Division Section, X)S\bG «. K7C5S N*, »■»»«* / f / . . » papers of % penological Institute of ^merita. CLASSICAL SERIES. II. REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882, 1883, Part I. By JOSEPH THACHER'CLARKE. SSEttfj an ^ppentui. Printed at the Cost of the Boston Society of Architects. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue. 1898. V University Press: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U. S. A. * ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. Council, 1897-98. President. Professor JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, Ph. D., LL. D , Harvard University, of the Boston Society. ^onorarg Presidents. Professor CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, Litt. D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. President SETH LOW, LL. D., Columbia University, of the New York Society. Ft'ce=Prestoents. President DANIEL C. GILMAN, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University, President of the Baltimore Society. Dr. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL. D., University of Pennsylvania, Presi¬ dent of the Pennsylvania Society. Mr. MARTIN A. RYERSON, LL.B., Chicago , of the Chicago Society. Hon. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A. M., LL.B., Worcester, of the Boston Society. Professor THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL. D., Yale University, of the New York Society. ISdltor tn Cfjlef of tfje Journal. Professor JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A. M., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. ©tfjer ftflembers of tfje Council. Mr. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A. M., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. Mr. SELDEN BACON, A. M., LL. B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society. IV ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. Mr. DAVID L. BARTLETT, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society. Mr. CHARLES BUNCHER, Detroit, of the Detroit Society. MK Socfetjf ENCE H ' CLARK ’ Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Professor MARTIN L. D'OOGE, P„. D„ LL. D„ University of Mich- igan, President of the Detroit Society Professor HAROLD N. FOWLER, Ph. D„ Western Reserve Uni- versity, of the Cleveland Society. professor ARTHUR:L FROTHINGHAM, J R „ P„. D „ Princeton University, of the Baltimore Society Mr. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleveland Society. Professor WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL. D, University of Chicago, President of the Chicago Society MR - CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL. D, Chicago, of the Chicago ^^ DINER M - LANE, a. B., Boston, of the Boston Society. MR. JAMES LOEB, A. B., (Treasurer,) New York, of the New York Society. Mrs. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Cincinnati, President of the Cin¬ cinnati Society. Professor ALLAN MARQUAND, Ph.D, L. H. D, Princeton Uni versity, of the New York Society. Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston , of the Boston Society Professor EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, Ph. D., Columbia Uni¬ versity, President of the New York Society Mr. FREDERIC J. de PEYSTER, A. M„ LL. B„ New York, of the New York Society. Professor DANIEL QUINN, Ph. D„ Catholic University of America President of the Washington Society. Mr. EDWARD ROBINSON, A. B., Boston, of the Boston Society Professor MOSES STEPHEN SLAUGHTER, P„. D„ University of Wisconsin, President of the Wisconsin Society Professor FITZ GERALD TISDALL, P„. D„ College of the City of New York, of the New York Society. Professor JAMES R. WHEELER, Ph. D„ Columbia University, of the New York Society. Mrs. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society. Mr. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, Ph. D., (Secretary,) Columbia Uni¬ versity, of the New York Society. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. HE Report on the Investigations made at Assos in 1881, X by the expedition sent out by the Archaeological In¬ stitute in charge of Mr. Joseph Thatcher Clarke, was issued in 1882. The investigations were still in progress, and it was intended that so soon as possible after their completion a final Report should be prepared and published. The work of the expedition ended in the spring of 1883. Most of the members of the party which had been engaged in it returned home, and Mr. Clarke at once began the preparation of a Report designed to give a complete and thorough account of the unexpectedly important and interesting results of the first American expedition for archaeological investigation in the field of classical antiquity. Mr. Clarke’s Preliminary Report had already given evidence, not only of his high qualities as an investigator, but also of his possession of learning ade¬ quate to enable him to set forth the discoveries made by the expedition in a manner fitted to meet the demands of modern scholarship. During the next two or three years a considerable part of the work was accomplished and put into type. The pages which now follow have been ready for publica¬ tion for more than ten years. But the publication has been delayed, greatly to the disappointment of the Institute, in hope that the portion remaining to be written might be completed. By a series of calamities, for which he was in no wise per¬ sonally responsible, Mr. Clarke was compelled to give up labor VI INTRODUCTORY NOTE . upon the Report, and to devote his whole time to other pur¬ suits. From year to year he has hoped to be able to renew his labors on the work which it was the object of his just ambi¬ tion to complete, — year after year he has been disappointed. It has finally seemed best to the Council of the Institute to issue that portion of the Report which has been lying ready so long, in order that the account which it contains of the results of the expedition, although it be but partial and imperfect, should no longer remain inaccessible. They have come to this decision with reluctance, both on Mr. Clarke’s account and on account of the Institute. It is matter of serious regret that a full record of the results of the expedition should not be made by the person most com¬ petent to describe the discoveries and to exhibit their impor¬ tance. The Council cannot but hope that Mr. Clarke may yet find opportunity to conclude his work. But, unfortunate as the delay in the issue of the Report has been, the investigations to which it relates have not lost interest. The peculiar character of many of the buildings at Assos, and their remarkable preservation, making possible a complete recovery of the plap and elevation of civic struc¬ tures quite unique in design and plan, give to the work accomplished there such permanent importance that ten years more or less in the date of