J ’N .• ' % ;ft .4 ; r * W»—’ !: ■ »• / :( . ; r: ;W .< •& : .5-: ; ■. I. .. •c ' / ’tii : ! \i' I I L;. '' ■; m i s . k J 1 i ^ i* ./ \ ' 1 7.c-rr, ;£r.s>jjester v I I ■ * . r.i '• a. - < X/i %:■ ii‘V:'i 'X:'\ ' : ■■ $ % & ’ ■ i ■ ’ l , \ p t , J i* .* * £ ■* ^ ■$ ^ fi f.-: * *vw «»*rfe -i■ t-Mwc! ***>T4rssf LrrnitiritrtiifiiTi^*Hrrih* a !Tr-*miTrTt-" , TrHr , nTrT ,, Tr , " M ^^ * *""' -BXMS3 .5 03 "R Id n H - / Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/universalistchurOOrobi I THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO BY w V Rev. ELMO ARNOLD ROBINSON PUBLISHED BY OHIO UNIVERSALIST CONVENTION 1923 Copyright, 1923, by Ohio Universalist Convention FOREWORD The purpose, perhaps the unconscious purpose, of many of the historical sketches concerning contempo¬ rary religious sects and their leaders is to utilize se¬ lected facts and incidents in producing a work designed to propagate the teachings and increase the following of the given sect, and to expose the errors and failures of its rivals. The purpose of this study is to present all the im¬ portant facts and typical incidents, whether they be favorable or otherwise, concerning the Universalist Church in Ohio, leaving to others their interpretation and use. The author has had three classes of readers in mind: (i) the general student of Ohio history who is only incidentally interested in Universalism, (2) the rank and file of Universalists who wish to be informed concerning their spiritual ancestors, and (3) those who have to do with the intelligent guidance of the future policies of the church. He has tried to collect and present the information in a way to inter¬ est all of these. By vote of the Convention in 1917 a Committee on VI FOREWORD Historical Research was created, consisting, in addi¬ tion to the author, of Rev. Sara L. Stoner and Rev. William J. Metz. Many valuable contributions have come through these two members of the Committee. The Committee has arranged with the Ohio State Historical and Archeological Library and Museum at Columbus to become the depository of the Convention, and has placed there several volumes of original minutes, a file of the Ohio Universalist, and many other books, pamphlets, papers, and magazines. An endeavor was made to secure the appointment of local historians in each church and association. While the response was not as general as had been hoped for, nevertheless many interesting manuscripts have been contributed. To have inserted them entire herewith would have made too bulky a book. They have been placed with the collection at Columbus for preserva¬ tion. This study has thus been distinctly a cooperative affair, and thanks are due to many for their interest and help. It is to be regretted that certain omissions have been necessary, especially the lack of a chapter on the literature produced by Ohio Universalists. Perhaps others will take up the task and fill the gaps which they may easily discover. Elmo A. Robinson. Palo Alto, California. October, 1922. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Foreword . v I. Early Religious Life in Ohio . i II. Early Universalism in the Belpre Neighborhood . n III. Early Universalism in the Western Reserve. 19 IV. Early Universalism in Southwestern Ohio. 23 V. Tours in Ohio by Universalist Ministers 28 VI. Theology of Ohio Universialsts. 46 VII. Universalists and Other Sects. 52 VIII. The Extent and Significance of Uni¬ versalism about 1840. 68 IX. How Universalists Organized. 75 X. The General Convention of the Western States. 87 XI. The Ohio Universalist Convention. 93 XII. Educational Interests. 104 XIII. The Attitude of Universalists on Ques¬ tions of the Day. 118 vii Vlll CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XIV. Subordinate State Organizations. 128 XV. The Larger Denominational Relation¬ ships. 131 XVI. Brief Items of Local Church History... 138 XVII. Biographical Notes of Ohio Ministers.. 164 XVIII. The Old Universalism and the New. ... 225 Appendix I. Statistics of the Convention. 230 Appendix II. Statistics of Subordinate State Bodies. 237 Appendix III. Statistics of Associations. 241 Appendix IV. A Partial List of the Debates Held in Ohio. 257 Bibliography . 259 Chart I. Map of the churches in existence before 1830. 269 Chart II. Map of the churches in existence between 1830 and i860. 271 Chart III. Map of the churches in existence between i860 and 1890. 273 Chart IV. Map of the churches in existence between 1890 and 1920. 275 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO CHAPTER I EARLY RELIGIOUS LIFE IN! OHIO The close of the Revolutionary War marked the beginning of a new wave of emigration by the people of the Atlantic Coast. In New England this wave rolled northward into Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, but a movement of greater magnitude was westward into Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. In the vanguard were the hunters and trappers, inde¬ pendent and rough in thought, appearance, and action, and jealous of the restraints of community life. They erected isolated primitive cabins which served as temporary homes until the restlessness within urged them to press on to further adventure. Behind them came a class of men who combined the qualities of hunter and farmer. These cleared and cultivated the soil by rude methods, but, easily becoming discon¬ tented, were continually seeking new and better loca¬ tions. Finally followed those who came seeking a permanent home in the new country. Substantial 2 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO barns and houses appeared and gradually little vil¬ lages took form, as other occupations than farming began to present themselves. 1 The first permanent settlement in Ohio by New Englanders was at Marietta in 1786. It was but the beginning of a rapid influx of people from the eastern states. By 1800 there was a considerable group of settlements in the northeastern corner of Ohio, and others were scattered at various points along the Ohio River. Two years later the population was estimated at not less than 60,000 and the necessary steps were soon taken to admit Ohio to statehood. This growth was temporarily checked by the war of 1812, but con¬ tinued with renewed vigor at its cessation. By 1840 the frontier line had advanced beyond the borders of the state, all the vacant land had been occupied, and the population had become comparatively dense. 2 The settlement of Ohio in the first half of the nine¬ teenth century went forward obviously at a very rapid rate. It is not surprising, therefore, that all kinds and conditions of men sought their fortunes in the new country and that the individualistic temperament of the frontier plus the immediate needs for food, clothing, and shelter permitted in certain sections a reign of outlawry and rowdyism which gave the Ohio Valley a rather undesirable reputation. Thieving, duels, gang-fights, and intoxication were common. 3 It is in the light of such unsettled and rapidly chang¬ ing conditions that we must view the early religious EARLY RELIGIOUS LIFE IN OHIO 3 situation. The fact that Ohio’s population was so diversified in sources, previous experiences, and ideals made sectarianism inevitable. The frontier spirit fostered individualism in religion. The New Eng¬ landers were usually of the established church, that is, Congregationalists. But Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Moravians, Germans of various faiths, and other sects were represented among the immigrants and brought their religious views with them. 4 In addition there was a large percentage of the pop¬ ulation, difficult to estimate exactly, who were not affiliated with any sect. In some cases they were men of evil character. Others were thinkers of an ad¬ vanced type, rebelling at the narrowness of conven¬ tional religion, and perhaps attracted by the philosophy of the so-called atheism of the day. Still others had simply broken with the old associations back east and were carelessly indifferent to the claims of the church. At the close of the Revolutionary War . . . the wild gales of French skepticism sweeping with irresistible fury across the sea surged over the heights of the Alle¬ ghenies and engulfed the pioneers of the Northwest Territory and of Kentucky and Virginia. ... To add to the general unbelief, as fuel to fire already too great, Thomas Paine’s “Age of Reason” was published. . . . The result was that ... a great proportion of the people of Kentucky and Ohio . . . became pronounced Infidels. Thomas Moffit, in a conversation with Dr. James Gal- laher, author of the ‘‘Western Sketch Book,” says: “It was believed that at the commencement of the year 1800 at least one-half of the men and women were avowed 4 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO disciples of Thomas Paine.” When this was told to Abraham McElroy, the venerable old man replied: “Say not one-half; say nine-tenths, for thus it was in the region of Lebanon, Kentucky, where I resided, and I myself was among the number.” 5 The members of these various sects were not by any means confined to the laity. All had their clergy in the persons of the circuit riders who journeyed rapidly from place to place, ever on the watch for opportunities to spread the teachings of their denomi¬ nations and to expose the weakness and falseness of their opponents. These early preachers were often “unlettered and unlearned,” with no library but the Bible and little property except what they carried with them on horse¬ back. Roads were poor or lacking altogether. The circuit riders preached in cabins, school-buildings, barns, bar-rooms, and in the open. Their pay was often received in the form of food or clothing. 6 Many of these men were hard-working, conscientious heroes of the faith, but among all denominations there were probably those of a questionable character who were attracted by the freedom of the frontier. A Baptist writer is quoted as stating that: Of the 981 preachers estimated to belong to the Bap¬ tist order in the valley of the Mississippi, at least one- third are disqualified for the work. . . . Some are de¬ cidedly immoral. . . . Some were notorious drunkards. . . . Many others, though not grossly scandalous, are far from exhibiting the purity and consistency of the EARLY RELIGIOUS LIFE IN OHIO 5 ministerial character. A bigoted, censorious, unchari¬ table spirit, is frequently indulged. 7 The prevailing relationship between the sects was by no means a cordial one. Representatives of every old creed and propagandists of every new ism went about in the new country pro¬ claiming what they held to be true, and denouncing what they held to be false, with a freedom of speech adapted to the unfenced fields and waving forests of the West. Jews, Catholics, Protestants, and agnostics alike sought freedom to worship or not to worship in the new coun¬ try, and took passage on the river craft at Pittsburg for Kentucky, or Ohio, or Indiana, or Illinois. Such churches as did not choose to take the field as aggres¬ sively ‘‘militant” were obliged at least to stand warlike in their own defense. . . . Charges of “infidelity” were rife and heresy was spotted everywhere. 8 A religious movement of great significance was the Kentucky revival of 1800. Beginning at a point in Logan county, Kentucky, sometimes known as Rogues’ Harbor from the character of the inhabitants, it spread rapidly to southern Ohio. Immense crowds of people drove long distances to the places of meeting, where they camped several days to experience the emotional fervor of the “camp meeting,” as it came to be called. Singing, praying, rude preaching, exhortation, visions, prophecy, enthusiasm, revival of other of the less ex¬ cellent manifestations of early Christianity, and even a lack of physical control which became lawless and immoral, characterized these gatherings. 6 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Among the members of any given sect there would very likely be a difference of opinion as to the purpose and value of the camp-meeting. Some would stress the importance of inner feeling and conviction, while others would demand higher moral standards and seek to minimize the excesses of emotionalism. Such a difference of opinion was to be found, for example, among the Methodists in the vicinity of Steubenville. The extreme enthusiasts complained of the “prevailing coldness” of their calmer and more educated brethren. This led them to look down on education itself and to assert that “grammar and dictionary words” were understood only by a favored few, and that their use indicated a proud and haughty spirit. They in¬ sisted upon the right to preach religion as they under¬ stood it. To their aid there came a little group of unpolished and uneducated preachers of a new sect, the Newlights. Relatively weak on doctrine, they made up for this deficiency by a ranting, roaring, shouting style. They, too, insisted upon the right of every man to preach, but managed to do most of this work themselves. Their meetings were largely at¬ tended and in them some of the Methodists found that “real, heartfelt religion” which they desired, and there¬ upon denounced their former friends as “dead in the love of the world.” Out of this whirl of controversy came schisms and the organization of Newlight societies. 9 This situation is but an illustration of what was EARLY RELIGIOUS LIFE IN OHIO 7 taking place generally over a considerable section of the Valley and among all the sects, especially among the Presbyterians. By 1804 the Newlights had seven organizations in southern Ohio. Their opposition to creeds, their attack on outgrown doctrines, and their democratic form of government brought them rapid growth. Another Presbyterian schism gave rise to the Cumberland Presbyterians. Other denominations that soon appeared were the Methodist Protestants, the Campbellites, and to a less extent the Unitarians. 10 The tendency to denominational competition was increased with the increasing number of sects, and the clergy were stimulated to vigorous activity. Venable aptly describes the situation: The new sects of which I have spoken, and the newly- inspired older sects, wrought zealously to infuse their doctrines everywhere. Their active energy might be likened to that force of chemical elements which scien¬ tists observe in substances just set free from combina¬ tion, and existing in what is called the nascent or new-born stage. 11 Howells, writing now in reference to Harrison county, states that the settlers’ “religious persuasion was the Presbyterian—that is, it was their ancestral faith, though the Methodists had recruited their mem¬ bership almost wholly from this element of the popu¬ lation. There were three or four sects of Presby¬ terians. . . . -The religious feeling pervaded the whole community intellectually, and all accepted the general 8 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO orthodox standard of faith. Those who were regarded as religions had joined themselves to some of the com¬ munions. The rest were material for missionary efforts of the several sects. The public mind was more largely employed with religious subjects than in later years, and it was the subject and object of nearly all public meetings to consider religion in some of its relations. Politics occupied the people much less, and they talked less about it than in after time. . . The discussions were nearly all religious, and there were sometimes fierce controversies that did anything but promote charity. ,, 12 Neither did it always promote prosperity. The Methodist circuits at Moorefield and Freeport had only two preachers for thirty preaching stations. Each of these men received only $300 a year. This situation was regarded as “poor pay” by the preachers and as “poor preach” by many of the people. The Presbyterians could not support a minister in this neighborhood. Only the Quakers held regular wor¬ ship. 13 In the northern part of the state the conflict was between the Congregationalists on the one hand and the various bodies of dissenters on the other. The introduction of Methodism on the Western Re¬ serve was no easy task. The inhabitants were mostly from New England, and were slow to yield their Cal- vinistic prejudices in favor of Arminianism. . . . The Congregationalists having been the “standing order” in EARLY RELIGIOUS LIFE IN OHIO 9 New England, they felt their dignity in their new homes; and the Methodists were treated as intruders, and with much contempt. The first schoolhouses were built . . . by subscriptions . . . with the promise that the houses should not only be used for schools, but be free to all denominations to worship God in. As soon, however, as the houses were finished, “the standing order” took possession of them to the exclusion of others, and espe¬ cially of the Methodists. 14 The situation as a whole may perhaps best be summed up in the words of Venable: The action and reaction of colliding elements in the Ohio Valley struck out much intellectual light and heat. Civilized races met with savage, Christianity met Judaism, Protestant challenged Catholic. Calvinist en¬ countered anti-Calvinist, Unitarian opposed Trinitarian, old denominations split by contention projected new sects into being, and each new sect criticised all the others. ... I doubt if the world has witnessed a more extra¬ ordinary series of religious events than transpired in the Ohio Valley in the first half of the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding the dissensions within old denomina¬ tions, and unprecedented splits and conflicts among new sects, and the utter repudiation of religion by some, the churches grew and flourished. The freedom to worship God, which the Pilgrims “sought afar,” was found in the “New England of the West” as Ohio was called. Religious liberty ran riot, and was not distinguished, in some cases, from license. . . . The clash of creeds gave origin to much discourse, oral and printed. Ser¬ mons and religious debates were heard by multitudes of listeners, and read by other multitudes. Every leading sect had its “organ” or periodical. ... In a word, re¬ ligious worship, Scripture reading, hymn singing, sermon 10 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO hearing, and the perusal of controversial periodicals and tracts, attendance at camp-meetings, “revivals,” theo¬ logical discussions, and the universal custom of thinking and talking on religious subjects, had an immense in¬ fluence in shaping the literature of the Ohio Valley “in the beginning/’ 15 CHAPTER II EARLY UNI VERS ALISM IN THE BELPRE NEIGHBORHOOD Among the varieties of religious experiences, creeds, and organizations which flourished among the settlers of the Ohio Valley it is not surprising to find that called Universalist. By 1800 the word was a familiar one along the Atlantic Coast, and especially so from Maine to Philadelphia. In 1803, at Winchester, New Hampshire, the Universalist General Convention adopted its Profession of Faith, thereby giving evi¬ dence of its existence as a distinct sect. Although no evidence has come to the author’s attention which would indicate any migration of Universalists by groups or churches, there were nevertheless many indi¬ viduals of that faith who helped swell the westward moving tide.* * Some early Universalist pioneers were Gen. James Mitchell Varnum, a friend of the Rev. John Murray, who came from Greenwich, R. I., and who became Judge of Ohio Territory; Capt. Wm, Sargent of Gloucester, Mass., secretary of the Ohio Company and Adjutant to the first governor; Col. Joseph Barker; and Aaron Waldo Putnam. See an essay by J. A. Stoner in Before and After Winchester. This essay also gives a list of pioneers near Miami who have Universalist descend- 11 12 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO The Rev. Abel Morgan Sargent appears to have been the first Universalist preacher to come into the Belpre neighborhood, and indeed into the state. Originally he was a preacher of the Baptist Church, but later became a Universalist. His theology seems to have been an original and unusual combination of doctrines, and the various descriptions of his views are so con¬ fusing that it is difficult to reconstruct his system. He classed himself as a Universalist as early as 1793 and published in that year, first at New York and then at Baltimore, “The Free Universal Magazine, being a display of the mind of Jesus as manifested to his servants, the members of the New and Free Church.” 10 This is said to have been the first period¬ ical published in the United States to advocate Uni- versalism, and also the first to advocate Unitarian views. The churches which he organized, however, were known as Free or Halycon churches rather than as Universalist, and for at least a part of his career he seems to have taught the annihilation of the wicked rather than universal salvation. Sargent came into Ohio about 1800—the exact date is uncertain—and for several years had considerable success as a preacher and organizer. A Methodist writer lists him among the evils with which Methodism had to contend, and speaks of “his twelve disciples, ents, and an early list of subscribers to “The Gleaner.” The present writer has not attempted to investigate this phase of the subject. EARLY UNIVERSALISM IN BELPRE 13 all women. It was spread over the country that he was inspired and conversed with angels daily, from whom he received revelations.’’ 17 The same author, writing with reference to about the year 1812, again mentions him: About this time there flourished in this section of the country a halcyon preacher by the name of Abel Sargent. He formerly resided near Morgantown, Vir¬ ginia, and was a Universalist preacher; but receiving a new revelation, in which he said he held converse with angels, and he was made the medium of communication to the world. His doctrines did not differ very materially from the Universalist creed, except that he taught the annihilation of the wicked. The regenerated soul, he taught, was a part of God; and when the body died there was a resorption of the soul into God. He did not believe in any devil, in a place of future torment, nor in a judgment. He went about the country with his twelve apostles, mostly women, preaching and pre¬ tending to raise the dead. . . . This, like all other species of fanaticism and superstition, had its day and produced some excitement on the circuit, but nothing that resulted very disastrously to the cause of religion. 18 The Congregationalists of Marietta were also some¬ what disturbed by Sargent’s peculiar ideas. About the time Mr. Robbins was ordained (1806), one Abel M. Sargent, who had been a Free Will Baptist preacher, appeared at Marietta as the apostle of a new sect called the ‘’Halcyon Church.” He claimed that he was inspired and that he had a commission from heaven to preach the new doctrine. He held that “baptism was 14 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO regeneration and that a man, by living in strict conform¬ ity to the gospel, without a sin, might become so holy as to work miracles, heal the sick and live without eat- • yy mg. He had preachers among both sexes and the sect made some progress among a certain class of people. Rev. Peter Cartwright in his autobiography speaks of an en¬ counter with Sargent, and Rev. Thomas Robbins speaks of him as a “sectarian imposter, artful and devoid of seriousness. I think he means to hold his system con¬ formable to circumstances.” Dr. Hildreth says, “Rev. S. P. Robbins took but little notice of Sargent or his tenets, though challenged to a public discussion by their leader, knowing that so unscriptural and absurd a doc¬ trine must soon come to an end.” A year or two later one of the sect living a few miles above Marietta and a son of one of their leading female preachers put his belief to a test. He lived nine days without eating and then died. His friends said he would rise the third day, but their prophecy failed and they were compelled to bury the decaying body. This sect lived but a few years. 19 Another incident in his career is given in the fol¬ lowing : Abel Sargent, the founder of the Halcyon sect, visited Marietta first between 1801 and 1805. His doctrines were very similar to the faith of the modern Second Ad¬ ventists, but great latitude on minor points was allowed. The doctrines commended themselves to many commend¬ able people. Dr. McIntosh was perhaps the best known adherent. After the sect had declined as an organiza¬ tion he remained steadfast to the faith, and wrote a book. . . . Sargent sought discussions with the clergy in dif- EARLY UNIVERSALISM IN BELPRE 15 ferent parts of the country and much personal contro¬ versy followed. Peter Cartwright held a discussion with him in 1806 which led to an exposure. Sargent announced his pur¬ pose to light a fire with light from heaven. A crowd was collected around a stump on which was placed some tinder. Bystanders were surprised and adherents de¬ lighted to see the prophecy fulfilled. Sargent praised God for sending fire from heaven, but the Methodist veteran reminded the witnesses that the smell of powder and brimstone indicated that the author of the fire lived in the lower regions. The Halcyons declined after 1807 in point of numbers, a few, however, remained faithful ... 20 Rev. Alpheus Sweet, writing from Hartford, Ohio, on March 4, 1833, thus describes the man and his work from the Universalist point of view: I have the honor of a personal acquaintance with Br. Sargent. He called on me at Marietta and Belpre, Ohio, about four years since. He is now about 67 years old. When I saw him his health was good, his voice was clear and strong, and he is considered a good speaker. He was (as he informed me) performing his last gen¬ eral visit to the brethren, where he had preached, west of the Allegheny mountains; and he said that he should (when he had performed this general tour) then retire to some place in the state of Indiana, where he should endeavor to spend the remainder of his days in quietness and peace. . . . I am acquainted with some old people who heard Br. Sargent preach, nearly forty years ago, in the State of Pennsylvania. It has been as much as thirty-five years since he first preached at Marietta, Belpre, and other places west of the mountain. 16 THE UNI VERS ALIST CHURCH IN OHIO He gathered a large church in the neighborhood of Marietta—they had many preachers. . . . Br. Sargent, in his first publications, discarded the doctrine of the trinity, and maintained the Divine unity. And in this he was before Ballou—if not before any man in the United States. With the trinity, he rejected vicarious atonement, or the vicarious suffering of Christ, and contended that at-one-ment meant to reconcile or make one, by making peace—but that the change was wholly in man, that God never had changed, and that none could change Him. And I think Br. Sargent, and the Free Church generally, denied the natural immortality of the soul, and predicated future life and immortality on a resurrection from the state of death. That they do at the present time, I am certain; and believe that they did from the beginning. Br. Sargent has been writing and publishing on the subject of religion, nearly forty years. The last publication that I know of his publishing, was entitled “The Lamp of Liberty”; it was discontinued about four years ago. “The Lamp of Liberty” was pub¬ lished in Cincinnati, Ohio. The “Free Church” was formerly popular in many parts of the State of Ohio, and in western Virginia— but for same cause, probably neglect of its members, it fell into disrepute. The name “Free Church” is now nearly, if not quite, lost in that of Universalist. A num¬ ber of preachers,* in the State of Ohio, that are now called Universalists, belonged to that church. Should you succeed in your inquiry, and bring this subject before the public in its true light, you will do an act of justice to one who has been a faithful laborer in the Lord’s vineyard—one who has seen a hot day—a man who has travelled and preached more than any man among the Universalists, and suffered more from the opposers of truth, than generally falls to the lot of the * Among them were Revs. A. Rains and M. Croy. EARLY UNIVERSALISM IN BELPRE 17 reformers, in a land of religious freedom and toleration. And what makes the case of Br. Sargent still more in¬ sufferable is the neglect of those who should have been his chief friends and ready supporters. . . . The Halcyon doctrine of annihilation was as much opposed to the teaching of universal salvation as to the orthodox belief in endless misery. But the fact that both Halcvons and Universalists broke with Ortho- J doxy concerning the same point, and the further fact that Sargent classed himself as a Universalist, make these events significant. The Halcyon sect probably disappeared before the first regular Universalist organ¬ izations were formed in this vicinity. But the work of Sargent and his followers undoubtedly contributed to the success of the later movement. In 1823 the Universalists of Belpre organized them¬ selves into a Society. It is probable that their friends in Marietta had taken a similar step six years earlier. In 1824 the former group invited “Elder Asa Stearns to preach for the laity whenever he could make it con¬ venient.” Rev. Eliphalet Case was persuaded to min¬ ister to them in 1826, but returned to New Hampshire in June, 1827. With Belpre as a center organized Universalism rapidly spread to adjoining communities. The general situation is suggested in the following communication to an eastern magazine, under date of 1826. Religion is supported here in the following manner: The Ohio Company Grant, including Washington, Mor- 18 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO gan, Meigs, Gallia, and one or two other counties, was given or granted on these conditions; that one out of a particular number of districts, should be rented land, for the support of religion. Marietta is a rented dis¬ trict; the inhabitants are obliged to pay a stated rent in support of religion. Thus the leading members of a sect get all the signers they can, and draw money in propor¬ tion to their number. The Universalist society has the most subscribers, and of course the most money. They have appropriated it to a library instead of procuring a preacher. 21 CHAPTER III EARLY UNIVERSALISM IN THE WESTERN RESERVE The first Universalist known to have settled in the Western Reserve was Gages Smith, who in 1805 moved from Preston, Connecticut, to Mesopotamia. He was a firm and consistent believer and, although his opinions were not popular, he never wavered nor hesitated to advocate and work for his honest convic¬ tions. 22 To Bronson, Huron county, about 1817 came Stewart and Robert S. Southgate, father and son. The elder had been one of the earliest supporters of Universalism in Oxford, Massachusetts, and Barnard, Vermont, and was an intimate friend of Rev. Hosea Ballou and others of the “church fathers.” The Has¬ kell’s and Danforth’s are also mentioned among those who brought their liberal faith with them from New England. 23 As these and other families came to the Reserve they arranged for services at irregular inter¬ vals in Akron, Ravenna, Brimfield, Parkman, and other towns. The first Universalist minister to settle in this part of the state was Rev. Timothy Bigelow, who came 19 20 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO from Winchester, New Hampshire, in the fall of 1814 and settled in Palmyra.* On the records of the Gen¬ eral Convention for that year there is recorded the following resolution: Voted, that the Convention approve of the removal of our well beloved brother, Timothy Bigelow, from Winchester, New Hampshire, to the state of Ohio, and authorize brother R. Carrique to address a special com¬ munication to said brother, with suitable commendations for the full satisfaction of all in those sections of the Redeemer’s harvest, where he is now, or may be called to labor. 24 That this commendation was justified seems proved by the circular letter of the Northern Ohio Association of Universalists, published in 1821: Brethren, your whole number seven years ago, who believed in the universal love of God, did not exceed 20; and at this time, on the same ground, your members are more than 1500. Besides this, there is a large body of brethren, still further to the west, with hearts lifted to heaven, who are anxiously looking for your brethren in the ministry, that are now with you; and we expect to be with them in one week from this time, and to form them into an Association. 25 Bigelow died in 1823 and the strength of Univer- salism decreased for a few years until others took up * One of Bigelow’s early adventures is said to have been preaching a sermon at a public hanging in Ravenna. EARLY UNIVERSALISM IN WESTERN RESERVE 21 the work he had so well begun. Through the whole width of the state from the north to the center the voice of Rev. Truman Strong was alone heard for sev¬ eral years in behalf of “the restitution of all things.” In 1831 he reports for himself: I have been riding and preaching for the last six months in the counties of Richland, Huron, and Wayne, and once I went into the county of Lorraine. My meet¬ ings are generally well attended, and great attention paid. In short there appears to be nothing wanting but able and faithful laborers. . . . We have established a library at Fredericktown, by the name of “The Univer- salian Library Society of Fredericktown and vicinity.” Our success in this has exceeded the expectations of the most sanguine, for within four weeks we have sold more than thirty shares, and sent the money to New-York for books. 26 In spite of much slander and neglect he persevered and in 1833 was cheered by the addition of several other ministers to the Universalist ranks. One of these was Rev. Jonathan Tracy, who wrote at this time: I have been travelling since the first of December last, in the counties of Huron, Lorain, Medina, Portage, Richland, and Wayne. I have preached about sixty-five times, having spoken in the following townships and villages: Norwalk, Bronson, Greenfield, New London, Brighton, Wellington, Huntington, Granger, Sullivan, Harrison, Westfield, Guilford, Medina, Copley, Wards- worth, Norton, Akron, Milton, Canaan, Jackson, and 22 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Ashland. My appointments have usually been well at¬ tended; profound attention has been given to the word spoken, and a spirit of inquiry, touching the doctrine of universal reconciliation, is evidently enlarging in this region. 27 Gradually Universalists increased in numbers and organization. In 1846 the Akron pastor reported in these words: Our society and Sunday School are in a prosperous condition. Partialism is on the wane in this region, and during the past winter has been making some of its dying struggles. We have the largest congregation in Akron; and with all the efforts of Elder Barnard and Mr. Kinney against us, we still continue to enjoy in¬ creasing prosperity. 28 CHAPTER IV EARLY UNIVERSALISM IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO A striking figure in the early days in Ohio and Indiana was Jonathan Kid well. His parents moved west to Kentucky when that country was still a wilder¬ ness. Amid the rude surroundings of the frontier Jonathan was born in 1779, and here, with little or no educational opportunities, he developed to man¬ hood. At the age of eighteen he began the work of a Methodist preacher, but seven years later he sought greater liberty among one of the new Christian sects. In two more years his growing mind had discarded orthodoxy, and for a time even religion itself. But, upon hearing of Universalism, he carefully reread his Bible, and soon became a Universalist. This faith he retained during the remainder of his life. The location and extent of his early preaching as a Universalist is uncertain, but his work in Ohio prob¬ ably began in the early 20’s. In 1826 he moved to Wayne County, Indiana, and with this as a center, traveled over a circuit comprising seven counties in eastern Indiana and nine in western Ohio, preaching constantly, often in the face of much opposition and 23 24 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO even personal violence. In this section of Ohio to-day some of the strongest Universalist communities are to be found. “His was the voice of one crying out of the wilderness. He spoke as one having authority. He was clothed as simply as one of the old prophets —a red flannel round-about and jeans trousers in winter and home-made linen in summer. The people heard him, but only a few heard him gladly.” 29 In response to inquiries from the east, he thus de¬ scribed his work in 1829: My circuit embraces seven of the eastern counties of Indiana and nine of western Ohio. It is about three years since I commenced riding so extensively; and, in general, I go around the circuit once in a month. When I first formed this circuit, our number was estimated at 200; it would be a low estimate now to put it at 2000, and it is daily increasing. There are but few neighborhoods which have formed themselves in regular order. There are, however, several respectable societies. In the course of the ensuing summer, five Universalian Meeting Houses will go up on my circuit. There are now seven public Meeting Houses in which we have an equal right with others. There are ten local preachers on this circuit, and several preparing themselves for the ministry. There is also a Lutheran minister, Rev. Andrew Hinckle, of Germantown, Ohio, who believes and preaches the doctrine. He is a young man of the first class of talents, a Sabellian, and a believer in future limited punishment. 30 Rev. Sebastian Streeter and Rev. Thomas Whitte- more, eastern clergymen, visited Cincinnati about UNIVERSALISM IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO 25 1825 and preached there, probably in the old court¬ house. A society of “Universalians” existed there at that time. Rev. J. C. Waldo came as their first pastor in 1828. Cincinnati soon became the headquarters for traveling clergymen and resident printers, whose mis¬ sionary journeys and journals penetrated the sur« rounding counties. KidwelPs circuit and the Cincin¬ nati circuits soon overlapped and formed a section of considerable area in which Universalist influence was strong. About 1835 Rev. George Rogers, after having made a tour of the state during the preceding summer, returned with his family to Cincinnati to become the pastor of the church in that city. He is described as “a little man physically, but a great man intellectually and morally; his voice was feeble, but his words were weighty. He broke down a good constitution by hard labor, and died in the prime of life/’ 31 At this time his worldly possessions consisted of a horse, a carriage, and one hundred dollars. He wrote of the situation in Cincinnati: Our place of worship, when I commenced my pastoral duties in Cincinnati, was the school-house ... at the corner of Sixth and Vine Sts. It was usually well filled at our meetings, but it required no vast multitude to fill it. It was not long ere we purchased the property then owned by the Mechanics’ Institute, at the price of six thousand six hundred dollars. ... It was deemed a very cheap purchase, and it assuredly was an opportune one for us, for it put us at once into possession of 2 26 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO building which answered our purpose as a place of wor¬ ship for several years. 