khwarizm Shah, 177; 208, 296 Jalal-af-din, see Akbar, Mogul Jalal-aZ-din Shah Shuja', Mu- zaffarid, 250 Jalal-a/-din Malik Shah, Seljuk, 153 ; 151, 160, 162, 1"6 Jalayrs, 246-248 ; 219, 220 Jamal-a?-dawla Farrukhzad, Ghaz- nawid, 289 Jamal-aGdin Moham., Burid, 161 Jan, 273-4 Janbalat, Mamluk, 83 Jani, Bengal, 306 Jani-Beg Mahmud, Golden Horde, 230; 224 Jani-Beg Giray, Krim, 236 Janids (Astrakhan), 274 -Jashankir, Mamluk, 81 JaunpOr, Kings of, 309 Jawhar, 70 Jaysh Abu-l-‘Asakir, Tulunid, 68 Jaysh, Abu-1-, Ziyddid, 91 Jayyash, Najdhid, 92 Jingishay, Chagatdy, 242 Jiyaghatu, Mongol, 215 John, St., Knights of, 56, 188 Juji, Mongol, 205, 222 ff. Juvanmard ‘Ali, Shaybdnid, 272 Kabus Shams-al-ma‘ali, Ziyarid, 137 . -Kadi, ‘ Amirid , 26 -Kadir, ‘Ahhdsid , 12 -Kadir, ‘Amirid, 26 -Kadir, I)hu-\-Nunid, 25 Kadr Khan, Bengal, 306 INDEX TO RULERS 347 Kadr Khan,_Z7a£ Khans, 135 Kafur Abu-l-Misk, Ikhshidid, 69 -Kahir, ‘Abbdsid, 12 -Kaid, Hammudid, 40 -Kaim, 'Abbdsid, 12 -Kaim Abu-l-Kasim Mohammad, Fatimid, 7,1 Kaimaz, 165 Kaip, Khiva, 279 Kai't-Bey, Mamluk, 83 Kajaks (Shahs of Persia), 260 Kakwayhids, 145 Kal, Khiva, 278 Kala'un, Mamluk, 81 Kalim- Allah Shah, Bahmanid, 318 Kalinjar, Abu-, Buwayhuls, 141 Kam-Bukhsh, Mogul, 328 Kamal-aZ-dawla Shirzad, Ghaz- nawid, 289 Kamar-aZ-din Tamar, Bengal, -Kamil Mohammad, Ayyubid, 77, 78; 167 ' -Kamil Sayf-aZ-dln-Sha'ban, Mam- luk, 81 Kamil, Abu-, Okaylid, 117; Maz- yadid, 119; Mirdasid, 115 Kamran, Afghan, 334 Kansuh, Mamliiks. 83 Kaplan Giray, Krim, 237 Kara- Arslan, Ortukid, 168 Kara -Arslan, Seljuk of Kirmdn, 153 Kara-dawlat Giray, Krim, 237 Kara-Hulagu, Chagatay, 242 Kara - Kx t yunli ( Turkomans of the Black Sheep), 253 ; 167 Kara-Mohammad, K-Kuyunli, 253 Karsi- Y uluk , A k-Kit gunli, 254 Kara- Yusuf, K-Kuyunll, 253 ; 247 Karaman AmTrs, 184-5 Kararan! Sulayrniin. Bengal, 308 Karas! AmIrs, 184-5 Karbuka, 117 Karim Bird!, Golden Horde, 232 Karim Khan, Zand, 260 Karmathians, 90, 91, 126 K ah. mi y an AmIrs, 184-5 Kart Maliks, 252 ; 245, 294 Kashmir, Kings of, 304, 311m -Kasim, Bulafid, 125 -Kasim -Ma mun, Hammudid, 21-3 -Kasim -Wathik, Hammudid, 25 Kasim, Kazimof 234 ■ Kasim -Mansur, San'a, 103 • Kasim -Mansur, Rassid, 102 ■Kasim -Mukhtar, Rassid, 102 Kasim -Rassi Tarjuman-aZ-din, Rassid Imam, 102 Kasim, Abu-1-, Ikhshidid, 69 Kasim, Mongol, 229 -Kassab, Sarbaddrid , 251 Kawam-aZ-dawla, Buwayhid, 141 Kawam-a/-da\vla Karbuka, 117 K award Beg ‘Imad-aZ-diii Kara- Arslan, Seljuk of Kir man, 153 Kaydu, Mongol, 209, 212 Kay-Kawus, Bengal, 306 Kav-Kawus ‘Izz-aZ-din, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 Kay - Khusru Ghiyath - a l - din, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 Kay-Kubad, Dehll, 299 Kay-Kubad ‘Ala-aZ-dln, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 Kazan, Chagatay, 242 Khaghan, Golden Horde, 230 Khalld, Abu-l-Baka, Hafsids, 50 KhalIfa, 3 ; see Caliphs Khalil, Ak-Kuyunll, 254 Khalil, Mamluk, 81 Khalil, Timurid, 268 KhaljT, Mohammad Bakhtiyar, Bengal, 306 KhaljIs, Sultans of DehlI, 299, 302; 296-7’ KhaljIs, Kings of Malwa, 311 Khandesh, Kings of, 315 Khayr-aZ-dInBarbarossa,49,55,189 Khedives, 84, 85 Khidr Khan, Dehll, 300 Khidr, Golden Horde, 230 Khidr Khan, Ilak Khan, 135 Khiva, Khans of, 278 ; 239 348 INDEX TO RULERS Khokand, Khans of, 280 Kliubilay, Mongol, 215; 211, 212 Khudabanda Mohammad, Safavid, 259 Khudayar, Khokand , 280 Khumarawayh, Tulimid , 68 Khushkadam, Mamluk, 83 Khusru, Buwayhids, 141 Khusru Firuz Abu-Nasr -Rahim, Buwayhid, 141 Khusru Malik, Ghaznatvid, 289 Khusru Shah, Debit, 299 Khusru Shall, Ghaznauid, 289 Khusru Sultan, Shaybanid, 272 Khivaja-Jahan, Jaunpur, 309 Khwarizm Shahs, 176-178; 171-2, 204, 217, 294-6 Kibak, Chagatdy, 242 Kibak, Golden Horde, 232 KildI Beg, Golden Horde, 230 Kilij -Arslan, Seljiiks of -Rum, 155 kilij Tafghaj Khan, link, 135 Kirwash, ‘ Ukaylid , 117 Kirman Shah, Seljuk, 153 Kitbugha, Mamluk, 81 Kizil-AhmadlI Amirs, 184-5 Kizil-Arslan ‘Otliman, Atdbeg of Adliarbijan. 171 Kochkiinji, Shaybanid, 271 Koirijak. Golden Horde, 232 Krim Khans, 233-236 Krim Giray, Krim. 237 Kubacha, Nasir-aGdin, 294-5 Kubla Khan, 212 Kuchi, Golden Horde, 231 Kucliuk Mohammad, Golden Horde, 232; 229' Kudang, Mongol, 216 Kujuk, Mamluk, 81 Kukburi Muzaffar - A - din, Beg- tiginid, 165 Kuli, Chagatdy, 242; Janids, 275; Khiva , 278 Kulna, Golden Horde, 230 Kuluk, Mongol, 215 Kunjuk Khan, Chagatdy, 242 Kurds, 74, 138 Kushala, Mongol, 215 Kutb aGdawla Ahmad, llak, 135 Kutb-aAdln Aybak, Dehli, 299 ; '294-5 Kutb-aAdin Mubarak, Dehli, 299 Kutb-aAdin, Gujarat, 313 Kutb-a/-dmMohainmad,A7iit'd>'Aw ' Shah, 177 Kutb-aAdin Mohammad, Kutlugh Khan, 179 Kutb-aAdin Shah- Jahan, Kutlugh Khan, 179 _ Kutb-aAdiull-Ghazi, Ortukid, 168 Kutb-aAdin Sukman, Ortukid, 168 Kutb-aAdin, Seljuk of -Rum, 155 