its publication are of comparatively small concern. Meanwhile it is proposed to publish very shortly, under the auspices of the Institute, a work edited by Mr. Francis H. Bacon, the companion of Mr. Clarke in the Assos expedition, which shall present on a large scale the plans and elevations of the more important edifices investigated, and shall give all those details and measurements which may be desired by the students of ancient art, and especially by those of architecture. The preparation of this work, in which Mr. Bacon has re¬ ceived the valuable assistance of Mr. Robert Koldewey, who also took part in the original investigations, will afford mate¬ rial for a full study of the monuments of various kinds which LETTERS. Vll specially distinguished the site of Assos, and will be a con¬ tribution to classical archaeology of unusual novelty and extent. The letters which follow this Note explain themselves; they form part of the documentary record of the expedition. C. E. NORTON. February, 1898. Charles Eliot Norton, Esq., President of the Archeological Institute of America. Dear Sir, — The Boston Society of Architects has charged me with the agreeable duty of conveying to you, as President of the American Institute of Archaeology, the congratulation of the profes¬ sion upon the work accomplished by your expedition to Assos. We desire also, through you, to thank our brethren, Messrs. Clarke and Bacon, and the other members of the expedition, by whose skill, energy, and fine spirit of self-denial this valuable acquisition to our knowledge of Greek architecture has been rendered possible. The contribution of the Boston Society of Architects to the expenses of Mr. Clarke’s first expedition in search of new evidence concerning the Doric order was intended as an expression of its desire to know more of the principles underlying the development of Greek archi¬ tectural forms ; for to these principles, in the midst of the complica¬ tions and sophistications which inevitably beset all modern works of design, we must continually repair for correction, inspiration, and re¬ freshment. The later and more fruitful expedition was the logical continuation of the first. These successes, therefore, are grateful to this Society, not only because they seem in a manner to justify its first expenditure of means, but principally because this new exposition of the Greek spirit has proved far more complete than the most sanguine friends of the enterprise had anticipated. It has shown us the Greek architect ex¬ perimenting with forms, and profuse in invention, yet always with self- denial and a just reserve of force ; it has given us, perhaps, the best lesson yet derived from Greek antiquity in the grouping of buildings ; it has thrown new light upon the divine virtue of simplicity in art; it VI11 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. has given us substantially the only examples of the practice of the Greeks in domestic and civic works, and, in short, it seems to have brought nearer to our sympathies and comprehension that spirit which the conditions of modern architecture require as a corrective and purifying force. We therefore anticipate with interest the moment when the results of this expedition shall be made practically available to the profession in the forthcoming Report, which we hope may be as full and complete as possible, especially in respect to drawings. This Society, in continuation of its policy of contributing to the extent of its limited means to the advancement of architectural knowl¬ edge, has authorized me to convey to you its offer to appropriate the sum of five hundred dollars towards defraying the expenses of printing the Report of the Expedition to Assos, and to indicate its intention to raise such additional sum, if any, as may be needed for the pur¬ pose, it being understood that the total amount is not to exceed one thousand dollars. Respectfully yours, EDWARD C. CABOT, President. Boston, March 20, 1884. Edward C. Cabot, Esq., President of the Boston Society of Architects. Dear Sir, — I have had the pleasure to-day of laying before the Executive Committee of the Archaeological Institute of America your letter to me of the 20th instant, and I am charged by them with the expression of the gratification which its contents have given them, and of their grateful acknowledgment to the Boston Society of Architects for the substantial and timely contribution it proposes to make toward defraying the expense of printing the second Report of the Expedition to Assos. The income of the Institute is so much narrower than its opportunities for service in its field of work, that such a contribution is especially welcome. Its chief value, however, is in the testimony it affords of the sense of your Society of the im¬ portance of the work accomplished by the expedition to Assos, of the novel character of the acquisitions made by it in the domain of Greek LETTERS. IX architecture, and of the permanent worth of its results to students of the art. This testimony, coming from a body so eminently qualified to speak with authority on the subject as the Society over which you preside, and expressed by you in terms at once decisive and convincing, while it is in the highest degree gratifying to the Institute, as a proof that it has succeeded thus far in accomplishing one of the chief ends of its existence, is equally stimulating to it to undertake fresh investiga¬ tions upon classical soil which may make still further additions to knowl¬ edge of that ancient art which remains so full of instruction and interest to students and artists of the present time. The Executive Committee of the Institute recognize their past debt to the Boston Society of Architects for its contribution to the original expedition of Messrs. Clarke and Bacon, and their further indirect but essential obligation to it in the fact that these gentlemen were members of the Society, — a fact which gave assurance of their char¬ acter and ability. The Committee will have pleasure in transmitting a copy of your letter to each of these gentlemen. They venture to request you to bring the services of Mr. Robert Koldewey, of Ham¬ burg, who has had charge of some of the most important investiga¬ tions at Assos, to the attention of your Society, in the hope that it may think proper, upon consideration of his part in the joint labors on the site, to convey to him a distinct expression of its appreciation of the excellence of his work. The Committee desire me to state that the fact that the means for the publication of the forthcoming Report have been provided by your Society will be stated upon its titlepage, and your letter to me will be printed as prefatory to the Report itself. The great mass of material to be digested, and the large number of drawings to be pre¬ pared for the Report, will probably delay its appearance for at least a year. 1 have the honor to be, with great respect, faithfully yours, CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, President of the Archceological Institute of America. Cambridge, March 25, 1884. CONTENTS. -♦- * I. Page Course of the Excavations . i II. Acropolis and Temple.40 III. Temple Sculptures . 