32 Mr. Rogers continued only briefly as the Cincinnati pastor as his real interests were in the itinerant work. His travels took him for a number of years through Ohio and neighboring states, preaching and taking subscriptions for the Star in the West. Concerning these labors he has left an interesting account. Another factor in Universalism in southwestern Ohio was Rev. Daniel Parker, a Restorationist. Uni- versalists of those days were usually of the “death and s glory” type, holding that botbusin and its consequences were confined to the present life. Those who believed in future punishment of a limited duration, as most Universalists now do, were then called Restorationists, from their assertion that only after this period of punishment would mankind be “restored” to holiness and happiness. In New England a schism resulted from this difference of opinion, but in Ohio matters seem to have gone more smoothly. The Restoration¬ ist Church of Cincinnati was on friendly terms with the Universalist Church, and Parker was a frequent visitor at Universalist gatherings. A more eccentric type was Rev. Robert Smith. Rogers describes him: Here I met Robert Smith, a singular kind of a man, but of considerable ability. He deemed it wrong to pray in public, baptize, or partake of the eucharist. UNIVERSALISM IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO 27 Some of his views being offensive to our people, he was often coldly treated. This offended him, and he subse¬ quently joined the Reformers (Campbellites), prayed in public, ate bread and drank wine every Sabbath, and taught that immersion in water is a condition of salva¬ tion. 32 These brief sketches of the leaders of the denomi¬ nation in different sections of the state illustrate some of the types of men and women who made up the rank and file. Universalists not only differed from other sects, but among themselves there was diversity of thought and method. CHAPTER V TOURS IN OHIO BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS As the old Northwest Territory began to be opened for settlement it drew to its borders not only the vari¬ ous classes of settlers already referred to, but the casual visitor as well. Hither came representatives of the clergy, combining in their journeys the oppor¬ tunity to preach the Gospel with the quest for health, adventure, or sight-seeing. The accounts of their travels were often printed in the eastern periodicals and formed interesting reading for the more con¬ servative or less fortunate friends who had to remain at home. Mention has already been made of one of the ear¬ liest tours by Universalists in Ohio, that by Revs. Whittemore and Streeter to Cincinnati in 1825. As a result the former received a call to the pastorate in that city, but declined it. They also visited Gallipolis. About two years later Rev. T. Fisk made a similar trip, and recorded some of his experiences in writing. He went through Pennsylvania and Ohio to Kentucky and Indiana, and thus describes a part of the return: 28 TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 29 I arrived at Cincinnati on Sunday; and high raised as my expectations were, respecting this “Western Emporium,” they were more than realized. ... In Cincinnati our friends are numerous and highly respect¬ able, and are about to erect a place of public worship. Though they have been sorely buffeted by the enemies of God’s grace; tho’ they have been in peril among false brethren, yet there is a moral courage among them that laughs at difficulty and mocks at dangers, such as believers in this licentious doctrine have to en¬ counter. . . . In Hamilton, Dayton, Springfield, London, Columbus, Franklinton, Wooster, &c. I preached to large and at¬ tentive audiences; in each of which places a goodly number of subscribers were obtained for our “per- nicious” paper. Between London and Franklinton I attended a publick debate. Air. A. Rains, of Chillicothe, (a young preacher of great promise of usefulness in the holy cause we have espoused) on the side of truth, the Bible, and com¬ mon sense, and Air. Shaw, of London, a Alethodist preacher, in vindication of Satan’s eternal kingdom, creeds, and commandments of men. And never in my life have I witnessed a more glorious triumph of the doctrine of Universal Benevolence over errour and craft, than on this occasion. . . . In Cleaveland, where I preached two discourses on the Sabbath, it is not necessary to speak, as many of our numerous friends in that place are too well known abroad to render it necessary to mention that they are among the most respectable in the country. 33 Rev. A. C. Thomas has recorded some of the inci¬ dents of his visit to Alarietta in 1829: On the 10th ult. being on a visit to this place, it was 30 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO thought proper by the friends of the truth, to appoint a meeting. Deeming it expedient to afford an oppor¬ tunity to our opponents to disprove our sentiments, I visited the Calvinistic Pastor—invited—pressed—be- seeched him and a fellow-limitarian clergyman who had a few days previous made a public attempt to put down Universalism—to attend the meeting—as an opportunity would be given for a reply to the sentiments advanced. They excused themselves, on the ground that they had appointed a meeting for that evening at a village a few miles distant. “You are not engaged this afternoon , I presume?” “No.” “Then what will prevent your at¬ tendance at one discourse?” “I could not stand up while you were praying.” “Well, sit till prayer is concluded.” “I would not be in the house while you were praying.” “Well, sir, you can remain in the yard till prayer is con¬ cluded.” “I am bad enough without going to hear a Universalist.” With such like argument did these faithful shepherds of the flock evade approaching the dangerous heresy. With angry denunciations and fearful threatenings of eternal perdition—did one of these meek and lowly dis¬ ciples of our Lord attempt to intimidate him who had kindly invited them to a public discussion of the im¬ portant subject of salvation! So far from reciprocating the kind offices of friendship, that he refused to be called friend or brother—being, as he said, neither friend nor brother to an infidel! (Have we not all one Father?) He refused to give me his hand—imagining that thereby he would be bidding me God speed! Despite, how T ever, of his anathemas, three lectures were delivered to very respectable congregations—not¬ withstanding the brief notice given, and the fact that the meetings were held in the evening of Wednesday and the afternoon and evening of the day following. The clergymen are informed that we shall, God willing, come to see them again ! TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 31 It was expected that a lecture would be delivered in Lancaster on Friday evening—but no place could be obtained. We presume that an open held or orchard can be had—and we shall, if life and health is spared —see to this matter ere long. 34 Two preachers from New York state, Revs. Isaac Whitnall of Bar.re and Rev. Calvin Morton of Claren¬ don, together visited Ohio in 1831. The former wrote as follows: Agreeably to notice given in your paper respecting my visit to Cuyahoga county, Ohio, I left home in a very poor state of health, on April 25th, accompanied by our Br. Calvin Morton, of Clarendon: arrived at Buffalo at 1 a.m., 26th. . . . On the 27th, we took the mail stage from Buffalo to Fredonia. Arrived there at 8 p.m.; pursued our journey day and night until we arrived at Cleaveland, on Friday, 29th, at 1 p.m. As we now had to leave the mail road, we took a hack at Cleaveland, and arrived at Br. Asher M. Coes’, in Dover, Cuyahoga county, at 6 p.m. same day. From the time I left home, and during my stay with the brethren in that region, I was very feeble, and some part of the time unable to sit up. But, by the assistance of Br. E. C. Frost, one of your patrons and correspondents, I received some relief. I feel disposed to render gratitude to our divine Parent . . . that I was enabled ... to bear up . . . and preach at all my regular Sabbath appointments. . . . I found a goodly number of warm hearted and affec¬ tionate brethren, and some sisters, in the Abrahamic faith, who receive the word of truth gladly, most of them eastern people. I preached twelve discourses in the following towns: Olmstead, Dover, Ridgeville, and in the village of Cleaveland. The last named place has 32 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO a few of our friends, whom I shall ever remember with gratitude, especially Wileman White, one of your patrons. All my meetings were well attended, and the one at Ridgeville, Lorain county, thronged within and without the house. Br. Morton took part of the exer¬ cises two Sabbaths, and is now engaged to preach in that section, for eleven weeks, if his health admits. In the town of Olmstead they are about erecting a Union meeting-house of different denominations—the Univer- salists will own nearly one-half. A Mr. Olmstead, of Hartford, Ct., has contributed one hundred dollars. . . . I mention among our friends, the Stearns, (I believe five or six brothers), Cane, E. C. Frost, Ross, Hotch¬ kiss, and others . . . also, in the township of Dover, Br. Asher M. Coe, and Br. Clisby. ... I took my leave of the faithful brethren on the 22nd inst., arrived at Cleave- land at 8 a.m. on the 23rd; at 1 p.m. went on board the steam-boat Henry Clay, bound for Buffalo, where we arrived after a short passage of 24 hours—my health much improved. 35 1 Rev. M. L. Wisner of Franklin, Michigan, has related his impressions in 1833 in some detail. Having left home on Monday, April 28, I shaped my course for Cleaveland, Ohio; from there to Akron, thirty-seven miles south on the canal, where I published the glad tidings of a world's salvation from sin and corruption to holiness and incorruption, on Saturday evening and Sunday afternoon, to a respectable and at¬ tentive audience. While preaching, the tear of gratitude could be seen moistening the eye of the believer in the final emancipation of all God’s intelligent creation. . . . From thence I prosecuted my journey to Columbus, where the light of the glorious gospel has not shown in splendor, but is completely obscured by the almost im- 1 TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 33 penetrable darkness which the doctrine of endless wo, with its concomitant evils, has brought upon the mental horizon of that part of the Redeemer’s heritage. Ten miles from Columbus I was welcomed to the house of Br. Rogers, an aged veteran in the cause, whose head is frosted o’er with age, where I arrived on Thursday, and on the Sunday following preached at Br. Walker’s, where I became acquainted with Br. Jolly, an able min¬ ister of the spirit which giveth life. He has a circuit formed for the purpose of preaching the Gospel in the dark corners of the earth. He gave me a strong invita¬ tion to travel with him a few days through the different counties in the interior of the State. Br. Rogers offered me his horse, and we commenced our journey on Sun¬ day afternoon. Pressing forward for the prize, having the assurance that we should win, we rode through mud and rain, (for the rain fell in abundance) for eight days on horseback; during which I preached the Gospel every day, and Br. Jolly occasionally, to a needy, but hospitable people. After a short respite, we returned to Mount Vernon (Knox county) and on Sunday held meeting in the Court-house. Br. Jolly dispensed the bread of life in the fore part of the day, to a large congregation; and with joy in my soul, I defended the cause of my Master in the evening, when it was calculated there were six hundred people present, listening, apparently, with heart¬ felt devotion to the glad tidings of salvation. We there gave each other the parting hand; likewise the same to many of our brethren of the Abrahamic faith—he bent his course to Belpre, and I to Parkman, Geauga county, to attend an Association, where I renewed a former ac- qaintance with Brs. J. M. Tracy and A. Sweet, and formed a new and intimate one with some of our worthy brethren in the ministry—Brs. Beels and N. Wards- worth, of Ohio, in particular; and Brs. Townsend and Tomlinson, of New York. If ever the love of almighty God to his needy children was felt, and his spiritual 34 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO presence enjoyed at an Association, I believe it was at Parkman. ... I then returned to Middlebury, two miles distant from Akron, where I spent a few days in the society of my brethren and friends—held a meeting in the place—enjoyed much pleasure in their company, and truly can I say, they are liberal both in theory and practice, while they adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour by virtuous lives and consistent conversation. 36 Another New Yorker, Rev. J. E. Holmes, of Fre- donia, dwells at considerable length upon the incidents of his journey to the west, undertaken in 1834: Monday, September I, I left the vicinity of my labors of last year for an excursion in Ohio. I travelled up the Lake road; the thoroughfare for all who journey by land to the great West; delivering the message of the Gospel, according to previous arrangements, on different evenings, at Millcreek and Springfield, Pa., Ashtabula and Geneva, Ohio. Friday I called on Br. H. DeWoolf, who had only lately removed from Vermont to Madison. After spending an hour with him and his family, I pro¬ ceeded south toward Chardon, the present residence of Br. Tracy, who is, for the time being, employed by the Geauga county society. The road to that place led me through the Ravine of the Grand River, skirted by high projecting banks and over-hanging cliffs, which formed a delightful contrast with the monotonous scenery of a smooth even road. I arrived in Chardon just in time to meet my appointment, and on Saturday returned to the Ridge road, at Chagrin, where I spent the Sunday. Journeying to this place I passed through Kirtland, the rendezvous of the Mormons. Here they are erecting their temple. . . . Monday, September 8 ,1 pursued my journey to Cleave- land—a flourishing town on the lake. ... I passed on TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 35 to Olmstead, the residence of Br. Wardsworth, with whom I was happy to renew my acquaintance, and in whose family I was glad to forget my weariness after a severe day’s ride. In this township the Universalists have a house of worship, but owing to the lateness of my arrival and the rain, I was prevented from holding a meeting with them. Tuesday we were joined by Br. Tracy and his companion, with whom I proceeded to Carlisle, where I preached to another society that was flourishing under the labors of Br. W. Wednesday Br. Tracy and myself, taking different routes, proceeded on our way, and after a day of alternate sunshine and rain, and bidding farewell to the last brilliant rays of the setting sun, thrown athwart the horizon, I arrived at Norwalk, and introduced myself to Br. Owen, and soon forgot the inconveniences and trials of the day in the hospitable and kind attention of him and his worthy family. Thursday I proceeded to Peru, the residence of Br. Davis, who labors statedly in Huron county. Him I found in a reduced state of health. . . . Saturday fol¬ lowing commenced the session of the Richland Associa¬ tion, at the above named place. There I had the pleas¬ ure of forming an acquaintance with Brs. Kidwell, Rogers, Jolly, and Strong, preachers whom I had not seen before, also Brs. Brown and Doolittle, who had publicly vindicated the doctrine of impartial grace. Br. B. received the fellowship of the Association, and ex¬ pects to devote himself entirely to the work of the min¬ istry. We had a joyous meeting. Three of the six discourses on the occasion were delivered in a barn, fitted up for the purpose: there being no house in the place of sufficient dimensions for our accommoda¬ tion. . . . On Wednesday, September 17, proceeded south to at¬ tend the session of the Western Union Convention. Found a friendly welcome at Br. Ayres in Truxville, 36 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO where I delivered a message in the evening, and was joined by Brs. Davis and Wardsworth, with their com¬ panions. Thursday we passed onward, through a beau¬ tiful country, where peace and plenty seemed to smile, to Lexington, where we were kindly received, and joined by Brs. Kidwell and Rogers. Here the Universalist society has a house completely enclosed, and are pros¬ pering under the labors of Br. Strong. In this house I was permitted to raise my voice in vindication of God’s goodness and love; and, assisted by the brethren present, we had a joyful, and I trust a profitable time. Friday we proceeded to Mt. Vernon, the place for hold¬ ing the Convention. Here we found many friends, who were unsparing in their efforts to make our stay agree¬ able and pleasant. I, with others, was cordially re¬ ceived at Br. Burr’s. . . . The most important business before the Convention related to the new Seminary now being built a Philo¬ math, Indiana. ... A large concourse of people as¬ sembled to mingle in the exercises of devotion, and to hear the word of truth, “the Gospel of our salvation.” The Presbyterians, with commendable liberality, opened their church for our accommodation, Friday evening and Saturday; and on Sunday the large and commodious court house was appropriated to our use, and filled to overflowing. Monday, with reluctance, bidding adieu to the brethren and friends, in company with Br. Strong, I returned to Frederic, to attend an evening appoint¬ ment. Here, in the midst of a flourishing town, a house is in progress, to be dedicated to the one God and Father of all, and to be appointed to the promulgation of his boundless and ceaseless love. . . . Proceeded to Monroe, where I lectured on Friday evening, and, after visiting Milan, repaired to Norwalk, to fill my appointment on Sunday. Here Br. Davis labors one-fourth of the time to great acceptance. Tuesday following, I proceeded towards New-London, according to previous arrange- TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 37 ments, to attend the Conference. This day I journeyed through a region but partially settled. Arriving at New-London I again joined Brs. Davis and Wards- worth, and with them and a respectable concourse oi people, assembled on Wednesday and Thursday, to ren¬ der thanks to God for his goodness and mercy. On Fri¬ day, in company with Br. Sage, I was conducted to Huntington, Lorain county. . . . Monday, October 6 , I directed my course toward home, and . . . arrived safe among my friends on the 18 th, having been absent seven weeks; travelled more than six hundred miles, and preaching thirty-one dis¬ courses . 37 The Rev. George Rogers, to whom reference has been made in the preceding chapter, was an itinerant whose field included the whole of the west as it was then known. He first entered Ohio from Pennsylvania about 1834, visiting Zanesville, McConnelsville, Watertown, Marietta, Belpre, Cincinnati, Fayetteville, Hillsboro, Chillicothe, Lancaster, Somerset, Zanesville (a second time), Martinsburg, Newark, Mt. Vernon, Fredericktown, Mansfield, Peru, Huron, and thence to Buffalo. While en route he wrote: I have now been in Ohio twenty-three days, during which I have travelled eighty miles by stage, seventy on horseback, three hundred by steam-boat, and I have preached twenty-five sermons, besides a funeral dis¬ course. In whatever city or large town I visit, I hold a protracted meeting: thus fighting error with its own weapons. I am so accustomed to being opposed or ques¬ tioned in my public meetings, that the circumstance does not move a hair of my head in surprise or excitement . 38 38 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO He also describes his reception in Zanesville: Zanesville, Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the Musk¬ ingum river, sixty miles above its confluence; it is a place of a pretty brisk business, and contains six thou- ' sand inhabitants. Owing, I suppose, to the mere cir¬ cumstance of my being from afar off, my meetings were much larger than any previously held in the place, by abler and worthier brethren. I preached six successive evenings, beginning without a solitary female hearer, and ending with eighty or ninety; the male part of the audience also increasing with each lecture, till the house was entirely too small for our purpose, and I certainly never addressed an audience which listened with a more silent and respectful interest. As might be expected, bigotry did not rest easy under this state of things; handbills were posted on the market house and corners of the streets, warning the good citizens against the deceiver, and kindly calling on them to “drive him out of town as they did at Pittsburg,” &c. 38 Rev. Erasmus Manford was another itinerant who identified himself with “the West” rather than with any one locality: About 1835 he crossed the Alleghenies at Pittsburg. “Preached in many places in the Western Reserve, gen¬ erally had large congregations, and found many devoted believers in the Great Salvation. A large portion of the population of the Reserve were from the Eastern states, and they brought . . . liberal religious sentiments with them.” He preached in Ashtabula, Wellsville, Wheeling, Steubenville, Marietta, Chillicothe, Bainbridge. Here “one minister treated me very kindly, and assisted sev- TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 39 eral times in the services, but another was boiling over with rage, but he heard me through. At the close of the second discourse, he jumped to his feet, and told the people that the speaker believed in no hell or devil, and for my part (he added) I would as soon deny that there is a God or a heaven/’ “I went to Cincinnati by stage, and oh, what roads! There were no railroads then, not even turnpikes. It was mud, mud, mud, nothing but mud; stiff, black, deep mud. I forget how many times the stage broke down, how many horses w T ere killed, or how many times all hands had to get out into the ocean of mud, and pry the stage out of the mud.” After a trip to the south he returned to Ohio and prfeached in Cincinnati, Mount Healthy, Hamilton, Ox¬ ford, Middletown, and then proceeded to Dayton. '‘Hav¬ ing reference to no one, I called on the sheriff, and engaged the court-house for the next day—Sunday. Wrote some notices of the proposed meeting, and while putting them up in different parts of the town, a gentle¬ man introduced himself, who proved to be the mayor of the city. He kindly informed me of a man of my faith, on whom I called, and was received with a hearty welcome. I delivered two discourses on Sunday.” He remained three months and organized a society and a choir; he received $100. After a trip to Chicago, he again returned to Ohio on horseback and lectured in Mason on temperance, and preached near Edwardsville. "General Baldwin resided near there—a reliable friend of liberal principles. He was an intelligent and influential man, and devoted to our cause. He was one of the first to make an effort to establish Universalism in Southern Ohio. Although a layman he often spoke in public in its defense. Sub¬ sequently he moved to Illinois; but he carried his religion and zeal with him.” He spoke in Columbus, McConnelsville, and Marietta. 40 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO and Belpre. In Marietta “I was urged to remain . . . , and the society offered me five hundred dollars per year, a liberal salary for the times, but I declined. 31 Occasionally a layman would outline his travels to some denominational magazine, as in this communica¬ tion from one who signs himself “Cosmopolite”: My stay in Cleveland was short. Having finished my business on Monday following my arrival before night, and no stage for Wooster, on the direct route through Ohio, until next morning, concluded to take the Canal Packet at 4 o’clock for Akron, which, though a little out of my way, would bring me nearer to Wooster in the morning than I could otherwise be. I was induced to this course in part by a wish to see Akron, which was said to be a flourishing place, and where I had been told Universalism was prospering finely, the society there having the best house of worship in the place, and con¬ taining among its members a large portion of the most respectable citizens. The trip in the Canal Boat, during the evening of the day was highly interesting. The route lay along the Cuyahoga River, mostly through rather low and uncultivated woodlands. The full moon rose and gliding quietly along, behind the tops of the trees and the small passing clouds, reflected her bor¬ rowed light on all around. ... I traversed the deck of the boat till a late hour, contemplating and admiring the wonderful works of God; and I could not forbear reflecting, how is it possible for any rational being, in view of all these things, to give way to a single moment to the idea that He is a partial, yea, a cruel and vin¬ dictive Being? That He has brought into existence myriads of sensitive, yet helpless creatures, knowing that they must be doomed to everlasting wo ! Away with the impious thought! TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 41 On turning out in the morning, I found that we were near the lower end of the village of Akron, and there being some twelve or fifteen locks to pass, and another boat having just entered the first, which would subject ours to double time or near it in getting through, I concluded to accompany another passenger on a walk of about a mile up to the “Summit House” . . . where I supposed we could have time to get breakfast and take a view of the place, before the stage would start for Wooster. But I was doomed to disappointment in my calculations, from a want of a knowledge of the situ¬ ation and localities of the place, for in walking up the tow-path, I passed by the lower and most flourishing of the two villages, without getting a view of it as I passed along, and found myself at the upper village when at the “Summit House.” . . . Here I had not remained long, when the landlord came and informed me that the Wooster stage was in waiting, and directed my attention to a sort of Jersey built waggon, hung on stiff wooden springs. ... I must take my seat in this ve¬ hicle, and ride in it during the whole of a very hot day, over a rough, hilly road. . . . My trip . . . was, as I had anticipated, rather fatiguing, and to add to the un¬ pleasantness of my situation, a loaferish fellow took a seat by my side, in the after part of the day, who per¬ haps had not, for the previous month, ceased to keep his skin well filled with the ardent. 39 It must not be imagined that all early Universalist ministers were of attractive personality. An intimate picture of an unknown preacher is given us by a chance acquaintance of his: I was much entertained, as we rode, by a queer char¬ acter who very soon entered into conversation with me, 42 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO choosing me, I confess, because he sat facing me; and conversation seemed a necessity with him. He was a minister, I was soon to learn, of the Universalist de¬ nomination, but of an altogether different type from the gentleman I had met on the boat, and by whose con¬ versation I had been so greatly edified. This gentleman was stout and slightly bald; his stock was awry; his clothes in need of brushing; he talked in a loud com¬ plaining voice; his theme partly the merits of a Brother Moore whom he had recently heard discourse, and partly his disappointment over a journey he had recently taken into Illinois. Brother Moore, he informed us, “is one of the brightest stars in the firmament of our race, and will soon throw the coruscant beauties of an intelligent mind upon the visions of listening multitudes. He is about 21 years old,” he continued so persistently that any other conversation was impossible, “of wealthy and highly respectable parentage, and is now under the edu¬ cational care of the learned, pious, and devoted E. S. Wiley.” We had but left the miserable dinner at a more miserable inn, when this minister burst forth upon the fondness of many preachers for food. “'What goeth into the mouths of too many of our preachers,” he ex¬ claimed, “are the things which defile the man; for some are such high eaters that they are continually laboring under dyspepsias and other diseases of a mel¬ ancholic and hypochondriacal nature. If they would add to their faith a little more temperance, they would become healthier men, better preachers, and be less plagued with gloom and despondence of mind. Show me a man who crowds into the narrow confines of a small stomach a little of everything (and some are in the habit of filling themselves from the four quarters of the globe), pork, beef, fowl, fish, potatoes, milk, tea, coffee, rice, etc., and I will show you one whose habits will inevitably engender disease, becloud and obscure TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 43 his mind, and render him unfit for strong mental ex¬ ercises. We seldom see hearty eaters of pork rise to eminence in anything but muscular force.” As I had observed, at the miserable tavern at which he had just dined, that this worthy man had partaken largely of the fried pickled pork, the greasy potatoes, and the wretched coffee, I could not forbear a smile, which he failed to observe because of his self-absorp¬ tion. He continued to dwell upon his troubles, no doubt enhanced by this time by the weight of the pork, and to recite at length the story of his journey into Illinois to hold a meeting, which he said “was completely blotted out” by the appearance in the town, on that same day, of one of the candidates for the United States presidence. “He, with his attendants,” said he spitefully, “was so much more popular with the people of Fairfield than Jesus Christ and His apostles that the latter did not once seem to be thought of by either saint or sinner. . . . I . . . could not divine why so great a stir was made because a fellow man was passing. My meeting was completely blotted out. I had a similar experi¬ ence in Dayton, where I had an appointment at candle¬ light. Forty or fifty thousand people on the street, all gaping to hear political speeches—the streets filled with an almost impassible electioneering apparatus—I did not even stop, but returned home to remain until this mad¬ ness is over.” 39 * As a concluding example of the Universalist travel sketch, the following will serve. It is from the pen of Rev. W. S. Ealch in 1843: A night and a day’s ride from Cumberland over the Alleghenies brought us to Wheeling, where we lodged. Having received a request from Br. Gurley to hasten 44 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO my speed as fast as possible, and the water being low, I took stage for Cincinnati at 7 , Friday morning, Aug. 11 . My friend took the steamboat. After a ride, not very unpleasant, of two days and two nights, I reached Cincinnati at half past 9 Sunday morning, just in season to attend the dedication of the new church. As you may suppose, my body was very much fatigued, but, singular as it may seem, my health was greatly im¬ proved. This jolting and jostling at a rapid rate through this uneven world, is far less injurious to the health . . . than the confinement and sameness of a sedentary life. . . . It is singular with what readiness a strong attachment is engendered in the bosoms of fellow-passengers in a stage coach. We may travel on railroads or in steam¬ boats, for days together, and be strangers still. But an hour’s contact in a stage makes us feel as though we had been acquainted for years. . . . For a considerable part of my ride from Wheeling I was disappointed with the appearance of the country. It did not come near up to the flourishing descriptions I have heard of the famous “Valley of the Ohio.” Some portions however excelled my expectations. . . . Nothing can surpass the agricultural beauty of some parts of this State. The villages lack the neatness and thrift which characterizes our Eastern towns. Tav¬ erns and whisky are too plenty—school-houses and churches too scarce. . . . We had quite an interesting time here (Cincinnati) yesterday. The new Universalist Church, which by the way is a very large and handsome building, was solemnly dedicated to the service of the Most High God in the forenoon. In the afternoon, in addition to the regular services, the communion of the Lord’s Supper was cele¬ brated. An unusually large number of brethren and sisters participated in the solemn rite. In the evening solemn ordination was conferred upon a brother who TOURS BY UNIVERSALIST MINISTERS 45 has for some time been laboring in the work of the ministry. Altogether it was a very happy and profitable day, and, though excessively fatigued by my journey, I enjoyed it very much. There is a lively zeal and warm-heartedness among our friends in this city, which promised much for the prosperity of our cause. But a prudent and gentle hand is needed to guide them in the way of success. The character of our denomination in this section of our country is not yet formed, and it is exceedingly im¬ portant that it should be well and truly developed. Public feeling here, as everywhere, is rapidly tending toward liberality, and religious sentiments are in a transition state. It is essential to the triumph of truth and good¬ ness, that the liberal should be firmly represented. Every effort is made by partialism to hold dominion over the popular mind. Its grasp has been broken, but deliverance has not fully come. 40 CHAPTER VI THEOLOGY OF OHIO UNIVERSALISTS This study concerns itself with the history of the organization rather than the doctrine of Universalists. But in passing it may be well to state briefly the general characteristics of the denominational thought. Theologically Universalism was a reaction against the limitarianism or partialism of popular Christianity. It also opposed the excessive emotionalism of the old- time revival with a calmer and more permanent en¬ thusiasm. It insisted that Christianity is capable of being understood by the reason and that it must be expressed in ethical relations. Positively it taught that God was the Father, and Jesus the Saviour, of all mankind, and that sin would be so surely punished as to cause men to turn from the evil to the good and that the goal of history is the salvation of all. The Bible was at first regarded from the customary point of view of the days before the rise of modern criticism. With general agreement upon such matters as these there was nevertheless considerable variation upon other questions. Sargent and Smith have 46 THEOLOGY OF OHIO UNIVERSALISTS 47 already been mentioned as holding unusual views. The privilege of individual opinion has usually been frankly accorded to both clergy and laity. Among Universalists of Ohio, as elsewhere, there have been both Unitarians and trinitarians. But the weight of opinion has seemingly inclined toward the Unitarian view. Sargent and followers, Kidwell and his, were of this type, and their views were impressed upon those of later years. As has been stated above, the question of punish¬ ment in the future life was, in the early days, one for controversy, dividing the denomination into groups. Those called Universalists were usually Unitarians and believed in no future punishment; those called Resto- rationists were usually trinitarians and taught limited future punishment. Concerning the prevalence of these views we have two bits of testimony, the first from a Mr. R. of Cincinnati, and the other from Kid- well : Mr. R. is thoroughly acquainted with all the Univer¬ salists in every section of this country. He tells me oil, with a few exceptions, are Unitarian Universalists. It is the fact in this city. The Restorationists he says are comparatively nothing. There is but one preacher within my acquaintance, calling himself a Universalist, who believes in future punishment, and there are but few private individuals. This preacher is the Rev. Daniel Parker. 41 At the present time, however, it is probable that the 48 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO greater part of the denomination combine a Unitarian attitude concerning God with a belief in future limited punishment. There arose differences of opinion concerning the Bible even in the early days. Most of the Univer- salists of that period supposed that the entire Penta¬ teuch was written by Moses, and that, unless one accepted all the miracles of both testaments, one could not deserve the name of Christian. Kidwell and his friends held much more liberal and advanced views on these matters, arguing that the Christian religion was independent of such superstitions. In 1843 Kid- well published a book called “The Alpha and Omega,” which outlined his views of the Pentateuch and of Revelation. The preface to the Alpha states: Those who attack popular opinions, especially reli¬ gious opinions, however false, must expect to call down the pious scorn and maledictions of popular censure, as well as the contempt of religious bigots. Being well apprised of this fact my mind was well prepared for all the contumely, which ignorance, bigotry, and super¬ stition could invent. But the love of truth has always inspired me with an unconquerable determination to defend truth wherever it may be found. Having long been of the opinion that many of the marvellous tales and dogmas of the Jewish pentateuch contradict reason and nature, I have not hesitated to declare my honest convictions on the subject. And it is my honest opinion that thousands of the Christian community privately entertain the same opinion, but remain silent for fear of being called skeptics or infidels. This I know to be THEOLOGY OF OHIO UNIVESRALISTS 49 the truth with many of my Universalist brethren who have acknowledged the fact to me by word of mouth and letter, but do not wish their names to go before the public for the above reason. 