^n^^ 
 
REPORT^. 
 
 "^ 
 
 I^ITED GERMAN 
 
 ^tTHuuditfil ^«%j^»« €^jjtfit^jatiait$ 
 
 IN 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 SDPECiJ^XiXi"^' in^ '^:EiisrisT^irxj^^ji^isTT.ji^; 
 
 9H OF rnncs 
 
 
 WITH PREFACE 
 
 NOV 4 1937 
 
 .\^ 
 
 <^OGiCALSt^ 
 
 Dr. John Ludwig Schulze, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY, ETC., ETC, AT HALLE. 
 
 
 EV 
 
 1^ 
 
 RCH, 
 
 rWILAOl 
 
 READING, PA.: 
 
 PILGER BOOK-STORE. 
 
Copyright, 1882, hy A. Bendel 
 
HALLE REPORTS, 
 
 NEW EDITION, 
 
 WITH EXTENSIVE 
 
 HISTORICAL, CRITICAL AND LITERARY ANNOTATIONS, 
 
 AND 
 
 NUMEROUS DOCUMENTS, 
 
 COPIED FROM THE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE FRANCKE INSTITUTIONS AT HALLE. 
 
 REV. W. J. MANN, D.D., 
 
 Paster of St. IliehaeVs and Zions Evangelical Lutheran Congregation at PJiihalelphia, 
 
 Pa., and German Professor in the Theological Seminary 
 
 of the Lutheran Church ; 
 
 AND 
 
 REV, B. M. SCHMUCKER, D.D., 
 
 Pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Transfiguration at Pottstoum, Pa. 
 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 REV. W. GERMANN, D.D., 
 
 KLrclienrath of the Duchy of Sachsen-Meiningen ; Pastor of the Church at 2'ordheim; 
 
 Editor of the '■'■Halle Missionary Reports ^ Author of the Biographies of 
 
 the Rev. Ilissionarics J. Ph. Fabricus, Ziegenhalg, Pluetschati, 
 
 Chr. Fr. Schwarz, and of ''The Chttrch of the 
 
 St. Thomas Christians." 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, BY 
 
 REV. C. W. SCHAEFFER, D.D., 
 
 Burckhalter Professor in the Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church, Philadel- 
 phia; Author of ''The Early History of the Lutheran Church in America.'' 
 
NOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR. 
 
 The aim of the translator has been to adhere faithfully to the origi- 
 nal, and yet to present its statements in plain English. Variations 
 may be observed, here and there, in the orthography of certain proper 
 names ; these may be attributed to the nature of the case, and involve 
 a matter which is not fully settled yet. The numbers on the margin 
 of the original Eeport and the several Continuations indicate the 
 pages of the first German edition, published at Halle in 1787. The 
 titles of German works, often referred to in the Notes and Appendices, 
 are given in the original German, for the reason that these works, gen- 
 erally, do not exist in the English language. 
 
 The light thrown upon the whole subject by Rev. Dr. Mann in his 
 Kotes and Appendices, as found in the new edition, has an extraordi- 
 nary value of its own, and will enable the reader to discover, in the 
 original Reports, an interest and a rare value which he might other- 
 wise be slow to detect. 
 
 C. W. SCHAEFFER, D.D. 
 
 Philadelphia, June, 1882. 
 
en. iTutl). ^'t. M\A)aeV5 Cljurd), Corner of Jiftl) nnH Cljcrrp ^trecta, 
 pijUaDflpljia, Pa., 51. jD. 1743. 
 
 en. jCutl). 3ion eijurd), Corner of lourtlj oni> Cljrrro <S'treet5, 
 pi)Uabdpt)ia, pa., ^. JD. 1766. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Kind Reader: 
 
 ^T is well known that the German Evangelical Lutheran congrega- 
 ^ tions in America have become quite numerous and strong, since 
 the beginning of the present century.^ Their temporal wants, 'tis true, 
 were generally supplied ; but those Germans who did not forsake their 
 religion upon leaving their native land, soon discovered, that it Avas a 
 great disadvantage to them and to their children, that there was, in 
 most places, a total lack of Christian pastors, or that the care of souls 
 had to be committed to the charge of persons Avho, without a regular 
 call and ordination, had obtruded themselves into the office of Chris- 
 tian teacher, and that, chiefly for the purpose of making a living. 
 These circumstances constrained many of the Germans earnestly to 
 implore of their friends in Europe, that they would send them teach- 
 ers, men who Avould take to heart the work of recovering lost shee23 
 and leading them in the way of salvation. As these petitions reached 
 us and many other places ^ already in the year 1733, the history of the 
 pastors who w^ere sent from Germany to America may, in fact, be re- 
 garded as having begun more than fifty years ago. It is not my ob- 
 ject now, hoAvever, to record that history from the beginning doAvn to 
 the present time. It Avill be found complete in the first volume,^ that 
 closes Avith the sixteenth continuation and begins Avith the year 1742. 
 It was in this year that Dr. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg,* Avho yet 
 lives and is at this time the venerable Senior of the German Evangeli- 
 cal Ministerium of North America, the first regularly called and or- 
 dained pastor sent out by us, happily arriA^ed in Philadelphia, and Av^as 
 greeted, by many, AA^th a hearty Avelcome. 
 
 This first pastor Avho, from the very beginning of his labors till his 
 advanced years, adorned as they are with glory and Avith honor, dis- 
 played such an extraordinary activity, was folloAA^ed by diA^ers assistant 
 pastors, Avhom Ave sent out from time to time as the extension of the 
 work and the necessities of the congregations demanded. To mention 
 their several names in this place would be too difl^use, and, indeed, it is 
 not necessary because everything important connected with their com- 
 mission by us, AA^th their arrival in America and their pastoral labors 
 there, is sufficiently presented in due order, in the several portions of 
 
2 PREFACE. 
 
 this volume. Some of tliem entered into their rest, long ago ; as the 
 pastors B'runnholz, Handschuh, Schaum and Heinzelmann ; but 
 their memory is blessed until this day. The other old pastors, whom, 
 as far as we know, the Lord still sustains in life, and who, for the most 
 part have been laboring faithfully for more than twenty years already, 
 as the pastors Voigt, Krug, C. G. Schulze, Helmuth and Schmidt, 
 to whom we have to add pastor Kunze, since the year 1770, are often 
 mentioned, and with deserved honor, in the several continuations. A 
 blessing must ever abide upon their names, because they displayed 
 such a noble zeal in following the example of their worthy Senior, 
 and discharged their official duties with all fidelity. Of all this we 
 have most gratifying testimony from men of acknowledged learning 
 and worth, who have themselves, for years, been the occupants of high 
 official positions. To this fact we propose to refer hereafter. 
 
 The number of pastors already spoken of as being called and sent 
 out by us, may possibly seem to be somewhat large ; but for the ne- 
 cessities of the congregations in America, scattered as they are here 
 and there, very few of them being strong enough to support, each, its 
 own pastor, even that number has been found to be insufficient. It 
 has repeatedly happened, and sometimes indeed, when we could not, 
 at once, extend the desired help, that faithful pastors were earnestly 
 sought for, after the people had learnt, by sad experience, what a 
 great difference there was between such pastors and men who, without 
 being called and trained for the pastoral work, boldly thrust them- 
 selves into the office. From the very beginning of this century, and 
 even until the present day, it has been the misfortune of Pennsylvania, 
 that many men Avho had never studied at all, or Avho had never had 
 any thorough instruction in Christianity and science, or who, even 
 having once occupied the pastoral office in Germany, were deposed 
 and thrust out for their bad conduct, resorted to that fine country, 
 and by flattering speeches and insinuating ways imposed upon private 
 persons and even whole congregations, and so stole into the office of 
 pastor. It is easy to see what a miserable service must be rendered 
 to souls by men who seek only their own profit, and who, as soon as 
 greater gains invite them elsewhere, at once forsake the congregation 
 they had professed to serve. 
 
 Such hirelings as these have spread great disorder in several congre- 
 gations, until at last these churches themselves have expressed the ar- 
 dent wish to be supplied with pastors properly trained and tried and 
 worthy of confidence. As it is not possible always, at once, to find 
 men suited to meet such demand, great relief has arisen from the fact 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 that the pastors in America have, at times, taken under their instruc- 
 tion young men of good character and of fair promise, and then, after 
 several years of such training, having first submitted them to a regular 
 examination by the Synod, have, for a specified time, placed them in 
 charge of such congregations as required their services. Whenever 
 these men have been found, upon trial, to be competent to occupy the 
 positions assigned to them, they have been entrusted with the full 
 charge of their congregations, as regular pastors. In this way, the 
 number of regularly ordained Evangelical Lutheran ministers in 
 America has been considerably increased. 
 
 I have now before me a copy of the " Kirchen-Agende," published 
 in Philadelphia last year, in which are recorded the names of those 
 who, at that time, were members of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 
 It may be useful if I present them here. In number they amount to 
 twenty-four, and are as follows, viz.: Henry Melchior Muhlen- 
 berg, D.D. and Senior of the Ministerium, Nicolas Kurz, Sr., 
 William Kurz, Jr., Ludwig Voigt, John A. Krug, Christopher 
 J. ScHULZE, George Eager, Just. Chr. Henry Helmuth, D.D., 
 John F. Schmidt, John C. Kunze, D.D., M. Henry Muhlen- 
 berg, Carl F. Wildbahn, Jacob V. Buszkirk, John Friderici, 
 Christian Streit, John G. Jung, Conrad Roeller, Jacob Goe- 
 RiNG, Daniel Schroeter, Daniel Lehmann, Henry Moeller, 
 Frederick Ernst, Frederick Val. Melszheimer and Daniel 
 Kurz. 
 
 Last year already John Fr. Weinland was added to the forego- 
 ing, of whose commission, together with his arrival in America and his 
 present activities, I ofifer a report, in this place. He was born in Ro- 
 emhild and from 1769 till 1772 was engaged in the study of Theology 
 at the Royal Prussian Frederick's University, in this city. During 
 all this time he commended himself by his diligence and his earnest 
 Christian example, whilst his faithful labors among the youth of the 
 Orphan Home established here, were not without good fruits. At that 
 time already, my predecessor, who now rests in the Lord, Rev. Dr. 
 Freylinghausen,^ had decided that the call to serve the Church in 
 America might, with great propriety, be directed to him. An infirm 
 state of health however, the lingering effect of a severe fever from 
 which he had but recently recovered, rendered it impossible for him, 
 at that time, to undertake so long a journey. So, after finishing his 
 academical studies, Mr. Weinland went back to his native home,* wait- 
 ing for the leadings of Divine Providence ; meanwhile seeking to make 
 himself useful as private instructor and by frequent preaching of the 
 word. 
 
4 PKEFACE. 
 
 In the year 1784 the Eeverencl Ministerium and the united German 
 Evangelical Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania addressed to us 
 an earnest request, to supply them with two additional pastors, if pos- 
 sible, and even renewed this request in 1785. Accordingly I deter- 
 mined in the Name of the Lord, to place this call in the hands of Mr. 
 AYeinland, for he was held in honor by those Avho knew him ; and of 
 his steadfast sincerity I had the satisfactory evidence of a worthy 
 friend of mine who had carefully observed his manner of life, and who 
 had, at times, invited Mr. Weinland to preach in his pulpit. Now, 
 althouo^h this matter had to be referred ultimatelv to the Divine lead- 
 ings, and I could not tell him the location he might be appointed to 
 occupy in the Church in America, nevertheless he showed himself to 
 be ready to go, and willing to serve in any position in which the Lord 
 might be pleased to employ him. In a very short time after this, he 
 w^as examined and regularly ordained by the Church Consistory in 
 Wernigerode,'' and in April of last year he set off for America, taking 
 his journey through Holland. , About the end of May he embarked at 
 Amsterdam, and, by the Divine Favor, landed in Philadelphia on 
 August 18th. The church in Germantown gave him a call to become 
 their pastor and he accepted the call at once. May the Spirit of the 
 Lord ever qualify him more and more for his holy office and make 
 him a blessing to the Church.® 
 
 I have already referred to the fact that some of the older pastors 
 stood in relations of intimacy and co-operation with men of learning. 
 I may be allowed, at this point, to take some further notice of it by 
 way of explanation. This may be the more acceptable for the reason, 
 that the action Avhich has recently been taken,* in Philadelphia and 
 New York, for the advancement of learning is, as yet, perhaps, not 
 very generally known amongst us. By such explanation also, I may 
 obviate such misunderstandings as might result from the circumstance, 
 that in the more recent continuations certain of the older pastors, who 
 are elsewhere mentioned simply by their names, are described both as 
 Doctors and Professors. 
 
 The case is as follows. Previously to the year 1779 there had been 
 an Academic Gymnasium in Philadelphia, which however, during that 
 year was raised to the grade of an University. For the government of 
 the University a Board of twenty-four Trustees was appointed ; and of 
 this Board the senior pastors of the several Christian denominations 
 were members. The Gymnasium itself was still continued under the 
 name of the Academy,' but was distinct from the University, and be- 
 came simply a school for the Germans, where they were taught the ru- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 diments of learning, and spent two hours every day in the study of the 
 English language ; in order that they might profit the more from the 
 English lectures and instructions, upon their entering the University 
 itself A German Professor of Philology was established in the Uni- 
 versity, whose duty it was to give preliminary instructions in Science 
 and in the learned languages, by means of the German tongue. Those 
 students who, having successfully passed through the course in the 
 Academy, entered the University, pursued the study of Latin, Greek 
 and Hebrew under his direction. The Hebrew however, and the Ger- 
 man likewise, met with but little attention on the part of the young 
 Englishmen.'" The Department of Philosophy and other branches of 
 learning were placed in the hands of English Professors. 
 
 Dr. Kunze was appointed to the chair of German Professor of Phil- 
 ology, first as Professor of Latin and Greek, subsequently of the Ori- 
 ental languages ; and from that time is spoken of under the title of 
 Professor, as may be seen in the sixteenth report. 
 
 This arrangement may be of great advantage to the cultivation of 
 science in general, and specially to the interests of the Germans in 
 America. Its success has been remarkable already. In the year 1784 
 a public examination was held in the University, and the young phy- 
 sicians gave evidence of their attainments and skill in Materia Medica, 
 in Chemistry and in Anatomy. On this occasion also, for the first 
 time, the University awarded academic honors. Among the young 
 students, who were subjected to the public and private examinations, 
 the latter being particularly searching, those who had distinguished 
 themselves were honored with the degree of Baccalaureate;" whilst at 
 the same time, distinctions of a higher grade were accorded. The De- 
 gree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon the two Professors 
 Kunze and Helmuth, as also upon the worthy Senior, pastor Muhlen- 
 berg, in token of the high consideration in which he had been held for 
 many years. 
 
 In the year 1785 Dr. Kunze was called to New York in which city 
 also, a University had been founded. In this institution he was in- 
 stalled as Professor of Oriental languages and his vacant professorship 
 of Philology in Philadelphia was filled by the appointment of the Rev. 
 Dr. Helmuth. Although the engagements of the pastors named above 
 have been greatly multiplied by the labors into which they have been 
 led by their zeal and their abilities in good works, yet they have never 
 forgotten to meet and discharge their weightiest obligations ; but have 
 ever acquitted themselves as ministers of the Gospel with all fidelity. 
 
 As a proof of the hearty sympathy that is felt in Pennsylvania and 
 
b PREFACE. 
 
 especially in Philadelphia, for the Germans who often land there in a 
 truly deplorable condition, and as an illustration of what is actually 
 done to relieve their misery, I shall now, in conclusion, mention a 
 couple of arrangements that are to be commended in a very high 
 degree. 
 
 One of them is known by the name of " The German Society." '^ 
 It is not the object of this Society to busy itself in prosecuting any 
 branch of learning, as might, possibly, be inferred from the name it 
 bears. Its aim is to give whatever assistance may be needed by the 
 Germans upon their arrival in America, and to protect them against 
 the impositions of traders and captains of vessels. Those Germans, as 
 is well known, Avho were not able to pay cash for their passage across 
 the ocean, had to bind themselves to spend a certain number of years 
 in servitude. This lot, hard enough in itself, was formerly rendered 
 more so by the fact, that the Magistrates, before whom they had to 
 appear for the settlement of the contract, were altogether ignorant of 
 the German language. At this time however, a Society of about one 
 hundred noble-minded men, of different religious denominations, is in 
 existence, organized for the purpose of doing the very best for the 
 German immigrants ; and a member of this Society, himself a native 
 German, always attends to the preparation of the necessary pajDers in 
 the proper form. Similar societies have been organized also in New 
 York and in Baltimore. 
 
 The other praiseworthy institution has been established by what are 
 called " The Overseers of the Poor." This, indeed, is an arrange- 
 ment that operates all through Pennsylvania. Its work is to supply 
 the wants of families that may be reduced to poverty, and when any 
 of them die, to give them a decent burial. These works are an honor 
 to their originators and supporters, and may be regarded as an evi- 
 dence that their hearts have been pervaded by the spirit of the Gospel, 
 and made strong for good works on behalf of the suffering and the 
 needy. 
 
 The Lord add his blessing, so that His word may continue to be 
 preached in America and bring forth much good fruit. We commend 
 to His faithful, paternal care all who are laboring there, and all who 
 are engaged in the ministry of the Word. The grace of God abide 
 with them. 
 
 JOHN LUDWIG SCHULZE. 
 
 Friederich's University, Halle, 
 Apr. 27th, 1787. 
 
NOTES ON THE PREFACE. 
 
 * This statement might produce a false impression. In the beginning of the 
 century there were, 'tis true, many Swedish Lutheran Congregations, especially in 
 those regions that lie near the mouth of the Delaware, and in Pennsylvania, in 
 the district of the Schuylkill. Of these, notice is to be taken herealter. But the 
 German Lutheran Congregations were, at the beginning of the century, neither 
 numerous nor strong; although many Lutherans had already taken up their 
 abode in divers places. Among the German Lutheran Congregations properly 
 so named, that came into existence about the beginning of the last century, we 
 must reckon the Palatine congregation after the year 1708, in the end of which 
 year Pastor Joshua von Kocherthal, in company with the first Palatines, landed in 
 New York. During the following year he organized the German Lutheran con- 
 gregation at Newburg, Orange Co., on the Hudson. Afterwards there were other 
 German Lutheran congregations in the regions of the Hudson. Dutch (Holliind- 
 ische) Lutheran congregations had existed in Albany and New York several de- 
 cennaries before. The oldest German Lutheran congregation within the present 
 territory of the United States is, as it appears, the congregation at New Hanover, 
 Pa., organized by Justus Falkner, who was ordained in 1703 in the Wicaco 
 Church (Gloria Dei), Philadelphia, by the Swedish pastors Eudman, Bj5rk and 
 Sandel. [Falkner^ s Swamp: this name may indeed refer to Daniel Falkner, 
 brotlier of Justus. See "The Pa. Magazine for Hist, and Biogr., Sam. W. Penny- 
 packer's Article on the Settlement of Germantown, etc., p. 38, Vol. IV, 1880. 
 This Daniel Falkner was engaged there as an agent of the Frankfort Land Com- 
 pany. See Acrelius' History of New Sweden, p. 21-4.) Of course, during the first 
 half of the last century, and within the territories of the colonies of New York 
 and Pennsylvania many German Lutheran congregations came into being; but in 
 many things they came short of a complete organization. See Eighth Continua- 
 tion of Hallesche Nachrichten, IX. Gemeinschaftliches Schreiben, etc. See edi- 
 tion of 1787, p. 667, sq. 
 
 2 This refers to the Appeal mentioned in the first " Brief Report, '' § 6, Avhich 
 Daniel ]Veisiger (so he writes his name), of Philadelphia, published in Germany, 
 to obtain qualified pastors for the German Lutherans in Pennsylvania. In 1733 
 Weisiger, in company with pastor John Christian Schultze and John Daniel 
 Schoner, was sent to Germany by the United Congregations in Philadelphia, New 
 Hanover and New Providence (Trappe), to collect contributions for the congrega- 
 tions in Pennsylvania, and particularly, to awaken among believing clergymen in 
 Germany a hearty interest in the spiritual necessities of German Lutherans in the 
 Pennsylvania colonies. This arrangement, however, was soon followed by very 
 unpleasant results. Schultze was charged with fraud in handling the monies that 
 had been collected, and Weisiger, too, by no means escaped the complaints that 
 were made against his suspicious transactions. The correspondence at the end of 
 the first " Brief Eeport," copied from the Archives in Halle, supplies an explana- 
 
 (7) 
 
8 NOTES OX THE PREFACE. 
 
 tijn of this business as Avell as of other subjects belonging to the same period. 
 These letters and other documents show that Schultze was arrested in Germany, 
 and compelled to surrender funds that had been collected. This fact is stated in 
 the pamphlet upon " Tke Talpehocken Confusion,'' of the year 1742. In the " Col- 
 lection of Select Mater iah for Advancim/ the Kingdom of God," contribution xxiv, 
 p. 973, etc., 1734, we see it stated, that Schultze remained in Germany for the rea- 
 son that he had become almost totally blind. See also Pastoral Sammlungen of 
 Juhn Philip Fresenius, Theil 12, 1752, p. 181, etc., 361, etc. On May 3, 1784, Wie- 
 siger published, at Hildesheim, what he called his ''Short Account from America." 
 This 'Account" was appended to a letter of recommendation which had been 
 given him by the Court Preacher Ziegenhagen, in London, a man entitled to high 
 honors for his zeal in the interests of the Lutheran Church, especially in Pennsyl- 
 vania ; and also in other regions. Also, connected with the same account, Wei- 
 siger published his credentials as they were issued by the three congregations and 
 duly attested, in Latin, by the then ruling Governor of Pennsylvania. The cor- 
 respondence that we furnish as an appendix to the " First Brief Eeport," together 
 with the "Short Account" of Hildesheim, jjresents all this as well as divers other 
 matters in their proper light. The cries and apjDcals of Lutherans in Pennsylva- 
 nia awakened, after all, an interest in the old world Avhich bore fruit at last, in 
 the sending of H. M. Muhlenberg in 1742, and subsequently in the sending of the 
 pastors who followed him as his fellow-laborers. See Acta Ilist. Eccles., Vol. I, 
 p. 168, 1734; 3d edition, 1737, Vol. I, p. 165, etc. Fresenius' Pastoral Sammlungen, 
 Part 12, p. 370. Brief Eeport, I 6. 
 
 In reference to John Christian Schultze (Schulze and Schulz) we may add, that 
 he is said to have been born in the Markgr. Ansbach, in Scheinbach. Now in that 
 territory there is no place called Scheinbach, although there is a village Schein- 
 tield, somewhat Avest of the line dividing Ansbach from Bamberg. Could this be 
 simply an interchange of names? In the same region there are several hamlets 
 called Steinbach. It is not known where Schultze was educated, although Stras- 
 burg is said to have been the place. H. M. Muhlenberg seems to have doubted 
 whether he was ordained. See " Continuation IX., Gemeinschafdich Schreiben, etc., 
 old edition, p. 669. He arrived in Philadelphia Sept. 25, 1732, by the ship "Loyal 
 Juditli." He was then 30 years old. See Prof. J. D. Rupp's 30,000 Names, Phila., 
 I. Kohler, 1876, pp. 79, 80. He was brought over by a man designated by the 
 initials J. M. M. See Hall. Nachr. Continuation XII, Pastor Muhlenberg's Jour- 
 nal, Aug. 7, 1763. (The name of Jacob Miller appears in the list of that ship's 
 company.) At the time of this record in his journal, INIuhlenberg visited this 
 n)an, who was the first and oldest resident in the neighborhood of Cohanzy (Sa- 
 lem), New Jersey. Schulze, at once, began his ministry in the congregations of 
 Philadelphia, New Providence and New Hanover. Before his departure for 
 Europe he ordained ("in a barn") to the office of the ministry, a young man, 
 John Caspar Stoever (sometimes written Stiefer), who himself afterwards had 
 charge of the three congregations, but for a very short time. In the Spring of 
 1733 already, we find Schultze setting out, in company with Weisiger and Schoener, 
 on the journey to collect money in Europe ; after which Schultze never came back. 
 See the Appendix to this " Brief Report." "We have to take it for granted that 
 Schultze represented himself to the Governor as an ordained and regularly settled 
 pastor. However, a passage in those "Acta" makes this somewhat doubtful. See 
 No. VII, Letter of Dr. G. A. Franke to Ziegenhagen. 
 
NOTES ON THE PREFACE. 9 
 
 2 This seems to indicate the purpose of preparing further "Continuations" of 
 this First Keport, which might supply material for another volume; but with the 
 present volume, comprising the hrst Brief Report and its sixteen continuations, 
 the undertaking ceased. The great change that afiected the political state of the 
 world towards the end of the last century, and, no doubt, the change that occurred 
 in the department of Theology and religious activity contributed also to this re- 
 sult. The Lutheran Church in America, however, ceased to be controlled by the 
 influence that had previously proceeded from Halle. In a short explanatory ap- 
 pendix of the fifteenth continuation. Dr. G. A. Freylinghausen states that the 
 sixteenth continuation should follow and so complete the volume. He adds also, 
 that an index of subjects and "jierhaps" a new map of Pennsylvania may be in- 
 cluded. The map never appeared : the index was printed in the edition of the 
 several continuations, published in 1787 ; it is however very unsatisfactory. The 
 continuations were generally published separately and gratuitously by booksellers 
 or by several individuals uniting together in the work ; they were then circulated 
 freely among the friends of the Churches in America, and the generous contribu- 
 tors to the important work; and of all these, correct lists were preserved. All 
 the credit to which Dr. J. C. Schultze is entitled, in publishing the volume com- 
 plete, amounts simply to this, that he furnished the sixteenth continuation, the 
 index, the preface and the title-page; and the names of G. A. Francke, J. G. 
 Knapp and G. A. Freylinghausen might appear upon the title-page as promi- 
 nently as his own. The "Hallesche Missionsnachrichten " appeared as Continui- 
 tiiten until 1769, in nine large volumes. A new series was begun in 1770, under 
 the title "More Eecent History" and was continued until 1848. A complete copy 
 is not now to be had. The 47th No. published by Schulze in 1795 contains, as its 
 second article, Dr. Kunze's sermon on the occasion of the decease of Dr. ISIuhlen- 
 berg. It contains also, extracts of letters written by Drs. Helmuth, Kunze and 
 Schmidt, in several different years. We may yet add, that the separating of the 
 "Hallische Nachrichten" into two volumes, as we often see it, does not exactly 
 result from the plan of the " Gesammtausgabe " of 1787. 
 
 * This distinguished man whom, as well as others named in this preface, w^e 
 shall often meet as we go on, departed this life in the very year in which this 
 volume was printed in Halle. 
 
 5 His full name is Gottlieb Anastasius Freylinghausen. He Avas the son of 
 JoHX Axast. Freylinghausen, who died in 1739, more distinguished as the chief 
 colleague and successor of August Herman Francke, and also for his connection 
 with the history of German hymns and spiritual songs, and their preparation for 
 the service of the Church. Concerning the father, see Dr. G. Chr. Knapp's " Lives 
 and Characteristics of certain Learned and Pious Men of the last Century," Halle, 
 1829, p. 147, seq. 
 
 « This means his native land in a narrower sense, in Prussian Halle. This nar- 
 rower fatherland was Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, a dukedom running along 
 south-west of the Thuringian Forest, and divided into five grand districts. Rom- 
 hild, as named in the text, belonged to one of these districts. 
 
 ^ This was a reichsfreie earldom and city in what is now the Prussian province 
 of Saxony ; but at that time it was under the dominion of a branch of the house of 
 the Counts of Stollberg. Towards the end of the last century the German Em- 
 pire was cut up into not less than 266 imperial lordships, reichsfreie cities and 
 
10 NOTES ON THE PREFACE. 
 
 even reichsfreie villages ; that is, they were under the direct authority of the Em- 
 peror. As far as the history of the Stollberg family is connected with the present 
 work we remark as follows : — Count Christian Ernst von Stollberg, oldest son of 
 Count Christian Ludwig, made a division of the inheritance, with his brothers, 
 after their father's death ; then moved to Wernigerode in 1710 as reigning prince 
 and became the founder of a race that is flourishing even to this day. He himself 
 as well as Keuss, IsEXBrRG, Solms, Dohna, Saalfeld, Henkel,, and many 
 others was among those princes and the nobility of Germany who became the 
 subjects of what is called Pietism, a religious movement proceeding from the la- 
 bor of Philipp Jacob Spener, in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. 
 His piety was earnest and sincere, and not impaired by any fanatical appendages. 
 He was a lover of the fine arts and of literature. As such he founded a grand li- 
 brary at Wernigerode, which included also a valuable collection of copies of the 
 Holy Scriptures. His wife, Sophie Charlotte, with Avhom he celebrated his golden 
 wedding in 1762, sympathized heartily with him in his religious jjrinciples. The 
 outward expressions of his piety were simple and practical ; and he always stood 
 aloof from the force-work and the extravagances of the Moravians, as they were 
 practised in his time. This explains, why he, who cherished the most friendly 
 sentiments towards Halle and the active spirit proceeding from that point, had 
 several missionaries of the Evangelical Lutheran Church who were to serve in 
 the German congregations in America, ordained to their holy oflice by his 
 Consistory, the highest ecclesiastical authority in liis dominions, as we sliall 
 see hereafter. We may learn from the passage in the text, that affairs were still 
 conducted in the same spirit after his death. See Histor. Taschenbuch of Fred. 
 von Eaumer, 3d Series, 4th Jahrgang, 1853, p. 183, etc. We may add that in 
 Wernigerode there is what is called an Immediate Consistorium, which is in active 
 operation to this day. 
 
 ^ Weinland began his labors in the congregation at Germantown, Philadel- 
 Ijhia, in September, 1786, and resigned in the year 1789. During the time of his 
 ministry the congregation was in a flourishing state ; there was a congregational 
 week-day school and catecliisation(Kinderlehre) regularly every Sunday; and, in 
 general, the good old usages of the Lutheran Church were kept up. At that time 
 ^the congregation was prosperous (reported by F. A. Kiihler, present pastor of the 
 (.:>ngregation). Weinland was received into the Ministerium in 1787. From 
 1790 till 1796 he was pastor at New Hanover ; and, about 1793 and '94, at New 
 Providence also, to which congregation he was called again at a later period. Flis 
 name does not appear upon the Koll of the Ministerium after 1796. Objections 
 were raised against admitting him again in 1803 and 1804, altliough a friendly 
 encouragement was accorded him. See Protokoll of the Synod in MS. In the 
 Centennial sermon of the Trappe (Xew Providence) congregation preached by Dr. 
 J. W. Richards, May 2, 1843, Dr. R. says, p. 26, that Weinland preached there 
 between 1793 and 1808, and that he died and was buried there. 
 
 ^ This High School was established through the influence of Benjamin Frank- 
 lin in 1749. Under a second charter, granted in 1755, it was enlarged into a col- 
 lege, Avith a Free School attached. Out of this grew up at a later period, 1779, 
 the University of Pennsylvania. The Resolution of the Board of Trustees, that 
 the German Professor should teach Latin and Greek by means of the German 
 -language, bears the date January 10, 1780. For some time the German students 
 
NOTES ON THE PREFACE. 11 
 
 constituted a distinct class. See sixteenth continuation. Hall. Nachrichten, IV, 
 Letter of Prof. Kunze, June 13, 1780. Old edition, p. 1421, XVI, Letters of Pus- 
 tors Helmuth and Schmidt, Aug. 30, 1785. Old edition, p. 1516, Wood's History 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. Concerning the Seminary that was founded 
 in Philadelphia in 1773, chiefly through the influence of Kev. Dr. Kunze, but was 
 soon given up on account of the troublous times, see fifteenth continuation, III. 
 Old edition, p. 1378. See also the "Staatsbote" of Feb. 16 and June 15, 1773, 
 and October 26, 1774. 
 
 ^° This word can refer only to those students who spoke the English language 
 chiefly or exclusively, and who were, with but few exceptions, natives of America. 
 
 ^' Usually designated by B.A., Bachelor of Arts. At the time of Pope Gregory 
 IX, in the 13th Century this was the lowest degree conferred by the Theological 
 Faculty in Paris. This was afterwards adopted by other Faculties and Institu- 
 tions of Learning. As to the etymology of the word there is still much diversity 
 of opinion. 
 
 '■•^ The last Article furnished in the "Hall. Nachrichten" refers to this Society. 
 See Sixteenth Continuation, XVII. The exact title is, "The German Society of 
 Pennsylvania." It was founded in 1764 and chartered in 1781. Its principal 
 objects are the service of beneficence, specially on behalf of German immigrants, 
 securing for them the enjoyment of their legitimate rights ; the maintenance of 
 schools and a library (this last, at present, contains about 16,000 volumes). It has 
 also an "Archive Committee," which has collected, in a separate library, a consid- 
 erable number of the productions of German-American literature; portions of 
 which are very rare. See the work of Dr. O. Seidensticker, Professor in the Uni- 
 versity at Philadelphia, quellenmtissig and so attractive in its style, "Geschichte 
 der Deutschen Gesellschaft von Pennsylvanien," Philadelphia, I. Kohler, and 
 Schafer and Koradi, 1876. Here too the reader may find a very valuable contri- 
 bution to the general history of the German immigration and of German life in 
 the United States. In the Catalogue of the Library of the. German Society jjub- 
 lished in 1879, a separate list of the volumes in the Archives is appended. 
 Concerning "German-American Bibliography," until the close of the last century, 
 see the Articles of Prof. Dr. O. Seidensticker in "Deutschen Pioneer," Cincinnati, 
 9 and 10 Jahrgang. 
 
BRIEF REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 CERTAIN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES 
 
 IN AMERICA, 
 
 SPECIALLY IN PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 (2) 1.^ Among the large masses of people who, in these days, and 
 in so many places, are so abundantly favored with the regular 
 preaching of the Gos23el, there are alas, comparatively few who seem to 
 value it aright, few who are willing to submit to the gracious purposes 
 of God, even so far as to allow themselves to be .led to Christ, by the 
 teachings of the Word. On the contrary, it has been often observed, 
 that people who have, for a season, been dej^rived of these Christian 
 privileges, people to Avhom God has sent " a famine, not of bread, but 
 of hearing the words of the Lord" (Amos 8: 11), soon become deeply 
 convinced of the very high value of the Gospel. Accordingly, when 
 the Lord restores to such people the privileges of the Gospel, and has 
 it preached among them in demonstration of the Spirit and of Power, 
 they are very apt to receive and welcome it with the more abundant 
 gratitude and joy. 
 
 This may, indeed, not be true of all to whom the Gospel, after a 
 temporary withdrawing, has been again restored. Nevertheless, we 
 meet with many who, like famished sheep, accept with full purpose, 
 the word of the Lord, as the food of their souls, aj^plying it for their 
 deliverance and salvation, and thanking God for it, with their whole 
 heart. Of all this, the German Evangelical Lutheran Churches in 
 Pennsylvania afford striking illustration. Of this we propose to treat 
 in the following Report (a). 
 
 (a) This Brief Report was first published in the year 1744, and the number of 
 copies then printed was small. This was soon followed by two "Continuations." 
 These issues were exhausted sooner than had been expected, and frequent de- 
 mands were made for a further supply. So the necessity arose for a new edition, 
 in the preparation of which one thing and another, which had been but briefly 
 presented in the haste of the first edition, is treated with that fullness which cir- 
 cumstances seemed to require. 
 
 (12) 
 
BKIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN EVANG. CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 13 
 
 (3) 2. It is vrell knov/n that towards the end of the last century, 
 many privileges and advantages were pledged to the new inhabi- 
 tants of the English Colonies in North America. From that time and 
 onward, many hundreds of families began to emigrate from Germany ; 
 and, in large numbers, to take up their abode in divers provinces and 
 regions ; but most of all in Pennsylvania.'' Pennsylvania, being a 
 j)iirt of the territory belonging to England, along the coast, and south 
 of Canada, lies between ^laryland, New Jersey, New York and the 
 country of the Iroquois Indians. In the year 1681 King Charles II 
 gave it to William Penn,^ a wealthy Quaker, in order that it might 
 be occupied and cultivated. 
 
 3. We do not propose, at this time, to concern ourselves about the 
 external features of this country, nor about its present form of govern- 
 ment. As far, too, as relates to any churches that may be organized 
 and established there, it is not our purpose to exhibit their condition 
 and operations, although their names may often occur in our reports. 
 Neither do w^e expect to prosecute our inquiries into the worship and 
 activities of the Swedish Lutheran Churches, which are here and there 
 well supplied with faithful pastors. Our sole object is to speak only 
 of those Evangelical Lutheran Congregations which are composed of 
 native Germans. 
 
 4. The most of these congregations were, at first, quite inadequately 
 supplied with the necesary accommodations both for churches and for 
 schools. They had not, as yet, had any regularly settled pastors to 
 give them instruction in the Word of God, and to administer the 
 Sacraments to their edification. Their children, through lack of in- 
 struction, very generally grew up in ignorance, except when the pa- 
 rents themselves were in a position to lead them to the knowdedge of 
 God and of Divine things. True, there Avere not wanting men who, 
 for their own private gains, pushed themselves forward into the rank 
 of teachers, yet a sad experience revealed the fact, that these persons 
 not only had very little concern about the souls of their pupils, but 
 also, that by their scandalous lives and example, they were doing a 
 vast amount of mischief As the result of this, the disturbances in the 
 congregations themselves ever continued to grow greater and more 
 
 serious.* 
 
 (4) 5. Such was the sad condition of these forsaken congregations, 
 when at last, several of them, driven by dire necessity, began, in 
 
 1733, to turn their eyes tow^ards Europe, looking out for help. They 
 undertook to send ofi* several of their brethren as Commissioners to 
 England and to Germany, charged Avith the duty of making their 
 
14 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 spiritual destitution known, of collecting money for the building of 
 churches and schoolhouses, and above all, of earnestly imploring that 
 worthy and competent pastors and teachers might be sent to them. 
 The congregations in Philadelphia, the principal city in Pennsylva- 
 nia, and the congregations in New Hanover and Providence, about 
 eighteen or twenty miles from Philadelphia, were specially prominent 
 in having these matters brought to the notice of the Court Preacher 
 of the King of Great Britain, and pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church in London,^ — the Rev. Frederick M. Ziegenhagen.^ Pas- 
 tor Ziegenhagen not only took the matter to heart, himself; but also 
 fiirnished the Commissioners with letters of recommendation addressed 
 to distinguished divines and clergymen in Germany. 
 
 6. Among other favors, the above mentioned Court Preacher Zie- 
 genhagen furnished one of the Commissioners, Mr. Daniel Weis- 
 siGER, with a very strong commendatory letter, dated January 28th, 
 1734, and addressed to a certain pastor in Hanover, who is now de- 
 ceased. In this letter the following statements are prominently pre- 
 sented : 
 
 "It is alas, too true, that the Evangelical Churches that are scat- 
 tered here and there in America, especially in Virginia, Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania, etc., are in a very deplorable condition, particularly in 
 regard to the word of God and the holy sacraments, and such appoint- 
 ments as are necessary for proper instruction in the Divine word and 
 the right administration of the sacraments. I have received many 
 mournful communications from several of these Churches, in which 
 they make the most touching appeals for bibles, prayer books,^ cate- 
 chisms, pastors and other tokens of our Christian sympathy. They 
 even assert, that in consequence of the great lack of the means of 
 grace, there is danger that they and their children may relapse into 
 heathenism. I am greatly distressed, for the reason that I hardly 
 know what to do by way of relief Allow me specially to mention the 
 fact, that in the month of October, of last year, the congregation in 
 Philadelphia sent to me, by the hands of Mr. Daniel Weissiger,** one 
 of its members, an extended and quite an affecting communication, in 
 which, among other things, the following statements occur : ' We live 
 in a country that is full of heresy and sects. As far as our relig- 
 (5) ious interests are concerned, we are in a state of the greatest desti- 
 tution ; and our own means are utterly insufficient to effect the 
 necessary relief, unless God, in His mercy, may send us help and means 
 from abroad. It is truly lamentable to think of the large numbers of 
 the rising generation who know not their right hand from their left ; 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 15 
 
 and, unless help be promptly rendered, the danger is great, that in 
 consequence of the great lack of churches and schools, the most of 
 them will be misled along the ways of destructive error. He who 
 tries the hearts and the reins knows how very much we need the ma- 
 terial aid of our Christian brethren. Truly, in our appeal for pecuni- 
 ary contributions we have desired nothing but the glory of God and 
 the welfare of souls, so many of whom are scattered abroad through 
 the land. We do not, at all, contemplate the building of imposing 
 and expensive churches. If we only have enough to erect, in several 
 places, such buildings as may enable us to come together in a respect- 
 able way, to praise and worship our Lord in an appropriate manner, 
 and also to give the necessary instruction to the youth, we shall be 
 satisfied. . . . We yet hope that God, in His mercy, will not for- 
 sake us ; but will stir up the hearts of the benevolent, so that they may 
 hasten to our relief, in order that we may not utterly perish. In view 
 of these things we cannot refrain from imploring your Excellency, once 
 more, in all sincerity and humility, to do whatever may be possible in 
 our behalf, etc' 
 
 " It cannot be denied that this congregation, as well as other congre- 
 gations in America, is in a very destitute condition. This destitution 
 seems not to be known in other places, and sometimes, even where it is 
 known, it does not appear to be regarded or taken to heart ; and for 
 this reason the evil seems to be waxing worse and worse. Permit me 
 to request your Reverence, in a most earnest and friendly spirit, to 
 favor the wishes and work of Mr. Daniel Weissiger, if possible. Have 
 compassion for these famishing sheep and lambs of Jesus Christ in 
 America, and join with me in endeavoring to send prompt refresh- 
 ment. Although I have not the necessary means in hand, yet I shall 
 venture, in the Name of the Lord, to transmit to several of these 
 Churches, at once, a supply of Bibles, Prayer-books, Hymn-books, 
 Catechisms, School-books, etc., etc." 
 
 Having given the foregoing, we do not think it necessary, at this 
 place, to specify the numerous letters of recommendation, addressed to 
 theologians and other friends in Germany, more particularly to 
 (6) Prof Dr. Francke, in Halle, by the Court Preacher, Ziegenha- 
 gen, in which he described the pressing wants of these German 
 Churches and urged them upon the fraternal sympathy of his corre- 
 spondents. 
 
 7. In order that the sad condition of these neglected congregations 
 might be better understood in Germany, the above-mentioned Mr. 
 Daniel Weissiger had "A Brief Report from America" printed, 
 
16 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 under his own name, in Hildesheim, on May 3d, 1734. Appended to 
 this Report was the letter of the Court Preacher, Ziegenhagen, together 
 with a letter of recommendation from the several Lutheran Congrega- 
 tions already mentioned, confirmed by the official signature of the royal 
 English Governor. It is not necessary for us to present any extracts 
 from this publication here, because the whole of this " Brief Report " 
 is found in Xo. 24 of "The Collection of Choice Materials for 
 the Extension of the Kingdom of God," ^ published in Leipsic. 
 Besides, that document presents nothing more concerning these con- 
 gregations, than what we have already repeated or Avhat may be learnt 
 from what is to follow. 
 
 8. The pressing wants of these congregations, having been thus pub- 
 lished abroad by the printed Report, by letters and by oral state- 
 ments, moved many Christian people to sympathy, until, their hearts 
 being quickened by the grace of God, they contributed a portion of 
 their worldly means to meet the necessary expenses for the organiza- 
 tion of churches and schools, and also for the regular establishment of 
 pastors in the ministry of the word. Indeed, many w^orks of Christian 
 love were done, in accordance with the suggestions given in the afore- 
 said publication; and the accumulated contributions were all placed 
 in the hands of Dr. PfeifFer in Leipsic, Prof. Dr. Francke in Halle,!" 
 Senior L^rlsperger in Augsburg, and Pastor ^laier in Halle. Now we 
 feel that we are under a weighty obligation not only to repeat, in a 
 public manner, an expression of the sincere gratitude with which these 
 benefactions have been accepted, but also to report to the worthy bene- 
 factors themselves, hoAV the material help which they have furnished, 
 has been applied to the glory of God, and the benefit of these congre- 
 gations. 
 
 9. Before setting out upon his journey home to Pennsylvania, the 
 aforesaid Daniel Weissiger was specially earnest in making request, 
 both in Germany and in England, that above all things, a true and 
 
 faithful pastor might be sent to these congregations, one who 
 (7)* would minister to them in the word and in the sacraments, and 
 
 under whose superintendence all things might be established and 
 conducted in good Christian order. He was even the more urgent on 
 this behalf, for the reason, that Pastor John Christian Schulze, 
 already connected with these congregations, and whom they had sent 
 to Europe in company with Mr. Weissiger, could not go back with 
 him to Pennsylvania. This request which Mr. Weissiger urged with 
 so much solicitude, was afterwards repeated by the congregations 
 themselves, in many letters, and in a most affecting spirit. From that 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 17 
 
 time great pains Avere taken to discover some person who might be 
 qualified for the position. 
 
 10. In this matter, however, there was considerable delay; because, 
 in addition to the lack of prudent men who might be competent to 
 such work, other serious obstacles presented themselves. Yet, at last, 
 the Lord, in His mercy, removed these, for the most part, and favored 
 the undertaking so much, that a man was found who had already been 
 for some time in the pastoral office, and who had afforded such evi- 
 dences of self-denial, faithfulness and experience, as to justify the hope, 
 that, with the blessing of God, he would labor with good results among 
 these neglected congregations. This person was the Rev. Henry 
 Melchior Muhlenberg," born in Eimbeck, in the kingdom of Han- 
 over. Until this time he held the office of Deacon in Great Henners- 
 dorf in Lausatia and Inspector of the Orphan House in the same place. 
 Already before this time he had himself felt a desire to preach the 
 Gospel, if it should please God to permit it, even in foreign lands. 
 
 11. Accordingly, in September, 1741, Prof Dr. Francke, acting in 
 the name of the German Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Philadel- 
 phia, New Hanover and Providence, extended a call to Mr. Muhlen- 
 berg to become the pastor of these churches. Moreover, as the Lord 
 had, by divers dispensations, deeply convinced him that this call was 
 an expression of the Divine will, he was the more prompt in accepting 
 it. So, having received his regular dismission from his pastoral office 
 in Great Hennersdorf, he set off upon his journey to Pennsylvania by 
 way of England. He arrived in England, April 17th, 1742,^' and re- 
 mained there until the following June. 
 
 12. It had been thought advisable, for many good reasons, that he 
 should, first of all, go to Ebenezer,'^ in Georgia, for the purpose of 
 
 (8) becoming acquainted with the experienced Pastor Bolzius,'* of the 
 Saltzburger congregation there, of conferring with him about his 
 own work in Pennsylvania, and of ascertaining the condition of the 
 country in general. At the same time, the hope had been entertained 
 that Pastor Bolzius might accompany him to Pennsylvania, and so in- 
 troduce him to his future charge. For these reasons then, Pastor 
 Muhlenberg, having been much refreshed in spirit by his happy inter- 
 course with the Court Preacher Ziegenhagen, went on board a ship 
 bound for Charleston, in Carolina, where he met a family of Saltz- 
 burgers who were also going to Ebenezer ; and all set sail together on 
 June 23d, 1742. Upon this voyage he served the Saltzburg family, 
 by the preaching of the Word and the administration of the Lord's 
 Supper. But more than that : although his knowledge of the English 
 
28 BRIEF EEPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 language was quite imperfect, having been chiefly acquired during his 
 short stay in London, yet as the ship's company had repeatedly en- 
 treated him to preach to them in English, he could not refuse to com- 
 ply with these requests on several occasions, seeking also to aSvaken 
 the hearts of his hearers by direct personal conversation. By the 
 blessing of the Lord, many good iinpressions were produced by thig 
 familiar, Christian intercourse. 
 
 13. Outwardly indeed, he met with many trials upon this voyage. 
 The ship was often becalmed ; and so the voyage itself was unusually 
 long, extending OA-er fourteen weeks and three days. On August 27th 
 the supply of water was found to be so short that it had to be measured 
 out in very small proportions. At last it was entirely exhausted ; and 
 if the Lord had not given them a favorable wind in good time, the 
 whole ship's company might have died of thirst. Although the wind 
 favored them on August 29th, yet after that they were frequently ar- 
 rested by calms and by contrary winds, so that they had either to lie 
 still or be driven back. Even on September 15th after they had 
 sighted the land, from a distance, and after they had been trying 
 for several days to quench their thirst with the sweet-oil that was 
 yet on hand, and with vinegar, they were seized by a contrary wind 
 and driven out to sea again, so that they did not enter the harbor of 
 
 Charleston before September 21st. Already on September 16th 
 (9) every drop of everything that might be used as a beverage was 
 
 gone, and in the last six days they might have perished for thirst 
 had it not been that, on the date last mentioned, they met two English 
 men-of-war which supplied them with several tons of water (6). 
 
 14. On September 24th Pastor Muhlenberg left Charleston, in com- 
 pany with the family of Saltzburgers, and having taken a boat on the 
 Savannah river, reached the city of Savannah, on his way to Ebenezer. 
 He arrived here, on October 4th, in company with Pastor Gronau, who 
 had met him in Savannah; the family of Saltzburgers arriving on 
 October 6th, all in good condition (c). In Ebenezer he spent eight 
 days, occupying the time in resting and refreshing himself from the 
 
 (b) This want of water was so extreme that the very rats suffered from it. It 
 had been noticed that some of them liad gnawed out the stopples of bottles con- 
 taining vinegar, then introduced their tails into the liquid, and then sought to 
 allay their tliirst by draAving their tails through their mouths. Others would 
 mount the beds at night, and lick the perspiration off of the brows of the people 
 who were asleep. 
 
 (c) See "Rev. Senior Urlsperger's Reports of Saltzburger Emigrants," Continu- 
 ation XI, p. 2061, etc. 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 19 
 
 effects of Ins exhausting voyage, by Christian fellowship and inter- 
 course with the two excellent pastors, Bolzius and Gronau.'" Upon 
 his departure he wrote, among other things, in his diary, the following 
 record of the great joy he had felt in view of the many spiritual and 
 temporal blessings which the Lord had granted to the Saltzburg 
 colony, in view also of the good order that he saw in all their ar- 
 rangements. 
 
 " And now I have to leave Ebenezer. May the Lord Himself be a 
 wall of defence around it, and cause it to flourish and bloom and yield 
 much fruit, by His favor. Its excellent friends and benefactors in 
 EurojDe have not employed their generosity in vain,^^ for everything is 
 actually in as fair a condition as has been described in the printed re- 
 ports circulated in Germany ; and, indeed, in many respects even much 
 better. Li temporal matters, it is a real wonder to see how these peo- 
 ple have, by the Divine Favor, worked themselves up out of their 
 poverty ; and in spiritual things a rich harvest may be confidently 
 exi^ected." 
 
 15. The pastors of the Saltzburg churches have not been slow to 
 testify, in their several letters and diaries, how much they themselves 
 had been refreshed in spirit, during Pastor Muhlenberg's short sojourn 
 w ith them, and how^ his public addresses and his personal conversation 
 had bound them to him by the ties of Christian love. As one 
 (10) illustration of this an extract from their diary under date of 
 February 25th, 1743, is here presented. 
 
 " About five months ago a Saltzburg family, consisting of the parents 
 and three children, arrived in Ebenezer in company with Pastor Muh- 
 lenberg. On account of their very long and tedious voyage and the 
 total failure of the supply of water on board the ship, they had almost 
 to stare death in the face. Yet help was sent them from Above : they 
 were rescued through a favorable wind which, in the last extremity, 
 w^afted them near to several English men-of-war. For this great de- 
 liverance we j.oined with them in public thanksgiving upon the occa- 
 sion of our regular anniversary;'^ and at the same time offered our 
 united thanks to God for the blessings with which He had been 
 pleased to attend the movements of Pastor Muhlenberg, granting him 
 such a happy beginning for his w^ork among the Churches of Pennsyl- 
 vania, of which w^e have been informed only a few days ago. Our 
 Heavenly Father has, through the Spirit of His Son, bound us to Pas- 
 tor Muhlenberg in sincere love, and we take a deep interest in every 
 good thing that may be granted to him. "We have prayed for him 
 both in public and in private ; and now we have to offer thanks both 
 with him and on his behalf." 
 
20 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 We omit, for the present, other portions of their letters in "svhich 
 they record, even in stronger terms, their delight in the excellent 
 spirit of Pastor Muhlenberg and the sincere afiection with which they 
 found themselves attached to him. 
 
 16. After Pastor Muhlenberg had been somewhat refreshed and 
 strengthened by his short sojourn at Ebenezer he began to think about 
 hastening on his journey to Pennsylvania. Although Pastor Bolzius 
 saw many serious obstacles that might prevent his accompanying 
 Muhlenberg to Philadelphia, yet such was his interest in the work 
 that he resolved to rise above them. Accordingly on October 12th he 
 started with Muhlenberg for Charleston, with the intention of taking 
 23assage there and going the whole way to Philadelphia. Upon arriv- 
 ing in Charleston, on October 20th, they were informed that no vessel 
 would sail from that place for Philadelphia before the following Spring 
 and that it would not be possible for them to make the journey by land. 
 So on the 24th Pastor Bolzius set out upon his return to Ebenezer, for 
 his circumstances would not admit of his spending the whole winter in 
 Charleston upon an uncertainty, and to the neglect of the congregations 
 
 under his charge. After the departure of Bolzius, Muhlenberg 
 (11) occupied the time of his forced tarrying in Charleston, chiefly in 
 
 teaching some German children and in j^i'eaching on Sundays 
 to the Germans who were living there.'® 
 
 17. On November 1st a sloop from Philadelphia arrived in Charles- 
 ton with the intention of 'returning to the former city. Although all 
 Muhlenberg's familiar friends and even the captain of the vessel de- 
 clared that it was too small, that it had no accommodations for passen- 
 gers, that a voyage in the winter season might be dangerous, yet all 
 their difficulties could not hinder him from setting sail. They were 
 all outweighed by his ardent desire to reach the field of his labors in 
 Pennsylvania, the sooner the better. Besides the danger of further 
 disturbances, threatening these Churches, as the effect of the operations 
 of Count Zinzendorf,'^ and of which he had read in print, in Charles- 
 ton, admonished him to be as expeditious as possible in prosecuting his 
 journey. So, on November 12th he embarked on the sloop, and, on 
 the same day, set sail, in the Name of the Lord. Upon this voyage, 
 which occupied fourteen days, he endured many hardships and was 
 even in peril of his life. On account of the convulsive, violent move- 
 ments of the light vessel, he was confined to bed nearly the w^^ole time 
 by sea-sickness, at the same time greatly disturbed and prostrated both 
 by the water, which either the waves or the rain sent directly into the 
 cabin, and by the frost and the cold winds that beat upon him, his 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 21 
 
 clothing being never dry. Finally however, on November 25th, 1742, 
 he happily arrived in Philadelphia. 
 
 18. It is not our purpose to furnish here an extended description of 
 the character and circumstances of the country, or esj^ecially of this, 
 its chief city. Yet it will accord with the object of this short report, 
 and may be interesting to our readers, if we introduce an extract of a 
 letter addressed, by Pastor Muhlenberg, under date of August 12, 1743, 
 to a distinguished theologian connected with a certain German univer- 
 sity ; in which letter he expresses his deep gratitude for the Divine 
 Favor, and at the same time gives some account of affairs in the coun- 
 try itself. 
 
 " I remember, with great satisfaction, the last welcome letter which 
 I received from your Excellency wdiilst I was yet in London. There 
 w^as one word in it which, above all the rest, has proved to be a word 
 of comfort and of power. Your Excellency was pleased to say ' The 
 Lord do well for you upon your voyage across the sea, and in all 
 (12) other circumstances. Truly, Our Father, reconciled in Christ, 
 has, according to the riches of His Mercy, done well for me, an 
 unworthy and uniDrofitable worm ; — well, when I was in London with 
 the Court Preacher, Ziegenhagen ; — well, w hen I went, a stranger on 
 board the ship ; — well, wdien I found myself there amidst a strange peo- 
 ple, speaking in a strange tongue ; — well, when throughout my voyage 
 I encountered so many trials, in severe sickness and in strange adven- 
 tures ; — well, when sailing in a ship hardly sea-worthy, we were often 
 driven about by contrary winds, and had to pass in the neighborhood 
 of foes and of dangerous quarters, without human convoy; well, when 
 I was enabled on the voyage, to preach to sinners, my brethren, the 
 great Salvation through Jesus Christ and the judgment that is sure to 
 overtake the despisers of His grace, and that preaching too, in the En- 
 glish language ; — well, when on board the ship we were afflicted with 
 distressing heat and raging thirst ; — well, when the Lord answered the 
 prayers and the sighing of the distressed, who called upon him in faith, 
 and, in answer, sent us a favorable wind; — well, when He delivered us 
 from our dangers, and our straits and tribulations, and brought us to 
 the harbor of Charleston in safety at last; — well, when upon my jour- 
 ney from Carolina to Georgia, upon the Savannah river, He saved me 
 from great, manifest danger; — well, when He led me to Ebenezer, in 
 Georgia, among the Saltzburgers, our brethren in the faith, where I 
 heard and saw many good things and enjoyed many a blessing; — well, 
 in bringing me back again to Charleston; — well, in upholding and 
 strengthening me by His own power in Charleston, poor stranger, for- 
 
22 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 lorn, distressed creature as I was ; — ivell, when in the winter season, I 
 sailed by sea, in a miserable sloop through storms and great hardships, 
 and in severe sickness, until my arrival in Philadelphia. O, my re- 
 vered friend, help me join with other followers of our Lord, and help 
 me to j^raise and extol the mercy and forbearance of God." 
 
 " Allow me now to give you some report of affairs as they are in 
 these regions. In Philadelphia, which is quite a large city,^'' there is 
 one English Episcopal Church,'*^ with two ministers, whose salaries are 
 paid by the "Society for propagating the Knowledge of Christ,"^* 
 located in London. The English Presbyterians ^^ also have a meeting 
 house in Philadelphia ; so have the Quakers and the English Anabap- 
 tists. To these we must add the INIoravians, who have also built 
 (13) a meeting house. The Roman Catholics, likcAvise, have a meet- 
 ing house and two or three priests.'^* Finally, the Swedes have 
 one church.^" Throughout the land the sects and their meeting houses 
 can scarcely be numbered." 
 
 Towards the end of this letter, he says as follows : 
 
 " There is not much money here ; but the land is so rich in all kinds 
 of productions, that it may be said to flow with milk and honey. * * * 
 On the one side Ave have the Indians who are yet heathens ; on the 
 other side the ocean. '^ * * As far as regards the climate, Pennsyl- 
 vania is the best part of all America for the Germans. * * "^ Here 
 the houses do not stand near together, as in the villages of Germany. 
 There are always several thousand acres in one body, and these are 
 then divided amongst a number of individual proprietors, so that one 
 man may own any number of acres of the whole tract, from twenty up 
 to five hundred acres, as the case may be. At first such a strip of 
 land is simply woods, forest ; but after it has been settled and culti- 
 vated, it becomes a township or a borough, and is provided with streets 
 and roads leading to the city of Philadelphia. In traveling on the 
 highways you are continually passing through woods ; here you come 
 to one house standing near the road, and then, some miles fiirther on, 
 to another. But the houses most generally stand off a considerable dis- 
 tance from the road. * ^ * In the country, there are several streams 
 that sometimes suddenly rise very high, and then again abate. As 
 there are no bridges over them, they have to be crossed on horseback 
 or in a canoe. When I go from Philadelphia to the churches in the 
 country,"'^^ I have always to cross three streams ; and in v/inter this is 
 often dangerous." 
 
 19. Without further explanation, any one can clearly see, that the 
 presence of the many sects spoken of in the foregoing letter, might 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 23 
 
 easily have prevented even an experienced man from accepting a call 
 to the office of j^astor; and that, in addition to the lack of elementary 
 education and to the gross ignorance of divine things that was Avaxing 
 worse from year to year, it must have been a serious obstacle in the 
 way of the healthful action of the Divine word in these congregations, 
 during the early stages of a pastor's labors. But in addition to these 
 general obstacles, Muhlenberg had to encounter others of a peculiar 
 character. Among these the more prominent Avere the facts, that in 
 consequence of the long delay in the arrival of regular and duly called 
 j)astors, the congregations themselves accepted as their pastors, some- 
 times, men who had been deposed from the office in other places, some- 
 times men who were otherwise unfit for it ; and specially, the congre- 
 gation in Philadelphia received, under such circumstances, a man by 
 the name of Valentine Kraft,"^^ who had been deposed at Zwei- 
 (14) briicken. Besides this. Count Zinzendorf was then in Philadel- 
 phia; and w^as supported by a considerable party. However, 
 the congregations rejoiced greatly when Pastor Muhlenberg laid before 
 them the call wdiich had been given him in their name and by their 
 authority; adding also the several letters and testimonials which he 
 had brought with him. They received him as their pastor, with open 
 arms, and rid themselves, at once, of the unworthy men who had been 
 imposed upon them ; although the above-named Kraft attempted to set 
 up a pretentious ecclesiastical polity, and to pass himself off as the 
 general superintendent of the Church. Thus, not only did these in- 
 truders into the pastoral office reveal their own vileness even more 
 clearly than it had ever been seen before, but also Count Zinzendorf 
 himself could not hinder the progress of the work of the Lord. 
 
 Count Zinzendorf, under the assumed name of Von Thurnstein, had 
 represented himself to be a Lutheran preacher and Inspector of the 
 Lutherans in Pennsylvania; and, in an extended interview Avhich 
 INIuhlenberg had with him, for the reason that the Count had taken 
 possession of the Lutheran Church Records, he demanded that Muh- 
 lenberg should make an apology for having ignored him. He endeav- 
 ored also to prevent Muhlenberg from preaching in the Swedish 
 Church ; and used every effort to awaken suspicion against him in the 
 congregations, and to deprive him of their confidence. The Swedish 
 Vestry, however, accorded Muhlenberg the privilege of worshipping 
 with his congregation, in their Church, because the house where the 
 Lutherans had been wont to meet was now too small. Besides, not 
 only did the Germans acknowledge him heartily as their regular pas- 
 tor, but others also, not of the congregation, recognized and esteemed 
 
24 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 him as such. Count Zinzendorf was commanded by the civil authori- 
 ties to deliver up the Books of the Lutheran congregation, and shortly 
 after, on January 1st, 1743, left Philadelphia (d). So, the attempts of 
 the Count as well as the efforts of his followers, who remained in Phil- 
 adelphia, to prevent Muhlenberg from being accepted as the pastor of 
 
 the congregation, failed altogether. Muhlenberg's 2:)rime object 
 (15) now was, to determine how to make the best use of his time, 
 
 how to make the fullest proof of his ministry and how to engage 
 most Avisely in serving the three congregations in Philadelphia, New 
 Hanov^er and Providence. 
 
 20. Although Providence, which itself is not far from New Hanover, 
 is yet about thirty miles from Philadelphia, the frequent passing to 
 and fro between these points being wearisome, and, on account of the 
 intervening streams of w^ater, even dangerous, nevertheless Muhlenberg 
 resolved, that as far as he had strength, he would take care of all 
 three congregations, until God should be pleased to furnish him with 
 some assistants in his ministry. He made his arrangements also to 
 spend one whole week at a time in each congregation, holding public 
 service on the Lord's Day, and occupying the days of the week in the 
 instruction of the children, because no qualified schoolmasters even 
 could be found. Betw^een New Hanover and Philadelphia there is a 
 small place, called Germantown,^ where there is a Lutheran Church 
 and congregation, several members of which communicated to him 
 their strong desire to share, with the other churches, in his instructions. 
 Accordingly he j)roposed, as far as possible, to minister to this congre- 
 gation too, during the w^eek that might be allotted to the Church in 
 Philadelphia, at least, to preach once in the w^eek, in Germantown. He 
 made this arrangement in the hope, that if the Lord w^ould send other 
 pastors, Germantown might be united Avith Philadelphia to be served 
 by one pastor, and New Hanover and Providence by another. 
 
 21. In these several places his first concern was about the instruction 
 of the youth already somewhat advanced in their years; because 
 divers of them, some eighteen, nineteen, twenty years of age, had di- 
 rectly applied to him for instruction; and although they had as yet 
 made no beginning either in reading and writing or in the knowledge 
 of God, yet he was much cheered by the tokens they gave of their de- 
 sire to learn. There w^ere, hoAvever, other persons, older than these, 
 whom he had to instruct in the simple truths of Christianity. 
 
 (d) Further information concerning tlie undertakings of Count Zinzendorf and 
 liis adherents in Pennsylvania, may be found in the authentic '' Nachrichten von 
 Ilerrnhutischen Sachen" of the Eev. Senior Dr. John Philip Fresenius, Vol. 
 Ill, from page 87 till page 872.(28) 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 25 
 
 On January lOtli, 1744, a widow came to him in New Hanover, with 
 her daughter of about twenty-three years of age, who, since her seventh 
 year, had been living with English Quakers, and who proved not only 
 to be totally ignorant of Christian doctrine, but also to have forgotten 
 the German language. Her instruction, therefore, had to be given in 
 the English language, which indeed, she so readily comprehended, that 
 on February 6th she made a confession of her faith, in English, in the 
 presence of the congregation and partook, with them, of the Lord's 
 Supper. This scene produced a very deep and happy impression 
 (16) upon the congregation itself In relation to the foregoing ser- 
 vices he reports, under date of June 6th, 1744, as follows: 
 
 " I am compelled by stern necessity to do the work of a school-master. 
 I keep school one week in Philadelphia, the next in Providence and the 
 third in Ncav Hanover, simply for the purpose of preparing the larger 
 youth and the adults, whose instruction has been neglected, for con- 
 firmation and for the Lord's Supper, in part also for holy baptism. In 
 Providence I have already instructed some twenty, confirmed them and 
 admitted them to the holy communion. Amongst these there were 
 several married persons. In New Hanover also I have instructed and 
 confirmed twenty, of wdiom several were about twenty-five years of 
 age. At the present time I have a small number, in a course of in- 
 struction, at Philadelphia, w^ho however, have not, as yet, advanced 
 very far. * * * * * On Whitsunday I preached in New Hanover. 
 The crowd was so great that they almost trod on one another. After 
 the sermon I baptized eleven children in the presence of the congrega- 
 tion, also a married woman, to whose instruction I had previously at- 
 tended, for some time. This woman was the child of Mennonite, ana- 
 baptist parents,^'' and during the time of her instruction she attamed to 
 a happy, living knowledge of the truth. On Whitmonday I preached 
 in Providence to a very large congregation, and administered the 
 Lord's Supper. I confirmed six adults, some of them married persons, 
 also two youths, and baptized two children." 
 
 Under date of July 1st, 1743, he states that he had given instruction 
 to a person who had belonged to the anabaptists, afterwards examined 
 him publicly, in the presence of the congregation, and admitted him 
 to the Lord's Supper. He adds the following item under date of No- 
 vember, 25, 1743 : " I have baptized a mother and her five adult child- 
 ren in the Church in Germantown. They were so much afiected that 
 I might almost have baptized them with their tears. At the same place 
 I also baptized a married man. Through the grace of God these persons 
 seem to be advancing in spiritual strength and fruitfulness." 
 
26 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 22. From the foregoing statements it may be easily understood in 
 what a deplorable condition of gross ignorance Pastor Muhlenberg 
 found these congregations ; seeing that they had been totally without 
 instruction in the Divine word, their youth growing up without proper 
 training, and even adults, and married persons, some of them with 
 children around them, having never been baptized. To this he refers 
 in his Diary under date of January 5, 1743: " It seems as if the time 
 
 has come for God to visit us, here in Pennsylvania, with special 
 17, favor. Indeed, it is high time. If aftairs had continued a few 
 years longer as they have been, our poor Lutheran people would 
 have wandered off completely into heathenism. Some of them have 
 never been baptized ; they have married, have children around them, 
 and even the children are unbaptized ; besides this, the sects and mis- 
 leading opinions that prevail are more than can be numbered." 
 
 In the letter already referred to as addressed to a distinguished theo- 
 logian, having spoken of the different religious sects in Philadelphia 
 and of their churches and meeting-houses, he adds as follows : " There 
 is no lack of Atheists, Deists, Materialists and Free-Masons.^^ In 
 short, there is no sect in the world that is not cherished here. You 
 find people of every nation on the earth, and often what is not tolerated 
 in Europe asserts itself here, openly. * * * * You may sometimes 
 hear the most shameful utterances, against God and his holy word, in 
 public and unrestrained * * * Throughout the land there are thous- 
 ands who, according to their baptism, their training and their con- 
 firmation, ought to be Lutherans , but, in great measure, they have 
 strayed away. So sad, so degraded is the condition of our poor Luth- 
 eran people that you could hardly bewail it enough with tears of blood. 
 The children are growing up, and the parents often allow them to live 
 on without baptism, without instruction, without training, and so they 
 sink into heathenism itself. * * * Such w^as the state of affairs vrhen 
 I first came to Philadelphia." 
 
 In a letter of September 22d he speaks to the same effect. " The 
 great mass are yet rude and uncivilized ; and it may be readily under- 
 stood that the disorder and confusion that have been prevailing for 
 thirty years are not to be healed and corrected within the limits of one 
 year," It would be superfluous to add anything more, by way of 
 illustrating the wretched condition of these congregations, on the arri- 
 val of Pastor Muhlenberg. What we have said may be sufficient to 
 make the matter clear. 
 
 23. Now, although it might have seemed that the labors of one soli- 
 tary pastor were altogether inadequate to the task of restoring order 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 27 
 
 not only in one, but several different congregations, and giving tlicm a 
 start in the direction of positive good ; yet, Pastor Muhlenberg, sux-)e- 
 rior to the infirmity of fear, resolved, with the help of the Lord, to do 
 his best, and to discharge the duties of his office with all fidelity and 
 with unwearied patience, until it should please God to send him the 
 
 requisite assistance. Neither did the Lord withhold His blessing. 
 (18) The hearts of the hearers were turned towards him, so that they 
 
 received his instructions with increasing confidence and delight. 
 Even of those who had strayed off to the sects, and of those who had 
 forsaken the church because they did not w^ant to have anything to do 
 with the unauthorized teachers who had forced themselves on the 
 church, there were many who came back again and seemed to enjoy 
 the privilege of instruction in the Word of God, with a relish that was 
 so much the more hearty and sincere. It may be clearly seen from 
 Y>rhat has been already said, that the instruction imparted to adults 
 and to children was not without the Divine blessing. 
 
 Among other things, referring to a woman of ninety years of age, 
 in the congregation at New Hanover, he says, that during the time of 
 her preparation for the Holy Supper she had afforded him very great 
 encouragement by the simple and hearty manner in which she gave 
 expression to her faith. He adds further, in several letters, that Avhat- 
 ever the annoyances and troubles of his ofiice may be, and however 
 confused the condition of the congregation, still the Lord does bestow 
 a blessing here and there, the Word does not return void; his only 
 cause of regret being, that as he has no assistant, he has to operate 
 only upon the general mass at random, and cannot bestow^ sufficient 
 attention upon the care of individual souls. In a letter of November 
 25th, 1743, he writes: The Lord has blest the work in the congrega- 
 tion at Germantown. The Gospel has won over an old grey-headed 
 man who had been a follower of Dippel,^^ and brought him to the 
 knowledge and experience of complete reconciliation in Christ. Some 
 time afterwards he deceased, and his end was blessed. Pastor Muh- 
 lenberg cherishes the hope that competent assistants will be sent to 
 him; that the work may be diligently prosecuted and maintamed. 
 Thus, by the Divine favor, substantial improvement may be effected, 
 and the Lord will honor the undertaking with richer blessings. 
 
 24. Now, as the scattered and divided Lutherans began to come to- 
 gether again, the rented house in which they had been holding their 
 meetings proved to be too small, and they could not expect to be per- 
 mitted to meet in the Swedish Church after the arrival of the new 
 Swedish pastor, who was then expected. In Providence, too, the ser- 
 
28 BRIEF EEPORT OF CEETAi:N- 
 
 vices liad been conducted under many disadvantages in a barn, wliich 
 also, on account of the increase of the congregation, soon proved to be 
 too small. Under these circumstances the building of a church for 
 each of these congregations was felt to be an absolute necessity. 
 
 25. In Providence the undertaking was not so heavy as it was in 
 Philadelphia; for in the former j^lace the congregation was not so 
 large as in the latter, and would not require as expensive a building. 
 Concerning the church in Providence, Muhlenberg has the following 
 statement in his Diary under January 5th, 1743: "On Wednes- 
 (19) day, Jan. 5th, we celebrated Epiphany in Providence, and I 
 preached again in the barn. The people of this congregation 
 take a very great interest in the preaching of the word. The worthy 
 Elders have resolved, in the name of the Lord, to begin the erection of 
 a church. I have given public notice to that effect twice, and encour- 
 aged them to pray and hope for the Divine blessing. Indeed, a church 
 is in the highest degree necessary. I have drawn up a piece of writ- 
 ing upon the subject; and sent the Elders through the congregation, 
 with it, for the purpose of collecting subscription, as each member 
 might be disposed cheerfully to give. Thank God, there is no lack 
 here of the means of subsistance ; but money is scarce ; for the people 
 living in the country have to haul all their produce to the city for 
 sale, and then obtain very little for it. The timber that grows here is 
 not suitable for building purposes, since it decays so readily ; and build- 
 ing with stone proves to be expensive." 
 
 " I enclose, for your information, the plan of the church. According 
 to this plan, the cost will be about 200 pounds sterling. The Lord has 
 stirred up the hearts of the people, so that they are very much in 
 earnest about the building ; for after we had gone through the whole 
 congregation, we found that they had subscribed nearly 100 pounds in 
 current money. One pound sterling equals one and a half of our own 
 currency.^^ The congregation has truly endeavored to do its very best, 
 as everybody acknowledges. To this sum we hope yet to add the one- 
 third of the collections which your Excellency may have, which would 
 be our share of what may be in your hands for the three congregations. 
 But where shall we get the balance that is required? May the Lord 
 move the hearts of the people in Europe, so that they may render us 
 the needed help. The members of the congregation are all of one 
 mind. To see them haul the stone for the church is a very joy to me. 
 We have a frame school house erected already." 
 
 " In this township there is already an English Church, the Menno- 
 nites also have a meeting-house ; and as there has never been a Luth- 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 29 
 
 eran Church here, we are now about building the first one. On May 1st 
 the masons expect to begin the work." On June 6th, 1743, he writes 
 as follows : " On May 2d we laid the corner-stone of the first Lutheran 
 Church in Providence, and had an immense concourse of people pres- 
 ent, English as well as Germans. The religious exercises were begun 
 by singing the hymn " Commit thou all thy ways and cares into His 
 hands," then I preached in German, on the text Zech. 14, 7 ; after this 
 I preached also in English. By the favor of the Lord, the masons 
 raised the walls to a considerable height already at the beginning of 
 
 June ; and nothwithstanding many difficulties the work still ad- 
 (20) vances." Of like import are the statements of another letter 
 
 dated September 22d, 1743. On August 31st the roof of the new 
 church in Providence was finished, and on September 12th we left the 
 barn, and held our worship, for the first time, in the new building. As 
 yet, it is not quite finished ; and we do not propose to consecrate it 
 until it has been completed, in all its parts." Meanwhile, the congre- 
 gation in New Hanover, being already in possession of a frame church, 
 though an unfinished one, have erected a school-house, which, by the 
 blessing of God, was fit for use about September 1st. 
 
