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 The conquest of the 
 
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THE CONQUEST OF 
 THE CONTINEN 
 
 BY 
 
 HUGH LATIMER BURLESON 
 
 '^Lihe a mighty army 
 Moves the Church of GodJ' 
 
 New York 
 
 Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society 
 
 281 4th Avenue 
 
Copyright, 1 9 1 1 , by 
 DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY 
 
 Second Edition 
 Ninth Thousand 
 
FOREWOED 
 
 THIS book is the outcome of a course of 
 lectures given in two succeeding sum- 
 mers at the Cambridge Conference for 
 Church Work. Only because of the encourage- 
 ment there received does this volume now ap- 
 pear. The author finds himself under many 
 obligations — so many that it will be impossible 
 to mention all the sources from which inspira- 
 tion and assistance have come. Particular ac- 
 knowledgment should be made of the help 
 found in '^The Territorial Growth of the Uni- 
 ted States/' by Dr. W. A. Mowry, which is the 
 basis of Chapter I. Many others have fur- 
 nished help and suggestion which, interwoven 
 with the author's personal experience, give 
 these pages whatever of value and vividness 
 they possess. They have been penned in the 
 hope that they may throw some light of interest 
 and romance upon the neglected home mission- 
 ary and the domestic field, and that those who 
 read them may see the Church as the great 
 missionary agency, and the Gospel delivered by 
 and in the Church as the supreme Missionary 
 Message. 
 
 3 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Title Opposite Page 
 
 Frontispiece: Map Showing Territorial Expansions. 
 
 Rt. Rev. William White, D.D 11 
 
 The Tower of the Old Church on Jamestown Island 34 
 
 Rt. Rev. John Henry Hobart, D.D 42 
 
 Rt. Rev. Alexander V. Griswold, D.D 46 
 
 Rt. Rev. Richard Channing Moore, D.D 50 
 
 Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, D.D 64 
 
 Bishop G. W. Doane 68 
 
 Bishop C. P. Mcllvaine 68 
 
 Bishop Kemper in his Youth 68 
 
 Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper, D.D 62 
 
 Preaching Cross on the Site of Nashotah's First Altar 70 
 
 Rt. Rev. James H. Otey, D.D 78 
 
 Ezekiel G. Gear 86 
 
 James Llo jd Breck 86 
 
 Mission House, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1850 86 
 
 Henry Benjamin Whipple, First Bishop of Minnesota 94 
 
 Enmegahbowh and Bishop Whipple 98 
 
 First Building of the Seabury Mission 98 
 
 William Hobart Hare, Bishop of Niobrara and South Dakota 102 
 
 Bishop Hare and the Pupils of One of His Indian Schools. 106 
 
 Sunset Service on the South Dakota Prairies 110 
 
 The Reverend St. Michael Fackler 114 
 
 Daniel Sylvester Tuttle, Presiding Bishop of the Church. . 118 
 
 The Main Street of Boise as Bishop Tuttle Found It 126 
 
 St. Mark's Hospital, Salt Lake 134 
 
 Franciscan Mission at Santa Barbara, California 142 
 
 First Church Building on the Pacific Coast 146 
 
 A Modern Saint Francis — Charles Caleb Pierce 150 
 
 Pajst and Present Leaders in the Far West 158 
 
 William Ingraham Kip, First Bishop of California... 158 
 
 Benjamin Wistar Morris, Second Bishop of Oregon.. 158 
 
 Bishop Spalding, of Utah 158 
 
 Bishop Nichols, of California 158 
 
 Rev. John W. Chapman 166 
 
 Rev. Octavius Parker 166 
 
 Ice on the Yukon Breaking up 166 
 
 Peter Trimble Rowe, First Bishop of Alaska 174 
 
 Bishop Rowe Preaching on the Banks of the Yukon 182 
 
 Anne C. Farthing— Buried on the Battlefield 182 
 
 Map Showing Dioceses and Districts and the Eight Mis- 
 sionary Departments 187 
 
PROLOGUE 
 
 *' UNTO THE UTMOST SEA »' 
 
 NAKROW and strait the cradle of our race 
 Lay by the border of the Eastern Sea. 
 For that which once seemed wide enough domain 
 While yet with childish feet the nation walked 
 Between the ocean and the mountain wall 
 That towered to westward, was a garden plot 
 When restless, eager youth came on apace; 
 And the new flag, but late unfurled to air. 
 Yearned for an azure field wherein to plant 
 The silver stars that told of states new-born. 
 
 And so through mountain-pass and forest-aisle, — 
 
 Even before the din of war had ceased 
 
 And minute-men had turned them to the plough, — 
 
 With wary feet and keen discerning eye, 
 
 Grasping his ready rifle, but with face 
 
 Set ever westward toward the lands beyond, 
 
 The eager Leather-stocking took his way. 
 
 And not in vain; for when in distant France 
 Peace was concluded with the mother-land, 
 Franklin and Jay and Adams claimed the realm 
 Which to the nation gave the chance to live. 
 No longer did the Alleghanies rise 
 To place a barrier which we might not pass; 
 But to that central river whose great flood 
 Seeks with unerring course the Southern Sea 
 The tide of conquest poured resistlessly. 
 And thus the land of Lincoln and of Grant 
 Was joined to that of Washington and Lee. 
 
The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 But not for long did even this great space 
 
 Content the Young Eepublic of the West. 
 
 Beyond the flood in which De Soto sleeps, 
 
 And on whose surface Indian canoe 
 
 And French bateau, now journeying south, now north, 
 
 Had carried warrior, trader, knight and priest, 
 
 Lay Louisiana, reaching from the gulf 
 
 To where Canadian boundary bars the way. 
 
 And stretching wide through prairies limitless 
 
 Until upon the far horizon line 
 
 The frowning Eockies rear their snow-white crests. 
 
 And lo! upon a day, Napoleon, 
 
 By strife of old-world kingdoms keenly pressed, 
 
 Bargained away an empire, for the gold 
 
 Which, turned to arms and men, might give him power 
 
 To work in Europe his ambition's dream. 
 
 And thus once more the mountains marked our West; 
 
 Yet beckoned still, and told of lands beyond. 
 
 And next to Spain we turned — that haughty land 
 
 Whose power had fallen now on evil days 
 
 Through Mexico, her late-revolted child. 
 
 And from the mighty sovereignty which once 
 
 Had boasted lordship of the great Southwest 
 
 We wrested yet another wide domain. 
 
 And set our flag beside the Western Sea. 
 
 Not even yet was the great sum complete, 
 
 Nor builded yet our nation's goodly home; 
 
 For to the north, where rolls the Oregon, 
 
 With England we contested sovereignty. 
 
 And won; through sturdy Whitman, man of God, — 
 
 A Paul Eevere whose scarce-remembered deed 
 
 Was yet a thousand-fold more wonderful. 
 
 ''Enough! Enough!" at last the people cried, 
 ''For us and for our children yet to be; 
 Let conquest cease! estop the drum and fife! 
 And call our goodly heritage complete." 
 
The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Not so thought Seward, as he northward looked 
 To that forbidding land of snow and ice 
 Where mediaeval Eussia held her sway, — 
 A solecism on this continent. 
 With treaty signed and purchase money given 
 The Stars and Stripes at one great bound were set 
 Within the silence of the Arctic night, 
 Well-nigh upon the apex of the world. 
 
 And so it came to pass, in God's good way, 
 
 That Briton, French and Spaniard — Russian, too — 
 
 Each for himself had grasped a goodly share 
 
 Of what is now our land, but held it fast 
 
 Only until our nation so had grown 
 
 That each new part it could assimilate, 
 
 When straight the ordering of His providence 
 
 Placed each in turn within our hands, and made 
 
 The good and spacious home wherein we dwell. 
 
 Then praise to Him Who led our fathers forth! 
 And praise to Him Who made the path so plain! 
 Until, to east and west, to south and north 
 Stretches the limit of our vast domain. 
 Bless thou our nation. Lord, and grant that we 
 May win it also for Thy Christ and Thee! 
 
THE SCOPE OF THIS BOOK 
 
 PROBABLY each one who reads this volume will 
 miss some things which he would have liked to 
 find. It does not aspire to be a history of the Church, 
 nor even a complete record of her missionary progress 
 in this country. An attempt to tell the whole of that 
 great story would have been a task impossible of ac- 
 complishment in a single volume. The aim was rather 
 to show how, from feeble beginnings and utmost dis- 
 couragement, the Church has been led to self-knowledge 
 and wide opportunity. For this purpose differing types 
 of missionary work were chosen. So far as possible 
 each was exemplified in some conspicuous missionary 
 leader, and so grouped as to form a chronological and 
 geographical progression — a picture of the Church 
 marching onward across the continent. Many subjects 
 of large interest and significance were necessarily 
 omitted. Many persons whose work deserves equal 
 praise with that herein set forth receive slight mention, 
 or none at all. The early missionaries of the S. P. G., 
 the urgent religious needs of the l!^egro race, the mis- 
 sionary history of the South as a whole, are instances 
 in point. The author wishes that he might have told a 
 larger and more comprehensive story, yet hopes that 
 the story as told will prove an inspiring one, and will 
 perhaps stimulate other and abler pens to write of the 
 broad fields herein untouched and of the heroic, wise 
 and saintly men whose deeds are not here recorded. 
 
RT. REV. WILLIAM WHITE, D.D. 
 
THE CONQUEST OF 
 THE CONTINENT 
 
 THE FIELD OF CONQUEST 
 
 PKOFOUNDLY must the student of his- 
 tory be impressed as he notes the steps 
 of that resistless progress by which our 
 nation enlarged her borders. Led by the Di- 
 vine Hand in paths she had not sought — going 
 out oftentimes not knowing whither 
 
 God in History -, j_ i ^ i i i p i 
 
 she went — she lound herselr march- 
 ing by giant strides toward the western sea. 
 The Northwest Territory, the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase, the Mexican Cession and the Oregon Set- 
 tlement are the four great landmarks of her 
 progress, and as one reviews them he finds him- 
 self thinking reverently, in the quiet of his own 
 heart, concerning Him ^^who maketh the devices 
 of the people to be of none effect and casteth 
 out the counsels of princes. ' ' 
 
 This is not a matter chiefly of metes and 
 
 11 
 
12 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 bounds, of conventions, treaties and other such 
 like dry and dusty aif airs ; when studied closely 
 there is in it a marvellous significance. Step by 
 step wonderful developments were unfolding. 
 Each brave exploration, each hardy colonizing, 
 each hurling of the battle-gage or drafting of 
 the terms of peace, was imperceptibly and un- 
 intentionally drawing the sundered parts of 
 our country into great homogeneous sections, 
 and placing them close at hand where, at the 
 fitting time, and as her strength developed, the 
 young Eepublic of the West might grasp them, 
 one by one, and bind them on her as the jewels 
 of a bride. 
 
 None of the actors in these brilliant episodes 
 of history dreamed what the end would be. 
 They explored and colonized, they marched and 
 fought, they plotted and traded and merrily 
 robbed one another, for the glory of king and 
 country; whether it were George, or Charles, 
 or Philii3 — Dutch, English, French or Spanish 
 — mattered little. Each waged his battle or 
 played his game of diplomacy, casting his haz- 
 ard into the arena of the world ^s events, while 
 all the time each act and word was building 
 more broad and fair a spacious dwelling-place 
 for that new nation whose form was even then 
 dimly discerned, by those few who had the 
 vision, behind the great curtain which veiled 
 the future. 
 
The Field of Conquest 13 
 
 Our acquisition of the Northwest Territory 
 is full of vivid interest. 
 
 Wolfe began it on the plains of Abraham. 
 
 The fall of Quebec was a crisis in the world. 
 
 It decided issues far larger than ap- 
 
 The Northwest ^ ^ 
 
 Territory pcarcd. It was a contest between 
 
 races, languages, religions, and theories of gov- 
 ernment; between Eomance and Saxon ideals; 
 between the constitutional rights of free peo- 
 ples and the absolutism of despotic monarchies. 
 But it also brought under the hand of England 
 not only Canada, but New France — the terri- 
 tory of the Great Northwest.* 
 
 On the day when England, ^'furiously im- 
 perious'' and '^ drunk with success," tore from 
 France all her colonies, and divided between 
 herself and Spain the great valley of the Mis- 
 sissippi, she was preparing an unwilling gift 
 for those, her own colonies, as yet huddled 
 close to the coast of the Atlantic, and scarcely 
 caring what lay behind the barrier of the Alle- 
 ghanies. Even then, in 1763, a far-seeing 
 Frenchman foretold the issue. The Count de 
 Vergennes exclaimed: ^^The consequences of 
 the entire cession of Canada are obvious. I 
 
 * Mowry : The Territorial Growth of the United States, 
 page 13. 
 
14 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 am persuaded that England will ere long re- 
 pent of having removed the only check that 
 could keep her colonies in awe. They stand no 
 longer in need of her protection; she will call 
 on them to contribute toward supporting the 
 burdens which they have helped to bring upon 
 her, and they will answer by striking off all de- 
 pendence. ' ^ 
 
 John Adams and John Jay, Benjamin Frank- 
 lin and Henry Laurens carried on the work, 
 when they, as commissioners of the United 
 States, met in Paris at the close of the Revolu- 
 tion to negotiate with Great Britain the terms 
 of peace. They had received strict injunctions 
 to do nothing without consulting France, to 
 which nation the United States at that time 
 felt a particular sense of obligation. Discour- 
 aged and disheartened, England did not greatly 
 care for the Northwest Territory, which she 
 had never really colonized. Half-heartedly her 
 commissioner suggested that the territory 
 north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi 
 should be regarded as a part of Canada. He 
 was doubtless more or less prepared for Dr. 
 Franklin's prompt answer: ^'No, sir! if you 
 insist upon that we go back to Yorktown.'' At 
 any rate he yielded as immediately and as 
 gracefully as he could. 
 
 But France, the professed ally of the United 
 States, had plans of her own. Her statesmen 
 
The Field of Conquest 15 
 
 threw their influence into the scale in favor of 
 Spain, and her diplomatists plotted to shut up 
 the young republic between the Atlantic and 
 the Alleghanies, with practically no territory 
 beyond that of the original states, while Spain 
 quietly possessed herself of the central west, 
 which had slipped through England's fingers. 
 Almost we were betrayed in the house of our 
 friends; but John Jay, suspecting the scheme, 
 revealed his suspicions to Dr. Franklin and 
 suggested that they ignore France in the set- 
 tlement of the question. They sat before the 
 fireplace smoking their long-stemmed clay 
 pipes. Dr. Franklin exclaimed, ^^Sir, would 
 you break with the positive commands of Con- 
 gress !'* ^'As readily,'' replied Jay, dashing 
 his pipe to fragments on the hearth, ^^as I 
 break this pipe." His advice prevailed and 
 the commissioners proceeded to settle the terms 
 of peace directly with the British Commis- 
 sioner, without consulting the French minister, 
 who found too late that he had missed a chance 
 to influence the disposal of an empire. 
 
 So on that thirtieth day of November, 1782. 
 the articles were signed which, at a stroke of the 
 pen, removed our western boundary from the 
 Alleghanies to the Mississippi, and doubled the 
 area of the republic. Thus did the tide of terri- 
 torial expansion sweep over the barrier of the 
 mountains, and flow across the uplands and 
 
16 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 prairies, even to the great river of the central 
 plain. 
 
 This territory included the following states 
 lying north of the Ohio Eiver: Ohio, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and a third of 
 Minnesota; south of the Ohio were Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama. 
 
 It was no mean heritage with which the na- 
 tion was thus dowered. When added to the 
 area of the original states, this gave the United 
 States 840,000 square miles — a domain eight 
 times that of Great Britain, five times that of 
 France, and three times as great as the present 
 German Empire. It was larger than Great 
 Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, 
 Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary and 
 Transylvania combined.* 
 
 It was indeed a goodly land which God then 
 placed in our hands to colonize, civilize and 
 Christianize for Him, that it might become a 
 fit home for His children. 
 
 II 
 
 Not for long was Spain able to hold the coun- 
 try which England compelled France to cede to 
 The Louisiana hcr after the fall of Quebec in 1763. 
 For thirty-seven years she retained 
 
 *Mowr7: The Territorial Growth of the United States, 
 page 39. 
 
The Field of Conquest 17 
 
 this gigantic territory, which included every- 
 thing west of the Mississippi from the northern 
 boundary of Mexico to the Canada line, with 
 the exception of a square tract in the Pacific 
 Northwest, called indefinitely the Oregon Ter- 
 ritory — a sort of no-man's-land. Beset with 
 increasing difficulties at home and sinking grad- 
 ually but surely from the position of a first- 
 rate to that of a second-rate power, Spain could 
 exercise no effective control over such a domain 
 — indeed, she never attempted to do so. In her 
 poverty she was willing to entertain sugges- 
 tions of purchase, and in due time a buyer ap- 
 peared. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte knew many other things 
 besides the map of Europe, the handling of an 
 invading army and the making and unmaking 
 of kings. He was a student of the world and 
 had studied to good purpose the geography of 
 North America. He was not slow to realize 
 the value of the tract called Louisiana, and his 
 teeming brain conceived the idea of building up 
 a French empire in the heart of North America. 
 Here was a country fertile and delightful, four 
 times as large as France, and easily accessible 
 by water through the longest river in the world 
 and its tributaries. He longed to regain the 
 lost land which had been wrested from France 
 in an evil hour, and in 1800, by a secret treaty, 
 Spain re-ceded the province to France. 
 
18 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 But like other dreams of this great dreamer, 
 the plan came to nought. Indeed this very act, 
 which might so grievously have injured our 
 nation, fell out entirely to her advantage. Eng- 
 land, raging with a hatred and fear of Na- 
 poleon which amounted almost to madness, 
 heard of the secret cession and straightway 
 planned to attack Louisiana. With her base in 
 Canada and her command of the sea, she could 
 do this far more easily than Napoleon could 
 defend it. He was general enough to realize the 
 hopelessness of such a struggle. 
 
 Since within this territory was included the 
 mouth of the Mississippi and the city of New 
 Orleans, the question of its sale was of vital 
 importance in the development of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, which depended for its outlet 
 upon the free navigation of the river. Already 
 our statesmen had begun to realize that the 
 empire of the middle west was largely useless 
 unless there were an open and safe way to the 
 Gulf. It was with this in view that a Com- 
 mission was sent to France to negotiate. 
 
 They hoped for nothing more, and had no in- 
 structions beyond the securing of that bit of 
 territory which would place the control of the 
 mouth of the Mississippi in the hands of the 
 United States, but by the time of their arrival 
 in France certain things had happened which 
 convinced Napoleon that he could not hope to 
 
The Field of Conquest 19 
 
 hold any part of Louisiana; indeed, that he 
 must hasten to be rid of it at a price, if he did 
 not wish to lose it to the English by conquest. 
 War with England he saw to be inevitable. 
 England had twenty ships in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, whose first move would probably be 
 an attack upon Louisiana by the open water- 
 way of the Mississippi. To the utter astonish- 
 ment of the commissioners Napoleon offered to 
 cede the whole territory to the United States 
 without reservation. 
 
 How greatly this fretted his proud spirit 
 will never be fully known. The record of his 
 statements concerning the matter show that 
 he acted with the utmost reluctance. *^I re- 
 nounce it,'' he said, *^with the greatest regret, 
 but to attempt obstinately to retain it would be 
 absolute folly.'' Not because he loved the 
 United States, but because he had seized upon 
 something too great for him to hold, he made 
 the offer. But in the midst of his bitter disap- 
 pointment he experienced a savage satisfaction. 
 That he realized better than any other the 
 wider significance of the thing which he was 
 doing, is shown by his utterance after the sign- 
 ing of the treaty: ^^This accession of territory 
 strengthens forever the power of the United 
 States. I have just given to England a mari- 
 time rival that will sooner or later humble her 
 pride. ' ' 
 
20 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 James Monroe and Eobert Livingston were 
 men who could not fail to realize the value of 
 the astounding opportunity which was offered 
 them, and so it came about that the unexpected 
 happened, and the territory which we had not 
 thought to possess was fairly thrust upon us at 
 a small price. 
 
 For $15,000,000, on April 30, 1803, France 
 surrendered a province bounded on the north 
 by Canada, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and extending east and west practically from 
 the Mississippi River to the Eocky Mountains. 
 It included Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, 
 Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kan- 
 sas, Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, the 
 greater part of Minnesota, Montana and 
 Wyoming, and one-third of Colorado. 
 
 Thus at the end of twenty years came the 
 second great wave of territorial expansion, 
 which once more doubled the possessions of the 
 United States, planted the flag of a nation upon 
 the summits of the Rocky Mountains and gave 
 us for the first time free access to the great 
 Gulf southward. 
 
 At that time the entire population west of 
 the Alleghanies was less than half a million, 
 and all the white men dwelling in the Louisiana 
 province did not number 50,000; but the tide 
 of immigration was already on its way, and the 
 new territory offered a second challenge to the 
 
The Field of Conquest 21 
 
 people of the United States to colonize and 
 Christianize — worthily to win and hold the 
 country for the nation and for God. 
 
 Ill 
 
 In secretly ceding Louisiana to Napoleon, 
 Spain had by no means given up all her pos- 
 „, „ . , sessions in the new world. Florida 
 
 Th0 Spamsn 
 
 Possessions ^as still held by her, together with 
 the extensive territory which was called New 
 Spain, and which had always been her strong- 
 est centre of power and influence. This in- 
 cluded the present republic of Mexico, Texas, 
 New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Cali- 
 fornia and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. 
 By treaty and purchase, in 1819, the United 
 States became possessed of the Spanish prov- 
 ince of ^^East and West Florida, '^ which em- 
 braced the present state of that name together 
 with a narrow strip of land running along the 
 Gulf of Mexico as far as the Mississippi Eiver. 
 In this treaty also the boundary line between 
 the United States and Spain was carefully des- 
 ignated, and each of the contracting parties 
 solemnly renounced and ceded to the other all 
 its claims to territory lying on the farther side 
 of that line. Before this boundary line had 
 been surveyed, however, Mexico had revolted 
 against Spain, and had set up an independent 
 
22 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 government in the year 1821, taking over to 
 herself all the territory previously held by 
 Spain, with boundaries as defined in the treaty 
 of 1819 just mentioned. 
 
 One approaches the consideration of our 
 third territorial expansion with mingled feel- 
 ings. We must regret that it was coupled 
 with so much of arrogance and aggression. 
 The causes underlying the annexation of Texas, 
 and the resulting war with Mexico which fol- 
 lowed, by which we wrested from her the ces- 
 sion of 1848, are so involved and form such a 
 tangled skein of interlacing motives and poli- 
 cies, that it is difficult to judge them fairly, even 
 from the vantage-point of years. 
 
 Beyond doubt Mexico's claim to inherit the 
 boundary line agreed upon with Spain was a 
 sound one. Beyond doubt, also, the revolt of 
 Texas in 1836 and its setting up of an indepen- 
 dent government under the *4one star'' flag 
 was encouraged by citizens of the United 
 States. The question of slavery was already 
 weaving its dark thread into all the policies — 
 and indeed into the whole fabric of our national 
 life. A careful adjustment was sought to be 
 maintained by the admission of a slave state 
 and a free state in regular alternation, but the 
 growing and expanding North, with its large 
 territory and its boundless resources, was a 
 danger with which the upholders of slavery 
 
The Field of Conquest 23 
 
 were already being compelled to reckon. The 
 only territory out of which new states favor- 
 able to slavery could be created lay beyond 
 the international boundary in the Mexican pos- 
 sessions. It was perhaps only natural that 
 Texas, with its great area which promised to 
 furnish territory for at least five states, should 
 be coveted by the South as a part of the Union. 
 
 So annexation came, by which we broke our 
 solemn pledge ; an army was marched upon the 
 debatable soil, up to a new boundary line which 
 we had ourselves decreed, but which Mexico 
 had never accepted, and because its advance 
 was withstood by the Mexicans, war was de- 
 clared — if one can call it war. Our army had 
 its own way with the Mexicans, and shortly 
 planted our flag over their capitol, but no true 
 lover of his country can feel great pride in 
 the achievement. 
 
 Doubtless it was better for the territories 
 concerned that they should come under the rule 
 of the American republic. Perhaps it is even 
 true that Mexico was better off without these 
 possessions, and could devote herself more di- 
 rectly and singly to the solution of her impor- 
 tant problem and the consolidation of the con- 
 flicting elements out of which she was to engage 
 in the seemingly hopeless task of forming a 
 republic. But after all, the manner of the 
 transfer was not edifying. 
 
24 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Thus for a third time that which doubtless 
 was inevitable happened, and at a bound we 
 reached the Pacific. From sea to sea extended 
 American dominion. By the treaty signed in 
 1848 600,000 square miles were added to our 
 continental area and the lands of the great 
 southwest, including golden California, passed 
 into our possession. These, added to Texas, 
 comprised an accession as large as Louisiana, 
 and larger than the area east of the Mississippi 
 which fell to us after the war of the Eevolution. 
 
 IV 
 
 North of California and west of the Eocky 
 Mountains lay a debatable land which had 
 _ ^ been variously claimed by Spanish, 
 
 The Oregon '^ ^ x- 7 
 
 Territory Freuch and English — sometimes 
 
 successively, sometimes simultaneously. Be- 
 yond question the first explorers of the Pacific 
 Coast were Spanish. Balboa, Magellan, Cor- 
 tez and others sailed along it and made explora- 
 tions upon it. France also may have penetrated 
 it from the interior, in the person of some of 
 her coureurs de hois, the wandering trappers 
 and pioneers whom no rivers could stop nor 
 mountains daunt. Whatever claim France pos- 
 sessed fell to us by the purchase of the Louisi- 
 ana territory, and Spain's cession in the treaty 
 of 1819 of all her rights north of the great 
 
The Field of Conquest 25 
 
 boundary line, transferred to ns any claim she 
 might possess. It was with England that the 
 contest finally developed, and in what was 
 known as the Oregon Country the last stand 
 against British aggression was successfully 
 made. 
 
 The key to the country was the Columbia 
 Eiver. Practically everything to the north 
 was drained by it, and everything to the south 
 by the Snake and its tributaries, which made a 
 confluence with the Columbia at Walla Walla. 
 When Captain Eobert Gray, in 1792, discovered 
 the obscure mouth of this great stream, past 
 which explorer after explorer of many nations 
 had sailed in ignorance, he established for our 
 country the best claim to possession which any 
 nation could allege. President Jefferson, in 
 1804, followed this up by sending the famous 
 exploring expedition under Lewis and Clark, 
 and four years later John Jacob Astor for 
 purposes of trade made the first settlement at 
 Astoria. This was snatched from him during 
 the War of 1812, but afterward restored at the 
 insistence of his government. 
 
 For years thereafter the possession of this 
 large territory was in debate, the United 
 States basing its claim upon five chief points : 
 (1) The discovery of the Columbia by Captain 
 Gray; (2) the exploration of Lewis and Clark; 
 (3) the settlement at Astoria; (4) the transfer 
 
26 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 of titles to the United States by Spain and 
 France; (5) on the ground of contiguity the 
 United States had a stronger right to these 
 territories than could be advanced by any other 
 power.* 
 
 It was not until 1846 that the question was 
 settled, when the 49th parallel of latitude be- 
 came the boundary, England relinquishing her 
 claim to the country south of it and we relin- 
 quishing our claim to the territory west of 
 the Eocky Mountains between parallels 49° and 
 54° 40'. 
 
 With this final winning of the Oregon ter- 
 ritory there is bound up a thrilling missionary 
 story. Space does not permit its telling here 
 further than in the briefest outline. 
 
 It was in 1832 that four Indians of the Nez 
 Perces, an Oregon tribe, suddenly appeared in 
 St. Louis, having journeyed for months that 
 they might ask for the white man's Book which 
 showed the trail to the Happy Hunting 
 Grounds. Through the exploring party of Lewis 
 and Clark they must have heard of, and doubt- 
 less seen, the Bible. General Clark was at that 
 time Indian Agent, with headquarters in St. 
 Louis. He received his old friends cordially, 
 but could do nothing for them. No Bible in 
 their language existed, and no missionary was 
 
 * Mowry : The Territorial Growth of the United States, 
 page 148. 
 
The Field of Conquest 27 
 
 at hand to return with them and teach them, 
 so they went back disappointed. 
 
 But the story of their coming travelled over 
 the land, and Christian men felt the call to 
 offer themselves in response to this pathetic 
 appeal. Both the Methodists and the Presby- 
 terians sent out missionaries, prominent among 
 the latter being Marcus Whitman, M.D. He it 
 was who took the first wagon across the Rocky 
 Mountains, and in it Mrs. Whitman and the 
 wife of his comrade in the missionary under- 
 taking, the Rev. Mr. Spalding. Arrived in Ore- 
 gon, Dr. Whitman found the territory altogether 
 under the domination of the Hudson's Bay Fur 
 Co. It was to their advantage to keep it a wil- 
 derness. Vast profits were being made, and 
 the company not only controlled the situation 
 in Oregon, but also possessed the string of forts 
 which formed the only link between it and the 
 distant seat of government and civilization. 
 Everything which could be done without pro- 
 voking retaliation was done to prevent the in- 
 coming of immigrants and the education of the 
 Indians. The settlement of the country and 
 the turning of its natives to agriculture meant 
 death to the company by the destruction of 
 its profits, and while the missionaries were out- 
 wardly welcomed the things for which they 
 stood were covertly opposed. 
 
 Yet the way had been opened, and the little 
 
28 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 trickle of immigration which was soon to swell 
 to a resistless flood had begun. The English 
 company foresaw the probable result and 
 planned to bring in settlers from Canada to 
 outnumber the Americans, and so wrest the 
 country from them. While visiting one of their 
 forts to minister to their sick, Whitman heard 
 their boasts to this effect. This confirmed liim 
 in a course of action already determined upon. 
 The same hour he rode back to his mission and 
 the next day set out on his marvellous ride 
 across the continent — an exploit in itself. 
 
 It was late in the fall of 1842 that he started, 
 with only one companion, who midway of the 
 journey was compelled to drop behind. Whit- 
 man pushed on through the bitter winter across 
 the mountains and reached St. Louis, having 
 endured untold hardships and having been 
 again and again on the verge of disaster and 
 death. 
 
 Hearing that a treaty was being negotiated 
 with England in which the Oregon boundary 
 question would probably be included, he paused 
 in St. Louis only long enough to arrange with 
 others for the gathering of a band of colonists 
 whom he promised to lead the following sum- 
 mer across the mountains to Oregon. Then he 
 pushed on to Washing-ton and made his repre- 
 sentations to the President and to Daniel 
 Webster, the Secretary of State. He outlined 
 
The Field of Conquest 29 
 
 the situation as he understood it, and told them 
 of the dangers which threatened American 
 sovereignty. 
 
 How far the statements of Dr. Whitman in- 
 fluenced the final decision which gave to us the 
 Oregon country can never be known, but the 
 sudden appearance of this bronzed and fur- 
 clad pioneer, bearing the marks of his tre- 
 mendous journey, speaking briefly and to the 
 point, urging everywhere the importance of 
 Oregon and the certainty of its great future, 
 left an impress upon the capital which has come 
 down in contemporary history. 
 
 But Whitman was not the man to place his 
 whole reliance upon the action of diplomatists ; 
 he also took a hand in the affair, playing the 
 game in his own way. Back to the west he 
 hastened, finding there more than eight hun- 
 dred persons ready to take up their journey to 
 Oregon. These, in spite of the opposition and 
 dire prophecies of the Hudson's Bay officials, he 
 led safely across the mountains and down into 
 the plains of the new land, to form the nucleus 
 of the hundreds of thousands who to-day in- 
 habit it; and Oregon was saved to the United 
 States. 
 
 Probably it was no unexpected thing to 
 Whitman when, — possibly through the machina- 
 tions of his unavowed enemy, the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, — he and all his were massacred 
 
30 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 by the Indians in 1847. Again and again he 
 had cast his life into the hazard in the endeavor 
 to save this great country to the United States, 
 and although no eye-witness has told of his 
 sharp and sudden end, he surely met it bravely 
 and in the fear of the Lord. From his death 
 followed the victory which he sought, and 
 his blood sealed the future of the land for 
 which he strove. Scarcely in history has there 
 been a more conspicuous example of the mis- 
 sionary as the pioneer of civilization and the 
 benefactor of his nation. 
 
 By this fourth and last* continental expan- 
 sion 300,000 square miles were added to the 
 previous territory of the nation. Idaho, Ore- 
 gon, Washington and parts of Montana and 
 Wyoming came under the flag, and Puget 
 Sound, with all that it means as a port of trade 
 with the Orient and Alaska, was secured to the 
 United States. 
 
 Thus from coast to coast and from the Great 
 Lakes to the Gulf there stretched, far and fair, 
 the home of the American Eepublic. Within 
 a little more than sixty years, — from being shut 
 up between the barriers of the Atlantic and the 
 
 *The purchase of Alaska was, of course, a fifth expansion 
 on this continent, but differed from the first four in not deal- 
 ing with contiguous territory; in effect it lies across the sea. 
 The circumstances of its acquisition appear in Chapter VI. 
 
The Field of Conquest 31 
 
 Allegli|nies, tied to a single sea-coast and at 
 the mercy of powerful neighbors on every 
 hand, — she had, by four astonishing advances, 
 carried her dominion literally to the end of the 
 earth. Only the wide sea had stopped her 
 progress.* The boast contained in the old coup- 
 let had been made good: 
 
 *'No pent-up Utica contracts our powers, 
 But the whole boundless continent is ours.'' 
 
 * Yet, as we know, the progress of our nation did not stop 
 when she had traversed the continent and reached the great 
 sea. In these latter days she has set her flag among its 
 islands. Here, again, she was not seeking conquest. Hawaii 
 knocked at our doors and was admitted into the family. A 
 generous interference in behalf of a defenceless and oppressed 
 people, brought to us, most unexpectedly, Porto Rico and the 
 Philippines. To all these, the Church, following her patriotic 
 duty, has gone that she may aid the state in making Chris- 
 tian citizens. Yet these lie beyond the scope of our volume; 
 though they stand as signs of a world-mission laid upon our 
 nation, in which, pray God, she may show herself generous 
 and faithful! 
 
n 
 
 THE GATHERING OF THE FOECES 
 
 THE title of tliis book is not a declaration 
 but a challenge. It is an inspiration, an 
 ideal — ^please God, a prophecy. This 
 continent has not yet been conquered for 
 Christ. Even these United States are not 
 wholly and completely His. The efforts 
 of aU Christian forces combined have not 
 achieved that result. The trumpet still sounds 
 , , the assembly and the charge, and the 
 
 Conquest not "^ . . 
 
 Complete couflict is real and critical. 
 
 Our own share in the battle has not been pre- 
 eminent, nor have our victories been over- 
 whelming. Our zeal and self-sacrifice have not 
 been great. Christians who boasted no ancient 
 lineage and who found their inspiration only 
 in a personal loyalty to Christ, have again 
 and again put us to shame. Vast tracts of our 
 country we have left for others to evangelize, 
 and where we did go our skirmish-line was often 
 pitifully thin, with no reserves in sight and only 
 the poorest of equipment. Yet in spite of all 
 these things the mark which we have left upon 
 
 32 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 33 
 
 the country is an honorable one. We have had 
 our great leaders, we have faced our great 
 moments, and have seen some great successes. 
 
 To-day this Mstoric Church, which holds her 
 commission through England and France, and 
 the beloved disciple John,* from our Lord Him- 
 self, is exercising an influence and is being 
 called to a leadership far in excess of anything 
 to which our numbers or successes entitle us. 
 Under such circumstances it is well to review 
 the past, both for admonition and encourage- 
 ment ; to see from what small beginnings our ac- 
 complishments have resulted, and to learn how 
 wide is still the gulf between these achieve- 
 ments and the work which is ours to do — if we 
 will. 
 
