/v '■«■>•)*> « « b W « •« V m m /<^9C h This is to certify that this is one of an edition of five hundred copies printed from type in the month of October, 1898. 'Mc-t^. ^£ji/C^1yt^t/Utj PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 1746-1896 MEMORIAL BOOK OF THE SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRA- TION OF THE FOUNDING OF THE COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY AND OF THE CEREMONIES INAUGURATING PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED FOR THE TRUSTEES OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK MDCCCXCVIII Copyright, 1898, by The Trustees of Princeton University. >• > <) 0-- PREFACE ^^fg^^HIS book is issued to save in some permanent ■ "* ^' ' form the record and memories of the Princeton Sesquicentennial Celebration. It contains a full account of the celebration, written by Professor Harper, copies of the letters and telegrams of formal con- gratulation, and a historical sketch prepared by Professor De Witt. The entire volume has been in the editorial charge of Professor West. In the printing and illustration of the book we have been greatly helped throughout by the careful supervision and good judgment of Mr. Charles Scribner and Mr. Arthur H. Scribner, alumni of the university. By reason of their rich coloring and ornamentation, many of the congratulatory letters could not be reproduced with exactness in print. However, the letters have been printed in plain black, but with as much general resemblance to their originals as types would secure. To give an example of their artistic beauty, one of the finest, the letter of the University of Bologna, has been reproduced in facsimile on vii a reduced scale. The other illustrations are almost entirely views of buildings or scenes connected with the celebration and portraits of the twelve Presidents of Princeton. The chairman of the Sesquicentennial Celebration, Mr. Charles E. Green, died in Princeton on December 23, 1897. His sudden and unexpected death, after a life of labor and love freely given to Princeton, and his unremitting efforts in behalf of the celebration, make the insertion of his portrait in this book exceptionally appropriate. To all their guests during those fair October days in 1896, to the many universities and learned societies repre- sented by delegates or parchments of congratulation, to their very generous benefactors on that occasion, and to all the sons and friends of Princeton everywhere, the President, Trustees and Faculty of Princeton University dedicate this memorial book. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3^axt jFirjst PAGE I AN ACCOUNT OF THE SESOUICENTENNIAL CELE BRATION. By Professor George Maclean Harper, of the Class of 1884. General Preparations The Public tenures delivered by Professor Karl Brugmann of the University of Leipzig, Professor Edward Dowden of the University of Dublin, Professor A. A. W. Hubrecht of the University of Utrecht, Professor Felix Klein of the University of Gottingen, Professor Andrew Seth of the University of Edinburgh and Professor J. J. Thomson of the University of Cambridge .17 [The lectures are not printed in this book, as they have been already separately published by Charles Scribner's Sons.] ix PAGE The First Day of the Celebration, Tuesday, October 20 . 20 The Religious Service in Alexander Hall ■ -27 The Sermon by President Patton .... 28 The Reception of Delegates in Alexander Hall . 56 List of Delegates from Universities and Learned Societies 56 Remarks of Mr. Charles E. Green, of the Class of i860, Chairman of the Sesquicentennial Celebration 64 Address of Welcome by the Reverend Doctor Howard Duf- field, of the Class of 1873 ...... 65 Reply of President Charles William Eliot, of Harvard Uni- versity, in behalf of the American Universities represented jj Reply of Professor J. J. Thomson, of the University of Cam- bridge, in behalf of the European Universities represented 80 List of Addresses of Congratulation .... 83 The Introdu^ion of Delegates in the Chancellor Green Library . 87 Exhibition of Historical Relics ..... 88 The Orchestral Concert in Alexander Hall -91 The Second Day of the Celebration, Wednesday, October 21 92 The Poem and Oration in Alexander Hall ... 92 The Poem recited by the Reverend Doctor Henry van Dyke, of the Class of 1873 ....... 93 The Oration delivered by Professor Woodrow Wilson, of the Class of 1879 ....... 102 The Football Game at tJje University Athletic Field .131 TJje Unveiling of the Memorial Tablet at Nassau Hall . 133 The Torchlight Procession through Princeton and the Review at Nassau Hall ........ 137 PAGE The Third Day of the Celebration, Thursday, October 22 147 The Sesqiiicentennial Anniversary Exercises in Alexander Hall 1 48 Remarks by President Patton . . . . 150 Announcement of the Endowments . . . 153 Announcement of the University Title -154 The Ceremony of Conferring the Honorary Degrees 154 The Address of His Excellency the Honorable Grover Cleveland, President of the United States . . .162 The Luncheon and Reception to the President and Mrs. Cleveland at Prospeft .170 The Glee Club Concert in Alexander Hall . 170 The Farewell Dinner in the Assendily Hall . . . 171 Receptions Following the Celebration . .175 List of Contributors to the Sesquicentennial Endowment 182 LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS OF CONGRATULATION Arranged alphabetically under the following divisions: From Universities, Colleges and Learned Societies . .187 American 189 Canadian 247 European 253 Other Countries ... • • ■ 303 From Associations and Individuals .... 307 3^art %\m HISTORICAL SKETCH OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY By the Reverend Professor John De Witt, of the Class of 1861. PAGE The Beginnings of University Life in America -3^7 The Origin of the College of New Jersey . 322 The Founding of the College. The Two Charters , . 334 The Opening of the College. The Administrations of Jona- than Dickinson, Aaron Burr and Jonathan Edwards . 348 The Administrations of Samuel Davies and Samuel Finley 367 The Administration of John Witherspoon 379 The Administrations of Samuel Stanhope Smith and Ashbel Green . . . . -391 The Administrations of James Carnahan and John Maclean 406 The Administration of James McCosh. The Beginning of the Administration of Francis Landey Patton 423 Historical Note on the Orif^in of Princeton University by the Reverend Professor Shields, of the Class of 1844 . 455 ILLUSTRATIONS Arms of Princeton University Nassau Hall. Etching by Mercier Seal of Princeton University Sesquicentennial Memorial Medal Designed by Thomas Shields Clarke of the Class of 1882. Patriotic Memorial Arch Designed by William S. Whitehead of the Class of 1891. Alexander Hall — Interior View Cover Facing Title-page Title-page Headpiece to Table of Contents xvi Facing page The New Library — Exterior View The New Library — The Courtyard Charles Ewing Green .... Blair Hall — The Tower .... The Chancellor Green Library Whig Hall and Clio Hall , . Upper Pyne Dormitory .... Memorial Tablet placed on Nassau Hall Lower Pyne Dormitory The Torchlight Procession .... Prospect David Brown Hall ..... The Houston Medal, made in 1768, and containing the earliest medallic picture of Nassau Hall . Tailpiece to page 185 Congratulatory Letter of the University of Bologna, in facsimile on a reduced scale . . Facing page 187 28 40 56 64 72 88 104 120 Page 133 Facing page 1 34 144 170 180 Academic Memorial Arch Designed by Howard Crosby Butler of the Class of 1892. 188 Facsimile of Congratulatory Letter of the University ofTokio ....... Facing page 306 Aula Nassovica, 1760 — The earliest picture of Nas- sau Hall . . . . . . . .316 Portraits of the Twelve Presidents of Princeton The first eleven are reproduced from the paintings in Nassau Hall. The portrait of President Patton is from a photograph Jonathan Dickinson ..... Facingpage 348 Aaron Burr ...... 354 Jonathan Edwards ...... 366 Samuel Davies ...... 370 Samuel Finley ...... 376 John Witherspoon ..... 382 Samuel Stanhope Smith ..... 394 Ashbel Green ...... 402 James Carnahan ...... 408 John Maclean ...... 418 James McCosh ...... 424 Francis Landey Patton .... 448 ^art jRrjst AN ACCOUNT OF THE SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION GENERAL PREPARATIONS ^?T is not generous, so much as it is just, to cele- 11 brate the pious memory of founders. They are the fathers of institutional hfe. They have ^^^^ given us great and goodly cities which we builded not, and houses full of all good things which we filled not, and wells digged which we digged not, vineyards and olive-trees which we planted not. Far more than in lands where the state is directly concerned with higher edu- cation, the colleges of America, like many in the mother- country, owe their existence to the wise forethought and devoted liberality of private individuals, who of their own free will, and pursuing no selfish ends, labored for the future. There is thus peculiar fitness in acknowledging frequently, and with all due dignity and splendor, our ever- increasing debt. It was natural that such thoughts should come to the minds of the trustees and faculty of the College of New Jersey, at the approach of the year 1896. There were few colleges which owed so much to the efforts of early bene- factors, or had clung so fondly and so long to the ideals of their original conception. The College of New Jersey had 2 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION gained much and suffered somewhat by a proud and stub- born loyalty to herself and by reverence for her makers. She had been often charged with excessive respect for the old ways, and had borne the accusation unashamed, though not unmoved. And she had always changed in due time, if change was best, but never dishonoring her past. It was felt that now she might, without loss of modesty, and indeed by way of bounden duty, commemorate her founders and their noble aims, her sons and their achievements ; that she might emphasize and avow those of her long-cherished ideals which had worthily survived ; that she might honor herself by entertaining distinguished guests. But there was also in the minds of trustees and faculty the thought that they too, in a sense, should be founders ; that this anniversary would give occasion for throwing off old disabilities and acquiring new power ; that the time had come for a great liberalizing of purpose and a great ex- pansion of activity. To this end, they conceived that the celebration which they already saw as a possibility should be not only retrospective and, so to speak, domestic, but stimulating and broadly comprehensive. It should also be, they thought, an earnest of future improvement. It should inaugurate not only an era of better opportunity along many and diverse lines of culture, but a revival of learning and high discipline, a more serious and reasoned application of our own well-tried methods in the pursuit of old and honored ends. The movement, it was hoped, would have depth and intensity, together with whatever extension should be within our means. These ideas began to take definite shape in the spring of 1894, when the faculty appointed a committee to ascertain the precise date of the founding of the College of New Jersey. On the report of this committee, the faculty de- termined the date to be the twenty-second of October, 1746, PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION S the day when the first charter was signed. In November, 1894, the board of trustees resolved that there should be a sesquicentennial celebration, and fixed upon October the twenty-second, 1896, as the anniversary day, in accordance with the view of the faculty. The trustees, at this meet- ing, further resolved to endeavor to collect a memorial en- dowment fund, and to consider the question of a change of title from " The College of New Jersey " to " Princeton University." To carry these three purposes into effect, three committees were appointed — one on the proposed change of title, another on endowment, and a third on the sesquicentennial celebration. These committees were con- stituted as follows : I. Committee on Change of Corporate Title : Charles E. Green, LL.D., Chairman, Trenton, New Jersey. President Patton, Princeton. Thomas N. McCarter, LL.D., Newark, New Jersey. Henry M. Alexander, LL.D., New York City. Hon. Edward T. Green, LL.D., Trenton, New Jersey. IL Committee on Endowment: Trus/ces. James W. Alexander, A.M., Chairman, New York City. Hon. John A. Stewart, New York City. Charles E. Green, LL.D., Trenton, New Jersey. Rev. J. Addison Henry, D.D., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. M. Taylor Pyne, LL.B., A.M., Princeton. Cyrus H. McCormick, A.M., Chicago, Illinois. John J. McCook, LL.D., New York City. J. Bayard Henry, A.M., Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. 4 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Faculty. The President of the College. The Dean of the Faculty. Professor John T. Duffield. Professor William M. Sloane. Professor Andrew F. West, Secretary. Ahimni. William B. Hornblower, LL.D., New York City. Adrian H. Joline, A.M., New York City. Charles Scribner, A.M., New York City. C. C. Cuyler, A.M., New York City. S. B. Huey, A.M., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. John D. Davis, A.M., St. Louis, Missouri. James Laughlin, Jr., A.M., Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. W. W. Lawrence, A.M., Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. James W. Alexander, A.M., Chairman. President Patton. Charles E. Green, LL.D. M. Taylor Pyne, LL.B., A.M. Cyrus H. McCormick, A.M. John J. McCook, LL.D. Professor William M. Sloane. Professor Andrew F. West, Secretary. in. Committee on the Sesquicentennial Celebration : Trustees. Charles E. Green, LL.D., '60, Chairman, Trenton, New Jersey. President Patton. Rev. Dr. E. R. Craven, '42, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hon. John A. Stewart, New York City. Rev. Dr. William Henry Green, Princeton, New Jersey. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Hon. Thomas N. McCarter, LL.D., '42, Newark, New Jersey. Rev. S. Bayard Dod, A. M., '57, East Orange, New Jersey. M. Taylor Pyne, LL.B., A.M., '-]■], Princeton. James W. Alexander, A.M., '60, New York City. Rev. Dr. George B. Stewart, '76, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Cyrus H. McCormick, A.M., '79, Chicago, Illinois. John J. McCook, LL.D., New York City. J. Bayard Henry, A.M., '76, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Edwin C. Osborn, Princeton, New Jersey. Faculty. The Dean of the Faculty. Professor Henry C. Cameron, '47. Professor Charles W. Shields, '44. Professor William A. Packard. Professor Cyrus F. Brackett. Professor Charles A. Young. Professor William M. Sloane. Professor William Libbey, '"i"]. Professor W. B. Scott, '']']. Professor Allan Marquand, '74. Professor Andrew F. West, '74, Secretary. Professor Woodrow Wilson, '79. Professor W. F. Magie, '79. Professor H. D. Thompson, '85. Altcmni. Mr. A. P. Whitehead, '50, New York City. Hon. John L. Cadwalader, '56, New York City. Hon. W. L. Dayton, '58, Trenton, New Jersey. General W. S. Stryker, '58, Trenton, New Jersey. Mr. R. M. Cadwalader, '60, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. J. Dundas Lippincott, '61, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hon. John R. Emery, '61, Newark, New Jersey. Hon. Joseph Cross, '65, Elizabeth, New Jersey. Hon. J. K. McCammon, '65, Washington, D. C. 6 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Hon. R. Wayne Parker, '67, Newark, New Jersey. Mr. William Scott, '68, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Mr. Elmer Ewing Green, '70, Trenton, New Jersey. Mr. James M. Johnston, '70, Washington, D. C. Hon. Bayard Stockton, '72, Princeton. Rev. Dr. Henry van Dyke, 'jt„ New York City. Rev. Dr. Howard Duffield, '-jt,, New York City. Rev. Dr. S. J. McPherson, '74> Chicago, Illinois. Dr. M. Allen Starr, '76, New York City. Mr. George A. Armour, '77, Princeton. Mr. C. C. Cuyler, '79, New York City. Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge, '79, New York City. Mr. Rudolph E. Schirmer, '80, New York City. Hon. D. M. Massie, '80, Chillicothe, Ohio. Rev. James D. Paxton, '80, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Pennington Whitehead, '81, New York City. Mr. Philip N. Jackson, '81, Newark, New Jersey. Mr. Thomas Shields Clarke, '82, New York City. Mr. Lawrason Riggs, '83, Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Thomas B. Wanamaker, '83, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Junius S. Morgan, '88, New York City. Mr. T. H. Powers Sailer, '89, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Henry M. Alexander, Jr., '90, New York City. Mr. C. Ledyard Blair, '90, New York City. Mr. Henry W. Green, '91, Trenton, New Jersey. Mr. Irving Brokaw, '93, New York City. Mr. John W. Garrett, '95, Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Albert G. Milbank, '96, New York City. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Mr. Charles E. Green, Chairman. President Patton. Dean Murray. Mr. James W. Alexander. Mr. M. Taylor Pyne. Mr. John J. McCook. Mr. J. Bayard Henry. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Professor C. A. Young. Professor W. M. Sloane. Mr. C. C. Cuyler. Mr. Richard M. Cadwalader. Hon. R. Wayne Parker. Professor Andrew F. West, Secretary. THE SUB-COMMITTEES. The Chairman and Secretary were members ex officio of all sub-committees. On Programme. Rev. Dr. E. R. Craven, Chairman. Rev. Dr. George B. Stewart. Mr. John J. McCook. Rev. Dr. Howard Duffield. Rev. Dr. Henry van Dyke. Hon. Joseph Cross. Mr. Elmer E. Green. Professor W. B. Scott. Professor Allan Marquand. Professor H. D. Thompson. On Invitations. Professor W. A. Packard, Chairman. President Patton. Professor C. W. Shields. Professor William Libbey. Mr. Elmer E. Green. On Publication. Dean Murray, Chairman. Rev. S. Bayard Dod. Professor H. C. Cameron. Professor W. M. Sloane. Professor Woodrow Wilson. General W. S. Stryker. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Mr. James M. Johnston. Mr. George A. Armour. Mr. Junius S. Morgan. On Honorary Degrees. President Patton, Chairman. Rev. Dr. William Henry Green. Hon. T. N. McCarter. Dean Murray. Professor C. A. Young. Professor C. F. Brackett. Professor W. M. Sloane. Professor W. B. Scott. Professor Woodrow Wilson. Hon. John L. Cadwalader. Dr. M. Allen Starr. Hon. John R. Emery. Mr. A. P. Whitehead. Hon. W. L. Dayton. On Reception and E titer tainmeni. Mr. James W. Alexander, Chairman. Professor William Libbey, Secretary. Mr. M. Taylor Pyne. Mr. J. Bayard Henry. Professor H. C. Cameron. Professor Allan Marquand. Professor W. F. Magie. Professor H. D. Thompson. General W. S. Stryker. Hon. W. L. Dayton. Mr. R. M. Cadwalader. Mr. George A. Armour. Hon. Bayard Stockton. Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge. Mr. C. C. Cuyler. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 9 Mr. H. M. Alexander, Jr. Mr. Henry W. Green. Mr. E. C. Osborn. On Siudctit and Alumni Participation. Mr. M. Taylor Pyne, Chairman. Professor H. D. Thompson, Secretary. Mr. J. Bayard Henry. Professor William Libbey. Professor W. F. Magie. Hon. J. K. McCammon. Mr. William Scott. Mr. James M. Johnston. Hon. Bayard Stockton. Rev. Dr. Howard Duffield. Mr. C. C. Cuyler. Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge. Hon. D. M. Massie. Mr. Rudolph E. Schirmer. Mr. Pennington Whitehead. Mr. Philip N. Jackson. Mr. Thomas Shields Clarke. Mr. Lawrason Riggs. Mr. Thomas B. Wanamaker. Mr. Junius S. Morgan. Mr. T. H. Powers Sailer. Mr. C. Ledyard Blair. Mr. Henry M. Alexander, Jr. Mr. Henry W. Green. Mr. Irving Brokaw. Mr. John W. Garrett. Mr. Albert G. Milbank. The College of New Jersey never having been vitally connected with the State of New Jersey or dependent upon it, and the name, moreover, being misleading for the reason that since the removal of the institution to Princeton in 1756 2 10 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION it had been popularly known as Princeton College, there had long been a desire among its graduates that the name should be changed. Not only was the institution in no strict sense the College of New Jersey, but it had ceased to be merely a college. Indeed, it had been one of Princeton's dis- tinctions that while many colleges and pretentious schools gave themselves the sounding title of university, she, with real university equipment and real university work to show, had long been content with the modest name of college. But the time had come when it seemed to all her friends that she should assume a designation which henceforth, more even than before, she was to merit. The Committee on Change of Corporate Title therefore reported favorably, and acting in accordance with the laws of the State, drew up the following certificate, which, on the thirteenth of February, 1896, was signed by the trustees whose names are appended, sworn to and subscribed by the clerk of the board of trustees before a notary public, and deposited in the office of the clerk of the county on the twenty-seventh of May, 1896. On the anniversary day, one hundred and fifty years after the granting of the first charter to the College of New Jersey, this document was filed with the Secretary of State of New Jersey, as shown below. CERTIFICATE OF CHANGE OF CORPORATE NAME. The Trustees of the College of New Jersey, a College Corpora- tion, being an institution of learning organized under and by virtue of Letters Patent of his Majesty George the Second, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, granted and issued by Jonathan Bel- cher, esquire, Governor and Commander in Chief of the Province of New Jersey, September 14th, 1748, and established by Acts of the Legislature of New Jersey, now in force in this State, doth hereby cer- tify that at a regular meeting of the Board of Trustees of said corpo- PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 11 ration called (among other things) for the purpose of changing the corporate name of said College or institution of learning, the said Board of Trustees by a two thirds vote of the members present at said meet- ing resolved to change the name of said corporation to The Trus- tees of Princeton University ; and to that end the said corporation doth certify and set forth : I. That the name of said corporation in use immediately preced- ing the said vote and the making and filing of this certificate was ''The Trustees of the College of New Jersey." II. The new name assumed to designate said corporation and to be used in its business and dealings in the place and stead of that mentioned in the last preceding paragraph is " The Trustees of Princeton University." In Witness Whereof the said The Trustees of the College of New Jersey hath caused the official seal of said Board of Trustees, being also the common seal of said corporation, to be here- unto affixed ; and the undersigned, being a ma- jority of said Board of Trustees, have hereunto set their signatures; all, this thirteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thou- sand eight hundred and ninety-six. [Seal.] Francis L. Patton, President, M. Taylor Pyne, E. R. Craven, James W. Alexander, Henry M. Alexander, F. B. Hodge, William M. Paxton, D. R. Frazer, John A. Stewart, John K. Cowen, John Hall, George B. Stewart, W. Henry Green, Cyrus H. McCormick, Charles E. Green, M. W. Jacobus, Thomas N. McCarter, W. J. Magie, S. Bayard Dod, Edw. F. Green, J. Addison Henry, John J. McCook, John Dixon. 12 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION State of New Jersey, , ss: County of Mercer. Elijah R. Craven, Secretary (otherwise known and designated as Clerk) of " The Trustees of the College of New Jersey," being duly sworn, on his oath says that the foregoing certificate is made by au- thority of the Board of Trustees of said corporation as expressed by a two thirds vote of the members present at a regular meeting of said Board called (among other things) for that purpose. E. R. Craven. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of February, A. D. 1896. E. C. OSBORN, [Seal.] Notary Public. Endorsed. " Received in the office of the Clerk of the County of Mercer, N. J., on the 27th day of May, A. D. 1896, and recorded in Book C of Corporations for said County, page 369. " B. GuMMERE, Jr., Clerk." "Filed, October 22nd, 1896. "Henry C. Kelsey, Secretary of State." STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Department of State. I, Alexander H. Rickey, Assistant Secretary of State of the State of New Jersey, do hereby Certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Certificate of Change of Corporate Name of " The Trustees of the College of New Jersey," to "The Trustees of Princeton Univer- sity," and the endorsements thereon, as the same is taken from and compared with the original, filed in the office of the Secretary of State on the Twenty-second day of October, A. D., 1896, and now remaining on file therein. In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my Official Seal at Trenton, this [Seal.] Fourth day of December A. D. 1896. A. H. Rickey, Assistant Secretary of State. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 13 In the winter and spring of 1896, President Patton and Professor West attended the annual meetings of the vari- ous Princeton alumni associations scattered throughout the country, speaking in behalf of the new movement, inviting an active participation in the festivities, both by attending the celebration and by contributing to the memorial en- dowment. Traveling together for the most part, they visi- ted the associations and groups of alumni in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Newark, Scranton, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, Louisville, Chi- cago, Saint Louis, Saint Paul, and Minneapolis. At every point there was deep interest in the projected celebration, and a hearty readiness on the part of the alumni to lend their help. Never before had the alumni associations turned out in such force at their annual meetings as during this winter and spring. In the addresses delivered, Presi- dent Patton usually spoke of Princeton's history and aims, and Professor West outlined the proposed celebration and indicated how the alumni might cooperate in making it successful. The Committee on Endowment opened an office in Uni- versity Hall, which Professor West and several assistants made the centre of a canvass to secure endowment from the graduates and friends of the college. The task was ren- dered difficult by the depressed state of business through- out the country, and by the excitement and uncertainty of an approaching presidential election ; and many, indeed, were the predictions of failure or of only partial success. In general, however, it may be said that to any but a naturally pessimistic mind a fair measure of success was indubitable from the outset. For never, perhaps, in the history of an American college was so large and compact a body of men more determined to do something for educa- tion and the home that had nourished their youth than the 14 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Princeton authorities and alumni. There had in past years been many agencies at work to promote the interests of the college ; but these undertakings were as diverse as they were numerous. Now every effort was being made to ac- complish one thing, and all under one acknowledged man- agement. To facilitate the work of reaching the alumni and reviv- ing their interest, a new edition of the General Catalogue was prepared, under the direction of Professor Libbey. This was the first one ever issued by the college in Eng- lish, the old Triennial Catalogues having all been couched in the Latin peculiar to such publications. A Directory of Living Graduates was also printed, and statistical tables of the Princeton men in the various professions and in other walks of life were sent to the alumni, together with other pamphlets showing the growth and good work of the college, and setting forth its great need of increased en- dowments. A large sum of money was needed to provide for that deepening and broadening of the opportunities for study and research which should accompany the change of title from college to university. It was not thought, however, that the meaning of a university lay in the presence of the four faculties of arts and sciences, theology, law, and medi- cine, but rather that the essential requirements would be satisfied in an institution where a large number of higher studies, based upon a sound preliminary training, could be carried on to the fullest extent, in an atmosphere at once liberal, inspiring, and strongly social. It was felt that the pursuit of pure learning and culture was more certainly the office of a university than even the preparation for the exercise of learned professions. The traditions of Prince- ton were in keeping with this view. Although the terms of the old charter were so generous that no change of even a PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 15 word was needed to enable the college to assume legally all desired university powers, still it was felt that the true fu- ture of Princeton would depend upon improvement and ex- pansion along the lines of its history, rather than upon any attempt to apply some scheme of ideal reconstruction. Then the considerations of location had weight. Princeton is the only place in America where so large and old a college is to be found in a village. This rural environment, although less friendly to the ordinary professional and technical train- ing than to the sheltered quiet of academic life, was thought to be admirably suited for the development of a university devoted to pure learning and to the liberal aspects of those studies which underlie and help to liberalize professional and technical education. Accordingly, the chief desire of the endowment committee was to augment the library; to provide better laboratory facilities ; to create new depart- ments and strengthen the old ; to establish professorships, fellowships, and graduate scholarships ; to diminish under- graduate expenses ; and to build dormitories for the foster- ing of a manly, scholarly, social life. A special feature of the work was the contribution by classes, the favorite ob- ject of class collections being the foundation of fellowships. Many of the committee's purposes were destined to be splendidly accomplished. They kept their affairs secret, however, and the amount and nature of the gifts were not made known until the final day of the celebration. The preliminary labors of the Committee on the Sesqui- centennial Celebration were long and arduous. When their general plans had been outlined, and the details partly elabo- rated, they issued an invitation to various universities and learned societies, at home and abroad. This invitation was in Latin, and printed on parchment. As an example, a re- duced copy of the one sent to the ancient University of Bo- logna is here subjoined. ytaCiied huiatoted Jozofeddoied hoUegit fOeocaedatiendU yitid cJlludttiddiinui ^octlddlmld cJoectozt albacjn'ij-ico et (STeiiatui c^cademtco Pnlaezditatid (yl bag'iattotuin cySononlae (Doinmotatitlum (Sfalutein in domino, ^am clabente anno centcAinio quinqaageMmo, utti dluAtziddimi et doctid- ainit, ex quo fundatoted (ooUcgii lloeocaedattendtd thedauzuni Acientiae in agio dckoladttco pic quactentcA no.itzani uniuetMtatem et condidczunt ct eadeni qua hodte gaudeniuA docendt disccndiquc lioettate donauciunt nobid placuit nee huiuA bencficti tmmcmozibud nee eozum uizozuni qui pez annod pzaetezitod alii donid dandid alii colendi^ atudiiA nodtzuni Atudium genezale ftzma- uetunt immo ettam S)iuinani illain pxouideniiam quae kucusque nobid edt auxiliata pzaecipue zecognodcentibud daeeulazed imittuexe feztaa tztduum celebzandaA eaddemque die anniuezAazto cente.nnio quinquageduno ad Aumniuni uentiizaA hoc eAt die utceAimo Aecundo menAiA OctobziA anno lani lani inennte. Sdcizco noA SzaeAeA (ouzatozeA tLxofeAAozeA (bollegii iBeocaeAazicnAiA multa et azta uincula quae noAtzani earn aliiA uniuexAitattbuA colligant zecozdanteA pzecaniuz ul ununi altquem ex ueAtzo ozdine acadenneo deligatiA uicaziuin qui noApitio uaua noAtzo nobiAcuni eo tenipoze laetetuz ubi quod antea fuczit (collegium IbeocacAazicnAe Vnli « ntuezditad JcftincetoniendiA tunc zite facta tnauguzabituz Aolemnitez ct nouiA uizwuA, Aic cnini ApczamuA, tn Aae- culum ingzedietuz nouum. 2)atufn 5t>tinceloniac in SS,ula 'ioaaaoaica die pzinio uanuaiii iSA' e?. MDcccxcyi. ©cfzanciAcuA £andeg Walton, ^zaeACA. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 17 But the full extent of this committee's work can be real- ized only by a consideration of the three festival days to which they led, together with the preliminary fortnight in October, 1896. It was chilling to think what havoc in their plans a few days of rain might cause, and no Princeton man cared to dwell upon the dire possibility. All that men could do, however, was done to avert disaster of this sort, and there was assurance in the knowledge that only three times in the last twenty years had the 20th, 21st, and 22d of October been aught but serenely magnificent at Princeton. The Public Lectures. The first treat provided by the committee consisted of a number of free public lectures by distinguished scholars from other countries. They were given from October 12th to 19th inclusive, and attracted a large number of alumni and teachers and professors, besides affording our own faculty and students an unusual opportunity for hearing six men notable in their particular lines of work. These courses were an event in the intellectual life of Princeton, and occasioned a lively interest throughout the country. Moreover, it was a very great pleasure to have these distinguished gentlemen intimately connected with the social and intellectual life of Princeton, even for the all too brief period of a fortnight, and their presence contributed not a little to the seriousness and usefulness of our academic festival. The ordinary academic exercises were not, of course, suspended during this time, but the lectures on topics of more general interest, such as Professor Dowden's and Professor Seth's, were so conve- niently scheduled that students and members of the faculty could hear them. The programme of lectures was as follows : 18 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION I. Four lectures by Joseph John Thomson, Cavendish Professor of Physics in the University of Cambridge, England. Subject: The Discharge of Electricity in Gases. These lectures were delivered in the Physical Lecture-room of the School of Science. First lecture: nine o'clock Tuesday morning, October 13th. Second lecture: nine o'clock Wednesday morning, October 14th. Third lecture : nine o'clock Thursday morning, October 1 5th. Fourth lecture: nine o'clock Friday morning, October i6th. II. Four lectures by Felix Klein, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Gottingen, Germany. Subject : The Mathematical Theory of the Top. These colloquia were held in the Physical Lecture-room of the School of Science. First lecture: eleven o'clock Monday morning, October 12th. Second lecture: eleven o'clock Tuesday morning, October 13th. Third lecture: eleven o'clock Wednesday morning, October 14th. Fourth lecture: eleven o'clock Thursday morning, October 15th. III. Six lectures by Edward Dowden, Professor of English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Subject: The French Revolution and English Literature. These lectures were delivered in Alexander Hall. First lecture: three o'clock Monday afternoon, October 12th. The Revolutionary Spirit before the Revolution. Second lecture: three o'clock Tuesday afternoon, October 13th. Theoristsof the Revolution : William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. Third lecture: three o'clock Wednesday afternoon, October 14th. Anti-revolution : Edmund Burke. Fourth lecture : three o'clock Thursday afternoon, October 1 5th. Early Revolutionary group and antagonists : Southey : Coleridge : the Anti-Jacobin. Fifth lecture: three o'clock Friday afternoon, October i6th. Recovery and Reaction : Wordsworth. Sixth lecture : three o'clock Saturday afternoon, October 1 7th. Renewed Revolutionary Advance : Byron : Moore : Shelley. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 19 IV. Two lectures by Andrew Seth, Professor of Logic and Meta- physics in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Subject: Theism. The lectures were delivered in Alexander Hall at eleven o'clock Friday morning, October i6th and Saturday morning, October 17th. One lecture by Karl Brugmann, Professor of Indogermanic Philol- ogy in the University of Leipzig, Germany. Subject : The Na- ture and Origin of the Noun Genders in the Indogermanic Lan- guages (Ueber Wesen und Ursprung der Geschlechtsunterscheidung bei den Nomina der indogermanischen Sprachen). This lecture was delivered in German in the English Room, Dickinson Hall, at half- past ten o'clock Monday morning, October 19th. VI. One lecture by A. A. W. Hubrecht, Professor of Zoology in the University of Utrecht, Holland. Subject : The Descent of the Pri- mates. This lecture was delivered in the Geological Lecture-room in Nassau Hall at twelve o'clock noon, Monday, October 19th. All the lectures were well attended. Representative men of science and letters, with students of philosophy and phi- lology, flocked to hear them. The American Mathematical Society held a special meeting in Princeton in honor of Pro- fessors Thomson and Klein. Less formal gatherings were also held in honor of the other lecturers. It was a delightful intellectual week, full of pleasant incidents of a personal na- ture. Such were the sympathetic demonstrations of appreci- ation made by the auditors from time to time. Such were the short addresses made to the lecturers at the close, and their felicitous responses thereto. One of these, of peculiar local interest, was the preliminary remarks of Professor Seth on the many bonds that connect the history of Princeton with the University of Edinburgh, and his fine tribute to Presi- dent McCosh. 20 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION It was with great regret that the end of these courses was seen approaching. Their educational influence was unques- tionable, and the spectacle they afforded gave some hint of the character of the celebration proper. The First Day. Showers on the i8th and 19th had freshened the grass and laid the dust, and when the next morning dawned every Princetonian was sure the sun shone upon no cleaner, fairer, and more radiant town in all the world. The citizens of Princeton, both collectively through the borough govern- ment and as individuals, had done their utmost to beautify the streets and decorate the houses. The national banner and the Princeton colors were flying from flag-poles and cor- nices. The horses in the streets wore orange ribbons in their manes. The village shop-windows were abloom with bright colors. In the gardens the beds of early chrysan- themums were coming into flower. Two white triumphal arches had been erected on old Nassau street. One stood at the intersection of Stockton and Nassau. In form it was a copy of the Arch of Trajan. It was national in character, being fully decorated with American flags and native laurel. This arch was given by the town of Princeton. On its western front was inscribed FROM THE TOWN TO THE UNIVERSITY and on the eastern front appeared the motto DOMINE FAC SALVAM REMPVBLICAM. The second arch was placed in front of the Dean's House. Its proportions were modelled after the Washington Arch in New York. It was decorated with the orange and black banners of Princeton, and bore on its two faces the mottoes PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 21 embodying a farewell to the old and a greeting to the new. The mottoes were AVE VALE COLLEGIVM NEOCAESARIENSE and AVE SALVE VNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS. Inside the college fence spread the broad green acres which are Princeton's pride, their gentle elms and tall columnar tulip-trees all ablaze in soft but brilliant yellow and orange, the maples burning here and there a scarlet flame, and the Virginia creepers clothing old walls with fes- tive purple. The centre for all eyes, like the chief figure in a drama, was the long, massive, and yet graceful pile of Nas- sau Hall, shining dark in changeless ivy amid the brief glow of autumnal splendor. The students had decorated their chamber windows and the walls of their dormitories with orange and black banners and broad bands of bright cloth. It was a general remark that Nature herself had donned Princeton colors. No more brilliant orange could be conceived of than the masses of foliage which lined Nas- sau, Mercer, and Stockton streets and Bayard Avenue. The broad, undulating plain southward from the Princeton up- lands shimmered soft in the haze of Indian summer. The view from Prospect, the President's House, was entrancing: a gentle landscape of rolling forests touched here and there with the white lines of village spires, and lying fairer to the eye because of the dark evergreens which crown the ter- races of the President's gardens. The avenue of venerable elms which is called McCosh Walk drew throngs of visitors. The Curator of Grounds and Buildings had spared no efforts to beautify the newer portions of the campus back of Dod Hall and Brown Hall and around the Brokaw Memorial, and the young turf was fresh and full of vigor and lay pleasantly in open, verdant 22 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION slopes. The walks were neatly trimmed, as they always are; but the grass on the front campus looked a little less smooth and rich than usual, owing to the dry summer. Work had already begun on the new Library Quadrangle, but the materials of construction were fenced into a restricted space. However, in the midst of all the new buildings, spreading from the Infirmary westward, none attracted so many loving and admiring glances as the brown walls of Nassau Hall, of East and West Colleges, and Dickinson, covered all with immemorial green. The roads through the hill country north of Princeton, and those to Lawrenceville and Kingston, were in fine condition; and fortunate indeed were those guests who found time to walk or drive over Rocky Hill, or along the zigzags of Stony Brook, or down the Millstone River. Extensive arrangements having been made for the enter- tainment of guests, the immense throng of people who began to arrive early on Tuesday, October the 20th, was easily accommodated. This was effected by the facilities afforded in the way of frequent special trains on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, between Princeton and New York, Phila- delphia, and Trenton, and by the engagement of hotels in Trenton. The official programme of the three days had now been issued. Each day was so arranged that the entire official body of delegates, accompanied by the Princeton trustees and professors, was to meet in the morning in the same place at the same hour, and, after receiving any notices that might be opportune, go in academic procession to the first event of the day. As a rule, only three events were placed on the programme of any day, and every event was planned to come within two hours in duration. The programme was as follows : jfirst H)a? ttucsOaB, ©ctobcr tbe ^wenttetb ©eueral programme IReccptlon Dag ot tbe 10.30 a.m. ♦Academic Procession forms Princeton at Marquand Chapel. Sesquicentcnnial 1 1. 00 a.m. Celebration ♦Religious Service in Alex- ander Hall. TUESDAY OCTOBER THE TWENTIETH WEDNESDAY OCTOBER THE TWENTY-FIRST 3.00 p.m. •Reception of Delegates in Alexander Hall. THURSDAY OCTOBER THE TWENTY-SECOND 4.30 p.m. ♦Presentation of Delegates in 1896 the Chancellor Green Library. 9.00 p.m. An asterisk (*) indicates occasions at which academic costume will be used. Orchestral Concert in Alex- ander Hall. Events indicated in brackets [ ], though not part of the academic pro- gramme, are given for the sake of convenience. 23 Secon5 Dav? IKHcancsDaB, October tbc tTwcntSsfirst aiumni an6 Student Dag 10.30 a.m. ♦Academic Procession forms at Marquand Chapel. 11.00 a.m. *The Poem and Oration in Alexander Hall. 2.30 p.m. [The undergraduate football teams of the University of Virginia and Princeton University will play on the University Athletic Field.] 8.30 p.m. Torchlight Procession and Illumination of the Campus. The procession will be re- viewed by the President of the United States. XTbirt) Br's JlbursdaB, October tbc a:\vcntB=6Ccon5 Scsqutccnteimlal Bnniversarg Sag 10.30 a.m. ♦Academic Procession forms at Marquand Chapel. 11.00 a.m. *The Sesquicentennial Cele- bration in Alexander Hall. 3=5 p.m. Reception to the President and Mrs. Cleveland atProspect. 8.00 p.m. [Glee Club Concert in Alexander Hall.] 24 z o to o H «T> < ai 00 O -J JSJ M Z "4 CS CETO lAL C © o 4^ O ^ 1 2 e Z ^^ jij ^ > UJ S" id a!. o UJ 9 ? H < ^> O -■ ^, « ^ i a: < UJ Z For each great occasion of the three days' festival a special programme was issued, and was adhered to with uniform closeness, except in the case of the reli- gious service on the first day, the programme for which is here reproduced as it was actually carried out : 25 y, O, Q ■s o pq C^ c I- — o . ^ (U QJ . — ^ ^ -n 1 "^ . -r! •o o •£ S >» (U .2 1) « 4-. OJ S - 4J i bj) c rt n op g g o 3 tS -^ .- <" w o H H S K P5 ,u rJ rt^ ^ , m >-< c tuO r> 1> OJ -T-! o 3 o c o -o >. ?? Ifl s (L) OJ 3 O 0) rt bJ) ^ c o ^ J= L-> ^ K _aj r^ o ^ > ji: (U o 11 CL ^ &I o 2 ^3 o O Q >■ W o o 5 S a ■»-» « W ''^ Ui Cfi 'c < E=^ fa o C/2 ° Q^ o ■X. u a. CO es t. «) a c O -4-* ■1-1 o /o OJ c s ^ ^ a- t2 I* J S £ OJ o o T3 .a O -D O .J n3 T3 -a" = o .;2 Oi j= -5 -c ^^ K - ^ o W5 O , " a. ' -a o O a s s ^ o ,^ ^o R s 11 - O M 15 a. >, T3 y ji: d C in ^ ffi s- < «-* t/] o Ci. £ <31 1 H f? 2; >- H « O H ^1 ^4 < PLi H < fa fa o S W K D H S ° tn fa q s Pi O ^ I Ph y. < w Q X H 26 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 27 The procession which formed in Marquand Chapel at half- past ten on Tuesday morning, and which marched out two and two to wind across the campus past Whig and Clio Halls to Alexander Hall, was a mass of brilliant color, the orange and black hoods of Princeton of course predominating. Professor Libbey marshalled the line, which was headed by President Patton and Dean Fisher of the Yale Divinity School. Behind them came the faculty of the Princeton Theological Seminary ; then Dean Murray and the dele- gates from abroad ; then the trustees of the College of New Jersey, the representatives of American universities, col- leges, and learned societies, the faculty and instructors of the College of New Jersey ; and, finally, a number of men who have won higher degrees from Princeton. The pro- cession entered the ambulatory of Alexander Hall at the east end, through an immense concourse of undergraduates, alumni, and visitors, and proceeded half way around, and passed through the centre of the audience-room, which was already half filled. President Patton, with the Princeton faculty and those who were to officiate in the service, took seats upon the bema, and the rest of the procession was massed in the orchestra. At the right of the bema hung a large white silk banner with the new arms of the univer- sity worked in orange, with the dates 1746- 1896, a gift from the ladies of Princeton. The prelude, on the fine organ recently given by Mrs. Charles Alexander of New York, and placed in the musicians' gallery on the left, was played by Professor Dwight Elmendorf, of New York, a member of the class of 1882; and at its close a choir of undergraduates and alumni sang the anthem " Veni Creator Spiritus." Professor Fisher, Dean of the Divinity School of Yale University, in a few solemn words in- voked the blessing of Almighty God upon the proceedings now beginning and upon the future life of Princeton Uni- 28 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION versity, and the entire assembly sang the One Hundredth Psalm. Professor De Witt, of the Princeton Theological Semi- nary, read the third chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians, and then President Patton preached the fol- lowing sermon : Religion and the University. FOR OTHER FOUNDATION CAN NO MAN LAY THAN THAT IS LAID, WHICH IS JESUS CHRIST. 1 Cor. iii. II. The first charter of the College of New Jersey was signed by John Hamilton, "President of His Majesty's Council," on the twenty-second day of October, 1746. A second charter, still more liberal in its provisions, was obtained from Governor Belcher in 1748. It was surely the day of small things when a little company of Presbyterians in the city of New York and its vicinity interested themselves in establishing a seat of learning in the Province of New Jersey as a means of providing a liberal education for young men intending to enter the ministry. The ineffectual efforts which they had previously made, and their ultimate success, bear striking testimony to the religious intolerance of the times, the more enlightened policy of President Hamilton and Governor Belcher, and the liberal spirit of the foun- ders of the new institution, who, though Presbyterians by conviction, and actuated, in the main, by zeal for the religious necessities of their own church, accepted without scruple a charter which gave no advantage to any de- nomination, and, beyond a scheme for liberal culture, made no specific provision for the needs of any profession. The spirit of the founders has been kept alive in their successors. The interests of the college have always been in the hands of religious men, and of men, I may PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 29 say, belonging, as a rule, to a particular branch of Protestant Christendom ; but it has never been under ecclesiastical control. It has served the Church and it has served the State without in any sense being under the authority of either. The founders of the College of New Jersey did not establish a theological school with a preparatory department in arts ; they established a Fac- ulty of Arts with an embryonic department of theology. There is a great difference between the two methods, and this difference has determined the course of Prince- ton's subsequent development. The establishment, at a later date, in Princeton of a theological school under ecclesiastical control made it unnecessary and unwise to continue theological instruction in the college; and from that time until now the teaching force of the College of New Jersey has consisted of a single University Faculty of Arts. Thanks to the liberal policy of her founders, thanks also to the wise Christian spirit of those who have guided her course, Princeton College, though ever hospitable to new ideas, and ever ready to recognize new truth, has throughout her history been true to the spirit of those who founded her, and has never had reason to feel that in any instance she has violated her charter, or been unfaithful to the moral obligations imposed by the labors and benefactions of the Christian men who have been interested in her welfare. Considered in respect to nations and periods that are characterized by immobility, the lapse of a hundred and fifty years is not a matter that need call for special com- memoration. But in this country the beginning of such a period antedates the national life. Princeton shares with her older sisters. Harvard and Yale, the distinction of a life coeval with our national independence, and she claims for herself a distinction, shared in equal degree by 30 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION no other institution, of being a large factor in the making of the nation. Of the part that Princeton played in the Revolutionary struggle ; of President Witherspoon, who signed the Declaration of Independence; of the Prince- ton men, and particularly of Madison and Paterson and Oliver Ellsworth, who helped to make the Constitution of the United States; of the meeting of the Continental Congress in this place and under the roof of Nassau Hall, you will in all probability be told by another speaker on a later occasion. It is enough for me, having men- tioned these names in connection with the political his- tory of the country, to add to them the names of Henry and Guyot in science ; of Jonathan Edwards and James McCosh in philosophy ; of the Alexanders and Hodges in theology; and then to ask if I am making an empty boast when I say that Princeton has won for herself a conspicuous place in the intellectual history of America. It has been the aim of those who have governed this institution to make and keep it a Christian college. The men who have contributed to its endowment and ad- ministered its affairs and taught in its class-rooms have been Christian men. They have been men of deep con- viction regarding God and his government, and they have had high ideas respecting their responsibility for the use of time and money. There is in the history of the college, in what she has done and in what she has been saved from doing, in what she has achieved and in what she has escaped, abundant reason for profound gratitude. Filled, then, with these thoughts of the past, and standing upon the threshold of a new period in the history of this institution, let us give thanks to God for the good that has been done in his name by the men who have served it and the men who have gone out from it; and let us pray that to us upon whom devolves PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 31 the responsibility of opening a new era in the educa- tional policy of Princeton there may be granted that wisdom which shall save us from mistakes, and that grace which shall enable us to use for God's glory the power and influence that are given to us by reason of our place in the organic life of a great institution. Our history, as I cannot help believing, is also a pro- phecy. There has been ample time in that history for the line of tendency along which we are likely to de- velop to reveal itself. For there is an analogy between the history of an institution and the growth of an or- ganism, and growth is recalcitrant to interference from without. You may shape your block of marble as you will, but you must be content to see the process of self- realization go on in the organism according to the logic of its inner life. There are universities that are made in obedience to the wills of their founders, which have no tradition to conserve. They are free to shape their policy in unhampered independence of the past. But it is not so with us. We have come to be what we are through the slow growth of a hundred and fifty years. We have our own ideas of education, which are, in part, the result of our experience, and, in part, perhaps, an expression of our conservatism. We give large place in our curriculum to contemporaneous know- ledge, but we are unwilling to part with our modest heritage of Hellenic culture. We believe in special- ization, but we also believe that the student makes a mistake when, in his haste to win his spurs in some narrow field of inquiry, he foregoes the advantage of a broad general education. Intellectual discipline is good, but it is not so important as high manhood ; and, eager though we may be to turn out from year to year a few men of high intellectual attainment, we 32 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION deem it far more important that the great body of our graduates should be men of moral courage and re- ligious convictions, public-spirited, patriotic, and pos- sessed of clear, balanced, and discriminating judgment in regard to public questions. Princeton has a great work to do in science, philosophy, and literature. I have no doubt that she will do it well, I hope she will continue to do it under Christian rubrics without any loss of moral initiative or religious faith. I confess that I am not without my anxieties when I think of the future of our American institutions in relation to their religion. I see no reason why I should not feel anxiety in regard to Princeton, for we cannot hope to escape altogether from the operation of the forces that are potent elsewhere. I feel inclined to-day, speaking not to Princeton men alone, nor in regard to Princeton specifically, to employ the time allotted to me in considering the relation of religion to the university. I do not know of any sub- ject that could more properly be considered in a sermon addressed to an academic audience ; nor do I know of a time when this theme could be more seasonably treated than that which is given me in connection with these religious services with which we begin our Ses- quicentennial Celebration that is designed to com- memorate the history of the College of New Jersey and to inaugurate Princeton University. I CANNOT better begin what I have to say on this subject than by reminding you of the fact that re- ligion— and by that I mean, of course, the Christian religion — is the genetic antecedent of the university. It PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 33 is true that we cannot impute a distinctively religious origin to the universities of Salerno and Bologna, and if we are looking for an explanation that will apply equally to all the mediaeval universities, we must pay for our comprehensiveness by being correspondingly vague ; and then we can do no better than say with Mr. Rashdall that the rise of the university is due to the spirit of association that spread over Europe during the middle ages, and that the universities were simply guilds of learning. Even then, however, it might be worth while to ask whether these guilds, as illustrating the fellowship of kindred minds, did not receive a new impetus from Christianity, which itself was an expansion of the idea of the higher kinship as expounded by the Saviour when he said, "Whosoever doeth the will of my Father in heaven, the same is my mother and sister and brother." But whatever be the origin of the Southern universities, those of the North (and they are the prototypes of our American colleges and universi- ties) were undoubtedly the outgrowth of Christianity. The religion of Christ gave men new ideals. It turned them from the quest of pleasure and the love of plunder to a life of contemplation and the pursuit of knowledge. It made them thoughtful, serious, and reverent. Think- ing is also religion, I believe Hegel somewhere says ; and whether he is right or not, it is certain that the man who takes a serious view of life and has learned to ap- preciate the deep mystery of Being is not far from the place of communion with God. Christianity popularized philosophy. For the Christian's creed was a meta- physic ; and the man who had been taught to believe in Creation, the Incarnation, the Trinity, Sin, and the Atonement was obliged in the nature of the case to have a very considerable theory of the universe. Many 34 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION of US, I dare say, remember that we took our first lessons in philosophy in the pew, and that we got our first im- pulse to think through the sermon. I believe it is Stevenson who says that there is "a hum of meta- physical divinity about the cradle of every Scot." There can be little doubt, I think, that the religious training of the Scottish people has had much to do in making them the metaphysical people that they are. Christianity has done for the world what a particular type of it has done in a more marked way for Scotland. It has forced men to think. It has made learning a necessity for all who wish to be intelligently informed in regard to religion, and a particular necessity for those who were the offi- cial expounders of Christianity. The mediaeval univer- sities were, for the most part, in the hands of the clergy, because they had most need of them and could make best use of them ; for it must never be forgotten that if to-day there are other professions that require quite as much learning as the clerical, there was a time when it was the only profession that required any. If now, in addition to what has been said, it be remembered that Christianity inculcated philanthropy and high ideas re- specting the duties of citizenship, we shall see how largely it enters as a constitutive element in the making of the modern university. The stages of university history can be roughly indi- cated, though we must not press the idea of chronologi- cal sequence too far. First came the democratic guild of scholars and masters devoting themselves to the study of law as in Bologna, or to scholastic divinity as in Paris, and living without endowments or even fixed places of abode. Then came the period of endowed foundations — and perhaps it would be as well to take William of Wykeham as a typical example of the great PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 35 patrons of learning, for he, says Mr. Rashdall, "may be allowed the credit of having been the first college founder who required his scholars to say their prayers morning and evening and go to chapel daily." Then in the New World came the colleges like those in New England, like Princeton, like Lafayette, like a multitude besides in the middle and western States, which were the direct outgrowth of Christian philanthropy, and which were established with the avowed purpose of giving a liberal education from the Christian point of view. Then came the State universities, and, last of all, the triumph of Christian philanthropy in the lavish use of wealth on the part of men like John C. Green, Johns Hopkins, Ezra Cornell, and John Rockefeller, for the more complete equipment of existing institutions or the establishment of new universities. Now, though the circumstances attending the establishment of colleges and universities are different in different cases, and though the religious motive in the establishment of some of the more recent universities by private benefi- cence, and particularly in the establishment of univer- sities under control of the State, is not so manifest as in the establishment of those which are more directly identified with the religious interests of a particular de- nomination of Christians, I am disposed to give Chris- tianity credit for them all. I have not yet known of a State university where the profession of atheism was regarded as a desirable quality in a professor, and I happen to know of more than one State university where a sympathetic attitude toward revealed religion is regarded as an essential qualification for a teacher of philosophy. I am glad to have Princeton in that goodly fellowship of American colleges that have been estab- lished by Christian men, and have been built upon 36 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Christian foundations. I believe that these colleges have done, and are still doing, a work of priceless value for the Church and for the State. And yet I sometimes wonder whether more use might not be wisely made of the State universities ; whether a wise economy of resources as in the newer States might not suggest such an affiliation of various educational interests as would serve to throw around young men a distinctly Christian influence, and at the same time open to them the opportunities of a wide range of study which only a large institution can afford to offer. I recognize very distinctly the fact that the ranks of the ministry have been recruited very largely from the smaller denomina- tional colleges, and I must not for a moment be under- stood as in any sense detracting from the immense ser- vices which those colleges have rendered and have yet to render, or as implying that they deserve any but the most liberal support of the denominations to which they naturally appeal, when I say that at the present day it is a matter of some importance that a very consider- able number of those who enter the sacred calling should be very intelligently informed in respect to the questions now involved in science and philosophy before they enter upon the professional study of theology ; and that it would be a misfortune if the time should ever come when it would be the strong men of the weak colleges and the weak men of the strong colleges upon whom we should mainly rely to fill up the ranks of the Christian ministry. I do not wish, however, to ignore the fact that true though it may be that the universities are in a gen- eral way the off"spring of Christianity, there are uni- versities (and Princeton is one of them) that may be regarded as distinctly Christian institutions. Still they PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 37 are Christian rather in the conditions of their origin than in the contents of their curricula. Their object is not so much to teach rehgion as to teach science in a rehgious spirit. It is more in the way they teach than in what they teach that they deserve to be called Chris- tian schools. Hence a Christian college is not to be judged by the amount of religion that it teaches, or the place it assigns to the Scriptures in its curriculum. In the colleges and universities of which I speak, Chris- tianity underlies, informs, unifies, and is the unexpressed postulate of all instruction. And this Christian spirit that practically affects teaching without announcing it- self, which presupposes Christianity without any irri- tating self-assertion, is on the whole the most effective. Not that it is to be expected that a Christian university should be reticent in regard to the truths of religion. Indeed, as I shall at present be at pains to show, it cannot be. And so it has come to pass that the uni- versity has had its share of religious controversy. Very naturally ; for when religion plants a seat of learning and installs a faculty, it clearly says that religion is ready to be tried by rational tests. The child of the Chris- tian consciousness, the university by and by becomes its critic. Born of Christianity, the time comes when it attains its majority and refuses to remain in ecclesias- tical leading-strings. This may seem ungrateful, but it cannot be helped. The necessary consequence of the alliance between religion and the university is the ra- tionalizing of religion. It is easy to see that the ex- tremes of tendency are superstition on the one hand and infidelity on the other. Ecclesiasticism pure and simple may easily run to the one extreme ; intellectual- ism pure and simple may as easily run to the other. How to be saved from either may be difficult; but we 38 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION may be sure that the rehgion which in the last analysis will not bear examination must go down. Credo quia impossibile is not the basis of a sound apologetic; and whether it be Tertullian or Mr. Kidd who would have us think so, it can never be rational to believe in an irrational religion. The rationalizing process may go wrong, but that is no reason why men should stop thinking; and a univer- sity is a very dead place if the men in it do not think. When, therefore, the masters of the University of Paris told the Pope that on a certain matter of dogmatic theology they were more competent to speak than he was, they were doing exactly what they might have been expected to do, and in doing this were the pre- cursors of that movement which put so many of the universities of northern Europe on the side of Protes- tantism and made them the embodiments of the spirit of religious independence. When I say that the criticism of religion in the university is inevitable, I am not say- ing that it is of the essence of the university that its teachings should be absolutely free. I have nothing to say here by way of objection to those universities where absolute freedom of teaching is the rule. There are universities, I know, where that absolute freedom would not be allowed. So far as Princeton is concerned I find myself in very agreeable harmony with what one of my younger colleagues has said in a recent periodi- cal. "Princeton," says Professor Daniels, "is definitely and irrevocably committed to Christian ideals. It has therefore, with reference to certain primary problems, already taken a definite position. It stands for a theistic metaphysic. Nor does it claim or desire any reputa- tion for impartiality or open-mindedness which is to be purchased by a sacrifice of this its traditional philosophic PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 39 attitude." Princeton then, as we are told, "stands for a theistic metaphysic." The critic might say, if he were so disposed, that with equal reason it might be made to stand for something less, or might be made to stand for something more; and that there is something arbi- trary about the boundary line that separates the kingdom of fixed belief from that of free discussion. Now I venture to say that the weight of the sentence that I have thought sufficiently significant to quote lies not so much in what Princeton is said to stand for as in the fact that she is said to stand for something; and I can easily believe that the exact quantiDii of belief for which Princeton stands may be some thing about which indi- viduals may now differ and may vary from age to age. What Princeton stands for really depends upon those who govern her. No matter what our origin was; what was believed one hundred and fifty years ago; what Christian symbol or legend we put on the univer- sity seal; what moral obligations are imposed by gifts of generous benefactors, — the exact amount of religious belief that this university will stand for can be deter- mined only by the amount of belief that the trustees have the moral courage to enunciate in the form of a resolution. That will depend upon the state of public opinion; the degree of sensitiveness to public opinion on the part of men who hold the places of responsibility; and the amount of strong conviction ready for expres- sion at any given time by the governing body. This only shows how solemn the responsibility is which rests upon the twenty-seven men who control Princeton University. They have power to vote in the election of their colleagues, but no power to direct their votes after they take office. We have received this institution from a past generation, and we hold it 40 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION with absolute power of tradition to the next. We can- not bind our successors. We may install them with due solemnity of precatory phrase, but we cannot predict or control their action. The sacred interests of Prince- ton are in our keeping. We have but a simple duty respecting their transfer to the next generation. St. Paul has expressed that duty in his own words to Tim- othy: "The things which thou hast heard of me, the same commit thou to faithful men who shall be able to teach others also." II There is another phase of the subject with which we are dealing. It concerns the inquiry as to the extent to which religion, and particularly the Christian religion, should enter into the curriculum of the university. There are two extreme positions sometimes taken by those who express themselves upon this question. There are some who seem to suppose that it is proper and possible to exclude all reference to religion, and confine the work of university instruction to strictly secular themes. Others, again, seem not to realize the changed condi- tions of university life, and suppose that it is easy to carry on through the entire undergraduate curriculum a scheme of enforced religious instruction based upon an accepted type of thought in respect to the Bible and revealed religion. I am confident that a more careful study will show that both of these positions are wrong; and that nothing requires more wisdom, tact, and know- ledge of the actual