 26 In Philadelphia, however, many more obstacles had to be over- 
 come. It was not only necessary to build a much larger church, which 
 itself would involve greater expense, for the accommodation of the 
 large Lutheran population in this great city ; but suitable locations for 
 the church were very scarce, and many evil-disposed persons were 
 throwing hindrances in the way. But even here, by the help of the 
 Lord, all opposition was overcome, as may be seen in the following ex- 
 tract from Muhlenberg's Diary, when, under date of January 18, 1743, 
 among other things, he says : " Twenty or thirty years ago, a good 
 piece of ground for a church and a graveyard, might have been bought 
 ^at a very moderate price.'* Now, however, there is hardly any for sale 
 *in the city ; or, at least, if a small lot of about an acre should be 
 offered, the price demanded for it would be some 400, 500 or 600 
 pounds, according to its situation. True, a lot could be more readily 
 secured, upon ground rent ; but we should have to pay, every year, 
 two and a half, or three, or four shillings sterling, per foot. So, for an 
 ordinary lot of ground we would have to pay twelve or more pounds 
 sterling, annually, as ground rent. In the meantime, the price of 
 land, whether on regular purchase, or on ground rent, is advancing 
 every day and the number of Lutherans is increasing year by year. 
 The longer we delay v. ith the building of a church the heavier will it 
 prove to^be, and the more difficult of accomplishment." 
 
dU BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 *' We resolved therefore to bring all these circumstances to the notice 
 of the congregation ; and I prepared a statement of some of them, in 
 writing. On Sundaj^, January 23, I read this statement to the con- 
 gregation, and added that all who were in favor of building a church 
 should remain after the dismission, and record their names to that 
 effect. The most of them did remain and subscribed their names, with 
 the sums of money they were willing to give ; and the Lord favored 
 this beginning so much, that one hundred and twenty pounds, current 
 money, were at once secured.^^ I then came to an understanding with 
 the Elders, that they should, in the name of the Lord, begin to look 
 around for a suitable place at once. * * ^ On February 18, 1743, he 
 adds, " Our Elders have been most unwearied in their efforts to secure 
 a good lot for the church ; but without success. In prayer, I spread 
 the subject before the Lord, to whom all things are open. If it be His 
 will that we should have a church in this city. He will guide and help 
 us to secure the ground on which to build it. * * * On Saturday, 
 March 12tli, the Elders in Philadelphia informed me, with great joy of 
 heart, that they were now negotiating for a lot, the price of which 
 would be nearly 200 pounds. This is a much better plan than to take 
 the lot on ground rent. Yet we have enemies who are raising obstacles 
 in our way, and it is uncertain whether we can get the lot. The 
 people, indeed, take a very hearty interect in the building of the 
 church, so that the subscriptions entered in our collection book now 
 amount to more than 200 pounds, currency. If we do not succeed in 
 building a church, we can hardly expect to establish a regular Luth- 
 eran congregation. If the Lord build not the house, we cannot do it. 
 
 27. So far had the preliminary arrangements, for the building of the 
 Church in Philadelphia, been advanced. Muhlenberg reports the 
 actual commencement of the work, in a letter of June 6th, where, 
 among other things, he says: "In the week before Easter God, in His 
 kindness, gave us a lot for the Church, even in the centre of the city.^^ 
 It is an excellent piece of ground, and has room also for a graveyard. 
 It cost somewhat over one hundred pounds sterling; and if we should 
 sell it now, we could get twenty pounds sterling more than we gave. 
 The necessity of our undertaking, with the help of God, to build a 
 Church in Philadelphia, is continually growing more and more abso- 
 lute. If it is not done, then our Lutheran congregation, w^eak as it is, 
 will become weaker and weaker still, and so die out at last. On April 
 5th, we laid the corner-stone of the first German Lutheran Church in 
 Philadelphia. The Swedish pastor of a Church, some distance from 
 the city, who occasionally conducts the services in the Swedish Church, 
 
EVANGELICAL CHUECHES IN AMERICA. 31 
 
 which is now vacant, was in attendance. The English Minister also, 
 had intended to be there, but an imperative duty called him off into 
 the country. There was an immense concourse of peoj^le on the ground, 
 foes as well as friends. 
 
 "As we are compelled to build, w^e must, at the same time, show some 
 consideration for those who are to come after us. We have therefore, 
 prudently fixed upon the following dimensions ; viz. : Length 70 feet, 
 breadth 45, height 27, without the vault or arch, which will be 9 feet. 
 We propose also to have a tower for a couple of bells." The cost of 
 the building is estimated to be at least 800 pounds sterling. Our trust 
 is in the Living God. The building of a Church is indeed a 
 (22) heavy undertaking, especially when the congregation is poor and 
 is beset by foes. By the Grace of God, however, we have been 
 helped so far, notwithstanding our many hindrances, that the masons 
 had raised the walls to the height of one story at the beginning of 
 June." Under July 1st, he writes as follows: 
 
 " The masons expect to finish the walls now, within four weeks. The 
 hand of the Lord is in the work. We have not undertaken it in a 
 spirit of rashness; but out of absolute necessity. The English laws 
 prevailing here do not alioAV any sect or any religious party to build 
 Churches except the Episcopalians, and besides them, the Lutherans.^^ 
 As w^e are permitted to build a Church, w^e must erect also a tower for 
 bells; and this will reach an elevation of 85 feet. Our opponents have 
 been expecting that we would be cast into prison and put to shame, on 
 account of our not being able to pay for the work." In another letter 
 he says: "The expense, estimated with the greatest care, will amount 
 to five thousand five hundred Eix dollars, German money. In putting 
 up such buildings, the English mechanics will not do the first stroke, 
 until some one, either in writing or orally, has made himself responsi- 
 ble for the payment. Accordingly, four of our Deacons have united 
 and taken upon themselves all responsibility for the building. These 
 men are not wealthy ; but they are men of sincere heart and they ven- 
 ture to trust in the Lord. Our Lutheran brethren in the town of Lan- 
 caster, 60 miles from Philadelphia, have given us 100 Rix dollars, 
 German money." 
 
 28. At last, Muhlenberg, in a letter of Nov. 25th, 1743, reports the 
 finishing of the walls and the roofing in the following words: "In the 
 midst of these trials, the Lord has so graciously prospered the work on 
 the Church in Philadelphia, that it is now roofed in, and the tower 
 also has been erected. In this there seems to be something of a Divine 
 appointment ; for, as the Swedes have now their own pastor,^^ they will 
 
32 BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 occupy their Church themselves, and can no longer accommodate us ; 
 the shortness of the days also forbidding it. As yet we have no sash 
 in the windows, and the scaffolding yet stands inside ; but we have 
 closed up twenty-eight windows and three doors with boards ; and to 
 my great joy and that of many others, we worshipped in it for the first 
 time on Oct. 20th, the 25th Sunday after Trinity. What a blessing 
 this is, in a strange land, where wickedness so much abounds ! Our 
 enemies have been hoping all along, that the foui* men who made them- 
 selves responsible for the payment would be cast into prison for 
 (23) the debt*" before the work had advanced as far as it has. On 
 this occasion also we sang the beautiful hymn ' Commit thou all 
 thy ways and cares into His hands.' Instead of the Epistle I read the 
 4th Chapt. oi' the 1st Book of Maccabees, from verse 36th to the end ; 
 after this I explained the prayer of Solomon, in 1st Kings, 8th Chapt., 
 from the 22d verse." 
 
 Certain collections of money have been placed in our hands, from 
 which the travelling expenses of Pastor Muhlenberg have been taken ;" 
 also, we deduct wdiat will be necessary to send some additional labor- 
 ers to assist him in the work ; the balance that remains has been de- 
 voted to the building of these two Churches in Philadelphia and Provi- 
 dence, and, in fact, it has been already transmitted to Pennsylvania. 
 True, it is far from being enough to meet all the cost of such expensive 
 undertakings ; especially since a very considerable sum will yet be re- 
 quired to furnish the w indoAV-sash, the doors, and such conveniences as 
 the inside of the Churches may need. In view of all, hoAvever, our 
 trust is that the loving kindness of the Lord will supply all that may 
 yet be required. 
 
 29. As Pastor Muhlenberg, in all his letters, plead the necessity for 
 assistant laborers in the congregations and the schools, and as his pleas 
 were enforced by the entreaties of the people themselves, the Lord re- 
 garded the prayer of his servants, and heard his children's cry. He 
 so disposed matters, that a well-qualified Candidate of Theology, Mr. 
 Peter Brunnholtz,"^ a native of Nuebuel, a village of Gliicksburg in 
 Schleswig, was proposed for this position, with the approbation of all 
 who understood the state of affairs in Pennsylvania, and were acquainted 
 with Mr. Brunnholtz's gifts and fidelity. He had not only laid a solid 
 foundation in theological study, and endeavored to maintain the mys- 
 tery of the faith in a pure conscience ; but also, after completing his 
 University course, he had given evidence of his capacity and faithful- 
 ness, as teacher in the service of a Christian nobleman, as a preacher 
 of the word and as a pastor in the special care of souls. Having de- 
 
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IX AMERICA. 33 
 
 voutly submitted the whole subject to the Divine disposal, he declared 
 himself willing to accept the call given to him by Prof. Dr. Francke 
 ia the name of the congregations in Pennsylvania. Then followed his 
 examination by the Consistory at Wcrnigerode; on April 12th, 1744, 
 he was ordained in the Castle-Church in that place, and immediately 
 set out for Hamburg, passing through Hanover. Two others, worthy 
 students of Theology, Mr. Schaum and Mr. Kurtz, both from the neigh- 
 borhood of Giessen, expressed a readiness equal to that of Mr. Brun- 
 holtz, to engage in the work. They were received as teachers ; and 
 following him to Hamburg, on July 1st, they all set off together 
 (24) on their journey to Pennsylvania by way of England.*^ 
 
 30. The selection and the calling of these several assistants, and 
 the occasion of their departure w^ere attended with such prominent 
 tokens of Divine Providence, that we have no reason to doubt but 
 that it is the gracious purpose of God, who commanded the light to 
 shine out of darkness, to cause a brighter day to rise upon the congre- 
 gations in Pennsylvania, so that by the ministry of the pastors who 
 have been sent to them, they may be brought into the light of the 
 knowledge of the Glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. 
 
 After it had become known, in divers places, that Pastor JMuhlen- 
 berg had already begun his labors, and that certain assistants were 
 about to be sent out to him, the hearts of many kind jd arsons were 
 moved so much as that they contributed enough not only to defray the 
 expenses of the journey of the assistants t ) England, but also to leave 
 in our hands 40 pounds sterling over. Besides all this, an excellent 
 Christian lady, who is very deeply interested in this work, had sent to 
 England 547 Rix-dollars,^'^ which, when added to the moneys yet in 
 our hands, will be used to defray the rest of the travelling expenses of 
 the assistants; and then whatever remains will be applied to pay for 
 the building of the churches above described. 
 
 For all these benefactions we here, again, offer our hearty thanks to 
 all of our distinguished and excellent friends, humbly praying that 
 God may grant them every blessing both for time and for eternity. 
 Further, our trust is in God, in whose hand are the hearts of men, 
 that He will arouse many more benefactors to help this blessed work 
 forward by their hearty and cheerful co-operation. Whoever takes 
 any sincere interest in the extension of the Divine kingdom and in the 
 salvation of souls will surely be encouraged, by this short report, sin- 
 cerely to thank God for the favors already granted, to ask His presence 
 and protection for the assistant pastor and the two teachers who are 
 now on their journey, and to implore, in childlike confidence, a con- 
 3 
 
34 :n'otes ox the (first) brief report. 
 
 tinuation of the Divine blessing upon all tlieir ministr}" in the 
 Church. 
 
 May He who is able to do far more than we can ask or think, guide 
 these brethren upon their journey; and, under His protection, bring 
 them to their desired port in safety and in peace. May He bless their 
 labors so that many souls may be delivered from the power of darkness 
 and translated into the kingdom of His own Dear Son, for the Glory 
 of His Name, Amen. 
 
 NOTES ON THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 ^ A large part of this First '^ Brief Report is printed in Acta Hist. Eccles., Vol. 
 IX, pp. 891-915. The friends at Halle were certainly not displeased to find tlieir 
 communications transferred to the pages of other periodicals. The several ''Con- 
 tinuations" were presented in like manner, in the woi-k named above, and in other 
 German publications. As the men to whose labors tliis Brief Eeport refers, are 
 not so often brought fonvard to speak in their own persons, the Report consisting 
 mainly, of general statements based upon their letters and journals, we are under 
 the weightier obligations to Dr. W. Germaxn for the information bearing di- 
 rectly upon this Eeport, with which he has supplied us, and which he has drawn 
 immecUately from the Archives of the Franckeschen Anstalten, at Halle. 
 
 "^ The reasons for the emigration from Germany at that time are explained in 
 the work of Prof. Dr. O. Seidensticker, already referred to, "Geschichte der Deut- 
 schen Gesellschaft von Pa.," p. 10, seq. See also Franz Loher, "Geschichte und 
 Zustiinde der Deutschen in Amerika," Cincinnati, 1847, p. 31, seq. 
 
 ^ He himself wrote his name Penx. Before his time, in England, when the 
 name occurred in combination, it was written with one n, e. g., Penrith. A map, 
 prepared in the time of Penn, exhibiting New Sweden, or the existing settle- 
 ments of the Swedes on the Delaware, has Pensylvania. It is very clear that 
 Canada, as referred to in the text, included more than the whole British territory 
 along the Eastern coast of America Avhich was transferred from the sovereignty of 
 France to that of England by the Peace of Paris in 1763. When we read that 
 Charles II gave Pennsylvania to the wealthy Quaker, AVilliam Penn, we should 
 not forget that the English Government owed the family of Penn a debt of 16,000 
 pounds sterling, from the time of Admiral Sir Vrilliam Penn, the father of Wilham 
 Penn. For a just estimate of the character of William Penn, the son, and of Qua- 
 kerism in general, we refer to the thorough and very instructive work of Herman 
 Weingarten, ''Die Eevolutionskirchen Englands," Leipzig, 1868. 
 
 * Of this there are amjole proofs in the continued statements of the Halle Ee- 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 35 
 
 ports, e. g., In section G, in sections IG, 17 of the 2(1 Continuation, in sections 48, 
 60 of the fourtli, iu Pastor H. M. Mulilenberg's Keport of his official acts for 1747 
 in the oth Continuation, etc., etc. 
 
 ^ Queen Anne, tJie daughter of James II, was the last of the House of Stuart ; 
 and having outlived her husband Prince George of Denmarlc, and her children, 
 she died in 1714. George I, her successor, married to Sophia Dorothea of Bruus- 
 •wick-Liineburg-Celle in 1682, and separated from her after 1694, was the son of the 
 Elector Ernst August and of Sophia (died June 18th, 1714), who was the daughter 
 of Elizabeth, wife of Frederick of the Palatinate and granddaughter of James I of 
 England. Accordingly, at the death of Anne, George I ascended the throne, by 
 virtue of an Act of Parliament of 1701, which ordained that the Protestant de- 
 scendants of Sophia should succeed to the throne of England and Ireland, in tlie 
 event of the death of Queen Anne, without issue. George I was not familiar with 
 the English language ; and originally was outwardly a member of the Lutheran 
 Church. Divine Avorship was, and still is, conducted in St. James' Chapel, accord- 
 ing to the ritual of the Church of England, in the German language. This may 
 be the more readily understood from the fact that all through the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury, and even until tlie accession of Victoria, the sovereigns of England were also 
 kings of Hannover. Besides, tliere was a new accession of the German element 
 in the royal family under George II, 1727-1760, when the Prince of Wales mar- 
 ried a Princess of Saxe-Gotha, and a like event has occurred in more recent times, 
 by the marriage of Queen Victoria to Prince Albert. In view of these facts we 
 can understand why Lutheran Court Preachers are found officiating in the Court 
 Chapel of St. James. The royal family, which, as required by act of Parliament, 
 belongs to the Church of England, did not usually attend the German service ; it 
 was attended, however, by Lutheran members of the German Embassies in Lon- 
 don. The French language was the usual vehicle of conversation at the English 
 Court, as it was at so many European Courts during the last century. In Muhlen- 
 berg's Journal, Aug. 22d, 1762, Halle Eeports, 10th Continuation, Ave are informed 
 that Pastor Frederick Kothenbiihler removed from New York and took charge of 
 the German Eeformed Congregation at Philadelphia in 1762. This congregation, 
 acting upon the advice of some Episcopal pastors, addressed a petition to the Arch- 
 bishoiDS of Canterbury and York, and the Bishop of London, under date of Oct. 
 21st, 1764. We here'insert an extract from that petition: "And Ave do furtlier 
 ordain and settle it as a fundamental constitution of the said Church and Congre- 
 gation, that the liturgy and service of the Church of England, or a translation 
 thereof in the German, as used in the King's German Chapel, and none else, be 
 used in the said congregation of the said Church." See Life and Corresp. of Eev. 
 W. Smith, by H. W. Smith. Philadelphia, 1879, Vol. I, p. 360. The Book of 
 Common Prayer, first sketched by Cranmer and other Theologians, on the basis 
 of old English liturgies, specially that of Salisbury, old Sarum, in 1549, and after- 
 wards improved bv the diligent use of the "Eeformationsordnung," prepared by 
 Bucer in 1543, with the aid of Melanchton, for the use of the Prince Bishop 
 Herman of Cologne, Avas published in German, quarto, at Frankfort on the Oder, 
 in 1704; it Avas also printed at Dublin. (Herman of Cologne AA'as born in 1477, 
 became bishop in 1515 ; after unsuccessful attempts to introduce the Eeformation 
 into his territories, he resigned his office, and died in 1552.) The pastor of the 
 Danish Congregation in Dublin, in the last century, was accustomed to preach in 
 
36 NOTES ox THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 the Danish and German languages, alternately. See "Acta. Hist. Eccles. Xostri 
 Temporis," Vol. XII, p. 655, ff. An improved translation appeared in 1718 at the 
 Plague, "promoted by the intelligent zeal of Her Royal Highness, the Princess of 
 Wales, and at Her gracious command." published by C. Fritsch, 8vo, 1718. The 
 preface claims that this is the third edition, marked by many improvements and 
 recommended by the Society "de propagando Evangelio." The X. Y. Bible and 
 Book of Common Prayer Society published a German translation in 1855. 
 
 6 He was born in 1694 ; and, in his office, was the successor of Anton W. Bohme, 
 whom we shall meet after a while. (See 7th Continuation, Muhlenberg's Report, 
 July 21st, 1751.) He belonged, as did Bohme himself, to the religious school of 
 Speiier and of Halle. Ai^er it had been seriously intended to send him as mis- 
 sionary to East India, the influence of A. H. Francke secured for him a call to 
 the Royal Chapel of St. James' Palace in London, in 1722. In 1772 he celebrated, 
 in that place, his fiftieth anniversary, his official jubilee, on which occasion Pastor 
 Burgmann, of the Church of St. Mary, the Savoy in London, so well known, 
 preached on Ps. 92: 14, 15: "The old age of the righteous is blessed." This 
 sermon, accompanied with an engraved likeness of the venerable pastor, was 
 printed in London in 1773. Ziegenhagen, who had never married, died of debility, 
 January 24th, 1776, in his 83d year. He was a zealous promoter of the Missions 
 in East India and in X^orth America, and, by his last will and testament, be- 
 queathed his property to the Mission. We shall often have occasion to notice his 
 friendly interest, especially on behalf of the missionaries who were sent from 
 Halle to the Lutherans in Xorth America. He was active also as an author of 
 devotional works. The Salzburg Lutherans, who settled at Ebenezer in Georgia, 
 sang hymns composed by him. His Short Exposition of the Lord's Prayer was 
 not unknown in the Xew World; and in the 10th Continuation, Halle. X^achr,, 
 Xo. VI, Pastor Muhlenberg refers to certain "tables" Avhich Ziegenhagen had pre- 
 pared, to be used in the study of the Catechism. A biographical sketch of him, 
 accompanied with an engraved likeness, may be found in the preface to Vol. II 
 of the "More Recent History of the Missions in East India," Halle, 1783. See 
 also " Kirchen-Geschichte of the German Congregations in London, etc.," by Dr. 
 John G. Burkhardt, pastor of the German Lutheran Congregation in the Savoy 
 (London) ; Tuebingen, 1798, p. 78. Ziegenhagen had a large correspondence Avith 
 distinguished persons and scholars in many countries ; especially Avith those with 
 whom his official position and his activity in the cause of missions might bring 
 liim into connection. During his sojourn in London, Ritter Michaelis made 
 his home in Ziegenhagen's house ; and, according to his own confession, was in- 
 debted to him for his first stages of advancement in Exegesis and Dogmatics. He 
 made no secret of his dissatisfaction with the arts and practices of the Moravians 
 of his day, and refused to admit Bishop Zinzendorf into his pulpit. His crowning 
 glory is his laborious zeal on behalf of the Missions in East India and X'^orth 
 America. His assistant and amanuensis, Pasche, came into possession of his 
 manuscripts, and edited and published most of his writings. 
 
 '' At that time copies of the Holy Scriptures could be obtained in the American 
 Provinces only by being imported. What was done on this behalf by the " Can- 
 stein. Bibelanstalt" of Halle, shall be stated hereafter. See 8th Continuation, 
 Halle. Xachr., letter of Pastor Brunnholtz, March 16th, 1752. The first German 
 Bible published in the Xew World, was printed by Christopher Saver, in Ger- 
 
i 
 
 XOTES ON THE (fIKSt) ERIEF EEPORT. 37 
 
 mantown, near .Philadelphia, in 1743, the very j-ear in which H. M. Muhlenberg 
 began his labors iu this country. A second edition appeared in 1763 and a third 
 in 1776. Luther's Small Catechism wns published by Benjamin Franklin in 1749. 
 The Marburg Hymn Book was used in very many Lutheran Congregations ; in 
 some, however, other hymn books were used, as for instance the Wernigerode 
 Collection, by the Salzburg Congregations in Georgia; whilst in other places the 
 admirable Wiirttemberg Collection of 1742, or the Cothen Collection, was adopted. 
 The first hymn book published officially by authority of the Church in America 
 appeared in 1786, under the title: "Erbauliche Liedersammlung xum gottesdien.~t- 
 lichen Gebrauch in den Yereinigten Lutherischen Gemeinden in Nord America; 
 gesammelt, eingerichtet und zum Druck belordert durch die gesammten Glieder 
 des Iiiesigen Yereinigten Evangelisch-Lutherischen Ministeriums. Erste Auflaye. 
 Germantown, gedruckt bei Leibert und Billmeyer, 1786," (706 hymns). In the 
 same year appeared the first " Kirchen-Agende der Evangelisch-Lutherischen 
 Yereinigten Gemeinen in Nord Amerika. Philadelphia, gedruckt bei Melchior 
 Steiner, in der Reesstrasse, 1786." Svo. Pp. 58. 
 
 ^ This name, so often mentioned, occurs als© in the list of 81 persons, adults and 
 minors, natives of the Palatinate, who, on Oct. 14th, 1731, arrived in Philadelphia 
 in the ship "Snow Louther," Cajat. Jos. Fisher, having gone from Rotterdam to 
 Dover. Weisiger made another voyage, upon some confidential mission, to Eng- 
 land, Holland and Germany, two years afterwards. See J. J). Rupp's 30,000 
 Names, etc., German and English edition, I. Kohler, Philadelphia, 1876, p. 72; 
 also 8th Continuation Halle. Nachr., also IX Gemeinschaftl. Schreiben, etc., 1754, 
 fourth period. In this historical statement John Chr. Schultze, mentioned in ^ 9, 
 is again referred to. See Appendix to this first Brief Report. 
 
 ^ This periodical, so to designate it, appeared between 1731 and 1741, in divers 
 series, c. g., Collections, Sup]3lements, Continued Collections, Improved Collections, 
 Continued contributions, etc.; Frankfurt and Leipzig, 12 vols.; after 1735 at 
 Leipzig alone. It represented chiefly the matters of controversy between Lutlieran 
 Orthodoxy as maintained especially by Yal. E. Loscher, (Unschuldige Nachrich- 
 ten ; Evang. Zehnden ; Friili aufgelesene Friichte ; Ilistoria Motuum, Timotheus 
 Yerinus, Annalis Theolog.) and Pietism as advocated by the Theologians of Halle, 
 (Aufrichtige Nachricht, etc., von Joachim Lange, 1706, K, im Gegensatz gegen 
 die Unschuld. Nachr. ; desselben Antibarbarus Orthodoxise ; die Hallesche Biblio- 
 thek; Wochen-Xachrichten aus Halle, u. A.) This kind of literature found new 
 material at that time in the rise of Moravianism, and of the philosophy of Wolf; 
 also in the oj^eraticms of the Separatists and of the Inspirationists (Eberh. L. 
 Gruber, Andr. Gross, John Fr. Rock, J. A. Gruber, Schwanfelder, D. E. Mackinet). 
 The last named was naturalized at Philadelphia in 1730, and in his 75th year be- 
 came secretary of the German Society at Philadelphia, occupying that position 
 from 1764 to 1774. He died June 20th, 1775. See Prof. Dr. Seidensticker's Ge- 
 schichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft, 1876, p. 290. Max Gobel, the highest author- 
 ity in the history of the Inspirationists, represents him as a member of that party. 
 Why W. C. Reichel, in "Memor. of the Moravian Church," Ch. I, p. 160, puts 
 him among the Schwenckfelders is not exactly clear. The Chiliastic Sect, the so- 
 called Philadelphia Society, Avhich, starting in England, spread its branches in so 
 many directions, also furnished its contribution to the literature of the times 
 (GeistUche Fama, 1730-1736, published by Dr. Carl, who, in 1728, had separated 
 
38 NOTES ON THE (fIESt) BRIEF REPOPvT. 
 
 from the Inspirationists). Divers other publications claimed to be only plain 
 statements of fact, e. g., "Acta Eruditorum," "Der Aiisfiihrl. Bericht von alierlei 
 neuen Biichern," "Der unpartheyische Bibliothekarius," Leipzig, 1713, etc., etc. 
 "The Acta Hist. Ecclesiast.," 52 vols, in several series, began in 1734, From 
 many an antiquated volume among the works just referretl to, there falls, here 
 and there, some ray of illumination upon statements found in our Halle Reports. 
 The whole period was deeply agitated in its religious bearings. Beyond what has 
 been already mentioned it was marked by the awakening of the missionary spirit 
 in the Evangelical Church; by the banishment of Evangelical Christians from 
 Salzburg; their hospitable reception in Germany; especially in Prussia, and their 
 emigration to Georgia in North America ; the publication of the rationalistic, so- 
 called Wertheim translation of the Bible, and, as an indication of the reaction of 
 Mysticism against the Church and Orthodoxy, the publication of the Berleburg 
 Bible; the profane utterances of that strange Cynic, J. C. Edelman (Christian 
 Democritus) Dippel, etc. It was the time of the Buttlar rabble, 1705, in Wittgen- 
 stein and Paderborn and of the Eller crowd in Ronsdorf, and of the fanatics at 
 Briigglen and other places in Switzerland, etc. In short, it was a golden age of 
 Separatism. 
 
 ^° The characters here mentioned may be briefly described as follows : J. G. 
 Pfeiffer, Prof, of Theology, is well-known, especially for his renewed publica- 
 tion of the " Paraenesis votiva pro pace Ecclesise ad Theologos August. Confessi- 
 onis," which he presented in his "Miscellanea Theologica," 1736, which under 
 the still mysterious name of Rupertus Meldenius, must certainly have originated 
 in the year 1635, since quotations from it may be traced back to that year. He 
 maintained, indeed, the dogmatic positions of the Formula of Concord, firmly; 
 but opposed the asperity that prevailed in the theological controversies of his day, 
 and was in harmony with John Arndt. 
 
 GoTTHELF August Francke, one of the most rigid representatives of that 
 kind of Pietism that seeks to control all the relations of life by a direct religious- 
 ness, and finds its object, rather in the mortification than in the sanctification of 
 what is natural. He was Dr. Theolog., Senior Prof, of the Theolog. Faculty and 
 of the Ministerium at Halle, Director of the Royal Paedagogium and of the Or- 
 phan House at the same place, son of the more illustrious founder of these institu- 
 tions, August Herman Francke, and his wife, Anna Magd. von Wurmb, and, 
 through his only sister, the brother-in-law of John Anast. Freylinghausen. He 
 was born March 21st, 1696, two years before the founding of the Orphan House. 
 On the occasion of the jubilee or 50th anniversary of the Institutions at Halle, 
 1748, he had abundant reason for commemorating also the great blessings which, 
 proceeding from Halle, had so plentifully refreshed the Lutheran congregations 
 in North America. (Acta Eccles. Hist., Vol. XIII, p. 602.) He was educated at 
 the Pfedagogium in Halle, and after 1714, at the University. Three years after- 
 wards he undertook a journey, yet did not go beyond the limits of Germany ; but 
 attended the University of Jena, where J. Fr. Buddeus was Professor at the 
 time. After a public disputation, February, 1720, under the direction of Bud- 
 deus, he returned to Halle, first acted as Prison-Chaplain, and was afterwards or- 
 dained, in liis 25th year. In 1723 he became Adjunctus in the " Frauenkirche " 
 at Halle, was appointed Principal of the Latin School, and, in general, rendered 
 much assistance to his father in directing the several institutions he had founded 
 
NOTES ON THE (FIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 39 
 
 in that city. In 1726 he was appointed extraordinary Professor, in 1727 ordinary 
 Professor of Theology ; and, after the death of his father, in the same year he be- 
 came Director of the Psedagogium and of the Orphan House. The next year lie 
 was elected a member of the English Society, " De propaganda Christi cognitione." 
 In 1738 he was appointed Deacon, and in 1740 Archdeacon, of the *' Frauenkirche." 
 In 1739 he was made a Dr. of Theology ; at the same time the dignity of Inspector 
 of the district of the Saal,e was conferred upon him. He was appointed "Obercon- 
 sistorialrath" in 1767. As an academic teacher he was distinguished by the accu- 
 racy of his instructions, and by the practical influence he brought to bear upon 
 his students. Twice a week, for more than thirty years, he delivered exegetico- 
 ascetic lectures in the great hall of the Orphan House ; and as long as he lived he 
 continued the exegetico-parsenetic lectures of his father, by whom he was far ex- 
 celled in spirit and in enterprise. Many of his lectures and of his theological dis- 
 cussions have been published. He was conscientious, to an unusual degree, in the 
 discharge of his official duties ; and, multiplied as they were, he still found time 
 to take an active interest in the work of Missions in different portions of the world. 
 This circumstance proved to be of great advantage specially to Pennsylvania and 
 to the Lutheran Church in the New World. As a co-worker in this labor of love, 
 the noble Ziegenhagen, of London, was ever at his side. For years he superin- 
 tended the editing and publication of Missionary Reports from the East Indies, 
 and of our own Halle Reports. (The publication of the East India Reports is 
 continued until this day under the supervision of our honored colleague, in this 
 present work. Dr. W. Germann.) At the time of the death of Francke the 11th 
 Continuation was being prepared for the press. He died Sept. 2d, 1769. His 
 published works were quite numerous: e. g., seven University Programmes, 1729- 
 37 ; twenty-five sermons and discussions, 1724-51 ; eleven theological disserta- 
 tions, 1729-46; contributions in the Weekly Advertiser of Halle, 1746-62, etc., 
 etc. He also wrote Introductions for divers books, edited new editions of old works 
 and prepared German translations from English authors. 
 
 Samuel Urlsperger was Court Preacher of Eberhard Ludwig, Duke of 
 Wiirttemberg, who, after the manner of the princes of the times, was openly living 
 in adultery with the notorious Countess of Griivenitz. On Good Friday, 1718, 
 Urlsperger preached before the assembled Court, and at the instigation of Aug. 
 Herm. Francke, who was then visiting Stuttgart, his sermon was so keen and de- 
 cided, that he drew down upon himself the full force of the Duke's displeasure, 
 was dismissed from his office, and so continued for several years. In 1722, how- 
 ever, he was appointed Superintendent in Herrenberg. In the same year, a call 
 having been prepared to St. James' Chapel in London, a post of which Ziegen- 
 hagen immediately took charge, Urlsperger accepted a call to Augsburg, after lie 
 had with some difficulty obtained permission to emigrate from Wiirttemberg 
 to Bavaria. But he was heartily welcomed at the free Reichstadt of Augs- 
 burg ; and afterwards became Senior of the Lutheran clergy in that city. (See 
 Nova Acta Hist. Eccles., Vol. V., p. 721, etc.) To his diligence we owe a work 
 we shall meet with after a while, under the title " Ausfiihrliche Nachrichten von 
 den Salzburgischen Emigranten in Amerika," published by the Orphan House, 
 Halle. Eighteen "Continuations" appeared from 1735 till 1752. We must say 
 the same of a work which appeared in four parts between 1754 and 1767, under 
 the title " Americanische Ackerwerk Gottes," Augsburg, and which reports also 
 
40 XOTES ON THE (fIEST) BRIEF EEPORT. 
 
 the affairs of the Lutheran emigrants in Georgia. Both of these productions are, 
 fur the Salzburg Lutherans in Georgia, what the Halle Keports are for Pennsyl- 
 vania, ISTew Jersey and New York. After his death in 1772 he was succeeded, 
 and in like honorable services, by his son, John August., the founder, in 1775, at 
 Augsburg, of "The Society for the Propagation of Practical Christianity," and of 
 the "Christian Association," established at Basel in 1780, organized after the 
 manner of similar institutions operating in England, Holland, Sweden and other 
 countries, in a warfare against the advancing skepticism and materialism of the 
 times, and in promoting Christian knowledge and life in the spirit of the Gospel. 
 After 1784 this Association, at Basel, printed and circulated a monthly publication 
 entitled " Sammlungen," etc., — "Gatherings for the Lovers of Christian Truth," 
 and held itself bound to work in the circulation of the Holy Scriptures and of 
 Tracts, in helping the poor and the sick, in sending preachers of the Gospel to 
 destitute regions, and to those who were not as yet reached by Christian influ- 
 ences, in rendering aid to weak Protestant congregations in Roman Catholic 
 countries, in short, in prosecuting everything that belonged to Home and Foreign 
 Missions. At the same time this Association took no account of the Confessional 
 differences of Protestantism, was the mother of the Basel Bible Society of 1804, of 
 the Basel Missionary Society of 1816, of the Institute at Beuggen, "for the train- 
 ing of Christian Schoolmasters and the rescue of out-cast and neglected Children," 
 ;ilso of other Institutions which continued to work successfully even after the 
 original Association had been dissolved. 
 
 JoHX Aug. Majer, Deacon at St. Ulrich's, Halle, and Pastor at Diemitz, Avas 
 also a Avarm friend of the congregations of Lutherans Avho had emigrated to for- 
 eign parts as may be seen from many letters addressed to him from the Salz- 
 burgers in Georgia, and published in the "Salzburger Xachr." He also pub- 
 lished several devotional Avorks, e. g., "Christus unser Freund und unser Alles;" 
 two sermons, on Gal. 3: 23-29, John 1: 1-14, Halle, 1735. 
 
 ^' We present here a fcAV biographical facts. He was born in Eimbeck, Han- 
 over, now generally called Einbeck, Sej^jt. 6th, 1711 ; his father was a member of 
 Council. The private residence of the family Avas destroyed by a great fire that 
 occurred there in this present century. Lender the direction of Prof. Eaphelius, in 
 the toAvn of Zellerfeld in the Hartz Mountains, in addition to his general educa- 
 tion, he laid a good foundation in the study of Latin, Greek, HebrcAV, French, and 
 of instrumental and vocal music ; and in the practice of much self-denial, man- 
 aged to sustain himself several years by giA'ing private lessons to others. In 1734 
 he returned to his native place. In 1735 he entered the newly -established Uni- 
 versity of Gottingen Avhere he prosecuted the study of Theology, especially under 
 Prof Oporin, Avho also received him into his family as his private secretary. 
 Here, Avith the co-operation of two other pious students, he opened a school for 
 poor children, in 1737. As a regular student in the Theological Seminary he 
 preached in the University Church and catechized, and Avas so encouraged by peo- 
 ple of rank that lie remained in Gottingen until 1738. Acting upon the advice 
 of the pious Counts Beusz and Hexkel he then Avent to the University of Halle 
 and Avas appointed Instructor in the Institutions of Francke there. The next year 
 he accepted a call to the office of Deacon and Orphan-House Inspector at Gross- 
 hexxersdorf ; but before assuming the position he Avas examined and ordained 
 at Leipzig. In Grosshennersdorf he "published, in defence of Halle Pietism, a 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 41 
 
 Missive, " Sendschreiben an den Herrn B. Menzer, grossbritan. braunscliweig. 
 ersten Hofprediger, etc., etc., von D. M. (Diaconus Muhlenberg), Leipzig und 
 Gorlitz, bei Maclie, 1741." This Missive was published in six half sheets quarto. 
 A literary quarrel grew out of this publication, in which, however, Muhlenberg 
 took no active part. Whilst upon a journey, on Sept. 6th, 1741, a call reached 
 him, by the hands of Dr. G. A. P'rancke, to go to Pennsylvania. This call he ac- 
 cepted at once "for three years." On Dec. 9th he preached his farewell sermon 
 and passing through Halle, Eimbeck, Hanover, and Holland, he arrived in Lon- 
 don, April 17th, 1742. Plere, at the house of the Court Preacher Ziegenhagen, 
 he met with John David Michaelis, whom we have already mentioned, Knight 
 of the Order of the North Star, of Sweden, and who afterwards became so distin- 
 guished as an Oriental Scholar and an Exegete. 
 
 Upon this voyage from Europe he preached every Sunday in the English lan- 
 guage; the ship's company consisting, mainly, of rude and thoughtless people. 
 Having set sail on June 13tli he arrived at Charleston, S. C, Sept. 22d, then 
 visited the Salzburg Congregations in Georgia, then returned to Charleston and 
 then, having taken passage in an uncomfortable vessel, he reached Philadelphia, 
 after a very dangerous voyage, Nov. 25th, 1742. He preached, for the first time 
 in Pennsylvania, at New Hanover, Nov. 28th, and at Philadelphia, Dec. 5th. In 
 addition to these two congregations he took charge also, at once, of the congrega- 
 tion at New Providence (Trappe). In 1745 Pastor Brunnholtz came to his assist- 
 ance, and on account of the delicacy of his health was entrusted with the care of 
 the two congregations in Philadelphia and Germantown, whilst Muhlenberg took 
 the oversight of the country congregations, in Hanover, Providence and surround- 
 ing regions. 
 
 In the same year, Muhlenberg married Anna Maria, daughter of (John) Con- 
 rad Weiser, of whom we shall hear more hereafter. The marriage ceremony 
 was conducted by Pastor Tobias Wagner, on the Friday after Easter, April 23d, 
 1745, new style (see Tulpehocken Church Eegister). Eleven children were the 
 blessings that crowned this alliance. From 1745 till 1761 he resided in Provi- 
 dence, in charge of a field of labor that was continually increasing, and being bur- 
 dened, all the "time, more or less, with the care of all the churches. In compliance 
 with most urgent solicitations he spent the summers of the years 1751 and 1752 in 
 the Lutheran Congregations in the City of New York and its vicinity; and served 
 in like manner, in"l759 and 1760 in Earitan, New Jersey. The necessities of the 
 congregation in Philadelphia induced him to return thither in 1761. He eflected 
 the adoption of a new form of worship in this congregation, Oct. ISth, 1762 ; and 
 in 1763 sent his three sons to Germany, to prosecute their theological studies. 
 Zion Church in Philadelphia, a structure of large dimensions, was built between 
 May 16th, 1766, and June 25th, 1769. On August 27th, 1774, Muhlenberg, in 
 conipanv with his wife and daughter, set out upon a journey to Charleston and 
 Savannah, going also to Ebenezer, where the congregation had been, for sonie 
 time, disturbed. He succeeded in establishing the congregation in the lawful pos- 
 session of their property, restored the reign of peace, had a good form of worship 
 introduced, and on March 6th, 1775, returned to Philadelphia. 
 
 As Eev. John Christian Kunze was pastor of the church in Philadelphia 
 after 1772, and was assisted bv Muhlenberg's youngest son (three younger scmt 
 having previously diedj, Gotth. Henry Ernst, who afterwards was pastor oi 
 
42 NOTES ON THE (fIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 the Church in Lancaster, Muhlenberg, after earnest entreaty, obtained the consent 
 of the congregation in Philadelphia to retire from their service. He then went 
 to reside upon his own property in Providence ; yet ceased not to do his utmost, 
 by preaching, by counsel and advice, to build up the Churches in Philadelphia, 
 Providence, and vicinity. The War of Independence was the occasion of much 
 distress and personal danger to him. In April, 1779, he formally resigned the 
 rectorship of the Philadelphia congregation (see 16th Continuation, III). As 
 late as the year 1780 he continued to preach regularly in Providence, and occa- 
 sionally in New Hanover and in Philadelphia. At that time, however, his bodily 
 strength began to fail. Even in 1778 he had begun to feel the inconvenience of a 
 dullness of hearing, although, in spirit he was still fresh and vigorous. Dropsical 
 symptoms had long prevailed, and he sufiered much from debility, sleeplessness, 
 and pains in the breast. He looked with longing desire for a peaceful end ; and 
 it was granted him October 7th, 1787. As may be seen in the preface of this 
 "Brief Keport," and in Pastor Helmuth's Diary, 16th Continuation, VIII, May 
 29th, he had been honored with the title of Doctor of Divinity. He entered into 
 his rest having attained the age of seventy-six years and one month. 
 
 His mortal remains rest by the side of those of his Avife, near the old Augustus 
 Church, which yet stands in Providence, now called Trappe. The Lutheran 
 Church in this country is, itself, the monument that perpetuates his praise. A 
 biography, corresponding to the weight of his own character, and satisfactory in 
 its theological elements, is yet demanded. We have the prospect of obtaining 
 such a work from the pen of Dr. W. Germann who is associated with us in the 
 present undertaking, and to whom, for this express purpose, all tlie documents in 
 the Archives at Halle, bearing upon the Lutheran Congregations in this country, 
 have been entrusted. Among these documents an autobiography of H. M. Muh- 
 lenberg has been discovered which, although it does not present the most eventful 
 period of the author's life, Dr. Germann intends to publish, in connection with 
 other important contributions. This, however, will not make a biography that 
 covers the times and scenes of his most prominent labors, superfluous. 
 
 We refer the reader to the following publications: "Denkmal der Liebe und 
 Achtung, welches Seiner Hochwiirden dem Herrn Dr. H. M. Miihlenberg, u. s. w., 
 ist gesetzt worden," Philadelphia, bei Melchior Steiner, 1788. Also to the Ser- 
 mon, 2 Chron. II: 12, preached on the occasion of his death, in Zion Church, 
 Philadelphia, by the pastor, Eev. J. G. Chr. Helmuth. Also to the "Memoir of 
 the Life and Times of H. M. Muhlenberg, D.D., Patriarch of the Evang. Luth, 
 Church in America, by M. L. Stoever, Professor in Pennsylvania College, 1856, 
 Philadelphia, Lindsay and Blakiston. 
 
 For his life previous to his arrival in America see the valuable contributions by 
 his descendant Dr. F. A. Muhlenberg, now Professor in the L^niversity of Penn- 
 sylvania, Evang. Review, III, pp. 151, etc. 
 
 For his journey to Ebenezer, in 1774 and 1775, see the translation of his journal 
 by his grandson the late Dr. J. W. Eichards, Evang. Review, Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
 
 ^* That is, "styli veteris," old style, or the Julian style of tlie Calendar — derived 
 from Julius C^sar, 46 years before the birth of Christ. The len-th which this 
 reckoning accorded to the year Avas incorrect. Pope Gregory XIII (1572—1583) 
 corrected the Calendar ; and this so-called Gregorian Calendar was gradually in- 
 troduced into divers countries by the omission of ten days of the old reckoning. 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 43 
 
 The Protestant territories of Germany adopted it one after the other, from 1700 
 and onward. An Act of Parliament established it in Great Britain only in Sep- 
 tember, 1752. See "Amerik. Ackerwerk Gottes," 1754, p. 237. 
 
 ^^ Early in the century preceding that of the Eeformation teachers of the Hus- 
 site doctrines had begun to labor in the domains of the Archbishop of Salzburg, 
 as well as in other parts of the Austrian Empire. The Archbishop Eberhard 
 III, had already issued stern edicts against them. These measures, however, 
 failed to root out " the heresy ; " and one hundred years afterwards the writings 
 of LrTHER found an abundant entrance there. Even E-oman Catholic priests 
 adopted the Evangelical doctrine; as, we learn from Luther's history, was the 
 case with the well-known Staupitz, who, after 1518, had been Court Chaplain of 
 the Archbishop of Salzburg. To avoid the appearance of holding Luther's doc- 
 trine to be a heresy lie retired from this position ; and afterwards became Aljbot 
 of the Cloister of St. Peter in Salzburg ; where he died in 1525. Even during 
 his lifetime Paul Speratus and Stephen Agricola (of course, not John A., of 
 Eisleben) preached the Word in Salzburg ; but on account of their evangelical 
 tendencies they were sharply tried and hardly escaped with their lives. This 
 commenced the persecution of the friends of the Gospel in Salzburg. Barbarous 
 edicts and atrocious measures distinguished the years 1588 and 1G14. During the 
 thirty years' war, however, the cunning policy of the Archbishop kept the peace ; 
 but afterwards the persecution was renewed with so much the greater violence. 
 The Jesuits began rooting around and very soon turned up many persons who had 
 been cherishing the faith of the Gospel in private. Straightway in 1G84 and 1G85 
 the persecution smote, among others, that heroic man Joseph Schaitberger, 
 author of the w^ell-known Exueanten Lied and Evangelische Sendbrief, 
 born in Diirnberg, a few miles from the city of Salzburg. He was banished in 
 1685 and afterwards supported himself by his handicraft, for many years, in 
 Niirnberg, where he w^as finally admitted into the Institution of the Zwoelf 
 Armen Brxieder, and, at the time of the great Salzburg Persecution in 1732, 
 was yet living. 
 
 In direct violation of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, many hundreds of 
 the friends of the Gospel were forced, by cruel persecutions, to fly from house and 
 home. A few years of peace followed the death of Archbishop Gandolph in 
 1685 ; but under the administration of the brutal Leopold Anton Firmian in 
 1728, the storm burst forth with terrific violence. He "would root the lieretics 
 out of the land, even if nothing but thistles should grow upon it ; " and he had his 
 wish. The Lutherans were tormented in every possible way ; they met with but 
 little honest sympathy among the Protestant Powers of the German Empire, and 
 were driven in crowds, as rebels, by the Austrian troops out of the territory of 
 Salzburg. King William, of Prussia, father of Frederick the Great, who, not- 
 withstanding all his harshness and his tyrannical moods, was a sagacious prince 
 and severely moral, welcomed thousands of them to his domain, and they proved 
 to be a blessing to his country, 
 
 Samuel ITrlsperger, who, in a small volume, published an account of Schait- 
 berger, made an appeal, on behalf of some of these exiles, to the "London Soc. for 
 the Propagation of Christianity." As the result of this, a place of refuge was pro- 
 vided for them in the new colony of Georgia, not far from Savannah, witli free 
 passage across the sea. The first arrival in this colony was that of ninety-one per- 
 
44 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 sons in 1734, under the lead of the devoted Pastors Bolzius and Groxau. Other 
 transports . followed in 1735, 1736 and 1741. See "Volkommene Emigratiuns- 
 Geschichte von denen aus dem Erzbisthum Salzburg vertriebenen Lutheranern 
 u. s. w., mit Vorrede von J. Lorexz Mosheim, von Pastor G. Gottl. Guenter 
 GoECKiNG, mit Karte, Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1734." Kev. P. A. Strobel, "The 
 Salzburgers and their Descendants, a History of a Colony of German Lutheran 
 Emigrants, etc., Baltimore, 1855." 
 
 We yet add, that there is an Evangelical Church and congregation in the city 
 of Salzburg at the present time ; but, as the pastor, now in charge, himself informs 
 us, no traces of the old evangelical faith can be discovered in the surrounding re- 
 gions. In recent times the banishment of the Zillerthal Lutherans from the 
 Tyrol in 1837, and their admission into Prussian territory is well known. 
 
 John Martin Bolzius and Israel Christian Gronau were both brought 
 up in the Orphan House at Halle, and were afterwards educated for the pastoral 
 office at the University in that city. Bolzius was Inspector Vicarius in the Latin 
 School, and Gronau Preceptor in the Orphan House. They sailed from Rotter- 
 dam for Georgia in the first transport. See Autobiography of H. M. Muhlenberg, 
 by Lie. Dr. W. Germann. Franz Loher, Gesch. u. Zustiinde der Deutschen in 
 America, 1847, p. 65. 4th Continuation der Salzburger Nachrichten, pp. 2215, 
 2281, 2282. Gronau departed this life on January 11th, 1745. 
 
 '* This is the name the Salzburgers gave to their first colony in Effingham 
 county, Georgia. 1 Sam. 7 : 12. In Vol. IV of " Collections of the Georgian 
 Hist. Soc," Jones says that it is one of the "thoroughly dead towns of Georgia." 
 It may be interesting to read certain notices of the locality, which Ave extract from 
 a letter of Rev. J. B. Reimensnyder, pastor of the Evang, Lutheran Congregation 
 in Savannah, under date of March 14th, 1879. " The church built in Ebenezer, 
 in the year 1767, still stands and presents a very fine appearance. Many descend- 
 ants of the original Salzburgers yet reside in the neighborhood. Some of them 
 are connected with families of the highest respectability in the congregation at 
 Savannah. There are none, however, bearing the names of Bolzius and. of Gronau. 
 During the War of Independence the English troops occupied the Church as a 
 hospital and a stable ; and traces of this abuse may yet be seen. The descendants 
 of the emigrants still enjoy a high reputation for integrity and honesty in their 
 conduct and their dealings, and for their characteristic soundness of judgment. 
 As Gen. Sherman, upon his "march to the sea," passed through their farms, they 
 had to sufler much in consequence. During the last century the Salzburgers con- 
 tinued to stand out earnestly against the employment of human slaves. The Ger- 
 man language prevailed among them until the present century; although in the 
 year 1800, and indeed, long before, the desire had been expressed for the use of 
 the English language in connection with the German in the public worship of the 
 Church. Pastor John Ernst Bergmann, however, who came over in 1785 and 
 died in 1824, withstood this proposed change with great decision; but the Episco- 
 palians, Baptists and Metliodists of the neighborhood, with all of whom Bergmann 
 himself stood on very friendly terms, derived great gains from his course in this 
 matter. (See Evang. Review, IX, p. 13, etc.) After all, the use of the German 
 language ceased entirely between 1825 and 1850. At the present time there are 
 four Lutheran churches at and around Ebenezer, with a total membership of 
 about 400. In view of the relations and circumstances that have marked the last 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 45 
 
 fifty or more years it is not at all surprising, that the genuine Lutheran spirit has 
 been much enfeebled in that part of the Church also, and that revivalism even, 
 has asserted its influence. Recently, however, more sobriety has prevailed, and 
 better hopes may be entertained for the future." 
 
 ^5 In the reference to the 11th Continuation of the Salzb. Nachrichten, p. 2061, 
 etc. Ave find the following extract from the Diary of Pastor Gronau. "On Satur- 
 day evening Pastor Muhlenberg, who has accepted a call to the ministry in 
 Pennsylvania, arrived at Savannah. Having rested on Sunday, he reached this 
 place to-day. His baggage will follow in a freight boat, with a Salzburg family 
 from Casand, in Seeland." * * ^^ "Our hearts are drawn closely to Pastor 
 Muhlenberg, and we join with him in heartily thanking God for the wonderful 
 providence that sustained him throughout all his long and wearisome voyage on 
 the sea." "Friday, Oct. 3d, p. 2003. At the devotional meeting to-day, both in 
 the toAvn and in the country, Pastor Muhlenberg exhorted the people from the 
 Word of God ; and may the Lord Himself make it a blessing to them all." On 
 Sunday, Oct. 10th, he united with the congregation in celebrating the Lord's Sup- 
 per. The above-mentioned family consisted of the parents and three daughters, 
 minors. On Monday, Oct. 11th, Muhlenberg took his departure, and the Diary 
 remarks: "Before he started he sang the last verse of the hymn, 'Mir nach, 
 spricht Christus, unser Held.' All who were present were deeply moved. I 
 cherish the hope that by the Favor of the Lord, we may meet again. We have 
 never before had such a season of blessing in Ebenezer. Never before, had the 
 Lord granted us the favor of bringing to our very homes one of our dear friends 
 from Germany, one Avhom we had already loved in spirit, and permitting us, as 
 we see him face to face, to recognize him as a true friend and brother in Christ 
 Jesus. My hope is, that we shall now be more intimately bound together, and 
 that, by the Grace of God, a congregation may be organized in Pennsylvania, by 
 the preaching of the Gospel, with which Ave can unite in heart and spirit," p. 2064. 
 For Pastor Bolzius' journey to Charleston in company with Muhlenberg, see p. 
 2071, etc. 
 
 ^« Hazelius, in "History of American Lutheran Church," ZanesAnlle, Ohio, 1846, 
 says: "Considerable sums of money were collected in Germany and transmitted to 
 the Salzljurgers bv their devoted friends, Senior Urlsperger and Dr. Francke. 
 Contril^utions in aid of the Colonists were also made by benevolent individuals in 
 England, and by the active sympathy of the "Society for the Propagation of 
 Christianity." It is even said that the British Parliament voted the sum of 26,000 
 pounds sterUng ($130,000) in aid of the Salzburgers. This, however, is very 
 doubtful. Yet it is true, that the great preacher Whitfield, who introduced 
 Methodism into America, collected benevolent contributions in different parts of 
 the country, for the Salzburgers, ibid, p. 33, 34. We shall be informed about his 
 activities in Georgia hereafter. It is an interesting fact that the Salzburgers of 
 Ebenezer were prompt, in their turn, to extend aid to other Lutheran congrega- 
 tions in their times of need. The Church Records of New Providence for 1749 
 retain to this day, an acknowledgment of 7 pounds currency, as a contribution 
 from the Church at Ebenezer. 
 
 " This festival was observed every year on March 11th, as being the day, m 
 1734, when the Salzburgers first landed on the neAV world. 
 
 ^^ There had been some Germans living in Charleston, S. C, already prior to 
 
46 NOTES ON THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 1734, L e., before the arrival of the Salzburgers in Georgia. " Their first settle- 
 ment in South Carolina was made during the reign of Queen Anne. They occu- 
 pied the central portion in the forks of the Saluda and Broad river, and along the 
 Congaree and Wateree," Loher, p. 67. He is not correct, however, in what he 
 says about the earliest preacher, Giessendammer, viz., that a child of his, born 
 in the settlement in 1742, was yet living in 1808, This was the child of his 
 nephew. Giessendammer himself died in 1738. 
 
 f The first German, in South Carolina, to command our attention is John 
 Lederer. Commissioned by W. Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, he travelled, 
 resolutely, three times over both Carolinas, in 1669 and 1670. At that time there 
 were no white people at all living in South Carolina ; and in the eastern part of 
 I^orth Carolina there were only two small colonies. However, old Charleston, in 
 South Carolina, was founded in 1670, at a point a few miles removed from the lo- 
 cation of the present Charleston. Some Holland Lutherans, who left New York 
 after it had fallen into the hands of the English, came in 1674 and settled upon 
 James Island, south-west of Ashley river. "When the attempt was made in 1704 
 to establish the Anglican Episcopal Church, in the Carolinas, to the exclusion of 
 other Confessions, they stood up manfully in defence of the freedom of th-eir Lu- 
 theran Faith. About 1710 we meet with a colony of Palatines and Swiss at New 
 Berne. When Bolzius arrived in Charleston he found Lutherans there already, 
 and celebrated the Lord's Supper with them. In 1732 a colony of Swiss settled 
 at Purysburg, in South Carolina ; and they are often spoken of in " Salzb. Nach- 
 richten." In 1735 colonies of Germans and Swiss were establislied in Orangeburg, 
 South Carolina. Their numbers were increased by persons who came under the 
 lead of Pastor John Ulrich Giessendanner. (More correctly, Giezentanner.) He 
 was originally a goldsmith, in the Toggenburg, in Switzerland. He was banished 
 from the country as a fanatic ; but was not recognized by the ^'Inspirationists" of 
 Germany — Gruber, Eock and others. He afterwards served for a time as teacher 
 in the Orphanhouse at Halle, then in Marburg, where Prof G. F. Hottinger was 
 his friend and even had him to preach in his church. Afterwards, he was sent 
 off from that place also and went back to Switzerland. He, next, acted as a 
 teacher at Frankford-on-the-Main, and finally emigrated to South Carolina in 
 1737. See "Zeitschrift fur Hist. Theologie," 1854, Vol. Ill, p. 418, Art. of Max 
 Gobel fiber die Inspirirten. 
 
 A notice of the elder "Giesendanner" may be found in the "Salzb. Ebenez. 
 Nachrichten," 1737, 4th Continuation, p. 2174. Here he is described as a copper- 
 plate and seal engraver, whom the colonists of Orangeburg, in North Carolina, 
 called to the pastoral office, and who afterwards wrote to the people at Ebenezer, 
 requesting them to help his nephew in prosecuting his studies ; but his request was 
 not granted. (See Acta Hist. Eccles., Vol. IV, p. 893, etc.) Colonists continued to 
 arrive until 1769. The first congregation at Orangeburg was Lutheran, and Gie- 
 sendanner was their pastor, although he was a native of Switzerland and was said 
 to have been ordained there. vSomewhat later, however, the Reformed pastor 
 ZuEBLY, whom we shall meet hereafter, had charge of the congregation. The 
 younger Giesendanner labored under great difficulties, especially at the beginning 
 of his work. He Avent to England in 1749, after he had been serving as a Lu- 
 theran pastor for ten years, and was ordained there by an English bishoj). He 
 died in 1761. 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 47 
 
 After 1737 we find another German colony in Saxe-Gotha township, noAV Lex- 
 ington county, Soutli Carolina, about 100 miles from Charleston. This colony was 
 increased by the arrival of immigrants, especially in 1744 and 1750. Christian 
 Theus a very able pastor, served them subsequently to 1739. Muhlenberg, upon 
 his journey to Ebenezer in 1774 and 1775, became acquainted with him, and he 
 was yet living in 1789. He was of the Keformed Coniession ; and the Lutherans 
 of that colony applied to the people at Ebenezer to help them to secure a Lu- 
 theran pastor and Lutheran worship. A colony of German Lutherans was or- 
 ganized in 1763 and 1764 at Hard Labor creek, Abbeville, South Carolina. We 
 mioht yet speak of other German colonies. As to their church relations, these 
 were, upon the whole, and for a long time, quite irregular. The field was very 
 large, the laborers were very few. Pastoral visitations, such as Boltzius made to 
 Charleston in 1734, and Muhlenberg in 1742, Eabenhorst, after that, on his way 
 to Ebenezer, and Gerock, in 1753, on his journey to Pennsylvania, were too brief 
 and contracted to leave any good permanent impressions. It is in 1755 that we 
 first find a regular pastor stationed in Charleston among the Germans. The state 
 of affliirs in the country districts was deplorable, so much so as, in some measure, 
 to account for that tragical outburst of fanaticism, the murder of a man who repre- 
 sented the devil, by the Weberfolks, on the Saluda, about 125 miles from Charles- 
 ton, in 1760. Entire congregations, under the most lamentable circumstances, 
 were spirited off into the confession of a faith which their fathers had never 
 known. Wretched creatures, pretending to be clergymen, yet who proved to be 
 wolves in the flock instead of shepherds, as in Pennsylvania, contributed to in- 
 crease the confusion and precijDitate the ruin. It is very probable that Gronau 
 and Boltzius took measures for regularly organizing a congregation in Charleston 
 as early as 1734. (See Ev. Eev., I, p. 419.) Pastor LurT is said to have labored 
 there in 1742. About 1755 or 1756 John G. Friederichs was the pastor. In 
 1759 he laid the corner stone for a church, but shortly afterwards moved to Amelia 
 township, Orangeburg District, South Carolina. He was succeeded in Charleston, 
 for a short time, by Pastor Wartmann ; then, after 1763 Pastor J. N. Martin fol- 
 lowed, under whose ministry the church was built, and the " German Beneficial 
 Society" of 1766 was founded, which still exists. His successor was J. S. Hahn- 
 BAUM, who was called from Germany in 1767; after about five years, however, lie 
 died. After him, Frederick Daser, a W^iirttemberger, though he had not come 
 into the country as a clergyman, served the congregation for some time. He gave 
 occasion to some disturbance in the church, which Muhlenberg, whilst on his 
 journey to Ebenezer in 1774 and 1775, undertook to settle. The result was that 
 J. N. Martin was again called as the pastor and continued to serve as such for 
 several years. 
 
 In Nova Acta Hist. Eccles., Vol. X, p. 381, in the year 1770 mention is made 
 of a Lutheran pastor who had been driven off from the neighborliood of Strass- 
 burg, and who was sent to a congregation of Palatines in the vicinity of Charles- 
 ton, S. C, after he had had himself ordained by the Bishop of London. The 
 writer aj^pends the remark, "To me it is a very doubtful tiling whether a Lu- 
 theran preacher can, with a good conscience, have himself ordained over again in 
 the Church of England." W^hile the political storms were yet raging in 1778, 
 Pastor Christian Streit, who introduced the use of the English language into 
 the service, had charge of the congregation, with the above-named Fr. Daser as 
 
48 NOTES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 his colleague. In 1782 Streit moved to New Hanover, Pa., and in 1785 to Win- 
 chester, Va., where he remained until his death. 
 
 The SavIss pastor, Joachim Zuebly, who had come from Frederica on St. Si- 
 mon's Island, south of Savannah, in 1747, and whom we shall meet again, organ- 
 ized a Eelormed congregation in Amelia township. He alterwards moved to Sa- 
 vannah, where Muhlenberg met him in 1774. This Reformed congregation was 
 disbanded, and its membership absorbed by the Lutheran congregations in the 
 vicinity. Two Lutheran pastors, J. N. Maetin, named above, and L. Hoch- 
 HEiMER, labored in Saxe-Gotha District, about the year 1774. Fn. John Wal- 
 LERN was Lutheran pastor in Newberry District, in 1787. At Indian Field 
 Swamp, 50 miles from Charleston, about 1774, the preacher of the Lutherans was 
 a young man who had brought no other credentials from Germany than "a black 
 coat." In a word, the necessities of the Lutherans in Korth Carolina during the 
 second half of the last century Avere provided for by a missionary organization in 
 the University of Helmstiidt (closed in 1809), under the direction of Dr. Prof. 
 Yelthusen, in like manner as the Pennsylvania Lutherans were supplied from 
 Halle. The Eeports from these congregations, written by the pastors who had 
 been sent to them, are not very full; but they resemble, in general, our own 
 "Halle Reports." We have extracted by far the largest part of these notices 
 from a work which sliows at once the diligence, the keen penetration and the 
 sound judgement of its author, under the title. History of the Gernaan Settlements 
 and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina, etc., by G. D. Bern- 
 lieim, Pastor of St. Paul's Ev. Luth. Church, Wilmington, X. C. Philadelphia, 
 Luth. Book Store, 117 N. 6th St., 1872. 
 
 It may be useful yet to add some statements concerning the condition and his- 
 tory of the Lutheran churches in North Carolina, in more recent times. For this 
 we make use of an Article written by the aforesaid Dr. J. C. Yelthusen, avIio was, 
 for some time, second Court Chaplain in London, then General Superintendent 
 and Professor at Helmstiidt, and finally, Chancellor of the University of Kiel. 
 (A Biographical Sketch of him is found in "Alleg. Magazin fiir Prediger," Yol. 
 Ill, p. 85, etc., 1790.) The Article referred to is in "Acta Histor. Eccles. Nostri 
 Temp.," Yol. XII, p. 213, etc. In 1773, through the action of the Consistory of 
 Hannover, Pastor Adoeph Nuessman was sent to North Carolina. He had been 
 a Franciscan monk; the first serious impressions had been made upon him by the 
 philosophy of Wolf; he then went to Gottingen and prosecuted his studies there. 
 Upon his journey he passed through London, preached with acceptance and en- 
 joyed the confidence of the " aufgeklarten Mitglieder." Yelthusen says that he 
 himself placed in the hands of the Minister of State, in London, all the papers 
 that belong to a full history of Evangelical Lutheran missions in the Carolinas. 
 About the time of Nfissman's coming to America, an experienced teacher, wlio 
 had been trained in the Teachers' Seminary at Hannover, was also sent over ; and^ 
 in addition. Bibles, Hymn Books and Catechisms Avere supplied in abundance. 
 Collections of money were placed in charge of the "Society de Propag.," and the 
 King and Queen made special contributions for the support of the jiastor. Un- 
 happily, Niissmann gave no account of himself for about ten years — it was the pe- 
 riod of the Revolution — and all kinds of reports, both of his severe trials and of 
 his delinquencies, w^ere noised abroad. Finally, however, the Missionary Society 
 received a letter from him of an encouraging kind, dated May 11th, 1786. He 
 
NOTES ON THE FIRST (bRIEf) REPORT. 49 
 
 had previously, by letter of May 4th, 1784, informed a special friend of his work, 
 that the congregation on Second creek. Rowan county, North Carolina, about 12 
 miles from Salisbury, had built a church, that they had begun to mistrust himself, 
 that they had chosen the aforesaid schoolmaster, Gottfr. Arnd, as their jjastor, 
 that they had him ordained in South Carolina, by a certain Buelow, who had 
 been a store clerk but passed himself off as a preacher, and finally, that as Arnd 
 had accepted a call to a congregation beyond the Catawba, in April, 1784, a good 
 understanding had been re-established between him and the congregation, and 
 they were working together in peace. 
 
 The most flourishing congregation was that of St. John's Church, on Buffalo 
 creek, Mecklenburg, now Cabarras county. It was here that Niissman wrote 
 his second letter. At this place, eight miles from the congregation on Second 
 creek, a frame church, of attractive appearance, was built in 1771 and 1772 ; and 
 it was used for public service every two weeks, even through the time of the war. 
 It was used also as a schoolhouse for the children, in the winter, and for the cate- 
 chetical instruction of adults, far into the summer. In addition to this church, 
 Niissman preached also to a mixed congregation of Lutherans and Reformed, at 
 Cold Water, six miles south-west of Buffalo creek, and another at the Pine Church, 
 three miles south-east of Salisbury. Niissman had opportunity to improve his 
 temporal circumstances by going elsewhere ; yet he remained at his post and held 
 the congregation at Buffalo creek as the object of his special care. In the winter 
 of 1783, in the school, embracing three divisions, under the care of G. Friesland, 
 a teacher from Hannover, there were 128 children. The congregation had a Con- 
 stitution, with elders and deacons ; and possessed land amounting to 100 acres. 
 As to the rest, the account which Niissman gives of the condition of Lutherans in 
 North Carolina is a sad one, everything growing Avild, and chiefly in consequence 
 of the widely scattered, isolated residences of the people, they present a melan- 
 choly sight to look upon. 
 
 At this point, Velthusen, with good intentions, started, in Germany, and chiefly 
 at Helmstildt, an association, specially intended for the publishing of popular 
 works and of school books, both religious and secular, which, in part, should be 
 sent to North Carolina, and, in part, sold in Germany, the proceeds being devoted 
 to the support of the mission in North Carolina. Among these books there was 
 a Catechism, altogether new, "such as I have long had in my mind, for the benefit 
 of the shepherd-boys scattered over the Lunenberg heath ; " also, " Avith a full 
 course of moral instruction." Hero we observe, all through, the tendencies of the 
 so-called "Period of Illumination." The other books that were proposed were 
 controlled by the same tendencies. The whole spirit is no more that in which 
 Muhlenberg labored in Pennsylvania. The projected works, in fact, were pub- 
 lished (see the vol. referred to above, p. 673, etc.) ; in April, 1789, the profits had 
 amounted to 1242 Rix Dollars, and so, in compliance with Niissman's request, an 
 assistant preacher Avas at once sent off to North Carolina. This preacher was 
 K. A. G. Storch, who was ordained by Dr. Velthusen at Helmstadt, May 12th, 
 1788 (Rede und Handlung, 1788, im Druck). Of course, obstacles arose in the 
 way of circulating these books among the colonists. 
 
 Other agents, however, appeared for prosecuting the work among the Lutherans. 
 We mention Christoph Bernhard, a divine from Wiirttemberg, who preached 
 in Pine Church, on Second creek, and also in three other churches, Avhilst Gottfr. 
 
 4 
 
50 NOTES ON THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 Arnd served in the four Catawba congregations. Pastor Daser having left Charles- 
 ton, S. C, and gone to a church in the interior, M. Fabkr, from Tiibingen, fol- 
 lowed him as pastor in Charleston. About that time, tlie necessity for pastoral 
 service was deeply felt in Cruilford' county, 2^. C, 70 miles north of Salisbury, and 
 over a region 28 miles long and 18 broad. Niissman, Bernhard and Arnd all 
 visited the neighborhood. Another district in similar condition was the German 
 settlement on Abbot's creek, Kowan county, 20 miles north of Salisbur}-, 14 miles 
 long and 10 broad. In the upper part of this region the people co-operated with 
 the Moravians, who held six large churches. The Lutherans themselves had 
 three churches. All along, thus far, the people had to put up with the services 
 of roving fanatics. See an article in "Acten, Urkunden, etc., zur neuesten Kir- 
 chengeschichte," Vol. I, p. 673, etc. 
 
 *^ Nicholas Ludwig, Count Zixzendohf, of a noble Austrian family that 
 can be traced back till the year 1114. (See Biographies of Counts Ludwig and 
 Karl von Zinzendorf, who, in the last century, occupied high civil offices in Aus- 
 tria, by C. G., Count von Pottenegg, Vienna, 1879.) A branch of this family 
 emigrated from Austria, for the Gospel's sake, in the 16th centur)^ Count Zin- 
 zendorf was born in Dresden, May 26th, 1700; he grew up under the influence 
 of the religious principles maintained by Spener, and was one of the most promi- 
 nent characters of the Evangelical Church. He died May 9th, 1760. His life, 
 his character, and especially his activities in connection with the Moravian Breth- 
 ren, are described in his biography by Spangenberg, Verbeek, Knapp and 
 others. The account Avhich was published in 1851, as taken from the manuscript 
 of a contemporary of Zinzendorf, the gifted Baron von Schrautexbach, is spe- 
 cially valuable. (See A Eegister of Members of the Moravian Church, etc., of 
 Eev. Abr. Keincke, etc., and illustrated with historical annotations by W. C. 
 Eeichel, Bethlehem, 1873, p. 43.) We are here concerned only about the dis- 
 turbances that arose between Zinzendorf and his friends on the one hand, and the 
 Lutheran pastors and congregations on the other, that are so often spoken of in 
 the Halle Keports. In 1741 the Count withdrew from his office of General-Elder 
 of the " Briidergemeinde," partly because his expectations in that position had not 
 been fully met ; partly because, having given up the hope of ever realizing his 
 idea of the Church or Briidergemeinschaft in Europe, Avliere church-establishments 
 were maintained by law, he fondly rherished the prospect of accomplishing his 
 plan upon the virgin soil of America, where religious liberty prevailed. Accord- 
 ingly, in 1741, he came to Pennsylvania, and went to work at once, seeking to 
 gather up, out of the different churches, such members as he held to be sincere 
 Christians, and then to unite them all in one body according to his own heart. 
 It was an ill-defined attempt to make the invisible church visible, and even to 
 constitute itself the visible centre thereof. These movements could produce no 
 other than disturbing effects upon all the religious communions and congregations 
 that were reached by them, unless these congregations themselves might, in gen- 
 eral, be inclined to become Moravians. The different congregations and confes- 
 sions were to retain their own organization, but in them and over them a better 
 and nobler principle should prevail ; to wit., the spiritual fellowship of Zinzendorf 
 himself. A statement from Zinzendorf's own hand (see Buedingen Samm- 
 LUNGEN, Art. XVII, p. 789) makes this matter clear at once: "Scarcely had I 
 arrived in Pennsylvania, before I felt myself powerfully moved to cry out every- 
 
NOTES ON THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 51 
 
 where, "Mther to me, all ye Avlio belong to Christ." From such proceedings, 
 however, nothing but disturbances and conflicts could arise. No satisfactory 
 explanation is given at ail, as to how Zinzendorf could come forward in Penn- 
 sylvania, as a kind of self-appointed supreme head, even of all the Lutheran con- 
 gregatioiis. He was always the same man and representative of "Herrnhut," 
 when, with reference to one of his possessions, he went by the name of Count von 
 Thurxstein, or simply Brother Ludwig, or even something else. The fact that 
 Muhlenberg and his colleagues withstood the Count is only a proof that they 
 were deeply conscious of their responsibility for the Lutheran congregations under 
 their care, that they judged and acted prudently in matters that concerned re- 
 ligion and the church, and that Zinzendorf 's movements confirmed in them a 
 sense of the right and of self-respect that was altogether creditable to them. These 
 troubles were made still worse by the fact that emissaries from the Moravian 
 establishment in Bethlehem, Pa., tried to force themselves into Lutheran congre- 
 gations here and there, like barnacles upon the hull of a ship, and, indeed, under 
 the notion that they alone were able to supply the means of strength and safety. 
 Complaints upon this subject and upon further troubles growing out of it arose in 
 other regions, as well as in those included specially, in the Halle Reports. (See 
 History of Xew Sweden or the Settlements on the Eiver Delaware; by Israel 
 Acrelius, Provost of the Swedish Church in America and Eector of the Old 
 Swedes Church, Wilmington, Del,, etc. Philad. Public. Fund of the Histor. Soc. 
 of Penna., 1874, p. 332, etc.) We quote from this History as follows: "It was 
 remarkable that those Swedes, who had been ordained by the Moravian Commu- 
 nion, whenever they came to our people, always claimed to be " Swedish preachers," 
 representing themselves as Lutheran pastors, maintaining only the doctrine that 
 was acknowledged in Sweden," etc., etc. (See "Life of Bev. M. Schlatter," by 
 Bev. 11. Harbaugh, A.M. Phila., Lindsay and Blakiston, 1857, p. 155, 166, etc.; 
 also, and especially, the section relating to this matter in the Autobiography of 
 Muhlenberg, from 1711 till 1743, edited by our honored colleague, Bev. Dr. W. 
 Germann, and soon to be published by Brobst, Dielil & Co., Allentown, Pa.) 
 
 ^*' When the people began to build houses in 1682, according to the plan ap- 
 proved by PeNjST, the condition of affairs was a miserable one in the highest de- 
 gree. The first English colonists occujiied rough frame houses; they even lived 
 in caves like those that had, for many years already, been dug out by the Indians 
 in the steep banks of the Delaware. Penn himself did not come over with the 
 first colonists. Flaving landed at New Castle, Del., in October, 1682, he took the 
 road through Upland (Chester), and from that point, in company with friends, 
 went, in a boat, to the new city and came on shore at the jaoint now knov/n as 
 Front and Dock streets. That point continued, for a long time, to be the great 
 centre of the business of the city. Years elapsed before even one house was built 
 west of Third street. People who came from surrounding territory to Avorship in 
 the " Meetinghouse " on Sundays and other days, would sit down to rest on benches, 
 under the forrest trees, at the corner of Sixth and Market. Yet when Penn sailed 
 for England in 1684, the population of the city was about 2500 souls. The most 
 necessary articles of food were in abundance, but money was very scarce. During 
 the war betAveen England and France, and the years 1688-1697, even tin and lead 
 coins seem to have circulated as the representatives of money. (Trego's Geogr. 
 of Penna., p. 130.) However, Penn, in a letter, speaks about a tannery and a 
 
52 NOTES OX THE (fIRST) BRIEF KEPOET. 
 
 saw-mill, "a glass-liouse, a whalery and a dock belonging to it." He encouraged 
 the colonists to engage in the ^jroduction of wine and the manufacture of linen 
 (p. 129). He wished to have the public buildings of the city erected upon Centre 
 Square, at the crossing of Broad and Market streets — the very spot where the 
 imposing municipal edifice is now being erected ; but the location was too far ofi" 
 from the city, as it then was, and accordingly the " State House," that has become 
 so grand in history, was built on Independence Square in 1735. ^t that time the 
 city spread out for a considerable distance along the Delaware, whilst east and west 
 its limits were quite contracted. There were people in Philadelphia, 25 years 
 ago, who remembered the time when only a solitary house stood here and there 
 upon the territory west of Sixth street. According to the report of the learned 
 Swede, Peter Kaem, who, between 1748 and 1751, travelled through the Korth 
 American Colonies in the service of the Government of Sweden, there were more 
 than 10,000 inhabitants in the city, about 1746. 
 