141 IV. Date of the Temple.292 Appendix : — Relations of Modern to Ancient Life 335 LIST OF CUTS AND PLATES. P AG E 1. Archaic Bronze Arrow-head.. 2. Bronze Arrow-head. ^ 3. Iron Mattock. ^ 4. Plan of the Temple of Assos. — Present Condition . 57 5. Stone in Foundations of Temple, with Bed-moulds for Metal Castings. — Isometric ....... 58 6. Employment of Lifting Dog in laying the lower Steps. — Isometric.‘. fa 7. Pry-holds and Levers employed in laying the Steps. — Isometric.. 8. Perforation of the lower Step, Eastern Front . . 67 9. Detail of Mosaic Pavement, Southeastern Corner . 70 10. Outlines of Echinos Curves, Anta Capital, and Hawk’s-bill Moulding of Corona.8! 11. Upper Surface of an Abacus.83 12. Section of the Entablature and Coffered Ceiling of the Pteroma.. 13. Fragments of inner Epistyle Beams, showing Shift- holes and Mason’s Marks. g 2 14. Triglyph, Face and Side.^5 15. Ends of Cornice Blocks, showing Attachments of Derrick Tackle : A, for Looped Rope ; B, for Iron Dog .p3 16. Cornice Block, as tilted in Lifting. — Release for Turning Grapple. gg 17. Cornice Block from Southeastern Corner. — Upper Surface and End. IQ2 18. Rejected Cornice Block, Recut for Employment in Tympanon Veil. . 19. Beam from the Coffered Ceiling of Pteroma . . . 115 20. Beam from the Coffered Ceiling of Vestibule . . 117 21. Beam from the Coffered Ceiling of Pronaos . . . 121 22. General Plan of Coffered Ceiling .12s xiv LIST OF CUTS AND PLATES. Page 23. Section of Pteroma.124 24. Section of Vestibule and Pronaos.124 25. Section of Vestibule Ceiling Beam, showing Lewis Tackle.126 26. Fragment of Tile, with Ornamented Edge, from a Course interposed between lowest Imbrices and Corona.129 27. Antefix. — From a Photograph.130 28. Antefix Section.131 29. Corners of Imbrices, roughly cut for Jointing . . 133 30. Constructive System of Pteroma. — Isometric . . . 134 31. Fragment of Gutter. — From a Photograph ... 135 32. Fragment of Gutter. — Section and Scale .... 135 33. Fragment of Ridge Acroterion.136 34. Fragment of Acroterion. — Paw of Sphinx or Griffin 137 35. (Plate.) Retreating Centaurs. To face 142 36. Human-legged Centaur.146 37. (Plate.) Heracles and Pholos. To face 150 38. Herakles and the Centaurs of Mount Pholoe . . 165 39. Fragment of a Metope. — Hind Legs of a Centaur . 171 40. (Plate.) Heraldic Sphinxes. Western Facade. To face 172 41. (Plate.) Heraldic Sphinxes. Eastern Facade. To face 173 42. Ionic Capital, with Upright Volutes.176 43. Couching Sphinx on Sherd from Ophrynion .... 182 44. Squatting Sphinx. — Figurine from Aqkieui .... 183 45. A, Archaic Coin of Assos. — B, Bronze Head of Griffin, found at Olympia.187 46. Coin of Assos.188 47. Coin of Assos.189 48. Mosaic Pavement from a Building South of the Agora, showing Eagle-headed and Leopard-headed Griffins.192 48 a . Heraldic Sphinx upon engraved Seal, found at Assos.200 49. Epistyle Relief from the Temple.210 50. The Struggle of Herakles with Triton.237 51. Epistyle Relief from the Temple.241 52. Epistyle Block above the Northernmost Interco- LUMNIATION OF THE EASTERN FACADE. 250 53. Epistyle Block above the Southernmost Interco- LUMNIATION OF THE WESTERN FACADE. 252 LIST OF CUTS AND PLATES. XV Page 54. Epistyle Block above the Southernmost Interco- LUMNIATION OF THE EASTERN FACADE.253 55. Schematic View of the Southeastern Corner of the Entablature. — Isometric.256 56. Epistyle Block above the Central Intercolumnia- tion of the Western Facade.261 57. Epistyle Block above the Central Intercolumnia- tion of the Eastern Facade.261 58. Epistyle Block above the Second Intercolumniation from the South of the Eastern Facade .... 263 59. Epistyle Block above the Easternmost Intercolum¬ niation of the Southern Side.265 60. Epistyle Block above the Second Intercolumniation from the East of the Southern Side.267 61. Reconstruction of the Eastern Corner of the South¬ ern Side, showing three Epistyle Blocks relating to the Centaurs of Mount Pholoe.268 62. Reconstruction ,of the Southern Half of the East¬ ern Facade, showing two Epistyle Blocks relat¬ ing to the Centaurs of Mount Pholoe, and the Central Panel with the Coat of Arms of Assos . 269 63. Restoration of the Central Acroterion, the Re¬ maining Fragment dotted and shaded . 271 64. Epistyle Block above the Second Intercolumniation from the North of the Western Facade .... 271 65. Epistyle Block above the Westernmost Intercolum¬ niation of the Northern Side.273 66. Epistyle Block from the Western Group of the Northern Side.274 67. Epistyle Block from the Westernmost Intercolum¬ niation of the Northern Side.275 68. Epistyle Block from the Western Group of the Northern Side.276 69. Fragment of an Epistyle Block of the Series re¬ lating TO THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR.277 70. Epistyle Block from the Entablature of the Cella, ABOVE THE PRONAOS.278 71. Epistyle Block forming the Pendant to that shown in Figure 70.279 72. Metope of the Eastern Entablature occupying the Fourth Field from the South.285 73. Metope showing the Coat of Arms of Assos . 285 XVI LIST OF CUTS AND PLATES. 74 - 75 - 76. 77 - 78. 79 - 80. 81. 82. 83 - Metope RELATED IN SUBJECT TO THE SERIES OF THE Erymanthian Boar. Fragment of a Metope, related in Subject to the Series of the Centaurs of Mount Pholoe. . . . Metope of uncertain Location and Subject .... Fragmentary Metope of uncertain Location and Subject. Plan of the Epistyle of the Temple of Assos, show¬ ing in Black the Position of the known Reliefs . Plan of the Temple of Aigina. Plan of the Theseion at Athens. Plan of the Temple of Assos. Plan of the later Temple of Sounion. Diagrammatic Plan and Dimensions of the Temple of Assos. Page 285 286 286 286 289 302 3°3 304 305 320 INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS. CHAPTER I. COURSE OF EXCAVATIONS. I N October, 1881, the digging of the first year at Assos was brought to a close by the unwelcome official inter¬ ruption to which reference has been made in the First Report. 1 After the retreat of the would-be commissioner, Mr. Bacon and Mr. Diller remained upon the site with the writer, until the beginning of December. By that time the winter had fairly set in. The prevalent north winds were so heavy that few of the small vessels of the country found their way to the port of Behram, while none were ready to venture from it. It was therefore necessary to leave the coast of the Troad in the Myzethra , the open sail-boat belonging to the expedition, 2 and the passage of the Gulf of Adramyttion was attended with much difficulty. The little craft, being heavily laden with chests of the specimens collected by the indefatigable geolo¬ gist, shipped so much water over her low gunwale, that two Greeks, who had been admitted as passengers, gave up bailing in despair, and, wrapping themselves in their blankets, lay 1 Clarke (Joseph Thacher), Report on the Investigations at Assos, 1S81. Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, Classical Series, I., Boston, 1882, p. 44. 2 Report, p. 131. I 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. down in the wet. The Musconisi 1 and Tokmakia 2 Islands afforded some shelter during the latter part of the voyage, and in the harbor of Mytilene the full force of the gale was not felt. This northern wind is one of those whose effect upon the Lesbian capital is described by Vitruvius 3 as most deplora¬ ble. What he says of it is, at least, true in December: when the Septentrio blows, the inhabitants do not lounge about the streets because of the biting cold. As part of the town is built upon a neck of swampy land, and as in antiquity a canal ran through its midst, Mytilene piay not always have been so salubrious as the description of Cicero 4 and the charming account of Longos 5 would lead us to believe. It is possible that some unfavorable report had reached the Roman archi¬ tect, which he, in his desire to exemplify the disadvantages attending an unwise orientation of streets, has curiously exaggerated and distorted. Still, the north-northwest wind, coming from the interior of this famous and pleasant island, 6 and the south wind, wafted across the narrow strait from the orange groves of neighboring Chios, can hardly have occa¬ sioned the coughs and distempers which Vitruvius attributed to them. In exceptionally rough weather the regular steamers from Smyrna to Constantinople do not pass through the channel between Lesbos and the mainland, but put directly out into the open Aegean from Cape Kara Burnu. 7 This being the 1 The ancient Hekatonnesoi, the islands of Apollo Hekatos. 2 Four small and uninhabited islands lying in the Channel of Mytilene, to the southeast of Cape Argenon, the northeastern point of Lesbos. 8 Vitruvius, I. 6. i. 4 Cicero de Lege Agrar., II. 16. 5 Longos, I. i. 6 “ Insula nobilis et amoena.” Tacitus, Ann.> VI. 3. 7 The ancient Cape Melaina. INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882. 3 case at the time, the members of the expedition took advan¬ tage of the passage to Constantinople kindly offered them by the captain of a Turkish man-of-war, then about to leave the island. The three winter months were spent in the preparation of the First Report, and the drawings which it contained. The work of archaeological investigation during the second and third years, 1882 and 1883, was carried on by Mr. Francis Henry Bacon, Mr. Robert Koldewey, and the writer. Particu¬ lar acknowledgment is due to Mr. Koldewey, — an architect of the Prussian government and a thoroughly trained archae¬ ologist, — who, during the first year of his stay, devoted his services to the undertaking without remuneration. The sur¬ veys and restorations made at Assos were, roughly speaking, so divided that Mr. Bacon, besides general topographical work, investigated the Necropolis, the Gymnasion, and the Greek Bridge. Mr. Koldewey was occupied with the Agora and the buildings in its vicinity, including the Stoa, Bouleuterion, and Greek Bath ; while the writer, besides keeping a general chronicle of all the results obtained by the expedition, made special studies of the fortifications of the city, the Temple and the Mosque upon the Acropolis, and the Theatre and Atrium of the lower town. Mr. Joseph Silas Diller, then holding a scholarship of Harvard University, returned to the Troad in 1882 for ten weeks, and completed his geological studies of the country. John R. S. Sterrett, Ph. D., to whose charge the editing of the inscriptions discovered at Assos had been confided, made, during May and June, 1883, a careful search for epigraphical materials upon the site, while studying also the inscribed stones previously removed to the port. Mr. John Henry Haynes, renewing his voluntary services, took nearly one 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. hundred and fifty photographs of the antiquities discovered, and of picturesque features of the city and its vicinity which lent themselves to this manner of representation. During the first three weeks of the second year the excava¬ tions were under the charge of Mr. Bacon alone, the writer’s return to Assos having been delayed until the end of March by the preparation of the First Report. Digging was recom¬ menced on the 8th of March, 1882, with ten men, — a number gradually increased during the fortnight following to twenty- five. They were set to work in the Street of Tombs, where the substructure of the large ornamented sarcophagus (No. XVI.) was first freed from the earth. The coffer itself had been exposed during the excavations of the preceding year, 1 but the extent and the important character of the monument had not then become apparent. The summit of the pedestal had been supposed to be the pavement of the street, which was, in reality, 2.3 metres below it, so that more than one half of the structure still remained to be excavated. The altar which adjoined the pedestal was found lying directly upon the pave¬ ment, while fragments of the sculptured sides of the sarcopha¬ gus were deeply buried in the earth, showing that the ancient Greek road was kept clear from debris at the time when the sarcophagus was broken into. A further indication of the comparatively late use of the way is the fact that the stones at the base of the pedestal, before being covered by the earth washed down from the upper terraces and from the city walls, had been shattered with a heavy hammer, in order to extract the lead with which the cramps of the steps had been set: a vandalism hardly to be ascribed to a time before fire¬ arms had come into general use. The lid of the sarcophagus seems to have remained balanced upon the broken sides until 1 Report, p. 127, figs. 33 and 34. INVESTIGATIONS AT AS SOS, 1882 . 