conditions of thought in the learned world than the problem of religion in the university. It is a very large subject, and I question whether it can be adequately dealt with by any one who is not in actual contact with undergraduate life, and who is not aware ^^ PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 41 of the ins and outs of thought in it; and who, moreover, is not by reason of professional study brought into close relations with the religious problems of the present day. For myself, I believe that in the early years of under- graduate life a course of elementary biblical instruction, adapted to the needs of young men who are no longer school-boys on the one hand, and are not yet students of philosophy on the other, is a most important part of the curriculum ; but I would not carry biblical instruc- tion into the upper years of the curriculum, unless, in point of scientific thoroughness, it could compare fa- vorably with the work done in other departments ; and then, of course, I would not make it compulsory, though I firmly believe that advanced students in philosophy and literature should have the opportunity of seeing how the problems of literature and philosophy bear upon the Bible and Christianity. For if secular themes are to be discussed in a Christian university in a religious spirit and under Christian conceptions, it is no less true that religious themes must be discussed in a scientific spirit and according to scientific principles. It is impossible for a university to discharge its functions without de- claring itself upon the great question of religion. The subject no longer lies within the easy possibilities of definition which existed half a century ago. Then the student of Reid or Dugald Stewart debated the question of mediate or immediate perception, or accepted the easy account of the mental powers as they were mapped out for him in the psychology of introspection, and seldom went any deeper. His religious faith was buttressed by a course of lectures on the evidences of Christianity, which treated as postulates what have since become some of the most serious problems of our times. There were religious difficulties to be dealt with, but they lay, 42 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION for the most part, in a remote corner of the field of in- quiry, and concerned questions hke the days of Genesis and the extent of the Deluge. It is otherwise now; for the doctrine of evolution has made a great change in regard to the place of religion in the studies of the uni- versities. Every subject is considered from the histori- cal point of view and according to the genetic method ; and, whether we approve of it or not, the religious prob- lem is forced into prominence. A man cannot study genetic psychology and metaphysics and the theory of knowledge at the present day without facing the prob- lem of a separate and enduring selfhood, and without asking whether the world is to be construed according to a theistic or a pantheistic metaphysic. It is idle for the theologians to attempt, as the Ritschlians do, to exclude metaphysics from theology ; but it is just as idle for the philosopher to talk of excluding theology from metaphysics; theology is philosophy and phil- osophy is theology, so far as the question of the rela- tion of God to the world is concerned. All problems in philosophy go back to two questions: whether God exists separate from the world, and whether we exist separate from God. The fate of religion lies in the answer to these questions. When, therefore, the stu- dent is wrestling with the problems of metaphysics, he is putting his religious faith on trial. It is easy, then, to see the vital relations which the chair of philosophy sus- tains to practical Christianity, and the responsibility that one assumes when he undertakes to be guide, philos- opher, and friend to the young man who finds himself obliged to seek for himself a fresh orientation in refer- ence to his religious belief Now, if one half of our religion, or what is commonly called natural religion, is necessarily involved in the study of philosophy, the PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 43 other half, or what is known as revealed religion, is as necessarily involved in the study of history. We should hardly think of excluding the history of civilization from the studies of the university, yet it would be difficult, I imagine, to treat the history of institutions without refer- ence to Christianity, or to trace the history of ethical ideas without mentioning the New Testament, or to write the history of opinion in respect to social morality with- out regard to the Sermon on the Mount and the Pauline literature. These writings may, doubtless, be referred to without raising the question of their authority; but that question must be raised sooner or later, because the question respecting authority is involved in that of origin ; and the question respecting the origin of the sacred books is involved in the question respecting the place of Christianity in the history of the world; and this again is part of the broader question respecting the meaning and the history of religion. Any theory that undertakes to explain human history must be ade- quate to give a rational explanation of religion. It is not merely because of its practical importance, but also because of its persistent universality, that it has become the object of so much interest to the philosopher. Hence it happens that the most earnest students of the phe- nomena of religion are not always religious men, but men, often, who are anxious to show that their theories which destroy the value of religion are abundantly ade- quate to explain it. Now, when one enters upon the study of the history of religion, I do not see how he can content himself with the simple recognition of Christianity as one of the forms in which the religious consciousness has been manifested; or how he can avoid assuming some attitude in respect to the exceptional claims that Christianity makes in its own behalf. He 44 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION knows what attitude some of the philosophers are tak- ing. They are becoming constructive theologians. They are lecturing on Jesus and St. Paul, and ex- pounding the ethics and metaphysics of the New Tes- tament in the interests of naturalism. What shall he do ? Shall the agnostic be free to deny the claims of Christianity, and he be hindered from defending it? Now I venture to say that the philosophical construc- tion of the facts of Christianity is forced upon us by the conditions of thought under which we live ; and that there is no subject wider in its sweep, more im- perative in its claim, and more momentous in the issues with which it deals, than the philosophy of religion. Into the making of it go one's psychology, one's ethic, one's metaphysic, one's history, one's literary criticism; and on it depend in greater or less degree one's social science, one's politics, one's jurisprudence, one's the- ology, one's religion. The day has passed when re- ligion was regarded as something very important, but not very interesting. There are too many, I fear, who do not regard it as important; but among philosophers it is generally conceded to be interesting. No well- appointed university can refrain from dealing with its problems. For us there can be but one of two posi- tions : we must be silent and hand over the discus- sion to the sceptic, or we must show ourselves worthy of the high place we have already won in the depart- ment of religious philosophy, and take a strong position on the side of historic Christianity. There is little doubt among us, I think, respecting the attitude that Princeton should ever hold. Leaving to the theological schools and to the appropriate ecclesiastical tribunals the dis- cussion of questions in divinity on which the churches are divided, and standing aloof from sectarian contro- PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 45 versy, it is our duty to hold ourselves ready for the de- fence of those fundamental truths in philosophy and in religion, in the maintenance of which Christians of every name have a common interest. I hope that Princeton will always stand for belief in the living God, the im- mortal self, an imperative morality, and the Divine Christ. On this broad platform all the true friends of Princeton can meet, and here we must stand if we would be true to the spirit of our history and continue to de- serve the confidence of Christian men. Ill I TRUST that I have made it clear that I fully recognize the fact that however true it may be that Christian ideas have been the moving causes in the endowment of uni- versities and particularly of this, and however much it may be proper and even inevitable that the great fun- damental truths of Christianity should have place in university teaching, the particular end for which the university exists is not primarily the promotion of re- ligion. The university should not be expected to do the work of the Church. It has ends of its own, and these are not distinctively religious. And yet we cannot keep religion altogether out of our minds when we consider these ends. Religion is indeed, as a little reflection will show, necessary to the full and satisfactory realization of the ends for which the university exists ; and it is in this light that I now wish to regard it. It is not necessary to lay stress upon the mediaeval distinction between the university of masters and the university of scholars for the purpose of settling ques- tions of precedence or of determining the relations they sustain to each other. It would hardly be denied on 46 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the one hand that the professor's business is to teach; and it would be pretty generally conceded on the other that more is expected of him than the discharge of his pedagogic functions. But the distinction I have referred to will serve a good purpose if it reminds us that the professors of a university sustain a relation to the general public apart from the relation they sustain to the stu- dents who listen to their instruction. They constitute the priesthood of learning, and are set apart for the service of truth. Besides training young men for the ac- tive duties of life, it may be fairly expected of them that they should enlarge the borders of knowledge and con- tribute substantially to the formation of a sound public opinion. These, indeed, I take it, are the three great functions of the university. The institution that is not doing something in each of these directions is not accom- plishing the work it was intended to do ; and for the successful accomplishment of this work a reverent atti- tude toward religion and a certain amount of religious faith would seem to be a logical necessity. I lay stress upon that side of the professor's life which relates him to the general public, for the non-academic consciousness does not always properly apprehend it. The professor would not think that his calling were possessed of so much inherent dignity if he regarded himself simply as the means of imparting to a body of mediocre and often very idle young men the modest amount of knowledge that they acquire during a college course ; and he would particularly resent the crude Philistinism that regards him simply in the light of an employe. The dignity of the professor's calling can be maintained only by regarding the incumbent of this office as holding a commission as an independent seeker after truth. There is something fascinating in such a life. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 4T In its fine scorn of material things, in its dignified and independent simplicity, there is surely something to ad- mire. We cannot help feeling, it is true, that intellec- tual labor is sometimes wasted on very unimportant matters ; and that much of what was never known before is not worth knowing ; and that original re- search so often means only infinite pains for the gather- ing of facts that involve no theory and help no generali- zation and apparently serve no other purpose than to verify the statement that of making many books there is no end, and that much study is a weariness of the flesh. Then, too, we find it hard sometimes to bear the great man's arrogance and conceit ; and it disap- points us to see him enter the world's market and sell his rash judgments and crude novelties for such poor price of place or fame as the world will give. But, after all, the marvel is that the appetite for learning and the zest with which men engage in intellectual toil should be so enduring. I particularly wonder at the intellectual earnestness of men who have discarded all religious be- lief. They seem to be so inconsistent and illogical ; they especially impress me so when they employ their energies in seeking to destroy the world's faith in God, for they seem to be undermining their own career and leaving it without a reason. For on the supposition that the world is a system of thought-relations there is something natural in man's persistent effort to explain his habitat and give an account of himself. For whether God be our unreached goal of endeavor, the ideal Good, the infinite Knower in front of us, above and beyond ; or whether it be that the inspiration of the Almighty gives man understanding, so that he is the master light of all our seeing: in either case there is a religious element in all inquiry; there is something that partakes almost of a 48 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION religious act in every serious effort to understand the world ; there is something almost sacramental in the apprehension of a great idea which at the same moment interprets the world and brings the mind into fellow- ship with God. I believe that the indwelling Spirit of God is the source of our curiosity; that our restless seeking after the right understanding of the world is one of the ways in which God reveals himself; that the religious nature of man is the key to his intellectual ac- tivity and the basis of even his irreligious zeal ; that if there were no God and no fellowship between God and man, if all that is were explicable in the terms of matter and motion, there could be no ideals and no intellectual ambition ; that if man should lose his faith in God, he would lose his love of truth; and that the death of re- ligion would be the death of intellectual endeavor. There is another work which the university ought to perform. It should contribute toward the forming of a sound public opinion. In a broad and far-reaching sense it should teach patriotism. There is, I grant, a great deal to justify the confidence with which we rest in the sober second thought of the nation, and the optimism which makes us feel that the common sense of the American people is equal to any emergency. The essential moral- ity of the people of our land, as it finds expression in the pulpit and the press, is a great source of comfort in a time of national peril. And yet when fundamental morality is assailed, when revolutionary views of gov- ernment are publicly expounded, when socialistic the- ories find plausible advocates, it will not do to rely altogether upon popular sentiment or the common sense of the American people. We must do something to keep this common sense from being corrupted, and this must consist of something more than popular harangue and PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 49 the florid iteration of the commonplaces of morahty. There must be deep philosophical discussion of great public questions by men of acknowledged authority in political, social, and economic science. This work can be done better in the universities than anywhere else. This is what I mean when I say that the university should be a school of patriotism. Of a certain type of patriotism there is no lack. We may trust the in- stincts of our people, without any help from academic sources, to resist foreign interference and defend na- tional honor. We understand without being: reminded of it that this land is our heritage and that this w^estern civilization is our problem. But the day is past when national pride and patriotic devotion can be best ex- hibited by awakening the memories of international antagonism. We are in no danger of invasion. Our foes are those of our own household. Our difticulties are those which we share with other nations. They are evils incident to the struggle for the democratization of government, or that are consequent on its rapid devel- opment; that follow as a consequence of the congested life of great cities, or grow out of the complicated ma- chinery of industrialism. We who believe in the sta- bility of government as an ordinance of God should stand by each other in all civilized lands on account of the dangers common to all. I believe that the uni- versities have something to do toward helping on the cause of good feeling between the nations, and particu- larly between those two nations that are so closely bound to each other by the ties of blood, the bonds of a common speech, a common law, and a common religion. Part of the history that we commemorate and of which we are proud is the place that Princeton took in the struggle for independence against the mother-land. And 50 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION now I trust that Princeton, as she enters upon a new era in her history, will do her part toward the formation of a public sentiment that shall make it impossible for the clash of arms ever to be heard again between the two great nations of the English-speaking world. I hope that she will do something to stimulate the develop- ment of the international conscience, to widen the range of international law, and to hasten the day when in- ternational disputes shall be settled by arbitration. International law rests on a basis of morality. It is essentially a university study, and I should like to see Princeton take a high place in connection with its development. But, as I have already implied, the questions which give us most cause for anxiety are national, and not in- ternational. The question with us is whether the popu- lar will is still on the side of constitutional government; whether the public conscience will stand by the financial integrity of the nation; whether great cities can have good government; and whether the ten commandments shall continue to regulate social behavior. It is true that a campaign of education is needed. But it is an education beyond that which the statistician and the collector of facts can give us. It is an education beyond that which appeals to our selfish greed. It must be an education which goes to the roots of our moral life. For purposes of convenience you may entrust the sci- ence of ethics to one man, and of politics to another, and of jurisprudence to a third. The economist may study the laws of industrial activity, and the student of social science deal with the pathological conditions of society — the poverty, the moral pollution, the crime; but when we come to ask whether the remedy is to be found in laisser faire, or the interference of the state, or in moral PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 51 measures, we shall find that no department is isolated and distinct; that our metaphysics, our ethics, our juris- prudence, our economics, our politics, our social sci- ence, all overlap each other; that all are comprehended in the one idea that we live in a moral universe. I do not like the phrase Christian socialism, and I cer- tainly do not agree with the opinion entertained by those who use it most. But if Christianity is true, we cannot afford to ignore what it has to say; and there can be no sound public opinion upon these great ethical problems which does not make acknowledgment of the binding obligations of the laws of the kingdom of God. But there is another work which the university is expected to do; and this, though it does not so com- pletely fill the imagination of the ambitious professor who dreams of fame, is nevertheless the greatest work which it can do. It is the province of the university to train men, by means of a liberal education, for the active duties of life. It is given only to a few to add to the world's stock of knowledge; it is only at rare intervals that we shall succeed in turning out a great thinker who will make his mark upon his age. But our colleges and universities are contributing every year to the moral and intellectual forces of the world a body of young men whose aggregate influence is enormous. It would be a mistake if we should ever come to undervalue this work in Princeton or assign it a second place. There may easily be too many men engaged in the special work of the scholar; there are only limited opportun- ities for a career in science; but there is an unlimited demand for men who can bring to the discharge of the ordinary duties of citizenship the advantages of a liberal education. The best work of Princeton is represented to-day in her 3916 living graduates. They are our let- 52 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION ters of commendation. It is of course not to be ex- pected of the average graduate that he should be a technical scholar. But we have done something if we have opened the eyes of his understanding, that he may know what the world of thought and learning means. We have done something if we have helped him so to widen the area of his selfhood and adjust it to the world he lives in that he can enter into appreciative relationship with the true, the beautiful, and the good. We have done something if we have so impressed his moral nature that he is able to have worthy ideals in regard to his own life, and a comprehensive sense of the duties of citizenship. We have rendered no small ser- vice to the world if as the result of our work the men who go out from our halls are so appreciative of what- soever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are of good report, that they will think on these things. It needs no argument to show that the complete man is he whose culture culminates in religion. The utilitarian view of education, which regards it as a means to an end, is not to be despised. I should not be so unpractical as to overlook the fact that education helps a man to make a place in the world, to win fortune, fame, and power. But a large place must be given to religion in the profit and loss account of life ; for what shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul ? University men are in an ever increasing degree to be the influential men in this nation. These are the men to whom we must look to be the standard-bearers of a high morality, to set an example of unselfish living for worthy ends; and that their influence may be good in the ratio that it is great, it is necessary that their moral and religious na- PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 53 tures shall be trained as well as their intellectual powers. We might well feel discouraged if the educated men of this land should cease to be religious. And if the graduates of our universities should turn their backs upon the religion of their fathers, we might well exclaim: " If the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness! " IV This leads me to say, in a closing word, that the re- ligious thought of the university must inevitably affect the popular religion. University men set the intel- lectual fashion of the day in religion as in other things. I do not mean by this, of course, that religion will hold its own by the grace of university authorities, any more than I believe that God depends on the good-will of the philosophers for the popular recognition of his au- thority. Believing as I do in revealed religion, I do not believe that it will be destroyed by the labors of a few professors of historical and literary criticism. But there may be, as there have been, times of religious de- clension and relative loss of faith. And it is a matter of great moment to religion whether or no the intel- lectual atmosphere in the university is favorable to serious religious thought. I should like to see a less absorbing interest in sport and a more serious intel- lectual tone. I would not cut off social pleasure from university life; but I would not have a university career degenerate into a period of indolent enjoyment. I would not take life too seriously ; but I would not make it a jest. There is reason to fear that men may become sceptics, but there is more reason to fear that they will lapse into indifference. There is a one-sided culture that may prove itself the enemy of all that is deepest and 54 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION best in our nature. There is a type of Hellenism that ends in a pagan rehabilitation of the flesh, where the sensuous love of beauty slides easily into sensual dis- regard of morals. There is a scientific devotion to material facts which may end in the atrophy of the finer elements of our spiritual nature, and so affect our poetry, our sentiment, our hope, our trust in the Father in heaven. These are tendencies in university life that awaken anxiety in thoughtful minds. And yet I do not think that the religious influence of the university is only, or even chiefly, negative. From the time of Wickliffe in Oxford and Huss in Prague until the present day, the universities have been centres of religious movements. We have had Puri- tanism and Rationalism and Sacramentarianism. Chris- tianity has been attacked and it has been defended by university men. There have been periods of negative theology and periods of apologetic. And with the thought of the day on all questions centring in and in- volving religious problems, one cannot help believing that the university will soon be the centre of another re- ligious movement. It will not be patristic and it will not be Puritan in form ; but it must be constructive. It will attempt the synthesis of modern thought in his- tory, philosophy, and criticism in reference to the prob- lem of Christianity. The process may not go on as we could wish, and there may not go into it all that we could desire ; but the work will proceed upon the basis of the written Word and the Word made flesh. The Logos will be the key to our metaphysic, our his- tory, our social philosophy, our theory of life. The men who engage in this work will rebuild the edifice of faith upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone. I do PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 55 not know what part Princeton will have in this religious movement which — dare I prophesy it? — may open the twentieth century. It would be strange if she should have none. The fathers of this institution have laid the foundations deep and strong. It is ours to build thereon. Let us take heed how we build thereupon. Let us especially be careful not to undo the work al- ready done: for other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. But whatever be our place in the sphere of religious philosophy, let us hope and pray that in the sphere of practical religious life Princeton may keep the place she has always held. No part of our work is more important than that which addresses itself to the devo- tional side of our nature and that centres in our chapel services. There have been in past days great seasons of religious awakening in this college. I pray God that times of refreshing may come again. There has always been here a body of earnest, spiritually minded men; there were never more than there are to-day. Christianity, as we understand it, is more than a series of precepts: it is a way of salvation. We preach Christ Jesus, and him crucified. We believe that he is the propitiation for our sins, and that we have redemption through his blood. Through all the hundred and fifty years of the history of the College of New Jersey this message has been faithfully proclaimed in her pulpit; and it is the earnest prayer of all who love her best, and have served her most, that the day may never come when it can be said of those who hold high place in Princeton University that they are ashamed of the gospel of Christ. 56 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION After the sermon, which was Hstened to throughout with close attention, particularly in the passages which appealed for Christian relations between the two great branches of the English-speaking race, and which met with immediate response from the entire audience, a prayer was offered by Dean Murray, and the hymn " Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott" was sung. The Rev. Dr. W. B. Bodine, of Phila- delphia, pronounced the benediction. When the service was concluded the official body of dele- gates, trustees, and professors was entertained at luncheon by Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Green. The less formal round of teas, dinners, and luncheons of the preceding week now began to take on more of the character of academic func- tions. Of these the chief were the President's dinners, the luncheons and teas provided by Mr. and Mrs. Green, the dinners and luncheons of several professors and trustees — all ending, on the third day of the feast, with the luncheon to the President of the United States and Mrs. Cleveland, and the farewell dinner to the delegates. The delegates from other institutions and from learned societies were formally received, at three o'clock on Tues- day afternoon, in Alexander Hall. Upon this occasion the delegates from abroad, and the presidents, provosts, and deans of American universities, occupied the platform, the other delegates being seated, with the faculty and trustees of Princeton University, in the orchestra, while the rest of the house was open, by ticket, to the public. The delegates and the institutions they represented were : The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Hon. William Everett. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Hoti. J. Craig Biddle, '^i. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 57 American University, Washington. Chancellor John Fletcher Htirst. Amherst College, Massachusetts. President Merrill Edwards Gates. Andover Theological Seminary, Massachusetts. President Egbert Coffin Sfuyth. University of Athens, Greece. Hon. Dimitrius Botassi, Constil-General of the Kingdom of Greece, New York. Auburn Theological Seminary, New York. Professor Henry Matthias Booth. Bangor Theological Seminary, Maine. President George W. Gilmore, '8j. The Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York. Professor William T. Ljisk. Bowdoin College, Maine. President William De Witt Hyde. Brown University, Rhode Island. Professor Albert Harkness. The Bucknell University, Pennsylvania. President John Howard Harris. University of California, California. Professor Joseph LeConte. University of Cambridge, England. Professor Joseph Jo Jin Thomso7i. The Catholic University of America, Washington. Professor F. Hy vernal. The Central University of Kentucky, Kentucky. Chancellor L. H. Blanton. 58 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION The University of Chicago, Illinois. President William Rainey Harper. The University of the City of Cincinnati, Ohio. Professor Thomas Herbert Norton. Clark University, Massachusetts. President G. Stanley Hall. College of Charleston, South Carolina. President Henry E. Shepherd, Columbia University, New York. President Seth Low. Columbian University, Washington. President B. L. Whitman. Cornell University, New York. President Jacob Gould Schurman. Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia. President John Forrest. Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. President William J. T2icker. Drew Theological Seminary, New Jersey. President Henry A. Buttz. University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Professor A ndrew Seth. The College of Emporia, Kansas. President J. D. Hewitt. Erskine College, South Carolina. Professor J. I. McCain. Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania. President John S. Stahr. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 59 Georgetown University, District of Columbia. President Joseph Havens Richards, S. J. University of Gottingen, Germany. Professor Felix Klein. University of Halle, Germany. Professor Johamics Conrad. Hamilton College, New York. Dean A. G. Hopkins. The College of Hampden Sidney, Virginia. Professor Walter Blair. Hartford Theological Seminary, Connecticut. President Chester D. Hartranft. Harvard University, Massachusetts. President Charles William Eliot, Professor George Lincoln Goodale, . Professor William James, Hobart College, New York. Dealt W. Pitt Durfee. The Jefferson Medical College, Pennsylvania. Professor James C. Wilson. The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland. President Daniel Coit Gilman. The University of Kansas, Kansas. Chancellor Francis H. Snow. Kenyon College, Ohio. Professor William F. Peirce. Knox College, Canada. Principal William Caven. 60 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Lafayette College, Pennsylvania. President Ethclbert Dudley Warjield, '82. The Lake Forest University, Illinois. Mr. Cyrtis Hall McCormick, 'yg. Lane Theological Seminary, Ohio. Professor Kemper Fullerton, '88. Lehigh University, Pennsylvania. Presidetit Thomas Messinger Drown. University of Leipzig, Germany. Professor Karl Brugmann. Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. President Isaac N. Kendall. University of London, England. Professor Joseph John Thomson. McCormick Theological Seminary, Illinois. Professor A . C. Zenos. McGill University, Canada. Principal William Peterson. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts. President Francis A. Walker. The University of Michigan, Michigan. President James Burrill Angell. The University of Minnesota, Minnesota. President Cyrus Northrup. University of the State of Missouri, Missouri. President Richard H. Jesse. Muhlenberg College, Pennsylvania. President Theodore L. Seip. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 61 National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. Professor John Trowbridge, of Harvard University. Professor Charles Augustus Young, of Princeton University, University of Nebraska, Nebraska. Chancellor George E. MacLean. New York Law School, New York. Dean George Chase. The University of North Carolina, North Carolina. President E. A. Alderman. Northwestern University, Illinois. President Henry Wade Rogers. Oberlin College, Ohio. Professor G. Frederick Wright. Ohio State University, Ohio. Hon. D. M. Massie, 'So. University of Oxford, England. Professor Goldwin Smith, of Toronto. Professor Edward Bagnall Poultofi. University of Paris, France. Professor Henri Moissan. University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. Provost Charles Cnstis Harrison. Presbyterian Theological Seminary, South Carolina. Rev. Dr. Samuel S. Laws. Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey. Professor William Henry Green. 62 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Queen's College and University, Canada. Chancellor Sandford Fleming. Randolph Macon College, Virginia. President W. W. Smith. Roanoke College, Virginia. President Julius D. Dreher. Robert College, Constantinople, Turkey. Professor Charles Anderson. The Royal Society, London, England. Professor Joseph John Thomson. Rutgers College, New Jersey. President Atistin Scott. University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Principal William Peterson^ of McGill College and University. San Francisco Seminary, California. Professor William Alexander. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Professor Samuel Pierpont Langlcy, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. South Carolina College, South Carolina. President James Woodrow. Southwestern Presbyterian University, Tennessee. Professor James Adair Lyon, 'j2. Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. President Charles DeGarmo. Syrian Protestant College, Syria. President Daniel Bliss. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 63 University of Texas, Texas. Professor George Bruce Halsied, '75. University of Toronto, Canada. Presidefit James Lotidon. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Professor Robert Yelvcrton Tyrrell* Professor Edward Dow den. Union Theological Seminary, New York. President Thomas Samuel Hastings. Union University, New York. President Andrew Van Vranken Raymond. The United States Military Academy, West Point. Colonel Peter S. Michie, U. S. A. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis. Comma7ider Edwin White, U. S. JV. University of Utrecht, Holland. Professor Arnold Ambi'osius Willcni Hiibrecht. Vanderbilt University, Tennessee. Professor William L. Dudley. University of Vermont, Vermont. President Matthew Henry Buckham. University of Virginia, Virginia. Professor F. H. Smith. Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. President James D. Moffat. The Washington and Lee University, Virginia. Professor Henry Alexander White. * Professor Tyrrell had arranged to be present, but was unavoidably detained. 64 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Wesleyan University, Connecticut. Professor John M. Van Vleck, Acting President. Western Theological Seminary, Pennsylvania. Professor Matthezv Brown Riddle. Western University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. Chancellor William J. Holland. The College of William and Mary, Virginia. Professor Lyon G. Tyler. Williams College, Massachusetts. President Franklin Carter. University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin. President Charles Kendall Adams. Wittenberg College, Ohio. President S. A. Ort. Yale University, Connecticut. Professor G.eorge Park Fisher, Dean of tlte Divinity School. After music by Lander's orchestra, Mr. Charles E. Green, of the Board of Trustees, Chairman of the Committee on the Sesquicentennial Celebration, opened the exercises with a brief statement of what Princeton College had done for the country ; what she had stood for in the educational world and in the national life ; her spirit and attitude toward both ; of the stimulus to thinking and high work that had been given the college by the lectures during the preceding week; of the eminent men who had addressed in them the univer- sity world ; of Princeton's appreciation of so large and dis- tinguished a representation from the universities and colleges of the old world and the new ; and most cordially welcomed to the homes and hospitality of Princeton and the university PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 65 those who had responded to our invitation and honored us by their presence. He also bade the representatives of the institutions which had sent addresses, to express Princeton's cordial appreciation of the very kind and flattering terms in which they had been pleased to express their good wishes to the college as it entered upon a new era. Mr. Green then introduced the Rev. Dr. Howard Duffield, of New York, who welcomed the delegates in the following address : Fellow Princetonians and Friends of Nassau Hall: Alma Mater keeps open house to-day. Her children are thronging back to the old home. Her neighbors have flocked together from all the country round. A noble company of guests from beyond the water has come to grace her jubilee. Alma Mater has reached a grand climacteric. She has garnered the fruitage of one hundred and fifty years. Her hand touches the shining goal toward which her patient steps have long been pressing. Gar- landed with well-won laurels, she girds herself for wider fields of toil. But scholastic honors are of little worth when severed from human sympathies. She therefore hails with peculiar delight this gathering together of her sons and her companions, whose presence exalts her in- vestiture with academic dignity into a coronation of af- fection. Alma Mater welcomes " her boys." They come to her to-day from every compass point. They come freighted with cares, scarred with the conflicts of life, crowned with success, burdened with reverse, silvered with the frosts of winter, but always " her boys." If, as they gather around her, the emotion of their hearts 66 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION could be interpreted in speech, they fain would say : " Alma Mater, well-beloved mother, dear art thou to us, though thine attire be never so quiet and sober ; thy virtues all unheralded among men ; thine achievements bounded by the humblest sphere. We are glad when we see thee put on thy beautiful garments. We re- joice in thy widening renown. We exult as the voices of the world take up thy praise — but love thee more, we cannot." The College of New Jersey welcomes that guild of literary craftsmen, in whose comradeship she has striven for the welfare of our beloved land. Few American academies had opened their doors when Princeton was born. This institution was the child of those stalwart pioneers of truth who must have a place of study, even if it was built of logs, and who knew how to create a university in a forest clearing. From the meridian of Plymouth Rock, and from the bank of Neshaminy Creek, came the influences that generated Princeton. The Puritanism of New England and the Scotch-Irish- ism of the middle colonies blended in her life. Harvard furnished one of the most influential founders. Yale contributed the three earliest of her presidents. The Tennents inbreathed the institution with their flaming ardor for the truth. This handful of schools set to themselves a brave mission. Before this land was measured, while its settlers lingered within the sound of the sea, its forests all untravelled, its rivers unmapped, its fields unfurrowed, they conspired to rear a citizenship which could worthily wield the scepter of such a sovereignty. They knew that knowledge fed patriotism ; that ignorance was the owlish foster-mother of public dishonor ; that anarchy cannot live in the light; that civic hate never kindled PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 07 its incendiary torch at wisdom's altar-fires. Right well did those old-time school-houses deserve to be called "the Martello towers on the coast-line of our civiliza- tion." It is a glad omen to behold this auspicious rep- resentation of America's academic force, an armament of truth which ultimately must possess the continent. It is a peculiar privilege to salute the delegates of such a brilliant constellation of institutions, established in busy metropolitan centres ; lifting their cupolas above the roofs of quiet country towns; anchored on the seaboard, nestling against the hillside, reposing by the lake shore, or studding the imperial prairie land of the West ; bear- ing the titles of historic commonwealths, or standing as the enduring and beneficent memorials of individual de- votion to the truth ; but all baptized with the spirit of antagonism to the forces which slink and burrow ; all banded together by the stress of a supreme endeavor for the uplifting of humanity. Nassau Hall extends an especial warmth of welcome to the illustrious men of letters from the Old World seats of learning, who have rendered this moment memorable by their coming hitherward. Princeton was at the beginning a colonial school, but it has always been infected with a cosmopolitan spirit. Columbus discovered this new world, but Joseph Henry of Prince- ton discovered the method of binding worlds together. Our heraldry carries a blazon of European loyalty. The name of " Nassau" unites us to the British throne, and allies us with the champions of European liberty. We wear the colors before which the arms of mediaeval tyranny went backward, and the spirit of feudalism was exorcised from Great Britain. The ocean has not in- sulated this institution. The Atlantic has not been a barrier, but a highway. The Princeton theology has 68 PRINCETON SESQ.UICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION never held it to be an infraction of the eighth command- ment to steal the good and the great wherever found. Once and again she has recruited her teaching with transatlantic thinkers. Alone among American univer- sities she has crossed the sea for her presidents. Twice she has summoned to her leadership the sons of that land where the granite is clothed with the heather, where strength is wedded with beauty. You have journeyed hitherward over a path plowed by the keels of Princeton's treasure-ships. You come to us, not as aliens, but as allies, as kinsfolk, to add a bond tender and undying to the friendships which already bind this institution to those venerable haunts of learning which are beyond the sea. We bid you welcome in the name of an honored past. In ancient Athens the Parthenon crested the Acropolis. The sanctuary of wisdom glorified the hill which was sacred to the divinity of war. In like manner Nassau Hall stands upon a battle-field. Its site marks a pivotal spot in the struggle for our national existence. Its culture was a prime factor in the formation of our nation's life. The American revolution was not a spasm of blind unreason. It was a war of eternal principles. It enlisted men of thought, the children of the noblest era of Eng- lish letters, the inheritors of the literary wealth of Eu- rope. The academy became the recruiting-station for the Continental Army. The munitions of war were obtained from the arsenals of truth. There was logic, as well as powder, behind the bullets. The bayonets thought. The ideas by which the Mayflower was motored marched to victory at Yorktown. American independence is the fruit of a ripe intelligence. Princeton was a veritable Gibraltar of Americanism. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 69 From the moment that the hum of freedom's fight ran through the land, Princeton throbbed with patriotism. Gowned in black, her students burned the papers that hinted compromise with tyranny. They repeated the Boston Tea Party upon the front campus. They wore only American cloth. "We learn patriotism as w^ell as Greek," declared one of their number. They graduated the secretary of the Mecklenburg Convention. Their president sat in the Continental Congress. His impas- sioned earnestness forced the passage of the Declaration of Independence. The crucial struggle of the Revo- lution left its imprint upon the wall of Old North. The college chapel became the meeting-place of Congress. Washington was present at its commencements, and enrolled his foster son among its students, and issued his farewell to the army within its shadow. The sign- ing of the treaty of peace at Versailles was proclaimed within its prayer hall in the presence of a brilliant assem- bly of diplomats. The simple facts of the college annals seem tinged with romance. Cold statistics glow with rhetoric. Suffice it to say that in every instance where scholarship ministers to the dignity and the prosperity of the State ; in the conventions which framed laws for the land ; upon the field of battle where its honor was maintained ; in foreign courts and home cabinets ; on the bench and in the pulpit ; in the chair of the president of the Senate, and in the home of the President of the nation, the sons of Old Nassau have uplifted the " Orange and the Black." This potency of Princeton is but an exponent of the personal influence of her leaders. It has been her happy lot to enjoy the guardianship of a company of great teachers, who, as Lowell has truly said, "are as rare as great poets." Dickinson and Burr were courtly, schol- 70 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION arly, masterful, and only less princely in thought than Edwards. Jonathan Edwards, whose imposing figure moves across a weird background of Indian haunted for- est, wore the mantle of Plato in this modern world. Davies, the builder of Old North, was a latter-day Chry- sostom. Finley possessed a classic culture which won academic recognition from beyond the Atlantic. With- erspoon was a reincarnation of John Knox, whose blood tingled in his veins. He recognized no kingship by di- vine right except the royalty of humanity. His scholas- tic attainments warranted the christening of his residence with the name of Cicero's country-seat. His patriotic zeal made the forum ring with accents like those which in the olden time " shook the arsenal, and fulmined over Greece." His teaching power reduplicated his person- ality almost beyond parallel. Of Stanhope Smith, Wash- ington wrote: "There is no college whose president is thought to be more capable to direct a proper system of education than Dr. Smith." Greene and Carnahan led the American universities in the introduction of chemistry as a distinct branch of undergraduate study. MacLean, who wore so well the name of the beloved disciple, was scholar enough to teach the entire curri- culum, was publicist enough to create the public-school system of his State, and possessed the high distinction of having never rebuked a student without making a friend. McCosh was our Augustus, who found Prince- ton brick, and left it marble. Departed from earth, he is still enshrined within the sanctuary of many a pupil's heart. He was a far-sighted, deep-thoughted, tender- hearted man. Well did he voice the emotions of his great compeers, when with wistful pen he wrote as the time of his departure drew nigh: "If I were permitted to come back from the other world to this, I would visit PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 71 these scenes so dear to me, that I might once more see the tribes go up to the house of God in companies." Verily, if the spirits of those who have entered into the better country share in the emotions of those who tarry amid the vicissitude of earth, this great "choir invisible " hail with joy this auspicious hour. Their prayers pointed hitherward, and their unflinching sac- rifice and undaunted toil smoothed the upward path to this moment of eminence. They all died in the faith of old Nassau's coming glory. Their unseen presence hallows this moment in which their vision becomes real- ity. The voices of the mighty dead salute you! We welcome you in the name of an inspiring future. One of the most striking incidents of academic story oc- curred at the celebration of Lord Kelvin's distinguished service in the cause of truth. He had forced so many problems to solution, had lifted the shadow from so many mysteries, had provided the civilizing energies of the earth with such varied and invincible equipment, that a notable company gathered to do him honor. He met their congratulations with the significant statement : " Were I at this moment to sum up my life, it would be in the single word — failure." But the time shall come when that sad note of conscious defeat shall be echoed with a victorious " Eureka." The world's intel- lect is sweeping toward the light. The "open secret" of nature shall be mastered. The hieroglyphics of crea- tion shall at length be deciphered. The veil of Isis shall at last be uplifted from the hidden and benignant face. The modern impulse toward this sublime event began when the world beheld gleaming behind the Alps : "The glory that was Greece And the grandeur that was Rome." 72 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION A thirst for knowledge smote humanity. A great longing for a vision of the truth filled all hearts with sleepless desire. An enthusiasm to know the reason of things took possession of the European world. The Oc- cident embarked in a crusade of thought. Schools sup- planted palaces as seats of power. The aristocracy of birth found a new patent of nobility in learning. The crown jewels of the nations became the universities. The glory of Italy was Bologna, with one starry word as her motto, " Libertas." The kingliest achievement of Charlemagne was the creation of the common school which taught Paris how to become the intellectual mis- tress of the earth. The old German schoolmasters strung the Teutonic character with so true a fibre, and infused the Teutonic spirit with such an indomitable love for Fatherland, that Napoleon feared the universities more than the Prussian bayonets. Where the soil of Holland was drenched with the life-blood of her sons, whose triumphant love of liberty was stronger than death, arose the academic halls of Leyden. Our Saxon Alfred vindicated his right to be called the Great, by laying the corner-stone of the British universities, which, " steeped in sentiment, spreading their gardens to the moonlight, and whispering from their towers the last enchantments of the Middle Age, keep ever calling us nearer to the goal." Like a company of godfathers, bearing gifts, the sons of these great centres of civilizing progress stand to-day by the cradle-side of Princeton University. Into her new life they pour their distinctive benefactions. From Italy, the native land of Dante and of Angelo, comes the intuition of that beauty which ever lies at the heart of truth. France imparts the intrepid spirit of experiment and discovery. Germany brings the genius for original and sound research. Great Britain bestows Tower of Blair Hall. Erected 1897. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 73 that relish for the classics, that reverence for ethics, that instinct for metaphysics, which are the roots of all gen- erous and enduring culture. From the combination of such primal elements will Princeton seek to develop her distinctive academic life. The Princeton idea of a uni- versity came to definition, in connection with two of its early presidents. Edwards said of himself, " If I think of an unsolved theorem I will immediately try to solve it." Of Burr, Benjamin Franklin said, "He was a great scholar, but a very great man." To press fearlessly toward the heart of every mystery, and to raise manhood to its highest terms by the development of great scholarship, is the exact impulse which is carry- ing the college over into the broader field of university work. The school-house is made for man, and not man for the school-house. There is more in the mystery of existence than the bread-and-butter problem. Intel- lect is not an instrument for making a living, but for the making of life. Culture is not for the sake of wealth, but of the commonwealth. The university ex- ists to train thinkers who can grasp, and state, and help to solve the great problems of human life ; who can liberate those subtle and potent energies which ex- tinguish disorder, stamp out the seeds of crime, and create better citizens, nobler characters, and more God- like men. We welcome you in the supreme name of Him who is the fountain of all truth, and the goal of all thought, whose honor is the scholar's inspiration, and whose smile is the student's reward — the name of the "Only Wise God." When William of Orange entered the lists in behalf of human liberty, he was asked, "Have you arranged an alliance with any of the great powers who will sustain you in the event of reverse?" "Before PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION I unsheathed my sword," was the royal reply, "I en- tered into covenant allegiance with the God of battles." Our founders were worthy princes of the house of Nassau. They burned to enrich their country with a dower of educated citizenship. They aspired to exalt their church with a ministry of liberal and able scholar- ship. But they were environed with difficulties as vast and as dark as the forests which skirted their dwelling. Their numbers were few. Their dollars were fewer. Sympathy with high ideals is never easy to evoke. But they were not resourceless. They were men of God. Before they gave themselves to their heroic adventure, they entered into covenant with Jehovah of Hosts. He was their strength and their shield. Their academy was founded in his name. The college was prayed into existence. Its cradle was rocked in a church synod. Its youth grew strong in an atmosphere tonic with faith. It has become clothed with strength, and beauty, and victory, beneath the smile of heaven. The founders are imagined as intolerant. They were intolerant of littleness. They were stern set against superstition. They loved nothing so much as truth. They feared nothing at all but half-truths. They con- centrated their lives upon the intense effort to save piety from deformity, to wed faith with intellectuality, to crown Christian character with the diadem of a liberal culture. The founders are imagined as narrow. They were narrow enough not to perceive any conflict be- tween faith and science. They assumed that he who knew God best would best understand the works of God; that the child was the truest interpreter of the father. They were narrow enough to count as of very little worth any culture that issued in universal doubt. Their lives were narrowed into the conviction of the PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 75 absolute certainty of some things ; and they became bond-slaves of the elemental principles of human no- bility. They made the charter of Princeton the Magna Charta of religious liberty in the academic life of Amer- ica. In 1746 they wrote above the portals of their college this legend: "That no person shall be debarred of any of the privileges of the said college on account of any speculative principles of religion; but those of every religious profession shall have equal privilege and advantage of education in said college." This trumpet- note reverberated throughout the land. Bancroft said : "It was from Witherspoon of New Jersey that Madison imbibed the lesson of perfect freedom in matters of conscience." Upon this deep, broad rock-bed of faith and freedom the university was founded. In the same catholic spirit it has been builded. Its heraldic motto is " Dei sub numine viget." Its official seal is blazoned with an open Bible. Edwards projected as part of his Prince- ton work a mighty " History of Redemption," which should combine, in one stupendous literary product, the ideas of Augustine's " City of God," Dante's " Corn- media," and the Paradise epics of Milton. Wither- spoon struck the key-note of his phenomenal adminis- tration when he announced the theme of his inaugural as "The Union of Piety and Science." Joseph Henry, distinguished alike for ability and modesty, as was Newton, whose brilliant successor honors this cere- monial with his presence, habitually introduced his la- boratory work by saying, " Young gentlemen, we are about to ask God a question." Guyot devoted his rare power of observation, and his marvellous stores of ac- quisition, to displaying the harmony between the physi- cal and the scriptural — "Story of the Earth and Man." 76 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Stephen Alexander defined laws of nature as " Methods according to which God ordinarily chooses to act." The last time that McCosh stood in the chapel pulpit, he opened the book to a favorite passage, the prose poem of Paul concerning " Charity." As he reached the sentence, "We know in part," he paused. With the light of the unclouded land already brightening his noble face, he condensed his entire philosophy into a single characteristic declaration, " We know in part — but we k7iow/" When he who now wears with such ability and dignity the mantle of Princeton's president, whose brain of light and heart of fire, whose piercing intuition of the truth, whose ardent, progressive, untir- ing, inspiring devotion to the welfare of the university are Princeton's pride, was inducted into office, he inter- preted in memorable phrase the religious genius of the institution. Says President Patton in his inaugural : "We do not mean to extinguish the torch of science that we may sit in religious moonlight, and we do not intend to send our religion up to the biological library for examination and approval. We shall not be afraid to open our eyes in the presence of nature, nor ashamed to close them in the presence of God." This stately hall in which we are assembled is an eloquent and monumental tribute to a resplendent line of Princeton's intellectual nobility, the lustre of whose learning was heightened by the glow of a lofty and unshaken faith. Some problems are settled at Princeton. Some issues are not open to debate beneath its elms. Its philosophy is rooted in the glory of God and the immortality of man. God is postulated; and the divine spark in human clay is assumed. Conscience underlies the curriculum. Eternity is in view from the class-room. We seek the truth, but we believe that Christ is the most exalted PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 7T revelation of the truth. The brightest rays of earthly learning are only " broken lights of Him." " Dei sub numine viget." The motto of the college becomes the watchword of the university. It is historic. It is prophetic. It explains the past. It ensures the fu- ture. It condenses the chronicle of a century and a half into a sentence. It sweeps the expanding horizon of the future with a stroke of the pen. "Dei sub numine viget." Dei sub numine vigcbit. He who has led the wilderness march in triumph will invest the conquest of the promised land with glory. In His Great Name, Princeton salutes her guests. Sursum corda! Let knowledge grow from more to more, But more of reverence with it dwell ; That mind and soul, according well, May make one music as before, But vaster. At the conclusion of this address of welcome there was music by the orchestra, after which President Eliot, of Har- vard University, read the following response on behalf of the universities and learned societies of America: In obedience to the summons of your Sesquicentennial Committee, it is my high privilege, as the head of the oldest American university, to present to the President, Trustees, and Faculty of Princeton University, on this auspicious occasion, the hearty congratulations of the universities and learned societies of the United States. The universities and learned societies of the United States congratulate Princeton University on the rela- tions of mutual support and affection in ^^•hich she has always stood with that great religious denomination, the 78 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Presbyterian Church — a church which has rendered in- valuable service to the cause of civil liberty as well as of religious independence. They rejoice that this rela- tionship is firm and close to-day, and that Princeton University maintains from year to year its habitual contribution to the ministry of that powerful church ; but they also felicitate the University that it was ex- pressly provided in the charter of 1748 that no person of any religious denomination whatever should be ex- cluded from any of the liberties, privileges, or immu- nities of the college on account of his being of a religious profession different from that of the trustees of the college. They appreciate as a valuable force in the political and religious history of the country the conservative spirit of Princeton University. They share the pride and satisfaction with which the graduates of Princeton remember the contributions of the college to the membership of the Continental Con- gress and to the public service of the United States — contributions illustrated by such names as Joseph Reed, John Witherspoon, Oliver Ellsworth, Edward Living- ston, and James Madison. They remember with gratitude the services to the profession of medicine which that distinguished Prince- ton graduate, the patriot Benjamin Rush, rendered in the early days of medical instruction in America. They look back with respectful interest to the pioneer work in American history done by David Ramsay, sur- geon in the Continental army, in his writings on the history of the American Revolution ; and they see in him a worthy predecessor of the brilliant historical writers whose names now adorn the rolls of Princeton University. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 79 The scientific societies of the country venerate the mental power, philosophic insight, and noble character of Joseph Henry, long a teacher in this University, and declare that no worthier name is written in the an- nals of American science. Universities and societies alike rejoice that to the study of dialectics and systematic theology, long estab- lished here, there was added in later times a school of modern philosophy of wide and liberalizing influence. They have seen with satisfaction that to the ancient College of New Jersey was added, twenty-three years ago, a school of natural science, which soon enlisted a strong corps of vigorous and inspiring teachers and a large body of enthusiastic students. The learned soci- eties of the United States especially rejoice in this broadening of the work of the University, and these great enrichments of its instruction, apparatus, and means of influence. They see with peculiar satisfaction that the College of New Jersey, like other old American colleges, has conferred priceless benefits on the country by educating, through successive generations, families capable of emi- nent public service — families which have won not only local, but national repute. It is enough to mention as illustrations the names of Alexander, Bayard, Dayton, Frelinghuysen, Green, Hodge, Sloan, and Stockton. The American colleges have rendered no greater ser- vice to the nation than this of giving good training for business, professional, or public life to successive gen- erations from sound family stocks. Finally, the American universities and learned soci- eties congratulate Princeton University on its habitual inculcation of patriotism and public spirit. The resort to Princeton, though naturally in chief part derived from 80 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the neighboring States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, has been in early and in later times of a national breadth. Princeton has thus promoted the unity of the country, and strengthened the bands which bind together the federated States. The universities and learned societies of the United States observe within recent years many signs of the rise, among the American institutions of learning, of a spirit of sympathy and cooperation unknown before. Institutions which once felt widely separated by dis- tance, by different denominational affiliations, or by di- versities of political and social environment, now feel themselves to be close kindred by nature, near neigh- bors in spirit, and united in the common pursuit of the same lofty ends. With one accord the American uni- versities and learned societies, if they were all repre- sented here, would express the ardent wish that, as the centuries pass, the name and fame of Princeton may mount higher and higher, and her continuous services to freedom, learning, and religion be gratefully accepted and recorded by the American people. This dignified address by the President of Harvard Uni- versity was received with hearty applause. And when the applause had subsided, it broke out afresh upon the appear- ance, at the front of the platform, of Professor Joseph John Thomson of the University of Cambridge, England, who, in behalf of the delegates from the European universities, spoke as follows : I rise to offer to Princeton University on behalf of the uni- versities and societies of Europe a hearty congratulation. When asked to undertake this duty I felt that the com- PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 81 pliment paid to the part that Cambridge University had taken in the estabhshment of the system of universities in this country was so great that I could not refuse con- sent. The compHment was all the greater because in choosing me you have disregarded every consideration of personal fitness or distinction. There are no men more honored of Cambridge than those men of Emmanuel College who started the greatest scheme of university extension the world has ever seen or will see. And although Cambridge cannot pride itself on being so closely connected with Princeton as with another university, yet there is something about Princeton that reminds them of their university. I was told long ago by Cambridge men that they never felt more at home than when they were at Princeton. I, since I have been here, have felt that feeling myself strongly. Princeton, like Cambridge, is a university remote from large cities and manufactories, and a cam- pus with long vistas. The labors of Princeton men during the last one hun- dred and fifty years command the gratitude and consid- eration of every university and scientific society. There is no university but part of whose teaching is due to the labors of Princeton men. To the historian, the lawyer, the politician, and the man of science, Princeton is classic ground. It appears that political events took place here of incalculable importance to this country, and which an Englishman can now heartily acknowledge were settled in the way to best promote the peace, happiness, and prosperity of the world. May they forever attain the distinction of being the last occasion on which there is any issue between these two great countries. No man of science can forget that Princeton shares with the Royal Institution of London the honor of being 82 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the seat of the greatest discoveries, very important in electricity. It was here that Young discovered the phe- nomena of electrical vibration, although its importance was not appreciated until it had been rediscovered a few years ago. To Princeton belongs the honor of es- tablishing the first chemical laboratory in this country; and that great discoverer and philosopher, Guyot, has engraved the name of Princeton upon this planet. But to be connected to this planet alone has not been enough for Princeton. The researches of Professor Young on the sun have caused the name of Princeton to be forever associated with the very centre of the solar system. But great as has been the contribution of Princeton to science and learning, there is the more important fact that this university has, year after year, for one hundred and fifty years, sent out into the country a body of men highly trained, and who have acquired by residence in this university that keen sense of personal honor, that fairness of mind which makes them capable of rendering invaluable service to this country at a critical stage in the history of this country, and they have been render- ing valuable service ever since. As your President said this morning, it is not the exceptional men of science that are the real test of the work of this university. There is no factor in this influence that so makes for good as the existence of a fine university tradition. That each university must make for itself. It cannot receive it even from the most generous benefactor. It must be got by the great deeds, great discoveries and self-sacrifice of its graduates. These are rare things and accumulate but slowly ; but Princeton has managed to acquire them. But it is because of the possession of this tradition, as well as the intellectual and scientific achievements of Princeton, that on behalf of the univer- Erratum — Page 82, line 2, for Young read Henry. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 83 sities and other societies of Europe I offer you their warmest congratulations. After Professor Thomson's reply, which aroused great enthusiasm, the orchestra played a selection, and Mr. Green, then rising, read a list, which was as yet only partly complete, of the institutions and societies which had sent congratulatory addresses to Princeton University. As sup- plemented a few days later, it was as follows : American. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Amherst College .... Brown University ..... University of California Carleton College ..... Catholic University of America . University of Chicago .... University of Chicago (The Academical Council) College of the City of New York Clark University ..... University of Colorado Columbia Theological Seminary . Columbia University .... Cornell University .... Cornell University (The Faculty) Dartmouth College .... University of Denver University of Georgia .... Massachusetts. Massac h use t is. Rhode Is la fid. California, Minnesota. Washington, D. C. Illinois. Illinois. . New York. . Massachusetts. Colorado. South Carolina. . New York. Nezv York. New York. New Hampshire. Colorado. Georgia. 84 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Georgetown University .... Georgetown, D. C. Hampden-Sidney College Virginia. Harvard University ..... Massadmsetts. Harvard University (The President and Fellows) . Mass. Haverford College Hobart College .... The Johns Hopkins University Knox College Lafayette College .... Lake Forest University Lick Observatory McCormick Theological Seminary . Massachusetts Institute of Technology Pennsylvania. . New York. Maryland. Illinois. Pennsylvania. Illinois. California. Illinois. Massac h usetts. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (The Faculty) Mass. University of Missouri University of Nebraska New York University Northwestern University University of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania College . . . . Princeton Theological Seminary Rutgers College .... Southwestern Presbyterian University Swarthmore College ... Syracuse University University of Texas Trinity College Union University . . . . United States Military Academy United States Naval Academy . Missouri. Nebraska. New York. Illinois. Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania. New Jersey. New Jersey. Tennessee. Pennsylvania. Nctv York. Texas. Connecticut. New York. New York. Maryland. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 85 Vanderbilt University University of Vermont University of Virginia Washington University Washington and Lee University . Western Reserve University Western University of Pennsylvania WilHams College . . . , University of Wisconsin Wittenberg College Yale University Yale University (The Corporation) Tennessee. Vermo7it. Virginia. Missouri. Virginia. . Ohio. Pennsylvania. Massac h use its. Wisconsin. . Ohio. Connecticut. . Connecticut. Canadian. Dalhousie University McGill University Queen's College and University University of Toronto Halifax. Mo7itreal. Kingston. Toronto. European. University of Aberdeen University of Amsterdam University of Athens University of Basle University of Berlin University of Berne University of Bologna University of Bonn Scotland. Holland. . Greece. Switzerland. Germany. Switzerland. Italy. Germany. 86 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL University of Brussels University of Budapest University of Cambridge University of Christiania University of Copenhagen University of Dublin University of Edinburgh University of Glasgow University of Gottingen University of Greifswald University of Halle University of Heidelberg University of Jena University of Kiel University of Konigsberg University of Leipzig University of Leyden University of Lille University of London University of Moscow University of Munich University of Oxford Owens College University of Padua University of Paris University of Prague Queen's College University of Rome University of Rostock Royal Prussian Academy CELEBRATION Belgium. . Hufigary. England. Norway. Denmark. Ireland. Scotland. Scotland. Germany. Germany. Germany. Germany. Germany. Germany. Germany. Germany. Holland. France. England. Russia. Germany. Engla7id. England. . Italy. France. Austria. Ireland. Italy. Germany. Germany. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 87 Royal Society University of St. Andrews University of St. Petersburg University of Salamanca . University of Strassburg University of Tubingen University of Upsala . University of Utrecht University of Zurich . . England. Scotland. Russia. . Spain. . Germany. Germany. Sweden. Holland. Switzerland. From other Countries. University of Melbourne Syrian Protestant College University of Tokio A ustralia. Syria. Japan. The chairman then announced that the exercises were at an end, but invited the delegates and the Princeton trus- tees and faculty to meet immediately in the Chancellor Green Library and be presented to one another. Accord- ingly, the long procession of delegates streamed eastward over the lawns, and there was much hand-shaking, though necessarily but little conversation, in the rotunda of the library, where there was barely room to stand. Here were displayed most of the congratulatory addresses from uni- versities, colleges, and learned societies — a brilliant collec- tion of beautifully executed letters, most of them in Latin and on parchment, and many of them adorned with gor- geous hand illuminations in mediaeval style. There was also an exhibition, in the Trustees' Room, of a collection of documents and relics connected with the origin 88 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION and history of the old College of New Jersey, together with a collection of Princetoniana, which, for want of space, did not include, however, the Pyne-Henry collection of some six hundred autographs and documents, the Libbey collec- tion of several hundred books and pamphlets, and the grow- ing McAlpin collection. There were displayed : 1. The New York Post Boy, No. 213, Feb. 16, 1746-7, containing an announcement of the granting of the first charter, Oct. 22, 1746. Libbey Collection. 2. The Charter of 1748, original document. College Archives. 3. The first minutes of the trustees, 1748. College Archives. 4. The watch of Vice-President Burr. 5. A cane from wood of the Log College. Presented by the Rev. F. Beck Harbaugh. 6. *The Sesquicentennial Memorial Medal, in gold. Morgan Col- lection. 7. Davies' and Tennent's General Account of the College of New Jersey. First edition, quarto, 8 pp.. New York, 1752. Loaned by William R. Weeks, Esq. 8. Davies' and Tennent's General Account of the College of New Jersey. Second edition, folio, 8 pp., London, 1754. [Facsim- ile.] Loaned by William R. Weeks, Esq. 9. Davies' and Tennent's General Account of the College of New Jersey. Third edition, folio, 8 pp., Edinburgh, 1754. Loaned by William R. Weeks, Esq. * The medal was designed by Mr. Thomas Shields Clark, '82. It is three inches in diameter. On its face is a representation of Nassau Hall, standing amid the elms of the campus, and below is the legend Avla Nassovica, MDCCCXCVI. On the back is the inscription (in Augustan capitals), qvod antea fvit collegivm neo- CAESARIENSE NVNC ANNIS CL IMPLETIS VNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS SAECVLVM SPEC- TAT NOVVM. Above this, in smaller letters in a Roman bracket, is the oldest motto of Princeton — dei svb nvmine viget. The medal was struck at the United States mint in Philadelphia. The issue consists of one copy in gold, thirty in silver, and five hundred in bronze. There are also two proof copies in bronze. br. 1 11^ |«D> PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 89 10. Davies' and Tennent's General Account of the College of New Jersey. Fourth edition, small octavo, i6 pp., Edinburgh, 1754. Loaned by William R. Weeks, Esq. 1 1. Petition of Gilbert Tennent and Samuel Davies in the name of the College. The edition of 1752, both Edinburgh editions, and the petition are original copies, and in each case the only copies known. No. 8 is a facsimile of the only known copy, which is in the British Museum. 12. Diary of President Davies, 1753-54. This is a record of the trip for which the General Account was prepared. 13. Blair's Account of the College of New Jersey. Woodbridge, New Jersey, 1 764. 14. Witherspoon's Address in Behalf of the College of New Jersey. 15. Green's Address of the Trustees of the College of New Jersey. 16. Jonathan Edwards' Bible with his autograph. Presented by the Rev. W. H. Prestley. 17. President Burr's Account-book. Open at account with Jonathan Edwards. 18. President Burr's Manuscript Sermons. Presented by Mrs. Eli Whitney. 19. Library Catalogue, 1760. Scribner Collection. 20. The Military Glory of Great Britain, a commencement exercise, 1762. 21. A Poem on the Rising Glory of America, a commencement ex- ercise, 1 771. 22. Wansey's Journal, extra illustrated. Open at account of Princeton as it was in 1794. McAlpin Collection. 23. Belcher's Commission as Governor. 24. Autograph Letter of Governor Belcher. 25. Autograph of Governor Belcher in a book given by him to the library. 26. President Burr's Sermon at the Interment of Governor Belcher. 27. Autographs of President Dickinson, President Burr, President Davies, President Finley, President Witherspoon, President Smith, President Green, President Carnahan, President Mc- Cosh. Pyne-Henry Collection. 90 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 28. Consent of New York Trustees to locate the College at Prince- ton. Pyne-Henry Collection. 29. Accounts of Samuel Hazard, 1751. 30. Record of the sale of a negro to President Burr. 31. Scheme of a Lottery for the College, 1763. 32. Subscription List, 1802. ^^. Petition of Trustees to the General Assembly, 1779. 34. Petition of Trustees to Freeholders. 35. Bill for lumber, 1764. 36. Bill for Trustee Dinner, 1771. Sy. Autographs of Benjamin Rush, 1760; Richard Rush, 1797; John Beatty, 1769; Elias Boudinot, Richard Stockton, 1748; Oliver Ellsworth, 1766; James Caldwell ("the Rebel High-priest"), 1759; Henry Lee ("Light-Horse Harry"), 1772. 38. President James Madison's Diploma as LL.D. 39. Deed signed by Presidents Madison and Monroe. 40. Autograph Letter of President Madison announcing the delivery of Louisiana to the United States. 41. Autograph of Vice-President Burr. 42. Receipt for Burr's board and washing. 43. Autograph Letter of Vice-President Dallas. Nos. 29 to 43 belong to the Pyne-Henry Collection. 44. Old Diplomas. Libbey Collection. 45. Diploma of George Dufifield, 1752, Chaplain of the Continental Congress. Presented by George Duffield, M.D., of Detroit. 46. Triennial Catalogue, 1773. Libbey Collection. 47. Broadside Catalogue, 1805. Libbey Collection. 48. Commencement Programme, i 760. Libbey Collection. 49. Nassau Hall as it was in 1760. Libbey Collection. 50. Portrait of Henry Lee (" Light- Horse Harry"), 1773. Pyne- Henry Collection. 51. Views of the proposed library building, the west front, the quadrangle, the tower. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 91 52. Autograph of William of Nassau, in whose honor Nassau Hall was named. Pyne- Henry Collection. 53. Autograph of George II., under whom the charter was received. 54. Some official publications and periodicals, edited in whole or in part by members of the university. Long before nine o'clock on the evening of the first day, Alexander Hall began to fill again, this time with an audi- ence more generally composed of ladies than in the morning or afternoon. When Mr. Walter Damrosch tapped for si- lence, the auditorium was completely occupied in every part, hundreds being obliged to stand in the aisles and back of the seats in the gallery. The programme was as follows : I. Jubilee ©verture weber 11. "dnfinlSbeCt Ssmpbon? .... Schubert a. Allegro Moderate b. Andante con moto HI. Mal&weben wagner INTERMISSION IV. aca&emic Jfestival Overture ■ brahms (Composed for the Festival of the University of Breslau) V. csavotte for Strings ..... bach VI. poeme SsmpbOnique, "Le Rouet d'Omphale" Saint-Saens VII. ^arcbe Solennelle . . . Tschaikowsky Mr. WALTER DAMROSCH, Conductor 92 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION When, in Weber's Jubilee Overture, the broad strains of the national anthem emerged from the climax of complicated harmonies, the audience rose by a common and spontaneous impulse. It was generally remarked that the programme was happily arranged to produce a cumulative effect, and the march by Tschaikowsky was a grand and appropriate conclusion. The Second Day. Wednesday, the second day, was devoted to the alumni and students, in the sense that the delegates were allowed to rest somewhat from the fatigues of Tuesday, and further- more because it terminated in the great torchlight procession in which Princeton men were almost the only element. But it might as fittingly have been called the day devoted to lit- erature, for the most memorable of its events were the Ora- tion and the Poem, both, to be sure, by Princeton graduates. At half-past ten, as upon the preceding morning, the aca- demic procession formed in Marquand Chapel, and marched, through even a denser throng, to Alexander Hall, which was filled with a large audience. Mr. Charles E. Green intro- duced Governor John W. Griggs, of New Jersey, ex-officio President of the Board of Trustees, who presided during the morning, and whose first duty it was to present the Rever- end Doctor Henry van Dyke, of New York City, a graduate of the College in the class of 1873, representing the Clio- sophic Society, who recited, with refinement and deep feeling, this Academic Ode : PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 93 THE BUILDERS. Into the dust of the making of man Spirit was breathed when his Hfe began, Lifting him up from his low estate With masterful passion, the wish to create. Out of the dust of his making, man Fashioned his works as the ages ran ; Palace and fortress and temple and tower, Filling the world with the proof of his power. The clay wherein God made him Grew plastic and obeyed him; The trees, high-arching o'er him, Fell everywhere before him ; The hills, in silence standing. Gave up, at his commanding. Their ancient rock foundations, To strengthen his creations ; And all the metals hidden Came forth as they were bidden. To help his high endeavour. And build a house to stand forever. n The monuments of mortals Are as the flower of the grass ; Through Time's dim portals A voiceless, viewless wind doth pass ; And where it breathes, the brightest blooms decay. The forests bend to earth more deeply day by day, And all man's mighty buildings fade away. One after one, They pay to that dumb breath The tribute of their death, And are undone. The towers incline to dust, The massy girders rust, The domes dissolve in air, The pillars that upbear 94 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION The woven arches crumble, stone by stone, While man the builder looks about him in despair. For all his works of pride and power are overthrown. Ill A Voice spake out of the sky : " Set thy desires more high. Thy buildings fade away Because thou buildest clay. Now make the fabric sure With stones that shall endure. Hewn from the spiritual rock. The immortal towers of the soul At Time's dissolving touch shall mock. And stand secure while aeons roll." IV Well did the wise in heart rejoice To hear the secret summons of that Voice, And patiently begin The builder's work within ; Houses not made with hands, Nor founded on the sands. And thou, revered Mother, at whose call We come to keep thy joyous festival, And celebrate, With fitting state, The glory of thy labours on the walls of Truth, Through seven-score years and ten of thine eternal youth, - A master builder thou, And on thy shining brow. Like Cybele, in fadeless light dost wear A diadem of turrets, strong and fair. I see thee standing in a lonely land, But late and hardly won from solitude, Unpopulous and rude, — On that far western shore I see thee stand. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 96 Like some young goddess from a brighter strand ; While in thine eyes a radiant thought is born, EnkindHng all thy beauty like the morn, And guiding to thy work a powerful hand. Sea-like the forest rolled in waves of green, And few the lights that glimmered, leagues between. High in the North, for four-score years alone, Fair Harvard's earliest beacon-tower had shone ; Then Yale was lighted, and an answering ray Flashed from the meadows by New Haven Bay. But deeper spread the woodland, and more dark, Where first Neshaminy received the spark Of sacred learning to a frail abode. And nursed the holy fire until it glowed. Thine was the courage, thine the larger look. That raised yon taper from its humble nook ; Thine was the hope, and thine the stronger will. That built the beacon here on Princeton hill. " New light ! " men cried, and murmured that it came From an unsanctioned source, with lawless flame; Too free it shone, for still the church and school Must only shine according to their rule. But Princeton answered, in her nobler mood, " God made the light, and all the light is good. There is no war between the old and new ; The conflict lies between the false and true. The stars that high in heaven their courses run. In glory differ, but their light is one. The beacons gleaming o'er the sea of life, Are rivals but in radiance, not in strife. Shine on, ye sister towers, across the night ! I too will build a lasting home for light." VI Brave was that word of faith, and bravely was it kept : With never-wearying zeal, that faltered not, nor slept. She toiled to raise her tower ; and while she firmly laid The deep foundation-walls, at all her toil she prayed. And men who loved the truth, because it made them free, And men who saw the two-fold word of God agree, 96 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Reading the book of nature and the sacred page By the same inward ray that grows from age to age, Were built like living stones that beacon to uplift, And, drawing light from Heaven, gave to the world the gift. Nor ever, while they searched the secrets of the earth, Or traced the stream of life through mystery to its birth ; Nor ever, while they taught the lightning flash to bear The messages of man in silence through the air, Fell from that home of light one false perfidious ray, To blind the trusting heart or lead the life astray; But still, while knowledge grew more luminous and broad. It lit the path of faith, and showed the way to God. VII Yet not for peace alone Labour the builders. Work that in peace has grown Swiftly is overthrown. When from the darkening skies Storm-clouds of wrath arise, And through the cannons' crash War's deadly lightning-flash Smites and bewilders. Ramparts of strength must frown Round every placid town And city splendid ; All that our fathers wrought With true prophetic thought, Must be defended. VIII But who should raise protecting walls for thee. Thou young, defenceless land of liberty ? Or who could build the fortress strong enough, Or stretch the mighty bulwark long enough To hold thy far-extended coast, Against the overweening host. That took the open path across the sea. And, like a tempest, poured Their desolating horde To quench thy dawning light in gloom of tyranny ? PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 97 Yet not unguarded thou wert found, When on thy shore with sullen sound The blaring trumpets of an unjust king Proclaimed invasion. From the insulted ground, In freedom's desperate hour, there seemed to spring Invisible walls for her defense; Not trembling, like those battlements of stone That fell in fear when Joshua's horns were blown ; But standing firmer, growing still more dense With every new assault of alien insolence : While cannon roared, and flashed, and roared again. In sovereign pride the living rampart rose, To meet the onset of imperious foes With a long line of brave, unconquerable men. This was thy fortress, well-defended land. And on these walls the patient, building hand Of Princeton laboured with the force of ten. Her sons were foremost in the furious fight: Her sons were firmest to uphold the right In council-chambers of the new-born state, And prove that he who would be free must first be great Of heart, and high in thought, and strong In purpose not to do or suffer wrong. Such were the men, impregnable to fear. Whose patriot hearts were moulded here ; And when war shook the land with threatening shock, The men of Princeton stood like muniments of rock. Nor has the breath of Time Dissolved that proud array Of imperturbable strength ; For though the rocks decay. And all the iron bands Of earthly strongholds are unloosed at length. And buried deep in gray oblivion's sands ; The work that heroes' hands Wrought in the light of freedom's natal day Shall never fade away; But lifts itself, sublime. Into a lucid sphere. For ever still and clear. 98 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION And far above the devastating breath of Time ; Preserving, in the memory of the fathers' deed, A never-failing fortress for their children's need. There we confirm our hearts to-day ; and there we read, On many a stone, the signature of fame, The builder's mark, our Alma Mater's name. IX Bear with us then a moment, if we turn From all the present splendours of this place, — The lofty towers that like a dream have grown Where once old Nassau Hall stood all alone, — Back to that ancient time, with hearts that burn In filial reverence and pride, to trace The glory of our Mother's best degree, In that " high son of Liberty," Who like a granite block Riven from Scotland's rock Stood loyal here to keep Columbia free. Born far away beyond the ocean's roar, He found his fatherland upon this shore ; And every drop of ardent blood that ran Through his great heart was true American. He held no weak allegiance to a distant throne, But made his new-found country's cause his own ; In peril and distress. In toil and weariness. When darkness overcast her With shadows of disaster. And voices of confusion Proclaimed her hope delusion, Robed in his preacher's gown. He dared the danger down ; Like some old prophet chanting an inspired rune. Through freedom's councils rang the voice of Witherspoon. And thou, my country, write it on thy heart : Thy sons are they who nobly take thy part ; Who dedicates his manhood at thy shrine. Wherever born, is born a son of thine. Foreign in name, but not in soul, they come To find in thee their long-desired home ; PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 99 Lovers of liberty, and haters of disorder. They shall be built in strength along thy border. Ah, dream not that thy future foes Will all be foreign-born ; Turn thy clear look of scorn Upon thy children who oppose Their passions wild and policies of shame, To wreck the righteous splendours of thy name ! Untaught and over-confident they rise. With folly on their tongues and envy in their eyes ; Strong to destroy, but powerless to create. And ignorant of all that made our fathers great ; Their hands would take away thy golden crown, And shake the pillars of thy freedom down In Anarchy's ocean, dark and desolate. Oh, should that storm descend, What fortress shall defend The land our fathers wrought for, The liberties they fought for ? What bulwark shall secure Her shrines from sacrilege and keep her altars pure ? Then, ah then, As in the olden days. The builders must upraise A rampart of indomitable men. Once again. Dear Mother, if thy heart and hand be true. There will be building work for thee to do. Yea, more than once again, Thou shalt win lasting praise. And never-dying honour shall be thine. For setting many stones in that illustrious line. To stand unshaken in the swirling strife. And guard their country's honour as her life ! Softly, my harp, and let me lay the touch Of silence on these rudely clanging strings : For he who sings Even of noble conflicts overmuch, Loses the inward sense of better things ; 100 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION And he who makes a boast Of knowledge, darkens that which counts the most, — The insight of a wise humility That reverently adores what none can see. The glory of our life below Comes not from what we do, or what we know, But dwells forevermore in what we are. There is an architecture grander far Than all the fortresses of war ; More inextinguishably bright Than learning's lonely towers of light. Framing its walls of faith and hope and love In deathless souls of men, it lifts above The frailty of our earthly home An everlasting dome ; The sanctuary of the human host. The living temple of the Holy Ghost. XI If music led the builders long ago, When Arthur planned the halls of Camelot, And made the mystic city swiftly grow. Like some strange flower in that forsaken spot ; What sweeter music shall we bring. To weave a harmony divine Of prayer and holy thought, Into the labours of this loftier shrine, This consecrated hill. Where, through so many a year, The hands of faith have wrought, With toil serene and still. And heavenly hope, to rear The eternal dwelling of the Only King? Here let no martial trumpet blow. Nor instruments of pride proclaim The loud exultant notes of fame. But let the chords be clear and low. And let the anthem deeper grow. And let it move more solemnly and slow, — Like that which came From angels' lips, when first they hymned their Maker's name PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 101 For only such an ode Can seal the harmony Of that deep masonry Wherein the soul of man is framed for God's abode. XII O thou whose boundless love bestows The joy of earth, the hope of heaven ; Thou whose unchartered mercy flows O'er all the blessings Thou hast given : Thou by whose light alone we see ; Thou by whose truth our souls, set free, Are made imperishably strong. Hear thou the solemn music of our song! Grant us the knowledge that we need To solve the questions of the mind ; Light Thou our candle while we read, And keep our hearts from going blind ; Enlarge our vision to behold The wonders Thou hast wrought of old ; Reveal Thyself in every law. And gild the towers of truth with holy awe. Be Thou our strength when war's wild gust Rages about us, loud and fierce; Confirm our souls, and let our trust Be like a wall that none can pierce ; Give us the courage that prevails, The steady faith that never fails ; Help us to stand, in every fight. Firm as a fortress to defend the right. O God, make of us what Thou wilt ; Guide Thou the labour of our hand ; Let all our work be surely built As Thou, the Architect, hast planned. But whatsoe'er Thy power shall make Of these frail lives, do not forsake Thy dwelling. Let Thy presence rest Forever in the temple of our breast. 102 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION The poem was listened to with close attention and mani- fest appreciation, being spoken so clearly that every one could hear and understand each verse. " It soared stead- ily," as a good critic observed, "and rested at a high point." It was greeted by warm applause. After a selection of music. Professor Woodrow Wilson, of the class of 1879, representing the American Whig Soci- ety, was introduced by Governor Griggs, and delivered the oration, entitled " Princeton in the Nation's Service." When Professor Wilson rose to speak, the members of the class of 1879, ^^^o were seated together, stood up to greet him, but their cheers were drowned in those of the whole assembly. The oration was interrupted by applause at several points, particularly when the orator pleaded for sound and conservative government, and an education that shall draw much of its life from the best and oldest litera- ture. At its conclusion the cheering was general and long- continued. PRINCETON IN THE NATION'S SERVICE. Princeton pauses to look back upon her past to-day, not as an old man grown reminiscent, but as a prudent man, still in his youth and lusty prime, and at the threshold of new tasks, who would remind himself of his origin and lineage, recall the pledges of his youth, assess as at a turning in his life the duties of his station. We look back only a little way to our birth ; but the brief space is quick with movement and incident enough to crowd a great tract of time. Turn back only one hundred and fifty years, and you are deep within quiet colony times, before the Erench or Indian war or thought PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 103 of separation from England. But a great war is at hand. Forces long pent up and local presently spread themselves at large upon the continent, and the whole scene is altered. The brief plot runs with a strange force and haste : First, a quiet group of peaceful colonies, very placid and commonplace and dull, to all seeming, in their patient working out of a slow^ development; then, of a sudden, a hot fire of revolution, a quick release of power, as if of forces long pent up, but set free at last in the generous heat of the new day ; the mighty processes of a great migration, the vast spaces of a waiting conti- nent filled almost suddenly with hosts bred in the spirit of conquest; a constant making and renewing of gov- ernments, a stupendous growth, a perilous expansion. Such days of youth and nation-making must surely count double the slow^er days of maturity and calculated change, as the spring counts double the sober fruitage of the summer. Princeton was founded upon the very eve of the stir- ring changes which put this drama on the stage — not to breed politicians, but to give young men such training as, it might be hoped, would fit them handsomely for the pulpit and for the grave duties of citizens and neigh- bors. A small group of Presbyterian ministers took the initiative in its foundation. They acted without ecclesi- astical authority, as if under obligation to society rather than to the church. They had no more vision of what was to come upon the country than their fellow colonists had ; they knew only that the pulpits of the middle and southern colonies lacked properly equipped men, and all the youth in those parts ready means of access to the higher sort of schooling. They thought the discipline at Yale a little less than liberal, and the training offered as a substitute in some quarters elsewhere a good deal 104 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION less than thorough. They wanted a " seminary of true rehgion and good hterature " which should be after their own model and among their own people. It was not a sectarian school they wished. They were acting as citi- zens, not as clergymen, and the charter they obtained said never a word about creed or doctrine; but they gave religion the first place in their programme, which be- longed to it of right, and the formation of their college they confided to the Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, one of their own number, a man of such mastery as they could trust. Their school was first of all merely a little group of students gathered about Mr. Dickinson in Elizabeth. Its master died the very year his labors began ; and it was necessary to induce the Rev. Aaron Burr, one of the trustees, to take the college under his own charge at Newark. It was the charm and power of that memor- able young pastor and teacher which carried it forward to a final establishment. Within ten years many friends had been made, substantial sums of money secured, a new and more liberal charter obtained, and a perma- nent home found at Princeton. And then its second president died, while still in his prime, and the succession was handed on to other leaders of like quality. It was the men, rather than their measures, as usual, that had made the college vital from the first and put it in a sure way to succeed. The charter was liberal, and very broad ideas determined the policy of the young school. There were laymen upon its board of trustees, as well as clergymen — not all Presbyterians, but all lovers of progress and men known in the colony. No one was more thoroughly the friend of the new venture than Governor Belcher, the representative of the crown. But the life of the college was in the men that adminis- tered it and spoke in its class rooms, a notable line of .a o O >^ 4-> U u o qj iyj bX) ^-t j= ^ rt ffi PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 105 thinkers and orators. There had not been many men more to be regarded in debate or in counsel in that day than Jonathan Dickinson; and Aaron Burr was such a man as others turn to and follow with an admiration and trust they might be at a loss to explain, so instinctive is it and inevitable, — a man with a touch of sweet majesty in his presence, and a grace and spirit in his manner which more than made amends for his small and slender figure; the unmistakable fire of eloquence in him when he spoke, and the fine quality of sincerity. Piety seemed with him only a crowning grace. For a few brief weeks after Burr w^as dead Jonathan Edwards, whom all the world knows, was president in his stead; but death came quickly and left the college only his name. Another orator succeeded him, Samuel Davies, brought out of Virginia, famous out of all pro- portion to his years, you might think, until you heard him speak and knew the charm, the utterance, and the char- acter that made him great. He, too, was presently taken by the quick way of death, though the college had had him but a little while; and Samuel Finley had presided in his stead, with wise sagacity and a quiet gift of leader- ship, for all too short a time, and was gone, when John Witherspoon came to reign in the little academic king- dom for twenty-six years. It was by that time the year 1768. Mr. Dickinson had drawn that little group of stu- dents about him under the first charter only twenty-one years ago; the college had been firmly seated in Prince- ton for only the twelve years in which it had seen Burr and Edwards and Davies and Finley die, and had found it not a little hard to live so long in the face of its losses and the uneasy movements of the time. It had been brought to Princeton in the very midst of the French and Indian war, when the country was in doubt who should 106 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION possess the continent. The deep excitement of the Stamp Act agitation had come, with all its sinister threats of embroilment and disaffection, while yet the college was in its infancy and first effort to live. It was impossible it should obtain proper endowment or any right and equable development in such a season. It ought, by every ordinary rule of life, to have been quite snuffed out in the thick and troubled air of the time. New Jersey did not, like Virginia and Massachusetts, easily form her purpose in that day of anxious doubt. She was mixed of many warring elements, as New York also was, and suffered a turbulence of spirit that did not very easily breed "true religion and good literature." But your thorough Presbyterian is not subject to the ordinary laws of life — is of too stubborn a fibre, too un- relaxing a purpose, to suffer mere inconvenience to bring defeat. Difficulty bred effort, rather; and Dr. Wither- spoon found an institution ready to his hand that had come already in that quickening time to a sort of crude maturity. It was no small proof of its self-possession and self-knowledge that those who watched over it had chosen that very time of crisis to put a man like John Witherspoon at the head of its administration, a man so compounded of statesman and scholar, Calvinist, Scotsman, and orator that it must ever be a sore puzzle where to place or rank him — whether among great di- vines, great teachers, or great statesmen. He seems to be all these and to defy classification, so big is he, so various, so prodigal of gifts. His vitality entered like a tonic into the college, kept it alive in that time of peril, — made it as individual and inextinguishable a force as he himself was, alike in scholarship and in public affairs. It has never been natural, it has seldom been possible, in this country for learning to seek a place apart and hold PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 107 aloof from affairs. It is only when society is old, long settled in its ways, confident in habit, and without self- questionings upon any vital point of conduct, that study can affect seclusion and despise the passing interests of