 ^^ This is Christ Church, on Second street, North of Market. About 1695 the 
 Episcopalians, under Pastor Clayton, held their worship in a very unattractive 
 frame house. They had a bell hung up on the branches of a tree that stood near 
 by. This frame building was enlarged in 1710. The church that stands until 
 this day was begun in 1727. The foundation of the tower was laid in 1729. The 
 tower itself was completed in 1753, and a lottery was resorted to, to secure the 
 needful funds. G. Whitefield was permitted once to preach in this church in 
 September, 1763. St. Peter's was the offspring of Christ Church. St. Paul's was 
 the third church. About the labors of Whitefield and the entire business of the 
 "New Lights" or Methodists, there was great diversity of opinion, also in the 
 Episcopal Church, in which Whitefield himself was known to be an ordained 
 clergyman. (See Papers relating to the History of the Church in Pennsylvania, 
 1680-1788, published 1871 ; p. 203, etc., 354, 381, 392, etc.) It may be interesting 
 to hear the testimony of Episcopalians themselves, as we find it in confidential 
 letters sent to England. The Kev. Archie. Cummixgs writes from Philadelphia, 
 August 29th, 1740, as follows: "The bishop's commissary (Mr. Garden) in South 
 
 Carolina has lately prosecuted the famous Mr. Wh d there upon the 30th 
 
 canon ; but he has appealed home. I hear the Society will use their interest to 
 have justice done him. His character as a clergyman enables him to do the 
 greatest mischief. He thereby fights against the Church under her colors and 
 Judaslike betrays her under pretence of friendship, for which reason the dis- 
 senters are exceedingly fond of him, cry him up for an oracle and pray publicly 
 for his success, that he may go on conquering and to conquer, and in return he 
 warmly exhorts his proselytes from the Church to follow them as the only 
 preachers of true sound doctrine. I have sent you a copy of my sermons, which 
 I mentioned in my last and refer you to the preface for a brief account of his 
 hopeful doctrines and malicious railings against the Clergy. I am fully per- 
 suaded he designs to set up for the head of a sect, and doubt not but that he is 
 supported under hand by deists and Jesuits, or both. He and his companion, 
 Mr. Seward, have purchased 5000 acres of land about 60 miles distant hence—." 
 
 The intention was, to establish on this ground, an Institution for the training 
 of colored people ; but Whitefield sold it to the ]Moravians, who, going to work at 
 once, began to build the town of Nazareth upon it, a few miles from Bethlehem. 
 
 Kev. Ross writes from New Castle, August 1st, 1740, as follows: "The Church 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 53 
 
 here enjoys a iDrofound calm, after being threatened with a mere temjDest of enthu- 
 siasm. We felt this storm in this village in its decline, when its fury was almost 
 spent. I was never so much astonished, as when I saw the fiuctuating humor of 
 our people. The sea roared indeed and the waves rose so exceedingly high, that 
 to face them was present shipwreck. I stood amazed and dreaded the consequences 
 of so unexpected a shock, but he that thus stirred up the people and inllamed tiiem 
 against the missionaries (commissioned by the London Society) with the most 
 opprobrious language, I mean the mischievous Mr. Whitefield, lost himself and 
 ruined his credit with thinking people, by his malicious letters against Arch- 
 bishop Tillotson and by his weak, but ill-natured, attack upon the autJior of the 
 'Whole Duty of Man,'" p. 204. 
 
 Many other letters of that period were w^ritten altogether in the same style. 
 Among other things recorded in a letter by Rev. Hugh Neill, Oxford, near 
 Philadelphia, Oct. 17th, 1763, written on the occasion of Whitefield's visit to 
 Pennsylvania, about that time, we find the following : " Mr. Whitefield arriving 
 lately among us, and meieting with a most cordial reception from the Episcopal 
 Clergy of Philadelphia, has thrown the Clergy and laity in the country into a 
 very great consternation. The unanimity among the Church Clergy, both in city 
 and country, for this three and twenty years past, in opposing him prevented his 
 hurting the Church (a few individuals excepted). The divisions that he created 
 among the dissenters, in this province and all over America, were examples suffi- 
 cient to warn us from splitting upon the same rock. But such has been the fatality 
 of our city brethren that they have received him with open arms, and still con- 
 tinue to follow him from the Church to the Meetinghouses and from thence to 
 the Church again, with a greater degree of veneration (I really believe) than if 
 his Grace of Canterbury was to condescend to pay them a visit. Mr. Duche, one 
 of the assistant Ministers of Christ's Church, in Philadelphia, and Mr. Wrangle 
 (both names often occur in the Halle Reports), the Swedish Minister, have ap- 
 peared more openly than the others in preaching up his doctrine and espousing 
 his cause — they have set up private meetings in town, where they admit of none 
 but such as they deem converted," p. 354. 
 
 Richard Peters, whom we often meet in the Halle Reports, writes, as Pastor 
 of Christ Church, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Oct. 17th, 1763, as follows : 
 "I was under some apprehension, lest Mr. Whitefield's coming among us might 
 have interrupted our harmony, especially when the Congregations (who I thought 
 w^ould have left it to me to judge of the propriety of inviting him into our pulpits), 
 by the Churchwardens signified me, without giving me any previous notice, that 
 they were one and all desirous, that Mr. Whitefield should be invited to preach 
 in the Churches ; surprised at such a request — I forthwith consulted Mr. Duche 
 and Mr. Sturgeon, my fellow ministers, together with the Governor (either James 
 Hamilton or Richard Penn, grandson of Wm. Penn, who succeeded Hamilton, 
 this year, and whose sons had already gone over to the Episcopal Church), and 
 some other friends to the Churches — and they were all unanimously of opinion, 
 that I should comply with this request. Therefore, after Mr. Whitefield had 
 shown his regard to the Governor and had paid me likewise a very kind and po- 
 lite visit, I invited him to preach in the Old Church (Christ Church) the first 
 Sunday his health would permit (for he has become asthmatic and inclinable to 
 a dropsy) and he has preached four times in one or other of the Churches without 
 
54 NOTES OX THE (FIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 any of his usual censures upon the Clergy, and witli a greater moderation of sen- 
 timent ; he grows better in his health and talks of staying in these Xorthern 
 Colonies till the spring ; and I am in hopes his stay will be attended rather with 
 good than harm to the Churches " Whiteiield died in 1771. 
 
 ^'^ This is the Society referred to in our notes on sections 12 and 14, ''The So- 
 ciety for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge" was founded in 1699. "The 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts" was chartered in 
 1701, and, at the same time, united with the former named. (See "Yerbesserte 
 Sammlung von Beitriigen zum Bau des Reiches Gottes," III, p. 337, VI, 710, 
 XX, 438.) 
 
 *•* Their first church in the city was a small frame building erected in 1695, at 
 the Xorth-west corner of Second and Chestnut streets, in which the Baptists also 
 held Divine service for some time. In 1704 the Presbyterians built a church, long 
 known as the "Old Buttonwood," in Market street, then' called High street. In 
 the early part of the century, it was renovated in Grecian style • but torn down in 
 1820, because of the increasing demand, in the vicinity, for places of business. 
 The Baptists, at first, held their service in the small frame house in Second street 
 near StraAvberry alley. They erected a brick church on that spot in 1731, and 
 then a larger structure in 1762, which also, in subsequent years, was altered in di- 
 vers ways. (See Watson's Annals of Philadelphia.) The Quakers had a "meet- 
 inghouse," in 1750, on Market street, and another in the northern part of the city ; 
 probably at Sixth and Noble streets. 
 
 ^* They had a chapel with an organ in a house of attractive appearance in the 
 south-western part of the city. (See Prof. P. Kalm's Eeise, II, 194.) They were 
 few in numbers in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania until the middle of the last 
 century. Yet they had a station in Lancaster and another in the neighborhood 
 of SumneytoAvn. Xevertheless, every now and then, complaints were made about 
 the intrigues of the Jesuits, etc. Even Whitefield himself was brought into cer- 
 tain relations with them. (See, e. g., "Papers relating to the History of the 
 Churches in Pennsylvania," p. 203, quoted above.) 
 
 ^^ A structure which had once been a fort, or rather a blockhouse, erected in 
 Wicaco, in 1669, very near the Delaware, south-east of the city, was afterwards 
 altered and occuj^ied by the Swedes as a place of Divine worship. This became, 
 in later times, the Gloria Dei Ciiurcpi. In 1677 they called, as their pastor, 
 Jacob Fabricius, who had previously been a pastor in New York, in Xew Jersey, 
 and in Xew Castle; but who, for drunkenness and his harsh treatment of his wife, 
 had been punished by the civil authorities and pronounced incompetent to serve 
 as a pastor in Xew Y'ork and Xew^ Jersey. For the happy influence of the Swed- 
 ish Lutherans of those days, by which also they contributed materially to the 
 success of Penn's Treaty with the Indians, see " Early History of the Lutheran 
 Church in America," by Pastor C. W. Schaeffer, Philadelphia, 1868. 
 
 ^^ These country congregations are Xew Providence (Trappe) and Xew Hanover 
 (Falknei-'s Swamp), to Avhich also Germantown and others were added afterwards. 
 The three streams that had to be crossed Avere the Wissahickon, the Perkiomen 
 and the Skippach ; and the road by Avhich they Avere crossed ahvays ran east of 
 the Schuylkill. The congregation at Xcav Hanover, some miles east of the 
 Schuylkill, is, as Ave have already remarked, no doubt, the oldest German Lu- 
 theran congregation in the whole United States. It is very difficult to determine 
 
NOIES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 55 
 
 the precise year iu which the Germans began to settle in this neighborhood. 
 Most probably it was before 1700. At Molatton, near to the Schuylkill, now 
 Douglasville, and bordering on New Hanover, the Swedes luid established them- 
 selves in 1698. In Oley there are deeds for real estate that are dated in 1704. 
 The necessity for the services of a German Lutheran pastor was felt already in 
 1703. This circumstance attracted the attention of the Swedish pastors in Phila- 
 delphia towards New Hanover ; and, no doubt, the Swedish settlement at Molat- 
 ton, which had been begun in 1698, contributed to this result. 
 
 Accordingly, Justus Falkner was ordained in the WicAco Church, Phila- 
 delphia, November 24th, 1703, by the Pastors Kudman, Bjoerck and Sandel. 
 This first ordination of a Lutheran clergyman in the new world was not a viola- 
 tion of order on the part of these pastors. The Archbishop of Upsala gave full 
 authority to ordained pastors to administer ordination in those cases where he 
 could not, himself, be present. (See "Clay's Annals of the Swedes, etc.," pp. 78, 
 121.) Faikner took charge of the congregation at New Hanover; but before long, 
 Eudman, who was Provost of the Swedish churches, sent him to New York. 
 Faikner, in company with his brother Daniel, was the legal representative of 
 Ben J. FuRLEY, Wm. Penn's agent, in Amsterdam, for the sale of lands in Penn- 
 sylvania. Daniel Faikner was the agent of the Frankford Land Company to 
 which company Penn had sold the region of Manatawny, including more than 
 22,000 acres, and in which New Hanover lay. T. C. Bjoerck, son of Pastor 
 Bjoerck, says in his work, "De plantatione Feci. Svecanse in America," that the 
 neighborhood had received its name, "Falkner's Swamp," from Pastor Faikner, 
 an opinion which Acrelius also advances. Others, however, think that the name 
 is derived from Daniel Faikner. 
 
 The whole district of New Hanover was conveyed to John H. Sprogel, in le- 
 gal form, by the " Frankford Land Company." A brook that floAVS near by the 
 church is called "Pfarrersbach." In Falkner's time the essential principles of a 
 constitution prevailed in the congregation. When the first church Avas built can- 
 not be determined. The Frankford Land Company obtained their title to the 
 land Oct. 25th, 1701. Their conveyance to Sprogel is dated Dec. 16th, 1708. In 
 1719 J. H. Sprogel presented to the congregation 50 acres of land, for the church 
 and the school. A church and schoolhouse, however, had probably been built 
 before this legal conveyance had been completed. In 1721 a log church was 
 erected, which, however, had possibly been preceded by an earlier structure. 
 Another church was begun in 1741 and finished in 1747. The corner stone of 
 the present beautiful stone church was laid June 25th, 1767, and on Nov. 6th, 
 1768, it was consecrated. After 100 years, in 1868, the whole interior was re- 
 newed. Under the ministry of Mulilenberg 50 acres of land, for the use of the 
 pastor and the schoolmaster, were purchased and a parsonage erected in 1749. 
 The pastors who served, prior to Muhlenberg's time, regularly or, at least, tem- 
 porarily, were, 1703, Nov. 4th, Justus Falkner ; 1717 or 1718, Gerhard Hen- 
 KEL, who labored here for some years. The Swedish pastor, Samuel Hesselius, 
 residing at Molatton visited the congregation from March, 1720, till October, 1723. 
 In the autumn of 1732, John Christian Schulze became the pastor. In Octo- 
 ber, 1733, he set out for Germany, in company with the delegates Weisiger and 
 Schoner, to collect money for the congregations in Philadelphia, New Hanover 
 and Providence. Before this he had ordained, at Providence (Trappe), John 
 
u6 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 Caspar Stoever, avIio had arrived in America in 1728, accompanied by a rela- 
 tive of the same name, who afterwards went to Virginia. Pastor Stoever labored 
 in Philadelphia, Providence and, probably, in New Hanover; but removed to New 
 Holland, Lancaster county, in the autumn. Between 1735 and 1742, Gabriel, 
 Falk, pastor at Molatton, visited the German Lutherans in New Hanover, until 
 Nov. 26th, 1742, when Muhlenberg came and occupied the field. At that time 
 the log church, which had been begun in 1741, was still unfinished. A school- 
 house and dwelling for the teacher Avas built in 1743, and in 1744 occupied by Mr. 
 Vigera and, afterwards, by Nic. Kurtz. In 1743 there were 250 communicants, 
 and in 1748 there were 300. Some of these, of course, lived remote from the 
 church, and, in course of time, organized themselves into other congregations. 
 The Synod met at New Hanover in June, 1754, and again in 1778, Muhlenberg 
 being still alive. He was pastor of the congregation from November, 1742, till 
 October, 1762. During this time he had several assistants, under the various 
 style of Cathechist or Adjunct or Helper in New Hanover. From February, 
 1745, till December, 1746, Nicolas Kurtz lived in the schoolhouse; but, then, 
 moved to Tulpehoken ; where also J. Alb. Weygandt labored, for a short time, 
 in 1748. A Conference held in January, 1752, apj)ointed Frederick Schultz to 
 take charge of New Hanover, who labored in New Goschenhoppen and Indian- 
 field in addition; and probably moved away from New Hanover in 1754. Wil- 
 liam Kurtz was the pastor in 1757 ; but in the next year he Avas sent to Tohicon. 
 In the same year J. Helfr. Schaum was called from Tohicon to New Hanover, 
 to preach there every four weeks and to serve also in Pikestown, Oley and Upper 
 Dublin. In April, 1762, he moved into his own house. In May, 1762, Jacob 
 VAN BusKERK became his assistant, and also became a regular pastor of the 
 church; but in September, 1765, he moved to Germantown ; from which place 
 John Ludw. Voigt was called to New Hanover, serving Providence and Pikes- 
 toAvn at the same time. He labored at New Hanover, most probably, until 1776. 
 His successor was Fr. Aug. Muhlenberg in 1778, who, however, became a 
 member of Congress in 1779. From May, 1779, till 1780 the pastoral oflfice in 
 New Hanover Avas filled by H. Ernst Muhlenberg ; from July, 1782, till July, 
 1785, by Chr. Streit ; from 1790 till 1795 by J. Fr. Weinland, during Avhose 
 time certain disturbances arose Avhich the Synod had to handle and allay, and after 
 this time his name disappears from the Roll of the Synod. Dr. Fr. W. Geis- 
 senhainer was pastor betAveen 1796 and 1808; Dr. Jacob Miller betAA-een 
 1809 and 1829; Conrad Miller from 1829 till October, 1852; Nathan Jaeger 
 from December, 1852, till October, 1857 ; H. AVendt from March, 1858, till Octo- 
 ber, 1864 ; Abr. Groh from FebruarA^ 1865, till February, 1866 ; and Leonard 
 Groh from ] 866 till the present time. 
 
 NeAV Providence (Trapped in Montgomery county, about eight miles north of its 
 county toAvn, Norristown, laid out in 1784, was probably settled soon after 1700, 
 Bills of purchase, by Mennonites in the neighborhood, along the Skippach, date 
 back to 1702. The earliest traces of a Lutheran pastor here, occur about 1732. 
 At that time, John Chr. Schultz, named aboA^e, began his labors here as Avell as in 
 Philadelphia and NeAA^ Hanover. It was at this j^lace, that, prior to his departure 
 for Europe, he ordained John Casp. Stoever in the barn, in Avhich the congrega- 
 tion AA-ere still holding their services upon the arriA-al of Muhlenberg in 1742, 
 although they had had, even from 1733, a kind of organization under regular 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 57 
 
 elders and deacons. Stoever withdrew already in 1733, after which the Swedish 
 pastors of Wicaco preached to the Germans here, occasionally. Upon Muhlen- 
 berg's arrival he found about 100 communicants. Measures for the building of a 
 new church were taken in January, 1743 ; the corner-stone was laid on May 2d, 
 following, and in September they began to occupy the church, although it was, as 
 yet, in a somewhat unfinished state. On Oct. 6th, 1745, it was consecrated, the 
 pastors Muhlenberg, Brunnholz, Tob. Wagner and Nyberg taking part in the ex- 
 ercises. On this occasion Muhlenberg baptized three negroes, the slaves of Mr. 
 Fowling, and the three other pastors were the sponsors (Providence Church 
 Eecordsj. The church received the name "Augustus Church," possibly from 
 Hermann Augustus Francke. The Latin inscription in the stone placed above 
 the main entrance, is as foll(3Ws : " Sub remigio Christi has aedes Societati Augus- 
 tana? Confess, deditse dedicatas ex ipso fundamento exstruxit Henricus Melchior 
 Muhlenberg una cum Censoribus I. N. Cressmano, F. Marstellero, H. A. Heilmano, 
 I. Mullero, H. Hasio et G. Kepnero, A. D. MDCCXLIII. 
 
 In the cemetery adjoining the church rest the earthly remains of Dr. H. M. 
 Muhlenberg, and of his wife ; and also, beside others of his children, those of 
 his eldest son. Gen. Peter Muhlenberg. John N. Cressman, named in the in- 
 scription above, was born in Pfungstadt, in Hessen-Darmstadt, Oct. 28th, 1695; 
 came to America in 1718, returned to Europe in 1719, married there and came 
 and settled at once, in New Providence. His only child died at a very early age. 
 In later years he moved to Germantown and died in Philadelphia, Jan. 14th, 1755. 
 The text at his funeral was Job. 14: 1-6. (See Philad. Church Eecords.) After 
 Feb. 7th, 1745, Brunnholz, from Philadelphia, and Muhlenberg preached here 
 alternately ; but in the following June it was so arranged that Brunnholz preached 
 in Philadelphia, whilst Muhlenberg moved to Providence and preached there in 
 connection with New Planover. Between 1745 and 1761, when he moved back to 
 Philadelphia, he had the same assistance in Providence as he had in New Hanover, 
 but usually availed himself of it in Providence only on occasions of his necessary 
 absence. In 1761 Pastor Hartwig became his substitute, but he remained only 
 until April, 1762. In like manner Jacob Van Buskerk was his substitute from 
 1762 till 1765. In 1765 John Ludw. Voigt became the regular pastor, although 
 Muhlenberg continued to stand in a certain official connection with the congrega- 
 tion until his death, on Oct. 7th, 1787. In 1776 he had moved back to Providence, 
 ancf tliere continued to reside. 
 
 Pastor Voigt had charge of the congregation until his death, Dec. 2Sth, 1800; 
 but about the time of Muhlenberg's coming back from Philadelphia, he moved to 
 Pikeland, across the Schuylkill, and relinquished the special duties of the pastoral 
 office, in Providence, some years before his death. These duties were undertaken 
 by Pastor G. Fr. Weinland, who had taken charge of New Hanover in 1790, 
 whose name appears in protokoll of Synod in 1793, as pastor in Providence, and 
 no other pastor is rejDorted as being in charge there until 1808. His name, how- 
 ever, does not appear in the Poll of the Synod after 1796. In 1804 he sought, in 
 vain, to be restored ; yet, he was encouraged to hope for it. He died sometime 
 about 1808, and was buried at Providence. 
 
 In 1809 John P. Hecht was licensed to preach in Pottstown, shortly after this 
 he was elected pastor in Providence, labored there for a while and April 15th, 
 1814, accepted a call as pastor to Easton, Pa. His successor, at Providence, LiM- 
 
68 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BEIEF REPORT. 
 
 ERiCK and PoTTSTOWN, was Henry Anast. Geissenhaixer, who lived first in 
 "VVhitpain, three miles from Norristown, and afterwards moved to Pottstown. In 
 1821 he moved to the West, having accepted a call to Pittsburg, but died on the 
 occasion of a visit to Trappe, Feb. 12th, 1823, and was buried in the cemetery of 
 Augustus Church. After April, 1821, his successor at Providence, etc., was his 
 elder brother, Fr. W. Geissenhainer, who, with his son Frederick William, 
 lived at Vincent, on the West of the Schuylkill. The father and son were asso- 
 ciated in the pastoral care of the Trappe charge and of Vincent. The father 
 having been called to New York in 1823, the son continued the work himself until 
 he, too, moved to New York in 1827. The congregation was served from July 
 22d, 1827, till April 27th, 1831, by Jacob Wampole; from May, 1834, till April, 
 1836, by John W. Eichards, during which time a parsonage was built ; from 
 April, 1836, till January, 1838, by Jacob Wampole, a second term ; from April, 
 1838, till May, 1852, by Henry S. Miller; from 1853 till October, 1854, by G. 
 A. Wenzel; from December, 1854, till February, 1859, by A. S. Link; from 
 March, 1859, till 1864 by G. Sill; from 1864 till 1874 by John Kohlep ; from 
 1874 until the present time by O. P. Smith. A new church, very near to the old 
 striicture, was erected in 1852 and 1853. The ancient Augustus Church, though 
 no more occupied, still stands ; and is cherished as a venerable specimen of the 
 internal and external style of church architecture that prevailed in the time of its 
 erection. 
 
 '" Keferences to him may be found in the Autobiography of Muhlenberg. We 
 may here state that he had been released from his pastoral care in the principality 
 of Zweibriicken, for reasons unknown to us ; and, indeed, after he had been ad- 
 vanced in years. His name heads the list of passengers who arrived in Philadel- 
 phia, Aug. 25th, 1742, by the ship Mary, Capt. Maison. He asserted, at once, 
 but altogether without producing any testimonials, that he had been sent to 
 America by the Princely Consistory of Darmstadt to effect a regular ordering of 
 the Lutheran Congregations. (See Hall. Keport, 8th Continuation, Gem. Schr., 
 IX, etc., fifth period.) This was about the time Avhen the Moravian, Pyrl.eus, 
 was forcibly ejected, July 18th, by the Keformed, out of the house which Luther- 
 ans and Keformed used in common for their religious services. Kraft tried to se- 
 cure the co-operation of several others, who here and there attempted to ofliciate 
 as pastors of the Lutherans, in forming a union or kind of consistory, of which he 
 himself was to be the head. However, although the congregation at Philadelphia 
 took pity upon him in his great need, yet the stains upon his character became 
 clearly manifest upon the arrival of Muhlenberg in November of the same year. 
 Nevertheless, he continued for a short time to minister to the congregation at 
 Germantown. Already in November, 1742, we find him adhering to J. Caspar 
 Stoever and his party, at the conference with the Moravian pastor, Meurer, and 
 his friends. (See Biiding. Samml. V., 832. G. Ph. Fresenius bewahrte Nachr. von 
 Herrnhut. Sachen, Band III, p. 548, etc.) Jan. 20th, 1743, he consecrated the 
 church at Mosellem, Berks county. Pa., and appears to have served that congre- 
 gation for a couple of years, until the spring of 1745, when M. Tobias Wagner 
 was regularly settled as the pastor. Afterwards, as appears, he preached and per- 
 formed other pastoral acts in and about Lancaster, Pa. (See Memor. Volume of 
 the Lutheran Congregation in Lancaster, pp. 7, 8*.) His connection with Lancas- 
 ter was in no sense a regular one ; yet he seems to have conducted himself in ar 
 
NOTES OX THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 59 
 
 orderly manner whilst there. (Hall. Eeports, 2d Continuation, section 7.) In 
 1748 we meet him at Conew^ago (Hanover, York county, Pa.). (Hall. Eeports, 
 3d Continuation, II. Handschuh's Diary, June.) He may have remained here 
 for some time ; yet, not as jiastor, for the congregation was regularly served by 
 John H. Schaum, who had been sent to York in the spring of 1T4S, was ordained 
 in the following year, and continued to labor there until 1755. (Hall. Eeports, 
 3d Continuation, I, section 22. Evang. Eeview, YII, p. 533, etc.) In the 4th 
 Continuation, section 25, he is described as "an old German preacher of irregular 
 life, wdio caused much confusion and trouble by knowingly violating the law of 
 the land ; in consequence of which he was arrested and lost his property." Muh- 
 lenberg relates (5th Continuation, I, March) that another wretched character stole 
 Kraft's clerical gown — an irony of fate ! Kraft soon disappears and we have no 
 information about the circumstances of his end. Max Gobel, in his Gescuichten 
 DER Inspirirten (Nicderer's Zeitschrift fiir historische Theologie, 1855, Ileft I, 
 p. 131), speaks about a certain Parson Kraft who "went off, as a Separatist, to 
 America," of whom we can discover no traces here, and Avho could not have been 
 the same as Val. Kraft ; although, in point of time, there may be agreement be- 
 tween them. 
 
 ■■''* In 1742 Zinzendorf made three missionary journeys to the Indians in Penn- 
 sylvania; and, in addition, brought his influence to bear upon the Lutheran 
 Church, specially in Philadelphia, where, between the fifth Sunday after Epiph- 
 any and Jubilate, he preached eight times. These sermons with the addition of 
 his last sermon in a Lutheran Church in this country, preached at Tulpehocken, 
 Dec. 5th, 1742, old style, and of several other discourses and a few hymns were 
 printed in divers editions. We have the third edition, that of 1860, now before 
 us. In the preface the Count states, among other things, "As the Lutherans in 
 and around Philadelphia, and in Tulpehocken, Avith the co-operation of the 
 Swedes, who, on their part, individually testify that 'they can obtain no regular 
 pastor from Europe,' have unanimously called me to be theii' Inspector, I have 
 accepted the office." On the title page the name of Zinzendorf does not appear ; 
 but instead of it, the title, Ordinarius Fratrum. The "calls" above asserted are 
 verbally reported in the Buedixgen Samml., XII, p. 828, etc. The preface con- 
 tinues, "Afterwards I preached in both places and administered the Lord's Supper 
 in Philadelphia. As the place of worship in Philadelphia was only a miserable 
 shed, I had a respectable church erected, which, in my own mind, was intended 
 for tlieir special benefit." But the Lutherans never made any use of it. The 
 "miserable shed" stood in Arch street, near Fifth, near the Friends' burying 
 ground and the grave of Benjamin Franklin. The Eeformed also used it as a 
 place of worship ; and, most probably, it had previously been occupied as a car- 
 penter shop. 
 
 Muhlenberg arrived in Philadelphia Nov. 25th, 1742 ; Zinzendorf left that city 
 Jan. 1st, 1743, and Jan. 9th, 1743, sailed from New York for Europe. During 
 these weeks must have occurred the one solitary interview between these two 
 men, in the new world, which is described in the 4th Continuation, I, section 41. 
 It was held, Dec. 30th, in the place of worship occupied by the Moravians. (See 
 Muhlenberg's Autobiography by Dr. W. Germann ; Brobst, Diehl & Co. S. Los- 
 kiel's History of the Missions of the Evangel. Briider among the Indians of North 
 America Barby, p. 231, etc. Also the work of Schrautexbach, above referred 
 
60 • NOTES OX THE (fIEST) BRIEF KEPOET. 
 
 to, p. 334), wliicli work, whilst fully admitting all tliat was unpractical in the 
 Count's operations in Pennsylvania, is perhaps the very best apology lor him that 
 could be conceived, in view of the positive peculiarities of his character. 
 
 ^ The founding of Germantown is connected with the Land Company organ- 
 ized at Frankford-ox-tiie-Maix, in 1682, and with Fkanz Daniel, Pastoeius, 
 a man of varied culture, well qualified for his j)Osition, who, at the head of some 
 colonists, had been sent to Pennsylvania by the Land Company. He landed at 
 Philadeli3hia, with about 20 Gorman families, Aug. 20th, 16S3. These were, in 
 part, Quakers; the most of them, probably, Mennonists. Others followed. In 
 1677, "William Penn had travelled through Germany and Holland for the purjDOse 
 of extending and strengthening his spiritual fellowship. (See Address of Dr. O. 
 Seidensticker to Hist. Soc. of Pa,, delivered Dec. 10th, 1877, in Vol. II, Pennsyl- 
 vania Magazine of Hist, and Biogr, ; and Articles, by the same author, in the 
 'New York Belles-lettre Journal, August and September, 1880.) The next year 
 after the arrival of Pastorius, AM.lliam Penn conveyed to him the possession of 
 several thousand acres of land, in consideration of a certain annual payment. In 
 course of time more land was added, until the whole amounted to 28,000 acres. 
 On Oct. 25th, 1685, Germantown was laid out ujion a definite plan, and incorpor- 
 ated in 1689. Pastorius became the Burgess. The first preacher, whose name 
 occurs, was Henny Bernh. Koester, from Blomberg in Lippe-Detmold ; a 
 regular oddity, both in theory and practice. Adelung, in his Geschichte der 
 MENSCiiLiCHEX Narrheit, Yol. I, pp. 86-106, says that he had studied law at 
 Frankford-on-the-Oder ; that in 1685 he was employed by Otto von Schwerin, as 
 domestic tutor, next, he prosecuted Oriental studies ; and then, in 1693, he came 
 to America, with 20 Pietists, including five candidates of theology, one of whom 
 was Daniel Falckner, of Saxony. Koster himself was their leader. Thomas 
 Fairmount, an Englishman, transferred to them a piece of ground near German- 
 town, npon which they erected a log house and undertook to raise grain. Koster 
 began to preach German every Sunday ; afterwards he preached in English also ; 
 and enjoyed the regard of the friends of George Keith, who, having occasioned 
 the Quakers trouble enough in this country, went back to England, worked against 
 them there and died as the pastor of an Episcopal congregation. Koster stirred 
 up division, preached chiliasm, baptized his proselytes in the Delaware before the 
 eyes of large gatherings, and asserted that he had as much right to do that as the 
 Apostles themselves. His folloAving, however, died out entirely; and leaving 
 Philadelphia he went to Yirginia, then to London, in 1702 he was a teacher at 
 Stockholm, in 1724, like other kindred spirits, he went to Berleburg, under the 
 protection of Count Casimir, and there published the "Schliissel der erst en und 
 letzten hebriiisch-griechisch-deutschen Harmonie." About 1735 he was teacher 
 of languages in Hanover and Westphalia ; he could pray in HebrcAV, Greek, Ger- 
 man and Bohemian; he continued to be fresh and vigorous until his death in 1749. 
 
 All kinds of fanatical notions, in conflict with the practical jDrinciples of social 
 life, came to the surface in the new colony ; and the constitution originally adopted 
 did not hold out long. In 1708 Daniel Falckner succeeded Pastorius in office. At 
 the beginning of the last century there were certain enthusiasts who led the soli- 
 tary lives of hermits, on the Wissahickon, near Germantown, They are referred 
 to in Halle Eeports, 14th Continuation, I, Eemarkable Cases. The Mr. G. spoken 
 of there may possibly be John Kelpius, the most singular of the whole of them ; 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 61 
 
 who, however, i-aaintiiined friendly relations with the Swedish pastors, Rudman 
 and Bjork. An interesting account of him is given by Dr. O. Seidensticker in 
 Deutschen Pioneer, of Cincinnati, 1872. 
 
 "\Ve complete our account of New Providence (Trappe) by adding the follow- 
 ing. A certain regular church organization had existed there years before. In 
 the oldest book of Church Records there are entries of baptisms and other official 
 acts between Aug. 31st, 1729, and March 9th, 1735, clearly by the hand of J. C. 
 Stoever, who began the Church Records of so many difierent congregations in 
 Pennsylvania at that time, and whom Ave shall meet again. The title page, as it 
 now stands, was written by Pastor Brunnholtz. After Stoever's time there are en- 
 tries by divers hands ; and in connection with a list of baptisms recorded April 
 16th, 1745, in Muhlenberg's time, Ave find the expression that has now become so 
 unfamiliar to us, "baptized by the Assistant." (Catechist, 2d Continuation, sec- 
 tion 6.) On May 27th, 1750, during Muhlenberg's time, the congregation adopted 
 a constitution Avhich requires of the *' Elders and Deacons," that as they desire 
 their oAvn salvation, they shall diligently seek to experience in their OAvn hearts 
 more and more deeply the power of the Evangelical doctrine, upon the foundation 
 of the Apostles and Prophets, and according to our Symbolical Books ; and en- 
 deavor to adorn the same by a godly life ; that they shall keep the deeds for the 
 property in a chest closed with two locks, of Avhich one key shall be held by the 
 vestry, and the other by the pastor ; that they must take pains to uphold and ex- 
 tend, in the church and in the school, the Evangelical doctrine, upon the founda- 
 tion of the Apostles and Prophets and according to our Symbolical Books. There- 
 fore it is their duty to exercise the spirit of believing prayer themselves, and to 
 continue on in brotherly love and union Avitli our spiritual fathers and friends, 
 and their true successors, in London and in Halle, as also Avith the other united 
 congregations, and their regular pastors, in this country." The pastors and the 
 vestry Avere further required "to be watchful that no strange preacher, Avho Avas 
 not in felloAvship with us, Avhatever he may be pleased to call himself, shall be 
 alloAved to preach or to administer the sacraments in 'our Augustus Church and 
 schoolhouse.' " On the day after Ncav Year the congregational accounts had to 
 be reported and examined at a congregational meeting ; at Avhich time also the 
 amount paid upon the pastor's salary Avas inquired into. At the meeting of the 
 congregation the pastor was required to open it Avith prayer, and then to state the 
 business. The pastor himself had tico votes, and Avas directed to take heed that 
 everything should be done in an honorable, orderly and Christian manner ; for 
 God loves order, and not confusion, in the Church. It Avas specially enjoined 
 upon the members of the church, to cultivate peace Avith everybody, according to 
 the teachings of Christ, and rather suffer Avrong than raise quarrels. Whoever, 
 in matters of dispute, would not take the careful and conciliatory advice of the 
 vestry, and Avould rather strive for the mastery than yield to the pleas of justice 
 and reason, should be expelled, as an uuAVorthy member, until he should repent 
 of his error. When the great annual assembly of congregations (the Synod) Avas 
 held, tAvo members of the vestry Avere appointed to attend, Avithout fail, to repre- 
 sent the congregation, to take counsel Avith others concerning the best interests of 
 the Church at large ; their traveling expenses being defrayed by the congrega- 
 tion. The vestry were required to add their names also to the reports to be sent 
 to the fathers and benefactors in Europe. Every important undertaking, on the 
 
62 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 part of the vestry, had to he explained to the fathers in London and Halle, and 
 "if it be unanimously approved of, it shall be regularly recorded in the books of 
 the congregation." No meeting of the vestry could be held in the absence of the 
 pastor and no resolution could be valid without his signature. To this Constitu- 
 tion the names of the pastor and 16 members of the vestry were subscribed July 
 8th, 1750. 
 
 A special contract between the schoolmaster and the congregation is also regu- 
 larly recorded. It provides that the schoolhouse shall always be in charge of a 
 faithful Evangelical Lutheran schoolmaster, whose competency to teach reading, 
 writing and arithmetic, as also to play on the organ ( Orgelsddagen) and to use the 
 English language, has been proved by the pastor ; special regard being had at the 
 same time, to the purity of his doctrine and his life. He was required to treat all 
 his pupils with impartial fidelity, and to instruct the children of other denomina- 
 tions, and of the neighborhood generally. He should not allow the children to 
 use profane language either in or out of school ; but should carefully teach them 
 how, both in church and in school, and in the presence of others and upon the 
 highway, to conduct themselves in a Christian and upright manner, and " not like 
 the Indians." He should never permit either parents or employers to quarrel 
 with him in the presence of the children ; persons having complaints to make 
 should be referred, at once, to the pastor and the vestry. He was allowed 7 shil- 
 lings 6 pence, and one-half bushel of grain every six months, for each scholar ; in 
 addition, he lived in the schoolhouse free of rent, to which a piece of ground was 
 attached, had the collections taken in the church on two of th<?! chief festivals of 
 the year, together Avith other occasional perquisites. It was his duty also to en- 
 ter a record of the baptized children in the books of the church. 
 
 All these items we have obtained from the old church books of the congrega- 
 tion at Providence. We present them here because they show what were the ne- 
 cessities and circumstances of the time, and what manner of spirit animated the 
 Church. However, the effect of time and circumstances, in developing and shap- 
 ing congregational constitutions, may be seen in the constitution of the congrega- 
 tion at Philadelphia, October, 1762. (See the end of 10th Continuation. Also, a 
 Jubilee sermon, already quite rarely to be seen, viz., Sermon on Psalm Ixxviii, 
 2—8. "The Fruitful Retrospect," preached at the Trappe (Providence), 
 Montgomery county. Pa., May 2d, 1843, on the occasion of the centenary celebra- 
 tion of the Laying of the Corner Stone of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of 
 "Augustus" in that place, by Eev. J. W. Eichards, of Germantown, Pa. J. C. 
 Slemmer, printer, Pottstown, Pa.) 
 
 As to the congregation in Germantown, about which further accounts are 
 given in the 14th Continuation, II, its first beginnings are yet involved in more 
 or less obscurity. We have to admit that a congregation, though always sadly 
 defective in its organization, did exist there, long before the arrival of Muhlen- 
 berg. The German Reformed had built a church there, in 1719, of which the 
 Swedish pastor, Dylander, had laid the corner stone. The Lutherans seem to 
 have begun in 1730 (Acrelius, p. 237), and Muhlenberg, in 1742, found a small 
 church already built. About 1740 the whole population of Germantown was, 
 probably, 400 souls, a very large proportion of which represented the different 
 "persuasions" (Gesinntheiten), a term, then, in common use. Zinzendorf 
 preached repeatedly in the Reformed Church ; and, as his fashion was, he ap- 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIKSt) BRIEF REPORT. 63 
 
 pointed a turner, by trade, a man after Ids oAvn heart, by the name of Beciitel, 
 as the pastor. The Ileformed pastor, J. II. Boeiim, who was serving the Ke- 
 formed in Philadelphia and its vicinity, withstood Zinzendorf with as much deci- 
 sion as did Muhlenberg himself; and in 1742 addressed a warning to his congrer- 
 gations, covering 96 pages, 8vo, printed by A. Bradford, Philadelphia. lie had 
 obtained the necessary help from the work of a Reformed pastor of Amsterdam, 
 published in that city in 1739, under the following title, "Die nackend entdeckte 
 Entliusiasterei, Geisttreiberei und verdorbene Mystikerei der Plerrnhuter: Ger- 
 hard Kuhlenkamp." (See J. Ph. Feesenius' Bewahrt. Nachricht. von Ilerrn- 
 hut. Sachen, Vol. Ill, No. 32, p. 562, etc.) After his arrival, Muhlenberg turned 
 his attention to the Lutherans in Germantown, who had been served, for some 
 time already, by the above-named Val. Kraft ; but as his time on Sundays was 
 altogether given to his three other congregations, he preached in Germantown, as 
 far as time would allow, on week days. lie was, in fact, the first regular pastor 
 of the congregation. Upon the arrival of Pastor Brunnholz he took charge of the 
 congregation in Germantown in connection with that in Philadelphia ; 23reaching 
 in the former every other Sunday. This contributed so much to the improve- 
 ment of the congregation, that in 1746 the corner stone of an enlarged structure 
 w^as laid ; the new church was consecrated in 1752, upon the occasion of a meet- 
 ing of the Synod in Germantown. Pastor IIandschuh, who had served the con- 
 gregation in Lancaster, for three years, took charge of that in Germantown, in 
 1751 ; Heintzelman, the Adjunct of Pastor Brunnholz, in Philadelphia, render- 
 ing him the nec^sary help. The next movement was that of a set of disturbers, 
 haters of regular discipline, who effected a division in the congregation and drove 
 Handschuh, and his friends, out of the church. Sustained by the better part of 
 the congregation, he continued to conduct Divine worship in a private resi- 
 dence, for about two years. During this time, however, his experience was, in 
 many respects, full of anxieties and oppressive cares. About 1754 he accepted 
 the appointment of Professor of the French language, in the Academy at Phila- 
 delphia ; and, after the death of Heintzelman in 1756 and of Brunnholz in 1757, 
 he accepted a call to the congregation in Philadelphia. 
 
 Meanwhile, the ranks of the disorderly party, in GermantoAvn, two of whom 
 had even assumed to discharge the duties of the pastoral office, were being 
 thinned out by death and other causes, until, at last, the honest and faithful 
 members of the church were put in possession of the property by a decree of the 
 Court in 1763. The members who lived about Chestnut liill had already begun 
 to organize another congregation and built a church at Barrenhill, (Page 16, 
 Continuation II, sects. 16, 17). In 1763, Nicolas Kurtz of Tulpehockon was 
 called to Germantown ; he came at once, with the understanding, however, that 
 he Avould remain but a short time, for the condition of his former charge in 
 Tulpehockon Avas such as to require his early return thither. Leaving German- 
 town again in 1764 he was followed by John L. Voigt who, in 1765 accepted a 
 call to the church in Providence, and so gave place to Jacob van Buskerk Avho 
 served St. Michael's in Germantown until 1769. During the ministry of John F. 
 Schmidt, 17G9 to 1786, the congregation improved greatly both in numbers and in 
 character, althoufi^h the times were so disturbed by the War of Independence, and 
 the church itself was the centre of a battle field, October 4th, 1777. Pastor 
 Schmidt having accepted a call to Philadelphia, the congregation was served by 
 
64 NOTES ON THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 John F. Weinland from September, 1776, till the autumn of 1789. lie was 
 followed by Frederick D. Schaeffer, whose ministry extended over a period 
 of 22 years, and included the congregations at Barrenhill, Frankford, Whitpain, 
 and Lpper Dublin, at the same time. In his time already, the English lan- 
 guage began to be occasionally used in public Avorship. In 1812, he accepted a 
 call as pastor of St. Michael's and Zion in Philadelphia. He was followed by 
 John C. Baker, who continued until 1828, when he accepted a call to the church 
 in Lancaster. During his time the congregational school was discontinued and 
 the Sunday school established in 1817. In 1819, a new church was erected, wliich 
 the congregation occupies at the present time. Benjamin Keller, who died in 
 18GI, was the pastor ironi 1828 till 1835, and he together Avith hi« predecessor, 
 Dr. John C. Baker, is held in pleasant remembrance by the church until this day. 
 His successor, until 1845, was John W. Kichards. About the time of his taking 
 the charge, a second Lutheran congregation was organized in Germantown, under 
 the influence of the so-called "New Measures," that Avere so prevalent at the time. 
 The next j^astor was S. Mosheim Schmucker, a gifted man, Avho continued in 
 charge until 1848, and in whose time the use of the German language was entirely 
 abandoned. For 26 years in full, after 1849, the congregation was served by Dr. 
 C. W. Schaeffer, avIio is now Professor in the Theological Seminary at Phila- 
 delphia. His successor is the present pastor F. A. Kaehler. The greater part 
 of the foregoing survey of the history of the congregation has been taken from an 
 extended account furnished by Dr. C. W. Schaeiler, in the Lutheran and 
 Missionary, April 4th to May 24th, 1866. 
 
 We have to admit that the earliest movements in the organization of St. 
 Michael's congregation in Philadelphia have not been ascertained Avith historical 
 accuracy. Pastor Jacob Fabricius, having been preaching for the Lutherans 
 in Isew York from 1688 till 1671, then having spent some time in divers places in 
 NcAV Jersey and also in Ncav Castle, then after 1677, five years after AAdiich he 
 lost his eyesight, being engaged for fourteen years in preaching to the SAvedish 
 Lutherans in Philadelphia, preached also for the German Lutherans here, 
 betAveen 1688 and 1691, Avho, hoAA^ever, do not appear to have had a church nor 
 even an organization of their OAvn. This condition of affairs continued on for a 
 score of years and more. The oldest existing record of baptisms, marriages, 
 deaths is dated in 1733, and was begun by John C. Stoever, already mentioned, 
 and Avho describes himself as "German Evangelical Lutheran pastor, noAV here." 
 He also records, in the book, a description of certain sacred vessels that Avere pre- 
 sented to the congregation, Avith the names of the donors. HoAvever, from the 
 preface and annotations of the Halle Keports Ave learn, that, in company Avith the 
 delegates Weisiger and Schoener, John Chr. Schultze, pastor of the Philadel- 
 phia Church, Avas sent to Germany by his congregation and by the congregations 
 at NeAV Hanover and Providence, to obtain help for these congregations, in 1733. 
 From this journey Schultze never returned. For some time in the autumn of 
 1742, Val. Kraft Avhom we have already encountered, was connected AAdth the 
 Lutherans in Philadelphia ; and, in other places, was wont to talk about a " Con- 
 sistorium " Avhich, he said, he had organized there. The SAvedish pastor Dylan- 
 DER preached, for the Germans, in his church at Wicaco, for more than a year, 
 every Sunday, at eight o'clock. He died NoA^ember 3d, 1741, about the time 
 when Zinzendorf, aa'Iio had reached Philadelphia in the fall of 1741, began to 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 65 
 
 busy himself concerning the German Lutherans in that city. The German 
 Lutherans and the Reformed held their public worship alternately in a building 
 that had served as a carpenter shop. Zinzendorf, whom Ave shall meet again, 
 aspired after being recognized as a Superintendent of all the German Lutheran 
 congregations in the Province, had the congregation to give him a call, and drew 
 up a kind of a constitution for them, wdiich, however, lodged all the power in the 
 hands of the pastor, although there is reference made to a " Collegium of Elders." 
 (See Buding. Samml., XVI, p. 579 and XVII part, p. 702.) The unaltered 
 Augsburg Confession alone is mentioned as the sole symbol. As was natural, the 
 congregation as a whole, was by no means satisfied with Zinzendorf and his ways 
 and policy; and on July 18th, 1742, under the ministry of Pyrliius, whom Zin- 
 zendorf had appointed as his substitute, the resistance revealed itself in a very 
 decided form. Of course, Zinzendorf had his adherents among the members of 
 the church ; but the congregation itself was liberated from his control, and a 
 decree of the civil authorities confirmed the liberation. 
 
 The congregation entered upon a regularly organized existence, in fact, only 
 upon the arrival of Muhlenberg, November 25th, 1742. True, prior to that time 
 there had been a sort of organization, for the oldest book of Eecords reports that 
 Muhlenberg found both elders and wardens already in office. But the necessity 
 of a new constitution pressed upon them, and the Records of the Vestry speak of 
 divers petitions and attempts made in that direction. This is also manifest in the 
 great increase of the congregation and in the improvement in its circumstances. 
 We have no space here to enter more fully into this subject ; but, in all essential 
 points, the difficult task of regularly organizing the congregation was completed 
 in the autumn of 1762 (see 10 Continuation, XI). These Fundamental Articles 
 were confirmed by the Charter of September 25th, 1765. According to this char- 
 ter the Church Council consists of the rector (or pastor), vestrymen and church 
 wardens, altogether numbering 22. A separate church of their own was as neces- 
 sary as a constitution had been ; and the corner-stone of St. Michael's Avas laid 
 June 14th, 1743 ; the consecration occurred in 1748. This church had room for 
 about 700 persons; but in a short time, on account of the rapid increase of the 
 congregation, it proved to be far too small. Besides, about the middle of the last 
 century, the immigration was so strong that in the year 1794 alone 12,000 souls 
 are said to have landed in Philadelphia. 
 
 We have alreadv noticed, that about five months after the arrival of Pastor 
 Brunnholtz, the congregration at Philadelphia was placed under his special 
 charge, whilst Muhlenberg ministered to the congregations in the country; an 
 arrangement which did not interfere with their mutual participation in the 
 burdens and cares of their official work. Yet, in the congregation at Philadel- 
 phia, Brunnholtz had, as his Assistant, Pastor J. D. M. Heintzelman, who had 
 landed here December 1st, 1751, Avho, however, departed this life already in 1756, 
 Brunnholtz also himself folloAving him into eternity, July 5th, 1757. His imme- 
 diate successor in office, Pastor J. F. Handschuh, died October 9th, 1764; 
 Muhlenberg himself having already, in 1761, come to his assistance, under the 
 heavy burdens occasioned by the constant rapid increase of the congregation in 
 Philadelphia. During the preceding year it had become necessary to buy a lot 
 of ground for a school-house; the school itself Avas opened July 27th, 1761. The 
 house erected for it yet stands on the north side of Cherry street, east of Fourth 
 
 5 
 
66 NOTES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 street, next to the corner house. A few years ago, after certain alterations, it 
 began to be occupied as a place of business. 
 
 Meanwhile a much more important undertaking demanded the attention of the 
 congregation, namely, the building of a new church ; for St. Michael's had, for a 
 long time, proven to be insulhcient to accommodate the crowds that worshipped 
 there. According to Halle Keports, 13 Continuation, II, sect. 7, the congregation 
 included above 700 heads of families, about the year 17G5. These indeed did not 
 all live exactly within the limits of the city, a large proportion of them having 
 their residence in the districts immmediately contiguous. It was held to be a 
 matter of prime importance that the congregation should always be bound 
 together as a whole, under one corporation; an arrangement which was main- 
 tained until 1867. The result of this was, that throughout the period of one 
 hundred years there were always tAvo, and, sometimes, even three pastors associ- 
 ated together ; a state of afiairs which, in view of the diversities of talents and 
 temperaments on the part of the pastors, and of tokens of approbation or of 
 unpopularity on the part of the people, had at least one unattractive side. 
 
 Handschuh having died October 9th, 1764, Pastor Fe. Schultz then became 
 the associate pastor with Muhlenberg; and on May 16th, 1766, a lot of ground at 
 the S. E. corner of Cherry and Fourth streets, opposite the school-house described 
 above, only a few hundred steps distant from St. Michael's Church, S. E. corner 
 of Cherry and Fifth streets, was purchased for what at present would be equal to 
 $4,106; the corner stone was laid for a church that was to be 108 feet long by 70 
 broad, the building itself, complete in all essential parts, was consecrated as ZiON 
 Church, June 25th, 1769, and stood for many years as the largest and most im- 
 posing edifice devoted to the worship of God, in all the land. The tower, the 
 walls of which built, like the church itself, of brick, had been raised somewhat 
 above the height of the roof was never completed. One hundred years afterwards 
 instead of the old church we have the new, the Zion Church now occupied in 
 Franklin street, west of Franklin Square; and the strong old congregation is 
 divided off into several branches which are now flourishing in different parts of 
 the city. 
 
 Dr. Muhlenberg formally resigned his office as pastor in 1779, having had, after 
 1770, Dr. John Chr. Kunze, his son-in-law, as his colleague. The successor of 
 Muhlenberg was Dr. Just. H. Chr. Helmuth, who landed here in company 
 with John Fr. Schmidt, April 2d, 1769. Dr. Kunze having accepted a call to 
 New York in 1784, Dr. Schmidt became the colleague of Dr. Helmuth in 1786; 
 and after his death in 1812, Dr. Fr. Schaeffer of Germantown succeeded him, 
 and served the congregation until 1834. In consequence of the infirmities of old 
 age, Dr. Helmuth having resigned his office in 1822, he died in 1825, and was 
 succeeded by Charles Rudolph Demme who departed this life September, 
 1863. His colleagues were, 1833-37, Pastor E. Peixotto, 1838-54 Pastor G. A. 
 Reichert, 1854-59, Pastor G. A. Wenzel, who, however, after Dr. Demme's 
 resignation in 1859, continued to serve as pastor until 1864. Dr. W. J. Mann has 
 been pastor since the year 1850. 
 
 The German language, naturally reinforced by continuous immigration, has 
 been fully maintained until the present day, notwithstanding the fact, that a very 
 large proportion of its older and younger members are natives of this country. 
 Of course, a German-English congregational school, at present consisting of two 
 
XOTES ON THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 67 
 
 divisions with about 130 children, has always been connected with the chnrcli. 
 For further particulars see the small volume " Zum Andenken an die hundertjiih- 
 rige Jubelfeier in der deutschen Evang.-Luther. St. Michaelis Kirche in Phila- 
 delphia am 14. Junius 1843 u. s. w. Pliilad., gedruckt bei Conrad Zentner;" und 
 *'Festgruss zum Zions-Jubiliium, 13. Mai 1860; der ganzen Gemeinde gewidmet 
 von ihren Pastoren AV. J. Mann und A. Spseth." Pastor Dr. A. Sp^th was the 
 colleague of Dr. Mann from 1864 till 1867, and at this time is Professor in tlie 
 Theological Seminary. In the book last mentioned above there are references to 
 a variety of historical sources. See also " Kirchenverfassung der deutschen Kv.- 
 Luth. Gemeinde in und um Philadelphia," which has appeared in print. 
 
 3** It is well known, that during the period of the Eeformation, the Anabaptist 
 furor, and social anarchy, under the leadings of Thomas Muenzer and Pfeifer 
 (executed in 1525), and afterwards, especially, in the city of Miinster, under 
 Knipperdolling, John of Leydex, and others, about 1734 and 1735, pushed 
 forward, hand in hand, until the Government quenched them out in blood. The 
 better part of the Anabaptists who survived were collected together into a new or- 
 ganization by Menno Simon, who had been a Komish priest, at Whitmarsh, near 
 Franaker in Friesland, a province of the Netherlands. They gradually succeeded 
 in obtaining toleration in Germany ; and, as early as 1578, in the Netherlands. 
 Menno himself never ceased to maintain the views of the earlier Anabaptists, who 
 sought to supplant the existing (biirgerliche) Church, by a Church of true be- 
 lievers; but he thought to bring it about by a development from within the 
 Church itself. His followers accommodated themselves to circumstances and de- 
 parted from his teachings in divers particulars. They were of one mind in re- 
 jecting infant baptism, and in the principles of church discipline ; differing, how- 
 ever, in their practice, a "Lax" and a "Strict" party growing up among them ; 
 differing also concerning the line of demarcation that should separate the life of 
 the Church from the State. The diversity of views concerning the adminstration 
 of church discipline began already in the time of Menno, who stood with the 
 "Strict" party. Their whole conception of the plan of salvation is near akin to 
 the ZAvinglian and Calvinistic view, and is opposed to that of the Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 From 1783 on till 1803 many Mennonites emigrated, especially from West 
 Prussia into Southern Russia, under a pledge of divers privileges from the Rus- 
 sian Government and, specially, of immunity from military service forever ("auf 
 ewige Zeiten"). Within a few years the Mennonite community in our country 
 has been considerably increased by the arrival of brethren in their faith, the di- 
 rect descendants of those earlier emigrants to Russia. 
 
 The Baptists, the advocates of immersion, in England and America, are re- 
 lated to the Mennonites. They arose in 1633, under the Independents, who broke 
 off from the established Church of England. In America, and specially in New 
 England, they encountered, at first, a very decided opposition. They are cut up 
 into many parties, among themselves. Of several Baptist factions we shall speak 
 hereafter. 
 
 ^' Atheists are people who deny the existence of a God. David already un- 
 derstood them, Ps. 14: 1. 
 
 Deists do not absolutely deny the existence of a God ; but fancy that God is 
 wholly separated from the created world, and does not concern Himself about it, 
 
68 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 that the world is a machine that runs of itself. Accordingly, they deny a Divine 
 Providence and Government of the world ; they reject also Divine Revelation as 
 received by Christians. 
 
 Naturalists maintain that Nature is all in all and that there is no higher 
 God. 
 
 Freemasonry is a secret association based upon certain universal moral princi- 
 ples, and dealing largely in all kinds of signs and symbols, specially such as are 
 to be found in masonry and in architecture. It seeks to enlist the human race in 
 general. It claims to have been founded in a period of remote antiquity ; but, in 
 fact, can be traced back no further than to the structures erected by the guilds of 
 architects of the middle ages. The earliest records upon this subject date from 
 the century before the Eeformation. It can be shown that already in the 17th 
 century, men of learning and of rank were initiated as members of societies of the 
 art of masons and sculptors. At the time of the death of King William of 
 Orange, 1702, there were four Lodges in London. By them the Grand Lodge 
 of England was organized. After that time, when free-thinking was very preva- 
 lent amongst people of rank and culture. Freemasonry started up into importance, 
 spread itself out over France, Germany and other European countries, and was 
 translated also to the New World. (See a mournful account from Philadelphia, 
 in connection with this subject, in Acta Hist. Eccles., II, p. 1053, etc., of the year 
 1737.) The immense popularity, however, of this and of other secret societies be- 
 longs to the present century. Matt. 15 : 13. 
 
 '■^'^ John Conrad Dippel, who wrote under the name of Christianus Demo- 
 CRiTUS, was born at Frankenstein in Hesse, 1673, and died 1734, at the Castle of 
 Wittgenstein, not far from Berleburg. (See Acta Hist. Eccles., I, p. 390, etc.) 
 Berleburg was the place of refuge for divers sorts of fanatics. Here also was the 
 native place of the famous Berleburg Bible, which, prepared by divers hands, 
 but especially by J. F. Haug, attempted, under the pretence of penetrating more 
 deeply into the hidden meaning of the Holy Scriptures, and by a phraseology 
 that referred everything, out and out to the development of the divine life in the 
 soul, to overthrow the biblical, evangelical doctrine of justification, to exalt Christ 
 in us instead of Christ for us, to magnify sanctification instead of justification, 
 and consequently, to propagate a religion of righteousness by works. True, the 
 methods and example of most influential orthodox theologians and pastors were 
 olten so utterly destitute of the anointing from on high as to afibrd some excuse 
 for these unhealthy excrescences. 
 
 Dippel's youth had been one of restless agitation; he was always pushing 
 around to learn a little of everything ; and, indeed, all through his life he lived 
 an adventurer. At first he entered the lists on the side of Orthodoxy against 
 Pietism ; afterwards made a hateful attack upon the doctrines of the Lutheran 
 Church ; rejected the inspiration of the Holy Scriptures ; denied the efficacy of 
 the Sacraments ; and instead of faith in the vicarious sufferings of Christ, taught 
 the necessity of self-sacrifice on the part of man. Having been arrested and le- 
 gally prosecuted for his peculiar teachings, he wandered around from place to 
 place, now in Giessen, then in Darmstadt, then lost all he had through his in- 
 fatuation for alchemy, then lived a while in Berlin but had to make iiis escape 
 thence, went afterwards to Frankford-on-the-Main, then to Amsterdam, had him- 
 self dubbed doctor of the healing art in Leyden, was driven out of Holland by 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 69 
 
 the Government, was imprisoned at Altona, for seven years Ly the Danes, for 
 being too free with his tongue, then went to Stockholm whence he was soon 
 ordered off, then kej)t on roving about, until he found a place of refuge, at hist, in 
 Berleburg. He spread his fanatical notions abroad by his writings, and disciples 
 gathered around him. Though peculiarly gifted with glittering talents, he was 
 deficient in the meek simplicity of faith and in sobriety of spirit. His heart and 
 his head were as unsteady as his life. The hyihn which he composed " O Jesu, 
 sieh darein und hilf mir Armen siegen," gives us a glimpse into his personal ex- 
 perience, is an indication of his gifts, and indeed, has been introduced into many 
 hymn books in recent times. His theological system has been briefly exhibited 
 in Yal. E. Loescher's Unschuld. Nachr., 1702, p. 766, etc., Waech, Eelig. 
 Streitigk. in der Luth. Kirche, Thl. I, p. 764. II, p. 721. 
 
 ^^ A i^ound sterling : — The derivation of the term which arose in England under 
 Richard I, about 1190, is obscure. It is regarded as an abbreviation of the Avord 
 EasterUng, an oriental coin introduced into England, or produced there by dis- 
 tinguished coiners from the East. The pound sterling is now represented by the 
 Sovereign, a gold coin of the value of $4.84. The pound, as it was estimated at 
 that time, in Pennsylvania, was, according to the text, equal to $2.42. However, 
 according to the valuation of the present day, it is generally held that three 
 pounds, Pennsylvania currency, are about equal to eight dollars in gold. (See also 
 Preface to 10th Continuation, Sect. III.) 
 
 '* That is, in parts of the city which, a few years before, had not been occupied 
 by dwellings. It is not usual to erect a church beyond the built-up portions of a 
 city. Otherwise, there was plenty of room for a church round about Philadelphia, 
 as it tlien was. St. Michael's Church, subsequently erected in Fifth street, north 
 of Arch, stood near the middle of the city, running north and south ; but on its 
 extreme western border as it existed at the time. 
 
 ^^ That is, according to present valuation, §280 in gold. In view of the scarcity 
 of money then prevailing, and of the circumstances of by far the largest number 
 of contributors, that was certainly a very encouraging ohering. 
 
 ^ This refers to the ground on which St. Michael's was afterwards built, on 
 Fifth street, corner of Appletree alley, south of Race street. The graveyard ex- 
 tended north of the church toward Race street. That portion that lay north of 
 Cherry street began to be occupied by buildings 30 years ago. 
 
 3^ The steeple, itself a wooden structure, was, in fact, put up ; but the bells were 
 never hung in it, and the steeple itself was taken down again in 1750. Kalm, 
 the Swedish traveller, in his description of Philadelphia, states that the reason 
 for this removal was the fact, that a bungling builder had erected the steeple before 
 the masonry of the walls had become sufliciently dry, and the walls had begun to 
 crack, as the result. Pastor Ilandschuh reports to the same effect in 9th Continu- 
 ation, from the year 1758. On the first leaf of tlie congregational protocol we 
 find the words : " Begun by me, John Casp. Stover, at present German Ev. Luth. 
 pastor, here, A. D. 1733"; and, under date of February 7th, 1750, Pastor Brunn- 
 holtz writes as follows: "By 23 affirmative votes against 8 negative it has been 
 resolved that it is most advisable to remove the steeple ; and that it shall not be 
 re-erected until further orders." This may be considered as an indication of the 
 confidence placed upon the administration of these 31 individuals. They consisted 
 of 7 elders, 4 wardens, certain members of the church as advisory, and, in addition 
 
70 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 to all, the pastor himself. Under date of November 1st, 1750, the record is ; "A. 
 meeting of the vestry was held to consider the security of the church, in relation 
 to the steeple. Muhlenberg made an address about the steeple and about the 
 organ, — it must be kept dry ; — girders sawn oil"; — too light to bear the steeple ; — 
 if we want to have an organ we must give up the steeple; — we must be concerned 
 only about the security of the building ; — it was well meant in the beginning ; 
 was, indeed, necessary on account of the Moravians. The meeting resolved that 
 the steeple must come down. Few words were said, but calmly and quietly — ." 
 This is the way the protocol was kept at the time. So wrote Pastor Bninnholtz 
 himself, in a somewhat running, but not very legible hand. 
 
 ^^ This is a remarkable statement. The free exercise of his religion was ac- 
 corded to every person in the land, of course. But the colonial government never 
 passed any specific laws by way of defining what was comprehended in this free 
 exercise of religion; except that, as we shall see, Protestants were the people 
 distinctly referred to in the laws that had a bearing upon the concerns of the 
 church. But for this very reason the old English Law was continued in tlie land, 
 by tacit consent ; and this law extended to dissenters the right of assembKng in 
 their " Meeting Houses," which however, does not include the privilege of build- 
 ing churches furnished with steeples and bells. The Lutherans built a church 
 and erected a steeple. It would be hard to show what special privilege they 
 could claim for so doing. At all events, no one ever entered complaint against 
 them. Was the doing of it in any wise connected with the supposed relationship 
 between the Lutheran Church and the Church of England ; or with the circum- 
 stance that the reigning King of England, although himself head of the estab- 
 lished Church maintained Lutheran pastors at his court ? However, we must not 
 forget that Episcopalians acknowledged the ordination of the Moravians as hav- 
 ing a legitimate succession, which they did not admit concerning Lutheran ordi- 
 nation. (See Oehler's Symbolik, 1876, p. 313.) The language of the text clearly 
 intimates that, in putting up the steeple, the congregation at Philadelphia had 
 acted in accordance with some kind of sj^ecial privilege or right which they pos- 
 sessed. The language of Pastor Brunnholtz also, just quoted "necessary on account 
 of the Moravians " seems to prove that in erecting a steeple the Lutheran Church 
 exercised its liberty, and intended, by that act, to give some expression of its 
 peculiar spirit, and to indicate its independence as distinct from the fellowship of 
 the Moravians. 
 
 However, the German Reformed congregation in Germantown had a bell on 
 their place of worship after 1725, and in 1748, the Swedish traveller Prof. Peter 
 Kalm saw a Presbyterian church with steeple and bells in Kew Jersey. The 
 Assembly legislating for the Province of Pennsylvania enacted a law, January 
 4th, 1730, which extended to all churches and congregations of Protestants, 
 the right, as such, to purchase and hold groimd for grave-yards, church and school 
 buildings and the like purposes, as also to plead and be impleaded before the law. 
 (See Laws of the Commonw. of Pa., republ. by the authority of the Legisl., 1810, 
 Vol. I, p. 191—194.) True, congregations had purchased property even before 
 that law was enacted ; but the transaction was always done by the intervention of 
 personal trustees ; and churches, at times, suffered loss in consequence. 
 
 3» M. Gabriel Naesmanx, who landed in Philadelphia, October 20th, 1743. 
 Acrelius' Hist., etc., p. 241, etc. Halle Reports, 1st Continuation, Sect. 9 ; 3d Con- 
 tinuation, I, Sect. 12. 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 71 
 
 *® See 1st Continuation, Sect. 12. At that time, in Pennsylvania, people could 
 be imprisoned for debt; and even though the non-payment was not their own 
 fault. 
 
 *' Among believing people in Germany benevolent contributions were collected 
 for the Germans in America as for a missionary field. In this work reguhirly 
 established Church Authorities also participated, for instance, the Ecclesiastical 
 Council of Hesse-Darmstadt, 3d Continuation, Sect. 26. See also Muhlenberg's 
 letter of 1753, 8th Continuation, VI. A contribution from the Ecclesiastical Funds 
 of WuRTEMBERa is also mentioned in 3d Continuation, Sect. 23. In a word, 
 there are frequent references to such beneficent acts. They helped to build up 
 the Lutheran Church in the new world, and proved to be profitable investments. 
 Congregations of other confessions were assisted in like manner by the old coun- 
 tries from which tliey came, England, Holland, etc. As to the Swedes, the 
 Church Authorities in their mother country felt themselves officially bound to 
 take care of them. 
 
 *'^ As a general survey we oflTer the following: Pastor Brunnholz was associated 
 with Muhlenberg as the second pastor of the congregations in Philadelphia, New 
 Hanover, New Providence and Germantown. The sphere of their labors was now 
 enlarged, and Kurtz and Schaum, who shall be noticed afterwards, assisted them, 
 specially in preaching and as teachers of the congregational schools, the specific 
 design of which, very propably was, to furnish religious instruction also. Pastor 
 Brunnholtz, being of weak constitution, found himself, in a few months, unable to 
 endure the hardships of serving the congregations in the country to which he had 
 to travel on horseback by wretched roads, fording streams in heat and cold, 
 through rain and snow. So he retained charge only of the congregation in Phila- 
 delphia, and also of the neighboring church in Germantown. The Halle Reports 
 often bear testimony to the zeal of his official labors. He attached much import- 
 ance to the method of teaching the adults by questions and answers, on the occa- 
 sions of public worship. In 1751 he transferred the congregation in Germantcnvn 
 to Pastor Handschuh. The building of St. Michael's Church in Philadelphia 
 was finally completed under Pastor Brunnholtz (1745-47). His physical strength, 
 however, was unable to endure, for any great length of time, the heavy burdens 
 of his office; and after only 13 years of laborious toil this diligent and gifted pas- 
 tor fell asleep, July 17th, 1758. He had never married. He bequeathed his 
 library to the congregation in Philadelphia. See 9th Continuation, I, 5. Tliis 
 library was, at first, in an upper room of a building annexed to St. Michael's 
 Church ; afterwards, as far as we can ascertain, it was placed in book-cases in the 
 vestry-room of Zion Church, erected 1760-69, where it was very seriously dam- 
 aged by the great fire on the day after Christmas 1794. The vt)lumes that were 
 saved passed, partly, into private hands, and partly into the library of the Lu- 
 theran Theological Seminary now in Philadelphia. The memory of Brunnholtz 
 continues to be held in honor for his great activity in works of beneficence, and 
 for his devotion of self to the service of others. See 9th Continuation, IV. Letter 
 of Muhlenberg, 1758; also. Appendix to 1st Continuation, the interesting state- 
 ments from the Halle Archives, furnisiied by Dr. W. Germann. 
 
 John Helfrich Schaum was the son of a pious schoolmaster at Muench- 
 HOLZHAUSEN, near to Giessen, the seat of the University in the Grand Dukedom 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt. The father's letters, abounding in wholesome admonitions, 
 
72 XOTES ox THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 followed the son even into the field of liis labors in Pennsylvania. Schanm him- 
 self had been regularly trained in the Frankean Institutions and educated at the 
 L'niversity of Halle. Upon his arrival in Philadelphia his chief work was that 
 of teacher in the congregational school ; but he preached also, and specially in 
 Gerniantown. (Halle Keports, 12th Continuation, Journal of Muhlenberg, 1763.) 
 After a short time we find him at Somerset, N. J., where he was appointed to 
 serve as assistant until the arrival of a pastor who was expected from Germany. 
 In the same capacity he went to Karitan, N. J., in the spring of 1747 as "being 
 sent by the ordained pastors, Muhlenberg and Brunnholtz." He was directed to 
 be careful to keep a diary of his official acts, to be circumspect in his walk and 
 conversation, to conform closely to the prescribed Order of Public Worship, and 
 to catechise the children for half an hour after the regular services on Sundays. 
 He was allowed also to baptize and to unite persons in marriage. (Halle Keports, 
 5th Continuation, I, Muhlenberg's Letter, 1748.) In the spring of 1748 he was 
 sent to the congregation at York, Pa., and ordained at a meeting of the Synod at 
 Lancaster, Pa., in 1749. (Halle Eeports, 6th Continuation, I, II.) Many Divine 
 blessings attended his work in York and its vicinity, where he labored for seven 
 years, although he doubtless often felt himself prevented, by bodily infirmities, 
 from extending his operations through a wider sphere. In 1750 whilst upon a 
 journey to Earitan, N. J., in company with Handschuh, he met with a serious 
 injury in one of his lower limbs, from which he suffered for years, and for a long 
 time was not able to preach. (Halle Eeports, 7th Continuation, II.) On account 
 of certain disturbances a part of the congregation forsook him in 1753, and at- 
 tached themselves to a young intru^ler, who had come from Maryland, probably, 
 LrDWiG HocHHEiMER, who afterwards went to South Carolina. Schaum greatly 
 enjoyed the exchange of letters with his brethren in office ; and so much the more 
 on account of the difficulties that were in the Avay of personal intercourse. In 
 1755 he accepted a call to Tohicon now Friedens Church, Bedminster, Bucks 
 county, Pa., and to the congregations in the neighborhood ; where, however, he 
 endured many privations. In 1759 he moved to New Hanover, Falkner's Swamp, 
 preaching also in the congregations at Oley, Pikeland, Lower Dublin, and, every 
 fourth Sunday, at Providence, in the place of Muhlenberg. In 1761 he declined a 
 call to Frederick, Md. In the spring of 1762 he added several other congrega- 
 tions to his charge. In 1763 he lived at Weitendahl (Whitehall), Lehigh 
 county. Pa. As the church at Mosellem had become vacant in consequence of 
 Hausile's departure to Easton, he accepted a call to that congregation and re- 
 mained there until his death, Jan. 26tli, 1778. (See 16th Continuation, II.) His 
 place was supplied for several months by Pastor H. E. Muhlenberg. His actual 
 successor in the charge was Daxiel Lehman. 
 
 John Nicolas Kurtz, older than his brother William whom we shall meet 
 hereafter, was born at Luetzellinden, a few miles from Giessen, in what was 
 then the principality of Nassau-Weilburg, in the circle of Wetzlar, now a 
 Prussian Province, on the Ehein. He also descended from a family of educators. 
 In his fifteenth year his father sent him to the high school at Giessen and after- 
 wards to the University of Halle. There, whilst yet a student of Theology, he 
 received and accepted, at the same time with Schaum, an invitation to emigrate 
 to America ; and both of them joined Brunnholtz, Avho had already had a call to 
 Pennsylvania. They arrived in Philadelphia Jan. 26th, 1745. (Halle. Nachr., 
 
NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 73 
 
 pp. 30, 41, 63.) Kurtz, at once, occupied the newly built schoolhouse at New 
 Hanover, acting as teacher and catechist; at first, subordinate to Mr. Vigera, 
 afterwards as the principal, yet always being the "assistant" of Muhlenberg. 
 (Halle. Nachr., pp. 27, 45.) The school required great diligence on his part, and 
 prosi)ered under his care; the congregation being well satisfied with his work (p. 
 38.) Some time during the year 1745 he was sent to Readingstown (Karitan), 
 N. J., (p. 189). In March, 1746, he went, for a season, to the congregation at Co- 
 HENZi (Salem, N. J.) ; paid a visit in the same year to Raritan, N. J., and was 
 also sent by Muhlenberg to Allemangel, Saccum and Upper Milford (pp. 177, 
 186, etc.). 'About the end of this year he began his work at Tulpehokon and 
 vicinity, where he labored faithfully and stood high in honor for 16 years (pp. 
 248, 675, etc.). He occupied a parsonage near Christ Church, in which he 
 preached; he preached also in the Old Reeds, or first Tulpehokon Church, at 
 Northkill, at Heidelberg, or the Eck Kirche, which he had built in 1750, at 
 Atolher or Rehrersburg" and, probably, in several other places. The congrega- 
 tions of that district had succeeded in their petition to the Synod at Philadelphia 
 to appoint him as their pastor ; he was, accordingly, examined and ordained at 
 once, and, having delivered a written obligation, he was formally installed into 
 his oflftce (p. 77, etc.). At first, he had his home at the residence of Conrad AVei- 
 ser. Shortly afterwards he married Anna Elizabeth Seidel at New Hanover, 
 the ceremony being performed by Muhlenberg, Dec. 9th, 1747. He had eight 
 sons and three daughters born in Tulpehokon. The youngest son, John Daniel, 
 was born March 30th, 1764. In a letter of the year 1757 he styles Muhlenberg 
 his god-father (Gevatter— p. 704.) During the years of the wars with the Indians 
 he had hard times (pp. 708, 715) ; but held out manfully, and about 1759 his cir- 
 cumstances began to improve (p. 730). We find him present at the meetings of 
 Synod; and, on such an occasion in Philadelphia in 1751, he preached "a pretty 
 long, and yet an edifying sermon" (pp. 533, 834). In 1761, Muhlenberg, who 
 had resumed his work in Philadelphia, conferred with him about his taking 
 charge of New Hanover and Providence, and about going on a visitation to New 
 York (p. 870). This visitation he undertook in company with Provost Wran- 
 GEL, Sept. 29th, 1761, and returned with Pastor Brycelius in March, 1762. To 
 our regret, the report of this visitation to the churches of New York and New 
 Jersevis yet lacking. During the meeting of the Synod in Philadelphia, June, 
 1762,'at the request of Muhlenberg, he preached in the congregations at Barren- 
 hill and Germantown, and again in November, 1762 (pp. 917, 927, 939). These 
 congregations then called him, as their pastor; which was the occasion of trouble 
 in the TOUgregations at Tulpehokon and vicinity. This, however, was settled by 
 Muhlenberg; and it was finallv arranged, that Kurtz should not absolutely resign 
 the charge at Tulpehokon, and that he should continue to administer the Lord's 
 Supper there, at the usual times. He went to work then in Germantown, where 
 matters soon got into better condition and where the believing part of the congre- 
 gation were, by a decree of the Court, put in possession of the church property. 
 In October, 1763, he paid a visit to Tulpehokon (p. 1135). In April, 1763, Muh- 
 lenberg speaks of him as having "already become old and delicate in consequence 
 of constant riding on horseback," and it is probable that the hope was cherished 
 that a quieter time in Germantown would contribute to the recovery of his physical 
 strength (p. 1148). In Oct., 1763, he served as Secretary of the Synod (p. 1124). 
 