42 Kidwell was about fifty-five years of age when the controversy began, and his younger, although in¬ tellectually less able, opponents gradually weakened his leadership until, at his death, the more conven¬ tional views concerning the Bible had become victo¬ rious. How this debate was regarded by eastern Universalists and how it reacted against Kidwell is suggested by two references to him. In describing the session of the General Convention of the Western States in 1835 (before the controversy had begun), Rev. L. L. Sadler writes: Among others assembled was Father Kidwell, whose praise is in all the churches. Happy indeed was I to meet with this faithful veteran of Israel, who has so long stood as one of the outer posts of our bulwarks of the western frontier. He is all I had anticipated of him. In one word, what father Ballou is to the eastern States, father Kidwell is to the western. For many years he has devoted himself to the cause of godly, im¬ partial, and triumphant grace in this region of country: and no man’s labors could be more duly appreciated and blessed. Flis name and his virtues will be embalmed in the affections of his acquaintance, and future genera¬ tions will recount his deeds with gratitude, and pro¬ nounce him blessed. . . . With all his devotedness to the public good, he has witnessed grievous trials and perils amid false brethren, who have attempted to de- 50 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO range his business, and transfix his character, and injure the Institution of his own creating. Twelve years later Rev. Dolphus Skinner, an eastern editor, classes Kidwell with Parker of Boston and Prince of Danvers, and also with Paine, Voltaire, etc. He says of him: His influence is entirely limited to the West, and does not there extend beyond a narrow circle of kindred spirits, who, like himself, have large combativeness, little learning, little reverence, a great deal more of anti¬ orthodoxy than of Universalism, and quite as much skep¬ ticism as of either. The development of modern Biblical criticism and the rise of modern natural science has caused a shift¬ ing of opinion. Not the details perhaps, but certainly the major propositions of Kidwell’s position have proved prophetic of what was to become the denomi¬ national teaching, for to-day Universalists insist not that the Bible is, but that it contains, a revelation, and, although many individuals accept the miracles, many reject them. In any case such matters are regarded as non-essential. This poem by one whose girlhood was spent in an Ohio Universalist home, namely Alice Cary, gives expression to the theology with which she was nurtured: I hold that Christian grace abounds Where charity is seen; that when We climb to heaven, ’tis on rounds Of love to men. THEOLOGY OF OHIO UNIVERSALISTS 51 I hold all else, named piety, A selfish scheme, a vain pretence; Where centre is not—can there be Circumference? This I moreover hold, and dare Affirm where'er my rhyme may go,— Whatever things be sweet or fair, Love makes them so. Whether it be the lullabies That charm to rest the nursling bird, Or the sweet confidence of sighs And blushes, made without a word. Whether the dazzling and flush Of softly sumptuous garden bowers, Or by some cabin door, a bush Of ragged flowers. 'Tis not the wide phylactery, Nor stubborn fast, nor stated prayers, That makes us saints: we judge the tree By what it bears. And when a man can live apart From works, on theologic trust, I know the blood about his heart Is dry as dust. CHAPTER VII UNI VERS ALISTS AND OTHER SECTS From what has been said in the first chapter con¬ cerning the general religious conditions in Ohio and the mutual jealousy and debate which actuated those days, it is but to be expected that we should find Universalists behaving very much as did their neigh¬ bors. The news of the conversion of an orthodox minister to the more liberal faith was copied with rejoicing throughout the denominational press. A frank and open warfare was declared upon the more conservative sects of Protestantism. But, so far as the Universalists were concerned, the aim was not so much to secure members, money, or organization, as to win the general acceptance of their teachings by those of all sects. A number of Newlight preachers on the Western Reserve accepted Universalism. 43 This was hailed as a sure evidence of the favor of God and the progress of truth. But sometimes the process went in the op¬ posite direction. Rev. Ebenezer Williams and Aylot Rains preached for 52 UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 53 the C T niversalists on Sunday and the next morning went to Sandy Lake and immersed each other and entered the Disciple ministry. For some time Mr. Williams seemed to be undecided what to do, join the Mormons or the Disciples, and Mr. Rains was regarded with some suspicion by his new associates, who looked upon him as merely an immersed Universalist. ... It was difficult for the Brimfield friends to reconcile the con¬ duct of Williams and Rains with moral right. They received Universalist money on Sunday when they had determined to desert on Monday . 22 There were not less than six Universalists who went over to the Disciple ministry about this time (1828). In explanation of their conduct Rains wrote: Those Universalists, with whom I have been ac¬ quainted, with the exception of a few individuals, are destitute of all religious energy, and in fact of every¬ thing else necessary to the advancement of the religion of Jesus Christ among men. ... I preached to them in the proper Universalist way, until my constitution was impaired, but their condition is not any better. To which the editor replied: They (the readers) well know, and deplore the fact, that many of our western preachers have not acted up to the spirit of the holy religion they professed; but have degraded and disgraced the cause, and finally abandoned it, while, through their neglect and abuse, it was bleed¬ ing at every pore . 44 The petty nature of the criticisms hurled back and 54 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO forth is illustrated in these references to Robert Smith. Of course the opponents of Universalism made much of his renunciation of that faith: Instead of taking the time and trouble to copy out of the Bible his proof-texts, he cut out, with a pair of scissors, such portions as he desired to quote, and pasted them on blank cards procured for that special purpose. In this way he would destroy a dozen of Bibles and New Testaments in a week. . . . Surely, no man, who had a proper reverence for the word of God would treat it in this manner. . . . In the fall of 1850 , I was appointed ... in the Ken¬ tucky conference. At my third quarterly meeting for London circuit, in Laurel county, a wilderness region, I noticed quite a familiar countenance in my congrega¬ tion. (This turned out to be Smith who, in speaking of former days in Ohio, said) “I have changed my course of life since then, and retired to this new country to live.” I was also informed that he had not lived long in that region, and that, since his arrival among them, he had kept himself hidden, as much as possible, from public view . 43 Arguments, both public and private, held the popular attention. The young ladies of Marietta were urged by a revivalist to avoid the Universalist young men, whereupon one of them replied that there was “not a decent young man in Marietta who is not a Univer¬ salist. ” A Methodist preacher relates the following amusing illustration of theological give and take in every-day life: On Owl creek there lived a Universalist, who like the most of them, was full of controversy; and to hear UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS oo him talk, one would imagine that he considered himself able to overturn all orthodoxy, and even “wiser than seven men who could render a reason.’’ He always came to our meetings, and invariably pressed me to go home with him. I was considerably annoyed by the fellow, and one day, for the purpose of getting rid of him, agreed to accompany him home. He was a real backwoods hunter, rough and uncouth in his manners. He lived about four miles from the appointment, and we started through the woods, travelling, part of the time a cow path. When we arrived at his cabin, which was situate in a corn-patch, and only about sixteen feet square, I said to him, “Bill, what shall I do with my horse?” “Tie him to the fence,” he replied. “Well, but what shall I give him to eat?” “Feed him with cut-up corn,” said he. It was too late to retreat, so I went into the cabin, and his wife prepared some venison in backwoods fashion, and we partook of our supper. As soon as we had finished our repast, Bill got down his old Bible and said, “Now I have got you, and you will be obliged to argue with me on the subject of re¬ ligion. I have been waiting for a long time to have a controversy with you.” “No,” said I, “Bill, you have net a sufficient amount of sense to hold an argument on any religious subject. You brought me here as a Methodist preacher, and I must instruct you and your family; so call in your children and we will have prayers.” Notwithstanding all his excuses and plead¬ ings I insisted upon the course I had adopted, and his wife and children were called in, and I read the scrip¬ tures, explained, and applied the truth to all, and then prayed to God for their salvation . 46 But not all the contests were so easily won. The same author states that “in almost all the towns, Cal¬ vinism and Universalism had intrenched them- 56 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO selves.” 47 And another Methodist describes his ad¬ versaries with the assertion that “the Universalists and Campbellites became by the ratio of our zeal the more offensive and opposing, as they generally do. And there were a few others who ought to have been ashamed of their conduct, but God will judge them.” 48 A typical argument is found in a conversation re¬ ported in this case by a Universalist: A young gentleman in Oxford, who has lately re¬ nounced Presbyterianism and embraced the gospel, or good tidings of salvation, was waited on by a Presby¬ terian deacon, with a view to converting him back to the faith of a devil, an angry God, and Pluto’s hell; among other orthodox reasons, he declared that the Universalist church in Oxford would be the means of sending more souls to hell, than Mr. Little (the Pres¬ byterian minister) would save. . . . This grave deacon in the first place told the young gentleman that he had been deluded into the belief in Universalism by his father: but this would not do; his father was a good Baptist. Well, then he had been to hear some of the wicked Universalists or read their books. Here again the prophet w r as deceived. If you wish to know the truth, said the young convert, it was Mr. Little and no other man, that made me a Universalist. This was strange news to the man of wisdom. How could this be? Why, said the young gentleman, his doctrine was so absurd and contradictory, it set me to reading the Bible, and I saw it taught Universalism. So it appears that if Universalism leads to hell, Mr. L. instead of saving this young man’s soul, has sent it to hell* 9 A similar incident is pictured from the orthodox UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 57 standpoint, in which a Captain -, living in the southwestern corner of the state, is represented as despondent and contemplating suicide: Through a young man that boarded with him he had heard something about the doctrine of Universalism: it pleased him well, and all he needed now was to bring himself fully to believe it. The lesson was a difficult one to learn. At that period no Universalist had ever preached in the place, and but few of the citizens knew anything about their doctrines. This, however, was not long after Messrs. Kidwell & Waldo had commenced the publication, in Cincinnati, of a periodical advocating the peculiar views of that deluded sect. . . . He suc¬ ceeded in procuring the services of one of the editors; but I do not recollect which of them it was that came home with him. It was publicly announced that he would preach in the old frame schoolhouse, in the lower part of the town, on Main-street. . . . The object of the speaker was to show that Jesus Christ would destroy all “partialism,” or the doctrines taught by the orthodox churches, and that he would finally raise all mankind to a state of holiness and happiness in the world to come. He . . . urged his congregation—which consisted only of about a dozen persons—to embrace the doctrine of universal salvation, and give up all unnecessary anxiety about the great future . 50 The narrator of this anecdote adds that the Captain eventually killed himself, and he naturally connects this unhappy fate with the dangerous heresy of Uni¬ versalism. Public debates occurred frequently. They often 58 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO continued over a period of several days and attracted large throngs of people. 504 In 1838 Rev. Robert Smith, a Universalist preacher, living in Mason, Warren county, Ohio, preached every four weeks in the town of New Richmond, Clermont county, Ohio. He frequently, at the close of his ser¬ mons, challenged any orthodox minister to meet him in debate. Finally, Rev. Mr. Atmore, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, residing within about three miles of that place, accepted the challenge. (Atmore retired in the middle of the debate, accusing Smith of ungentlemanly bearing towards him. Smith construed this into a victory for himself. The Metho¬ dists put forward a layman, David Fisher. At a later date Fisher and Smith debated.) The debate was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was crowded to its utmost capacity dur¬ ing the whole of the controversy. Mr. Smith had not such a smooth road to travel as he expected. He soon found out that his opponent was a . . . most formidable controversialist. ... On the afternoon of the second day, our attention was diverted from the debaters, by a strange request of the Rev. D. Parker, who resides a short distance above the town of New Richmond. He asked permission of the moderators to preach a sermon on that evening, con¬ taining his peculiar views. He then remarked, as he occupied “middle-ground” between the present disput¬ ants, he thought the audience ought to hear him. (Gaddis wished to debate him but P. replied that “he had lost all taste and desire for public controversy. By vote of the congregation he preached “at early candle-light. ,, The debate concluded the next day. Fisher pleaded with Smith to renounce his false system and embrace the only way of salvation.) UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 59 I think Mr. Smith was then powerfully convicted by the spirit of God. . . . Not long afterward (he) . . . renounced Universalism, and is now a minister among the Campbeilite Baptists. 51 Some of these discussions were not confined to force of argument, as these illustrations show: Shortly after this, a Mr. Eaton, a Universalist preacher, who had flourished for a season in Newark and Hebron, etc., came to Somerset, and occupied the court-house in his fulminations against all orthodoxy, and especially against the Methodists, etc. On a certain evening when we were returning from sen-ice in the Methodist church, during our revival, we glanced into the court-house, between ten and eleven o’clock in the evening. Some one of our friends told Mr. E. that Mr. C. was present and wished to make a few' remarks. On this, the champion in the judges’ bench called us out. . . . Speak w*e must, or back right off. Well, we chose the first. We addressed the preacher in particular, and the rest of mankind infer- entially. The E T niversalists began to halloo, “Time’s out! time’s out!” We replied that no particular time was set on the present occasion. Some few of them pulled off their coats and shouted, “Pull him down, pull him down!” About a dozen of females were in the court-house when w T e first entered it, but these soon dis¬ persed, leaving the balance to do the best they could. While we were addressing the audience, every one, that w T e noticed, w r as on his feet. Now when these creatures had taken off their coats, they pressed through the crowed to take us down, as they cried. . . . We w r ere so engaged in thundering at Universalism, that we paid no atten¬ tion to our enraged brothers, till one of them came nearly up to us, but close to our feet stood one of our 60 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO neighbors, . . . who . . . said to them, “If you take an¬ other step, I will send you to the place you affect not to believe in.” 52 A certain Universalist preacher, by the name of Streeter, came on from the east, and stopped in Lan¬ caster. I was informed, afterward, that he was a back¬ slidden Methodist preacher. He commenced a violent attack on the Methodist Church. M’Mehan encountered him and put him to silence. They held a public debate in the court-house, and M’Mehan evidently gained the victory. Yet the enemies and schismatics took sides with Streeter, and many long and angry debates ensued. When M’Mehan came round again, he preached in the court-house to a crowded assembly. After meeting, as he was retiring, he was met by a certain Colonel, who gave him some very insulting language. Unfortunately, M’Mehan became angry. A certain Dr. Smith, standing by, cried out, at the top of his voice, “Smite him, Johnny, in the name of the Lord, for he richly deserves it.” Johnny laid hands on the Colonel, but did not strike him. I am obliged to say, that this controversy did not redound to the glory of God, or the benefit of Method¬ ism. 53 But in spite of occasional violence, the arguments were frequently carried on without malice or bitter¬ ness, and by many were considered the fairest and most honest method of doctrinal teaching. Who gained the victory in these debates ? Each side claims to have won. 54 Yet it is worth while to note that Universalists were ever ready to take the offensive, that through these debates they made many converts, and that the old unmodified position of their oppo¬ nents is seldom openly advocated to-day. UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 61 At any rate the orthodox forces were more or less alarmed. The following paragraph is based upon an article in an orthodox publication, The Home Mis¬ sionary, for January 1844: The talent and money of the East, and the men of great names, are sent there (to the Mississippi Valley) to indoctrinate the people in their various creeds. To stimulate to greater activity, to create a greater energy, and to establish a wider influence, the cry not long ago was raised that the Catholics were overrunning the great West. . . . The cry of the alarmists is now changed, and Universalists are the enemies which are to be ruthlessly driven from the land. The w T ar of ex¬ termination is already beginning to rage; and the East is loudly called upon to rise, arm, and send out recruits to join the embattling legions, and help to extirpate an error so dangerous and licentious as the doctrine of God’s universal goodness, mercy, and salvation . 55 The situation at Fredericktown a few years earlier is described in a letter signed by William M. Allen: Much excitement prevails in our county among reli¬ gionists. The w T hole camp of orthodoxy appears much alarmed at the rapid strides of Universalism. Scarcely a Limitarian priest can speak, or give an exhortation, without fighting the doctrine of God’s impartial grace. “What is to be done?” says one. “Oh I don’t know brother, but we must do something —I trink we had better get Mr. H. or some one to debate with this Davis, and then all will be convinced that he is wrong.” “I fear not brother; I think this will only agitate the ques¬ tion more and more, and the less we agitate it the better; 62 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO but what is best to do, I know not.” This is a fair sample of the colloquies a bystander may hear through the county . 56 At about the same time Eaton was having its excite¬ ment : There has been a seven days’ meeting recently got up in this vicinity by the Presbyterians, for the express purpose of converting the poor Univer sadists of this place. Great efforts were made by the divines on that occasion to effect a revival, as they term it. That revivals (in the orthodox sense of the term) have ever yet in any one instance terminated with good, is for me to learn. It must be well known to the world that children are not calculated to repel the attacks made upon them by a professed minister of the Gospel, who comes down upon them with the shafts of vengeance. By taking such advantages and resorting to other means equally undue, they have frightened and brought over to their hell-fire system, three or four children. I at¬ tended church quite steadily through most of the meet¬ ing; and I must say that there was not a sermon preached that represented God as a good being; but on the contrary, he has invariably been pictured as the most malicious, partial and unjust being imaginable. Hell was uncapped, the miseries of the damned set forth to view, God’s vengeance invoked, &c., &c . 57 Sometimes the conflict took a form which was not only ethically questionable, but illegal as well. As late as 1889 Rev. J. F. Rice was attacked by a small mob in a private home at Clyde. An incident which occurred about 1835 is also typical: UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 63 When the Convention was adjourned to Ashland, it was expected that the Methodist meeting-house would be obtained for our accommodation, as the Universalists had contributed considerable to its erection, with the express stipulation, that it should be free for the occu¬ pancy of any and every denomination of Christians, when not wanted by the Methodists. But lo! when the request was made for its use, for the accommodation of the Convention, it was denied on the ground, that the Universalists were not a denomination of Christians! . . . They undoubtedly thought their denial would pre¬ vent the session of the Convention in the place. But God put it into the heart of Br. Whiting, a citizen of the place, to build, instantaneously, a house, that should answer as a temporary temple of worship . . . and had it in readiness for our reception on our arrival . 58 Again the aid of the law would be invoked by one side or the other. The first of the following illustra¬ tions of such action is found in a letter written by a resident of Raymond, Union county, in 1843, and the second is reported by Kidwell as having happened in 1830: A circumstance has recently occurred with our Meth¬ odist brethren here, which I will mention. Rev. Mr. Pryer, one of their circuit preachers, when last here, lectured on the second coming of Christ, (he is a Miller- ite by the way) when Mr. Griffen, a very respectable and intelligent gentleman of this place, had the audacity to take notes while he was preaching! This so frus¬ trated the reverend gentleman that he commanded him to desist, alleging that it disturbed him, &c. Mr. Grif- fen, believing in “free discussion,” and, I suppose, 64 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO thought that any man who is conscious of preaching the truth, ought not to be disturbed by what is common practice the world over, continued to use his pencil and note down the heads of Mr. Pryer’s discourse. Well, the reverend gentleman was so exasperated that, on his return to Richwood, he gets out a warrant for Mr. Griffen, and takes him 13 miles from home before Esquire Haines, a good Methodist brother, who fined him $10 and costs of suit, although Mr. Griffen plead ‘‘not guilty,” and established his plea; and that, too, by their own Methodist brethren who testified that “there was no disturbance except what the Rev. Mr. P. made himself.!” But “the end is not yet.” Mr. Griffen has taken a transcript from the esquire’s docket, which is to be laid before our Court of Common Pleas at its next session on the 18th inst. This much for the lib¬ erality of our opposing brethren here. 59 Two or three years ago, the senior editor of this paper preached in Sydney, Shelby county, Ohio, to a large and respectable congregation; among which was a Meth¬ odist and a Presbyterian clergyman. Each of these clergymen took the liberty to contradict the speaker in time of preaching: The speaker observed, “If the gentlemen will use good manners, when I have gone through with my remarks, they shall have the liberty of replying.” After some time these reverend gentle¬ men became quiet. . . . Next morning a warrant was issued against the two clergymen, on the complaint of some of the citizens of Sydney, and their reverences were brought before Esquire F., a Universalist. The Methodist clergyman took a change of venue, on the ground that Esquire F. was a Universalist, and he did not believe that they could have a fair trial. The case was taken before a Justice of the Peace, who was a Methodist. The evi¬ dence was produced, and the Justice very deliberately read the statute imposing pains and penalties on any UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 65 person who should interrupt a congregation of any re¬ ligious denomination, in the time of worship. ‘‘Stop, brother/’ cried the Methodist clergyman. “We did not consider them in the light of worshippers—but we con¬ sidered the meeting last night in the light of a ball."' “Well, brother/’ said the Methodist Justice, “if you con¬ sidered it in the light of a ball, what business had you there?” The honest Methodist Justice decreed that their rev¬ erences pay a fine of five dollars each, and the cost of prosecution. The Methodist clergyman being a man in very limited circumstances, the money was raised by the Universalists of Sydney, and the fine^and cost discharged. The Presbyterian clergyman having a better salary, was left to the mercy of his church, or to pay it up by peddling tracts or preaching funeral sermons. But so it was, the editor never was inter¬ rupted in Sydney afterwards. 60 The attitude of Universalists toward the message of the other sects is well presented in these lines writ¬ ten by J. H. K. of Sheshequin, Pennsylvania, in i832: 60a He stood by the altar, a being of gloom, With a visage as wan as a ghost from the tomb, And he lifted his voice, as a messenger sent To make the unsanctified sinner repent. But what were his words? Were they such as were spoken ’Mid the wilds of Judea, when fetters were broken; When the poor burdened soul burst its shackles of fear, And rejoiced that the kingdom of heaven drew near? 66 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Did he preach to his people the Gospel of peace; The message which causes the mourner to cease? Did he melt the proud heart with the language of love, With the spirit that breathes from the Changeless above? Ah no—nothing like it! From Sinai’s scathed height He had snatched the last phial of wrath, in his might; And he hurled forth its contents of vengeance and ire, Till he made every hope of the wretched expire! He heaped o’er each vision thick clouds of despair. Till the frozen heart sunk with its half uttered prayer; And then, like Morkanna, he turned him and laughed When he saw that his victims the poison had quaffed! Ye—ye, who have listened to preaching like this Till ye hung (as it were) o’er the pictured abyss, Did it never occur, that ye possibly might Have been led by a preacher deprived of his sight? Come away—come away from the Samiel’s breath, It bears on its pinions the arrows of death! It will wreathe for your future a chaplet of care, ’Tis the whirl of the tempest—the Lord is not there! Come away! for as well might ye stand on the verge Of Etna’s red crater, unharmed by its surge; Or as well might you drain the fell dews which distil From the dark Upas tree, unattended with ill. Come away to the beautiful gardens that lie All smiling and bright, ’neath a soft vernal sky— To the fair promised land where the waters of life Glide smoothly along, unembittered by strife. UNIVERSALISTS AND OTHER SECTS 67 Peace dwells in its border—the penitent one, Tho’ crimsoned his hands with the deeds they have done, May find a sure refuge, from guilt and despair, ’Neath the banner of Truth, for Jehovah is there. CHAPTER VIII THE EXTENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF UNIVERSALISM ABOUT 1840 Early Universalism in Ohio was a propaganda rather than an organization. Its disciples went out to preach their conception of the Gospel and were com¬ paratively indifferent to the disturbing cares and prob¬ lems of modern church life. Fortunately George Rogers has given us, in the rambling account of his life, a concise summary of the condition of the denom¬ ination in the state about 1834: Little, comparatively, or to little visible effect, had been accomplished for Universalism in the West, at the period of my first acquaintance with it in 1834. The number of our preachers west of the Alleghenies, who gave themselves wholly to our work, did not exceed half a dozen. Of those, William H. Jolly, and N. Wardsworth, have long since gone to their rest. Asher A. Davis has removed to another field of labor; and but T. Strong, A. Sweet, E. Beals, and A. Bond, remain. Jonathan Kidwell had, aforetime, labored extensively in Ohio, and parts of Indiana; but the influence of years was upon him, and he had well nigh ceased from active labors. E. B. Mann, also, had journeyed over a wide portion of the West, and had scattered, broad- 68 THE EXTENT AND SIGNIFICANCE 69 cast, our publications of various kinds, and he yet con¬ tinues to achieve undoubted good in that path of labor. Of meeting-houses, owned wholly by Universalists, there were but three in the whole West, and they were all in Ohio. A fourth was erected at Belpre the summer following my first western visit. A fifth was built at Perrysburg on the Maumee River. . . . But the feeble showing which our cause made in the way of churches and ministers, was far from being its most discouraging aspect. There was also an almost total absence of organization in the West, and a prev¬ alent reluctance, on the part of persons professing our faith, to come into any kind of ecclesiastical order. The consequence was, that our people were' scattered like sheep without folds or shepherds. The country, however, was comparatively new, its civil and social state did not present the regularity and order which older communities are apt to exhibit. Moreover . . . much of the Universalist preaching in the West had been by men who were latitudinarian in their views of church government: they denounced the paying of min¬ isters, the forming of churches, the adopting of creeds, the coming, as they termed it, “under ecclesiastical trammels of any sort.” Well, the result was—what every body experienced in these matters is prepared to be told it was—one preacher after another was starved out of the field; some three or four others withdrew from us with disgust, and attached themselves to the Reformers. Scarcely any societies were formed, or meeting-houses erected, or unity of action to any useful ends effected; and the whole struggle for gospel truth, as we view it, would probably have been in time abandoned, but that the above-named devoted men, with the aid of here and there an active and influential lay¬ men, labored hard to keep the languishing flame from extinguishment. Such was the condition of Universalism in the west 70 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO in 1834. There were then within the boundaries of the Miami and Ballou Associations, comprising Cincinnati, and thence northeasterly to Chillicothe, not a single meeting-house, nor a single preacher. A pork-house in Montgomery was the place of meeting of the former at the time of its formation. No building more re¬ spectable could be obtained from the courtesy or the Christian kindness of the citizens of that village. 61 The above statement of affairs was written about 1848 by one who had been active in transforming the conditions described. Others viewing the same de¬ velopments were inclined to look back to the earlier years as exhibiting, after all, more desirable qualities of church life. Here is contrast between the churches of 1812 and those of 1848: Plain pulpit—clerk’s desk underneath, rows of benches with straps for the back. A plain looking sexton with a bunch of keys at his belt. Congregation rich and poor —no distinction or partition. They assembled together for one object—to worship their God. Their minister was a lowly follower of Christ. . . . Splendidly covered pulpit—a large orchestra, composed of twenty-five sing¬ ers, the principal ones paid by the year. The floor carpeted—silver spittoons, richly bound books. Chande¬ liers, of the most exquisite workmanship, suspended from the ceiling, and superb lamps or gas pipes fastened to the carved pillars. The minister perfumed with the otto (sic) of roses and to all appearances a man of the world. Bible covered with red morocco, gilt edges and letters. 62 Such statements as these, however, whether in praise THE EXTENT AND SIGNIFICANCE 71 of the present or of the past, do not suggest to us the extent of Universalist thought nor the significance of the movement in the lives of those who were touched by its message. It so happens that an Ohio historian, William A. Venable, was one of those who felt this influence. In his book, “A Buckeye Bcyyhood,” he has given a personal, sympathetic, and yet critical account of the inner meaning of the larger faith. When one multiplies this case by the hundreds or thousands of individuals whose experiences were similar, the sig¬ nificance of Ohio Universalism is more easily com¬ prehended. He relates that his mother was originally a Pres¬ byterian but had become a liberal, while his father had forfeited his Quaker birthright by his marriage. There were only two churches in town, the Baptist and Methodist, neither of which attracted his parents. Though without church connection, it is not to be inferred that they were indifferent to creeds or destitute of religious convictions;—on the contrary, their minds were engrossed with theology and religion, not only on their own account, but for the sake of their chil¬ dren, two sons and three daughters. The mother felt that it was a reproach to her that she did not “belong” to some accredited religious society. The recorder of these notes remembers hearing her tell of the mortifi¬ cation she once suffered in a public meeting, by the audacious evangelist Lorenzo Dow, who exhorted her to make profession of faith in the Lord. . . . These (Jewish) peddlers always found a meal and a bed at the house of the farmer, who, somewhat to his annoyance, was now and again accused of giving 72 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO countenance and harbor to “publicans and sinners/’ for, indeed, he confessed that he could never quite separate his sympathies from his antipathies, but was always find¬ ing good in bad, and, alas, a trace of bad in the choicest good, under whatever label it came to him. . . . The boy was brought up in conformity with Pres¬ byterian traditions modified by the plain and direct simplicity of the teachings of William Penn. He was taught to say his prayers, to read the Bible, and to remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy in a certain perfunctory manner. There was no Sunday School for him to enter, but he was permitted and encouraged, though not urged, to attend whatever religious service was accessible to him. Any form of worship was re¬ garded as better than none. It may well be doubted whether so much religious liberty was a blessing or a bane, in his case, considering that he was keenly alive to exciting influences, and that to his susceptible mind an admonition of spiritual duty, a half-comprehended sermon, or even a threatening phrase of Scripture often brought painful disturbances. . . . He was, as he conceived, unquestionably a sinner, —the chief of sinners;—he had every symptom of total depravity. He was one of those whom he had heard described from the pulpit, as being “hair-hung and breeze shaken” over the mouth of the bottomless pit. The worst of his misery was that he could do nothing to avert his doom, however correct and virtuous his outward behavior, for, as his Baptist aunt told him, by grace and not by good thoughts or good deeds he must be saved, if saved. Yes he was lost. John Bunyan, in his darkest hour, never waded in such blackness as surrounded this lonesome farm-boy’s spirit. The fear of hell gat hold on him, the wrath of God pursued him. . . . He sought help from parents, and thinking it neces¬ sary to “believe,” he said to his mother. THE EXTENT AND SIGNIFICANCE 73 “You and father are good, but you are Universalists, and some of our neighbors think we are unbelievers. We must change our hearts, we must be born again . . .” He tried to get converted at a revival. The prayers and hymns touched him, but the confused arguments and extreme emotionalism repelled. The natural law of attraction and repulsion acts and reacts, to multiply denominations. It is not surprising, therefore, that in a community such as that described, where the two organized church societies put so much stress upon the fear of Cod and His wrath as a negative incentive to “getting religion,” that there should be de¬ veloped an opposing principle which placed great em¬ phasis on the love of Cod. How natural, almost inevi¬ table, that Orthodoxy should beget Heterodoxy. The reactionary movement in the theology of the neighbor¬ hood originated among a few Universalists .... Perhaps the leading spirits in the reactionary move¬ ment in the Ridgeville neighborhood were the ex-Quaker farmer and his ex-Presbyterian wife, father and mother of the unhappy youth who was always seeking the true faith, always under conviction, never convertible. As it was necessary to procure, in advance, subscriptions to provide for building a suitable house of worship for the protesters, a society was formed, and the task of drafting a constitution was delegated to Tip’s father. According to this document, the purpose of the founders of the new organization was to provide a place of con¬ gregation, and a kind of public religious instruction that would prove efficacious in advancing the intellectual and social, as well as the moral and spiritual, progress of those who might avail themselves of the opportunity which it offered. In order to prevent misunderstanding in regard to the function of the church edifice, the following clause was inserted in the constitution: “Now be it distinctly understood that said house shall always 74 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO be open and free for all kind 9 of religious meetings and for other purposes . . ." Some of the favorite texts were: “God is love"; “As in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive’'; “He shall wipe away tears from all faces"; “Ye believe in God, believe also in me"; “When thy father and thy mother forsake thee, then the Lord will take thee up." Each service was a love feast; the in¬ tensity, the fervor, the spiritual rapture, which accom¬ panied the ordinary meetings in the new church, were unexpected phenomena which elicited general remark. Such ecstasy was supposed to belong exclusively to Methodism. Whatever might be the criticism advanced to the liberal theology, no one accused the Universalists of any lack of devotion, or of any disposition to scoff. But there was much doctrinal preaching, much pro¬ test, much challenge, much debate. People took an absorbing interest in textual elucidation and proof, and there was much quibbling as to the original meaning of Hebrew and Greek words variously rendered in translation. . . . To the boy the mental and spiritual activities in¬ augurated by the new society in its relation to the older ones afforded a kind of Renaissance and Reformation, including a Revival of Learning, for he became so much interested in the discussions he daily heard, that his personal afflictions of soul were partially forgotten in the healthy business of observing what others were thinking, saying, and doing. 