Kutb-aAdin Modud, Zangid, 163 Kutb-aAdinMohamm.Za«^(d, 163 kutb-aAdin Isma'il, 170 Kijtb Shahs, 321 ; 318 Kutlugh Khans, 179, 180 ku$lugh Khatun, 179 Kutlugh Khoja, Golden Horde, 230 Kutlugh Mohammad, Khiva, 279 kutuz, Mamluk, 81 Kuyuk, Mongol, 215; 208-9 Lajin, Mamluk, 81 Lamtuna Berbers, 41, 42 -Lavth, Saffarid, 129 Lingdan, Mongol, 216 Lod7s, 300 Lu lu Badr-aAdin, Zangid, 162-3 Lutf ‘Ali, Zand , 260 Lutf- Allah Sarbaddi id, 251 Ma‘add, Fatimids, 71 Maghrawa Berbers, 39 -Mahdi, Abbdsid, 12 -Mahdi Mohammad, Almohad, 45 -Mahdi Abu-Mohammad ‘Obayd- Allah, Fatimid , 70, 71 -Mahdi, Hammudid, 23, 25 -Mahdi, Imams of San 1 a, 103 -Mahdi, Rassid Imams, 102 -Mahdi, Mahdid, 96 IXDEX TO RULERS 349 ■MahdT, Omayyad of Cordova, 21 Mahdids, 96 Mahmud, Afghan, 334 ; 331 Mahmud, Afghan Shah of Persia, 259; 257 Mahmud Shah, Bahmanids, 318 Mahmud, Bengal, 306 Mahmud Shah, Bengal, 307-8 Mahmud Shihab-ai-din, Burid, 161 Mahmud Shah, Dehli, 299, 300 Mahmud, Ghaznawid, 289 ; 286-8, 291 Mahmud, Ghorid, 294 Mahmud, Golden Horde, 232 Mahmud Shah, Gujarat, 313 Mahmud, I lak Khans, 135 Mahmud Ghazan, ll-Khan, 220 Mahmud Shah Inju, 245, 249 Mahmud Shah, Jaunpiir, 309 Mahmud Sultan, Khwdrizm, 177 Mahmud Shah Khalji, Mdlwa, 311 Mahmud, Mirdiisid, 115 Mahmud, Mongol, 210, 265 Mahmud, Muzaffarid, 250 Mahmud -Salih, Ortukid, 168 Mahmud, ‘ Othmanlis , 195; 193 Mahmud Mughith-aGdin, Seljuk of -‘Irak, 154; 167 Mahmud Nasir-aJ-din, Seljuk, 153 Mahmud, Timurids, 268 Mahmud, Zangids, 163 Mahmudak, Kazan, 234 Majd-a/-dawla Abu-Talib Rustam, Buivayhid , 142 ; 145 [168 Majd-aGdiu ‘Isa -Zahir, Ortukid , -Majid Mohammad, San'd, 103 -Makhlu, Abnohad, 47 Makhsud Giray, Krim, 237 Malik Raja, Khdndesh, 315 Malik Shah Jalal-aGdin, Seljuks, 153; 151, 160, 162, 176 Malik Shah Mu‘in-aGdIn, Seljuk of -‘Irak, 154 Malik Shah, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 Malla, Khokand, 280 Miiw, Kings of, 310, 311 Mamay, 227 Mamluk Sultans, 80-85 ; 77, 101, 217, 226 -Ma'inuu, ‘Abbdsid, 12, 123 -Ma mun, Almohad, 47 -Ma'inun, D/ui-l-Nunid, 25 -Ma'mun, Hummudid, 21, 23 Ma‘n, Hamddnid (Yaman), 95 Manchus, 214 Mandaghol, Mongol , 216 MangbartI Jalal-a^-din, Khwdrizm Shah, 177 ; 208, 296 Mangits, 277 Mangli Giray, Krim, 236, 237 Mangu, Mongol, 215 ; 211 Mangu-Tlmur, Golden Horde, 230 ; 233, 238-9 -Mansur, Abbdsid, 12 -Mansur, ‘Amirid, 26 -Mansur, Armenia, 170 -Mansur Mohammad, Ayyubid, 77 -Mansur Isma‘11, Fa timid, 71 -Mansur, Fdtimids, 71 -Mansur, Hammadid, 40 -Mansur, Imams of San'd, 103 -Mansur ‘Izz-a/-dln ‘Abd-al-‘AzIz, Mamluk, 83 -Mansur Sayf-a/-din Ahu-Bakr, Mamluk, 81 -Mansur ‘Ala-a/-din-‘AlI, Mam- luk, 81 -Mansur Nur-a/-din-‘AlI, Mam- luk, 81 -Mansur Sayf - a l- din Kala-un, Mamluk, 81 -Mansur H us am - a.1 - din - Lajin, Mamluk, 81 -M ansur Salah-a?-dln -Mohammad, Mamluk, 81 -Mansur Fakhr-ad-dln ‘Othman, Mamluk, 83 Mansur, Marwdnid, 118 Mansur, Baha - a/ - dawla Abu- Kamil, Mazyadid, 119 Mansur Shah, Muzaffarid, 250 -Mansur, Najdhid, 92 350 INDEX TO RULERS -Mansur (Almanzor), 20 -Mansur Ahmad, Ortukid, 168 -Mansur Ortuk-Arsliin, Ortukid, 168 -Mansur ‘Abd- Allah, Rassid, 102 -Mansur ‘Abd-Allah, Rasulid, 99 -Mansur ‘Omar, Kasulid, 99 Mansur, Samauids, 132 -Mansur Saha, Sulayhid, 94 -Mansur Taj - &l - din ‘Abd - al Wahhab, Tahirid (Yaman), 101 -Mansur, Tojibid, 26 Mansur, Zayrid, 40 Mansur, ZurayHd, 97 Manuchahr, Ziydrid, 137 Mardan, Bengal, 306 Mardawij, Ziydrid, 136, 137 Mardud, Golden Horde, 230 Marinids, 57-59 ; 47, 51 Marjan ( Vezir ), Ziyadid, 91 Marwan, Omayyads, 9 Marwan, Abu-, Hasani Sharlfs, 61 Marts' anlds, 118 -Marzuban, Binvayhids, 141 Masmuda Berbers, 42, 45 -Mus‘ud Yusuf, Ayyubid , 98 Mas‘ud, Bengal , 306 Mas'ud Shah, Dehli, 299 Mas'ud, Ghaznawids, 289 -Mas‘ud, Rasulid, 99 Mas'ud Wajih-ai-din, Sarbadarid, 251 Mas‘ud Gbiyath-a/-din, Seljuk of -‘Irak, 154 ; 160; of -Rum, 155 Mas‘ud, Zangids, 163 Mas‘ud, Banu, 97 Ma‘sum Shah Murad, Hangit, 277 Mazyadids, 119, 120 Miknasa Berbers, 39 Ming, 213 Mlran Mohammad Shah Faruki, Gujarat and Khdndesh, 313, 315 Mirdasids, 114, 115 Misk, Abu-1, Kafur, Ikhshldid, 69 Mo'awiya, Omayyads, 9 ; 3 Modud, Ghaznawid, 289 Modud, Ortukid, 168 Modud, Zangid, 163 Mogul Emperors, 328 ; 298, 305, 313, 315, 322-7 Mohammad, the Prophet, 3, 188 Mohammad, ‘Abbadids, 25 Mohammad, Dost, Afghan , 331-4 Mohammad, Aghlabids, 37 Mohammad, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 Mohammad, ‘Alid, 127 Mohammadb . Tumart, Almohad, 45 Mohammad -Nasir, Almohad, 47 Mohammad -Mansur, Armenia, 170 Mohammad -Pahlawan Jahan, Atdbeg of Adharbljdn, 171 Mohammad, Ayyubids, 77, 78 Mohammad Shah, Bahmanids, 318 Mohammad Sur, Bengal, 308 Mohammad, Burid, 161 Mohammad, Chagatay, 242 Mohammad Gumishtigin, Ddnish- niandid, 156 [316 Mohammad Shah, Debit, 299, 300, Mohammad b. Taghlak, Debit, 