74 NOTES ON THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 Meanwhile, the state of affairs at Tolpehokon, where his brother William had 
 been occupying his house, demanded his return, at least for a time ; and so we lind 
 liim there June 7th, 1764 (p. 1160). In 1769 he was called to York, Pa., where, 
 for several years, there had been no resident Lutheran pastor; John G. Bagek, 
 from the neighboring town of Hanover, having rendered the congregation an oc- 
 casional service. (Lvang. Magaz., II, 21 ; Kauss' Memorial, by Eev. Dr. L. A. 
 Gotwald, York, Pa. ; Sprague's Annals, p. 22.) He continued lor many years to 
 labor according to his strength, in and around Y^'ork. During these years he is 
 said to have done much missionary work in the western parts of Pennsylvania, in 
 Maryland and Virginia, visiting existing congregations, and organizing new ones, 
 being, during the latter years, assisted by his son-in-law. Pastor Goeeing. We 
 meet him again, in attendance at the First District Conference, at Kew^ Holland, 
 in November, 1771. In 1778 Muhlenberg describes him as "old and feeble, 
 wearied by the cares of his office as President, and anxiously longing for rest" 
 (p. 1412). As late as 1784 he attended the Synod at Lancaster. In 1792 he 
 moved to Baltimore, to the residence of his son. Pastor J, D. Kurtz, who had 
 charge of the Lutheran congregation there. He died there May 12tli, 1794. He 
 was grandfather of Dr. Benjamin Kurtz, who died in 1866, and who had been 
 for many years editor of the Lutheran Observer (Evang. Rev., VI, 261 ; VII, 152, 
 527 ; XV, 161, etc.). John Nic. Kurtz was the first Evang. Lutheran pastor ever 
 ordained by a Synod in the New World. He died bearing the honors of "Senior 
 Ministerii," after 46 years of pastoral labor. 
 
 The ordination of the Swedish candidate Malander by the Pastors Tranberg 
 and Dylander in 1741, had been authorized by orders, to that effect, sent from 
 Sweden. But Dylander died before the instructions had arrived, and the ordina- 
 tion was never performed, Acrelius p. 330. The ordination of Justus Falckner 
 will be noticed in 6th Continuation, I. Muhlenberg's Report, etc., 1750. Acts 
 that were intended to answer as ordinations were occasionally j)erformed, and cor- 
 responded to the general looseness that prevailed. In 1733, or shortly before, 
 Pastor Schultze is said to have ordained John C. Stoever in a barn, for public 
 worship was here and there held in barns, on account of the lack of more conve- 
 nient places, as was the case in Providence until 1743, and in other parts. These 
 occurrences, however, are to be regarded not as extraordinary, but as disorderly. 
 .(See Bueding. Samml., 12, Vol. V, p. 832.) In a private letter of Aug. 6th, 1747, 
 now in the library of the Hist. Soc. at Gettysburg, Muhlenberg incidentally re- 
 marks : " When a man is ordained as a preacher of the Gospel, he must have a 
 certain specified field of labor assigned to him." This principle was maintained 
 both by himself and by his associates. 
 
 Respecting the ordination in the "barn," referred to above, see the very sensible 
 report written, if Ave mistake not, by the " Inspirationist " Gruber, II, found in 
 "Bewahrten Nachr. iiber Herrnhut'Sachen," von J. Ph. Fresenius, III, p. 548, 
 etc. ; also " Die Tulpehokon Confusion," vom Herrnhut. Meurer. 
 
 *■* The word Cantores signifies Singers, Leaders of the singing ; yet it is often 
 taken to mean the teachers in Christian congregational schools, Avho were accus- 
 tomed also to lead the singing at public worship, and, in the absence of the pastor, 
 to read the prayers, the Scriptures and a sermon for the assembled congregation. 
 In the 1st Continuation those two men are called Catechists, i. e., persons who 
 Avere authorized to teach, to preach, and in extreme cases, to baptize, but who had 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 75 
 
 not yet been regularly ordained to the holy office. In 2d Continuation, Section 6^ 
 they are called Helpers, Assistants. It appears from the Church liecords of that 
 time, e. g., Kew Providence, that they administered baptism. In the Journal of 
 Muhlenberg, July 8th, 1762, it may be seen that the President of the Synod ac- 
 corded to a Candidate who had just passed his examination, the right to perform 
 "actus ministeriales," which privilege was, in later times, enjoyed by the so-called 
 Licentiates. In this sense the word License is to be found in Halle Nachr., 
 p. 1415. 
 
 ** This good friend was the Grand Stewardess von Muenchhalsen in Hanover. 
 Brunnhqltz speaks of her in his letter of April 21st, 1744. (See Appendix to 1st 
 Continuation.) 
 
 APPENDIX TO THE (FIRST) BRIEF 
 REPORT. 
 
 STATEMENTS FROM THE ARCHIVES OF THE FRANCKEAN 
 INSTITUTIONS AT HALLE.* 
 
 I. 
 
 WEISIGER'S SHORT ACCOUNT CONCERNING 
 AMERICA. 
 
 A new Colony under the name of Pennsylvania having been founded 
 in the last century in America or what is also called West India, it is 
 well known in what manner many German Protestants, from the Pala- 
 tinate and other regions, emigrated thither, that they might enjoy free- 
 dom of religion and of conscience ; so many indeed, that they occupy 
 and cultivate a large portion of the land. Yet, for quite a long time 
 
 ■^ We present here a series of documents copied from papers in the Arcliives of 
 the Franckean Institutions and furnished by Dr. W. Germann. They throw suffi- 
 cient light upon the difficulties that attended the efforts to secure pastors for the 
 German Lutherans in Pennsylvania. The document published by Weisiger at 
 Hildesheim is also given. In "Sammlung auserlesener Materien zum Bau des 
 Eeiches Gottes," Art. 24, Part 7, I rankfurt and Leipzig, there is a recommenda- 
 tion in favor of Weisiger and of his object to collect money for the congregations 
 in Peunsvlvania; also a document proceeding from the elders of the churches at 
 Philadelphia, New LEanover and Providence ; and which they had placed in the 
 hands of the delegates. Besides, there is the official attestation of Gov. Gordon, 
 of Pennsylvania, oi May 1st, 1733, and a commendatory letter of Ziegenhagen's, 
 dated Jan. 28th, 1734. See also Acta Hist. Eccles., Vol. I, Part 2, p. 165, etc. 
 
76 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 they have been living without the services of competent teachers and 
 pastors, as also without schools; and the consequence is that many 
 have wandered oif from the lite of the Church and have strayed far in 
 divers crooked ways. Many indeed, have deeply felt the necessity of 
 regular teachers and of schools, both for their own beneht and for the 
 proper education of their children ; and therefore opened several schools 
 in Philadelphia and provided for their regular instructions. Yet, on 
 account of the increase in the number of congregations and of children, 
 this provision was found to be insufficient to meet the growing demand ; 
 and at the same time, teachers who would really take to heart the in- 
 struction of children and the spiritual edification of adults, and who 
 had themselves the necessary qualifications for this work, were very 
 seldom to be found. 
 
 In each of the three towns Philadelphia, New Hanover and Provi- 
 dence, and immediate vicinity, there are five hundred German fami- 
 lies, more or less, of the Evangelical Lutheran faith. These three con- 
 gregations have joined together in the Name of God, and with praver 
 for His gracious helj), to endeavor to secure the services of faithful and 
 competent teachers, and to build a church in each place, in order that 
 they may hereafter enjoy the preaching of the Gosj^el and maintain the 
 usual exercises of public Avorship. They contemplate also, with equal 
 earnestness, the establishment of schools for the instruction of their 
 children. 
 
 They have obtained permission from his majesty, the king of Eng- 
 land, to prosecute this work ; but they are not able, by their own 
 means alone, to accomplish it. Accordingly, they have been encour- 
 aged to send to England and Germany, John Christian Schultze, who 
 has been their pastor, and the Christian brethren, Daniel Weisiger and 
 John Daniel Schoner, for the purpose of collecting from our brethren 
 in the faith, their benevolent contributions towards the building of the 
 needful churches and schoolhouses. Daniel Weisiger, one of the dele- 
 gates, having come to Germany, has already, in several places, received 
 generous contributions from benevolent friends. But as it is impossi- 
 ble for him personally to visit all parts of Germany, he hereby pub- 
 lishes his commission, in the name of the said Evang. Luth. Congrega- 
 tions in Philadelphia, Providence and New Hanover ; and addressing, 
 in terms of due respect, all brethren of the Evang. Lutheran faith who 
 may read this statement, he humbly entreats them to extend a gener- 
 ous sympathy towards their needy brethren in Pennsylvania ; and, by 
 kind contributions, to promote the work that may be undertaken in 
 the several places of their abode. He doubts not "^that Almighty God 
 will quicken, in fervent love and active co-operation, all persons Avho 
 are concerned about the extension of the Divine Kingdom and the sal- 
 vation of the souls of men, that He will richly reward them in return, 
 and grant them, in like measure, His attention and favor in all their 
 times of need. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 77 
 
 In testimony and confirmation of the authority of Daniel Weisiger, 
 aforesaid, to act as such delegate, he has appended to this statement 
 the document given to him and his colleagues by the elders and dea- 
 cons of the Evang. Luth. Congregations in Philadelphia, New Han- 
 over and Providence, and signed by the English Governor of the 
 Province of Pennsylvania; together with an Extract from a letter 
 which the congregation in Philadelphia, in October of last year, ad- 
 dressed to Dr. Ziegenhagen, Royal English Court Preacher in the 
 German Chapel at London ; as also what Dr. Ziegenhagen thereupon 
 communicated to a distinguished Evang. Lutheran divine in Hannover. 
 He trusts that these testimonials will be the more confidently accepted, 
 because that, in every place, further evidences of the truth of the mat- 
 ter may be so easily obtained. 
 
 Daniel Weisiger. 
 Hildesheim, May 3d, 1734. 
 
 EXTRACT 
 
 Of a commnnication addressed by Dr. F. M. Ziegenhagen, Court Preacher in the 
 
 German Chapel at London, to a minister of the Gospel in Hannover, 
 
 January 28th, 1734."'^ 
 
 It is alas ! too true that the Evangelical Churches that are scattered 
 here and there in America, especially in Virginia, Philadelphia, Penn- 
 sylvania, etc., are in a very deplorable condition, particularly in re- 
 gard to the Word of God and the Holy Sacraments, and such appoint- 
 ments as are necessary for proper instruction in the Divine Word and 
 the right administration of the Sacraments. (For continuation of the 
 Extract see First Brief Report, sect. 6. After the portion there pre- 
 sented, the letter continues as follows:) Our inability to help our- 
 selves, in our deep poverty, may be seen in this circumstance also; 
 after we had resolved to send out our pastor, John C. Schultze, and 
 Daniel Weisiger and John D. Schoner along with him, we were not 
 able, out of our own means, to provide for the expenses of the journey. 
 We were therefore compelled to borrow the money, which we did, from 
 
 * We are able to furnish this letter in full from the Archives at Halle. It be- 
 gins as folloAVS : " Most Keverend, Most Honored Pastor, Most Worthy Brother in 
 the Lord ! For your friendly communication of January 26th I return my sin- 
 cerest thanks. The information you have given me about the happy condition of 
 this and that household, and about divers other things has been heartily welcomed. 
 However, since I have to prepare the missionary reports for Tranquebar and Ma- 
 dras, in time for the ship that is to sail in a few days, I shall turn, at once, to the 
 chief subject of your letter, which relates to Daniel Weisiger, the collector. Judg- 
 ing from his disposition and his object, I have no hesitation in testifying to his 
 honesty and integrity ; and I do not doubt, that if the character and conduct of 
 his colleague, the other collector, had been like his own, the collection which has 
 been undertaken, would, with the Divine Favor, have been more successful both 
 here and in other places." 
 
78 APPENDIX TO THE (FIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 Melchior Schultze, of Holland, who has a brother residing here. For 
 the interest on this money we, the undersigned, are personally responsi- 
 ble. But we cling to the hope that God, in His mercy, will not forsake 
 us, but will stir up the hearts of the benevolent to hasten to our help, 
 that we perish not. Therefore we cannot refrain from appealing once 
 more, in all reverence, to your Excellency, to grant us whatever help 
 you can ; to collect whatever contributions your congregation may be 
 pleased to give ; and then, either by bill of exchange or by the hands 
 of some trustworthy friend, transmit the amount to some merchant in 
 Philadelphia, etc." 
 
 So far, the letter from the congregation in Philadelphia. To all 
 this the Court Preacher adds the following: "In the forgoing, your 
 Excellency may clearly see the grounds upon which Daniel Weisiger 
 rests his appeal for pecuniary help. The congregation he re])resents, 
 as well as others in America, is in very great need ; this cannot be 
 denied. The pressure of their need is not well understood in other 
 places ; and even where it is well known it fails to excite the requisite 
 amount of sympathy; and the consequence is, that in their spiritual 
 destitution, these poor people are ever growing worse and worse. My 
 desire is, to entreat you in most persuasive terms, to encourage the un- 
 dertaking of Daniel Weisiger. Have compassion upon the lambs and 
 sheep of the flock of Jesus Christ in America, perishing as they are ; 
 and hasten to their relief, that they may be refreshed in due time. 
 Although I have not, as yet, the means in hand. I, myself, will un- 
 dertake to furnish, for several congregations in America, a supply of 
 copies of the Holy Scriptures, Hymn Books, Catechisms and Primers." 
 
 " If any considerable amount should, by the Favor of the Lord, be 
 collected in your city, it may be forwarded to me, as the Philadelphia 
 congregation have requested, in their last letter ; and I shall transmit 
 it to its proper destination.* 
 
 Copy of the Open Letter of the Evang. Lutheran Congregations at Phila- 
 delphia, New Hanover and Providence, placed in the hands of 
 their Delegates to Europe. 
 
 To each and all Evangelical Christians, with due reverence, Grace 
 and Peace! 
 
 It is well known that within about twenty years, many Protestant 
 families who had been persecuted in Germany on account of their re- 
 ligious faith, or otherwise oppressed by Roman Catholic Rulers, have 
 at great expense, resorted to this Province of Pennsylvania, which is 
 under the Government of England. In numbers they already amount 
 to thousands. Upon their arrival, the most of them, being poor and 
 
 * "If your Excellency should be of opinion that an extract from this letter, with 
 permission to exhibit it whilst prosecuting his collections, would be of service to 
 Weisiger, be good enough to grant him that privilege, as you may think proper." 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 79 
 
 destitute of all means, scattered themselves here and there in the wilder- 
 ness, and there took up their abodes. In consequence of this they con- 
 tinued to live without the privileges of the Church, without the services 
 of a regular pastors, without the blessings of the Holy Sacraments, even 
 as lost sheep, until at last, a Merciful Providence was pleased to send 
 us a minister of the word in the person of the Rev. Henry John Chris- 
 tian Schultze, born in Scheinbach, in the Markgravate of Anspach.* 
 
 He has earnestly endeavored, according to his ability, by the preach- 
 ing of the Word and the administration of the Holy Sacraments, to 
 bring us out of the darkness and ignorance into which we had fallen 
 when we were living without the light and pure doctrine of the Gospel. 
 He has sought to awaken us as well as other adherents of the Evangel- 
 ical Lutheran doctrine residing in the three places, Philadelphia, New 
 Hanover and Providence ; and, by organizing three congregations, to 
 renew and confirm our union in our most holy faith. 
 
 It is clearly and absolutely necessary that churches and school- 
 houses should be erected for the regular observance of Divine worship, 
 for the maintenance of good order and for the Christian training of the 
 young; as also, that the reasonable support of the requisite pastors and 
 teachers should be provided for. We however, ourselves, are not able 
 to accomplish this work by our own means. We live in a country 
 where money is scarce, and wdiere every man has enough^ to do to sup- 
 port himself, under Divine assistance, by the labor of his hands. If 
 this work, which is so good in itself and so well calculated to promote 
 the Glory of God and the true Religion of Christ, should be neglected, 
 then would all our fond hopes be blasted, and our children and de- 
 scendants w^ould finally slide back into the condition of the heathen. 
 
 Accordingly we, officers of the three congregations named above, 
 hereby send our present pastor the Rev. John Christian Schultze and, 
 in company with him, Daniel Weisiger and John D. Schoner, to our 
 brethren in the faith in England, Holland and Germany, in order that 
 he may, by his oral statement, explain our necessities and our interests 
 more fully, and entreat our friends, by the love of Christ, to assist us 
 by their benevolent contributions, in the erection of the churches and 
 school houses so indispensable in this country. We have, therefore, 
 furnished him with a collection-book, which we have ourselves en- 
 dorsed, for the purpose of having the names of our benefactors written 
 therein, together with the sums they may severally contribute. We 
 have also requested His Excellency, our Governor, to attest and con- 
 firm this our petition by affixing the seal of the Province. 
 
 We doubt not that all persons, whatever be their rank or station in 
 life, w^hom this petition may reach and who may be interested in the 
 extension of the Kingdom of Christ in these remote regions will allow 
 
 * He is at this time in Germany, and being naturally of feeble eyesight, is 
 now almost entirely blind, so that he will not be able to return. 
 
80 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 their faith to work by love, and that each one will, according to his 
 ability, contribute with a cheerful heart, to this collection, for the 
 Glory of God and the propagation of the pure Evangelical doctrine, 
 seeing that upon this depends the salvation of so many souls who, en 
 account of the lack of the means of grace, wander off to the sects of 
 which there are so many in the land, or, cut off from the privileges of 
 public worship, lead lives of perfect indifference. 
 
 Not only we, but our descendants also will, with all sincerity and 
 gratitude, acknowledge the value of these benefactions ; and we shall 
 continue without fail, to call upon God the Giver of every good gift to 
 reward each and all of our benefactors richly with all kinds of spiritual 
 blessings in heavenly places. 
 
 Commending ourselves to your sympathy, and offering all due re- 
 spect to our noble and generous benefactors of whatever rank, we 
 remain your most humble servants, the wardens and elders of the 
 three congregation named above. 
 
 John Backer, George Hollebach, 
 
 John G. Herger, John N. Crossmann, 
 
 Adam Herrmann, Jacob Schrack. 
 
 Patricius Gordon, Armiger, Provincice Pensylvanice in America Proe- 
 fectus, omnibus ad quos hce pervenerint, salutem! Hasce literas in hue 
 provmcia Oermanice conscriptas mihi ostensas fuisse a D. Johanne 
 Christiano Schultz, Ministro Evangelico, cvjus curce, nee non Johannis 
 Danielis Schbner et Danielis Weisiger, itineris comitum, sunt commissce, 
 rogatus testor, Sigillo Provinciali minore affixo. Daham Philadelphice 
 primo die Maji Anno Dom. millesimo septingentesimo trigesimo tertio. 
 
 [L.S.] 
 
 Ex mandatis Honorahilis, P. Gordon. 
 
 Prcefecti proedicti, I^og* Charles, Secretarius. 
 
 The Lord bless what is here proposed ! that it may find favor at the 
 hands of all who read our statement, so that in America also, by the 
 preaching of the Word of God, the way of life may be made plain to 
 those who confess the Christian faith ; and also, by that Grace which 
 extends towards all men, be opened up to the heathen tribes who oc- 
 cupy the land. May He, the Good Shepherd, who is not willing that 
 any should perish, but that all should repent and be converted and live, 
 graciously watch over his poor forsaken sheep whether among Christ- 
 ians or heathen, and all for His love and mercy's sake. Hallelujah ! 
 
 II. 
 
 For as much as the delegate of the Evangelical Lutheran congrega- 
 tions at Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence in Pennsylvania, 
 Mr. Daniel Weisiger has represented to us the condition of the said 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 81 
 
 congregations, adding that they propose to erect churches and school 
 houses such as are demanded in the several localities; as also, that 
 they ardently hope to obtain from Germany some true and faithful 
 pastors and preachers of the Evangelical faith, and competent teachers 
 for their schools, therefore we, in tnis city, are ready and willing, with 
 the Divine help, to cooperate in this work according to our ability, 
 and to take pains that these congregations may be supplied with one 
 or more well qualified pastors and instructors as far as their wishes can 
 be met in this place. Our desire is to secure such men as will heartily 
 do their utmost, with all diligence and fidelity, in laboring for the 
 spiritual good and the salvation of the churches and the youth com- 
 mitted to their charge. 
 
 In this matter the following conditions must be maintained : 
 
 1. Those persons who may be appointed as regular pastors and 
 preachers must be ordained before leaving this country; and as a 
 regular call to the work will be required, we shall expect that a pleni- 
 potentiary document to that efiect, according to a certain form which 
 we have arranged, will be prepared and signed by all the elders of the 
 congregations concerned, and then transmitted to us; and that this 
 document shall be so framed as that it may be used for the same pur- 
 pose whenever occasion may require. 
 
 2. It is enjoined upon the said elders and Christian congregations at 
 Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence, to hold their pastors and 
 teachers who have been regularly called, very highly in love and 
 honor ; to respect them and follow their advice in all reasonable things, 
 and in what may be calculated to promote the Kingdom of God and 
 secure the salvation of souls ; not to make any unreasonable demands 
 upon them, or such as may be in conflict with the Word of God, with 
 the doctrine. of the Evangelical Lutheran Church or with their own 
 consciences ; but much rather, to show all earnestness, so that, by the 
 advice and cooperation of their pastors, every thing shall be kept in 
 good working order both in the churches and the schools, with the 
 hope that the end contemplated, that is, the building up of the con- 
 gregations for the benefit of the old and the young, may be reached. 
 
 '6. It is enjoined, with equal earnestness, upon the said elders and 
 congregations to give good heed to furnish the necessary means of 
 subsistence to the pastors and teachers who may be sent to them, to 
 declare beforehand, the amount of the yearly salary, and to pay it in 
 full, according to promise, so that the remuneration of those who serve 
 them in the churches and schools may not be diminished, as has been 
 the case in other places, by including contributions of tobacco or other 
 articles of produce, by which these persons might be led to involve 
 themselves in business operations not suited to their station ; but that 
 it be always paid in money, honestly and without delay, and that all 
 the necessary arrangements be made to that efiect. 
 
 A declaration to the foregoing efiect subscribed also by the aforesaid 
 6 
 
82 APPENDIX TO THE (FIEST) BRIEF EEPORT. 
 
 officers of the congregations is expected by us ; and upon our receiving 
 such declaration we shall not fail to help them in their good work, by 
 the Grace of God, to the utmost of our power. To all which may the 
 Lord graciously add His blessing, sending prosperity from above, and 
 directing all for the Glory of His Name and the extension of His 
 Kingdom for the sake of Christ our Lord. 
 
 Given at Halle, May 31, 1734. 
 
 FORMULA OF PLENIPOTENTIARY DOCUMENT. 
 
 Which the Elders and Wardens of the Pennsylvania congregations were asked to 
 adopt and to subscribe. 
 
 We the undersigned, Wardens of the Evangelical Lutheran congre- 
 gations in Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence, in Pennsylva- 
 nia, hereby announce and declare, that, whereas we have, through our 
 delegate Mr. Daniel Weisiger, petitioned the regular Professor of 
 Theology of the Royal Prussian University of Halle in Saxony, Dr. 
 Gotthilf August Francke to inquire on our behalf, and to secure for us 
 competent and worthy teachers and ministers of the Gospel as also 
 school-masters, to serve as pastors and instructors in these our congre- 
 gations: therefore, we will not only pay into the hands of the said 
 Prof. Dr. Francke the travelling expenses arising in each individual 
 case, but will also recognize and receive as our teachers, pastors and 
 instructors whomsoever the said Dr. Francke may engage for such 
 service, provide them with the necessary means of subsistence and hold 
 them highly in love and honor. Also, in case they should hereafter, 
 for Aveighty reasons, desire to return to Germany, w^e w ill furnish them 
 with the money necessary for the journey ; and treat them in all re- 
 spects in an equitable manner, upon Christian principles and in 
 accordance with the upright, established order of our Evangelical 
 Lutheran Faith. 
 
 For this purpose, we hereby invest the aforesaid Prof. Dr. Francke, 
 in the name of the said Evangelical Lutheran congregations at Phila- 
 delphia, New Hanover and Providence, with full power and authority 
 to extend in our behalf, under the aforesaid conditions and couched in 
 the usual terms, a regular call to such persons as, in accordance with 
 our petition, he may send to us to serve as pastors, ministers of the 
 Gospel and teachers in our congregations ; and, in a word, to do and 
 to transact every thing, in such cases, which we would, otherwise, have 
 to do and to transact ourselves. All w^hich, being done by Dr. Francke, 
 shall be approved by us. 
 
 In testimony and confirmation of w^hich we have had this power-of- 
 attorney prepared, and sign it with our hands and affix our several 
 seals. Done at etc., etc. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 83 
 
 III. 
 
 There is an original letter of Daniel Weisiger dated July 12th, 1834, 
 Rotterdam, and addressed to the Hon. Councellor Cellarius at Halle, 
 in which he reports concerning the progress of his collections at the 
 Eoyal Court of Denmark, and then adds as follows : " This year, only 
 two vessels have sailed from Rotterdam, with passengers, for Pennsyl- 
 vania. The number of passengers, with the Schwenkfelders, amounted 
 to 340 ; there being 52 Evangelical families among them. I know not 
 whether you have been informed that Mr. Spangenberg and Count 
 Zinzendorf have been sending a good many letters to persons at the 
 Royal Court in London, stating that it is their purpose to go to Geor- 
 gia next year, accompanied by a considerable number of persons." 
 
 IV. 
 
 An original letter of the same, dated Rotterdam, Aug. 21st, 1734, 
 addressed to G. A. Francke, reports that the mere copy of his original 
 license was not sufficient to secure success in his collections in Holland, 
 and that the Burgomaster van der Hiiffe had advised him — "that I 
 should go to London and get another license with the Royal Seal at- 
 tached. So I can accomplish nothing in Holland, at present ; and ex- 
 pect to be in London next Wednesday, confidently hoping that Pastor 
 Ziegenhagen will help me to obtain a license from the king. Besides, 
 as I am in expectation of the arrival of the regular call from Philadel- 
 phia, and hope to take the pastors along with me upon my return to 
 America, it is very probable that I shall go back to Holland towards 
 spring." 
 
 V. 
 
 Original letter of Weisiger to Cellarius, London, Sept. 3d, 1734, 
 " The congregations in Pennsylvania, in order to begin the building of 
 their churches, borrowed, in addition to the money contributed by 
 themselves, six hundred dollars from Mr. Melchior Scholtz, merchant 
 in Harlem, which money I have to pay back out of the collections 
 which I obtain here. Now, as I have not yet undertaken to collect in 
 Holland ; and as Pastor Ziegenhagen thinks that I will hardly be able 
 to return to Holland, I therefore have to request you to transmit the 
 monies of the collections that may be in your hands to the merchant 
 aforesaid. All the money should be deposited with him ; both because 
 he will be able to forward it safely to Philadelphia, and because it will 
 be of great advantage to the congregations. 
 
 As to the preacher Schultz, I have just had a letter from him which, 
 with the other letters, I have placed in the hands of Pastor Ziegenha- 
 gen. Schultz wants to be released from the work of collecting; in- 
 
84 APPENDIX TO THE (fIESt) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 deed he even wishes that he were dead ; for he cannot succeed in his 
 crooked purposes. He is in Bremen at present; but soon expects to 
 go to Holland. Accordingly, at the request of the congregations and 
 after conferring with Pastor Ziegenhagen, I have authorized Mr. Mel- 
 chior Scholtz to take possession of his license and his collection book. 
 I have also wTitten to Schultz himself and informed him of the wishes 
 of the congregations. 
 
 The Lord who wisely overrules all things has, even in these circum- 
 stances, revealed the traces of His wonderful Providence. He has en- 
 abled us to see what mischief an ungodly teacher can work, in order 
 that we may exercise the greater carefulness to send none but faithful 
 laborers into His vineyard. The calls for the pastors are awaited with 
 the arrival of the next ships." 
 
 VI. 
 
 Letter of Weisiger to Prof G. A. Francke, dated London, Sept. 23d, 
 1734. " It seems that a report has reached your Reverence to the effect 
 that I had fallen in with Mr. Spangenberg. To this I reply, with the 
 full assurance of truth, that I have not been leagued in either with Mr. 
 Spangenberg or with any body else; but I thank God that He has 
 made known to me a place and a way where faithful pastors and 
 teachers may be found. Indeed, I have often prayed, with tears, that 
 God Avould awaken the hearts of men to lake an interest in the condi- 
 tion of our poor people in Pennsylvania, so that they would no longer 
 accept unprincipled men to be' their preachers, as they have done 
 hitherto. And as your Reverence and Pastor Ziegenhagen, out of love 
 to God and His Word, have engaged to assist us in this matter, it 
 would be the height of ingratitude if I were to resort to other expedi- 
 ents, and specially since the Hon. Councellor Cellarius has so minutely 
 informed me of the circumstances concerning Mr. Spangenberg. It 
 had already been reported, before I went to Halle, that Spangenberg 
 intended to go to Pennsylvania ; and, for that reason, I had written to 
 Halle, and stated what was most important to be known. I trust, 
 therefore, that your Reverence will not countenance any suspicion. 
 There is no truth in the report. 
 
 I am not, as yet, certain about the time of my setting off to return to 
 Pennsylvania. Prior to my departure I shall write to your Reverence 
 again, as also to all our good friends. In the meantime, offering my 
 respectful salutations to your family, I commend your Reverence and 
 them to the Divine protection, and shall ever remain your Reverence's 
 most devoted friend, 
 
 'Daniel Weisiger." 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 85 
 
 VII. 
 
 G. A. Francke to Mr. Weisiger in Philadelphia, Halle, March 11th, 
 1735. In Halle 400 Thaler were collected, of which the sum of 72 
 Thaler, 9 Groschen, 3 Pfennige, were paid out by direction of Weisiger, 
 and 300 Thaler were to be forwarded to Ziegenhagen. "As to the 
 rest, my dear Sir, I trust that, by the Divine Favor, you landed safely, 
 with the Salzburgers in Georgia; and have reached your own home 
 again in good health. I hope that your friends will improve the op- 
 portunity of becoming better acquainted with the Pastors Bolzius and 
 Gronau. As to the condition of your congregations, and their desire 
 to be supplied with worthy and faithful ministers of the Gospel, I wait 
 for more precise information. However, I cannot conceal the fact that 
 some time ago several things were asserted that almost puzzled me. It 
 has been reported that among your people there is but little respect 
 shown to worthy ministers of the Gospel ; that they promise everything 
 good but then take no interest in their pastors, and especially when 
 they are faithful in their Avork and the preaching of the Word ; that 
 they allow them to be oppressed with anxiety and want ; and that, in 
 this extremity, they obtain no relief from the Government. Noav, I 
 am not willing to believe that this is true of all, and I hope better 
 things of the congregations in which your are interested. But as to 
 my supplying you with competent teachers, I must first have the confi- 
 dent assurance that I am not leading them into trying straits, but that 
 they will be provided for in a becoming manner, and especially, that 
 their salaries shall not depend simply upon the arbitrary notions of the 
 people. Whatever is undertaken in this matter must be established 
 upon a firm and sure foundation, and a minute report of the whole 
 arrangement must be transmitted to me. 
 
 I have not heard a word about Pastor Schultz for some time, and I 
 know not what has become of him. Nothwithstanding all my effc)rts I 
 have not yet learned whether there is any encouragement to hope for a 
 collection in Denmark, towards the building of your churches and 
 school-houses. I will, however, make further inquiry, and if anything 
 can be done I will inform you. I commit the whole business to the 
 Divine Favor, and remain, my dear Sir, both in prayer and ready co- 
 operations, yours, G. A. Francke. 
 
 Halle, March 11th, 1735." 
 
 VIII. 
 
 The Letter of the Three Congregations. 
 
 Philadelphia, Feb. 28th, 1735. 
 Most Worthy, Most Learned, Most Honored Professor : 
 
 Your own most acceptable communication to us, and Mr. Weisiger's 
 
SQ APPENDIX TO THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 verbal statements, have convinced us of the great pains and anxiety 
 "svith which your Keverence has prosecuted, and still proposes to prose- 
 cute the work, both of collecting benevolent contributions in our aid 
 and of sending us an ordained pastor for our congregations. For this, 
 your fatherly interest on our behalf, we offer our most humble thanks, 
 and beg you to continue to extend to our congregations your co-opera- 
 tion in promoting the Glory of God. Mr. AVeisiger, having sailed 
 from England to Georgia in company with certain Salzburg emigrants, 
 has now come back to us. We learn from his statements as well as 
 from certain written documents, that divers unjust reports about our 
 Evangelical Lutheran congregations are circulated both in Germany 
 and in England. But under the Grace of God we find comfort in our 
 own innocence. We know very well that the great enemy, the devil, 
 is always striving, through the operations of his lying progeny, to dis- 
 turb the Kingdom of God, and to hinder the growth of Christianity. 
 We have begged Pastor Ziegenhagen, Court Chaplain, to use his influ- 
 ence with the Royal Society, so that Pastor Bolzius may be authorized 
 to investigate our condition, which is, in fact, so lamentable that any 
 description of it must fall far short of the reality. People of a worldly 
 spirit cannot understand the miseries that oppress our religious life in 
 consequence of the lack of churches and schools. We, however, have 
 to make the sad experience that, for this very reason, our children are 
 betrayed into all kinds of crooked ways, and that those who, at first, 
 encouraged us to hope that they would help us in advancing the inter- 
 ests of true religion, afterwards turned out to be its destroyers. 
 
 Mr. Siron, who is not unknown to you, is one example of such char- 
 acters. When this man first came among us, the prospect of his use- 
 fulness in many of our congregations was quite promising; for he 
 was known in Halle and also in other parts. But in a short time 
 he broke off from the congregation altogether ; and now seeks to pass 
 himself off as one inspired. He cries out against all the exercises of 
 public worship without exception ; says that it is better to build sta- 
 bles than to erect churches ; and strives, by his slanders and his lying 
 letters, to make us odious everywhere. 
 
 Notwithstanding all this, however, we have the firmest confidence in 
 God, that when the proper time comes He will rescue and maintain 
 His own Honor, despite all obstacles. Until this time, in connection 
 with the Reformed congregation, we continue to hold our public wor- 
 ship on alternate Sundays, in a house that is not otherwise occupied. 
 The goodness of the Lord has lately brought a deserving man hither, 
 John Alb. Langerfeldt, born in Halberstadt, who was a student at 
 Halle some eight years ago, and afterwards served as private teacher 
 in a family of noble rank ; finally, coming to this country to escape 
 the military lexj. As there was no one at all to preach the Gospel 
 amongst us, we asked Mr. Langerfeldt to undertake the work. He 
 excused himself on the plea, that although he had studied theology as 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 87 
 
 well as law, yet he had never been inclined to enter the clerical office ; 
 and besides this, he had not been ordained. But as necessity knows no 
 law and as he saw the pressure of our need, he added, that as all men 
 are solemnly bound to employ their talents for the Glory of God and 
 the benefit of their neighbor, he would comply with our request, by the 
 help of God ; and conduct our public worship, once in two weeks, un- 
 til we should secure a regular pastor. In this we hope to succeed, by 
 the assistance of Dr. Ziegenhagen, to whom we have given full author- 
 ity to provide for us an ordained minister of the Gospel. 
 
 In conclusion, we thank your Reverence for the books you have so 
 kindly sent us. In our spiritual hunger and thirst they have been a 
 great refreshment for us. We humbly beg that your tender sympathy 
 and your activity in promoting our spiritual welfare may be continued : 
 and may our gracious God not only bless but also richly reward your 
 faithful" labors in His Name ! 
 
 With profoundest sentiments of sincere respect we remain your Rev- 
 erence's most humble servants, the present Wardens of the Evangelical 
 Lutheran congregations at Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence 
 in Pennsylvania. 
 
 John F. Hartmann, Thomas Meyer, 
 
 Henry Miller, Albrecht Haasse, 
 
 Christian Sackreuder, Jan George. 
 
 A Monsieur Franke, 
 Professeur en Theologie et Ministre de la Parole de Dieu a Halle. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Under date of July 6th, 1735, G. A. Francke replied to the forego- 
 ing letter of the wardens ; and having stated that he would rejoice if 
 Mr. Bolzius should visit them and make the investigation they speak 
 about ; because, in the meantime, sad accounts had been received from 
 America, he then continues : " I deeply regret that Mr. Siron has fallen 
 into such extravagant notions — yet in view of the fact, that in his very 
 temperament he is rash and inconsiderate, it is not much to be won- 
 dered at. Possibly, Pastor Bolzius may succeed in bringing him back 
 to the right way ; for in his earlier years he had made a good begin- 
 ning. As to the rest Dr. Ziegenhagen will do his best, with the Divine 
 Help, to supply you with an ordained pastor. Although no collection 
 can be undertaken in this country without the royal permission, yet we 
 have received from several benevolent friends, as voluntary offerings 
 for the building of churches and schoolhouses, the sum of 425 Thaler, 
 of which 72 Thaler, 9 Groschen, 3 Pfennige have been paid out here, by 
 order of Mr. Weisiger. About St. Michael's day I propose to send the 
 balance, 352 Th., 14 Gr., 9 Pf , by Bill of Exchange to Dr. Ziegenha- 
 
88 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 gen. Efforts have been made to take a collection for the same pur- 
 poses in Denmark ; but, so far, Avithout success. Still, we cherish the 
 hope that some good friends of the cause in that country will freely 
 forward their own contributions. 
 
 It appears also that the preacher Schultz is still running up and 
 dow^n Germany, and that contributions for the building of your churches 
 have, here and there, been placed in his hands ; in Cleve he is said to 
 have received 50 Thalers. AVhether he transmits any of these funds 
 to the contemplated object I am not able to say ; but I have a suspi- 
 cion that he keeps it for his own uses. This I cannot help ; since he is 
 constantly passing along from place to place, so that I am not able to 
 find him. I appeal to you, my dear sirs, to do what you can so as to 
 arrest this mischief 
 
 P. S. — I am just now informed that Pastor Mayer, of this city has 
 received 200 Thalers, additional, given towards the building of your 
 churches and school-houses. This money shall be forwarded at once. 
 And I have yet to add, that a further contribution of 100 Thalers has 
 been received from Moscow, and nearly as much from Silesia. 
 
 G. A. Francke to Ziegenhagen, "I cannot withhold from your 
 Keverence the statement, that I have lately seen a letter dated Ger- 
 mantown, Pennsylvania, June loth, of the present year, which a man 
 named John Christopher Saner, whom your Keverence may be ac- 
 quainted with, addressed to a person in this city, in which letter the 
 following extraordinary statements are made. That the well-known 
 preacher, Schultz, who, in company with several persons, had pre- 
 viously gone from Anspach to West India,* had returned to Germany 
 last year in company with Daniel Schoner and Daniel Weisiger, and 
 was collecting money in England and in this country, for the building 
 of churches and school-houses at Philadelphia, New Hanover and 
 Providence ; but that he was making this collection only so as to enable 
 him to make a display of his wealth and of his own importance upon 
 his going back to West India ; and further, that he had secured the 
 Governor's license to make the collection, by bribing a lawyer named 
 Ludwig Mathes, who is not unknown in these parts. In this letter 
 also, even Mr. Weisiger is not very highly complimented ; and it is said, 
 that prior to his departure he had to pay 600 Gulden to Melchior 
 Scholtz, merchant in Harlem, which the latter had advanced to him 
 on account of freight and traveling expenses. 
 
 According to this report, the collection undertaken by preacher 
 Schultz and his colleagues does not seem to be altogether square ; and 
 
 * By West India was generally meant, at that time, the whole eastern coast of 
 North America, as far as New England and Canada. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 89 
 
 the letter aforesaid inspires but a faint hope that the money collected 
 will ever reach the objects for which it has been given, etc. Weisiger 
 took with him, from this place and from other quarters, a goodly store 
 of bibles and other devotional books, and secured more to be sent off 
 after him. Whether he will give account of this and of his other col- 
 lections, to the congregation at Philadelphia, I am not able to say ; but 
 this surprises me, that since his return to West India he has never 
 written me a word, though he promised most solemnly so to do. 
 
 Everywhere the condition of the Evangelical congregations in Penn- 
 sylvania seems to be discouraging ; and although people of excellent 
 character may emigrate thither, still there is very faint hope that even 
 they will be able to effect any lasting good. It appears also that seri- 
 ous difficulties lie in the way of securing their temporal support. ^ Sauer 
 himself asserts, that the poor are not able and the rich not willing to 
 give anything ; and that if a man preaches the truth, that puts an end 
 to his salary. As to the Government, that takes no interest whatever 
 in the whole business. 
 
 The aforesaid hjauer requests, in his letter, that certain manuscripts 
 may be purchased here, and sent to him to be printed by him in 
 America ; he proposes also to return the amount of cost, placing it in 
 the hands of your Reverence. However, as we have other things to 
 attend to here, we cannot comply with his request ; and besides, I have 
 my doubts whether any special good can be accomplished by a print- 
 ing establishment in West India. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Extract of a letter written by Dr. Ziegenhagen, Court Chaplain, 
 London, Oct. 17th, 1735. 
 
 " It has been a great grief to me to hear what has been said con- 
 cerning Mr. Weisiger. I had already been puzzled about him upon 
 his coming here on his return from Germany ; not because I thought 
 the whole collection a fraud, but because he used the money which he 
 had collected, in buying so many things for himself 
 
 After his arrival in Philadelphia, the Elders of the congregations 
 at Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence, Avrote to me and ex- 
 pressed their joy upon learning from Mr. Weisiger, that a pastor would 
 soon be sent to labor among them. They added further, that as they 
 are not able to pay the salary of a pastor, they humbly beg that the 
 Society established here may undertake to ensure his support for some 
 years. This extraordinary demand astonished me in the highest de- 
 gree; and I wrote to "them in April, as also in June, very plainly, stat- 
 ing, that if they would not come together and send out to us a regular 
 call for a pastor, distinctlv specifying also the precise amount of salary 
 they Avould give him, all their writing and begging for a pastor would 
 
90 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 amount to nothing, At the same time I notified them, that the con- 
 tributors in Germany and here, desired and expected from the war- 
 dens of the three congregations, a written report setting forth the re- 
 sult of their examination of the collection accounts of Mr. Weisig^r; 
 also, of the description and number of the volumes he had handed over 
 for the uses of the congregation, and of the manner in which they Avere 
 distributed. I also stated that as the impression had been, that Mr. 
 Weisiger disposed of the medicines and books that were put in his 
 charge, only according to his own good pleasure, I strongly disapproved 
 of such action ; and in a word, that so long as they continued to be di- 
 vided amongst themselves, as to my great distress I hear they are, one 
 party ever opposing the other, the funds that have been placed in our 
 hands since Mr. Weisiger's departure, shall, in no wise, be forwarded 
 to them, for in the midst of such contentions these moneys could do 
 them no good, and might even be perverted to mischievous purposes. 
 
 From the foregoing, your Reverence may infer that I have, for a 
 considerable time already, been aware of the deplorable condition of 
 the said congregations, and also of the reprehensible conduct of Mr. 
 Weisiger ; and, that I have been striving, though in a quiet way, to 
 correct the evils on both sides, as far as possible. 
 
 According to all accounts that I have had, the state of affairs, as 
 far as Christianity and spiritual interest are involved, must be, in the 
 highest degree, deplorable; and our most earnest prayers should be, 
 that God, in His mercy, would so direct matters that they may be 
 promptly supplied with a faithful pastor. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Extract of a letter written by Pastor John Henry Schmidt, dated 
 Vseels, near Aachen, April 16th, 1735. 
 
 At Easter, an Evangelical preacher from Philadelphia, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, called upon me. He had been sent hither for the purpose of 
 collecting money in England, Holland and Germany, for building 
 churches and school-houses, and for sustaining the pastors and teach- 
 ers. He was born in Anspach. His name is John Christian Schultz. 
 He was educated at Strassburg. He has two colleagues in Pennsylva- 
 nia ; for in that province which covers about 80 English miles, there 
 are about 2,500 Lutherans, constituting three congregations at Phila- 
 delphia, New Hanover and Providence. He remained with me over 
 Easter, and on Easter Monday he preached for me. The congregation 
 were gratified, and we gave him permission to ask assistance of some 
 of the wealthy members. He collected 50 Rixthaler, and declared, 
 that in all his collections he had never experienced so much courtesy 
 and kindness* as he had met with in our conffresration. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 91 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Part of a letter of Dr. Ziegenhagen's, dated Kensington, London, 
 Feb. 5th, 1736, addressed to G. A. Francke. "Mr. Daniel Weisiger's 
 perfidiousness and decei^tion are now plain enough. Upon his arrival 
 in Philadelphia, he handed over to the congregation neither the money 
 nor books, except two or three bibles, and 200 little tracts of a page or 
 .two, each ; and he affects to know nothing at all of the other books that 
 were bought for those congregations. He pretends that there is, in 
 Kotterdam, a chest, in charge of Mr. Van der Putten, in which these 
 books are deposited, as he says. According to his account, the whole 
 sum of money collected in Germany was not more than 494 Thalers, 
 17 Gr., 4 Pf , etc. Now I know that he got over 100 Thalers in Han- 
 nover, and 100 Rixthalers from the Consistory of Wolfenbiittel ; and so, 
 his statement of the whole amount appears to me to be very suspicious. 
 As I hear, the miserable creature is, just now, cutting a great figure in 
 Philadelphia, keeps a shop full of all kinds of wares, and sells beer, 
 and rum and cider. 
 
 This whole business distresses me in my very soul, specially on ac- 
 count of the awful hypocrisy of Weisiger. Without any intimations 
 on my part, your Excellency will readily perceive what damage will 
 be done to others, and specially to those who have aided in this collec- 
 tion, and what value will be accorded to any recommendations which 
 w^e may hereafter write, in case these miserable circumstances should 
 become generally known. I must therefore beg, not only that the mat- 
 ter in general, but specially, that the particulars relating to H. may be 
 kept as quiet as possible ; and I think that it is most advisable not to 
 give Pastor S d any hint upon the subject. As to the other mis- 
 erable collector, the ex-pastor John C. Schultz, I have heard nothing 
 about him for a long time ; but I do not doubt that, as he still retains 
 his license in possession, he will keep on with his decejotion and his 
 thieving practices. Might it be advisable to announce, in a general 
 way, through the public papers, that he is no longer authorized to re- 
 ceive money intended for this collection? The congregations, in their 
 last letter, expressed a strong desire to that effect. I submit it, how^- 
 ever, to the consideration and decision of your Reverence. 
 
 The Lord have pity upon these congregations and send them a faith- 
 ful pastor instead of the man that has run away !" 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Most Worthy, Most Reverend Court Chaplain. 
 
 It is not encouraging to hear what has at length come to light con- 
 cerning the Philadelphia collector, Daniel Weisiger. Of course the 
 affair is likely to give great offence, and sj^ecially to those who have 
 
92 APPENDIX TO THE (fIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 generously contributed to the collection. The best thing however, is, 
 that the larger portion is yet safe here, in our hands. Out of what 
 had been given by the Orphan House here, Weisiger had received not 
 more than 15 bibles, 8yo., 15 copies, 12mo., and 50 copies of the New 
 Testament. I know also that he received some money from several 
 friends and acquaintances in Halle, but I cannot state the exact 
 amount. It could not have been a large sum. To the best of my 
 knowledge, it was regularly entered in his collection book ; and as far 
 as I remember, what he received in Hannover, Brunswick and other 
 places was recorded there, likewise. * Now if he produces his collection 
 book, the total sum may possibly prove to be correct ; and in my opin- 
 ion, it will not turn out to be so very large. A donation of medicines 
 w^as also given from the laboratory of the Orphan House, and I hope 
 to be able before I dispatch this letter, to inform you what it amounted 
 to. The accompanying specification will describe the books which Mr. 
 Fossgraf in Halle, bound, at the order of Weisiger. He received 
 nearly all the small tracts as free gifts. If the two boxes of books 
 which, he says, he sent to Philadelj^hia, and the box which, according 
 to his statement, he left in charge of Mr. Van der Putten, in Rotter- 
 dam, should arrive safely, then p>ossibly, his proceedings in this matter 
 may yet be justified. 
 
 Meanwhile we, in this place, will give all possible attention to the 
 subject. Your Reverence is, no doubt, aware that the preacher Schultz, 
 who cam.e to Germany in company with Weisiger, has been arrested at 
 Augsburg; for Senior Urlsperger has sent us word that he had in- 
 formed your Reverence to that eflfect. Schultz, indeed, has already 
 been liberated ; but I do not doubt that his* license to collect money 
 has been taken from him ; and so he will not be able to carry on his 
 impositions any longer. 
 
 It may, therefore, not be necessary, as far as Schultz is concerned, to 
 put any notice in the public papers. Such notice might be unwise, 
 for the reason that the business would thereby come to be noised 
 around among the people ; and as to the other collectors and the money 
 they have received, all this may yet be more careftdly inquired into. 
 The Rector at Oldeslor, Pezold,* is a restless character ; he can never 
 stay long at any one place ; and in the position which he has hitherto 
 occupied, people have not been satisfied with him. Besides, he is not 
 a man of sound judgment, and we can make nothing out of him. 
 
 As to the congregation at Philadelphia, I wish most sincerely, that 
 w^holesome counsel may be given them; but as their condition has 
 been represented to me, I could not encourage and advise any good 
 man to go and labor among them ; for I cannot, at present, see how he 
 could be sustained. 
 
 * From this it would seem that Ziegenliagen had proposed to send Pezold to 
 Philadelphia. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 93 
 
 Men of good parts are needed everpvhere ; and I know of several 
 places where such men may be employed. I therefore have my doubts 
 about sending a good man to America, upon an uncertainty ; and be- 
 sides, such a man would hardly be willing to go, if he were aware of 
 all the circumstances of the case. Now to keep these hidden, and to 
 send a good man thither with the iinpression on his mind that matters 
 are otherwise and better than they really are, is a movement for which 
 we could not be responsible. We had better, then, wait for another 
 more propitious occasion, when either the people themselves will be 
 reduced to order by their very necessities, or we can obtain a stronger 
 assurance, that when a good man is sent to them they will receive him 
 and treat him in a becoming manner. Beyond this I know not what 
 advice to give; unless perhaps, that some one who has the means, 
 might be prevailed upon to pay for several years, the salary of the pas- 
 tor whom we may send. 
 
 Further ; it is a question whether it would be right to send one man 
 alone ; because, the people living in such confusion and distracted with 
 all kinds of whimsical notions, would be sure to make his life a very 
 bitter one. In view of these things he ought to be a man of solid, 
 commanding character, well qualified to encounter such spirits; and 
 where shall we find such a man? If found, would he be willing to ac- 
 commodate himself to the task? So, the business is, even until the 
 present hour, beset with many difficulties, and how to overcome them 
 I, for my part, cannot tell. 
 
 A short time ago Count Zinzendorf, with his lady, his oldest son and 
 several servants, went to Holland. Whether his purpose is to return 
 hither or to go to West India, remains to be seen. 
 
 Halle, March, 14th, 1736. 
 Addressed to Dr. Ziegenhagen, Court Chaplain. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Philadelphia, Dec. 6th, 1736. 
 To the Rev. Prof Dr. G. A. Francke. 
 
 Most Worthy, Most Learned, Most Honored Professor. 
 Your Reverence's most acceptable letter of July 6th, 1735, came 
 safely to hand Oct. 24th, 1736; and although we have often been re- 
 minded of our obligation to answer it, yet we have not been able to re- 
 turn such answer even until the present time. All along our purpose 
 has been to send a call at the same time with our answer ; but we con- 
 fess, with sorrow, that until this day we have not been in a position to 
 do so ; for Satan has been striving, sometimes in this way, sometimes 
 in that, to distract and break up our congregation. In these operations 
 Mr. Siron has done whatever he could ; for he has not only instigated 
 Mr. Schultz to arrest our work in sending our collectors to secure help 
 
94 APPENDIX TO THE (FIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 for our congregations, but he has also endeavored otherwise to create 
 divisions ; and by false representations sent to the Court ChajDlain Zie- 
 genhagen, he has sought to oppose the undertaking. However, although 
 as the result of all this, our congregation is becoming weaker, still, we 
 pei*severe in our ardent desire to secure a faithful pastor, either by the 
 help of your Reverence or by that of Dr. Ziegenhagen. Yet we must 
 confess that the condition of our congregation is much worse than we 
 are able to describe in a letter. 
 
 For the purpose of getting some one to hear truthful testimony con- 
 cerning our condition w^e have invited Mr. Bolzius* to visit us, and re- 
 quested Dr. Ziegenhagen to permit him so to do; yet, we have had no 
 answer. In order, how^ever, to come to something definite, we have 
 Svritten, under the present date, to Dr. Ziegenhagen and made this 
 proposition, that as we can send neither money nor a call. Dr. Ziegen- 
 hagen, with the co-operation of your Reverence, should send us a com- 
 petent pastor, defraying his traveling expenses and paying his salary 
 for one year, out of the funds that may be collected for us in Europe, 
 in order that he may investigate our circumstances, and then furnish a 
 truthful report. In this letter w^e make the same request of your Rev- 
 erence, hoping that you will do for us whatever lies in your power. 
 We know no other means of relief and defence against the falsehoods 
 that have been circulated. As to the money that may be contributed 
 on behalf of these congregations, our opinion is, that it should be in- 
 vested in land or put out at interest, that the revenue may be appro- 
 priated to the support of i^astors and teachers ; that the congregations 
 should do whatever they can in addition, and that the matter of per- 
 quisites should be distinctly agreed upon. We solicit an expression of 
 your Reverence's views upon these points. 
 
 Mr. Siron has persecuted Mr. Weisiger with much violence and 
 brought heavy charges against him ; of which, how^ever, we have until 
 this day, seen no proof; on the contrary we hope that all will turn out 
 well. Mr. Weisiger has bound himself to repay the 72 Thaler, 9 Gr., 
 8 P£, which your Excellency has advanced to the book-binder, Foss- 
 graf. (See App. No. IX and XIV.) The volumes which your Rev- 
 erence has presented and those that were purchased, have been re- 
 ceived recently. For the active beneficence manifested we return our 
 hearty thanks to your Reverence, and wish you the rich blessing of 
 the Lord. 
 
 Some immigrants who have arrived lately, have informed us about 
 what happened to Mr. Schultz at Kiirnberg. " If your Reverence should 
 have an opportunity to secure the 600 Gulden which were given to 
 him for our congregation, and afterwards taken from him, we know that 
 your Reverence will be as ready to serve us in this matter as you have 
 been in so many others already. Until this day ^Ir. Schultz has sent 
 us nothing ; and probably he is not willing to do so. 
 
 * Pastor Bolzius, of Georgia. See letter in No. XIX. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIESt) BRIEF REPORT. 95 
 
 If any additional contributions for us should be placed in your Rev- 
 erence's hands, you will yourself know hovr to dispose of them so as to 
 be most useful for our congregations. As your Keverence has in- 
 formed us that Pastor Maier has taken much interest in our welfare, 
 we have felt bound to address a letter to him, which we enclose in this 
 one, begging you to forward it to him. 
 
 AVe commend ourselves to your continued sympathy, both in en- 
 couraging the collection of money and in securing a good and faithful 
 pastor ; and upon the ending of the old year and the beginning of the 
 ncAV, wishing you the blessing of God in soul and body, in your person 
 and in your family, w^e remain your most obedient servants. 
 
 The wardens of the Evangelical Lutheran Congregations at Phila- 
 delphia, New Hanover and Providence, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 John Geo. Herger, Thomas Meyer, Adam H. Dod, John N. Croes- 
 mann, Jacob Schrack, (Geo. Hollebach had died). 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Philadelphia, Dec. 6th, 1736. 
 To the Rev. Pastor John Aug. Maier, at Halle. 
 
 Most Reverend, Most Learned, Most Honored Pastor. 
 
 We have been informed, by letter received lately from Dr. Francke, 
 of the fraternal interest you have taken in the collections set on foot 
 for the benefit of our congregations ; and although the special motive 
 of this work is the advancement of the glory of God, yet it concerns the 
 welfare and salvation of our own souls also. We therefore feel our- 
 selves bound to offer you our hearty thanks. 
 
 We also beg that your Reverence will allow us most earnestly to 
 commend to your continued favor whatever measures are calculated to 
 promote the kingdom of God amongst us. Hoping that God will en- 
 able you to end this year in peace, and for the future, abide with you 
 and with all who seek the Divine Glory, we remain your Reverence's 
 most obedient servants. 
 
 John G. Herger, Thomas Meyer, Adam H. Dod, John N. Croes- 
 mann, Jacob Schrack, wardens of the Evangelical Lutheran Congre- 
 gations at Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Extract of a letter addressed to the Rev. Court Chaplain, Dr. Zie- 
 genhagen, dated Philadelphia, Dec. 6th, 1736. 
 
 In conclusion, it surprises us not a little, that as we have several times 
 already explained to your Reverence the great poverty of our congre- 
 gations, and based upon it our plea for assistance, you yet do nothing 
 
96 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 more than simply insist upon our placing a regular call in the hands 
 of Prof. Fraucke, a thing which it is not in our power to do under the 
 conditions prescribed by Mr. D. Gerdes and Prof. Francke. First of' 
 all, our congregations are located far apart. K"ew Hanover is 40 miles 
 from Philadelphia, and Providence 30 miles. Besides, the people of 
 each of these congregations are scattered over more than 20 miles of 
 the surrounding country, are mixed up amongst Quakers, Menncnites 
 and other sects ; and worst of all, those of them who profess to be Lu- 
 therans are not Avilling to enter into any obligations, although they 
 promise to do their part as soon as they hnd that some regular order 
 has been established, which, however, under the disturbances attending 
 the present collections, cannot be done. 
 
 But if the fidelity and competency of a pastor is made to depend 
 upon a large salary, or if they who come to teach us have more con- 
 cern about their wages and the fleece than about feeding the flock, 
 then, indeed, we have but little to hope for. Such a man may well 
 be described as a hireling who teaches for his own advantage alone. 
 This, however, would be of little benefit to us. In view of the con- 
 ditions annexed to the call, as they have been sent to us by Prof. 
 Francke and specially by Mr. D. Gerdes, it seems very strange to us 
 that men who consider such a call to be a Divine act should show such 
 respect to the idols of this world as first to demand the assurance that 
 they shall have a sufiicient supply of them befijre they will consent to 
 accept a call, thus putting confidence in God in quite a subordinate 
 position. This looks very much as if money were the inward principle 
 impelling them to labor in the Kingdom of God; whereas, a bishop 
 should not be given to covetousness, which also the Lord Himself has 
 signified, commanding his disciples not to carry a purse. 
 
 Of course, we do not propose to let our pastors suffer want, but much 
 rather to support them according to our ability. On the other hand, 
 we desire as our pastor not a covetous man, nor one ruled by temporal 
 motives, but a man who out of a sincere heart and out of love to God 
 is constrained to come to our help and to enter into the pastoral office 
 amongst us. AVe live in a land in which a pastor cannot expect to 
 enjoy himself in an imposing parsonage, in a life of luxury and with 
 large revenues, but for a faithful pastor who is a true Apostle of 
 Christ, and has the Spirit of the Lord in him, measures will certainly 
 be taken to secure him an adequate support. 
 
 In order that your Reverence may thoroughly understand our views, 
 we have now to state clearly and candidly that we cannot bind our- 
 selves either to raise a salary of 50 pounds sterling per year, or to 
 advance to you any large sum to meet travelling expenses, or to defray 
 the expense of going back to Germany incurred by those Avho having 
 come to us are not willing to remain, which conditions Mr. D. Gerdes 
 has laid down to us, as also, in a measure, has Prof. Francke himself. 
 On the other hand we do humbly propose that your Reverence, in 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 97 
 
 connection with Prof. Francke whom we have addressed in the same 
 terms, may send to us some good man, one who is grieved for the 
 affliction of Joseph ; pay his travelling and incidental expenses and 
 his salary for one year out of the funds that have been collected for 
 us in Europe; give him fiiU authority to investigate everything here 
 thoroughly, and permit him to return to Europe in case he should not 
 be willing to remain with us, in order that he may give you an ex- 
 tended verbal report of everything. It is impossible for us to send 
 you the money for the expenses of the journey, because most people 
 refuse to contribute to such a fund, fearing lest, as has happened 
 already in New York, we might receive a teacher who would occasion 
 more harm and offence than benefit and edification to the Church as 
 Preacher Schultz himself has done. No person could expect that one 
 or two individuals should advance the whole of this sum themselves, 
 for by so doing they might soon lose everything they have. 
 
 In addition to this it is our opinion that besides expending the 
 money that has been collected in the building of churches and school- 
 houses, it should be used also in the purchase of land, the revenue 
 from which may be devoted forever to the support of one or more 
 pastors and schoolmasters according as circumstances may require ; this 
 support being increased by the addition of certain perquisites and 
 adequate contributions to be agreed upon by the members of the con- 
 gregations. We desire, however, first to be informed how much money 
 we may expect and specially to be assured that it shall be transmitted 
 to us, for it would be disastrous to make a purchase without being 
 certain that we could make payment and whence the payment was to 
 come. At all events, it would be well to put the money out at interest, 
 and to devote the interest forever towards helping to raise the salary 
 of the pastor. 
 
 In short, in due time, we hope to be able to make good, practical ar- 
 rangements for the support of one or more pastors ; although at first, 
 only one faithful teacher, relying upon God and His Favor, should be 
 sent to us. Such a man may help us to put matters into good order; 
 for, we have no doubt, that many who have separated themselves from 
 the Church may be brought back again, and the wounds inflicted by 
 Preacher Schultz may be healed. 
 
 We therefore beg your Reverence to take all these things into con- 
 sideration ; and if you should use a portion of the money that has been 
 collected for us, in sending over to us some one whose high aim is to 
 extend the Kingdom of Christ, we doubt not, that God would add His 
 blessing to it. We shall, at all times, be ready to do in favor of the 
 work, everything that we possibly can. But if none of our proposi- 
 tions should be accepted, then we can do nothing else than patiently 
 wait for the salvation of God ; commit ourselves to the Great Shepherd 
 and Bishop of souls, Christ Jesus, and pray that Heaven may grant 
 the richest rewards to all those who have kindly contributed on our be- 
 7 
 
98 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 half, although our congregations may derive no benefit from what they 
 may have dune. We entreat your Reverence still to extend to us the 
 favor of your continued care, and we pray that you may be rewarded 
 with every blessing from above. With the closing of the old year and 
 the opening of the new, we wish you health and peace, and remain with 
 profound respect your faithful servants, 
 
 The Wardens of the Evangelical Lutheran Congregations at Phila- 
 delphia, New Hanover and Providence. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Extract of .a letter from Rev. Senior Urlsperger, to IMr. Inspector 
 Sarganeck, Augsburg, Oct. 4th, 1736. 
 My Dear Inspector: 
 
 I received your favor from Neustadt, in due time ; I hope that my 
 answer has reached you in like manner. 
 
 Just now I write to state what the Rev. Pastor Rig (Rieger, in Stutt- 
 gart?) has made known to me; and to add for the information of Prof. 
 Francke and Mr. Counsellor Cellarius, that Mr. Scholdhausen, a be- 
 lieving merchant of Venice, upon returning yesterday from Switzer- 
 land over Kempten, reported that Dr. Praun had told him in the 
 latter place that he himself and all the clerg\^men there were of opin- 
 ion that the Schultz who had been arrested as a forger was the East 
 India missionary Schultz, which will have a very bad effect upon the 
 reputation of the ^lission.* 
 
 Now, as it is very probable that the same opinion may be entertained 
 in other places, it seems to me that it would be wise to « * * * 
 [illegible in the MSS.] the public ; yet in such a way as that the name 
 of Schultze's father and that of his native country should not appear ; 
 but that everything else should be stated in a judicious way. I have 
 been requested to draw up a statement to that effect, in order to avoid 
 offences that for divers reasons might otherwise be taken. If anything 
 is to be offered in print, I confidently expect to see*it beforehand. 
 Adieu. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 To the Wardens at Philadelphia, New Hanover and Providence. 
 My Dear and Honored Sirs: 
 Your very good letter of Dec. 6th, 1736, was transmitted to me by 
 the Rev. Court Chaplain Ziegenhagen, and I have learned from it that 
 you yourselves and other members of your congregations m Pennsyl- 
 
 " The missionary Benjainin Schultze did not return from Madras before 1743. 
 He was the successor of Ziegenbalg, in Tranquebar. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (fIEST) BRIEF REPORT. 99 
 
 yanla continue to cherish a desire for a competent and faithful pastor. 
 For my part, I should most willingly help you in this matter if any- 
 one could be found who would be willing to serve you under the cir- 
 cumstances you have described. But, my dear sirs, consider your- 
 selves, that although there may be men in this country who are not 
 swayed by temporal calculations, yet they might not be strongly in- 
 clined to go to a place where, as yet, there is no regular organization at 
 all, and where they must ever anticipate that if they should not prove 
 to be acceptable, they will have to retrace their long journey again in 
 a short time. It would not help you if we were to send a young man 
 who has had no experience. In this country there are many divers 
 opportunities of useful service offered to all competent and experienced 
 men ; and, therefore, even though a man may not take mere temporal 
 considerations into account, he may not be easily persuaded to accept 
 the offer of a position in w^hich it is uncertain whether he can effect 
 any good, whilst many positions are offered to him in this country 
 where he may employ his powers and his gifts so as to lead to useful 
 results. Under these circumstances, and because amongst you there is 
 no provision made for the pastor's support, and other regular arrange- 
 ments cannot be effected, I cannot encourage you, my dear sirs, to ex- 
 pect that I will be able to secure any pastor for you. 
 
 I have written to Pastor Boltzius several times, requesting him, if 
 possible, to undertake a journey to Pennsylvania and gather informa- 
 tion on the spot concerning the Evangelical congregations. But he 
 has answered me, that under the existing circumstances of his own 
 congregation at Ebenezer, he could not well absent himself from his 
 post. We must therefore wait patiently to see if the thing can yet be 
 done; for, indeed, I have indulged the hope that by this means the 
 way might be opened to provide better things. 
 
 I am sorry Mr. Siron has been the cause of any disturbance amongst 
 you. I deeply lament his departure from the right way which he had 
 followed whilst he was here with us, and I sincerely hope that here- 
 after he Avill help your work rather than hinder it. 
 
 The contributions yet in our hands, after deducting certain expenses, 
 amount to the sum of * * *. 
 
 I had hoped that by this time you w^ould have established a regular 
 organization, so that this money might be applied in such manner as to 
 satisfy those who have contributed it. I have, therefore, retained pos- 
 session of whatever has been placed in my hands, because the donors 
 themselves might take it in bad part if I should transmit their contri- 
 bution without knowing how it was to be used. If you should not be 
 able to come to a regular organization, I shall forward the sum above 
 specified to Dr. Ziegenhagen, requesting him to dispose of it as he may 
 think proper. 
 
 You request me, my dear sirs, to use part of the money in my hands 
 for the purchase of certain books, to be sent to Captain Stedtman, in 
 
100 APPENDIX TO THE (FISST) BRIEF P-EPORT. 
 
 Rotterdam, adding at the same time that these books ought to be in 
 Rotterdam very soon. But, specially, as I have no copies of the Mar- 
 burg Hymn Book at hand ; and, further, because you have not given 
 me the address of any person in Rotterdam who may deliver the books 
 to Captain Stedtman,' who is probably not always there, I have hesi- 
 tated about collecting the books and ^sending them forward upon an 
 
 uncertaintv. 
 
 As to the money Avhich was taken from Preacher Schultz at ^ urn- 
 berg, Senior Urlsperger informs me that it amounted to 520 Guldens. 
 Some time ago he sent me word that he would transmit this money to 
 England, which I doubt not he has already done. However, I will 
 myself write to Senior Urlsperger upon the subject. 
 
 As to the rest, in my very heart I hope that God will regard the 
 trying circumstances of your congregations, that the sighing of those 
 whose earnest souls yearn after better things may reach His ears, 
 and that He may send them help according to their need. For the 
 present, I can give you no higher hope than I allow myself to indulge. 
 Otherwise, as I may be able to do so, I shall willingly contribute all 
 that lies in mv power to the building up of your Evangelical congre- 
 gations. In submission to the guidings of God's grace, and wdth best 
 wishes for the Divine favor, I remain, my dear sirs, ever your willing 
 servant, G- A. Francke. 
 
 Halle, June 18th, 1737. 
 
 I 
 
 XX. 
 
 Most Worthy Doctor : 
 
 With the hearty salutations of the Rev. Court Chaplain, I send you 
 the enclosed letter, -Nvhich was received from the German congregations 
 in Philadelphia, etc., a few days ago. 
 
 They repeat their request for a j^astor, but, as usually, with a phrase- 
 ology somewhat forward and unpolished. The Rev. Court Chaplain 
 begs' that you will not allow yourself to be shocked by this circum- 
 stance, so as to be hindered in your efforts to obtain a pastor who may 
 be suited to those people and to their condition, and that as soon as 
 possible. His hearty prayer is, that the Lord Himself may designate 
 the right man — the man who, confiding in the strength of the Al- 
 mighty, has the courage and capacity to gather together the lost sheep 
 of this scattered flock^ and bring them back to the Great Shepherd, 
 Christ Jesus. 
 
 We have not yet received the last letters from East India, although 
 the whole cargo has already been removed from the ship and delivered 
 at the East India House.*^ It looks as if they had been lost. Mr. 
 Secretary Plemmon has taken much pains to discover them. 
 
 The missionaries now here are all well and cheerful. They will 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (Pir^ST) BHIEF REPORT. 101 
 
 scarcely set sail during this month ; for the continuous cold weather, 
 and especially the active levy that is now going on amongst seamen, 
 interferes with maritime oj^erations. 
 I remain most worthy Doctor, 
 
 Your most ohedient servant, 
 Kensington, Feb. 8th, 1740. Samuel Berein. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Letter of the three congregations in Pennsylvania, addressed to the 
 Rev. Court Chaplain, Ziegenhagen, in London, Oct. 15th, 1739 : 
 Most Reverend, Most Honored Cha23lain. 
 
 Your letter of Sept. 26th, 1738, was duly delivered by Preacher 
 Klug,* and has been read with sincere respect. It seems, from your 
 letter, as if you had not had any letter or answer from us for a long 
 time, although your letter of Feb. 4th, 1736, was answered by us on 
 Dec. 6th, 1736. Your letter had first been broken open by Mr. Siron, 
 and then handed to us ; but since then we have not had any answer 
 or letter from him. So, for our part, we did not know what to do in 
 the matter. But now we see from your last letter that was handed to 
 us by Preacher Klug, that it looks as if you had never received our let- 
 ter of Dec. 6th, 1736. We will then, in this place, write for your Rev- 
 erence and for Prof Francke, what our fixed opinion is about the call- 
 ing of a preacher ; because, your Reverence says in your letter, that 
 we should, by all means, write to you openly and honestly, and en- 
 deavor, by all means, to come to a brotherly union amongst ourselves. 
 As to our being united, we have already been united for a long time 
 in this, that we have been hoping and longing for a good pastor, and 
 have been living along in the hope, that your fatherly care would sup- 
 ply us with such a one. But after all your Avriting about it, it seems 
 now, that you either cannot or will not do this until you first get cer- 
 tain positive and satisfactory assurances from the congregations; by 
 which terms trust in God is altogether put out of sight. It looks as if 
 money had more power than any spiritual principle has, to urge you 
 to labor for the spreading of the Kingdom of God ; although a bishop 
 ought not to be covetous, and Christ commanded his disciples not to 
 carry a purse. It is not, at all, our purpose to let our pastor starve or 
 suflTer want ; but we desire a man who will come to us not with cove- 
 tous views, or ruled by other carnal principles. We live in a country 
 where a teacher or preacher cannot expect to have a showy parsonage, 
 or a large salnry, or an easy, comfortable life; and it is not possible 
 for us to promise him these things. But due arrangements shall be 
 made to secure an ndequate support for a fiiithful pastor Avho has the 
 spirit of Christ dwelling in him. 
 
 * See Muhlenberg's Keport, 6th Continuation, June, 1749. 
 
102 APPENDIX TO THE (fIRST) BPwIEF REPORT. 
 
 We, the wardens "and elders of the congregations, though giving 
 great labor and diligence, have not been able to send out to you such 
 a call for a pastor as you have wished us to send ; Dr. Gerdes and 
 Prof. Francke having furnished a formula, according to which the call 
 should be drawn up, by the congregations. We could not do what you 
 demanded ; and the first reason is this : Our people here are scattered 
 so far around and are mixed up with so many sects, that no warden 
 can tell who are members of his congregation until they come together 
 to hear a sermon, or to have the Lord's iSupper ; and in respect to these 
 matters, things are in a miserable state. If any of the schoolmastoi's 
 who have come from Germany undertakes to give a sermon, in such 
 places, hardly half of the people come together ; because many have an 
 abhorrence of such preachers, since they even, at times, take upon 
 themselves to give the Lord's Supper, though they are not regularly 
 called servants of Christ ; and therefore such a ministry does not be- 
 long to them. The reason why some people have asked them to do 
 this is the fact that, at the present time, there is not one German 
 Lutheran preacher in the whole land except Caspar Stoever, who is 
 now 60 English miles distant from Philadelphia. Besides, they see 
 that they have no reason to hope for the assistance of your Reverence 
 in securing a pastor, unless they first give you certain satisfactory as- 
 surances; although every man, according to his ability, would willingly 
 contribute to the support of a pastor, if only one man whose trust is in 
 God could be induced to come to us. 
 
 Our last reason is this : No one is willing to subscribe to the support 
 of a clergyman, as you require us to do, until we first see what kind of 
 a man we are to get, and know that he is worthy of confidence ; so that 
 we may not be burdened with great expenses out of Avhich no good can 
 come. Also, that we may not get another hireling like as preacher 
 Schultz was, or like the specimen that was in a place called Raritan, 
 which is connected with the New York congregation. Some persons 
 called him and brought him over from Hamburg, at great expense. 
 But when he came and began to preach in the congregations that had 
 called him, it turned out that he had not the gift to preach the Word 
 of God as it becomes a clergyman to do. The congregations bore with 
 him patiently, for a long time ; but when they found that he would 
 not try to improve himself, they did not want his services as preacher, 
 any longer. But as he determined to force himself upon them and 
 kept at law with them for more than two years, the congregations were 
 not only oppressed Avith great expenses, but also distracted with con- 
 fusion and divisions, in consequence. Your Reverence, as also Prof. 
 Francke, will understand therefore, that the congregations are afraid 
 to subscribe to such a call as you have required. You see that they 
 are afraid lest they might get such a man as we have described, or a 
 man who would allow himself to be led astray by other sects, as sev- 
 eral have already done in this country; whereby the congregations 
 have been plunged into great confusion. 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (FIRSt) BPJEF REPORT. 103 
 
 If your Reverence and Prof. Francke also could see with your own 
 eyes the sad condition of the many poor people who are coming to this 
 country every year and are put out to service among other sects ; poor 
 people who would be so glad to go, on Sunday, to a church of their 
 own confession, so that they might not attend the meetings of other 
 sects and thus be misled at last, as many indeed have already been, 
 and in this very way, in consequence of our lack of reverend clergy 
 and of our regular church service, if you could see this, then you would 
 understand that in case you continue to hold back and delay any lon- 
 ger, you will surely have a great responsibility upon you in the pres- 
 ence of God, on that great Day of Judgment, because you have not so 
 much as permitted the collected funds to be applied to the objects to 
 which benevolent hearts have given them, that is the building of our 
 churches and schools. The Lord reward all these benevolent friends 
 a thousand fold, in every way ; although you see proper to withhold it 
 from us under the pretext, that we must first call a preacher whom you 
 know and can trust, and must expressly promise and bind ourselves to 
 give him a certain specified salary, every year, all which is directly 
 contrary to the teachings of Christ, who says. Matt. 6:33: " Seek ye 
 first the Kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things 
 shall be added unto you." So we believe, and we are convinced that 
 if a faithful pastor whose trust is in the Lord, were to come to us, all 
 these things would be added to him, and he w^ould have a rich abund- 
 ance to help him through. But so far the principle seems to be, pro- 
 vide for the body first, before the salvation of souls can be considered. 
 
 And now again we most fervently beseech your Reverence and also 
 Prof Francke not to keep on raising so many difiiculties and objections 
 by which, as far as the pastor's salary is concerned, trust in the help of 
 God is entirely overlooked. As you had expressed so much fear lest 
 the man you would send to us might be reduced to absolute Avant, we 
 wrote to you before, requesting you to pay him his salary for the first 
 two years, so that he may have no fear of being reduced to absolute 
 want as you suppose — etc., etc. 
 
 You see then, your Reverence and Prof. Francke, that we once more 
 make our request and petition, that as we cannot bring about such a 
 vocation concerning the calling of a preacher as you w^ant us to send 
 out to you, this is what we three congregations in Philadelphia, New 
 Hanover and Providence ask of you, that you choose a preacher for us 
 who, in your opinion, is a steady man, on w^hose honesty you and w^e 
 can depend ; that you pay to him the expenses of his voyage out of 
 the money in your hands, which w^as collected for the building of our 
 churches and schoolhouses ; that you give him also a couple of bills 
 of exchange, as much as you yourselves think proper, to support the 
 preacher for two years, so that you may feel that you are altogether 
 safe. Then w^e will take all the money that may be collected, in the 
 two first years, towards the support of a preacher, and apply it to the 
 building of churches and schoolhouses in the three congregations. 
 