63 CHAPTER IX HOW UNI VERS ALI STS ORGANIZED The tendency among early Universalists, as George Rogers pointed out, was to neglect organization. However this does not mean that organizations were not formed, for in Ohio organized Universalism is about as old as the message itself. But these earlier organizations were frequently unstable and temporary, and even when they were permanent transacted little business other than hiring a preacher once a year. In New England the custom was for religious bodies to embrace a dual organization—a Society, which at¬ tended to legal and business affairs, and a Church, which concerned itself only with spiritual matters. Such was the usual form of Universalist bodies in that section, but in Ohio no uniform plan w T as followed. The earlier groups often took the name of Society. Sometimes both Society and Church are mentioned. And in a few cases one Society w r ould include two or more Churches. Gradually, however, Churches and Societies became identical and the dual form disap¬ peared, the resultant organization retaining the name of Church. At first it was common for a Society to 75 76 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO designate its location by the name of the county or by that of one or more townships. As village and city life became more prominent these names were sub¬ stituted. The early Societies and Churches, with the excep¬ tion of a few of the cities, rarely had preaching more frequently than one Sunday a month. As population and wealth increased, the more progressive communi¬ ties ventured to have sendees two Sundavs a month. j Only in quite recent years have the rural or semi-rural churches attempted regular weekly services. On the other hand the Churches that boasted any strength at all have usually filled in the pastorless Sundays with meetings of some sort. In the earlier days perhaps a competent layman would lead a discussion or prayer sendee. In later times the Sunday School has served to call the people together every week. Two examples from local church history will illus¬ trate the conditions found all over the state. The first is Eldorado; the second, Belpre: Jonathan Kidwell was the earliest preacher of Uni- versalism in this part of Ohio, so far as I know. This was the voice of one crying out of the wilderness. He spake as one having authority. He was clothed as simply as one of the old prophets—a red flannel roundabout and jean trousers in winter and home-made linen in summer. The people heard him, but only a few heard him gladly. Among the few was Daniel Dislier. He gave the message to his good wife, Hannah Disher, and she was anxious to hear the message that had so HOW UNIVERSALISTS ORGANIZED 77 charmed her husband. The next appearance of the prophet was eight miles from the Disher home. Mr. Disher took his wife behind him on horseback and through the almost unbroken forest found the place of meeting. She heard the good news gladly. They re¬ turned to their home with the great desire that others should share with them the blessed hope of the world’s salvation. This was the beginning of the movement resulting in the organization of the Church in 1849. W. Y. Emmet and Henry Gifford were in the field and in their missionary tours always found a hearty welcome at the home of Father Disher. In summer, meetings were held in the barns; in winter, in the houses. 29 Sometime in April, 1823, five persons, viz.: Wm. Pitt Putnam, Oliver Rice Loring, Bial Stedman, Mrs. Mary Blizzard, Mrs. Katherine Rathbone, consulting together, agreed to give notice for a meeting to be called for the purpose of organizing a Universalist Church. Said notice was given and in May, 1823, a meeting was held ... in the Brick School House at Center Belpre, Ohio. The schoolhouse was situated about one mile west of the present church. The present home of Will W. Watson and family is very close to the site of the old schoolhouse. . . . We find the following minutes of this called meeting in the First Book of Records of this church, which we take pleasure in giv¬ ing in full. “'Previous notice having been given, a number of the citizens, professors of the Gospel of Jesus as taught by himself and his immediate followers, the Apostles: Assembled in the Brick School House: and organized themselves into a meeting by appointing: Daniel Lor¬ ing, chairman and Wm. Pitt Putnam, clerk. After some discussion and a free interchange of feelings and senti¬ ment it was Resolved: That, We form ourselves into a social religious com¬ pact. 78 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO That, We take the name of the First Universalist Society of Belpre. That, a Committee be appointed to draft a Constitu¬ tion or Articles of Association, etc., for the adoption of this Society, to be presented at their next meeting. That, the committee consist of three. That, Daniel Loring, O. R. Loring, and Wm. Pitt Putnam be a committee. That, this meeting adjourn to meet at this place by permission of Divine Providence, whenever the Com¬ mittee shall be prepared; of which they shall give noticed With what diligence this committee labored or with what obstacles they may have met and overcome is not known, but the report made by them was adopted Janu¬ ary 17, 1824. At a subsequent meeting of this society (the date of which is not given) it was Resolved: That, when the society does not have preaching, they meet on the Sabbath and have what is denominated Reading Meetings. R. Gridley was appointed leader of these meetings. The Society had had occasional preaching from Elder Asa Stearns of Athens county and Matthias Croy of Gallia county. So the early mem¬ bers did not “forsake the assembling of themselves to¬ gether” and reading meetings were continued long after the passing of this resolution. In November of 1826 Eliphalet Case, Jr., of New Plampshire came and preached to the Society on Thanks¬ giving day. He was employed to teach the school and to preach every other Sabbath for six months. The following Preamble, Profession of Faith, and Articles of Association were adopted in 1824 as pre¬ sented by the committee: HOW UNIVERSALISTS ORGANIZED 79 PREAMBLE As Believers in the sublime doctrines of Christianity and also with a view to extend those benign principles which teach mankind to love God with the whole heart and their neighbor as themselves and with gratitude to our Heavenly Father that we are permitted to worship Him according to the dictates of our own consciences, looking for His assistance to guide and direct us into all truth, Therefore, we the undersigned, do hereby agree to form ourselves, into a religious compact under the name of The First Universalist Society of Belpre. Professing to believe in the Gospel preached to Abra¬ ham and the better to accomplish the same, we do volun¬ tarily subscribe our names to the following articles of belief. PROFESSION OF BELIEF Article ist. We believe that in the Old and New Testament is contained a Revelation of the character of God and of the duty, interest, and final destination of man. Article 2d. We believe there is one God, whose nature is love, as revealed in our Lord Jesus Christ, by the Holy Spirit of Grace who will finally restore the whole human family to holiness and happiness. Article 3D. We believe that holiness and happiness are inseparably connected and that believers ought to maintain order, practice good works and not forsake assembling themselves together but constantly attend on the ministrations of the word in all of which duties there is great reward. 80 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO EXTRACTS FROM ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION Article 4TH. Any person may become a member of this Society by manifesting a wish to live a quiet and peaceable life, at the same time endeavoring as much as possible to live with all men by ‘‘doing unto others as they would that others should do unto them” and pay¬ ing particular attention to their moral character. The committee is required to examine anyone offering to become a member by putting such questions as they may think proper and reporting to the Society, and if two- thirds of the members present be in favor the applicant shall be admitted. Article 5TH. Should any member be overtaken with a fault it shall be the duty of a brother or sister, as the case may be, becoming acquainted with the fact to proceed with the offender in the form and manner prescribed by our Saviour in Matthew XVIII: 15, 16, 17. Article 6th. If any member shall express a wish to withdraw from the Society, let their reasons be what they may, they shall have liberty to depart in peace. The following Resolved, That the committee circulate a subscription for the purpose of raising funds for the payment of preaching and that we invite Elder Asa Stearns to preach for the laity whenever he can make it convenient and that he be paid for the same out of the funds raised by subscription. 64 I The next type of organization to appear was the Association, a representative body composed of elected delegates from the Churches and Societies within its jurisdiction, and usually including several counties within its boundaries. The Associations met regularly HOW UNIVERSALISTS ORGANIZED 81 once a year, and sometimes arranged for additional quarterly or semi-annual conferences. The sessions afforded those from the weaker churches an oppor¬ tunity for a feast of preaching by the several ministers in attendance, and were also factors of considerable importance in the social life of the surrounding coun¬ tryside. Many of the preachers were from a distance, and broadened the horizon of their listeners by infus¬ ing the atmosphere of different localities. The interest developed at such a gathering is suggested in an ac¬ count of a meeting at Woodstock in 1844, at which the church was filled and “some standing outside by the windows, with umbrellas over their heads to pro¬ tect them from the rain which was pouring down.” G3 The fame of these occasions spread beyond the bord¬ ers of the state. It takes our Ohio friends to get up mass meetings— they think nothing of gathering fifteen hundred, two thousand, and sometimes three thousand at the meeting of an Association. 66 The session of the Western Union Association at Centerville in 1830 was reported to be attended by a thousand people. Although there were two church buildings in town, neither was available, and the services were held in an open field with the “most profound order.’ 7 In contrast to these large numbers, the legally chosen delegates, entitled to vote, were comparatively 82 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO few, sometimes not more than a dozen. But often the privileges of the floor, and sometimes the priv¬ ileges of the vote were extended to all who cared to attend the business sessions. The chief responsibilities of the council of delegates were concerned with the licensing, fellowshiping, ordaining, and disciplining of ministers, and the fellowshiping and disciplining of churches. No case of the disciplining of a church is on record; and churches that asked for fellowship were always granted it. Ministers were more cau¬ tiously treated. As each Association was a law unto itself in these matters, much confusion arose. Con¬ sequently about 1865 tta powers of fellowship, ordination, and discipline were removed from the Associations and placed in the control of the state Convention. This arrangement proved unsatisfactory to many, who believed that this weakening of the Associations has been injurious to the denomination. With the passing of legal powers, with the growing ability of the churches to hear preaching at home in¬ stead of having to journey to an Association to gain this privilege, and with the increase of other oppor¬ tunities for social intercourse, the importance of the Associations has waned. Their sessions have largely become program and discussion meetings. Some of them are dead or dormant, but, on the other hand, some continue to exhibit much of the old-time vigor. Following is a list of the Associations of the state, showing the dates of organization as nearly as they HOW UNIVERSALISTS ORGANIZED 83 can be determined. Their boundaries are roughly indicated on the accompanying maps. 1821 Northern 1821 Richland 1821 Central c. 1821 Western Union 1832 Western Reserve 1833 Washington 1835 Miami 1835 Murray 1840 Huron 1842 Montgomery 1842 Scioto 1843 Winchester 1844 Ballou 1845 Gallia 1846 Maumee i860 Northwestern c. i860 Tuscarawas 1901 Sawyer Highland The Central was also called the Middle Ohio. Samuel Tizzard lists two of a similar name in 1832 —the Central and the Central Ohio. By one of these he may have intended to designate the Richland As¬ sociation. The Northern disappeared after 1826 and the Western Reserve replaced it. The Northwestern is sometimes spoken of as the Northern, but is not to be confused with the earlier of the same name. The Maumee was composed of churches on the lower Maumee River; it united with the Huron about 1848. The Tuscarwarus was a short-lived organization. The 84 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Western Union originally included parts of Ohio and Indiana; after about 1835 it was confined to Indiana. Uncertain dates in the above list are marked with c. A sketch of the Western Reserve Association will serve as a typical example of the life of an Association. It was organized at Newbury on September 9, 1832, voting that “we consider ourselves an independent body, capacitated to regulate ourselves from time to time as we see fit.” From that date to 1913, sessions were held nearly every year, with quarterly confer¬ ences during a large part of the period. At the first session it was resolved that “we take the Bible for our Constitution, and make it the rule of our conduct.” But in 1834 this vote was apparently forgotten and a formal constitution adopted, the pre¬ amble of which ran as follows: Believing in the divine reality of the Christian Re¬ ligion, and the utility, importance, and necessity of the promulgation of its sacred truths; for the moral re¬ formation and salvation of the world: and seeing the necessity of establishing suitable order to promote mutual cooperation and concentrate our energies for the accomplishing of any desirable object; We, the Dele¬ gates and Representatives of the several Churches, and Societies, on the Western Reserve in the state of Ohio, assembled in annual convocation, in the town of Olm- stead, County of Cuyahoga, on the 31st day of May, 1834, do adopt the following constitution: Article VI. Provided that the only heresy should be the “denial of the authenticity of the Scriptures HOW UNIVERSALISTS ORGANIZED 85 of the Old and New Testaments/' New constitutions were adopted from time to time, but the changes were of minor importance. The tendency toward central¬ ization, shown in the transference of ecclesiastical powers to the Convention, was accompanied by a tendency toward democracy. At first only three dele¬ gates were permitted from each Society, then four, then five, and finally an unlimited number. Some of the sessions were held in buildings of other denominations. The Methodist churches at Geneva, Windsor, Parkman, and Kent and the Congregational church at Andover are mentioned as friendly hosts. The business transacted from year to year makes rather a fragmentary tale. Only one case of minis¬ terial disfellowship is recorded. Various plans were proposed for increasing denominational efficiency; of these may be mentioned itinerant preaching, more regard for the organization of Churches and Societies, and for the maintenance of ministerial discipline, more regularity in holding services of worship, the organization of the Home Missionary Society of the Western Reserve, the promotion of Sabbath Schools, holding of services by laymen when ministers were not available, and a “campaign of reawakening.” Fre¬ quent action was taken on educational matters, com¬ mending seminaries and later contributing to the or¬ ganization and financing of Buchtel College. There are the usual resolutions upon subjects of general interest. 86 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO The Spiritualist movement depleted the membership of some of the churches about 1856 and the standing clerk of that year informs us that “the blighting influ¬ ence of infidel philosophy is visible on every hand. ,, During the last fifty years of the Association the dominant figure was that of Rev. Andrew Willson. As long as he lived the annual meetings were regularly held, but shortly after his death the lack of interest and attendance brought about a vote to discontinue the sessions. The stories of the other Associations differ of course in detail, but in the main the course of events in all is similar. The final step in organization was the formation of a representative body composed of delegates from the various Associations. At first this was known as the General Convention of the Western States and later as the Ohio State Convention. These organizations, and the subordinate state organizations formed under their auspices, will be discussed in sub¬ sequent chapters. CHAPTER X THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF THE WESTERN STATES The parent of the Ohio Universalist Convention was a more inclusive body designed to embrace all Associations and Societies west of New York and Pennsylvania^ The object was stated to be “to form a combination of general interest, for the purpose of extending a liberal gospel throughout the west, by uniting our energies and influence.” It was composed “of ministering and lay brethren, who are known to support a good moral character, either by personal acquaintance or by recommendations from persons with whom this Convention is acquainted.” Each Association in the western states was entitled to rep¬ resentation; if no Association existed in a given local¬ ity five brethren could appoint one or more delegates. Following is a copy of the minutes of the first session: Minutes of the proceedings of the Convention, held at Jacksonburgh, Butler County, Ohio, on Friday, Sat¬ urday, and Sunday, the 24th, 25th, and 26th days of November 1826, by the Brethren professing the Abra- hamic faith. 87 88 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Appointed Br. Wm. D. JONES, Moderator, and Br. FINDLEY MOORE, Clerk. The circular letter from the Brethren of the Middle Ohio Association, convened at Franklinton, Franklin county, Ohio, was read. Appointed Br. J. Kidwell and Br. Joseph Rabb, a com¬ mittee to meet with the brethren of like precious faith, at their next convention, to be held in the town of Chillicothe, Ohio, in September next, to solicit a corre¬ spondence, and request their attendance at our next con¬ vention. Resolved, That our next Convention be held at the Union Meeting House, two miles east of Franklin, and eight miles west of Lebanon, Warren County, Ohio, commencing on the Friday preceding the second Sab¬ bath in October next, and to continue three days. Resolved, That Br. S. Tizzard and Br. D. D. Hall, be appointed a committee to draft a Circular Letter. Friday, N.ov. 24.—Forenoon Service. Sermon by Br. James Aired—Luke ii. 10, --07 / 0 /o 3 0 These figures are not intended to show facts with mathematical accuracy. It is obviously impossible to tell just when a church dies. But they do suggest 140 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO certain facts. From 1817 to about 1850 the number of Universalist organizations increased rapidly, but many of these were of short life and few have sur¬ vived until the present. After the close of the Civil War many new churches were organized, many old ones long dormant were revived, and these were, on the whole, more permanent. The total number of church organizations has been steadily declining since about 1880. If these facts seem discouraging to some, it should be remembered that they are probably com¬ parable to those of other denominations 78 and that they have been accompanied by an immeasurable but nevertheless certain growth in efficient organization, stability, and wealth. 1. Akron. Services were held as early as 1835, and within two years the society had become quite active with Freeman Loring as pastor. Largely through the generosity of Dr. Crosby, a layman, a stone church, “one of the finest structures in the State at that time,” was built at a cost of $5000, and dedicated in November, 1838. The one society included both Akron and Middlebury, and was fellowshipped (W. R.) in 1840. For some reason, apparently indebtedness, the church became dormant for a number of years, but it was reorganized in 1872, and dedicated a new building in 1879, since which time it has been continuously active. 77 2. Adrian. A church once existed here, but had become dor¬ mant before 1889. The building was sold in 1901. 3. Alcony. See Miami City. 4. Alder Chapel. Meetings were held in the school house at West Jefferson as early as 1837; then in Foster Chapel (Method¬ ist). Organized and fellowshipped (Win) in i860 as the First Universalist Church of Jefferson Township, and soon after BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 141 erected a building between West Jefferson and Plain City. Re¬ organized in the ’ 70 s. Dormant in recent years. 5. Amelia. Occupied “Republican” union meeting-house for several years. Fellowshipped (Miami) 1837, and (Ballou) about 1846. 6. Ames(ville). Organized before 1847. 7. Amity. Location unknown, but organization existed some¬ time previous to 1880. 8. Andover. Fellowshipped (W. R.) 1843. Transferred to Lake Erie Association of Pennsylvania 1850, and then refellow- shipped (W. R.) two years later. 9. Ashley. Organized about 1856. 10. Ashtabula. Organized about 1839. 11. Ashville. Erected a building about 1859. 12. Athens. Organized 1836. 13. Attica. Building erected in i860. Erected a new building 1904. 14. Auburn. Delegates from this place are listed at the W. R. association about 1880. 15. Aurora. Organized about 1822. 16. Austinburg. See Geneva. 17. Austintown. Organized about 1822. 18. Bainbridge. Organized in 1877 and met for some time in the town hall. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1878. Dormant since about 1890. The building was sold about 1905. 19. Baker’s Settlement. Said to be near Oxford. Erected a building 1842. 20. Barlow. Organized before 1847. Cooperated in erection of union building 1867, in which year it was fellowshipped (Conv.) 21. Batavia. Organized 1838. 22. Baxter’s. Organization and building about 1843. 23. Beaver. Organized 1847. 142 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 24. Bedford. Organized before 1847. 25. Beech. Organized about 1875. 26. Belleville. Erected a building 1851, which was replaced by another dedicated in 1897. 27. Bellebrook. Said to be located four miles east of Troy and is probably to be identified with Casstown, q.v. 28. Belpre. Organized 1823. See Chapter IX. This church has been called “The old hive” on account of its long period of activity, and also “The mother church” since from its member¬ ship are said to have come the nuclei for the organizations at Newbury, Dunham, Barlow, Fairfield as well as some in Illinois. Its first building was erected in 1832 and a more modern structure in 1912. Among the pastors have been Sweet, Jolly, Sage, Gurley, Biddlecome, Flanders, Weaver, Eaton, Crowe, Edwards, Mc- master, Morris, Druley, and others. 29. Belpre 2nd. See Little Hocking. 30. Bennet’s Corner. Organized about 1851. 31. Berkshire and Sunetjry. Organized 1836. 32. Berlin. Organized before 1836. 33. Berne. Also called Big Run, and Spruce Run. Organized before 1847; reorganized i860 and 1879. Erected a building 1880, but the society became dormant about 1908 and in 1916 the building was sold. 34. Bethel, Clark Co. Organized 1843 as the society of Bethel and German Townships. Cooperated in a union building 1846. Soon became dormant. 35. Bethel, Clermont Co. Organized about 1840. Supplied by Cincinnati preachers. Erected a building. 36. Beverly. First preaching by Flanders in a schoolhouse about 1841. Erected a building 1843 and organized 1844. Re- organized 1880. Dormant 1886. 37. Beebe. See Frost. 38. Bissell. Organized and erected a building about 1879. 39. Blanchester. Organized about 1854. Erected a building 1893. BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 143 40. Blue Creek. Organized about 1853. 41. Bracevtlle. See Newton. 42. Bradford. Organized about 1856. 43. Briar Hill. Organized about 1870. 44. Bridgewater. Organized about 1870. 45. Brimfield. Many of the early settlers of this town were Universalists. The first preacher whom they secured was Timothy Bigelow in 1820. Other visitors were E. Williams, A. Raynor, F. Loring, S. A. Davis, who preached occasionally in schoolhouses and homes. The first building was erected in 1839, but was destroyed by fire in 1866. It was rebuilt in 1868. Among the list of ministers are J. Whitney, G. Messinger, N. Doolittle, J. Palmer, C. Shipman, G. Emerson, S. Carlton, H. Canfield, Bacon, and A. Wilson, most of whom were non¬ residents. 46. Brunersburg. Organized about 1868. 47. Brunswick. Organized about 1853. 48. Bryan. Organized previous to 1889. 49. Buford. Organized about 1856. 50. Bunker Hill. Organized about 1845 and met in the schoolhouse until a building was erected in 1856. Its list of pastors includes Bruce, Curry, Bennett, Brooks, Emmet, Biddle, Brush, Grandy, Tucker, and McLean. It was refellowshipped in 1900. 51. Burton. Organized about 1850. 52. Calais. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1877 and (Wash.) 1878. 53. Caledonia. This organization was included in the Rich¬ land Association in 1846, but became dormant, and the more permanent society was formed in 1867. It met in the Presby¬ terian church until its own building was erected in 1871. This was rededicated in 1903. Its pastors have been Brown, Monroe, Wood (preceding the organization), M. Crosley, Woodberry, Morris, Sage, Evans, Saxon, Lander, B. F. Rice, Lauer, McLean, C. P. Nash, Canfield, Carney, Quackenbush, L. D. Crosley, Carrier, Brainard, Spicer. 144 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 54. Camden. Guthrie preached at Bank Spring, two miles north of Camden, about 1864, and the next year effected an organization in Camden itself. A building was erected in 1869, but the church later became dormant, and it was sold in 1917. Among the early pastors were Polk, W. J. Crosley, Tucker, and Cantwell. 55. Cannonsburg. Erected a building in 1848. 56. Carlisle. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1834 as the society of Carlisle and Eaton. See La Porte. 57. Carthage. Organized about 1831. 27. Casstown. Erected a building 1846 and fellowshipped (Win) the same year. 58. Castalia. See Margaretta. 59. Castine. Erected a building about 1851. 60. Centerfield. Known as the Church of the Redeemer; organized previous to 1870, in which year a building was erected. 61. Centerville. Organized 1826 by New Englanders, many of whom had been Quakers. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1837. Owned a third interest in a union building, 1838. 62. Champaign. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1835 as the society of Champaign and Union Counties. 63. Chardon. Universalists active here as early as 1829. Or¬ ganized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1838. Occasional preaching 1860-1900. 64. Chillicothe. Many Universalists here in 1830. Erected a building in 1844. 65. Cincinnati. Many laymen settled here and were visited by travelling preachers from the east. Eliphalet Case spent four weeks here in the spring of 1827, and about this time the society was organized under the name of Universalians. A lot was purchased and a building erected and dedicated within a few months, said to have a capacity of 1000 persons. No permanent pastor could be obtained however, and some of the members were induced to renounce their faith. Josiah Waldo was installed in 1828 and for a time there was promise of prosperity. After his resignation in 1832 the “indifferent and badly located” building BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 145 was sold and the society became extinct. In 1835 it was reorgan¬ ized by George Rogers with the aid of Rev. George Campbell, a Restoratipnist from Massachusetts. After some difficulties it was decided to purchase the building on Walnut St. between 3rd and 4th, known as the Mechanics Institute for $6600. This was done in 1836 and in the following year extensive repairs were made, equipping the basement for Sunday School purposes. Successful pastorates were aided by unwise evangelistic methods in the orthodox churches, and the work became firmly established. The old building was replaced by a new one in 1842. In that year there were at least four Universalist societies in the city: the “old,” the “new,” organized by Pingree and meeting in a hall on Court and Vine Sts., another which had irregular preach¬ ing by Gurley, and the Restorationists, on Race St. between 5th and Longworth. In addition there had been a German Universal¬ ist church organized in 1838. Sometime previous to 1859 the parent society moved to Plum St. between 4th and 5th. In 1898 another removal took it to Walnut Hills. Following is a complete list of pastors: J. C. Waldo, 1828-32; George Rogers, I 835 _ 3b; William West, 1836-39; J. A. Gurley, 1839-44; A. C. Thomas, 1844-47; Henry Jewell, 1847-51; G. W. Quimby, 1851-54; I. D. Williamson, 1854-57; G. T. Flanders, 1857-61; G. L. Demarest, 1864-65; E. L. Rexford, 1865-69; Willard Spaulding, 1870-72; J. G. Adams, 1872-76; J. M. Bailey, 1877-78; J. H. Hartley, 1879-80; Sumner Ellis, 1880; W. H. Rider, 1882-83; E. F. Pember, 1884-87; E. W. Whitney, 1887-90; Harry L. Canfield, 1891-94; U. S. Milburne, 1894-98; Harry Blackford, 1899-1901; S. G. Ayres; A. B. Beresford. 66. Cincinnati 2nd. A new second church was organized in 1848 and purchased a building at the southwest corner of Sixth and Mound Sts. When the first church moved from Walnut St. the second church bought the property and worshipped there until about 1857, when, by reason of internal dissension the society became defunct and the property was sold to the Unitarians. Its pastors included Hartzell, Peters, Gurley, T. FI. Johnston, Weaver, Chamberlain, W. S. Bacon, and others. 67. Circleville. Organized 1833. 68. Claridon. A church once existed here which had become dormant before 1880. Probably same as E. Claridon. 146 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 69. Clear Creek. Probably Warren Co. The second society in this township was organized about 1848 and erected a building. 70. Cleveland. Frequently visited by traveling preachers in the ’20 and ’30s. In 1846 a partly furnished church belonging to the Methodists was purchased, but it passed to other hands about 1852. An awakening and organization came about 1862 and for a time there was prosperity, but about 1874 one or more “splits” occurred, and by 1880 they were all dead. The present organization was effected in 1891; two years later a chapel was dedicated at Fourth and Willson. The present building is located at Superior and Melbourne. 71. Clinton. Organized and fellowshipped (Cent.) 1830. 72. Clover Lick. Organized about 1845. 73. Clyde. Erected a building about 1852. The church was dormant by 1900, and the building sold in 1901. 74. Coe Ridge. See Olmstead. 75. Cold Spring. Organized about 1850. 76. Columbus. Visited by traveling preachers in the ’30s. More regular services began about 1836 in the Court House. Later used a building at High and Friend Sts. Organized 1844 and in 1846 purchased the German St. Paul Church on the east side of Third between Town and Rich. This was later sold to the Masons and a lot on State St. purchased. A chapel was built in 1884, a church in 1891, and a parsonage in 1889. Since the date of organization the pastors have been Eaton (1845), Doolittle (1845-51), Gaylord (1852-54), Gifford, Upson, Hawes, Nye (1856-59), Gorman (1859-61), Cantwell (1861-65), Bruce (1865-68), Rexford (1869-74), Ralph, Abel, W. M. Jones (1889- 94), Rexford (1894-07), F. B. Bishop, E. V. Stevens, and Chas. Alden. Recently a new church building has been erected on 16th St. 77. Concord. Organized sometime previous to 1847. 78. Conneaut. See Monroe. Apparently organized independ¬ ently of Monroe in 1847. 79. Conover. Organized at Lena, 1868. Moved to Conover and building erected 1871. Early pastors were Guthrie, Moore, Lauer, and Blackford. BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 147 So. Coolville. Organized 1829. Reorganized 1S46. Started to build, but sold out to Congregationalists. 81. Copley. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1845. 82. Coshocton. Organized 1835. Reorganized about 1846. 83. Cuba. Organized November 29, 1868, and erected a build¬ ing in 1870, which was remodeled and supplemented by a parson¬ age in 1894. New building erected in 1909. The pastors have been W. S. Bacon, Tucker, Saxton, Mrs. H. V. Andrews, Richardson, Colegrove, John, Lewis, F. W. Evans, Kellerman, Sara Stoner, H. G. Moore. 84. Darby (Creek) and Union. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1835 and Win.) 1845. See Plain City and also Irwin. 85. Dayton. Organized 1838 and erected a building 1846. Included in Winchester Association until 1854 and then trans¬ ferred to the Montgomery Association. This organization be- ecame dormant, as did a second one whose building was sold about 1S85. A third organization was effected in 1900 and fellowshipped (Win.). It met at first in the Christian Science Church and later in 1907 erected a chapel. It too became dor¬ mant as a result of the flood. 86. Decatur. Organized 1833. Reorganized and fellowshipped (Wash.) i860. 87. Defiance. Organized about 1870. 88. Delhi. Erected a building 1842. Dormant before 1893. 89. Dooley Settlement. See Eaton. 90. Dry Ridge. Organized about 1847. 91. Dunham. Organized from Belpre membership 1845 and met in a schoolhouse. Later it was reunited with Belpre. 92. Dudley. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1877. 56. Eaton. See Carlisle. 89. Eaton. Samuel Tizzard moved here in 1820 and about 1825 Kidwell began coming for regular monthly services. Other early preachers were St. John, Parker, Dodge, and Hawley. Kidwell organized a church in 1827. This became dormant and the present society was formed in 1856 at Dooley Settlement by 148 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Bacon, who had already been preaching there two years. This was known as the Friendship Church. He also preached at Eaton in the Christian Church. The society was reorganized and moved to Eaton in 1872, first using the City Hall. A build¬ ing was dedicated in 1877. The pastors have been Bacon, Guthrie, Dutton, Blackford, Tucker, Lander, Frank Evans, Getchel, Dut¬ ton, L. D. Crosley, Richardson, Yates, Blackford, Guthrie, Conner, B. G. Carpenter, Moorman, Robinson, Henry Black¬ ford, Thompson, M. G., and L. P. Jones, S. L. and J. A. Stoner. 68. East Claridon. Organized 1878. See Claridon. 83. East Fork. Included in Ballou Association about 1846. See Cuba. 93. East Liberty. See Newton. 94. Edwardsville. Erected a building 1837. 95. Eldorado. Organized 1849 at home of Daniel Disher south¬ east of town by Elihu Moore, who had been preaching in this vicinity some years. Erected a building 1850; this was known as the Monroe church and was located south of town. In 1868 a brick building was erected in town. A new building was built in 1909. The pastors have been Moore 1849-55, Emmet, Sweet, Gifford, Guthrie 1864-66, Moore 1867-70, Lauer 1871, Eaton 1872-73, J. H. Blackford 1874-95, Moorman 1896-97, J. H. Black¬ ford 1898-99, Robinson 1900-01, Harry Blackford, 1902-03, S. L. Stoner 1904-17 and also J. A. Stoner 1908-13. 96. Fairfield. Washington Co. Building erected 1867. Re¬ organized 1880. 97. Fairmont. Auglaize Co. Fellowshipped 1889. 98. Farmer’s Station. See Green. 99. Farmington. Organized 1822. 100. Felicity. Organized about 1851. 101. Fearing. Organized 1833. Also a German Universalist congregation here 1836. 102. Fishtown. The building was sold in 1902. 103. Flint. Organized 1871 by Unitarians. BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 149 104. Florence. Organized previous to 1847. 105. Franklin. Organized 1838. 106. Fredericktown. Organized 1829 as the Universalian Library Society of Fredericktown and vicinity. Erected a build¬ ing about 1838. 107. Fredonia. Erected a building about 1834. 108. Freemont. See Lower Sandusky. 89. Friendship. See Eaton. 109. Friendship. Organized about 1848. United with New Madison 1890. 37. Frost. Fellowshipped (Wash.) 1838. Reorganized 1878. no. Gallipolis. Organized 1829. Active 1847. A building was built in i860. It is now the printing office of the “Gallia Times.” in. Gardentown. Union building about 1855. 16. Geneva. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1834 as the society of Geneva, Harpersfield, Austinburgh, and Saybrook. 112. Gorham. Organized about 1868. 113. Goshen. Northwestern Association. Organized about 1870. 114. Goshen, Clermont Co. Organized 1846 and erected a building 1848. Early pastors were Biddlecome, Emmet, Bacon, Polk, Henley, Corwine, Cantwell, and Emery. 98. Green. Perhaps in Clinton Co. Organized 1846 and erected a building 1848. See Farmer’s Sta. 115. Green Creek. Organized about 1847. 116. Greenfield. Organized 1842. 117. Greenville. After services had been held in the Opera House by Carlton and McLean for two years a society was or¬ ganized in 1893 which erected a building in 1895. The pastors have been MacLean, Richardson, L. D. Crosley, Guthrie, M. G. and L. P. Jones, Barrett, Colegrove, Williams, and Rowland. 