5 very recently, as the enormous stone, — one of the heaviest in Assos, — was found lying upon the surface of the earth. A Doric column, formerly standing upon the eastern inner corner of the pedestal, lay at a considerable depth, broken in two by its fall. Several of the steps adjoining the substruc¬ ture of the tomb, and once leading from the paved street to the terrace above, were still in position. Two archaic Greek pithoi (Nos. 6 and 7), lying close to the native rock, had, at the time of the erection of the tomb, been cut through in digging trenches for the foundation walls of the pedestal and for those of the terrace behind it. The Greek builders, how¬ ever, evidently disturbed these archaic jars as little as possible; the remaining bones, although covered with earth and stones, not having been moved. In the first year the excavations in the Necropolis, carried on for little more than a week, had been almost entirely restricted to the imposing monuments near the main gateway. Few sarcophagi were buried in that vicinity after the erection of the vaulted receiving-tombs,—the foundations of which had necessitated the removal of all earlier remains. Hence no discoveries of note had been made in the cemetery dur¬ ing 1881. The first of the one hundred and twenty-four un¬ opened sarcophagi unearthed in 1882 and 1883, were found at the north of the large ornamented sarcophagus. The objects in one of these monolithic coffers (No. 2), notably three vessels of fine transparent glass, were among the most valuable discoveries of the kind made by the expedition. Towards the end of March a number of trenches were opened on the lowest — the western — side of the Necropo¬ lis, and were subsequently carried across all the terraces in a northeasterly direction. The original levels of the street, and the position of the larger burial enclosures, were thus determined. This digging brought to light many ostothekai, 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. containing the crumbling fragments of burnt bones. These remarkable urns, of great age, were found only within a lim¬ ited area, and always rested directly upon the native rock. So closely together did they lie, and so delicate and fragile was the pottery of which they were made, that it was neces¬ sary to use knives for the removal of the earth around them, after the two specimens first found had been shattered by the heavy picks. In the mean while, plaster casts of those temple sculptures which had been discovered during the first year were made by a marble worker from the island of Tinos, Jani Laludis, who had been with Dr. Humann at Pergamon. 1 Three sets of these casts were prepared, and forwarded respectively to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Louvre, and the Museum of Berlin. But as the only plaster to be procured was of inferior quality, and the inadequate appliances at hand could not pre¬ vent the warping of the glue moulds, the results were far from satisfactory. This is the more to be regretted, as it is now impossible to obtain new moulds from those reliefs which, in the official division, fell to the share of the Turkish government. Several days in March were so cold that work had to be suspended. On the 15th of the month a storm of snow and hail drove the workmen from the trenches, and even as late as the 8th of April the temperature was so low that standing water in the lowlands of the Troad was covered with ice. The want of comfortable quarters at Behram during this inclement season, together with the attractions of the Easter festival upon the island of Mytilene, caused the Greek labor¬ ers to desert the site in a body, and excavations could not be recommenced until their return on the 17th of April. Dur- 1 Humann (Carl ), Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrafomgen zu Pergamon. Geschichte der Untemehmimg , Berlin, 1880, p. 20. INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882 . 7 ing this interval the surveys and measurements were dili¬ gently carried on. The entire field of ruins was searched foot by foot, and the writer had the pleasure of finding the third block of the sphinxes from the western front of the temple, lying half buried in the earth, face downwards, upon the slope of the Acropolis. New wheelbarrows were made by carpenters in Molivo, and the blunted pickaxes were sharp¬ ened by a gypsy blacksmith who had encamped in the neigh¬ boring village of Pasha-Kieui. After the Easter holidays so many men were engaged that it was often found impossible to collect enough small money to make out the weekly wages. A great part of the business of this primitive country is carried on by barter, and all the small coins of silver and copper obtainable from the bakhals of Behram and the neighboring villages were not sufficient for the needs of the expedition, — obliged on every pay-day to disburse from one hundred to one hundred and fifty med- jids in small sums. As the expedient of paying several men together with a gold piece proved unsatisfactory, the example of the parochial churches of Mytilene was followed, and a quantity of paper money, of small denominations, was issued by the expedition. The bits of green cardboard, signed and stamped, were readily accepted, and circulated so widely throughout the southern Troad that some difficulty was ex¬ perienced, at the close of the work, in calling in the out¬ standing amount. When the digging was recommenced, the entire force was employed upon the terrace before the Stoa. The temple at the western end of the Agora was thoroughly examined, and the position of the neighboring streets and pavements deter¬ mined sufficiently to enable Mr. Koldewey to begin his detailed survey of the Stoa and the adjoining buildings. The mar¬ ble pedestal of a statue with an inscription to the Emperor 8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. Constantine (II. a. d. 337-340) was found, during these in¬ vestigations, lying buried beneath the debris accumulated in the street upon the north of the temple. A new road was made from the eastern side of the Acropolis to the port, and the sphinx relief was dragged down upon the sledge. Awaiting the advance of the survey, the men were again removed to the Necropolis, where the so-called Larichos enclosure was thoroughly excavated. The work here re¬ sulted in the discovery of numerous sarcophagi and cinerary urns, the former containing pottery, glass, strigils, coins, and some few ornaments of gold and silver. Together with these were the two best preserved and most ancient skulls found at Assos, — discoveries of far greater value to science than could have been the richest treasures of precious metal. The one, antedating the Persian war, was in a large pithos (No. 5) ; the other, referable to the second century b. c., in a mono¬ lithic sarcophagus (No. 32) of the Larichos enclosure. Sev¬ eral inscribed stones were also unearthed. On the 22d of April, thirteen, and on the 24th, no less than seventeen previously unopened sarcophagi were brought to light. In the following week excavations were resumed upon the Acropolis, where was found the largest of the epistyle reliefs of the temple, — the four centaurs with horses’ fore-legs. The workmen remained upon the Acropolis until the 13th of May, the digging being further rewarded by a second block of the centaur relief, the paw of the acroterion griffin, an important fragment of the ornamented terra-cotta gutter of the temple, and an inscription containing an inventory of the chattels of the building itself. Greek festivals occurring during the first part of May inter¬ rupted the work for several days. This opportunity was taken by Mr. Koldewey and by the writer to make a journey through a previously unvisited tract in the interior of the INVESTIGATIONS AT ASS OS;'188%. 