104 APPE^^DIX TO THE (flilST) BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 We expect to be able to make such good arrangements, during tbis 
 time, that one or two peachers may be honestly supported. But if you 
 cannot grant our petition in this way, then we beg you to inform us as 
 soon as you can, so that you may not keep us any longer in suspense in 
 such important matters, and so that we may have one called from some 
 other place, that everything may not come to confusion at last. We 
 request also that the books in your hands, and which were given by 
 good friends, may be sent to us at the same time ; but do not send any 
 more for this time, until a preacher comes and sees what kind of books 
 are most needed. 
 
 In the meantime we commend you to the care and gracious guidance 
 of God ; and continuing to rely upon your fatherly sympathy, we re- 
 main your Keverence's obedient children in the Lord, the Wardens 
 and Elders of the three congregations at Philadelphia, etc. 
 
 Henry Kilber, Thomas Meyer, Matthew Ringer. 
 
 George Beck, John N. Crcessman, Jacob Schrack. 
 
 P. S. — We yet add, that the change in the names of the subscribers, 
 which your Reverence will notice, is, because the congregations have 
 elected new officers in place of the former ones. 
 
 Also, wdien you direct a letter to us, it should be delivered or ad- 
 dressed to Michael Hellengase, in Second Street, Philadelphia, who 
 will deliver it to us. 
 
 Also, we intended, in these few lines, to report to your Reverence 
 and to Prof Francke how our business with ^Mr. Weisiger and the 
 Messrs. Schultze, of Holland, was settled ; for Mr. Weisiger had left a 
 box of books behind him, in Holland, in charge of Melchior Schultze. 
 But M. Schultze himself left them behind. As soon as he arrived here 
 he and his brother, George Schultze, called us to a settlement at once, 
 and the result Avas, that we owed him 103 dollars, 5 shillings, 8 pence, 
 Pennsylvania money. In this settlement he charged us with all the 
 expenses of the box of books, including even its freight on the ship. 
 But as Mr. Weisiger had no collection moneys to pay over and as we 
 did not know, at that time, whether he had acted honestly, in all 
 things, we, for the purpose of preventing the Messrs. Schultze from 
 casting him into prison, felt ourselves bound to the jMessrs. Schultze to 
 allow the money which Weisiger had paid to Melchior Schultze in 
 Holland to stand to his credit; and besides, to take upon ourselves 
 something that had been charged against him. All this we did so that 
 he might be free from Messrs. Schultze. But these men then began to 
 press very hard upon us, to have their claims satisfied, before they de- 
 livered the books, before they would even giv^ security for their de- 
 livery. They had two of our wardens arrested at once and brought 
 suit against us at Court. This suit hung on for more than nine 
 months ; and even then it was not settled by the Court ; for, the Court 
 appointed three merchants who decided the case. Their decision was 
 
APPENDIX TO THE (S'IRSt) BRIEF REPORT. 105 
 
 that Messrs. Scliultze must give us security for the books and we must 
 pay them the money within the period of a month. But as they coukl 
 not give us any satisfactory security they had to submit to wait for the 
 money until they had received the books and delivered them to us. 
 AVhich being done, we paid them the above-mentioned sum, at once ; 
 Mr. Weisiger giving them a note of hand for 42 dollars, which they 
 accepted and the balance being paid by the wardens and congregations. 
 
 After all, Mr. Weisiger still owes the congregations 77 dollars, 15 
 shillings, Pennsylvania currency, for which he has given his note of 
 hand, though the congregations will never get anything from him ; for 
 the merchants have taken possession of all he had, still holding a claim 
 of 300 dollars against him ; but allowing him a certain definite time 
 for payment. Now if we should push him for what he owes us we 
 should have considerable expense, and would get nothing from him, in 
 the end. 
 
 So, we hope that your Eeverence will not encourage the thought that 
 the wardens have squandered the money that has been collected. We 
 have been deceived by the hypocrisy of the wicked collectors ; and this 
 hypocrisy you, no doubt, observe in their conduct yourself, although 
 you would not have suspected it in Mr. Weisiger. To all these, our 
 undertakings, we have given much toil and diligence ; thinking that 
 the Glory of God would be advanced thereby ; but alas, what a ruin ! 
 
 Now we once more, hereby, entreat your Reverence and Dr. Francke 
 to write to us by the first ship that sails for Philadelphia, and inform 
 us whether you will send us a preacher according to our petition as 
 expressed in this letter, signed above by the wardens, giving him his 
 salary for two years out of the collection moneys. If you cannot do 
 this, then we beg you to inform us, during the next year, so that we 
 may not be put ofi* any longer. There are other persons who will send 
 us preachers, if you are not able to help us ; and in this important 
 business we do not wish to be subjected to any more delay. We shall 
 wait until we think we have had time enough to receive an answer to 
 this present Avriting. 
 
 We commend you to the care and gracious guidance of God ; and, 
 still relying upon your fatherly sympathy we ever remain 
 
 Your Reverence's Children in the Lord. 
 
 P. S. — Also, if you write to us, the letter ought to be directed in this 
 way, "To be delivered to Mr. Michael Hellengass, living in Philadel- 
 phia, Second street." 
 
CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT 
 
 COXCERXING 
 
 CERTAIN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES 
 
 IN AMERICA. 
 
 PRINTED AT THE ORPHAN HOUSE IN HALLE, 174,5. 
 
 (27) 1. Last year a short report was printed and published con- 
 cerning several evangelical congregations in America, in which, 
 
 among other things, it may be seen how and in what various ways the 
 German Evangelical Lutheran congregations in Philadelphia, New 
 Hanover and Providence had besought Prof. Dr. Francke, in Halle, 
 and the Koyal Court Preacher, the Rev. Frederick M. Ziegenhagen, 
 in London, to send them a regular minister of the Gospel to become 
 their pastor. It may also be seen how, after the removal of certain 
 obstacles, the Rev. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg was sent, in compli- 
 ance with their desire; and how, upon his ha23py arrival in Philadel- 
 phia, Nov. 25, 1742, he was most heartily welcomed by the congrega- 
 tions named above, to which also the congregation in Germantown had 
 been added. It was also stated in the same report, that because the 
 strength of one pastor proved not to be equal to the work required, 
 Muhlenberg himself and the aforesaid congregations also renewed 
 their earnest entreaties, begging that other assistants, both for churches 
 and schools, might be sent to them. In compliance with this, Mr. 
 Peter Brunnholtz, the second pastor, and the two assistants or cate- 
 chists, Mr. Schaum and Mr. Kurtz, having accepted the call, set 
 
 (28) off on July 1, 1744, from Hamburg, through England, on their 
 journey to Pennsylvania. ^ 
 
 From the same report it may also be understood that the moneys so 
 kindly contributed by benevolent friends have been used to defray the 
 traveling expenses of the several laborers who have been sent off, and 
 also to meet the urgent necessities resulting from the building of the 
 two churches in Philadelphia and Providence, though even this will 
 fall short of what is needed. With all this, then, the reader may ob- 
 serve how flivorable, notwithstanding all the difficulties, were the cir- 
 
 (106) 
 
CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT, ETC. 107 
 
 cumstances under which Pastor Muhlenberg began his labors in these 
 congregations. Both the young and the old longed for his instructions 
 in the Word, and received them with meekness; parents with their 
 children, and people already advanced in years, were baptized. These 
 and other adults, some of them married persons, were prepared for 
 their first communion. In a word, the attention, the interest, the meek- 
 ness with which these people received the instruction of the Divine 
 Word w^ere a very joy of heart to Muhlenberg, and tended greatly to 
 lighten the burden of his labors. 
 
 2. It has repeatedly been asked whether we have any information of 
 the arrival of Pastor Brunnholtz and his companions in Pennsylvania, 
 and whether the Divine favor w^hich marked the beginning of the work 
 there still continues to the present time. Now as we believe it will be 
 a joy to all good people whose hearts are interested in the advance- 
 ment of the Kingdom of God in general, and in Pennsylvania in par- 
 ticular, and who, by their benevolent contributions, have promoted the 
 work there, w^e cannot refrain from stating here that such information, 
 though long delayed, has at last been received, and that quite recently. 
 On May 22d of this year, the long-expected letters from Pastor Muh- 
 lenberg and Pastor Brunnholtz in Philadelphia, addressed to the Court 
 
 Preacher Ziegenhagen and Prof. Dr. Francke, in Halle, arrived. 
 (29) These letters were written in the month of March, and contain 
 
 an account of: 1, the safe arrival of the assistants above named ; 
 2, many trials encountered by Pastor Muhlenberg and the Divine help 
 W'hich was granted to him ; 3, the continued blessing upon the preach- 
 ing of the Gospel ; 4, many remarkable circumstances connected with 
 the building of the churches. We j)ropose now to gather the most 
 important of all these items together, and to present them in order, as 
 a thankful acknowledgement of the goodness of the Lord. 
 
 3. As to the first point — the safe arrival of the assistants. Any one 
 who will call to mind w^hat we have stated in our report, how many 
 and weighty were the labors of Pastor Muhlenberg, how many and 
 how long his journeys throughout the four congregaticms, how faith- 
 fully he met and discharged every duty, never considering his own 
 ease, will readily comprehend wdth what anxious longing he must have 
 awaited the arrival of the assistants that had been asked for. It was 
 well known that it had become absolutely necessary to send him help, 
 for without it he would be sure to sink under his labors; and, there- 
 fore, all diligence was engaged to send him tlie desired help at the 
 earliest possible moment. 
 
 The desire of these assistants themselves to reach America at an 
 
108 CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT CONCERNING 
 
 early day, and to join Muhlenberg in his work was very strong. Yet, 
 they had to learn to submit the gratification of this desire to the will 
 of God. On account, chiefly, of contrary winds, their journey from 
 Hamburg to England occupied three weeks, and then not only was 
 considerable time spent in England awaiting the departure of a ship, 
 but even after they had embarked at Gravesand, Sept. 22d, 1744, they 
 Avere detained in the harbor for nine Aveeks, until finally they put to 
 sea on Nov. 29th, under convoy of the fleet of Admiral Da vers. ^ 
 
 4. In regard to the voyage to Philadelphia and their arrival there 
 we are informed, that when they were at sea, on the third day, a vio- 
 lent storm scattered the fleet so completely that there was only one 
 
 man-of-war left in sight as their convoy, which attended them 
 (30) through the Spanish Main to Cape Finisterre, and which they left 
 
 there on Dec. 9th. For the first eleven days the voyage was pros- 
 perous, but after that, for four weeks, they were driven about by contrary 
 winds and by storms, sometimes so violent that they had to lash the rud- 
 der; yet on January 26th, 1745, they arrived safely in Philadelphia. 
 They met with no hostile vessel on the whole voyage, and upon landing, 
 their health was good and sound. Having left the ship, and on their way 
 to the city, they were met by a German coming out of the Avoods, who, 
 noticing that they Avere strangers just landed from the A^essel lying in 
 the river, asked them AA'hether any Evangelical clergymen had come 
 with them. When they had told him Avho they AA^ere, he conducted 
 them, at once, Avith great joy, to a German merchant,^ by Avhom, as 
 well as by the elders and other members of the church, who had been 
 informed of their arri\^al, they AA'ere recei\"ed and Avelcomed Avith many 
 demonstrations of gladness. All united in heartily thanking God for 
 their happy arrival, even as they had previously ofiered public pray- 
 ers that His special protection and blessing might attend these breth- 
 ren upon their voyage. A courier AA^as sent off" at once, to couA^ey the 
 good neAvs to Pastor Muhlenberg, Avho Avas then occupied in the con- 
 gregations in the country. 
 
 5. Muhlenberg having returned to Philadelphia immediately, Mr. 
 Brunnholtz preached to the congregation there on the folloAA^ing Sun- 
 day, and AA'as received and recognized as their regular teacher and sec- 
 ond pastor, his call being draAvn up in their name, and confirmed and 
 signed by the vestry and the members themselves. The same order 
 was observed in GermantoAA^n on February 5th, the same at Provi- 
 dence,* on Sunday February 7th, and in like manner, on the 9th, at 
 New Hanover. Thus he Avas introduced, alike, into all four churches, 
 because it was thought best that he and Pastor Muhlenberg should be- 
 
CERTAIN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 109 
 
 gin the work, by laboring in common, in all the several congregations. 
 Both having the same ends in view, in the difierent charges, they could 
 
 thus be more helpful to one another, even if they should after-' 
 (31) wards, upon a clearer discernment of the Divine Will, be led to 
 
 make a regular division of the congregations. 
 As regards the two Assistants or Catechists, after earnest prayer and 
 a careful consideration of all the circumstances, it was concluded, that 
 Mr. Kurtz should take charge of the school in New Hanover and Mr. 
 Schaum should remain in Philadelphia, each of them having a school, 
 in which even people of advanced years are not ashamed to mingle 
 with the children and to begin with the alphabet. In a word, the con- 
 gregations thankfully acknowledge the blessing granted both to the 
 churches and the schools through these new teachers, and offer hearty 
 thanks to God on that account. 
 
 6. Pastor Brunnholtz states very particularly, that in all these con- 
 gregations there is a very sincere affection and veneration felt and 
 shown towards Pastor Muhlenberg, because they see what a different 
 spirit he has from that which animates the people who, without a regu- 
 lar call, foist themselves as teachers upon the Church. He states also, 
 that notwithstanding much attendant weariness, toil and anxiety, Pas- 
 tor Muhlenberg has faithfully discharged the duties of his office, and 
 that the Lord has stood by him in all the straits and trials that have 
 befallen him. His faithful services have been so abundantly prospered, 
 that not only is the external state of affairs considerably improved, but 
 also, many souls have been truly blest and edified, and many encourage 
 the hope of better things, many who have been attracted and won, in 
 great measure, by his meek and loving example. In addition to this, 
 Pastor Brunnholtz expresses the hope, that, by the Grace of God, he 
 himself will be enabled to discharge the duties of his office in like man- 
 ner, not only by publicly preaching the Gospel in its purity and sim- 
 plicity; but also and especially, by laboring to bring it directly home, 
 in its saving power, to the souls of his people. For the purpose of be- 
 coming better acquainted with the individual members of his flock, 
 and in order that he might be able to reprove, instruct and exhort 
 them according to their several circumstances and necessities, he has 
 undertaken to visit them, from house to house. Having, upon this 
 visitation, found many souls who were hungering for the Word 
 (32) of the Lord, he and Pastor Muhlenberg propose to give them 
 more specific instruction, teaching them how to build upon the 
 true Foundation. 
 
 7. As to the second point specified above, viz. : the many trials en- 
 
110 COXTINUATION OF BRIEF PvEPORT CONCERXIXG 
 
 countered by Pastor Muhlenberg in his official work ; that may be 
 satisfactorily presented by furnishing certain extracts from his own 
 letters. He states that, first of all, he was troubled, in no small meas- 
 ure, not only by the fact, that the coming of his assistants had been so 
 long and so unaccountably delayed ; but also by the circumstance, that 
 owing to the existing hostilities at sea, letters addressed to him from 
 Germany and England failed to arrive when due. In addition to his 
 own personal anxieties and cares growing out of these facts, certain 
 enemies had taken occasion to insult and ridicule him, stating that his 
 friends and benefactors in Europe had cast him off; and still worse, 
 others endeavored to arouse suspicion in the congregations against 
 him ; spreading slanderous reports, to the effect that he had applied to 
 his own use the money which had been collected for the churches. 
 This calumny, however, Avas completely silenced upon the arrival of 
 the letters from Europe, which contained also the balance of the 
 moneys that had been contributed. 
 
 The fabricator of these slanders was a certain man who had been de- 
 posed from the ministry in Germany ;* and who, on divers occasions 
 afterwards, displayed his spiteful spirit. However, as Pastor Muhlen- 
 berg's faithfulness, both in ministering to the churches in general and 
 to the spiritual wants of all his hearers, was abundantly manifest, their 
 confidence in him was in no degree weakened ; much more was it con- 
 firmed and strengthened by the convincing evidences of his integrity. 
 Even persons who had been deceived by the slanderer were won from 
 their delusion and numbered amongst Muhlenberg's faithful friends. 
 But yet, even grosser and more barefaced slanders were sometimes put 
 in circulation, before which, however, God brought forth his innocence 
 clear and fully in the light of day. Whilst it would be superfluous to 
 specify other reproaches that he had to endure for Christ's Name's sake 
 we may, in general, state, that both in his person and in his office he 
 w^as, here and there, openly and bitterly defamed and derided, his ene- 
 mies seeking to hinder his work by inventing and applying to him 
 such reproachful names and epithets as the world usually employs to 
 express its hostility to true Religion. The Lord, however, did not per- 
 mit them to succeed ; but favored Muhlenberg the more powerfully in 
 the conviction and conversion of many souls. Indeed, without 
 (33) any direct efforts on his part, as we learn from the Eeport of Pas- 
 tor Brunnholtz, the more his enemies sought to traduce him, the 
 more respect did he enjoy at the hands of all who were not blinded by 
 prejudice and the higher did his character rise in the esteem of all his 
 hearers. 
 
CERTAIN EVAI^^GELICAIi CHURCHES IN AMERICA. Ill 
 
 8. The third item we have proposed to consider in this writing re- 
 lates to the continued blessing upon the preaching of the Gospel in 
 Pennsylvania. Now the Lord has not only given to Pastor Muhlen- 
 berg the health and strength necessary for the faithful prosecution of 
 his pastoral work, not permitting his foes to triumph over him or to in- 
 terfere with his regular preaching of the Word ; but He has also con- 
 tinued and even increased the Divine blessing which formerly attended 
 the preaching of the Gospel, as has been stated in our first Report. Of 
 this Muhlenberg gives us the following instances in the letters referred 
 to above. 
 
 In the congregation at Germantown he has instructed a small class 
 of young people and admitted them to their first communion. At the 
 same place he baptized three grown children of one family and one 
 married man nearly 40 years of age, with his two children, also well 
 grown. These children themselves had, in much hearty simplicity, en- 
 treated and prevailed upon their father to be baptized himself. In 
 Philadelphia he baptized an unmarried woman, 25 years old, the 
 daughter of Quaker parents ; this was done in public, and a married 
 woman was confirmed at the same time. In New Hanover he baptized 
 a Quaker and his four children. The wife of this man had received 
 the sacrament of baptism on New Year, 1744. After the baptism of 
 the husband, both he and his wife, in company with two other persons, 
 were admitted to the communion of the Holy Supper ; and they, with 
 their house, are living as it becomes Christian to live. Finally, not 
 long ago he baptized, in Providence, a German of good social standing 
 with his five children.® This man had, for some considerable time, 
 been impressed by the Word of God ; yet could not make up his mind 
 to be baptized, because he had counselled with flesh and blood. At 
 last, however, he broke through these restraining bonds, and overcame 
 all hindrances. In regard to all these cases we believe that they were 
 actuated by good motives ; for in this free country they could not ex- 
 pect to enjoy any temporal gain or advantage, or to acquire any special 
 honor or respectability, by the fact that they are bajDtized. In addition 
 to these persons thus restored to the communion of the Evangelical 
 Church, the Lord Jesus has caused His holy Word to work with 
 (34) such power upon the hearts of many others, that there is hope 
 that the fruit will remain unto eternal life. Some of them, in- 
 deed, have already departed in the peace of the Lord. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing cases, Muhlenberg says that he might 
 give other indications of good results ; but he thinks that it may be 
 better to wait so as to ascertain more accurately Avhether they are sub- 
 
112 CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT CONCERNING 
 
 staiitial and enduring. Meanwhile the brief report we thus furnish 
 may well arouse those who take interest in the work of the Lord, to 
 thank God with their Avhole hearts, for the reason that He has caused 
 His Word, in some cases at least, to prosper in the thing whereto He 
 hath sent it. May He continue His blessing upon the w ork, so that 
 His praise and His salvation may be spread abroad. 
 
 9. The fourth point specified in the beginning of the present writing 
 yet remains. It relates to the circumstances connected with the build- 
 ing of the churches. We are specially bound to explain these matters, 
 because, as already stated, it is to the building of the churches that 
 the balance of the money collected in Germany has to be applied, after 
 the traveling expenses of the several pastors and assistants have been 
 defrayed ; and the main object of this Report is, whilst giving thanks 
 to God, to inform our friends and worthy benefactors to what uses their 
 charitable gifts have been devoted. It may be remembered, as was 
 stated in the short Report of last year, that the building of a large 
 church in Philadelphia had been begun, as also of a smaller one in 
 Providence, and that both structures had been advanced so far as that 
 they could be used by the congregations for Divine Worship, although 
 neither of them was, as yet, finished. The cost of the church in Phila- 
 delphia, according to a careful calculation, would be 1000 pounds ster- 
 ling or 5500 Rix dollars, and the cost of the church in Providence 
 would be 200 pounds sterling or 1100 Rix dollars; and, in addition to 
 these tAVO buildings, a school-house had to be erected at New Hanover, 
 where a church already stood, although, as yet, in an unfinished state. 
 
 Many persons might possibly have considered the building of these 
 churches unnecessary, or thought that the undertaking was too rash 
 and premature, or that the style and appointments were too expensive. 
 In view of such objections Pastor Muhlenberg has reported, that at 
 public worship in the barn at Providence, the congregation had to suf- 
 fer a great many inconveniences ; that the barn itself was too small, 
 the congregation increasing so much, that on occasions of Divine ser- 
 vice many persons had to stand out under the open heavens, ex- 
 (35) posed to all the inclemencies of the weather. Under such cir- 
 cumstances, no blame can attach to that congregation for under- 
 taking to build a church. 
 
 A similar necessity pressed upon the congregation in Philadelphia. 
 The old meeting house, for which the Lutherans paid rent, was too 
 small ; and besides this, they were annoyed through a suit at law with 
 certain parties who claimed the building. Moreover, although the 
 German Lutherans had, at first, by special favor, obtained permission 
 
CERTAIN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 113 
 
 to hold their public worship in the Swedish^ Lutheran Church, a 
 privilege which was accorded them until their own church should be 
 prepared for use, nevertheless, as has been stated in our former Report, 
 at the time when the German church Avas in such an advanced state 
 that the congregation could begin to occupy it, the long expected 
 Swedish pastor arrived.® So, the Swedes, intending to use their 
 church themselves, could no longer accommodate the Germans. This 
 accommodation was rendered even more difficult, at that season of the 
 year, by the advancing shortness of the days. 
 
 These circumstances are quite enough to prove that the building 
 of this church was not a rash and hasty undertaking. Much rather 
 should we recognize it as an act of Divine Providence, in order that 
 the church might be finished at the right time. Otherwise the public 
 worship must have been suspended for a season, if not abandoned alto- 
 gether ; there being no place obtainable where the whole congregation 
 could assemble for religious purposes. 
 
 10. That the number of members in this congregation is quite con- 
 siderable we learn from a letter of Pastor Brunnholz, dated April 23d, 
 1745, and which we have received since we begun to write this present 
 Report. In this letter he says that the church in Philadelphia is 
 somewhat large in its dimensions ; but, on Sundays it is always com- 
 pletely filled up ; and that people who had formerly separated them- 
 selves from the Church now keep on coming back again. As an ex- 
 ample of this, he mentions the case of a man now connected with the 
 congregation in Germantown. This man called upon him and said 
 that he had not been in church for 18 years ; but he wished to return 
 again and was anxious to have his five children, already well grown, 
 baptized. 
 
 In view of these facts then, we must admit that the dimensions 
 agreed upon were not too large. At the same time we must approve 
 of the opinion of Pastor Muhlenberg, already presented in our 
 (36) Report, that is, that the material used in a church of such a size 
 could not be wood or lumber. True, he had himself, at first, ad- 
 vised the building of a frame church, so as to finish it at small expense. 
 But as such a frame structure would have cost above 1000 Rix dollars 
 and as the vestry stated that it could not last long on account of the li- 
 ability to decay, which specially belongs to the timber of that country, 
 for which reason certain members refused to contribute anything to- 
 wards the building of a frame church, it had to be resolved and settled, 
 that the church should be built of stone and that the people should 
 trust in the Lord to supply them with the necessary amount of money. 
 8 
 
114 COXTIXUATIOX OF BRIEF REPORT CONCERNING 
 
 To repeat here all the statements we have received upon this subject, 
 would make our account too tedious ; and in the mean time, the items 
 that Ave have given are quite sufficient, we believe, to satisfy our read- 
 ers, that the building of the church was absolutely necessary. In a 
 word, it is very plain that Pastor Muhlenberg and the vestry of the 
 church would never have launched out into such extensive and hazard- 
 ous undertakings if they had not been constrained to do so by stern 
 necessity. 
 
 11. It was in confident reliance upon the help and favor of the Lord 
 that they entered upon the work ; and the Lord has, so far, not only 
 delivered them from shame, but also given them many encouraging 
 tokens of His approbation. Such tokens they recognize in the fact, 
 that not only is the church at Providence now completely finished but 
 the church in Philadelphia also will be prepared, in a short time, for 
 the public worship of the congregation. Further, the Lord has favored 
 them in meeting the expenses, so that of the whole cost only about 400 
 pounds sterling or 2200 Rix dollars will remain as a debt upon the 
 church at Philadelphia; and 50 pounds sterling or 275 Rix dollars, 
 upon the church in Providence. LTpon these sums an annual interest 
 also, must be paid. They discern the Divine favor further in the fact, 
 that whilst the congregations, as stated in our former report, had ex- 
 erted their zeal and libera-lity to the very utmost, the congregation in 
 Philadelphia especially, having raised 200 pounds sterling even before 
 the building was begun, several neighboring congregations also sent them 
 generous contributions. In addition to this they have received 
 (37) the following contributions: 200 pounds sterling, of the sum for- 
 merly collected in Europe for Pennsylvania ; 40 pounds sterling, 
 or 220 Rix dollars, collected in the German Lutheran congregation 
 in London, and 547 Rix dollars from Germany, as we have already 
 specified. To all this must be added 30 pounds sterling, or 165 Rix 
 dollars, forwarded to Pennsylvania at the beginning of this year, the 
 contribution of benevolent friend towards the building of the churches ; 
 and finally, 150 Rix dollars, which shall be transmitted to them in a 
 very short time. 
 
 12. The hope is fondly cherished that the Divine Favor wdll still 
 abide upon them, so that these poor German congregations and their 
 pastors may continue to flourish, and that the spiritual refreshing 
 which has visited them may not only remain with them, but also be 
 spread abroad, and all around them. There are good reasons for in- 
 dulging such a blessed hope. Indeed we have a very positive confi- 
 dence that God, by His Grace, will so move the hearts of some Christ- 
 
CERTAIN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 115 
 
 ian people, that they shall willingly devote a portion of the means 
 which He, froni whom all good gifts come, has placed in their hands, 
 to the glory of His name in promoting the great salvation in these 
 churches. Truly, we have reason to thank God because He has pros- 
 pered the work so far, that even those persons, who supposed that be- 
 fore the church could be finished. Pastor Muhlenberg and the vestry 
 would be cast into prison for debt, or would be compelled to run off, 
 have been convinced that the Hand of God is in the work. Yet, not- 
 withstanding all this the debts that still remain are no light burden 
 upon the congregations, particularly because in the church in Phila- 
 delphia, in addition to the payment of annual interest upon the debt, 
 they have yet to provide sash and glazing for the windows, and furnish 
 the inside with pews. Of course, with such a heavy burden upon them 
 the congregations will find it very hard to support their pastors and 
 teachers, for most of the members are themselves in straitened cir- 
 cumstances, and have already contributed so liberally to the building 
 of the church. 
 
 It is proper to state in this place, that at the beginning, Pastor Muh- 
 lenberg was duly authorized to draw his own salary from the moneys 
 regularly collected in Europe, in case the congregations themselves 
 should not furnish what was necessary for his support. He also in- 
 formed us that he would avail himself of this permission ; and use 
 (38) a portion of the 200 pounds sterling above referred to, for his own 
 purposes as payment of his salary ; because in the first years of his 
 pastoral work, the congregations gave him hardly anything at all, and 
 he had unfortunately lost two horses in consequence of long and fre- 
 quent journeyings; which also, put him to considerable extra exjDense 
 from the Avear and tear of clothing. But after all, seeing how heavily 
 the congregations were strained by the building of the churches and 
 the school-houses, he declined to appropriate any of the money to his 
 own use, passed it all over to the benefit of the churches, and hoped 
 that the Lord, in loving kindness, would supply his own wants by some 
 other means. 
 
 13. It remains for us to add a few more items taken from the last 
 letter of Pastor Brunnholtz above referred to. He says that Pastor 
 Muhlenberg, the two teachers and himself are all in good health ; and 
 that he, by no means, regrets his having accepted the call to Pennsyl- 
 vania ; although he feels the weight and responsibility of his office, and 
 is deeply conscious of his own insufficiency and unworthiness. He is 
 engaged, every day, in hunting up the members of the flock committed 
 to his care, declaring to them the counsel of God concerning their sal- 
 
116 CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT CONCERNING 
 
 vation, both in public and in private. The poAver of the Gospel is 
 witnessed by the experience of many persons who often call upon him, 
 and afford him an opportunity to notice whether they fall back, or 
 whether they grow in grace ; and indeed it is necessary to keep a care- 
 ful watch over them, on account of the many dangers and temptations 
 that beset them on the right hand and on the left. Generally upon 
 occasions of public preaching he has something of a mixed mass be- 
 fore him,^ representing all varieties of religious notions; but at such 
 times he is very careful to present the Divine truth that is regularly 
 taught by the text, believing, that in the light of this truth, the oppos- 
 ing error will be at once revealed and reproved. For the sake of the 
 members of his own flock he, sometimes, introduces into his sermons, 
 testimonies from the writings of Luther himself, in order that they 
 may see that he too, maintains the doctrine of the Divine Word even 
 as Luther taught it. 
 
 The school in Philadelphia is still under the care of Mr. Schaum, 
 and continues to increase in numbers. He too enjoys the presence 
 and the help of God in his work, and occasionally preaches for Pastor 
 Brunnholtz. In New Hanover Mr. Kurtz has a large school that 
 engages his constant attention, and the congregation is much pleased 
 with his Avork. When Pastor Brunnholtz is in Philadelphia on 
 (39) Sunday he ahvays preaches twice on that day. Before the wri- 
 ting of his last letter he had spent two AAeeks in Providence and 
 New Hanover, and preached once in each congregation, Muhlenberg 
 having been in charge of the church in Philadelphia for the same 
 time. During these two weeks Brunnholtz visited a place about ten 
 miles distant from New Hanover, called Ohley, where, finding the 
 Lutheran congregation of that place assembled in a dwelling-house, he 
 preached to them also. The season of Lent, however, he spent alto- 
 gether in the city, instructing the young people and preparing them 
 for the Holy Supper. 
 
 About a week before his last letter to us was sent off, in answer to a 
 very urgent solicitation, he went to Cohanzy, on the other side of the 
 Delaware and about 36 miles distant from Philadelphia, and preached 
 to the Lutheran congregation there that had been long neglected. 
 They have a church but no pastor, and are not able to support one. 
 However, they had secured the services of a school-master and fur- 
 nished him with fL copy of Prof. Francke's Postills,!^, out of which he 
 might read them a sermon every Sunday. Invitations to visit many 
 other places were addressed to the pastors, but as they had their own 
 congregations, and felt themselves bound to devote their whole time 
 
CERTAIN EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN AMERICA. 117 
 
 mainly to their own Avork, so thiit they might preach the Word in truth 
 and in power, they were not able at all times to yield to these invita- 
 tions, willing as they would otherwise have been to do so. Yet they 
 could not always refuse, but readily went whenever it was possible for 
 them. The people who approached them with these solicitations gen- 
 erally lived in thinly populated regions, for wdiich reason and S})ecially 
 because, like most of the Germans in the country, they 'are poor in this 
 world's goods, upon their first arrival they cannot well support a pastor. 
 May the Lord in His mercy regard these congregations that are yet 
 unprovided for! 
 
 14. 80 far then we have endeavored to inform our Christian readers 
 of the efforts that have been made to furnish the Lutheran churches in 
 America with the Divine ^Means of Grace, and of the blessings with' 
 which the Lord has been pleased to attend these efforts. Such facts 
 have no importance whatever in the estimation of the world, but who- 
 ever remembers in what a state of destitution these congregations 
 (40) have been, and considers into what a sad decline they must have 
 fallen if the Lord had not raised up help for them in good time, 
 will very readily acknowledge that the whole history is simply a 
 special intervention of God's mercy. So it has been thought that a 
 Report, short yet somewhat minute, of the progress of the Divine bless- 
 ing recently bestowed upon the congregations in Pennsylvania, as it is 
 described in the letters of the pastors and teachers, would be acceptable 
 to the Christian reader. It is hoped also that the account here given 
 will stir him up to thank God for the blessings already bestowed and 
 fervently to implore a continuance of His favor. Now, to the Father 
 of Mercies whose gracious will it is that no one should perish, but that 
 all should come to the knowledge and the belief of the truth, and so 
 obtain eternal life, let devout thanks be offered, because in the fullness 
 of His compassion He has turned towards these congregations which 
 had long been like lost sheep without a shepherd, and already done for 
 them more even than we could at first have thought or asked for. 
 May He keep all who have the privilege of hearing the Word and the 
 voice of the Good Shepherd from despising His grace, and mercifully 
 grant that by a genuine repentance they may turn from the error of 
 their Avays, and as recovered sheep come back to the fold of the Shep- 
 herd and Bishop of Souls. To this end may He ever continue to add 
 new blessings to the preaching of His Word in these distant regions, 
 and ever renew the strength of His servants in their great work for 
 the glory of His Name and of His Saving Love, through Jesus Christ, 
 Amen ! 
 
118 NOTES ON THE CONTINUATION (fIRST) OF BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 NOTES ON THE CONTINUATION (FIRST) 
 OF THE BRIEF REPORT. 
 
 ^ This refers to the communications which, having been found in the Archives 
 at Halle, are presented in the Appendix to this Continuation. 
 
 2 In those days, even apart from the prevailing perils of pirates, a voyage upon 
 the high seas wa^ not without danger. England, under George II, was then at 
 Avar with Spain and France ; and the men-of-war of both nations threatened the 
 ca})ture of English vessels. For this reason they sought to sail under a secure 
 convoy. Upon this subject Pastor Handschlh gives us further information. 
 (See 3d Continuation, with regard to political afikirs as then existing. See 3d 
 Continuation, note on section 3d.) 
 
 3 This was Mr. Henry Schleydorn. (See Appendix to this Continuation.) 
 We meet him again, and upon his death-bed. (See Pastor Handschuh's letter of 
 Oct. 2d, 1759, in 9th Continuation.) He was an elder of the German congrega- 
 tion, and together with the Swedish merchant, Peter Kock, (who died 1749), 
 had endeavored to bring about a union between the Swedes and the Germans in 
 their church interests. (See Acrelius' Hist., p. 245.) He had previously been 
 a member of the Lutheran congregation in New York. (See Halle. Nachr., p. 
 363. Concerning his death, see p. 751, etc.) 
 
 * In the Kecord of Providence congregation, on page 8, is the following: "On 
 the third Sunday after Epiphany, 1745, I, Peter Brunnholtz, being regularly or- 
 dained and called by the Rev. Court Chaplain Ziegenhagen, in London, and duly 
 commissioned as second pastor of the Evang. Lutheran congregations in Philadel- 
 phia, Germantown, New Providence and New Hanover, and colleague of the very 
 Pev. Henry Melehior Muhlenberg, preached my introductory sermon, in this 
 Providence congregation, upon the Gospel lesson for this day." This lesson was 
 Matt. 8 : 1-13 — the centurion at Capernaum. 
 
 ^ (See 2d Continuation, section 7 and the note on section 19 of the Brief Re- 
 port.) Even Muhlenberg, noble as he was, had to go "through honor and dis- 
 honor, through evil rej)ort and good report," 2 Cor. 6 : 8. (See the singular letter 
 in the Appendix to this Continuation.) In 2d Continuation, section 7, John 
 Conr. Andrese, of whom we shall hear again, is mentioned as slanderer-in-chief. 
 The other person there referred to is the notorious Yal. Kraft, of whom we have 
 heard already ''Brief Report, section 19). 
 
 * In the Church Record is the following: "Feb. 12th, 1745, Nicolas Koester 
 was baptized at New Providence in the presence of his wife and his mother-in-law, 
 Anna E. Hopp, and his wife's sister, Johanna Chr. Hopp." Then the baptism of 
 his children. Christian, born Aug. 21st, 1734; John, born July 18th, 1736; 
 Elizabeth, born Aug. 20th, 1739; George, born Aug. 21st, 1741 ; Samuel, born 
 Nov. 27th, 1744. Appended to the above is the following: "Oct. 17th, 1746, 
 Nicolas Koester's child was baptized and named Paul, born Sept. 7th ; of the 
 same mother as were all the other children, her name being Susanna Margar- 
 ETTA. Witnesses were the above-named mother and sister." 
 
 '^ The Blockhouse or Fort, in Avhich the Swedes held their religious services in 
 the preceeding century, must have presented a fine churchly appearance about 
 1700. (See Dr. C. W. Sch^ffer's Early History, etc., pp. 24, 25. Also note on 
 
NOTES ON THE CONTINUATION (fIRST) OF BRIEF REPORT. 119 
 
 section 18, Brief Report.) In this church, so well known as "Gloria Dei," the 
 services were conducted, at least partly, in the Swedish language, even into the 
 present century. The last pastor who had been sent over from Sweden, Dr. 
 Nicolas Collin, preached, at least once a month, in the Swedish language as 
 late as in 1813. Dr. Collin came from Upsala, arriving in 1771. He died in 
 1831. (See Clay's Annals of the Swedes, etc., Philadelphia, 1835. Pa. Magaz. of 
 Hist, and Biogr., by Hist. Soc. of Pa., Vol. I, p. 154.) , Also, at the present time 
 there is another small Swedish congregation organized in Philadelphia, which 
 holds its services every Sunday p.m. in ZiON, the German Evang. Lutheran 
 Church in Franklin St. below Vine St. This congregation is now negotiating 
 with a view of purchasing a church for itself, in Ninth St., North of Noble St. 
 The "Gloria Dei," formerly called Wicaco, has long since fallen into the hands 
 of the Episcopal denomination. This is easily accounted for ; since, an Act passed 
 Sept. 10th, 1787, supplementary to the charter of the United Swedish Lutheran 
 congregations of Wicaco, Kingsessing and Upper Merion, granted Sept. 25th, 
 1785, declares, in reference to the election of a "rector" or pastor, "that such 
 rector and other ministers shall be in the ministry of the Lutheran or Episcopal 
 Churches, and hold their faith in the doctrine of the same." 
 
 8 This was Gabriel Naesman, of Gestricia, whom the Archbishop and Con- 
 sistory of Upsala appointed for the service of the Church in America, in company 
 with another named Hedstrand, who, however, never came over. They were 
 both ordained in May, 1742, in the Cathedral at Upsala. Naesman arrived in 
 Philadelphia, Oct. 20th, 1743. (See Acrelius' Hist., etc., p. 241, etc. Also 3d 
 Continuation, section 12.) 
 
 ^ People who belong to divers Churches or Confessions. It was the more im- 
 portant to give prominence to the fact, that the doctrine of the Lutheran Church 
 was in harmony with the doctrine of the Holy Scriptures. The reverse of this is, 
 to belittle the matter in the pulpit and elsewhere, and to represent the Lutheran 
 Church as teaching only what the Presbyterians, the Methodists and the other 
 parties teach. This is a misrepresentation of the truth. 
 
 I '^ PosTiLS, post ilia, viz., verba textus, i. e., following the order of the text,— 
 a medieval Latin definition of a continuous exposition of Holy Scripture. In 
 later times the word was applied to sermons and sermon-books. The Francke 
 referred to is August Herman, the founder of the institutions at Halle. Some 
 of his works were published during his lifetime; others afterwards. Sermons and 
 Tracts, Halle, 1723; Sermons from Advent till Easter, 1738; Catechetical Ser- 
 mons, 1758 ; Memorial and Funeral Sermons, 1723 ; Sermons on the Gospels for 
 Sundays, Festivals and Apostles' Days, 1740 ; a second collection, 1746 ; Sermons 
 on the Epistles, 1741 ; Methodus studii theologici, etc., Halle, 1723 ; Idea studiosi 
 theologici, 1723 ; Monita pastoralia, 1712, 1717 ; Collegium pastorale, 1741, 1748. 
 
 I I We deeply regret that, whilst handling this Continuation and the first Brief 
 Report, we have been able to furnish only such short statements as are contained 
 in the extracts that have been supplied to us out of the letters that had been 
 written from Pennsylvania, instead of our having the letters themselves placed in 
 our hands. We supply this deficiency, however, in part, by presenting in an Ap- 
 pendix what we have obtained from the Archives at Halle. 
 
120 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATIOX. 
 
 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 EXTRACTS 
 
 Concerning the Call of the Catechists Schaum and Kurtz, and their departure 
 
 to Pennsylvania in the year 1744 ; with a Journal of the voyage and of 
 
 their earlier oiScial labors from March 13th, 1744, till July 11th, 1745. 
 
 I. 
 
 Letter of G. A. Francke to Mr. von Gensau of Farrenstadt, January 
 29th, 1744: 
 
 " As the Lord has lately given us such a call to His service in Penn- 
 sylvania, and as more laborers are absolutely required in this extensive 
 field, if this man, Pastor Muhlenberg, is not to be utterly crushed by 
 his burdens, I have thus far been taking great pains in compliance 
 Avith his earnest solicitations which have also been strongly endorsed in 
 letters from England, to discover some person who would be fitted for 
 the work. The purpose is to appoint this person as second pastor and 
 in addition to him to engage a Catechist, which position may be filled 
 by a student of theology and to send them off together. To this day I 
 have been wrestling with God in prayer, that He Himself would raise 
 up for the work a man after His own heart. Several persons to whom 
 the call was extended have declined it, from which circumstance I 
 have concluded that these persons were not called of God to the work, 
 and so I can do nothing more than Avatch the movements of the Lord 
 and strive to follow them in all sincerity. At the very first, however, 
 not only was I myself strongly drawn towards Mr. Brunnholtz, but 
 many other excellent friends favored his appointment to this work. 
 Accordingly, I have undertaken to follow up these indications, and so 
 I respectfully request your Excellency to consider whether you can 
 discern any Divine intimations in these circumstances, and then to 
 decide, in view of the great good that may be done in advancing the 
 Divine glory and the salvation of many souls, wdiether you would be 
 willing to release Mr. Brunnholtz from his present official obligations 
 in case he should actually accept the call that is offered to him? In 
 this event I humbly request your Excellency to give these reports of 
 Pastor Muhlenberg's to Mr. Brunnholtz for his own perusal, and to 
 ascertain from him himself whether he is willing to go to the aid of 
 our brother in Pennsylvania and help him to draw in'the net? If he 
 is willing to do so, then I am ready as soon as I can find another man 
 who may be acceptable to your Excellency, to serve you by filling the 
 position thus vacated by Mr. Brunnholtz." 
 
 II. 
 
 Hartmann von Gensau, Jr., answers February 3d, 1744: "Yesterday 
 I took the subject into consideration, and found it far too important to 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 121 
 
 allow myself to attempt to hinder it in any way. I have therefore 
 submitted the proposition to Mr. Brunnholtz, also given him your 
 letter, and placed the Reports from Pennsylvania in his hands. 1 can 
 truthfully assure your Keverence that although I am sincerely attached 
 to Mr. Brunnholtz, and although his presence here is very necessary, 
 specially in our schools, nevertheless I shall have pleasure even in 
 releasing him from his duties here if the Lord should incline his heart 
 to accept this new call from Pennsylvania. At present, however, I 
 can say nothing positive, for the subject itself is so important as to 
 demand the most serious consideration. Mr. Brunnholtz himself will 
 most probably write to your Reverence in a few days and inform you 
 as to his own conclusion. Just now I may express the opinion that 
 although Mr. Brunnholtz has generally the appearance of a healthy 
 man, nevertheless he is of delicate constitution ; however, the Lord can 
 make him strong and vigorous. I enclose ten dollars towards the 
 building of the new Lutheran Church in Philadelphia. I embrace 
 the opportunity to contribute a mite. May the Lord not only prosper 
 the outward building, but especially advance and promote the spiritual 
 buildino- of His Grace in the hearts of the Lutherans in Pennsylvania." 
 
 IIL 
 
 Pastor Brunnholtz to Pastor Niemeyer in Halle, February 29th, 
 1744: 
 
 "Having just now heard that Mr. Schiitze proposes to send a mes- 
 senger to Halle, I pen a few lines in haste to be carried by him. If 
 you still live in communion with the Lord Jesus, it is to me an occa- 
 sion of heartfelt joy; you may, perhaps, have thought that I have 
 taken a long time to come to a conclusion in regard to the matters laid 
 before me, "but I could not do otherwise, for on the one hand I have 
 had many a hard struggle in my own mind, and on the other, letters 
 that I had been expecting from my friends at home have been delayed. 
 Indeed, I have not even, as yet, had an answer from my father and 
 brothers. But as the Lord has helped me into a peaceful state of 
 mind and enabled me, by His Grace, to ponder the matter, not m view 
 of my oAvn strength, but in view of His abounding Might, and as I 
 received letters yesterday from two dear friends in my native home, 
 viz.. Pastor Ulitsch and Pastor Kail, to whose impartial judgment I 
 had submitted the decision of the whole question, in which letters they 
 declared with one consent that they recognized the work as the work 
 of God, etc., therefore my whole heart strongly leans towards under- 
 taking the journey to America. Letters from my own family, even if 
 they should urge a contrarv course, cannot now influence me in the 
 least, particularly because I'^know beforehand what kind of arguments 
 they would urge. 
 
 ''Accordingly, I beg your Reverence to present my most humble 
 
122 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 respects to the beloved father Dr. Francke, and to inform him of my 
 fixed conclusion to accept the call in the name of Almighty God the 
 Holy Trinity, and especially in reliance upon His strength. If the 
 Lord sustains my health I expect to go to Halle next Sunday in order 
 that, through your Reverence, Dr. Francke may be duly informed of 
 the arrangement of my afiairs and of the appointments connected with 
 my journey. Many circumstances make it necessary that I should 
 spend four or five weeks in my native land. I hope that this will be 
 granted, in which case my journey to Hamburg may be undertaken 
 beforehand. My trust is that you have already, all of you, remem- 
 bered me in your prayers ; now, however, the prayers of my brethren 
 and fathers ought to be so much more importunate. God bless your 
 whole house! 
 
 " I remain ever your Reverence's most humble servant, 
 
 Peter Brunnholtz." 
 
 Another letter addressed to the Inspector of the Orphan House, 
 dated Feb. 19th, 1744, exhibits, in impressive beauty, the thoughts and 
 purposes of his heart. 
 
 IV. 
 
 G. A. Francke to his Grace, the reigning Count of Wernio^erode, 
 March 18th, 1744. 
 
 ''As the Lord has already, so abundantly blest the labors of Mr. 
 Muhlenberg, I cherish the hope that He will so favor the new assist- 
 ant whom we send off", that his w^ork may serve greatly to promote the 
 Divine glory. It is however, necessary, that the preacher should be 
 ordained before his departure. Hitherto, in the case of those persons 
 whom the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel desired 
 to send to East India or to Ebenezer, and whose ordination had to be 
 attended to by us, your Grace has been pleased to have such ordina- 
 tion authorized by the action of your Grace's regular Consistory. I 
 therefore humbly express the hope, that as there appears to be no 
 doubt about the fitness of the aforesaid candidate Brunnholtz, and as, 
 in accordance with the wishes of the said Pennsylvania congregations, 
 I propose to give him a regular call to serve them in the pastoral office, 
 your Grace may be pleased to accord to him the privileges of ordina- 
 tion through the action of your Grace's Consistory. As soon as I may 
 be informed that it is your pleasure to grant 'this request, I shall 
 promptly act so as to secure the attendance of Mr. Brunnholtz for his 
 ordination, and extend to him a regular call to the ministry in the 
 name of the aforesaid Pennsylvania congregations." 
 
 Dr. Francke transmits to the Count a letter of Muhlenberg's, in com- 
 pany with the above. 
 
 The Count replies, March 20th, 1744. 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 123 
 
 " I thank God that He has enabled you to secure a suitable person 
 for Pennsylvania, and I shall very gladly have the ordination of Mr. 
 Brunnholtz attended to as soon as your Reverence may send him 
 hither." 
 
 G. A. Francke states, in a letter to Count Stolberg, April, 2d, 1744, 
 that the business requires prompt action, and that Brunnholtz -will be 
 in attendance, immediately after Easter. He then adds : " It would be 
 my sincere desire to be present myself and to render my humble ser- 
 vices on this occasion, as I have been happy to do at the ordination of 
 other missionaries." But a continued state of ill-health forbade it. 
 
 G. A. Francke to the Superintendent Lau, of Wernigerode — letter 
 conveyed by Brunnholtz : " I doubt not that you will soon discover, in 
 him, the spirit of Christ and a sincere desire to win souls for Christ. 
 In this you will rejoice, and unite with me in the conviction, that there 
 is good ground to hope, already, that God will bless his entering in 
 among his future congregations. He feels, indeed, somewhat embar- 
 rassed in view of his examination, for the reason that he has not had 
 much practice in speaking the Latin language ; but he is well grounded 
 in theology, and will not be deficient in the branches that belong to a 
 scientific training. My dear brother, be so good as to bear these things 
 somewhat in mind, during the progress of the examination. 
 
 May the Lord grant Mr. Brunnholtz an abundant portion of His 
 spirit and grace; and not only bless his ordination, but also use his ser- 
 vices largely for the advancement of the interests of His Kingdom in 
 America." 
 
 V. 
 
 After several letters of recommendation addressed to Mr. Esaias 
 Culemann, merchant ; Secretary Waiz, in Hamburg ; and specially to 
 Madame von Muenchhausen, in Hannover, the lady who, (Hall. Nachr. 
 p. 24) had transmitted 547 dollars to England. "In my former letter 
 I have respectfully reported to your Excellency, that the Lord has pro- 
 vided an assistant' for Muhlenberg, and that it is Mr. Brunnholtz's ear- 
 nest desire to wait upon your Excellency. Now, as you have been 
 pleased to take such a deep interest in this work, I have been quite 
 willing to encourage him to make the short journey to AVernigerode in 
 the expectation that he would derive special refreshment and encour- 
 agement from your Excellency." 
 
 Here follows the call to Pennsylvania, given to Mr. Peter Brunn- 
 holtz, Cand. TheoL, of Holstein. We furnish it as the model for all 
 subsequent calls — as also the ordination vow made at Wernigerode. 
 
 " In the name of the Holy Trinity." 
 
 " Whereas, the anxious desires of the Evangelical Lutheran congre- 
 gations in Pennsylvania, and specially in Philadelphia, New Hanover 
 and Providence, so long expressed, have, at last, through the mercy of 
 
124 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 God, been gratified by the calling of the reverend and learned Henry 
 Melchior Muhlenberg as their Evangelical pastor, and by his regular 
 entering upon his work; and, whereas, the said Pastor Muhlenberg, 
 from the beginning until the present time, has been over-burdened by 
 the too oppressive labors of his ever widening sphere of action, and 
 therefore stands in the greatest need of an assistant ; and the more so, 
 because another congregation, to-wit, the one m Germantown, has been 
 added to those named above; and whereas, I the undersigned have, 
 with the full approbation and at the urgent solicitation of the elders 
 and deacons of the said congregations, been requested and empowered 
 to seek out a candidate of theology to become a co-laborer and helper 
 in this work, and, in the name of the said elders and deacons, to extend 
 to him a regular call to the office of pastor in the said Evangelical 
 Lutheran congregations in Philadelphia, New Hanover, Providence 
 and Germantown. 
 
 Therefore, humbly following as God has led me, I have selected Mr. 
 Peter Brunnholtz, a native of Holstein in Denmark, whose fine ex- 
 perience and success both as preacher and catechist are well known, 
 and by the authority of the said elders and deacons, I have given him 
 a regular call, in the name of God, to the office of teacher and preacher 
 in the said congregations ; and the said JNIr. Brunnholtz will repair to 
 Pennsylvania and to the said congregations as expeditiously as possi- 
 ble, there to teach the Word of God in public and in private, pure and 
 incorrupt, according to the rule and guidance of the Holy Scriptures, 
 and also of the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church ; 
 to administer the Holy Sacraments, to wit. Baptism and the Lord's 
 Supper, as they were instituted by Christ; to preach forgiveness to the 
 penitent in the name and according to the command of Jesus Christ ; 
 to publish to the impenitent, who continue in their security and persist 
 in their ungodliness, the righteous wrath and judgment of Almighty 
 God ; to instruct the old and the young in the Catechism ; and faith- 
 fiilly, freely and without holding back, to do everything that properly 
 belongs to the office of an Evangelical teacher, and to the faithful 
 administration of the same. And the said Peter Brunnholtz has ac- 
 cepted this call, in the name of God, and solemnly bound himself to 
 obey it. 
 
 In testimony of this his regular call to the office of a minister of the 
 Gospel in the aforesaid congregations, and by virtue of the authority 
 given to me, I place this present written vocation in his hands, signed 
 with my own name, and with my own seal attached ; and I give it to 
 him also in order that it may aid in securing for him a regular ordina- 
 tion to the pastoral office at the hands of the illustrious Stolberg Con- 
 sistory at Wernigerode. 
 
 Now, a pastor having thus bo^n regularly called bv the authoritv of 
 the aforesaid congregations in Philadelphia, New Hanover and Provi- 
 dence, if God should grant him a prosperous entering in among them, 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 125 
 
 it will remain for them to give him a hearty welcome and to cherish 
 him in love as a servant of God and of Jesus Christ ; and I have such 
 confidence in them, that I can assure Mr. Brunnholtz that these con- 
 gregations, both out of a sense of duty and obligation, and also out of 
 gratitude to God and man, will specify and provide for him such a 
 salary as may be necessary for his support, as they have done for Pas- 
 tor Muhlenberg, and that they will do their part with a ready mind. 
 As to the rest; the question, in which one of the several congregations 
 Mr. Brunnholtz shall be appointed to labor, is referred to the decision 
 of Pastor Muhlenberg and of the elders and deacons of the congrega- 
 tions themselves. 
 
 May God who is plenteous in mercy and grace, and who will have 
 all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of His truth in 
 Christ Jesus, richly endow this His servant with His light and with 
 the grace of His Holy Spirit, take him under His protection and grant 
 him a safe and prosperous voyage to his appointed field of labor in the 
 Lord, ])lessing his work therein with abundant fruit, so that all who 
 hear him may be brought to a lively knowledge of God and faith in 
 Jesus Christ, and be firmly established in the same ; in short, that he, 
 with his hearers, may obtain grace, salvation, life, and finally the ever- 
 lasting inheritance. Amen. 
 
 (G. A. Francke.) 
 
 Given at Halle, April 4th, 1744. 
 
 In the draught of this letter the signature is wanting. 
 
 The original call given to Muhlenberg, it seems, has not been pre- 
 served. The account of the first transactions had with him also fails; 
 which, however, are described, at length, in his autobiography. For 
 this reason, the regular call given to Pastor Brunnholtz is of consider- 
 able importance in an edition of the Halle Reports. 
 
 Then follow " Instructions for Mr. Peter Brunnholtz, called to the 
 office of pastor in Pennsylvania." These "Instructions" include ten 
 items, of which the seven first relate to his journey; the rest are as 
 follows: 8) Should God grant him a prosperous voyage to Philadel- 
 phia, upon his arrival there, he will, first of all, exhibit to Pastor Muh- 
 lenberg and the elders of the congregations his written call and other 
 testimonials that have been given to him ; then, in the presence of God, 
 he will confer Avith them as to the precise place in which he will locate, 
 and as to the best arrangements that can be made for his work ; and 
 further, the field of labor for the two cateehists, whether in Philadel- 
 phia or in New Hanover or in Providence, will be determined. 9) In 
 respect to the discharge of his official duties he will he careful to con- 
 fer fully, with Pastor Muhlenberg, about whatever may require atten- 
 tion, and undertake nothing without having first had such conference. 
 He will earnestly endeavor to co-operate with Pastor Muhlen1)erg in 
 the bonds of peace and in the love of God; and in order that Christian 
 
126 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 harmony may be maintained the more firmly, he will accord to the 
 said Muhlenberg the love and honor due to the elder brother. lOj Upon 
 his voyage he will keep a short journal, and transmit the same to us at 
 an early day ; and, in future, he will report from time to time the pro- 
 gress and results of his official work, in order that the friends and 
 patrons of these congregations may be well informed as to the con- 
 dition of the Kingdom of God in America. 
 
 ' VI. 
 
 Mr. Brunnholtz to G. A. Francke, Wernigerode, April 12th. "My 
 filial love and duty require me to report, that I arrived at AVernige- 
 rode in good condition, at 11 o'clock on Thursday; that I was, at once, 
 warmly welcomed, and am now lodged at the castle. On Friday, April 
 10th, between the hours of 10 and 12, and in the presence of the en- 
 tire reigning family and of the Count of Schwartzau, I was examined 
 by the vSuperintendent Lau, and the Counselor of the Consistory, Zieg- 
 ler. Thereupon I was put under solemn oath to contend for the true 
 faith. To-day, in the public assembly of the Church, and with much 
 prayer and supplication, on the part of believers, I was solemnly or- 
 dained and consecrated. Superintendent Lau preached the sermon 
 and performed the act of ordination. Pastor Walliser, Court Deacon 
 Hildebrand and Pastor Hermes assisted ; and, this afternoon I preached 
 in the castle. No doubt his Grace has already written to your Rever- 
 ence about procuring for me a royal pass through Denmark. My ex- 
 amination and ordination papers cost me two dollars. Beyond this I 
 had no expense." 
 
 VII. 
 
 Count Stolberg to G. A. Francke, April 12th, 1744. 
 
 " Mr. Brunnholtz sustained a creditable examination on Friday last ; 
 and this morning he was admitted to holy orders. Thank God, that 
 He has inclined the heart of this. His faithful servant to undertake 
 the voyage to West India. May special blessings rest upon it "^ * *. 
 Yesterday I wrote to Denmark, requesting a passport for him as being 
 a Danish subject ; also requesting that the same document might se- 
 cure protection for his companions Schaum and Kurtz, and for their 
 baggage, so that they might be shielded somewhat against the fierce 
 flames of the war now ragins^," 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Superintendent Lau to G. A Francke, Wernigerode, April 12th, 
 1744. "Mr. Brunnholtz has, no doubt, already informed your Rever- 
 ence, among other things, that he was ordained to-day, the second Sun- 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 127 
 
 day after Easter, in the Court Chapel. In his examination he showed 
 that he had made fine attainments in theohjgical science, and that he 
 had studied the Word of God with diligence. This afternoon he 
 preached at the castle and acquitted himself very well. Even inde- 
 pendently of these things, we have been well acquainted with the sin- 
 cerity of his heart for two years already. We have, all of us, offered 
 thanks to God for having directed your attention and your confidence 
 to this man ; and we are all of opinion that he will suit admirably as a 
 co-worker with Muhlenberg, and that blessed results will follow. May 
 the faithful Saviour raise up many more such laborers, and extend His 
 Kingdom gloriously in all lands." 
 
 Samuel Lau. ' 
 
 IX. 
 FORMULA JURAMENTI. 
 
 I, Peter Brunnholtz, do, with my whole heart, and with the words 
 of my voice, make oath before the Omniscient God. 
 
 Rev. August Gotthilf (the order of these names was erroneously in- 
 verted at Wernigerode) Francke, Prof Ordinarius, at Halle, being 
 fully authorized thereto, by the deacons and elders of the Evangelical 
 Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania, and specially in Philadelphia, 
 New Hanover, Providence and Germantown, has given me a regular 
 call to the office of pastor and preacher in said congregations, binding 
 me to be faithful to the Word of God, pure and incorrupt, even as the 
 same is contained, according to the mind of the Spirit in the Scriptures 
 of the holy prophets and apostles, and also as it is concisely repeated 
 and distinctly set forth in the three chief symbols, and also, specifically, 
 in the symbolical books of the true Lutheran church, to-wit: the unal- 
 tered Augsburg Confession, its Apology, the Schmalcald Articles, the 
 two Catechisms of Luther, and the special Formula of Concord, all 
 drawn with great diligence out of the Holy Scriptures, and prepared 
 in direct opposition to all false teachings, and that I shall not only, for 
 myself, by the help of God, abide steadfast in the same until I die, but 
 also labor with the utmost diligence to build up the congregations 
 which God may commit to my care, according to this rule, in the pure, 
 true faith, and in Christian love, opposing with all my might, through 
 the grace of the Holy Spirit, whatever may hinder this faith and love, 
 and whatever errors might work harm to souls, also conducting my- 
 self in doctrine and in practice towards God, towards the authorities 
 above me, and towards my neighbors as it becomes a servant of Christ 
 to do, and as I expect to answer before God's judgment seat at last; to 
 all this may God help me and His Holy Word. 
 
128 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATIOXo 
 
 X. 
 
 In a letter from Hamburg, dated April 21st, 1744, Brimnholtz states 
 that he is sojourning in the house of a merchant, Waschmann, "^vith 
 ^vhonl I had become acquainted when passing through this city four 
 years ago." From this we may infer that he Avas engaged for that 
 length of time at Halle, and in the office of Catechist, as founded by 
 von Gensau, in Farrenst^edt. In Hannover he extols the great kind- 
 ness of Madame von Muenchhausen and of Mr. Boettcher, a merchant, 
 who showed him a letter of Muhlenberg's and gave him a present of 
 17 ells of black Gottingen camlet, "to make a coat for Pastor Muhlen- 
 berg, and also one for myself My coat is to be made in Hamburg, 
 and the rest of the cloth is to be cut into pieces of suitable length, so 
 that the excise officers may not seize it." 
 
 Amongst others to whom Brunnholtz sends his compliments, in his 
 letters, we find Sebastian Andrew Fabricius, youngest brother of the 
 well-knoAvn Tamul missionary, John Philip Fabricius, a theologian by 
 birth, private secretary of Francke after about 1740, then, for many 
 years, inspector of the Canstein Bible Institute, who directed all the 
 external arrangements connected with the regular sending off of mis- 
 sionaries and of pastors to America. He j^repared the draughts of 
 nearly all the letters that were sent to the preachers and missionaries, 
 certain additions and alterations having been introduced by G. A. 
 Francke. To Fabricius above all others our thanks are due for his 
 careful collection of the records. Director Schulze* paid him the fol- 
 lowing tribute in 1790: "The inspector, Sebastian Andrew Fabricius, 
 who has been so distinguished for his many services to all the interests 
 of Christian missions, for more than 30 years, entered into rest, on Jan. 
 10th, aged 74. It would be ingratitude in us, to withhold from him 
 the praise of untiring zeal in these matters that so intimately concern 
 the glory of God. In them, indeed, he always found sources of pure 
 delight; and all, even our oldest missionaries who yet survive, will bear 
 him testimony, that both before and after their departure to their sev- 
 eral fields, he always treated them as a father and a friend. For him 
 many grateful tears will yet be felt to flow." 
 
 He kept the pecuniary accounts for missions in India and in Amer- 
 ica; afterwards he prepared the several Reports for publication, and 
 subsequent to the death of G. A. Francke in 1769, had great influence 
 in the general management of the missions. The unfortunate prag- 
 matic style, as it may be called, of the First Brief Report and its 
 continuations with their extracts from the letters, etc., is in marked 
 contrast with the manner subsequently adopted of giving the fullest 
 
 * See Dr. W. German's Biography of John Ph. Fabricius, p. 69. This book 
 and the biography of Christian Fr. Schwartz, by the same author, giye us nuich 
 information about the condition of affairs in Halle, London and Wernigerode; 
 and specially, about the confessional relations of the men of Halle to the Church 
 of England. 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 129 
 
 possible account of the matters discussed in the Reports that had been 
 furnished. This improvement was effected by Seb. Andr. Fabricius, 
 to whom so much honor is due for his services to the Church in Amer- 
 ica. It is not known who was the editor of the earlier reports. 
 
 A P. S. to Brunnholtz's letter from Hamburg gives the following 
 plan of his journey in Holstein : " Upon my tour in Holstein I go from 
 this' city to Pretz, and spending one day there I go direct to Kiel, 
 Eckernfoerde, to Schleswig, thence by coach to Fredrichstadt, which 
 is four miles off. Here I remain several days, during which time I 
 visit Mr. Ulitsch at Toenningen. From Fredrichstadt I go to Bred- 
 stadt in Husum where I expect to stay about two days. Thence I go 
 to Flensburg to visit my brother and then my father who lives about 
 four miles from Flensburg, and from Flensburg I go direct back to 
 Hamburg. ^ Homo proponit Deus diq 
 
 XL 
 
 Extract of letter dated Flensburg, May 13th, 1744: "On May 6th, 
 I left Flensburg to visit my father. On May 10th, I preached in my 
 native place (Nuebuell, not far from the i)arish of Dueppel, 'where 
 my youngest brother, who is of gentle disposition and whose heart is 
 longing for the grace of God, has become clerk and schoolmaster,' 
 Journal). The theme of my sermon was the utterly perverse treat- 
 ment which the world accords to the testimony of Christ. Many 
 people came from all directions to hear me, some out of curiosity, and 
 some because they were inquiring for the way of salvation. On INIay 
 11th, I left the house of my father, who was much affected when he 
 bade me farewell. My father showed deep signs of grief, and in this 
 I too had to share with him, but I tried to comfort myself and com- 
 mitted them all to God. O, Lord God remember my beloved relations 
 and save them ! In the evening I arrived safely at the house of my 
 oldest brother at- Clues near Flensburg." At Nuebuell he adds: "My 
 only sister is also seeking the salvation of her soul, thank God ! " At 
 Flensburg he was entertained in the home of a wealthy merchant, 
 Abr. Hall, "who had showed me much kindness at the university." 
 
 XII. 
 
 His journal or diary of his journey which Jie began to write on 
 March 13th, and from which an extract has been given in the paren- 
 thesis ( ) above, is quite full and interesting. The first thing recorded 
 is, that on March 8th, Oculi, he preached a farewell sermon in a public 
 hall at Farrenstadt, addressed to those who had been attending his 
 preaching — text. Acts, 20: 21, 25, 32. "The Vice-Director, von Gen- 
 sau, contributed one ducat towards the building of the church in Phil- 
 adelphia, Mr. Wolff von Trebra gave two Louisdors and Madame von 
 
130 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATIOX. 
 
 Trebra gave three dollars." On March 13th, an estimahle lawyer, 
 Schuetze, accompanied him to Halle, where he preached in Ulrichs- 
 kirche for Struensee, in the Schulkirche at the request of Dr. Francke, 
 and twice in the Church XJnsrer Lieben Frauen March 23d, 26th, 
 traveled on foot and bade farewell to his friends in Koethen, March 
 26th, receives a letter from Schuetze with two Louisdors and the words: 
 " Lord do good unto Zion, and by Thy Grace build up her walls in 
 Philadelphia that the inhabitants thereof may praise the name of the 
 Lord." April 6th, he departs from Halle and travels with Pastor 
 Walliser, of Ilsenburg, to Wernigerode. "April 10th, Friday, at 8.30 
 A.M., the Consistory convened in the apartment of his Excellency the 
 ruling Count, and examined me upon the article of the Resurrection, 
 its certainty, its characteristics and its fruits ; as also upon the article 
 of Justification, its theoretical exhibition and its practical experience. 
 After this, several subjects were given me to read and to reflect upon, 
 and then I was required to certify my devotion to maintain the true 
 faith by a solemn oath, Avhich I did. ^ ^ * * In the evening, ]\Ir. 
 Richter, the catechist, not ftir from Wernigerode, called upon me and 
 gave me his reasons for declining the call to Pennsylvania which had 
 been given him. April 11th, spent the forenoon in writing a sketch 
 of my life in German, so that it might be read publicly in the presence 
 of the Avhole congregation. April 12th, second Sunday after Easter, 
 whilst the congregation was singing the principal hymn, I had to en- 
 gage in confession. Then the Rev. Superintendent Lau preached the 
 ordination sermon, depicting the spirit of a good shepherd and of his 
 flock, and so giving me many valuable lessons and encouragements 
 for the discharge of the duties that belong to my future office. After 
 the sermon a hymn was sung, imploring the presence of the Holy 
 Spirit ('Komm heil'ger Geist),' and during the singing of the last 
 verse I advanced before the altar. Then the Rev. Superintendent Lau 
 made a short statement of my circumstances and read the sketch of my 
 life which I had prepared, as also my formal call to Pennsylvania. 
 This being done, the reverend assistants stood by the side of the super- 
 intendent, who performed the act of ordination, all of them uniting in 
 the imposition of hands. Upon the conclusion of this, the reverend 
 assistants congratulated and encouraged me, each of them addressing 
 me in appropriate terms. After the solemn act was completed, I re- 
 ceived the Supper of the Lord alone, and the whole service was closed 
 with the singing of a verse ('Was ich gethan hab und gelehrt, etc.),' 
 which made a deep impression upon me. 
 
 Whilst we were partaking of dinner afterwards, every one who sat 
 at the table, gave me, for my encouragement, and as a memorial, a pas- 
 sage of Scripture, or a verse of a hymn, all Avritten upon the same 
 sheet of paper, and with their several hands. April 25th, dined with 
 Rev. Mag. Buetzer, pastor in Kiel, whom I had previously known. 
 His wife remembered that the preacher Schultze from Pennsylvania, 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 131 
 
 l:ad collected money in Kiel, and that she had spoken with him/' April 
 27th, Friedrichstadt : " I was entertained by the Rev. Chief Pastor Kail, 
 an excellent man, and a good old friend of mine. April 30th, preached 
 for Pastor Kail, and then, in the afternoon, rode out a couple of miles 
 towards Toenning, to see the Rev. Pastor Ulitsch. He is an earnest 
 man, with the savor of genuine salt, and bright as a burning light in 
 the dark region of Eidei*staedt, where he lives. He took me through 
 his orphan-house, which has been, quite lately, built and is well ar- 
 ranged. In this institution, Mr. Thomson and Mr. Dahl are regular 
 teachers.* 
 
 May 2d, drove to Bredstadt in the afternoon, reaching the village 
 late in the evening. In this place I sj^ent six years ; here the Lord 
 laid His hand upon my soul, and here I endured much." May 20th, 
 again in Hamburg ; " I got my royal pass for Denmark (signed by the 
 hand of the King himself, and the same favor for the two catechists, 
 accorded by the King in answer to Count Stolberg's direct petition) 
 also, letters from Halle. Among others was a letter from Mr. Oswald, 
 in Greiz, requesting me to become his assistant. He can hardly have 
 heard about the change in my plans. May 25th, to-day I enjoyed the 
 prospect of greeting the catechists who arrived, in good condition, 
 about 3 o'clock p. M., having travelled, at moderate expense, by ordin- 
 ary stage. 
 
 June 1st, the Rev. Pastor Hoeck took me in his carriage out to his 
 own house, and here I became acquainted with the Rev. Missionary 
 Schultze from Madras, who arrived only a few days ago, and is enter- 
 tained at the house of Mr. Culemann, to whom I also had letters of 
 introduction. The Missionary gave us much information about India." 
 (They met each other repeatedly afterwards.) June 17th, they went to 
 Glueckstadt; and the convoy from England having been long delayed, 
 on the 18th finally went on board of a large English ship under the 
 command of Capt. Henry Hi! eke, of Hamburg. "I find it a great 
 comfort to have my own bed ; and one of my companions in travel 
 shares it with me." After a stormy passage they arrived in London, 
 only, on July 20th. 
 
 * In a laro-e bundle of papers, a letter has been found, addressed by Thomson 
 of Toenningen to Deacon Nieraeyer in Halle, dated Sept. 3d, 1747. These papers 
 contain also the accounts of receipts and expenditures for the Pennsylvania con- 
 gregations, together with contributions for the years 1746 to 1768. In the said 
 letter, Thomson says : " Your Keverence may, perhaps, remember that about a 
 year ago I was constrained to decline the call which my dear friend the Eey. Dr. 
 Francice had given me, though so unworthy of it. Now, as it has not been in my 
 power to serve those precious souls in Pennsylvania by my personal ministry 
 amongst them, the Lord has awakened in me a special interest in the work of 
 collecting money for them, from benevolent friends in the fatherland ; and this 
 work I propose to prosecute as long as it may please God to keep me here." 
 
132 APPENDIX TO FIEST CONTINUATION. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 The call (vocation) addressed to the Catechist John Helfrich Schaum, 
 and, mutatis mutandis, John Nicholas Kurtz, to go to Pennsylvania, is 
 as follows: 
 
 " In the Name of the Most Holy Trinity. Amen. 
 
 " Whereas the Reverend and Learned Henry Melchior INIuhlenberg, 
 regular pastor of the Christian Evangelical congregations in Philadel- 
 j^hia, Nev/ Hanover, Providence and Germantown, has made known to 
 us, in writing, the absolute necessity for the appointment of catechists 
 in said congregations, for the relief of himself and of his assistant 
 under the multiplied official duties that press upon them, and ^Yith the 
 full approbation of the elders and deacons of the said congregations 
 and at their special solicitation, has requested and empowered me, the 
 undersigned, to select a candidate of theology for said position, and to 
 give him a regular call, in the name of the said elders and deacons, to 
 the office of catechist in these congregations ; 
 
 " And, w^hereas, being convinced, that in this matter, I have been led 
 by the Divine guidance, I have selected Mr. John Helfrich Schaum of 
 Muenchholzhausen in Huttenberg, under the dominion of Count Solms- 
 Braunfels (Mr. John Nicholas Kurtz of Luetzellinden, in Huttenberg, 
 under the dominion of Prince Weylburg) a candidate for the holy 
 ministry, who is commended by the valuable experience he has attained 
 in the instruction of the young and specially in catechising, which is 
 the most essential requisite for such instruction ; and by virtue of the 
 authority vested in me by the aforesaid elders and deacons, have given 
 him a regular call, in the name of God, to the office of catechist and 
 schoolmaster in said congregations, so that he may hasten his departure 
 to Pennsylvania and repair to said congregations, and there by the 
 grace of God, teach the youth that may be committed to his care read- 
 ing, waiting, arithmetic and other branches usually taught in schools; 
 but specially, teach the doctrines of the Christian faith according to 
 the rule and guidance of the Holy Scriptures, and as it is set forth in 
 Luther's Catechism, doing this under the superintendence of Pastor 
 Muhlenberg and of his assistant Mr. Peter Bruunholtz ; also, that at 
 the request of the said reverened pastors, he may, on occasion, preach 
 and catechise in the several congregations, in their stead, and, in short, 
 faithfully, diligently and promptly do and perform whatever belongs 
 to the office of a catechist and schoolmaster, and to the healthful ad- 
 ministration of the same; the said John Helfrich Schaum (John Nic. 
 Kurtz) accepting this call in the name of God, and obgligating him- 
 self to abide by its specifications ; 
 
 " Therefore, in testimony, that he is regularly called to be a Catechist 
 in the said congregations, and by virtue of the authority vested in me, 
 I do hereby place in his hands the present formal vocation, signed by 
 my own hand and having my own seal impressed upon it, giving him 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 133 
 
 also the assurance that if it shouki please God to grant him a prosper- 
 ous voyage, the congregations in Philadelphia, New Hanover, Provi- 
 dence and Germantown will welcome and acknowledge the same Mr. 
 Schauni (Mr. Kurtz) with all affection and confidence as their cate- 
 chiat and schoolmaster ; and, further, assuring him of my firm trust, 
 that they will fix and secure whatever compensation may be necessary 
 for his comfortable support. 
 
 " The Lord, who will have all men to be saved, and to come to the 
 knowledge of the truth, grant him all strength by the power of the 
 Holy Ghost, that he may do his part in building up Zion, that the 
 youth committed to his care may be brought to know the true God 
 and Jesus Christ, and then grow and increase in that knowledge until, 
 at last, they shall be partakers of His everlasting glory. Amen." 
 
 Given at Halle, May 21st, 1744. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 A series of "Instructions" for both catechists, embracing six items, 
 admonishes them to be obedient to the pastors and faithful to the con- 
 gregations at whose charge they are sent out ; to be on their guard in 
 respect to "inconsulta res uxoria," and not to involve themselves in 
 such affairs without the knowledge and advice of those who are set 
 over them ; also to acquire, whilst upon their journey, the art of writing 
 in a clear and legible hand, " this being a requisition in which they 
 are, as yet, deficient." 
 