 Not forgetful then, nor unappreciative, of the 
 great contributions which other Christian 
 bodies have made to the conquest of the con- 
 tinent, and thankful that where we did not or 
 could not go they went before and hewed out 
 a path for the coming of the Kingdom of 
 Eighteousness, we must nevertheless confine 
 our attention to the missionary progress of our 
 own Communion. 
 
 * The succession of the English Church may be traced not 
 only through the first Roman missionaries, but also through 
 the ancient Celtic and early British Church, which derived 
 their Orders from Gaul, which in turn received the Episcopate 
 from Ephesus in Asia Minor, one of the Seven Churches men- 
 tioned by the Apostle St. John. 
 
34 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 In the previous chapter we have seen how, 
 in four great enlargements, at different periods 
 The Civil and the ^^ ^^^r Mstory, the American Eepuh- 
 spirituai Conquest j'^ bccamo posscsscd of her wide do- 
 main. These were, successively, (1) The ac- 
 quisition of the Northwest Territory in 1783 
 by the treaty which ended the Eevolutionary 
 War; (2) the purchase from Napoleon of the 
 Louisiana Territory in 1803; (3) the cession by 
 Mexico of the Spanish country in 1848; and 
 (4) the treaty with England in 1846 which es- 
 tablished the international boundary and 
 acknowledged our title to the Oregon territory. 
 
 Along the same lines, and curiously corre- 
 sponding with this civil conquest of the conti- 
 nent, has gone the religious conquest. Each 
 new period of missionary enlargement has 
 meant the establishment of the Church, suc- 
 cessively, in these great divisions of the land. 
 We shall therefore be treading the path which 
 the nation has trod as we attempt to follow the 
 Church through the history of her progress, and 
 we shall find our attention directed successively 
 to each of these four territorial divisions. 
 
 The first step in the conquest was made on 
 Jamestown Island, when under the old sail 
 Our First strctchcd between four trees the god- 
 
 Landing Party j^ chaplain, Mastor Eobert Hunt, on 
 
^»rCfei t^-» 
 
 TOWER OF THE OLD CHURCH ON JAMESTOWN ISLAND 
 
 The site of our first altar in America 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 35 
 
 that seventeenth day of May, 1607, voiced the 
 thanksgiving of the newly landed handful of 
 colonists in the familiar phrases of the Book 
 of Common Prayer. The first permanent altar 
 was the grain of mustard seed from which the 
 life of the Church spread. Wherever the sons 
 of the Church of England went the words of her 
 liturgy were heard, and her influence for right- 
 eousness was felt. 
 
 Yet under what almost inconceivable diffi- 
 culties! The affairs of the Church had been 
 Difficulties administered from across the sea. 
 
 Encountered j^^^q |.j^g Church of England, but 
 
 much more hopelessly, she was at the mercy of 
 the state. A plan for providing a bishop for 
 her governance, and so completing the three- 
 fold order, had before the Eevolution never 
 been seriously undertaken even by the colonies 
 themselves,— still less by the people of Eng- 
 land. Confirmation had of necessity fallen into 
 disuse. The affairs of the Church were admin- 
 istered through commissaries who represented 
 the distant and somewhat shadowy over-lord- 
 ship of the Bishop of London. Clergy there 
 could be none, except such as took the long and 
 dangerous voyage across the ocean, made a 
 more or less prolonged stay in England at their 
 own charges, and returned as best they might. 
 The only alternative was to bring over from 
 England men already ordained, too many of 
 
36 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 whom proved to be lacking in scholarship, 
 ability, or certain fundamental principles of 
 manners and morals even more important. 
 
 It would be difficult to imagine a more 
 desperate situation than that of the Episcopal 
 Misunderstand. Church at tho closo of the Rcvolu- 
 ings Without ^j^Qjj^ jjgj. members were a seem- 
 ingly hopeless little band compared with the 
 Puritan hosts about her. She was regarded, — 
 to use the quaint phrase of the late Bishop Wil- 
 liams of Connecticut, — as ^^a piece of heavy 
 baggage which the British had left behind 
 them when they evacuated New York and Bos- 
 ton.'* No religious organization, with the pos- 
 sible exception of the Church of Rome, could 
 have been more unwelcome to the rank and file 
 of the people, or more severely condemned by 
 the popular judgment of the period. She was 
 the offspring of a State Church, and therefore 
 to be suspected, however much she might pro- 
 test her separation from politics. The very 
 features which constitute her abiding value and 
 influence were unwelcome, if not abhorred. A 
 bishop smacked of courts and crowns, of stately 
 carriages and aristocratic pomp. No other kind 
 could be imagined by the sturdy Puritans. 
 Her liturgical worship was counted as deadly 
 formalism or abominable hypocrisy, and all 
 the order, beauty and glory of the Christian 
 Year, — of Feast and Fast and Sacrament, were 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 37] 
 
 but so many rags of Popery ; from all of which, 
 together with the Bishop of Eome, the stout 
 Protestants of the day prayed that they might 
 be delivered. 
 
 Nor was the fault outside the Church alone. 
 
 Some things which her opponents alleged were 
 
 true. There was no vigorous type 
 
 W6&&I1688 
 
 Within - of earnest spirituality. Without 
 doubt much formalism prevailed. Few there 
 were who had any real conception of the 
 Church's Catholic heritage, and the trials of 
 the Revolution had already sapped the vitality 
 and loosened the bonds of such union as had 
 previously existed. 
 
 With such a past behind them and such a 
 state of feeling around them, the little handful 
 The Convention ^^ Churchmcn met in Philadelphia 
 •^™ for the General Convention of 1789. 
 
 One great thing at least had been gained. 
 Bishop Seabury, after a long and fruitless quest 
 of the episcopate in England, had received it 
 at last from the non-juring bishops of Scotland* 
 
 * Bishop Seabury could not receive consecration from the 
 English bishops, because they were required in all cases to 
 exact an oath of allegiance to the King of England. The 
 Scotch Episcopate was under no such obligation. It repre- 
 sented those bishops called *' non-jurors'' because they felt 
 bound to respect their oath of allegiance to James II and 
 the House of Stuart. See Tiffany: American Church His- 
 tory Series, Vol. VII, page 318. 
 
38 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 in 1784. Bishops White and Provoost, after 
 encountering almost equal difficulties, largely 
 due to the character of the proposed prayer 
 book put forth by American churchmen, had 
 been consecrated at Lambeth Palace, in 1787. 
 The episcopate, so long desired, was thus se- 
 cured to the American Church. The three bish- 
 ops necessary to a complete and regular conse- 
 cration were on American soil. 
 
 Aside from this the outlook was discourag- 
 ing indeed. Two bishops, twenty clergymen 
 and sixteen laymen constituted this General 
 Convention — a number no greater than would 
 now be gathered by almost any missionary 
 jurisdiction at its annual convocation. But ad- 
 mirable indeed was the work done by this hand- 
 ful of men. They ratified the Prayer Book, 
 adopted the Constitution, and set the Church 
 before the people of the land with reiterated 
 claims to the possession of ancient faith and 
 apostolic order. Yet what a hopeless task it 
 seemed ! 
 
 II 
 
 We pass over twenty-two years, and in 1811 
 find the Church again assembled in General 
 The Lean l Conveutiou. The years had brought 
 ^"'* her varying fortune — everything, 
 
 one might think, except good fortune. At 
 times it had almost seemed as though God 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 39 
 
 would indeed remove her candlestick out of 
 its place, and that she would cease to exist as 
 a national Church. The two bishops, twenty 
 clergy and sixteen laymen of the Convention 
 of 1789 had in 1811 become two bishops, twenty- 
 five clergy and twenty-two laymen — an increase 
 in twenty-two years of no bishops, five clergy 
 and six laymen!* 
 
 To the modern Churchman the conditions 
 under which the Church through these years 
 continued to exist are almost unthinkable. 
 Plainly she did not understand her own char- 
 acter or mission. Even the episcopate, sought 
 and obtained with such great labor, does not 
 seem to have been valued for its really perma- 
 nent and divine characteristics. Great con- 
 firmation classes were at first recorded, — 250 
 at one time by Bishop Seabury, — over 300 in 
 Trinity Church, New York, by Bishop Pro- 
 voost. But the novelty of the rite soon passed 
 away. Bishop White, who was probably never 
 confirmed himself,t seems to have deemed con- 
 firmation scarcely essential for his people. He 
 rarely went beyond Philadelphia and the 
 nearby towns. During twenty years his visita- 
 tions averaged six per annum. Bishop Mad- 
 
 * These figures show the increase in the membership of the 
 General Convention, and only indirectly indicate the growth 
 of the Church as a whole. 
 
 t See McConnell : History of the Episcopal Church, page 
 282. 
 
40 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 ison of Virginia, after his first visita- 
 tion of his diocese, considered his duties as 
 president of William and Mary College the 
 more important, while the first Bishop of 
 South Carolina never confirmed at all.* Bishop 
 Provoost resigned in 1801 and busied himself 
 for ten years with a new translation of Tasso 
 and the study of botany, during which time it 
 is said that he utterly neglected the services of 
 the Church and did not receive the Holy Com- 
 munion. Only one ordination is recorded in 
 Virginia during this entire period, and it is to 
 be feared that the man was unworthy of it. 
 
 Such was the period of the great stagnation, 
 — or may we not better call it the dormancy of 
 the mustard seed? Who could then 
 sta'gnatfon foresco the things which God had in 
 store for His Church? Who can wonder at the 
 despair which filled the minds of many, so that 
 even a bishop could say that he doubted 
 whether Episcopacy in America would not die 
 with him? These things make more intelligible 
 the astounding story told concerning Chief Jus- 
 tice Marshall, — himself a faithful and life-long 
 Churchman, — who when approached for a gift 
 
 * South Carolina had entered the Federal Church on con- 
 dition that no bishop be sent to her. Three years later she 
 came to a better mind and elected the Rev. Dr. Eobert Smith, 
 who was consecrated in 1795 and died in 1801. No successor 
 was chosen for eleven years. See Perry^ Vol. II, page 189, 
 note. 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 41 
 
 toward the Theological Seminary at Alexandria 
 made the gift indeed, like a loyal son of the 
 Church, hut at the same time declared that he 
 doubted whether he were not doing a grave 
 wrong in encouraging any young man to enter 
 the ministry of the Episcopal Church, which in 
 his judgment was destined to die out within a 
 generation. 
 
 Thus begins the history of the Church which 
 first secured in America the Apostolic ministry 
 in its three-fold order.* Losing on the one hand 
 thousands of her members to Methodism, and 
 on the other missing a chance to make lasting 
 gains among the immigrant Lutherans, the 
 Church seemed to slumber on, unconscious of 
 her heritage and her calling. 
 
 It would be unjust, however, to give the im- 
 pression that this period contributed nothing 
 A Period of to the Church's growth. A really 
 Adaptation important development was going 
 
 on. We must remember that everything, both 
 in Church and State, was experimental. The 
 republic was passing through the throes of 
 
 * John Carroll, Eoman Catholic Bishop of Baltimore, was 
 not consecrated until 1790. At that date not only Seabury 
 but Bishops White and Provoost had already been conse- 
 crated and were established in sees. They had received their 
 Orders with entire regularity at the hands of three bishops. 
 Archbishop Carroll, acting alone, consecrated other bishops. 
 Through him the Roman Catholic Orders in this country have 
 been derived. 
 
42 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 adaptation and learning how rightly to use lib- 
 erty under law. Even greater was the difficulty 
 which the Church faced. In all English history 
 there had been no such tiling as lay representa- 
 tion in ecclesiastical bodies — a principle fun- 
 damentally embedded in the new Constitution. 
 It was an idea almost as revolutionary in char- 
 acter as that of a bishop who did not live in a 
 palace and wear a wig! Then, too, the clergy 
 had for one hundred and fifty years known 
 nothing but a shadow of episcopal oversight. 
 The whole question of the constitutional rela- 
 tions of bishops, clergy and laity with one an- 
 other and with the general Church, had to be 
 worked out and adjusted. This was done fairly 
 well during these first twenty-two years. The 
 structural development was going on, and at 
 the end of the period the general plan of the 
 Church's law and order was pretty well estab- 
 lished. 
 
 The Church was finding herself. She was 
 realizing her unity. This sense of unity took 
 hold and flowered in a truer conception of the 
 episcopate. The bishop of wigs and carriages, 
 with much of the aristocrat and a little tinge of 
 *^my lordship" — the prevailing English type of 
 that day — could not be successfully reproduced 
 in America. More than ever, having at last 
 obtained the episcopate, did the Church realize 
 how essential it was to her unity and success; 
 
RT. REV. JOHN HENRY HOBART^ D.D. 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 43 
 
 but more than ever also was she beginning to 
 see that an adaptation was needed, and that an 
 American type of bishop— one who should be 
 before all else a missionary— must be de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Thus did the Church, during this dark 
 period of her history, develop her organization 
 for conquest and readjust her ideals of leader- 
 ship. She emerged with a united front and a 
 clearer vision; which was, perhaps, as much 
 as could be expected under the circumstances. 
 
 Ill 
 
 In His good time God raised up three men 
 — and they raised up the Church. Hobart in 
 New York, Griswold in New Eng- 
 RaueTup land, and Moore in Virginia were, 
 
 under God, the three personalities which ush- 
 ered in for the Church the period of internal 
 growth. 
 
 In 1811 Bishop Moore, the coadjutor of New 
 York, was stricken with paralysis. Bishop Pro- 
 voost had resigned his work ten years before 
 and was devoting himself to the study of botany 
 and the classics. The diocese of New York 
 therefore proceeded to elect an assistant 
 bishop, and the choice fell upon John Henry 
 Hobart, the leading young High Churchman of 
 his day. The difficulties surrounding his con- 
 
44 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 secration, which for a time seemed insuperahle, 
 were finally overcome, though in this transition 
 from the old order to the new it is not generally 
 realized by how narrow a margin the Church 
 escaped the necessity of seeking once more her 
 Orders from abroad. 
 
 When Hobart was consecrated* there were 
 only six bishops in the nation; three were nec- 
 essary for regular consecration. Bishop Moore 
 was incapacitated by paralysis; Bishop Clag- 
 gett of Maryland fell ill on his way north; 
 Bishop Madison did not think it worth while to 
 leave his college duties ; White of Pennsylvania 
 and Jarvis of Connecticut were alone avail- 
 able, unless perchance Bishop Provoost would 
 consent to join in the consecration. Happily he 
 did leave his lexicons and herbariums long 
 enough to come to Trinity Church for the ser- 
 vice, though even there the consecration was 
 halted while the three bishops settled the ques- 
 tion propounded by him as to whether it were 
 seemly to proceed unless all three wore wigs! 
 The adroitness of Bishop White, who called to 
 mind a portrait of Archbishop Tillotson painted 
 without his wig, at last reconciled Bishop Pro- 
 
 * Bishop Griswold also received consecration at the same 
 time and place. For a suggestive treatise on the historical 
 features of the incident see a sermon preached in Trinity 
 Church, New York, by Bishop Kinsman on the one-hundredth 
 anniversary of the consecration, published in The Living 
 Church, June 10, 1911. 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 45 
 
 voost to appear in his own in the same chancel 
 with two men who were wigless ! 
 
 But this was the end of such trivialities. 
 The men who, one after another, were now 
 called to leadership in the Church, were bishops 
 of a new sort. 
 
 Bishop Hobart set himself earnestly to 
 
 strengthen ^^the things which remained" in the 
 
 diocese of New York, which sadly 
 
 Bishop Hobart -, -. . -,. ^ ^ rn, 
 
 needed a guidmg hand. The care- 
 lessness of Bishop Provoost and the feeble 
 health of Bishop Moore had wrought much dis- 
 aster to the Church. It was a time of weak 
 faith, lax morals and rampant infidelity, and 
 the Church suffered sadly. 
 
 From the beginning the new bishop took a 
 prominent place in the Church's life. He was 
 a moral and intellectual power. He loved the 
 Church, he loved books, and he loved the souls 
 of men. He was, above all things, a man of 
 action, exhorting, organizing, rebuking, zealous 
 for the honor of the Church and the salvation 
 of mankind. He was also a missionary, 
 and it was he who sent the Gospel to the Oneida 
 Indians in the central part of the state. His 
 life flamed like a fire in the midst of the preva- 
 lent laxity and inertia, and it was a fire which 
 sometimes scorched. Doubtless he was not al- 
 ways wise, for he had the defects of his virtues. 
 
46 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 **Give me a little zealous imprudence,'* was 
 one of his favorite sayings. He went about his 
 great diocese with energy and consecration of 
 life; he stimulated and inspired everywhere. 
 Called to the administration of the greatest dio- 
 cese in the American Church, for nineteen years 
 he exemplified the words of the Psalmist; for 
 *^he fed them with a faithful and true heart, and 
 ruled them prudently with all his power.'' It 
 was while he was on a missionary visitation 
 in a remote part of his diocese that the sum- 
 mons came which called him home — a bishop 
 than whom few have left a deeper impress upon 
 their age, and a nobler memory of brave deeds 
 well done.* 
 
 For the Eastern Diocese, too — as New Eng- 
 land, with the exception of Connecticut, was then 
 called — at the same time with Hobart, Alex- 
 ander Viets Griswold was advanced 
 Bishop Griswold ^^ ^^^ episcopate. He rekindled the 
 
 flame of spiritual life which in many places had 
 burned almost to ashes. Like Hobart in New 
 York he seemed almost compelled to create the 
 
 * Hobart College, Geneva, the General Theological Seminary 
 and the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society 
 owe their beginning to Bishop Hobart. He published the first 
 religious periodical, edited a Family Bible, produced devo- 
 tional manuals and organized and stimulated Sunday School 
 work — a comparatively new thing in that day. He was also 
 most active in Church defence, originating the phrase which 
 has been so frequently used to define the Church's position, 
 "Evangelic truth and Apostolic order." 
 
RT. REV. ALEXANDER V. GRISWOLD, D.D. 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 47 
 
 Church anew, but his intense consecration and 
 simple piety, combined with a faithfulness 
 most conspicuous, produced their inevitable ef- 
 fect. Everywhere he journeyed, prayed and 
 preached, and by sheer force of his own real 
 goodness and loving self-sacrifice reawakened 
 personal religion in the lives of thousands 
 throughout the thirty-two years during which 
 it was granted him to serve in the episcopate. 
 
 In Virginia, too, conditions were no better. 
 In a single generation the power of the Church 
 had been swept away. The grants of the Eng- 
 lish crown were, of course, taken from her, and 
 it was not strange that she became a mark for 
 plunder. Glebes and church buildings were 
 sold for a song, and the proceeds — which were 
 to be used ^'for any public purpose not re- 
 ligious'' — were sometimes embezzled by the 
 sheriff's officers. Guzzling planters drank from 
 chalices and passed cheese on Communion 
 patens. A marble font became a horse-trough. 
 Communion plate, the gift of good Queen Anne, 
 adorned the sideboards of officers of the state. 
 Discouraged and without support, the clergy 
 in large numbers laid down their spiritual call- 
 ings. At the outbreak of the war they num- 
 bered ninety; at its close they were twenty- 
 eight. At the Convention of 1812 only thir- 
 teen could be gathered.* 
 
 * See McConnell : History of the Episcopal Church, p. 287. 
 
48 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 It was even worse in 1814 when Richard 
 
 Channing Moore was consecrated Bishop of 
 
 Virginia. He found in his diocese 
 
 Bishop Hooro in j^ • i \i ti i 
 
 only live active clergy. When he 
 died, after an episcopate of twenty-seven years, 
 he left one hundred earnest clergy serving 
 one hundred and seventy congregations. Such 
 was the transformation wrought by this man 
 of God at a crisis in the Church's life. 
 
 These three bishops — Hobart, Griswold and 
 Moore — were types of the new order. Other 
 The Period of ^^^ ^^ ^^^ samo Spirit carried on 
 Internal Growth ^^iQ work iu othcr placcs. The 
 
 Church expanded and prospered; churches 
 were built; missions established; state after 
 state elected its bishop, until, in 1835, twenty- 
 four years after the consecration of Hobart and 
 Griswold, the bishops in General Convention 
 numbered fourteen instead of two ; the clerical 
 deputies had become sixty-nine instead of 
 twenty-five; and the laymen fifty-one instead 
 of twenty-two. The nine states represented 
 had increased to twenty-one. 
 
 IV 
 
 This General Convention of 1835 which met 
 in the city of Philadelphia was — with the pos- 
 Thecauto ^iblc exccptiou of the primary Con- 
 Go Forward yentiou iu 1789— the most momen- 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 49 
 
 tons gathering which the Church has ever 
 known, and it may justly be regarded as mark- 
 ing a supreme epoch in her history. It was 
 then that the Church awoke and set herself 
 about her great task. 
 
 As yet the missionary idea had not taken 
 deep root. Largely and necessarily concerned 
 in previous years with the great problems of 
 her own internal growth — indeed of her very 
 existence in the new land where circumstances 
 had been so tremendously against her — it was 
 not strange that the American Church should 
 not earlier have understood herself. She was, 
 in the eyes of the Nation, and largely in her 
 own eyes, a respectable and exclusive sect of 
 English origin and Tory proclivities. Her mis- 
 sionary enterprises, such as they were, had 
 been the efforts of a volunteer society embrac- 
 ing a small number of people ; a society which 
 men joined as they might any other association 
 for the promotion of a worthy enterprise. 
 Loosely organized, a suppliant for the Church's 
 casual bounty, such a society could not obtain 
 a serious hold upon her consciousness. The 
 vision was narrow and the results were 
 meagre. 
 
 But now two great things happened: first, 
 the Church discovered that she herself was the 
 missionary society; second, she created the 
 missionary episcopate. 
 
50 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 A committee had been appointed at a previous 
 convention to consider and report on mission- 
 ary reorganization.* It consisted of 
 Bishop Gr. W. Doane, the represen- 
 tative High Churchman of his day, Bishop Mc- 
 Ilvaine, the leading Evangelical, and Dr. Mil- 
 nor, rector of St. George's New York. To 
 them, in their deliberations, it came like a reve- 
 lation that there was a simple and vital basis 
 for membership in the missionary society. 
 They found themselves instantly agreeing to 
 the suggestion of Dr. Milnor that the Church 
 herself was such a society, and that every bap- 
 tized child of hers was a member thereof. A 
 report embodying these principles was im- 
 mediately prepared and unanimously adopted, 
 and the whole scope of the Church's missionary 
 
 * Agitation looking toward the formation of a missionary 
 society had begun as early as 1815. In 1817 the Eev. Joseph 
 B. Andrus, of the Eastern Diocese, offered for missionary 
 work among the heathen. As we had no organization under 
 which he could be sent, he applied to the Church Missionary 
 Society of England, who responded, suggesting the formation 
 of a missionary society in the Episcopal Church of the United 
 States, and offering by way of encouragement to pay $1,000 
 into its treasury when established. In 1820 an abortive 
 attempt was made, which was followed in 1821 by a regular 
 organization bearing the present title and consisting of the 
 members of the General Convention and such persons as paid 
 at least $3.00 annually. The business was conducted by a 
 Board of Directors who met annually and a smaller executive 
 committee which met more frequently. There was a treasurer 
 and two secretaries. 
 
1 
 
 RT. REV. RICHARD CHANNING MOORE^ D.D. 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 51 
 
 enterprise was thereby transformed and en- 
 larged. Instantly the new conception took its 
 place among the religious convictions of the 
 Church, and with it there came an enlarged 
 view of her responsibilities, which were seen to 
 be not only nation-wide, but world-wide. 
 
 The missionary sermon preached by Bishop 
 Mcllvaine before the Convention sounded a 
 The Whole uotc wliich has echoed throughout 
 
 Church a Mission- .-, -,. , .^^ .-,. 
 
 ary Society the ycars and IS still a guidmg prin- 
 ciple of our work: 
 
 *^The Church is a great missionary associa- 
 tion, divinely constituted, for the special work 
 of sending into all the world the ministers and 
 missionaries of the Word. But if such be the 
 cardinal object of the whole Church, it must be 
 alike the cardinal object and duty of every part 
 of that Church, so that whether a section 
 thereof be situated in America or in Europe, or 
 the remotest latitudes of Africa, it is alike re- 
 quired to attempt the enlightening of all the 
 earth ; and though it be the smallest of the local 
 divisions of the Christian household, and 
 though just on its own narrow boundaries there 
 may be millions of neglected pagans swarming 
 with the horrors of heathenism, still that little 
 section of the Church is to embrace within the 
 circle of its zeal, if not of its immediate labors, 
 the destitute of all the earth. '^ 
 
 With such words as these echoing in their 
 
52 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 ears the members of the Convention adopted a 
 Constitution for the guidance of the Church's 
 Mission, in which it was declared that ^^This 
 Society shall be considered as comprehending 
 all persons who are members of the Church,'' 
 and ^^for the guidance of the committees it is 
 declared that the missionary field is always to 
 be regarded as one — The World ; the terms Do- 
 mestic and Foreign being understood as terms 
 of locality, adopted for convenience. Domestic 
 Missions are those which are established 
 within, and Foreign Missions are those which 
 are established without, the territory of the 
 United States." 
 
 At last the Church had begun to understand 
 herself ! Thus she took her first step in a glori- 
 ous advance. 
 
 The first question had involved principles 
 and ideals ; the second was one of practical ef- 
 ficiency. If the words of her decla- 
 
 2. A New Method . • , i i Tn • i 
 
 ration were true, the Jiipiscopai 
 Church in America, as a national branch of the 
 Catholic Church, immediately became responsi- 
 ble for planting her faith and order through- 
 out the nation and the world. How was this 
 to be done? 
 
 We must not fail to recognize that the situa- 
 tion was a difficult one. That which is the ulti- 
 mate strength of the Church was for the time 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 53 
 
 her immediate weakness. An Episcopal Church 
 without a bishop is like a body without a head. 
 It is a marvel that under the conditions of Co- 
 lonial times the Church could grow at all. Only 
 the distant and somewhat vague connection 
 with the See of London served to fill the great 
 void and create a technical sense of unity. Yet 
 how was the episcopate to be established in 
 distant places where priests and parishes were 
 not! Such a thing had not been heard of. The 
 only ideal of a bishop which existed was that 
 of a man who ruled over parishes already es- 
 tablished, and controlled a Church already 
 brought into being. It is not strange that the 
 apostolic conception of a bishop as the first 
 missionary, carrying with him to distant places 
 the fulness of the Church's ministry of grace, 
 had long been obscured. 
 
 It is true that one or two had grasped this 
 idea. Philander Chase, the born pioneer and 
 Porenumers of sturdy man of God, had heard the 
 
 the Missionary ^i n n m-i i ±. 
 
 Bishops call 01 the wilderness and gone out 
 
 into it. He had himself felt, and had inspired 
 in others, a conviction of the futility of an 
 Episcopal Church without a bishop. Going to 
 Ohio in 1817 he was, in the following year, 
 elected bishop by a so-called convention of two 
 clergymen and nine laymen, and in 1819 was 
 consecrated as bishop of that western wilder- 
 ness. After heroic labors and hardships — not 
 
54 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 a few of these the results of his dominant and 
 autocratic personality — leaving behind him as 
 a monument Kenyon College, which he estab- 
 lished at Gambler, he went on in 1831 to the 
 Territory of Michigan, which then included 
 practically all the known Northwest. Plung- 
 ing once more into the trackless forests, he re- 
 appears four years later in Illinois, where, in 
 this memorable year of missionary awakening, 
 1835, by a corporal's guard he is again elected 
 bishop of a diocese which had, in all, four pres- 
 byters, one church building and thirty-nine com- 
 municants. 
 
 James Hervey Otey had also, in 1833, been 
 chosen by a convocation of five clergymen — 
 the entire number of clergy in that part of the 
 country at that time — as bishop of Tennessee, 
 and was consecrated in the following year. He 
 attempted to do for his state and the great 
 southwest which lay beyond it some such thing 
 as Chase had been doing in Ohio and Illinois 
 with equal devotion and equal hardship. But 
 of him we shall speak later. 
 
 No doubt such men as these had uncon- 
 sciously been shaping the convictions of the 
 Church. It could not but be seen how sharp 
 was the dilemma. On the one side was the 
 Church's responsibility — certainly for the en- 
 tire nation, and after that for the world; on 
 the other, the ineptitude of the Church unless 
 
f~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 RT. REV. PHILANDER CHASE, D.D. 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 55 
 
 equipped with her apostolic ministry in its 
 three orders. How, then, could the episcopate 
 reach the United States and the world! Ohio, 
 Illinois and Tennessee had solved the question 
 by a most desperate resource — by electing, in 
 their feebleness, a man to whom they could give 
 no support, and for whom there was not even 
 a strong parish of which he could be rector. 
 This plainly was an impossible burden, which 
 only a few daring souls would take up. And 
 no man so elected could hope to do his work as 
 it should be done. 
 
 It was at this time that there flashed upon 
 
 the mind of the Church another solution. 
 
 ^ ^ Bishops must be sent, not called. 
 
 Bishops must be -^ ^ 
 
 Sent— Not Called Studcuts of ecclesiastical polity re- 
 minded themselves that the episcopate is com- 
 mitted not to a single man, but to a body — the 
 episcopatum in solidum. Not to the individual 
 bishop, but to the House of Bishops was en- 
 trusted the preservation of faith and order, 
 and therefore the jurisdiction over the national 
 Church. 
 
 If the jurisdiction lay with them, then the 
 power of mission also was theirs. It was com- 
 petent for them to choose and create a bishop 
 who should be their vicar, and represent the 
 American Episcopate in places where its con- 
 stituent members could not go. And thus there 
 emerges the Missionary Bishop, elected by the 
 
56 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 House of Bishops and exercising jurisdiction 
 on its behalf in such places outside the limits 
 of organized dioceses as it shall decree. 
 
 This was a perfectly sane and logical solution 
 of the problem — and it was also a restoration 
 of the primitive ideal of the episcopate. It was 
 the opening of a door of opportunity so great 
 that the Church of that day could not possibly 
 have understood the consequences which were 
 to follow.* 
 
 Yet some forecast of that which God was 
 doing through them must have stirred the 
 hearts of these good fathers of the Church. 
 Many of them had stood faithful in the sad day 
 of disappointment and in the trying day of in- 
 ternal growth. Now their vision seemed sud- 
 denly enlarged, and the whole Convention 
 breathed a hope and an enthusiasm such as 
 had never been known in the Episcopal Church.' 
 
 At last the Church was awakening. Great 
 
 trials, many disappointments, even sad discour- 
 
 asrements lay before her, but she 
 
 The Church , -, , , , , -, ^n i i 
 
 racing her Task j^ad takcu up her task and laced her 
 problem. The events of this memorable year 
 had determined the ideals by which she was to 
 be guided. She knew herself set to be a mis- 
 
 * Some one has described this as ' ' one of the few occa- 
 sions when the Episcopal Church really acted as though she be- 
 lieved in episcopacy." 
 
The Gathering of the Forces 57 
 
 sionary throughout the length and breadth of 
 this land, and the lands beyond — and she has 
 never lost the vision. She was at last true to 
 the commission of her Lord, and her reward 
 came according as she was faithful. 
 
Ill 
 
 IN THE LAND OF THE LAKES AND 
 EIVERS 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 THE Churcli assembled in her General 
 Convention of 1835 had seen a new vision 
 of herself as a host whose marching 
 orders pointed toward the lands beyond. In- 
 spired by this conviction, a new adaptation of 
 The Response primitive order had been made, and 
 tothecau ^ canon establishing the missionary 
 episcopate had been passed. It remained to 
 choose the fields and select their bishops. 
 
 On the first day of September the announce- 
 ment came that the House of Bishops had 
 elected men for the Northwest and the South- 
 west. These vague terms practically meant 
 the old Northwest Territory and a newer 
 Southwest lying beyond the Mississippi, whose 
 bishop, to use a term borrowed from the 
 weather bureau, was to be ^^ central in Ar- 
 kansas." 
 
 Thus the first application of the missionary 
 episcopate was to our own land, and not to a 
 foreign field. Perhaps the Church had not yet 
 received her broadest vision; for it was nine 
 
 58 
 
BISHOP KEMPER IN HIS 
 YOUTH 
 
 BISHOP C. P. McILVAINE 
 
 BISHOP G. W. DOANE 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 59 
 
 years later that our first missionary bishop 
 was consecrated for a foreign land, but from 
 that time the expansion of the episcopate at 
 home and abroad proceeded on an equal foot- 
 ing.* Probably a majority in this convention 
 would not have been ready to send a bishop 
 beyond the seas ; at any rate it was decided to 
 try the new officer of missionary advance first 
 in the home field. The need for him there was 
 specially realized by these men whose children 
 were looking, or it may be, already trooping, 
 toward the west. 
 
 So with solemn earnestness the House of 
 Bishops responded to the call for a great ad- 
 vance and chose the Eev. Francis 
 
 Leaders Chosen -g- -j-r- -, -r\ t\ t> • i i? j.i 
 
 L. Hawks, D.D., as Bishop oi the 
 Southwest, and the Rev. Jackson Kemper, 
 D.D., as Bishop of Indiana and Missouri, to 
 which title was afterwards added that of Mis- 
 sionary Bishop of the Northwest. Both men 
 were prominent clergy of the Church in their 
 day. Dr. Hawks being rector of Calvary 
 Church, New York, and Dr. Kemper of St. 
 PauPs Church, Norwalk, Connecticut. 
 
 Jackson Kemper was born in the year 1789, 
 and was of German ancestry. He had received 
 a liberal education and had enjoyed the ad- 
 
 * Since Bishop Kempeir 's day practically one-third of the 
 consecrations have been to the missionary episcopate. Of 
 these bishops one-fourth have been sent to foreign lands. 
 
60 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 vantages of culture and refinement. The 
 greater part of his ministry, which had ex- 
 tended over twenty-four years, was spent in 
 Philadelphia in close association with Bishop 
 White, whose faithful helper he was in all dio- 
 cesan matters. 
 
 Dr. Hawks declined his election, and the 
 Southwest had to wait for its bishop, but with 
 soldierly promptness Jackson Kemper, having 
 seen a duty, hastened to perform it. He ac- 
 cepted the office and was consecrated at St. 
 Peter's, Philadelphia, on September 25th — the 
 last man upon whom the patriarchal Bishop 
 White laid hands in consecration. In this act 
 there also joined that bishop — twice technically 
 a diocesan, but really a veteran missionary — 
 Philander Chase. It was a good strain from 
 which to derive one's spiritual lineage. 
 
 The great sermon preached by Bishop 
 Doane at the consecration of Bishop Kemper 
 The Marching ^^^ a uoble uttcrauce. *^What," 
 Orders j^^ said, * 4s moaut by a missionary 
 
 bishop? A bishop sent forth by the Church, 
 not sought for of the Church; going before to 
 organize the Church, not waiting till the Church 
 has partially been organized; a leader, not a 
 follower, in the march of the Redeemer's con- 
 quering and triumphant Gospel; sustained by 
 their alms whom God has blessed both with the 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 61 
 
 power and will to offer Him of their substance, 
 for their benefit who are not blessed with both 
 or either of them ; sent by the Church, even as 
 the Church is sent by Christ. 
 
 ^'To every soul of man, in every part of the 
 world, the Gospel is to be preached. Every- 
 where the Gospel is to be preached hy, through 
 and in the Church. To bishops, as successors 
 of the Apostles, the promise of the Lord was 
 given to be with His Church ^always, to the 
 end of the world.' . . . Open your eyes to 
 the wants, open your ears to the cry, open your 
 hands for the relief, of a perishing world. Send 
 the Gospel. Send it, as you have received it, 
 in the Church. Send out, to preach the Gospel, 
 and to build the Church — to every portion of 
 your own broad land, to every stronghold of 
 the Prince of hell, to every den and nook and 
 lurking place of heathendom — a missionary 
 bishop ! ' ' 
 
 Such was the ideal of the Church's Mission 
 which we shall see worked out in the following 
 The Line chaptcrs. Each chapter will suggest 
 
 of March ^ different problem, presenting it by 
 
 the use of typical illustrations : 
 
 (1) Kemper seeking the Pilgrim Children 
 in the Land of the Lakes and Eivers. 
 