9 Troad, lying between Assos and Lecton on the south, and Alexandreia Troas and Neandreia on the north. Besides the ruins of the three towns last mentioned, those of Sminthe, Tragasa, and Larissa, were explored, as well as those of sev¬ eral ancient villlages the names of which are not known,—j especial attention being devoted to their bearing upon the remains at Assos. The most important discovery was that of the site of Polymedion, on the coast, opposite Methymna. A month later instruments were brought to this interesting locality, which was carefully surveyed, some digging being necessary in order to follow the circuit of the fortifications, and to ascertain the extent of the sacred grove which occu¬ pied the summit of the Acropolis in place of the customary temple. Eight days were devoted to these investigations at Polymedion, the results of which will be given in a separate publication of the Archaeological Institute. On the 17th of May excavations were begun at the east¬ ern end of the Agora, the foundations of the Bouleuterion being laid bare, while the stairways at the south and west were cleared. A mass of debris was removed from the Greek cistern on a lower terrace, the existence of which had become known during the first year. 1 Within this subter¬ ranean vault were discovered, in a fine state of preservation, the marble head of a heroic statue, and several additional fragments of the inscribed stele published as No. 3 in the First Report. 2 The accumulated earth was found to be mixed with many sherds of water vessels of the Byzantine period, and with the bones of domestic animals. It was removed through the narrow orifice by means of baskets and ropes, and was carefully sifted in the open air. 1 Report, p. 37. 2 Report, Appendix, No. 3. Also, Sterrett (John Robert Sitlington), Inscrip¬ tions of Assos; Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, 1885, No. XXVIII. IO ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE . The Bouleuterion proved to be a construction of much in¬ terest and importance. Upon its plan were discovered sev¬ eral inscribed stones, some of which had been built into the diagonal walls of a late restoration. All of the men could not be employed upon this spot, and a part of the gang was removed to the front of the Stoa and to the terraces below its retaining walls. The detailed examination of the long col¬ onnade, the place of assemblage before the bema, and the ramps and steps leading to the upper town, was a work of great extent, which thenceforth received uninterrupted atten¬ tion for more than a year, two or three men being always here employed to clear the pavements, stairways, pedestals, and water-courses, and to aid in the surveys and measure¬ ments. The intimate acquaintance thus obtained with the closely connected group of structures surrounding the market¬ place has proved to be one of the most important results of the investigations. During the latter days of May and the first week of June the greater part of the force was engaged at the theatre, the thorough investigation of which occupied twenty men for three weeks. The marble columns which supported the stage, the water-works for cooling and draining the enclosure, and both the vomitoria, were thus discovered, while a con¬ siderable extent of the seats and passages of the auditorium, and of the encircling stairs and streets outside the structure, were freed from earth. On the completion of this task most of the laborers were again set to work in the Necropolis. Only a few remained within the town, where, on the ioth of June, they had the good fortune to bring to light the longest inscription found at Assos, buried beneath the pavement of a Christian apse built into the small temple at the western end of the Agora. While excavating those monumental tombs and burial en- INVESTIGATIONS AT ASS OS, 1882. 11 closures which were situated at some distance from the prin¬ cipal gate, thirty unopened sarcophagi (Nos. 52 to 82) were found. The number of cinerary urns was by this time nine¬ teen ; of pithoi, seven. The coffers contained the usual quantity of small articles; the figurini, the coins of Assos, and the neckband, ring, and beads of gold, belonging to this series, all being of especial value. Notwithstanding the heat and stifling dust of July and August, the excavations were actively carried on, the number of men being gradually increased to forty-one. The outfit of the expedition did not furnish picks and wheelbarrows for more. After the 27th of June this force was directed to the most extensive task of the undertaking, namely, the thorough examination of the enormous mass of earth and stones which had accumulated beneath the terrace of the Agora, between its retaining wall and the upper seats of the theatre. For nearly ten weeks, until the 9th of September, the whole at¬ tention of the expedition was directed to this locality, from which much had been expected. There was, indeed, every probability that many antique remains would be found in this enormous heap of rubbish, where all the public records and works of art which must once have stood upon the Agora and in the adjoining buildings would naturally have been cast by pillagers of the city. The experience of all previous in¬ vestigators upon ancient sites had shown that considerable deposits of antiques, especially fragments of sculpture and inscriptions, existed in the chutes formed by the overthrow of the smaller monuments adorning such centres of civic life. In so far as the earth beneath the Agora of Assos had been examined during the first year, the results had borne out this presumption. Almost all the inscriptions published in the first Report, among them the valuable bronze tablet with the oath taken by the Assians on the accession of Caligula, were 12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. found in the ruins of Byzantine buildings, situated just below the Bouleuterion. But, however well grounded, these expec¬ tations were almost entirely disappointed, during the long work of the second year. The movable objects discovered, marble carvings, inscriptions, and the like, were few, — in themselves not sufficient to repay the expense of the work. In architectural respects, on the other hand, this field was eminently productive. At the east were found two rooms, * paved with exceptionally fine and early mosaics, the one rep¬ resenting the coat of arms of the city, two crouching griffins, the other a vender of Cupids, with Nikes and tripods at either side. The monumental flight of steps leading