300 ; 297, 316 Mohammad, Fa timid, 71 Mohammad, Filali Sharif s, 61 Mohammad, Ghaznawid, 289 Mohammad b. Sam, Ghorid, 292-4 Mohammad Buliik, Gold. Horde, 230 Mohammad Karim, Gujarat, 313 Mohammad Kuchuk, Golden Horde, 232; 229 Mohammad, Hafsids, 50 Mohammad, Hamddnid, 111 Mohammad -Mahdi, Hammiidids, 23, 25 ' [23 Mohammad -Musta‘li, Hammudid, Mohammad, Hasan i Sharifs, 61 Mohammad, Idrisid, 35 Mohammad, Ikhshidid, 69 Mohammad, Il-Khan, 220 Mohammad Ahu-l-Walid, Jah- warid, 25 Mohammad Shah, Jaunpur, 309 Mohammad, Kdjar, 260 ; 258 INDEX TO RULERS 351 Mohammad ‘Ala-a/-dawla Abu- Ja‘far, Knkwayhid, 145 Mohammad Anu'n, Kazan, 234 Mohammad, Ulugh, Kazan, 234-5 Mohammad Mlran, Khandesh, 313, 315 Mohammad ‘All, Khedive, 84, 85 ; 67 [279 Mohammad Rahim, Khiva, 275, Mohammad ‘All, Khokand, 280 Mohammad ‘Omar, Khokand, 280 Mohammad ‘Ala-aZ-dln, Khwarizm Shah, 177 ; 176, 179 Mohammad Kutb-a/-dln, Khwarizm Shah, 177 Mohammad Giray, Krim, 236 Mohammad, Kutlugh Khans, 179 Mohammad Ghazni, Malvoa, 311 Mohammad, Mamluks, 81, 83 Mohammad, Marinids, 57-8 Mohammad, Mazyadid, 119 Mohammad Akbar ii, Mogul, 328 Mohammad Nasir-a/-dln, Mogul, Mohammad, Muzaffarid, 250 ; 249 Mohammad, Kasrids, 28 Mohammad, ‘Okaylid, 116 Mohammad, Omayyad (Cordova), 21 Mohammad, ‘Ortukid, 168 Mohammad, ‘Othmdnlis, 195; 185-7 Mohammad, Rasulid, 99 Mohammad, Salgharids, 173 [259 Mohammad Khudabanda, Safavid, Mohammad Ghivath-a/-dln, Se/juk, 153; 166 Mohammad Mughlth-a/-dln, Se/jiiks of Kirmdn, 153 Mohammad, Se/juk of -‘Irak, 154 Mohammad, Shaybanid, 271 ; 239 Mohammad Kasim, Sind, 283 Mohammad, Tahirid, 128 Mohammad, JFat‘asids, 58 Mohammad, Yafurids, 91 Mohammad ‘All, Zand, 260 Mohammad, Zangid, 163 Mohammad, Z/yddid, 91 Mohammad, Zuray'ids, 97 Mohammad, Abu-, Khiva, 279 Molon, Mongol, 215 Mongols, 199-242 ; 3, 7, 77, 155, 172, 174, 177, 179, 183, 296; see Moguls -Mu'ayyad Shihab-aGdln Ahmad, Mam'liik, 83 -Mu ayyad Shaykh, Mamluk, 83 -Mu'ayyad Najah, Najdhid, 92 -Mu'ayyad, Omayyad (Cordova), 21 -Muayyad Da wild, Rasiilid, 99 -Ma -ayyad -Hosayn, Rasulid, 99 -Mu'ayyad Mohammad, San‘d, 103 -Mu'ayyad, Sarbadarid, 251 Muayyid-aGdawla Abu-Mansvir, Butvayhid, 142 -Mu'azzam Sharaf-a/-dln ‘Isa, Ayyubid, 78 -Mu‘azzam Turan-Shah, Ayyubid, 77, 78, 98 Mubarak Khoja, Golden Horde, 231 Mubarak Mlran, Khandesh, 315 Mubarak Shah, Bengal, 307 Mubarak Shah, Chagatdy, 242 Mubarak Shah, Debit, 299, 300 Mubarak Shah, Jaunpur, 309 Mubariz-aZ-dln, Muzaffarid, 250 -Mufaddal Mohammad, Rasulid, 99 Muflih, 126 Mughal, see Mogul Mughlth-a/-dln, Sejuk of -‘Irak, 154 ; of Kirmdn, 153 [306 Mughlth-a/-dln Tughril, Bengal, Muhassin, Hmnmddid, 40 -Muhtadi, ‘Abbasid, 12 Muhyi-aGdln, Se/juk Kirmdn, 153 Mu‘In-a/-dawla Sukmam, Ortukid, 168; 166 Mu‘ln-a?-dln, Se/juk of -‘Irak, 154 -Mu‘izz Abu - Tamlm Ma‘add, Fatimid, 71 -Mu‘izz ‘Izz-a/-dln Aybak, Mam- luk, 81 Mu‘izz, Zayrid, 40 Mu‘izz-a?-dawla Khusru Shah, Ghaznatvid, 289 352 INDEX TO RULERS Mu‘izz-a7-dawla Abu- ‘Ulwan Ta- mal, Mirddsid, 115 Mudzz - a l- dawla Abu - 1 - Hosayn Ahmad, Buwayhid, 141 ; i39-40 Mu‘izz-a?-din Isma‘!l, Ayyubid, 98 Mu‘izz-a7-din Bahram, Dehli, 299 Mu‘izz-a?-dinK. Kubad, Dehli , 299 Mudzz -a?- din b. Sam, Ghorid, 292-4 Mu‘izz-a?-din, Kart, 252 Muizz-af-din J ahandar, Mogul, 328 Mudzz-af-din Sinjar, Seljuk, 153 ; 152, 292 Mudzz -af- din Mahmud, Zangid, 163 Mu‘izz-a/-din Sinjar Shah, Zangid, 163 Mujahid Shah, Bahmanid , 318 -Mujahid, Benin, 26 -Mujahid ‘All, Rasulid, 99 -Mujahid Shams-af-din ‘All, Td- liirid (Yaman), 101 M uj ahid - a l - dm ‘AH Zayn - al - ‘Abidin, Muzaffarid, 250 Mujahid-aZ-dm Kadmaz, 165 Mujir-aZ-din Abak, Burid, 161 -Mukallad, Okay lid, 117 -Mukarram Ahmad, Sulayhid, 94 -Muktadi, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Muktadir, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Muktadir, Hudid, 26 -Muktafi, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Muktafi, ‘ Abbasid , 12 Mumahhid-aZ-dawla Abu-Mansur, Marwanid, 118 -Mundhir, Omayyad {Cordova), 21 Mundhir, Tojibids, 26 Muntafik, Banu-, 116, 119 -Muntasir, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Muntasir, Marinid, 58 -Muntasir Davvud, Rassid, 102 Muuabits, 41-3 ; 20, 27, 39, 45 Murad, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 Murad, Khans of Khokand, 280 Murad (Amurath), ‘Othmdnlis, 195; 185, 187, 192, 256 Murad-Bakhsh, Mogul, 328 Murad Grix-uy, Krim, 237 Murad Shah Ma'sum, Mnngit, 277 Murid Khoja, Golden Horde, 230 Murtada, Golden Horde, 232 -Murtada, Omayyad of Cordova, 21 -Murtada Mohammad, Rassid, 102 Musa, Ayyubids, 77, 78 Musa, Ilak Khan, 135 Musa, Il-Khdn of Persia, 220 Musa, Marinid, 58 Musa Abu-Hammu, Ziyanids, 51 Musharrif-aZ-dawla, Buwayhid, 141 Muslim, ‘Okay lid, 117 -Mustadi, ‘Abbasid, 13 Mustafa, ‘ Othmdnlis , 195 -Mustadn, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Mustadn, ‘Abbasid of Egypt, 83 -Musta‘In, Hudid s, 26 -Mustadn, Omayyad {Cordova), 21 -Mustakff, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Mustakfi, Omayyad of Cordova, 21 -Musta'li, Abu-l-Kasim Ahmad, Ed timid, 71 -Mustadi, Hammudid, 23 -Mustanjid, Abbasid, 13, 119 -Mustansir, ‘Abbasid, 13 -Mustansir, Almohad, 47 -Mustansir Abu-Tamim Ma‘add, Ed timid, 71 -Mustansir, Hnfsids, 50 -Mustansir, Hammudid, 23 -Mustansir, Marinid, 58 -Mustansir, Omayyad [Cordova) , 21 -Mustarshid, ‘Abbasid, 12 -Musta'sim, ‘Abbasid, 13 -Mustazhir, ! Abbasid , 12 -Mustazhir, Omayyad {Cordova), 21 -Muta ayyad, Hammudid, 23 -Mu'tadd, Omayyad of Cordova , 21 -Mu‘tadid, Abbddid, 25 -Mu'tadid, 'Abbasid, 12, 111 -Mu'tali, Hammudid, 21, 23 -Mu taman, Hudid, 26 -Mutamassik, Nasrid, 28 -Mu'tamid, ‘Abbddid, 25 INDEX TO RULERS 353 -Mu'tamid, Abbasid , 12, 129 MuHamid-aZ-dawlaKirwash, ‘OAay- lid, 117 -Mu‘tasim, Abbasid, 12 -Mu'tasim, Almohad, 47 -Mutawakkil, Abbasid, 12 -Mutawakkil, Imams of San'a, 103 -Mutawakkil, Marinid, 58 -Mutawakkil, Hassid Imams, 102 -Mu'tazz, ‘ Abbasid , 12 -Muti‘, Abbasid, 12 -Muttaki, Abbasid, 12 -Muwaffak, Abbasid, 129 -Muwaffak, Hammudid, 23 Muwahhids, 45-7 ; 27, 39, 43, 49 -Muzaffar, Amirid, 26 -Muzaffar Ghazi, Ayyubid, 78 -Muzaffar 'Omar, Ayyubid, 79, 165 -Muzaffar Sulayman, Ayyubid, 98 Muzaffar Shah, Bengal, 308 Muzaffar Shah, Gujarat, 313 Muzaffar Ahmad, j lamluk, 83 -Muzaffar Rukn-aZ-din Baybars -Jashankir, Mamluk, 81 -Muzaffar Sayf - aZ - din - Hajji, Mamluk, 81 -Muzaffar Sayf - a.1 - din Kutuz, Mamluk, 81 -Muzaffar Diiwud, Ortukid, 168 -Muzaffar Yusuf, Rasulid, 99 -Muzaffar, Tojibid, 26 Muzaffar-af-din Uzbeg, Aid beg of Adharbijdn , 171 Muzaffar-aZ-din Musa, Ayyubid , 7 8 Muzaffar-aZ-dln Kukburl, Beg- tigiuid, 165 Muzaffar-aZ-din, Mangit, 277 Muzaffarids, 249-50; 179, 219, 245 Nadir, Afshdrid, 259 ; 257-8, 278, 326, 330 Nadir Mohammad, Janid, 215 Nafls, 91 Najah, 90, 92 Najahids, 92, 93 Najm-aZ-din, Ayyubids, 77, 78 Najm-aZ-din AlpI, Ortukid, 168 Najm-aZ-din GhazT i -Sa‘Id, Ortukid, 1 68 _ Najm-aZ-din Il-Ghazi, Ortukid, 166-8 Najm, Ahu-Z, Badr, Hasanwayhid, 138 Narbuta, Khokand, 280 -Nasir' Abbasid, 13; 7 -Nasir Hasan, Alid, 127 -Nasir, Ahhohad, 47 -Nasir Ayyub, Ayyubid, 98 -Nasir Salah - a Z - din Dawud, Ayyubid, 7,8 -Nasir Salah-aZ-din, 77 ; se#Saladin -Nasir, Hammddid, 40 -Nasir, Hammudid, 21, 23 -Nasir, Omayyad of Cordova, 21 -Nasir Ahmad, Mamluk, 81 -Nasir Faraj, Mamluk, 83 -Nasir Hasan, Mamluk, 81 -Nasir Mohammad, Mamluks, 81-3 -Nasir, Nasrid, 28 -Nasir Ahmad, Rassid Imam, 102 -Nasir -Daylami, Rassid, 102 -Nasir Mohammad, Rassid, 102 -Nasir ‘Abd-Allah, Rasulid, 99 -Nasir Ahmad, Rasulid, 99 -Nasir Mohammad, San'a, 103 Nasir-aZ-dawla Abu -Mohammad -Hasan, Hamddnid, 111, 112 Nasir-aZ-din, Armenia, 170 Nasir-aZ-dln, Bengal, 306 Nasir-aZ-din, Kdjar , 260 Nasir-aZ-din, Khokand, 280 Nasir-aZ-din Badr, Hasanwayhid, 138 Nasir-aZ-din Bughra, Bengal, 306 Nasir-aZ-din Humayun, Mogul, 329 Nasir-aZ-din Khusru, Behli, 299 Nasir-aZ-din, Kubacha, Sind, 294-5 Nasir-aZ-din Mahmud, Bengal, 307-8 23 354 INDEX TO RULERS Nasir-aZ-din Mahmud Shah, Belli, 299 Nasir-aZ-din Mahmud, Ortukid, 168 Nasir-aZ-din Mahmud, Sejuk, 153 Niisir-aZ-dm Mahmud, Zangid, 163 Nftsir-aZ-dln Mohammad, Mogul , 328 Nasir-aZ-din Nasrat, Bengal , 308 Nasir-aZ-din Ortuk- Arslan -Mansur Ortukid, 168 Nasir-din- Allah Mas'ud, Ghazna- wid, 289 Nasir Khan Mahmud, Gujarat, 313 Nasir Khan, Khandcsh, 315 Nasir Shah, Malwa, 311 Nasr, llak Khans , 135 Nasr, Marwanid , 118 Nasr, Mirddsids, 115 Nasr, Abu-l-Juyush, Nagrid, 28 Nasr, Sdmdnids, 132 Nasr, Abu-, Marwanid, 118 Nasr-aZ-dawla Abu Nasr Ahmad, Marwanid , 118 Nasr- Allah, Mangit, 277 Nasrat Shah, Bengal, 308 Nasrat Shah, Dehli, 300 Nasrids, 27-29 ; 46 Nazar, Fatimid, 71 Nikpay, Chagatdy , 242 Niku-siyar, Mogul , 328 [118 Nizam-aZ-dawla Nasr, Marwanid, Nizam-aZ-mulk, 318 Nizam Shah, Bahmanid, 318 Nizam Shahs, 320 ; 318 Normans, 36, 40, 41, 71, 75 Nouredin, 163 Nuh, Sdmdnids, \Z2\ 286 Nur-aZ-dawla, llak Khan, 135 Nur-aZ-dawla Dubays, Mazy ad. 119 Nur- dawlat, Krim, 236 Ntir-aZ-din ‘All, Ayi/fibid, 78 Nur-aZ-din ‘All, Mamlulc, 81 Nur-aZ-dln Arslan, Zangids, 163 Nur-aZ-din Mahmud (Nouredin), Zaugid, 163 ; 74-5 Nur-aZ-din Mohammad, O' tukid , 168 Nur -al -Ward, Tlazdraspid, 175 N ushinvan, II- Khan of Persia, 220 Nuruz Ahmad, Shaybdnid, 271 Nuruz-Eeg, Golden Horde, 230 ‘Obayd-Allah, Fatimid, 70, 71 ‘Obayd-Allah, Jdnids, 275 ‘Obayd-Allah, Shaybdnid, 271 Ochiali, Corsair, 56 Ogotay, Mongol, 215; 172, 179, 205, 207-10, 241 ‘Okaylids, 116-117 ; 115 ‘Omar Abu - Hafs -Murtada, Almohad, 47 [165 ‘Omar, Taki-aZ-din, Ayyubid, 79, ‘Omar Shah, Dehli, 299 ‘Omar, Dulafid, 125 ‘Omar Abu-Hafs, Hafsids, 50 ‘Omar, Mangit, 277 ‘Omar, Omay y ad, 9 ‘Omar, Orthodox Caliph, 3, 9 ‘Omar, llasiilids, 99 ‘Omar, Zangid, 163 ‘Omar, Abu-, Marinid, 57 Omayya, 3 Omayyad Caliphs, 3-6, 9, 10, 11, 67 Omayyads of Cordova, 19-22 ; 6 Orda, Golden Horde, 231 Organa Khatun, Chagatdy, 242 Orkhan, ‘ OthmanK , 195 Orthodox Caliphs, 3, 9 Ortuk, 160, 166 Ortuk- Arslan, Ortukid, 168 Ortukids, 166-169 ‘Othman -Kadi, ‘Amirid, 26 ‘Othman, Atdbeg Adharbijdn, 171 ‘Othman -‘Aziz, Ayyubid, 77 ‘Othman Abu-‘Amr, Hafsid, 50 ‘Othman, Mamlulc, 83 ‘Othman, Maiinids, 57 ‘Othman, Orthodox Caliph, 3, 9 ‘Othman, ‘Othmanlis, 195 ‘Othman, Ziyanids, 51 INDEX TO RULERS 355 ‘Othmanli or Ottoman Sultans, 186-197 ; 4, 49, 55, 56, 67, 84, 101, 103, 108, 152, 183, 256, 266 Oways, Jalayrs, 246-8 -Pahlawax Jahax, Alabeg of Ad- harbijdn, 171 Persia, Shahs of, 258-62 Persians, 123, 245 Pir ‘All, Kart, 252 Pir Mohammad, Shaybduids, 271 Pin, Ghaznawid, Prithwi Raja, 293 Pulad, Golden Horde, 232 Pulad Khoja, Golden Horde, 230 Rab7‘, Abu-7-, Marmid, 57 -Radi, ‘Albdsid, 12 Rafl‘-a/-darajat, Mogul, 328 Rafl‘-a?-dawla Shah-Jahan ii, Mogul, 328 -Rahim Khusru Flruz, Buwayhid, 141 Rahim, Khokand, 280 Rahim Kuli, Khiva, 279 Raja Kans, Bengal, 307 Rajipeka, Mongol, 215 -Rashid, ‘Abbdsid, 12 -Rashid, ‘Abbdsid, 12 -Rashid, Almohad, 47 -Rashid, Filali Sharif, 61 Rashld-a7-dawla Mahmud, Mir- ddsid, 115 -Rashidun, Khalifs, 3 Rassid Imams, 102 Rasulids. 99-100 ; 77 Reyes de Taifas, 23-27 ; 20 Rhodes, Knights of, 56, 188 Ridlya, I)ehl>, 299 ; 296 Ridwiin, Seljuk of Syria, 154 Rintshenpal, Mongol, 215 Roger of Sicily, 40 Rukh, Shah, Afshdrid, 259 Rukh, Shah, Khokand, 280 Rukh, Shah, Timurid, 267-8 Rukn-a7-dawla Abu-. ‘All Hasan, Buwayhid, 142 Rukn-a/-dawla Dawud, Ortukid, 168 Rukn-a7-dInK-Kaivus,Re»^a7, 306 Rukn-a/-dln Barbak, Bengal, 307 Rukn-a/-dln FlrOz, Deh/i, 299 Rukn-a/-dln Ibi-ahlm, Dehli, 299 Rukn-a7-dln, I/ak Khan, 135 Rukn-a?-dln, Kart, 252 Rukn - a7- din Khojat-al-Hakk, Kutlugh Khan, 179 Rukn-a/-din Baybars, Mam/dk, 81 Rukn-a?-dln Modud, Ortukid, 168 Rukn-a7-dln Bargiyarak, Seljuk, 153 Rukn-a7-dln Tughril Beg, Seljuk, 153; 145, 151, 172 Rukn-a7-dln Sultan Shah, Seljuk of Kirmdn, 153 Rukn-a?-dln, Seljuks of -Rum, 155 Rushd {yezir), Ziyddid, 91 Rustam, Ak-Kuyunll, 254 Rustam, Buwayhid, 142 Sa'adat Gisay, Krim, 236, 237 Saha, Sulayhid, 94 Saha, ZurayHd, 97 Sabaktigin, Ghaznawid, 289 ; 285-6 Sabik Abu-1- Fada-il, Mirdasid, 115 Sa‘d-Musta‘In, Nasrid, 28 Sa‘d, Salgharid, 173; 172 Sa‘d-a7-dawla Abu-1-Ma‘all Sharif, Hamddnid, 112 Sa‘da, Imams of, 102 Sadaka Sayf-a?-dawla, Mazyadids, 119 Sadik. Zand, 260 Safa Giray, Krim, 237 S afayids (Shahs of Persia) , 259 ; ' 245, 254, 255-7, 268 -Saffah, ‘Abbdsid, 12 Saffarids, 129, 130; 7, 284 Safi, Safavid, 259 Safwat-aGdln, Kutlugh Khan, 179 356 INDEX TO RULERS -Saghir, Nasrid, 28 Sahib Giray, Krim, 236, 237 -Sa'id, Almohad, 47 Sa'id, Hamdanid, 111, 112 Sa'id, Khedive , 85 -Sa'id Baraka Khan, Mamluk, 81 -Sa'id, Marinids, 57, 58 Sa'id -Ahwal, Najahid, 92 -Sa'id Ghazi, Ortukid, 168 Sa'id Sultan, Shaybanid, 272 -Sa'id Shaykh Wat'as, Wat'asid, 58 Sa'id-ai-dawla, Hamdanid, 112 Sa'id, Abu-, Hazdraspid, 175 Sa'id, Abu-, I l- Khan of Persia, 220; 218, 249, 251 Sa'id, Abu-, Marinid, 58 Sa'id, Abu-, Shaybanid, 271 Sa'id, Abu-, Timurid, 268 Saladin, 77; 46, 67, 71, 74-5, 165 Salah-a?-din Dawud, Ayyubid, 78 Salab-aGdin Yusuf -Nasir, Ayyii- bid, 11 ; see Saladin Salab-aGdin Yusuf , Ayyubid, 78 Salamat Giray, Krim, 236-7 Salamish, Mamluk, 81 Salghar, 160, 172 Salgharids, 172, 173 -Salih Najm - a l- din Ayyub, Ayyubid, 77, 78, 80 -Salih Isma'il, Ayyubid, 78 -Salih Hajji, Mamluk, 81 -Salih Isma'il, Mamluk, 81 -Salih Mohammad, Mamluk, 83 -Salih Salih, Mamluk, 81 Salih, Mirdasid, 115 Salih, Ortukids, 168 -Salih, Isma'il, Zangid, 163 Salim, Abu-, Marinid, 57 Sama-aZ-dawla Abu-1- Hasan, Bu - wayhid, 142 SamLnids, 131-133; 7, 127, 129 -Samin, Filali Sharif, 61 Samsam-aZ-dawla Abu-Kalinjar -Marzuban, Buivayhid, 141 Samsam-aGdawla, Mirdasid, 115 San'a, Imams of, 103 Sanad-a?-dawla, Mazyadid, 119 Sanhaja Berbers, 39 Saphadin, 76-78 Sarbadarids, 250 ; 219, 245 Sartak, Golden Horde, 230 Saru-Khan Amirs, 184-5 Sasaktu, Mongol, 216 Sasanids, 4, 5 Sasibuka, Golden Horde, 231 Sati-Beg, Il-Khdn, 220; 219 Sattun, Buivayhid, 141 Sayf-a/-dawla Abu-l-Hasan ‘Ali, Hamdanid, 111, 112 Sayf-aZ-dawla, Hudid, 26 Saj r f-a?-din, Ayyubids, 77, 78 Sayf-a?