 (2) Whipple and Hare on the prairies win- 
 ning the Foreigner and the Indian. 
 
62 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 (3) Tuttle in the mountains among the Pe- 
 culiar Peoples. 
 
 (4) Kip and Scott, Morris and Eowe at the 
 meeting-place of the East and West, on the 
 Shores of the Pacific. 
 
 Many other problems were of course in- 
 volved, for every missionary bishop has faced 
 a more or less complex situation. Life and 
 growth can never be rigidly classified, and no 
 arbitrary divisions, however broadly true, can 
 be exclusively so. Yet it is true that with these 
 special phases, which cover so many lines of 
 missionary endeavor, the periods and persons 
 of whom we shall treat were particularly con- 
 cerned. 
 
 "Within six weeks Bishop Kemper was on his 
 way to his distant field. Not altogether as a 
 Kem er First straugcr did he go, for in company 
 Missionary Bishop ^^]j j)j.^ Miluor hc had, the year be- 
 fore, visited the Indian mission at Green Bay, 
 and through his activity as a member of the 
 Board of Missions* he was already familiar 
 with such work as was being carried on in the 
 West; while in the twenty years he had 
 spent, not only as a parish priest in Phila- 
 delphia, but as an active missionary making 
 
 * Bishop Kemper was a member of the first and all succeed- 
 ing missionary boards of the general Church. See note on 
 p. 50. 
 
RT. REV. JACKSON KEMPER, D.D. 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 63 
 
 yearly tours throughout western Pennsylvania, 
 he had learned many lessons of border work 
 and life. 
 
 Consecrated for Indiana and Missouri (be- 
 tween which two jurisdictions lay the state of 
 Illinois), Bishop Kemper found on arriving in 
 his field that he was possessed of the following 
 equipment: One clergyman, but no church 
 building in Indiana; one church building, but 
 no clergyman in Missouri ! And here he began 
 to lay foundations. Accompanied by the Kev. 
 Samuel Eoosevelt Johnson, who had come with 
 him from the East, he traversed the southern 
 portion of Indiana, visiting towns of a thou- 
 sand inhabitants which had no place of public 
 worship. Across the southern part of Illinois 
 they drove in an open wagon with the trunks 
 serving as seats, and toiling through a swamp 
 fitly named ** Purgatory'' arrived at St. Louis 
 the middle of December. 
 
 Already for years the increasing tide of im- 
 migration had been pouring into the new terri- 
 tory across the Alleghanies or mak- 
 His Task 'jjg -^g entrance by way of the Great 
 
 Lakes. The population in 1835 may be roughly 
 estimated at 830,000. Its area was over 
 300,000 square miles. In every band of immi- 
 grants there had been some, at least, connected 
 with the Episcopal Church, but almost never 
 
64 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 had that Church in any effective way accom- 
 panied the movements of the population. It 
 was the Methodist circuit-rider, or the itinerant 
 Baptist preacher, or the hardy Presbyterian 
 minister who was to be found doing, as best he 
 might, the pioneer work of the frontier. The 
 allegation of the present day that the Episcopal 
 Church always arrives with the Pullman car, 
 and never by any chance with the ox-team, was 
 true in the days when there were no Pullman 
 cars and very few ox-teams — when on foot, or 
 at best on horse-back, or perhaps in some small 
 boat, men found their way along the trails 
 which led toward the west. 
 
 Some beginnings had, of course, been made 
 by the Church. We have seen how Philander 
 Chase, in 1817, had been among the pioneers 
 of Ohio and had early established a central 
 Church influence there, becoming its first 
 bishop; and how, in 1831, resigning Ohio, this 
 indomitable pioneer had pushed on into Michi- 
 gan, and became four years later the Bishop of 
 Illinois. Michigan had organized a diocese, but 
 had no bishop. It boasted eight clergymen, in- 
 cluding a navy chaplain, ten parishes, two hun- 
 dred communicants and three church buildings. 
 There was an Indian mission at Green Bay, 
 Wisconsin, whither the Oneidas, deported from 
 New York in 1823, had been followed by the af- 
 fectionate interest of Bishop Hobart. With 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 65 
 
 these exceptions the Church was practically un- 
 represented in the great Northwest Territory, 
 save as there might be a casual priest or dea- 
 con who for health or family reasons had 
 chanced to join the pioneers; or where some 
 army chaplain ministered to the people near 
 his post. 
 
 Probably there were not, in all the country 
 lying west of the Alleghanies, more than thirty 
 clergy and perhaps a score of church buildings. 
 The actually recorded communicants numbered 
 less than a thousand, though in every direction 
 there were the scattered sheep who belonged 
 to the Churches flock, but had none to rally or 
 feed them. 
 
 Such was the problem of our first missionary 
 bishop. To follow his journeyings and to 
 trace the history of his achievements would be 
 impossible. We shall try rather to discover 
 what were the difficulties he was confronting, 
 what the personality of the man, and what 
 measure of success was granted to him during 
 this period of the Church's expansion. 
 
 The performance of his work was beset with 
 serious difficulties, some of which may be indi- 
 cated thus: (1) The vast territory 
 
 His Diffloalties 7 .7 /• • ,• 
 
 ana the means of communication. 
 Bishop Kemper was not willing to be anything 
 less than the bishop of all the people and of 
 
66 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 the whole country, but there was not a single 
 railway west of the Alleghanies. Over a region 
 comprising the present states of Indiana, Mis- 
 souri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and parts 
 of Kansas and Nebraska, he was compelled to 
 travel by stage coach or lumber wagon, in the 
 saddle or on foot, except where he could use 
 the Mississippi and its confluents. His greatest 
 luxury was the cabin of a river steamer of the 
 early day. 
 
 (2) The laclc of helpers. Enthusiastic as the 
 Church had been in sending out her missionary 
 bishops, they were very rarely followed by mis- 
 sionary priests. A few devoted men like 
 Breck, Adams and Hobart, at Nashotah, or 
 the little band that began pioneer work in Min- 
 nesota, were his chief reliance. For years, in 
 many places, he was not only bishop, but the 
 whole band of clergy. Failing to secure helpers 
 in the east he turned with energy to the field 
 itself, and in the hope of eventually developing 
 a trained body of la^nnen and some future 
 clergy within his own territory, he founded 
 Kemper College, St. Louis, and persuaded 
 Breck and his companions to give themselves 
 for the establishment of an associate mission 
 out of which grew Nashotah,* and later Sea- 
 
 * For the history of Nashotah see a pamphlet entitled 
 Nashotah House, by Bishop Webb. Church Missions Pub- 
 lishing Co. 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 67 
 
 bury. But the clergy raised from the soil were 
 still a long way off. 
 
 (3) The Pilgrim Children, The settlement 
 of the Middle West was largely from the East. 
 The special problem was, as we have said, that 
 of the Pilgrim Children. Literally so, for the 
 vast majority were Puritans, or at least un- 
 familiar with the Anglican Church. The 
 Church in the East had appealed chiefly to the 
 more cultured and wealthier people. Few of 
 these migrated to the West, which was much 
 given over to extravagant forms of revivalism. 
 The sect spirit was rampant. There were 
 fine types of devoted Christian men among the 
 border ministry of that day, but these were not 
 common; more frequently the preachers were 
 lacking in education, and sometimes in qualities 
 more important for one who is to stand as a 
 Christian example. Men living in a region 
 burned over by the fires of religious sensation- 
 alism were repelled by the lack of correspond- 
 ence between religion and morality. Freed 
 from the religious restraints of their earlier 
 home, and eager chiefly to seize material op- 
 portunities and acquire sudden wealth, thou- 
 sands had grown careless or abandoned all re- 
 ligious practices. 
 
 (4) The crudities and uncertainties of a new 
 land. The material out of which, and the in- 
 struments by which, a religious life such as the 
 
68 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Church inculcates could he formed were largely 
 lacking. Schools were few; churches there 
 were none. Many of the settlers had little but 
 their clothing and their optimism — not much 
 of the former but plenty of the latter, as is 
 usually the case in a new land. Each little 
 hamlet was certain that it would become a great 
 metropolis. Each one of a thousand communi- 
 ties, far more promising than that frontier 
 trading-post set in the mud at the foot of Lake 
 Michigan, dreamed of itself as a Chicago. And 
 how could one foresee the drift of the future? 
 Who could know where railways would run 
 and great cities spring up, or where the Govern- 
 ment would start its reclamation projects? 
 
 So leaders of the Church of that day some- 
 times made mistakes of judgment. Occasion- 
 ally the wrong place was manned, or a school 
 or church established in a community which 
 did not fulfil the promise of its youth. The 
 restlessness of a frontier people — many of 
 whom had come, not to build homes or make 
 permanent settlements, but to wring a coveted 
 fortune somehow, as quickly as possible, out of 
 a new land — made consecutive and constructive 
 Church work most difficult; but the wonder 
 here, as in every case where men have gone 
 obediently trying to fulfil the command and 
 spread the Kingdom, was that such great 
 things were accomplished with such meagre 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 69 
 
 resources and that the mistakes were so 
 few.* 
 
 (5) The lack of financial support. Probably 
 there is no missionary enterprise which has not 
 thus suffered, and does not continue to do so; 
 and until such time as all shall recognize their 
 duty to be either missionaries or the supporters 
 of missionaries no doubt the lack of money will 
 be a serious obstacle, but this was conspicu- 
 ously the case at the beginning of the Church's 
 work in the middle west. The missionary 
 contributions of that day amounted to only 
 $30,000, and only one-half of that was available 
 for domestic missions. Again and again Chase 
 and Kemper, and the bishops who followed 
 them, appealed to the Church for the pittance 
 which, added to the sum received from their 
 fields, would give the clergy a living support, 
 but too frequently they asked in vain. Dis- 
 couraged by this failure and oppressed by the 
 little he was able to accomplish in the face of 
 the rapid increase in the population, we find 
 even the sunny-hearted and trusting Kemper 
 saying: ''Were it not for the sure word of 
 prophecy and the precious promises of the Ee- 
 deemer, I would wish to relinquish the post 
 
 * Anyone who has seen the abandoned enterprises and de- 
 serted manufacturing and agricultural plants which strew our 
 Western country, will realize how vastly they are in excess 
 of any mistakes or failures which may be credited to the 
 Church. Yet the former were projected by keen business men. 
 
70 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 which I sought not, and where I have almost 
 thought at times that I commanded a forlorn 
 hope.'' 
 
 Not only did he suffer disappointment from 
 the general Church, but we find him also 
 mourning over the niggardliness of congrega- 
 tions which might better support their clergy. 
 His frequent appeal was for the inculcation of 
 self-support — that branch of teaching so often, 
 through false modesty or sensitiveness, neg- 
 lected by the clergy. In one church we find 
 him saying to a congregation where a mission- 
 ary of the Board had labored for five years 
 without local remuneration, ^'You have no 
 right to expect the Mission Board to sustain 
 you forever. I desire to make this fact plain 
 and clear to this congregation." Even this 
 plainness of speech brought small response, 
 for the gift of the following two years 
 amounted to $65.00. 
 
 Such was the task, but outweighing the diffi- 
 culties there were fundamental elements of suc- 
 cess. There was the certainty of 
 
 His Encouragements /^i ... . . ^ • n n 
 
 Christ s promise to be with those 
 who go in His name to win His children ; there 
 was the bishop 's supreme faith in his own apos- 
 tolic mission; and there were, scattered 
 throughout the vast area over which he trav- 
 elled, the scores of faithful souls who still loved 
 
PREACHING CROSS ON THE SITE OF NASHOTAH's FIRST 
 
 ALTAR 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 71 
 
 the Church of their early days, and whose 
 touching gratitude for his ministrations made 
 his pilgrimages and his hardships a joy. Out 
 of this seed the Church of the middle west was 
 born, and by men who were worthy followers 
 of this great leader her foundations in that 
 great region were laid. 
 
 We have said almost nothing about the man 
 himself, partly because his was a complex na- 
 ture somewhat difficult to analyze, 
 
 His Personality '' ^ 
 
 and partly because the man is best 
 described by telling of his accomplishments; 
 but the following estimate from the pen of a 
 layman is worthy of reproduction. The writer 
 was the Hon. Isaac Atwater, editor of one of 
 the first papers in the Territory of Minnesota, 
 published at St. Anthony Falls, afterward 
 Minneapolis. He describes the bishop as he 
 appeared when making a visitation to Minne- 
 sota in 1852 : 
 
 *^ Bishop Kemper appears something over 
 fifty years of age. Although his hair is as- 
 suming a silvery gray, time has in other re- 
 spects dealt lightly with him; for his frame is 
 erect, his step is as firm and complexion as 
 ruddy as thirty years ago. His countenance 
 bears the unmistakable impress of benevolence 
 and kindness of heart. You cannot look upon 
 his bland, open face and portly frame, strong 
 
72 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 with vigorous health, without feeling that the 
 heart within dwells in perpetual sunshine. 
 
 *^0n a beautiful and quiet farm in the east- 
 ern part of Wisconsin, while not engaged in the 
 arduous duties of his station, in unostentatious 
 dignity and unaffected simplicity, he illustrates 
 in his daily life all the Christian virtues of the 
 Gospel which he so successfully and eloquently 
 preaches. 
 
 * ^ In action he is not a disciple of the Demos- 
 thenean eloquence. His gestures are few and 
 not remarkably graceful, though generally ap- 
 propriate and well-timed. He has a voice of 
 great sweetness, musical in its intonations, 
 which he manages with skill and effect. There 
 is something in the tone, inflections and volume 
 of his voice as he reads a hymn or the sublime 
 service of the Church, that convinces you there 
 is heart, soul, feeling there. 
 
 **His sermons are logical, instructive and 
 practical. Some of them are beautiful speci- 
 mens of elegant composition, but in general 
 would not receive as much attention in print 
 as when falling from the author's lips. Much 
 of their power consists in delivery — in the 
 speaker's earnestness, sincerity and unaffected 
 goodness. He preaches to the heart rather than 
 to the head; appeals more to the moral senti- 
 ments and warm sympathies of the soul than 
 to the intellectual and reasoning faculties. He 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 73 
 
 is always elevated, solemn and impressive. He 
 never lets fall a trifling remark, or one calcu- 
 lated to raise a smile on the countenance of his 
 hearers. Nor does he pause to entertain his 
 audience with touches of fancy or flights of 
 imagination. 
 
 *' Bishop Kemper displays in his sermons 
 nothing of the subtle metaphysician. It re- 
 quires no careful thought or intense applica- 
 tion to follow him in his train of reasoning. 
 Sentence after sentence, big with important 
 truth, rolls from his lips, and falls with most 
 irresistible persuasion and convincing elo- 
 quence on the heart of the sinner. He does not 
 inform the intellect and leave the heart un- 
 affected. 
 
 **In the social circle Bishop Kemper is at 
 once dignified and affable, frank and open in 
 conversation, perfectly at ease himself, and 
 possessing the happy faculty of making all 
 within his influence feel the sunshine of his 
 presence. It is in the interchange of the ^ gentle 
 courtesies and sweet amenities' that some of 
 the loveliest and most striking traits of his 
 character are displayed. In him are blended 
 the varied characters of the faithful minister, 
 the kind neighbor, the disinterested friend, the 
 patriotic citizen and the refined gentleman. ' ' 
 
 Such was the man who went up and down the 
 western valleys, visiting feeble missions and 
 
74 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 presiding at convocations and councils. Said 
 a prosperous western man, pointing to Bishop 
 Kemper: '^Yonder is the richest man in Wis- 
 consin.'' *'To the worldly," says Bishop 
 Whipple, ^*he showed the beautiful simplicity 
 of a life of self-denial; yet he was always and 
 everywhere the bishop. In the lumberman's 
 camp, in the Chippeway lodge, in the log-cabin 
 or the city home, men saw in the simple gran- 
 deur of his holy life Hhe sign and seal of his 
 apostleship.' " 
 
 For nearly thirty-five of the sixty years dur- 
 ing which he served at the altar. Bishop Kem- 
 per traversed the land to which he 
 
 His Achievement |^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ q^^ ^f^^^ aUOthcr, 
 
 dioceses were erected out of his vast jurisdic- 
 tion, and at last, when in 1859 the election of 
 Bishop Whipple was approved by the General 
 Convention, he reluctantly surrendered the title 
 of missionary bishop which he had so nobly 
 borne, and became the diocesan of Wisconsin. 
 *'What had been accomplished? Twenty- 
 four years had passed away, and by God's 
 blessing on the Church he now saw Missouri a 
 diocese, with its bishop and twenty-seven 
 clergy; Indiana a diocese, with its bishop and 
 twenty- five clergy; Wisconsin, his own diocese, 
 with fifty-five clergy; Iowa a diocese, with its 
 bishop and thirty-one clergy; Minnesota an or- 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 75 
 
 ganized diocese, with twenty clergy; Kansas 
 but just organized as a diocese, with ten clergy ; 
 and the territory of Nebraska not yet organ- 
 ized as a diocese, with four clergy; in all six 
 dioceses where he began with none, and one 
 hundred and seventy-two clergymen where he 
 at first found two."* 
 
 As though this were not enough, he devoted 
 himself for another ten years to the adminis- 
 tration of his diocese. He was spared to see 
 his eightieth birthday, on Christmas Eve, 1869, 
 but with the coming of the new year his 
 strength began to fail. Still for several weeks 
 he discharged his official duties, oftentimes 
 writing his own letters, and to the end — which 
 came on May 24th — he was serving the Church 
 to which he had already given a service almost 
 unparalleled in Christian history. His body 
 rests in the cemetery at Nashotah, surrounded 
 by many who were his stanch helpers in that 
 early day ; and of liim his biographer has justly 
 said: 
 
 ^'The Napoleon of a spiritual empire had 
 passed away — and who would not prefer Kem- 
 per 's crown to Bonaparte's? The missionary 
 bishop of a jurisdiction greater than any since 
 the days of the apostles — and St. Paul himself 
 had not travelled as widely and as long, for 
 
 * Greenough White : A71 Apostle of the Western Church, 
 page 177. 
 
76 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Kemper had gone 300,000 miles upon his 
 
 Master's service — was gone to his reward. 
 
 Well had his life borne out the meaning of his 
 
 name: 'Kemper: A Champion.' With the 
 
 great Apostle to the Gentiles he could say: *I 
 
 have fought a good fight; I have finished my 
 
 course; I have kept the faith.' "* 
 
 Preeminent above all others stood our first 
 
 great missionary bishop. He had no equal in 
 
 otey-The Faith- ^^^ owu day and has had none unto 
 fniFeuow-iaborep ^j^'g ^'j^^^ ^^^ ^j^^j.^ ^g another who 
 
 should be mentioned as next in honor, with 
 whom, through many years, he labored in 
 faithful cooperation and loving comradeship 
 — the pioneer of the Church in the old South- 
 west Territory. 
 
 James Hervey Otey was a six-foot-three 
 giant, son of a Virginia farmer, who graduated 
 at the University of North Carolina and joined 
 the stream of emigration which was flowing 
 toward the west, landing in Tennessee. While 
 working as a pioneer school-teacher he came 
 into contact with a passing priest of the Church 
 and was baptized. Going to North Carolina 
 he was ordained by Bishop Eavenscroft and 
 returned to Tennessee, the only one of our 
 clergy within the state, or within two hundred 
 miles of his place of residence. A Church his- 
 
 * Greenough White: An Apostle of the Western Church, 
 page 231. 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 77 
 
 torian says of him : * * His office was despised by 
 the people among whom he lived, and his 
 Church was held in contempt. Curiosity drew 
 the people to ^hear the Episcopal minister 
 pray, and his wife jaw back at him' in the 
 responses. When they had come, however, 
 Otey's splendid character and deep earnestness 
 retained them. He was a man of the back- 
 woodsman 's own sort. Once when he was asleep 
 in a rude tavern a local gambler waked him 
 roughly and demanded possession of the bed. 
 When the sleepy man demurred the gambler 
 threatened to throw him out of the window. 
 Then the sturdy priest thrust from under the 
 cover a brawny arm, worthy of the Holy Clerk 
 of Copmanhurst, and said: ^Before you try to 
 throw me out of the window please feel that.' 
 His stalwart Christian manliness and sweet 
 devotion made him and his Church respected. 
 He was tireless and successful in laboring for 
 its growth. In 1829 he, with two other clergy- 
 men, met in Nashville and organized the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church of Tennessee. 
 When their number grew to five (1833) they 
 chose Otey bishop, and a new state was ad- 
 mitted to the federal Church. The churches in 
 Mississippi put themselves under Bishop Otey's 
 care. Like Chase in Ohio he dreamed of a 
 theological school. He was a teacher by in- 
 stinct and habit. He labored for years to es- 
 
78 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 tablish Christian education. He left his im- 
 press upon the public schools of his own state 
 and Mississippi. He founded a school for girls 
 and another for boys. But his own dream did 
 not come true for many a year, when it was 
 realized in the University of the South. In the 
 first ^ve years of his episcopate the clergy of 
 his diocese increased from five to twenty-one. 
 But a whole generation had meanwhile been 
 lost to the Church."* 
 
 Kemper and Otey were close and life-long 
 friends. Though far separated and each re- 
 A Circuit in spousiblc for a vast territory, in 
 the South purpose and sympathy they fought 
 
 shoulder to shoulder. In the fall of 1837 
 Bishop Otey wrote urging his brother of the 
 north to accompany him on a tour of the south. 
 To Kemper the invitation came as a constrain- 
 ing call, and accordingly, in January, 1838, he 
 dropped down the great river to Memphis, 
 where news reached him that Otey, prostrated 
 by an attack of fever, begged him to make the 
 visitation in his stead. ^'If possible I shall 
 gratify him,'^ Kemper wrote home, ^^for I am 
 much attached to him and I belong entirely to 
 the Church. '^ So began a magnificent tour 
 which, taken in connection with his other activi- 
 ties, affords a most impressive spectacle of the 
 
 * McConnell : History of the Episcopal Church, page 307. 
 
RT. REV. JAMES H. OTEY, D.D., LL.D. 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 79 
 
 expansion of the Church throughout the land 
 at the opening of the second generation of the 
 nineteenth century. His route lay through 
 Natchez, New Orleans, Mobile, Pensacola, 
 Tallahassee, Macon, Columbus (Georgia), 
 Montgomery, Greensboro, Tuscaloosa, and Co- 
 lumbus (Mississippi), and terminated at Mo- 
 bile and New Orleans, whither he returned in 
 May. He could report that in about four 
 months he had visited nearly all the parishes in 
 Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and 
 Florida, confirming in nearly all; that he had 
 consecrated eight churches and advanced two 
 deacons to the priesthood ; and that he had be- 
 come a living witness to the Church at large of 
 the wants, claims and prospects of the south- 
 west.* 
 
 Even the above resume does not do full jus- 
 tice to the work of Bishop Otey. He felt him- 
 self responsible for the lands and the peoples 
 which lay beyond the Mississippi, and tried to 
 penetrate as far as possible toward the west. 
 With two such men on the skirmish line the 
 Church was at least occasionally heard of and 
 known to exist — but the line was two thousand 
 miles long. What would have been the result 
 had the men and the equipment been forthcom- 
 ing to carry on worthily the campaign of the 
 
 * Greenoiigh White : An Apostle of the Western Church, 
 page 90. 
 
80 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Church on that great frontier when the day of 
 opportunity was present? 
 
 In studying the land of the lakes and rivers 
 we have concentrated our thought very largely 
 
 Kemper a Type ^P^^ ^ siuglc figure, but UOt becaUSO 
 
 he stands alone. Work of the same 
 sort and under similar conditions was done by 
 the bishops who followed him, some coming to 
 take up portions of his original territory and 
 others pressing farther on. Of Chase in Illi- 
 nois and Otey in Tennessee we have already 
 spoken, but Polk in Arkansas, Hawks in Mis- 
 souri, Upfold in Indiana and Lee in Iowa, were 
 faithful and efficient leaders in the campaign 
 of conquest. Of them the same things were 
 true, to a lesser degree, which were true of 
 their distinguished predecessor. 
 
 We are reluctantly compelled to admit that 
 
 the Church did not fulfil the promise of her 
 
 srreat missionary convention in 1835. 
 
 Concluding ^ t i • • i 
 
 Comments g^e made a good begmnmg, but per- 
 
 mitted other considerations to paralyze her 
 hands and divert her attention. She sent out 
 her missionary bishops, but failed to back them 
 up. The men and the money were never pres- 
 ent to seize a tithe of the opportunities which 
 lay open to these pioneers. Her weakness in 
 the middle west to-day is the heritage of the 
 
In the Land of the Lakes and Rivers 81 
 
 Church's inertia. In some measure she has 
 learned her lesson — though not so well as one 
 might wish. 
 
 The life of Bishop Kemper clearly shows 
 that the methods and the equipment available 
 and effective under settled and stable condi- 
 tions are impossible to be had in the mission- 
 ary work of a new land. The bishop who is 
 himself his greatest and most active archdea- 
 con, a band of itinerant clergy, a willingness 
 to carry the Church and her sacraments to 
 places where there is any kind of roof to 
 cover them, or perchance not even that ; an in- 
 terested and cooperating body of Churchmen at 
 the home base — are the essentials of success. 
 
IV 
 THE MARCH ACROSS THE PRAIRIES 
 
 THE greatest event of tlie twenty years 
 following 1860 was the discovery of tlie 
 land of the prairies. Long after prac- 
 tically normal conditions of settlement had 
 been reached along the Mississippi the plains 
 The undiB- which lay beyond it were largely an 
 covered Country i:indiscovered country. 
 
 It is true that Lewis and Clark, sent by Pres- 
 ident Jefferson, had canoed and marched to 
 Oregon in 1804 through the country just pur- 
 chased from Napoleon, but they were simply 
 following the water-way — the line of least re- 
 sistance. It is true that across the plains 
 trooped those thousands, presenting one of the 
 most marvellous spectacles of history as they 
 went to exploit the gold lands of the Pacific. 
 It is true that the great transcontinental lines 
 pushed their gleaming rails over prairie and 
 desert, but they were only seeking the shortest 
 and easiest way to the coast. Cattlemen began 
 
 82 
 
iThe March Across the Prairies 83 
 
 to pasture their great herds on the plains from 
 which the buffalo had been ruthlessly slaugh- 
 ered, but to none of these did the thousands 
 upon thousands of acres which lay between 
 the Mississippi and the mountains present 
 themselves as a home for future millions and 
 a mine of wealth for human need. Vast spaces 
 therefore lay untenanted except by the roving 
 Indian, who was allowed to remain where no 
 one cared to settle, and here the Church found 
 him when she came to win the land. 
 
 Even as late as 1870 a map was shown upon 
 which, across western Nebraska and Kansas, 
 eastern Montana and North and South Dakota, 
 where are now the great fields of wheat and 
 corn which feed a large part of the earth's 
 population, was written the legend, ^ ' The Great 
 American Desert. '^ When the Northern Pa- 
 cific Railway projected its line toward Oregon 
 a benevolent government assisted it by a gift 
 of forty miles on either side of its right-of- 
 way — and doubtless smiled behind its hand 
 after it had signed the bond. What that eighty- 
 mile strip, hundreds of miles long, is now 
 worth it would take a practical real estate 
 expert with a large knowledge of figures to 
 compute. 
 
 Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri and eastern Kan- 
 sas were early recognized as possible habitable 
 portions of the globe. People also were known 
 
84* The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 to exist in Arkansas, and of course someone 
 was living in Texas; but in the estimation of 
 the average eastern American these constituted 
 the utmost limits of civilization, or even of 
 sustenation. 
 
 1. Doubtless the discovery might have come 
 earlier had it not been for the engrossing and 
 
 debilitating influences of the Civil 
 of Discovery War. We were too much occupied 
 in fighting out the conflict to have time for set- 
 tlement, even if men could have been spared 
 for the purpose. But with the close of that 
 terrific struggle another great wave of expan- 
 sion may be said to have begun. One cause of 
 this was the war itself. Thousands of men re- 
 turned to find their places taken, or themselves 
 unfit or unwilling to fill the places. Unrest 
 seized them; they had seen larger things than 
 the narrow farm or village where they were 
 born; they had been men of the march and of 
 the camp. The government offered them free 
 land in the great West. They loved the life of 
 adventure, and turned to it. 
 
 2. The transcontinental railways, while not 
 devised for such a purpose, also became the 
 promoters of settlement. Large parts of their 
 land grants were sold to settlers. Stations 
 were necessary — not that people might leave or 
 board trains, but that there might be at eer- 
 
The March Across the Prairies 85 
 
 tain intervals a water-tank and a telegraph 
 operator. Given the stations, the people came. 
 Wheat was sown by some foolhardy individual 
 who did not listen when old farmers assured 
 him that the season in that northern land was 
 too short for it to mature. They were right — 
 and wrong. They had forgotten that in North 
 Dakota, Minnesota and Montana the sun 
 shines for seventeen hours a day in midsum- 
 mer, and that wheat grows as long as the sun 
 shines on it; and they scratched their grizzled 
 heads with astonishment when it developed that 
 the cold springs and falls and the short sum- 
 mer of long sunshine were creating wheat of 
 such wonderful quality that men had to invent 
 a new name by which to classify it. ^'Hard 
 wheaf was the highest title that had before 
 been known; ^^No. 1 Hard'' came from the new 
 lands and commanded the highest prices. 
 
 3. To these was added the great impulse of a 
 foreign immigration. The Civil War had done 
 much to injure, but some things to help the na- 
 tion. It had brought her before the eye of the 
 world. The abolition of slavery had proclaimed 
 in the most convincing way that America was 
 the land of freedom, and the serf and the peas- 
 ant of Europe sought her out. Into the west they 
 went by train loads ; the Scandinavian and the 
 German, the Eussian and the Pole, the Lithu- 
 anian and the Hun — almost all the northern na- 
 
86 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 tions of Europe contributing to the great in- 
 coming tide. 
 
 Here, then, were the elements of an as- 
 tounding population, and the land of the 
 prairies and plains soon ceased to be the per- 
 quisite of the cowboy, or the dreary pilgrimage 
 of the traveller to the far west. Men rubbed 
 their eyes as they saw new commonwealths 
 spring into being in a decade, and new states, 
 carved out of the great wilderness, knocking 
 at the door of the Union and proving not un- 
 worthy to take their place beside New York, 
 Massachusetts and Virginia. 
 
 II 
 
 What was the Church doing? Some begin- 
 nings had early been made in this vast domain. 
 „^ , ,^ As far back as 1805, while Lewis 
 
 what was the ' 
 
 Church Doing? ^j^^ Clark wcrc making their famous 
 reconnoissance through the northwest, the 
 Christian pioneer and Churchman, Philander 
 Chase, was establishing far to the south in 
 New Orleans the first congregation of our 
 Church within the boundaries of the Louisiana 
 Territory — under the oversight of the Bishop 
 of New York ! 
 
 Others had followed. Bishop Kemper had 
 been chosen for Missouri as well as Indiana, 
 and had made his first home beyond the Mis- 
 
EZEKIEL G. GEAR 
 
 JAMES LLOYD BRECK 
 
 As he looked while serving tn 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 MISSION HOUSE, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, 1850 
 
The March Across the Prairies 87 
 
 sissippi. In Iowa, Minnesota and parts of 
 Kansas and Nebraska he had travelled, carry- 
 ing the Church's message. Bishop Otey also 
 had penetrated the southern part of the 
 Louisiana Purchase. Leonidas Polk had been 
 consecrated Missionary Bishop of Arkansas, in 
 1838, but after two years had been transferred 
 to the Diocese of Louisiana. Tardily enough 
 came the missionary bishops into the land of 
 the prairies, and still more tardily the men and 
 the means to equip their work, but never again 
 was a great section left to care for itself as 
 best it might, and discover if perchance there 
 were such a thing as an Episcopal Church. 
 
 Let us choose four men as types of all : Gear, 
 the army chaplain; Breck, the missionary edu- 
 Pour Types cator ; Whipple, the bishop of the 
 ofLea/ership races ; Hare, the apostle to the 
 Indians. 
 
 As early as 1839 the Eev. E. G. Gear, lovingly 
 
 known as Father Gear, army chaplain at Fort 
 
 Snelling, Minnesota, had begun to 
 
 Ezekiel 6. Gear , ., ^-, , . , , 
 
 preach the Church, m season and out 
 of season, to all whom he could reach. Towns 
 as yet there were none, but in scattered ham- 
 lets and in the fort he baptized and preached 
 and gave the sacrament of the Holy Com- 
 munion. He writes with joy in 1840: *^At our 
 last Communion fourteen partook, among them 
 
88 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 a native Chippewa" — John Johnson Enme- 
 gahbowh, afterward our first Indian priest. 
 
 For twenty-seven years, during which he 
 served under the government in different Min- 
 nesota forts, he was instant in the service of 
 the Church; a counsellor, helper and friend of 
 Bishop Kemper and his little band, as also of 
 Bishop Whipple and those who aided him. In 
 1875, at the age of eighty years, then the senior 
 presbyter of the Church in the United States, 
 he was buried in the soil of the state for which 
 he had done so much, and in the eulogy which 
 Bishop Whipple pronounced on that occasion 
 he repeated these words of the departed saint, 
 which were the key-note of his life: ^'We have 
 nothing to do with results ; we must do the work 
 for God, and we shall find the fruit in the resur- 
 rection. ' ' 
 
 Somewhere and somehow should worthily be 
 told to the Church the story of Ezekiel G. Gear, 
 army chaplain.* 
 
 Then, too, there was James Lloyd Breck, the 
 missionary educator. His ten years at Nasho- 
 james Lloyd ^^^ had douo great things for the 
 BrMk Churchmen of Wisconsin, but in 
 
 some respects they had brought disappoint- 
 ment to Breck. His plan of an associate mis- 
 
 * For further details concerning the Church 's pioneers in 
 Minnesota, see Tanner: History of the Diocese of Minne- 
 sota, 1857-1907. 
 
The March Across the Prairies 89 
 
 sion, which was to be practically a monastic 
 establishment, had never been fulfilled. He 
 loved hardship, and above all things he was a 
 pioneer. Life grew too easy and neighbors too 
 near, and he received permission from Bishop 
 Kemper to found a new associate mission in 
 the territory of Minnesota. 
 
 Hither he came in 1850, in company with the 
 Eev. Timothy Wilcoxson — afterward through 
 long years the well-known itinerant missionary 
 of Minnesota — and the Rev. J. A. Merrick. 
 Landing June 26th on the site of the present 
 city of St. Paul, under a spreading oak they 
 celebrated the Holy Communion. From this 
 beginning there sprung the Diocese of Minne- 
 sota, with its conspicuous ministry to the In- 
 dians, and the present splendid schools of the 
 Seabury Foundation — Shattuck, St. Mary's and 
 the Divinity School. 
 
 Here he and Wilcoxson repeated the labors 
 undertaken by the Nashotah band of the early 
 day, walking for hundreds of miles and min- 
 istering to the scattered people, establishing 
 Sunday-schools, gathering congregations and 
 encouraging them to erect log churches in 
 which they might worship. The record of the 
 first full year of the associate mission tells its 
 own story. The three men had officiated in 
 seventeen different places, holding three hun- 
 dred and sixty-six services, celebrating the 
 
90 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Holy Communion sixty times, travelling a total 
 of 6,400 miles, 3,400 of these on foot. 
 
 But not content with this, and moved by the 
 needs of the unevangelized Indians round about 
 him, Breck removed in 1852 and established 
 among them the mission of St. Columba, at 
 Kahgeashkoonsekag (in English, Gull Lake), 
 the first church work among the Mississippi 
 Valley Indians. Here was erected the first 
 Christian church in Minnesota west of the Mis- 
 sissippi, and here was laid the foundation upon 
 which Bishop Whipple and Bishop Hare built 
 up the most successful work among Indians 
 ever undertaken by any Christian body. An- 
 other mission station was at Kahsahgawsquah- 
 jeomokag, and still another at Nigigwaunowah- 
 sahgahigaw ! 
 