118. Greenwich. Organized previous to 1846. 150 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 119. Guilford. Organized about 1831. 120. Hamilton. See Rossville. Organized 1836 in the Court House. Erected a building at Front and High Sts., 1852, which was replaced in 1891 by one at Third and Dayton. Erected a parsonage 1892. The list of pastors includes Kidwell, William¬ son, Gurley, Rogers, Quimby, Gaylord, Brooks, Pingree, Brush, Biddlecome, Bacon, Galligher, Gage, Bortle, Linton. 121. Hampton. Organized and fellowshipped (Cent.) 1830. 122. Harford. Also called Stratford. Location unknown. Erected a building about 1856. 123. Harmar. Organized 1839 and maintained an existence for ten years. 124. Harmony. Fellowshipped (Win.) 1846 and cooperated in erection of union building 1847. 125. Harpersfield. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1856 as Harpersfield and Trumble. See also Geneva. 126. Hartford. Organized about 1870. 127. Harrison. Organized about 1856. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1874. 128. Harrod. Fellowshipped 1902 and erected a building 1904. 129. Hase’s Cross Roads. Organized 1835. Location unknown. 130. Havana. Fellowshipped 1881. 131. Hebron. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1842, and cooperated in a union building. 132. Higginsport. Included in Ballou Association, 1846. 133. Hockingport. Organized previous to 1847. 134. Hollansburg. Organized about 1873. 135. Homer. Organized previous to 1847. 136. Houston. Organized about 1844. 137. Huntington. Organized about 1834 and again in 1846. Reorganized 1858 as the United Christian Universalist Church of Rochester and Huntington. Fellowshipped (Mur.) 1858. Erected a building 1877. Pastors have been H. P. Sage, Binns, BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 151 Gifford, W. D. Shipman, Burnell, Danforth, Buckner, Cornelia Andrews, Seaton, J. R. Carpenter, Olin, Austin, L. D. Crosley. 138. Huntsburg. Organized about 1855 and included in Western Reserve Association. 139. Huron. Organized previous to 1847. 140. Indian Hill. Organized about 1848. 84. Irwin. Organized 1863 and fellowshipped (Win.) 1864. See also Darby. 141. Jackson and Johnson, Champaign Co. Included in Winchester Association 1843. See St. Paris. 4. Jefferson. See Alder Chapel. 142. Jefferson. Huron Association. Organized about 1851. 143. Jefferson (ville). Probably Fayette Co. Organized about 1848. 144. Jersey. The first preaching was by Curry in 1824 in the cabin of Michael Beem. Later his barn was used. Organized 1829 and erected a building in 1840. This was replaced by a new structure in 1887. The pastors were Curry, Strong, Jolly i 833 " 37 > Gifford, Binns, Woodrow, Manley, Norton, Jones, Ralph, W r oodbury from about 1855 to 1875, Crary, Yates, Quackenbush, Tucker, Pitkin, Richardson, White, Stirton, John, Colegrove, Thompson, and Leavitt. 145. Kent. Organized by attendants of the Brimfield church in 1866 as the Franklin Universalist Conference. After reor¬ ganization a building was erected in 1868. Its pastors have been Cledhill, Morris, Marsh, Wilson, Canfield, Danforth, Colegrove, Lewis. 146. Kenton. Organized by Eaton and fellowshipped (Conv.) 1876. Worshipped in the Court House and elsewhere. F. S. Rice and Day were pastors. Dormant since 1880. 147. LaGrange. Organized sometime previous to 1849 and erected a building, which was later leased to the Adventists. 56. LaPorte. Erected a building sometime previous to 1847. See Carlisle. 148. Lebanon. Organized about 1872. 152 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 149. Leesburg. Erected a building 1840, much of the lumber for which was furnished by Weber, the first preacher. The movement waned as that at Centerfield grew. 79. Lena. See Conover. 150. Lenox. Organized 1836. 151. Leroy. Organized in 1839 at the Center School House. Building dedicated in 1849. 152. Lewiston. Organized in 1844. Location unknown. 153. Lewistown. Included in Winchester Association 1846. 154. Lexington. Organized 1831 and soon erected a building. 155. Liberty. See Newway. 156. Liberty Center. Organized about 1870. 29. Little Hocking. Organized in 1852. Its first building was at Newbury in 1854. I n 1891 a new building was erected at Little Hocking. The early name of the organization was Second Belpre, but in 1895 this was changed to Little Hocking. The pastors have been Weaver, Bartlett, McMaster (18 years), Druley, Earl, Hewitt, F. K. Beem, Brainard, Grimmer, and Metz. 157. Little Mountain, Lake Co.. Annual grove meetings held here by Wilson for 35 years. Organized about 1874. 158. Lisbon. Organized about 1846 and cooperated in union building. 159. Locust Grove. Included in Scioto Association about 1849. hi. Lodi. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1873. Dead 1880. 160. London. Organized and fellowshipped (Win.) 1858 and erected a building 1866, which was remodeled in 1875. Early services were held in the Presbyterian Church. The pastors have been Nye, Gorman, Demerest, Bruce, Rexford, Polk, Abell, the Crosleys, Henley, John, Milburn. The building was sold in 1917. 161. Londonderry. Organized about 1845. 162. Lower Salem. Organized 1859 by J. W. McMaster. Erected a building 1861. The ministers have been McMaster, 1859-81, Hewitt 1889, Brainard 1890-99, Thompson, Morris, Bronnis. BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 153 108. Lower Sandusky. Organized and erected a building 1842. 163. Lyme. Organized 1832. 164. Lyons. Organized previous to 1889. Erected a building. Rededicated 1904. 165. Madison. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1875. 166. Madisonville. Erected a building which later was sold and became the Keeley Institute. 167. Mansfield. Organized 1848 by Smead. Reorganized 1890 by Crispin and fellowshipped. Purchased Christian Church 1898. 168. Mantua. Regular preaching here by Reuben Jones from 1815 to 1831. 58. Margaretta and Pipe Creek. Organized previous to 1847 and erected a building 1868. 169. Marietta. Organized 1817. On Feb. 2, 1832, the legis¬ lature passed an act to incorporate “The First Universalian Re¬ ligious Library Association of Marietta.” It was the purpose of this society to build up a large library and its funds were invested in books rather than in preaching. About 3000 volumes were gradually collected, only to be destroyed in the flood of i860. A frame church on Second St. was erected in 1842, one room of which was used as a library. In 1850 the Western Liberal Institute was placed under the care of the church. Pas¬ tors were from time to time employed, including Edwards, Flanders, Weaver, Eaton, Bartlett, Barron, Sweet, Hicks, J. W. McMaster, Henley, Morris. In 1869 the church was merged with the Unitarian society. 170. Marion. Organized and fellowshipped in 1909 and erected a building in 1913. 171. Mason. Organized in 1835 under the name of Palmyra, and erected a building the next year. Reorganized in 1886 under the name of Mason, after a new building had been completed. The pastors have been Atkinson, Linnell, W. Bacon, Carlton, Henley, Vincent, Rice, Pember, Conner, Backus, Carpenter, Dunham, C. E. Jones, Carrier, Hilstren, Thompson, Bisbee. 172. McConnelsville. Organized previous to 1836. Reorgan¬ ized 1847, and erected a building about 1851. Fellowshipped (Wash.) 1850. The building was sold in 1921. 154 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 173. Mechanicsburg. Included in Winchester Association 1843. See Goshen. 174. Medina. Erected a building previous to 1847. 175. Mesopotamia. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1844 and erected a building about 1848. The latter eventually became the town hall. 3. Miami City. Located at Alcony. Organized about 1858 and erected a building. This was remodeled in 1903. 176. Miamisburg. Organized 1833. 177. Miamiville. Organized about 1862. 1. Middlebury. Organized 1839. See also Akron. 178. Middlefield. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1846. 179. Middleport. Organized and erected a building in 1868. Revived 1889. Fellowshipped (Wash.) 1891. Building sold 1904, and is now used as a public library. 180. Milford. Organized previous to 1836 and erected a build¬ ing. This society became dormant and a new one was formed and fellowshipped 1889. A new building was erected 1892. 181. Mill Creek. Organized about 1845. 182. Milroy. Fellowshipped 1900. 183. Mitlerstown. Organized i860 and erected a building. The building was sold in 1879. 78. Monroe and Conneaut. Organized 1834. The Monroe church was fellowshipped (W. R.) 1835 and erected a building about 1853. Also called Monroe Center. 95. Monroe. See Eldorado. 184. Montgomery. Organized and fellowshipped (Miami) 1836 and erected a building 1837. Among the pastors have been Pingree, Henley, Gurley, Biddlecome, Demerest, Bacon, Crosley, Cantwell, Corwine, B. G. Carpenter. 185. Morgan. Organized about 1848 and met in the “Tem¬ perance Ark.” 186. Mt. Carmel. Early preaching was by Parker, Gillmore, Laurie, Gurley, Rogers, Pingree, Emmett. Organized as the BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 155 church of Mt. Carmel and Newtown about 1840, but later the organization was taken to Newtown. Organized independently of Newtown 1864, and in cooperation with Odd Fellows erected a building 1867. Other pastors were M. Crosley, Demerest, Henley, W. S. Bacon (nearly 25 years), Conner, Backus, J. R. Carpenter, John, J. A. Stoner, Gillespie, Harry Blackford, Thornton, the Colegroves. 187. Mt. Gilead. Organized and erected a building 1861. The pastors have been Brown, Nye, Henley, Woodbury, M. Crosley, Crowell, Morris, Sage, Evans, Canfield, Shumway, Carlton, Tucker, Carney, L. Crosley, Ashworth, L. Robinson, Dickey, J. R. Carpenter, Stoner. 188. Mt. Healthy. Met in the Free Meeting House as early as 1830. D. Bacon was the pastor during a period of growth about 1848. 189. Mt. Pleasant. Organized about 1845. 190. Mt. Vernon. Organized 1833 with 150 members and Jolly and Davis as preachers. 191. Napoleon. Organized about 1868. 192. Newark. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1842, and erected a building 1846. 193. Newbury. Organized about 1820 and, in cooperation with Baptists, erected a building 1845. This later became the sole property of the Universalists. The founders of this church came from Monson, Mass. 194. Newbury, Washington Co. Organized 1852. 195. New Haven. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1879 and cooperated in union building. 196. New London. Fellowshipped (Murray) 1835. 197. New Madison. Organized 1859 by Gifford. Erected a building in i860 which was replaced by a more modern one in 1903 . 198. Newman. Erected a building. 199. New Paris. Organized about 1840 by McCune and fel- lowshipped 1843 (Mont.). Cooperated in a union building. Re- 156 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO organized by Guthrie 1866. Erected a building 1875 which was sold to the Grange in 1914. Among the pastors have been Guthrie, Carlton, Tucker, Blackford, L. D. Crosley, Moorman, the Stoners, the Colegroves, the Jones, Lander, Richardson, and others. 200. New Philadelphia. Organized about 1862. 201. New Richmond. Organized about 1846 and died about 1855. Erected a building. Parker and Gilmore were pastors. 41. Newton and Braceville. Organized about 1822. 93. Newton and East Liberty. Fellowshipped (Win.) 1843 and cooperated in union building. 202. Newtown. See Mt. Carmel. Organized independently of that place 1864. 203. New Vienna. Organized about 1849; reorganized 1867 by Polk and Carlton. 204. Newville. Organized about 1856. 155. New-way. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1842 and erected a building. 205. New Weston. Organized about 1903. 206. Nevada. Organized. 207. North Hill. Organized about 1850. 208. Norwalk. After preaching here a little more than a year, Dr. Canfield organized a church on January 17, 1869. Temper¬ ance Hall was at first used for worship, and a building erected in 1872. Other pastors have been Hathaway, Vincent, Powell, Getchell, J. F. Rice, Crane, Felt, Dunham, Corwin, Dickey, Minor, Spanton, Couden, Brown, and Welch. 209. Oberlin. Organized about 1848. 210. Ohio City. Organized about 1836 and erected a building. Whitney and Dinsmore were pastors; the latter opened an academy. 211. Olive. Included in Washington Association 1846. 212. Olive Branch. Organized previous to 1849. BRIED ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 157 74. Olm stead. Organized in 1838 or earlier and cooperated in a union building. A new building was built in 1847 and a re¬ organization occurred in 1870. 213. Ongon. Huron Association. Organized about 1851. 214. Oregon. Organized about 1848. 215. Orwell. Fellowshipped (W. R.) 1835. 216. Oxford. Organized 1830 and fellowshipped (Miami) 1837. Erected a building 1840. Disbanded in the early ’8os. Kidwell, Dodge, St. John, Rogers, Longley, Polk, Haskell, Gif¬ ford were preachers. 217. Painesville. Organized. 218. Palestine. Organized 1858 by Moore, meeting first in a schoolhouse, and later erecting a building. Carlton, Guthrie, Blackford, MacLean, Richardson, L. D. Crosley, the Stoners, Colegrove, were pastors. 219. Palmyra. Organized and fellowshipped (Miami) 1836. 220. Parkman. Organized about 1834 and about 1845 erected a building on a lot given by Gen. Perkins. The building was sold in 1904. 221. Peninsula. Fellowshipped (W. R.) 1843. 222. Pennsville. Organized about 1851. 223. Perrysburg. Erected a building in 1837 which was sold about 1850 to the Roman Catholics. 224. Perrysville. Organized about 1843. 225. Peru. Truman Strong commenced preaching here in 1821. The first Universalist preaching in the Fire lands. Organized 1827 and fellowshipped (Rich.) 1828. Incorporated by the legis¬ lature February 24, 1834. Erected a building 1840. The pastors have been Strong, N. B. Johnson, Farley, A. Davis, Brown, J. R. Johnson, Smeed, Eaton, Hovey, Wood, Gibbs, Hull, Sweet, S. Clark, Vibbert, Nye, Crane, C. P. Nash, Ashton, Canfield, Brunning, A. L. Rice, S. C. Clark, J. F. Rice, Danforth, Laurence, J. R. Carpenter, Humberstone, Couden, Brown, Wilson, Welch. 226. Pharisburg. Organized about 1855 ; reorganized 1879 by L. D. Crosley, and met in Methodist Protestant Church. Still 158 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO another organization seems to have owned a building of its own in this vicinity about 1889. Abrogast and Wait were pastors. 227. Pierpont. Fellowshipped (W. R.) 1835. 228. Piketon. Organized about 1843. 58. Pipe Creek. See Margaretta. 229. Plain City. See Darby. Organized as Pleasant Valley and fellowshipped (Cent.) 1835. Reorganized 1842 and fellow- shipped (Win.) 1843. Erected a building 1850 and replaced it by another in 1890. The latter was partially destroyed by a cyclone in 1912 and rededicated in 1913. Among the preachers have been C. Rogers, Emmett, Jolly, Snell, Wait, Norton, Carlton, Lauer, Glover, Saxton, Crosleys, Abell, the Beems, Henley, Milburn, Stray, Spicer, Thompson, Trout, Stirton, Richardson, Colegrove, Baker, Rexford, Glazier, Robinson. 230. Plainfield. Organized about 1873. 231. Plainville. Organized about 1849. Erected a building about 1868. 232. Plattsburg. Fellowshipped (Win.) 1859 and erected union building with Christians. Services ceased about 1870 but the property interest was retained until 1896. 233. Plattsville. Organized about 1884. 234. Pleasant. Clarke Co. Included in Winchester Associa¬ tion and erected a building about 1846. 235. Pleasant Hill. Jerome Twp., Union Co. Fellowshipped (Win.) 1847. 229. Pleasant Valley. See Plain City. 236. Pretty Prairie. Champaign Co. Organized previous to 1836. 237. Pricetown. Organized 1833 by G. Rogers; reorganized i860 and erected a building 1861. A new building in 1899 was destroyed by fire in 1907. 238. Primrose. Organized about 1868. 239. Princeton. Erected a building about 1852. 240. Pyrmont. Organized previous to 1867. BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 159 241. Quincy. Organized and erected a building about 1846. Reorganized and fellowshipped (Win.) 1869. 242. Rainsboro. Organized previous to 1849. 243. Raney’s Grove. Organized. 244. Ravenna. Organized 1837 and erected a building 1842. Fellowshipped (W. R.) 1841 and (Conv.) 1877. A new building was erected in 1877 and a third about 1890. 245. Reed. See Sherman. 246. Republic. See Scipio. 247. Reynoldsburg. Organized 1848 and erected a building in 1849. This was burned in 1905. Gifford and Woodbury were early pastors. 248. Richfield. Organized previous to 1847. 249. Richland. See Union. 250. Richmondale. Organized about 1843 and erected a build¬ ing. 251. Ridgeville. Erected a building in 1847 which was re¬ modeled in 1892. 252. Ripley. Organized previous to 1846. Huron Co. 137. Rochester. See Huntington. 37. Rome. See Frost. 253. Rossburg. Organized about 1862. 120. Rossville. Possibly erected a building 1842. Called Rossville and Hamilton 1851. 254. Roxbury. Organized 1833. 255. Royalton. Organized 1847. 256. Rutland. Organized 1835 and erected a building about 1847. This was burned about 1892. Webber and Craven were early preachers. 257. Salem. Ashtabula Co. Organized 1825. 237. Salem. See Pricetown. 162. Salem. See Lower Salem. 160 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 258. Salem, Columbiana Co. Organized 1859 and erected a building 1861. 259. Salem Grove. Scioto Association. Organized about 1842. 260. Sandusky. Organized and erected a building 1842. 16. Saybrook. See Geneva. 246. Scipio. Organized 1835 and erected a building 1846. 261. Sharon. Location uncertain. Fellowshipped (Rich.) 1833 and Murray 1838. Reorganized 1845 and erected a building 1851. 262. Sharon Center. Organized. 263. Sharonville. Erected a building about 1851. Reorgan¬ ized 1890. 264. Sinking Spring. Erected a building about 1850. 265. Sheffield. Organized and erected a building 1842. 266. Sheley. Erected a building 1848. Included in Richland Association 1846. 245. Sherman. Organized as Sherman, Reed, and Thompson about 1846. 267. Smithville. Organized and erected a building 1842. 268. Snow Creek. Included in Richland Association 1846. 269. South Bloomfield. Erected a building about 1852. 270. South New Lyme. Organized about 1880. 271. Springboro. Erected a building 1841 which was replaced by another 1896. 272. Spring Creek. Organized about 1850. 273. Springfield. Organized 1836 and erected a building 1837 which was replaced 1893. Preachers have been Fisk, Davis, Messener, Pingree, Emmett, Biddlecome, Waite, Linnell, Weaver, Turner, Demerest, Carlton, Bosseman, Tomlinson, Henley, Ashenfelter, Guthrie, Countryman, Stoner, Sias, H. Moore, McLaughlin. 33. Spruce Run. See Berne. BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 161 141. St. Paris. Organized about 1879. See Jackson. 274. Steueenville. Organized. 275. Stockport. Organized previous to 1847. 276. Stryker. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1877. Building sold 1921. 277. Summerford. Fellowshipped (Win.) 1844. * 278. Summit Station. Called the “Church of Our Mother.” After many years of occasional preaching by Quackenbush and Milburn this church organized in 1898 and erected a building the same year. Pastors since that date have been Pitkin, Richard¬ son, White, Colegrove, Thompson, Leavitt. 31. Sunbury. See Berkshire. 279. Symm’s Township. Organized about 1843. 245. Thompson. See Sherman. 280. Thornville. Organized about 1848. 281. Tiffin. Organized previous to 1846. 282. Todd’s Fork. Fellowshipped (Miami) 1836. 283. Toledo. Organized about 1868. 284. Townsend. Organized previous to 1847. 285. Trenton. Organized about 1870. 286. Troy. Organized previous to 1847, and consisted of one society and two churches. Perhaps it is to be identified with Hocking. 125. Trumball. See Harpersfield. 287. Uhrichsville. Organized about 1868. 249. Union Society of Wayne and Richland Counties. Fel¬ lowshipped (Rich.) 1835. 84. Union. See Darby. 288. Union. Scioto Association. Organized about 1848. 289. Union. Huron Association. Organized about 1847. 290. Universalia. Organized a Sunday School 1867. 162 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 291. Upper Sandusky. Fellowshipped (Conv.) 1878; reor¬ ganized 1890. The building was sold in 1916. 292. Vienna. Organized previous to 1846 and erected a build¬ ing 1847. 293. Vincent. Organized sometime previous to 1889; reor¬ ganized 1893 and fellowshipped 1894. 294. Vinton. The Masons and Universalists and others built the Academy building here in 1858; in it the Universalists wor¬ shipped. It was the only church in Vinton for many years. 295. Walbridge. Fellowshipped 1891. 296. Waldo. Organized previous to 1847. 297. Washington C. H. Fellowshipped 1890. 298. Watertown. Organized and erected a building 1833 located below the village. This was burned in 1857 and dis¬ organization resulted. Reorganized 1870 by McMasters and erected a building. Fellowshipped (Wash.) 1871. Building re¬ modeled 1904. 299. Wesley. Organized about 1833 and cooperated in a union building. 300. West Carlisle. Organized 1834 and erected a building about 1848. 301. West Florence. Cooperated with Christians in erecting a building 1859. 302. Westfield. Organized 1830 as First Free Church in Westfield. Fellowshipped (W. R.) 1854. Cooperated with Bap¬ tists in a union building. 303. Westfield, Delaware Co. Fellowshipped (Cent.) 1830. 4. West Jefferson. See Alder Chapel. 304. West Unity. Organized about 1868. 305. Westville. Organized previous to 1836; reorganized and fellowshipped (Conv.) and erected a building 1877. 306. White House. Organized about 1868. 307. Wilkesville. Organized previous to 1847 and erected a BRIEF ITEMS OF LOCAL CHURCH HISTORY 163 building 1848. At a later period it was used as a kind of com¬ munity house and finally became a private dwelling. 308. Willoughby. Organized and fellowshipped (W. R.) 1855. Erected a building which was sold about 1890, but the organiza¬ tion was continued. 309. Willow Hill. Organized about 1847. 310. Windsor. Organized 1847; reorganized 1866. 311. Woodstock. See Champaign. Organized and erected a building 1842; fellowshipped (W. R.) 1843. Reorganized 1863. Erected a new building 1895. The pastors have been Emmett, Wait, Messenger, Biddlecome, Pitrat, Gifford, Linnell, Moore, Gooch, Ebert, Doolittle, Sweet, Henley, Vibbert, Soule, Glover, Dutton, Crosleys, Day, Beem, J. Carpenter, Moore, Colegrove, Rexford, Baker, Glazier, Robinson. 312. Worthington. Organized 1846. 313. Zanesville. Organized about 1834; erected a building and fellowshipped (Cent.) 1842. Reorganized 1891. The building was sold in 1915. CHAPTER XVII BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS This chapter seeks to give a list of all licensed or ordained preachers of Universalism in Ohio, together with brief biographical notes. The data have been secured in the same manner as for the churches, sup¬ plemented by a questionnaire. Accuracy has been the goal, but the careful reader will doubtless discover errors and omissions. The present ecclesiastical laws provide for the licensing of those desiring to preach. A licenciate who has been a successful pastor for one year may receive ordination. An ordained minister from an¬ other denomination is given fellowship. In the earl¬ ier days these terms were not clearly defined, and thus will be found to be used interchangeably in the notes. An asterisk indicates that the individual is still liv¬ ing (December, 1922). The date in the margin shows the approximate date at which each began preaching Universalism in Ohio. 1800 Abel Morgan Sargent. Edited Free Universal Mag¬ azine in N. Y. and Baltimore about 1793 after which 164 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 165 he came to Penn, and Ohio, organizing Halcyon Churches. He edited the Lamp of Liberty in Cin¬ cinnati about 1829. He resided in Washington and Gallia counties and later retired to Indiana. 1814 Timothy Bigelow. Came from Winchester, New Hampshire, to Ohio in 1814 and settled at Palmyra where he died in 1823. 1815 Reuben Jones. A resident of Mantua who preached Universalism until about 1828, when he united with the Christians. 1816 Chandler Rogers. Came from Connecticut and lived at Worthington for thirty years. Preached in sur¬ rounding counties. 1820 Jonathan Kidwell. Born in Kentucky in 1779. After preaching for the Methodists and later the Christians he became in 1804 a Universalist and moved to Ohio. He lived at Eaton in 1825, at Cin¬ cinnati from 1829 to 1833, and the remainder of his life at Philomath, Indiana. 1821 Truman Strong. Born at Poultney, Vermont, March 7, 1907. He lived on a farm at Fredericktown for about 60 years and died there March 7, 1870. He preached in Richland, Huron, Wayne and Lorain counties and also at the Jersey Church. 1822 John M. Baldwin. Fellowshipped by the Northern Association. 1822 John Bo(w)yer. Settled in Mesopotamia in 1808 and was fellowshipped from the Christian denomi¬ nation by the Northern Association. He died in 1858, never having been a settled pastor. 1822 Theophilus Cotton. Born at Plymouth, Massa¬ chusetts, in May 1781. He came with his Father, Colonel John Cotton, to Marietta. He was educated 166 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO for the orthodox ministry but became a Universalist and declined settlement. He was ordained by the Northern Association in 1822, lived at Youngstown, Austintown and Parkman. During the war of 1812 he served as Postmaster and later was Land Agent and farmer. He died in November, 1841. 1822 Nathan Baldwin Johnson. Preached in Northern Ohio and then went to Vermont, where he died two or three years later. 1822 Ambrose Perkins. Fellowshipped by the northern Ohio Association. 1822 David St. Clair. Fellowshipped by the Northern Association, in 1827 he moved to Geauga County and there joined the Christian Church. 1822 John Tuttle. Fellowshipped by the Northern As¬ sociation. 1822 Ebenezer Williams. A resident of Portage. He joined the Christian Church about 1828. 1823 Asa Stearns. A resident of Athens county who preached at Belpre and other points. 1824 Hiram Curry. A Baptist who became a Universalist and about 1828 moved to Indiana. 1826 Eliphalet Case. Preached in Belpre during the winter of 1826 and then returned to New Hampshire. He again came to Ohio about 1842 and preached at Jersey. 1826 Daniel Hawley. A Methodist who came to Eaton to lecture on Universalism. He found congenial friends and remained to teach school for some months, after which he mysteriously disappeared. 1826 Aylett Rains. From Indiana to Chillicothe. Later he joined the Christian Church. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 167 1826 Daniel St. John. Preached at Eaton. 1826 Matthias Croy. A resident of Gallia County, and a follower of Sargent. In 1846 he was living at Wilkes- ville. 1828 P. Adams. Lived at Unionville. 1828 Robert Huston. 1828 Abner H. Longley. Born at Mason County, Ken¬ tucky in 1796, and moved with his parents to Oxford in 1810, and later entered Oxford College. He was an itinerant Christian preacher but through the influ¬ ence of Kidwell he became a Universalist. He was scholarshipped in 1841 by the Miami Association, and was ordained four years later at Cincinnati. He was also a cabinet maker by trade. In 1832 he moved to Indiana where he served as surveyor and legislator. He died at Paoli, Kansas on May 9, 1879. 1828 Josiah Crosby Waldo. Born December 5, 1803. Ordained 1827. Died August, 1890. Pastor at Cin¬ cinnati from 1828 to 1832. 1829 Edson Beels. Ordained by the Western Reserve As¬ sociation in 1833. A resident of Pierpont, Ashtabula and Cherry Valley, where he died in 1852. 1829 Alpheus Sweet. Preached in Marietta, and in 1835 lived at Cleveland, and had a circuit outside that place. In 1841 he went to Michigan, but soon re¬ turned to Ohio. He preached at Springboro, Vienna Cross Roads, Fairfield, Columbus, Woodstock, etc. 1829 Abraham Hull. A Methodist of Troy who became a Universalist. 1830 Amphlett. 1830 A. M. Beard. A Christian minister of Jacksonburg, Indiana, who was fellowshipped by the General Con¬ vention of the Western States. 168 THE UNIVERS A LI ST CHURCH IN OHIO 1830 George Cox. (The name is given variously as George N., George R. and George W. There may have been two men of similar names.) A resident of Elizabeth¬ town, Virginia, who was fellowshipped by a General Convention of the Western States from the Metho¬ dists in 1836. He preached at several places in Ohio and Virginia and died at Lowell, April 6, 1879. 1830 M. Reck. Preached at Princeton, Lynchburg, Bell- brook, Hammersville and Felicity. He was fellow- shipped by the Miami in 1841 and withdrew in 1853. 1830 William Yost. A Methodist of Gotham, Clermont County, who was fellowshipped by The General Con¬ vention of the Western States. 1831 Lewis F. W. Andrews. A graduate of Transylvania University in medicine and practicing physician in Cleveland and Pittsburg. He was the son of a promi¬ nent Presbyterian preacher, but became a Univer- salist about 1831 and was ordained by the Western Union Association. He preached as an itinerant in Pennsylvania and the southern states, dying at Americus, Georgia, March 16, 1875. 1831 Alfred Carder. A resident of Williams Settlement, twenty miles from Cincinnati, who became a Univer- salist and was fellowshipped by the Western Union Association. 1831 Fletcher. Moved from Maine to Ohio and preached at McConnelsville, Belpre, and Marietta. 1831 Robert Smith. Ordained by the Western Union Association and soon removed to Connecticut. He returned to Ohio about 1835 and preached in Hamil¬ ton, Mason, and Harrison. His peculiar views led to his suspension and he then moved to Kentucky and joined the Christian Church. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 169 1831 Peter Yost. A resident of Goshen, Clermont County, fellowshipped by the Western Union Association. 1832 Justus Alexander. Preached in the Western Re¬ serve until about 1844. 1832 Alfred W. Arrington. A Methodist from Indiana who began to preach Universalism in Cincinnati. 1832 Binnderman. A German orthodox of Ashland, who became a Universalist and preached to the Germans of Pennsylvania. 1832 Ezekiel DeWolf. A graduate of Bangor and Har¬ vard. Soon after 1832 he went south as a teacher, and later to the west and to Europe. His last years were spent at Parkman, near the scenes of his early life. 1832 Francis H. Johnson. A Baptist of Utica, New York, who became a Universalist and preached in Huron and Washington Counties. He withdrew in 1837. 1832 Asher A. Martin. A Newlight Christian who be¬ came a Universalist. 1832 Nathan Wardswortii. A Methodist of Nelson who became a Univeralist and was ordained by the West¬ ern Reserve Association. He also lived at Olmstead and Amelia, and later moved to Missouri. 1833 E. Gird. 1833 Daniel R. Biddlecome. Preached at Nelson Flats, Erieville, Perrysburg, Dayton, Hamilton, Mont¬ gomery, Sharon, etc. Died at Richmond, Indiana, 1885. 1833 Clark. A Methodist of Norwalk who became a Uni¬ versalist but preached only a few times. 1833 Asher A. Davis. A Christian of Woodstock who be¬ came a Universalist and for several years, although 170 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO in poor health, was a constant itinerant. He lived at Peru, Sunbury, Marion, Worthington, Columbus, and Zanesville. In 1840 he went to Massachusetts for a few years. 1833 M. Fiske. He came from New Jersey to preach in Springfield. 1833 J- J* Hollister. A resident in the Richland Associa¬ tion until about 1837. 1833 S. W. H. Jolly. Originally a Methodist. He “trav¬ elled most of the time through the wilderness of Ohio, preaching in private houses, school-houses, barns, and wherever he could find a hearing. He received but a small compensation, his whole soul was in the work, and he was dearly beloved by his fellow believers.” Among his preaching points were Mt. Vernon, Colum¬ bus, Jersey, Belpre. 1833 Moses P. Morgan. 1833 Rupel Tomlinson. Came from Western New York to the Western Reserve. 1833 Kneeland Townsend. Preached in the Western Re¬ serve. 1833 Jonathan Martin Tracy. Of Bronson, was or¬ dained by the Western Reserve Association and did extensive circuit work. He moved to Chardon the next year. Upon being criticised for his Restoration- ist view, he withdrew to the Christians and renounced Universalism in 1835. 1833 Joel Tuttle. Ordained by the Washington Associa¬ tion. He lived at Fearing for several years. 1833 Morgan L. Wisner. Came from Michigan and was ordained by the Western Reserve Association. In 1837 he lived at Springfield. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 171 1834 Dr. Hiram Bell. A Methodist Protestant of New¬ bury who became a Universalist, and was fellow- shipped by the Western Reserve Association. He withdrew in 1848. 1834 Joseph Bradley. Came from New York to Chardon and later lived at Windsor and Mentor. He with¬ drew in 1847. 1834 George R. Brown. Born at Watertown, New York, October 6, 1806. He came to Peru at the age of seventeen, was fellowshipped by the Richland Asso¬ ciation in 1834, and ordained the following year by the General Convention of the Western States. After a short residence in Michigan he made Clyde his permanent home. He preached in Green Creek, Caledonia, Belleville, Mt. Gilead, etc. He died at Toledo, May 9, 1873. 1834 Thomas Dolloff. Born at New Hampton, New Hampshire, March 28, 1786. In 1807 he moved to Maine where he left the Freewill Baptists for the Universalists and where in 1825 he was ordained. He came to Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio in 1834, and here spent the remainder of his days, partly a farmer, partly a preacher. He died at Bedford De¬ cember 10, 1876. 1834 Nelson Doolittle. Toured Ohio from New York in in 1834, and about 1840 moved to Akron. In 1851 he moved to Pennsylvania. 1834 William Y. Emmet. Born in Virginia, July 17, 1798, the son of a Methodist preacher, and was taken to Ohio at the age of eight. He preached at West Jef¬ ferson, Woodstock, Oxford, Columbus, Springfield, Goshen, Pricetown, Montgomery, Cincinnati, and Circleville. He held thirteen public debates. He died at Springfield, January 1, 1873. 172 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1834 Levi Harris. A resident of Pennsylvania who preached in the Western Reserve for about five years. 1834 J. E. Holmes. A resident of New York who toured the state and later moved to Illinois. 1834 J. P. Owen. A resident of Amesville, not regularly employed as a minister. Licensed by the Washing¬ ton Association 1867. 1834 George Rogers. Born at London, England, May 5, 1805. Originally an Episcopalian, he became a Meth¬ odist preacher, and then in 1830 at Philadelphia a Universalist. Toured Ohio and later moved to Cin¬ cinnati, from which he travelled extensively, and where he died July 6, 1842. 1835 Ammi Bond, Jr. Born in New England and educated a Methodist, he became a Universalist during his youth and was ordained in Vermont. He came to Saybrook and Geneva, Ohio, from Carrol, New York. After a short residence in Michigan he returned to Ohio and preached in Conneaut, Monroe, Medina, etc. “His personal appearance was attractive; he had a well formed head, a Grecian face, and the soul within corresponded with the outer man.” 1835 Jesse Braman. A resident of New London fellow- shipped by the Murray Association. 1835 David Culvert. Fellowshipped by the Central As¬ sociation. 1835 Enos Leidy. A resident of Palmyra and Parkman, ordained by the Western Reserve Association in 1838, and disfellowshipped in 1840. 1835 N. Carper. A Methodist preacher who became a Universalist and moved to Ohio, where he was or¬ dained by the Western Union Association. Preached at Xenia, Leesburg, New Petersburg, etc., doing BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 173 manual labor during the week. He died at the latter place May 15, 1869. 1835 L. L. Sadler. A resident of Perry, New York, who toured Michigan in 1833 an d Ohio two years later. He soon moved to Columbus and then to Perrysburg, and also preached at Belpre. In 1839 he went to Maine. 1835 H. P. Sage. For many years a resident of Hunting- ton. He preached at New London, Fitchville, Hart- land, Milan, Berlin, Florence, Brownhelm, Amherst, Henrietta, West Carlisle, Stockport, Watertown, Belpre, Olmstead, etc. He died about 1887. 1835 Taney. Preached in the Western Reserve. 1836 Barnum (Or Barnes?). A Baptist of Huron County who became a Universalist. 1836 M. A. Chappelle. Born at Belpre in 1809, the son of Julius Chappelle, a charter member of the church in that place. He was educated through the Univer¬ salist library, and prepared himself as a preacher and editor. He edited the Christian Telescope at Colum¬ bus in 1836. His preaching field was northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. For a time he lived at Frederickstown. 1836 Benjam Gass. Came from Pennsylvania to Cincin¬ nati and there became a Universalist. 1836 B. F. Hitchcock. The name is also spelt Heacock and Hickox. He came from St. Lawrence county, New York, to Cleveland, and preached at various points in that part of the state. In 1863 he was living at Conneautville, Pennsylvania. 1836 Eusebius Hoagg. He came from Pittsburgh to Belpre and was soon ordained by the General Convention of the Western States. He also preached at Ravenna, 174 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Chardon, Humphreysville, Huntsville, Burton, and in 1846 returned to Pennsylvania. 1836 Stephen Hull. A resident of Carlisle, ordained by the Ohio Convention in 1837. He preached at Ober- lin, Huron, Portland, Olmstead, La Porte, etc., up to about 1845. 1836 H. S. Marble. Fellowshipped by the Richland As¬ sociation. He preached at Margaretta, Castalia, Fred- ericktown, Oxford, etc., and died in Iowa in 1857. 1836 James McKelvey. A Baptist of Palmyra who became a Universalist and was soon ordained by the West¬ ern Reserve Association. He was suspended by the same body in 1838. 1836 George Messinger. Born in Massachusetts and later lived in New York, where he was licensed in 1824 and ordained two years later at Eatonbush. He toured Ohio and in 1838 moved to Springfield where he lived for practically all the balance of his life, although much of his work was at Ravenna and other points in the Western Reserve. In 1850 he withdrew from the ministry, but was refellowshipped in 1859. He died about 1873. 1836 E. Richardson (The initial is also given as C.). A resident of Rutland. * 1836 Theodore Schreiner. The pastor of a congregation of German immigrants in Fearing township, Wash¬ ington county. He was already a Universalist in theology but did not discover the denomination until 1836. He maintained relationship with it as late as 1845- 1836 Daniel Tillotson. Born 1794. He became a Baptist minister in New York, and then came to Huron county, where he became a Universalist, and was BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 175 fellowshipped by the Murray Association. He lived at Huntington until his death in 1857. 