-dinBegtimur,-kr»ie«., 170 Sayf-aZ-din Aybak, Bengal, 306 Sayf-a/-din Firuz, Bengal, 306 Sayf-a/-diu Hamza, Bengal, 308 Sayt-a/-din Suri, Ghbrid, 291 Sayf-a/-din Ghazi, Zangids , 163 Sayf-al-IslamTughtigin,HyyMii<7, 79, 98 Sayf-al-Islam Tughtigin, Burid, 161 ; 160 Sayyid Ahmad, Golden Horde, 232 Sayyid Mohammad, Khiva, 279 Sayyid Sultan, Khokand, 280 Saytids, 300, 303 Selim, 1 Othmdnlis, 195; 3, 84, 188, 256 Selim Giray, Krim, 236, 237 Seljuk Shah, Salgharid, 173 Seljuks, 149-155 ; 134, 140, 145, 156, ’158-62, 166, 167, 170-2, 176, 183-6, 287-8, 292 Setzen, Mongol, 216 Sha'ban, Mamluks, 81 Shadi Beg, Golden Horde, 232 ■Shadid, Hafsid, 50 Shahanshah, Zungid, 163 Shah- ' Alam Bahadur Shah, Mogul , 328 Shah- ‘Alam, Jalal-aGdin, Mogul, 328 INDEX TO RULERS 357 Shah-Jahan, Kntlugh Khan , 179 Shah-Jahan, Moguls, 328 Shah Rukh, Afsharid, 259 Shah Rukh, Khokand, 280 Shah Rukh, Timwrid, 268 Shah Shuja 1 , Afghan , 334 Shah Shuja*, Muzaffarid, 250 Shahln Giray, Krim, 237 Shahs op Armenia, 170 Shahs of Persia, 258-262 Shajar-aZ-durr, Matnluk, 81 Shams-ai-dawla Abu-Tahir, Bu- wayhid, 142 Shams-aZ-dln Ildigiz, Atdbeg of Adharbijdn, 171 Shams-aZ-din, Bahmanid, 318 Shams-aZ-dln, Bengal, 307 Shams-aZ-dln Ahmad, Bengal, 307 Shams-aZ-din Firuz, Bengal, 306 Shams-aZ-dln Ilyas, Bengal, 307 Shams - aZ - din Mohammad Sur Ghazi Shah, Bengal, 308 Shams-aZ-dln Muzaffar, Bengal, 308 Shams-aZ-dln Yusuf, Bengal, 307 Shams-aZ-dln Altamish, Dehli, 299 Shams-aZ-dln, Kart, 252 Shams-aZ-dln Salih, Ortakid, 168 Shams-aZ-dln, Hassid Imam, 102 Shams-aZ-dln ‘All, Sariadarid, 251 Shams-al-ma'all, Ziydrid, 137 Shams-al-mulk, Ilak Khan, 135 Shams-al-muluk Isn.a'il, Bund, 161 Sharaf - aZ - dawla Shir Zayd, Buwayhid, 141 _ Sharat'-aZ-dawla, Ilak Klidn, 135 Sharaf-aZ-dawla Abu - 1 - Makarim Muslim, l Okaylid, 117 Sharaf-aZ-dln Isa, Ayyubid, 78 Sharaf-aZ-dln, Ilak Khan, 135 Sharif Abu-1-Ma‘all, Hamddnid, 112 Sharif, Marlnid, 58 SharIfs of Morocco, 60-63 Shark! Kings of Jatjnpur, 309 Shayban, Mongol, 222-3, 225, 230, 232, 238-240 Shayban, Tulunid, 68 Shaybanids, 269-273; 239, 268, 278, 322 Shaykh, Hasani Sharif, 61 Shaykh, Mamluk, 83 Sheep, Turkomans of the Black and White, 252-4 Shibl-aZ-dawla Abu-Kainil Nasr, Mirdasid, 115 Shihab-aZ-dawla Modud, Ghaz- nawtd, 289 Shihab-aZ-dawla, Ilak Klidn , 135 Shiliab - aZ - din Bayazld, Bengal, 307 Shihab-aZ-dlnBughra, Bengal, 306 Shihab-aZ-dln Mahmud, Bdrid, 161 Shiliab-aZ-dln ‘Omar, Dehli, 299 Shihab-aZ-dln Mohammad, Ghorid, 292-4 Shl'ites, 37, 70, 102, 112, 124, 140, 149, 256 Shir ‘All, Afghan, 333-4 Shir ‘All, Khan of Khokand, 280 Shir Ghazi, Khan of Khiva, 279 Shir Khan, Bengal, 306 Shir Shah, .DeAZI, 300 ; 294, 305, 322 Shlrzad, Ghnznaivid, 289 Shir Zayd, Buwayhid, 141 Shiran, Bengal , 306 Shuja 1 - al - mulk, Afghan, 334 ; 331-3 Shuja 1 , Mogul, 328 Sikandar Shah, Bengal, 307 Sikandar Shah, Dehli, 300 Sikandar Shah, Gujarat, 313 Sinjar, Chagatdy, 242 Sinjar Mu‘izz-aZ-dIn, Seljuk, 153; 152, 292 Sinjar Shah, Zangid, 163 Slave Kings of Dehli, 299, 301 ; 294-6 Subhan Kull, Janid, 275 Sufyan, Khiva, 278 Sukman -Kutbl, Armenia, 170 358 INDEX TO RULERS SukmanNasir-a? Am, Armenia, l~0 Sukman, Ortukids, 168 ; 166 Sulayhids, 91 SulajTnan, Ayyubids, 98 Sulayman Kararani, Bengal, 308 SulajTnan, Filalt Sharif, 61 Sulayman -Musta'in. Htidid, 26 Sulayman, 1 1- Khan of Persia, 220 Sulayman, Khokand , 280 Sulayman Abu-/-Rabi‘, Marinid, 57 Sulajunan, Omayyad, 9 SulajTnan -Musta'in, Omayyad of Cordova, 21 Sulayman, ‘ Othmanlis, 195; 188-9 Sulayman, Safavid, 259 Sulayman, Seljiik of - ‘Irak, 1 54 Sulayman, Seljuks of -Ram, 155 Sultan, 140, 286 n Sultan -a/-dawla, Buwayhid, 141 Sultan - a l - davrla Arslan, Ghaz- nawid, 289 Sultan Hajji, Khiva, 278 Sultan Sa‘id, Shaybamd, 272 Sultan Shall Rukn-a?-din, Seljiik of Kirmdn, 153 Sultan Shah, Seljiik of Syria, 154 Sunkur, Salgharid, 173 ; 172 Surl, Sayf-a^-dln, Ghorid, 291 Su'ud, Abu-, Zuray'ids, 97 Suyurghatmish, Kutlugh Khan , 179 Suvurgkatmish, Mongol, 268 ; 210, 265 Tafkaj Khan, Flak Khan, 135 Taghlak Shah, Dehli, 300 Taghlakids, 300, 302 Taghlih, Abu-, Hamddnid, 112 Tagir, Khiva, 279 Tahir, Abu-, Hazdraspid, 175 Tahir, Saffdrid, 130 Tahir Dhu-l-Yamlnajm, Tdhirid, ' 128; 7 Tahikids, 128, 129 Tahirids of the Yaman, 101 Tahir, Abu-, Buwayhid, 142 Tahir, Abu-, Hamddnid, 112 Tahmasp, S favids, 259 -Ta i‘, ‘ Abbdsid , 12 Taifas, Reyes de, 23-7 Taisong, Mongol, 215 Taj-ai!-dawla Khusru Malik, Ghaz- nawid, 289 Taj-al-muluk Burl, Biirid, 161 Takl-a^-din ‘Omar, Ayyubid, 79, 165 Takka Amiks, 184-5 Takla, Hazdraspid, 175 Takla, Salgharid, 173 Talib, Abu-, Buwayhid, 142 Talha, Tdhirid, 128 Taliku, Chagatdy, 242 Tamal, Mirddsid, 115 Tamar Khan-Kiran, Bengal, 306 Tamerlane, see Timur Tamim, Zayrii, 25 Tamim, Zayrid, 40 Tamim, Abu-, Fdtimids, 71 Tandu, Jalayr, 247 Tariuman-af-din, Hassid, 102 Tashfin, Almoravid, 43 Tashfin, Abu- ‘Omar, Marinid, 57 Tashfin, Abu-, Ziydnids, 51 Tatar Khan, Bengal, Tatar, Mamluk, 83 Tawfik, Khedive, 85 Thabit, Abu-, Marinid, 57 Thabit, Abu-, Ziydnids, 51 -Tha ir, Alid, 127 Temujin (Chingiz), 202 Teval, Mongol, 222, 240 Timur (Tamerlane), 265-8 ; 185, 227-8, 242, 247-53, 297, 322 Timurbugha, Mamluk, 83 Timur, Golden Horde, 232 Timurids, 265-268; 