 Soon after this he married. A change, in- 
 deed, for the young ascetic who left the semi- 
 nary to found a monastic institution in the far 
 west. But however much he changed in this 
 regard, his love of the wilderness and his in- 
 fatuation for pioneering remained. When the 
 Indian troubles compelled the temporary 
 abandonment of the work among them, he re- 
 turned to the associate mission and built up 
 the schools in Faribault. 
 
 But again civilization and the quiet life were 
 coming too near. In 1867 he moved on to north- 
 ern California, there to found his third edu- 
 
The March Across the Prairies 91 
 
 cational institution at Benicia, and to fall 
 asleep by the shores of the Pacific. Later his 
 body was brought back to Nashotah with rever- 
 ent love, and laid to rest beside that of Kem- 
 per in Nashotah 's hallowed spot, amid the 
 thanksgivings of the whole Church represented 
 in the missionary council of 1897. 
 
 Around these pioneers others had gathered, 
 forming the band of twenty-one, who, together 
 «. . «,v. , with a lay representation from 
 
 Biflhop Whipple . 
 
 twenty-one parishes, met in 1859 at 
 the call of Bishop Kemper. The outcome of 
 this convention was the election of Henry Ben- 
 jamin Whipple as first Bishop of Minnesota. 
 
 It is not necessary to describe a person so 
 well known as Bishop Whipple. Not only in 
 this country, but throughout the Anglican Com- 
 munion, he had a reputation such as few Amer- 
 ican bishops have attained. This was in part 
 due to his unique personality, his striking ap- 
 pearance, his winning manners, and his loving- 
 heart; but also to the conspicuous part he took 
 in one of the most interesting and dramatic 
 episodes of missionary history — the evangel- 
 ization of the Indians. 
 
 His choice as bishop of the new diocese was 
 utterly unexpected both to himself and to those 
 who elected him, and in it all were glad to 
 recognize the moving of the Spirit which guides 
 
92 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 the Church. For forty-two years he stood as a 
 great figure in the life of the Church in the 
 west, and gathered about him a remarkable 
 band of men. He was able also, as few bishops 
 have been, to secure from the Church the means 
 with which to carry on the great work which 
 he had projected. 
 
 It would be fair to characterize Bishop 
 Whipple as the Bishop of the Eaces. He was a 
 man of unusually broad sympathies and clear 
 vision. Not only did he seek the wandering 
 Churchman, and minister to the transplanted 
 Easterner. He conceived of the Church as 
 capable of offering a home to all peoples, of 
 whatever race or color. He shared Muhlen- 
 berg ^s ideal of her comprehensiveness, and 
 was eager to bring her message equally to the 
 men of his own race and traditions, to the 
 Scandinavian from Northern Europe, and to 
 the red Indian of the prairies, in such a way as 
 would win them to her love. He knew neither 
 ^^ barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free; but Christ 
 was all and in all;" and the Church was His 
 witness to them. 
 
 The story of his journeys and labors would 
 be a repetition, upon a smaller scale, of those 
 which we have noted in the case of Bishop 
 Kemper. His diocese, while not one-eighth the 
 size of the territory under Kemper, was rap- 
 idly multiplying its population, and only the 
 
The March Across the Prairies 93 
 
 exercise of the greatest energy and ability 
 could keep pace with its needs. 
 
 Ill 
 
 The problems which Bishop Whipple en- 
 countered were in the main those of every 
 The Foreign bishop in a ncw land, but there was 
 Immigrant ^|g^ ^^^ foreigu immigrant — an ele- 
 ment heretofore unreckoned, which now became 
 a most important factor. 
 
 Founded by people from the East, Minnesota 
 had the transplanted Easterner just as the 
 middle west had had him previously. Some- 
 times he was the same man moved a little fur- 
 ther on. Dr. Breck was by no means the only 
 one who loved the outskirts of civilization, or 
 who chose to be always in the advance-guard of 
 the pioneers. Sometimes the motive was a 
 love of adventure and variety, sometimes the 
 inability to succeed under settled and hum- 
 drum conditions; sometimes it was the pleas- 
 ure of laying new foundations and doing larger 
 things. 
 
 But not for long, if ever, was it true that 
 the majority of the population was American- 
 born. Minnesota was from the beginning a 
 Mecca for Scandinavians, particularly for the 
 Swedes, and the very earliest history of 
 the Church in Minnesota tells of work in 
 
94 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 their behalf. The records of the associate mis- 
 sion under Dr. Breck speak in 1851 of a service 
 for Norwegians which was held in St. Paul 
 every third Sunday night. In almost every 
 place where a company of worshippers was 
 gathered communicants of the Swedish or Nor- 
 wegian Churches would be among the number. 
 Our clergy ministered to these people as oc- 
 casion offered, although it was not until 1874 
 that an organized work began among them. 
 
 Thus we find at this period and throughout 
 this section a new problem of adaptation pre- 
 senting itself — that of the foreign immigrant. 
 In Minnesota, where probably more than one- 
 half the people were foreign-born, and the ma- 
 jority of these foreigners were from Scandi- 
 navian nations, the question was particularly; 
 pressing. 
 
 The Swedes, because of the similarity of 
 their religious customs, have always presented 
 a most hopeful opportunity for the Church, 
 and the diocese of Minnesota has in many ways 
 been a pioneer in this work. There are to-day 
 in that diocese many parishes, rural and urban, 
 which began as Swedish congregations. Some 
 have in course of time and by the logic of 
 events become thoroughly Anglicised; a few 
 still conduct their services in the Swedish lan- 
 guage and observe many of the customs of their 
 national Church. 
 
HENRY BENJAMIN WHIPPLE 
 
 First Bishop of Minnesota, 1859-1901 
 
The March Across the Prairies 95 
 
 The closest point of contact with foreigners 
 is through the children — in social work or Sun- 
 The Point day-school. Particularly is this true 
 
 of Contact amoug pcoplc who, like the Swedish 
 
 Church and the Lutherans, have preserved in 
 some form the practice of confirmation. A 
 great opportunity offers for the Church to 
 bring this gift to the children in a language 
 which has become their own. Many parishes 
 in Minnesota, where faithful Sunday-school 
 work has been done, careful confirmation in- 
 struction given and young communicants fol- 
 lowed up, count to-day among their best mem- 
 bers scores of Scandinavian birth. The same 
 thing is measurably true in other places 
 throughout the West where Lutherans have 
 been reached at this critical period. 
 
 Such work cannot be easily treated as a 
 separate and distinct phase of missionary en- 
 deavor. It was not usually the purpose to es- 
 tablish coordinate congregations, but to employ 
 the regular parochial machinery, coupled with 
 the peculiar attractiveness of the Church's 
 faith, liturgy and order, to win these foreign- 
 ers to feel that the Church was their home, and 
 to make of them integral parts of her congre- 
 gations. Thus the Swedish work in time be- 
 came an English work, and the statistics of its 
 growth soon merge with those of parochial 
 advance. It does, however, suggest certain 
 
96 THe Conquest of the Continent 
 
 general lines of action which apply to the 
 problem of the foreign immigrant elsewhere. 
 
 The experience gathered in the Swedish 
 work, while not absolutely applicable to the 
 The Attitude caso of all foreign peoples, is at 
 of the Foreigner ^^ast measurably so, and may be 
 stated thus: 
 
 (1) The first generation, born abroad and 
 emigrating to America, are not as a rule dis- 
 posed to ally themselves with the American 
 Church as usually presented to them. Lan- 
 guage and customs constitute a natural bar to 
 intermingling. Many of these peoples are par- 
 ticularly clannish, and in religious matters 
 above all others men are loth to change. 
 
 (2) The second generation, including the 
 young people who have come to this country 
 at an early age or have been born here, unless 
 they have been taken in hand very strongly by 
 their elders, manifest a decided unwillingTiess 
 to belong to a foreign Church — that is, to one 
 in which the ministrations are not in the Eng- 
 lish tongue. They wish to be American in their 
 religion as well as in the other customs of their 
 lives.. 
 
 (3) The attractiveness of the Church, if 
 rightly presented, is stronger with many of the 
 European people than the appeal made by 
 other types of American Christianity. 
 
The March Across the Prairies 97 
 
 Minnesota in the '60s and '70s was feeling 
 only the first pressure of this problem. The 
 A Far-Reaehing tides of immigration which then 
 Problem flowcd SO naturally toward the free 
 
 and open lands of the west have set backward 
 upon the east, and at the same time the flood 
 has enormously increased. Four are coming 
 now where one came during that former period ; 
 and they are not scattering themselves upon 
 the farm lands of the west to be quickly ab- 
 sorbed and Americanized. New York and New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania and New England are 
 being inundated. More than a million a year 
 pass within our gates, and nearly three-quar- 
 ters of these remain on the Atlantic seaboard. 
 Our factories and mines are a babel of foreign 
 tongues, and in our great cities are localities 
 as utterly foreign in character and speech as 
 though they had been cut bodily out of Naples 
 or Moscow, Athens or Prague. Only the 
 buildings once inhabited by Americans remain 
 — and the occasional policeman; all else is of 
 the land whence they came. Here live men and 
 women who for half a lifetime have not gone 
 beyond the borders of their colony, nor heard 
 the English tongue except from their children 
 as they returned from school. 
 
 The winning of these people to our Ameri- 
 canism and our Christianity is an overwhelm- 
 ing task, but for that reason it all the more 
 
98 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 needs to be done. What they brought with 
 them of education and religion is, as a rule, not 
 enough to meet their needs in a new life of 
 added responsibility and enlarged opportunity. 
 And even if these newcomers are satisfied, 
 their children will not be. 
 
 Who is to lead and guide and help? Has 
 the Church which likes to speak and think of 
 herself as peculiarly ^Hhe American Church" 
 any conspicuous part to play in the social and 
 spiritual training of these new Americans? 
 In many a diocese and parish earnest and ef- 
 fective work is being done, but not every bishop 
 and priest has Bishop Whipple's vision, or 
 thinks of the foreigner whom he passes on the 
 street as one whom he has been sent to win. 
 Most of us see only an alien for whom the 
 Church can have no message, either because 
 the quantity and quality of religion which he 
 already possesses is sufficient for him, or be- 
 cause the Church can no longer speak the lan- 
 guage of Pentecost. Bishop Whipple did not 
 so believe, nor did Minnesota's experience so 
 indicate. 
 
 This whole matter of the stranger within our 
 gates is a challenge to our faith in humanity 
 and our conception of the Church. Its vital 
 relation to the extension of Christ's Kingdom, 
 and to this nation as a factor in that extension, 
 would amply justify a more prolonged con- 
 
Bishop Whipple and Enmegahhowh at the door 
 of St. Columba's Church, White Earth 
 
 FIRST BUILDING OF THE SEABURY MISSION 
 
The March Across the Prairies 99 
 
 sideration. But encountering it here in the 
 Louisiana Purchase as we march with the 
 Church toward the western sea, we can only 
 tarry to trace its broad outlines for those men 
 and women who own Christ as Lord, and who 
 seek to find and serve Him in those whom He 
 is not ashamed to call His brethren.* 
 
 Bishop Whipple also nobly strove to solve 
 the problem of a people who are in the truest 
 The Problem scnso uativo Americans, and yet, to 
 of the Indian ^^^ jjiodcs of life, alicus and for- 
 eigners — the North American Indians. 
 
 The problem of the Indian differs from any 
 other in many respects : 
 
 (1) It deals with a people inferior, not in 
 characteristics, ability or religious understand- 
 ing, but in civil rights and privileges and the 
 estimate which popular opinion has placed 
 upon them. 
 
 (2) It is the ministration of the conqueror 
 to the conquered — always a difficult matter. 
 
 (3) It is complicated everywhere by govern- 
 ment control, and the question as to how far 
 government officials may or will cooperate for 
 religious ends. 
 
 (4) It cannot result in the formation of a ra- 
 cial branch of the Church, and it is scarcely 
 
 * Those who wish to follow this subject further will find 
 Aliens or Americans, by Dr. Howard B. Grose, an excellent 
 text book. 
 
100 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 possible that congregations formed among these 
 people can become entirely self-supporting. 
 
 (5) It is, nevertheless, in a peculiar sense a 
 duty and an act of justice to those from whom 
 much has been taken, that at least we shall give 
 them the Christian message. 
 
 Something was done in Colonial days by the 
 S. P. G. among the Indians of the Atlantic sea- 
 board. Later, in the early part of the nine- 
 teenth century, the indefatigable Bishop Hobart 
 undertook work among the Iroquois resident 
 in his diocese, the fruits of which have con- 
 tinued to this day. When, in 1823, the Oneida 
 tribe was removed to its reservation in North- 
 ern Wisconsin, there went with them a priest 
 of the Church who was no doubt a native Iro- 
 quois, but who believed himself, and was 
 believed by others to be Louis XVII, the lost 
 Dauphin.* In the midst of the reservation 
 where 2,400 of these Indians live to-day there 
 stands a great stone church named in memory 
 of Bishop Hobart, with a communicant roll ex- 
 ceeding five hundred. 
 
 But it remained for Bishop Whipple — and 
 even more for Bishop Hare, who inherited a 
 Bishop Whipple's large portion of the task — to build 
 EnV°*^' up, to the lasting honor of the 
 
 * For life of Eleazar Williams see The Oneidas, by J. K, 
 Bloomfield, page 145 and following. 
 
The March Across the Prairies 101 
 
 Church, the most successful work among In- 
 dians which this country has seen. Bishop 
 Whipple has often heen called the Apostle to 
 the Indians. That title more properly belongs 
 to Bishop Hare, but Bishop Whipple did for 
 them what few men could have done, and what 
 then needed doing. He was the Champion of 
 the Indians in a time of stress and trial when, 
 misunderstood and abused, they were goaded 
 to an outbreak of rebellion which, but for the 
 Bishop of Minnesota and other peacemakers 
 like himself, might have led to the practical ex- 
 termination of many tribes and the still deeper 
 disgrace of our nation. 
 
 The abandonment of the work begun by Dr. 
 Breck at Gull Lake, and the Indian outbreak 
 which followed, threatened for a 
 In Dark Days ^.^^ ^^ queuch the spark of Chris- 
 tianity which had begun to glow among them. 
 It was in these dark days after the first begin- 
 nings and during the first discouragements, 
 that our first Chippewa priest, Enmegahbowh, 
 proved of what sterling stuff his Christianity 
 was made. In these trying times he was a 
 tower of strength to his own people and to the 
 bishop, and was largely instrumental in saving 
 the Indian work from annihilation. But the 
 praise does not belong to him alone; White 
 Fisher, Good Thunder, Wabasha and Taopi, 
 with scores of others, showed how real was 
 
102 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 tlieir Christianity; many suffered persecution 
 and death at the hands of their savage tribes- 
 men. In the Sioux massacre of 1862, when the 
 withdrawal of the troops, the indiscriminate 
 sale of liquor and the non-fulfilment of govern- 
 ment promises, let loose the flame of savage 
 war on the Minnesota border, Christian In- 
 dians stood faithful to their pledges, warning 
 the missionaries and settlers, and unquestion- 
 ably saving the lives of hundreds. *'The only 
 gleam of light on the darkness of this un- 
 paralleled outbreak,'^ says Bishop Whipple, 
 *4s that not one of the Indians connected with 
 our mission was concerned in it. It is due to 
 their fidelity that the captives were saved. '^ 
 
 But the shadow passed and a noble work was 
 built up in Minnesota, with which were asso- 
 ciated such honored names as those 
 
 The Shadow 
 
 Passes of the Ecv. E. Steele Peake, the Eev. 
 
 Samuel D. Hinman, and the Eev. J. A. Gilfillan. 
 These and others gave themselves unreservedly 
 to their red brothers, and achieved the success 
 which is certain to come, in some way or an- 
 other, to those who love much. 
 
 The Indian work conducted under Bishop 
 Whipple soon attracted the attention of the 
 entire country and became known abroad. He 
 exerted a far-reaching influence, and his ad- 
 vocacy protected and uplifted tribes which he 
 never saw. Not only in his own diocese, but 
 
WILLIAM HOBART HARE 
 
 Bishop of Niobrara and South Dakota, 187;}-1909 
 
The March Across the Prairies 103 
 
 in general societies and in the councils of the 
 nation, he was always the champion and de- 
 fender of his red brethren, and with them his 
 name will be forever associated. 
 
 Those who were privileged to attend the 
 funeral of Bishop Whipple, in September, 1901, 
 will long remember the presence there of the 
 Indian deputations, their profound grief at the 
 loss of the great man who had stood as their 
 friend through so many years, and the sweet 
 pathos of the hynm sung in the Indian language 
 beside the open grave where these, peculiarly 
 his mourners, gathered nearest to utter the 
 expression of their love. 
 
 The temptation is great to tell the story of 
 the further work in Minnesota and of the pio- 
 neers who accomplished it under the leadership 
 of Bishop Whipple, and his well-loved coadju- 
 tor. Bishop Gilbert. Something of its character 
 and flavor the reader will find in the books 
 which have been prepared to accompany this 
 course. We must now confine ourselves to a 
 consideration of the second peculiar problem 
 of this region — the evangelization of the In- 
 dian tribes, as carried out by Bishop Hare. 
 
 IV 
 
 When, as a result of the Indian outbreak and 
 the serious conditions brought on by the Civil 
 
104 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Niobrara and War, the govemmeiit removed large 
 its Bishop bodies of the Indians out of the 
 
 state of Minnesota, Bishop Whipple's heart 
 and prayers went with them. He could not for- 
 get that they had been and were still peculiarly 
 his children, and in large measure through 
 his influence the Indian missionary district of 
 Niobrara was created by the General Conven- 
 tion of 1868. To it Bishop Whipple was 
 elected, but he felt that he must decline this 
 honor and remain at his post in Minnesota. It 
 was then that the Church called to be Bishop 
 of Niobrara the last of the men upon whom 
 in this chapter we are fixing our attention, 
 William Hobart Hare, at that time the young 
 secretary of the Foreign Committee of the 
 Board of Missions in New York. 
 
 This action of the Church was most signifi- 
 cant. It was the first and only instance of a 
 The Choice of i^^cial opiscopatc — that is, the con- 
 BishopHare socratiou of a bishop for a distinct 
 race of people rather than as the administrator 
 of a certain territory and the spiritual father 
 of all the people therein. Personally consid- 
 ered it was also a most unusual choice which 
 had been made. Great was the regret ex- 
 pressed by the friends of Bishop Hare. He 
 was distinctly a man of fineness and cultiva- 
 tion, peculiarly fitted to take an honorable 
 
The March Across the Prairies 105 
 
 place in an intricate and highly organized 
 civilization. Possessed of scholarly tastes and 
 in the best sense a man of the world — because 
 he was also a man of another world — many felt 
 that he was being sacrificed needlessly. It is 
 recorded that one of the bishops, as he left the 
 meeting where the choice was made, exclaimed : 
 *^The Church is always making the mistake of 
 setting her finest men to do her commonest 
 work ! She is continually using a razor to split 
 kindling. ' ' 
 
 Yet how his record refuted all these predic- 
 tions and forebodings! From the beginning 
 he became a father in God to his red children, 
 touching their hearts and influencing their lives 
 as no other man has ever done, and writing by 
 his activities one of the stirring pages of the 
 Church's missionary history. 
 
 On arriving at his jurisdiction the new 
 bishop found that in the area of 80,000 square 
 miles which his field included there were in 
 all nine stations and two sub-stations. These 
 he set out to visit, travelling in frontier fashion 
 over the broad expanse of the prairies. Sit- 
 ting on a roll of shawls by the side of his little 
 tent, as his Indians were making a camp for 
 the night, he wrote to some friends in the East : 
 ** There is not a human being except our own 
 little party within forty miles. The sun has 
 just gone down. The twilight is fast creeping 
 
106 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 on. There is no sound except the howling of 
 a pack of prairie wolves. It is a time to think, 
 and thinking, my thoughts turn to you, and it 
 occurs to me that you will want to hear of the 
 Indian schools which you are helping to sup- 
 port. '^ 
 
 This last sentence gives the key-note of the 
 bishop's labors. He realized supremely the 
 value of a Christian education in the develop- 
 ment of a race. 
 
 Travelling thus across the broad prairies, 
 ministering sympathetically and affectionately 
 The Princi les ^^ thcsc primitive people, the con- 
 ofHiaWork gpicuous succcss which he achieved 
 was largely due to two facts: First, that the 
 aroused conscience of the Church brought him 
 the means with which to do his work; secondly, 
 that he had grasped clearly certain funda- 
 mental principles of action : 
 
 (a) He saw that the children must be taught, 
 and through them their parents. The hope of 
 the Indian lay in the right sort of education. 
 The buffalo was gone; the forests were going; 
 the lands had been seized upon; the nomadic 
 life of the tribes was no longer possible. How- 
 ever unwelcome it might be to them, they must 
 live under the white man's conditions if they 
 were to live at all. Therefore they must be 
 able to meet him with some measure of equal 
 
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The March Across the Prairies 107 
 
 understanding and information. The great 
 success of the boarding schools established by 
 Bishop Hare, and still continued by his suc- 
 cessor, grew out of the great need which they 
 alone could meet. 
 
 (b) Again, Bishop Hare realized how in- 
 jurious to the Indian character had been their 
 position as wards under tutelage, fed by the 
 hand of the government. It was sapping their 
 independence and making them mere beggars 
 and hangers-on. A like pernicious system had 
 been followed by several religious teachers 
 among them. The Indians were expected to do 
 nothing and to receive everything. Their cus- 
 tom of exchanging gifts, which had its attrac- 
 tive significance and proper place, had been 
 made use of by those who desired to buy their 
 allegiance, and in many a Christian mission it 
 was taken for granted that the Indians were 
 to be cajoled and treated as children rather 
 than trained as men. The last thing to be ex- 
 pected was that they should support themselves 
 or give to others — which way of thinking con- 
 tinues even to this day. Against this Bishop 
 Hare set his face. He did much for the In- 
 dians; he gave them many gifts; he supplied 
 their crying needs, but he taught them to be 
 self-respecting, independent and responsible, 
 to give as they were able, and to look forward 
 to still larger exercise of that which to the 
 
108 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Indian is joy and not grief — the pleasure of 
 bestowing. 
 
 At the time of his death, of the 25,000 In- 
 dians resident in South Dakota over 10,000 
 were baptized members of our Church. There 
 were nearly 100 Indian congregations, 26 na- 
 tive clergy, over 4,000 communicants, and the 
 gifts of these red men of the plains, in pro- 
 portion to their ability, were greatly in excess 
 of the white man's record. 
 
 After thirty-seven years of service, by a 
 most painful path of disease and suffering. 
 Death of Bishop Haro passed to his reward. 
 
 Bishop Hare jjig body rcsts iu the land to which 
 he went as a stranger, but his work goes on, 
 and in the hearts of thousands of our red 
 brethren, next to the Master whom they serve, 
 is enshrined the memory of him who gave him- 
 self so unreservedly for them, and lifted them 
 out of darkness into light. 
 
 The issue of this great life of loving heroism 
 and joyful sacrifice proved the truth of certain 
 missionary principles: (a) That the best is 
 none too good for the mission field, and no man 
 can be either too fine or too wise to carry the 
 message of the Gospel to any people, no mat- 
 ter how rude and savage, (b) That no race is 
 so ignorant or hopeless but that it may be 
 
The March Across the Prairies 109 
 
 raised up by faithfulness, devotion, Christian 
 sympathy and the example of a saintly life, 
 (c) That the Christian education of the 
 younger generation and the presentation of the 
 Gospel by the lips of their own people are the 
 two greatest avenues of approach to the heart 
 and life of a race. 
 
 In telling of his work among the Indians we 
 have only touched a part of this fine life. With 
 the admission of South Dakota as a state the 
 Indian district of Niobrara disappeared; the 
 missionary district of South Dakota was estab- 
 lished and Bishop Hare was placed in regular 
 charge of both the white and Indian work. 
 After this his activities proceeded along lines 
 common to other missionary bishops, and 
 among the incoming settlers he found a great 
 opportunity to render service to his Master, 
 and plant the Church among the growing com- 
 munities of a great state; but the story of 
 these successes we may not now tell. Their 
 history was in a large measure that of other 
 pioneer work in the new West. 
 
 Here we must conclude our study of the 
 Louisiana Purchase with its two peculiar 
 problems — the foreign immigrant and the 
 American Indian. Everywhere these are to be 
 found, but they were particularly the burden 
 
110 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 of those days when the tide of settlement 
 flowed over the land of the prairies, and when 
 God raised up men such as those whose lives 
 we have been studying^ to aid in the solution 
 of these problems. 
 
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THE BATTLE AMONG THE MOUNTAINS 
 
 OUT in the centre of Nebraska, on the 
 banks of the Platte Eiver, two hundred 
 miles west of where it enters the Mis- 
 souri, there rose, soon after the Mexican War, 
 an army post called Fort Kearney. One day 
 
 The Great ^^ ^^^ spriug of 1849 a seutiuel of 
 
 Barrier |-]^^|. -^qj.^ g^^ Creeping up the valley 
 
 from the eastward a curious white speck. An- 
 other followed, and still another. They were 
 ** prairie schooners'^ — the white-covered emi- 
 grant wagons which marked the beginning of 
 the gold rush to California — that stampede of 
 humanity which beat a trail deep into the prai- 
 ries and strewed the passage across the plains 
 with the wrecks of a marching host. It swept 
 the buffalo from their grazing grounds and 
 effectually overawed the lurking Indians, stop- 
 ping for nothing, except perchance to bury its 
 dead in their desert graves, as it rolled on- 
 ward toward the Land of Gold. 
 
 For years this was typical of the history of 
 much of this section. It was a territory to be 
 
 111 
 
112 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 gotten over, and its mountains a barrier to be 
 broken tbrougli as speedily as possible. It 
 was, in popular estimation, and largely in fact, 
 a desert land, concerning which those who over- 
 passed it thought not at all, except to fret that 
 there was so much of it. Indeed, for a dozen 
 years after California and Oregon had made 
 their name and attracted their scores of thou- 
 sands, the great land east of them was left 
 chiefly to the roving Indian, the hunter or the 
 herdsman. 
 
 The Eocky Mountain region is not homo- 
 geneous either in character or history. The 
 The Rocky southom part was for many genera- 
 
 Mountain Region ^^^^^ uudcr thc domiuiou of Spain, 
 
 and the section upon which our interest will 
 chiefly be concentrated lies within that third 
 domain of territorial expansion — the Spanish 
 grants of 1848. But to the north it formed the 
 eastern part of the Oregon country, claimed 
 both by England and ourselves. Unusually di- 
 versified in character and climate, it has also 
 been composite in its population. It has al- 
 ways been in some sense the home of the pe- 
 culiar peoples. 
 
 Eoughly speaking, it may be said to begin 
 west of the Missouri and the Arkansas Rivers, 
 where the land, though still in the nature of a 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 113 
 
 plain, is rising steadily to form the foothills 
 of the Rocky Mountains. We shall look west- 
 ward across the mountains into the great basin 
 between the Rockies and the Coast Ranges, 
 thus including Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, 
 Western Colorado, Utah and Nevada, Arizona 
 and New Mexico. 
 
 1. Its aridity. It was not to be expected 
 that this section would be among the first 
 Its Chief chosen as a land for building homes. 
 Characteristics Throughout the greater part of it 
 the scanty rainfall had failed to awaken the 
 fertile forces of nature which lay hidden in the 
 soil. Its vast plains were practically treeless ; 
 its mountains rugged and forbidding; its cli- 
 mate, to say the least, strenuous. There were, 
 of course, along many of its rivers and in the 
 great plateaus of the mountains, fair and fer- 
 tile spots, but it was as a whole almost too 
 grand and forbidding to arouse at first sight 
 the interest of those who sought a land to dwell 
 in, where they might plant a civilization and 
 acquire wealth. 
 
 2. Its extent. Its very vastness was a dif- 
 ficulty. One must learn to love the stupendous 
 outreach of the desert or the up-flung crests 
 of the mountains. Those who had come from 
 smaller things and narrower surroundings felt 
 it hard at first to live with so much grandeur. 
 They would perhaps echo the words of the 
 
114 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 little child who, in travelling with her mother 
 along one of our transcontinental railways, 
 after having gazed for hours at the passing 
 landscape, turned and said: ^^Mama, why do 
 you s'pose God made such a lot of room with 
 nothing in it?" 
 
 The reader of these pages, though perhaps 
 a graduate of some noted college or university, 
 is not likely to have really conceived the vast- 
 ness of the region at which we are looking. 
 Some comparisons will be illuminating: Mon- 
 tana, which was only a part of the original jur- 
 isdiction of Bishop Tuttle, has 143,000 square 
 miles — that is to say, one could make out of 
 it thirty-eight Connecticuts or three New 
 Yorks. New Mexico and Arizona, over which 
 for many years we asked one bishop to travel 
 as our representative, has 236,000 square miles 
 — equal to five Pennsylvanias. When the good 
 bishop wished to go by rail from the northeast- 
 ern to the southwestern corner of his district 
 he travelled 934 miles — the distance from New 
 York to Chicago. Then there is Texas. You 
 could put oM the population of the world into 
 the State of Texas and there would not be ten 
 people to the acre! Nor have we said any- 
 thing at all about Utah and Nevada, Idaho and 
 Wyoming, Colorado and Nebraska and Kansas, 
 North and South Dakota ! Yes, the Great West 
 is at least great in size. 
 
THE REVEREND ST. MICHAEL FACKLER 
 
 Our first missionary in Oregon and Idaho 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 115 
 
 3. Its resources. As we now know it is 
 great also in its possibilities. The man of the 
 range who dotted with his herds of cattle and 
 sheep the plains left bare by the slaughtered 
 buffalo, found it great — as many a modern for- 
 tune testifies. The prospector and miner, as 
 the ebb-tide rolled back again from California, 
 found in its gold and silver and copper an allur- 
 ing opportunity, and the end of these is not yet. 
 The hunter and the trapper and the tourist dis- 
 covered its wealth of forests and game, its Big 
 Horn Mountains and Salmon Kiver, its Yel- 
 lowstone Park and Grand Canyon, the ancient 
 pueblos of the prehistoric races, and the still 
 more ancient mountains reared by the Cre- 
 ator's hand. It was a great country to visit! 
 
 Nor was it long before stalwart and hopeful 
 men found it a great country in which to live. 
 Locked up in the soil there were in- 
 irrigation exhaustible treasures of fertility. 
 
 The lush grasses and the exuberant vegetation 
 along its streams proved this. In fertile spots 
 agricultural settlements began; creeping out 
 ever more and more into the surrounding des- 
 ert; cutting short the lucrative but somewhat 
 lawless life of the ranchmen, and planting cen- 
 tres of civilization. Soon it was realized that 
 the most forbidding of the land needed only- 
 water to be transformed, and before long the 
 
116 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 stern mountains which had added only grand- 
 eur to the landscape were called upon to supply 
 this great necessity. The day of irrigation had 
 hegun. 
 
 Later on we shall turn our attention — not with 
 unqualified praise — to the Mormons, but here we 
 The First ^^^ make acknowledgment of their 
 
 Serious Settlement gervico as pioucers iu the far west. 
 They first demonstrated that it was a land to 
 be lived in, trooping across the prairies under 
 the lead of that indomitable, shrewd, somewhat 
 unscrupulous leader of men, Brigham Young. 
 In 1847, before Mexico ceded the land to us, 
 they settled in a desert valley of Utah, and 
 made it, through their industry and the far- 
 seeing sagacity of their leaders, a very garden 
 of Eden for pleasantness. With all its unde- 
 sirable and repugnant features Mormonism set 
 the men of the West a conspicuous example. 
 
 II 
 
 Doubtless we should place first among the 
 leaders of the Church in this section Leonidas 
 Church Work Po^k, the soldicr-bishop, standing 
 in the Region j2ext to Jacksou Kemper in the great 
 line of domestic missionary bishops and con- 
 secrated for Arkansas and the Southwest in 
 1838. After three years' service in that field 
 he was transferred to Louisiana, and died as 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 117 
 
 a general in the Confederate Army, fighting 
 at the battle of Pine Mountain. In 1844, while 
 Bishop Kemper was laying his foundations in 
 the North, Bishop Freeman was sent in suc- 
 cession to Bishop Polk, to Arkansas and the 
 Southwest. But the field was a hard one and 
 even his faithful tillage, which closed with his 
 death on the eve of the Civil War, produced 
 little in the way of material results. The foun- 
 dations which he laid seemed to be swept away 
 in the strife that followed. 
 
 Meanwhile, to the northward, small begin- 
 nings had been made in various places. Ne- 
 Bishop braska, the great point of departure 
 
 J. c. Talbot ^Qj. ^agon trains to California, wliich 
 on their march traversed the entire length of the 
 state, had become recognized as an effective 
 centre for work. Thither in 1860 the Church had 
 sent Joseph C. Talbot, who inherited the title of 
 Missionary Bishop of the Northwest, which 
 Bishop Kemper had laid down the year before, 
 and with it the remainder of that Northwest 
 which had been nominally under his charge. 
 
 What a remainder it was ! Nebraska, North 
 and South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and 
 Idaho, Colorado and Utah, New Mexico, Ari- 
 zona, and Nevada ; altogether a diocese of about 
 a million square miles. Bishop Talbot went to 
 the West as a sort of ecclesiastical residuary 
 legatee. To him was assigned ^^all the terri- 
 
118 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 tory within the United States not emhraced 
 within the jurisdiction of some other bishop," 
 and he nsed laughingly to call himself '^The 
 Bishop of All Outdoors." 
 
 Promptly he paid a visit to Nebraska and 
 Dakota, and was planning a long journey to 
 Salt Lake when the Civil War broke out and 
 prevented him. Taking advantage however of 
 a temporary quiet in that troubled region, in 
 1863 he made a tremendous tour of 7,000 miles 
 through Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Ne- 
 vada. Here he was greatly oppressed by the 
 growth of Mormonism. Thousands of converts 
 from the British Isles crossed the plains every 
 year. They were, he says, ^^firm in the faith 
 of their abominable heresy," but all seemed 
 childlike and deeply imbued with religious 
 veneration. A missionary at Omaha who saw 
 them pass testified, ^'I have never yet con- 
 versed with a lay Mormon whom I believed to 
 be a hypocrite." 
 
 Nothing could be done in Utah. Out-door 
 preaching was forbidden, and no house could 
 be rented in Salt Lake. *^ Outwardly," says 
 Bishop Talbot, ^4t is the most moral, orderly 
 and quiet city I have ever seen. No saloon, 
 gambling den or evil house exists in this com- 
 munity of 15,000 souls; yet its inner life is 
 most shocking to the Christian sense." 
 
 Two years later, in 1865, Bishop Eandall was 
 
DANIEL SYLVESTER TUTTLE 
 Presiding Bishop of the Church 
 
■^G 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 119 
 
 consecrated for Colorado and took the over- 
 sight of the extreme western portion of this 
 field; and after Bishop Talbot's election to In- 
 diana the remainder was further divided. 
 Bishop Clarkson was chosen for Nebraska in 
 1865; Bishop Tuttle was sent to Utah, Idaho 
 and Montana in 1867; Bishop Whittaker to 
 Nevada in 1869. 
 
 The great missionary figure of this region, 
 and the one whose work will stand for ns as 
 the type of what others were doing 
 Bishop Tnttie -^ other placcs, was Daniel Sylvester 
 Tuttle, consecrated May 1, 1867, for Mon- 
 tana, with jurisdiction over Idaho and Utah. 
 The General Convention of the previous Oc- 
 tober had elected him, not knowing that he 
 lacked several months of the canonical age, 
 being little more than twenty-nine. But the 
 House of Bishops were so confident that they 
 had the right man for the place that the elec- 
 tion was held to be valid and the consecration 
 delayed until after his thirtieth birthday. 
 
 Fortunately for the Church, Bishop Tuttle 
 has told his story in a book of reminiscences.* 
 It is vivid with the atmosphere and color of 
 the pioneer life of the then far west. It tells 
 of the preaching in little towns and camps, the 
 talks with simple, sturdy men, the building of 
 
 * Eeminiscences of a Missionary Bishop, by Daniel Sylvester 
 Tuttle: Thomas Whittaker, New York. 
 