the day. America has never yet had a season of leisured quiet in which students could seek a life apart without sharp rigors of conscience, or college instructors easily forget that they were training citizens as well as drilling pupils; and Princeton is not likely to forget that sharp schooling of her youth, when she first learned the lesson of public service. She shall not easily get John Wither- spoon out of her constitution. It was a piece of providential good fortune that brought such a man to Princeton at such a time. He was a man of the sort other men follow and take counsel of gladly, and as if they found in him the full expression of what is best in themselves. Not because he was always wise, but because he showed always so fine an ardor for what- ever was worth while, and of the better part of man's spirit ; because he uttered his thought with an inevitable glow of eloquence ; because of his irresistible charm and individual power. The lively wit of the man, besides, struck always upon the matter of his thought like a ray of light, compelling men to receive what he said, or else seem themselves opaque and laughable. A certain straightforward vigor in his way of saying things gave his style an almost irresistible power of entering into men's convictions. A hearty honesty showed itself in all that he did, and won men's allegiance upon the instant. They loved him even when they had the hardi- hood to disagree with him. He came to the college in 1768, and ruled it till he died, in 1794. In the very middle of his term as head of the college the Revolution came, to draw men's minds 108 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION imperatively off from everything but war and politics, and he turned with all the force and frankness of his nature to the public tasks of the great struggle: assisted in the making of a new constitution for the State ; became her spokesman in the Continental Congress ; would have pressed her on if he could to utter a declaration of inde- pendence of her own before the Congress had acted ; voted for and signed the great Declaration with hearty good will when it came ; acted for the country in matters alike of war and of finance ; stood forth in the sight of all the people a great advocate and orator, deeming him- self forward in the service of God when most engaged in the service of men and of liberty. There were but broken sessions of the college meanwhile. Each army in its turn drove out the little group of students who clung to the place. The college building now became a military hospital, and again a barracks for the troops — for a little while, upon a memorable day in 1777, a sort of stronghold. New Jersey's open counties be- came, for a time, the Revolutionary battle-ground and field of manoeuvre. Swept through from end to end by the rush of armies, the State seemed the chief seat of the war, and Princeton a central point of strategy. The dramatic winter of i776-'77 no Princeton man could ever forget, lived he never so long — that winter which saw a year of despair turned suddenly into a year of hope. In July there had been bonfires and boisterous rejoicings in the college yard and in the village street at the news of the Declaration of Independence, for though the rest of the country might doubt and stand timid for a little to see the bold thing done. Dr. Wither- spoon's pupils were in spirits to know the fight was to be fought to a finish. Then suddenly the end had seemed to come. Before the year was out Washington was in PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 109 the place, beaten and in full retreat, only three thousand men at his back, abandoned by his generals, deserted by his troops, hardly daring to stop till he had put the un- bridged Delaware between himself and his enemy. The British came close at his heels, and the town was theirs until Washington came back again, the third day of the new year, early in the morning, and gave his view halloo yonder upon the hill, as if he were in the hunting-field again. Then there was fighting in the very streets, and cannon planted against the walls of Old North herself 'T was not likely any Princeton man would forget those days when the whole face of the war was changed, and New Jersey was shaken of the burden of the fighting. There was almost always something doing at the place when the soldiers were out, for the strenuous Scotsman who had the college at his heart never left it for long at a time, for all he was so intent upon the public business. It was haphazard and piecemeal work, no doubt, but there was the spirit and the resolution of the Revolution itself in what was done — the spirit of Witherspoon. It was not as if some one else had been master. Dr. With- erspoon could have pupils at will. He was so much else besides schoolmaster and preceptor, was so great a figure in the people's eye, went about so like an accepted leader, generously lending a great character to a great cause, that he could bid men act and know that they would heed him. The time, as well as his own genius, enabled him to put a distinctive stamp upon his pupils. There was close contact between master and pupils in that day of beginnings. There were not often more than a hundred students in attendance at the college, and the president, for at any rate half their course, was himself their chief instructor. There were two or three tutors to whom the 110 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION instruction of the lower classes was entrusted ; Mr. Houston was professor of mathematics and natural phi- losophy, and Dr. Smith professor of moral philosophy and divinity ; but the president set the pace. It was he who gave range and spirit to the course of study. He lectured upon taste and style as well as upon abstract questions of philosophy, and upon politics as a science of government and of public duty as little to be forgot- ten as religion itself in any well-considered plan of life. He had found the college ready to serve such purpose when he came, because of the stamp Burr and Davies and Finley had put upon it. They had one and all con- sciously set themselves to make the college a place where young men's minds should be rendered fit for affairs, for the public ministry of the bench and the senate as well as of the pulpit. It was in Finley's day, but just now gone by, that the college had sent out such men as William Paterson, Luther Martin, and Oliver Ellsworth. Wither- spoon but gave quickened life to the old spirit and method of the place where there had been sound drill from the first in public speech and public spirit. And the Revolution, when it came, seemed but an ob- ject lesson in his scheme of life. It was not simply fighting that was done at Princeton. The little town became for a season the centre of politics too ; once and again the legislature of the State sat in the College Hall, and its revolutionary Council of Safety. Soldiers and public men, whose names the war was making known to every man, frequented the quiet place, and racy talk ran high in the jolly tavern, where hung the sign of Hudibras. Finally the Federal Congress itself sought the place, and filled the college hall with a new scene, sitting a whole season there to do its business, its presi- dent, Elias Boudinot, a trustee of the college. A com- PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 111 mencement day came, which saw both Washington and Witherspoon on the platform together — the two men, it was said, who could not be matched for striking presence in all the country — and the young salutatorian turned to the country's leader to say what it was in the hearts of all to utter. The sum of the town's excitement was made up when, upon a notable last day of October in the year 1783, news of peace came to that secluded hall, to add a touch of crowning gladness to the gay and brilliant com- pany that had met to receive with formal welcome the minister plenipotentiary but just come from the Neth- erlands, Washington moving amongst them the hero whom the news enthroned. It was no single stamp of character that the college gave its pupils. James Madison, Philip Freneau, Aaron Burr, and Harry Lee had come from it almost at a sin- gle birth, between 1771 and 1773 — James Madison, the philosophical statesman, subtly compounded of learning and practical sagacity ; Philip Freneau, the careless poet and reckless pamphleteer of a party ; Aaron Burr, with genius enough to have made him immortal, and un- schooled passion enough to have made him infamous ; " Light-horse Harry " Lee, a Rupert in battle, a boy in counsel, high-strung, audacious, wilful, lovable, a figure for romance. These men were types of the spirit of which the college was full — the spirit of free individual development, which found its perfect expression in the president himself. It has been said that Mr. Madison's style in writing is like Dr. Witherspoon's, albeit not so apt a weapon for the quick thrust and instant parry; and it is recalled that Madison returned to Princeton after his graduation, and lingered yet another year in study with his master. But, in fact, his style is no more like Witherspoon's than 112 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Harry Lee's way of fighting was. No doubt there were the same firmness of touch, the same philosophical breadth, the same range of topic and finished force of argument in Dr. Witherspoon's essays upon public ques- tions that are to be found in Madison's papers in the "Federalist"; but Dr. Witherspoon fought, too, with the same overcoming dash that made men know Harry Lee in the field, albeit with different weapons and upon another arena. Whatever we may say of these matters, however, one thing is certain : Princeton sent upon the public stage an extraordinary number of men of notable quality in those days ; became herself for a time, in some visible sort, the academic centre of the Revolution ; fitted, among the rest, the man in whom the country was one day to recognize the chief author of the federal constitution. Princeto- nians are never tired of telling how many public men graduated from Princeton in Witherspoon's time, — twenty senators, twenty-three representatives, thirteen governors, three judges of the Supreme Court of the Union, one Vice-President, and a President, — all within a space of scarcely twenty years, and from a college which seldom had more than a hundred students. Nine Princeton men sat in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and, though but six of them were Witherspoon's pupils, there was no other college that had there so many as six, and the redoubtable doctor might have claimed all nine as his in spirit and capacity. Madison guided the convention through the critical stages of its anxious work with a tact, a gentle unobtrusiveness, an art of leading without insisting, ruling without commanding, — an authority, not of tone or emphasis, but of apt sugges- tion, such as Dr. Witherspoon could never have exer- cised. Princeton men fathered both the Virginia plan PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 113 which was adopted, and the New Jersey plan which was rejected; and Princeton men advocated the compromises without which no plan could have won acceptance. The strenuous Scotsman's earnest desire and prayer to God to see a government set over the nation that should last was realized as even he might not have been bold enough to hope. No man had ever better right to rejoice in his pupils. It would be absurd to pretend that we can distinguish Princeton's touch and method in the Revolution, or her distinctive handiwork in the Constitution of the Union. We can show nothing more of historical fact than that her own president took a great place of leadership in that time of change, and became one of the first figures of the age ; that the college which he led, and to which he gave his spirit, contributed more than her share of public men to the making of the nation, outranked her elder rivals in the roll-call of the constitutional conven- tion, and seemed for a little a seminary of statesmen rather than a quiet seat of academic learning. What takes our admiration and engages our fancy in looking back to that time is the generous union then established in the col- lege between the life of philosophy and the life of the State. It moves her sons very deeply to find Princeton to have been from the first what they know her to have been in their own day : a school of duty. The Revolu- tionary days are gone, and you shall not find upon her rolls another group of names given to public life that can equal her muster in the days of the Revolution and the formation of the government. But her rolls read since the old days, if you know but a little of the quiet life of scattered neighborhoods, like a roster of trustees, a list of the silent men who carry the honorable burdens of 114 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION business and of social obligation — of such names as keep credit and confidence in heart. They suggest a soil full of the old seed, and ready, should the air of the time move shrewdly upon it as in the old days, to spring once more into the old harvest. The various boisterous strength of the young men of affairs who went out with Witherspoon's touch upon them is obviously not of the average breed of any place, but the special fruitage of an exceptional time. Later generations inevitably reverted to the elder type of Paterson and Ellsworth, the type of sound learning and stout character, without bold impulse added, or any uneasy hope to change the world. It has been Princeton's work, in all ordinary seasons, not to change, but to strengthen society, to give, not yeast, but bread for the raising. It is in this wise Princeton has come into our own hands ; and to-day we stand as those who would count their forces for the future. The men who made Prince- ton are dead ; those who shall keep it and better it still live ; they are even ourselves. Shall we not ask, ere we go forward, what gave the place its spirit and its air of duty ? " We are now men, and must accept in the high- est spirit the same transcendent destiny ; and not pinched in a corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but redeemers and benefactors, pious aspirants to be noble clay, plastic under the Almighty effort, let us advance and advance on chaos and the dark." No one who looks into the life of the institution shall find it easy to say what gave it its spirit and kept it in its character, the generations through; but some things lie obvious to the view in Princeton's case. She has always been a school of religion, and no one of her sons who has really lived her life has escaped that steadying touch which has made her a school of duty. Religion, PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 115 conceive it but liberally enough, is the true salt where- with to keep both duty and learning sweet against the taint of time and change ; and it is a noble thing to have conceived it thus liberally, as Princeton's founders did. Churches among us, as all the world knows, are free and voluntary societies, separated to be nurseries of be- lief, not suffered to become instruments of rule ; and those who serve them can be free citizens as well as faithful churchmen. The men who founded Princeton were pastors, not ecclesiastics. Their ideal was the ser- vice of congregations and communities, not the service of a church. Duty with them was a practical thing, concerned with righteousness in this world, as well as with salvation in the next. There is nothing that gives such pith to public service as religion. A God of truth is no mean prompter to the enlightened service of man- kind ; and the character formed, as if in His eye, has always a fibre and sanction such as you shall not easily obtain for the ordinary man from the mild promptings of philosophy. This, I cannot doubt, is the reason why Princeton formed practical men, whom the world could trust to do its daily work like men of honor. There were men in Dr. Witherspoon's day who doubted him the right pre- ceptor for those who sought the ministry of the church, seeing him " as high a son of liberty as any man in America," and turned agitator rather than preacher; and he drew about him, as troubles thickened, young poli- ticians rather than candidates for the pulpit. But it is noteworthy that observing men in far Virginia sent their sons to be with Dr. Witherspoon because they saw in- trigue and the taint of infidelity coming upon their own college of William and Mary — Madison's father among the rest; and that young Madison went home to read 116 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION theology with earnest system ere he went out to the tasks of his life. He had no thought of becoming a minister, but his master at Princeton had taken possession of his mind and had enabled him to see what knowledge was profitable. The world has long thought that it detected in the academic life some lack of sympathy with itself, some disdain of the homely tasks which make the gross globe inhabitable, — not a little proud aloofness and lofty supe- riority, as if education always softened the hands and alienated the heart. It must be admitted that books are a great relief from the haggling of the market, libraries a very welcome refuge from the strife of commerce. We feel no anxiety about ages that are past; old books draw us pleasantly off from responsibility, remind us nowhere of what there is to do. We can easily hold the service of mankind at arm's length while we read and make scholars of ourselves. But we shall be very uneasy, the while, if the right mandates of religion are let in upon us and made part of our thought. The quiet scholar has his proper breeding, and truth must be searched out and held aloft for men to see for its own sake, by such as will not leave off their sacred task until death takes them away. But not many pupils of a college are to be in- vestigators. They are to be citizens and the world's servants in every field of practical endeavor, and in their instruction the college must use learning as a vehicle of spirit, interpreting literature as the voice of humanity, — must enlighten, guide, and hearten its sons, that it may make men of them. If it give them no vision of the true God, it has given them no certain motive to prac- tice the wise lessons they have learned. It is noteworthy how often God-fearing men have been forward in those revolutions which have vindicated PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 117 rights, and how seldom in those which have wrought a work of destruction. There was a spirit of practical piety in the revolutionary doctrines which Dr. Wither- spoon taught. No man, particularly no young man, who heard him could doubt his cause a righteous cause, or deem religion aught but a prompter in it. Revolu- tion was not to be distinguished from duty in Princeton. Duty becomes the more noble when thus conceived the "stern daughter of the voice of God"; and that voice must ever seem near and in the midst of life if it be made to sound dominant from the first in all thought of men and the world. It has not been by accident, therefore, that Princeton men have been inclined to pub- lic life. A strong sense of duty is a fretful thing in confinement, and will not easily consent to be kept at home clapped up within a narrow round. The univer- sity in our day is no longer inclined to stand aloof from the practical world, and, surely, it ought never to have had the disposition to do so. It is the business of a university to impart to the rank and file of the men it trains the right thought of the world, the thought which has been tested and established, the principles which have stood through the seasons and become at length part of the immemorial wisdom of the race. The object of education is not merely to draw out the powers of the individual mind: it is rather its right object to draw all minds to a proper adjustment to the physical and social world in which they are to have their life and their development ; to enlighten, strengthen and make fit. The business of the world is not individual success, but its own betterment, strengthening, and growth in spiritual insight. " So teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom," is its right prayer and aspiration. 118 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION It was not a work of destruction which Princeton helped forward even in that day of storm which came at the Revolution, but a work of preservation. The Ameri- can Revolution wrought, indeed, a radical work of change in the world: it created a new nation and a new polity; but it was a work of conservation after all, as fundamen^ tally conservative as the Revolution of 1688, or the ex- tortion of Magna Charta. A change of allegiance and the erection of a new nation in the West were its in- evitable results, but not its objects. Its object was the preservation of a body of liberties, to keep the natural course of English development in America clear of im- pediment. It was meant, not in rebellion, but in self- defence. If it brought change, it was the change of maturity, the fulfilment of destiny, the appropriate fruit- age of wholesome and steady growth. It was part of English liberty that America should be free. The thought of our Revolution was as quick and vital in the minds of Chatham and of Burke as in the minds of Otis and Henry and Washington. There is nothing so con- servative of life as growth ; when that stops, decay sets in and the end comes on apace. Progress is life, for the body politic as for the body natural. To stand still is to court death. Here, then, if you will but look, you have the law of conservatism disclosed : it is a law of progress. But not all change is progress, not all growth is the mani- festation of life. Let one part of the body be in haste to outgrow the rest and you have malignant disease, the threat of death. The growth that is a manifestation of life is equable, draws its springs gently out of the old fountains of strength, builds upon old tissue, covets the old airs that have blown upon it time out of mind in the past. Colleges ought surely to be the best nurseries of PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 119 such life, the best schools of the progress which con- serves. Unschooled men have only their habits to remind them of the past, only their desires and their instinctive judgments of what is right to guide them into the future. The college should serve the State as its organ of recollection, its seat of vital memory. It should give the country men who know the probabilities of failure and success, who can separate the tendencies which are permanent from the tendencies which are of the moment merely, who can distinguish promises from threats, knowing the life men have lived, the hopes they have tested, and the principles they have proved. This College gave the country at least a handful of such men, in its infancy, and its president for leader. The blood of John Knox ran in Witherspoon's veins. The great drift and movement of English liberty, from Magna Charta down, was in all his teachings ; his pupils knew as well as Burke did that to argue the Americans out of their liberties would be to falsify their pedigree. "In order to prove that the Americans have no right to their liberties," Burke cried, "we are every day endeav- oring to subvert the maxims which preserve the whole spirit of our own." The very antiquarians of the law stood ready with their proof that the colonies could not be taxed by Parliament. This Revolution, at any rate, was a keeping of faith with the past. To stand for it was to be like Hampden, a champion of law though he withstood the king. It was to emulate the example of the very men who had founded the government then for a little while grown so tyrannous and forgetful of its great traditions. This was the compulsion of life, not of passion, and college halls were a better school of revolution than colonial assemblies. Provided, of course, they were guided by such a spirit 120 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION as Witherspoon's. Nothing is easier than to falsify the past. Lifeless instruction will do it. If you rob it of vitality, stiffen it with pedantry, sophisticate it with argument, chill it with unsympathetic comment, you render it as dead as any academic exercise. The safest way in all ordinary seasons is to let it speak for itself: resort to its records, listen to its poets, and to its masters in the humbler art of prose. Your real and proper object, after all, is not to expound, but to realize it, con- sort with it, and make your spirit kin with it, so that you may never shake the sense of obligation off. In short, I believe that the catholic study of the world's literature as a record of spirit is the right preparation for leadership in the world's affairs, if you undertake it like a man and not like a pedant. Age is marked in the case of every people just as it is marked in the case of every work of art, into which enter the example of the masters, the taste of long generations of men, the thought that has matured, the achievement that has come with assurance. The child's crude drawing shares the primitive youth of the first hieroglyphics; but a little reading, a few lessons from some modern master, a little time in the Old World's galleries, set the lad forward a thousand years and more, make his drawing as old as art itself. The art of think- ing is as old, and it is the University's function to impart it in all its length : the stiff and difficult stuffs of fact and experience, of prejudice and affection, in which the hard art is to work its will, and the long and tedious combi- nation of cause and effect out of which it is to build up its results. How else will you avoid a ceaseless round of error? The world's memory must be kept alive, or we shall never see an end of its old mistakes. We are in danger to lose our identity and become infantile in It O c Pi lU H w 122 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION not to get a new liberty, but to preserve an old, not to break a Constitution, but to keep it. It was the glory of the Convention of 1787 that it made choice in the framing of the government of principles which English- men everywhere had tested, and of an organization of which in every part Americans themselves had made trial. In every essential part they built out of old stuffs whose grain and fibre they knew. 'T is not in battles that from youth we train The Governor who must be wise and good. And temper with the sternness of the brain Thoughts motherly, and meek as womanhood. Wisdom doth live with children round her knees : Books, leisure, perfect freedom, and the talk Man holds with week-day man in the hourly walk Of the mind's business ; these are the degrees By which true sway doth mount ; this is the stalk True power doth grow on ; and her rights are these. The men who framed the government were not radi- cals. They trimmed old growths, and were not forget- ful of old principles of husbandry. It is plain that it is the duty of an institution of learn- ing, set in the midst of a free population and amidst signs of social change, not merely to implant a sense of duty, but to illuminate duty by every lesson that can be drawn out of the past. It is not a dogmatic process. I know of no book in which the lessons of the past are set down. I do not know of any man whom the world could trust to write such a book. But it somehow comes about that the man who has traveled in the realms of thought brings lessons home with him which make him grave and wise beyond his fellows, and thoughtful with the thoughtfulness of a true man of the world. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 123 He is not a true man of the world who knows only the present fashions of it. In good breeding there is always the fine savor of generations of gentlemen, a tradition of courtesy, the perfect felicity that comes of long practice. The world of affairs is so old no man can know it who knows only that litde last segment of it which we call the present. We have a special name for the man who ob- serves only the present fashions of the world ; and it is a less honorable name than that which we use to desis-- nate the grave and thoughtful gentlemen who keep so steadily to the practices that have made the world wise and at ease these hundreds of years. We cannot pre- tend to have formed the world, and we are not destined to reform it. We cannot even mend it and set it for- ward by the reasonable measure of a single generation's work if we forget the old processes or lose our mastery over them. We should have scant capital to trade on were we to throw away the wisdom we have inherited, and seek our fortunes with the slender stock we have ourselves accumulated. This, it seems to me, is the real, the prevalent argu- ment for holding every man we can to the intimate study of the ancient classics. Latin and Greek no doubt have a grammatical and syntactical habit which challenges the mind that would master it to a severer exercise of analytical power than the easy-going synthesis of any modern tongue demands ; but substitutes in kind may be found for that drill. What you cannot find a substitute for is the classics as literature ; and there can be no first- hand contact with that literature if you will not master the grammar and the syntax which convey its subtle power. Your enlightenment depends on the company you keep. You do not know the world until you know the men who have possessed it and tried its ways before 124 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION ever you were given your brief run upon it. And there is no sanity comparable with that which is got from the the thoughts that will keep. It is such a schooling that we get from the world's literature. The books have dis- appeared which were not genuine, — which spoke things which, if they were worth saying at all, were not worth hearing more than once, as well as the books which spoke permanent things clumsily and without the gift of interpretation. The kind air which blows from age to age has disposed of them like vagrant leaves. There was sap in them for a little, but now they are gone, we do not know where. All literature that has lasted has this claim upon us : that it is not dead ; but we cannot be quite so sure of any as we are of the ancient literature that still lives, because none has lived so long. It holds a sort of primacy in the aristocracy of natural selection. Read it, moreover, and you shall find another proof of vitality in it, more significant still. You shall recognize its thoughts, and even its fancies, as your long-time familiars, — shall recognize them as the thoughts that have begotten a vast deal of your own literature. We read the classics and exclaim in our vanity: "How modern! it might have been written yesterday." Would it not be more true, as well as more instructive, to ex- claim concerning our own ideas: "How ancient! they have been true these thousand years " ? It is the gene- ral air of the world a man gets when he reads the classics, the thinking which depends upon no time, but only upon human nature, which seems full of the voices of the human spirit, quick with the power which moves ever upon the face of affairs. " What Plato has thought, he may think ; what a saint has felt, he may feel ; what at any time has befallen any man, he can understand." There is the spirit of a race in Greek literature ; the spirit PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 125 of quite another people in the books of Virgil and Horace and Tacitus ; but in all a mirror of the world, the old passion of the soul, the old hope that keeps so new, the informing memory, the persistent forecast. It has always seemed to me an odd thing, and a thing against nature that the literary man, the man whose citi- zenship and freedom are of the world of thought, should ever have been deemed an unsafe man in affairs ; and yet I suppose there is not always injustice in the judg- ment. It is a perilously pleasant and beguiling comrade- ship, the company of authors. Not many men, when once they are deep in it, will leave its engaging talk of things gone by to find their practical duties in the present. But you are not making an undergraduate a man of let- ters when you keep him four short years, at odd, or even at stated, hours in the company of authors. You shall have done much if you make him feel free among them. This argument for enlightenment holds scarcely less good, of course, in behalf of the study of modern litera- ture, and especially the literature of your own race and country. You should not belittle culture by esteeming it a thing of ornament, an accomplishment rather than a power. A cultured mind is a mind quit of its awkward- ness, eased of all impediment and illusion, made quick and athletic in the acceptable exercise of power. It is a mind at once informed and just, — a mind habituated to choose its courses with knowledge, and filled with a full assurance, like one who knows the world and can live in it without either unreasonable hope or unwarranted fear. It cannot complain, it cannot trifle, it cannot despair. Leave pessimism to the uncultured, who do not know reasonable hope ; leave fantastic hopes to the uncul- tured, who do not know the reasonableness of failure. Show that your mind has lived in the world ere now ; 126 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION has taken counsel with the elder dead who still live, as well as with the ephemeral living who cannot pass their graves. Help men, but do not delude them. I believe, of course, that there is another way of pre- paring young men to be wise. I need not tell you that I believe in full, explicit instruction in history and in politics, in the experiences of peoples and the fortunes of governments, in the whole story of what men have attempted and what they have accomplished through all the changes both of form and purpose in their organiza- tion of their common life. Many minds will receive and heed this systematic instruction which have no ears for the voice that is in the printed page of literature. But, just as it is one thing to sit here in republican America and hear a credible professor tell of the soil of allegiance in which the British monarchy grows, and quite another to live where Victoria is queen and hear common men bless her with full confession of loyalty, so it is one thing to hear of systems of government in histories and treat- ises and quite another to feel them in the pulses of the poets and prose writers who have lived under them. It used to be taken for granted, — did it not? — that colleges would be found always on the conservative side in politics (except on the question of free trade) ; but in this latter day a great deal has taken place which goes far towards discrediting the presumption. The college in our day lies very near indeed to the affairs of the world. It is a place of the latest experiments ; its lab- oratories are brisk with the spirit of discovery ; its lec- ture rooms resound with the discussion of new theories of life and novel programmes of reform. There is no radi- cal like your learned radical, bred in the schools; and thoughts of revolution have in our time been harbored in universities as naturally as they were once nourished PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 127 among the Encyclopedists. It is the scientific spirit of the age that has wrought the change. I stand with my hat off at very mention of the great men who have made our age an age of knowledge. No man more heartily admires, more gladly welcomes, more approvingly reckons the gain and the enlighten- ment that have come to the world through the extraor- dinary advances in physical science which this great age has