from the street below to the middle of the Agora, the Heroon, and, above all, the unique Greek Bath, with its three stories surmounted by a broad colonnade, must be considered among the most strik¬ ing results of the expedition. Five of the nine weeks were devoted to this edifice. The greater part of the cisterns, and three of the lower chambers were thoroughly excavated. This was a work of considerable difficulty, as the heavy stones of the superstructure entirely covered the plan. Near the northwestern corner, on the level of the Agora, was found the remarkable standard of roofing tiles, but no objects of interest were brought to light within the building itself. On the south of the adjoining street the remains of a Ro¬ man bath were discovered. These had been too much injured by their continued employment during Byzantine ages, and es¬ pecially by the reconstruction of the chief halls as a Christian church, to warrant the expenditure of much time and labor in their exploration. Still, four chambers were excavated which appeared to have been buried at an earlier epoch than the rest. In them were found the fragments of two inscrip¬ tions, dedicating the bath and its belongings to Julia Aphro- INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882 . 13 dite, and thus giving an accurate date for the construction. The workmen highly approved of researches in this vicinity, as they were allowed to carry off such of the large coarse paving tiles and drain pipes as were of no value in the inves¬ tigation. At the end of the day each of the Greeks went down to the port laden with as much of this earthenware as he could carry upon his shoulders. The tiles were used to pave bakers’ ovens; the pipes, as gutters for roofs. When the writer passed along the northern coast of the island of Mytilene, some months afterwards, every village seemed to be thus provided. In the caldarium of the bath the space between the sus- pensurae, beneath the floor, was found to be still filled with fine wood ashes, which, being whirled into the air by the high winds, covered everything in the neighborhood with a thick white coat. It was a picturesque sight, at nightfall after work in this locality, to see the men standing in a long row on the large stones of the ancient mole which still pro¬ ject above the water. Here they washed before their evening meal, which, like the laborers of classic antiquity, they not unfrequently ate in the dark. On the 4th of September, as the funds at the disposal of the expedition ran low, it was necessary to dismiss a great number of the men. A week later, those remaining were transferred to the Gymnasion and its vicinity; but on the 18th, many of these had also to be sent away. During Octo¬ ber only seven men were employed, chiefly in removing small banks of earth, and in aiding the surveys and detailed meas¬ urements. In an undertaking directed merely towards treas¬ ure-trove, such a diminution in the number of laborers would have been equivalent to an entire cessation of work. This was not the case at Assos. The delay rendered it possible for the explorers, released from the superintendence of the dig- 14 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. ging, to carry on the investigations necessary for determining the character of the most recent discoveries. The members of the expedition were at no time more busily or more prof¬ itably employed than during these weeks, when the results previously obtained were collected and systematized. Assos in this respect presented peculiar difficulties. The degree of demolition was such as to make it seem, at first sight, that architectural investigations were here altogether hopeless. The walls within the city had everywhere been levelled to the present surface of the earth, and in those cases where the buildings were elevated upon artificial terraces the foundations themselves had been washed away by torrents of winter rain. Throughout the entire city, less than half a dozen columns were still erect, and even these were without entabla¬ tures and capitals. Not one stone remained in position above the steps of the great temple. Retaining walls and ramparts, sufficiently heavy to withstand the wanton destruction of man, had been thrown out of position by the many severe earth¬ quakes which Assos has experienced. An enormous mass of masonry, for instance, bordering the Agora upon the south, overhung the bath by more than half a metre; while the bed- joints of a fortification wall three metres thick, forming part of the eastern enclosure, were lifted to an angle of not less than fifteen degrees. The vestiges which had survived this terrible demolition were buried beneath stones fallen from the upper part of the buildings, and generally also beneath some accumulation of earth. This had been overgrown by dwarf oak bushes, inter¬ twined with briers, and as these are the only forms of vege¬ tation spared by the browsing goats and camels, they had covered the heaps of debris with low, impenetrable thickets. Such was the aspect of the entire site on the writer’s first visit to Assos in 1879. INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882. !5 The work of recovery was begun by burning the bushes. In the dry season the tangled mass took fire readily, and the roaring and crackling flame quickly swept away the patches of green which covered the heaps of moss-grown ruins. The formless rubbish was then removed, and, when the position of the ancient walls became recognizable, trenches were dug on either side to determine their character and extent. Every block still retaining its original shape, whether belonging or not to the edifice upon whose plan it was found, was meas¬ ured and drawn to a uniform scale, generally i : 20. It was wonderful how this “order gave each thing view.” While the plan of a building could be followed by the- foundation walls, if not by marks upon the pavement, the elevations were recomposed upon paper, bit by bit, from the fragments brought to light. The height of the columns, and conse¬ quently also that of the stories in which they were employed, became evident from a comparison of the proportional dimi¬ nution of all the drums with the diameter traced upon the stylobate, and with that of the necking of the capitals.' The holes for dowels and cramps of metal provided the most absolute proof of contiguity; and even the position of the separate stones in courses long overthrown could be deter¬ mined from the shift holes which it was customary through¬ out Greek antiquity to cut upon the beds beneath them. In short, it is not too much to say that one intimately acquainted with the architectural methods and details of the ancients can reconstruct their edifices with absolute certainty through a close study of overthrown and widely scattered stones, — just as a naturalist, from