1836 William West. Pastor at Cincinnati from 1836 to 1839, and continued to live there for several years afterwards. 1837 James Billings. A New Yorker who toured Ohio. 1837 Timothy J. Crowe. Preached in Belpre, Gallipolis, and Worthington. 1837 S. A. Davis. Moved from Baltimore to Pittsburgh in 1835, an d toured Ohio. In 1838 he moved to Akron and preached there and at Worthington, Circleville, Columbus, etc. 1837 Reuben Farley. Fellowshipped by the Murray Association in 1837 and ordained by the Richland As¬ sociation in 1838. He lived at Greenwich until his death in 1859, preaching throughout the northern part of the State. 1837 P. P. Fowler. Moved from Plato, New York, to Parkman, and preached also at Conneaut. In 1858 he withdrew and moved to Kansas. 1837 Thomas H. Johnson. A resident of Cincinnati until his death in 1900. Fellowshipped by the Miami As¬ sociation in 1841. 1837 Freeman Loring. Early in life he was a sailor. Moved from New Hampshire to Brimfield. He preached at Akron, Medina, Weymouth, and Hillsboro where he died in 1851. 1837 Enoch Merrill Pingree. Born in Littleton, New Hampshire, May 9, 1817. He started for the far west but decided to remain in Ohio. He was fellow- shipped by the Central Association in 1838 and or¬ dained at Cincinnati in 1839. He preached there, 176 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO organizing a second society, and at Montgomery and Springfield. He died at Louisville in 1849. 1837 Marcus T. Sage. 1837 J. Spencer. A resident of Milton. 1837 Daniel Tenny. Preached at Carlisle, La Porte, Independence, etc. Died about 1875. 1837 Jacob Whitney. Born in 1809, and began to preach in 1831, becoming an itinerant. He lived in Ohio City and Akron from 1837 until 1840 when he moved to New York. He enlisted in the army and died at Frederick, Maryland, April 21, 1864. 1837 George Woolfe. A Tunker preacher of Adams County. He and his Church were Universalist in belief and did not fellowship the non-universalist Tunkers of Pennsylvania. 1838 Alvan Dinsmore. Principal of the Universalist In¬ stitute at Ohio City, 1838-42, and also preached at Cleveland. Principal of the Sharon Academy for several years. 1838 John A. Gurley. Born at East Hartford, Connecti¬ cut, and preached in Maine and Massachusetts. In 1838 he moved to Cincinnati and purchased the Star in the West, which he edited for several years. He served two terms in Congress as a Representative from Ohio and was later appointed Governor of Arizona. He died in Cincinnati in August, 1863. 1838 G. C. McCune. From Woodsboro, Maryland, to Dayton, in 1838. Disfellowshipped by the Mont¬ gomery Association on charges of anger and violence, but was soon restored. He organized the New Paris Church. 1838 Hiram Torrey. A resident of Ravenna who was fellowshipped and ordained by the Western Reserve BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 177 Association. He moved to New York in 1839, but returned in 1844 an d preached at Zanesville, McCon- nelsville, etc., withdrawing in 1850. 1839 James A. N. Gooch. An itinerant. He withdrew in 1847. 1839 Erasmus Manford. An itinerant who came from Massachusetts to Cincinnati and Dayton. He later went on to Indiana, St. Louis, and Chicago, in all of which places he was editor and preacher. 1839 Alfred Peck. A resident of western New York who preached in Ohio. 1839 J. Sargent. Lived in Akron until about 1842. 1839 Charles L. Shipman. Born Gustavus, O., Sept. 17, 1818. Began preaching at Brimfield and Franklin, and soon fellowshipped by the Western Reserve As¬ sociation. Also preached at Gustavus, Andover, Norwalk, Olmstead, and Cleveland. He later moved to Girard, Pennsylvania, where he died in 1904. 1839 I. Wood. 1840 William Atkinson. A Methodist Protestant of Cincinnati who became a Universalist and preached for about five years, with the fellowship of the Miami Association. 1840 H. H. Burr. Preached in the Western Reserve. 1840 Joseph Clark. A Baptist of Washington County who became a Universalist, and preached at Mt. Healthy, Mt. Pleasant, etc., and in Virginia. 1840 E. R. Crocker. Preached in the Western Reserve. 1840 Dean. Came from New York to the vicinity of Cin¬ cinnati. 1840 N. Murray Gaylord. Studied in Cincinnati and en¬ tered the ministry, preaching in Hamilton and Mason. 178 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO He then lived in St. Louis and Massachusetts, return¬ ing in 1852 to Columbus. He again moved to Mas¬ sachusetts where he served two terms in the state legislature. 1840 Henry Gifford. Came from the east and preached in Middletown, Oxford, Hamilton, Galena, Jersey, Reynoldsburg, Columbus, etc. He died about 1887. 1840 Henry Kellog. Fellowshipped and ordained in 1842 and preached at Kirtland, Newton Falls, Mesopotamia, Morgan, Rock Creek, etc. Withdrew 1853. 1840 J. C. Miller. A student preacher in the vicinity of Cincinnati. 1840 E. M. Stone. Moved from Massachusetts to Cin¬ cinnati. 1841 C. P. Mallory. An itinerant. 1841 Daniel Parker. A Restorationist of Cincinnati who preached extensively in southwestern Ohio. 1841 N. H. Ripley. Preached in Richmond and Brimfield. 1841 Lewis C. Todd. The son of Caleb Todd, a Baptist preacher, who had become a Universalist in West¬ ern New York. L. C. Todd lived at Parkman and was fellowshipped by the Western Reserve Associ¬ ation, withdrawing in 1853. 1841 S. J. Eno. 1841 George Trusdale Flanders, D.D. Born June 28, 1824 and ordained in 1843. Preached in Beverly, Zanesville, Marietta, Dayton, and Cincinnati. 1842 Cornelius Arbogast. A resident of Vienna, fellow r - shipped and ordained by the Winchester Association in 1844 and 1849. Preached in Vienna, New Pales¬ tine, Catawba, Pharisburg, etc. Withdrew in 1858 and died about 1884. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 179 1842 A. W. Bruce. Born Bennington, Vermont, in 1812, and became a physician in Chillicothe. He was edu¬ cated for the Methodist ministry, but became a Uni- versalist, and was ordained August 13, 1843. He preached in Ravenna and Columbus, and also in other western states, dying at Woodville, Indiana, August 19, 1871. 1842 Thurston Carr. Preached in Springfield. 1842 J. N]. Case. Also called I. N. Case. A resident of Worthington, fellowshipped in 1842. 1842 James Cowan. A Methodist of East Liberty who became a Universalist. He withdrew in 1845. 1842 Anson Harrow. Of Raymond’s Post Office, fellow- shipped and ordained by the Winchester Association in 1843 an d 1844. He lived for several years at Newtown. 1842 M. L. Edwards, Jr. Lived at Belpre and preached in that vicinity for several years. 1842 Andrew Eppert. The name is also spelt Ebert. A resident of St. Paris, ordained by the Winchester Association in 1843. He preached also at Jackson and Montgomery. 1842 J. Fisher. A Methodist of Worthington who became a Universalist. 1. # 1842 Benjamin F. Foster. A resident of Cincinnati who began to preach and soon moved to Indiana. 1842 Thomas Gilmore. The name is also spelt Gilmer. Fellowshipped by the Miami Association and preached in New Richmond, Chillicothe, Leesburg, etc. 1842 Simon Hovey. A resident of Cincinnati. Preached in Fredericktown, LeRoy, Painesville, Rutland, Middleport, Wheelersburg, Mentor. Retired in 1883 and died about 1894. 180 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1842 James Riley Johnson. Born in Ohio. He was licensed in 1842, ordained at Peru, May 25, 1844, and preached in Delaware, Marion, Norwalk, Marietta, and also in New York. 1842 C. Landon. A Methodist layman of Worthington who preached for the Universalists three years and then returned to the Methodists. 1842 A. G. Laurie. Preached in Montgomery and Mason and later went to Canada. 1842 A. B. Leftwick. A Christian of West Alexander who became a Universalist and preached at New Paris. He withdrew in 1844. 1842 Thomas Ogden Stonemetts. A resident of Cin¬ cinnati, fellowshipped by the First Association of Indiana. 1842 C. B. Thorp. A Baptist of New Richmond who be¬ came a Universalist and moved to Amelia. 1842 C. S. Webber. Fellowshipped by the Miami Asso¬ ciation and preached in Sinking Spring, Leesburg, Rutland, Sheffield, Wilkesville, Gallipolis. After about ten years he moved to Missouri. 1842 Jay Wheaton. A student at Oberlin who preached for the Universalists about three years. 1843 Anderson. Preached at Columbus. 1843 N. M. Byington. An itinerant with headquarters at Cincinnati. Died at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in Feb¬ ruary, 1873. 1843 George H. Emerson. Entered the ministry in Mas¬ sachusetts and soon came to Cleveland. He also preached at Dayton, and moved from the state about 1847. 1843 William B. Linnell. Born at Birmingham, Eng- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 181 land, in 1804. He was a blacksmith at Woodstock, and there became a Universalist and entered the ministry and was ordained by the Winchester Asso¬ ciation. He also preached at Mechanicsburg, Spring- boro, St. Paris, Springfield, Bellbrook, Ridgeville, Xenia, Lebanon, and in Indiana and Illinois. He was Chaplain in the Tenth Illinois, and died at Indian¬ apolis, September 6, 1868. 1843 Cyrus Filmore Wait. Fellowshipped and ordained by the Winchester Association. He lived at Wood- stock for several years and also preached at Spring- field, Pharisburg, and Plain City. He died in 1865. 1844 Isaac George. Came from New York and preached at Ferrysburg and Springville for a few years. He was also in the state for a brief period in 1876. 1844 J. Clark. Preached at Olive for a few years. 1844 T. C. Eaton. He came from New York and preached at Newark, Marietta, McConnellsville, Jersey, Co¬ lumbus, Belpre, Beverly, etc. He also canvassed for the Marietta Liberal Institute. 1844 I. Kelso. Became a Universalist and preached for a few years, after which he returned to orthodoxy. 1844 Zenas Martin. A resident of Plain City who was fellowshipped by the Winchester Association. He died about 1846. 1844 William D. W. Mitchell. Fellowshipped by the Winchester Association and preached at Woodstock, Milford, and Newton. 1843 Elisha Dayton. Born near Riverhead, Long Island, February 3, 1817, and moved during youth to western New York. He was educated at Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania. Originally orthodox, he be¬ came a Universalist through his study of the Greek Testament, and during his student days preached at 182 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Andover, Akron, Ashtabula, Monroe, etc., often en¬ gaging in debate. Later he itinerated in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Illinois. He died at Marengo, Illinois, in August, 1884. 1844 J. W. Moffit. Preached at Richmondale. 1844 Elihu Moore. A Baptist of Miami who became a Universalist and preached at Troy, Locust Grove, Conover, Eldorado, Princeton, New Vienna, Edwards- ville, and many other places. His fellowship was from the Winchester Association. He was an organ¬ izer of several churches. 1844 Lemuel F. Moore (or Monroe?). Ordained at Cale¬ donia, November 23, 1845. Attended the sessions of the Convention for sixteen years. 1844. J. S. Palmer. Preached at Brimfield. 1844 E. P. Preston. Preached at McConnellsville, Green Creek, Wilkesville, Higgensport, etc. There were possibly two men of similar name and initials. 1844 Aaron Rogers. Ordained at Peru, May 25, 1844. Preached at Huron, Berlin, and Peru. 1844 Samson Runion. A resident of Tremont who was fellowshipped by the Winchester Association. He preached at Wapaconnetta and Quincy and withdrew in 1856. 1844 Alonzo Smeed. Preached in Peru, Steuben, Shelby, Mansfield, Fredericktown, Huron, etc. 1844 Talcott. 1844 Sampson Tener. A resident of Sinking Springs. He died about 1884. 1844 Abel Charles Thomas. Born at Exeter, Pennsyl¬ vania, May 5, 1807, ordained in 1839, and died Sep- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 183 tember 27, 1880. He was pastor at Cincinnati for nearly three years. 1844 Francis Williamson. A resident of Montgomery. 1845 N. Adams. 1845 S. Adams. 1845 William Bates. Fellowshipped by the Winchester Association and preached at Springfield and Summer- ford. 1845 Simon Peter Carlton. Born in Mahoning County in 1816 and educated at West Farmington. He was brought up a Calvinist, but early became a Univer- salist, and was ordained by the Western Reserve As¬ sociation in 1845. He preached in Parkman, Will¬ oughby, Springfield, New Paris, Mt. Gilead, and many other places, as well as in Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia. In 1874 he moved to Pennsyl¬ vania for two years. He was a great debater, and held forty-seven public controversies, usually from three to six days each. He died in Columbus in 1899. 1845 Charles G. Cox. After preaching in Virginia and Kentucky he came to Ohio and lived at Wilkesville and Byington until about 1876. 1845 W. Ebert. A resident of Amelia. (Also spelt Eppert). 1845 J- Farewell. A resident of Gorham. He withdrew in 1855. 1845 Nathan B. Johnson (See the same name under date of 1822; it is difficult to separate the facts about them). Lived at Chesterville. He died in 1853. 1845 M. C. Kellum. Lived at Shelby. 1845 L. B. Lathrope. Preached at Richfield and White- ford. He withdrew in 1855. 184 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1845 Lockwood. Lived at Richmondale. 1845 J- Mendell. 1845 A. F. Root. Fellowshipped and ordained (1848) by the Maumee Association. He preached at Gorham, Evansport, Harmar, and Mt. Gilead. 1845 J- Snooks. Lived at Lebanon. 1846 Davis Bacon. Born at Greenfield, Massachusetts, and fellowshipped in Kentucky. He preached in Rut¬ land, Mt. Healthy, Hillsboro, Hamilton, Carthage, Reading, etc. In 1853 he moved to Pittsburgh, but preached at Cleveland and other points in the Western Reserve. He died at Trinidad, Colorado, January 10, 1871. 1846 Humphrey Bromley. Born in North Wales, May 5, 1796. He became a Methodist preacher in 1813, trans¬ ferred to the Unitarians in 1827, and in 1833 came to the United States. After spending some time in Cleveland, Norwalk, and Sandusky, he settled in Re¬ public in 1837, where he finally identified himself with the Universalists. He died at Republic, De¬ cember 13, 1876. 1846 T. G. Bisbee. 1846 J. E. Bruce. A resident of Cass. He also preached at Cincinnati and Oxford, and in Kentucky. 1846 James M. Brunson. A resident of Cass. 1846 Alpheus Bull. Came from Bullville, New York to Cincinnati, where he began to preach in that city and at Dayton. He soon moved to Indiana. 1846 T. Cheney. A resident of Farmer’s Station. 1846 J. G. Forman. Came from Westchester County, New York. He commenced to study for the ministry, but turned to the law, which he practiced two years in BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 185 Cincinnati. He commenced his ministry at Akron, but soon moved to New Hampshire. 1846 Thomas A. Freeman. A resident of Montgomery. 1846 L. Frank Monroe. Ordained at Caledonia and preached at Waldo, Lewiston, Quincy, Casstown, Vienna Cross Roads, etc. He died about 1863. 1846 Osburn. A resident of Meigs (or Meads) Creek. 1846 Henry P. Scott. A resident of Aurelius. He died at Marietta in 1847. 1846 J. W. Towner. A resident of Dover. He also preached at Dover and Westfield. 1846 George S. Weaver. Lived at Dayton and fellow- shipped and ordained by the Winchester Association. He preached at Springfield, Marietta, Akron, and in several other states. He was also an editor of the “Quarterly Journal and Review” in 1846. 1846 E. R. Wood. He preached at Westfield, Peru, Cale¬ donia, Kenton, Republic, Windsor, and in other states. 1847 J- W. Bryant. A resident of Oberlin. He was dis- fellowshipped in 1849. 1847 J* H. Campbell. Preached at Cleveland, Painesville, and in Pennsylvania. 1847 A. R. Ceervault. The name is also spelt Curvault. Originally a Baptist, then a Christian, and finally a Universalist. He lived at Paintersville. 1847 G. Craven. Preached at Oxford, Wilkesville, Rut¬ land, Sheffield, Gallipolis. 1847 S. S. Curtiss. Came from Michigan to Perrysburg. He also lived at Toledo and Cleveland. 1847. B R- Henry. The initials are also given as J. R. and T. R. He preached at Sharon Center, Olmstead, etc., and withdrew in 1858. 186 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1847 Jonathan Holliday. Died at Hartland in this year at the age of eighty. 1847 A. W. Jewett. Came from Michigan and was fel- lowshipped by the Maumee Association. He preached at Toledo and Perrysburg, dying at the latter place in 1854. 1847 Henry Jewell. Born May 18, 1812, and ordained August 24, 1836. He was pastor at Cincinnati for four years. 1847 W. Kemp. A resident of Fletcher. 1847 William W. Norton. Fellowshipped and ordained by the Winchester Association. He preached at Woodstock, Milford Center, Unionville, Plain City, Liberty, Flint, etc., and left the state about 1871. 1847 J. Nostrant. Lived at Mullet Creek. He withdrew in 1856. 1847 S. Spaulding. A resident of Plato. 1847 W. E. Thompson. Preached at La Porte and Inde¬ pendence. 1847 D. B. Turner. Ordained by the Winchester Asso¬ ciation. He preached at Akron, Springfield, and Ox¬ ford. 1848 Thomas Ballinger. A resident of Mt. Vernon, and a Christian, who became a Universalist. 1848 William C. Brooks. Preached in Hamilton, Oxford, etc., and in Indiana and other states. He died in Florida in 1902. 1848 Hiram Brown. Born 1785. He was fellowshipped by the Maumee Association and died in 1852. 1848 Elias Longley. The son of A. H. Longley. He withdrew in 1850 to enter upon a literary career. See BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 187 ‘The Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,” page 108. 1848 Benard Peters. Fellowshipped by the Washington Association and preached in Belpre, Marietta, Sun- fish, etc. 1848 Josiah Upson. Born in New England in 1818 and graduated from Yale and from the Ohio Medical College. Originally a Presbyterian, he became a Universalist and preached for the second church in Cincinnati and in Dayton. Between these pastorates he spent about five years in California. He died at Dayton in 1856. 1848 H. D. L. Webster. He came to Zanesville from Kentucky, and later preached in Ravenna. During the war he became an army physician, after which he again returned to Ravenna and to the ministry. He also preached in other states. 1849 Z. Baker. Lived at Akron. 1849 H. Barry. 1849 William Rogers Chamberlain. Born at Brookfield, New Hampshire, licensed in that state in 1844, and ordained in Massachusetts in 1847. He preached for two years in the Virginia backwoods, and then came to Cincinnati as a bookkeeper. During his residence here he was an occasional preacher. He returned to the ministry in 1867 in Illinois and died at Clinton, New York, April 28, 1876. 1849 J- S. Flagler. Originally Dutch Reformed, he be¬ came a Universalist in New York. He lived at Con- neaut for several years. 1849 James W. Lower. Fellowshipped by the Murray As¬ sociation. He lived at St. Paris. 1849 O. D. Miller. A resident of Republic. 188 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1849 William P. Neeld. A Methodist who became a Universalist. 1849 0 . F. R. Shehane. Moved from Monroeville to Ala¬ bama. 1850 William S. Bacon. A brother of Davis Bacon. Born at Greenfield, Massachusetts, in 1818. He was a teacher in Kentucky and began to preach at Mt. Healthy. He was fellowshipped by the Miami Asso¬ ciation. For a time he was manager of the Star in the West and later of the Longworth Estate. He died in Chicago in September, 1908. i8so T. Buchanan. Lived in Columbus. He withdrew in 1853- 1850 Paul Raymond Kendall. Born Phillipston, Mass., August 27, 1822. Fellowshipped by the Washington Association. He was principal of the Western Liberal Institute (at Marietta), and was later connected with the Illinois Liberal Institute, Smithson College (In¬ diana), Clinton Liberal Institute (N. Y.) and the Weston Liberal Institute (Mo.). He died in 1897. 1850 John Martling. A Methodist who became a Uni¬ versalist. i8so R. Rickey. A resident of Athens. He died about 1853. 1850 D. H. Strickland. 1850 John G. Thompson. Lived at Hicksville. 1851 Thompson Barron. The name is also spelt Barrow. Born at Billerica, Massachusetts, April 17, 1816, and fellowshipped in that state in 1836. He came from New Hampshire to Dayton, and two years later moved to Belpre. In 1856 he went to Iowa. He died at Sutton. New Hampshire, January 4, 1870. 1850 C. A. Bradley. Pastor of the Second Church at Cin- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 189 cinnati for six months. Born in Massachusetts in 1822, ordained 1845, died 1906. This was his only western pastorate. 1851 W. W. Curry. Began to preach in Kentucky about 1845. He lived in Oxford for about five years, and then moved to Indiana. His later life was spent in government service in Washington. 1851 Nathan Kendall. Lived at Marietta. 1851 Asa Marble. Born 1795. A resident of Bedford. He died at Trumbull in 1857. 1851 George Washington Quimby, D.D. Born at Sac- carappa, Maine, December 20, 1811, ordained in 1837, and died January 10, 1884. He was pastor at Cincinnati for about two years. 1851 J. C. Pitrat. A French physician and member of the University of France, who edited a daily paper for the Revolution, and was sent to establish colleges in the colonies. Losing his job, he came to the United States and settled in Cincinnati. He left the Roman Catholic church and joined the Universalists. 1852 J. D. Bacon. Lived at Oxford. 1852 Desher. Lived at Castine. 1852 James W. McMaster. Born at Prospect, New York, August 1, 1821. A missionary and organizer. He preached in Marietta, Belpre, Beverly, Berne, Salem, Watertown, Dunham, Barlow, etc. His old age was spent in Charlestown, West Virginia. 1852 M. M. Utley. 1853 G. W. Allen. The initials are also given as W. G. and as G. M. I ^53 Robinson Breare. Born Addingham, Yorkshire, England, June 17, 1810. As a Wesleyan he first 190 THE UNI VERS ALIST CHURCH IN OHIO preached in 1827 and was ordained in 1832. He was sent to the Shetland Islands in 1833, to Edinburgh in 1836, to Manchester in 1838, and to Halifax in 1839. Here he became a Universalist and dedicated the first church of that name in Canada in 1844. He then went to Massachusetts and came to Cincinnati in 1853. He preached in Middleport, Goshen, Marietta, Man¬ chester, and throughout Gallia County. 1853 Samuel Binns. Born in Lancashire, England, Au¬ gust 22, 1816. He came to New York in 1837 and to Leroy, Ohio, in 1843. Here he became a Univer¬ salist and prepared himself for the ministry, receiv¬ ing fellowship from the Huron Association. He lived at Amity, New Way, Independence, and Fayette, preaching over a wide field around each of these places. He was a frequent debater. He died at Fayette, June 17, 1889. See the Ohio Universalist for February, 1919, page 3. 1853 John H. Curtis. Lived at Cincinnati and Cleveland. 1853 M. M. Preston. Came from Massachusetts and died the same year. 1853 G. W. Van Vleck. Lived at Springfield. 1854 Bamber. 1854 A. Bosserman. Preached at Zanesville, Springfield, and Dayton. 1854 R. K. Brush. Came from Pennsylvania to Hamilton, where he lived for about two years. 1854 William Gillard. A resident of Cincinnati. 1854 P. Smith. Lived at Huntsburg. 1855 Elisha Dick. Born in Frederick County, Maryland, January, 1820. He came to Pickaway county in 1830 and later moved to Adams township, Champaign BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 191 county, where he lived until his death in 1899. He was ordained in 1856, but never gave full time to the ministry, and preached without compensation. 1855 Harvey Evans. Lived at Woodstock and fellow- shipped by the Winchester Association. 1855 Francis E. Hicks. Preached at Marietta and Belpre. 1855 A. D. Mayo. Preached at Cleveland. 1855 R- McArthur. Preached in the Western Reserve. 1 855 Jacob Tener. Lived at Sinking Springs and preached for a few years. In 1877 his license was renewed. 1855 F- C. Wagoner. Lived at Cincinnati. 1856 *Henry Lovell Canfield, D.D. Born at Austerlitz, N. Y., May 20, 1828. In 1834 he came to Kirtland to live with his grandparents. Part of his youth was spent also in Gustavus, Newbury, and in Michigan. He was licensed in 1857 by the Western Reserve Association and ordained at Brimfield in 1859. Brought up among the Methodists, he had become a Universalist in the ’50s. In an early period of his ministry he preached 45 times, travelled 600 miles, devoted three months of his time, and received $36. He was pastor at Conneautville (1862), Peru (1864), Norwalk (1867), Mt. Gilead (1878), Belleville (1881), and State Superintendent (1888). In 1903 he moved to California, continuing actively in the ministry. 1856 Nathaniel Crary. Ordained in Ohio and preached in Milford. He lived in Indiana for a number of years, and retired to a farm at Edgerton about 1883, where he died October 7, 1891. 1856 J. Hazard Hartzell. Lived in Cincinnati for a few years and then left the state. 1856 H. R. Nye. Came from New York and preached in Columbus, Mt. Gilead, Yellow Springs, etc. 192 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1857 James Gallagher. Came from Pennsylvania to Ham¬ ilton, where he died within a few months. 1857 J. M. Holmes. Lived at Guilford. 1857 N. B. Johnson, Jr. Lived at Bartmertown. He died shortly after beginning to preach. 1857 B. L. Luce. 1857 George H. Vibbert. Born in Massachusetts October 4, 1837. Licensed to preach 1857. Campaigned for Lincoln. Elected to Massachusetts legislature on the Prohibition ticket. His work in Ohio was between the years 1857 and 1866. He died April 29, 1915. 1854 Isaac Dowd Williamson, D.D. Born Ponifet, Ver¬ mont, April 4, 1807, ordained in the same state in 1829. He was preacher, editor, traveller in many states and also abroad. He served as Grand Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows., He was pastor in Cincinnati for about three years, and continued to live there for several years. He died November 26, 1876. 1:857 V. P. Wilson. Lived at Stone Creek, Canal Dover, Cleveland, and New Philadelphia. He moved to Kansas about 1870. 1857 W. B. Woodberry. Preached at New Way and Jersey about twenty-five years, also at Caledonia, Reynolds¬ burg, Mt. Gilead, Granville, dying at the latter place in 1882. 1857 J. L. Wynant. 1859 S, Banfil. 1859 Gorman. Preached at Columbus, and then trans¬ ferred to the Unitarians. 1859 Thomas Sandor Guthrie, D.D. Preached at Green¬ ville, Springfield, Eaton, New Paris, Camden, Pales- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 193 tine, New Madison, Millerstown, and many points in Indiana. 1859 S. P. Merrifield. Ordained by the Western Reserve Association. A farmer and preacher. 1860 F. Jones. Lived in Berne township. He was fellow- shipped by the Washington Association in 1864. i86o(?)N. S. Sage, LL.D. Born at Huntington, and edu¬ cated at Oberlin. Private, and later Chaplain, in the Civil War. Died at Nucla, Colorado, April 8, 1919. 1860 Andrew Wilson, D.D. The unofficial ‘‘Bishop of the Western Reserve.” Born at North Shenango, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1835. Educated at Kings¬ ville, Ohio, and at Meadville. Entered the ministry at Willoughby and preached also at Kent, Brimfield, Ravenna, and many other places. An early worker for Buchtel College. He was an organizer and pastor, and had a record of 1211 marriage and 2128 funeral ceremonies. He died about 1912. 1861 J. S. Cantwfll. Preached at Columbus, Camden, Goshen, Fairfield, and other points. He moved to Massachusetts in 1881. 1861 Marion D. Crosley, D.D. Born in Warren County in 1835. He was the first student to register at Lebanon College. His chief work was in Indiana, but he also preached in other states and in Scotland. Among his Ohio parishes were Caledonia, Mt. Gilead, and Montgomery. He died in Indiana, November 27, I 9 I 7- 1861 Ira B. Grandy. A resident of Millerstown who was fellowshipped by the Winchester Association, and in 1866 ordained by the Convention at New Paris. He moved to Indiana. 1861 Joseph Kinney. 194 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1863 J- L. Canfield (?) 1863 John Duval. A resident of Pricetown. Originally a Presbyterian, he became a Methodist, and later a Universalist. He was elected an associate judge. He died at Buford, April 20, 1872. 1863 J. W. Henley. Originally a Methodist, he became a Universalist and was fellowshipped by the Win¬ chester Association. He preached at Mt. Gilead, Springboro, Attica, McConnellsville, Springfield, Marietta, and at many other places. For a number of years he lived at Fountain Park near Woodstock. He died at Dayton about 1902. 1863 J. J. Near. Born in Cleveland. Fellowshipped by the Murray Association. He was a school teacher and preacher, and died at Jeffersonville, Indiana, July 5, 1867. 1866 Shuba Flint Gibb. Born in Genesee County, New York, in May, 1828. A shoemaker by trade, he moved to the vicinity of Peru. He was ordained by the Convention in 1867 and preached at Brunersburg. He then went to Indiana, Illinois, and other states. He was a life-long cripple, and died at Los Angeles, May 8, 1914. 1866 T. F. Jones. Born December 18, 1813. Lived in Athens County. He was ordained by the Washington Association. He died July 31, 1883. 1866 Nathan W. Moore. The son of Elihu Moore, born about 1838. Preached at Edwardsville. He died at his home in Russellville in 1898. 1866 *Everett Levi Rexford, D.D. Born in Chatauqua county, New York, and ordained in 1865. Preached in Cincinnati, 1865-69, Columbus 1869-74 and 1894-08, at which time relations between him and the Univer- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 195 salist denomination were severed. He has since been pastor of an independent church in Columbus. 1866 A. M. Soule. Of Woodstock, formerly a Christian pastor, was fellowshipped by the Winchester Asso¬ ciation, and soon moved to Michigan. 1866 Charles Lewis Truman. A resident of Elmore, went to St. Lawrence University to study for the ministry in 1866. 1866 Hallam Eldridge Whitney. Born in Binghamton, New York, April 18, 1818. He was ordained in Pennsylvania in 1846 and came to Willoughby in 1866. He died at Flint, August 12, 1872. 1866 J. D. H. Corwine. Came from Kentucky. 1866 Jabez Newton Emery. A resident of Loveland who studied at St. Lawrence. 1867 G. S. Abbott. Born in New York in 1816, he began his ministry in that state in 1841. He preached in La Grange, after which he retired and lived at Akron and Aurora. He died in San Jose, California, May 10, 1894. 1867 W. J. Crosley. Licensed by the Miami Association. He preached at Woodstock, Camden, Springboro, Plain City, and in Indiana and Connecticut. He was dropped by Convention in 1897. 1867 Benjamin Franklin Eaton. Born in South Hamp¬ ton, New Hampshire, September 16, 1836. He pre¬ pared for the ministry at Tufts and was ordained in his native state in 1862. He preached at Dayton, Zanesville, Cleveland, Kenton, and many other points. In 1878 he returned to New England. He died at Dover, New Hampshire, October 2, 1917. 1867 John Francis Gates. A resident of Gallipolis who studied at St. Lawrence. 196 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1867 Solomon Gwaltney. A resident of Newton who studied at St. Lawrence. 1867 Miss M. Josephine Lamham. Fellowshipped by the Winchester Association. This is first instance so far discovered of a woman being given ecclesiastical priv¬ ileges by the Universalists of Ohio. The name is also spelt Lapham. 1867 H. J. Pettit. Became blind. 1867 *Robert Thompson Polk, D.D. Born Liberty Twp., Highland County, November 12, 1837. Educated at National Normal University. Licensed by the Win¬ chester Association, and ordained by the Convention at Dayton, 1868. Preached at London and Oxford, and in 1876 moved to Massachusetts. Active in the promotion of Buchtel College. 1867 Jonas Franklin Rice. Born Plainfield, Massachu¬ setts, in 1825. He was a resident of North Olmstead for sixty-three years and a carpenter by trade. He was a Lieutenant in the 150th Ohio Volunteers. He was ordained at the convention of 1867 and preached at various points in the northern part of the state. His death occurred in November, 1905. 1867 M A. Saxton. Preached at East Toledo, Caledonia, Plain City, and in Michigan. 1867 Martin Van Buren Stevens. A resident of Oberlin who studied at St. Lawrence. 1868 A. Countryman. Preached at Springfield. 1869 G. W. Crowell. Preached at Mt. Gilead and Cleve¬ land. He was relicensed by the Convention in 1878. 1869 William B. Dunfee. Licensed by the Winchester Association. 1869 J. D. Lauer. A Christian preacher who joined the Eaton Universalist Church. He preached at Con- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 197 over, Caledonia, Plain City, etc. He died about 1888. 1869 H. F. Miller. Came from Indiana to become Finan¬ cial Secretary of Buchtel College, which position he held 1869-72 and 1878-79. He also served the Con¬ vention and died about 1885. 1869 Edward Morris. Preached at Kent, Caledonia, Mt. Gilead, and in other states. He died about 1915. 1869 Josiah A. Seitz. Born Melmore, O., March 27, 1837. Teacher and physician. Ordained by the Convention. He preached in Adrian, Attica, McConnelsville, and later moved to New York. Died at Cos Cob, Conn., September 3, 1922. 1869 W. C. Tresize. 1869 S. W. Watson. Licensed by the Winchester Asso¬ ciation. 1873 Thaddeus Clay Druley. Born at Boston, Indiana, July 29, 1842, and educated at Miami and St. Law¬ rence. He was ordained in Wisconsin, October 30, 1870. He came to Middleport circuit in 1873, and moved to Belpre in 1876. After serving as State Superintendent he moved to Indiana and later to New England. He returned to Belpre in 1901, where he died October 23, 1907. 1870 Luther F. McKinney. Born near Newark, O., 1840. No Ohio pastorate. Died at Bridgton, Me. 1870 Phineas Hathaway. Moved to New York. 1870 W. W. King. Withdrew in 1872. 1870 James M. Simpson. Born 1850. Formerly a Chris¬ tian, he became a Universalist and received a license. He died at Kirkersville February 9, 1873. 1870 Willard Spaulding, D.D. Ordained in 1845, he be- 198 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO came the pastor of the Cincinnati Church and served about two years. 1870 William Tucker, D.D. Born in Halifax county, Virginia, 1823. He served as a Methodist circuit rider, teacher, and presiding elder until 1870 when he became a Universalist. He preached at Mt. Gilead, Eaton, Camden, Princeton, Hamilton, New Palestine, Cuba, Wilmington, Upper Sandusky, etc. He was a member of the Academy of Anthropology (New York), the Victorian Institute (England), and the Medico-Legal Society. He died at Camden, Sep¬ tember 4, 1889. 1871 T. A. Benton. Lived at Middleport. 1871 S. P. Booth. The initials are also given as Z. P. A resident of Kent who was licensed by the Western Reserve Association. 1871 Charles Heman Dutton. Born Ogden, New York, October 5, 1823. He preached at Woodstock, Eaton, Springfield, Marietta, Hamilton, and in other states. He died at Hamilton July 17, 1877. 1871 J. H. Palmer. Born in Akron November, 1838, and educated there and in Michigan. Became a teacher, enlisted in the army, and in 1871 entered the ministry. His pastorates were outside of Ohio. He died at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in June, 1909. 1871 H. B. Smith. Ordained by the convention. 1871 William Reese. A resident of Lower Salem who was licensed by the Washington Association. 1872 John Henry Blackford. A life-long resident of Eldorado, where he was ordained in 1873. He preached there for many years and at Eaton, New Madison, Plattsville, Conover, and other points in that section of the state. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 199 1872 * William Henry Rider, 2nd, S. T. D. Born Prov- incetown, Mass., November 13, 1846. Ordained in Mass., 1871. Pastor at Cincinnati for one year, after which he returned to Massachusetts. 1872 Levi Blackford. Moved from the state. 1872 Stacey Haines Matlack. Died in 1878. 1872 Sullivan Holman McCollister, D.D., Litt.D. Pres¬ ident of Buchtel for about six years. 1872 John Patterson McLean. A resident of Franklin, who studied at St. Lawrence. He preached at Pales¬ tine, Greenville, and in other states, withdrawing in 1906. In 1921 he returned to preaching at Greenville. 1872 D. C. Tomlinson. Came from New York as Finan¬ cial Secretary of Buchtel. He preached at Spring- field. In 1880 he moved to Illinois. 1872 Nehemiah White, A.M., Ph.D. Professor at Buchtel. He was licensed in 1874 and ordained in 1875, moving to Illinois the following year. 1873 W. J. Chaplin. Came from Michigan. 1873 John Greeleaf Adams, D.D. Born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 30, 1810, ordained in 1833, died May 4, 1887. He was pastor at Cincinnati for three years. 1873 J. B. Booth. Licensed by the Convention. He soon moved to New York. 1874 * William Percival Burnell. Born January 19, 1857 at Bridgton, Maine. Educated at St. Lawrence and ordained at Cleveland, March 4, 1874. He served as pastor at Cleveland, Huntington, Clyde, Marga- retta, and in other states. He also canvassed for Buchtel for two years. 1874 Benjamin Brunning. Born Yoxford, England, 200 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO March 28, 1821. Moved to Canada, 1836. Ordained in Iowa, 1873. His Ohio residence was very brief. Died at Boone, Iowa, May 10, 1920. 1874 Frank Evans. Born at Boston, Indiana, March 5, 1838. He was educated at Miami University and en¬ listed in the 21st Ohio Inf., later becoming Major. He practiced law in Michigan and was ordained in Indiana in 1870. He preached at Mt. Gilead and Eaton, and died at the latter place October 2, 1879. 1874 William Looker Gibbs. Born at Harrison and moved during youth to Indiana. A shoemaker by trade and a Christian in religion. He served in the 36th Indiana for four years after which he returned to Harrison. Meanwhile he had become a Univer- salist and decided to enter St. Lawrence. He was licensed and ordained by the Ohio Convention, but his pastorates were in Michigan. He died in 1917. 1874 Theodore N. Glover. Preached at Woodstock, and Plain City and then moved to Illinois. 1874 Robert Newman John. Born in Louisiana in 1835, he came early to Harrison, Ohio, and was educated at Miami. He became a teacher and was superin¬ tendent of the Blanchester schools, and also taught in Universalist schools in Maine and Indiana. He had entered Hanover to prepare for the Presbyterian ministry, but became a Universalist. He was ordained at Mt. Carmel in 1874, and preached in Jefferson, Farmer’s, Pricetown, London, Zanesville, and Cuba, and in Indiana. He served both the Ohio and Indi¬ ana Conventions officially, and was a prominent Odd Fellow. He died October 28, 1910. 1874 Solomon Laws. Born at Peterborough, New Hamp¬ shire, November 13, 1806. He was educated at Dart¬ mouth and ordained in Vermont in 1837. He moved to Akron in 1874 and died there May 15, 1879. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 201 1874 Asher Moore. Born Anson, Maine, May 19, 1805, ordained 1839, and died at Hammonton, New Jersey, November 18, 1875. 1874 J. J. Weeks. Ordained at Cleveland, June 3, 1874. He moved to New York in 1876. 1874 David Workman. A resident of Priceton who was licensed. 1875 Thomas P. Abell. Born Middlebury, New York, about 1809 and fellowshipped in that state in 1835. After several eastern pastorates he engaged in secu¬ lar business. In 1875 he was living in London and was relicensed and re fellowshipped. He preached in Columbus and Plain City and in Indiana. He died near Flovilla, Georgia, September 4, 1894. 1875 Samuel C. Ashton. Preached at Peru. Left the state about 1879. 1875 (Char)lotta Davis Gath Crosley. Born Colerain township, Hamilton County, March 9, 1848. She married S. Gath of Oxford in 1867 and Rev. W. J. Crosley in 1870. She was licensed by the Convention in 1877 and ordained in 1879. She preached at Wood- stock, Greenville, Pharisburg, Zanesville, Caledonia, Camden, Kent, Mt. Gilead, Belleville, Ridgeville, London, Eaton, Columbus, and in other states. She died in 1917. 1875 W. S. Ralph. Came from Illinois and preached in Columbus. 1876 J. S. Gledhill. Came from New York to Kent where he was ordained on August 27, 1876. Moved to Penn¬ sylvania in 1879. 1876 Eliezer Hathaway. Came from New Jersey and preached at Norwalk. 1876 William Marion Jones. A resident of Cincinnati, 202 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO licensed in 1876, and ordained at Springboro in 1877. He preached at Columbus and Kent and later left the state and joined the Unitarians. 1876 C. A. Lander. Came from New York and preached at Caledonia and Eaton. He moved to Illinois in 1881 and died in Sorrento, Florida, in 1906. 1876 Archibald Alexander McMaster. Lived at Poland. He was licensed and ordained. 1876 W. D. Shipman. Born at Gustavus, October 25, 1852. Also lived at Andover. A graduate of, and later a professor in, Buchtel. Licensed by the Con¬ vention in 1876 and ordained by the Western Reserve Association in 1886. He died December 16, 1895. 1877 O. L. Ashenfelter. A resident of Springfield and a member of the German Reformed Church who was fellowshipped. He left the state about 1879. 1877 James Murray Bailey. Born at Wilmington, Ver¬ mont, in 1846, and ordained in 1869. He was pastor at Cincinnati for about two years, after which he left the state. 1877 Abbie E. Danforth. Licensed and ordained (October 16, 1878) by the Convention. Preached at Kent, Margaretta, Peru, LeRoy, Huntington, and in other states. 1877 G. L. Fortney. A resident of West Virginia who preached in the Washington Association and was licensed by the Convention. 1877 Cassius L. Haskell. Lived at Newton and was licensed and ordained (October 10, 1878) by the Con¬ vention. Preached at Oxford. 1877 Prudy Le Clerc Haskell. Born at Louisville, Ken¬ tucky, February 6, 1844. She was ordained in Indiana in 1869 and preached in several states, coming then to BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 203 Newtown. She married C. L. Haskell that same year and died at Oxford, December 27, 1878. 1877 Lucinda White Brown. Usually known as “Auntie Brown.” Not a minister. Born New York, 1822. Married Rev. John Stanley Brown. Afterwards a teacher. Moved to Akron in 1877 and thereafter devoted her life to maintaining a home for poor students. This was known as “The Beehive,” ‘‘The Omnibus,” and “The Old Shoe.” For many years she was a prominent figure at conventions. 1877 Lemuel Jefferson Spencer. Born near New Madi¬ son. He enlisted in the 5th Ohio Cavalry. He was ordained by the Convention in 1879, and held pas¬ torates in Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri. He died January 25, 1915, at Colorado Springs. 1878 *Emma E. Bailey. Licensed by the Convention. 1878 E. R. Earl. Came from Pennsylvania and preached in Belpre, Watertown, and Fairfield. 1878 George Landor Perin, D.D. Born at Newton, Iowa, July 31, 1854. Ordained by the Convention, September 1, 1878, and preached at Bainbridge and Bryan. Moved to Massachusetts in 1882. 1879 Alfred Day. Preached at Kenton and Woodstock. He left the ministry about 1891. 1879 Ezekiel Fitzgerald. Born at Detroit, March 5, 1840. He was educated at Tufts and enlisted in 44th Massa¬ chusetts. He preached in Ohio for only about two years. He died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, September 17, 1918. 1879 James H. Hartley. Came from Massachusetts and served as pastor at Cincinnati for a year. 1879 *Augustus Luther Rice. Born Ellisburg, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1847. Ordained in New York, 1874. Came to 204 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Ohio for about two or three years and returned about 1886 for a similar period. Pastorates at Peru and Mason. 1879 Christopher S. Vincent. Preached at Norwalk. After leaving the state he transferred to the Uni¬ tarians. 1880 Orello Cone, D.D. Came from St. Lawrence to become president of Buchtel, filling the position for sixteen years, after which he returned to St. Law¬ rence. An author of several books. He died in 1905. 1880 Henry Noble Couden, D.D. Born Marshall Co., In¬ diana, Nov. 21, 1842. Attended State School for the Blind at Columbus, O. Preached in Ohio for a brief period. He was Chaplain of the House of Repre¬ sentatives at Washington for many years. 1880 Richard Eddy. The historian of the Universalist Church. He preached in Ohio for a few months. 1880 Sumner Ellis, D.D. Born at North Orange, Massa¬ chusetts, May 17, 1828, ordained in 1851, and died January 1, 1886. He preached at Cincinnati for about a year. 1880 John Marshall Getchell. Came from Pennsyl¬ vania. In 1882 he moved to Michigan, again returning to Ohio in 1884 for about a year. 1880 Olive P. Kimmel. A resident of Eaton. Ordained at Sharon, January 29, 1880, and died the same year. 1880 *Dewitt Lamphear. Born at Rome, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1848. Studied at Buchtel. Licensed by the Conven¬ tion and ordained at Springboro in 1881. After a few years he returned to New York. 1880 Charles Henry Rogers. Born in Ashtabula county, June 6, 1843. He became a Methodist minister at the age of nineteen, but in 1880 transferred to the Uni- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 205 versalists. He held no Ohio pastorates. He died June 28, 1918. 1881 L. M. Andrews. Came from Indiana and about 1885 moved to Illinois. 1881 H. E. Smith. A member of the Christian church who was licensed by the Convention. In 1883 he was placed on the retired list. 1882 William Frost Crispin. Born in Fayette county, November 14, 1833. An organizer, lecturer, editor, and pamphleteer against the liquor traffic. He was licensed by the Convention and later, in 1890, at Akron ordained. He was for two years the agent for the Star in the West and six years the financial secretary of Buchtel. He preached at Mansfield. He died at Akron, January 29, 1916. 1882 Sheldon C. Clark. Preached at Peru. 1882 F. D. Pierce. Ordained at Kent. He moved to Iowa in 1884. 1882 S. Pierce (?) Came from New York. 1882 George W. Powell. Preached at Norwalk, leaving there for New York. 1882 *Mont Della Shumway. Came from New York and was licensed the same year. He preached at Mt. Gilead and was ordained there June 13, 1882. He afterwards returned to New York. 1883 F. K. Beem. Came from New York and preached at Plain City, where he was ordained. 1883 *Charles C. Conner. Preached at Eaton, Hamilton, and Milford, and in other states. 1883 Felton. 1883 J. B. Frost. A resident of Morrow county. 206 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1883 Gideon Isaac Keirn, D.D. Born at Columbia City, Indiana, 1854. Became a Universalist during youth and was educated at Buchtel, St. Lawrence, and Tufts. He was ordained in New York in 1879 an d has preached in several states and in Japan. No Ohio pastorate. 1884 *Charles Ellwood Nash, A.M., D.D. Born at Alamuchy, New Jersey, March 31, 1855, the son of a Universalist minister. Educated at Lombard and Tufts and ordained in Connecticut in 1878. He was pastor at Akron for seven years, has preached in several other states, and has been president of Lom¬ bard and Field Secretary of the denomination. 1884 Elmer Frederick Pember. Born at Riley, Illinois, August 26, 1853 and ordained in Massachusetts in 1875. He came from New York to Cincinnati, where he was pastor for about three years, then moving to Pennsylvania. 1884 Edwin W. Pierce. Came from Massachusetts to Norwalk; after a year he moved to Vermont. He died at Orleans, Massachusetts, in 1912. 1885 R. B. Marsh. Ordained by the Convention and preached at Kent for about two years, after which he moved to Michigan. 1885 J. M. H. Smith. He had lived in Morrow in 1866. He preached in Springfield for a few months. 1885 Nathan Rice Quackenbush. Born in New York City, April 4, 1837. He became a Universalist about 1872, was educated at St. Lawrence, and ordained in 1874. He preached in Michigan and Indiana and in Reynoldsburg, Jersey, Flint, McConnelsville, Blan- chester, Watertown, New Madison, New Paris, and Plain City, where he died November 24, 1915. 1885 F. M. Yates. A Methodist Protestant of West Vir- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 207 ginia who was licensed and fellowshipped by the Con¬ vention. He moved to Indiana in 1888 and then to Illinois. 1886 *Harry Lee Canfield. The son of Dr. Henry Can- field. Born at Newberry, February 2, i860, lived at Peru and Norwalk, educated at Buchtel and Tufts, and ordained at Stryker, January 27, 1888. He preached at Cincinnati, Stryker, Attica, Lyons, Flint, and later moved to Maine. 1886 *Judson Patterson Marvin. A student who preached in Ohio during the summer. 1886 John Richardson. Licensed and, in 1886, ordained by the Convention. He preached at Springboro, Ridgeville, Cuba, Miami City, Palestine, Greenville, New Weston, Jeffersonville, Summit, and New Way. For many years he lived at Westville, where he died in 1904. 1887 G. P. Nash. The father of C. E. Nash. He preached at Belleville for a short time, and in 1899 lived at Toledo. 1887 *Thomas Baldwin Thayer Fisher. A student who preached in Ohio during the summer. 1887 *W ilson Marvin Backus. Born Prairie Du Chein, Wis., Feb. 11, 1865. Came from Iowa and was or¬ dained by the Convention, June 8, 1887. Preached at Blanchester, Mason, and Milford. Now in fellowship with the Unitarians. 1887 Stephen Crane, D.D. Preached in Norwalk, coming from and returning to Illinois. 1887 *Elbert Watson Whitney. Born at Nashua, New Hampshire, December 8, 1849, educated at Tufts, and ordained in Massachusetts in 1874. His pastorates have been in New England except for about three years when he preached at Cincinnati. 208 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1887 *Leon Oscar Williams. A student who preached in Ohio during the summer. 1888 *Frank Skinner Rice. Born Springfield, Vt., June 9, 1853. Ordained in New York, 1888. Preached at Kenton and New Haven from 1889 to 1893. Returned to New England. 1888 Estella Backus. Licensed by the Convention. 1888 A. K. Beem. Preached at Woodstock and Plain City. He moved to Iowa about 1892. 1888 M. Lee Hewett. Came from New York and preached at Belpre. He died about 1895. 1889 Mrs. M. V. Andrews. Licensed by the Convention. 1889 W. M. Andrews. Lived at Blanchester. He came from the Reformed Church and was given a license, which he soon surrendered. 1888 *Henrietta Greer Moore. Born Newark, O., and lived in Cincinnati and Morrow. Licensed in 1888 and ordained in 1891. She preached at Springfield, Woodstock, Conover, Cuba. Organized Dayton church. Prominent worker for W. C. T. U., Natl. Amer. Woman Suffrage Asso. 1889 F. F. Backus (?). Ordained January 25th at Leroy. 1889 F. F. Buckner. Preached at Leroy and Attica. He moved to Illinois about 1893. 1889 Stanford Mitchell. Born Durham, Me., Nov. 3, 1840. Came from Massachusetts and was ordained by the Convention, February 1, 1889. He served two seasons as state evangelist, returning to Massachusetts. Died at Proctor, Vt., July 6, 1922. 1890 John Randolph Carpenter. Born at North Olm- stead, December 29, 1859, and educated at Lombard. He preached in Newton, Milford, Mt. Carmel, Mont- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 209 gomery, Belpre, Little Hocking, Frost, Watertown, Mt. Gilead, Attica, Camden, Woodstock, McConnels- ville, and in other western states. He served as Mayor of Mt. Gilead in 1909. He died in Wisconsin, October 6, 1918. 1890 J. F. Carney. Came from the Advent Church, New York City, to Mt. Gilead. He also preached at Flint and in Indiana. 1890 Elmer D. Jacobs. Came from Michigan to Bryan and Stryker. 1890 Levi Moore Powers, S.T.D. Preached at Zanesville and McConnelsville during the summer. 1890 * Oscar L. Wales. Born 1830. A Methodist preacher, then an Independent, who was licensed and given full fellowship by the Convention. He lived at Swanton and preached at Walbridge. 1891 *Howard Burton Bard. A resident of Brimfield, ordained in 1894. His pastorates have been in other states. 1891 *Osgood Ghordis Colegrove. Born at Hanover, Michigan, October 30, 1864. Educated at Lombard and ordained in Michigan in 1887. He preached at Kent, Blanchester, Woodstock, Plain City, Green¬ ville, and was state superintendent twelve years. He has also preached in other western states. 1891 *Ulysses Sumner Milburn. Born at Black Lick, December 16, 1865, educated at St. Lawrence, and ordained at London, December 15, 1891. He preached at Plain City, London, and Cincinnati, and in other states. 1891 W. K. Mumford. A resident of Brandt who was licensed. He preached at Conover and Miami City. 1891 *J. Frank Thompson. Born at Wonaque, New 210 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO Jersey, December 27, 1850, and educated at Rochester, New York, where he left the Baptist church for the Universalist. He was ordained in that state in 1875. He preached in Akron for five years and in other eastern states. 1891 William Shaw White. Preached in Cleveland about two years, moving then to Massachusetts. 1892 * Alfred Newton Blackford. A resident of Eaton who studied for the ministry. 1892 Frank Blackford. A resident of Eldorado who studied for the ministry. In 1899 he preached at Mason, resigning in 1902 to enter business. 1892 Harry Blackford. Born at Eldorado, October 17, 1866, educated at Tufts, and ordained in 1892. He preached at Cincinnati from 1899 to 1901, resigning to study and practice medicine. He died about 1909. 1892 *Barlow Green Carpenter, D.D. Licensed and or¬ dained on March 14, 1895, at Eaton. He preached there and at Montgomery and Camden, moving to Illinois about 1900. 1892 *Frederick Lucius Carrier. A resident of Brimfield who studied for the ministry. In 1904 he preached at Mason and then left the state. 1892 *Samuel G. Dunham. Born New Jersey, 1866. Came from New Jersey to Blanchester and was or¬ dained by the Convention. He also preached at Mil¬ ford, Edwardsville, Blanchester, Centerfield, London, and Norwalk, moving to Massachusetts in 1896. 1892 Elmer J. Felt. Born at Kent, and educated at Tufts. He preached at Norwalk. 1892 C. W. E. Gossow. A resident of Stryker who studied for the ministry and was licensed by the Convention. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 211 1892 *Carl French Henry. Born at Bissell, October 7, 1867, and educated at Buchtel, Tufts, and later at Hartford. Ordained at Cleveland, December 21, 1893. He preached in Cleveland until 1905 and since then has been in other states. 1892 W. J. Herbener. A resident of Circleville who studied for the ministry. 1892 *Leroy Wilson Coons, A.M. Born at Arcanum, August 23, 1872, and lived there and at Eldorado. Educated at Bowdoin and St. Lawrence, and ordained in New York, 1895. He never had an Ohio pastorate, 1892 William M. Lawrence. A resident of Norwalk who studied for the ministry. About 1898 he preached at Eaton and other points in Ohio. 1892 John D. McCord. A resident of Watertown who was ordained by the Convention. He preached there and at Fairfield, Berne, Vincent, and Dudley. 1892 Omer Petrie. A resident of Eldorado who studied for the ministry. 1892 Margaret Titus. A resident of Batavia who studied for the ministry. 1893 *George Hilary Ashworth. A resident of Eaton, educated at Lombard, ordained in Ohio in 1898. He preached at Mt. Gilead, Attica, Ravenna, Bryan, and in other states. 1893 W. L. Dudley. A Free Will Baptist who was licensed for a year. 1893 * George Humberstone. Born at Peterborough, Eng¬ land, April 5, i860, and moved to Toledo in 1872, in or near which he has since resided. He was ordained at Bryan, July 7, 1895 and has preached in Walbridge, Peru, Havana, Lyons, and in Michigan. 212 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1893 *Ira Wilson McLaughlin. Born at Union, Cham¬ paign county, March 22, 1861. During his youth he lived in Westville, where he became a Universalist. He was educated at Urbana University, at Buchtel, and at St. Lawrence and ordained in New York in 1883. He has preached in Springfield from 1893 to 1895 and from 1911 to the present time, and also in other states and in Canada. 1893 Cornelia Andrews Williams. Ordained at Leroy, October 25th, and preached there and at Hunt¬ ington. 1894 Clifford E. Jones. Preached in northeastern Ohio in the summer and returned in 1896 to Mason, Ridge- ville, and Ravenna. He was ordained at the latter place in September. He also preached at Springboro and Kent, and moved to Massachusetts in 1903. 1894 James C. Moore. The son of Rev. Elihu Moore and a resident of Troy. He was licensed by the Convention. 1894 Moorman. A member of the Methodist church, South, who joined the Universalists at Eldorado, and received a license. He preached at New Paris and Eaton. 1894 Frank M. Pitkin. A Congregationalist who joined the Universalists at Cleveland and received license and full fellowship. He preached at Jersey and Reynolds¬ burg, retiring in 1898 to unite with the Christian Scientists. 1894 *Sara L. Stoner, M.S. The wife of Rev. J. A. Stoner. Born in Union county, Indiana, November 26, 1853. She taught school in Preble county, Ohio, in 1877. Educated at Smithson, and Buchtel. She was ordained in Kansas in 1890. She has preached at Jeffersonville, Centerfield, Milford, Cuba, Palestine, [New Madison, Miami City, New Paris, Camden, BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 213 Eaton, Eldorado, Belleville, Mt. Gilead, Conover, and in other states. 1895 Martha A. Bortle. Born 1845. She taught eight years at Buchtel and prepared for the ministry. She preached at Hamilton, Mansfield, Belleville, and in other states. She died at Lake Chatauqua, 1910. 1895 Henry N. Brown. Pastor at New Madison for five years. He died in 1900. 1895 E. A. Coil. A Unitarian of Marietta, who was a member of the Convention. He died January 1, 1918. 1895 James Hudson. Came from Indiana to Attica and North Olmstead. 1895 G. A. Kratzer. Preached at Hamilton for three years, after which he moved to New York. 1895 F. O. Eggleston. A former Universalist who had joined the Unitarians and was relicensed by the Con¬ vention in 1895. 1895 H. K. Riegel. Preached at Kent for about three years and then moved to New York. 1895 James L. Stoner. Born at Peru, Indiana, April 21, 1849 an d educated at the state normal school and at Smithson. He was ordained in Kansas in 1889. He preached at Springfield, Milford, Palestine, Eaton, and in other states. He died December, 1913. He was a denominational historian. 1895 Ermina C. Stray. A resident of Noble who was licensed by the Convention. She preached at Plain City. 1896 ^Clarence Livingstone Eaton. The son of Rev. B. F. Eaton. Born Dayton, O., May 14, 1868. Or¬ dained in Mass. He preached at Belleville during the summer. 214 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1896 *Ira Allen Priest, S.T.D. Born Vermont, 1856. Ordained in Mass., 1887. Preached at Akron, Sharon, Kent, and also served as president of Buchtel until 1901. Army chaplain. 1896 *Arthur Roberts. A resident of West Jefferson who became a Universalist. He preached at Attica, Mar- garetta, and New Madison, and in other states. 1896 *George Washington Sias. Born in New York. He preached in Springfield. 1896 *Eliza Flagg Turner Hoskin. Came from New York to Belleville, and also preached at McConnels- ville and returned to New York in 1898. 1897 *Mary Andrews Conner. A resident of Hamilton who was first licensed by the Convention in 1897 and ordained November 16, 1902. Educated at Buchtel and later at the University of Chicago. She was or¬ ganizer for the Missionary Alliance. She moved to Missouri in 1902. In 1914 she married the Rev. C. C. Conner at Hamilton. 1897 A. B. Church, D.D., LL.D. Born at North Norwich, Vermont, January 11, 1858, and educated at St. Law¬ rence. He preached at Akron until 1901 and then became president of Buchtel, filling this position until his death on November 16, 1912. 1897 Charles L. Corwin. Licensed by the Convention and in 1899 given fellowship. He preached at Norwalk and left the state about 1901. 1897 Ferdinand C. Davis. A Unitarian preacher who joined the Ravenna church and received a temporary license. 1897 Margaret T. Olmstead. Came from Illinois and received a license. 1897 Rett E. Olmstead. Came from Illinois and received a license. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 215 1897 *Eben Mumford, Ph.D. A resident of Alcony, licensed by the Convention. He was later educated at the University of Chicago and was ordained. 1897 * Albert I. Spanton. Born Sunderland, Engl., Nov. 28, 1872. Resident of Columbiana co. A professor at Buchtel who received a license for several years and was ordained at Norwalk, July 31, 1910. He has preached at Leroy, Kent, and Ravenna. 1897 I. Wallace Cate. State superintendent. He also preached in other states and in Japan. 1898 *Carrie White Brainard. Born at Lee, New York, September 30, 1852, and educated at Lombard and St. Lawrence. Ordained in Illinois in 1881. She has preached in Little Hocking, Belpre, Frost, Lower Salem, Caledonia, and in Illinois. 1898 *Maurice Gilbert Linton. Born in Carroll county, Indiana, in 1869, educated at Lombard, and ordained in Missouri. He has preached in Blanchester, Zanes¬ ville, McConnelsville, Hamilton, and in other states. 1898 Tacy Matthews. A resident of Ohio who was edu¬ cated at Tufts. 1898 E. N. Newton. 1898 *L. R. Robinson. Licensed and fellowshipped by the Convention. He preached at Eaton, Eldorado, Mt. Gilead, and in other states. 1898 *Inez L. Shipman. Born Gustavus, O., July 25, 1850. Educated at Buchtel. The daughter of Rev. C. L. Shipman, licensed and, on July 8, 1900, at Olmstead, ordained. She preached there and at Mason and Sharon Center, and in other states. 1899 H. E. Newton. Ordained at Vincent on December 23. He preached there and at Fairfield, Beverly, McCon¬ nelsville, Watertown, and in other states. 216 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1900 F. M. Hayes. Fellowshipped by the Convention and preached at Kent for a short time, after which he returned to Illinois. 1900 *Hattie Sias Hutchins. Born in New York. After preaching at Springfield she married and left the min¬ istry. 1900 John E. June. Preached in Zanesville for a short time. 1900 *Marcia Martin Selman. Preached at Ravenna a few months. 1901 *Harriet I. Baker Robinson. Born Avilla, Ind., May 29, 1878. Ordained in Iowa. She has preached at Blanchester, Milford, and in other states. She mar¬ ried Dr. Reuben A. Robinson of Iowa in 1903. 1901 *Henry La Fayette Gillespie. Preached at Newton, Farmers, and in other states. 1901 *Oscar E. Olin. Born Earlville, O., Dec. 3, 1851. A professor at Buchtel, licensed, and in 1904 ordained by the Convention. He has preached at Huntington, No. Olmstead, and Leroy. 1901 *Noel Edward Spicer. Born Whitesville, N. Y., Mar. 8, 1866. Ordained 1887. Pastor at Attica and preached at Plain City, Caledonia, and Belleville, moving to Iowa in 1907. 1901 *George F. Thompson. Born at Hanover, Michigan, May 14, 1873, educated at Lombard, and ordained at Plain City in 1903. He preached there and at Camden, Eaton, McConnelsville, Caledonia, Marion, Summit, Jersey, and Mason. 1902 Norris C. Dickey. Came from Pennsylvania and preached at Belleville, Mt. Gilead, and Norwalk. He was ordained March 4, 1903. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 217 1902 *W illard O. Bodell. Born at Harrod, O., Dec. 7, 1872, and received a license, leaving the state about 1904. Ordained in Canada 1904. Supply preaching in Ohio. 1902 Flora Bronis. Preached in Lower Salem, Zanesville, etc., afterwards moving to New York. 1902 *Edward Gilman Mason, D.D. Came from New Jersey and preached at Akron for about ten years, leaving there for Indiana. 1902 A. I. Siianton. The initials are also given as J. A. Preached on the Springboro circuit for two years. 1903 *Samuel Gilbert Ayers, D.D. Born at Jersey City, July 23, 1870, educated at St. Lawrence, and ordained in New York in 1898. He was pastor at Cincinnati for seven years, and has preached in other states, and Japan. 1903 *Harry Lewis Thornton. Came from Pennsylvania and preached at Blanchester, leaving there for Illinois. 1905 *George Hallam Lewis. Born Meriden, Conn., Aug. 23, 1881. Resident of Cincinnati. Ordained Mass, in 1905. Preached at Cuba, Olive Branch, Farmers Sta., Montgomery. 1905 *Leslie Clare Manchester. Born No. Collins, N. Y., June 23, 1873. Ordained Arkansas, 1909. Came from New York to Lyons, leaving the state in two years. 1905 *Edward Milton Minor. Born Pleasant Mound, Ill., May 19, 1867. Ordained Illinois, 1897. Preached at Norwalk, Westfield, and Springfield, leaving there in 1910 for Ontario. 1905 A. M. Stirton. Came from and returned to Michi¬ gan, after a short pastorate at Plain City and Jersey. 218 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1905 *Delmar Everett Trout. Preached at Plain city and Eaton. 1906 *Leon Peter Jones. Born at Little Falls, New York, January 31, 1864, ordained in Illinois in 1894. He preached in Eaton, Greenville, and in other states and in Canada. 1906 * Albert Corydon White. Born Newark, O., Nov. 15, 1852. Resident of Marion and Columbus. Studied at Buchtel. Ordained in Mass. 1880. Has had several New England pastorates among both Unitarians and Universalists. Pastor at Hamilton and also Flint, Attica, and Jersey. 1906 Martha Garner Jones. The wife of Rev. L. P. Jones; they have usually served the same churches as joint pastors. 1906 J. F. Lane. Licensed by the Convention. 1906 *George Runyon Longbrake. Came from Pennsyl¬ vania to preach at Bryan, leaving there for Wisconsin. Chaplain 17th U. S. Cav. 1906 ^Charles Franklin Patterson. Preached at Colum¬ bus and Cleveland, moving to Michigan in 1909. 1907 *Minnie O. Colegrove. Born at Albany, New York, February 21, 1867, married Rev. O. G. Colegrove. Licensed by the Convention. She had preached at Woodstock, Plain City, Greenville, Mt. Carmel, and Miami City, and in other states. 1907 Charles I. Deyo. Formerly a Christian minister, to which denomination he returned in 1912. He preached in Lyons. 1907 *Donald Marshall Flower. Preached in Little Hocking, leaving there for Pennsylvania in 1910. 1908 *Fannie Elmina Austin. A resident of Akron who entered the ministry. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 219 1908 *Edward H. Barrett. Born at New Harmony, In¬ diana, May 2, 1858, educated at United Christian College and at Meadville, and ordained by the Chris¬ tians in 1898. He later united with the Unitarians and in 1909 with the Universalists. He has preached in Greenville, Milford, Farmers, Mt. Carmel, Mt. Gilead, and in other states. 1909 *Orin Edson Crooker. Born Tekonsha, Michigan, February 29, 1874, educated at Wisconsin and St. Lawrence, and ordained in New York in 1901. He preached at Cleveland and in other states. 1908 ^Frederick Waldron Evans. Born Chelsea, Mass., Jan. 4, 1868. Ordained Mass., 1892. Preached in Cuba, Hamilton, Mt. Carmel, Milford, Springboro. 1908 *Herbert H. Graves. Came from Pennsylvania and preached at Columbus. 1908 *Roeert Scott Kellerman. Born at Cedar Hill, September 19, 1855, educated at Tufts, and ordained in Massachusetts in 1879. He preached at Blanchester and other points for four years and in other states. 1908 *Joshua Lehr Wolbach. Born Nazareth, Pa. Or¬ dained in Reformed Church 1881. Licensed and fellowshipped by the Convention and preached in Belpre and Little Hocking. Returned to Ohio in 1922, preaching at Miami City, Conover, Westville. 1909 *Roger F. Etz. Born at Akron, April 30, 1886, and lived there and at Cleveland. Educated at Tufts and ordained in New Hampshire, March 4, 1913. No Ohio pastorate. 1909 Martha Moore. Licensed by the Convention. 1910 *Seward H. Baker. Born in Monroe county, Michi¬ gan, educated at Valparaiso and Meadville, preached for the Unitarians, and united with the Universalists 220 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO in 1910. He preached at Plain City and Woodstock, Attica and Belleville, and moved to Kansas in 1914. 1910 *Anthony B. Beresford, D.D. Pastor at Cincinnati since 1910. 1910 *William Couden. The son of Rev. H. N. Couden. Born Harrison, July 30, 1874. Studied at Buchtel. Preached in Norwalk, leaving there in 1914 for In¬ diana. In war service as chaplain. 1910 John P. Elhuff. Licensed by the Convention. 1910 ^Charles Ellsworth Petty. Born at Frost, October 26, 1866, educated at Buchtel and Tufts, and ordained in Massachusetts in 1899. He preached in Cleveland six years and in other states. 1911 James Wyatt Grimmer. Born at Ariton, Alabama, educated at Camp Hill and Lombard, and ordained at Ariton in 1908. He preached at McConnelsville, Watertown, Lower Salem, Frost, Belpre, Little Hock¬ ing, Belleville, and North Olmstead, dying at the latter place on December 10, 1918. 1911 *Harry Leroy Hayward. Born in Ohio, Nov. 1, 1886. Lived in Clermont and Warren counties. Educated a Methodist. Ordained by Universalists of Indiana. Supplied in Dayton church. 1911 Charles William Hilstren. Born in Sweden about 1868, educated at Lombard. He preached in other states and in Mason and Marion, dying at the latter place December 30, 1913. 1911 *Richard H. McLaughlin. The son of Rev. Ira McLaughlin. Has had no Ohio pastorates. 1912 *Francis A. Gray, D.D. Preached at Akron. 1912 J. Spencer Smith. A resident of Cincinnati, licensed by the Convention. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 221 1913 *Francis Britton Bishop, D.D. Born New London, la., June 30, 1875. Ordained in Illinois, 1903. Preached at Columbus, after which he became state superintendent. In 1920 he left this position to become Southern Superintendent. 1913 Mansfield Johnson. Preached at Springboro. 1913 George E. MacIlwain. Preached at Bryan. 1914 *Allen Brown. Born at Sparta, Michigan, October 7, 1866, educated at Tufts, and ordained in New Hampshire in 1894. He preached at Norwalk and Peru and in other states. 1914 George Crum. Born near Warren, Indiana, in 1859, educated at Lombard. He preached in other states, coming to Marion only a few months before his death. 1914 *Harlan E. Glazier, M.A. Born at Virgil, New York, educated at Union College and Harvard Divin¬ ity, ordained at Columbus in 1916. He preached at Woodstock and Plain City for about two years. 1 9 1 5 *George Cross Baner. Born Baltimore, Md., Feb. 28, 1876. Ordained New York, 1899. Has preached at Akron since 1913. 1914 * William Julius Metz, Born at Buffalo, New York, June 14, 1884, educated at St. Lawrence, and ordained in New York in 1909. He has preached in Attica, Belleville, Mt. Gilead, in the Washington Association, and also in other states. 1915 *Ezekiel Vose Stevens. Born at North Turner, Maine, November 20, 1859, educated at Maine, Wes¬ leyan and St. Lawrence, and ordained in Maine in 1895. He has preached in Columbus and North Ilm- stead and in other states. 1915 *L. Griswold Williams. Preached in Grennville and Marion. In Friends Reconstruction work in France. 222 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1916 *W. W. Betts. Preached at Bryan and Lyons. Re¬ turned to Ohio 1922 to preach at 'Norwalk and Attica. 1916 *Ray Darwin Cranmer. Born at Towanda, Penn¬ sylvania, and lived in Barberton, Ohio, during youth. He was educated at St. Lawrence and ordained there in 1912. He has preached in Vermont and in Cleve¬ land. Moved to Illinois, 1919. 1916 *Martin Fereshetian. Born in Armenia and edu¬ cated at Meadville. He preached in Kent. 1916 *W illiam Ezra Leavitt. Born at Cherry Valley, Ontario, educated at St. Lawrence, and ordained in New York in 1890. He has preached in other states and at Summit, Jersey, Mason, and Springboro. 1916 B. E. Phillips. Preached at North Olmstead. 1916 *Elton Wilson. Preached in Norwalk. 1917 *Eleanor Bisbee. Born Beverly, N. J., July 22, 1893. Ordained Mass. 1917. Preached at Mason and Spring¬ boro. Also served as Sunday School Superintendent for Ohio for six months in 1921. 1917 * William R. Rowland. Born at East Corinth, Ver¬ mont in 1875, educated University of Vermont, and became a physician. He was ordained by the Con¬ vention January 1, 1917, and has preached at New Madison, Blanchester, and Cuba. 1917 *George Hosea Welch. Born at Groton, Vermont, October 20, 1889, educated at St. Lawrence, and ordained in New York in 1915. He has preached in other states and in Norwalk and Attica. He was in war service as Chaplain. Moved to Conn. 1920. 1917 *Elmo Arnold Robinson. Born at Portland, Maine,' January 1, 1887, Ordained in New York in 1912. Preached in other states and in Plain City and Wood- stock. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF OHIO MINISTERS 223 1919 Jesse B. Fosher. Born at Blakesburg, Indiana, November 25, 1847 an d ordained in that state in 1887. Has preached in other states and at Conover and Miami City. Died at Troy April 6, 1922. 1919 *Henry Clay Ledyard. Born Sturges, Mich., Aug. 2, 1880. Ordained by Congregationalists in La., 1907. Preached in other states and at Blanchester and Cuba. 1919 *Thomas Milton Murray. Born Manchester, Eng., Dec. 5, 1892. Ordained Chicago, 1919. Pastor at Eaton and Eldorado. 1920 *Charles A. Alden. Pastor at Columbus. 1920 *John P. Martin. Methodist minister of George¬ town, unites with the Columbus Church. 1920 *Edward Alvan Lewis. Born Haverhill, Mass., July 6, 1895. Ordained New York, 1919. Pastor at Kent and Brimfield for two years. 1920 *Harold Guy Don Scott. Born Newport, Vt., 1892. Ordained Maine, 1917. Pastor at Cincinnati one year. 1920 *Isaac Veeder Lobdell. Born East Berne, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1880. Ordained N. Y., 1909. Became Ohio Superintendent Dec. 1, 1920. 1920 ^Herbert S. Bigelow. An independent minister of Cincinnati who was fellowshipped. 1920 *Rufus Hopkins Dix. Born Holliston, Mass., Dec. 28, 1877. Ordained Mass., 1903. Pastor at Cleveland. 1920 *Frederick R. Millar. Temporary pastor at Eldo¬ rado. 1920 *Hal Horace Lloyd. A Unitarian of Marietta who preached at Belpre. *Lewis Roy Lowry. Born Saginaw, Mich., Aug. 17, 1894, of Ohio stock. Ordained New York, 1919. Pastor at Bellville and Attica. 1921 224 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO 1922 *John Edwin Price. Born W. Taghanac, N. Y. Ordained N. Y., 1918. Pastor at Cincinnati, Mont¬ gomery, and Milford. 1922 *Harriet Evans Druley. Born Middleport, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1888. Resident of Belpre. Ordained N. Y., 1922. Summer supply at Frost, Little Hocking, Lower Salem. 1922 *John F. Fogelsong. Pastor at Bryan and Lyons. 1922 *Almira L. Cheyney. Born Saybrook, Ill., 1875. Ordained Ill., 1908. State Director of Sunday Schools. 1922 ^Robert Tipton. A Congregationalist of Iowa who became pastor at No. Olmstead. 