 The circumstance that although the catechists had studied theology, 
 they were nevertheless sent off without having been ordained, is to be 
 explained thus : At that time, at least in North Germany, as is gener- 
 erally the case even at the present day, the rule was strictly observed 
 that no one should be ordained without having a definite charge 
 assigned to him. * It was on this account that prior to the departure 
 of Muhlenberg from Germany, Ziegenhagen and Francke had so con- 
 stantly insisted upon a regular call and a specified salary in his case. 
 This indispensable requirement of Church order however could not be 
 met under the unsettled circumstances that prevailed in America. 
 That two catechists were sent off instead of one, may be understood in 
 view of the fact that they had been very intimate friends from youth 
 up, .and that each of them preferred to go in company with the other 
 rather than to go alone. The close friendship that bound their two 
 families together is indicated in a letter, in the writing of which the 
 father of Schaum and the father of Kurtz united, and which is dated 
 Muenchholzhausen, July 11th, 1744. 
 
 The letter is in the handwriting of the father of Schaum who, at the 
 end, signs himself "your Reverence's humble servant, and unworthy 
 
 * See note on section 29 of Muhlenberg's private correspondence. 
 
134 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTIXUATIOX. 
 
 disciple of Christ, Preceptor Schaum ;" then also, " John George Kiiilz, 
 school-teacher at Luetzellinden " signs himself with his own hand. 
 The letter states as follows : 
 
 "At first the thought of the departure of our sons to Pennsylvania 
 made us very sad and uncomfortable, particularly because we Avere 
 then taking counsel with flesh and blood, and with people who thought 
 more of what is earthly than of what is heavenly and eternal. This 
 was because at first we could not at all give them up, nor submit to 
 the appointments of our faithful Father in heaven. So, if matters had 
 gone according to our indiscreet views, then this blessed work that is 
 undertaken for the advancement of the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus 
 might, in this respect, have been seriously im^^eded by us ; the Lord m 
 heaven forgive us! As soon, however, as we had taken counsel of 
 faithful followers of Christ Ave could not otherAvise than say : * The Avill 
 of the Lord be done.' I, for my part, together Avith my Avhole family, 
 had cherished fond hopes respecting my son Avho is noAV aa'cII nigh 
 through his education, and his expenses at our favored Halle. Besides 
 I had trusted that he himself might be helpful to his poor little brother 
 Avho is also at Halle at this time,. but Avhom he must noAV leave. Hoav- 
 ever, the Lord has Avork for him to do elseAvhere in His vineyard, so 
 Ave must permit him to obey the call and not Avithstand the Lord, 
 firmly belieA^ng that He Avill bless us the more abundantly and estab- 
 lish us in the experience of His grace. The Lord thus teaches us only 
 the more clearly that Ave should not depend upon the things of this 
 world, but rely upon Himself alone. It is His Avill that Ave should put 
 our trust and our confidence in Him only, and if Ave do this. He Avill 
 provide for us everything that is necessary and useful for the present 
 life, and specially enrich us in the abundance of His spiritual favors. 
 And noAV, may the Lord Avork His good pleasure in us through the 
 Holy Spirit for the sake of Jesus, our Saviour. Amen ! 
 
 We may yet add, that Ave parents, i. e., my dear colleague Kurtz, 
 and myself, have receiA^ed letters from our sons Avhom Ave have gi\"en 
 to the Lord, from Hamburg or Cuxhaven, dated June 29th. The let- 
 ters arrived July 10th, and opened the fountains of tears afresh, speci- 
 ally, Avith the two mothers, Avho continue their lamentations, saying, 
 Tobit, 10:4, 5, but Ave both ansAver them, at once, Tobit, 10:6; and 
 as Ave find in their letters, that God is their Shield ; and, as their Guide, 
 leads them, and in all places awakens belicAang hearts to treat t];iem 
 Avith Christian sympathy and loA^e, Ave can but be satisfied. O Lord, 
 God, Thou true Defence, Thou doest all things aa^cII. 
 
 As our sons, both of them, desire to hear from us by letter, we, the 
 parents, Avish to gratify them; and as they haA^e instructed us to direct 
 our letters to the care of your Eeverence, Ave take the liberty, as your 
 children in the Lord, to request our dearly beloved and Jiev. Professor, 
 to liaA^e our letters forAA'arded by the hands of some reliable person, 
 who will not think the service to be burdensome. The Lord Avill not 
 fail to reward it. 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 135 
 
 My Eev. Professor, to whom my heart fondly clings, I entreat you, 
 next to God, be favorable to my little son (William Kurtz, who also 
 came to America afterwards,) I hope that the dear child will be docile 
 and obedient. 
 
 In conclusion, I beg your prayers on my behalf, and remain your 
 Keverence's, etc.*" 
 
 XV. 
 
 We give here only a few items taken from the very comprehensive 
 journal written by Brunnholtz whilst upon his travels. 
 
 "Monday, Oct. 8th, 1744 — wrote to Dr. Ziegenhagen informing him 
 that we expected to land at Portsmouth, and respectfully requesting 
 him to greet us there, in a paternal letter. At the meeting for prayer, 
 I spoke upon Psalm 4; at the evening meeting, I took Exodus, 5tli 
 chapter, and discoursed about faith. At this meeting I began to repeat, 
 for the benefit of the Swiss, that hymn which the Rev. Court Chaplain 
 has composed for the instruction of the young in Pennsylvania, and 
 which contains the chief parts of the Order of Salvation." (Of this 
 hymn we know nothing. Several German Reformed families, with 
 their children, from SAvitzerland, accompanied him on his journey to 
 Pennsylvania; as also, a Reformed preacher, Gordon, from Scotland, 
 
 * We can produce other testimony upon matters contained in this _ letter. 
 Among the papers, etc. left behind by Pastor J. Helfr. Schaum, there is, in pos- 
 session of Prof. Dr. F, A. Muhlenberg, Pa. Univ., a collection of letters written 
 by divers hands, which furnish answers to many questions that Ave have hitherto, 
 never been able to solve. In this collection is the following letter written by Pas- 
 tor J. Ohly, of Cubach, who labored in sympathy with Plalle, and who was quite 
 intimate with the families of Schaum and Kurtz. It is addressed to Sebast. A. 
 Fabricius, Inspector at Halle, to whose high praise must be ascribed the prepara- 
 tion of our Halle Eeports. We now present the part of this letter that concerns 
 the subject before us: "Mr. Schaum and Mr. Kurtz were not willing to listen to 
 one word about their sons' going off to America, they had even pronounced an 
 imprecation upon it ; besides, the younger Schaum Avas called back from Halle at 
 once. These and other matters are handled in the letters which their fathers had 
 written to Eisenach. These letters Avere written in the first flames of their mdig- 
 nation, for which also the reverend clergy supplied fuel, insinuating that the call 
 given them was no regular vocation, but onlv a mere attempt to talk them into 
 it;_ and that Halle was full of Pietists and Quakers, and people ought to take then- 
 children awav from Halle." 
 
 "After I had received a letter from Schaum himself (the son) and one from 
 my dear brother, (Fabricius) I did not know Avhat was better to do than to Avrite. 
 at once, to Muenchholzhausen and to Luetzellinden, that I might ascertain every- 
 thing, which I did on the 5th inst. But I obtained poor satisfaction; aiid 
 although, old Mr. Kurtz, moved bv the statements of his son, addressed to him 
 from Allendorf, and also, of my grandfather, had written another letter toLisen- 
 ach recalling his former letter; yet he A'ery soon changed his mind again, and 
 even had this letter taken out of the postofiice. Hactenus tristiora, Miorase- 
 quntur." 
 
 The letter then goes on : "Just now, April 6th, the worthy elder, Messrs. Kurtz 
 
136 APPENDIX TO FIRST COXTlNUiiTION. 
 
 who had been called to Virginia, and from whom Brunnholtz Teceived 
 instruction in the English language.) "I also sang this hymn, and 
 shall have to repeat it, in their hearing, until they themselves shall 
 have learnt it ; and then I shall go over it with them in the form of 
 questions and answers. The Christian education of the children of the 
 Germans has been very much neglected; and, as I foresee that they 
 will be bound to hard work in Pennsylvania, I have urged the cate- 
 chists to give them instruction whenever the weather will admit of it." 
 In England, Brunnholtz became acquainted Avith a German Reformed 
 l^reacher, named Zubly, who, however, sailed in another ship, and went 
 to "Purrisburg" near Ebenezer. Upon their voyage they had to wit- 
 ness much that was dissolute and abominable in the conduct of the 
 captain and the sailors. 
 
 ARRIVAL IN PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 "Jan. 15th, 1745. — * When the Lord turned again the captivity of 
 Zion, then was our mouth filled with laughter and our tongue with 
 singing.' Now, they will say, in Europe, the Lord hath done great 
 things for us, whereof we are glad. This morning the weather cleared 
 up, and all at once a strong wind arosG that drove us rapidly onward, 
 so that about noon we cast anchor near Gloucester, four miles from 
 Philadelphia. We changed our clothing and left the ship, in company 
 
 and Schaum, have left me, and after very deliberate consideration, have embraced 
 sentiments altogether different, that is, they will commit everything to the will of 
 God, and to the free disposal of the authorities there (at Halle). If your Eever- 
 ence, Prof. Dr. Francke, will declare that this matter concerns the glory of God, 
 the welfare of man and the temporal and eternal interests of the young, and fur- 
 ther, that their sons have the requisite qualifications, and that their aiDpointment 
 is in submission to the will of God, then they, the parents, will not say one word 
 against it, and will, without delay, recall whatever rash and inconsiderate lan- 
 gua^^e they have hitherto said or written, and declare it all to be void. It is not 
 possible for them to defray the expenses of the journey of their sons. The worthy 
 men left here in quite a pleasant frame of mind." 
 _ Dated, Cubach, (near Weilburg, Province of Hesse-Xassau, Prussia), April 6th, 
 l"-il- Your sincere brother, 
 
 [Signed.] J. Ohly. 
 
 Under date of July 11th, 1744, John Ph. H. Schaum, the father, in ansAver to a 
 letter from his son at Cuxhaven says, among other things: ''Both I myself, and 
 specially your dear mother, and all' your brothers and sisters who were' all pres- 
 ent, shed many tears at the reading of your letter. Your grandmother too, and 
 your brother-in-law were present, and their sighs and tears were mingled with our 
 own. Your mother wept too much; and manv a time when she is alone; and I 
 have often to try to comfort her. Then she \says, if she could only hear some 
 good news from you, that you were in a pleasant'place and were comfortable and 
 well, then she would be satisfied. Now, the Lord who has directed us so far will 
 do all things well. My colleague, Kurtz and I, are on very intimate terms, we 
 are united in the love of God, and our intercourse witli each other is frequent and 
 pleasant. The beloved Pastor Ohly spent a night with us not long ago." 
 
 W. J. M. AND B. M. SCH. 
 
APPENDIX TO FIEST CONTINUATION. 137 
 
 with Capt. Martin, Capt. Mcsnard and several others. We had to 
 travel on foot, over a miserable swampy road. As we went along, we 
 wondered where we should first report ourselves in Philadelphia, when, 
 all at once, a man came running up behind us, out of the woods, and, 
 in a very anxious way, asked the captain, if any Evangelical clergy- 
 men had come along with him ; whereupon I answered him in a cheer- 
 ful tone: Here we are. 
 
 He informed us that prayer had been offered, on our behalf, in the 
 congregations, every Sunday; that Pastor Muhlenberg was, just now, 
 among the congregations in the country ; but, that we should first of 
 all, call upon Mr. Henry Schleydorn, merchant, a member of the Lu- 
 theran congregation, and he Avould give us further information. 
 
 We reached Philadelphia about 3 o'clock p. m., all in good condition, 
 called upon Mr. Schleydorn, were joyfully welcomed, and with unusual 
 kindness, by himself and his excellent family, and sumptuously enter- 
 tained ; so that, after the hard fare we had been used to, it was wonder- 
 ful in our eyes. We tarried there, until late at night, he having sent 
 for tAVO of the deacons of the Lutheran church, Avho came, at once, and 
 welcomed us heartily. I promised to place in their hands the letters 
 Avhich had been addressed to them by his Reverence, the Court Chap- 
 lain, as soon as Mr. Muhlenberg should be present. They afterwards 
 accompanied us to the rented house of ]\Ir. Muhlenberg, which is near 
 the church. Here I united with them in prayer, and then retired to 
 rest. 
 
 • Jan. 16th. In the morning w^e committed ourselves to the Lord. 
 Our ship having reached the city during the night, the eldest deacon 
 went with us to the vessel to arrange our effects for the purpose of re- 
 moving them. Afterwards we went, with this deacon, to his own 
 house ; and then dined at ]\Ir. Schley dorn's. Here I wrote a letter to 
 my superiors in London and Halle, briefly reporting my safe arrival. 
 Mr. Schleydorn sent this letter to New York by mail. The deacons 
 sent an express to Mr. Muhlenberg, in Providence. In the evening 
 Mr. Schleydorn took us to see Mr. Peter Koch, the trustee, and a mem- 
 ber of the Swedish congregation here, who received us in a very 
 friendly manner, made divers inquiries about our call and our creden- 
 tials, and entertained us at supper. 
 
 Jan. 17th. To-day all the deacons were busy in transferring our 
 effects from the ship to the house of Mr. Muhlenberg. We dined with 
 the oldest deacon, and in the afternoon visited the others. Four of 
 them are employed in the building of the church. They are, 1) David 
 Seckel, a butcher; 2) Henry Keppler, a shopkeeper; 3) Leonard 
 Hermann, a baker; 4) Henry Mueller, lives on a farm, one mile and 
 a half from the city; 5) Lorenz Bast, lives on a farm, five miles dist- 
 ant; 6) Umstadt, quite an old man. Wherever I go, it is a very joy 
 to me to hear how faithfully and heartily they have been praying for 
 our safe arrival, ever since Mr. Muhlenberg, having been duly notified 
 
138 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 of our appointment, had exhorted them from the pulpit to remember 
 us in their sui^plications. On board the ship, I had often said to my 
 brethren, perhaps there are many in Pennsylvania praying for us. In 
 Europe they are pushing our vessel off, in America they are pulling it 
 near ; and this proved to be true, for we have been pushed and pulled 
 across very successfully. 
 
 In the evening Pastor Muhlenberg arrived from Providence, whilst 
 we were in the house of one of the deacons. The deacons all accom- 
 panied us to his residence. We met, face to face. We sang a hymn 
 of praise, ' Lobe den Herrn, O meine Seele,' we united in prayer ; then 
 I placed all my letters in his hands; and the joy was great. Glory be 
 to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men." 
 
 After this, there are eight folio pages, all closely written, where also 
 we find as follows: 
 
 "Having closed the Diary of my journey on Jan. 17th, I append 
 here a short account of my own pastoral experience, as also, of that of 
 my honored colleague, in compliance with the 10th paragraph of the 
 Instructions given me April 6th, 1744." This account extends to July 
 11th, 1745, and is signed also by Muhlenberg himself. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 From the letter of Muhlenberg, March 6th, 1745, occupying five 
 closely written folio pages, we extract the following : 
 
 " Reverend Fathers in London and Halle ! I know not whether to 
 laugh or to cry at the arrival of our three assistants. O, how I have 
 had to struggle against doubt, against despondency, against other evils. 
 ' Wean die IStunden slch gef widen, bricht die Huelf mit Macht herein.' 
 No doubt, I have been giving trouble and anxiety enough to my be- 
 loved fathers in London and Halle, and to my dear brethren in Ebene- 
 zer, by my frequent lamentations, for which I pray them kindly to for- 
 give me. We cannot estimate, at their true value"^ the great labors and 
 the unwearied carefulness of our most beloved fathers and benefactors ; 
 nor throughout eternity, shall we be able to render adequate praise to 
 our Lord Jesus for having done such great, such very great things for 
 us, out of mercy alone. I have received, by way of Charleston, the 
 first package of letters which the reverend fathers forwarded by the 
 hands of Pastor Driessler (of Frederica in Carolina — full notice of him). 
 During the following autumn, in 1744, after long expectation, I re- 
 ceived letters a second time. Among them was the first letter ad- 
 dressed to me by his Reverence, the Court Chaplain, which conveyed 
 the joyful news that assistants were to be sent over to us. This sounded 
 to me as it must have sounded to Jacob when he was told "thy son Jo- 
 seph yet lives!" His heart thought fi\r otherwise and so did mine; 
 but now I have seen that the Lord can do, and does more than we can 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 139 
 
 understand. It is not my work; it is the Lord's working, therefore 
 rejoice, O, ye Heavens, and be ghid, O Earth! 
 
 Pastor Brunnholtz still appears to have been specially called of God, 
 and titted for his position. The two catechists continue until this day, 
 to give proof that, by the grace of God they are true and faithful in 
 their work. Before these assistants came I had had many trials ; but 
 at the same time some remarkable instances of the Divine help. 
 Among my trials I may state these: 
 
 1. The German printer, Christopher Saner fcomp. Weisinger'scKe 
 Acten) here, sought, both in private and in public, to make both my- 
 self and my office odious ; and for this reason, because I had, as a mat- 
 ter of conscience, advised my congregation to be very cautious when 
 they went to purchase any of the Bibles which he had lately printed, 
 and carefully to examine whether he had not interpolated some notions 
 of his own ; for he is sure to embrace every opportunity elsewhere, in 
 his almanacs and in his newspapers, to traduce the Lutheran church. 
 
 2. Another trial arose from the fact that a young Swedish preacher 
 from Lancaster, publicly denounced me as a Halle Pietist, in a confer- 
 ence that had been called here by Mr. Peter Koch. 
 
 3. A miserable rabble employed an audacious female to bring a vile 
 charge against me before the authorities. Through the influence of 
 Mr. Peter Koch and others, this creature was arrested and required by 
 the law, to produce proof She then declared that a certain wicked 
 man had advised her to go before the officers, take a false oath, and 
 charge me with a violent attack upon her. If the devil had succeeded 
 I would have had to resign my office ; but God was my defence, and so 
 directed matters that the base wretch acknowledged her wickedness, 
 and was compelled, in writing, to confess her lie and to proclaim my 
 integrity. Before she Avas let out of prison she had to bind herself to 
 ask forgiveness of my congregations, publicly, in the church; which 
 was also done. So, the attack of the devil resulted at last, by the help 
 of the Lord in magnifying my office ; but to me it was a time of much 
 suffering. 
 
 After this was over. Preacher Andrese undertook to meddle in the 
 affiiirs of the congregation at New Hanover. A widow had died there. 
 On Thursday I had just reached my home, having made the long and 
 wearisome journey from New Hanover, when a messenger came in the 
 evening and wanted me to go immediately back that night, for the 
 wddow was to be buried on the next day, Friday. As it was impossible 
 for me to do this, I directed that she should be buried on Saturday, at 
 which time I would be present. Certain hard drinkers and men of 
 base character took advantage of this, and engaged Preacher Andrese 
 to attend the funeral. This gave rise to discussion. Some were op- 
 posed to opening the church, others were for breaking it open. Then 
 having ridden up on Friday through the oppressive heat of the sun 
 and reached Hanover early on Saturday morning, I found that the 
 
140 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 woman was buried and the congregation Avas. divided. Nevertheless, I 
 had to come right back again to Philadelphia, because I had engaged 
 to preach there on Sunday. With what sort of weapons could I light 
 now ? The Quaker civil officers say we have no use for preachers in 
 this country; the hard drinkers commonly say, as we have to hire a 
 preacher for money let us have a jolly one, for this Muhlenberg is too 
 strict for us. Serious and earnest souls wee]) and sigh. Andre.e (a 
 preacher dismissed at Zweibriicken) prowls about in the neighboring 
 parts and denounces me openly as a Pietist and a Herrnhuter. Nothing 
 was left for me save the love which the most of them still bear towards 
 me. Accordingly, I laid hold of the matter on this side, and had the 
 congregation informed that if they would tolerate such disorders I 
 would leave them and never come again. This called forth weeping 
 and lamentation. Some of the disorderly party begged to be forgiven, 
 and the Avell disposed people promised to be more careful of the in- 
 terests of the church. So I went back to them again. In Europe you 
 can scarcely form a correct idea of circumstances as they exist here. 
 The voyage across the ocean was very hard upon me, but the trials 
 and burdens which I have had to bear in the two years of my pastoral 
 experience here cannot be conceived. And yet I must chide my own 
 unbelief and say the Lord is faithful, and there is no unrighteousness 
 in Him. 
 
 Since my last Report I have been able to attend to my work without 
 interruption, and have been protected against any continued sickness. 
 The Lord has shown His mercies to myself and to others. I have 
 instructed and confirmed a small number of young persons in the con- 
 gregation at Germantown." (Here follows what may be seen in 1st 
 Continuation, section 8.) 
 
 XVII. 
 
 (Copy from the Halle Archives.) 
 
 G. A. Francke to the congregations in America (written in 1744). 
 
 ^ To the deacons and elders of the Evangelical Lutheran congrega- 
 tions in Philadelphia, Germantown, Ncav Hanover and Providence, 
 grace and peace from God the Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ in 
 the communion of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 My worthy friends : 
 
 No doubt you remember yet very well with what earnest entreaties 
 you besought the Reverend Court Chaplain Ziegenhagen in London, 
 and myself also from the year 1734 onward for ten years until this 
 time, to take an interest in the German Lutheran congregations in 
 Pennsylvania, particularly in the places where you reside, and specially 
 to meet their great want of instruction in the Word of God, and hasten 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 141 
 
 to their help by selecting and sending out to them a faithful teacher of 
 the Word. 
 
 You know also what difficulties we had to meet, and even after the 
 Lord, through the cooperation of many Christian people in Europe, 
 had supplied us with material aid, how hard we afterwards found it to 
 fix upon the man who might be fitted for the work. But you know 
 too, how, in answer to long and importunate prayer, God at last took 
 pity upon these congregations that had been like sheep without a 
 shepherd, and pointed out your present beloved teacher and pastor, 
 Mr. Muhlenberg ; made him willing to accept your call, and under the 
 Divine favor so led him that you saw him face to face in November, 
 1742. 
 
 I learn from the Report and letters of Pastor Muhlenberg that you 
 and the congregations have given him a joyful welcome, and that you 
 acknowledge the grace of which God has made you partakers. If 
 there are some few among you who have not considered these matters 
 as seriously as is meet, and who by failing to bring forth the fruits of 
 true repentance, have been a grief to their pastor, I pray that they 
 may humble themselves in godly sorrow, and may the Lord forgive 
 them for having thus slighted the dealings of His love towards them. 
 Yet, after all, I rejoice in the Lord because the most of you hold your 
 pastor highly in honor and in love, and have given proof of a readiness 
 to learn the will of God at his lips. My heart's desire is, that there 
 may not be one of you who will be satisfied to remain a mere hearer 
 of the word, but that all may become doers of the same. 
 
 Pastor Muhlenberg, who takes these things much to heart, has stated 
 in all letters that the congregations are so large and are located at such 
 distances from each other that the services of one pastor are far from 
 being enough to meet their Avants. Among other things he gives me 
 also to understand that it is the wish of the people and your own wish, 
 that other men should be sent to you both in your churches and in 
 your schools. I have taken pains to have these your wishes gratified. 
 So, although in this country and in other parts of Germany, ftiithful 
 ministers of the Gospel, specially those trained at Halle, are in such 
 great demand, yet behold, by the help of God, Mr. Peter Brunnholtz, 
 now here a candidate for the ministry, well established in the personal 
 knowledge of Christ, having recognized the will of God in it, has been 
 found willing to accept the call to become your pastor, and out of 
 sincere love for your congregations and concern for their eternal wel- 
 fare is ready to forsake his kindred and his native land and to be sent 
 far off to a strange country. But this is not all. In addition to Mr. 
 Brunnholtz, two students of theology strong in the love of Christ, Mr. 
 John Helfrich Schaum and Mr. Nicholas Kurtz, both now with us, re- 
 cognizing the call as being according to the will of God, have accepted 
 it as catechists to teach your youth and to serve you in your schools. I 
 have. a well grounded hope of these new laborers in the Word that they 
 
142 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTIXUATIOX. 
 
 will show all good fidelity in their office, each one in his separate 
 position, and in like manner I have full confidence in you my worthy 
 friends and in your associated congregations, that you will receive these 
 ministers with loving sincerity, arid deal towards them as gratitude to 
 God requires you to do. Now, I shall attempt in a few words and for 
 your better information to present several things concerning their cir- 
 cumstances and concerning your duty towards them. 
 
 1. Concerning all three of them, you may be assured, not only, that 
 they will keep the truth in a good conscience, but also, that they come 
 to you constrained by sincere love for you and by earnest longing for 
 your salvation. Therefore you will suffer this love of these servants 
 of the Lord, yea, the love of God Himself, who has quickened them 
 with such zeal for your welfare, to provoke you to receive them with 
 the like affection ; you will live in peace with them, and for the Lord's 
 sake, show yourselves obliging, in all reasonable things. Above all, 
 by a willing obedience to God and to His Word, which they will preach 
 to you and to your children, you will cheer their hearts, so that they 
 may fulfil their office among you, not with sorrow, but with the Divine 
 blessing. 
 
 2. They do not seek yours, nor do they covet a superfluity of the 
 things of this world. They will be readily satisfied with what is suffi- 
 cient to meet their necessities. For this reason then, you will be the 
 more willing, without constraint, but out of love, and of a ready mind 
 to take pains to supply them with an adequate support. They require 
 nothing but what is necessary ; they have no worldly means of their 
 own ; you will therefore see to it, that they are not reduced to indigence, 
 and so you will make suitable provision for their maintenance, accord- 
 ing to your ability, and as soon as possible. Specially, after the ex- 
 pense occasioned by the building of your churches shall have been, in 
 a measure, paid off", you will make such arrangements for the support 
 of your teachers as that they will not find it necessary to seek a tem- 
 poral livelihood by pushing themselves into such undertakings as would 
 interfere with the faithful discharge of their pastoral duty. 
 
 3. In regard to your future preacher, the aforesaid Mr. Peter Brunn- 
 holtz, particularly, I have to say as follows : As a Christian and a dili- 
 gent student in the University in this place, he conducted himself and 
 employed his time in such a manner as to become sufficiently grounded 
 in the knowledge of God and of His Word. Then afterwards, he was 
 occupied in the institutions of the Orphanhouse, here, laboring to lead 
 souls to Christ and showing all good fidelity both to the young and to 
 the old. Then, next, he was engaged in a place not far from here, 
 where a Christian nobleman took great interest in supporting a cate- 
 chist, for the better instruction of the youth and for the spiritual bene- 
 fit of the whole congregation, I myself having recommended him to 
 this nobleman, on account of his piety and his talents. In this last 
 position his labors and his preaching of the Word were often blessed to 
 
APPENDIX TO FIPtST CONTIXUATION. 143 
 
 tlie edification of the church. So, there can be no doubt about his 
 qualifications and his faithfulness, of Mhich indeed, ample evidence 
 was given when he took his departure. 
 
 4. As he had been held in such high esteem by the aforesaid noble- 
 man and by the congregation in that place, beyond all his predecessors, 
 that they would gladly have retained him longer in their employ, and 
 showed their love by shedding many tears at his departure ; these cir- 
 cumstances afford a proof of his tried fidelity, and furnish so much 
 more reason to hope that your congregation will give him their full 
 confidence and their sincere affection. 
 
 5. He himself gives a proof of his own self-denial and of his love 
 to you, in the fact of his undertaking so troublesome a journey, and 
 one which, at this time, is specially dangerous, on account of the many 
 disturbances arising from the prevailing war; for he would not have 
 failed to enjoy certain promotion in his office in Germany. 
 
 6. At your own request he has been regularly called ; and not only 
 have I myself given him adequate proof of this, but he has also been 
 regularly set apart and ordained to the office of the holy ministry, 
 with prayer and the laying on of hands, by a Consistory of the Church. 
 In his vocation, however, the Hand of God also has been manifestly 
 working in divers remarkable ways. For, not only were all those who 
 knew him, and understood the condition of your congregations, unani- 
 mously in favor of his appointment, but God Himself deeply convinced 
 his heart that such was the Divine will, and besides, inclined his rela- 
 tives to acquiesce in his acceptance of the call. It is not necessary to 
 speak of any other indications of Divine Providence in the matter. 
 Now, from all this you may easily infer that God has thoughts of 
 peace towards you ; since, amidst so many providential indications, he 
 has raised up the second teacher for you ; and so Himself entreats you 
 by both of them, " be ye reconciled to God." My heart's desire is, that 
 all the congregations together may take good heed, that they do not re- 
 sist this Grace of God, nor wilfully Avaste this accepted time, this day 
 of salvation ; that there may not be one among you who will not accept 
 this gracious call of God with his whole heart. You knoAv well in- 
 deed, from your own experience, what a distressing judgment it is upon 
 a land, when God sends upon it a hunger and a thirst for His Word; 
 and so you should the more highly value that Grace that now sends 
 forth the Word to be so freely preached among you, and not, by your 
 neglect of it, put it away from you again. 
 
 7. What has been, thus far, said about Mr. Brunnholtz, may like- 
 wise be said, according to their several circumstances, of the two cate- 
 chists. I can also testify on their behalf, that their desire is to walk 
 uprightly with God and' before men ; that they will not covet what is 
 yours, but will seek the glory of Jesus Christ; that they have been 
 well trained in the art of teaching the young in our institutions in this 
 city, not only attaining fine gifts and aptitude, but also, what is much 
 
144 APPENDIX TO FIEST CONTINUATION. 
 
 better, sho^ving all good fidelity in their work. You should therefore 
 esteem it uo small token of the Grace of God that He takes pity upon 
 your children also, and sends you faithful workmen to teach your chil- 
 dren the knowledge of God. This is a blessing which you have not 
 hitherto enjoyed; and if the Lord had not remembered you in good 
 time, your children must have sunk into heathenism. It is therefore 
 the duty of all Christian parents to take good heed, that the work of 
 the catechists among the children may not be hindered, nor rendered 
 painful ; much rather, they should lend them a helping hand, so that 
 their children, under the Divine blessing may grow up as trees of 
 righteousness, to the glory of God. 
 
 This and everything efse that respects your duty to all your teachers 
 is laid down, very clearly, in the Epistle to the Hebrews 13: 17, and 
 in other passages ; upon which you should often meditate. 
 
 Further, I very seriously admonish you not to take up with everyone 
 who comes in his own name, professing to be a teacher. You know 
 from experience, how often you have been deceived by such persons. 
 Nothing is more certain than this, that those persons who, without a 
 regular call, push themselves into the office of teacher, are always seek- 
 ing to make gain out of you, and either have been deposed from the 
 paltoral office in Germany, as were Mr. Kraft and Mr. Andrews, of 
 whose scandalous lives I have obtained and sent to you convincing 
 evidence, or they were not fit to be trusted with the care of anything. 
 
 In conclusion ; As God has already, in a very large degree, lightened 
 the burden of expense incurred by the building of your churches and 
 by the journeys of your pastors and catechists, with the benevolent 
 contributions that have flowed from many Christian hearts, I assure 
 you that I shall very willingly do my part to encourage the continu- 
 ance of these collections. Yet, I would have you remember that, even 
 in this matter, everything depends upon the blessing of the Lord, and 
 that according to your treatment of your teachers you Avill either ob- 
 tain that blessing or drive it away from you. 
 
 Now, may the Lord help these new assistants, all through their dan- 
 gerous journey, under His own protection, and that of His holy angels; 
 convey them safely to your own home, and send them prosperity in the 
 work of building up the Divine Kingdom amongst you. 
 
 So then, my worthy friends and all the congregations, I commend 
 you to the gracious protection and favor of God, and to His Word ; 
 ever remaining ready to help you hereafter, in all things, according to 
 my ability. 
 
 [G. A. Francke.] 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 145 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Ziegenhagen, to the congregations in America, Sept. 13th, 1744.* 
 To the deacons and elders of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in 
 Philadelphia, Germantown, New Hanover and Providence, and to the 
 several congregations, Grace and Peace from God our Father, and the 
 Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour. 
 
 My Worthy Friends in the Lord! 
 
 With much joy of heart and sincere gratitude to God, I have learned, 
 from letters and reports addressed to me by your Pastor Muhlenberg, 
 that after a journey somewhat protracted and exhausting, he arrived 
 amoiigst you safely, at last ; and that after he had submitted his cre- 
 dentials to your examination, you received him with hearty good will, 
 and practical j)roofs of your aftection, as your regular pastor. He has, 
 indeed, spoken of various difficulties he has met with, amongst you, 
 for it is true of all things, that their beginnings are hard ; but at the 
 same time, he has stated that, by the Grace of God, he has met with 
 many Christian people among you, who heartily and faithfully co-oper- 
 ate with him and with his office, so that he hopes to begin and to con- 
 tinue his ministry amongst you and in your neighborhood, prosecuting 
 his work in peace and quietness, and with the blessing of God. 
 
 Kow, my worthy friends, all that you have, so far, done for your pas- 
 tor and his office, is simply, what your Christian duty and your own 
 consciences demanded of you ; and the result of it will be of great 
 advantage and benefit, specially to yourselves, and to the congrega- 
 tions of which you are the officers. 
 
 Meanwhile, I cannot, myself, refrain from offering you my hearty 
 thanks, particularly, because, as Pastor Muhlenberg informs me, you 
 esteem me so highly in love and confidence, and received my last letter 
 with so much kindliness. By all this, my dear friends, you have re- 
 freshed my heart, and encouraged me anew to help you and your con- 
 gregations to the best of my ability. Would to God, that I could do 
 a great deal in supplying you with faithful teachers, and in the build- 
 ing of the requisite ' churches and schoolhouses ! But alas ! it is only 
 very little that I can do in this direction ; and may the God of all 
 Grace bless even this, though it be so small, and make it useful in pro- 
 moting your true salvation ! 
 
 Now, I rejoice greatly, my beloved friends, that the God and Father 
 of our Lord Jesus Christ has again remembered you in so much mercy, 
 and, even in these trying times of destructive war, has so ordered it, 
 
 * Although Zie,2;enlia,2:en is entitled to such hijjh praise for his eminent services 
 in tlie interest of the Lutheran Cliurch in America, yet it appears, that^ compara- 
 tively little that he wrote has been preserved here. For this reason it may^ be 
 welfto print the following letter, although its contents may not be so very im- 
 portant.- — Dr. Germann, of Windsheini, Bavaria. 
 10 
 
146 APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 
 
 that three persons have willingly resolved in God's name and out of 
 love to you, to go to your country, and to devote themselves to the ser- 
 vice of you and of your children, laboring for the salvation of your 
 souls. These very persons will, the Lord permitting, themselves, de- 
 liver this letter to you. Their names are : Mr. Peter Brunnholtz, regu- 
 larly called and ordained pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran congre- 
 gations in Philadelphia, Germantown, New Hanover and Providence; 
 5lr. John Helfrich Schaum, and Mr. John Nicolas Kurtz, regularly 
 called and authorized to serve as cathechists in the aforesaid congrega- 
 tions. Whatever is to be said about these men, and about each one of 
 them, in respect to their Christian experience and life, and also, in re- 
 pect to their qualifications for the offices to which they have been 
 called, all this has recently been presented, and in full, by the Kev. 
 Prof Dr. Francke, of Halle, in a special document which Mr. Peter 
 Brunnholtz will himself convey to you ; and upon this subject, it is 
 therefore unnecessary for me to add anything more. Besides, he has 
 been longer acquainted and more intimate with them than I have been, 
 for which reason his testimony has more weight than mine could have. 
 It is Dr. Francke himself who has been the instrument in the hand of 
 God in selecting these men who are to serve you and your children, in 
 calling them and in arranging their ordination and their passage to 
 England. So far, I myself have had no share in the work, and could 
 have none. Dr. Francke's heart is full of paternal love and concern 
 for you all, — and among many other proofs of it, it is clearly shown 
 in the fact, that he is so deeply interested in the church building that 
 has been begun by Pastor Muhlenberg, in providing money for the 
 great expenses of the same, and in giving his help in all possible ways, 
 to assist you to bear your burdens. I speak of these things here, pur- 
 posely, in order that I may stir up your hearts to sincere thankfulness 
 to God for having inspired Dr. Francke Avith such love for you, and at 
 the same time, to afford you occasion to recognize for yourselves, what 
 strong reasons you, as well as many other people, have to j^raise God 
 for this excellent man, both in public and in private, as your distin- 
 guished benefactor, and to entreat that long life may be his. If it 
 should please God to call me away from earth in a short time, that 
 would be of no disadvantage either to you or to your congregations, 
 for the little that I can do might, by the Divine help, be very easily 
 done by some one else. But if Dr. Francke should soon be called 
 away, the loss even for the Evangelical Lutheran congregations in 
 Pennsylvania would be a very serious one. Therefore do not cease to 
 pray to our Father in Heaven for the life and health of your beloved 
 benefactor and for the Divine blessing upon his Avork ; strive also to 
 live that he may be cheered in heart by hearing of the prosj^erity of 
 your congregations ; for if his anxious efforts do not result in building 
 up Christianity among you, you cannot expect that he will continue 
 this laborious work. I have confidence enough in you, my worthy 
 
APPENDIX TO FIRST CONTINUATION. 147 
 
 friends, to trust, that as you have done in other things, so in this matter 
 also, you will receive this my request and exhortation into a good and 
 honest heart. 
 
 Now, let me say something more about the three men who are about 
 to be sent off to you, in the name of the Lord, at this time. O, may 
 our gracious God and Father take them into His almighty protection, 
 deliver them from all evil, from all enemies upon the sea, and conduct 
 them to you, safe and sound, full of the blessings of the Gospel. I do 
 not doubt but that you will receive them in love, even as you received 
 Pastor Muhlenberg, that you will thank God for their arrival, that 
 you will hold them in honor, and according to your ability, aid them 
 in everything in which they may need your assistance. Certainly, they 
 are highly worthy of such loving reception and co-operation ; for, not 
 only are they excellent men themselves, coming to you with a regular 
 call, and with their hearts willing and anxious to confirm you and your 
 children in the saving knowledge of Jesus Christ, and thereby to secure 
 your eternal welfare; but also, beyond this, out of true love to you 
 they have submitted to many hardships and have boldly faced no ordin- 
 ary dangers, and all for your sake. May the faithful God who has in- 
 clined the hearts of these His servants towards you, also incline your 
 hearts towards them, and specially incline you so to apply the doctrines 
 of the Word, its teachings, its admonitions, its consolations, which they 
 may impart to you and to your children, in such a way, as to secure 
 the highest good, the eternal salvation of your souls. 
 
 Even as Dr. Francke has done in his own letter addressed to you, so 
 I too, would particularly entreat of you that you be truly united in 
 heart with your teachers Pastor Muhlenberg and Mr. Brunnholtz, re- 
 sisting and opposing whatever is ungodly and unchristian, so that the 
 Evangelical congregations in Pennsylvania may not be like a desert or 
 a field overrun with briars and thorns, but rather, fruitful and beautiful 
 as the garden of the Lord. 
 
 Further, as to those people who seek to pass themselves oiF as preach- 
 ers, but who have never been regularly sent to preach, who roam, ac- 
 cording to their own fancy, from country to country, in quest of a 
 living, I beg you, do not permit such characters to force themselves 
 into your congregations, to occasion divisions and work mischief in 
 other ways. Be only the more ready to uphold your own regular 
 teachers, so that all disorder, disturbance and divisions may be pre- 
 vented ; and even be healed wherever they may already have broken 
 out. The admonition of the Apostle St. John, 1st Ep., 4th Chap., "Be- 
 loved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of 
 God," concerns every Christian congregation. St. John also tells us, 
 why such proving is necessary, for he says, that many false prophets, 
 claiming to be teachers sent of God, but whom God has not sent, have 
 gone out into the world, and do great harm to people when they are 
 careless and do not stand upon their guard. You will take this the 
 
148 APPENDIX TO FIPvST COXTIXUATIOX. 
 
 more to heart, my dear friends, because, you know yourselves, that in 
 the land and regions where you live errorists and false prophets are not 
 scarce. Hold fast to the pure and saving \Yord of God, as it is con- 
 tained in the Holy Scriptures ; be not tossed about with every Avind of 
 doctrine; love your teachers and be obedient, for they will preach 
 nothing to you but the pure Word of God. 
 
 Out of love to you and to your children, I send to you also, with 
 this letter, a short and simple explanation of the Christian faith. I 
 hope that after you shall have conferred upon it with your teachers, 
 you may possibly wish to have it printed, specially for the use of your 
 children in the schools. In such case, I have to beg very particularly, 
 that you will not allow either the printer or any other j)erson whoever 
 he may be, only excepting your teachers, to change the smallest word, 
 or to substitute another word in place of it. 
 
 May the gracious God bestow His blessing upon the old and the 
 young, so that the reading and learning of this explanation may serve 
 to plant, to revive, to strengthen the true saving faith and the powers 
 of genuine Christianity amongst you. And now, with my whole heart, 
 and assuring you of my steadfast love, I commend you all, deacons, 
 elders, the congregations, the parents, the youth and the children, to 
 the love of God the Father, the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and 
 the mighty working of the Holy Ghost. Pray also for me. 
 
 You will take measures to have this letter read to the congregations. 
 
 Fr. Mich. Ziegenhagen. 
 Kensington, Sept. 13th, 1744. 
 
 |^..3^ 
 
SECOND CONTINUATION 
 
 OF THE BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA AND NEIGHBORING PARTS 
 IN AMERICA. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE ORPHAN HOUSE, HALLE, 1746. 
 
 (42) 1. It may be remembered that, as was stated in the first Re- 
 port and its subsequent Continuation, both already published, the 
 
 Lord had some years ago begun a gracious work on behalf of certain 
 Evangelical Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania, especially in 
 Philadelphia, Germantown,^ Providence and New Hanover, providing 
 them with regular ministers of the Word and causing the light of his 
 truth to shine forth upon them. For not only did Mr. Henry Mel- 
 chior Muhlenberg, the first pastor regularly called to the work, enter 
 into the field of his labors on Nov. 25th, 1742 ; but also, Mr. Peter 
 Brunnholtz, the second pastor, and with him, the two assistants, Mr. 
 Schaum and Mr. Kurtz, having been sent to co-operate with Muhlen- 
 berg, arrived in Pennsylvania on January 26th, 1745. It will be re- 
 membered also, with what earnestness of heart they labored to restore 
 and maintain a good Christian order in the congregations ; and that, 
 under the Divine Favor, they w^ere so successful, that many persons 
 who had previously separated themselves from the fellowship of the 
 Church have already come back again ; and some of them, with their 
 wives and their children, have been baptized. 
 
 2. Although detailed accounts of the progress of this gracious work 
 have not reached us as regularly as we would have wished, in 
 
 (43) consequence of the uncertainties incident to a voyage across the 
 ocean ; yet the frequent inquiries that we have heard on the part 
 
 of good friends of the cause have encouraged us to prepare another 
 Continuation of our Report, from the materials furnished in the last 
 letters and statements that have reached us. We do this both as an 
 expression of gratitude and praise to God for His Mercies, and in the 
 
 (149) 
 
150 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 hope that our friends aud benefactors will be gratified with the brief 
 accounts which we furnish. 
 
 Observing a suitable order we shall notice — 1st, the official labors of 
 the two pastors and their assistants ; 2d, the blessing that has attended 
 the preached Word, the genuine fruits of the pastoral work, with sun- 
 dry illustrative cases and incidents ; 3d, the building of the churches ; 
 and 4th, the desires expressed by several congregations in Fenn'sylva- 
 nia and adjacent parts to secure the services of faithful pastors. 
 
 3. As to the official labors of the two pastors and their assistants, we 
 have stated already in the first Continuation, that until the time of the 
 arrival of the new assistants, Pastor Muhlenberg attended to the charge 
 of the four congregations, himself alone ; also that Pastor Brunnholtz 
 was afterwards regularly received by these four congregations as their 
 second pastor ; and further, that the two pastors, at first, by regular 
 appointments, preached around in all the churches, waiting to see if, 
 in the course of time, such indications of Providence would arrive as 
 might encourage and enable them to make such a division of the entire 
 charge that each pastor might take his special portion under his own 
 direct personal care. 
 
 After they had carefully observ^ed all the circumstances relating to 
 the matter they finally agreed in June, 1745, and with the full appro- 
 bation of the congregations themselves, that Pastor Muhlenberg should 
 take special charge of the congregations in Providence and New Han- 
 over ; and that his regular residence should be fixed in the former place. 
 On the other hand, the special care of the congregations in Philadel- 
 phia and Germantown fell to the lot of Pastor Brunnholtz, whose per- 
 manent home is in Philadelphia. In connection with this arrangement 
 it was perfectly understood, by both pastors, that each one of them 
 should still continue to be heartily concerned for the welfare of the 
 congregations that were in charge of the other, and that neither of 
 them should undertake anything of imjoortance, in his own charge, 
 without first having advised with the other. In fact, there are occa- 
 sions on which they do come together in fraternal conference, 
 (44) considering and determining their course of action in the true 
 spirit of loving harmony. ^ 
 
 4. In their preaching they are very careful to consider the capacity 
 of their hearers, accommodating their sermons to the circumstances of 
 the people, so that they may be the more certain to effect substantial 
 good. As an illustration of this we may state, that for some time be- 
 fore the arrival of the assistants. Pastor Muhlenberg, immediately after 
 preaching, would recapitulate his sermons, in the form of questions ad- 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS IN AMERICA. 151 
 
 dressed to his hearers and answers obtained from them. This he found 
 to be a very useful exercise. Neither do they content themselves with 
 the mere public preaching of the Word, but seek occasion to bring it 
 home directly to the hearts of their hearers. For this reason they 
 gladly welcome the, visits of the people giving them personal instruc- 
 tion in the Word of God, according to their individual circumstances ; 
 and, for the purpose of examining and giving the needed admonition 
 and exhortation to those who may desire to partake of the Lord's Sup- 
 per, they have them to visit the pastor in his residence sometime during 
 the previous week. Besides, they themselves visit the people, as much 
 as possible, from house to house. Pastor Brunnholtz, especially, has 
 endeavored, by such visitation, to become personally acquainted with 
 the people of his charge. Special care has been taken to visit the sick ; 
 and as epidemics have prevailed on several occasions in Providence 
 and New Hanover, this occupied a great deal of time, although it was 
 not without a blessing. This added very much to the burden of the 
 pastor's labors, because the members of the churches often reside at 
 great distances apart, scattered through the country, upon their farms, 
 sometimes 12 or 16 miles from the pastor's residence, for which reason 
 the pastor has to keep a horse, to enable him to reach the distant mem- 
 bers of his church, as promptly as possible, Avhenever they may require 
 his personal pastoral care. 
 
 For the sake of those who live so remote from the church that they 
 cannot regularly attend themselves nor bring their children along with 
 them, public service is sometimes held on a week day, in some con- 
 venient place, so that they too may be instructed and edified by the 
 preaching of the Gospel. About twenty miles from New Hanover 
 there is a small congregation in possession of a church whom Pastor 
 Muhlenberg, and his assistant, Mr. Kurtz, visit and serve in the 
 (45) Gospel every four weeks f whilst there are other places for pub- 
 lic worship in the same neighborhood. As we continue on in our 
 Report we shall have occasion to relate more fully, how, without in 
 any manner neglecting the care of their own flocks, they are ever ready 
 to render all possible service to those congregations which are, as yet, 
 unprovided with pastors. 
 
 5. As to the labors of the assistants we have to remark, that the ar- 
 rangement agreed upon at first and reported in our first Continuation 
 is still maintained, that is, Mr. Schaum resides in Philadelphia and Mr. 
 Kurtz in New Hanover. In Philadelphia, and until the time of their 
 arrival, Pastor Muhlenberg had employed a young man as schoolmas- 
 ter, whom Pastor Brunnholtz kept under immediate personal instruc- 
 
152 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 tion for several weeks, so as to prepare him the more thoroughly for 
 his work, expecting afterwards to engage his services as a teacher in 
 other places. Upon his arrival in Philadelphia Mr. Schaum took 
 charge of this school at once, and now has his home in the residence of 
 Pastor Brunnholtz in that city. His school being held in the same 
 house, his work is carried on under the direct supervision of the pastor 
 himself, who testifies that he is doing much good to many people by 
 his own personal earnestness as a Christian, as well as by his faithful- 
 ness as a teacher of the young. In addition to this. Pastor Brunnholtz 
 occupies his evenings in giving lessons in reading and writing to grown 
 persons wdiose earlier education had been neglected. 
 
 6. In New Hanover, Mr. Vigera,* who is repeatedly spoken of in the 
 Reports of the Salzburgers at Ebenezer, taught the school in the new 
 schoolhouse, to the satisfaction of Pastor Muhlenberg; and on Sun- 
 days, when the pastor was absent, he rendered a service acceptable to 
 the congregation by reading some edifying discourse in the church. 
 For some short time after Mr. Kurtz had taken charge of this school, 
 Mr. Vigera continued to co-operate with him ; but finally concluded to 
 open a school for himself in some other place. Nevertheless, in the 
 mean time, he offered to assist the pastor in instructing the catechu- 
 mens, or in any other way in which he could be useful. In addition 
 to this work in the schools, the two assistants preach every Sunday in 
 
 those congregations which the pastors cannot themselves attend ; 
 (46) and so changing with them from Sunday to Sunday. For this 
 
 reason the people call them helpers,^ a term not unfamiliar to 
 us. It is about the same as substitute. In a word, the pastors testify 
 respecting both of the assistants ; that in their office and work they are 
 faithful and true ; and that the congregations are truly thankful that 
 these men have been called to their office and sent forth to their work. 
 Further, Pastor Muhlenberg seems to regard it as a blessing of Divine 
 Providence, that he has found a promising young man whom he can 
 employ for the instruction of the youth, under his own personal super- 
 vision.^ 
 
 7. Seeing what a privilege it is that they not only have regular pas- 
 tors, but are provided also with faithful schoolmasters for the instruc- 
 tion of their children, many of whom had previously grown up Avithout 
 any education, the congregations are sincerely thankful to God and to 
 their benefactors in Europe, both for having sent these pastors and 
 teachers to them and for having so generously defrayed all the ex- 
 penses of their voyage. Indeed, they appreciate these blessings the 
 more as they come more clearly to understand how sincere and faith- 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS IN AMEEICA. 153 
 
 ful their teachers are, how earnestly they labor for the true and last- 
 ing welfare of the people, and how patient and persevering they are 
 under all their toils. They have not only requested their pastors to 
 convey to us the expressions of their gratitude, but several of the elders 
 themselves have transmitted to us a courteous communication in testi- 
 mony of the thankfulness of the people. In this communication, speak- 
 ing for themselves and for the several congregations, they thankfully 
 acknowledge the kindness of the Court Preacher Ziegenhagen, in Lon- 
 don, of Prof Dr. Francke, in Halle, and of all their friends and bene- 
 factors, because, in the time of their need, they had come to their help 
 in such a faithful, such a fatherly way, not only supplying them with 
 competent pastors and teachers, but also adding contributions, in money, 
 towards the building of churches and schoolhouses, the receipt of which 
 they formally acknowledge. They thank God for these blessings ; and 
 pray that He who does not allow a cup of cold water to go without its 
 reward, may, in His faithfulness, richly recompense all who have shown 
 kindness to them in their need. 
 
 Beyond this they pray, not only that we may still continue to help • 
 
 them, but also, that whenever it may be necessary, their pastors 
 (47) and teachers may have the benefit of our prayers, our counsel and 
 
 our sympathy, of all of which they stand so much in need, be- 
 cause, as faithful and upright men, they have to submit to many as- 
 saults and trials. Such intercession and sympathy will serve to renew 
 their courage, and strengthen them for the patient and efficient dis- 
 charge of their official duties. One of the most barefaced slanderers 
 and calumniators is the man referred to in our first Continuation, as 
 having been deposed from the pastoral office in Germany ; who still 
 keeps on increasing his own infamy by all kinds of abuse. ^ Also, the 
 man mentioned in our first Keport, as having, likewise, been deposed 
 in Germany, who, before Muhlenberg's arrival, had worked himself 
 into Philadelphia, seems to be on good terms with the slanderer just 
 described ; but otherwise he behaves, upon the Avhole, somewhat quietly 
 in his own congregations. In their congregations they are not much 
 annoyed by the Moravians ; as these people never had much opportu- 
 nity to work among them ; in other places, however, they seem to keep 
 busy.® 
 
 8. We proceed now to speak of the blessing that has attended the 
 preaching of the Gospel, the genuine fruits of the pastoral work, with 
 sundry illustrative cases and incidents. This is, indeed, a very impor- 
 tant subject, cheering to the heart of the Christain teacher, and often, 
 an occasion of praise to God, to whom all praise belongs. 
 
154 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 The pastors report that they are deeply conscious of their own per- 
 sonal weakness in their work ; and that difficulties and disorders that 
 present themselves in the way are not to be overcome and corrected all 
 at once. They strive, however, to be only the more diligent and un- 
 tiring in the preaching of the Word, of the good fruits of which they 
 have had very striking proof; each one of them noticing, with special 
 interest, the success with w^hich God has blest the labors of the other. 
 In a letter dated Nov. 1st, 1745, Pastor Muhlenberg returns his thanks 
 for the appointment and sending of Pastor Brunnholtz, and then adds : 
 "He accommodates himself admirably to existing circumstances. He 
 takes heed unto himself and unto the doctrine ; and is faithful in his 
 care of the poor sheep. The Grace of God is made perfect in his 
 weakness ; and by that Grace he is able both to suffer and to contend 
 for the faith, to bear honor or dishonor, evil report or good report. 
 
 The Lord has granted him a good entering in among us; and 
 (48) has crowned his labors with a blessing. This is a great joy to 
 
 me; and my hope is, that after patiently persevering in the 
 preaching of the Word everything will, by the Divine help, be ar- 
 ranged, in due time, in proper order." In other letters he speaks to 
 the same effect. 
 
 Pastor Brunnholtz bears similar testimony to the labors of Muhlen- 
 berg, stating that the happy influence of his ministry was manifest not 
 only before his arrival, but also, that by his personal intercourse with 
 the people, he had met with many who had informed him, that they 
 had been awakened by Muhlenberg's preaching. Eeferring to this 
 subject, in general, in a letter to a friend, dated Dec. 9th, 1745, he 
 says: "The letters that have been sent from here will probably be 
 submitted to your inspection, and you will then have an opportunity 
 to learn what is to be said about the progress of the Kingdom of God 
 in these parts. You will see many signs of weakness, and yet, evi- 
 dences of good results. We are not disposed to make such a display 
 of our affairs as others have a fashion of doing, who, out of three or 
 four half converted people (yet God knows them) will create an aston- 
 ishingly pious congregation. I have an abhorrence of all such boast- 
 ing, because an unsound principle lies at the bottom of it."» 
 
 He has sent us a Report of the labors of himself and of his colleague 
 during the first half of the year 1745, in which he speaks of many whom 
 he visited at their own homes, or who had themselves visited him ; in 
 whom he had discovered a hungering and thirsting after righteousness; 
 some of them not being without experience in the Grace of God, others 
 having a good foundation laid ; in all which he heartily rejoiced. 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGEEGATIONS IN AMERICA. 155 
 
 9. He has spoken of certain cases at considerable length ; and we re- 
 port them here in his own words. "On Jan. 23d, 1745, I baptized, iu 
 the church, a child of Reformed parents Avho had been companions of 
 my voyage across the ocean. There were, upon the ship, several Ger- 
 man-Swiss families also, to one of which the mother belonged. She 
 herself was much impressed by the AVord, as presented to these fami- 
 lies, on the voyage, and has made a good beginning in the Chris- 
 (49) tian life. Whilst on board the ship I had a prayer-meeting 
 every day with these Swiss, and observed in several of them, evi- 
 dences of the power of Divine Grace. On Jan. 30th, in company with 
 my colleague, I visited a sick woman and was greatly cheered by her 
 meekness and her love for the Lord Jesus. It is, indeed, a great com- 
 fort to me to meet with a sincere soul, here and there. On Feb. 15th, 
 I visited a woman of the Reformed Church who seems to be truly peni- 
 tent. A negro slave, a female, came in, who claimed to wish for a cor- 
 rect knowledge of religious truth, and to be earnestly desirous of be- 
 coming a Christian. I spoke with her in the English language, and 
 sought to encourage her in her inquiries. On Feb. 26th, I was called 
 upon by a man who stated that he had often been deeply impressed by 
 the preaching of my colleague ; but that he had never yet begun in the 
 right way to become a Christian. He saw clearly the absolute neces- 
 sity of such a beginning, and he had now made up his mind to under- 
 take it. I spoke with him about the genuine renewing of the heart 
 and mind ; and endeavored to encourage him in his good resolution. 
 
 On March 22d, a woman of the congregation, who has been attend- 
 ing the night school in which I teach adults reading and writing, came 
 to me privately, and told me of her trouble and distress of mind on ac- 
 count of certain offences, of which she had been guilty in Germany. 
 I endeavored to lead her in the way of a true repentance of heart. 
 She told me that she would be perfectly willing that I should spread 
 her case before the whole congregation, if she could thereby be relieved 
 of her distress. I replied that this was not necessary, for no one in our 
 congregation knew anything at all about these matters; that it was not 
 advisable, in this way, to publish her offences abroad ; and that such a 
 course would, by no means, quiet her troubled conscience. I advised 
 her that, most of all, she should pray earnestly to God, that in the light 
 of His Word He would show her the evil of sin and the wretched con- 
 dition of the unrenewed heart ; and then come to Him as a weary, 
 heavy-laden sinner. In this way she would find peace for her soul. 
 On April 3d, this Avoman came again and I was glad to find that, 
 (50) to all appearances, the Lord has been leading her in the way of 
 true repentance." 
 
156 SECOXD CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 10. Under date of June 11th, he speaks of a man and his wife who, 
 although they had been baptized in their childhood, had yet never 
 been connected with auy Church, nor received any instruction in the 
 Christian Keligion, until after the arrival of Pastor Muhlenberg, whose 
 preaching they diligently attended and, in consequence, were awakened 
 to an earnest desire for their salvation. Pastor Brunnholtz paid special 
 attention to the instruction of these persons, and prepared them for ad- 
 mission to the Holy Supper. 
 
 Under date of April 26th, 1746, Brunnholtz shows the good effects of 
 theii' pastoral faithfulness in another form, as follows : " The churchly 
 Lutherans (as the surrounding sects are wont to call them) are now 
 rising into high consideration among those parties who had previously 
 looked upon them with contempt, in consequence of the scandals occa- 
 sioned by base characters who, without a regular call, had obtruded 
 themselves into the pastoral office. O, that we might ourselves shine 
 as lights, illumining the darkness of our people ; then, whilst the num- 
 ber of the children of the light would increase amongst them, the of- 
 fences thrown in the way of others would finally disappear." 
 
 11. He gives us also several cases of adult persons who, having never 
 been baptized, maintained a kind of connection with some sect or other, 
 or kept aloof from all forms of religious fellowship. Some of these, 
 after due instruction, as well as their children, have been baptized; 
 and of such cases he gives, in the letter mentioned above, the following 
 example. "On Feb. 28th, 1745, my colleague came from Providence 
 to see me in Philadelphia. He stated that he had baptized a father 
 and his four children. The father himself had long been convinced of 
 the necessity of baptism ; yet, he could not readily make up his mind 
 to submit to its administration. In the meantime, however, he had 
 faithfully attended the preaching of the Word, and the Grace of God 
 
 enabled him at last to triumph over all obstacles. On March 
 (51) 24th my colleague baptized two daughters of Mennonite parents 
 
 in New Hanover ; and it is expected that, in a short time they 
 will be admitted to the Holy Supper. On March 31st I went to Ger- 
 mantown, preached and baptized several children. After the service a 
 man who is the father of five adult children not yet baptized, called 
 upon me, and begged me to give them the needful instruction and then 
 to baptize them. (To this case we have already made a slight refer- 
 ence in our first continuation, page 35). I accompanied this man to 
 his farm, some five miles from the church, conversed with his children, 
 and made arrangements to give them the needful preparatory instruc- 
 tion. This man has been 17 years in this country; he has considerable 
 knowledge of Christian truth and has some very good books." 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS IN AMERICA. 157 
 
 "From the foregoing facts it may be seen into what a ruinous condi- 
 tion these congregations would have fallen in the course of time, if they 
 had not been supjjlied with regular pastors. Seeing that parents even, 
 who had themselves been instructed in Christian doctrine, allowed their 
 children to grow up without baptism, we may infer that much greater 
 neglect must have marked those families the heads of which were 
 themselves without the knowledge of the Truth. Wherefore we must 
 the more heartily thank God, that He has, at last, in good time, caused 
 the light of His Word to shine in upon the gross darkness. Of the five 
 adult children just spoken of, the three oldest, after the needful pre- 
 paratory instruction, were baptized on Trinity, June 9th, 1745; the 
 other two were baptized some weeks later, all in the presence of the 
 congregation. On June 16th, in Providence, I baptized a married 
 woman and her two brothers, having previously given them the requi- 
 site instruction.^^ The occasion seemed to produce a very deep im- 
 pression, as Avell upon the whole congregation as upon these persons 
 themselves. Their residence is in Matetscha, four miles from Provi- 
 dence — to which congregation they belong." 
 
 12. As this Report extends only to the end of June, 1745, we have 
 no specific information concerning the latter half of the year, save 
 
 what may be gathered from certain letters of Pastor Brunnholtz, 
 (52) a couple of extracts from which may be acceptable. To a good 
 
 friend in Tonningen^^ he writes, among other things, as follows: 
 "When I attend a funeral I always preach a sermon ; and often have, 
 among my hearers, representatives of all existing religions and sects ; 
 for it is the custom here, to invite all the neighborhood to attend the 
 funeral. So, I have many opportunities to speak a word of edification ; 
 and the people of all the sects can hear that we insist upon a genuine 
 Christian experience and life, the contrary of which they prefer to 
 ascribe to us ; for they fancy and say, that church-people, as they call 
 those who attend churches, build their hopes of salvation only upon 
 their church-going. I have recently attended the funerals of several 
 children in Germantown. The exhortations on these occasions pro- 
 duced such a good impression upon a certain Separatist, ^ ^ that when 
 one of his own children died he begged me to preach a sermon at its 
 funeral also. Upon arriving at the house I learned that the child had 
 never been baptized ; for which reason I at first refused to proceed 
 further ; but upon ascertaining the views and feelings of the father, 
 I buried it, and afterwards baptized his four young children in the 
 presence of all kinds of people, whose hearts appeared to be moved as 
 they witnessed how the children, according to their capacity, answered 
 my few questions and how meekly they kneeled down to be baptized. 
 
158 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 The following is an extract from a letter addressed by Pastor Brimn- 
 holtz to his own personal relatives. " Since my arrival in this country 
 we have baptized many adults. On the Sunday after St. Michael's 
 day the church in Providence was solemnly consecrated. Two other 
 Lutheran pastors besides ourselves were present ; and the j^eople in 
 attendance amounted to many hundreds. On the same day we bap- 
 tized three colored people, who had also been examined in the presence 
 of the congregation." ^3 
 
 In regard to these colored people, w^e must say, that it is much to be 
 regetted that a more circumstantial account could not have been sent 
 to us ; for the fact is, in itself, most wonderful that the Lord, in His 
 mercy, has caused the light of His salvation to shine upon these persons 
 born and reared in heathenism, and granted to them repentance unto 
 
 life.i* 
 (53) 13. We proceed now to give some short account of the build- 
 ing of the churches. The consecration of the church in Provi- 
 dence is briefly reported in the extract, just now given ; and in another 
 letter Pastor Brunnholtz gives the following particulars: "The. new 
 church at Providence is a remarkably fine building. It is entirely 
 finished, except that some little work has yet to be done on the gal- 
 leries. It is built of stone, and therefore is not, by any means, as 
 costly, in proportion, as the church in Philadelphia, where bricks alone 
 are used as the building material, which are very high in price, because 
 several hundred houses are built in that city every year."^ ^ As it had 
 previously been announced that the church would not be consecrated 
 before it was finished in all its parts, w^e are of opinion, that the work 
 on the galleries was likewise completed before the consecration, al- 
 though we have not been positively informed to that eflfect. In the 
 church in Philadelphia the windows have yet to be glazed and quite a 
 variety of other matters have to be finished up. The sharp draughts 
 of air that pass through the window openings in cold weather are often 
 a very serious inconvenience at the time of public worship. The 
 weight of the debt incurred presses heavily upon the congregation ; 
 and they have not, as yet, felt themselves able vigorously to push for- 
 ward the building to its completion. 
 
 Under date of April 22d, 1746, in the last letters received from him, 
 Pastor Brunnholtz refers to the expenses that are yet to be provided 
 for, and gives the following particulars: "On March 14th, the vestry 
 of the church in Philadelphia presented to my colleague and myself a 
 statement of the pecuniary affairs of the congregation. It appears, 
 that after the congregation had received, from the late collections, 150 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS IN AMERICA. 159 
 
 pounds currency, they yet have a debt of (394 pounds currency, or 2540 
 Eix dollars ; and upon this they have to pay, annually, 42 pounds or 
 154 Rix dollars as interest. As the church stands at the present time, 
 the windows unglazed, having no pews, no floor, no pulpit, and equally 
 defective in other respects, for all of which provision has yet to be made ; 
 the expense already amounts to 1310 pounds, 17 shillings, 9t pence, cur- 
 rency, or about 4800 Rix dollars. Of this amount 616 pounds, 4 shill- 
 ings, 9 pence, have been paid, and the debt mentioned above remains. 
 Our trust is in God, that He Avill enable us to reduce the debt to about 
 400 pounds. This would require 24 pounds yearly interest, which 
 (54) the congregation would have to pay until the whole debt shall be 
 extinguished." 
 
 " We need also a church-bell of good tone ; but in regard to this we 
 must have patience until Providence may furnish us with the means to 
 pay for it, because we do not wish to become so deeply involved that 
 we cannot extricate ourselves again." 
 
 " The congregation in Philadelphia is one of the largest, but also one 
 of the poorest, and is subject to many changes in its membership ; for 
 very few of its members are settled as permanent residents in the city. 
 Those of the Germans arriving here by ship, who have not been able 
 to pay their passage, from their own means, have to sell themselves, so 
 to speak, and their families ; and, accordingly, have to render service 
 to their purchasers, until they shall have worked out the expense of 
 their passage. Such persons are called ' servants.' ^^ When they have 
 thus paid for their passage by their labor, and earned something in ad- 
 dition, they usually remove further inland and seek to secure some 
 property for themselves. Nevertheless, may the Lord, who is so rich 
 in mercy, not forsake us but abundantly help us in the building of our 
 Church. May He grant that Zion shall be built up in spirit, may He 
 arise and have mercy upon her ! " 
 
 " I cannot exactly state what was the cost of the church in Provi- 
 dence, nor what is the amount of the debt yet due. That congregation 
 is under the immediate charge of my colleague, who will himself for- 
 ward a Report in a short time. He does not write at present because, 
 as he lives in the country, he had no information of the sailing of the 
 ship by which this communication is sent. I know this, however, that 
 the congregation in Providence has received its appropriate share of 
 the moneys collected and forwarded for the building of the several 
 churches." 
 
 It became absolutely necessary also to enlarge the church in Ger- 
 mantown. Pastor Brunnholtz had not only referred to this previously 
 
160 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 on different occasions, but in his last letter to us he informs us of the 
 actual commencement of the work, as follows: "On April 15th, of the 
 present year, we laid, in the Name of God, the corner stone of the new 
 building of the Lutheran church in Germantown. The church will be 
 30 feet longer and six feet broader than it was. The expense is esti- 
 mated at about 160 pounds currency or 568 Rix dollars. Mem- 
 (do) bers and friends of the congregation have subscribed and prom- 
 ised 60 pounds, and the balance will have to be taken on interest. 
 The work is now vigorously pushed forward. Six years ago we could 
 hardly count six members here ; then the church was too large ; but at 
 the present time we have about seventy very worthy families." 
 
 14. The building of these churches being, in the highest degree, ne- 
 cessary, the pastors and officers of the several congregations undertook 
 the work ; believing that God in His mercy, would supply the means 
 which they had not, as yet, in their hands. They now express their 
 gratitude for the reason that the Lord has prospered the work so much 
 that nearly one-half of the expense of building the church in Philadel- 
 phia has been paid ; the larger part of the collections gathered from 
 the churches in Germany having been allotted to the church in Phila- 
 delphia, as it was a more expensive building. They inform us, at the 
 same time, that the debts yet remaining are too heavy for them to bear ; 
 and, if they do not obtain some good measure of help yet, they will not 
 themselves be able to liquidate them. In a letter dated Nov. 1st, 1745, 
 Pastor Muhlenberg writes : " I have asked of the Lord what, to human 
 sight, might have seemed impossible, that is, to send me some good 
 men as helpers in the pastoral office, and He has granted it. The load 
 that yet oppresses us is the debt incurred by the building of churches, 
 which we are not in a condition to pay. In such matter, however, our 
 friends in Europe have helped us much ; and still continue to do so." 
 We omit further extracts of like import ; and simply add, that their 
 trust is in God, that He will continue His favor ; and not permit them 
 to be brought to shame, so that the glory of His Name and the good 
 work which He has begun may still continue to advance. 
 
 15. We have great reason to thank God that He has had mercy 
 upon the scattered flock of these four associated congregations, and 
 
 provided them with shepherds to seek the lost sheep, to heal the 
 (56) sick, to bind up the broken, to bring back those that were driven 
 
 away and to lead them to the green pastures of the Word. All 
 this they have faithfully endeavored to do, according to the ability 
 that God has given them ; and they have richly enjoyed the blessing 
 of God in their work. Besides, it will surely be gratifying to the 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS IN AMERICA. 161 
 
 whole Evangelical Churcli to observe that by these means the pure 
 doctrine of the Divine Word is maintained in these congregations. 
 Otherwise, tjiere had been great reason to fear, that as time went on, 
 there would be more and more of the members of the Church who 
 would have entirely forsaken the fellowship of the Church, rather than 
 recognize the ministry of men who had boldly pushed themselves into 
 the pastoral office, occasioned great scandal by their misconduct and 
 brought great reproach upon the Christian name. Besides, as the 
 youth were growing up in utter ignorance, j^erhaps even without bap- 
 tism, the necessary result of all must have been, that the light of Di- 
 vine truth would, at last, have gone out in total darkness. The good 
 fruits of what has been done for these four congregations are not con- 
 fined to them alone. It appears to be the will of God to extend the 
 good work all around, and to drive back the ruinous darkness, by 
 causing the light of His Word to arise and shine upon other congrega- 
 tions and in other neighborhoods. Of this, we now proceed to give an 
 account. 
 
 16. It remains for us, then, to state what desires have been expressed 
 by other congregations in Pennsylvania and adjacent parts, to secure 
 the services of faithful pastors. As the faithfulness of the two pastors, 
 Muhlenberg and Brunnholtz, in ministering to their several congrega- 
 tions came to be more generally known, it awakened among the people 
 of many other places an ardent desire that they, too, might be favored 
 with similar privileges in the preaching of the Word. Certain neigh- 
 borhoods which, chiefly on account of their poverty, are unable to sup- 
 port a settled pastor, have often solicited them with much entreaty to 
 favor them, at least, with an occasional sermon ; and, although 
 (57) they have been over-burdened by work in their own congrega- 
 tions, nevertheless, they have yielded to these requests w^henever 
 they could do so without neglecting their duty to their own churches. 
 Such congregations are found at Ohley,^^ Cohanzi, Chester and 
 Schwartzwald. At Ohley, before the arrival of Brunnholtz, Muhlen- 
 berg, at the request of a mother whose heart seemed to be hungering 
 after righteousness, baptized her four children, already well grown. 
 True, this, at first, excited the displeasure of the father ; afterwards, 
 however, he approved of it, allowed his children to go to church and 
 to school, and visited the pastors himself, showing a very friendly dis- 
 position. They have preached several times at this place and at Co- 
 hanzi also, and noticed that the impression produced was quite favora- 
 ble. Cohanzi is about 36 miles from Philadelphia. The young man 
 of whom we have already spoken (p. 45) as having taught a school in 
 11 
 
162 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT OF CERTAIN 
 
 Phildelphia, and to whose further preparation for his work Pastor 
 Brunnholtz had devoted considerable attention, was sent to teach the 
 school in this congregation, and also furnished with an approved Postil, 
 with instructions to read a sermon to the congregation every Sunday. 
 
 Referring to a sermon that he had preached in Chester, Pastor 
 Brunnholtz gives us the following extract from his diary : " On March 
 25th, 1745, a man called upon me and requested me to go to Chester 
 and preach to the Germans there. He said also, that the English 
 preacher there had promised to allow the Germans the use of his 
 church, if they could get a regular pastor to preach a sermon. Ac- 
 cordingly, after service on the morning of June 30th, I went to Ches- 
 ter, which is about 16 miles from Philadelphia, arriving there at two 
 o'clock, P.M. A good friend of mine and several officers of the church 
 in Philadelphia went along with me. The Germans here who, for the 
 most part, are ' servants,' as they are called, employed by English peo- 
 ple and so speaking a mixture of German and English, had gathered 
 together and the English preacher had kindly alloAved them to occupy 
 the English church for their service. There were also many English 
 people in attendance at the same time. After the sermon I had 
 (58) a meeting of all the Germans in the private residence of one of 
 them, and exhorted them to come together every Sunday, and 
 have some one who could do it well to read a sermon to them, for 
 which purpose I promised to send them a Postil. They stood around 
 me like children, or like famishing sheep without a shepherd, and be- 
 gan to cry. This melted the hearts of the men who were in company 
 with me; and they thought of the blessings bestowed upon themselves, 
 now no longer famishing, as they once did, for the Word of the Lord. 
 In Germany there are very few who appreciate the privilege of being 
 permitted to hear one, two or even three sermons every Sunday ; but 
 here there are many who are very glad if they can have but one ser- 
 mon in a year. It is six years since these people in Chester heard the 
 Gospel preached in German, the last time." 
 
 Schwartzwald is a place lying between Tulpehocken and New Han- 
 over. Here the Lutherans, in union with the Reformed, ^^ have built 
 a new church, and taken a certain person, who had been a schoolmas- 
 ter in Germany, as their pastor. Muhlenberg and Brunnholtz upon 
 returning from a visit to Tulpehocken passed through this neighbor- 
 hood, and the former, at the earnest request of the people preached in 
 their church ; the people heartily enjoying the service. These state- 
 ments may serve to show how those congregations that have no pastors 
 of their own, do now and then enjoy some of the privileges that are 
 more regularly and abundantly granted to others. ^ 
 
EVANGELICAL CONGREGATIONS IN AMERICA. 163 
 
 17. Besides the foregoing there are other congregations, some of them 
 having never had a pastor, others having been left by the late pastor, 
 which have addressed to us, through Muhlenberg and Brunnholtz, 
 most earnest appeals for faithful teachers of the Word, pledging a 
 salary adequate to their support. In a certain town located somewhat 
 more than a day's journey from New Hanover,^^ there is a Lutheran 
 congregation which Pastor Muhlenberg has visited several times, in 
 accordance with the urgent invitations of the people, and in which he 
 has prepared a number of young people for the Lord's Supper. This 
 congregation has placed in Muhlenberg's hands a regular call for a 
 new pastor, entreating him to do the best he could for them himself 
 until the new pastor may arrive; and Muhlenberg says that a 
 (59) faithful servant of Christ will be sure to find a great field opened 
 before him here, for there are many Germans living far and wide 
 around. Another congregation in New Jersey ^o has earnestly begged 
 that Mr. Kurtz, the teacher, might be permitted to serve them for a 
 season ; and that, meanwhile, letters should be written on their behalf, 
 with the view of securing a regular pastor. In accordance with this, 
 Mr. Kurtz went to this congregation, as a temporary supply, on JMarch 
 18th, 1746; the young man whom Muhlenberg had employed as school- 
 master in Providence (p. 46) supplying Mr. Kurtz's place in the school 
 at New Hanover, under the superintendence of Mr. Vigera. 
 