witnessed. He would be a barbarian and a lover of darkness who should grudge that great study any part of its triumph. But I am a student of society and should deem myself unworthy of the comradeship of great men of science should I not speak the plain truth with regard to what I see happening under my own eyes. I have no laboratory but the world of books and men in which I live ; but I am much mistaken if the scientific spirit of the age is not doing us a great disservice, working in us a certain great degeneracy. Science has bred in us a spirit of experiment and a contempt for the past. It has made us credulous of quick improvement, hopeful of discovering panaceas, confident of success in every new thing. I wish to be as explicit as carefully chosen words will enable me to be upon a matter so critical, so radical as this. I have no indictment against what science has done : I have only a warning to utter against the at- mosphere which has stolen from laboratories into lecture rooms and into the general air of the world at large. Science, — our science, — is new. It is a child of the nineteenth century. It has transformed the world and owes little debt of obligation to any past age. It has driven mystery out of the Universe ; it has made mal- leable stuff of the hard world, and laid it out in its ele- ments upon the table of every class room. Its own 128 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION masters have known its limitations : they have stopped short at the confines of the physical universe ; they they have declined to reckon with spirit or with the stuffs of the mind, have eschewed sense and confined themselves to sensation. But their work has been so stupendous that all other men of all other studies have been set staring at their methods, imitating their ways of thought, ogling their results. We look in our study of the classics nowadays more at the phenomena of language than at the movement of spirit; we suppose the world which is invisible to be unreal ; we doubt the efficacy of feeling and exaggerate the efficacy of know- ledge; we speak of society as an organism and believe that we can contrive for it a new environment which will change the very nature of its constituent parts ; worst of all, we believe in the present and in the future more than in the past, and deem the newest theory of society the likeliest. This is the disservice scientific study has done us : it has given us agnosticism in the realm of philosophy, scientific anarchism in the field of politics. It has made the legislator confident that he can create and the philosopher sure that God cannot. Past experience is discredited, and the laws of matter are supposed to apply to spirit and to the make-up of society. Let me say once more, this is not the fault of the sci- entist. He has done his work with an intelligence and success which cannot be too much admired. It is the work of the noxious, intoxicating gas which has some- how got into the lungs of the rest of us from out the crevices of his workshop, — a gas, it would seem, which forms only in the outer air, and where men do not know the right use of their lungs. I should tremble to see social reform led by men who have breathed it ; I PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 129 should fear nothing better than utter destruction from a revolution conceived and led in the scientific spirit. Science has not changed the laws of social growth or betterment. Science has not changed the nature of society, has not made history a whit easier to un- derstand, human nature a whit easier to reform. It has won for us a great liberty in the physical world, a liberty from superstitious fear and from disease, a free- dom to use nature as a familiar servant ; but it has not freed us from ourselves. It has not purged us of pas- sion or disposed us to virtue. It has not made us less covetous or less ambitious or less self-indulgent. On the contrary, it may be suspected of having enhanced our passions, by making wealth so quick to come, so fickle to stay. It has wrought such instant, incredible improvement in all the physical setting of our life, that we have grown the more impatient of the unreformed condition of the part it has not touched or bettered, and we want to get at our spirits and reconstruct them in like radical fashion by like processes of experiment. We have broken with the past and have come into a new world. Do you wonder, then, that I ask for the old drill, the old memory of times gone by, the old schooling in pre- cedent and tradition, the old keeping of faith with the past, as a preparation for leadership in days of social change ? We have not given science too big a place in our education ; but we have made a perilous mistake in giving it too great a preponderance in method in every other branch of study. We must make the humanities human again ; we must recall what manner of men we are ; must turn back once more to the region of practical ideals. Of course, when all is said, it is not learning but the spirit of service that will give a college place in the public 130 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION annals of the nation. It is indispensable, it seems to me, if it is to do its right service, that the air of affairs should be admitted to all its class rooms. I do not mean the air of party politics, but the air of the world's trans- actions, the consciousness of the solidarity of the race, the sense of the duty of man toward man, of the presence of men in every problem, of the significance of truth for guidance as well as for knowledge, of the potency of ideas, of the promise and the hope that shine in the face of all knowledge. There is laid upon us the compulsion of the national life. We dare not keep aloof and closet ourselves while a nation comes to its maturity. The days of glad expansion are gone ; our life grows tense and difficult; our resource for the future lies in careful thought, providence, and a wise economy ; and the school must be of the nation. I have had sight of the perfect place of learning in my thought : a free place, and a various, where no man could be and not know with how great a destiny knowledge had come into the world, — itself a little world: but not perplexed ; living with a singleness of aim not known without ; the home of sagacious men, hard-headed and with a will to know, debaters of the world's questions every day and used to the rough ways of democracy; and yet a place removed, — calm Science seated there, recluse, ascetic, like a nun, not knowing that the world passes, not caring, if the truth but come in answer to her prayer ; and Literature, walking within her open doors, in quiet chambers, with men of olden times, storied walls about her, and calm voices infinitely sweet ; here " magic casements, opening on the foam of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn," to which you may withdraw and use your youth for pleasure ; there windows open straight upon the street, where many stand and talk, intent upon the PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 131 world of men and business. A place where ideals are kept in heart, in an air they can breathe ; but no fool's paradise. A place where to learn the truth about the past and hold debate about the affairs of the present, with knowledge and without passion : like the world in having all men's life at heart, a place for men and all that concerns them ; but unlike the world in its self-pos- session, its thorough way of talk, its care to know more than the moment brings to light ; slow to take excite- ment ; its air pure and wholesome with a breath of faith ; every eye within it bright in the clear day and quick to look toward heaven for the confirmation of its hope. Who shall show us the way to this place ? At half-past two in the afternoon of Wednesday, the un- dergraduate football teams of Princeton and the University of Virginia were to play a match game on the University Athletic Field. The seating facilities of the grounds had been increased by building new stands. About six thousand persons were present, among them many of the delegates. To the European visitors an opportunity was thus afforded of seeing one of the sights most characteristic of college life in America. They were accompanied to the field by their hosts, who did their best to explain the technicalities of the game. Whether these were all made plain or not made possibly only a small difference, for the contest happened to be full of telling features, and the scene before and during play was most picturesque. The weather had remained per- fect. The orange and black banners of Princeton flapped languidly beside the orange and blue of Virginia. So clear was the air that one could distinguish faces across the field, and it seemed as if the Sesquicentennial multitude had be- come a single family. It was by no means an ordinary football crowd. The average age of the spectators was 132 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION probably twenty years older than usual. Many older Prince- ton alumni doubtless were seeing a football game for the first time, but the graybeards were just as enthusiastic as the younger men. Fortunately the playing of the Princeton team, by its strength, swiftness and skill, justified this in- terest, and was in keeping with the best athletic reputation of the college. The Virginia team played a manful game and were roundly applauded for their many excellent points. When time was called the score stood 48 to o in favor of Princeton. An interesting occurrence, not on the official programme, but appropriate to the Sesquicentennial celebration, was the meeting of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New Jersey, which was held on Wednesday after- noon. This society, which contains a large number of Princeton graduates and residents of Princeton and neigh- boring towns, had caused to be placed on the right-hand side of the north entrance to Nassau Hall a bronze memo- rial tablet, which was unveiled upon this occasion. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 133 ^"yyr^?«s>i^ m ^'4 I.ShJSS.^' mmm m man m^jiqmk] saia;! ssm mmss. mm m AKi® fimsji Aii©. m> iMs^ o o o o o o Wk Colonel S. Meredith Dickinson, of Trenton, president of the society, made a short speech presenting the tablet to the trustees. Mr. Charles E. Green, in their behalf, thanked the generous donors and accepted the gift, mentioning the fact that this was the last official meeting of the Board of Trustees of the College of New Jersey. The Honorable 134 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION John L. Cadwalader, of the class of 1856, then made an address, of which the main theme was Princeton's share in the Revolution and the appropriateness of the memorial. The undergraduates and younger alumni had looked for- ward with more interest perhaps to the torchlight procession than to any other feature of the celebration. And it had been one of the most difficult things to arrange for, because it required the cooperation of so many agencies — good weather, the presence and enthusiasm of a large number of men, and not least an intelligent arrangement of forces. Nearly a year ahead of time it was suggested to the stu- dents that they should organize a company which should reproduce in the procession the famous Mercer Blues of Revolutionary Princeton. The Mercer Blues were accord- ingly formed and carefully trained. By the time of the celebration their number was reduced to about one hun- dred, but these men were a handsome marching body. They wore reproductions of the blue-and-buff uniforms of the Princeton company of Continental soldiers in the Revo- lution. It would be easy enough to get the remaining un- dergraduates into line, under their several class leaders, when the time came. But no one could tell how many graduates would be in Princeton on October 21, nor how general would be their preparations for making an effective display. In order to unify and stimulate their efforts, the following circular was sent out: STATEMENT OF THE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TORCHLIGHT PROCESSION ON WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 21, 1896. Princeton, September 22, 1896. This statement is sent to the various class Secretaries at the re- quest of a meeting of class Secretaries and Presidents held in Prince- o Urn o V H w PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 137 On Monday, October 19, the following final instructions were issued : TORCHLIGHT PROCESSION, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 21, 1896. General Insfricctious. 1. Each class will assemble at the place marked for it on the enclosed diagram of the Campus promptly at 8 p. m. and prepare for the parade. See Diagram No. i. 2. All floats upon platform wagons, whether drawn by horses or men, will form in line on the west side of University Place, in the order of the classes they represent, at 8 p. m. The head of this line will not advance beyond a point opposite the Halsted Observa- tory until the class which they are to accompany reaches the front of Halsted Observatory, when the float, or floats, will pass forward and take their places in the line under the instruction of the aide for the class. Each class aide must appoint an assistant to accom- pany every float to see that it is moved forward promptly as his line appears. The remaining floats will move forward at the same time to the point indicated above, where they will halt until ordered to move forward by the aides. Should any of the floats be disabled along the line of march it must be immediately taken to one side and the ranks closed up. 3. The central portion of the Campus, about the Big Cannon, must be kept clear at all times. Each class must remain at its assigned station subject to the orders of the aide in charge. Should the designated aide not appear, one should immediately be chosen, and he must at once report to the marshal for instructions. 4. The commanders of divisions will report at the Big Cannon at 8 p. M. in undress uniform. At 8. 1 o p. M. the College bell will be rung and the aides will all report to their respective commanders at the Big Cannon for instructions. 138 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION At 8. 20 P. M. the "assembly" will be blown by the bugler. All torches and transparencies must be lit by this time and the lines formed immediately after this order, in columns of fours. The com- manders of divisions will then take their places at the head of their respective lines. As soon as each class is formed its aide will report the fact to his commander. The Marshal's aides will then visit each commander, and upon ascertaining that all is in readiness, will return to the Marshal at the Cannon. 5. The column will move promptly at 8.30 p. m. There will be no delay. Line of March. From the Big Cannon between West College and Reunion Hall to University Place. Along University Place to Dickinson Street. Along Dickinson Street to Alexander Street. (Here the floats will leave the line and pass along Alexander Street to Mercer; thence to the westerly Seminary Gate. They will rejoin their classes at this point as before at the Halsted Observ- atory.) Along Alexander Street to the Seminary Gate. Through the Seminary Grounds to Mercer Street. Along Mercer Street to Library Place. Along Library Place to Stockton Street. Along Stockton Street to Nassau Street. (Should time permit the line will pass down Bayard Avenue as far as Mr. Conover's house, and counter-march to Nassau Street.) Along Nassau Street to Chestnut Street. Counter-march to Washington Street. (At this point the floats will leave the line and proceed to a point on Nassau Street opposite Nassau Hall, where they will halt.) The line will proceed along Washington Street to McCosh Walk. Along McCosh Walk to the west side of Clio Hall. From Clio Hall to the west end of Nassau Hall. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 139 In front of Nassau Hall past the reviewing-stand to their places in the front Campus as assigned by the aides, and as indicated on the enclosed diagram. See Diagram No. 2. Officers and Order of the Procession. The 71st Regiment Band. The Mercer Blues. The Marshal and Aides. Delegation from Yale University. First Division : The Undergraduates. Commander, Mr. H. C. Brokaw, '97. Aides : '97, Mr. W. H. Andrus. "99, Mr. J. G. Stevenson. '98, Mr. G. Cochran. '00, Mr. B. Wheeler. Second Division: "The Old Guard," Classes from 1823 to 1859. Commander Aides : '38, Rev. W. E. Schenck. '39, Col. M. R. Hamilton. '40, Dr. H. M. Alexander. '41, Prof J. T. Duffield. '42, Rev. Dr. E. R. Craven. '43, Hon. J. P. Stockton. '44, Hon. H. S. Little. '45, Mr. C. M. Davis. '46, Hon. B. Van Syckel. '47, Mr. A. Martien. '48, Rev. Dr. W. C. Cattell. Gen. W. S. Stryker, '58. 49, Dr. J. Paul. 50, Dr. J. B. Piper. 51, Dr. J. H. Wikoff. 52, Mr. J. C. McDonald. 53, Mr. I. C. Whitehead. 54, Rev. L. C. Baker. 55, Mr. H. Y. Evans. 56, Lt.-Col.A.A.WoodhuIl. 57, Mr. S. Bayard Dod. 58, Hon. W. L. Dayton. 59, Hon. G. W. Ketcham. 140 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Third Division: Classes from i860 to 1870. Commander, Maj. J. C. Owens, '68. Aides: '60, Mr. E. J. D. Cross. '65, Mr. C. F. Richardson. '61, Hon. L. H.Anderson. '66, Hon. J. K. Cowen. '62, Rev. L. W. Mudge. '67, Mr. F. E. Marsh. '63, Mr. S. B. Huey. '68, Mr. C. S. Withington. '64, Mr. W. Freeman. '69, Mr. J. W. Aitken. Fourth Division : Classes from 1870 to 1880. Commander, Col. D. G. Walker, '75. Aides: '70, Rev. W. H. Miller. '75, Dr. T. W. Harvey. '71, Dr. W. McD. Halsey. '76, Mr. H. L. Harrison. '72, Rev. J. W. Hageman. '']'], Mr. J. A. Campbell. '11^ Rev. J. H. Dulles. '78, Prof H. S. S. Smith. '74, Mr. C. D. Thompson. '79, Maj. J. R. Wright. Fifth Division : Classes from 1880 to 1890. Commander, Capt. F. G. Landon, '81. Aides: '80, Prof H. B. Fine. '85, Mr. J. B. Miles. '81, Rev. R. D. Harlan. '86, Mr. F. Evans, Jr. '82, Mr. E. S. Simons. '87, Mr. L. Stearns. • '83, Rev. E. H. Rudd. '88, Pres. W. M. Irvine. '84, Mr. A. G. Todd. '89, Rev. L. S. Mudge. Sixth Division: Classes from 1890 to 1896. Commander, Capt. P. Vredenburgh, '92. Aides: '90, Mr. L. D. Speir. '94, Mr. J. M. Thompson. '91, Col. G. B. Agnew. '95, Mr. A. C. Imbrie. '92, Mr. W. K. Prentice. '96, Mr. C. B. Bostwick. '93, Mr. J. B. Carter. OS CO a: 0 u- z ii CO o CO < ■-^ s C3 Q c=> NASSAU HALL. |-^£>"fw/*'g Jr>* ni> I u '99 MERCER BLUES. YALE. -tfrn ►-• FIREWORKS. '00 CL. CO 5 OQ . ■^ C3 ^ ^ C3 0 7 ^ C3 ■^ ^ >^ v. < f ■> b/1 CQ S 5 UJ Q S; CO CO ?? -a: «^ u- CO LXJ C3 (O CO mVH OIHM P 5 6 2 86. •nvH nvssvM iO UV3td Z6< l-tl 142 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION There is no means of ascertaining closely how many- Princeton graduates and how many guests and visitors were in town when the unclouded sun of that rare October day yielded the field at nightfall. It is probable that about two thousand alumni and several times that number of in- terested spectators were waiting for the grand spectacular event. As the red sun dropped behind the pines of Mor- ven, the Hunter's Moon rose broad and yellow in the east. But other luminaries disputed the Princeton campus, for between daylight and dark a thousand orange-colored lan- terns, and as many more of red and blue and green, began to twinkle among the trees and above the paths, and the front of Nassau Hall, that old pile which Princeton men have loved through so many generations, burst in a mo- ment into a mass of orange-tinted electric fire. Lights crept along the cornices and over the entrance and up the white tower. They outlined the famous belfry, where the busy work-day monitor hung silent. They flashed forth upon the gilded pinnacle. The front campus would have been a fitting theatre for a revel of fairies or some gorgeous midsummer night's dream. The ground in front of Nassau Hall was as bright as day, and so were the main avenues, but on either hand was a pleasant mingling of darkness and softest light. Along the elm boughs glowed in graceful festoons lights that looked like new constellations in the sky. From clumps of evergreen shim- mered the yellow radiance, as if of enormous fireflies. Every room in Reunion and East and West Colleges poured forth a merry shine, and no part of the campus, north of Potter's woods, was left to moonlight alone. In the quadrangle around the Big Cannon there soon began a scene of unwonted stir, although few places, to be sure, have witnessed more bonfires and nocturnal celebra- tions than that well-trodden square. Flaring torches, in PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 143 long, tossing lines, appeared from all directions. Trom- bones and cornets reflected the light grotesquely increasing. Bugles broke forth into rallying calls. Gigantic tigers and other quadrupeds came nodding and bobbing over the grass from one and another place of preparation and con- cealment. Whole classes marched into their positions, straight from their banquets and reunions. At first it looked as if there would be an inextricable tangle of bands and floats and transparencies, but before long all fell into perfect order, and the several grand divisions, cheering and impatient to be off, stood in their places, and every torch was burning. At twenty minutes past eight the bugles blew, and there was a hurrying to and fro of aides and captains. At half-past eight all were in place again, and precisely to the minute the long procession started. The Mercer Blues, led by Professor Libbey in Continental uni- form, and carrying the sword worn by General Hugh Mercer at the battle of Princeton, marched with the solidity and precision of veterans. They not only marched, but performed various difficult evolutions, to the delight of the thousands who thronged the streets. The delegation of Yale Seniors, who followed them in a place of honor before the main body of Princeton undergraduates, were loudly cheered as they wheeled into line. The Princeton students, many of them carefully dressed for the occasion in cos- tumes supposed to represent the easy equality and contempt for show which characterizes them, marched in classes, and were not restrained from loud and constant cheering by any feelings of modesty or timidity. Even had they rea- lized how many gray-bearded men were immediately fol- lowing them in the tortuous line, it is possible they would not have subdued their ardor. But that Old Guard was cheering too! The earliest class represented in the proces- sion was 1839, which had two men in line, while on the 144 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION campus were graduates still older, — as far back as 1825. As classes of later date appeared, the numbers grew. Men high in state and church, veterans of the Civil War, distin- guished ministers, lawyers, physicians, business men, edi- tors, teachers, some in carriages, but nearly all on foot, they awoke the wildest storms of applause in every street of the town, marching once more together as they "used to do 'way back in Freshman year." With two exceptions, every one of the sixty-two classes from 1839 to 1900 was represented in the line. The few old gentlemen present who were graduated still further back, but were prevented by age or infirmities from marching in the line, sat on the reviewing- stand. Men had come from distant countries, and the remotest parts of the United States, to participate in this parade. After this division of heroes came the classes from i860 to 1896, with the students of the Princeton Theologi- cal Seminary, four long divisions. From the class of 1896 one hundred and fifty men were present, from '95 one hundred and forty, from '94 one hundred and twenty-five. The class of '88 created the greatest amusement. The men rode imitation horses, which were managed with well- feigned dexterity. A large Trojan Horse was dragged along in triumph after the burlesque equestrians. Their progress was marked by a continuous roar of "inextinguish- able laughter." The class of '79 carried several large and remarkable transparencies, among them one representing the bronze relief of President McCosh in the chapel, which was their gift. Nearly all the later classes bore humorous transparencies, illustrating some event in their own history when in college, or enforcing some political opinion or some theory of managing the new university. The class of '81, dressed in the costume of Colonial soldiers, was preceded by a gorgeous coach in which one of their number, made up to represent George Washington, reclined at his ease. The •"5tm; ►> ^.iitviai..:. Review of the Torchlight Procession by President Clevehind at Nassau Hall. ii.ri lii.fr^/i 3j, PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 147 burned themselves out. The campus was soon silent and deserted. It was over, — and soon only the moon, now riding high aloft, poured her soft light through the trees. Our revels now are ended : these our actors, As I foretold you, were all spirits, and Are melted into air, into thin air. The Third Day. On Thursday, October 22, 1896, what had up to that time been a purely academic festival was transformed into a great national event. The Princeton sesquicentennial celebration had from the first been more than merely local : it had been given unusual dignity and value by the presence and coop- eration of a more distinguished company of eminent men of learning than was ever before assembled in this country. Philosophy, literature, science, and art were worthily repre- sented and duly honored. But it was remarked that the trend of the proceedings was towards the expression of po- litical ideas. It was manifest that what Princeton prided herself on were her statesmen, the connection between her lecture-rooms and the council-chambers of the nation, her character for sober, just, and progressive political thought. The men who had gathered to her revels came almost reluc- tant to leave for three whole days of serenity and peace the battle-field of political strife, where so many of them were contending for all that was reasonable, peaceful, and just. And of a sudden it turned out that Princeton became on the last of these three days the storm-centre of the political atmosphere, the spot upon which the eyes of the whole country were turned. A slight touch of frost was in the air when morning dawned. The dreamy haze of Indian summer had rolled 148 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION southward, and the sun shone with a brightness prophetic of winter. Leaves were falhng in showers and eddying along the ground. The sky was cloudless. Every footfall rang sharply on the pavement; every hood of orange, scarlet, blue, and purple stood out bright and handsome in the crystalline air. Once more the great Princeton family and its guests were astir. Princeton University was to be born this day. A home in the world of learning was to be newly conse- crated. The amount of the sesquicentennial fund was to be announced. The President of the United States was to make an address, and no one doubted that it would be, in some sense, his valedictory speech to the American people. The pageant of conferring the degrees was to be enacted. The noble and beautiful Alexander Hall proved splendidly adequate as the theatre of these events. It was completely packed, except in the orchestra and on the stage, early in the morning, while throngs of people strove in vain to enter. The crowd filled the aisles and reached beyond the doors, and men in the gallery seemed to stand on one another's shoulders. Crowds of others lined the path to the chapel, down which, at eleven o'clock, marched the City Troop of Philadelphia, followed two and two by the academic procession. At its head walked President Patton, with President Cleveland on his right, the latter being perhaps the only man who did not wear cap or gown or hood. In front of Alexander Hall the City Troop stood like a line of statues, the perfection of military form. They presented arms as the Chief Magistrate passed. Mrs. Cleveland, with her hostess, Mrs. Patton, had already entered the hall, and was seated in the circle which surrounds the orchestra. The procession descended the main aisle, while the audi- ence rose and greeted it with tumultuous applause and continuous and irrepressible cheering. The distinguished scholars who were to receive degrees took seats upon the PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 149 platform, President Patton in the centre under the dais, with President Cleveland on his right and Governor Griggs on his left. In the small semicircle were also the Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler, of Brooklyn ; the Right Rev. Henry Yates Satterlee, Bishop of Washington ; Mr. Charles E. Green; the Rev. Dr. Elijah R. Craven, of Philadelphia, Clerk of the Board of Trustees; and near by were Dean Murray and Professors Shields, Young, and Sloane, who were to present the recipients of the degrees, and Professor Libbey, the marshal. The rest of the academic procession filled the orchestra. When the applause had subsided and the music ceased. Dr. Cuyler arose and offered the following prayer : "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty, the heavens are full of Thy praise. From Thee cometh down every good and perfect gift. We thank Thee that Thy ser- vants have planted the root divine which has spread like a goodly cedar, and has yielded nurture to the work of the Holy Spirit all over the earth. We thank Thee that it has guarded the cradle of our youthful republic, and that here Thy name has been honored and Thy word has been taught. And now. Most Holy One, we invoke thy richest blessings on our mother, who nur- tured us so tenderly on her bosom. We invoke Thee to bless our country on whose altar rest the ashes of her fathers and the hopes of her children. Bless the Presi- dent of the United States, and may he continue to honor the high trust committed to his care to the very last hour of his administration. Bless also the Governor of this Commonwealth, and all who rule in high authority. Bless those who come to us from the various colleges and universities of the world, bringing congratulations from sister institutions. We pray that every university 150 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION may be a fountainhead of truth, and that all their fruits may be laid at the feet of Jesus Christ, and on this day so full of memories and so radiant with hopes we join all our voices in crowning Him Lord of all. Hear us in these our petitions as we gather, weak, poor and sinful, and as we join in the words our Saviour taught us to say." The entire assembly then joined in the Lord's Prayer. Then, amid a hush of expectancy, President Patton slowly arose, and with much dignity and grace of manner made the announcement of the university title and endowments. Every word fell clear and was heard in the remotest corners of that densely crowded hall. One common tide of emotion swelled and rose in the hearts of the alumni of the old Col- lege of New Jersey while his utterance grew louder and his voice was thrilled with deeper feeling as he approached the climax, when, on a sudden, with one magical phrase he called to the floods and they obeyed. Men who loved Princeton as the home of their hearts, as the field of their ideals and their hopes, trembled with enthusiasm as the moment approached — the moment of moments; and when it came, they leaped to their feet, spontaneously, and a great shout went up to heaven. President Patton said, bowing to the President of the United States, to the Governor of New Jersey and to the audience : We have waited long for this hour. To us it is the hour of gladness, but we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that it is an hour in which we are conscious of serious responsibilities as well. And so, reverently and in the fear of God, we enter this house and begin the exercises of the day by invoking the favor of God PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 151 Almighty. We have planned for an appropriate rec- ognition of the fact that on this day there will occur the one-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the charter of the College of New Jersey. We desired to mark the day by three appropriate cir- cumstances. In the first place, it was our desire that the occasion should be one in which there should be a fitting celebration of the event to which I have just referred, and we accordingly planned, with such fore- thought and wisdom as we had, for a suitable academic festival. I am speaking the feelings of my colleagues on the board of trustees and in the faculty when I say that we have been exceedingly gratified by the success that has thus far attended our efforts; and we do not forget that the degree of success that we have had is due in the main to the kind, cordial cooperation of the uni- versities of the world, to those who come to us from the universities of this land, and especially to those who, at great sacrifice of time and pressing engagements, have crossed the sea and come to us from other lands. We feel ourselves under a great debt of obligation, and I desire at this moment to express to them in the heartiest possible way the thanks of the trustees and faculty for their kind presence among us, and friendly sympathy shown us, and the deep interest they have ever mani- fested in our institution. We hope that they wall carry away pleasant memories of Princeton, but we assure you that, on our part, their presence has been an inspiration to us, and that the cause of the higher education has taken a long step in advance as the result of their kindly presence. We wish to as- sure them that their names will linger with us always as pleasant memories ; that we feel ourselves nearer to them than we ever did before ; that there is a commu- 152 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION nity of interest between us and the universities of the world that we never reahzed before ; and that this community of university interest is, let us hope, but a symbol of that underlying, ever-growing interna- tional community that shall make for peace, concord and good-will among the nations of the earth. It was not unnatural that the trustees and the faculty of the College of New Jersey should think that the be- ginning of a new era in her history furnished us with an opportunity that we could not well let go by for an effort in the direction of an increase in the endowments of the institution in whose interests we meet this morning ; and it is my pleasure to say that, notwithstanding the stress of difficult financial circumstances throughout the country, our success in this direction has been exceedingly gratify- ing, and has exceeded the most sanguine expectations, at least of some of us, when this movement was inaugurated. There has been placed in my hands a statement which I shall read: In order to strengthen and extend the various departments of instruction and research, a com- mittee on endowment was appointed by the trustees, and organized in January, 1895. This committee was ap- pointed to secure the necessary means for strengthening and extending the various departments of instruction and research, both undergraduate and graduate. The especial objects for which the increase of endowment was sought were university fellowships and professor- ships, an increase in the salaries of the faculty, an increase in the general fund, and a new university library. Many subscriptions have been received. Without specifying in detail what must be reserved for a later and fuller statement, it is proper to say at this time that several fellowships have been secured and a McCormick professorship has been founded ; a Blair Hall has been PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 153 given, its revenues being available for the support of professors ; and a considerable, though not a complete, endowment of the McCosh Professorship of Philosophy has been obtained. A gift of $250,000 has been received for purposes not yet ready to be announced publicly, and a gift of $600,000 has been received for a univer- sity library. The guarantee of subscriptions reported up to October 21 is $1,353,291. We have not abandoned the prosecution of this work, and some unfinished business remains in connection with the duties of the Endowment Committee. At a later date we hope to be able to announce the complete endowment of the McCosh professorship. We are anxious to secure a complete endowment for a graduate college, in order that the best facilities may be furnished for the prosecution of graduate work; and it is one of the still unrealized dreams of my early adminis- tration that the time may yet come when there shall be in this University such a school of historical and philosoph- ical jurisprudence and political science as shall be worthy of the historic foundations on which it will be planted, and be the logical outcome of our historic beginning. There was another circumstance by which we thought it would be wise to mark the significance of this day. Thanks to the liberal provisions of the charter of the College of New Jersey, this institution from its begin- ning has been fully empowered to do university work in all its spheres, and we have had occasion to make no change whatever in the charter of the College of New Jersey in order that we might change its corporate name. It has been thought best to change the corporate name of the College of New Jersey, partly in order that the name of the institution might more fittingly correspond to the work that it has been doing for so many years. 