175, 255,330 Timur Khoja, Golden Horde, 230 Timur Kutlugh, Golden Horde , 232 Timur Malik, Golden Horde, 231 Timur Shah, Afghan, 334 Timurtash, Ortiikid, 168 Tini-Beg, Golden Horde, 230 INDEX TO RULERS 359 Tirmasharin, Chagatay, 242 Titjmen, Czars of, 239 Tojibids, 26 Toktakra, Golden Horde, 231 Toktamisk Ghiyath-a/-din, Golden Horde, 231 ; 225, 227-9, 265 Toktu, Golden Horde, 230 Torghud (Dragut), Corsair , 56 Tuda-Mangu, Golden Horde , 230 Tut'ghaj ‘Imad-aGdawla Ibrahim, Ilak Khan, 135 Tugha-Timur, 1 l-Khdn, 220, 265 Tughan Khan, Bengal, 306 Tughan Sharaf-aGdin, Ilak, 135 Tughan-Timur, Mongol, 215 ; 213 Tughril, Ghaznawid, 289 Tughril Khan, Ilak Khan, 135 Tughj, Ikhshidid, 69 Tughril, Bengal, 306 Tughril, Seljuks of -‘Irak, 154 Tughril Beg, Rukn-aGdin, Seljuk, 153 ; 145, 151, 172, 287 Tughril Shah M uhyi-aGdin, Seljuk of Kir man, 153 Tughtigin, Ayyubid, 79, 98 Tughtigin Sayf-al-Islam Zahir-al- din, Burid, 161 Tuka-Timur, Chagatay, 242 Tuka-Timur, Mongol, 222-3, 225, 230, 232, 233 ff. Tukush, Khwarizm Shah, 177 Tula-Bugha, Golden Horde, 230 Tulun-Beg, Golden Horde, 230 Tulunids, 68 ; 6 Tuluy, Mongol, 205, 211-217 Tuman-Bey, Mamluk, 83 Turakina, Mongol, 215 Turan-Shah, Ayyubid, 74, 77, 78, 98 Turan Shah, Seljuks of Kirmdn, 153 Turkistan, Khans of, 134-5 Tm-komans, 245-7, 253-4 Turks, 7, 49. 150 ff., 159 Tutush, Seljuk of Syria, 154 ; 160, 162, 166 ‘TJddat - a l- dawla Abu - Taghlib -Ghadanfir, Hamddnid, 112 TIkektu, Mongol, 216 ‘171a, Abu-1-, Almoliad, 47 Uljai-Timur, Mongol, 215 Gljai tu, Mongol, 215 Uljai'tu, Il-Khdn of Persia, 220 Ulugh Beg, Timurid, 268 Ulugh Mohammad, Kazan, 334-5 Uluj ‘All (Ochiali), Corsair, 56 Ungur Abu-l-Kasim, Ikhshidid, 69 Urang Timur, Krim, 233 Uruj Barbarossa, 55 Urus, Golden Horde, 231 ; 227, 229 Ussukhal, Mongol, 215 Uzbeg, Muzaffar-aGdin, Atabeg of _ Adharbijdn, 171 Uzbeg, Golden Horde, 230 ; 238 Uzun Hasan, Ak-Kuyunli, 253-5 'W'AjiH-aGdiu Mas‘ud, Sarba- darid, 251 7Valad, Shah, Jalayr, 247-8 Wall-Allah Shah, Bahmanid, 318 Wall Mohammad, Jauid, 275 "Walid, Hasani Sharif, 61 -"Walid, O may gads, 9 "Washmagir Zahir-aGdawla, Zi- ydrid, 137 Wat‘asids, 58 -AVathik, Abbeisid, 12 -"Wathik Abu-l-‘Ula, Almohad, 47 -Wathik, Hammudid, 25 -Wathik, Marinid. 58 White Horde, 231 ; 226 Yadighar, Khiva, 279 Ya'furids, 90, 91 Yaghi (or Ya'kuh) Arslan, Danish- mandid, 156 Yagmorasan. Ziyanid, 51 Yahya -Mu'tasim, Almohad, 47 Yahya -Kadir, Dhu-l-Niinid, 25,26 Yahva -Ma mun, Dhu-l-Nunid, , 25,' 26 360 INDEX TO RULERS Taliya Abu-Zakarya, Hafsids, 50 Taliya, Hammddid, 40 Tahya -Mu'tali, Hammddid, 21,23 Taliya, Idrlsids, 35 Tahya Shah, Muzajfarid, 248 Tahya, Rasulid, 99 Tabya, Sarbadarid, 251 Tahya -Muzaffar, Tojibid, 26 Tabya, Zayrid, 40 Taliya, Abu-, Hafsids, 50 Tabya, Abu-, Marlnids , 57 Ta'kub, Afghan, 334 Ta'kub, Ak-Kuyunli, 254 Ta'kub Abu - Tusuf -Mansur, Almohad, 47 Ta'kub, Abu Tusuf, Marinid, 57 Ta'kub, Marinid, 58 Ta'kub b. -Laytb, Sa ffdrid, 128- 130; 284 Ta'kub, Abu-, Almohad, 47 Tamin-at-dawla, see Mahmud and Bahrain, Gliaznawids [274 Tar Mohammad, Shaybdnid, 272; -Tazld, Filall Sharif, 61 Tazid, Omayyads, 9 Tazld b. Hatim, 34, 36 Tildiz, 294-5 Tissugay, 202 Tisunbugha, Chagatay , 242 Tisu Mangu, Chagatay, 242 Tisun-Timur, Chagatay, 242 Tisun-Timur, Mongol, 215 Tueu, 213 Tuluk- Arslan, Ortukid, 168 Tusui', 'Adil Shah, 317, 321 Tusuf Abu-Ta‘kub, Almohad, 47 Tusuf b. Tashfin, Almoravid, 42, 43 Tusuf, Ayyiibids, 77, 78, 98 Tusuf Zayn-a?-din, Begtiglnid, 165 Tusuf Shah, Bengal, 307 Tusuf Shah, Hazaraspids, 175 Tusuf -Mu'taman, Undid, 26 Tusuf, Ilak Khan, 135 Tusuf, Mamluk, 83 Tusuf Abu-Ta‘kub, Marinid, 57 Tusuf -Xasir, Xasrids, 28 -Tusuf-Da'I, Hassid, 102, 103 Tusuf, Rasiilids, 99 Tusuf Bulukkin, Zayrid, 40 Tusuf, Abu-, Almohad, 47 Tusuf, Abu, Marinid, 57 Tuzbak, Bengal, 306 Zafar Khan, Bahmanid, 318 Zafar Khan, Gujarat, 313 -Zafir, I)hu-\-Nunid, 25 -Zafir Abu-l-Mansur Isma‘11, Fdti- mid, 71 -Zafir Salab - a?- din ‘Amir, Ta- hir ids (Taman), 101 Zaghal, Nasrid, 28 -Zahir, ‘Abbdsid, 13 -Zahir Ghiyath-aZ-din GhazI, Ay- yubid, 78 -Zahir Abu-l-Hasan ‘All, Fatimid, 71 Zahir, Hasamvayhid , 138 -Zahir Barkuk, Mamluk, 81, 83 -Zahir Baybars -Bundukdari, Mam- luk, 81 -Zahir Bilhey, Mamluk, 83 -Zahir Jakmak, Mamluk, 83 -Zahir Kansuh, Mamluk, 83 -Zahir Khushkadam, Mamluk, 83 -Zahir Tatar, Mamluk, 83 -Zahir Timurbuglia, Mamluk, 83 -Zahir, Ortukid, 168 -Zahir, Tahya, Rasulid, 99 Zahir-aZ-dawla, Ghaznauid, 289 Zahlr-at-dawla, Ziyarid, 137 Zahir-aGdin Ibrahim, Armenia, 170 Zahir-af-din, Kakwayhid, 145 Zahir-a/-din see Babar, Zahir-at-din, Sarbadarid, 251 -Zaim Abu-Thabit, Ziydnid, 51 Za‘im - a l - dawla Abu - Kamil Baraka, ‘Okay lid, 117 Zakarya Abu-Tabya, Hafsid, 50 Zakarya, Abu-, Hafsids, 50 Zaman Shah, Afghan, 334; 331 INDEX TO RULERS 361 Zands(Shahsof Persia), 260 ; 258 Zangi, Sa/ghartd, 173 Zangi, Zangids, 163 Zaxgids, Atabegs, 162-4; 74-5, 160, 165 Zawi, Zayrid, , 25 Zaydan, Hasain Sharif, Zaydites, 102, 127 Zayn-a/-‘ Abidin, Muzaffarid, 250 Zayn-a/-din ‘All Kuckuk, Beg- liginid, 165 Zayn-a/-dln Yusuf, Begtiginid, 16 5 Zayrids (Granada), 25 Zayhids (Tunis), 39, 40, 41, 43 Ziyad, Ziyadid, 91 Ziyadat-Allah, Aghlabids, 37 Ziyadids, 89, 90, 91 Ziyan, Abu-, Marlnid, 57 Ziyan, Abu-, Ziydnids, 51 Ziy'anids, 51 ; 46, 57 Ziyarids, 136, 137 1 Zuray ‘ids, 97 THE END BY STANLEY LANE- POOLE The "Life of Edward William Lane. 8vo, pp. 138. Williams and Norgate. 