1922 *Harry M. Wright. Pastor at Kent. Concerning the following ministers no dates are available: Amaziah Dodge. A resident of Oxford. Joseph Gipson. A resident of Sangamon who preached Universalism but remained a Tunker. Hawes. Preached at Columbus. D. S. Morey. Preached at Belpre. Nelson Olin. Born in 1816 and died 1908. Lived at Kent. I. B. Quimby. Preached at Hamilton. William B. Snell. Preached at Plain City. J. M. Stanley, D.D. Preached at Dayton. Basserman. Preached at Dayton. Bartlett. Preached at Marietta and Belpre. J. B. Brown. Campbell. Lived near Wilkesville for many years. CHAPTER XVIII THE OLD UNIVERSALISM AND THE NEW Early Universalism in Ohio was a simple message. God the Father of all will save all. This was the burden of the majority of sermons for whatever the topic or the text a place would be found for this specifically Universalist message. With it as a basis the simple rudimentary virtues were expounded. Early Universalism was a definite message. Among its adherents was a pretty general agreement upon those questions regarded by religious people as funda¬ mental. Here and there might be an odd individual, holding views at variance with those of most of the denomination. From the days of Jonathan Kid well and Robert Smith there have been and will always be such. But they have always been the exceptions, and in the early days there was little excuse for doubt or misunderstanding as to what Universalists believed. Early Universalism had for its primary purpose the conversion of the intellect. Declaring open warfare against the other sects, it sought to convince its oppo¬ nents that it was the most correct interpretation of Christianity, both historically, logically and theolog- 225 226 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO ically. To be sure, moral ideals were upheld, but a righteous life was believed to flow naturally from right conceptions of religion. The bases of these characteristics of early Univer- salism were the simple structure of society, the un¬ settled conditions of the sects, and the atmosphere of argument. The simple message was a reflection of the simple social life of the people. An approximate equality of status prevailed. There were no large factories, no large employers, no large fortunes. In general all worked, and all worked together. And each community was largely independent of every other. Within this simple social structure there was an unsettled sectarian alignment. Schisms, divisions and new denominations were the expected order of the day. To change from one communion to another was easy. In the new country there were few old ties to keep one in an organization that did not really represent one’s views. Hence, men of like minds grouped themselves together and the message of the group was given a very definite character. The relationship between the sects was one of argu¬ ment. Debates were popular. They were an impor¬ tant part of the education of the young and of the recreation of the entire community. They were deemed a fair method of presenting divergent views. That Universalists should be controversialists was but natural. THE OLD UNIVERSALISM AND THE NEW 227 Since the days of early Universalism great social and religious changes had swept over Ohio. Social life has become complex. Among the people is a growing inequality of status. Factories, fortunes, poverty differentiate the population into strata. Com¬ munities are no longer independent, the world is be¬ coming recognized as a unit. Under such conditions the various denominations of Christianity, and Uni¬ versalism among them, have developed a more complex message. To-day the sects are far more settled than in the early years. The creation of new sects is a rarer phenomenon, or at least attracts less attention. Church membership involves the associations of years, or per¬ haps of generations. It is more difficult psycho¬ logically and more unusual to transfer one's allegiance from one denomination to another. When such a transfer is made it is often for social, business, or family reasons rather than because of changed convic¬ tions. And so it happens that men of like minds are separated among rival camps, whereas those of unlike minds are often grouped together. Thus the messages of the sects, Universalism among them, have become less definite. The atmosphere of argument has been replaced by one of cooperation. Debates are rare: other modes of education and recreation have become more popular. There is less interest in truth in the abstract and more interest in names, phrases and organizations. Instead 228 THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH IN OHIO of rallying to some doctrine, men prefer to cooperate with others, regardless of opinion, in some task which arrests the attention and wins the applause of the pub¬ lic. As this process has gone on Universalism has lost its controversial nature and taken its place as one of the cooperating departments of the Church. The new Universalism, then, seeks to adapt itself to the new occasions and new duties of the day. No longer content with merely convincing the reason, it seeks to educate the will. It seeks to formulate and apply the corollaries of its faith rather than to reiterate the proof of its main proposition. It welcomes indi¬ viduality of opinion within its own membership and cooperation of effort with those of other faiths. And so the history of Ohio Universalism has been a story of a changing church. To-day is not yesterday. The heritage of the past is not forgotten, the old spirit remains but the tasks are ever new. Thus have Universalists and the Church of their creating contributed to the religious life and thought of the people of Ohio. “He drew a circle to shut me out— Heretic, rebel, a thing to flout. But Love and I had the wit to win; We drew a circle that took him in!” APPENDICES 230 APPENDICES APPENDIX OHIO STATE Date Place President or Moderator Vice-President Secretary or Standing Clerk 1826 1827 Jacksonburgh Franklin S. Tizzard P. J. Labertaw 1828 Eaton J. Kidwell A. H. Longley 4 4 I 4 1829 1830 Philanthropy Oxford E. Singer 1831 1832 1833 Gallipolis (?) Philomath, John Winn S. Tizzard 1834 1835 Indiana Mt. Vernon Ashland F. H. Johnson J. F. Owen S. Tizzard 1836 Belpre L. L. Sadler L. L. Sadler 1837 Fredericktown 4 » 4 4 1838 Akron F. Loring S. A. Davis 1839 Springfield J. Whitney Geo. Mesenger 1840 Newark Henry Morse Alfred Peck 1841 Fredericktown Alpheus Jewett E. M. Pingree 4 4 1842 Peru Geo. Messenger 1843 Montgomery Benjamin Baldwin, M. L. Edwards, 1844 Woodstock Edwardsville • » Belpre 4 4 1845 Ravenna « t 4 « 1846 Columbus * * 1847 Dayton D. R. Biddlecome Mahlon Wright 1848 Marietta Wm. P. Putnam G. S. Weaver 1849 Columbus E. Singer 4 4 1850 Westfield Asa Marble 1851 Springboro Henry Gifford D. Bacon 1852 Dayton W. Y. Emmett, W. W. Curry, 1853 Marietta Cincinnati A. Luce, Oxford Bernard Peters, 1854 Cincinnati Oxford 4 4 Cincinnati Jesse Beals, 1855 Monroe, Preble Co. Mahlon Wright, New Vienna I. M. Warwick, 1856 Dayton Springboro G. R. Brown Hamilton I. W. Putnam, 1857 Brimfield Geo. Messenger, Belpre 4 4 1858 Reynoldsburg Springfield W. H. Baldwin W. W. Norton 1859 Blanchester 4 4 W. S. Bacon 1860 1861 Springboro (?) Peru W. H. Baldwin W. S. Bacon 1862 Olmstead 4 4 4 4 1863 Newtown G. L. Demerest, 4 4 1864 1865 Methodist Ch. M c Connells ville Willoughby Cincinnati S. P. Carlton V. P. Wilson 1866 Springfield, 4 4 4 4 City Hall APPENDIX I 231 I CONVENTION Treasurer W. P. Putnam 4 4 4 4 Trustees and years of service Superintendent or Missionary Total Dele¬ gates Perma¬ nent Funds Chandler Rogers 4 * C. Cooke T. H. Johnson Wm. Eppert, Amelia 4 * Martin Kellogg 4 4 4 4 A. H. Longley Martin Kellogg 4 4 4 4 4 4 W. H. Baldwin 5, J. A. Gurley 2, M. Wright s E. D. Williams, Delhi 4 4 J. J. Russell 2 H. J. Pettit i 4 4 Mahlon Wright, Springboro H. Blandy 2, L. G. Vanslack i G. L. Demerest 2 Wm. McFerren 5 Mahlon Wright, Springboro 4 4 G.Turrell 3,Vespaisian Stearns, 2 A. S. Curtis 1 Mahlon Wright, Springboro 4 4 S. P. Carlton 3, C. Styer 1, J. W. Henley 4, J. S. Cantwel S, Smith Thomas 26 8 21 21 3 1 32 26 27 18 28 17 43 25 40 232 APPENDICES APPENDIX OHIO STATE Date Place President or Moderator Vice-President Secretary or Standing Clerk 1867 Mt. Gilead Henry Blandy, Zanesville V. P. Wilson 1868 Dayton Elihu Thompson, Dayton A. Countryman E. L. Rexford 1869 McConnells ville 4 4 1870 Kent J. Q. A. Tresize 4 4 1871 Columbus J. A. Cantwell Henry Blandy 4 4 1872 Akron, Buchtel College t t E. L. Rexford, Columbus A. M. Sherman, Kent J. F. Gates 1873 • » 4 4 Wm. H. Slade, Columbus 1874 Cleveland A. S. Curtis Mrs. D. C. Tom¬ linson 4 4 187S Columbus A. M. Sherman, Kent Mrs. A. E. Dan- forth, Peru T. C. Druley 1876 Norwalk l « 4 4 Frank Evans 1877 Belpre G. T. Craven, Cincinnati — Ralph Edward Morris 1878 Belleville • • A. M. Sherman, 4 4 1879 Akron, Buchtel College J. R. Buchtel, Akron B. Kent Thomas, Hamilton T. C. Druley 1880 Blanchester J. S. Cantwell Mrs. A. E. Dan- forth 4 4 1881 Akron S. N. Owen, Bryan 1 4 Richard Eddy 4 4 1882 Bryan G. S. Weaver J. F. Rice 1883 Norwalk B. F. Thomas, Hamilton A. M. Sherman, Kent J. P. MacLean, Hamilton 1884 West ville A. M. Sherman, Kent G. T. Craven J. W. Henley, Woodstock 1885 Woodstock W. J. Littell, Cincinnati Mrs. A. E. Dan- forth 4 4 1886 Cincinnati, Plum St. 4 • 4 4 4 4 1887 No. Lewisburg A. B. Tinker, Akron W. J. Littel 4 4 1888 Stryker 4 * John Potter, Flint 4 4 1889 Akron 1 4 J. H. Blackford, Eldorado 4 4 1890 Akron 4 4 4 4 4 4 1891 Columbus C. M. Knight, Akron B. F. Thomas, Hamilton 4 4 1892 Eldorado 4 4 4 4 4 4 1893 Hamilton 4 4 1894 Ravenna 4 4 C. C. Conner 189s Cleveland, Wilson Av. M. E. Ch. W. D. Shipman, Akron E. L. Rexford, Columbus 4 4 1896 Attica Harry Canfield, Belleville R. N. John, London 4 4 1897 Blanchester 4 4 4 4 1898 Belleville 4 4 Carl Henry, Cleveland 4 4 APPENDIX I 233 I —Continued CONVENTION —Continued Treasurer Trustees and years of service Superintendent or Missionary Total Dele¬ gates Perma¬ nent Funds Mahlon Wright, John Field i, M. R. Matthews i 60 Springboro < « 4 i 4 « 4 4 Thos. Edmond- Henry Canfield 2, A. Wilson 3, 0 . Haymaker 2 Jos. Whitley 1, R. T. Polk 2, S. P. Carlton 3 H. Blandy 1, T. J. Marsh 1, J. T. Rice 1 W. H. Slade 12, S. Beebe 2 G. R. Brown 4 4 son, Springfield t t 4 4 J. W. Henley 1 J. T. Rice 2, W. B. Woodbury 3 N. A. Saxton 67 < 1 D. S. Wall, Henry Canfield 3 4 4 Andrew Wilson 108 Akron Thos. J. Larsh, A. B. Robinson 6 W. C. Brooks Eaton 4 4 t 4 G. T. Craven 3 T. C. Druley 76 $87.50 4 4 4 4 66 250 4 4 4 4 106 380 4 4 John Potter 3 70 70 Jn. Richardson, S. M. Burnham 3 600 Westville 4 4 Henry Canfield 2 660 4 4 B. F. Thomas 3 85 800 4 4 W. H. Slade 7, E. T. Pember 2 Henry Canfield 73 1,510 4 4 4 4 2,760 4 4 E. Whitney 3, C. E. Nash 3 4 4 75 8,640 VV. D. Sibley, 4 4 9.050 Woodstock 4 4 103 13.900 4 4 John Richardson 3, E. A. Gor¬ don X 107 17,600 4 4 J. D. Streeper 2 4 4 81 17,600 L. D. Crosley 2 4 4 92 18,000 4 4 U. S. Milburn J. W. Henley 4 4 52 17.900 A. E. Danforth 1, T. G. Briggsi 56 18,100 4 4 W. F. Adams 2, Jennie Giffordi 4 4 80 18,400 4 4 0 . G. Colegrove 3, A. F. Will¬ iams 1 4 4 78 19,500 Theo. L. Gerber, I. A. Priest, 6 E. J. Littell 3 I. W, Cate 50 17.500 Belleville 234 APPENDICES APPENDIX OHIO STATE President Secretary Date Place or Vice-President or Moderator Standing Clerk 1899 Summit Henrietta Moore, Carl Henry, J. W. Henley, Springfield Cleveland Woodstock 1900 Eaton Carl Henry, A. B. Church, E. M. Waller, Cleveland Akron Ravenna 1901 Akron Greenville 1 * 4 4 C. E. Jones, Springboro 4 4 1902 1903 New Madison 4 4 4 4 John Richardson, Westville 1904 Attica A. B. Church, Aro. D. Sanders, 4 4 Akron Norwalk 1905 Blanchester 4 4 4 4 R. N. John, Blanchester 1906 Lyons 4 4 4 4 4 4 1907 Norwalk 4 4 4 4 4 4 1908 Mt. Gilead 4 4 4 4 I. A. Priest, Akron 1909 Columbus 4 4 4 4 4 4 1910 Plain City 4 4 4 4 4 4 1911 Cincinnati 4 4 A. P. Henkel, 4 4 1912 Eldorado « 4 4 4 4 4 I 9 U Akron H. M. Fowler, Aro D. Sanders, 4 4 Cleveland Norwalk 1914 Cleveland 4 4 4 4 C. E, Petty. Cleveland 1915 Marion 4 4 4 4 F. B. Bishop, Columbus 1916 New Madison 4 4 U, S. Ray, 4 4 New Madison 4 4 1917 Attica W. O. Jameson, 4 4 4 4 Columbus 1918 Blanchester 4 4 Arthur Nash 4 4 Cincinnati 1919 Norwalk 4 4 4 4 4 4 1920 Plain City 4 4 4 4 -4 4 1921 Kent 4 4 H. E. Simmons, I. V. Lobdell, Akron Columbus 1922 New Madison 4 4 4 4 4 4 APPENDIX I 235 I —Continued CONVENTION —Continued Treasurer Trustees and years of service Superintendent ?r Missionary Total Dele¬ gates Perma¬ nent Funds Theo. L. Garber, 0 . G. Colegrove 83 $18,600 Belleville Emma L. James, J. H, Blackford 3 4 4 84 19,400 Cincinnati 4 4 Edward Morris 4 4 4 22,900 i 4 4 4 20,700 4 t E. T. Binns 3 4 4 67 23,000 4 4 Carl Henry 3 4 4 23,000 4 4 jvI. A. Brown 3 4 4 24,000 4 4 0 . F. Haymaker 2 68 22,000 4 4 J. D. Streeper 6 76 22,600 4 4 Ira S. Davis 3, S. B. Oakes 1 0 . G. Colegrove 72 23,700 4 4 S. E. Hinkle 3 4 4 105 23,100 102 23.300 4 4 L. M. Garber 3 4 4 9 i 23.300 4 4 W. 0 . Jameson 3 ‘ * and 27,300 4 4 Geo. C. Jackson R. S. Kellerman 4 4 76 27,400 C. R. Olin F. B. Bishop 1 74 28,800 4 4 Chapin Beem, J. W. Grimmer F. B. Bishop • . . 27,700 4 4 4 4 George C. Jackson 3 4 4 27,000 4 4 H. M. Fowler 3, 4 4 . . . 31.400 4 4 George C. Jackson 3 4 4 . . . 58,900 4 4 John Evans 3 4 4 106 71,000 4 4 W. R. Hageman 3 4 4 ... 60,200 4 4 Chapin Beem 3 I. V. Lobdell 143 60,100 4 4 John Evans 3 4 4 I 3 i 65,700 APPENDIX II OHIO WOMEN’S UNI VERS ALIST MISSIONARY ALLIANCE Date President Corresponding Secretary Recording Secretary Treasurer 1890 Abbie E. Danforth Mary E. Scott L. J. Canfield 1891 4 t Mary G. Canfield 4 4 Emma James 1892 4 4 4 4 4 4 1894 1 < 4 4 4 4 1895 4 1 Frances Wilson 4 4 1896 Mrs. R. N. John 4 4 4 4 4 4 1897 Mrs. A. E. H. Clark 4 4 Sara L. Stoner 4 4 1898 Mary Andrews 4 4 4 4 4 4 1899 Abbie E. Danforth « 4 4 4 4 4 1900 Anna A. Herj • 4 4 4 4 4 1901 i 4 4 4 Clara J. Rhoades 4 4 1902 4 0 4 4 Jennie Warwick 4 4 1903 4 1 4 4 1904 4 4 Hattie M. Benton 4 4 4 4 1905 Mrs. S. G. Ayres 4 4 4 4 4 4 1906 1 4 4 4 4 4 1907 4 4 Sara L. Stoner 4 4 4 4 1908 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1909 Henrietta G. Moore 4 4 4 4 4 4 1910 1911 ‘ 4 1912 1913 1914 Flora B. Corning Ethel M. Allen 4 4 4 4 1915 4 4 4 4 Sara L. Stoner Sadie E. Young 1916 Ethel M. Allen Millie A. Suhr Nellie Hasler Lutie M. Gard 1917 4 4 4 4 4 4 Katie J. Kelley 4 4 1918 4 4 4 4 4 4 1919 Millie A. Suhr Jennie Uible Martha Crider Nellie Hasler 1920 4 4 Nellie Hasler Katie Kelly 4 « Minnie Moon 1921 Gertrude Gladwin 4 4 4 4 1922 4 4 4 4 4 1 F. R. Easton 237 THE OHIO STATE CONVENTION OF UNIVERSALIST SUNDAY SCHOOLS 238 APPENDICES u ( 1 ) G tn T 3 O O be in o C /5 t-c o to a o s 33 • y 4 ‘o £ £ CO b ca a Q s d u, TS *ca Aw bfl G ’*3 b a £ § 8 C * >> o o o a >> ca •J CO t/j £ V u, G < in 6 d S t~. aJ o a d : tn u. T3 t- O «+h X o a- W OT >> aS Q g a g g O o> ww>, £d K-J .6 tn G O i w £ • r-H •geo • H • "a ca W G .52 ca 13 i£ S3 o a ca |s&. a o .- aal »—< 3 ct3 3*2 •*H ^ U o ttG'—; O > to o £3 a 5 as a: OJ to o ±2 -2 G t2 O WhJ o cod^ Q> H-> ca Q vo • a\ o • vo • rO tJ- lOvO t>.00 On • O H (N fOi 1 lOO t^oo vO vO • vo • • oo oo oo oo oo oo oo • OvO'CfNOvGvONONGvCT' 00 00 • oo oo • 00 • oo oo oo oo oo oo oo • ooooooooooooooocooi ►H ►H • HH HH THE OHIO STATE CONVENTION OF UNIVERSALIST SUNDAY SCHOOLS —Continued APPENDIX II 239 4> 3 m d > 0) > S-H bo a ^ & oiS a p OT H £ 8 .CO o J-l a 3 o >, W +J Jh ^ . o £ rd in <■ w d in . a> dO . O o CO & d o in £ dS 4-3 . o £ u J3 £ < g «s ’T) d i3 , "o ai *£ B % + £ >> »§ CD O ^Q: dd c 3 aj SS el d OJ .d o d - d -u . > T * ■! < 4-3 d . 0< i d o w . a; >> £ d CO w o o d d _ Pd C S d £ o . PQ 4-3 3 O . O d £s o Ch CQ W < w *< ! ■ i d Cd o Od r n o rd d § to u> CJ d o 43 CO . a> in -M . 4) to n do S Se; l ! s : OK| O ffi w d o a CO d cj CO QH < 3 W 4-3 d o • H 10 o . Ph CO d • H o : - w o d3 4-3 -d s 5 ^ coo PH HO w . N 3 w w d r-l o d o a d a d d a o d co¬ s s *~3- a a a- - : £~ co O co" W: d'* o i hS d • »-d d d d ddd d < - n CsOOOOOCOOOO'-i , - l '- l >-' > - l, -' , - | >- l, - l '-'Mt)0) 00 O' O' Os O' Os O' OsO'O'O'O'O'O'OsO'O'Os O' O' O' O' O' Os i8go 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 APPENDICES OHIO YOUNG PEOPLE’S CHRISTIAN UNION President Corresponding Secretary Recording Secretary Treasurer C. M. McLaughlin 4 « 4 1 Fannie Austin H. B. Briggs 4 4 Edna Smith Alberta D. Garber 4 4 J. D. Streeper 4 4 4 4 Perry D. Gath 4 4 Clara Bissel 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Alberta D. Garber Carl F. Henry 4 4 Mary Andrews 4 4 4 4 Clara Bissell Bertha John 4 4 E. M. Waller 4 4 4 4 U. S. Milburn E. M. Waller 4 4 Laura Green 4 4 4 4 Laura Green 4 4 Laura Green Aro D. Sanders « « 4 4 Mae E. Henry E. Pearl Littell Laura Green Aro D. Sanders 4 4 4 4 4 4 Geo. H. Ashworth Aro D. Sanders Hattie Burke Mrs. John Evans 4 4 4 1 S. G. Ayers Stanley Smith Almeda Philips 4 4 Ruby H. Severance Mrs. W. K. Sawyer Stanley C. Stall 4 4 4 4 Elizabeth Bacon Almeda Philips Bessie Lowe Ruby H. Severance Gay Smith 4 4 Mabel Carey 4 4 4 4 Elizabeth Bacon Almeda Philips Bessie Lowe Ruby H. Severance Gay Smith 4 4 Mabel Carey 4 4 4 4 Bessie Lowe 4 4 Volney F. Trout 4 4 Hollie Kimmell Violet Mortimer Marie Kellerman 4 4 4 4 Carl M. Senn « 4 4 1 Carl M. Senn Harriet Druley 4 4 4 4 Carl M. Senn Harriet Druley 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Jessie Gravell 4 4 J. W. Grimmer W. J. Metz George H. Welch 4 4 A. A. Meade Robt. Rice Ruth Owens 4 4 Ruth Bidwell 4 4 4 4 Elizabeth Etz 4 4 Grace Nash 4 4 Ruth Bidwell 4 4 4 4 Elizabeth Etz 4 4 Grace Nash 4 4 Grace Dowler Ruth Bidwell A. A. Meade Helen Senn 4 4 4 4 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1865 1868 1873 1877 1880 1889 1890 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 19x9 1920 1921 1922 APPENDIX III THE BALLOU ASSOCIATION Place Moderator Clerk J. W. Cotton Jesse Beals 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Wm. Eppert H. R. Derrough 4 4 C. S. Laycock N. A. Day N. A. Day W. R. McGill E. D. Philips Blanchester Cuba Milford J. D. Moon Jennie M. Brown Mt. Carmel John R. Moon N. A. Day Blanchester R. N. John Jennie M. Brown Blanchester 4 » 4 4 Cuba « « 4 4 Jeffersonville 4 4 4 4 Newtown E. O. Smith 4 4 Farmers Station 4 4 4 4 Mt. Carmel Milford Mrs. Walter Scott Sallie Cast Blanchester E. D. Smith Jennie M. Uible Cuba 4 4 4 4 Farmers Station 4 4 4 4 Mt. Carmel J. R. Clevenger 4 4 Milford J. W. West 4 4 Blanchester Harvey Dunham 4 4 Cuba 4 4 4 4 Farmers Station 4 4 4 4 Mt. Carmel 4 4 4 4 Milford 4 4 4 4 Blanchester 4 4 4 4 Cuba 4 4 4 4 Mt. Carmel 4 4 4 4 Farmers Station 4 4 4 4 Milford 4 4 4 4 Blanchester 4 4 4 4 Cuba 4 4 4 4 Farmers Station 4 4 Jennie M. Brown 241 1830 1831 1832 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1865 1867 1868 1877 1880 1890 1892 1893 1894 189s 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 APPENDICES THE CENTRAL ASSOCIATION Place ohn Hunter’s, Franklin County Worthington 'Jear Worthington Jnion County Doncord Springfield >V orthington 3rother Petty’s, Delaware County [ersey lersey Reynoldsburg Newway Caledonia Zanesville Flint Jersey Mt. Gilead Columbus Caledonia Zanesville Belleville Jersey Newway Reynoldsburg Flint Columbus Summit Jersey Flint Columbus Summit Jersey Flint Columbus Summit Jersey Columbus Summit T. Strong Israel Bigelow C. Rogers W. Jolly Moderator N. B. Johnson N. Mason O. H. Gurney 4 « G. W. Ault 4 4 M. A. Bortle 4 • T. W. McNaughton 4 4 A. J. Merrill A. M. Beem E. F. Arras Chapin Beem John Beem A. M. Beem James Lazell Clerk W. Jolly W. Conrad W. Emmett C. Cook C. Cook 4 4 D. Biddlecome G. Flanders 4 4 T. Eaton N. Doolittle G. Flanders N. Doolittle J. Cutler N. Doolittle W. B. Woodbury W. B. Woodbury Frank Evans C. V. N. Smith Rose Belknap 4 4 A. J. Merrill 4 4 E. E. Hipsher 4 4 David McCandish David McCandish John Beem David McCandish 4 4 Mrs. Anna Beem Safety Clouse Helen Gardner Isabel Dixon Jessie Gravel APPENDIX III 243 THE CENTRAL ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Plain City Westville Springfield Clara McGrew 4 4 THE GALLIA ASSOCIATION 1847 Uriah Evans 1848 4 ( 1948 Wilkesville A. W. Tubbs 1850 Gallipolis 4 4 1851 Rutland David Strong Augustus Strong 1852 .. C. L. Menager 4 4 18^3 1865 R. Breare T 87 7 R. Breare 1877 L. Waterman 1880 L. Waterman THE HURON ASSOCIATION Berlin Tiffin M. Kellogg 4 4 M. Kellogg 4 4 4 4 Republic 4 4 Republic 4 4 G. B. Brown 4 4 Republic B. F. Gibbs 4 4 4 4 4 4 t • 1 •• • ...............a H. Bromley H. Bromley H. Bromley H. Bromley A. L. Rice Attica Norwalk 1840 1841 1842 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1865 1868 1873 1877 1880 1892 1893 244 APPENDICES THE HURON ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1894 Havana H. L. Canfield F. G. Steigmeyer 1895 Margaretta 4 * Laura Green 1896 Peru 4 t • 4 1897 Attica 4 4 4 4 1898 1899 1900 Norwalk Havana Peru A. B. Sanders Alice Graves 1901 Attica J. R. Carpenter 1 4 Bess Lowe 1902 Norwalk Adah Bechtel 1903 Havana N. E. Spicer 4 4 1904 Peru J. H. Crawford 4 t 4 4 1905 Attica 4 4 1906 Norwalk J. P. Owens Flora Kellogg 1907 Havana Ralph Orr Adah Bechtel 1908 Margaretta Fred H. White 4 4 1909 Peru Charlotte Horr 4 4 1910 Attica 4 t 4 4 1911 Norwalk t t 4 4 1912 Margaretta 1 * 4 4 1913 Peru Nellie Hassler 4 4 1914 Attica 4 « « «. 1915 Norwalk < 1 4 4 1916 Peru Millie Suhr 4 4 1917 1918 Norwalk Flora Kellogg 4 4 1919 1920 Peru Norwalk A. D. Sanders Nellie Hassler 1921 Attica A. D. Sanders 1922 Peru 4 1 Nellie Hassler NORTHERN OHIO ASSOCIATION 1821 Palmyra Bigelow N. B. Johnson 1822 Shalersville 1824 Ravenna 1825 Cleveland 1826 Hambden NORTHWESTERN ASSOCIATION 1865 1867 1868 J. H. Palmer E. Dawson 4 4 Gorham 1873 1877 t88o E. Dawson E. Dawson J. F. Rice 1889 1890 • • • • Lyons Bryan APPENDIX III 245 NORTHWESTERN ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1892 1893 1894 Bryan Lyons No session G. W. Hayward 1895 Stryker 1896 Lyons Martha Moore 4 4 1897 Lyons 4 4 4 4 1898 1899 Toledo Martha Moore G. W. Hayward 1900 Stryker 4 4 4 t 1901 Lyons * i 4 4 1902 Bryan 4 4 1903 Stryker 4 4 Mrs. C. F. Mignon 1904 Lyons Mrs. Garver 4 4 1906 Bryan Mrs. C. F. Mignon Mrs. J. A. Leavy 1907 1908 Stryker Lyons E. T. Binns Martha Moore 1909 Bryan J. T. Hester Mrs. Leavy 1910 Stryker Ora E. Crout Lena Ferguson 1911 Lyons M. V. Garver Tillie Wright 1912 Bryan George Wieland Carrie Merry 1914 Lyons E. T. Binns M. V. Garver THE MAUMEE ASSOCIATION 1846 1847 I. George Perrysburg 1848 Perrysburg THE MIAMI ASSOCIATION 183s Sharonville 1836 Milton 1837 Edwardsville 1838 Mason C. M. Liggett 1839 Montgomery Wm. Eppert 1840 Oxford 4 4 1841 Springboro E. M. Pingree 1842 Hamilton W. H. Baldwin 1843 I847 J. M. Warwick 1848 Oxford Mahlon Wright 1849 Hamilton E. Singer 4 4 1850 Mt. Healthy Cyrus Powers 4 4 1851 Montgomery J. M. Warwick 1852 4 4 1853 4 4 T865 W. S. Bacon 1868 James Bowyer 246 APPENDICES THE MIAMI ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1873 R T Polk 1877 1880 Levi Risinger 1891 Montgomery 1893 Springboro 1894 Montgomery B. F. Thomas Adah Warwick 189s Mason W. J. Littell E. Pearl Littell 1896 Cincinnati 4 4 4 4 1897 Hamilton J. E. Morey • 1 Olivia Nelson 1898 Springboro 4 4 1899 Eaton B. F. Thomas 4 4 1900 Bunker Hill 4 « Jennie Warwick 1901 Mason W. J. Littell 4 4 1902 Cincinnati 4 4 4 4 1903 Cincinnati • « 4 4 1904 Hamilton 1 4 4 4 1905 Springboro 4 4 4 4 1906 Eaton 4 4 4 4 1907 Mason J. M. Wright 4 4 1908 Camden 4 4 4 4 1909 Cincinnati Mrs. Homer Gard 4 4 1910 Hamilton 1911 Springboro (?) 1912 Springboro Chas. Mossteller Jennie Warwick 1913 Eaton 4 4 4 4 19x4 Mason 4 4 4 4 1915 Cincinnati Dr. J. M. Wright Rowena Wright 1916 Hamilton 1917 Eaton 1918 1919 Springboro A. Nash La Verne Wright 1920 Mason 4 4 4 4 1921 Cincinnati 4 4 4 4 1922 Eaton Stanley Stall 4 4 1842 1843 1845 1853 1865 1866 1869 1873 1877 MONTGOMERY ASSOCIATION Bethel township Casstown f Eldorado S. Banfill C. Hayden Geo. Messenger W. B. Linnell H. J. Pettit J. H. Blackford J. H. Blackford George Bacon I. S. Wenger APPENDIX III 247 MONTGOMERY ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1880 I. S. Wenger 1891 J. H. Blackford I. S. Wenger 1892 Palestine 4 « 4 4 1893 Eldorado « 4 * * \ 1894 Miami City « « * * \ 1895 Plattsville 4 4 4 * 1896 Palestine 4 4 4 4 1897 Greenville 4 4 4 4 1898 New Madison 4 4 4 4 1899 Conover 1900 Eldorado 1901 Palestine P. L. Frazier Leonora Blackford 1902 Eldorado 4 4 4 4 1903 Miami City 4 4 4 4 1904 New Paris 4 4 4 4 1905 Conover S. L. Miover Zella Cady 4 4 1906 Greenville P. L. Frazier 1907 New Madison 4 4 4 4 1908 Palestine M. A. Brown Homer Jeffries 1909 Eldorado 4 4 Hattie Welbaum I9IO Dayton 4 4 4 4 1911 Greenville I. S. Wenger 4 4 1912 New Madison M. A. Brown 4 4 1913 Eldorado 1916 Palestine 1917 New Madison 1918 1919 Eldorado L. C. Ankerman Hattie Welbaum 1920 Palestine 4 4 4 4 1921 New Madison 4 4 4 4 1922 Eldorado 4 4 4 4 THE MURRAY ASSOCIATION 183s 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1868 Olmstead Ohio City Huntington Sharon Huntington Jacob Felter Oberlin Sharon Huntington A. M. Coe John Mitchell J. Whitney H. P. Sage 4 4 4 4 S. Hull H. P. Sage 4 « D. Tenny 4 4 J. R. Henry < < H. B. Kelsey 248 APPENDICES THE MURRAY ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1873 G. W. Crowell 1877 W. P. Burnell 1880 S. T. Ellis 1891 Olmstead 1892 Leroy 1893 Sharon Center T. J. Briggs Dollie Coe 1894 Cleveland H. B. Briggs 4 4 1895 Huntington Mrs. E. S. Bissell 4 4 1896 Olmstead H. 0 . Beckley Damie Henry 1897 Leroy 4 4 4 4 1898 Sharon Center « t 4 4 1899 Cleveland 1901 North Olmstead 1902 Leroy 1903 Sharon Center E. S. Willson Leora Hall 1904 Baker’s Crossing 1906 Leroy 1907 Sharon Center Dewitt Rice Lua Coe 1908 Huntington Thomas Briggs 4 4 1909 North Olmstead • • Lepha Roland 1910 Leroy 4 4 Gertrude Rowland 1912 Huntington 1913 North Olmstead Sidney Reynolds Stella Carpenter 1916 North Olmstead 1917 Leroy 1918 1919 1920 Leroy 1921 Huntington Allie Tuttle F. Daugherty 1922 THE RICHLAND ASSOCIATION 1822 Frederickstown 1830 Henry Parcel’s C. Rogers J. Kidwell 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 Lexington Frederickstown Peru Lexington Frederickstown Peru Lexington Frederickstown Berlin M. Pond F. H. Johnson C. Keith 4 4 4 1 1843 1844 D. Biddlecome J. R. Johnson APPENDIX III 249 THE RICHLAND ASSOCIATION —Continuen Date Place Moderator Clerk 1845 J. R. Johnston 1846 Curtis Allen 1847 Belleville N. B. Johnson E. R. Wood 1851 Samuel Rockwell 1852 J. P. Beach i 4 1853 1865 John Harbottle 1868 W. L. Garber THE SAWYER ASSOCIATION 190X Mt. Gilead G. W. Ault Daniel G. Dickson 1902 Caledonia 0 . H. Gurney 4 4 1903 Belleville S. F. Ottinger 4 4 1904 Mansfield 0 . H. Gurney i 4 1905 Mt. Gilead 0 . N. Lindsey < 4 iqo6 Caledonia 1907 F. M. Wieland Helen Ramey 1908 Mt. Gilead G. W. Ault Clara Young 1909 Caledonia 0 . N. Lindsey Anna Young 1910 Marion Carl Garber Mary Darbin 4 4 1911 Belleville 4 4 1912 Mt. Gilead W. A. Earley Maggie Lafferty 1913 Caledonia C. A. Francis Grace Lindsey 1916 Mt. Gilead 1917 Caledonia 1922 Belleville I. W. Swingle Florence Wieland THE SCIOTO ASSOCIATION 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1865 A. W. Bruce C. S. Webber 4 4 4 4 4 4 Olive Branch Leesburg Adams County B. W. Sprague 4 4 4 1 H. Hiatt G. Ladd 4 4 Jacob Tener Jacob Tener W. F. Crispin S. A. Turner 1868 1877 1880 250 APPENDICES THE SCIOTO ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1894 Olive Branch A. F. Williams 1896 Olive Branch 1900 Olive Branch 1901 Olive Branch S. A. Turner Inez Williams 1902 Olive Branch 4 4 1 4 1903 Centerfield 1904 Olive Branch S. A. Turner Inez Williams 1905 Centerfield 1 4 • 4 1908 Olive Branch S. A. Turner Inez Rhoades 1910 Olive Branch 1913 Olive Branch 1915 Olive Branch • A. A. Tener Inez Rhoades 1920 Olive Branch Dora Butler 1921 Olive Branch THE WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION 18 33 Belpre 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1 8 5 3 1865 1868 • • • • 1873 1877 1880 1890 Belpre Athens McConnelsville Watertown Belpre Watertown T. Strong Joel Tuttle J. J. Hollister 1 4 4 4 4 4 John Clark 4 4 4 4 Marietta • < 4 4 4 4 H. E. Vincent Marietta Hiel Dinsmore 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 A. L. Curtis A. L. Curtis I. W. Putnam I. B. Kinkhead T. C. Druley Newbury APPENDIX III 251 THE WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1893 Watertown A. L. Curtis Estella Shull 1894 Lower Salem 4 4 J. R. Cole 1895 Belpre < 4 1896 Frost 4 4 ^ 4 \ 1897 Little Hocking 4 4 * ‘ N. 1898 Vincent 4 4 1899 Lower Salem 4 4 4 4 1900 Watertown 4 4 4 4 1901 Me Connells ville 4 4 4 4 1902 Rockland 4 4 4 4 1903 Frost 4 4 4 4 1904 Little Hocking 4 4 4 4 1905 Lower Salem Roscoe Walcott Elizabeth Curtis 1906 Me Connells ville 4 4 Ella Manley 1907 Watertown 4 4 Lena Brewster 1908 Little Hocking 1909 Lower Salem W. W. Watson Lena Brewster 1910 Belpre C. W. Plumley Lucy Seeley 1911 McConnellsville J. H. Seeley Lena Simpson 1912 Watertwon 1913 Rockland W. W. Watson Lena Simpson 1914 Little Hocking 1915 Watertown 1916 Rockland 1917 Frost 1920 Rockland 1921 Frost THE WESTERN RESERVE ASSOCIATION 1832 Newbury John Boyer Nahum Rice 1832 Olmstead Noble Hotchkiss 4 4 1833 Parkman John Boyer 4 4 1834 Olmstead Nathan Wadsworth 4 4 1835 Geneva John M. Baldwin 4 4 183S Centreville Edson Beals D. T. Brun 1836 1839 1840 Windsor Chard on Centreville Edson Beals E. R. Crocker 1841 Parkman Lewis C. Todd Eusebius Hoag 1842 Brimfield Solomon Hawley George Messenger 1843 Ravenna N. H. Ripley 4 4 1844 Parkman Lucius Frisby 4 4 1845 Akron L. C. Todd 4 4 1846 Brimfield Lucius Frisby 4 4 1847 Newbury Edson Beals 4 4 S. P. Carlton 1848 Mesopotamia Brimfield Lucius Frisby 1849 George Messenger 4 4 1850 Parkman Edson Beals 4 4 1851 Chardon 4 4 4 4 1852 Mesopotamia George Messenger 4 4 1854 1855 Little Mountain Andover Ebenezer Rawson S. P. Carlton 1856 Willoughby Asa Marble 4 4 252 APPENDICES THE WESTERN RESERVE ASSOCIATION —Continued Date Place Moderator Clerk 1857 N ewbury James Allen S. P. Carlton 1858 Mesopotamia C. L. Shipman 4 4 1859 Brimfield George Messenger S. P. Merrifield i860 Willoughby C. L. Shipman 1 4 4 4 1861 Andover 4 4 1862 Brimfield Andrew Willson S. P. Carlton 1863 Willoughby D. B. Goodrich Andrew 'Willson 1864 Little Mountain 4 4 4 « 1865 Newbury A. M. Sherman 4 4 1866 Kent 4 4 4 4 1867 Akron Avery Spicer 4 4 1868 Kent 0 . F. Haymaker 4 4 1869 W indsor Ezra Rowdon 4 4 1870 Garrettville 0 . F. Haymaker 4 4 1871 Little Mountain 4 4 4 4 1872 Brimfield • 4 4 4 1873 Kent A. M. Sherman 4 4 1874 Brimfield D. C. Tomlinson 4 4 1875 Willoughby 1876 Ravenna 1877 Bainbridge 1878 Kent Frank Ford (Force) 1879 Windsor 4 4 1880 Willoughby Tyler Wing 1881 Ravenna 1882 Kent 0 . F. Haymaker 4 » 1883 Brimfield 1S84 Ravenna 0 . F. Haymaker 1885 Kent A. M. Sherman 1886 Brimfield 4 4 18S7 Akron 0 . F. Haymaker 1888 Ravenna W. D. Shipman 1889 Kent Martha A. Bortle 1890 Brimfield L. A. Olin 1891 Ravenna Dallas Moulton 1892 Akron A. M. Sherman 1803 Kent G. G. Foster 1894 Brimfield E. M. Waller 1895 Ravenna W. D. Shipman 1896 Akron A. M. Sherman 1897 Kent Dallas Moulton 1S98 Brimfield Albert D. Olin 1899 Ravenna I. A. Priest 1900 Akron 0 . F. Haymaker 4 4 1901 Kent 1902 Brimfield A. I. Spanton 1903 Ravenna 4 4 1904 Akron 0 . F. Haymaker 1905 Kent 4 * 1906 Brimfield 1907 Ravenna A. B. Church 1908 Akron John R. Smith 1909 Kent 0 . E. Crooker Cleveland H. M. Fowler 1911 Brimfield 4 4 E. E. Carrier 1912 Akron A. I. Spanton v ,. 1913 Kent j 44 \ APPENDIX III 253 THE WESTERN UNION ASSOCIATION Date Place Moderator Clerk 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 Cincinnati Centre ville Cincinnati Mt. Healthy- West Chester Jacob Felter A. H. Longley 1836 1836 1837 Philomath, Ind. Miamisburg Philomath Gird C. Rogers A. Davis M. C. Wisner WINCHESTER ASSOCIATION 254 APPENDICES 4 u © - d m $ u. H u 0) O © 5 «-• O h © p c > ja> cs ^ TO O.S 4J JS © 3 4_5 d £ O P 4-> E 5 w d aS M aS • aS d o O'z w pq c rt>- « n - a- m © £ Qh^UO in aS *—> d © W d d d o >>5 >> 2? o -(-> © T3 "£ TO d o d J2 4-> d Tl aS _ aS ^ as > t-i aS - o- o^q|- o- d « .m w d c/5 •> • o i—i !>■ i—(t—> c/5 0) 4 -J 03 Q lovo r^oo ovo w n fo^j- ir>\c r^oo o o >-i ^ ^io^d Th'trj-'tTtrJ-rJ-^tmiOiOiDiCiDiDiOiO lOv£> VO vO O \0 vO ooooooooooaooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo WINCHESTER ASSOCIATION —Continued APPENDIX III 255 i-i 05 U d tn a , O c3 >r^ ,35 Ord c-d W .p^o .: rd d od d a £ MS < < d rd J§ ^ « Q ^g o . •—>>—■> • > o *—> H Xfi a s a: W o5 O r£ H u 4> u> *q 3 <+-i d 4> rd 03 . 45 r—< • r-H CO d 4) U as £ rd M d a3 4) 05 U "d o "05 35 S b.S as «w°Esi! fe ^ >» £ d . £ d j? C0£ a QgW d 05 rd aj £33 p^d U» d 45 ’d • H 05 05 Ui Pd U 45 <-. w> 5 d 2 <25 o 05 rd 05 Ui 35 flj. SO’ Oco d o -u» -u> d Q: ffi d rd bo d aS u3 05 Ptf p^ d o 05 V >> b U 35 S 35 73 rd - V d a - *b 35 S m®: o d o 05 *d Ui a3 >, 05 rd bO d aS ■J a * 6 >,03 d 05 ^ rd 2 -IwqS £SS u 05 d o -U CO d o i co i 05 C5 03 S 3£ 35 .d td n b/) v - / d d d'd d ^TJ o ^ O 35 .d ^ C5 -•ao o .d >, -u> 05 05 ^ d d^ o.S.S o o £ 03 . o COPdJ{>COPd|>i-JPdt> end o w > -d d a **-« C/5 a 3 a> .d 8.13 «U 03 'o S 05 O 'aS 05 > O Ui o 05 05 U 05 > d o 05 rd o o r os to o 05 O bfi d * H bfi £ d nd 8*6 g d H aS fi&Eo&lifcjEppfi CO 3 S 05 -u> o3 Q CO O' O w P| o »OvO 00 vO'd cooooooooooooooooooo rD rh lOO t^»00 O' O H fi fO Tt iOO C300O00COQ0O00O O'O'O' O' OM?> O' oocooooooooooooooooooooooooo WINCHESTER ASSOCIATION —Continued 256 APPENDICES u> > O) CO d d - < 0) b 2 cu " O oJ 22 CO co O o >> a aS d < X u. 3 a~ x~ as d rH 3 a >> •J oS x b I-I c; O oS £ 2 m in 2 o a 0$ d < -M d a , 3 c3 2 : co b oS oS X £ a : cu x to d 0$ X o X ^ p d •x x M d aS X. o - ao> d • d 6 id os d. X £ S d X x m «x 2 £ CO CD i ta! oS 2 xx d CD d • rH m o H M (U d 'o °' dU' zd ao Ih (U d co o3 a d - X’ 2a HCj 0$ X £ tc . 03 CL Ih ^ £■§ • d co X Ih 3 2ad v- .x< • »h rX 2 ^ K a biO Sf d § 3 d ° CO oS a d, d o co d •H X o a a'fe^«i hOH ’> to-So “ i-° >>2 X 2 d d x c o jH ■ fH CO *H y (U *2 o X +J +J >> y? 03 « d o o ■u >-2 o X 2 *a; (JXX ^ > M d -Jj d aS b a^co ctf Q 1^.00 OcO H PI IOX f^oo h pi tO't IOX N • N OXXOOOOOOOOOO««”-H -«^ 1 - I1 - 1 • h pi pi 000000 O'ONO'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'O'OVO'O'O'O'O'O' ‘O O' O' APPENDIX IV A PARTIAL LIST OF THE DEBATES HELD IN OHIO UPON THE SUBJECT OF UNIVERSALISM Date Place Universalist Opponent Denomination of Opponent 1827 Franklinton A Rains Rev. Shaw Methodist 1830 Leesburg J. Kidwell Dr. Quinn Methodist 1831 Cincinnati J. Kidwell D. Fisher Methodist 1S35 Springfield A. A. Davis Dr. Samuel Robinson Presbyterian 1835 Frederickstown A. A. Davis Rev. H. 0 . Sheldon 1S35 Springfield J. Whitney Rev. Lucas Methodist 1835 Hamilton R. Smith Rev. S. A. Lathe Methodist 183s Oxford R. Smith J. A. Waterman 1835 Wilmington G. Rogers Rev. Lucas Methodist 1S38 Akron Loring Rev. Baldwin Presbyterian 1838 Goshen J. Gurley Rev. Lucas Methodist 1838 Waterton W. Jolly Roberts Presybterian 1840 Montgomery H. Gifford Moody Methodist 1840 Springfield G. Messenger H. D. Mason Baptist 1841 Montgomery E. Pingree Rev. J. B. Walker Presbyterian 1842 Huron County S. Hull Rev. Pierce Methodist 1842 Liverpool S. Hull Rev. Ward Methodist 1842 Amherst S. Hull Rev. Eells Presbyterian 1S42 Washington C. Webber Methodist 1842 Zanesville G. Flanders Rev. Kellog Methodist 1842 Dayton Loring Rev. A. B. Green Christian 1842 Mayville Darrow Brown Christian 1842 Higgensport Gilmer Rev. M. Gardner New Light 1843 (?) E. Pingree David Fisher Methodist 1845 Cincinnati E. Pingree Rev. N. L. Rice Presbyterian 1845 Laporte N. Doolittle Rev. John H. Power Methodist 1846 Benton J. M. Brunson Rice Christian 1847 Sommers ville C. Craven B. Franklin Christian 1851 Athens County B. Peters L. M. Harvey 1858 Cadiz W. Emmett, Rev. M. M. Ready, Associate Re- D. Bacon Paterson formed 1858 Amitv S. Binns Rev. David Mitchell Christian 1858 Marietta J. McMaster Rev. M. R. Miller Presbyterian 1858 Lewisburg W. Emmett Rev. Barnet Lutheran 1877 Mansfield J. MacLean D. B. Turner 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY _ / No complete collection of Universalist periodicals is available for such studies as this. The author has consulted the material available at Lombard and St. Lawrence Universities, at the Indiana State Library at Indianapolis, and at the Ohio State Historical Librarv at Columbus. He has also collected consider- * able material that has been deposited with the two latter libraries, both of which will welcome further additions. Among the collected volumes are the com¬ plete minutes of the Convention and partial minutes of other organizations. A study of Universalism east of Ohio will be found in “Universalism in America” by Richard Eddy. The second volume contains a valuable bibliography, includ¬ ing many Ohio publications. 1. Lois K. Matthews. The Expansion of New England. Chap. VI. 2. Matthews. Op. cit. Chap. VII. Robert E. Chaddock. Ohio Before 1850. Chap. II. Chas. E. Slocum. The Ohio Country. P. 162. 261 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3. Archer B. Hurlburt. The Ohio River. Chap. IX. 4. Chaddock. Op. cit. P. iii. ff. 5. Chas. W. Hoffman. The Story of a Country Church. P. 36 ff. 6. W. P. Strickland. Pioneers of the West. P. 137 ff. 7. The Gospel Anchor. Vol. I. P. 367. 8. Wm. A. Venable. Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley. P. 205. 9. Wm. C. Howells. Recollections of Life in Ohio from 1813 to 1840. P. 103. 10. Chaddock. Op. cit. P. 116 ff. 11. Venable. Op. cit. P. 219. 12. Howells. Op. cit. P. 119. 13. Howells. Op. cit. P. 152. 14. J. M. Barker. History of Ohio Methodism. Pp. 98 and 100. 15. Venable. Op. cit. P. 225. 16. Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate. Vol. IV. P. 47 * 17. James P. Finley. Autobiography. P. 373. 18. Finley. Op. cit. P. 257. 19. C. E. Dickerson. A History of the First Congrega¬ tional Church of Marietta, Ohio. P. 131. 20. Williams and Brother. History of Washington County. P. 392. See also John F. Wright, Life and Labors of James Quinn. P. 50. 21. The Gospel Herald. Vol. VII. P. 28. 22. Rev. Andrew Willson. Manuscript. BIBLIOGRAPHY 263 23. Rev. Anson Titus. Manuscript. 24. T. Whittemore. The Modern History of Universalism. P. 427. 25. Whittemore. Op. cit. P. 428. 26. Ev. Mag. & Gos. Adv. Vol. II. P. 170. 27. Same. Vol. IV. P. 87. 28 The Universalist Union. Vol. XI. P. 507. 29. Rev. J. H. Blackford. Manuscript. 30. Whittemore. Op. cit. P. 429. 31. Erasmus Manford. Twenty-five Years in the West. 32. George Rogers. Memoranda. 33. The Gospel Advocate. Vol. V. Pp. 157, 164, 173. 34. The Gospel Herald and Universalist Review. Vol. I. P. 222. 35. Ev. Mag. & Gos. Adv. Vol. II. P. 188. 36. Same. Vol. IV. P. 229. 37. Same. Vol. IV. P. 362. 38. Same. Vol. VI. P. 114. 39. The Universalist Union. Vol. V. P. 638. 39 a . John Parsons. A Tour Through Indiana in 1840. P. 92 ff. 40. The Universalist Union. Vol. VIII. Pp. 675, 691. 41. Whittemore. Op. cit. P. 441. 42. Jonathan Kidwell. The Alpha and Omega. 43. J. P. MacLean. Shakers of Ohio. Pp. 32, 33, 51. 44. The Gospel Advocate. June 28, 1828. 45. Maxwell P. Gaddis. Footprints of an Itinerant. P. 222 ff. 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46. Finley. Op. cit. P. no. 47. Same. P. 287. 48. Andrew Carroll. Moral and Religious Sketches and Collections. 49. The Sentinel and Star in the West. Vol. III. P. 330. 50. Gaddis. Op. cit. P. 152. 50*. Venable. Op. cit. P. 222. 51. ‘ Gaddis. Op. cit. P. 211. 52. Carroll. Op. cit. P. 140. 53. Jacob Young. Autobiography of a Pioneer. P. 347. 54. See, for example, Nathaniel S. Haynes. History of the Disciples of Christ in Illinois. P. 68 ff. The author implies that the Disciples were usually vic¬ torious and that thus the Universalists grew weaker. 55. Universalist Union. Vol. IX. P. 262. 56. Ev. Mag. & Gos. Adv. Vol. IV. P. 140. 57. Same. Vol. IV. P. 314. 58. Same. Vol. VI. P. 364. 59. Universalist Union. Vol. VIII. P. 399. 60. Sentinel and Star. Vol. IV. P. 25. 6o a . Ev. Mag. & Gos. Adv. February 25, 1832. P. 64. 61. Rogers. Op. cit. P. 393. 62. Ev. Mag. & Gos. Adv. Year 1848. P. 37. 63. Wm. A. Venable. A Buckeye Boyhood. 64. Marietta Register Leader. September 16, 1910. P. 9. 65. Universalist Union. Vol. IX. P. 570. 66. Same. Vol. IX. P. 698. 67. Universalist Magazine. Vol. VIIJ. P. 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 265 6 y a . W. W. Curry. Unpublished memoranda written for his daughters. 68. Edward A. Miller. The History of Educational Leg¬ islation in Ohio. P. 95. 69. The Gospel Anchor. Vol. II. P. 86. 70. Sentinel and Star. Vol. III. P. 323. 7o a . Parsons. Op. cit. 71. Miller. Op. cit. P. 160. See also file of Universalist Register. 72. Miller. Op. cit. P. 106. 72 a . The Ohio Universalist. November, 1913. P. 6. 73. Ev. Mag. & Gos. Adv. Vol. II. P. 301. 74. Universalist Union. Vol. VIII. P. 678. 75. Same. Vol. VI. P. 682. 76. Manford’s Magazine. Vol. IX. P. 185. 77. The Akron Times. February 3, 1918, P. 12. 78. Ohio Church History, Vol. X. P. 9 ff. CHARTS CHART i Universalist Churches in Ohio before 1830 Also Four Areas Settled During this Period Largely by New Englanders 269 n&nseven JfL j? euecaex CAh/*ns&& > «*w. v LOrt&r SASt&SXY • % cirae p/yort xcritt pKrJJ i *oeJ^TA 4*$** Jf****.*!** 5Jf «/*»«* *SHUBV fMflSfU tmooiteuff r •SrtfMr/U£ tUSSOfi iri Ten 1 » ?e#*7 £ c~* t, m *1 HFrfVU'Lt Semite j t&eviutL I J neofTon * %ea\rruu B&wveelt'cZ* • " w CASJ7Vy** r _ *A*r/c>rYl Xfnrv&oyr • *cAsr*r£ *eiectAoa * , *enf*VBs 3 wren uw/srort/y * nSTfrert ftfpS&JK ASM£ r _ Q£tXiH/*£ CL, freceetotronn ^t. verm* *COrrron % au//*CY ndOOSToo ;„„. , *ea*n HJU. nennAf «^ M * r ttr yufMyfge** J J *"3? 9 » VfWw f M9! « V, r ^y tCOSNQC Ten ♦rt c*sust£ err- flCASM^i • TJK>*AVAU£ r&sene/ijje AS*f VALLE atuEVAije □ •n/weqx t£LLB*w rkArusetfi • £6rrEfrM.LE spy* •«“"> , S'* * • f‘, ^ «W/=■«£*.• J^w Wreseen • rlUFatn 1/ * Lc** _ T"-F2S=. CMIUA(OT*£ ^HWO r!tf W ■* KILL f(*S / y»*r&,r 5 W ^ )_^v oecAruf, * £ZaZ&g** At*- ^ riUJCBSV/ll£ ■'fi’c 10^ Approximate Boundaries of Associations, 1840 galli * 0 ^ | j Richland 4. Central 2. Murray 5. Miami 3 . WestemReserve 6. Washington CHART 2 Churches in the Period 1830-1860 CHART 3 Churches in the Period 1860-1890 —Associations 1870 273 CHART 4 Churches in the Period 1890-1920 275 ♦