120 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 plain churches, the starting of institutions and 
 the bare-fisted grappling with elementary con- 
 ditions, and it has for its setting the peculiar 
 prairies, bogs and streams of the Eocky Moun- 
 tain region. Of course the great value of this 
 book is its tale of the planting and progress of 
 the Church in that part of our land, but anyone 
 who wants a vivid glimpse of, and some inti- 
 mate acquaintance with, the pioneer life so 
 swiftly vanishing and in some aspects already 
 gone, can find it in these reminiscences. Would 
 you know what Indian troubles were to the 
 early settlers? Would you see the real stage 
 driver of the Eockies, or walk through the old- 
 time mining camp, or know those strange peo- 
 ple the Mormons — one of the peculiar problems 
 of our Western work 1 Here they are. 
 
 The territory to which Bishop Tuttle was 
 sent in 1867 comprised 340,000 square miles, an 
 area more than forty times the size 
 of Massachusetts. Into Montana no 
 clergyman of the Church had ever gone, so far 
 as is known. The Eev. St. Michael Fackler 
 had preceded Bishop Tuttle by three years, and 
 had built a plain frame church at Boise City, 
 Idaho. Once Bishop Scott had set out from 
 Oregon to visit this place, but was compelled 
 by illness to turn back. In Utah the Eev. 
 Messrs. Foote and Haskins had been at work 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 121 
 
 about two months. This was the sum total of 
 the Church's record in the entire region with 
 its population of more than 150,000 people. 
 
 For thirteen years Bishop Tuttle travelled 
 over this territory, establishing strong centres 
 Hi3 Methods ^^ places like Helena, Boise and Salt 
 of Work Lake. The methods which he used 
 
 in the different parts of the field were quite 
 distinct, and proved themselves to have been 
 wisely chosen. In Utah there was no welcome 
 for the Gentile, and still less for his religion. 
 It was a work which required great patience 
 and kindly sympathy. A ready wisdom 
 was needed in seizing whatever opportunity 
 offered to present the Message without hope- 
 lessly antagonizing the people. The stress was 
 therefore wisely laid upon the point where the 
 most immediate and quiet helpfulness could be 
 shown — in aiding Utah to solve its educational 
 problem. For Christian work among a Mor- 
 mon population the two day schools for boys 
 and girls, and Eowland Hall, the boarding 
 school for girls, were admirably adapted; at 
 three other points in Utah like schools were 
 opened. Another far-seeing plan for evangel- 
 ization in ministration to an immediate need 
 was followed out in the founding of St. Mark's 
 Hospital in Salt Lake. At that time such a 
 thing as a hospital was unknown, and there 
 
122 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 were only three physicians among 15,000 
 people. 
 
 The strongholds of Mormonism then, as now, 
 represented essentially the problems to be 
 found in a foreign land. The only point in 
 which the work was notably easier was in the 
 fact that there was already a common lan- 
 guage. This was perhaps more than counter- 
 balanced by the prejudice and animosity felt 
 toward the Gentiles and the United States Gov- 
 ernment. The special characteristics of the 
 Mormons and the further development of the 
 Church's work among them we shall consider 
 at the close of this chapter. 
 
 In Montana and Idaho the methods followed 
 were largely evangelistic. Here, in marked 
 contrast to Utah, the desire for the Church's 
 services was wide-spread and eager. The ed- 
 ucational work was not neglected, but stress 
 was placed upon the founding of missions and 
 the development of parishes. It was thirteen 
 years before Montana was set apart as a sep- 
 arate jurisdiction. During that time within its 
 borders the bishop had himself ministered in 
 fifty-one places. Very many more had been 
 reached by his band of clergy. Thus were the 
 foundations laid upon which Bishop Brewer, 
 who succeeded Bishop Tuttle, built up the pres- 
 ent Diocese of Montana, which in 1911 num- 
 bered nearly 4,000 communicants. 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 123 
 
 For six years longer, rounding out a service 
 of twenty years as missionary bishop, this de- 
 voted man remained in charge of Idaho and 
 Utah. Then for the second time he was called 
 to be the diocesan of Missouri and felt con- 
 strained to accept. Beyond doubt his decision 
 was a wise one, although the grief at his going 
 was universal. In his twenty years as mis- 
 sionary bishop he had confirmed more than 
 1,200 persons and had held nearly 4,000 ser- 
 vices. The miles which he had travelled the 
 country over, on foot and by stage, on horse- 
 back and by buckboard, had made him a figure 
 known and loved everywhere. The three com- 
 municants in Salt Lake had become more 
 than 300, and in the schools he had established 
 there over 3,000 boys and girls had been taught. 
 Such was, in part, the fruitage of a life sown 
 in the midst of what people called a desert, giv- 
 ing itself unsparingly to reproduction after its 
 kind. 
 
 Perhaps in no one thing was Bishop Tuttle 's 
 wisdom more clearly shown than in his treat- 
 Bisho Tuttle i^aent of the Mormons. Uncompro- 
 and the Mormons misiugly opposcd to them and their 
 doctrines, desiring above all things to plant the 
 faith of the Church, he nevertheless won the 
 universal regard of those whom he stoutly op- 
 posed, so that the official Mormon paper of Salt 
 Lake City, when the news came in 1886 that 
 
124 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Bishop Tuttle had accepted his election to Mis- 
 souri, could say of him : 
 
 *^ Pronounced in his opposition to the Mor- 
 mon faith, Bishop Tuttle has not been an enemy 
 of the Mormon people. He has not, like many 
 of his cloth, used his ecclesiastical influence 
 toward the oppression and spoliation of the 
 Latter Day Saints. He has not only been 
 frank to express his dissent from the doctrines 
 of the Mormons while among them, but brave 
 enough to speak in defence of that unpopular 
 people when in the midst of their enemies. 
 Bishop Tuttle by his consistent course has 
 gained the esteem of the Mormons without los- 
 ing the respect of his own class and denomina- 
 tion. We bid him farewell with best wishes for 
 his welfare. We do not agree with him in re- 
 ligious belief, but we are in accord with that 
 spirit which in any society promotes fairness, 
 friendship and good-will among men; which 
 encourages morality and right conduct, and 
 which breathes charity and peace." 
 
 So he went from them, ceasing nominally to 
 be a missionary bishop, but always in heart and 
 service bearing the same splendid witness for 
 his Master which had won him in the land of 
 the mountains and hills the regard and rever- 
 ence of all sorts and conditions of men, and by 
 which he stands forth upon the pages of the 
 Church's history as a typical missionary; 
 bishop. 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 126 
 
 in 
 
 We have already called attention to the fact 
 that the problem which faced the Church in 
 mv T. V, , this new section was that of the pe- 
 
 The Problem of ^ 
 
 the Peculiar Peoples (3|jij^^ J. peoplcs. Thc American and 
 the foreign immigrant were there, of course, as 
 was also the Indian. Bishop Tuttle and Bishoj) 
 Ethelbert Talbot, who followed him into 
 Wyoming and Idaho, met and won them to the 
 Church.* The character of the work among 
 them has been dealt with in preceding chap- 
 ters. We shall therefore confine our attention 
 to that portion of the population which, either 
 by their occupation or their affiliations, were 
 especially difficult of access and required un- 
 usual treatment. 
 
 1. The first of these is the cowboy, embrac- 
 ing under that term the cattlemen of all 
 grades. Theirs was a transient and 
 
 The Cowboy . ji i • j 
 
 passing, even though a picturesque, 
 occupation. The machine which turned out the 
 first roll of barbed wire^ sounded the first 
 stroke in the knell of the cowboy. So long as 
 the plains, or some large portion of them, be- 
 longed to him — or at least to no one else — the 
 
 * Bishop Ethelbert Talbot has told his experiences in a 
 book of vivid sketches entitled My People of the Plains: 
 Harper Brothers, New York and London. 
 
126 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 old type of cattleman continued. With the com- 
 ing of the settler and the fencing of the lands 
 he was compelled either to disappear from the 
 scene, or to become himself a ranchman and 
 turn his cowboy into a ^' hired man.'' But 
 while they lasted they were a splendid and 
 dashing type which has deservedly captured 
 the imagination of many people, and will live 
 in fiction and the drama for many years to 
 come. Outside of a Wild West show no cow- 
 boy of the old type now exists. But once he did 
 exist in large numbers, and was a religious 
 problem. 
 
 Though the cowboy has passed the ranch- 
 man remains, and shares somewhat of his char- 
 acteristics. The Church must still adapt her- 
 self to his needs, and by some form of itinerant 
 ministry, such as has been so successfully con- 
 ducted in Kearney * and other districts, must 
 reach these scattered people with the message 
 of the Church. Wherever this has been se- 
 
 * In the sand hills of northwestern Nebraska, among a 
 people destitute of religious opportunities, a lay missionary 
 to the ranchers within six months presented 100 for confirma- 
 tion. A letter from Bishop A. E. Graves tells how within a 
 fortnight he had driven 259 miles, held 34 services, delivered 
 20 sermons or addresses, baptized 69, confirmed 59, and ad- 
 ministered the Holy Communion to 97 people. The heaviest 
 day's work involved 27 miles in the wagon, with 6 services 
 and 5 sermons or addresses. Not a single service during the 
 fortnight was held in a church. And all this was in one man's 
 ' ' parish. ' ' 
 
Q 
 O 
 
 J 
 H 
 H 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 S 
 < 
 CO 
 
 O 
 fq 
 
 fa 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 c/2 
 
 < 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 127 
 
 riously and wisely undertaken the results have 
 been extraordinary. 
 
 2. This second class is waxing greater 
 rather than passing away. In the mountains 
 and foothills of this region are vast 
 stores of mineral wealth. The 
 greatest industry to-day in the State of Mon- 
 tana is mining. Colorado is in like case, and 
 Nevada, after its years of depression, has 
 sprung to a foremost position among the pro- 
 ducers of the country. All this means a com- 
 plicated question, for the problem of the miner 
 is a difficult one. Not only do we allude to the 
 miner himself, buried in his unnatural work 
 underground, to whom night and day, Sundays 
 and week-days are much the same ; not only are 
 we thinking of the families in mining communi- 
 ties, but also of the sudden wealth, the vulgar 
 riches, the elements of political corruption, 
 the unrestrained animosities between employer 
 and employed, and that feverish, gambling 
 spirit which is so frequently associated with 
 this occupation. 
 
 Another feature of the work among miners 
 is the problem of the ' ' dead camps. ' ' Of them 
 Bishop Spalding says : ^ ' These have always 
 seemed to me most pathetic and appealing com- 
 munities. All over the mining country are little 
 groups of people holding on and hoping for a 
 new strike and a new home. Those who struck 
 
128 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 it when the camp was founded have moved 
 away years ago, but they have left behind 
 them those who missed it, who live — God only 
 knows on what — for hopes and memories are 
 not a substitute for bread and butter. People 
 in these old survivals of camps are really glad 
 to see the missionary." 
 
 3. But the great problem of this region is 
 the Mormon. Here we encounter a people pe- 
 culiar indeed, but not distinct by 
 The Mormon nationality. They are gathered 
 from all over the world. They are Welsh and 
 English, Bohemian and Swede; discouraged 
 men and women from the south and east. It 
 is claimed that 1,200 were ^'shipped" from the 
 Liverpool office alone in 1910 and nearly a thou- 
 sand converts baptized in the east and south. 
 Everywhere Mormon missionaries travel, and 
 by immigration as well as by multiplication 
 upon the soil, the 35,000 who left Illinois sixty 
 years ago have become the 350,000 of to-day. 
 
 IV 
 
 Students of missions are accustomed to 
 speak of Mohammendanism as the one great 
 The Missionary missiouary religiou which is actively 
 MwmoSiI*' opposing the progress of the Chris- 
 tian faith, but Mormonism in its missionary 
 aspects has Mohammedanism discounted ten- 
 fold. Every young man who has reached a 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 129 
 
 certain age may, and probably will, receive 
 notice from the Church authorities that he is 
 expected to go for two years as a missionary 
 into such part of this or another country as 
 they may choose to send him; and what is 
 more, he will go and return at his own expense. 
 They furnish him with nothing but injunctions 
 and a volume of Biblical proof texts for con- 
 troversy. In 1835, when the Mormon Church 
 was only five years old, they sent their 
 preachers to England, and twice each year new 
 bands are sent out to the British Isles, Den- 
 mark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, 
 Honolulu and the various parts of this coun- 
 try. Two thousand young Mormon mission- 
 aries go out each year. ^^The missionary's 
 outfit," says Bishop Talbot, ^^ consists of a 
 Prince Albert coat, a white necktie, a Mormon 
 Compendium of Keady Reference Scriptural 
 Texts, a great deal of courage and self-assur- 
 ance, tempered with enough religious zeal to 
 arouse the attention of the most careless." 
 
 But if the Mormon Church seems niggardly 
 to its missionaries, it is generous to its con- 
 Treatment verts. At the very outset it estab- 
 of Converts lislicd a pcrpctual immigration fund, 
 which by tithes and special contributions has 
 reached enormous figures, and out of which 
 the expenses of those who come to Utah are de- 
 frayed. Not only so, but they have the promise 
 
130 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 of land and an outfit for working it, absolutely- 
 free of charge. Not much stress is laid upon 
 the fact that the repayment of this amount will 
 be their first business when they are settled 
 in Utah. Is it any wonder that half-educated 
 and weak-willed and half-hearted people seize 
 upon an opportunity painted in such glowing 
 colors? 
 
 Yes, it is a wonderful missionary religion, 
 but you will have already perceived that there 
 is nothing very spiritual about it. Cash paid 
 for services rendered — so much for so much — 
 is a fundamental principle of its theology. At 
 least it is fair to say that the financial side 
 bulks large. 
 
 There has been a tendency to make both too 
 much and too little of Mormonism. It cannot 
 The strength ^^ disposed of either by thundering 
 of Mormonism denuuciatious or by an off-hand dis- 
 missal. It is true that there are less than half 
 a million Mormons, but it is also true that they 
 have multiplied many times as rapidly as has 
 the nation itself. An organization so reproduc- 
 tive and so dominating as ^^The Church of 
 Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints'' — which is 
 its correct title — must have signal elements of 
 strength. What are they? 
 
 It claims to be the Christian religion in an 
 improved and enlarged form. According to 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 131 
 
 iciaimBtobethe ^^^^ ^^^k of Mormon Christ, after 
 Christian Religion jjjg Asceiision, descended again in 
 
 America and appointed twelve apostles, who 
 founded the original Mormon Church, the rec- 
 ords of which were found by Joseph Smith upon 
 the golden plates hid in the hill of Cumorah, 
 near Palmyra, New York. Mormons claim to 
 have six sources of revelation: (a) The Old 
 Testament; (b) The New Testament; (c) The 
 Book of Mormon; (d) The Book of Doctrine 
 and Covenants (the revelations hitherto made 
 to the head of the Church — mostly from the 
 prolific pen of Joseph Smith) ; (e) ^^The Pearl 
 of Great Price," by Joseph Smith, Jr. ; (f ) The 
 oral revelations which may be made from time 
 to time by the President of the Church, who is 
 *^ Prophet, Seer and Eevelator of the Lord." 
 
 Mormons, then, will listen to all you say, and 
 will admit all you claim for the Old Testament 
 and the New, declaring that they hold for them 
 a respect and reverence equal to your own; 
 then they will invite you to consider these 
 further sources of Divine illumination which 
 they possess. The half-instructed or merely 
 nominal Christian finds himself at a loss to 
 reply. 
 
 Mormonism has what has been described as 
 the most perfect and thorough organization 
 
132 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 2 Its Wonder- wMch the worM has ever seen. Pres- 
 fui organmtion • ^^^^^ Apostles, High Priests, Seven- 
 ties, Bishops, Elders — these are only a part of 
 the Mormon hierarchy. Each boy fourteen 
 years of age is baptized and becomes a deacon ; 
 at eighteen he becomes a priest. Just what 
 these terms may mean does not appear, but 
 Brigham Young was wise enough to know that 
 men love to hold office, and also that there is no 
 better way of testing loyalty and devotion than 
 by conferring authority and responsibility. Out 
 of 144 who made the first party to cross the 
 plains, 113 were officers of some sort, leaving 31 
 to belong to the rank and file. 
 
 Mormon cities are divided into wards. There 
 are twenty-four of these in Salt Lake. Each 
 ward has its bishop and its meeting-house. In 
 Utah there are probably 400 bishops. Each 
 bishop has his counsellors under him. Some- 
 times the presence of quite so many bishops 
 produces delicate situations for the man 
 who is our bishop in Utah. Bishop Tuttle re- 
 lates how, at the time of one of their September 
 conferences, when multitudes were assembled 
 in the town, a person came to his door and 
 asked, ' ' Is the bishop in r ' ^ ' No. " '' Then is 
 the bishop ^s wife in?" ^'No." ^^Well, are 
 any of his wives in!" 
 
 The organization of the Mormon Church is 
 not a matter of officials only. The Church has 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 133 
 
 its hand — and a vigorous one — upon every act 
 and condition of human Hfe. Tithes are uni- 
 versally expected, and free-will offerings in ad- 
 dition. All these went into the hands of Brig- 
 ham Young to be spent exactly as he chose 
 without rendering an account to any one. Even 
 the theatres and other amusements are under 
 the control of and managed by the Church. The 
 Church tells a man not only what he must be- 
 lieve and what laws he must obey, but it prac- 
 tically dictates the details of his daily life and 
 business. Inquisitors go periodically from 
 house to house, two by two — for the Mormon 
 Church never sends one man alone, be he mis- 
 sionary or city official — and ask the most 
 searching questions, which must be answered; 
 and those answers will be repeated to the secret 
 council of the priesthood. Brigham Young was 
 undoubtedly one of the greatest organizers and 
 leaders of men which this country has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Another strength of the Mormon Church is 
 its appeal to sacrifice. It demands much of its 
 3. Its Appeal pcoplc, and it is a significant trait of 
 to Sacrifice bumau uature that we love best that 
 
 for the sake of which we have been called to 
 suffer. There were no more determined up- 
 holders of polygamy than the Mormon women 
 who personally suffered most by it. They had 
 been taught it as a religious duty, and felt in 
 
134 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 it a call to self-sacrifice. An illustration of 
 this is found in the fact that the United States 
 Government at one time granted universal suf- 
 frage to Utah, expecting that the wronged 
 women of Mormondom would arise and banish 
 polygamy. Just the reverse was the case, and 
 the suffrage was later withdrawn. 
 
 The Mormons claim an Apostolic Succession 
 — not only of the New but of the Old Testa- 
 4. ita "Apos- ment. They say that John the Bap- 
 toiio Succession." ^-g^ appeared to Joseph Smith and 
 
 Oliver Cowdery and admitted them to the 
 *^Aaronic priesthood.^' Thereupon Joseph 
 baptized Oliver by immersion and Oliver in 
 his turn immediately baptized Joseph. Later 
 Saints Peter and James and John appeared to 
 the two men aforesaid and admitted them to the 
 Melchisedec priesthood. Joseph then ordained 
 Oliver an elder and Oliver ordained Joseph. 
 
 Crude and sacrilegious as all this may seem, 
 it is very real to the devout Mormon, and con- 
 stitutes a fountain of priestly authority which 
 i^ already fortified against all counter claims 
 which may be adduced. 
 
 They have an infallible fountain of revela- 
 tion. The Pope himself must yield precedence 
 to the president of the Mormon 
 
 6. Its Never- ^ 
 
 failing Revelation Cliurch, for the Bishop of Komc is 
 infallible only in faith and morals, while Brig- 
 ham Young was not only infallible when he 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 135 
 
 spoke on these, but when he issued directions 
 about the care of children, the rotation of crops 
 and the raising of hogs. 
 
 The Mormons are taught the constant duty 
 of prayer. Formal to a considerable extent it 
 6. Its Practice ^^7 he ; materialistic in conception 
 ^*^" it undoubtedly is ; but public and pri- 
 
 vate worship, prayer in the family, prayer at 
 meals, and even prayer at social dances is en- 
 joined and practised. 
 
 Such are some of the elements of the strength 
 in Mormonism. Its weaknesses are also many. 
 6. Its Practice ^hicf amoug them are: 
 of Prayer -j^^ Polygamy. This has in large 
 
 measure passed away in practice, but the stigma 
 of its promulgation remains a reproach upon 
 the Mormon Church. It is the opinion of the 
 most careful observers that polygamy is 
 doomed; not because of the law of the state, 
 but because it is opposed to the better educated 
 moral judgment of the young Mormon men and 
 women of to-day. But that such a thing could 
 have been inculcated and practised by a re- 
 ligious body calling itself Christian is an in- 
 fallible sign of vital weakness within. 
 
 2. The Mormon faith is utterly material' 
 istic. Their idea of God and of the spiritual 
 world is more than anthropomorphic, it is 
 hopelessly **of the earth, earthy.'' A Mormon 
 
136 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 elder said to a Christian missionary, **God is 
 certainly a man, for the Bible says that he 
 shaved his beard with a hired razor!''* God 
 to them is a somewhat enlarged Adam, and the 
 future life, in which the *^ saints'' will them- 
 selves have become gods, has all the sordid and 
 material elements, while it may lack the sen- 
 sual glow of the Mohammedan paradise. 
 
 A missionary tells of visiting the house 
 of a Mormon bishop and finding his wife 
 engaged in making up the tithing reports. 
 **This," she said, ^4s the Book of Life, and out 
 of it the Mormons will be judged." It is un- 
 doubtedly true that a Mormon expects a quid 
 pro quo, a thousand-fold increased, for the good 
 works which he practises here. 
 
 An example of the crass materialism of their 
 doctrine, and also of the unscrupulous shrewd- 
 ness of their leader may be found in the follow- 
 ing story: 
 
 '^It is said that a Welshman with one leg 
 had been converted on the promise that Brig- 
 ham could cause a new leg to grow. He 
 reached Salt Lake, and forthwith presented 
 himself at the ^ Zion House Office, ' and was con- 
 fronted by the great man. 
 
 '* *And so you want a new leg, do you?' said 
 
 * A grotesque misunderstanding of Isaiah 7 : 20, where God, 
 through the prophet, threatens to destroy Judah by the kings 
 of Assyria. 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 137 
 
 Brigham. *Well, I can give it yon, but re- 
 member that all the attributes you have in this 
 life will be resurrected at the last day. Now, 
 you have already had two legs, and if I create 
 for you a third, in eternity you will be a mon- 
 strosity, and will have three legs. Besides, 
 you are already old and cannot live much 
 longer. Choose therefore between a new leg 
 here and three in heaven.' 
 
 * ' The poor fellow naturally decided to try to 
 be content with one leg here that he might have 
 only two hereafter." 
 
 3. A third weakness of the Mormon religion 
 is its utter intolerance of any other. At a time 
 when these people could be kept separate from 
 the rest of the world this was an element of 
 strength rather than weakness, but as they go 
 out and come into contact with the results of a 
 Christian civilization, as they take advantage 
 of the opportunities for a higher education, the 
 contrast must make it increasingly hard for 
 Mormon young men and women to maintain 
 their sincere and simple faith in the alleged 
 revelations of their Church. Mormonism 
 brooks nothing but absolute submission, and 
 this it grows more and more difficult for edu- 
 cated persons to give. 
 
 These are some of the weaknesses. Many 
 others might be added. Bishop Tuttle in his 
 Eeminiscences has given an exceedingly dis- 
 
138 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 criminating and sympathetic chapter on the 
 Mormons, the study of which will throw many 
 valuable side-lights upon the question. He 
 summarizes the impressions there recorded in 
 the following words : 
 
 ^^If one considers the religious earnestness 
 that belief in revelation begets, an earnestness 
 nourished and perpetuated by prayer and at- 
 tendance on divine ordinances, and made deep 
 and strong by self-sacrifice in the giving of 
 tithes of money, of time, and of strength in mis- 
 sionary work, one will not be surprised to find 
 in Mormonism an amazing vigor, even though 
 for forty-four years it crucified the nature of 
 woman, for thirty-four years defied the laws 
 of the land, and in all its existence has seemed 
 little more than a laughing-stock to the intelli- 
 gence of mankind." 
 
 How may the Church help these people? 
 Bishop Spalding gives the following clear 
 Methods of Work statcmcut of the policy pursued by 
 Among Mormons ^g ^^ dealing with the Mormons: 
 
 I i Three methods are in vogue of dealing with 
 the Mormons. One has been tried by the de- 
 nominations, who seek to batter Mormonism 
 down with opprobrium. The second is that of 
 the Eomanists — the plan of building a majestic 
 cathedral on a commanding site in Salt Lake 
 City and leaving the front door open. The third 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 139 
 
 is the course adopted hy our Church, of avoid- 
 ing politics and polemics, preaching positively 
 the historic gospel. 
 
 ''The last we believe to be the best method. 
 The Eoman Church contributes nothing to the 
 solution of the difficulty. The Protestants, by 
 their numbers, their energy, and the financial 
 backing they enjoy, have done very much 
 through their mission schools; but their mili- 
 tant and derisive attitude has compromised 
 their evangelical message. . . . The Lat- 
 ter Day Saints do not get, as a rule, the sym- 
 pathy extended to members of other mistaken 
 religions ; they are made to feel that there is a 
 gulf fixed between them and orthodox Chris- 
 tians. . . . It is the aim of our Church to 
 avoid this spirit of suspicion and hostility and 
 to confine itself to positive and constructive ef- 
 fort. By this means it hopes to accelerate the 
 natural process of Mormon evolution from the 
 state of mind which accepts Blood Atonement 
 and polygamy up to that which is only satis- 
 fied with the Christian standards. Mormonism 
 during the past fifty years has been changed, 
 developed, uplifted by outside influences; and 
 it is now assuming the likeness of an ordinary 
 Christian sect. Our Church realizes the trans- 
 formation, and, welcoming it, seeks to push it 
 to its consummation. No other policy appears 
 to promise results." 
 
140 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Before leaving the Mormon problem we must 
 remind ourselves that year after year the nnm- 
 ourDutyto ^^^ ^^ Gentiles grows in Mormon 
 the "Gentiles" statos ; that moro and more the pop- 
 ulations of the West are being fused, and while 
 this will act beneficially in breaking down many 
 of the barriers of Mormonism, it means also 
 that thousands of Christian men and women 
 are living where they have no religious oppor- 
 tunities save those which Mormonism oifers. 
 Our first and our largest duty is to them. What 
 can there be for children brought up in com- 
 munities overwhelmingly Mormon, and com- 
 pelled, if they are to receive any religious in- 
 struction, to receive it in a Mormon Sunday- 
 school? Or, perhaps to find husband or wife 
 in a Mormon boy or girlf It was a shocking, 
 but no doubt a true thing which one woman so 
 circumstanced said to a missionary: '^I don't 
 believe in Mormonism, but I send my children 
 to their Sunday-school, and when they come 
 back I tell them that everything they heard is 
 untrue!'' 
 
 The possibilities of the land of the mountains 
 and hills are as yet unwritten and in a measure 
 The ruture unkuowu, but it is no idle dream 
 of this Land wliich secs in the future a mighty 
 population covering tliis wonderful region. The 
 United States Government touches it with the 
 
The Battle Among the Mountains 141 
 
 fairy wand of irrigation, and behold, a garden 
 of Eden blossoms where was once only sand 
 and sage brush. Its riches of gold and silver, 
 copper and iron, exhaustless as they seem, are 
 not perhaps its greatest wealth. 
 
 If the Church is to exercise among these fu- 
 ture millions her beneficent influence, we must 
 sow widely and cultivate carefully, bearing in 
 our hearts and upon our consciences the words 
 — uttered as praise, but still more as prayer: 
 *^0 ye Mountains and Hills, bless ye the Lord: 
 praise Him, and magnify Him for ever/' 
 
VI 
 
 PLANTING THE STANDAED ON THE 
 SHORES OF THE PACIFIC 
 
 IT is said in California that if by any chance 
 Columbus could have made his landfall on 
 the Pacific rather than the Atlantic coast, 
 Boston would not yet have been discovered ; but 
 it would seem that this statement gives too little 
 Boston and Credit to tlic piouecr spirit of the 
 caufornia American people, and possibly a 
 
 trifle too much to the climate of California. At 
 any rate, even Californians will doubtless be 
 thankful that Boston thus providentially es- 
 caped oblivion. 
 
 It is interesting in this connection to read 
 what Boston once thought of the Pacific Coast. 
 After Marcus Whitman had opened a trail to 
 Oregon and John C. Fremont had pushed 
 through the Salt Lake Valley to California, it 
 was proposed in the United States Congress to 
 establish a mail route from Independence, Mis- 
 souri, to the mouth of the Columbia River. 
 Daniel Webster, in a speech before the Senate, 
 expressed the popular estimate: ^'What do we 
 
 142 
 
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 < 
 H 
 12; 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 "A 
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 o 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 143 
 
 want," he said, ^^with this vast worthless area, 
 this region of savages and wild beasts, of des- 
 erts, of whirling sands and whirlwinds of dust, 
 of cactus and prairie dogs f To what use could 
 we ever hope to put these great deserts, or 
 those endless mountain ranges, impenetrable, 
 and covered to their very base with eternal 
 snow? What can we ever hope to do with the 
 western coast of 8,000 miles, rock-bound, cheer- 
 less, uninviting, and not a harbor on it? Mr. 
 President, I will never vote one cent from the 
 public treasury to place the Pacific Coast one 
 inch nearer to Boston than it now is.'' 
 
 It is easy to smile at such an opinion ex- 
 pressed by such a man, but perhaps some of 
 the judgments which we are forming to-day 
 will within a generation need quite as thorough 
 a revision. 
 
 Though Columbus did not, yet in a sense the 
 Church did make her landfall on the Pacific 
 An Ancient Coast. The first Christian service 
 Land y^qI^ there — by Master Fletcher, 
 
 chaplain of Sir Francis Drake in 1579 — ^was in 
 the language of the Book of Common Prayer, 
 and is commemorated by a cross in Golden 
 Gate Park, San Francisco. Civilization, too, 
 may be said to have found its first foothold 
 here. The oldest house in the United States 
 
IM The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 is not in Jamestown nor Plymouth, but in 
 Santa Fe. Ancient also is this land as a field 
 of missionary endeavor, where the devoted 
 Franciscans founded their missions and con- 
 ducted that marvellous Christianizing of the 
 Indians, beginning at San Diego in 1769. 
 
 Shut away beyond its barrier of mountains, 
 more directly in contact with Asia than with 
 American ^^^ castem part of the United 
 
 Colonization Statcs, twico as rcmoto from the 
 Atlantic seaboard by the shortest route as 
 was England, California in 1840 was untouched 
 by American influence. The first company of 
 immigrants arrived in the Sacramento Valley 
 in 1841. They found there, already long estab- 
 lished, the rule of the Spaniard, who had no 
 welcome for them. A few scattered Americans 
 had preceded them, and with these they asso- 
 ciated themselves. So weak was the hold of the 
 Mexican government upon its distant province 
 that glad as it would have been to dispossess 
 the gringos it could not do so. In a few years 
 there were four or five thousand of them scat- 
 tered through the valleys and over the plains 
 of California. It was not long before the evil 
 rule of Mexico forced California to declare her 
 independence, with the result that Mexico was 
 the more willing to cede her rebellious terri- 
 tory to the United States in 1848. 
 
 In Oregon also, ten years earlier than in 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 145 
 
 California, an American settlement had been 
 begun. Marcus Whitman, who by his remark- 
 able ride to the East at the time when the Ore- 
 gon boundary question was about to be settled 
 probably saved a large and valuable territory 
 to the United States, brought back with him the 
 first great immigrant train over the ^^ Oregon 
 trail. *' 
 
 But the results of normal effort to secure im- 
 migration were as nothing compared with the 
 immigration which came of itself 
 after James W. Marshall, in Janu- 
 ary, 1848, had picked up some shining bits of 
 yellow metal in the tail-race above Sutter 's mill. 
 The thing has scarcely been paralleled in the 
 history of the world. The inhabitants of the 
 country flocked to the Sacramento and its tribu- 
 taries armed with pans and shovels. In San 
 Francisco and the other towns business was at a 
 standstill. Ships stood in the harbors aban- 
 doned by their crews. Picks, shovels and pans 
 commanded fabulous prices. Oregon was al- 
 most deserted by its men. That fall and winter 
 the news covered the land and ran around the 
 world. The following year strings of wagons 
 began to gather at the Missouri, and by the 
 early summer 25,000 had moved toward the 
 West. Some went by the old Oregon trail, but 
 this was too long for the eager, fretting spirit 
 of most, and a new pathway to California was 
 
146 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 broken through Nevada and the Sierras. Two 
 years after the discovery of gold California had 
 nearly 100,000 people, and San Francisco had 
 become the commercial centre of the West. 
 
 With the Forty-niners went a clergyman of 
 the Church, the Eev. Flavel Scott Mines, who 
 Our First ^^^ ^^^ distiuctiou of crectiug our 
 
 Church gj.g|. building on the Pacific Coast — 
 
 Trinity Church, San Francisco, which was 
 opened on October 28, 1849. It was a rude 
 little building, whose picture is shown in an 
 old missionary periodical. Three women are 
 at the door about to enter. They were put into 
 the picture because they represented the entire 
 female membership of the congregation at that 
 time. Mr. Mines had the unique experience of 
 ministering to a congregation where the men 
 were always in excess of the women. Bishop 
 Kip says of him: ^^He was a man of energy 
 and talents, and nothing but his failing health 
 and early death prevented the accomplishment 
 of all his hopes.'' 
 
 Things moved rapidly in those days, and in 
 1850 we find the first convention of the Church 
 The First i^ California in session at San 
 
 Francisco, with six clergy present. 
 They did not regard themselves as necessarily 
 a part of the Church in the United States ; they 
 ignored the name '^Protestant Episcopal," 
 

 
 
 ^ -^-^ * At?'"** 
 
 oo 
 
 u 
 
 ^- 
 I— I </, 
 
 I- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ s 
 « 5 
 
 I— I <o 
 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 147 
 
 calling themselves ''The Church in California/' 
 and they seriously considered asking for the 
 episcopate from the Greek Church in Alaska — 
 which indeed was much nearer to them in that 
 day than was the Church in the East. 
 
 At the end of two years those swift changes 
 which marked the gold country had swept away 
 The First "^^^ little band of clergy. Some had 
 
 Bishops removed, some were smitten with 
 
 the gold fever, some had died — among whom 
 was the Eev. Mr. Mines. The vestry of Trinity 
 Church wrote to friends in the East seeking a 
 successor, and among others the suggestion of 
 a removal to California was made to the Rev. 
 William Ingraham Kip, rector of St. Paul's 
 Church, Albany. The idea fascinated him. He 
 even went so far as to consult his old friend 
 and preceptor. Bishop Whittingham, upon the 
 matter. "Yes," said the bishop, "you must 
 go to California, but not as a presbyter. We 
 must send you in another capacity." Doubt- 
 less it was this which resulted in Dr. Kip's 
 election at the convention of 1853 to be the mis- 
 sionary bishop of California. At the same time 
 Thomas Fielding Scott was sent as missionary 
 bishop to Oregon. Thus the Church on the Pa- 
 cific Coast received its bishops more promptly 
 than had been the case in other parts of the 
 country, but too long after other important 
 Christian bodies had established themselves. 
 
148 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Bishop Kip in his interesting volume, ^ ^ Early 
 Days of My Episcopate/' tells the story of his 
 journey to California hy way of the 
 Isthmus. It is full of incident, end- 
 ing with the shipwreck in the harbor of San 
 Diego of the ^^ Golden Gate,'' the vessel on 
 which he sailed from Panama. They trans- 
 ferred to another vessel and reached San Fran- 
 cisco on the fortieth day after leaving New 
 York. Two church buildings and one clergy- 
 man represented the entire equipment in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Within three hours of his arrival Bishop Kip 
 was officiating and preaching in Trinity 
 Church, San Francisco, and from that time, 
 through an episcopate which covered nearly 
 forty years, he was the champion and the up- 
 builder of the Church in his great field. His 
 successor in the episcopate says of him: ^^His 
 noble character has left its impress at many 
 points upon the diocese to which, under God, 
 he gave shape, and in his commanding and 
 genial presence the Church was blest with the 
 power to confront and overcome many diffi- 
 culties which beset her in those early days.'' 
 