1877. The People of Turkey. By a Consul’s Daughter. Edited. Two vols. 8vo, pp. xxxi, 281 ; x, 352. Murray. 1878. Lane’s Selections from the Kuran. Edited with Introduction. 8vo. Frontis- piece. pp. cxii, 173, 2. Triibner’s Oriental Series. 1879. Egypt. Illustrated. Fcp. 8vo, pp. xii, 200. Sampson Low. 1881. The Speeches and Table-Talk of the Prophet Mohammad. i8mo, pp. Ixiii, 196. Macmillan’s Golden Treasury Series. 1882 ; reissue, 1893 Le Koran, sa Poesie et ses Lois. 24mo, pp. vi, 112. Leroux. 1882. Studies in a Mosque. 1883. Second Edition. 8vo, pp. viii, 326. Remington. 1893. Arabian Society in the Middle Ages. Edited. 8vo, pp. xvi, 283. Chatto. 1883. Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt. Vol. IV. — Egypt. 4to, pp. 121-234. Illustrated. Virtue. 1883. Social Life in Egypt : a Description of the Country and its People. (Supplement to Picturesque Palestine.) 4to. Illustrated, pp. vi, 138. Virtue. 1883. Selections from the Prose Writings of Jonathan Swift. 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From Papers of the Rt. Hon. Sir G. F. Bowen, G.C.M.G. Portrait. 2 vols. pp. viii, 460 ; viii, 467. Longmans. 1889. The Barbary Corsairs. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. xviii, 316. Unwin. 1890. Sir Richard Church, C.B., G.C.H., Commander-in-Chief of the Greeks in the War of Independence. With two Plans. 8vo, pp. iv, 73. Longmans. 1890. Stories from the Arabian Nights. i6mo. 3 vols. pp. vii, 338, 331, 346. Six Illustrations. Putnam. 1891. The History of the Moghul Emperors illustrated by their Coins, pp. clxxvii. Constable. 1892. BY STANLEY LAN E-POOLE Cairo : Sketches of its History, Monuments, and Social Life. Numerous Illustrations. 8vo, pp. xiv, 320. Virtue. 1892. Aurangzib. Rulers of India Series. 8vo, pp. 212. Clarendon Press. 1893. The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables. 8vo, pp. xxviii, 361. Constable. 1893. The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, K.C.B., late H.M. Minister in Japan and China. 2 vols. 8vo. Macmillan. In the Press. The Life of Saladin. Putnam. In preparation. Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon. Vols. 6-8. Imp. 4to, pp. xxxix, 2221-3064. Edited. Williams and Norgate. 1877-1893. NUMISMATIC WORKS pp. viii, 38. Five Catalogue of the Guthrie Collection of Oriental Coins. Autotype Plates. Austin. 1874. International Numismata Orientalia. Part II. — Coins of the Turkumans. 4to, pp. xii, 44. Six Plates. Trubner. 1875. Essays in Oriental Numismatics. First, Second, and Third Series. Plates. 8vo. 3 vols. 1874, 1877, 1892. Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees. 8vo. 10 vols. (Ouvrage couronne par l’Institut de France, 1881.) Vol. I. THE KHALIFS. pp. xx, 263. Eight Autotype Plates. 1875. II. MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES, pp. xii, 279. Eight Autotype Plates. 1876. III. THE TURKUMANS. pp. xxvi, 305. Twelve Autotype Plates. 1877. IV. EGYPT, pp. xxx, 279. Eight Autotype Plates. 1879. V. The MOORS and ARABIA, pp. lii, 175. Seven Autotype Plates. 1880 VI. The MONGOLS, pp. lxxv, 300. Nine Autotype Plates. 1881. VII. BUKHARA, pp. xlviii, 131. Five Autotype Plates. 1882. VIII. The TURKS, pp. li, 431. Twelve Autotype Plates. 1883. IX., X. ADDITIONS: 1875 — 1889. 2 vols. pp. 420, 460. Twenty Auto- type Plates, and General Index. 1889, 1890. Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees. 8vo. 3 vols. Vol. I. SULTANS of DEHLI. pp. xiv, 199. Nine Autotype Plates. 1884. II. MOHAMMADAN STATES, pp. Ixxx, 239. Twelve Autotype Plates. 1885. III. MOGHUL EMPERORS. Plates. 1892. Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights in the British Museum. 8vo, pp. xxxv, 127. Nine Autotype Plates, Printed by order of the Trustees. 1891. Coins and Medals: their Place in History and Art. By the Authors of the British Museum Official Catalogues. Edited. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. x, 286. Elliot Stock, 1885. Second Edition. 1892. Catalogue of the Mohammadan Coins in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, pp. xvi, 55. Four Plates. Clarendon Press. 1888. pp cliii, 401. Thirty-three Autotype