 Upon the invitation of the people, Muhlenberg visited this same con- 
 gregation several times during the last year and instructed a class of 
 24 catechumens, preparing them for the Lord's Supper. He has visited 
 them twice this year; and, as we learn from his last letters, Pastor 
 Brunnholtz also proposes to visit them during the summer. The Ger- 
 man Lutherans in the Maquaischen District, ^i New York, have like- 
 wise importuned them for pastoral service, with whom how^ever they have, 
 as yet, not made any positive engagement. Meanwhile, the pastors 
 both, in all their letters beg us, in the strongest terms and as a most 
 useful service, to seek out two good and competent men, to place a 
 regular pastoral call from these congregations in their hands and to 
 send them to America that they may minister in the Word. This de- 
 pends chiefly, however, upon the good will of God, that He may point 
 out the persons who may be fit for the work, and remove the hindrances 
 that obstruct the way, of which one of the greatest is the circumstance, 
 that the congregations themselves are not able to bear the expenses of 
 the journey. They ask, ithat these expenses may be defrayed out of 
 the moneys collected for the churches in Philadelphia, Providence, 
 etc., and propose to re-imburse these congregations by contributing an 
 
164 SECOND CONTINUATION OF BRIEF REPORT, ETC. 
 
 equal amount to the building of their churches. But since the last 
 collections have been transmitted, very little has been placed in our 
 hands ; and we are not able to make any advance to defray the ex- 
 penses of the voyage. 
 
 18. We are persuaded, however, that God, who is able to do exceed- 
 ing abundantly above all that we can ask or think, is able to remove 
 all these hindrances, that He will do it w^hen the proper time 
 (60) comes, and that He will make it manifest by overruling all cir- 
 cumstances and employing all needful means for the advance- 
 ment of His own work. Meanwhile, it is our duty to magnify His 
 Name for what He has already done ; to plead With Him in earnest 
 and believing prayer, on behalf of these desolate congregations ; and to 
 entreat Him to cause His kingdom to come to them, so that they may 
 be led,, by the light of His Word, in the way of salvation through 
 Jesus Christ. He has no delight in the death of a sinner, much rather 
 is it His will that the sinner should repent and live ; and therefore He 
 will graciously hear and answer these, our prayers, for His mercy's 
 sake. 
 
 In conclusion, we pray that those congregations that are already 
 favored with the privileges of the Gospel may receive the Word into 
 honest and good hearts ; and that their pastors and teachers may ob- 
 tain ever new supplies of grace and power from on high, patiently and 
 successfully to teach their people the whole counsel of God, for their 
 salvation. Further, for their work of faith and labor of love, in which 
 all the friends and benefactors of these congregations have come to 
 their help, the Lord reward them according to the fullness of His 
 Grace, accept their offerings as a sweet smelling savor and ever supply 
 all their need according to the riches of His Glory in Christ Jesus, to 
 whom be praise forever. Amen. 
 
NOTES TO THE SECOND CONTINUATION. 165 
 
 NOTES TO THE SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 ^ Germantown is now a part of the consolidated city of Philadelphia, although 
 it is several miles distant from the centre of business. See Note 29th, Brief Re- 
 port, page 60. 
 
 2 The time had not yet arrived for a regular, synodical organization. But out 
 of these pastoral conferences, of which we now hear, and by the force of circum- 
 stances, there grew up what is properly called a Synod ; a name, however, Avhich 
 was not exclusively employed until after some years had passed. It will be no- 
 ticed in the 3d Continuation, I. Sect., 19. 
 
 ^ Does this mean Saccum or Saitcon, on a stream of the same name, north east 
 of New Hanover? The Saucon empties into the river Lehigh, at Freemansburg, 
 three miles below Bethlehem. 
 
 ^ We have not been able to ascertain anything about the origin or the youth of 
 this man whose memory is held in such honor, by the Sal zburger Reports of Ebene- 
 zer, Effingham Co., Georgia, as well as by the Halle Reports of Pennsylvania. Never- 
 theless, from the long introduction, towards its end, of the 7tli Continuation of the 
 Salzburger Reports, we learn, that he was born in Strassburg, was a "protestant 
 merchant," and unmarried. We know also, that in the fall of 1741, he conducted 61 
 Salzburg emigrants, the fourth transport, from London to Ebenezer. The diary 
 of this voyage is given in the 9th Continuation of the Salzburger Reports, No. 
 III. There also may be seen a letter of his, to a prominent banker in Germany, 
 dated May 18th, 1742. He owned a small piece of ground at Ebenezer, where 
 he, at first, undertook to raise silk-worms ; but in July 1742 he lay sick of a fever, 
 at the house of Pastor Bolzius, by which time, however, he had already under- 
 taken the superintendency of the Orphanhouse at Ebenezer. He had also been 
 much occupied in preparing to build a house for himself; but his health having 
 failed, he set out upon a journey to Pennsylvania, Aug. 8th, 1743 ; Pastor Bolzius 
 bearing him company as far as Savannah. Beyond what we read about him in 
 this 2d Continuation, to wit, that he taught school in New Hanover, and would, 
 now and then, read a sermon, in the absence of the pastor; and, in the occasional 
 absence of the catechist John N. Kurtz, would superintend his school also (see 
 pp. 59, 180), we learn that in 1746 he lived in the house of Muhlenberg in Provi- 
 dence, and taught school there. Muhlenberg calls him "our dear friend" (p. 178). 
 About the end of April and the beginning of May, 1748, he accompanied the pas- 
 tors Muhlenberg and Handschuh to Lancaster, Pa., and when the latter went a 
 second time, to take charge of the congregation at Lancaster, on May 23d of the 
 same year, he accompanied him also, "zu dessen Erleichterung im Aeussern" (see 
 p. 102-104). He went with Handschuli and the catechist Schaum, on a visit to 
 York, Pa., and the borders of Maryland (pp. 105, etc.). When the school at Lan- 
 caster was divided he took one of the sections under his care. Julv 3d, 1748 
 (p. 110). 
 
 In the Record of Marriages in the congregation at Philadelphia, we read the 
 following, in the handwriting of Pastor Brunnholtz: "April 19th, 1749, at the 
 
166 NOTES TO THE SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 residence of Muhlenberg, in Providence, John Frederick Vigera with Ais'XA 
 Stephans." Muhlenberg himself gives us an interesting account of this in the 
 Halle Reports (p. 825). From this time Mr. Vigera is employed as schoolteacher 
 in Philadelphia, where, in the absence of Pastor Brunnholtz, he reads a sermon 
 in the church (p. 124), and has his home in the house of Brunnholtz for a 
 time (p. 316). In 1752 he applied to the congregation to pay him what was 
 due ; and on Feb. 20th, 1752, the church council resolved, that if he should 
 cease to teach school at Easter, a new arrangement would liave to be made; he 
 should be paid one pound and ten shillings as reader in the church ; that the ad- 
 ditional lifty pounds due to him should be paid, as soon as possible; and that they 
 would otherwise hold him high in their esteem. (See Minute Book of Church 
 Council at Philadelphia.) 
 
 In 1750 Brunnholtz bears witness that " he had a flourishing school this winter 
 and so instructed the children as to give great satisfaction to the parents. God 
 has so ordered it, at last, that he will hereafter remain with us and continue in 
 charge of the school" (p. 375). On page 387, 8, there is a reference to his read- 
 ing of sermons to the congregations in Philadelphia and Germantown. He joins 
 Brunnholtz in furnishing Ludolf Schrenk with a letter of recommendation to 
 Muhlenberg (p. 390), and in 1751 introduces the newly arrived Pastor Ileinzel- 
 mann to Muhlenberg (p. 547). In April, 1752, he retired from the school at Phila- 
 delphia, and then it was taught by Heinzelmann and the organist of the congre- 
 gation (p. 559). 
 
 At this point he disappears from the Halle Rej^orts and from the Minutes of 
 the congregation at Philadelphia. From letters of him, in the Schaum corre- 
 spondence, in the possession of the Muhlenberg family, it appears that whilst re- 
 siding in Philadelphia he attended to a great variety of commissions laid upon 
 him by the pastors in the country, such as ordering, and forwarding books, etc., 
 etc. A certain vein of humor also pervaded his style of writing. He would en- 
 title the pastors Schaum and Kurtz his fratres; and, in his letters, send the com- 
 pliments of his costa (rib), etc., etc. 
 
 ^ "Heifer": In Wiirttemberg and in other districts of Germany those persons 
 who were officially associated with the first clergyman of the place, and who, in 
 rank, were second' pastors, were called " Heifer." There are also Oberhelfer, Arch- 
 deacons. The position held by the two ''Gehiilfen" Schaum and Kurtz may re- 
 mind us of the office of vicar that was common in Wiirttemberg. Young theolo- 
 gians who had passed their examination in the University were associated with 
 older pastors, or with those whose congregations were too large for their own 
 strength, as assistants. They made their home with these pastors, were trained 
 by them in the practical duties of the pastoral office, and were subject to their 
 control. The whole responsibility rested upon the senior pastor. 
 
 ^ This, no doubt, refers to Jacob Loeser, who afterwards taught school in New 
 Hanover, and after that, also, in Lancaster. (See "Gemeinschaftliches Schreiben" 
 of the three Senior Pastors, 8th Continuation, Art. IX.) 
 
 7 See Note 27 to First Brief Report. 
 
 8 See more about this in *' Gemeinschaftliches Schreiben" of the three Senior 
 Pastors, of the year 1754. 8th Continuation, Art. IX, p. 682. 
 
 9 This probably refers to the reports of divers kinds that proceeded from the 
 Moravians, and from the extravagant importance that was ascribed to the arous- 
 
NOTES TO THE SECOND CONTINUATION. 167 
 
 ing of pious emotions, a thing so highly extolled by Whitefield, at that time, and 
 often so loudly gloried in by bragging sects. Muhlenberg saw through the whole 
 business. His cool judgment detected the animal elements that marked it, its 
 weakness and hollowness ; and he never allowed himself to be deceived by it. 
 The same is true of his colleague, Brunnholtz. See Note 19. 
 
 ^° The following is taken from the Church Records: ''June 16th, 1st Sunday 
 after Trinity, were baptized, in the church: 1, Maria, aged 18 years, wife of Feld 
 Scherer, of Matetscha; 2. Andrew Juengling, aged 22 years, of Matetscha; 3. 
 His brother. Christian Juengling, aged 20 years. Witnesses, Maria Gertrude and 
 Feld Scherer." 
 
 ^ ^ This is probably the town of Toenning, on the river Eider, in Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein. It had once been a fortress. Brunnholtz was a native of this province. It 
 is likely that the "good friend" is the person spoken of in Section 12 of this Con- 
 tinuation, viz., Pastor Ulitsch, of Toenningen. 
 
 ^ 2 These are people who separate themselves from the regular communion of 
 the Church, because the preaching or the practice of the Church, or, it may be, 
 both are not good enough for them. Such characters often suffer under the lack 
 of better knowledge, and from spiritual pride ; and both congregations and pastors 
 should be careful not to give them any footing or any encouragement. Whoever 
 is smitten with separatistic notions should not forget, that he himself is as far 
 fi'om perfection as is the regular congregation, that a Divine blessing is promised 
 to the communion of the Church, and that each individual member is bound to 
 render it his support. Separation can be right only then when the congregation 
 rejects the Word of God and the Confession of the Church, when, after due admo- 
 nition, it persists in this rejection, admits those who are openly ungodly to the 
 Holy Supper, and, in short, refuses to maintain church discipline. 
 
 ^ ^ The following is taken from the Church Records : " At the time of the conse- 
 cration of the church, Oct. 6th, Mr. Pauling's three negroes were baptized, and 
 named, John, Jacob and Thomas. Pastor Brunnholtz, Wagner and Newberg were 
 the witnesses." (This Record is in Muhlenberg's hand.) 
 
 1* At that time the slave trade was in full bloom in this country, and negroes 
 were imported direct from Africa. On March 1st, 1780, the Assembly of the State 
 of Pennsylvania enacted a law (34 ayes, 21 noes) providing for the gradual aboli- 
 tion of slavery and the slave trade throughout the state. See Dr. Egle's Hist, of 
 the Commonwealth of Pa., p. 193. However, we should not forget that it was a 
 very rare thing for a German in Pennsylvania to be a slaveholder ; and that the 
 first protest against slavery in general proceeded from the meeting of German 
 Quakers, in Germantown (Philad'a), April 18th, 1688. The English Quakers, at 
 their quarterly and yearly meetings, laid this protest upon the table, regarding it 
 as of too explosive a character. The original German protest is yet in existence. 
 On this subject, see Article by Prof. Dr. O. Seidensticker, in the " Deutscher Pio- 
 nier," Cincinnati, 1870, '71. 
 
 1 5 At that time, large quantities of bricks, for building, were imported from 
 England. In the Historical Soc. of Pa. at Philadelphia there are to be seen writ- 
 ten contracts with brickmakers drawn up as far back a^ 1710-1715. 
 
 1 « Upon this subject see what Muhlenberg says, at length, in his observations on 
 Example 6th, in the 11th Continuation; also the extract from Gottlieb Mittelber- 
 ger's Journey, etc., 1754, and whatever refers to it in Prof. Dr. O. Seidensticker's 
 "Geschichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft von Pa." 1876, p. 21, sqq. 
 
168 KOTES TO THE SECOND CONTINUATIOX. 
 
 ^ ^ Upon this and other localities consult the List at the end of this work. Ches- 
 ter, formerly called Upland, on the Delaware, 16 miles south of Philadelphia, 
 was a station of Swedish pastors. It was here that William Penn first trod the 
 new world ; and here also the first Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania met, 
 under William Penn, Dec. 4th, 1682. An Episcopal church was built there as 
 early as 1702, upon ground that originally belonged to the Swedes. See Papers, 
 relating to the Hist, of the Church in Pa., 1871, p. 78, sqq. There was no Evan- 
 gelical Lutheran church there. In recent times the Synod of Pennsylvania has 
 endeavored to organize a congregation in this place. 
 
 ^ ^ It was owing to the necessities of the times that such so-called Union churches 
 were erected. In the course of time much ecclesiastical confusion resulted from 
 this ; and the fewer we have of such churches the better. 
 
 . 1 ^ This refers to Easton, Pa. True, Easton can hardly be spoken of as a town 
 in 1745. At that time the locality bore the name "Forks of the Delaware," for 
 the Lehigh and the Bushkill empty into the Delaware at that j^oint. Phillips- 
 BURG, on the east of the Delaware, opposite Easton, was Indian-village already 
 in 1654. The name Phillipsburg occurs on a map as early as 1749. Here 
 there was a Mr. Martin who held the ferry rights, from Tinicum, an island, a few 
 miles south of Easton, up to Marble Mountain, one mile above Easton. The town 
 was laid out in 1750 ; and some years before this, about one mile from the town, 
 on the Philadelphia road, and on the land of Leonard Walter, there stood a 
 church in which the Lutherans held their services. Two baptisms are recorded 
 already in 1733. See 5th Continuation, I. 1747, "In March," etc. It is not known 
 by whom these baptisms were administered. The first preacher was John Justus 
 Jacob Birkenstock, 1740-1744, who preached also in the Jordan Church, at the 
 same time. As early as 1745, 1746, Pev. David Brainerd preached, occasionally, 
 here. This zealous and faithful missionary, who had been sent to the Indians in 
 New Jersey and neighboring provinces, by the Scotch Society for the Propagation 
 of Christianity, remained over a year at the Forks of the Delaware, afterwards 
 Easton, and preached to the English inhabitants, and also, to the Germans settled 
 there. (Fresenius Pastoralsammlungen, 3. Theil, p. 164, sqq., 175, 178, etc. ; 4. 
 Theil, p. 70.) W^e infer from Halle Reports, p. 58, Sect. 17, that Muhlenberg 
 visited the Lutherans here in 1745, and after due instruction, confirmed several 
 young persons. He understood, soon enough, the importance of the place. We 
 find him there again in March, 1747, (Halle Reports, p. 215), and 1745-1749, he 
 and Nicholas Kurtz operate there as occasion requires. In 1749-1753 Pastor Lu- 
 dolph Henry Schrenk served the congregation, and, at the same time, those in 
 Saucon and Upper-Milford. When Pastor Schrenk took charge of the church in 
 Raritan, N. J., a vagrant sneaked in and disturbance followed until, in 1754, Pas- 
 tor John Andrew Friderici settled in Saucon, and then, some years afterwards, 
 became pastor at Easton. In 1762 he moved from Saucon to Smithfield. From 
 May until Dec, 1768, Pastor Daniel Schumacher preached there, once a month. 
 Already in 1762 the congregation on the Philadelphia road was united with the 
 one in Easton, and a building for Divine worship and for a school, in South 3d St., 
 was purchased for 400 pounds (|1066), the congregation in Easton, as appears in 
 the Journal of Pastor Schumacher, having previously worshipped in a schoolhouse. 
 In Dec, 1763, Pastor Bernhard Michael Hausihl, Avhom we meet repeatedly in the 
 Halle Reports, was called to Easton, but he did not remain long. In 1769, Pastor 
 
NOTES TO THE SECOND CONTINUATION. 169 
 
 Christian Streit took charge of the congregation and began the regular Church 
 Records, which were in the possession of tiie congregation at the time when 
 Pastor J. W. Eichards preached a sermon upon its history. Since that time, 
 these S-ecords have been lost. The oldest Book of Records now known was 
 begun by Pastor Dr. Endress. 
 
 The corner-stone of a stone church, in which the Reformed also had a share, 
 was laid June 8th, 1775; and the church was consecrated Nov. 17th, 1776. It is 
 now wholly in the possession of the Reformed. Pastor Frederick Ernst had 
 charge of the Lutheran congregation from June 1780 till 1782; Solomon Friede- 
 rici 1782 to 1798; Pastor Aug. Henry Schmidt 1799 to 1801. Upon his arrival 
 in America he had settled at Tohikon, Pa., in 1795; and furnished an interesting 
 report of his visit to the Synod in York, Pa., 1796, for '' Henke's Archiv," Vol. 
 5, pp. 237, 569. In Nov. 1801, Pastor Christian Fr. Louis Endress took charge 
 of the congregation, and, excepting one year, served it until 1815, when he suc- 
 ceeded Pastor Dr. G. H. Ernst Muhlenberg at Lancaster, Pa., where he remained 
 until his decease. Rev. John P. Hecht was pastor in Easton 1815 to 1845. In 
 1830 the Lutherans separated from the Reformed and erected their own church, 
 St. John's, which they occupy at the present time. The corner-stone of this 
 church was laid May 31st, 1830 ; the church was consecrated Jan. 1st, 1832. Since 
 then the pastors have been as follows: Nov. 1845 to March 1851, Dr. John W. 
 Richards; April 1851 to April 1856, Dr. Charles F. Schjeffer; April 1856 to May 
 1862, Dr. B. Sadtler; Aug. 1862 to Nov. 1867, Pastor B. M. Schmucker; 1868 to 
 1874, Pastor Ed. Belfour; and since 1874, Pastor J. R. GrofF. See M. S. Henry's 
 History of Lehigh Valley, p. 48, sqq. — Sermon of Rev. Dr. J. W. Richards, Eas- 
 ton, 1851. 
 
 2° Probably this is Cohanzey (Bridgeton), Cumberland Co., N. J. 
 
 2 1 This is the region of the river Mohawk. See Fred. Kapp's History of 
 the Germans in the State of N. Y., etc., 1867, pp. 83, 146, 153, sqq. Many 
 Germans had been settled in these parts for a long time, and here the names 
 of the Weisers, father and son, were well known. 
 
170 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUA- 
 TION. 
 
 I. 
 
 Reverend Fathers in Christ! 
 
 Twice already tliis fall, have we been refreshed by your fatherly 
 communications. Having been informed in both of them, that the 
 results of collections and benevolent contributions would authorize us 
 to draw, by Bill of Exchange, for 70 pounds, and again for 50 pounds, 
 we have done so, through Messrs. Baker and Broughdon, Secretary, 
 etc. As some vessels are about to sail we send reports of our work, by 
 them. Two weeks ago I sent a letter and Bill of Exchange by the ship 
 of Mr. Peter Koch, which sails via Ireland. In that letter I have re- 
 ported certain matters only in a general way ; but I hope, at an early 
 time, to speak more particularly. 
 
 Since the arrival of my brethren and assistants I have had very 
 little leisure or rest. I have to be continually traveling upon my 
 horse; the work grows larger and heavier. I was obliged to travel 
 twice, to the province of New Jersey, for the purpose of settling an 
 old, complicated, troublesome conflict between Magister Wolf and the 
 congregations at Raritan. I have also visited Tulpehocken twice. 
 Two diseases have been raging in the country congregations; and this 
 has given me very much to do. Here and there, are congregations in 
 the country which I have visited occasionally. The building of my 
 house also, has embarrassed me. There are two subordinate congrega- 
 tions ( Filials) connected with the church at Providence, for the mem- 
 bers are very widely scattered, some of them living as far as ten and 
 twelve miles distant from the church. Now, because many of the 
 weak and aged members cannot travel so far, and the little children 
 cannot be brought over such distances, to be baptised in the church, I 
 therefore have an occasional service during the week, somewhere along 
 the Skippach, and also, on the other side of the Schuylkill ; for it is 
 often a very troublesome thing for the people to have to ford the river. 
 
 My method in conducting the public services, for about eighteen 
 months, has been this : The sermon itself occupies an hour or three- 
 quarters of an hour. Afterwards, I catechise the whole congregation 
 upon the subject of the sermon; and I have found this to be useful, 
 and not without a blessing. It Avould seem as if a catechism were as 
 necessary for us as is our daily bread ; for, in the schools, the children 
 ought^ to be well grounded in 'catechetical doctrines ; and to do this, the 
 adoption and uniform use of the most suitable terms for expressing 
 such doctrines is important. If our hopes that our beloved Father 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 171 
 
 Ziegenhagen will help us in this matter, should fail us, then we shall 
 have to prepare another regular catechism as the basis of our instruc- 
 tions. If one pastor or teacher adopts his own plan, and another uses 
 the Wiirttemberg catechism, the third that of Giessen, and a fourth the 
 Holstein catechism, confusion would be sure to follow. 
 
 I have therefore, both with heart and voice, continually expressed 
 the hope that his Reverence, the Court Chaplain, would furnish us 
 with a catechism. We prize his beautiful hymn of the Faith, or Order 
 of Salvation (Glaubensliedj most highly; but it has no reference to the 
 holy Sacraments ; and I fear that any attempt to introduce such refer- 
 ence might damage the hymn itself. We might thereby put ourselves 
 in the position of Melanchthon when he undertook to improve the 
 poetry of the hymn, " Nun freut euch lieben Christengmein." 
 
 After closing my last letter I added a note in which I said, in effect, 
 that I had Avished to have two pastors instead of the two catechists. I 
 hope that my reverend Fathers will not take this as though I com- 
 plained about the catechists. Far from it. On the contrary, our tes- 
 timony is that they are true and faithful in their work and that they 
 encourage us to hope for good things. We cannot be thankful enough 
 to God, and to our Fathers for having selected them and sent them to 
 us. I have not yet been informed whether my letter to Dr. Francke, 
 and also my letter to Madame von Munchhausen, and to my own rela- 
 tions, which I had sent via Amsterdam, by a Dutch shijj, have heen re- 
 ceived. Thank God, we are, all four of us, well, so far, and each one 
 is active at his work. 
 
 After long consideration and carefully conferring with each other, 
 my colleague and myself have made the following arrangement: He 
 takes special charge of the two congregations in the city ( Philadelphia 
 and Germantown), and I, of the two in the country, yet with the under- 
 standing that we confer wdth each other about all our official duties, 
 discharge them as associated pastors and occasionally exchange pulpits, 
 etc. My colleague has secured the confidence of the congregations in 
 the city, and his labors among them have been blest ; which is a great 
 joy to me. I hope that patience will still be maintained, and with the 
 help of God, everything will be brought into good order, in due time. 
 The reason for our begging so earnestly that Brother Albinus or some 
 other faithful servant might be sent to us is this : several congregations 
 are worrving us to help them ; and two congregations "on the Raritan, 
 in Jersev, are specially importunate for speedy assistance. They are 
 even willing to bear a portion of the expenses of the voyage. But, 
 delays are dangerous, for false teachers are sneaking about on all hands, 
 and the office of an Evangelical Lutheran pastor has been much scan- 
 dalized by the misconduct of Magister Wolf. I instructed and con- 
 firmed twenty-four adults, a short time ago, at that place. The people 
 expressed their wishes to me, with many tears and great earnestness. 
 
 Philadelphia, Nov. 17th, 1745. 
 
 Muhlenberg. 
 
172 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 I hope that our reverend Fathers will be pleased to give prompt at- 
 tention to the matter concerning Mr. Albinus or some other faithful 
 laborer; for there is periculum in mora. If ue should be so favored 
 as to have Mr. Albinus sent to us, then our wants would be met. Under 
 our circumstances, the object contemplated by the appointment of our 
 worthy catechists is not so satisfactorily attained as it is in the case of 
 regular pastors. It requires as much to support a catechist as it does 
 to support a pastor ; and a pastor can himself teach a school, or place 
 the school under the care of some young person ; but a catechist can- 
 not do the work of a pastor, nor administer the sacraments ; and cate- 
 chists are apt to think that they are of too much consequence to keep 
 school. The school is kept open only in the winter ; in summer it is 
 closed, and the support of the catechist is somewhat expensive. In 
 Providence I have a bright young man who teaches the school during 
 the winter, and in summer supports himself by manual labor. 
 
 Congregations are being formed all around, and if the pastors and 
 catechists are to have a respectable support many a shilling will be re- 
 quired. Mj colleague, Brunnholtz, has to keep a horse in the city, 
 which Mr. Schaum also uses, occasionally. Mr. Kurtz has a horse in 
 New Hanover, and I one in Providence. Here we have first the cost 
 of the purchase of a horse, and afterwards the cost of feeding him ; 
 and yet without horses it is not possible for us to do our duty. I 
 should have written, long ago, to our excellent and sympathizing bene- 
 factor. Rev. Pastor Meier, in Halle ; but I could not find time to do it. 
 During the whole year I have had very little rest, for there is no end 
 to my having to move hither and thither, always on horseback. 
 
 II. 
 
 Eeverend Fathers in Christ! 
 
 I have promised, several times already, to report to you more par- 
 ticularly, upon the state of aflfairs as it is at present. As long as I was 
 the only preacher in this field, not being able to operate at three dif- 
 ferent places at the same time, wailing and lamentation for the want 
 of teachers and assistants prevailed. As soon, however, as God in His 
 Avondrous grace, and by the action of His servants, had sent us three 
 assistants, a heavy burden was taken off of my heart, and I began at 
 once to divide my work, and to lay a portion upon the heart of each 
 of my faithful brethren. It soon began to be noised abroad through 
 the land, that three preachers had arrived. The people here know 
 nothing about catechists, and every servant can play the part of a 
 schoolmaster, who makes his living by school-teaching in the winter 
 and by farm work in summer. We explained, however, to the church 
 oflacers that Mr. Brunnholtz w^as an ordained preacher and the other 
 two were students of theology. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 173 
 
 First of all, we drew up a call in the English language, for the con- 
 gregations in Philadelphia and Germantown, entering our own names 
 as on behalf of the congregations : " By our supplications sent and rep- 
 resented Ministers of the Gospel, according to our unaltered Augsburg 
 Confession, etc., to keep and to maintain, etc." This call or certificate 
 of a call we also wrote in the church book, and then requested the 
 deacons and members of the congregations to subscribe it with their 
 own names, and at the same time to put down, each one for himself, 
 the sum of money that he would contribute every year for the support 
 of the pastor. After this obligation was finished, some dissatisfaction 
 began to be expressed in Germantown, as though they had bound 
 themselves for life ; we preachers might depart from the true faith, or 
 we might grow too old and incapacitated to serve as their pastors ; 
 specially they had tAvo notable examples that constrained them to say : 
 "vestigia me terrent." Preacher Andrese had once made a written 
 contract, for life, with his congregations, and when a member, on ac- 
 count of Andrese's ungodly life, refused to pay, it led to a violent law 
 suit that was expensive for both parties. The other example was that 
 of Magister Wolf, who had been sent from Hamburg to the Karitan, 
 in the neighboring province of Jersey. Instead of building up the 
 congregations he miserably broke them down ; and has been prosecut- 
 ing a suit in court against the people for about eight years already. 
 
 The dissatisfaction, however, above referred to, arose from another 
 source, which I shall now explain. 
 
 ]\Ir. Brunnholtz and myself united together in administering the 
 Lord's Supper in Germantown. During the examination at confession 
 I had, in a spirit of love and meekness, admonished some of the deacons, 
 with reference to certain offences which were so open and public, that 
 even the children on the streets had witnessed them. This enraged 
 these men ; and so they began to work against me in every way. Yet 
 when I stated to the congregation that I would erase my name from 
 the call and see if they would show more respect to my colleague, 
 Brunnholtz, the congregation rose at once against these disorderly dea- 
 cons and moved to excommunicate them ; but the matter was compro- 
 mised and peace was restored. On that same occasion, I requested 
 another man to tarry a few moments as I wished to speak with him in 
 private. He did remain, and I spoke with him about his wife who was 
 often intoxicated, and whose conduct was grossly indecent. Hereupon 
 he was so enraged that it was with difficulty that I escaped his cane ; 
 and afterwards he even threatened to require me to give proof of this 
 charge before the law. This man was excommunicated. He has a 
 house-full of children, the most of whom I have instructed and con- 
 firmed. The children walk upon the whole, uprightly and in a Chris- 
 tian way ; they also attend the church. There is yet a considerable 
 number of such rough branches ; and if we come too close home to 
 their consciences, then they let loose and cry out "What right has the 
 
174 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 priest over me? of course I pay him by the year; but if his preaching 
 does not please my taste, I'll go to another church and get my preach- 
 ing for nothing." 
 
 Other people, however, are so friendly that if they could they would 
 divide their own hearts with their pastor. Such persons often plead 
 with tears that we should not let them suffer for the acts of our oppo- 
 nents. These devout people are for the most part poor. It is a hard 
 thing when the pastor has to depend for his support upon congrega- 
 tions the larger part of the membership of which is yet unconverted. 
 
 Now, to return to the first point : the question arises, what shall be 
 done with the catechists? Are we to introduce them as mere school- 
 masters? In that case they would hardly command the respect or the 
 support to which they are entitled. Shall we describe them and treat 
 them as students of theology? Then people would directly demand 
 that they should preach also, for in this country there are many who, 
 though they have never studied anything at all, do preach neverthe- 
 less and often three times a day. But if there are four clergymen in 
 four congregations, then there will have to be a sermon preached to 
 every one of them every Sunday. Whenever a congregation is not 
 supplied in this respect, then other preachers show themselves, preach- 
 ing here and there in some dwelling-house and holding meetings, and 
 as the people want to hear something they gather about such places. 
 If we would offer to appoint some one to read a sermon to them, we 
 were told that this would not satisfy the people, also " viva vox docet," 
 they added further, w^e can read sermons for ourselves at home and 
 need not to travel four, five, six, seven miles, and to pass through 
 rivers, swamps and thickets for such a purpose. Whilst Ave dutifully 
 respected the inslructions of our fathers forbidding the catechists to 
 preach, we had to consider very carefully what was best to be done 
 under the circumstances. So we had the schools commenced at once. 
 Mr. Kurtz was sent to New Hanover to Mr. Vigera to occupy the new 
 school-house, and the congregation was publicly informed that he was 
 "assistant" (helper) a name well known along the Khein and equiva- 
 lent to "substitute." His chief duty was to teach the school, but 
 besides that he was to assist in preaching, and in the absence of the pas- 
 tor, in casu necessitatis, to baptize infants, which midwives are other- 
 wise permitted to do. Mr. Schaum began the school in the city, and 
 it was settled that he too should render assistance in preaching, and 
 also baptize in casu necessitatis. 
 
 However, as we knew that they had had very little experience in 
 preaching and in catechising we thought it would be advisable for 
 them to commit to memory one of Kambach's sermons on the catechism 
 during the week and then to deliver it on Sunday. In this w ay the 
 catechists themselves would have catechetical truths impressed upon 
 their memories, the congregations would hear a Rambach preaching 
 upon the chief points of the catechism, and so all parties would be well 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 175 
 
 served. Mr. Schaum applied himself very diligently, but it is a pity 
 that he stutters ; he often repeats a word hve or six times and makes 
 mistakes. He has acquired more confidence through his practice, but 
 he has not yet laid off his stammering. Mr. Kurtz was "substitute" 
 in the country congregations, preaching one Sunday in New Hanover, 
 the other in Providence as it is usual lor the catechists to interchange 
 with the pastors. At first he confined himself to the memorizing of 
 his sermon. But as he got along so well in his own opinion and as 
 some foolish people flattered him he began to preach sermons partly 
 extempore and partly his own composition. This we forbade and 
 undertook to prevent, but we cannot ourselves always be present. In 
 a word, in writing his discourses he went so far as to parade personal 
 and private affairs openly in the pulpit, matters and things that had 
 occurred in the private history of the deacons and members of the 
 congregation. This gave me much trouble, and as nearly the whole 
 of my time was occupied, partly in the city, partly in the country and 
 I could not be always with him, the old Adam grew so strong in him 
 that he began to think that he himself was the only preacher in the 
 land and all the rest of us Avere blusterers. 
 
 He bought a horse and saddle for himself for 12 pounds, of which I 
 had known nothing, and he promised to pay during the next autumn. 
 With the meadows and other grounds connected with the school-house 
 there is land enough to support two horses. The members of the con- 
 gregation offer so many kind gifts in the form of meat and drink that 
 there is a superabundance. So a man and his wife, themselves poor 
 people, have been allowed to occupy the old school-house, so that 
 they may wait upon the catechist and attend to his cooking and wash- 
 ing. He raises fowls and capons. In the winter he teaches about 
 thirty or forty children, but this work continues only for half the year 
 because the peo]:)le in the country require their children to work during 
 the summer. He gets five shillings per quarter for each child. When 
 he baptizes a child he is paid one shilling for recording it. When he 
 attends a funeral in my absence, whether of child or adult, he is paid 
 from five to eio:ht shillings according to the circumstances of the family. 
 He can live iik§ a nobleman in Germany. In my heart I wish that 
 he may live in meekness and walk in an humble spirit. 
 
 My reverend fathers, I have to say that if a preacher or catechist 
 from Europe has not been thoroughly converted then we can entertain 
 but poor hopes of him in Pennsylvania. The condition of affairs m 
 this free, strano:e country is such that people are very easily seduced 
 into carnal indulgence and dissolute habits, and for young beginners 
 especially the danger is imminent. 
 
 After great toil and trouble I have, with the help of God, brought 
 the congregation at New Hanover into such a condition that it is now, 
 perhaps, the largest cong^regation in the whole country ; and although 
 it may yet have some wild old branches, nevertheless the Divine bless- 
 
176 APPE>'DIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 ing abounds upon it, and some of its members are specially rich in 
 good works. If Mr. Kurtz were ordained he could, perhaj^s, live here 
 alone, and, at the same time, serve other congregations in the country. 
 My colleague, Brunnholtz, and myself, had prepared a call and in- 
 structions for Mr. Kurtz, in English, and designated him as schoolmas- 
 ter and assistant at New Hanover. This he casually saw and exam- 
 ined in mv absence, and complained about it in a letter to Mr. Schaum, 
 in this stvle : that we had put our heads together and spelled out a 
 call for him, intending to make him a schoolmaster ; but that he must 
 have patience and must put up with it. For this I took him entirely 
 alone, and, with the earnest heart of a brother, I urged him to sincere 
 repentance. He then promised, with tears, to follow the thread, 
 (Faden, Filum) which the fathers had given him. Mr. Vigera va- 
 cated the school-house and moved to the house of a member of the 
 congregation at New Hanover, intending, contrary to my wishes, to 
 keep a private school. However, he is now ready to move to some 
 other place, as we may direct, and take charge of a public school. 
 
 Afterwards I had opportunity, in the country, to become more in- 
 timate with him ; and now I have no cause to complain. He is willing 
 to take advice, is attentive to the school, and whenever he preaches 
 he delivers a sermon of Rambach's Avhich he copies off beforehand. I 
 hope that my reverend fathers will not misunderstand me in these 
 complaints of my heart, concerning matters which have given me 
 trouble. 
 
 I have also to request that my reverend fathers will not allow what 
 I have . here written to come to the knowledge of the catechists ; for it 
 might excite in them a secret mistrust towards us, and even array 
 them against us at last. Mr. Schaum has said, several times, that he 
 would go back to Germany at the end of his three years. Now, I do 
 not know whether our reverend fathers have contracted with him for 
 three years or not ; neither do I know what reason he has for going 
 back ; particularly since his salary is certainly enough to meet his ne- 
 cessities, and probably he has things more comfortable than either my 
 colleague or myself. I have represented to him the great expense of 
 the voyage and the gracious and wonderful leadings of God; and now 
 he is satisfied again. 
 
 To end this subject, here is ecclesia plantanda, in a juncture that is 
 quite critical; and for this work experienced men, strong men are 
 needed, men who will stand in the breach, and in whom great patience 
 and self-denial shall be joined with the daring of a hero. I am not 
 the man, as my reverend Fathers well know; but I hold my excellent 
 colleague, Brunnholtz, to be such a man ; and my wish is, that he had 
 two or three assistants like himself. Then the work would prosper. 
 God could easily find work for me in some obscure corner. 
 
 2. As to my having taken a wife, I can say, that it had always been 
 my intention to remain unmarried; but, very likely, the devil, in his 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 177 
 
 cimning, tried to involve me in a dilemma. I Avas often vexed to find 
 how many people were concerned about securing my welfare through a 
 marriage. When I was in the city I was told, "Sir, you must stay in 
 this country and be with us. I know a good espouse for you. Here 
 or there is an opportunity," etc. When I was in the country, some 
 rude, blunt settler or other would say, " The parson must become my 
 son." Besides, circumstances of a private nature often occurred in the 
 course of my pastoral duty, visiting the sick and the like. Now, had 
 I yielded to the spirit and fashion of the world, and made wealth an 
 object, I would have been involved, very soon. But when I made up 
 my mind to live unmarried then the devil went to work in an infam- 
 ous way Avith gross and outrageous slanders to befoul me and my work, 
 of which I have already given an instance, to wit, the case of that crea- 
 ture who had to undergo public penance in the church. I could not 
 get along without some female attendant. I could not and W(Uild 
 not employ young girls, and old women require servants themselves, 
 etc. Also, when a clerical brother would visit me then such attendant 
 became specially necessary. As to the principle of selection I con- 
 sidered nothing than sincere piety as requisite, such as might be " con- 
 versable " both for myself and for my work. The Lord also regarded 
 my prayers and granted me a young woman who is pure of heart, 
 pious, unpretentious, meek and active. 
 
 My wile's parents are Lutherans by descent, but as religious affairs 
 were in such confusion in this country, my ftither-in-law has had a very 
 varied experience in that respect. He was first awakened by the 
 reading of the church-postils of the sainted Prof ^Francke. After- 
 wards he had some connection with the so-called Sabbath Friends, 
 who insisted so much upon the matter of self-denial and at first had a 
 great following. At the beginning he thought well of them, because 
 they made such diligent use of the writings of the fathers at Halle. 
 This, however, did not last long; then came the followers of Dippel, 
 disseminating his writings also, and the result was that people began 
 to reject Jesus Christ. So my father-in-law left them at once. When 
 Count Zinzendorf appeared and presented the doctrine of atonement 
 through the Redeemer so prominently, he thought he had found the 
 truth at last. The Count paid him great attention at once, for he 
 supposed that by my father-in-law's influence he might find his way 
 open to reach the wild Indians. Indeed, .the Count prevailed upon 
 him to teach several persons the Indian language. He made extraor- 
 dinary efforts to secure this man and his family for his cause. When- 
 ever in the conferences held by the Count any reference is made to a 
 personage of official rank, that personage always is Conrad Weiser. 
 However, he has a wise head and does not commit himself, and as he 
 would not adopt all their plans, the Count said that he had too much 
 judgment (zu viel Yernunft), and that was the reason Avhy he could 
 not go the Avhole length with them. Whilst the matter above sj^oken 
 12 
 
178 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 of was as yet in progress, the Moravian preacher, Pyrlaeus, entered his 
 compkiints and said that it was not at all right for him to give me his 
 daughter as my wife, for the child could have been married to much 
 greater advantage amongst them. Caetera transeant. The whole 
 affair was the occasion of much talk and gossiping, pro and con. But 
 my congregations are w^ell satisfied, and extend to my wife many proofs 
 of their regard and love. 
 
 At first my wife and I lived three months in Philadelphia, and 
 my colleague Brunnholtz w^as occupied in the country congregations. 
 After much deliberation and viewing the matter on all sides, we finally 
 agreed to exchange our positions, and for the folloAvin'g reasons: 
 
 1. When I was the only pastor here, very rarely receiving letters 
 from Europe, and when Preacher Andrese had almost succeeded in 
 raising a rebellion in the congregation in the city, the congregations in 
 Xew Hanover and Providence united in the petition that I should 
 promise them to live and die in the midst of them ; that if no help 
 should arrive from Europe and I would find myself unable to endure 
 the labors of the three congregations, I should then leave Philadelphia 
 and stay with them. Upon this they gave me a regular call, in Eng- 
 lish, as pastor of the country congregations for life, and a deacon pur- 
 chased for me a good and convenient piece of ground for a pastoral 
 residence. As the movements of Andrese, however, were arrested, this 
 whole business remained stationary until the arrival of my colleague 
 Brunnholtz, and then the congregations in the country renewed their 
 request that I should go to them and build my house. 
 
 2. My colleague is of quite delicate constitution, and in the city he 
 can have more prompt attendance and more of the advantages of 
 friendly care. 
 
 3. Again, I will find it more convenient to keep house in the country 
 where the people, though not able to raise much money, can neverthe- 
 less easily pay a salary in the form of provisions and such produce as 
 is necessary for housekeeping. 
 
 4. My colleague would have to rent a house in the country, and I 
 would have to pay a heavy rent in the city, and in the meantime my 
 land in the country would be untilled and unproductive. 
 
 5. The congregations in Philadelphia and Germantown are smaller 
 and more compact than those in the country. 
 
 6. It is much more necessary for a pastor in the country to keep 
 riding about, than for one in the city, and my colleague preferred to 
 stay with Mr. Schaum in the city, and that I should labor with Mr. 
 Kurtz in the country. 
 
 7. Our reverend Fathers had specified Germantown as a supplement 
 in the call given to Mr. Brunnholtz, consequently he has the first right 
 to it. 
 
 8. My colleague in his personal intercourse with city people is able 
 to speak more to their edification than I am. In short, after much 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 179 
 
 consideration this arrangement seemed to us to be the best, and so it 
 shall remain until our reverend Fathers approve of it, or order other- 
 wise. In addition, we have agreed to exchange with each other every 
 four or six weeks, and to confer together upon our work as often as we 
 may have time to do so. 
 
 Now, as the result of all was that I had to move into the country, I 
 found that I had a very heavy undertaking in the building of my 
 house. I am yet in debt for the land, and besides I had to begin the 
 serious work of building empty handed. The congregation itself indeed 
 ought to have built a house for the pastor, but their poverty forbade 
 it, especially as the debt on the church has not yet been paid. So I 
 was compelled to begin the work myself, and it cost me about 200 
 pounds, current money. Although it brings me somewhat into debt, 
 still I have a respectable home wdiere I can raise the necessary grain 
 for my bread, keep a horse, a pair of horned cattle, and keep house 
 with more comfort and economy. Here then we have our earthly 
 abode where we can dry our garments after exposure to storms and 
 rains. We rejoice in the lot assigned to us, that our home is in Provi- 
 dence until we reach the true Fatherland at last. 
 
 During this year in which I have been married I have gone to Tul- 
 pehocken three times. The first time was when I visited the congre- 
 gation there in charge of Mr. Wagner. The second time was when I 
 went to my wedding in company with my colleague Brunnholtz. The 
 third time I went to visit the congregations again, because they had 
 had some disagreement with Mr. Wagner ; I went also for the purpose 
 of instructing the brothers and sisters of my wife and preparing them 
 for confirmation and the Holy Supper. 
 
 As these congregations were not altogether satisfied with ]\Ir. Wag- 
 ner, they begged me to write to our reverend Fathers and so to secure a 
 faithful pastor for them. Accordingly I drew up a petition in the 
 shape of a call in English, which included also a pledge regularly 
 signed by the congregation, that if Mr. Wagner would withdraw, either 
 I or my colleague should serve them ad interim, until our reverend 
 fathers would supply them with a competent pastor. Now, as this 
 congregation is thus connected with Mr. Brunnholtz and myself, we 
 can give a call to any faithful servant whom our reverend Fathers may 
 appoint, in the following articles: 
 
 "We, the Church-wardens and members of the Congregation, desire, 
 call and denominate the Eev. H. M. Muehlenberg to be our lawful 
 and true Minister of the Gospel according to the Augsb. Confession as 
 long as he pleaseth and continues to be a true Minister upon the 
 following Articuls vid: 1) we will assist in every good direction the 
 Kev. Muehlenberg or his successor or whom he sendeth to be our 
 Minister etc. 2) Our lawful Minister H. M. Muehlenberg shall have 
 liberty to send another Minister of the College etc. 3) No other Min- 
 ister shall be admitted to preach or to administer the ordinances in our 
 
180 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 newbuilt Church without the consent of jMr. M. 4) We promise to 
 build a house upon that piece of ground, belonging to our Congrega- 
 tion for the use of our INIinister, and leave the ^vhole church land to 
 him to improve etc. and to feed and to furnish him with all necessaries 
 — as our subscription witnesseth etc. 5) For every funeral sermon 
 shall be payed 5 shillings and for a coupel to join 6 shillings." 
 
 However, as Mr. Wagner had settled matters with them again, I 
 took no further action. But now they have given Mr. Wagner notice 
 to quit, which he himself has reciprocated, and so next spring he will 
 go somewhere else. What is to be done now? The church stands here 
 forsaken. According to my contract we ought now to serve them. 
 If we fail to do it, the Moravians are around decoying the people, and 
 on the other side Stoever is w^orking in his improper ways. Some of 
 these people are willing to contribute something to the expenses of the 
 journey, as my father-in-law is willing to do, but upon the whole they 
 want first to see their pastor. Further, these good people have, by 
 their own efforts, erected a fine, large, stone church, and it would be^ a 
 very heavy undertaking if they had to build a house for the pastor in 
 addition. If our reverend Fathers could and would send them an 
 experienced and gifted man to serve them, we are willing to do what 
 we can ad interim. The Moravians are carrying on their business 
 after a fashion, and still continue to give out that they are Lutherans ; 
 thev have also recently built a small stone church. If a faithful man 
 should come he would find a large field to work in, for the whole 
 country is occupied by Germans, and my father-in-law who is Justice 
 of the Peace is willing to render help in every good work. But what 
 shall w^e do at the present time? The people want us to send Mr. 
 Kurtz ad interim until our reverend Fathers shall send them some 
 one. They are willing to be satisfied so long with a catechist or sub- 
 stitute. If we do not occupy the field others will reap where they 
 have not sowed. So I beg for God's sake that our reverend fathers 
 will again stretch forth their hands to save this new congregation that 
 seems now to be in the last extremity. The Lord who has already 
 shown His power and grace so clearly, and who in answer to so many 
 prayers thrust three brethren into the field last year, the same Jehovah 
 to whom all things are possible will be able yet to find a couple of 
 good men and send them to us. The bad fish as well as the good 
 strain the net and threaten to tear it. Come brethren from Europe 
 and help us to draw it in. Meanwhile we shall sing " Commit to God 
 thy ways." 
 
 2. Last summer several men from the neighboring country called 
 New Jersey came to visit me. They live on the Raritan, where there 
 had been two large Lutheran congregations from 1732 until 1736. 
 These congregations engaged Pastor Berkenmeyer to write to Ham- 
 burg, and in their name to ask for a pastor. In answer to this the 
 Reverend Minis terium of Hamburg, sent a Magister, August Wolf, of 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 181 
 
 Lebegln, to Jersey with appropriate instructions. Tliis Wolf began 
 liis operations by showing himself in New York in the presence of 
 Ydtiiesses yet living to be a " capricieuser " character, full of pride and 
 self-importance. He gave evidence that he had made progress in 
 " humauiority," but that he had neither gifts nor experience in theolog- 
 ical subjects, and specially in preaching. His congregation welcomed 
 him with sincere atfection, and although he read all his sermons from 
 a manuscript, still the congregation had patience with him, because he 
 gave out that he had lost his memory at sea. 
 
 At the very beginning this Magister made himself very familiar with 
 the young women; he wanted to get married, and for his bad conduct 
 in this respect he fell into discredit. So two parties were arrayed in 
 hostile strife, which, however, was settled by Pastor Berkenmeyer and 
 Mv. Knoll, of New York. Yet even afte/ this, Wolf did not attend 
 well to his work, and neither could nor would preach at any time 
 without reading off of his manuscript. He married a farmer's daugh- 
 ter, but he led her a scandalous life, quarreling with her, even beating 
 her. At last he cast her off, after two children had been born to him, 
 bringing a scandalous and infamous charge against her. Yet he was 
 not able to produce before the magistrate any proof of the charge. 
 This miserable life of his, and his unfitness for the pastoral office 
 awakened dissatisfaction in the congregations, so that they refused to 
 pay him the salary that had been promised, and washed to have noth- 
 ing more to do with him. They offered to pay his expenses if he 
 would go back to where he came from, but this he refused to do. He 
 claimed to stand up for his rights, and that he had a call from Ham- 
 burg regularly written and sealed. Mr. Berkenmeyer and Mr. Knoll 
 both took hold of the matter, and complained of the obstinacy of the 
 congregations to the governor. The governor gave orders that the 
 congregations should pay him his salary and retain him in their service. 
 Against this the congregations entered complaint, and plead that he 
 failed to discharge the duties of his office. This led to an exciting suit 
 at law. After a year had passed Mr. Wolf declared, under oath, in 
 the presence of the magistrates that he had fulfilled his office according 
 to his contract; by "contract" he meant the call that had been given 
 to him in Hamburg. After he had so taken oath the members of the 
 congregation were "exequiret," prosecuted, and many of them were 
 arrested even u})on the highway. 
 
 In a word, the result of this matter was, that the office of pastor 
 was miserably slandered, the young people were utterly neglected, the 
 Lord's Supper was not celebrated, the sick were not visited; in fact 
 the desolation was so complete, that it furnished street ballads among 
 the Germans all through America. The congregations, excepting a 
 few families, were completely broken up. These complaints and suits 
 in court continued on for nine or ten years. The civil authorities 
 themselves, at last, grew^ tired of it ; but they did not know how to put 
 
182 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 an end to it ; for, the English authorities have no j^ower to decide in 
 spiritual questions, since these matters belong to the Forum Ecclesi- 
 asticum. 
 
 Finally, the subject was brought before the Supreme Court, which 
 involved the congregations in heavy expenses. The lawyers got the 
 best of it. The members of the congregation sold their property, in 
 part, and moved off to other regions. Mr. Berkenmeyer and Mr. Knoll 
 made several attempts to settle the matter amicably. At one time Mr. 
 ■ Wolf would agree to accept a sum of money and to leave the parts ; 
 but the congregation would not consent to pay him anything. At 
 another time the congregation would ofier to pay him a certain sum ; 
 but he would not consent to take it. A union and reconciliation of 
 the two Avas not possible. Wolf was obstinate ; he would not take any 
 notice of his Avife, nor amend his own habits and ways. The congre- 
 gations, exasperated by the stubborn law-suit, were likewise obstinate, 
 and called Wolf a hireling. In short, within the last ten years, there 
 has been so much scandal, and so much harm done to souls, that even 
 eternity itself might seem too brief to afford a sufficient answer for it. 
 
 These two congregations were importuning me far two years to come 
 and help them out of their troubles. They shed many tears on account 
 of their children who, they said, despised religious instruction, because 
 everything was in such miserable condition. At last the congregation 
 got Wolf to agree, in the presence of the magistrates, that both parties 
 should bind themselves to refer the matter, for final settlement, to an 
 arbitration, according to English law. The arbitrators should be four 
 pastors. Mr. Wolf, for his part, chose two, namely, Mr. Berkenmeyer 
 and Mr. Knoll. The congregations named two of us, on their part. 
 My colleague, Bruunholtz, declined to accompany me, because we 
 could not both be absent from home at the same time. So I took Mr. 
 Wagner along with me, having previously, by letter, informed Mr. 
 Berkenmeyer of these circumstances. 
 
 Mr. Berkenmeyer acted as though he had known nothing about it. 
 He also said that he would have nothing to do with it, because it was 
 a matter of vital importance, which had already been brought before 
 the Supreme Court. He Avanted to be considered only as a Super- 
 numerary. As I Avas on the ground at the appointed time, AA'ith ]\[r. 
 Wagner, Mr. Knoll AA'as there also; but Mr. Berkenmeyer did not 
 appear. Noaa% Avhat should aa^c do ? Mr. Wolf AA'as not much disposed 
 to settle the business ; for he preferred to lead a lazA^ life, and to spend 
 the money which he obtained throuirh distraint. What Avas the reason 
 for Mr. Berkenmeyer's absence? On the part of Mr. Wolf, the affair 
 seemed to be only a sham-battle ; and it looked as if Ave Av^ould haA^e to 
 go back to Pennsyh^ania like April-fools, not ha^dng accomplished any- 
 thing, in Avhich case the authorities might haA^e brought an action 
 against us. All the laAvyers and interested parties AA'ere anxiously 
 Avaiting for the result of the arbitration. As I had possession of the 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 183 
 
 "bond which had, previously, been signed by both parties, I prevailed 
 upon them to make a new bond, and to appoint us, the three pastors 
 then present, as the arbitrators. This was done; and then Ave gave a 
 hearing to both parties. We were occupied for four days and nights 
 in trying to steer through the old law-suits of many years ; and, I can 
 say, that in all my life, I never spent so hard a time or had so disagree- 
 able a work. There was such bitterness of feeling between Preacher 
 Wolf and the congregations, that reconciliation was altogether impos- 
 sible. The congregations asked for nothing but to be set loose from 
 their connection with the wretched character ; and AYolf on the other 
 hand, knew how to philosophize and make oratorical flourishes, like a 
 skillful lawyer, and all to his own advantage. We would willingly 
 have declined taking any action, and referred the matter to the Kever- 
 end Ministerium of Hamburg ; but that would have been contrary to 
 the object of the arbitration. Besides, the civil authorities wanted a 
 settlement, before it should go any further ; and we must act in accord- 
 ance with the laws and constitution. 
 
 1. After much investigation we found, that Mr. Wolf himself was 
 the prime mover, in all the c^uarrels, and the original cause of the 
 whole scandal. 
 
 2. We found that he was an adulterer, who without right, and with- 
 out cause had cast off his wife. 
 
 3. Also, that he refused to be reconciled to his wife. 
 
 4. Further, that he had taken oath, several times before the magis- 
 trate, declaring that he had done his official duty, according to the 
 contract ; and we found the very reverse. 
 
 5. Again, that he had not show^n so much official and paternal faith- 
 fulness to his own son, as to teach him the ten commandments, though 
 he had had him under his care for years. 
 
 Now could we, with any kind of justice, have forced these congrega- 
 tions to acknowledge, as their spiritual guide, a lazy servant, an adult- 
 erer, a perjurer, a wolf, a destroyer of the flock, a man who did not 
 rule even his own house, and compel them to pay him so much every 
 year for his wickedness? The congregations themselves, indeed, had in 
 a measure given offence, by hard speeches ; yet the most of the people 
 were innocent ; and Wolf himself always gave them the provocation. 
 If Ave had acted with strictness there seemed to be no other Avay of 
 ending the matter than by releasing the congregations from all connec- 
 tion with Wolf, for a reconciliation could not be effected. 
 
 Before reaching our conclusion Ave asked Wolf Avhat he would de- 
 mand. He answered in Avriting, that he required a sum of money in 
 consideration of his resigning, Avhen he would surrender all the jura 
 and claims connected Avith his call. I and Mr. Wagner terminated 
 the arbitration, and decided, according to action previously recorded, 
 that the congregations should be released and free. But before Ave 
 had signed and sealed this decision, another plan Avas proposed and ac- 
 
184 APPEIS^BIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 cepted, to-wit : Mr. Wolf declared in writing, that he resigned and re- 
 leased the congregations from all claims and rights that he had ever 
 demanded from them or could demand in future, by reason of his call. 
 In a word, he resigned from both congregations ; and in consideration 
 of this he claimed, after long bargaining, the sum of 90 pounds Jersey 
 money. . 
 
 The raising of this money was then demanded of those persons Avho 
 had not, as yet, been distrained by the authorities, and who had not 
 yet gone to other sects. Those members who had been forced by the 
 law to pay up from year to year said, it is but fair that those who have, 
 never yet, given anything should now help somewhat to bear the bur- 
 den. Now as Mr. Knoll insisted upon it, and Mr. AVolf asked for 
 nothing but a sum of money, and the members of the congregations, 
 in part, as already stated, agreed to this, therefore I and Mr. Wagner 
 yielded the point and declared the conclusion of the whole arbitration 
 in this way : Mr. Wolf sells his call and all his rights for 90 pounds, 
 and the congregations were glad that they could be released for 90 
 pounds, from the grasp he had upon their throats ; although it drew 
 many drops of sweat and blood to raise the 90 pounds, for which Wolf 
 had given them nothing but trouble. 
 
 As the 90 pounds had been accorded to Wolf, it was insisted upon 
 that he should defray the costs of the lawsuit that were yet unpaid, 
 Avhich amounted to between 24 and 30 pounds; and further, that he 
 should deliver up the call and the instructions given him by the Rev. 
 Ministerium of Hamburg, which he had so terribly misused and which 
 had been like a sword in the hand of a maniac. He did deliver up his 
 call and his instructions. The deacons who had subscribed their 
 names thereto, tore off the seal and their names, and gave both seal and 
 names to me ; and if the Rev. Ministerium of Hamburg so desire, the 
 seal that has been so long abused may be transmitted to them or be 
 destroyed, so that it may never come into the hands of a man who 
 might cause such a Reverend Ministerium to be blamed, and cast such 
 a blemish upon our Evangelical Lutheran religion in this western 
 land. Mr. Wolf was so highly pleased with his money that he forgot 
 his troubles. 
 
 As tne business had now come to an end, Mr. Berkenmeyer began 
 to storm out against us in a long letter, in which he cries and laughs 
 and groans, and calumniates, and slanders and reviles, and threatens 
 to enter a complaint against me before the reverend Consistory of 
 Hamburg. For this reason I have written to the reverend Fathers so 
 as to be ready for whatever may come out of it. I can produce writ- 
 ings and living witnesses in proof of all that I have said above, and 
 even of much more, if it should be demanded. The arbitration was 
 held last August. In November, the two congregations on the Rari- 
 tan requested me to visit them, and to help them into some kind of or- 
 der. I could not refuse although it was more than seventy miles dis- 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 185 
 
 tant from Providence. Accordingly I went, expecting to spend about 
 two weeks with them. I gathered their youth together ; I instructed 
 twenty-four young and older persons, and afterwards confirmed them, 
 on which occasion they were deeply impressed in heart. 
 
 The young people had indeed been very successful in learning the 
 chief parts of the catechism; and although they had done this in 
 the Dutch language, nevertheless, they understood the German, and 
 could give very correct answers. I administered the Lord's Supper 
 in both congregations, which had not been done for many years. 
 Those who went to the communion were, for the most part, people 
 who had had nothing to do with Wolf, having come into the country 
 after the troubles had been begun. The older members of the congre- 
 gation also had first given Wolf what was due him and had made friends 
 with him. O, there were many tears of joy shed among the older peo- 
 ple as they witnessed the confirmation of their children. Their spirit 
 revived as did the spirit of Jacob, and they said, it is enough, if our 
 children who have been wandering like lost sheep are only found and 
 brought back again. Both congregations have instructed me to peti- 
 tion our reverend Fathers to send them a pastor, under the following 
 conditions : 
 
 1. That he accept the call by way of trial, for three or four years. 
 They have been so terribly disappointed once already, that a chill runs 
 over them whenever they hear anything said about "subscribing;" 
 and, whilst trusting in God, we ought to be a little easy with them in 
 this matter. 
 
 2. The two congregations are willing and able to give a faithful pas- 
 tor a generous support. 
 
 3. They are also willing to pay the expenses of the pastors' journey; 
 provided, they obtain a good one. 
 
 Now, if the door be once opened for us here, we can extend our 
 operations in the surrounding regions. But alas ! alas ! The congre- 
 gations are open, and the Moravians are already on the borders, and 
 working for opportunity to enter in. According to my experience, the 
 people in Jersey have much more reverence and respect for religion 
 and Divine worship than they have in rough Pennsylvania. "Die con- 
 gregations have entreated us to allow our assistant, Kurtz, to serve 
 them until our reverend Fathers can send them a regular pastor. 
 Now, what should be done? If we act too promptly we may deserve 
 to be reprimanded. If we delay to act, conscience might reprove us. 
 If I were one with the Moravians, I would soon have laborers and as- 
 sistants enough. O, my God ! Thou hast all power to help, and wilt 
 help in time of need. " Thy every act is blessing, thy course is per- 
 fect light." I will sing with my brethren, "Commit to God thy ways." 
 O how gladly would I see our Evangelical Church set forward on a 
 better course in this land. Here the old saying comes in, "Either — 
 or." If we sleep, others will enter in. The expenses of the journey 
 
186 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 •would, perhaps, be the heaviest item ; but I hope that, with the help 
 of God, they can be met. So, for the present, our petition and earnest 
 desire is firm in this, that two messengers of peace may be sent to us, 
 who will be satisfied, salario Apostolico, and help us to build up the 
 walls. 
 
 4. The affair of preacher Andrese still awaits the decision of the 
 court. He is a vile slanderer and calumniator, ever abusing us and 
 our Fathers and the Court Chaplain Petersen ; one while calling us 
 all Moravians, and another while, cursed pietists. He slashes about 
 violently in his responsis, specially Avhere the title of our gracious King 
 appears in capital letters. The authenticated copy was quite useful 
 and satisfactory to me ; but it would be still better if we could obtain 
 also the Acta from Zweibruecken. 
 
 5. The last new pastor in charge of the large German congregation in 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by the name of Neuberg, from Sweden, openly 
 joined the Moravians, last November. The Moravians appointed a great 
 conference in Lancaster ; and this brought out Mr. Neuberg and those of 
 his congregation who were like-minded with him, to declare themselves. 
 They attended the meetings of the conference. When Mr. Neuberg 
 after this, undertook to preach in the Lutheran church, there were 
 about eighty persons who opposed his preaching in the church, any 
 more. Another party stood up for him and led him in and, between 
 them, they came very near to blows and violence. Some of them went 
 to the church with guns and swords in their hands; and even the 
 women mixed themselves up in the mess and were among the loudest 
 and the boldest. The affair will, no doubt, be regularly investigated by 
 due course of law, in the court. Mr. Neuberg professes to be a genu- 
 ine Lutheran ; and calls us Pietists, against whom so many royal Man- 
 data can be produced. Mr. Neuberg also maintains the following pro- 
 position, to wit, that a man can be a genuine Lutheran and also a j\Io- 
 ravian at the same time. Now we are publicly recognized as Lutheran 
 preachers, in this country. We must either maintain the opposite, or 
 acquiesce in the above proposition. Neuberg's congregation, for the 
 most part, appeals to us, and says that we are Lutherans, and cannot 
 harmonize with the jNIoravians either in doctrine or in government. 
 But as Neuberg does harmonize with the Moravians, therefore he can- 
 not be a genuine Lutheran preacher ; consequently cannot be our pas- 
 tor. Neuberg runs in the opposite direction, and argues thus: a man 
 can be a genuine Lutheran teacher according to the Augsburg Con- 
 fession and the Symbolical Books even if he does maintain a connection 
 with the Moravian brethren. But Pietists and Moravians cannot har- 
 monize. Now, as this affair may lead to serious results, I respectfully 
 beg our reverend Fathers, to obtain from unbiassed Universities, spe- 
 cially from Tuebingen, and if possible, also from Sweden, an answer to 
 the following question : " Do the Moravians of the present day come so 
 near to the Lutherans in doctrine and in church order, that both par- 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 187 
 
 ties can unite in common, teaching and helping each other in the offi- 
 cial work of the church and the school ? " As for ourselves, we have 
 reason to believe that it cannot be. But if we have responses from the 
 Universities our views might probably be more distinct. We shall 
 exercise all possible caution, so as not to become entangled in the mat- 
 ter. We shall remain neutral. However, if the civil authorities should 
 demand an explanation of us, we must be able to give our reasons, for 
 here we occupy a public position. 
 
 6. I have spoken about the aftairs of the churches in letters sent off 
 already. I cannot, at present, report any special official acts; this I 
 reserve for my next communication. As to the rest, I commend our 
 whole concern and work in this land, and specially my beloved breth- 
 ren, myself and my wife to your paternal and' continued affection, to 
 your prayers and intercessions. 
 
 I remain, for life, your Reverence's 
 
 Most obedient son and servant, 
 
 Muhlenberg. 
 Providence, Dec. 12th, 1745. 
 
 P. S. — The letters accompanying this, relate to our own affiiirs and 
 connections. The Fathers will excuse us, if they prove to be burden- 
 some. If they reach Europe safely, opportunities will offer from time 
 to time, for transmitting them to their proper places. 
 
 P. S. — Perhaps Mr. Fabricius will be so kind as to enclose the letter 
 for the Consistory of Darmstadt in an envelope, and direct it properly. 
 
 III. 
 
 Report of the Arbitrators on the Affairs of Wolf. 
 
 Reverend, Learned and Honored Friends and Brethren in Christ. 
 
 May it please your reverences and honors to accept the Repqrt which 
 we the undersigned venture to lay before you respecting a controversy 
 that has long been notorious and lamentable, and now, at last, is ter- 
 minated between the Rev. Magister Wolf and the congregations on 
 the. Raritan in. Jersey. It would be too great an abuse of your pa- 
 tience and your time, which is demanded by much more important 
 interests, if we were to repeat all that belongs to the case, part of 
 which has been noised abroad for the last ten years, and part not yet 
 reported. We describe this controversy as a lamentable " action," for 
 our experience has sufficiently convinced us that it has brought much 
 odium upon the Evangelical Lutheran Faith, which is as yet so little 
 known in this free country, has requited the praiseworthy zeal of your 
 reverend ministerium with ingratitude, has broken up the congrega- 
 tions and reduced Mr. Wolf himself to actual poverty. 
 
 In the year 1743, three men came from Raritan to Pennsylvania, 
 
188 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 and requested the Lutheran preacher in Philadelphia, Henry ]M. Muh- 
 lenberg, to visit them and to make an effort to bring the unhappy 
 quarrel to an end. He declined, however, so to do, saying that he was 
 so overwhelmed with work in his own field that it was impossible to 
 grant their request. 
 
 In the year 1744, they came a second time begging him with tears 
 and for God's sake to inquire into the matter, because everything was 
 in a state of the deepest confusion and their poor, young people Avere 
 in danger of being utterly ruined. His answer was that he could do 
 nothing at all in the affair, because it had been placed in the hands of 
 the civil authorities. 
 
 In the year 1745, these men came again and stated that a Justice of 
 the Peace, Mr. Mueller, of Raritan, had advised both parties to com- 
 mit the matter to the; judgment of an arbitration, adding that the civil 
 authorities were tired of the whole subject and not disposed to handle 
 it any longer, because they saw that, hoAvever it might be decided, ruin 
 was sure to come at last. 
 
 Your reverences will allow us to make a statement at this point. It 
 is well known that, by virtue of an Act of Parliament, all Protestants 
 from foreign countries have the privilege of taking up their abode in 
 the English-American colonies, and of becoming naturalized after seven 
 years residence, and thereby partaking of all the privileges that belong 
 to a native Englishman. As to religion there is only one church re- 
 cognized as established and which depends upon the Archbishop of 
 London* as its Chief Inspector. All other associations of Protestants 
 are tolerated, according to another Act of Parliament, and enjoy the 
 right of conducting their religious services according to their own con- 
 fession and order ; provided only they continue to live as law-abiding 
 and peaceful subjects of the king. Now, according to this, whenever 
 a dispute occurs in the high church, the Archbishop is the Chief Judge. 
 But when a quarrel breaks out in any of the other Protestant congre- 
 gations the Archbishop has no power to act, and the civil authorities 
 have no right to decide upon questions concerning religion and the 
 church, because the laws do not cover these matters. For this reason 
 the Protestant congregations in this country, if they really wish to 
 maintain their order, have to take the greatest pains to secure among 
 their own numbers the presence of wise men who will know well how 
 to judge in small matters, I Cor. 6 ; and how in weightier affairs to 
 take counsel with their several consistories and their inspectors regu- 
 larly chosen. If we make an appeal to the civil authorities we thereby 
 show disrespect to the duly constituted consistories and superintendents 
 of the Church, expose our own infirmities and give ourselves over into 
 the hands of the lawyers, and then tedious and expensive law suits 
 follow. The lawyers know well how to twist spiritual things into a 
 worldly shape. 
 
 * This should be Bishop; there being no Archbishop of London. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 189 
 
 For example, when a dispute about the salary breaks out between a 
 preacher and his congregation, then the lawyers take up the call given 
 to the preacher, the instructions and other documents that have been 
 regularly signed and sealed, and make it out to be a business contract 
 or bargain, such as between a master and a servant. The master re- 
 fuses to pay the stipulated wages and finds fault with the work of his 
 servant ; but the servant maintains, with the aid of witnesses, or under 
 oath, that he has rendered the service required by the contract, conse- 
 quently the master is obliged to pay. If he refuses to pay, a writ of 
 execution is issued, a matter of such prompt action that men are often 
 arrested even upon the highway and soon forced to come to terms. 
 We cannot deny that Magister Wolf committed a great mistake when 
 he brought this business to the notice of the civil authorities in the 
 way in which he did it, maintaining for years that he had lived up to 
 his contract, giving occasion to so many writs of execution, forcing his 
 spiritual children to pay what they had earned by hard work into the 
 pockets of the laAvyers, and showing so little regard for his call and 
 instructions, especially since there are so many places in the world 
 where men may find bread if they will first seek the Kingdom of God 
 and His righteousness. 
 
 According to the English laws, when a disputed matter has long 
 been before the court and the lawyers of both parties have grown tired 
 of it, seeing perhaps that their clients have been already plucked bare, 
 the judges usually refer the business to an arbitration. 
 
 1. For such an arbitration both parties must agree in selecting three, 
 four or more impartial men who may be able to investigate the subject 
 fairly, and who know so much about English law as to avoid a decision 
 that might be in conflict with it. 
 
 2. The parties bind themselves by mutual obligations, pledging a 
 sum of money, to abide by the decision which the arbitrators having 
 first made their investigation, draw up in a written document, regularly 
 signed and sealed. 
 
 3. Each party has the right to choose its own men, who may be 
 either clergymen or laymen, provided only they are subjects of the 
 kingi 
 
 4. In the agreement a certain time is specified at which the whole 
 business must be finished. 
 
 5. The arbitrators are bound to affix their names and seals to the 
 final decision before the expiration of the day that has been agreed 
 upon. 
 
 6. If the specified term should prove to be short, both parties may 
 agree upon a new arrangement for extending the time. 
 
 7. In case one party should prove refractory and refuse to comply 
 with the terms of the obligation, that party is mulcted in the amount 
 of money specified in the agreement. 
 
 8. If the arbitrators, having investigated the matter, fail to reach a 
 
190 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 iinanimous decision, then the majority of their votes determines the 
 business. For example, if there are three arbitrators, two of them 
 may declare the final sentence, although the third may dissent, and so 
 too when the number is larger. 
 
 9. The final decision having been regularly signed, sealed and pub- 
 lished on the appointed day, in case either party should refuse to ac- 
 cept it, the fine specified in the agreement is exacted of that party, and 
 the whole afiair may have to be handled again from the beginning. 
 
 10. In case the protesting party should discover that the arbitrators 
 have drawn up their final decision in conflict with the English laws, 
 they may give the arbitrators great trouble and have them fined, etc. 
 
 Now, the men from Raritan, spoken of above, would not stop annoy- 
 ing the preacher Muhlenberg, and begging him, with tears, to act as 
 an arbitrator, in their interest. To the same effect they solicited 
 Magister Tobias Wagner, an Evangelical Lutheran preacher, who for- 
 merly had labored as a faithful pastor at Horkheim in Wiirttemberg, 
 afterwards in a German colony in New England and finally, in German 
 congregations in Pennsylvania, to serve them as a second arbitrator. 
 Magister Wolf selected the reverend Pastor Berkenmeyer and Pastor 
 Knoll, of New York, as arbitrators on his side. 
 
 Of course, no one would willingly consent to take part in a quarrel 
 of such delicacy, complicated in the highest degree, odious and of long 
 standing, a quarrel in which the civil authorities and crafty laAvyers 
 had already worked themselves weary. Neither would it have been 
 necessary to give the affair any attention, if the interests of our whole 
 church, the integrity of a Reverend Ministerium, the welfare of Mr. 
 Wolf and of the scattered congregations had not appealed to our 
 hearts. As it was the earnest wish of both parties that the matter 
 should be settled by an arbitration, and as the civil authorities also 
 urged it, it might have been decided by other persons, without our tak- 
 ing part in it, and perhaps, with greater precision. 
 
 In advance of a writ of execution Mr. Wolf had always to declare, 
 under oath, or prove by witnesses, that he had rendered the service 
 prescribed by the contract; but the congregations also were able to 
 show, that he had not complied with the required terms, in all respects ; 
 for his unhappy marriage and other hindrances rendered such compli- 
 ance impracticable. Before Preacher ^luhlenberg and Magister AVag- 
 ner had given their consent to act as arbitrators, the former addressed 
 a letter to the revernd Pastor Berkenmeyer referring, with the best in- 
 tentions, to the subject in dispute. In this letter he distinctly presented 
 the question whether we would not be rendering a service to Mr. Wolf 
 by encouraging him to go back to Europe? It was not intended, in 
 the least, to do harm to any person ; but the humble opinion was that 
 in Europe, there occur, both in churches and in schools, opportunities 
 of many divers kinds for putting a weak instrument in strong hands to 
 do such work as it may be fitted for; that such opportunities are more 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 191 
 
 frequent there than in this free country where the Church is yet to be 
 planted; and esi)ecially, in this phice, where it is impossible to rectify 
 the unhappy marriage of Mr. Wolf, or to cover over the otieuces that 
 have resulted from it. The answer to this and to other questions niay 
 be found in the accompanying extract from the communication of Mr. 
 Berkenmeyer, under Letter A. 
 
 In July 1745 the three men from Raritan came to Pennsylvania 
 again and reported that Mr. Wolf had made a solenm contract with 
 them before a Justice of the Peace to secure an arbitration and a " final 
 sentence," both parties obligating themselves to abide by the decision 
 in all points, under a penalty of 55 pounds. If Mr. Magister Wolf 
 had had the slightest respect for his Superiors, the Rev. Ministerium in 
 Hamburg, he should have first asked of them, whether he could, with- 
 out prejudice, enter into any such contract? But the affair had already 
 gone too far under the reach of the civil law ;. and the authorities 
 wanted to be rid of it, because they saw that it was working ruin to 
 the subjects of the king. A correct copy of the contract is furnished, 
 marked B. Among the items of this contract it may be observed, that 
 Mr. Magister Wolf made choice of the reverend Pastors Berkenmeyer 
 and Knoll ; and the congregations, for their part, selected Pastor Muh- 
 lenberg and Mr. Magister Wagner, to serve as arbitrators in order that 
 a "final sentence" upon the whole quarrel might be delivered on or 
 before the first day of August, 1745. In fixing the date, Mr. Magister 
 Wolf might have shown more wisdom than he did; he might have 
 postponed it for about a year, and this would have afforded us an op- 
 portunity to transmit a respectful statement of the whole afikir to the 
 Rev. Ministerium in Hamburg. We Pennsylvanians had no other 
 thought than that Mr. Magister Wolf would, without fail, secure the 
 attendance of the reverend pastors from New York. 80, we set off 
 upon the journey. Mr. Magister Wagner had the distance of 126 Eng- 
 lish miles and Muhlenberg 70 miles to travel. High waters and muddy 
 roads delayed us so much that we did not reach Raritan before July 
 31st. Here we met his reverence, Pastor Knoll, but not Pastor Berken- 
 meyer. This circumstance disturbed all three of us, very nmch, for 
 only about 18 hours remained before the time fixed upon for the settle- 
 ment to expire. His reverence. Pastor Knoll, promptly addressed a 
 friendly invitation to Mr. Magister Wolf, dated July 31st, a copy of 
 which we furnish herewith marked C. 
 