a handful of fossil bones, can pre¬ sent the image and describe the very habits of an animal which for thousands of years has had no living represent¬ ative. The task of tracing the connection between the architec- X6 ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. tural members was complicated, in this case, through their having been scattered over the entire site by later Byzantine and Turkish builders. Stones of the upper story of the Stoa had been used for the Christian church on the terrace below the Agora; a capital, an entablature, and the lintel and jambs of a door from the lower town, together with many blocks from the summit of the Acropolis, had been built into the mosque ; beams of the coffered ceiling of the great temple had been employed in late structures that stood at the east of the Bouleuterion, and at the south of the Gymnasion. The fitting together of such disjecta membra in some cases in¬ volved more than a thousand measurements. The homo¬ geneous character of the material was the source, of even greater difficulty. Without a single exception, the buildings of Assos, from the archaic Greek temple to the most recent hovels of Behram village, were built of the second andesite. Thus, while in the investigations among other ruins — for instance, those of the neighboring Pergamon — the color and grain of the various limestones were among the most readily recognizable and trustworthy indications, at Assos all was indistinguishable. To this may be added the fact that the andesite, although in general suffering but little from weather¬ ing, is easily chipped and split, so that projecting mouldings were frequently broken off altogether. During the second and third weeks of September, the writer profited by the presence of Mr. Diller to visit with him a large part of the western and southern Troad, the Theban plain to the south of Adramyttion, and the tract between this and Kisthene known as Aphrodisias. The route included all the coasts of the mainland bordering the gulf. A rapid survey was made of the ruins on Qozlou-dagh, referred to in the first Report as Lamponeia, and a remark¬ able fastness was discovered upon the very summit of Mount INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882 . 17 Ida, enclosing a spring which rises but a few steps from the highest peaks. These explorations, interesting alike in geo¬ logical and topographical respects, were continued beyond the head-waters of the Aisepos, to an ancient site where various fragments of marble sculptures in relief were found, and sub¬ sequently removed to Assos. On the 26th and 27th of September, while the digging was being carried on with but few workmen, a number of most welcome guests were entertained at Assos: Prof. W. W. Goodwin, of Harvard University, then on his way to Athens as first director of the American School, Prof. R. C. Jebb, of the University of Glasgow, Frank Calvert, Esq., and three ladies. Professor Jebb has published an interesting account of his journey through the Troad on this occasion, making also some comment upon the work at Assos. 1 This opportunity may not pass without mention of the obligations under which the expedition stands to Mr. Calvert. His friendly assistance was given on all possible occasions, — to the undertaking itself, as well as to every member of the exploring party who was so fortunate as to visit the well-known farm at Thymbra, or the hospitable house at the Dardanelles. A familiarity with all parts of the Troad, com¬ bined with exceptional interest and information in various branches of scientific research, rendered his aid of the great¬ est value. To say this is but to repeat the testimony of every scholar of our generation who has worked in this part of Asia Minor. 2 1 Jebb (Richard Claverhouse), A Tour in the Troad. Fortnightly Review, No. CXCVI., London, 1883. 2 Stark (Carl Bernhard), Jenaer Literaturzeitung, Jena, 1877, No. XLIV. “ Jeder der seit Jahrzehnten . . . Gelegenheit gehabt hat an den Dardanellen und in der troischen Ebene zu weilen, kennt den Namen der Familie Calvert, und weiss dankbar zu riihmen was besonders Frank Calvert durch immer neue Untersuchungen und durch uneigenniitzige Unterstiitzung und Berathungen der Reisenden der Erforschung jener Gegend und ihrer Alterthiimer gentitzt 18 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. Assos is so far aside from the more frequented highways that visitors were rare. The next were two very humble German Handwerksburschen , brewers by trade, who were pur¬ suing a somewhat devious course homeward from Smyrna. In default of the wonted Zehrpfennige of their native villages, they had supported themselves on the road by peddling small packages of polishing-powder of their own manufacture. One had walked all the way from Persia, across Asia Minor. They were glad to work for a time in the survey, and made them¬ selves exceedingly useful. After the 6th of November, funds having been received, the full force was again engaged, and the digging at the Gymnasion was at last completed. Towards the close of the month the men were divided into small gangs, and were em¬ ployed upon the Agora, in the Street of Tombs, and upon several parts of the fortifications. As it was then thought it might be necessary to end all excavations at Assos with the season of 1882, every exertion was made to complete the most important investigations before the advent of that midwinter month of Lenaion, the cold of which is as terrible to the modern as to the ancient laborer. 1 The men dug on Sun¬ days, feast-days, and even on Christmas, for, great as the superstition of the Greeks certainly is, it yields to their ambi¬ tion and their love of money. It was not even found neces¬ sary to increase the wages on these days, as had been done hat.” Compare also the same writer in his Nach dem griechischen Orient, Heidelberg, 1874. Prof. Dr. Ascherson, director of the Botanical Museum of Prussia, says, in his Beitrag zur Flora des nordwestlichen Kleinasiens (Jahresbucher des Botani- schen Museums, Berlin, 1883): “Calvert, dessen vielseitiger wissenschaftlicher Bildung und lebhaftem Interesse Naturwissenschaften und Archaologie schon manchen dankenswerthen Beitrag verdanken. . . .” 1 See Hesiod’s fine description of the rigors of Lenaion in the Works and Days, 504-563. INVESTIGATIONS AT ASSOS, 1882. 19 by Dr. Schliemann at the neighboring Hissarlik ; 1 the Chris¬ tians at Assos were unable to demand such a discrimination, as the Mohammedans had, from the first, worked for the usual pay on Fridays. The orthodox Greeks had, indeed, far greater objections to working on the many saints’ days than on Sundays, always declaring that, if they should fail in honoring him, the saint in question would do them some evil. Their convictions in this respect were very decided. It happened that on such a 7 ravrj