 An amazing growth of population followed 
 the arrival of Bishop Kip. The feverish and un- 
 „ . , real conditions of the earlier days 
 
 Varied \ 
 
 Development woro iu time adjusted. Men still 
 made fortunes, but not with the sole thought of 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 149 
 
 returning to the East to spend them; nor did 
 they make them in mines alone. The example 
 set by the old monks who founded the early 
 missions was followed by many who turned 
 themselves to the cultivation of the soil and the 
 establishing of homes. The wonderful agricul- 
 tural possibilities of the country came to be 
 understood. 
 
 The very success of California in material 
 things made the success of the Church more 
 difficult. With the small means at hand and 
 the few clergy available, anything like proper 
 ministration to the incoming hoards was well- 
 nigh impossible. In 1857, however, four years 
 after Bishop Kip's arrival, California declined 
 longer to be a missionary district and a pen- 
 sioner upon the Church. A diocese was organ- 
 ized and Bishop Kip was elected as its first dio- 
 cesan. 
 
 In 1874 California's one thousand miles of 
 coast line was divided and the northern part 
 , „. . was set off as a missionary district. 
 
 A Missionary *' 
 
 District Created ij^j^jg j^q^ district, kuowu as North- 
 ern California, included the greater part of the 
 mining and lumbering region of the state. Its 
 only important city is Sacramento, the state 
 capital, and the greater part of its area is 
 made up of the rugged and beautiful but dif- 
 ficult country of the Coast Eange and the 
 
150 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Sierras, between which lies the valley of the 
 Sacramento River. In such a country of min- 
 ing and lumber camps and small market towns 
 the growth of the Church was slow. Though 
 the land produced much wealth, it kept little, 
 for the men who owned the mines and cut the 
 forests lived in San Francisco or St. Louis or 
 New York. 
 
 But Bishop Wingfield, when he came to his 
 district, found there two men whose memories 
 
 An Old Friend ^^^ ^ blcsscd heritage to the Church. 
 Moved West rpj^^ ^^.g^ ^^g Jamcs Lloyd Breck. 
 
 Here at Benicia, on the straits of Carquinez, 
 he had planted St. Augustine's College, a school 
 for boys, and St. Mary's Hall for girls, to 
 which he gave the last nine years of his re- 
 markable life. He laid excellent foundations, 
 but in this third venture he did not soon enough 
 obtain, as he had done in the two preceding 
 ones, the adequate support of the Church. His 
 death, which occurred two years after Bishop 
 "Wingfield 's arrival, was a staggering blow to 
 the new district. The schools, not yet on a suf- 
 ficiently firm footing, were sold for debt at 
 public auction. Bishop Wingfield bought them 
 with his own money and carried them on at 
 great self-sacrifice. In 1889 the wanton mur- 
 der of the bishop's son, who was head-master 
 of St. Augustine's, brought the schools to an 
 end and forever clouded the life of his father. 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 149 
 
 returning to the East to spend them; nor did 
 they make them in mines alone. The example 
 set by the old monks who founded the early 
 missions was followed by many who turned 
 themselves to the cultivation of the soil and the 
 establishing of homes. The wonderful agricul- 
 tural possibilities of the country came to be 
 understood. 
 
 The very success of California in material 
 things made the success of the Church more 
 difficult. With the small means at hand and 
 the few clergy available, anything like proper 
 ministration to the incoming hoards was well- 
 nigh impossible. In 1857, however, four years 
 after Bishop Kip's arrival, California declined 
 longer to be a missionary district and a pen- 
 sioner upon the Church. A diocese was organ- 
 ized and Bishop Kip was elected as its first dio- 
 cesan. 
 
 In 1874 California's one thousand miles of 
 coast line was divided and the northern part 
 
 A Missionary ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ missiouary district. 
 District Created rpj^^g ^^^^ district, kuowu as North- 
 ern California, included the greater part of the 
 mining and lumbering region of the state. Its 
 only important city is Sacramento, the state 
 capital, and the greater part of its area is 
 made up of the rugged and beautiful but dif- 
 ficult country of the Coast Range and the 
 
150 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Sierras, between which lies the valley of the 
 Sacramento Eiver. In such a country of min- 
 ing and lumber camps and small market towns 
 the growth of the Church was slow. Though 
 the land produced much wealth, it kept little, 
 for the men who owned the mines and cut the 
 forests lived in San Francisco or St. Louis or 
 New York. 
 
 But Bishop Wingfield, when he came to his 
 district, found there two men whose memories 
 
 An Old Friend ^^^ ^ blcsscd heritage to the Church. 
 Moved West rpj-^^ ^^^^ ^^g James Lloyd Breck. 
 
 Here at Benicia, on the straits of Carquinez, 
 he had planted St. AugTistine 's College, a school 
 for boys, and St. Mary's Hall for girls, to 
 which he gave the last nine years of his re- 
 markable life. He laid excellent foundations, 
 but in this third venture he did not soon enough 
 obtain, as he had done in the two preceding 
 ones, the adequate support of the Church. His 
 death, which occurred two years after Bishop 
 Wingfield 's arrival, was a staggering blow to 
 the new district. The schools, not yet on a suf- 
 ficiently firm footing, were sold for debt at 
 public auction. Bishop Wingfield bought them 
 with his own money and carried them on at 
 great self-sacrifice. In 1889 the wanton mur- 
 der of the bishop's son, who was head-master 
 of St. Augustine's, brought the schools to an 
 end and forever clouded the life of his father. 
 
Sunday — Readv for Service 
 
 Monday — Ready for a tramp 
 
 Place) vilh\ the home of Charh^s Caleb Pierce 
 A MODERN SAINT FRANCIS 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 151 
 
 Breck's last work stands dismantled and aban- 
 doned, a reminder of how the Church has some- 
 times failed her great leaders in their hour of 
 need. 
 
 Wisconsin, Minnesota and California — Na- 
 shotah, Seabury and St. Augustine's! What a 
 record for one man ! That one of these is dead 
 argues no lack of wisdom or faith or courage 
 in this great pioneer.* 
 
 But Northern California is the scene of still 
 another story — not so tragic, but equally touch- 
 
 A Modern ^^^* ^^ shows what — givcu the man 
 
 St. Francis — ^^^ Cliurch may do among re- 
 mote and scattered people. But always, given 
 the man! 
 
 Charles Caleb Pierce, whom Bishop More- 
 land calls *^a modern St. Francis, '^ devoted 
 himself to the needs of the scattered people in 
 a rough and sparsely settled part of the state. 
 Without private means and refusing a salary, 
 believing that the people whom he served would 
 provide for him, for forty-two years he tramped 
 from hamlet to hamlet and camp to camp 
 through El Dorado County. Sundays found 
 him in his parish church in Placerville, reading 
 the familiar services and performing his 
 priestly duties. Monday morning he packed 
 his bag with religious literature, particularly 
 
 * For a more intimate study of Dr. Breck see his life written 
 by his brother, Charles Breck, D.D. 
 
152 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 books of the Bible bound separately, and took 
 his way along the trails, a familiar and a 
 loved figure everywhere. Unmarried and in 
 vigorous health, he was able to spend six days 
 of every week walking over the country. His 
 circuits were known beforehand and averaged 
 sixty miles weekly. Every house was his home. 
 At noon or evening there was a place at the 
 table or a bed for his repose wherever he hap- 
 pened to be. His charity was unbounded and 
 he was friend and helper of all. Other min- 
 isters came and went, but Father Pierce stayed 
 on. He sought no large sphere, and larger 
 spheres after a time ceased to seek him. With 
 this he was content. Indeed, during the latter 
 days of his life it was his boast that only twice 
 in the forty-two years had he been outside the 
 county limits, and then against his will. 
 
 We may imagine what it meant when the 
 news flashed through the county, ^'Father 
 Pierce is dead!" On the day of his funeral the 
 mayor of Placerville issued a proclamation 
 closing all places of business. The windows 
 of the stores held the dead pastor's portrait 
 draped in black, and across the locked doors 
 of the saloons appeared this legend: *' Closed 
 on account of the funeral of Brother Pierce." 
 The local newspaper issued an extra supple- 
 ment with his picture and a poem entitled, 
 **Come, El Dorado, and Bury Your Dead." 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 153 
 
 Here was a type of service unique and beau- 
 tiful. Other men in other ways have led 
 equally Christ-like lives and rendered perhaps 
 greater service, but this man appealed to the 
 popular imagination. Here was one who 
 seemed to reproduce the method of the 
 Saviour's life. He went about doing good; he 
 had not where to lay his head; and for them 
 El Dorado County had become a twentieth cen- 
 tury Palestine, hallowed by the footsteps of a 
 devoted follower of the Master. 
 
 These things a man may still do — in poverty, 
 in obscurity, in remote and narrow places — 
 may do them to his own high honor and the 
 glory of the Church, if he will forget himself, 
 remember his Master and love his fellow-men. 
 
 We may not pause to speak at greater length 
 concerning California. It must suffice to record 
 that a new ecclesiastical division in 
 the state took place in 1895, when 
 the growth of the Church made necessary the 
 setting-off of the southern diocese of Los An- 
 geles. At the General Convention of 1910 two 
 more changes took place; the old missionary 
 district of Northern California became the dio- 
 cese of Sacramento, while a new missionary 
 district of San Joaquin was erected out of the 
 eastern part of the central diocese. 
 
 Other Divisions 
 in California 
 
154 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 II 
 
 We now take our way up the coast to the 
 old Oregon Territory into which Bishop Scott 
 Oregon and camo iu 1854. The Oregon of that 
 the ohuToh ^^y. ^^g ^^ immense region. It in- 
 cluded the present state of that name together 
 with Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana 
 and Wyoming. The Church in Oregon had al- 
 ready been organized by a convention of three 
 clergymen and seven laymen. Among the 
 clergymen was the Eev. St. Michael Packler, 
 who had held the first church service in Ore- 
 gon when he arrived in 1847. He afterward 
 opened the first work in Boise City, Idaho, 
 where he welcomed Bishop Tuttle to his juris- 
 diction. Twice it was the lot of this pioneer 
 priest to prepare the way for and to welcome 
 a missionary bishop. Mr. Fackler, like so many 
 of the earlier clergy of the Pacific Coast, came 
 thither seeking health. Unlike many others, he 
 found it — and used it through many years to 
 spread the Kingdom. 
 
 Bishop Scott's episcopate covered thirteen 
 years. They were years of toil, and, we 
 
 Bisho Scott -"^^^ fear, of disappointment. As 
 one of his successors remarks, * ' The 
 Church calmly requested Bishop Scott to look 
 after this vast empire without a single mile of 
 railroad. When a man is asked to spread him- 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 155 
 
 self out so thinly over such an area, not much 
 of him is left in any particular place/' He 
 died in 1867, remembered for his great earnest- 
 ness, energ}% and personal holiness. He had 
 fought the overwhelming conditions of his im- 
 mense field, had struggled with the scarcity of 
 men and resources, and while it was not given 
 to him to leave behind the record in material 
 things which other more fortunate bishops have 
 done, he at least had faithfully planted the seed 
 which sprung up and bore fruit for later 
 reapers. 
 
 After the death of Bishop Scott in 1867 this 
 northern country was without episcopal over- 
 sight until in 1869 Bishop B. Wistar 
 
 Bishop Morris 
 
 Morris reached the field, where for 
 thirty-seven years he gave himself to laying 
 foundations and extending the borders of the 
 Church. Bishop Morris will always be grate- 
 fully and lovingly remembered in the far North- 
 west. His name was a household word among 
 the pioneer families of the state. He was pe- 
 culiarly fitted for the work of a pioneer bishop, 
 who must be in journeyings oft and in labors 
 most abundant. St. Helen's Hall for girls and 
 the Good Samaritan Hospital, the thriving 
 parishes and missions in Portland and other 
 cities, and the little churches which he built 
 everywhere throughout his jurisdiction bear 
 testimony to his faithfulness. 
 
156 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 In Wasliington as well as Oregon the in- 
 fluence of Bishop Morris's care was manifest. 
 Something had been done in Bishop 
 Scott's day. Two or three faithful 
 clergy had labored there, conspicuous among 
 them the Eev. P. E. Hyland, who for years 
 rendered the noblest kind of pioneer service. 
 When Seattle was but a village of a few hun- 
 dred inhabitants it had built a church and called 
 a rector, and through Mr. Hyland 's influence 
 in old Tacoma, a mere village, a little church 
 was put up in three days, some of the mill men 
 giving their labor and some their money, while 
 the mill furnished the lumber. Close by this 
 church of St. Peter's stood a noble fir tree 
 which was sawed off about thirty feet from the 
 ground and an open turret built thereon, in 
 which was placed a bell given by the Sunday- 
 school of St. Peter's, Philadelphia. The rings 
 of the tree were counted and showed it to be 
 two hundred and seventy-five years old. St. 
 Peter's, Tacoma, therefore claims to have the 
 oldest bell-tower in the United States. 
 
 Another honored name is that of the Eev. 
 Dr. Nevius who, in 1873, resigned the rector- 
 A Noted ship of Trinity Church, Portland, 
 
 Pioneer ^^^ largcst parish in Oregon, in 
 
 order to give himself to the work of a pioneer 
 missionary. In places where no other mission- 
 ary of the Church had ever gone he worked for 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 155 
 
 self out so thinly over such an area, not much 
 of him is left in any particular place.'' He 
 died in 1867, remembered for his great earnest- 
 ness, energy, and personal holiness. He had 
 fought the overwhelming conditions of his im- 
 mense field, had struggled with the scarcity of 
 men and resources, and while it was not given 
 to him to leave behind the record in material 
 things which other more fortunate bishops have 
 done, he at least had faithfully planted the seed 
 which sprung up and bore fruit for later 
 reapers. 
 
 After the death of Bishop Scott in 1867 this 
 northern country was without episcopal over- 
 sight until in 1869 Bishop B. Wis tar 
 
 Bishop Morris -\r > ■, n t 
 
 Morns reached the field, where for 
 thirty-seven years he gave himself to laying 
 foundations and extending the borders of the 
 Church. Bishop Morris will always be grate- 
 fully and lovingly remembered in the far North- 
 west. His name was a household word among 
 the pioneer families of the state. He was pe- 
 culiarly fitted for the work of a pioneer bishop, 
 who must be in journeyings oft and in labors 
 most abundant. St. Helen's Hall for girls and 
 the Good Samaritan Hospital, the thriving 
 parishes and missions in Portland and other 
 cities, and the little churches which he built 
 everywhere throughout his jurisdiction bear 
 testimony to his faithfulness. 
 
156 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 In Washington as well as Oregon the in- 
 fluence of Bishop Morris's care was manifest. 
 Something had been done in Bishop 
 Washington g^ott's day. Two or three faithful 
 clergy had labored there, conspicuous among 
 them the Eev. P. E. Hyland, who for years 
 rendered the noblest kind of pioneer service. 
 When Seattle was but a village of a few hun- 
 dred inhabitants it had built a church and called 
 a rector, and through Mr. Hyland's influence 
 in old Tacoma, a mere village, a little church 
 was put up in three days, some of the mill men 
 giving their labor and some their money, while 
 the mill furnished the lumber. Close by this 
 church of St. Peter's stood a noble fir tree 
 which was sawed off about thirty feet from the 
 ground and an open turret built thereon, in 
 which was placed a bell given by the Sunday- 
 school of St. Peter's, Philadelphia. The rings 
 of the tree were counted and showed it to be 
 two hundred and seventy-five years old. St. 
 Peter's, Tacoma, therefore claims to have the 
 oldest bell-tower in the United States. 
 
 Another honored name is that of the Rev. 
 Dr. Nevius who, in 1873, resigned the rector- 
 A Noted s^^P ^^ Trinity Church, Portland, 
 
 Pioneer |.]^^ largest parish in Oregon, jn 
 
 order to give himself to the work of a pioneer 
 missionary. In places where no other mission- 
 ary of the Church had ever gone he worked for 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 157 
 
 forty years, opening new fields wherever the 
 opportunity presented itself. He was the first 
 Church clergyman to reside beyond the moun- 
 tains in the present district of Eastern Oregon. 
 Six of its first eleven churches were built by 
 him. In 1879 he passed over into Washington 
 and did a like work there, where six other 
 churches and many missions begun by him bear 
 testimony to his zeal for the extension of the 
 Kingdom. In the fiftieth year of his ministry 
 he retired from active missionary work and be- 
 came, curiously enough, the priest in charge 
 of old St. Peter's Church with its fir tree bell- 
 tower, built by his faithful predecessor fifty 
 years before. 
 
 To lives such as these is due whatever of sta- 
 bility and power the Church possesses in these 
 new lands. But the day of opportunity is by 
 no means past. In some places it is just 
 dawning. 
 
 The present problem, though slightly differ- 
 ent, is not less formidable than that of an 
 The Present earlier day. Then it was a matter 
 Problem ^£ ministry to the scattered and of 
 
 planting the Church in little hamlets which 
 hoped to become great cities but as yet pos- 
 sessed little to foretell their future. To-day it 
 is a question of meeting and winning the in- 
 coming thousands in localities about whose fu- 
 
158 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 ture importance there can be but little doubt. 
 
 Bishop Wells, of Spokane — our missionary 
 district in Eastern Washington — gives in- 
 stances of this. ^^I went," he says, **a few 
 years ago to a place called Northport, which 
 was a hamlet just coming into being. They 
 asked for a church and a clergyman. I said: 
 * Don't you have services hereV They said: 
 ^No, there never had been a minister of any 
 kind here until you came.' *But,' said I, ^the 
 town is too small for a clergyman. A few 
 years from now, when it grows larger, I will 
 try to send you one. ' The next year I went up 
 and they claimed to have a thousand inhabi- 
 tants and did have a Presbyterian minister. 
 
 *^A man whom I knew was on the cars with 
 me one day. I asked him where he was going. 
 He said : ' To Zillah. ' ' Zillah ; where is Zillah ? ' 
 I asked. He replied: 'Oh, there isn't any such 
 place, but I am going to start a town by that 
 name and I want you to come and build us a 
 church and send us a minister.' 'Well,' I said, 
 'how many people are there now?' 'Oh,' he 
 said, ' there isn 't anybody now, but we will have 
 them there soon enough. ' The train stopped in 
 the middle of the prairie, where there was no 
 house in sight as far as the eye could reach; 
 the man gathered up a great bundle of stakes, 
 shouldered a surveying instrument and got off. 
 A year from that time I met the same man 
 
William Ingraham Kip, first 
 Bishop of California 
 
 Benjamin Wistar Morris, second 
 Bishop of Oregon 
 
 Bishop Nichols of California Bishop Spalding of Utah 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT LEADERS IN THE FAR WEST 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 159 
 
 again going to Zillah. *Well,' I said, ^how is 
 your town getting along T ^Oh, it is first rate.^ 
 * Don 't yon want a clergyman there now ? ' ' No, ' 
 he said, *yon are too late. Other people are 
 going to build us a church and send a minister, 
 and we don't want more than one at present 
 until we get larger.' And so the opportunities 
 come and go, and the bishop has to turn his 
 back upon them because he cannot get help 
 enough to send clergymen and build churches, 
 even in the larger and more important cities 
 of his jurisdiction." 
 
 It would be impossible to tell here the story 
 of the Pacific Coast. We can only say that 
 Bummarjof there are (1911) five dioceses and 
 Results three missionary districts, with 
 
 eight bishops, 300 clergy and 35,000 communi- 
 cants, where Bishop Kip, a little more than 
 half a century before, found one clergyman and 
 thirty-nine communicants in California, and 
 Bishop Scott three clergymen and twenty com- 
 municants in Oregon. 
 
 Ill 
 
 This increase in half a century is not out of 
 proportion to the growth of the country; in- 
 deed we have not kept pace with it. The 
 Church is by no means a dominant factor on 
 
160 The Conquest of the Continent • 
 
 the Pacific Coast. The reasons for this will be 
 found in certain characteristics which are in 
 a sense peculiar to this country and which may 
 be stated thus: 
 
 (1) It is a land of marvellous beauty and 
 diversity, with its plains and mountains, its 
 Ardent mighty forests and its great sea. It 
 
 Materialism j^g ^ j^^j^^ q£ wcalth and plenty. The 
 
 gold dug out of its rocks and rivers is the least 
 of its resources. It is a land of eager and ag- 
 gressive people. It is also a land of idols. It 
 has worshipped, and still loves to worship, the 
 Golden Calf; by which we mean that perhaps 
 more than any section of the West the Coast 
 country is the country of ardent materialism. 
 The claims of religion sit lightly upon its eager 
 throngs. Material opportunity, physical well- 
 being, the love of pleasure and the lure of gain 
 are always before their eyes; which of course 
 only makes it the more urgent that the message 
 of the Church shall reach them. 
 
 This is not a difficulty on the Pacific Coast 
 alone. Wherever a community has sprung up 
 under such conditions — if ever before there 
 were conditions quite so striking — the god of 
 this world has blinded its eyes, and the re- 
 ligion of Christ has found great and serious 
 work to do. 
 
 It is sometimes said that the Pacific Coast 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 161 
 
 has looked too much to the Church in the East 
 for its support. Men ask — and it is not sur- 
 prising that they do ask — why the Golden West, 
 which claims so much for herself, has not 
 sooner cared for herself religiously and become 
 a greater factor in the prosecution of the 
 Church's campaign elsewhere. No doubt there 
 is ground for such a question, but only those 
 who are familiar with conditions can fully 
 realize under what difficulties even the present 
 achievement has been made. It is also true 
 that the Coast country and the Church estab- 
 lished therein is realizing its better self. Every 
 year sees it grow in this knowledge. The day 
 is not far distant when the general Church will 
 feel, as in some measure she is already feeling, 
 the returning wave of gratitude and coopera- 
 tion which shall recompense her for all that she 
 has done on the shores of the Pacific. 
 
 (2) The Pacific Coast has a peculiar char- 
 acter because it is the meeting place of the 
 
 The Influence ^^^^ ^^^ Wcst. lu California the 
 of the Orient flavor of the old Spanish occupation 
 still lingers. It seems in some ways scarcely 
 a homogeneous part of our country. To this 
 is added the influence of a close touch with the 
 Orient. The great East is just at hand, and 
 from it there come to take their places in the 
 daily life of the people influences and problems 
 which are peculiarly Oriental. To these the 
 
162 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Pacific Coast is exposed as the Atlantic has 
 never been. There is no barrier of kindred 
 peoples like the European nations interposed 
 between the West and the East as they face 
 one another on the shores of the Pacific. The 
 Orient, with all that it means of opportunity 
 and difficulty, of inspiration and danger, is 
 brought by the tides of commerce and the great 
 harbors of trade to the very doorway of our 
 Pacific ports. Such an environment has a real 
 influence upon the American type which is 
 there being produced.* 
 
 (3) Already the Pacific Coast has, and it will 
 
 increasingly have, the problem of the great 
 
 cities. They are and will be great, 
 
 Great Cities i i ^ en i 
 
 not only because oi the country 
 which lies about them, but of the countries 
 which lie beyond. Conspicuously they will be 
 the ports of the nations. Like Asher of old 
 their *^ dwelling is upon the sea-shore and they 
 are for a haven of ships." Into them come the 
 silks, teas and spices, the art and handicraft of 
 the East, together with the fish and the furs, 
 the gold and other mineral products of Alaska. 
 The human tides also which flow through these 
 
 * It is at Point Loma, California, that Mrs. Tingley, the 
 successor of Mmes. Blavatsky and Besant, has planted her 
 school of theosophy, and it is in Los Angeles that Baba 
 Bharadi, the Eastern ''Holy Man/' finds the most congenial 
 atmosphere for teaching the worship of Krishna in Christian 
 America. 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 163 
 
 gateways are more varied than anywhere 
 else in our country. How to assimilate and 
 coordinate these elements and build out of 
 them a homogeneous people owning allegiance 
 to the Kingdom of Christ is a problem 
 indeed. 
 
 (4) Attention should be called to another 
 problem which the great forests and the min- 
 Men of the ^^'^^ rcsourccs of the coast lay upon 
 Wilderness j-^^ Church — ministration to the 
 
 lumbermen and the scattered miners. We have 
 already spoken of the mining problem in con- 
 nection with the Rocky Mountain region, but 
 the miner of the coast presents a different 
 phase of the life. Particularly in Alaska he is 
 still an independent person seeking his own 
 fortune, wandering at will and prospecting 
 where he chooses. The man who tries to win 
 the miner and the lumberman — migratory, pre- 
 occupied and rough-living men that they are — 
 faces no easy task. 
 
 (5) The seamen of the Pacific Coast present 
 a great opportunity. Its limited number of 
 The Men of ports and its marvellous shipping 
 the Sea interests call for ministry to ''those 
 who go down to the sea in ships and occupy 
 their business in the great waters.'' Because 
 of the conditions prevailing such ministry was 
 greatly needed. Through the Seaman's Insti- 
 tute a noble work of rescue, helpfulness and 
 
164 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 cheer is nnder way, and deserves the sjrmpathy 
 and cooperation of the entire Church. 
 
 (6) There is also the problem of the Ori- 
 ental in the West, which as yet the Church has 
 mv n • . , scarcely touched. Whatever influ- 
 
 The Oriental '' ^ 
 
 in the West QTiGQ tlic immigTation laws may have 
 in the future, it is true that the Pacific Coast 
 to-day has foreign missions of perhaps the 
 most difficult type. We ought to be able to take 
 these Chinamen and Japanese, Hawaiians, Ko- 
 reans and others, who have come to a Chris- 
 tian land, and mark their lives with the Chris- 
 tian sign. But it is all very intricate and dif- 
 ficult. Easier and more straightforward is the 
 work in the country villages of China and 
 Japan. This has been, thus far, one of the 
 Church's failures. We have these people at 
 our very doors ; if not members of our house- 
 hold they are at least inhabitants of our prem- 
 ises, and we have not yet devised an efficient 
 and aggressive means of bringing them to 
 Christ. 
 
 How great a thing might be done toward 
 helping to Christianize the Orient could we lay 
 hold upon these Orientals ! Might we not thus 
 establish in this land a base from which to sup- 
 ply Christian influence and the Christian men 
 and women who, going back to their own peo- 
 ple, would accomplish more with them than 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 165 
 
 foreigners can ever hope to do? The Church 
 of the Pacific Coast should be aided and en- 
 couraged in its wish to perform such service. 
 
 The waters of the Pacific placed a boundary 
 to a certain phase of our domestic mission work 
 
 Following The ^the task of following the emigrant. 
 Emigrant rpj^^ ^.j.^'! ^^g eudcd ; wlicu the 
 
 Church made her next advance upon this conti- 
 nent it was by way of the sea, and she sought, 
 not her own scattered children, but a strange 
 people. It is profitable, therefore, to look back- 
 ward from this point for a moment and take 
 some account of the long march. 
 
 We know no better summary of the matter 
 than that given by Rev. Dr. McConnell, in his 
 History of the American Episcopal Church: 
 ^^The Churches forces moved out under the new 
 leaders to win the mighty West. To trace in 
 detail the steps by which they covered the prai- 
 ries, climbed the Rocky Mountains and went 
 with the gold-hunters to the Pacific, would re- 
 quire a volume. The roll of the missionaries^ 
 names would fill a book. The Church simply 
 followed the emigrant, often lagging far be- 
 hind him, but keeping him in sight while her 
 strength would hold out. When he had built his 
 cabin she sought him out in it. When the great 
 cities sprang up in the wilderness she entered 
 into them and built her house. When the sav- 
 
166 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 age Indian was restrained and fixed to a per- 
 manent abode she did her share to make him 
 human and Christian. She met a various wel- 
 come for her proffered gifts. Peoples who 
 knew neither her nor her fathers founded new 
 communities, and she could not speak their 
 speech nor win their friendship. Other 
 churches entered the new field beside her, be- 
 fore her and behind her. She often failed 
 where they succeeded. She often succeeded 
 after their success had changed to failure. 
 It may fairly be said of her that she has 
 striven with an honest heart to do her share 
 in making and keeping the new American 
 Christian.^' 
 
 IV 
 
 And now we turn for the remainder of our 
 chapter to the latest, the most unique, and from 
 Aiaska-"The ^ missiouary point of view, the most 
 Great Country" interesting of our territorial expan- 
 sions — the well-known, unknown, forbidding, 
 fascinating land of Alaska. 
 
 For twenty years after the acquiring of Cali- 
 fornia and the Oregon Territory no further ad- 
 vance in territorial expansion was made or 
 dreamed of. The nation was perfectly satis- 
 fied with its boundaries and was even averse 
 to any enlargement of them. It was not by 
 any popular demand, but rather against the 
 
Rev. John IV. Chapman 
 
 Rev. Octavius Parker 
 
 Ice on the Yukon breaking up. Archdeacon Stuck reconnoitring 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 167 
 
 tide of public opinion, that Seward in 1867 
 bought Alaska from Eussia. The inner his- 
 tory of this transaction is not known. Only 
 Seward could have accomplished it. There are 
 historians who think it to have been a round- 
 about way of paying Eussia for moral support 
 given, and material aid which she stood ready 
 to furnish, during the Civil War. A bill for 
 such services could not be presented to Con- 
 gress and would not have been allowed by that 
 body, but a distant and undesirable territory, 
 which Eussia felt to be a burden on her hands, 
 could be taken for a consideration. Perhaps 
 some motive of this sort, rather than the far- 
 seeing wisdom with which they have been cre- 
 dited, moved Seward and Sunmer to urge the 
 purchase. It is certain that nine-tenths of the 
 nation were against it. It was ridiculed as 
 Seward's folly — **a country fit only for a 
 polar bear garden. ' ' But now, in a single year, 
 the products of its mines and fisheries alone 
 are almost four times the $7,200,000 for which 
 it was purchased. 
 
 Lying in a far corner of the map it is hard to 
 realize how fully Alaska justifies its name. 
 Geographical wMch mcaus ''the great country.'' 
 Features j^g area is more than two-thirds 
 
 that of the United States east of the Missis- 
 sippi, and with this accession of territory the 
 
168 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 centre of our possessions, measured from east 
 to west, was removed from Omaha, Nebraska, 
 to a point in the Pacific Ocean a full day's sail 
 west of San Francisco. 
 
 Because of its geographical features and its 
 means of communication the territory of Alaska 
 falls naturally into three divisions: (1) South- 
 eastern Alaska, the narrow strip lying along 
 the Pacific coast and almost touching the north- 
 ern boundary of the United States. This has a 
 climate not so severe as that of New England. 
 
 (2) Then there is the great Yukon basin 
 drained by that wonderful river and its tribu- 
 taries. The way into this region is along the 
 waters or over the frozen surface of these 
 rivers, which furnish a waterway of 3,500 miles. 
 
 (3) Off to the north, stretching to the Polar 
 Sea, is Arctic Alaska, the home of the Esquimau 
 and the Indian, where for the most part sleds 
 and snow-shoes furnish the means of trans- 
 portation. 
 
 The Russian Church was naturally the first 
 to minister in this one-time Russian territory. 
 Mission Work Scvoral of their quaint and pictur- 
 in Alaska esquo buildiugs remain in the towns. 
 
 Their chief missionary efforts — most admir- 
 able, and still in evidence — were confined 
 to the centres where their military posts ex- 
 isted. The Presbyterians, coming in 1877, are 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 169 
 
 well represented in the mission work of Alaska, 
 while the English Church, through its bishop 
 of the McKenzie River and its mission of the 
 C. M. S. conducted by William Duncan at Metla- 
 katla, began work before our arrival. 
 
 It was not until 1886 that the Rev. Octavius 
 Parker of Oregon offered himself as our first 
 „ „ ^ missionary to Alaska. That fall he 
 
 Our Work ^ 
 
 Begins went, uudor appomtment of the 
 
 Board, as a Government teacher and mission- 
 ary to open work among the Indians of that 
 country. St. Michael's Island, at the mouth 
 of the Yukon in Norton Sound, was his land- 
 ing-place, and here he spent the greater portion 
 of the winter. It was a post of the Alaska 
 Commercial Company, which in that day held 
 the same relation to the country that the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company had to the Northwest at an 
 earlier period. On St. Michael's Island his- 
 tory repeated itself. The treatment which 
 Whitman and other missionaries received at 
 the hands of the Hudson's Bay Company was 
 meted out to this pioneer. Mr. Parker says: 
 *' While outwardly we were treated with cold 
 civility we found ourselves practically prison- 
 ers on sufferance, unable to leave the island. 
 The attitude and tactics of the Company were 
 everywhere evident. To educate the Indian 
 was to make him too wise, so that he would 
 know the difference between eleven cents' worth 
 
170 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 of provisions and the $1.25 which ought to be 
 paid for a fox-skin.'^ The chief agent of the 
 Company was overheard instructing his factor 
 as follows : * ' The Eev. Mr. Parker and family 
 will disembark here to-morrow. He has let- 
 ters of credit on the Company. You will there- 
 fore supply him with what he needs and show 
 him every courtesy'' — a pause — ^'but you will 
 spare no expense and leave no stone unturned 
 to crush him." 
 
 Mr. Parker was not a man to be crushed. He 
 accepted an invitation from the Indians at An- 
 The First ^ik and broke away from St. Mich- 
 
 poothoid aePs, risking his life freely among a 
 
 people none too steadfast in their friendship, 
 whose minds had been poisoned with evil re- 
 ports concerning him circulated by men of his 
 own race. Perhaps the fact that he was the 
 only doctor within a stretch of 2,000 miles may 
 have saved him from an end like Whitman's. 
 
 It was a hard winter. Somehow it was lived 
 through, and in June of the following year he 
 was joined by the Eev. John W. Chapman. To- 
 gether they established at Anvik the mother 
 church of Alaska. Mr. Parker says of Mr. 
 Chapman, "He was as fine a selection as the 
 Church ever made; fit for the Master's service 
 physically, mentally and spiritually" — ^which 
 has been proved by his long years of fruitful 
 service in Anvik. 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 171 
 
 In 1888 Alaska was made a missionary dis- 
 trict, but no bishop was elected. Mr. Parker 
 Out of Dark- retired from the work and for a year 
 ness— Into Light -^j. Chapman was our only mission- 
 ary in Alaska. From this first precarious foot- 
 hold large results have followed. The patient 
 life of one man and his steadfast influence in a 
 single community have wrought a wonderful 
 transformation. In seeking Christ's children 
 he has brought them literally * ^ out of darkness 
 into marvellous light'' — out of their under- 
 ground hovels into the open air and sunshine ; 
 out of their superstition and ignorance into 
 healthful knowledge and a wider life. This 
 people of mixed blood — Esquimau and Indian — 
 a hybrid race near enough to the coast to fall 
 under the evil influence of the earlier voyagers 
 and Eussian convicts, presented as hard a prob- 
 lem in civilization as any Christian missionary 
 has ever faced. They lived in underground 
 hovels, in darkness and dirt. ^^The whole 
 place was a human sty," says a member of the 
 first United States Geological Survey. ^'Most 
 of the people whom we saw had the appearance 
 of being diseased. Whole rows of men, maimed 
 and halt, blind and scrofulous, sunned them- 
 selves at the openings of their underground 
 houses. We were glad to turn away from the 
 most dismal and degraded set of human beings 
 it had ever been my lot to see." *^ To-day," 
 
172 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 says Archdeacon Stuck, ^^the natives live in 
 substantial cabins of logs or lumber, sit on 
 chairs and eat at tables. Around numbers of 
 the cabins are carefully tended vegetable 
 patches. A transformation has come upon An- 
 vik, and it is the work of Mr. Chapman and his 
 assistants. '^ 
 
 This is a fair sample of what the Church has 
 done in scores of places among the Indians of 
 Alaska ; but this of course is only the outward 
 change. It has been accompanied by an in- 
 ward transformation even more absolute. The 
 centre and soul of all that was accomplished in 
 Anvik is the little church, erected in 1894 by 
 the United Offering of the Woman's Auxiliary. 
 From it the light of the Gospel has shown forth 
 into all the land. 
 