 On August 1st, Mr. Wolf and several members came to the appointed 
 place. Now, it was impossible to settle up this prolix and complicated 
 aflfair within the space of 12 hours; so, another arrangement had to be 
 made; and we could not expect the attendance of his reverence, Pas- 
 tor Berkenmeyer. Three plans had to be considered. 
 
 1. Mr. AVolf would have to appoint some one in place of Mr. Pas- 
 tor Berkenmeyer, yet with the consent of all parties; but this could 
 not be easily done. 
 
192 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 2. With the consent of the congregation, he might make another 
 contract, and, invest the three arbitrators, then present, with full power. 
 If something like this were not done before evening, then nothing re- 
 mained but 
 
 3. He would have to pay the penalty of 55 pounds. 
 
 For us three it would have been the easiest thing to use the existing 
 circumstances as an excuse, and to go home at once. Mr. Wolf would 
 have had to pay the 55 pounds, or been reduced to submission and 
 brought to utter ruin, — however, if we respect the Rule of Christ, 
 " whatsoever ye would that men should do," etc., we can follow a gen- 
 tler way. If the principle of worldly legislation, fines and penalties, 
 be insisted upon, then honor, reverence, love are slighted, and nature, 
 flaming with unholy passion, has the mastery. So, Mr. Wolf could 
 not otherwise help himself; with the consent of his opponents he had 
 to enter into another contract, appointing three arbitrators, and fixing 
 the period on or before August 8th. 
 
 Here, your Reverences might remind me of what I have already 
 said ; and inquire why the period was not extended for one year, as has 
 been said above? We answer with all reverence, that this was imprac- 
 ticable for either party. Mr. Wolf wanted money, and the authorities 
 were not willing to wring out any more by writs of execution. Besides 
 this, as he said, he owed 30 pounds to his lawyers ; and the members of 
 the congregation were not willing to depart from the provisions of the 
 contract. Under the terms of the first contract it could have been 
 more easily done, before Mr. Wolf had signed and sealed it. We be- 
 gan on August 1st, and continued the hearing of both parties in the 
 presence of each other, until August 5th. I cannot describe how 
 wearisome, tedious and confused we found the affair to be, the one 
 party always denying what the other party confirmed. The time was 
 wasted in accusations and recriminations. His reverence, Pastor Knoll, 
 represented and defended Magister Wolf honorably, in the best spirit, 
 doing everything that a father could do for his own child. The other 
 two arbitrators defended the interests of the congregation ; and Avhen 
 all three of us were alone we were unanimous in the earnest wish that 
 both parties might be favored with the very best advice, that the inter- 
 ests of the whole church might be promoted, and that the praiseworthy 
 zeal and labors of the Very Reverend Ministerium of Hamburg might 
 be held in thankful remembrance. 
 
 Although his reverence, Pastor Berkenmeyer, was not willing to at- 
 tend, yet we proceded diligently to work, in accordance with the in- 
 structions you had given us, under Letter A. It was, however, impos- 
 sible for us to make everything practicable, as Pastor Knoll himself 
 testifies, in a letter to Pastor Berkenmeyer, dated Sept. 16th, 1745. 
 See copy under Letter D. We spent the half of one day in trying to 
 reconcile ^Ir. AVolf and his wife, and to bring them together again; 
 in the belief that thereby a great stumbling stone would be taken out 
 
Appendix to second continuation. 193 
 
 6f the way. But it was all in vain. Mr. Wolf could not give up his 
 suspicion, which appeared indeed to be rooted in him, that his wife 
 had been guilty of gross adultery ; and his wife said that she bore yet, 
 upon her body, the blue marks of the blows he had given her. She 
 added, that she would rather go about begging, with her two youngest 
 children which Mr. Wolf had allowed her to keep ; that ever since he 
 had left her she had supported herself and her children, living in great 
 poverty ; and that she had got nothing from her husband, and nothing 
 at all of the money which the writs of execution had wrung out from 
 the congregation, as Pastor Berkeumeyer supposed she had. 
 
 We then undertook to ascertain whether it would be possible to 
 effect a reconciliation between the pastor and the congrega'tion. We 
 discovered, however, that the long continued and odious law-suits had 
 wounded the feelings of both parties too deeply. Some of the old mem- 
 bers who had put their names on a list for paying the salary of Mr. 
 Wolf were dead ; some of them had moved off to other places ; others 
 of them had joined the Anabaptists; for every person was very anx- 
 ious to get out of the quarrel. The young people had grown up un- 
 trained and wild, and the Germans who had come to the region in the 
 meantime, would not add their names to the list of the congregation. 
 Very few of the old subscribers yet remained ; and those of them who, 
 as elders of the church, had signed the call and promised to pay the 
 salary, had to bleed miserably; for Mr. Wolf insisted upon the pay- 
 ment of his salary, though he was unable to conciliate them, and to 
 discharge his official duties, having on so many accounts become in- 
 competent. In addition, these men were the more deeply irritated for 
 the reason that the payment of the salary depending upon them, they 
 were often hunted up by the constable and the sheriff, and even seized 
 and arrested upon the highway. 
 
 ^ Whoever understands the condition of affairs in America will feel 
 his heart sink within him as he takes an impartial view of such pro- 
 ceedings ; which, he will be constrained to add, bring irremediable in- 
 jury and scandal upon our Lutheran religion. However, we ought 
 to make a distinction and judge righteous^ly. Although the people 
 may be described in general, as uncivilized and barborous, as indeed 
 they are in a measure, yet w^e should remember that such communi- 
 ties include people of all classes. The smallest number have had the 
 advantages of an education. Generally, they have been brought up 
 in the hamlets of Germany and among the ruder classes. So, if they 
 lack culture, and now and then indulge in uncouth phrases, we have 
 to putup with it; for they still seem anxious to hold on to the religion 
 of their fatliers, and are ready to contribute a portion of their ow^n 
 limited income towards the support of a pastor who may know how 
 to accommodate himself to very straitened circumstances. Under 
 these conditions, we preachers ought to be the more careful to watch 
 over our infant congregations wath a father's love, and not to conduct 
 13 
 
194 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 ourselves as their taskmasters. If some bold, audacious spirits occa- 
 sionally talk loudly about shooting you, it does not follow from this 
 that they will do it; and it is not always fair to reason a particulare 
 ad universale. 
 
 After all our laborious efforts to reconcile the two parties, we did 
 not know of one solitary person Avho was willing to support Mr. Wolf 
 anv longer; and Mr. Wolf himself was as immovable as rock. In a 
 pajper written by himself, and which he delivered to us Aug. 2d, Mr. 
 Wolf stated that he would surrender his call and release his congrega- 
 tions from their obligations to him, upon condition of their paying him 
 in cash ; his reasons for this offer being, the great infirmity of his mem- 
 ory, an overwhelming depression of spirit and the irreconcilableness of 
 his congregation. For all this see copy. Letter E. If we had strictly 
 obeyed the rules for an arbitration, we would not have taken any no- 
 tice of any proposal either on the part of Mr. Wolf or of the congre- 
 gation. During the following days we endeavored to make a more 
 thorough investigation of the quarrel and of its causes. Mr. Wolf 
 demanded that we should start out with the last agreement that was 
 made between the parties, renewed in 1735 and written both in German 
 and in Low Dutch. This agreement, he asserted, had been violated 
 first of all by the congregation, and that the congregation thereby 
 became responsible at law. But we decided: 1. That Mr. Wolf 
 himself had caused the first violation of the agreement by declining to 
 administer the Lord's Supper to a sick person when he had been re- 
 quested so to do ; 2. That he had not made diligent efforts to preach 
 ex-memoria as he had promised ; 3. That he had not strictly adhered 
 to the New^ York Kirchenagenda, as he had been bound to do; 4. 
 That he had applied the force of law to extort from the people his 
 payments in money of a different kind and more costly than that 
 which had been specified in the agreement ; 5. That he had kept on 
 increasing his offences connected with his matrimonial relations. Un- 
 der these circumstances we could not throw all the blame upon the 
 congregation, nor pronounce Mr. Wolf entirely innocent. We could 
 discover no decretum curiae, for there had been none pronounced. In 
 some points the congregation pleaded guilty and professed its readiness 
 to submit to the proper penalty, but we could not possibly prevail 
 upon them to accept of Mr. Wolf as their pastor any longer. After 
 this we begged Mr. Wolf and the congregation to allow us to petition 
 the civil authorities for permission to refer the whole matter to the 
 Right Reverend Consistory of Hamburg with the view of obtaining 
 their " Final Sentence ; " all legal processes being suspended in the 
 meantime until the answer should arrive. Against this the congrega- 
 tion raised no special objection, but Mr. Wolf strongly opposed it as 
 soon as he heard that the legal processes would be suspended, which, 
 however, was sure to be the case in any event, because the civil au- 
 thorities were heartily tired of the whole affair. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 195 
 
 His Eeverence, Pastor Knoll, was very urgent in begging Mr. Wolf 
 to accompany him to New York and establish a Latin school in that 
 city in the meantime. The other pastors requested him to go with 
 them to Pennsylvania and teach school there. However, his own 
 opinion was, that as he had been called to preach the Gospel, the work 
 of teaching school would injure his character. Now, as he could not 
 be persuaded to anything and seemed bent upon bartering his vocation 
 and his claims, for money, or going on to the utter ruin of himself and 
 the congregation, and as we ourselves were in a sharp dilemma, we 
 considered at once how we might put an end to the matter. 
 ^ Accordingly, with the aid of the protocol w^e drew up several ques- 
 tions, general in their character, which we submitted to Mr. Wolf and 
 the congregation, requesting answers from them. These questions he 
 did answer, signing the answers with his own hand in the presence of 
 the whole congregation and of disinterested witnesses. See Letter F. 
 Now, simply as an experiment, the two arbitrators who represented 
 the congregation extracted from this document, written and signed by 
 Mr. Wolf's own hand, a certain kind of declaration in the form of a 
 "Final Sentence," and submitted it to his Reverence, Pastor Knoll, so 
 as to obtain his opinion. Pastor Knoll did not judge it advisable to 
 affix his name to this paper, consequently the other two arbitrators 
 erased their signatures. This form of "Final Sentence," which had 
 been prepared by way of experiment, might have been thoroughly 
 amended and so arranged that the whole business could have been re- 
 ferred to the judgment of the Very Reverend Ministerium of Hamburg 
 if Mr. AVolf would have consented to such reference. But as he 'did 
 not show the least inclination so to do, we three arbitrators kept very 
 quiet and allowed Mr. AYolf to go on talking and proposing to suit 
 himself. Mr. Wolf wanted a considerable sum of money, and the con- 
 gregation were not willing to pay him much, because, as they said, 
 they had got very little for it. The few deacons who were under bonds 
 for the payment of the salary, and who had been suffering for a long 
 time from the burden and the heat, anxiously desired to have the 
 business settled, so that they might be released from their oppressive 
 load. Others were more resolute and would not listen to any proposi- 
 tion about paying money. Mr. Wolf advanced in his demands, and 
 at last stopped at 90 pounds. At first he had offered to surrender his 
 call and all his claims for 50 pounds, then again for 70 pounds ; but 
 now he insisted upon 90 pounds. Now, as he would not yield a far- 
 thing from this sum, we were compelled to address the congregation in 
 very positive terms, and to employ divers arguments in order to per- 
 suade them to consent to pay it. After much talk on one side and on 
 the other, the three men of the other party who had been personally 
 responsible for the salary agreed to pay the 90 pounds on condition 
 that Mr. Wolf would pay his own expenses incurred by the prosecution 
 of the suit. But how were the 90 pounds to be raised? The men 
 
196 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 who had been bound for the payment of the salary had paid Mr. Wolf 
 in part already, a writ of execution to that effect haying been issued 
 against them. The members of the congregation, among the hills, 
 fearing an execution, had also paid in great part. Against the ma- 
 jority of the other members living at Rahway an execution for part of 
 the salary had already been issued. So nothing was left for us to do 
 save to impose the heaviest tax upon the people of Kahway, although 
 the church was very weak, having lost some of its people who had 
 gone off" to the Anabaptists, and including in its membership tAvo poor, 
 honest negroes who had been converted by the Lutheran doctrine, and 
 other poor persons besides. The levying of this tax stirred up a very 
 bitter feeling in the hearts of all upon whom it fell, except the two 
 poor negroes. Some were enraged and asserted that INIr. Wolf was a 
 very Judas, and that he was more concerned about his purse than 
 about needy, perishing souls. He did not mind this, however, and was 
 well pleased that the business had progressed so far. We arbitrators 
 had to put up with many a hard speech ; the people informing us that 
 as Lutheranism was so unjust they would never have anything to do 
 with it hereafter ; that many a poor man would have to sell his clothes 
 and his cattle before the money could be raised to pay these wages of 
 unrighteousness. We, however, heard all in a patient spirit and held 
 our peace. 
 
 !N^ow, as the two parties had thus entered into a final contract, Mr. 
 Wolf himself having specially proposed it, our arbitration came to 
 nought ; and there was nothing left for us to do but to direct our in- 
 fluence towards the raising of the money and also, to act as witnesses 
 of the agreement. Accordingly, his reverence. Pastor Knoll, in the 
 name of the individuals representing the two contracting parties, drew 
 up the agreement, in writing, embodying therein the 90 pounds as the 
 sum specified. See copy. Letter A. After this document had been 
 regularly signed, the men whose names had been attached to the call 
 and agreement of 1735, asked Mr. Wolf to surrender the paj^ers by 
 wdiich he had hitherto been worrying them with his WTits of execution. 
 Mr. Wolf delivered them up very willingly. As far as we could ob- 
 serve, they did not disturb the body of the document, but satisfied 
 themselves with tearing off their own names which had been subscribed 
 to it. To tell the truth, these papers were already pretty well used up 
 in the tedious law suits and the skirmishes of the lawyers. As arbi- 
 trators we had nothing to say about this affair ; because as soon as the 
 parties had closed the contract, our power of arbitration was ended. 
 Even Mr. Wolf himself took no further interest in these papers; but 
 kept in a good humor, being busy in receiving a part of his money and 
 in writing receipts for it. 
 
 After these men had torn off their names, the pastors from Pennsyl- 
 vania took charge of the papers, and are prepared to deliver them up 
 to the Right Reverend Miuisterium whenever they may be demanded. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 197 
 
 The foregoing is the whole history of the affiiir; this we have certified 
 by our names subscribed ; and if the Right Keverend Miuisterium shouhl 
 require it, we are willing to confirm it by a solemn oath, here, in the 
 presence of an officer of the government. We therefore most humbly 
 beg, that your High and Most Excellent Reverences may take the fore- 
 going statement into your calm and impartial consideration, and then 
 kindly inform us whether, whilst thus acting under the imj^erative 
 force of circumstances, we have erred in the conclusion we have 
 reached. If we have erred it was certainly the result of infirmity and 
 not of intention. AVe declare, before God, that His own glory, the 
 w^elfare of the whole church, the noble efforts of your Right Reverend 
 Ministerium and the peculiar circumstances of both parties pressed 
 heavily upon our hearts. We would have pronounced ourselves happy 
 if we could have kept ourselves clear of the matter, with a good con- 
 science, as Pastor Berkenmeyer did ! Happier still would we have been, 
 if w^e could have snatched away from the jurisdiction of the civil au- 
 thorities a matter far too weighty for our weak judgment, and trans- 
 ferred it, for full and final decision, to the riper judgment of our 
 Fathers of the Reverend Ministerium ; thus bringing so many impossi- 
 bilities within the range of the possible. But, 1st, we were not able to 
 furnish Mr. Wolf with a good memory in spiritual things, although in 
 wordly affairs his memory was so keen that he knew and could relate 
 all about the veriest trifles that had occurred twelve years ago ; 2d, we 
 found it impossible to reconcile him to his wife. His reasons for dis- 
 carding his wife and their two youngest children proceeded chiefly 
 from his own suspicions and prejudices, as appeared in an accusation 
 touching this matter which he laid before us in writing. He asserted 
 that the youngest child w^as the offspring of a negro, though no one 
 could detect the slightest sign of this; but on the contrary, his own 
 features were very strongly displayed upon the face of the child. In 
 the mean time the poor woman had found it hard to get along with her 
 two poor children, not having had the least help from the father, and 
 indeed, nothing at all, except what some compassionate people bestowed 
 upon her. We examined these two children who had been under the 
 care of the mother, and found that they could read somewhat and had 
 learnt some out of the catechism. Mr. Wolf himself had had his son, 
 of ten years of age, under his care ; and led a very irregular life with 
 him, during the time of his separation from his wife. We examined 
 this poor child, but he did not know even the ten commandments. 
 Their separation was scandalous, but their living together as man and 
 wife was even more absurd. He had the creature with him for three 
 months before he married her. For some time after their marriage, he 
 would put a seal upon his doors at night, and if per chance, the night- 
 frost or an agitation of a door would produce a crack in the sealing- 
 wax he would call his wife the most infamous w , cuff her and beat 
 
 her, so that he became the song of the young people, and the old made 
 
198 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 themselves merry over their dominie ; 3d, Mr. AVolf did DOt possess the 
 graces of meekness and patience, and a friendly manner. For this 
 reason a certain mistrust was started already, upon his first arrival in 
 New York. Yet, notwithstanding this, he was received by the congre- 
 gation as an angel from heaven, and many gifts were liberally bestowed 
 upon him. INIr. B. P., a man of easy circumstances, offered to give 
 him a home in his own large and comfortable residence ; but he de- 
 clined the offer and that in a rude, harsh manner. AVhen, at the be- 
 ginning of his work, he was advised to make earnest efforts to preach 
 from memory, as having been sent to be a preacher and not a reader, 
 his answer is said to have been, "these boors will have to put up with 
 it, and even if they do not, still they will be compelled to pay me my 
 salary." Several of them testified that he very soon became enamoured 
 of a farmer's daughter ; that this young woman had acted as sponsor 
 for the first infant he baptised, and that directly after the baptism he 
 asked the deacons, where this girl lived? (We pass over the very offen- 
 sive observation that follows.) Now, although his reverence. Pastor 
 Berkenmeyer, and Pastor Knoll had taken the deepest interest in him, 
 admonishing him kindly and earnestly, and had effected a reconcilia- 
 tion in 1735, and established a new contract thereupon, still, it would 
 not stand. In this new contract he pledged himself to do all that his 
 call had demanded of him. He promised to preach from memory. He 
 bound himself to observe the Order of the New York Kirchen-Agenda, 
 strictly, and, in the payment of his salary, to be satisfied with New 
 Jersey money. At the same time, the congregation was bound to erect 
 a pastor's residence for him within four weeks. The day after the 
 making of this contract had hardly dawned, before ]Mr. Wolf, having 
 been earnestly entreated to visit the daughter of Christian Streit, then 
 on her death-bed, and to fortify^ her with the Lord's Supper, refused to 
 do it ; and this gave occasion to new and deep dissatisfaction. Further, 
 he made no effort to preach from memory, but kept on insisting upon 
 the new house that was to be built. After the contract was closed he 
 continued to be as stubborn as before, would not follow the Order of 
 the Kirchen-Agenda, as had been stipulated, and did not understand, 
 at all, how to catechise the children, asking them questions on deep, 
 theological subjects the first time he met them. On one occasion he 
 visited the school and plunged, at once, into a quarrel with the school- 
 master. It is true indeed, that the people reported hard things against 
 him, but he himself did not spare them, giving them the same measure 
 as they had given him. 
 
 The congregation had begun to build the house according to the 
 contract, but it was not finished within the four weeks, and as Mr. 
 Wolf had first broken the contract, the congregation would not allow 
 him to occupy the house, even after it had been completed. Mr. Wolf 
 then consulted the lawyers who advised him to break the house open 
 and move in sometime during the twilight, between day and night. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 199 
 
 Then if complaint should be brought against him he could plead that 
 he did not break into the house either by day or by night, and that he 
 was occupying it according to stipulated terms. Mr. Wolf followed 
 this advice, and he had hardly got into the house during the twilight, 
 before a mob of loose, boisterous women gathered together and dragged 
 him out in broad daylight after considerable squabbling among them- 
 selves. Such sad affairs, of course, occasion great scandal in this free 
 country where all kinds of sects so plentifully abound. 
 
 4. Mr. Wolf himself first undertook to wrest the decision of the 
 matter from the jurisdiction of his ecclesiastical superiors, and to drag 
 it before the civil authorities. We know very well what difficulties 
 are encountered in Europe, when, as occasionally happens, the author- 
 ities of the Government undertake to impose a restraint upon a com- 
 munity, or upon a parish ; how much less can we expect to result from 
 the intervention of the brachium seculare in this strange country, 
 where other laws prevail. It is a great blunder to allow things to 
 come to such a pass. When legal process is resorted to then confidence 
 is gone. 
 
 5. The fact that Mr. Wolf, prior to the writ of execution, declared 
 upon oath before a magistrate, that he had done his duty and fulfilled 
 his contract, could not otherwise than occasion great scandal. It is as 
 clear as day that he never preached twdce on any one Sunday, as his 
 " Instructions " demanded ; and even, that having kept on reading off 
 an old sermon for six consecutive Sundays, he Avould hardly stop it 
 then. It is also clear that he never visited the sick, and otherwise 
 neglected his duty. 
 
 6. When in violation of the contract he forced the people to pay 
 him in better money than had been agreed upon, he gave an offence 
 that could not be tolerated, for such conduct tramples upon honesty, 
 and its impressions are altogether unfavorable. Now^ as we saw that 
 the congregations were gradually dying out ; that in the ten years that 
 followed the last contract only two young persons had been prepared 
 for the Lord's Supper and confirmed; that the congregations them- 
 selves had not celebrated the Holy Supper in nine years ; that the sick 
 had been neglected and the schools not visited; w^e most urgently 
 begged Mr. Wolf to consent to a change and seek to make himself 
 useful in teaching school. But urgent as we were, it was in vain. 
 
 7. On the contrary, Mr. Wolf was pleased to keep house in a most 
 miserable way, with his son, unwashed, uncombed, lounging about m a 
 lazy life, and living upon the money which he obtained by the writ of 
 execution. At this time, however, he seems to live in peace and to be 
 better satisfied ; as both he and his son are giving attention to the cul- 
 tivation of a piece of ground. 
 
 8. We had no authority to leave the main question in suspense ; for 
 the arbitrators were appointed for the very purpose of effecting a final 
 decision and determining an aAvard; to which effect Mr. Wolf had 
 
200 APPENDIX TO SECONJD CONTINUATIOK. 
 
 himself given surety in the contract, to the amount of 55 pounds. We 
 could apply no outward force, nor any raisonments that would prevail 
 to obtain Mr. Wolf's consent to refer the matter to the final judgment 
 of the Very Reverend Ministerium of Hamburg. At the very begin- 
 ning, we could not even persuade him to come to an understanding 
 with the Keverend Ministerium, as had been desired. 
 
 9. We could not prevent Mr. Wolf from making a bargain with his 
 congregations and bartering off his privileges and rights for money ; 
 stabat enim j^ro ratione voluntas. 
 
 10. We could not hinder the men who had been personally respon- 
 sible, from tearing off their names from the call and the contract of 
 1735; for Mr. Wolf had delivered up these papers; and, in considera- 
 tion of their paying him 90 pounds, the opposite party wanted to be 
 saved from further troubles and executions, as had been agreed upon. 
 
 Now, after the whole affair had been thus terminated, the congrega- 
 tions paid to each of the arbitrators 3 pounds, Pennsylvania currency, 
 as a recompense for their services. Mr. Magister Wagner had to ride 
 252 miles on horseback, and Muhlenberg 140 miles, in like manner, 
 and to spend six weary days and nights in the tedious work. What 
 Mr. Wolf gave to his reverence. Pastor Knoll for his hard journey and 
 labor may be easily imagined. So, no one can say, with clear con- 
 science, that bribes and gifts had blinded the arbitrators; for Mr. 
 Wolf himself put an end to the transactions of his own free will. As 
 to the rest, ^Ir. Wolf is now at liberty to devote himself to school teach- 
 ing or to preaching in other regions, where he is not known ; for the 
 German people have spread themselves from north to south in America, 
 over more than a thousand miles. Yet, if he should prefer to till the 
 ground and to continue separate from his wife, he may be able to sup- 
 port himself in that way, and earning his bread in the sweat of his 
 brow, he may enjoy it more than to depend upon writs of execution. 
 
 We humbly beg then, Very Reverend Sii-s, that you may be pleased 
 to honor and to instruct us with a gracious answer, setting forth the 
 view which your impartial judgment and kindness takes of the subject,, 
 as also defining in what manner Ave, who are now laboring in this re- 
 mote and desolate wilderness, so far away from our honored patrons 
 and fathers, should conduct ourselves. We entreat further, that you 
 will not cease to remember and plead for each and all of us and our 
 inftmt congregations, in your earnest prayers. 
 
 We remain with life-long veneration, Very Reverend Sirs, your most 
 obedient servants and fellow-laborers in the gospel. 
 
 The Three Arbitrators. 
 
 Muhlenberg, 
 
 Wagner, 
 
 Knoll. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 201 
 
 IV. 
 
 Extract of a letter of Pastor Berkenmeyer's, dated "Lunenburg, 
 May 20th, 1745," addressed to Pastor Muhlenberg, Philadelphia. 
 
 " In testimony of the profound respect I owe you, my dear brother, 
 I answer the questions you have addressed to me, and what is implied 
 in them, as follows. 
 
 1. That my attendance has not been asked, as I have already stated. 
 
 2. That I am, by no means, willing to allow the settlement of the 
 afiair to be thrown upon my own responsibility alone ; and that I am 
 as little inclined to enter into it merely as a supernumerary, in com- 
 pany with others. 
 
 3. That I am well convinced, that according to human judgment, it 
 is impossible to bring about a good understanding between the two par- 
 ties; and at the same time, that it is just as impossible to send Mr. 
 Wolf off to Europe, if he is not ready to go of his own accord ; fur- 
 ther, it is not possible for him to do more good in Europe than he can 
 here. Indeed, if I may venture to say what I think or dream, he is to 
 be handled as a person wdio is vix ac ne quidem compos mentis. Beg- 
 ging your pardon, I venture to ask a question, would not this be either 
 simply making a victim of Mr. W. or an imputation against the Rev. 
 Ministerium (.of Hamburg), to the effect that they had sent the con- 
 gregations a madman, whom we, hereby, throw back upon their hands, 
 adjnstrinam, etc.? 
 
 Your Reverence remarks incidentally, that Mr. Wolf's appeal to the 
 law w^as an occasion of reproach to him, in Pennsylvania. In hypo- 
 thesi, I have never approved of Mr. W.'s proceeding; but in thesi, I 
 thank God that He has permitted him to find a refuge behind the 
 shields of the earth. AVho can help it if a sharp knife in the hands of 
 a madman should become a broadsword? Who can prevent profanum 
 vulgus from avoiding the bit and the bridle, when they boldly say, Sve 
 are determined not to submit ; ' and when they regard our liberties as 
 licentiam impune peccandi? It is indeed, contrary to sound reason to 
 call a pastor and then, under the influence of selfish caprice, to order 
 him back again to the place from which he came. It is contrary to the 
 laws of the land to allow the meanest Karst (illegible) to come into 
 the province, or into a county, or even to move into a house, and then 
 cast upon the county the burden of his maintenance. 
 
 As far as I am informed, the issuing of the writ of execution every 
 year, is, not so much for the advantage of Mr. W., as for the support 
 of his wife and children, after the separatio a thoro, coram judicio, was 
 confirmed. If the congregation had not undertaken, by means of the 
 woman, to dig a pit for Mr. W., perhaps they would not have fallen 
 into it themselves. Your Reverence writes, as the people also report, 
 that the harm done to the congregation and the scandal is clear as day. 
 No one can deny this; but can the people tell who i^the Auctor rixse? 
 
202 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 The people talk a great deal, and most frequently without any founda- 
 tion for their talk ; often per hysteron proteron, to say no more. Ought 
 not the complete Acta to decide the affair? Now, these records wdll 
 make it very clear that Mr. W. of course, has to be the victim ; but 
 they will also reveal who the people are that have brought him into 
 that position. I except casum divortii; but they who may now be 
 burnt with this matter, have, themselves, been pouring oil ujDon the 
 fire. 
 
 As to the rest, your reverence says that I should come to the relief 
 of Mr. W. and of the congregation, should help to put an end to the 
 miserable affair, should issue some formal order to that effect, should 
 spare you the wearisome journey and should send in my sentiment, in 
 writing ; to all of which my respectful reply is, that I have read these, 
 your requests, with astonishment and trembling ; especially, since these 
 things are proposed as proofs of the sincerity of my zeal for the welfare 
 of the whole Church, etc., etc. If I am not mistaken, the consequence 
 of my so doing would be, that the weight of all the mischief and the 
 scandal would fall upon myself, or that I would be responsible for it. 
 Indeed, I am thoroughly convinced that the good hand of God has 
 saved me from being burdened with such an onus, angelicis humeris 
 tremendum, and so protected me, even when I was compelled to 
 meddle in the business, that the Righteous Judge will not demand the 
 blood of the down-trodden at my hands : as little can I be held to ac- 
 count for that which has not been committed to my charge. 
 
 Your reverence may observe from this, that as far as I have been 
 able to see, there has been no demand made upon me, either from the 
 one side or from the other, to take the least interest in the subject. I 
 hope, therefore, that you will most graciously excuse me from entering 
 into the matter more fully than I do in this present writing. From 
 the beginning until the present time the congregation has treated Mr. 
 W. so unreasonably, in such an unchristian and barbarous manner, 
 that it would be hard to find any case that could exceed it in coarse- 
 ness. If, which may God forbid ! they should ruin themselves for time 
 and for eternity, they have only brought the ruin upon themselves. 
 Before Mr. W. appealed to the brachium seculare, which they had pre- 
 viously employed against him, he demanded no more than £50, promis- 
 ing, on that condition, to give up the congregation altogether. But 
 then their answer was, not a "witje" shall he have. The Decretum 
 Curiae will make it plain enough that no butcher knife was flourished 
 in the face of the congregation ; but, on the contrary, there was em- 
 ployed a praiseworthy zeal in the interest of Justice, and a commenda- 
 ble prudence in seeking to promote the welfare of both parties. But 
 the congregation being unwilling to make up with Mr. W. ex decreto 
 superiorum, or to seek further advice and assistance, one said that he 
 would pay Mr. W. with a bullet in his head, and others resorted to all 
 kinds of Chicanen more for the purpose of ridiculing Justice than Mr. W. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 203 
 
 Pendente lite, the congregation got Langerfeld, the poulterer, to draw 
 up a complaint, with the intention of thereby underhandedly securing 
 a cons, decisum, upon their one sided statement; keeping the whole 
 affair to themselves, so that Berkenmeyer should know nothing about 
 it. Now, as this attempt did not result as the fools intended, and as a 
 copy of the whole proceeding had been promptly sent to me, all respect 
 for the Fathers of the Consistory was gone, as well as that for Berken- 
 meyer himself As I had received orders from the Reverend Minis- 
 terium to report the whole business to them, it has, accordingly, hap- 
 pened that I have placed all the original documenta in the hands of 
 the Rev. Senior Palm ; and although I begged that express instruc- 
 tions might be given to the Rev. Pastor Knoll, whose influence was yet 
 acknowledged in the congregation, the Rev. Senior sent him nothing 
 but a verbal salutation by Rev. Pastor Sommer. 
 
 After the death of Rev. Senior Palm I addressed my renewed peti- 
 tion to Rev. Senior Wagner, requesting also that the documenta should 
 be carefully preserved, at least, in case the Reverend Ministerium 
 should not come to a final decision. But upon all this nothing but 
 altum silentium has followed. 
 
 So, it is clear that the whole affair has passed away from my hands ; 
 that possibly, but hardly, may a Cons. Decisum be expected from the 
 Reverend Ministerium of Hamburg ; that the affair of Mr, Wolf really 
 belongs no more to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, but to that of the 
 Government ; that the annual issuing of the writ of execution was not 
 so much for Mr. Wolf's benefit as for the support uxoris repwdiatte ; in 
 short that the whole affair is a nodus Gordicus. In the meantime, with 
 your kind permission, I will give you my videtur, by way of expressing 
 the great gratification I have derived from the efforts of your reverence 
 to put an end to the miserable affair. 
 
 1. I, for my own person, must be left out of view; for the reason that 
 neither Mr. Wolf nor the congregation has any confidence in me. They 
 may say why? or rather acknowledge: non possum dicere quare. I 
 can say Avith Richard Baxter : " I have made a wedge of my bare hand 
 by putting it into a cleft, and both sides have closed upon me to my 
 pain." 
 
 2. It would be advisable for your reverence and Mr. Magister Wag- 
 ner, acting under the advice of the congregation, to admit the Rev. Pas- 
 tor Knoll, as an associate, to your deliberations. He is well posted in 
 the matter ; and, as already intimated, he is Ordinarius to divers per- 
 sons in the congregation. 
 
 3. Before the Commission begins to act, both Mr. Wolf and the con- 
 gregation should be put under bonds, and so, obligate themselves ac- 
 cording to law to abide by your decision, whatever it may be. 
 
 4. The main question may be held in suspenso, and in statu quo, as 
 res judicata ; or investigated only from the last periodo. 
 
 5. The Decretum Curiae must be accepted as basis, so as to ascertain 
 
204 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 whether the parties have complied with it. For, suppose, that Mr. 
 Wolf is not able to preach, or is uot willing to preach, how can the 
 Court shield him against its own decree ? Or, suppose, the congrega- 
 tion is not willing to hear him, nor, in their habitual stubborness, to 
 allow him to preach. AVho will say that that is right ? or, who will 
 find fault with the decree ? In my opinion, if the congregation were 
 able to prove impotentiam on the part of Mr. Wolf, the writ of execu- 
 tion would die out of itself. 
 
 6. Also, the reply which the Rev. Ministerium has already sent to 
 the congregation might be hunted up, so that the advice therein given 
 might be followed as far as it is practicable, both at present and for the 
 future. In doing this, no one would get his fingers burnt. 
 
 7. Posito, Mr. Wolf is reduced to such a pass that his impotence or 
 his negligence cannot be denied ; then the Court must be petitioned to 
 grant permission to the congregation to request the Consistory to re- 
 move him, and to send them another pastor, according to our Church 
 Order, by which both the congregation and Mr. Wolf are bound. 
 
 8. Posito, the congregation is at fault, some excusing themselves on 
 the plea, that it is not possible to bring all heads under one hat ; then 
 the stubborn spirits will have to come to Mr. Wolf, with the hat under 
 the arm, and beg him to give them kind words only ; as also, in con- 
 sideration of a specified sum paid once for all, to leave the congregation 
 and relinquish his claims against it. 
 
 9. Upon these conditions I most solemnly assure your Reverence 
 that my votum, or my signature or whatever it may be called, shall not 
 be withheld; and especially, that if Mr. Wolf should prove to be unfit 
 for his position, or inefficient or otherwise irraisonable, I will do my ut- 
 most to oppose him, through his Excellency, Governor Morris, even as, 
 in conjunction with Rev. Pastor Knoll, I have formerly exerted myself 
 in his favor. But I would specially insist upon this, that the congrega- 
 tion be not encouraged in their malignity and stubbornness, but rather 
 be led deeply to repent before God, for having, with very few excep- 
 tions, sinned so grossly, among other ways, by their bold assertion, * we 
 will absolutely have nothing more to do with Pastor Wolf The peo- 
 ple^ at Rahway began to sing this song, already, four weeks after his 
 arrival, and taught the rest to sing after them what is written in Gal. 
 vi: 6, 7. 
 
 Under the heavy load that oppresses my heart I still cry and pray 
 to God, that your Reverence and your pastoral work, and the matri- 
 monial alliance into which you have recently entered, may be crowned 
 with thousands of blessin(?s from above. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 205 
 
 V. 
 
 Pastor Knoll to Pastor Berkenmeyer. 
 
 New York, Oct. 16th, 1745. 
 Reverend and Learned Pastor — Dear Brother ! 
 
 The writing of Mr. Muhlenberg's of May 1st, your reply of May 20th, 
 and your Reverence's letter to myself, of Sept. 18th, have all been re- 
 ceived. The two first together with a copy of the last are herewith re- 
 turned to you, as you have desired. 
 
 As to the whole affair, it would have been satisfactory to me, 
 
 1. If your Reverence could have been personally present on the spot. 
 
 2. If, in your reply to Mr. Muhlenberg, you had written the conclud- 
 ing part of your letter of Sept. 18th to myself, instead of items No. 7 
 and 8, as they appear in the letter to Mr. M. In your reply to Mr. 
 Muhlenberg's friendly letter of May 1st, inviting you to be present, 
 your Reverence states that you would not come, because, etc., etc., 
 ' neither of the parties had any confidence in you.' Whereas, the con- 
 trarv appears, as well in the bond given by both parties as in the invi- 
 tation which Mr. Wolf sent to you. At the same time, your Rever- 
 ence, in your second item, advised Mr. Muhlenberg to include me as 
 an associate in the settlement : this was done. 
 
 3. You advised that both parties should be put under bond : this 
 also was done. 
 
 4. The main question may be held in suspenso (this, too, was the 
 case) and only in statu quo, or investigated from the last periodo, 
 alone. This also would have been done if it had not been contrary to 
 the very design of the Arbitration, and according to the proverb — 
 "wasch mir den Kopf, aber mache ihn nicht nass," (wash my head, 
 but don't wet it). In the bond which both parties signed, Mr. Wolf 
 and the congregations proposed a very different course ; and the Arbi- 
 trators, following this course, had to consider the main question: other- 
 wise they might have stayed at home. 
 
 5. Decretum Curiae could not be made the basis of our action ; be- 
 cause Curia had never pronounced a decision. As your Reverence is 
 aware the reply Rev. Consistorii Hamb. was wholly impracticable; for, 
 since the vear 1741, peace between the parties has been altogether im- 
 possible ; and with their charges and counter charges they could not 
 come to a good understanding. For my part, I could have wished 
 that, in respect to the charges and counter charges, the testimony ot 
 the Protokoll might be left out of view ; but upon Mr. Wolf s declar- 
 ing that he would rather resis^n his position, this suggestion was not 
 adopted If your Reverence had made matters plain to him, given 
 him your advice in this point and insisted upon his obedience, then my 
 proposition might have prevailed. ^ , 
 
 6. ^Ir. Wolf pronounced himself incompetent ; complaining for ten 
 
206 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 years, and on Aug. 2d and 5th, of the weakness of his memory ; he 
 also asserted that he was incapacitated by reason of the incorrigible 
 <jonfusion in his family affairs and in the congregation. 
 
 7. Mr. Berkenmeyer directed, that if the people of Raritan could 
 not all be put under one hat (I take this to mean, that if they would 
 not all be satisfied with Mr. Wolf,) then they should come to an agree- 
 ment with Mr. W. upon the basis of a certain sum of money, upon re- 
 ceiving which he should, once for all, resign his charge and relinquish 
 all beneficia juris. Now, in the first place, as the people of Raritan 
 were all, to a man, unwilling to have anything more to do with Mr. 
 Wolf; in the next place, as Mr. Wolf had often, prior to 18 months 
 ago, assured Mr. Mueller, Justus, that he would resign his position for 
 50 pounds, and within the last 18 months had demanded 70 pounds ; 
 in the third place, as Mr. Berkenmeyer had advised (here the lan- 
 guage of Mr. Berkenmeyer is copied unabridged in this No. 7, and as 
 far as is necessary in the other quotations), and, in the last place, a« 
 Mr. Wolf had given his consent on Aug. 2d, no unfair means having 
 been employed to influence him, who would or who could prevent the 
 settlement Ave reached ? (Sirach 10 : 29.) It cost us trouble enough 
 to obtain the approbation of the people. To bring the people up with 
 the hat under the arm was an impossibility, quite as much so as Mr. 
 Berkenmeyer himself experienced in 1738, when he found it impossi- 
 ble to get them to ask Mr. AVolf's pardon. Neither did Mr. Wolf 
 himself desire this ; he was too well pleased to get his money and to 
 write his quittances. Throughout the whole transaction he showed no 
 regard whatever for his ofiice, his calling or his reputation. 
 
 8. Berkenmeyer promised, most solemnly, to affix his signature and 
 votum, if Mr. Wolf should be pronounced unfit, or unwilling, or forte, 
 lazy, or otherwise irraisonable. This the arbitrators have regarded 
 mere passive, and have done nothing in respect to it, except that they 
 have avoided throw^ing any obstacle in the way of Mr. Wolf. Accord- 
 ingly, Mr. Berkenmeyer 's votum and signature, as promised, might be 
 requested, since we have found that Mr. AVolf failed to render the ser- 
 vice to which he was bound. This was established by the fact that he 
 hardly ever preached regularly for six successive Sundays, and, under 
 the most favorable circumstances, never twice on the same Sunday; 
 that he never visited the sick, and did not even teach his son, ten years 
 of age, the ten commandments, etc., etc. All this may well be pro- 
 nounced unfitness and unwillingness. Further, as to his being irrais- 
 onable, your Reverence knoAVS well how that is, from his former wil- 
 lingness to resign his position. His refusing to visit Christian Striet's 
 daughter when she was on her death-bed, his own admissions in causa 
 divortii were pressed home upon him, but all in vain. Concerning the 
 last point, your reverence has perhaps never Avritten to him with more 
 hearty earnestness than we were able to bring into action in our per- 
 sonal conversations with him at this time. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 207 
 
 What your Reverence says about suspension, deposition, expulsion, 
 appears to me to be without foundation ; and I have to say the same 
 concerning your protestation on behalf of a deposed or suspended pas- 
 tor, for the question about a final decision or decretum did not come 
 before us, neither was sentence pronounced against Mr. Wolf, dismiss- 
 ing him from his office. As to the two reverend arbitrators who rep- 
 resented the congregation and were properly paid by the congregation, 
 it may not be absolutely clear quo animo they proposed it, but this is 
 clear, that he, Mr. Wolf, did himself voluntarily resign his office, etc., 
 etc., and thereby did forfeit and relinquish all his beneficia juris voca- 
 tionis. The document of vocation was mutilated or torn, but as far as 
 I am aware this was not done at the instigation of the arbitrators. At 
 the request of B. P. the call was laid upon the table, and when I saw 
 this done I sadly thought with myself: Accessorium sequitur suum 
 Principale, as Vespasian said at Jerusalem. If the temple is gone, 
 what need of a priest? If Mr. Wolf leaves his office what use for a 
 vocation ? 
 
 From all this it follows that your Reverence should be concerned, 
 not about the arbitrators, but about Mr. Wolf, that your protestations 
 should be directed to him, that you should reprove him if he has lost 
 his office and his good name, and that you should encourage him to 
 seek, by proper efforts on his own part with the help of God's Grace, 
 to recover what he has lost. If any other congregation should desire 
 his services, the Acta Arbitrii show simply what was done, not that we 
 have deposed him from the office, but that he resigned of his own ac- 
 cord on account of weakness of memory and other difficulties. If his 
 memory should be restored and the other difficulties removed, he will 
 be at liberty to accept a call elsewhere. 
 
 In P. S. you will find a reference to H. Neis. For several years he 
 attended our services at Rah way in the Kloove, and in the spring of 
 last year he invited me to visit him to hold divine service in his house, 
 as his wife could not comfortably travel on horseback. The elders of 
 my church approved of my accepting the invitation, and during the 
 week after the first Sunday after Trinity they sent to convey me to the 
 place. Two weeks afterwards, and when I was about thirty miles 
 from Yvischkill, I could not obtain the use of a horse, otherwise, I 
 would, no doubt, have gone to Lunenburg. Whilst thus serving at the 
 invitation of Mr. Neis, I preached for the first and last time ; that is 
 twice on the same day. I was not aware that the locality was con- 
 nected with Ancrum or Stissing. They told me it was called Dover. 
 I knew that they had occasionally heard Mr. Berkenmeyer preach 
 within the region "^ belonging to Loewenstein. But if they do hear Mr. 
 Berkenmeyer once in a year, what harm can it do if they hear another 
 pastor who preaches to them without envy and without ill will ? In 
 answer to my inquiries I was informed that they were Mr. Berken- 
 meyer's friends and people of good character, and so I do not see how I 
 
208 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 could be guilty of more offence or interference than Mr. Berkenmeyer 
 himself was, when, whilst traveling in the highlands among my friends, 
 he held religious services. Indeed, I offer my most hearty thanks to 
 Mr. Berkenmeyer for his trouble, and give my friends credit for their 
 interest in the good work on all occasions. 
 
 As to Mr. Sommer's action, I cannot just noiv express an opinion. 
 However, as he preached on the 12th and 18th, Sundays, and Mr. 
 Berkenmeyer on the 14th, it seems to me that he did not interfere with 
 Mr, Berkenmeyer, as it was not on the same day. 
 
 As to the children whom he baptized, Mr. Sommer could not easily 
 have entered the record of the baptism in the church book, for the 
 book was not in his keeping. The record, however, might easily have 
 been entered if the matter had been really regarded as a serious one. 
 
 Commending you to the Grace of God and with dutiful salutations, 
 I remain your Reverence's most humble servant, 
 
 Michael Christian Knoll. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Declaration, by John N. Kurtz. 
 
 "Whereas, all the reverend Pastors of the United Evangelical Lu- 
 theran congregations in Pennsylvania, especially in Philadelphia, Ger- 
 mantown. Providence, New Hanover and Tulpehocken, have, by a 
 special instrument of writing, invested me, John N. Kurtz, with the 
 office of i3astor of the congregation in Tulpehocken ; therefore, I regard 
 it to be my duty and obligation, in accordance with the principles laid 
 down for them, by our Superiors in Europe, to give assurance, in a 
 written declaration, to these said reverend Pastors, and in the presence 
 of the Holy One, that I will fulfil my office in said congregation with 
 all fidelity, and according to the ability which God may give me, by 
 prayer, by supplication and by the diligent use of the appointed means ; 
 and, if I should do otherwise that I will thereby have forfeited and 
 lost all the rights that are granted to me by the instrument of writing 
 or call above described. More particularly, I acknowledge myself to 
 be bound to observe with exact fidelity the following conditions of my 
 call, whether they are or are not specially defined in the above men- 
 tioned instrument. 
 
 1. To cherish, to observe and to practice that respect and reverence 
 which, according to the form of a call drawn up by Rev. Dr. Francke, 
 of Halle, dated May 21st, 1744, I am bound to show towards the rev- 
 erend Pastors of the united congregations. 
 
 2. To consider my own congregation to be nothing else than a part 
 of the united congregations. 
 
 3. To teach nothing in my congregation either publicly or privately, 
 save what is in harmony with the Word of God and the confessional 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 209 
 
 books of the Evaugelical Lutheran Church ; and for this purpose to 
 study them diligently. 
 
 4. To conduct no ceremonies in public worship and in the adminis- 
 tration of the sacraments, save those which have been appointed by 
 (Collegio-Pa^torum) the associated pastors of the united congregations, 
 and to use no other "Forms" than those which the said pastors may 
 order me to use. 
 
 5. To undertake no important movement either by myself or with 
 the cooperation of my Church Council without having previously com- 
 municated the matter to the reverend Collegio-Pastorum and obtained 
 their judgment, also to submit to and be satisfied with their advice and 
 instructions. 
 
 6. To present a verbal or a written report of my official acts when- 
 ever I am required to do so by the reverend Collegio-Pastorum. 
 
 7. To keep a diary or daily record, and to enter a statement of my 
 official acts and of whatever may be important, therein. 
 
 8. To render obedience and make no resistance in case the reverend 
 Pastors should call me to leave this congregation. 
 
 These several items and whatever may be inferred from them, I 
 acknowledge to be conditions of my call and obligations by which I 
 am bound. And I do hereby declare, before all men, that if I should 
 purposely or knowingly transgress one or another or all of the above 
 items, I would thereby, and ipso facto, forfeit all the advantages to 
 which my call otherwise entitles me, and deserve all the punishment 
 that is suitable to such unfaithfulness. 
 
 In confirmation of the same I hereto subscribe my name and affix 
 my seal in the presence of the witnesses undersigned. Done at Phila- 
 delphia, August 13th, 1748. 
 
 John Nicholas Kurtz. 
 
 Witness- I ^^^^^^^"^ Lauck. 
 
 * \ John Nicholas Schwinsrel. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Examination and Ordination of the Catechist Kurtz. 
 
 On Aug. 12th, 1748, We, the subscribers, give the Catechist, Mr. 
 Kurtz, in view of his examination and ordination, the following ques- 
 tions, which he has to answer in writing, preparatory to his examina- 
 tion, which is to take place to-morrow. 
 
 I. N. J. C. 
 
 I. The Examinandus is required to describe curriculum vitse in Its 
 
 main points, including the inward and external guidings that he has 
 
 experienced ; as also his academical studies, and to make this as brief 
 
 as possible. But as all this might be too extensive, for the present, it 
 
 14 
 
210 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 will be considered as sufficient, if he describes, (1) the circumstances of 
 his awakening; (2) the way in which God has advanced the work of 
 Grace in his soul ; (3) the reasons for his devoting himself to the office 
 of the ministry of the Gospel ; where ? in what branches of learning 
 and under whose aid and advice he has been seeking to prejDare him- 
 self for that sacred office ? 
 
 II. What works he has that treat of theologv. 
 
 III. Name the general divisions of theology, and answer the follow- 
 ing questions : 
 
 1. What is theology ? 
 
 2. What is sin in general ; specially, what is original sin ? 
 
 3. Describe the sin against the Holy Ghost. 
 
 4. Describe, at large, the justification of a sinner before God, and 
 
 explain it by dictis probantibus. 
 
 5. State the peculiar features of saving faith. 
 
 6. Whether, and how far, good works are necessary to salvation. 
 
 7. What sanctification is, and how it may be most successfully 
 
 promoted. 
 
 8. In what sense is death the wages of sin (a) in the experience 
 
 of Christians ; (b) in the experience of unconverted people ? 
 
 IV. Whether our Evangelical Lutheran doctrine is the only justify- 
 ing and saving doctrine, and where it rests upon the Word of God. 
 
 V. Prepare an exegesis of the text: Luke 16: 9. 
 
 VI. Deduce a theme from the same text, and give its divisions and 
 its application, briefly, as a plan for a sermon. 
 
 YIL Give the distinctive characteristics of a minister of the Gospel, 
 and specify his duties. 
 
 VIII. In case a person is sick unto death and acknowledges, in gen- 
 eral, that he is a sinner, but does not admit that he is guilty of any 
 specific sin, how ought a minister of the Gospel to treat him ? 
 
 IX. Should ministers of the Gospel be subordinate to one another ; 
 and if so, how far should this subordination be maintained ? 
 
 He will be required to lay before us a clean copy, in writing, of the 
 foregoing questions and his answers thereto, at 3 o'clock to-morrow 
 afternoon. 
 
 All for the Glory of God and the best interests of the Church, 
 
 Peter Brunnholtz, 
 John Fr. Handschuh, 
 John Christoph. Hartw^ig. 
 
 H. Muhlenberg had not yet arrived. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 211 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Biographical Sketch of John Nic. Kurtz. 
 
 The very Reverend, the Pastors, Peter Brunnholtz, Handschuh and 
 Hartwig, have given me the following nine main questions with their 
 subordinate points, and require that my answers should be laid before 
 them. Accordingly, with the help of God, I undertake hereby, to an- 
 swer them briefly, to the best of my ability, and as far as time will 
 permit. 
 
 I. Ever since my childhood, my dear parents strove diligently to 
 bring me up under the influence of prayer and of the fear of the Lord. 
 The result of this was, that I abstained from indulging in gross sins, 
 and associated with persons of genteel and respectable character. This 
 w as specially the case after the Lord had inclined the hearts of my 
 parents to send me, in the fifteenth year of my age, to the psedagogium 
 at Giesen ; for then, the admonitions of my father and mother were 
 regarded with sincere obedience. However, for about four or five years 
 after this, my heart continued to be, still, under the influence of a 
 slavish fear, until I paid a visit to my brother, a schoolmaster, who 
 was acquainted with that worthy servant of Jesus Christ, Mr. Ohly ; 
 indeed, I may say that he stood on friendly terms with him. My 
 brother and I set off" in company to visit Mr. Ohly. It happened on a 
 Sunday, the very day on which he confirmed his catechumens. On 
 this occasion he set forth the duties of parents, sponsors, and indeed all 
 of his hearers, towards the young persons wdiom he confirmed, with 
 great force and effect; then, kneeling down with the catechumens and 
 all the congregation, he offered, in the name of Jesus, a prayer that 
 was so childlike and so confiding that my heart was made to yield at 
 once, and became tender, and my tears flowed freely. From that time 
 I felt an impulse urging me to be more earnest and resolute in serving 
 the Lord. After my return home, and at the end of the vacation, I 
 went back to school again, at Giesen. 
 
 There were several very worthy people, citizens of Giesen, whom the 
 Lord had apprehended, and who were of very sincere heart; with these 
 persons I associated, and enjoyed great pleasure in their fellowship. 
 The revilings and reproaches of my fellow-students were thrown in my 
 M^ay, on account of which I resorted to these friends only at night. At 
 these meetings we w^ould read a portion of the Scripture ; then each 
 one \/ould freely state what had particularly impressed his own mind ; 
 then a verse or sentence would be drawn for each one out of the Schatz- 
 Kastlein of Halle, the copy of which belonged to me ; then we would 
 sing a verse, after which we all went home. This soon was noised 
 abroad, and after a w^hile there was public excitement about it. I shall 
 not relate here, how it began and how it ended. But, for this reason, 
 I was everywhere regarded as a Pietist, and, so far, I was not. My 
 reason threw great obstacles in the way ; as for instance, ' if you are 
 
212 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 treated so already, how will it be if you should come so far as to be 
 made happy?' (for my teachers even were looking askance at mej. 
 
 Accordingly, I continued to be, in private, a follower of what is good. 
 But in respect to this, the very evening on which the tumult broke out, 
 a worthy woman gave me quite a sharp reproof, saying to me : ' you 
 are willing to go through the forms of piousness with other people, at 
 night.' This inflicted a deep wound, like a dagger, and that very 
 evening I w^ent to my lodgings, and upon my knees prayed to God 
 heartily, to deliver me from the fear of man and not allow me to be 
 lukewarm any longer. After this I had more courage in asserting my 
 convictions. 
 
 It happened, about the same time, that that useful servant of God, 
 Mr. Fresenius, was called to Giesen, as pastor of the Garris .n Church. 
 He rendered valuable service to awakened souls. In company with 
 certain friends, I visited him several times, and he encouraged us to 
 press on, in the hope of becoming partakers of the Grace of God. So 
 far, then, as a young man, I was moral ; but before God, who requires 
 faith, I was not yet right, as I experienced afterwards. My resorting 
 to Halle was the occasion of bringing me to this better experience. 
 This came to pass as follows: After I had been studying at Giesen 
 about six months, my dear brother Schaum came home from Halle, on 
 account of his health, after he had been, about one year, pursuing his 
 studies there. My father was informed of this, and as my brother had 
 long been trying to persuade him to send me to Halle, and Pastor Ohly 
 had advised it likewise, my father called me home, and informed me 
 of the arrival of the brother, with the request that I should accompany 
 him and so inform myself as to the condition of affairs at Halle. This 
 was done. The arrangement was completed in a few days, because Mr. 
 Schaum was in haste to set out. At last, Pastor Ohly and another stu- 
 dent accompanied me ; for circumstances had arisen that compelled Mr. 
 Sshaum to remain at home. Here I found the Christian life altogether 
 different. Hire God opened my eyes and revealed Himself to me, in 
 Jesus Christ, as a gracious, loving Father. Here I enjoyed fraternal 
 intercourse with the excellent Fabricius and other worthy brethren, 
 not to mention the beloved professors. All these commanded my 
 affectionate regards ; they prayed with me ; and in company with the 
 beloved Fabricius, whenever God gave us time and opportunity, I 
 studied through the system of Evangelical doctrine, as drawn up by 
 the sainted Spener. O, how my soul desired to be permitted to con- 
 tinue on in the enjoyment of such life-giving nourishment ; but it was 
 scarcely for nine months that I was allowed to indulge in it. Then I 
 had to break off, for I was sent over to this western world. Yet, what 
 God does and permits ends well ; and now I pray to my Father, in 
 Christ, Lord deal with me not according to my deserts ; deliver me 
 from wrath and be gracious to me. The Lord might crush me as a 
 worm ; I find peace in submitting to His Holy Will ; and to His Grace 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 213 
 
 will I cling until I die. Lord Jesus help me. Amen ! In Halle I 
 attended the lectures of Prof. Baumgarten on dogmatics, etc., for six 
 months ; also, the lectures of the same professor on the History of the 
 Old Testament, for three months. Further, I attended the catechetical 
 lectures of Prof Francke, based upon the Catechism of Spener. Be- 
 yond this it was not in my power to attend any regular course of lectures. 
 
 II. As it had been my purpose to return to my fatherland after hav- 
 ing studied, for a limited time, at Halle, I left all my books at home, 
 excepting the Holy Bible. I was prepared to furnish myself with the 
 necessary books at Halle ; but the time of my sojourn there being very 
 short, as indicated above, I did not procure many books, and, in fact, 
 could not. My books are very* few in number, and among them are 
 such as have been sent over by our Beverend Father Ziegenhagen. In 
 a word, the Holy Bible is my book. 
 
 III. Theology is — (from the several answers that follow we select 
 two, viz., No. IV and No. VII.) 
 
 IV. Whether our Evangelical Lutheran doctrine is the only saving 
 doctrine ? I do not venture to say, indeed I cannot, that those persons 
 who do not, by name, adopt the Lutheran Confession will, as being 
 without the doctrine, be lost. (R. I., Art. X.) But that our Evangel- 
 ical Lutheran doctrine is the only justifying and saving doctrine, I say 
 yea, and Amen ! I prove it in this way : (1) where the Word of God 
 is taught, pure and unadulterated, (2) and we, as the children of God, 
 live according to His AVord. Here I urge the proof of the first point : 
 The Word of God is taught pure and unadulterated among us, it fol- 
 lows, therefore, that our doctrine is the only saving doctrine. I prove 
 my first point, then, as follows: The doctrine and principles or articles 
 of doctrine that are clearly and unquestionably based upon the Word of 
 God, and are necessary to our salvation, these doctrines are true, and the 
 very best. But the fundamental articles of the Lutherans are clearly 
 and unquestionably based upon the Word of God and are necessary to 
 salvation. Consequently they must be true and the very best. If we 
 take up our S^imbolical Books, which consist of the prmciples of our 
 doctrine or religion, we find that they are taken from the Word of God 
 and are proved bv Holy Scripture. The passage. Acts 4: 12, "neither 
 is there salvation^in any other," etc., is one of our strongholds; the ad- 
 monition, "repent and belive the Gospel," is another ; the same is true 
 of Chapt. 3 and Chapt. 9 of the Epistle to the Romans. The doctrine 
 of the Person and Office of Christ, crucified for us, is also for us a high 
 tower of refuge and defence. 
 
 VII. Should ministers of the Gospel be subordinate to one another r 
 and if so, how far should this subordination be maintained ? I shall 
 answer this question briefly, bv citations from the Word of God. God 
 is a God of Order, and it is His Will that everything should be done 
 decently and in order ; consequently, that order should be maintained 
 in the office of the Ministry of the Word. Let brotherly love contmue. 
 
214 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 In love, serve one another. Christian character and gifts and age 
 should ever be held in honor. Whoever has been endowed with the 
 wisdom that .comes from Above understands this well, and feels nothing 
 oppressive in the weight of superior authority. As occupying a sub- 
 ordinate position himself, he is respectful, humble and dutiful, never 
 regarding the authority under which he stands as a burden or an op- 
 pression or a reproach. If other persons have experienced the sancti- 
 fication of the Spirit, are distinguished for their usefulness and eminent 
 for wisdom in counsel and in action, all this is, to him, an occasion of 
 great joy. In Divine Grace there is nothing domineering ; it is alto- 
 gether fraternal, friendly, hearty and without guile. The 3d Chapter 
 of I. Timothy decides the matter. So, I may say that I have written 
 enough in answer to the question. If I have failed I shall be thankful 
 to be corrected. If I have erred in any particular, I desire to be set 
 right. If I have missed the mark, I hope to be better informed. - 
 
 In this writing I have not employed technical terms, but have used 
 plainness of speech, as God has enabled me to do. I hope, then, that 
 the Reverend Pastors will be pleased to accept it kindly, as coming 
 from one who is anxious to be further instructed, and most sincerely 
 acknowledges his deficiencies. 
 
 Let the Name of the Lord be great in all nations, and the riches of 
 His compassion be acknowledged by all people. Amen. 
 
 IX. 
 
 To the reverend and learned, the associated pastors of the united 
 Evangelical Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, 
 Germantown, Providence and New Hanover, Mr. Muhlenberg, Mr. 
 Brunnholtz and Mr. Handschuch, our honored Pastors and reverend 
 Fathers in Christ.* 
 
 Ever Reverend, Learned and Most Honored Sirs : 
 
 That we, the subscribers, all being officers and members of the 
 Evangelical Lutheran congregation at Tulpehocken and vicinity, in 
 the county of Lancaster and Province of Pennsylvania, did, in a peti- 
 tion written in the English language and dated July 8th, 1745, and 
 subscribed by divers members of the said Evangelical Lutheran con- 
 gregation at Tulpehocken, represent to the reverend College of Pastors 
 of the united Evangelical Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania, 
 specially to Pastor Muhlenberg and Pastor Brunnholtz, and at the 
 same time did deeply bewail the deplorable condition of our spiritual 
 interests, begging them in fitting terms to have compassion. upon our 
 needy souls, to take us as part of their pastoral charge, to allow us also 
 to enjoy their spiritual care, in short to become our pastors and to 
 watch over us ; further, that in a second petition, specific in its details, 
 
 ^ This has an important bearing upon the relation which the individual con- 
 gregation and its pastor sustained to the pastoral college. 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 215 
 
 and written in the German language, we renewed our most humble 
 request ; all this is sufficiently well known to your reverences.* 
 
 We acknowledge, with due thanks and with humble praise to God, 
 the spiritual care which, since that time, we have enjoyed on the part 
 of the College of Pastors of the united congregations. But since our 
 congregation has been increased by the Divine blessing upon your 
 faithful labors, and former unhappy ruptures have been, in a measure, 
 healed, so that by the grace of God we are able and willing to support 
 our own pastor, a thing which our own necessities demand, therefore 
 we, the aforesaid subscribers, the united officers of the Evangelical 
 Lutheran congregation at Tulpehocken, for ourselves and in the name 
 of our congregation do, with all due respect and sincerity, beg the 
 honorable and reverend College of Pastors and especially the reverend 
 gentlemen composing it, to wit. Pastor Muhlenberg, Pastor Brunuholtz 
 and Pastor Handschuch, to send either one of their own number, or 
 some other person qualified for such office, duly examined and ordained, 
 and fully empowered to administer all the acts of the pastoral office, to 
 be the regular pastor of our congregation at Tulpehocken, and to act 
 under such regulations as the reverend College of Pastors may be 
 pleased to ordain. In all this, the understanding and provision re- 
 mains fixed, that we, together with the united congregations, constitute 
 one entire Evangelical Lutheran congregation, who recognize and honor 
 the associated pastors, composing the College of Pastors as their regular 
 spiritual guides, and as such our own immediate pastor stands in the 
 closest connection with them. 
 
 As we have good grounds to hope that the reverend College of Pas- 
 tors will grant this our reasonable and humble petition, we venture, in 
 this present writing, to explain at length our reasons for applying to 
 your reverend college to send us a teacher, as also to state what you 
 may justly demand at our hands. With this view then we shall in the 
 first i^lace state the circumstances that have led us, as well in former 
 times as at present, to take our resort to your reverend college, and 
 then we shall specify the chief points in respect to which we, both for 
 ourselves and in the name of our constituents, are bound by solemn 
 obligations to your reverend college and to the pastor whom you may 
 appoint for us. The reasons that have moved us to apply to your 
 reverend college in regard to the wants of our souls, and to beg you to 
 take care of our spiritual interests are, amongst others, chiefly, the 
 following. 
 
 1. Your own legitimate, regular and consequently Divine call to the 
 holy office. 
 
 2. The strong testimonials you have received from certain Fathers 
 and public teachers of our Evangelical Lutheran Church in Europe, 
 who, by their zeal for the maintenance of the evangelical doctrine ac- 
 cording to the unaltered Augsburg Confession, and by the uprightness 
 
 * See Muhlenberg's Keport No. II of this Continuation. 
 
216 APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 
 
 of their lives in harmony with the same, and with the whole Word of 
 God, out of w^hich said Confession is taken, have been shining as lights, 
 throughout the Protestant Church for many years ; and specially those 
 which you have from the University of Halle, in Saxony, which is a 
 city set upon a hill, which pours light out upon the darkness, and has 
 already awakened many to the glory of God ; concerning which our 
 prayer is, that the Lord may continue to keep it open as a source of 
 blessings, defend it against all heresy, make it a home where true doc- 
 trine and true Godliness shall happily dwell together, a Divine work- 
 shop in which many vessels of honor shall be prepared to be used for 
 the glory of God, for the edifying of the Church of Jesus Christ, for 
 the propagation of evangelical truth, and for the eternal salvation of 
 many thousands of souls. 
 
 3. Your firmness in maintaining the teaching and doctrine of the 
 unaltered Augsburg Confession, which, in this country, is fiercely at- 
 tacked, sometimes by false brethren, sometimes by fanatical sects, some- 
 times by epicureans and divers other parties. Against all such attacks 
 you have not only maintained the truth for youi-selves, but you have 
 also strengthened the members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church 
 therein, gathered them and increased their numbers. Let this be said 
 to the praise of God who has been your helper. 
 
 ^ 4. The blessed fruits that have already followed your official labors ; 
 since so many have been brought from darkness into light and from 
 the power of Satan unto God, and established in His grace, thereby. 
 
 5. Your official qualifications and prudence; your experience and 
 the gentleness with which you accommodate yourselves to the peculiar 
 circumstances of this country. 
 
 6. Your intimate union with each other, which encourages us to hope, 
 not only that the good work w^ill be begun, but also that it will be per- 
 petuated both for us and for those who come after us. 
 
 7. The official fidelity and solicitude which you exhibit, not only in 
 your own united congregations, but also in divers others which, from 
 time to time, have appealed to you for help. 
 
 These facts, among others, have encouraged us, in this our time of 
 need, to rely upon you next to our trust in God ; and, in the interests 
 of our souls, to make our appeal to your reverences. In view of all 
 these things the desire has grown strong in us to be incorporated, to be 
 of the same body, with the united congregations in Pennsylvania, to be 
 received and acknowledged by them as brethren and members of a 
 special congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and conse- 
 quently, entitled to participate in the spiritual care of the reverend 
 pastors of the associated congregations. 
 
 Also, we do hereby, most openly and in the most solemn way, appeal 
 to, recognize and acknowledge, the reverend pastors of the united con- 
 gregations in Pennsylvania as our spiritual guides and shepherds, in- 
 vesting them with full authority to watch for our souls in whatever 
 
APPENDIX TO SECOND CONTINUATION. 217 
 
 manner they may see fit, and by whatever agency, and for as long time 
 as may be agreeable to them. Further, we promise to recognize the 
 reverend Collegium Pastorum of the Evangelical Lutheran congrega- 
 tions in Pennsylvania, as a legitimate and regular presbytery and min- 
 isterium, and specially, as our own chief pastors and spiritual guides. 
 We pledge ourselves to respect and esteem them as such, without whose 
 advice and approbation, previously obtained, we will do nothing, or- 
 dain, determine and change nothing in any matters that may concern 
 the church. Consequently, we will have an arrangement with no 
 preacher whomsoever, and even with the pastor whom they may send 
 to us, we will undertake to do nothing in any of the important affairs 
 of the church, without having first obtained their advice and consent. 
 On the other hand, whatever the united reverend Collegium Pastorum 
 may determine, in respect to the concerns of our congregation, giving 
 us due and adequate information thereof, we promise to approve of, to 
 obey and to execute with all our might. 
 
 Further, we promise to recognize, to welcome, to respect, to honor, 
 and to learn of the pastor whom the reverend Collegium Pastorum may 
 send to us as our regular teacher, called of God, so long as it may 
 please the reverend Collegium Pastorum to permit him to remain with 
 us ; also, to make no resistance in case they should, for good reasons, 
 •call him away and send us another in his place ; but rather to receive 
 and sustain such successor and follower with like love and reverence. 
 Again, we promise that, in case, which may God forbid, any misunder- 
 standing or division should occur between the members of the congre- 
 gation generally, or between a part of them and the pastor, or among 
 any of the individual members, we will, at once, report the same to the 
 reverend Collegium Pastorum, humbly seek their decision of the mat- 
 ter and abide by the same. 
 
 Finally, we promise to pay to the teacher or teachers who may be 
 sent to us, a salary adequate to their wants ; to bind ourselves in writ- 
 ing to that effect, as also to use all our influence so that the congrega- 
 gation may continue regularly, from year to year, to supply the neces- 
 sary wants of the pastor. 
 
 Hereto we subscribe our authentic signatures, both for ourselves and 
 in the name of our congregation : 
 
 Done at Philadelphia, Aug. 13th, 1748. 
 
 Adam Loesch, [ Church Council at Tulpehocken. 
 
 Balthasar Anspach, ' 
 
 John Nicholas Schwingel, 
 Adam Loesc] 
 Balthasar A 
 John Immel, 
 
 LUCK, 
 DORF 
 
 Andrew Bayer, Deacon of Northkill. 
 
 Abraham Lauck, | j^^^^^^^ ^^ Tulpehocken. 
 Martin Batdorf, ^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Appeal for help, First, 14, 15 
 Antichristian influences, 26 
 Anne, Queen of England, 35 
 Ardreffi, 139, 186 
 Arbitration at Karitan, N. J., 187 
 
 Baptists in Philadelphia, 54, 67 
 Berkenmeyer, Rev., Letter from, 201 
 Bolzius and G-ronau, 44 
 Brunnholtz, Rev. Peter, 32, 71 
 Brunnholtz arrives in Philadelphia, 107 
 Brunnholtz is warmly welcomed, 108 
 Brunnholtz, his care of the flock, 116 
 Brunnholtz, Letter from, 121 
 Brunnholtz, Instructions to, 125 
 Brunnholtz examined for ardination, 126 
 Brunnholtz is ordained. 130 
 Brunnholtz reports his safe arrival, 136 
 Brunnholtz, his education and earlier 
 
 history, 142 
 Brunnholtz, his faithfulness, 154 
 
 Catechists (Heifer), 166 
 
 Call (Vocation) Form of, 123 
 
 Call (Vocation) Form, of the Catechists, 
 
 132 
 Catechism, Small, printed by Benjamin 
 
 Franklin, 37 
 Congregations, the oldest, 7 
 Congregations, Early state of, 13 
 Congregations, Growing, 1, 3, 156 
 Congregations at Philadelphia, 159 
 Church building undertaken, 28, 112, 
 
 158 
 Corner-stone laid in Philadelphia, 30 
 Consecration of Church at Providence, 
 
 57 
 Christ Church (Episcopal), Philadel- 
 phia, 52 
 Contributions, 33, 71 
 Chester, Pa., 162, 168 
 DD., Degree conferred by University 
 of Pennsylvania, 5 
 
 Dippel, J. Conr., 68 
 
 Division of pastoral labor, 150, 171 
 
 Ebenezer, Colony in Georgia, 19, 44 
 Easton, Pennsylvania, 168 
 
 Fabricius, Seb. Andr., 128 
 Francke, G. Aug., 38 
 Francke writes to D. Weiseger, 85 
 Francke writes to Ziegenhagen, 88 
 Francke writes to the Congregations, 
 
 98, 140 
 Francke writes to von Gensau, 120 
 Francke writes to Count Stollberg, 122 
 Freylinghausen, G. Anastasius, 9 
 Funeral Services, 157 
 Formula Juramenti of Brunnholtz, 127 
 
 Germans, Condition of, before Muhlen- 
 berg's arrival, 1 
 "German Society," The, 6, 11 
 Germans immigrate to Pennsylvania, 
 
 13 
 Germantown, Pa., 60, 165 
 Germantown, Church in, 62, 64 
 Germantown Church enlarged, 160 
 "Gloria Dei," Swedish Church, 118 
 Gordon, Governor of Pennsylvania, his 
 
 endorsement, 80 
 Gratitude of the People, 153 
 
 Hirelings, 2, 13 
 
 Helmuth, Rev. Dr., Professor in the 
 
 University of Pa., 5 
 "Hallesche Nachrichten," how first 
 
 prepared and published, 9 
 Help coming in from Europe, 16 
 Hymn Books in use, 37 
 
 Kunze, Prof. Dr., 5 
 Kurtz, Catechist, 33, 72 
 Kraft, Valentine, 58 
 Knoll, Pastor, writes to Berkenmeyer, 
 205 
 
 (219) 
 
220 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Kurtz's solemn obligation given to the 
 
 synod, 208 
 Kurtz, his examination and ordination, 
 
 209 
 Kurtz, biographical sketch of, 211 
 
 Lutherans in the Southern Provinces, 
 
 46 
 Letter of the three congregations to 
 
 Prof. Dr. Francke, 85 
 Letter of the three congregations to 
 
 Rev. Dr. Ziegenhagen, 101 
 Letter, joint, of the fathers of Kurtz 
 
 and Schaum, 134 
 
 Maquaischen (Mohawk, N. Y.), 163 
 
 Michael's, St., church, Philadelphia, 
 64 
 
 Michael's, St., church, corner stone and 
 consecration of, 65 
 
 Menno Simon, 67 
 
 Muhlenberg, H. Melchior, 17, 40 
 
 His vovage across the ocean, 18 \ 
 Sails from Charleston, S. C. 20 | 
 Takes his charge in Pliiladel- 
 
 phia, 24 ! 
 
 First confirmations, 25 | 
 
 Baptizes three negro slaves, 57 
 His successful labors, 109 
 His trials, 110, 139 
 His self denial, 115 
 Opposes emotionalism, 167 
 His letter after the arrival of 
 
 his " helpers," 170 
 His report to Halle, 172 
 His account of his marriage, 177 
 Moves into the country, 179 
 
 New congregations organized and im- | 
 plore help, 161 ! 
 
 Neuberg, preacher at Lancaster, 186 
 
 " Overseers of the Poor," 6 
 Ordination, First Lutheran, in Amer- 
 ica, 55 
 Ordination irregular, etc., 74 
 
 Pastors, earliest, list of, 2, 3 
 
 PfeifFer, Prof. J. G., 38 
 
 Penn, William, 34, 51 ' 
 
 Philadelphia, condition of, in 1682 and 
 
 onward, 51 
 Philadelphia, First Church in, 22 
 Pastorius, F. Daniel, 60 
 Plenipotentiary Document, 82 
 
 Postills, 119 
 
 Preaching, Mode of, 150 
 Providence, (Trappe) 56, 61 
 
 Royal Family of England, German ele- 
 ment in, 35 
 
 Roman Catholics in Philadelphia, 54 
 
 Raritan, N. J., trouble in congregation, 
 180 
 
 Raritan, arbitration at, 182 
 
 Salzburgers, 43 
 
 Bauer's German Bible, 37 
 
 Schultze, commissioner from the three 
 
 congregations, 7. 
 Schaum, Catechist, 33, 71 
 Schoolmaster, Duties of, 62 
 Steeples and bells on churches, 70 
 Steeple taken down, 69 
 Sterling money, 69 
 Students of theology, 3 
 Schwarzwald, 162 
 Slavery in Pennsylvania, 167 
 Slavery denounced by German Quakers, 
 
 167 
 
 Tulpehocken congregation uddress the 
 Synod, 214 
 
 University of Pennslvania, Origin of, 
 
 4, 5, 10 
 Urlsperger, Rev. Senior, Samuel, 39, 43 
 Urlsperger, Rev. Senior, Samuel, Letter 
 
 from, 98 
 Union churches, 168 
 
 Visiting the sick, etc., 151 
 Vigera, Mr. A., Teacher, 152, 166 
 Week-day Services, 151 
 Weinland, Rev. J., Jr., 3, 10 
 Weisiger, Commissioner to Europe, 7, 8 
 Weisiger, his " Short Account," 75 
 Weiser, Conrad, 177 
 Word of God, Longed for, 12 
 Whitefield and the Methodists, 52 
 Wolf, Magister, 180 
 
 Ziegenhagen, Rev. F. M., 14, 36 
 Ziegenhagen, Rev. F. M., pleads for the 
 
 Congregations, 77 
 Ziegenhagen, Rev. F. M., writes to the 
 
 three congregations, 145 
 Zinzendorf, Count, 23, 50 
 Zion Church in Philadelphia, 66