 Far to the north, inside the Arctic Circle, 
 two hundred miles beyond Bering Strait, on a 
 Our "Farthest hloak capo wMch juts out iuto the 
 North" Arctic Ocean, the Church next 
 
 planted her standard ; and it was a layman who 
 for nineteen years kept it displayed. Lieu- 
 tent-Commander Stockton of the United States 
 Navy, an earnest Churchman, had in one of his 
 cruises been sadly impressed by the degraded 
 and hopeless condition of the Esquimau natives 
 at Point Hope. Not only were they bearing the 
 blight of primitive ignorance, but they were 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 173 
 
 exposed to the vicious influence of white men 
 from the crews of whaling vessels. Com- 
 mander Stockton urged the Board of Missions 
 to send there a medical missionary, and Dr. 
 John B. Driggs of Wilmington, Delaware, of- 
 fered his services. 
 
 In July, 1890, he was landed with his small 
 stores upon the beach, among a strange and bar- 
 barous people of whose language he knew not a 
 syllable; without companion, house, or contact 
 with civilization; knowing that he was cut off 
 from the world until the vessel should return a 
 year later. Here somehow he made his home, 
 and lived on through the long winter of inter- 
 minable darkness and the short summer of un- 
 ending sunshine, for nearly twenty years, alone 
 at the top of the world. Only twice during all 
 this period did he come out on furlough. On 
 the last of these occasions Mr. E. J. Knapp vol- 
 unteered to supply his place, which he did most 
 admirably. When Dr. Driggs retired from the 
 work, the Eev. A. R. Hoare was sent to build 
 upon the foundations laid by him and Mr. 
 Knapp. The results were marvellous. During 
 a visitation in 1909, extending over five days. 
 Bishop Eowe confirmed eighty persons. JEe 
 writes as follows concerning his experiences 
 there : 
 
 ''It was a surprise and a joy to hear that 
 congregation of Esquunaux able to say or sing 
 
174 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 the responses of all the usual services, the can- 
 ticles, psalter, and about fifty or more hymns. 
 I don't know whether it would be possible to 
 find another congregation anywhere so well 
 trained. I heard this congregation repeat the 
 catechism from the beginning to the end al- 
 most perfectly. I confirmed eighty and it was 
 interesting to know that a whole village of 
 adults, with very few exceptions, received the 
 Holy Communion." 
 
 Two vantage points had thus been gained in 
 Alaska, both in the coast region. The vast in- 
 The Great terior had not been touched by us, 
 
 Interior ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^y. considerable degree 
 
 by others. The next move of the Church was 
 a wise and timely one. A mission was planted 
 at Tanana, six hundred miles up the river in 
 the very heart of the Yukon district. Its po- 
 sition at the mouth of the Tanana Eiver, on 
 which a little later the great gold discoveries 
 around Fairbanks were made, gave it strategic 
 importance. Here the Kev. Jules L. Prevost 
 was for fifteen years both priest and physician 
 of the surrounding Indian tribes. On foot, in 
 canoe, and later in his little missionary launch, 
 he traversed the hills and the streams, winning 
 a great company to Christ and His Church. 
 This mission has baptized more than 3,000 In- 
 dians, living over many hundred miles of coun- 
 
PETER TRIMBLE ROWE 
 
 Fhst Bishop of Alaska 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 175 
 
 try. Some have been known to come five hun- 
 dred miles that they might spend a few weeks 
 at the mission and have the advantage of the 
 Church 's ministrations ; and they have brought 
 their dead one hundred and fifty miles for 
 Christian burial. 
 
 These three men were the staunch pioneers 
 of our work in Alaska, and the staff over which, 
 on St. Andrew ^s Day, 1895, Peter Trimble 
 Eowe was consecrated bishop. 
 
 The Church historian is at a loss how 
 he may tell the story of Bishop Eowe with 
 Peter Trimble truth, aud at the samo time with 
 
 Rowe — First t i • ah i i 
 
 Bishop moderation. All men love a hero — 
 
 the better if he be a modest hero — and the 
 well-informed Churchman would not hesitate 
 if asked to name the Church's most conspicuous 
 hero. 
 
 Bishop Rowe had unusual preparation for 
 his work. Five years on an Indian reservation 
 in Ontario and nine more at the Sault Ste. 
 Marie in Michigan, gave him a varied experi- 
 ence. The following of the trail in the wilder- 
 ness, contact with pioneers and savages, canoe 
 travel and snow-shoeing, the camp under the 
 open sky — he knew them all. The zest of con- 
 quest was born in him and he welcomed hard- 
 ship in his Master's service. 
 
 With the coming of Bishop Rowe to Alaska 
 
176 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 a great enlargement of the work began. 
 „ ., Hitherto we had ministered only, or 
 
 On the Trail "^ ' 
 
 of the Prospector chiefly, to tho natives ; all our mis- 
 sions were planted with that in view. But gold 
 had been discovered in the Klondike region 
 and at once Alaska became to the imagination 
 of the country what California had been fifty 
 years before. Vastly more difficult of access 
 and many times larger in area, it was not 
 flooded as California had been, but thousands 
 were pouring in — the great majority of them 
 to meet, alas ! only danger and disappointment, 
 if not death. This was a compelling call to the 
 Church; it was the cry of our own race and 
 blood. These followers of the trail the Church 
 must follow; she could not, without peril of 
 unfaithfulness, permit these seekers after gold 
 to forget the eternal riches of Christian love 
 and grace. 
 
 And so, while still pushing forward the work 
 on behalf of the native peoples, the bishop also 
 turned his attention to the physical and 
 spiritual needs of the white explorers and 
 settlers. Hospital after hospital sprang up, 
 nurses and teachers came. Where the need 
 was greatest the bishop and his helpers might 
 always be found. He cheered and inspired; 
 men believed in and admired him, and there 
 was no better name to conjure with than that 
 of Bishop Rowe — admittedly *^the best musher 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 177 
 
 ill Alaska,"* conspicuous for courage in a land 
 of brave men. 
 
 A gold strike was made at Nome, and with 
 the first rush of eager prospectors went in Mr. 
 Prevost, sent by the bishop, who soon followed 
 and aided with his own hands in the building 
 of the church. Fairbanks was manned and 
 equipped. Another rush into Cordova, and 
 though the saloon men were bidding for the 
 only available lumber, the bishop got it first 
 to build a clubhouse for men, destined to be the 
 only competitor of fourteen saloons. 
 
 So he goes back and forth across his great 
 district, up and down its rivers in the short 
 summer time — formerly by boat or canoe, but 
 now in his launch, the ''Pelican." In the win- 
 ter he is away across the trackless wilderness, 
 a thousand or two thousand miles, behind his 
 dogs, cheerily facing his hardships and making 
 light of his dangers, but none the less carrying 
 his life in his hand as he goes about his daily 
 work. 
 
 Here is a sample trip — unusually short and 
 uneventful — taken in the spring of 1911. The 
 A 8am le accouut is iu the bishop 's own words 
 
 Journey from a privatc letter: 
 
 * * ' To mush, ' ' in Alaskan parlance means to ' ' hit the 
 trail. " It is derived from the call to the dogs : ' ' Mush on ! " 
 which is doubtless a corruption of the French voyageur's com- 
 mand ' ' Marchons ! " 
 
178 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 Paul Williams, a native, came from Nenana with a team of 
 six dogs and met me at Gulkana. There we loaded up with sup- 
 plies for a six weeks' journey. Our course was off the ordi- 
 nary travel, so we had to break trail. We cached food for 
 the dogs and ourselves in a tree at each camping-place so as 
 to have some upon our return, but wolverines in some places 
 got away with our caches and we went hungry. The wolverines 
 are foxy robbers and nasty fellows to meet. We saw nine at 
 comfortable distances, but left them alone. The snow-shoeing 
 was *■ ^ fierce " ; I went ahead and broke trail for the dogs. Soon 
 one instep got inflamed and I had trouble. Every night I 
 used a snow bandage to lessen the inflammation. 
 
 We camped at night — had a tent and stove. One day Paul 
 broke through the ice into a swift, deep, dangerous river. He 
 had his snow-shoes on at the time and an axe in his hand, 
 which he lost. I kicked off my snow-shoes and with pole in 
 hand crept to Paul's rescue. I got him out, though I was 
 afraid that I would go in. It was cold, but I built a fire and 
 he changed his clothes. Some days after we would have had 
 trouble again, but being ahead I sounded the ice, found it bad, 
 backed off, and together we built a bridge. Several times we 
 just escaped snow-slides. 
 
 The days passed with all sorts of experiences and always 
 hard work. We made the places we wished to make — 1,000 
 miles in all. I buried a man who had frozen to death. In 
 some places the Indians were so ill and poor that their 
 condition is pitiable. The Government is the only friend which 
 can meet their needs, and our Government treats the question 
 with a neglect as barbarous as would a barbarian nation. 
 
 We made as much as forty miles some days, then we went 
 down to about fifteen miles. But a trip of that sort takes 
 all the unnecessary fat out of you, and you get as strong as 
 a mule and as hungry as a bear. 
 
 The world has lavished its praise upon a man 
 who discovered the North Pole. He deserved 
 the applause, though at best it was a some- 
 what barren exploit. But how many Church- 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 179> 
 
 men realize that for more than fifteen years a 
 man in the far north has been making journeys 
 longer and more dangerous, not for gold or 
 glory, but for the love of Christ and his fellow- 
 men 1 
 
 Such heroism attracted others to share in 
 the bishop's labors. Especially have noble and 
 devoted women offered themselves as nurses 
 and teachers — some splendid men also, but far 
 too few. Every worker in Alaska would agree 
 that the life which should be quoted as most 
 typical of the recent work is that of a woman. 
 
 Annie Cragg Farthing, sister of the Bishop 
 of Montreal, was the heart and brain of our 
 « J, n X, work at St. Mark's Mission, Nenana. 
 
 God's Gentle- . ' 
 
 woman j^ jg ^ suprcme power which is in- 
 
 herent in a gentlewoman when it is consecrated 
 by love. That power she possessed and used 
 it to guide and save many a one, both young and 
 old. 
 
 The mission began in a small log cabin. 
 When at the end of three years she was sud- 
 denly called to rest from her serving, she left 
 behind the largest native mission under the 
 Church's care in Alaska, and from the small 
 beginning which she made in taking two little 
 Indian children into her own home, there had 
 grown Tortella Hall, where thirty-five Indian 
 boys and girls were gathered and given the in- 
 fluence of a Christian home. Literally she gave 
 
180 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 her life for her people. It was after three days 
 and nights at the bedside of one of her chil- 
 dren, acting as nurse in the effort to spare 
 others, that the sudden call came to her. She 
 had but time to ask that her love be given to 
 her children and to pray that God would send 
 some one to care for them. 
 
 It was the heroic end of a most devoted and 
 consecrated woman. Strangely enough, Bishop 
 Eowe, in New York City, on the day before her 
 death was saying to a great gathering of 
 women: ^*A Church which can produce such a 
 woman as Miss Farthing has proved that it is 
 divinely inspired.'' 
 
 They dug her grave there in the Arctic wil- 
 derness where Mount McKinley looks down 
 from afar. ^^But," says Archdeacon Stuck, ^^I 
 think the influence of the life of this great gen- 
 tlewoman will outlast the mountain itself, and 
 be active in the world when the mountain is 
 level with the plain ; for the influence of a holy, 
 self-sacrificing life never dies.'' 
 
 Such was one of the women — but only one 
 of the many who have rallied to Bishop Rowe's 
 help. Much has been demanded of them by the 
 conditions under which they have lived, and 
 nobly have they answered the demand. 
 
 Stanch and true men are also aiding the 
 bishop, whose stories would be worth telling 
 
On the Shores of the Pacific 181 
 
 Some Officers did spHCG permit. We might travel 
 the trail- with Archdeacon Stuck as 
 he goes to his ministry in the North. We might 
 tell of the little rectory in Valdez, or the ^^Eed 
 Dragon'^ at Cordova — both of which are open 
 havens of hospitality for young men facing the 
 temptations and loneliness of the far North. We 
 might visit Betticher, the indefatigable mis- 
 sionary — the eager, tireless human force which 
 directs the splendid work in the Tanana Val- 
 ley, with its hospital and reading rooms, its 
 schools and mission churches, its distribution 
 of tons of literature in the lonely mining camps. 
 Those who really desire to know fully the story 
 of the Alaska mission must acquaint themselves 
 with these things and with others not less ad- 
 mirable in spirit and service. 
 
 Whoever does so will be amply repaid, for 
 who can study the missions in Alaska without 
 The Land Which ^^^^^ f ascluatcd by the picture? The 
 Casts aspeii Arctic uights and rosy dawns; the 
 mighty rivers and primeval forests; sturdy 
 miners wresting from the earth her golden 
 store ; traders and Esquimaux and Indians ; the 
 new-sprung towns with their wild license, or 
 the lonely camp shut in by the wilderness of 
 trackless snow ; the dog-teams and the reindeer ; 
 the sturdy sons of the free North whose hands 
 are so hard, but whose hearts are frequently so 
 soft, and whose friendship is so steadfast ; and 
 
182 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 moving among them all — ^ministering to them 
 with what toil and pain, under what discour- 
 agement and difficulty — the hrave nurses and 
 faithful clergy (alas, how pitiful a handful!) 
 and our heroic, hard-pressed bishop ! 
 
 So does Alaska by its sheer power to inspire 
 and enlist the Church for missionary enter- 
 prise repay a hundred-fold that which has been 
 given her. 
 
 This is a fitting place to close our survey 
 of the Church's progress on this continent — 
 here in the far North, where she is proving her 
 power to minister to the manifold needs of 
 mankind, and where she seems to have reached 
 the very limit of the world. On every side 
 stretches the utmost sea which marks the 
 boundary of our continent, yet to her it is not 
 a barrier but a highway. And she girds her- 
 self for yet other conflicts as she looks steadily 
 westward where, beyond the sea, lies Asia — 
 native land of the Conquering Christ. 
 
Bishop Rowe, Preaching on the Banks of the Yukon 
 
 Anne C. Farthing — Buried on the Battlefield 
 
A LAST WOED 
 
 WE have come a long journey, following 
 the Church in her endeavor to conquer 
 the continent for her Master. Not al- 
 ways was she instant in action, not always vic- 
 torious in her campaigns ; but at least we may 
 feel that she has not been altogether forgetful 
 of her mission, and may be stimulated to aid 
 her to a more adequate fulfilment. 
 
 Never so widely as now has the path of con- 
 quest opened before the Church. For no other 
 Christian body in this land does the promise of 
 the future seem more bright. The contribution 
 which we may bring to the solution of the re- 
 ligious problem in the nation will be unique 
 and valuable — if we ourselves understand it. 
 
 This is the greatest lesson of the preceding- 
 pages. The impulses which sent the Church 
 forward came from a source deeper than she 
 herself clearly understood. When her acts were 
 aligned with the Catholicity of a primitive 
 Christianity they were effective in expanding 
 her borders. Wherever she was humbly yet 
 steadfastly true to her origin and her princi- 
 ples, she succeeded; wherever she ignored or 
 
 183 
 
184 The Conquest of the Continent 
 
 forgot them she failed. Out of her parochial- 
 ism, into some realization of herself as a na- 
 tional Church, God brought her in the Conven- 
 tion of 1789; out of her presbyterianism to a 
 truer conception of the episcopate she was 
 brought in the opening years of the last cen- 
 tury ; and out of her diocesanism to some vision 
 of her world-wide mission she was brought in 
 the Convention of 1835, when she knew herself 
 to be The Missionary Society, and sent mission- 
 ary bishops into the lands beyond. 
 
 Yet all these were simply returns to primi- 
 tive ideals. Imperfectly as the Church grasped 
 them, ineffectively as she sometimes used them, 
 they were nevertheless the vital springs of 
 whatever lasting results have been accom- 
 plished. This sense of what the Church is and 
 may give, inspired her missionary leaders. The 
 treasures and the powers which lay within her, 
 the conviction of her divine character and mis- 
 sion, were the effective stimulus which kept 
 them brave and faithful under manifold discour- 
 agements. That they sometimes accomplished 
 little, compared with the opportunities they 
 faced and the achievements of other Christian 
 bodies about them, was due to the fact that the 
 Church at large did not yet believe in herself. 
 
 Does she yet believe? That will be proved by 
 the issue. If she has a mission to become any- 
 thing more than a respectable little sect, she can 
 
A Last Word 185 
 
 fulfil it only when she rises to a sense of what 
 she is and what she is called to do. If she has, 
 as she believes, a Catholic heritage — if she is, 
 as she claims to be, a national Church — her best 
 contribution to the religious needs of America 
 and the world will be made when she acts on 
 these beliefs; when, following the best tradi- 
 tions and suggestions of the past she aspires to 
 become in the future a more perfect represen- 
 tative of New Testament Christianity. 
 
 To such a mind, and to such a service, may 
 God bring us all I 
 

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 ^omtana 
 
 WY0M1W6 
 
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 DAKOTA 
 
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 7'°'!!tMAiAllKAWSAS<'- -"] A,\»TiAN1»--^"°". 
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 MAP SHOWING DIOCESES AM' '"SlRIr'^Nn THE EIGHT MISSIONARY DEI'ARTMEN 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 APPENDIX I— Bibliography 
 
 So manifold are the sources from which material for this 
 course might be gathered that the author finds the prep- 
 aration of a bibliography exceedingly difficult. Dealing as 
 the course does with the missionary problem in the light of 
 Church history, anything which has to do with the history 
 of the Church would doubtless be of some value to students 
 of this course. It is necessary, however, to limit the list, 
 and the following books are therefore mentioned. 
 
 PUBLISHED TO ACCOMPANY THE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Suggestions for Leaders in Teaching "The Conquest of the 
 Continent," 10 cents. 
 
 An Officer of the Line: a story of a typical Western mis- 
 sionary life. 75 pps,, paper, 25 cents. Church Missions 
 Publishing Company. 
 
 An Apostle of the Western Church: by Greenough White. 
 A reprint of a most valuable historical work. 230 pps., 
 paper, 35 cents. 
 
 The Conversion of Mormonism: an outline of Mormon his- 
 tory and of our work among these people. 75 pps., 25 
 cents. Church Missions Publishing Company. 
 
 Conquerors of the Continent: a junior course following 
 the lines of ''The Conquest of the Continent,'* dealing 
 with conspicuous missionary leaders. 25 cents. 
 
 Followers of the Trail: four stories of missionary enterprise. 
 (For young people.) 75 pps., 35 cents. Church Missions 
 Publishing Company. 
 
 Nelly and Gypsy, the Missionary Ponies. (For children.) 
 10 cents. Church Missions Publishing Company. 
 All of these can be secured by addressing The Educa- 
 tional Secretary, Board of Missions, 281 Fourth Avenue, 
 
 New York. 
 
 187 
 
188 Appendix 
 
 BOOKS OF REFERENCE 
 
 History of the United States: John Fiske. Houghton-Mif- 
 flin Company. 
 
 A standard history of the Episcopal Church: Coleman's, 
 McConnell 's or Perry 's. 
 
 Three Hundred Years of the Episcopal Church in America: 
 George Hodges, D.D. George W. Jacobs & Co., Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 In Connection With: 
 
 Chapter I. — The Territorial Growth of the United 
 States: Dr. William A. Mowry. Missionary Educa- 
 tion Movement. 
 Chapter II. — Life of Bishop Chase. Church Missions 
 
 Publishing Company. 
 Chapter III. — Nashotah House. Church Missions Pub- 
 lishing Company. 
 Chapter IV. — Lights and Shadows of a Long Episco- 
 pate: Bishop Whipple. The Macmillan Company. 
 
 History of the Diocese of Minnesota, 1857-1907: 
 George C. Tanner, D.D. Published by Rev. W. C. 
 Pope, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 The Life and Labors of Bishop Hare, Apostle to 
 the Sioux: M. A. De Wolfe Howe. Sturgis & Walton 
 Company. 
 Chapter V. — Reminiscences of a Missionary Bishop: 
 Bishop Tuttle. Thomas Whittaker, New York. 
 
 My People of the Plains: Bishop Talbot. Harper 
 & Brothers, New York. 
 Chapter VI. — Early Days of My Episcopate: Bishop 
 Kip. (Out of print.) 
 The above books (except the last named) may be ordered 
 through the Educational Department, although they will 
 not be carried in stock. Most of them could be found in 
 any well-equipped public library. 
 
APPENDIX II— Chronological Data 
 THE CHURCH WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 The purpose of this appendix is to present a brief state- 
 ment of the historical events in our dioceses and districts 
 beyond the Mississippi. Somewhat of the home mission field 
 lies east of that great stream, including several missionary 
 districts; but in general the territory coming within the pur- 
 view of this book is included in the tables which follow. 
 
 It is hoped that they may be useful as an outline which 
 students may fill in and so develop for themselves a more 
 consecutive missionary history than could be given in the 
 preceding pages. Many interesting mission fields have there 
 received only the barest mention; some, none at all. The 
 tables may encourage research concerning these; at any 
 rate they will furnish to the Church a compendium of 
 historical information which nowhere else exists in this form. 
 
 These tables should be studied in connection with and 
 by the aid of a Church Almanac for the current year, 
 wherein will be found, under the heading of each diocese 
 or district, the latest information concerning statistics and 
 conditions. To incorporate such information here would be 
 manifestly inexpedient, as it could not have permanent 
 accuracy. 
 
 The historical data are arranged under the largest civil 
 unit — the state — showing its subdivision into ecclesiastical 
 jurisdictions. The author would be glad to receive sug- 
 gestions concerning further dates or facts which should be 
 given — if this book should be so fortunate as to reach a 
 second edition. 
 
 ARIZONA 
 District of Arizona 
 
 1848 and 1853 — Became part of the United States through 
 the Mexican Cession and Gadsden Purchase. 
 
 1866 — Arizona with Nevada constituted a missionary juris- 
 diction. 
 
 189 
 
190 Appendix 
 
 1869— Ozi William Whitaker, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Virginia City, Nov., consecrated missionary bishop 
 of Nevada, with jurisdiction in Arizona, October 13. 
 
 1873 — First Church service in Arizona held by Bishop 
 Whitaker. 
 
 1874 — Arizona detached from Nevada, and, with New Mex- 
 ico, constituted a new missionary jurisdiction. 
 
 1875 — William Forbes Adams, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 New Orleans, consecrated missionary bishop of New 
 Mexico and Arizona, January 17. 
 
 1876 — Bishop Adams resigned his jurisdiction, which came 
 under the charge of Bishop F. J. Spalding of Col- 
 orado. 
 
 1880 — George Kelly Dunlop, rector of Grace Church, Kirk- 
 wood, Mo., consecrated missionary bishop, Novem- 
 ber 21. 
 
 1882 — ^First church building in Arizona erected in Tomb- 
 stone. 
 
 1888— Death of Bishop Dunlop, March 12. 
 
 1889 — John Mills Kendrick, rector of the Church of the 
 Good Shepherd, Columbus, O., consecrated mission- 
 ary bishop, January 18. 
 
 1892 — New Mexico and Arizona made separate missionary 
 jurisdictions; Bishop Kendrick in charge of both. 
 
 1897 — Hospital of the Good Shepherd founded among the 
 Navajos at Ft. Defiance. 
 
 1907 — St. Luke's Home for Tuberculosis Patients, Phoenix, 
 founded. 
 
 1910 — Bishop Kendrick relieved of the care of Arizona. 
 
 1911 — Julius W. Atwood, rector of Trinity Church, Phoenix, 
 Ariz., consecrated missionary bishop of Arizona. 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 Diocese of Arkansas 
 
 1803 — ^Became part of the United States through the Lou- 
 isiana Purchase. 
 
 1838 — ^Leonidas Polk, rector of St. Peter's Church, Colum- 
 bia, Tenn., consecrated missionary bishop of Ar- 
 kansas, and the Indian Territory. 
 
 1839 — Work opened at Helena, March 3, when Bishop Polk 
 held first service there. 
 
 1840 — The Eev. William N. C. Yeager, the first missionary 
 sent by the Domestic and Foreign Missionary So- 
 ciety to Arkansas, took up his residence at Little 
 Eock. 
 
 1841 — Bishop Polk translated to diocese of Louisiana. 
 
Appendix 191 
 
 1844 — George Washington Freeman, rector of Immanuel 
 Church, Newcastle, Del., consecrated October 26 
 as missionary bishop of Arkansas and the Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 1858 — Death of Bishop Freeman at Little Eock, April 29. 
 
 1859 — Henry Champlin Lay, rector of the Church of the 
 Nativity, Huntsville, Va., consecrated missionary 
 bishop. May 23, 
 
 1862 — Arkansas erected into a diocese by the General Coun- 
 cil of the Churches in the Confederate States in 
 November, with Bishop Lay as diocesan. At the 
 conclusion of the Civil War Arkansas resumed its 
 missionary status. 
 
 1869 — Bishop Lay translated to diocese of Easton. 
 
 1870 — Henry Niles Pierce, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Springfield, 111., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 January 25. 
 
 1871 — Arkansas erected into a diocese in primary conven- 
 tion held in Christ Church, Little Eock. Bishop 
 Pierce elected diocesan. 
 
 1898 — William Montgomery Brown, rector of Grace Church, 
 Gallion, O., consecrated Bishop-coadjutor of Arkan- 
 sas, June 24. 
 
 1899 — ^By the death of Bishop Pierce on September 5 
 Bishop Brown became diocesan. 
 
 1911 — ^James E. Winchester, rector of Calvary Church, 
 Memphis, Tenn., consecrated Bishop-coadjutor of 
 Arkansas, September 29. 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 Diocese of California 
 
 1579 — First recorded prayer book service in United States 
 held at Drake's Bay by Eev. Francis Fletcher, 
 June 24. 
 
 1848 — Became part of United States through Mexican Ces- 
 sion. 
 
 1849 — Parish of Holy Trinity, San Francisco, organized and 
 first services held by Eev. Flavel S. Mines and 
 Eev. Augustus Fitch. 
 
 1850 — First Convention of the Church, San Francisco, Au- 
 gust 6. Six clergymen and several laymen present. 
 Constitution and canons adopted. 
 
 1853 — General Convention constituted missionary district 
 of California William Ingraham Kip, rector of 
 St. Paul's Church Albany, N. Y., consecrated mis- 
 sionary bishop, October 28. 
 
192 Appendix 
 
 1856 — Diocese of California erected. 
 
 1857 — Bishop Kip elected diocesan. 
 
 1874 — Missionary district of Northern California (now Sac- 
 ramento) set off by General Convention. 
 
 1890 — William Ford Nichols, rector of St. James' Church, 
 Philadelphia, Penn., consecrated bishop-coadjutor of 
 California, June 24. 
 
 1893 — Death of Bishop Kip, April 6, Bishop Nichols became 
 diocesan. 
 
 1895 — Diocese of Los Angeles set off by General Convention. 
 
 1906 — Earthquake and fire, which destroyed the greater part 
 of San Francisco and did great damage in sur- 
 rounding country. Loss of Church property more 
 than $1,000,000. Every diocese and missionary dis- 
 trict in the Church united in sending more than 
 $400,000 to the stricken diocese. 
 
 1910 — Missionary district of San Joaquin (that part of the 
 diocese east of the Coast Kange) set off by the Gen- 
 eral Convention. 
 
 Diocese of Sacramento 
 
 (Formerly District of Northern California) 
 
 1867 — Rev. Dr. James Lloyd Breck founded, at Benicia, 
 missionary college of St. Augustine and St. Mary's 
 School for Girls (now defunct). 
 
 1874 — Missionary district of Northern California set off 
 from diocese of California. John Henry Duchachet 
 Wingfield, rector of Trinity Church, San Francis''<o, 
 consecrated missionary bishop, December 2. 
 
 1898— Death of Bishop Wingfield, July 27. 
 
 The General Convention added certain counties in 
 Nevada to Northern California and changed its 
 name to the missionary district of Sacramento. 
 
 1899 — William Hall Moreland, rector of St. Luke's Church, 
 San Francisco, consecrated missionary bishop of 
 Sacramento, January 25. 
 
 1907 — The district relieved of Nevada. 
 
 1910 — Sacramento organized into a diocese. 
 
 Diocese of Los Angeles 
 
 1895 — Was set off from the diocese of California. 
 
 Primary Convention held December 3. 
 1896 — Joseph Horsfall Johnson, rector of Christ Church, 
 
 Detroit, Mich., consecrated bishop, February 24. 
 
Appendix 193 
 
 District of San Joaquin 
 
 (Being eentral part of the State, east of Coast Eange) 
 
 1910 — Was set off from the diocese of California. 
 
 1911 — Louis Childs Sanford, secretary of the Eighth Mis- 
 sionary Department, consecrated missionary bishop, 
 January 25. 
 
 COLORADO 
 Diocese of Colorado 
 
 1803 and 1848 — Became part of the United States through 
 Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession. 
 
 1859 — Colorado included in the Missionary Jurisdiction of 
 the Northwest, under Et. Eev. Joseph C. Talbot. 
 
 1860 — First Church service held in Denver by Eev. J. H. 
 Kehler. 
 
 1865 — General Convention constitutes the Missionary Juris- 
 diction of Colorado and Parts Adjacent. George 
 Maxwell Eandall consecrated missionary bishop of 
 the jurisdiction, December 28. 
 
 1866 — Montana and Idaho detached from Colorado at spe- 
 cial meeting of the House of Bishops, and New 
 Mexico placed under Bishop Eandall. 
 
 1868 — "College of St. John the Evangelist," including 
 the Denver Theological School and Wolfe Hall for 
 Girls, founded. 
 
 1873 — Death of Bishop Eandall in Denver, September 28. 
 
 John Franklin Spalding, rector of St. Paul 's Church, 
 Erie, Penn., consecrated missionary bishop of 
 the jurisdiction, December 31. 
 
 1881 — St. Luke's Hospital, Denver, founded. 
 
 1887 — Colorado organized into a diocese. 
 
 1892 — The General Convention set off the western portion 
 of the State as the Missionary District of Western 
 Colorado. 
 
 1902 — Death of Bishop Spalding, March 9. 
 
 Charles Sanford Olmsted, rector of St. Asaph's 
 Church, Bala, Penn., consecrated Bishop of Col- 
 orado, May 1. 
 
 District of Western Colorado 
 
 1892 — Western part of Colorado set off as missionary dis- 
 trict. 
 
 1893 — William Morris Barker, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Duluth, Minn., consecrated missionary bishop, Jan- 
 uary 25, 
 
194 Appendix 
 
 1894 — Bishop Barker translated to Olympia. "Western Col- 
 orado placed in charge of Bishop Leonard of Nevada 
 and Utah. 
 
 1898 — Western Colorado made part of the district of Salt 
 Lake, under jurisdiction of Bishop Leonard. 
 
 1907 — Missionary district of Western Colorado revived. 
 
 Edward Jennings Knight, rector of Christ Church, 
 Trenton, N. J., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 December 19. 
 
 1908 — Death of Bishop Knight, November 15. 
 
 1909 — Benjamin Brewster, dean of St. Mark's Cathedral, 
 Salt Lake, consecrated missionary bishop, June 17. 
 
 DAKOTA 
 District of Dakota 
 
 1803 — Became part of United States through Louisiana Pur- 
 chase. 
 
 1858 — First Church services held by Dr. Melancthon Hoyt. 
 Dr. Hoyt became itinerant missionary with head- 
 quarters at Yankton. 
 
 1859 — Missionary district of Dakota constituted and placed 
 under jurisdiction of Bishop J. C. Talbot. 
 
 1865 — Missionary district of Nebraska and Dakota consti- 
 tuted. 
 
 Eobert Harper Clarkson, rector of St. James' 
 Church, Chicago, HI., consecrated missionary 
 bishop, November 15. 
 
 1868 — Missionary jurisdiction among Indian tribes consti- 
 tuted and placed in the charge of Bishop Clarkson. 
 
 1870 — Bishop Clarkson became bishop of the diocese of Ne- 
 braska, retaining oversight of Dakota. 
 
 1871 — Name of Indian jurisdiction changed to Niobrara. 
 
 1872 — Bishop Clarkson resigned Niobrara. 
 
 1873 — William Hobart Hare, secretary of the Domestic and 
 Foreign Missionary Society, consecrated bishop of 
 Niobrara, January 9. Indian schools for boys and 
 girls begun. 
 
 1883 — Dakota divided into North and South Dakota. Each 
 was constituted a missionary district — that of South 
 Dakota including the Indian jurisdiction of Nio- 
 brara, with Bishop Hare in charge. 
 
 District of North Dakota 
 
 1883 — Missionary district of North Dakota constituted. 
 
 William David Walker, assistant minister of Cal- 
 vary Church, New York, consecrated missionary 
 bishop of North Dakota, December 20. 
 
Appendix 195 
 
 1897 — Bishop Walker translated to Western New York. 
 Bishop Morrison of Duluth placed in charge. 
 
 1899 — Samuel Cook Edsall, rector of St. Peter's Church, 
 Chicago, 111., consecrated missionary bishop, Jan- 
 uary 25. 
 
 1901 — Bishop Edsall translated to Minnesota. 
 
 Cameron Mann, rector of Grace Church, Kansas 
 City, Mo., consecrated missionary bishop, De- 
 cember 4. 
 
 1905— Church Hall, Valley City, founded. 
 
 District of South Dakota 
 
 1883 — Missionary district of South Dakota constituted, with 
 
 Bishop Hare of Niobrara in charge. 
 1905 — Frederick Foote Johnson, diocesan missionary of 
 
 Western Massachusetts, consecrated assistant bishop, 
 
 November 2. 
 1909— Death of Bishop Hare, October 23. 
 J 910 — Bishop Johnson elected Bishop of South Dakota. 
 1911 — Bishop Johnson elected bishop-coadjutor of Missouri. 
 
 IDAHO 
 District of Idaho 
 
 1846 — Became part of United States through the Oregon 
 Settlement. 
 
 1864 — St. Michael's Church built in Boise and services held 
 there by Kev. St. Michael Fackler. 
 
 1865 — Idaho included in missionary district of Oregon under 
 Bishop Thomas F. Scott. 
 
 1866 — General Convention created missionary jurisdiction of 
 Montana, Idaho and Utah. 
 
 1867 — Daniel Sylvester Tuttle, rector of Zion Church, Morris, 
 N. Y., consecrated missionary bishop, May 1. 
 
 1886 — Idaho and Wyoming constituted a missionary jurisdic- 
 tion. 
 
 1887 — Ethelbert Talbot, rector of St. James' School, Macon, 
 Mo., consecrated missionary bishop. May 27, 
 
 1898 — Bishop Talbot translated to diocese of Central Penn- 
 sylvania (now Bethlehem). 
 
 General Convention constituted missionary district 
 of Boise out of parts of Idaho, Wyoming and 
 Utah. 
 
 1899 — James Bowen Funsten, rector of Trinity Church, 
 Portsmouth, Va., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 July 13. 
 
 1902 — St. Luke's Hospital, Boise, founded. 
 
196 Appendix 
 
 1907 — The General Convention constituted the State of Idaho 
 as the missionary district of Idaho, with Bishop 
 Funsten in charge. 
 
 IOWA 
 
 Diocese of Iowa 
 
 1803 — Became part of United States through the Louisiana 
 
 Purchase. 
 1836 to 1839 — Eev. R. F. Cadle of Wisconsin and Chaplain 
 
 E. G. Gear, U. S. A., held services at various points. 
 1840 — Rev. John Batchelder, missionary of the General 
 
 Board, settled at Davenport. 
 1853 — Organized as a diocese in primary convention held at 
 
 Trinity Church, Muscatine, August 17, under Bishop 
 
 Kemper. 
 1854 — Henry Washington Lee, rector of St. Luke's Church, 
 
 Rochester, N. Y,, consecrated bishop, October 18. 
 1859 — Griswold College founded (now defunct). 
 1874 — Death of Bishop Lee, September 26. 
 1876 — William Stevens Perry, President of Hobart College, 
 
 consecrated bishop, September 10. 
 1883 — St. Katharine's School for Girls founded. 
 1885 — St. Luke's Hospital, Davenport, founded. 
 1898— Death of Bishop Perry, May 13. 
 
 1899 — Theodore Nevin Morrison, rector Church of the Epi- 
 phany, Chicago, 111., consecrated bishop, February 22. 
 
 KANSAS 
 Diocese of Kansas 
 
 1803 — Became part of United States through Louisiana Pur- 
 chase. 
 
 1854 — Church services established at Leavenworth by Rev. 
 Dr. John McNamara. 
 
 1856 — Primary convention held at Wyandotte (now Kansas 
 City), August 11-12, under Bishop Kemper. 
 Rev. Hiram Stone organized a parish at Leaven- 
 worth. 
 
 1859 — Diocese of Kansas extended to crest of Rocky Moun- 
 tains and admitted into union with General Con- 
 vention with 200 communicants. 
 
 1860 — Bishop Lee of Iowa placed in charge. 
 
 1864 — Thomas Hubbard Vail, rector of Trinity Church, Mus- 
 catine, la., consecrated bishop, December 15. 
 
 1865 — College of the Sisters of Bethany founded. 
 
 1872 — Theological School of Kansas founded. 
 
 1887 — Elisha Smith Thomas, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 St. Paul, Minn., consecrated assistant bishop, May 4. 
 
Appendix 197 
 
 1888 — St. John's Military School, Salina, founded. 
 
 1889 — Death of Bishop Vail, October 6. Bishop Thomas 
 
 became diocesan. 
 1895 — Death of Bishop Thomas, March 9, 
 
 Frank Eosebrook Millspaugh, dean of Grace Cathe- 
 dral, Topeka, Kans., consecrated bishop, Septem- 
 ber 19. 
 1901 — The western half of the diocese set off by the General 
 Convention as the missionary district of Salina. 
 
 District of Salina 
 
 1901 — Western part of Kansas set off by General Convention 
 
 as missionary district of Salina. 
 1902 — Sheldon Munson Griswold, rector of Christ Church, 
 
 Hudson, N. Y., consecrated bishop, January 8. 
 
 LOUISIANA 
 Diocese of Louisiana 
 
 1803 — Became a part of United States through Louisiana 
 
 Purchase. 
 1805— The Bishop of New York sent the Eev. Philander 
 
 Chase to New Orleans, where he organized the 
 
 parish of Christ Church. 
 1832 — Visitation by Bishop Brownell. 
 1838 — Diocese of Louisiana organized. 
 
 1839 — Diocese placed in charge of Bishop Polk of Arkansas. 
 1842 — Bishop Polk elected diocesan. 
 1864— Death of Bishop Polk, June 14. 
 1866 — Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer, rector of St. Mark's Church, 
 
 Philadelphia, Penn. (prior to the Civil War), con- 
 secrated bishop, November 7. 
 1878 — Death of Bishop Wilmer, December 2. 
 1880 — John Nicholas Galleher, rector of Zion Church, New 
 
 York, consecrated bishop, February 5. 
 1891 — Davis Sessums, rector of Christ Church, New Orleans, 
 
 La., consecrated assistant bishop, June 24. 
 
 Death of Bishop Galleher, December 7; Bishop Ses- 
 sums became diocesan. 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 Diocese of Minnesota 
 
 1783 and 1803 — Became a part of United States through 
 Paris Treaty and Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 1839— First service held by Eev. Ezekiel G. Gear, U. S. A., 
 chaplain at Fort Snelling. 
 
198 Appendix 
 
 1850 — Associate mission established at St. Paul by Revs. 
 James Lloyd Breck, Timothy Wilcoxson and John 
 A. Merrick. 
 
 1852 — Mission for Indians established at Gull Lake by Dr. 
 Breck. 
 
 1857 — Diocese organized at primary convention in Christ 
 Church, St. Paul^ and placed in charge of Bishop 
 Kemper. 
 
 1858 — Opening of *' Bishop Seabury Mission,'' now including 
 Seabury Divinity School, Shattuck School and St. 
 Mary's Hall, Faribault. 
 
 1859 — Diocese admitted into union with the General Con- 
 vention. 
 
 Henry Benjamin Whipple, rector of the Church of 
 the Holy Communion, Chicago, HI., consecrated 
 bishop, October 13. 
 
 1886 — Mahlon Norris Gilbert, rector of Christ Church, St. 
 Paul, Minn., consecrated bishop-coadjutor, Octo- 
 ber 17. 
 
 1895 — Northern part of the State set off as missionary dis- 
 trict of Duluth. 
 
 1900 — Death of Bishop-coadjutor Gilbert^, March 2, 
 
 1901 — Bishop Whipple died in Faribault, September 16. 
 
 Samuel Cook Edsall, missionary bishop of North Da- 
 kota, translated to the diocese of Minnesota, No- 
 vember 5. 
 
 Diocese of Duluth 
 
 1895 — Northern part of the diocese of Minnesota set off 
 
 as missionary district of Duluth! 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital, Duluth, founded. 
 1897 — James Dow Morrison, archdeacon of Ogdensburgh, 
 
 N. Y., consecrated bishop, February 2. 
 1907 — Duluth erected into a diocese. 
 
 MISSOURI 
 Diocese of Missouri 
 
 1803 — Became part of United States through Louisiana Pur- 
 chase. 
 
 1819 — Christ Church, St. Louis, organized by Rev. John 
 Ward of Kentucky, but Rev. Thomas Horel was the 
 first settled clergyman. 
 
 1835 — Jackson Kemper, rector of St. Paul's Church, Nor- 
 walk, Conn., consecrated bishop for Missouri and 
 Indiana, September 25. 
 
 1837 — Kemper College founded (now defunct). 
 
Appendix 199 
 
 1840 — Diocese organized in primary convention held in 
 
 Christ Church, St. Louis. 
 1841 — Missouri admitted to Union with the General Con- 
 vention under a special canon. 
 1844 — Cicero Stephens Hawks, rector of Christ Church, St. 
 
 Louis, consecrated bishop, October 20. 
 1868— Death of Bishop Hawks, April 19. 
 
 Charles Franklin Robertson, rector of St. James ^ 
 Church, Batavia, N. Y., consecrated bishop, Octo- 
 ber 25. 
 1886 — Death of Bishop Robertson, May 1. 
 
 Daniel Sylvester Tuttle, missionary bishop of Utah 
 and Idaho, translated to Missouri. 
 1889 — The western part of the state erected as the diocese 
 
 of West Missouri (now Kansas City). 
 1911 — Frederick Foote Johnson, missionary bishop of South 
 
 Dakota, elected bishop-coadjutor. 
 
 Diocese of Kansas City 
 
 (Formerly West Missouri) 
 
 1889 — The western part of the State and diocese of Mis- 
 souri erected into the diocese of West Missouri. 
 
 1890 — Primary convention held in Grace Church, Kansas 
 City. 
 
 Edward Robert Atwill, rector of Trinity Church, 
 Toledo, O., consecrated bishop, October 14. 
 
 1904 — Consent given by General Convention to change of 
 name from West Missouri to Kansas City. 
 
 1911 — Death of Bishop Atwill, January 24. 
 
 Bishop Partridge of Kyoto, Japan, translated to 
 Kansas City; installed, June 28. 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 Diocese of Montana 
 
 1803 and 1846 — Became a part of United States through 
 
 Louisiana Purchase and Oregon Settlement. 
 1860 — Became a part of the missionary jurisdiction of the 
 
 Northwest, under Bishop Joseph C. Talbot. 
 1865 — Bishop Talbot translated to Indiana. 
 
 Missionary district of the Northwest rearranged by 
 General Convention, constituting Colorado, Mon- 
 tana, Idaho and Wyoming as a missionary juris- 
 diction. 
 
200 Appendix 
 
 1866 — Special meeting of the House of Bishops constituted 
 Montana, Idaho and Utah as a missionary juris- 
 diction. 
 
 1867 — Daniel Sylvester Tuttle, rector of Zion Church, Morris, 
 N. Y., consecrated bishop, May 1. 
 First Church service held, in Virginia City, by 
 Bishop Tuttle and Eev. E. N. Goddard, June 21. 
 
 1880 — Missionary jurisdiction of Montana set off from Idaho 
 and Utah, Bishop Tuttle remaining in charge of the 
 two latter fields. 
 
 Leigh Eichmond Brewer, rector of Trinity Church, 
 Watertown, N. Y., consecrated bishop of Mon- 
 tana, December 8. 
 
 1884 — St. Peter's Hospital, Helena, founded. 
 
 1904 — Montana erected into a diocese. 
 
 NEBRASKA 
 Diocese of Nebraska 
 
 1803 — Became a part of United States through Louisiana 
 Purchase. 
 
 1835 — Part of the missionary jurisdiction of Bishop Kemper. 
 
 1856 — The Eev. Gr. W. Watson established Church services 
 at Omaha. The Eevs. J. DePuy and William Vaux 
 officiated at Forts Kearney and Laramie. 
 
 1860 — Came under the missionary jurisdiction of the bishop 
 of the Northwest, Et. Eev. J. C. Talbot. 
 
 1865 — The district of Nebraska and Parts Adjacent was 
 constituted. 
 Eobert Harper Clarkson, rector of St. James' Church, 
 Chicago, 111., consecrated missionary bishop, No- 
 vember 15. 
 
 1868 — Diocese of Nebraska organized in primary convention 
 in Trinity Cathedral, Omaha. Diocese admitted into 
 union with the General Convention. 
 
 1870 — Council of diocese elected, for the second time. Bishop 
 Clarkson, who accepted. 
 
 1884 — Death of Bishop Clarkson, March 10. 
 
 1885 — George Worthington, rector of St. John's Church, De- 
 troit, consecrated bishop, February 24. 
 
 1889 — The western part of the diocese constituted the mis- 
 sionary district of the Platte (now Kearney). 
 
 1899 — Arthur L. Williams, rector of Christ Church, Chicago, 
 consecrated bishop-coadjutor, October 18. 
 
 1908 — Death of Bishop Worthington, January 7. Bishop 
 Williams became diocesan. 
 
Appendix 201 
 
 District of Kearney 
 
 1889 — Western part of Nebraska constituted missionary dis- 
 trict of the Platte. 
 
 1890 — Anson Rogers Graves, rector of Gethsemane Church, 
 Minneapolis, Minn., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 January 1. 
 
 1898 — Part of the State of Wyoming added to the Platte 
 and name of district changed to Laramie. 
 
 1907 — District relieved of any portion of Wyoming and 
 name changed to missionary district of Kearney. 
 
 1910 — Bishop Graves resigned. 
 
 George Allen Beecher, dean of Trinity Cathedral, Oma- 
 ha, Neb., consecrated missionary bishop, Novem- 
 ber 30. 
 
 NEVADA 
 District of Nevada 
 
 1848 — Became part of United States through Mexican Ces- 
 sion. 
 
 1859 — Territory of Nevada made part of missionary jurisdic- 
 tion of the Northwest. 
 
 1860 — Joseph Cruikshank Talbot, rector of Christ Church, 
 Indianapolis, Ind., consecrated missionary bishop of 
 the Northwest, February 15. 
 
 1861 — First service of the Church held in Virginia City by 
 Bev. H. G. O. Sweathman. 
 
 1863 — St. Paul's Church, Virginia City, consecrated. 
 
 1865 — Bishop J. C. Talbot translated to Indiana. 
 
 Missionary jurisdiction of Nevada and Parts Adjacent 
 constituted. 
 
 1866 — Nevada and Arizona set off into a new missionary 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 1868— Ozi William Whitaker, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Virginia City, consecrated missionary bishop of 
 Nevada with jurisdiction in Arizona. 
 
 1873 — Trinity Church, Eeno, organized. 
 
 1874 — Nevada relieved of Arizona. 
 
 1886 — Missionary jurisdiction of Nevada and Utah consti- 
 tuted. 
 Bishop Whitaker translated to Pennsylvania. 
 
 1888 — Abiel Leonard, rector of Trinity Church, Atchison, 
 Kans., consecrated missionary bishop of Nevada and 
 Utah, January 25. 
 
 1898 — Nevada divided, the western half going to Sacramento 
 and the eastern half to Salt Lake. (See Utah and 
 Sacramento.) 
 
202 Appendix 
 
 2903 — ^Death of Bishop Leonard, December 3. 
 
 1907 — Nevada constituted a separate missionary district. 
 
 1908 — Henry Douglas Eobinson, warden of Eacine College, 
 
 Eacine, Wis., consecrated missionary bishop, March 
 
 25. 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 District of New Mexico 
 
 (With Texas west of the Pecos Eiver, after 1895) 
 
 1845 and 1848 — Became part of United States through Texan 
 Annexation and Mexican Cession. 
 
 1860-1865 — Joseph C. Talbot, Bishop of the Northwest, had 
 jurisdiction over New Mexico. He visited Santa Fe 
 and established services. 
 
 1866 — ^John Woart, Chaplain U. S. A., held services at Fort 
 Union and other places. 
 
 1865-1873 — Under the jurisdiction of Bishop Eandall of Col- 
 orado. 
 
 1874 — Missionary jurisdiction of New Mexico and Arizona 
 constituted. 
 
 1875 — William Forbes Adams, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 New Orleans, consecrated missionary bishop of New 
 Mexico and Arizona, January 17. 
 
 1876 — ^Bishop Adams resigned. New Mexico came under the 
 charge of Bishop J. F. Spalding of Colorado. 
 
 1880 — George Kelly Dunlop, rector of Grace Church, Kirk- 
 wood, Mo., consecrated missionary bishop, Novem- 
 ber 21. 
 
 1888 — Death of Bishop Dunlop, March 12. 
 
 1889 — John Mills Kendrick, rector of the Church of the 
 Good Shepherd, Columbus, O., consecrated mission- 
 ary bishop, January 18. 
 
 1892 — New Mexico and Arizona made separate missionary 
 jurisdictions, both under charge of Bishop Ken- 
 drick. 
 
 1895 — Texas west of the Pecos Eiver added to New Mexico. 
 
 1910 — Bishop Kendrick relieved of the district of Arizona. 
 
 OKLAHOMA 
 District of Oklahoma 
 
 1803 — Became part of United States through Louisiana Pur- 
 chase. 
 
 1844-1886 — Bishops Freeman, Lay and Pierce preached among 
 the Indians. (See Arkansas.) 
 
Appendix 203 
 
 1884 — Two Indian boys who had been educated in New York 
 ordained deacons and returned with Rev. J. B. 
 Wicks as missionaries to Cheyennes and Kiowas. 
 
 1889 — Oklahoma opened to settlement, April 22. Two white 
 clergy arrived; a parish was organized at Guthrie 
 and missions begun at three other places. 
 
 1892 — Missionary district of Oklahoma and Indian Territory 
 constituted. . 
 
 1893 — Francis Key Brooke, rector of Trinity Church, Atchi- 
 son, Kans., consecrated missionary bishop of Okla- 
 homa and Indian Territory, January 6. 
 
 1895 — All Saints' Hospital, McAlester, founded (now in 
 Eastern Oklahoma). 
 
 1907 — Oklahoma and Indian Territory organized into one 
 State. Missionary district of Oklahoma constituted. 
 
 1910 — Eastern half of State set off as missionary district 
 of Eastern Oklahoma. 
 
 District of Eastern Oklahoma 
 
 1910 — Eastern half of Oklahoma set off as missionary dis- 
 trict of Eastern Oklahoma. 
 
 1911 — Theodore Payne Thurston, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Minneapolis, Minn., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 January 25. 
 
 OREGON 
 Diocese of Oregon 
 
 1846 — Became part of United States through Oregon Set- 
 tlement. 
 
 1848 — First Church service held in Oregon City by Kev. St. 
 Michael Fackler. 
 
 1851 — Trinity Church, Portland, organized by Rev. William 
 Richmond, missionary of the General Board. 
 
 1854 — Thomas Fielding Scott, rector of Trinity Church, Co- 
 lumbus, Ga., consecrated missionary bishop for Ore- 
 gon and Washington Territories, January 8. 
 
 1865 — St. Helen's Hall (Church school for girls) established. 
 
 1867— Death of Bishop Scott, July 14. 
 
 1868 — Benjamin Wistar Morris, rector of St. David 's Church, 
 Manayunk, Penn., consecrated missionary bishop of 
 Oregon and Washington, December 3. 
 
 1880 — Oregon and Washington divided. Bishop Morris re- 
 maining in charge of Oregon. 
 
 1889 — Oregon organized into a diocese. 
 
 1890 — Hospital of the Good Samaritan, Portland, incor- 
 porated. 
 
204 Appendix 
 
 1906 — Death of Bishop Morris, April 7. 
 
 Charles Scadding, rector of Emmanuel Church, La 
 Grange, 111., consecrated bishop, September 29. 
 1907 — That part of the State of Oregon lying east of the 
 Cascade Mountains set off as the missionary dis- 
 trict of Eastern Oregon. 
 Oregon Associate Mission established. 
 
 District of Eastern Oregon 
 
 1907 — That part of the State of Oregon lying east of the 
 Cascade Mountains set off as the missionary dis- 
 trict of Eastern Oregon. 
 Robert Lewis Paddock, rector of Holy Apostles/ 
 Church, New York, consecrated missionary bishop, 
 December 18. 
 
 TEXAS 
 Diocese of Texas 
 
 1845 — Became a part of the United States through Texan 
 Annexation. 
 Prior to this date the Rev. Caleb S. Ives, missionary 
 sent from the Board of Missions to the Republic 
 of Texas, held services at Matagorda; Bishop Polk 
 made visitations in 1839 and 1840,- in 1844 Bishop 
 Freeman was given episcopal supervision over the 
 missions of the Church in the Republic of Texas. 
 
 1849 — Diocese of Texas organized at primary convention 
 held in Matagorda, August 1. 
 
 1850 — Diocese of Texas admitted into union with the Gen- 
 eral Convention. 
 
 1859 — Alexander Gregg, rector of St. David's Church, Che- 
 raw, S. C, consecrated bishop, October 13. 
 
 1874 — ^Missionary jurisdictions of Northern Texas (now Dal- 
 las) and West Texas set off from diocese of Texas. 
 
 1892 — George Herbert Kinsolving, rector of the Church of 
 the Epiphany, Philadelphia, Penn., consecrated as- 
 sistant bishop, October 12. 
 
 1893 — ^Death of Bishop Gregg, July 11; Bishop Kinsolving 
 became diocesan. 
 
 Diocese of Dallas 
 
 1874 — Northern Texas set off as a missionary district. 
 
 Alexander Charles Garrett, dean of Trinity Cathe- 
 dral, Omaha, Neb., consecrated bishop, December 20. 
 1895 — Northern Texas organized as a diocese under the 
 name of Dallas. 
 
Appendix 205 
 
 Diocese of West Texas 
 
 1874 — Southwestern portion of the State set off as the mis- 
 sionary district of West Texas. 
 Eobert W. B. Elliott, rector of St. Philip's Church, 
 Atlanta, Ga., consecrated missionary bishop, No- 
 vember 15. 
 
 1878— St. Mary's School for Girls founded. 
 
 1887— Death of Bishop Elliott. 
 
 1888 — James Steptoe Johnston, rector of Trinity Church, 
 Mobile, Ala., consecrated missionary bishop, Jan- 
 uary 6. 
 
 1894 — West Texas Military Academy for Boys founded, 
 
 1895 — That part of the district west of the Pecos Kiver 
 attached to New Mexico. 
 
 1903— St. Philip's Industrial School for Colored Girls 
 founded. 
 
 1904 — West Texas organized as a diocese. 
 
 District of North Texas 
 
 1910 — ^Part of the diocese of Dallas, with eleven counties 
 from West Texas, set apart to form the missionary 
 district of North Texas. 
 Edward Arthur Temple, rector of St. Paul's Church, 
 Waco, Tex., consecrated bishop, December 15. 
 
 UTAH 
 District of Utah 
 
 1848 — ^Became a part of the United States through Mexican 
 Cession. 
 
 1859 — Included in missionary district of the Northwest under 
 Bishop J. C. Talbot. 
 
 1865 — Included in the missionary jurisdiction of Colorado 
 and Parts Adjacent, under Bishop Randall. 
 
 1866 — Missionary jurisdiction of Montana, Idaho and Utah 
 constituted. 
 
 1867 — Daniel Sylvester Tuttle, rector of Zion Church, Mor- 
 ris, N. Y., consecrated missionary bishop, May 1. 
 
 1872— St. Mark's Hospital, Salt Lake City, founded. The 
 first hospital in the intermountain country. 
 
 1880 — Montana detached, Bishop Tuttle remaining with 
 Utah and Idaho. 
 
 1881 — Rowland Hall, Salt Lake City, founded. 
 
 1886 — Bishop Tuttle translated to the diocese of Missouri. 
 Idaho detached from Utah; Nevada and Utah consti- 
 tuted a missionary jurisdiction. 
 
206 Appendix 
 
 1888 — Abiel Leonard, rector of Trinity Churcli, Atchison, 
 Kans., consecrated missionary bishop of Nevada and 
 Utah, January 25. 
 
 1898 — The missionary district of Salt Lake constituted out 
 of the State of Utah, parts of Nevada and Wy- 
 oming and the missionary district of Western Col- 
 orado, Bishop Leonard remaining in charge. 
 
 1903 — Death of Bishop Leonard, December 3. 
 
 1904 — Franklin Spencer Spalding, rector of St. Paul's 
 Church, Erie, Penn., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 December 14. 
 
 1907 — Missionary districts reconstituted, the State of Utah 
 becoming the missionary district of Utah under 
 Bishop Spalding. 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 District of Washington 
 
 1846 — Became part of United States through Oregon Settle- 
 ment. 
 
 1854 — Thomas Fielding Scott, rector of Trinity Church, Co- 
 lumbus, Ga., consecrated missionary bishop for Ore- 
 gon and Washington Territories, January 8. 
 
 1867— Death of Bishop Scott, July 14. 
 
 1868 — Benjamin Wistar Morris, rector of St. David's Church, 
 Manayunk, Penn., consecrated missionary bishop, 
 December 3. 
 
 1880 — Washington set off from Oregon. 
 
 John Adams Paddock, rector of St. Peter's Church, 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., consecrated missionary bishop of 
 Washington, December 15. 
 
 1892 — Wasliington divided into missionary districts of Olym- 
 pia and Spokane, Bishop Paddock remaining in 
 charge of Olympia. 
 
 Diocese of Olympia 
 
 1892 — Western half of Washington set off as missionary 
 district of Olympia under Bishop Paddock. 
 
 1894 — Death of Bishop Paddock, March 4. 
 
 Bishop W. M. Barker of Western Colorado trans- 
 lated to Olympia. 
 
 1901 — Death of Bishop Barker. 
 
 1902 — Frederic William Keator, rector of St. John^s Church, 
 Dubuque, la., consecrated missionary bishop of 
 Olympia. 
 
 1910 — Diocese of Olympia organized. 
 
Appendix 207 
 
 District of Spokane 
 
 1871 — First services held by Rev. Lemuel H. "Wells at Walla 
 Walla. 
 
 1892 — Eastern lialf of Washington set off as missionary dis- 
 trict of Spokane. 
 Lemuel H. Wells, rector of Trinity Church, Tacoma, 
 Wash., consecrated missionary bishop, December 16. 
 
 WYOMING 
 District of Wyoming 
 
 1803 and 1846 — Became a part of the United States through 
 Louisiana Purchase and Oregon Settlement. 
 
 1859 — Included in the missionary jurisdiction of the North- 
 west under Bishop J. C. Talbot. 
 
 1865 — Included in the missionary jurisdiction of Colorado 
 and Parts Adjacent, under Bishop Randall, who held 
 the first services of the Church in Wyoming. 
 
 1868 — Two parishes organized, one of them at Cheyenne 
 under Rev. J. W. Cook. 
 
 1883 — Wyoming constituted a separate missionary jurisdic- 
 tion under Bishop J. F. Spalding of Colorado. 
 
 1886 — Wyoming and Idaho constituted a missionary district. 
 
 1887 — Ethelbert Talbot consecrated missionary bishop. May 
 27. 
 
 1898 — Bishop Talbot translated to Central Pennsylvania 
 (now Bethlehem). From 1898 to 1907 the district 
 was divided between Laramie, Boise and Salt Lake. 
 
 1907 — Wyoming was reconstituted a missionary district. 
 
 1909 — Nathaniel Seymour Thomas, rector of Holy Apostles' 
 Church, Philadelphia, Pa., consecrated missionary 
 bishop. May 6. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adams, John, U. S. Peace Commissioner, 14-15 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Its purchase, 167 ; geographical features, 167-168 ; missions, 
 Russian, English and Presbyterian, 168-169 ; Rev, Octavius 
 Parker at St. Michael's and Anvik, our first missionary, 169- 
 170 ; Rev. J. W. Chapman at Anvik, 170-172 ; Dr. J. B. 
 Driggs at Point Hope, 173 ; E. J. Knapp, 173 ; Rev. A. R. 
 Hoare, 173 ; Rev. J. L. Prevost at Tanana, 174 ; Bishop 
 Rowe, 175-179 ; Miss A. C. Farthing at Nenana. 179-180 ; 
 Ven. Hudson Stuck, 181 ; Rev. C. E. Betticher, Jr., 181 
 
 Andrus, Rev. J. R., 50 
 
 Apostolic ministry first secured in America, 41 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Bishop Polk, 87, 116 
 
 Articles of peace, 14-15 
 
 Benicia, California 
 
 St. Augustine's College and St. Mary's Hall, 150 
 Betticher, Rev. C. E., Jr., in Alaska, 181 
 
 Breck, Rev. J. L., at Nashotah, 88 ; in Minnesota, 89-90 ; in Cali- 
 fornia, 90-91, 150-151 ; portrait, opp. 86 
 
 California 
 
 First Christian service, 143 ; ancient missions, 144 ; independ- 
 ence declared, 144 ; gold discovered, 145 ; first church, built 
 by Rev. F. S. Mines, 146 ; Bishop Kip, 147-149 ; divided. 
 149, 153 ; Bishop Wingfield, 150 ; Rev. C. C. Pierce's work in 
 Northern California, 151-153 
 
 Chapman, Rev. J. W., at Anvik, 170-172 ; portrait, opp. 166 
 
 Chase, Right Rev. Philander, forerunner of missionary bishops, 53- 
 54, 86 ; portrait, opp. 54 
 
 Church, General Convention, 1789, 37-38 ; 1811, 38-39 ; growth in 
 1835, 48 
 
 Clarkson, Right Rev. R. H,, in Nebraska, 119 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Bishop Randall, 119 
 
 Cowboys, 125-126 
 
 Doane, Right Rev. G. W., sermon at Bishop Kemper's consecration, 
 
 60-61 ; portrait, opp. 58 
 Driggs, J. B., M.D., at Point Hope, 173 
 
 Eastern Diocese 
 
 Bishop Griswold, 46-47 
 Enmegahbowh, Rev. J. J., first Indian priest, 88 
 
 Fackler, Rev. St. Michael, in Oregon and Idaho, 120, 154 ; portrait, 
 
 opp. 114 
 Farthing, Miss A. C, at Nenana, 179-180 
 France, acquires Louisiana tract, 17 ; cedes same to U. S., 19 
 
 209 
 
210 Index 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, U. S. Peace Commissioner, 14-15 
 Freeman, Right Rev. G. W., Arkansas and ttie Southwest, 117 
 
 Gear, Rev. E- G., in Minnesota, 87-88 ; portrait, opp. 86 
 
 General Conventions, in Philadelphia, 1789, 37 ; in New Haven, 
 
 1811, 38-39 ; in Philadelphia, 1835, a missionary awakening, 
 
 4S-52 
 Gilbert, Right Rev. M. N., in Minnesota, 103 
 Gilfillan, Rev. J. A., in Minnesota, among Indians, 102 
 Gold discovered, 145 
 Good Samaritan hospital, Portland, 155 
 Green Bay, Wisconsin 
 
 Oneida Indian mission, 64 
 Griswold, Right Rev. A. V., bishop of the Eastern Diocese, 46-47 ; 
 
 portrait, opp. 46 
 
 Hare, Right Rev. W. H., bishop of Niobrara and of South Dakota, 
 
 104-109 ; portrait, opp. 102 
 Hawks, Rev. F. L., declines election as bishop of the Southwest, 
 
 59-60 
 Hinman, Rev. S. D., in Minnesota, among Indians, 102 
 Hoare, Rev. A. R., at Point Hope, 173 
 Hobart, Right Rev. J. H., bishop of New York, 42-46 ; portrait, 
 
 opp. 42 
 Hunt, Rev. Robert, holds first Episcopal service at Jamestown, 34-35 
 Hyland, Rev. P. E., in Washington, 156 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Bishop Tuttle, 119-124 
 Illinois 
 
 Bishop Chase, 54 
 Indians, Nez Perces ask for Bible, 26-27 ; Oneida Indian mission at 
 Green Bay, Wisconsin, 64, 100 ; first Indian priest, Enme- 
 gahbowh, 88, 101 ; the problem, 99-100 ; work in Minnesota 
 under Breck, 90 ; under Bishop Whipple, 100-103 ; under 
 Bishop Hare, 104-109 ; loyalty of Christian Indians, 101-102 
 
 Jamestown, first altar in America, 34-35 
 Jay, John, U. S. Peace Commissioner, 14-15 
 
 Johnson, Rev. S. R., accompanies Bishop Kemper across Indiana and 
 Illinois to St. Louis, 63 
 
 Kearney, Missionary District of, 126 
 
 Kemper, Right Rev. Jackson, bishop of Indiana and Missouri, and of 
 the Northwest, 59-60, 62-76, 86-87 ; Mr. Atwater's descrip- 
 tion, 71-73 ; portrait, opp. 62 
 
 Kip, Right Rev. W. I., in California, 147-149 ; portrait, opp. 158 
 
 Knapp, E. J., at Point Hope, 173 
 
 Laurens, Henry, U. S. Peace Commissioner, 14-15 
 Louisiana, purchase, 16-21 ; Bishop Polk, 87, 116 
 Louisiana Territory, Church first established in New Orleans, 86 
 
 Mcllvaine, Right Rev. C. P., Missionary Convention sermon, 51 ; 
 
 portrait, opp. p. 58 
 Marshall, Chief Justice, expected death of the Church, 40-41 
 Merrick, Rev. J. A., in Minnesota, 89 
 Mexico, independence, 21 ; war, 22-23 
 Michigan 
 
 Bishop Chase, 54, 64 
 Milnor, Rev. James, suggestion of the Church's being the missionary 
 
 society, 50 
 
Index 211 
 
 Miners, 127-128 
 
 Mines, Rev. F. S., in San Francisco, 146 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Rev. E. G. Gear, 87-88 7 Rev. J. L. Breck, 89-91 ; Rev. Timothy 
 
 Wilcoxson, 89 ; Rev. J. A. Merricls, 89 ; Bisliop Whipple, 
 
 91-93, 100-103 ; foreign immigrant problems, 93-99 ; Indian 
 
 problem and work, 99-104 
 Missionary episcopate, created, 49, 55 ; first bishop. Right Rev. 
 
 Jackson Kemper of the Northwest, 59 
 Missionary society, organized in 1821, 50 
 Montana 
 
 Bishop Tuttle, 119-122 ; Bishop Brewer, 122 : miners' problem, 
 
 127 
 Moore, Right Rev. R. C, Virginia, 48 ; portrait, opp. 50 
 Mormons, 116, 118 ; missionary character, 128-130 ; strength, 130- 
 
 135 ; weakness, 135-138 ; our methods of work among them, 
 
 138-139 
 Morris, Right Rev. B. W., in Oregon, 155 ; portrait, opp. 158 
 
 Nashotah, beginning of, 66 
 Nebraska 
 
 Bishop Clarkson, 119 
 Nevada 
 
 Bishop Whitaker, 119 
 Nevius, Rev. R. D., in Oregon and Washington, 156-157 
 New England 
 
 Bishop Griswold, 46-47 
 New Orleans 
 
 First establishment of Church in Louisiana Territory, 86 
 Nichols, Right Rev. W. F., portrait, opp. 158 
 Niobrara, Indian missionary district of, Bishop Hare, 104-109 
 Northwest Territory, acquisition, 13-16 ; Bishop Kemper, 64-74 ; 
 Bishop J. C. Talbot, 117-118 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Bishop Chase, 53 
 Oregon 
 
 American settlement, 144-145; Bishop Scott, 147. 154-155; 
 Bishop Morris, 155 ; Rev. R. D. Nevius, 156-157 
 Oregon territory, acquisition, 24-30 
 
 Otey, Right Rev. J. H., bishop of Tennessee and Mississippi, 54, 76- 
 80 ; portrait, opp. p. 78 
 
 Pacific coast, Webster's speech, 142-143 ; first Christian service, 
 
 143 ; problems, 160-165 
 Parker, Rev. Octavius, in Alaska, 169-170 ; portrait, opp. 166 
 Peake, Rev. E. S., in Minnesota, among Indians, 102 
 Philadelphia, fir.st General Convention, 1789, 37 
 
 Pierce, Rev. C. C, in Northern California, 151-153 ; portrait, opp. 150 
 Polk, Right Rev. Leonidas, Arkansas and the Southwest and of 
 
 Louisiana, 87, 116 
 Portland, Oregon 
 
 Good Samaritan hospital, 155 ; St. Helen's Hall, 155 
 Prevost, Rev. J. L., at Tanana, 174 
 Provoost, Right Rev. Samuel, consecrated, 38 ; confirmations, 39 
 
 Ranchmen, 126 
 
 Randall, Right Rev. G. M., in Colorado, 119 
 
 Rowe, Right Rev. P. T., in Alaska, 175-179 ; portrait, opp. 174 
 
 St. Helen's Hall, Portland, 155 
 Scandinavians, in Minnesota, 93-96 
 
212 
 
 Index 
 
 Scott, Right Rev. T. F., in Oregon, 147, 154-155 
 
 Seabury, Right Rev. Samuel, consecrated, 37-38 ; confirmations, 39 
 
 Smith, Right Rev. Robert, no confirmations, 40 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Bishop Hare, 109 
 Spalding, Right Rev. F. S., portrait, opp. 158 
 Spanish possessions, 21-24 
 
 Spokane, Missionary District of. Bishop Wells, 158-159 
 Stuck, Ven. Hudson, in Alaska, 181 
 
 Talbot, Right Rev. J. C, Bishop of the Northwest, 117-118 
 Talbot, Right Rev. Ethelbert, in Wyoming and Idaho, 125 
 Texas, annexation, 22-23 
 
 Tuttle, Right Rev. D. S., in Utah, Idaho and Montana, 119-124 ; in 
 Missouri, 123 ; portrait, opp. 118 
 
 Utah 
 
 Bishop Tuttle, 119-124 ; Mormons, 116, 118, 128-139 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Low spiritual state, 47 ; Bishop Moore, 48 
 
 Washington 
 
 Rev. P. E. Hyland, 156 ; Rev. R. D. Nevius, 157 
 Webster, Daniel, speech concerning the Pacific Coast, 142-143 
 Wells, Right Rev. L. H., in Spokane, 158-159 
 Whipple, Right Rev. H. B., Bishop of Minnesota, 91-93, 100-103 ; 
 
 portrait, opp. 94 
 White, Right Rev. William, consecrated, 38 ; few confirmations, 39 ; 
 
 portrait, frontispiece 
 Whitman, Dr. Marcus, arrives in Oregon, 27 ; rides to Washington, 
 
 28 ; leads colonists to Oregon, 29 ; massacred, 29-30 
 Whitaker, Right Rev. O. W., in Nevada, 119 
 Wingfield, Right Rev. J. H. D., in Northern California, 150 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Bishop Kemper, 74-76 
 
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