154 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION and partly, also, that the new name might serve as an in- spiration for new effort, and mark a new departure in the direction of higher and more extended work in the great realm of pure culture, as that realm divides itself into the three great kingdoms of philosophy, science, and literature. And so it is my pleasure, for expression of which I have no equivalent in words, to say that the wishes of the alumni in this respect have at last been fully real- ized; to say that the faculty, trustees, and alumni stand together, and, as with the voice of one man, give their hearty approval to the change that has taken place. It is my great pleasure to say that from this moment what heretofore for one hundred and fifty years has been known as the College of New Jersey shall in all future time be known as Princeton University. As the new name was announced the audience broke into immense applause, which settled into deep, concerted, shattering cheering, each cheer ending with the triple " Princeton University." With a blare of trumpets silence was, after many minutes, restored, and President Patton, with uplifted hand, cried, "God bless Princeton University, and make us faithful in her service ! " The orchestra then played a short selection, after which began the ceremony of conferring the honorary degrees. The Clerk of the Board of Trustees rose in his place and, standing covered, said: "The recipients of honorary de- grees will present themselves before the President as their names are called. The Reverend Professor Shields will present in Theology and Philosophy." Professor Shields read the names of the gentlemen who were to receive the honorary degree of doctor of divinity, and as each came to the front of the platform and faced the audience, standing near Professor Shields, the latter pronounced the titles and PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 155 mentioned some of the distinguished works of the recipient, and then turning, led him to a place in front of President Patton, who remained seated and covered. When the group was complete, the President said: "Auctoritate mihi a Cu- ratoribus Universitatis Princetoniensis commissa vos ad summum gradum in divinitate admitto." The President then arose and, uncovering, extended his hand to each in turn, and after a word of greeting they were escorted to their seats by Professor Shields. In the same manner Professor Shields presented a group of men distinguished in philosophy, upon whom was con- ferred the degree of doctor of laws, the word " legibus " being substituted, in the President's formula, for "divinitate." When this portion of the ceremony was completed, the Clerk of the Board of Trustees, again standing covered, said: " Professor Young will present in Mathematics, and in the Physical and in the Natural Sciences." Professor Young called upon the distinguished gentlemen and pre- sented them, and to each group as it was formed the Presi- dent, in the manner already described, said: "Auctoritate mihi a Curatoribus Universitatis Princetoniensis commissa vos ad summum gradum in legibus admitto." The Clerk of the Board of Trustees in like manner said : "Professor Sloane will present in History, in the Political Sciences, and in Education." Professor Sloane introduced the recipients, and the President conferred upon them the same degree. The Clerk of the Board of Trustees finally announced: " The Dean of the Faculty will present in Archaeology, Philology, Literature, and Art." Dean Murray then pre- sented the distinguished gentlemen upon whom the degrees of doctor of laws, doctor of letters, or doctor of music were to be conferred in recognition of their services in the above- mentioned fields, and the President received them with the 156 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION same address, but using the words "legibus," " litteris hu- manioribus," or " musica," as occasion demanded. When the groups of scholars presented by the Reverend Professor Shields, Professor Young, Professor Sloane, and the Dean of the Faculty had thus received their honorary degrees, the Clerk of the Board of Trustees said: " I have the honor to announce that the Trustees of Princeton Uni- versity have conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws in absentia upon the following persons : The Right Honorable the LORD KELVIN, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. OTTO VON STRUVE, Formerly Director of the Imperial Astronomical Observatory at Pulkova, Russia." Then, removing his cap, the Clerk of the Board of Trus- tees announced that the ceremony of conferring the hon- orary degrees was concluded. It had been followed with great interest by the spectators, and was indeed a notable sight. The groups of honored and in many cases venerable men who stood arrayed in Princeton hoods before Presi- dent Patton and were by him welcomed first in formal Latin, and then with informal cordiality in English and with a grasp of his hand, into fellowship with the long roll of Princeton's alumni; the brief but effective remarks of those who presented them ; the hearty recognition given by all present to some of the most celebrated recipients, — all this composed a scene of academic ceremony unique in this country. The recipients of the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity were: The Reverend Professor WILLIS JUDSON BEECHER, Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, New York. The Reverend Professor WILLIAM CAVEN, Principal of Knox College, Toronto, and Professor of Exegetics and Biblical Criticism, Toronto, Canada. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 157 The Reverend Doctor MORGAN DIX, Rector of Trinity Church, New York City. The Reverend Professor GEORGE PARK FISHER, Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Dean of the Divin- ity School in Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. The Reverend Doctor WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, Rector of Grace Church, New York City. Bishop JOHN FLETCHER HURST, ChancelloroftheAmerican University, Washington, District of Columbia. The Reverend Professor CHARLES MARSH MEAD, Riley Professor of Christian Theology in the Hartford Theological Seminary, Connecticut. The Reverend Doctor SIMON JOHN McPHERSON, Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Chicago, Illinois. The Reverend Doctor SAMUEL JACK NICCOLLS, Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Saint Louis, Missouri. The Reverend Professor MATTHEW BROWN RIDDLE, Memorial Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis in the Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Right Reverend HENRY YATES SATTERLEE, Bishop of Washington, District of Columbia. The Reverend Doctor JOSEPH TATE SMITH, Baltimore, Maryland. The Reverend Professor AUGUSTUS HOPKINS STRONG, President of Rochester Theological Seminary and Davies Professor of Biblical Theology, Rochester, New York. The Reverend Professor JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The recipients of the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws were : JAMES BURRILL ANGELL, President of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. MAURICE BLOOMFIELD, Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 158 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION KARL BRUGMANN, Professor of Indogermanic Philology in the University of Leipzig, Germany. JOHN BATES CLARK, Professor of Political Economy in Columbia University, New York City. JOHANNES CONRAD, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Halle, Germany. WILHELM DORPFELD, First Secretary of the German Archaeological Institute, Athens, Greece. EDWARD DOWDEN, Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS, Professor of Mathematical Physics in Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. DANIEL COIT GILMAN, President of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. GEORGE LINCOLN GOODALE, Fisher Professor of Natural History and Director of the Botanical Garden in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, Professor of Latin in the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. The Honorable WILLIAM TORREY HARRIS, United States Commissioner of Education, Washington, District of Columbia. CHARLES CUSTIS HARRISON, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. GEORGE WILLIAM HILL, President of the American Mathematical Society, West Nyack, New York. ARNOLD AMBROSIUS WILLEM HUBRECHT, Professor of Zoology in the University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland. WILLIAM JAMES, Professor of Psychology in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 159 FELIX KLEIN, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. The Reverend GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Clark Professor of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics in Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Connecticut. SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia. HENRY CHARLES LEA, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. JOSEPH LeCONTE, Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of Cali- fornia and President of the American Geological Society, Berkeley, California. JAMES LOUDON, President of the University of Toronto, Canada. SETH LOW, President of Columbia University, New York City. JOHN WILLIAM MALLET. Professor of Chemistry in the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. SILAS WEIR MITCHELL, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. HENRI MOISSAN, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Paris and Member of the French Academy of Sciences, Paris. SIMON NEWCOMB, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in the Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, Baltimore, and Director of the Nautical Almanac, Wash- ington, District of Columbia. WILLIAM PETERSON, Principal of McGill University and Professor of Classics, Montreal, Canada. EDWARD BAGNALL POULTON, Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. 160 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION IRA REMSEN, Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratory in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. HENRY AUGUSTUS ROWLAND, Professor of Physics and Director of the Physical Laboratory in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. ANDREW SETH, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. GOLDWIN SMITH, Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and formerly Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, Toronto, Canada. JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON, Cavendish Professor of Physics in the University of Cambridge, Cam- bridge, England. BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, Professor of Greek in Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The recipients of the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters were : HENRY MARTYN BAIRD. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in New York Univer- sity, New York City. RICHARD WATSON GILDER, Editor of "The Century," New York City. THOMAS RAYNESFORD LOUNSBURY, Professor of English in Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. FRANCIS ANDREW MARCH, Professor of the English Language and Comparative Philology in Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER, Editor of "The Atlantic Monthly," Boston, Massachusetts. CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, New York City. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 161 The following gentleman received the honorary degree of Doctor of Music : EDWARD ALEXANDER McDOWELL, Professor of Music in Columbia University, New York City. When the stir occasioned by this ceremony had subsided, the orchestra afforded relief to the audience, somewhat ex- hausted by close attention with the eye, and then President Patton, rising from his seat, expressed regret that the ven- erable Lord Kelvin, the distinguished natural philosopher, could not be present on this occasion, and read the following cable despatch just received from him : I heartily congratulate the College and University of Prince- ton on the celebration of the one-hundred-and-fiftieth year of its beneficent life upon which we look back, and on the new developments now organized for continuance of good work with ever-increasing energy in the future. I regret exceedingly that my university engagements in Glasgow make it impossible for me to be present at Princeton on this occasion, and I ask the University and its friends now assembled to accept this telegraphic ex- pression of my cordial sympathy and good wishes. Kelvin. The reading was received with applause. President Pat- ton then said : It was our heart's desire to confer still another degree on this occasion, but the distinguished gentleman upon whom we wished to confer it has seen fit to use the sovereign power of the American people which he rep- resents in the interests of his own modesty, and there was nothing left for us to do but to treat his wishes as 162 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION a command. We are, however, much gratified that we meet this morning in the favoring presence of the Chief Magistrate of our country. It would have pleased us to honor ourselves in honoring him, and in so doing to bear public testimony to our high appreciation of his public services and strong, patriotic position in this, the hour of his nation's trial. We thank him with full and overflowing hearts to-day for leaving the cares of ex- ecutive business in order that he may grace our aca- demic festival, and we thank him for the willingness that he has expressed in response to our urgent invita- tion to say a few words on this occasion which inaugu- rates Princeton University. Ladies and Gentlemen : I have the great honor of presenting to you the President of the United States. When President Cleveland arose the entire audience rose to greet him, and burst into enthusiastic and deafening applause. The Princeton cheer, with the conclusion "Cleve- land, Cleveland, Cleveland," rang with perfect solidity and unanimity of sound from gallery and house alike. Ladies clapped their hands and waved their handkerchiefs. The ovation continued until the President was manifestly touched and gratified. Finally, when the orchestra drowned the cheering with a few strains of " Hail Columbia," in the midst of breathless silence he read slowly and impressively the following words : Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen : As those in different occupations and with different train- ing each see most plainly in the same landscape view those features which are the most nearly related to their several habitual environments, so, in our con- templation of an event or an occasion, each individual PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 163 especially observes and appreciates, in the light his mode of thought supplies, such of its features and incidents as are most in harmony with his mental situation. To-day, while all of us warmly share the general enthusiasm and felicitation which pervade this assem- blage, I am sure its various suggestions and meanings assume a prominence in our respective fields of mental vision dependent upon their relation to our experience and condition. Those charged with the management and direction of the educational advantages of this noble institution most plainly see, with well-earned satisfaction, proofs of its growth and usefulness, and its enhanced opportunities for doing good. The graduate of Prince- ton sees first the evidence of a greater glory and prestige that have come to his Alma Mater, and the added honor thence reflected upon himself, while those still within her student halls see most prominently the promise of an increased dignity which awaits their grad- uation from Princeton University. But there are others here, not of the family of Prince- ton, who see with an interest not to be outdone the signs of her triumphs on the fields of higher education, and the part she has taken during her long and glorious career in the elevation and betterment of a great people. Among these I take an humble place, and as I yield to the influences of this occasion, I cannot resist the train of thought which especially reminds me of the promise of national safety, and the guaranty of the permanence of our free institutions, which may and ought to radiate from the universities and colleges scattered throughout our land. Obviously a government resting upon the will and universal suffrage of the people has no anchorage except in the people's intelligence. While the advantages of a 164 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION collegiate education are by no means necessary to good citizenship, yet the college graduate, found everywhere, cannot smother his opportunities to teach his fellow- countrymen and influence them for good, nor hide his talents in a napkin, without recreancy to a trust. In a nation like ours, charged with the care of numerous and widely varied interests, a spirit of con- servatism and toleration is absolutely essential. A col- legiate training, the study of principles unvexed by distracting and misleading influences, and a correct apprehension of the theories upon which our republic is established, ought to constitute the college graduate a constant monitor, warning against popular rashness and excess. The character of our institutions and our national self- interest require that a feeling of sincere brotherhood and a disposition to unite in mutual endeavor should pervade our people. Our scheme of government in its beginning was based upon this sentiment, and its interruption has never failed, and can never fail, to grievously menace our national health. Who can better caution against passion and bitterness than those who know by thought and study their baneful consequences, and who are themselves within the noble brotherhood of higher education ? There are natural laws and economic truths which command implicit obedience, and which should unalter- ably fix the bounds of wholesome popular discussion and the limits of political strife. The knowledge gained in our universities and colleges would be sadly deficient if its beneficiaries were unable to recognize and point out to their fellow-citizens these truths and natural laws, and to teach the mischievous futility of their non-observance or attempted violation. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 165 The activity of our people, and their restless desire to gather to themselves especial benefits and advantages, lead to the growth of an unconfessed tendency to re- gard their government as the giver of private gifts, and to look upon the agencies for its administration as the distributors of official places and preferment. Those who in university or college have had an opportunity to study the mission of our institutions, and who in the light of history have learned the danger to a people from their neglect of the patriotic care they owe the national life entrusted to their keeping, should be well fitted to constantly admonish their fellow-citizens that the usefulness and beneficence of their plan of govern- ment can only be preserved through their unselfish and loving support, and their contented willingness to accept in full return the peace, protection, and opportunity which it impartially bestows. Not more surely do the rules of honesty and good faith fix the standard of individual character in a com- munity than do these same rules determine the character and standing of a nation in the world of civilization. Neither the glitter of its power, nor the tinsel of its com- mercial prosperity, nor the gaudy show of its people's wealth, can conceal the cankering rust of national dis- honesty, and cover the meanness of national bad faith. A constant stream of thoughtful, educated men should come from our universities and colleges preaching na- tional honor and integrity, and teaching that a belief in the necessity of national obedience to the laws of God is not born of superstition. I do not forget the practical necessity of political par- ties, nor do I deny their desirability. I recognize wholesome differences of opinion touching legitimate governmental policies, and would by no means control 166 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION or limit the utmost freedom in their discussion. I have only attempted to suggest the important patriotic ser- vice which our institutions of higher education and their graduates are fitted to render to our people, in the en- forcement of those immutable truths and fundamental principles which are related to our national condition, but should never be dragged into the field of political strife, nor impressed into the service of partisan con- tention. When the excitement of party warfare presses dan- gerously near our national safeguards, I would have the intelligent conservatism of our universities and colleges warn the contestants in impressive tones against the perils of a breach impossible to repair. When popular discontent and passion are stimulated by the arts of designing partisans to a pitch perilously near to class hatred or sectional anger, I would have our universities and colleges sound the alarm in the name of American brotherhood and fraternal dependence. When the attempt is made to delude the people into the belief that their suffrages can change the operation of natural laws, I would have our universities and col- leges proclaim that those laws are inexorable and far removed from political control. When selfish interest seeks undue private benefit through governmental aid, and public places are claimed as rewards of party service, I would have our univer- sities and colleges persuade the people to a relinquish- ment of the demand for party spoils and exhort them to a disinterested and patriotic love of their government for its own sake, and because in its true adjustment and un- perverted operation it secures to every citizen his just share of the safety and prosperity it holds in store for all. When a design is apparent to lure the people from PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 167 their honest thoughts, and to bhnd their eyes to the sad pHght of national dishonor and bad faith, I would have Princeton University, panoplied in her patriotic tradi- tions and glorious memories, and joined by all the other universities and colleges of our land, cry out against the infliction of this treacherous and fatal wound. I would have the influence of these institutions on the side of religion and morality. I would have those they send out among the people not ashamed to acknowledge God, and to proclaim His interposition in the affairs of men, enjoining such obedience to His laws as makes manifest the path of national perpetuity and prosperity. I hasten to concede the good already accomplished by our educated men in purifying and steadying political sentiment, but I hope I may be allowed to intimate my belief that their work in these directions would be easier and more useful if it were less spasmodic and occasional. The disposition of our people is such that, while they may be inclined to distrust those who only on rare occasions come among them from an exclusive- ness savoring of assumed superiority, they readily listen to those who exhibit a real fellowship and a friendly and habitual interest in all that concerns the common wel- fare. Such a condition of intimacy would, I believe, not only improve the general political atmosphere, but would vastly increase the influence of our universities and colleges in their efforts to prevent popular delusions or correct them before they reach an acute and danger- ous stage. I am certain, therefore, that a more constant and active participation in political affairs on the part of our men of education would be of the greatest possible value to our country. It is exceedingly unfortunate that politics should be regarded in any quarter as an unclean thing, to be 168 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION avoided by those claiming to be educated or respectable. It would be strange, indeed, if anything related to the administration of our government or the welfare of our nation should be essentially degrading. I believe it is not a superstitious sentiment that leads to the conviction that God has watched over our national life from its beginning. Who will say that the things worthy of God's regard and fostering care are unworthy of the touch of the wisest and best of men ? I would have those sent out by our universities and colleges not only the counsellors of their fellow-country- men, but the tribunes of the people — fully appreciating every condition that presses upon their daily life, sym- pathetic in every untoward situation, quick and earnest in every effort to advance their happiness and welfare, and prompt and sturdy in the defence of all their rights. I have but imperfectly expressed the thoughts to which I have not been able to deny utterance on an occasion so full of glad significance, and so pervaded by the atmosphere of patriotic aspiration. Born of these surroundings, the hope cannot be vain that the time is at hand when all our countrymen will more deeply appreciate the blessings of American citizenship, when their disinterested love of their government will be quickened, when fanaticism and passion shall be ban- ished from the field of politics, and when all our people, discarding every difference of condition or opportunity, will be seen under the banner of American brotherhood, marching steadily and unfalteringly on towards the bright heights of our national destiny. As no address more suited to the hour and the audience could possibly have been made, so no speaker could have found more attentive and sympathetic listeners; and if the PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 169 welcome they gave to the President was enthusiastic, their reception of his words was overwhelming. Round after round of cheering rose from the great assemblage of college graduates. Every variety of Princeton cheer rent the air. To each salvo was added " Cleveland, Cleveland, Cleve- land," and finally three cheers were given for Mrs. Cleve- land. The orchestra and organ at last managed to make themselves heard through the thundering volleys of cheers. As they played the well-known music of " America," the vast throng, which had been standing through the cheer- ing, with one voice took up the national hymn with the deepest patriotic fervor: My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountain side Let freedom ring. My native country, — thee. Land of the noble, free, Thy name I love ; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills, - My heart with rapture thrills. Like that above. Our fathers' God, — to Thee, Author of liberty. To Thee we sing ; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light, — Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King. 170 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION The benediction was pronounced by the Right Reverend Henry Yates Satterlee, Bishop of Washington. The audi- ence resumed their seats until President and Mrs. Cleve- land, with their host and hostess, President and Mrs. Patton, had left the building. Immediately after the exercises in Alexander Hall, Presi- dent and Mrs. Patton entertained at a luncheon the Presi- dent of the United States and Mrs. Cleveland, with the delegates and other invited guests ; and at three o'clock the hospitable gates of Prospect were thrown open to a larger number of persons invited to meet President and Mrs. Cleveland. The many hundreds who availed them- selves of this invitation were introduced first to Doctor and Mrs. Patton at the main door of the large drawing-room, and by them presented to the President and Mrs. Cleveland. An opportunity was given not only to meet the distin- guished guests, but also to wander over the terraces and enjoy the beautiful landscape to which the mansion owes its name of Prospect. At about five o'clock the President and his party were escorted by the City Troop to the sta- tion, and left Princeton for Washington. The University Musical Clubs gave a concert of student music in Alexander Hall in the evening. It was attended by a large audience. The programme performed was : Part I. 1. The Orange and the Black . Carmina Princetonia. Glee Club. 2. Anniversary Rosey. Banjo Club. 3. Old Black Joe Foster. 6". T. Carter, Jr., '86, and Glee Club. •^^m^^t^nm^^mf * PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 173 temps que I'esprit. J'ai admire aussi avec quel enthou- siasme de genereux donateurs vont au devant de vos desirs et mettent une partie de leur fortune au service de la haute culture intellectuelle. Vos generations d'el^ves sont pleines de seve et d'ac- tivite, comme ces beaux pieds de lierre touffus et vigou- reux qui entourent le vieux batiment de Nassau, le foyer de votre universite. On sent dans votre college les liens affectueux qui unissent les maitres aux eleves. C'est qu'en effet, si les larges constructions, si les grands laboratoires, si les spacieuses bibliotheques sont utiles, il est quelque chose de plus indispensable, c'est le lien moral qui reunit le tout, c'est I'esprit qui dirige ces enseignements, ce sont les recherches nouvelles poursuivies, dans des voies dif- ferentes, par les professeurs, ce sont les sentiments de reconnaissance des eleves ; tout cela c'est I'ame meme de I'universite. Aussi nous sommes heureux de voir que votre uni- versite s'appuie en grande partie sur I'enseignement donne a I'ecole de Lawrenceville. Vous preparez les esprits, par une bonne instruction secondaire, a la culture supe- rieure de Princeton. Croyez bien que toutes ces choses sont connues et suivies en France avec le plus vif interet. Rien de ce qui se fait dans la grande Republique americaine n'est indifferent a la Republique fran^aise. Nous n'avons pas oublie que dans un temps deja lointain nos grands peres ont mele leur sang au votre sur les champs de bataille pour la cause sacree de votre independence. Et quand vous luttez sur un nouveau terrain, quand vos univer- sites prennent un developpement, un essor inattendu, quand dans I'astronomie, dans la physique, dans la pale- ontologie, dans I'histoire, vous devenez des maitres 174 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION incontestes, la France applaudit a vos efforts et a vos succes. Aussi je suis personnellement heureux d'avoir ete choisi par I'Universite de Paris pour vous apporter tous ses voeux et toutes ses felicitations. Le College de Princeton a deja grave son nom dans I'histoire des Etats-Unis, c'est le passe ; je bois a I'avenir, je leve mon verre en I'honneur de I'Universite de Princeton. The regular toasts of the evening were responded to as follows : Theology, by Professor George Park Fisher, Dean of the Yale Divinity School; Philosophy, by Pro- fessor Andrew Seth of the University of Edinburgh; Juris- prudence, by the Honorable William B. Hornblower of New York ; Mathematics, by Professor Felix Klein of the University of Gottingen; the Natural Sciences, by Pro- fessor Arnold Ambrosius Willem Hubrecht of the Uni- versity of Utrecht; the Physical Sciences, by Professor Ira Remsen of the Johns Hopkins University; History, by Professor Goldwin Smith of Toronto; Literature, by Pro- fessor Edward Dowden of Trinity College, Dublin ; and the Higher Education, by the Honorable William T. Harris of Washington. Some of these speeches bore more or less directly upon the subjects of the toasts, and were additionally valuable for that reason; others were of a less formal character, and none the less interesting for that. The gentlemen from other lands, who had won so many friends among Princetonians by their lectures here, were received with the greatest cordiality and spoke with warm feeling. An especially hearty reception was given to the deep expressions of good will which exist between the scholars of Great Britain and the United States, and to the frequent mention of the ties which bind Prince- ton to the universities of the mother country. Professor PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 175 Seth gave first voice to these fraternal sentiments, which were enforced with great earnestness by Mr. Goldwin Smith; while the heartfelt words and kindly face of Pro- fessor Dowden went far to make this spirit of international concord the dominant note of the evening. Finally, in terms as eloquent as any others which the Sesquicentennial Celebration evoked, and with emotion he found it hard to restrain. President Patton thanked the guests of Princeton University for their participation in her jubilee; thanked them for leaving their homes and their important duties, and coming from far and near to spend three days with us; thanked especially the delegates who had crossed the ocean to bear the greetings of older universities in other lands, and wished them God-speed home again. And with this the Sesquicentennial Celebration ended. The Sesquicentennial guests were not allowed to scatter to all parts of the earth without being honored in New York City, whence most of the European delegates were to sail on Saturday, October 24. Mr. Morris K. Jesup, the President of the American Museum of Natural History, hurried forward the preparation of two new exhibitions, that of Vertebrate Palaeontology and that of Ethnology, in order to open the halls containing them in honor of Princeton's guests. All the leading educational and public institutions of the city were invited to send representatives, and the members of the faculty of Princeton University also re- ceived an invitation. On the afternoon of the reception the entire museum was lighted. The ceremonies included a speech of welcome in the Trustees' Room, by the President of the Museum, Mr. Morris K. Jesup. The visitors met the trustees who were present, and were then introduced to Professor F. W. Put- nam, Curator of the Department of Ethnology and An- 176 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION thropology, and were conducted through his exhibit, as arranged chiefly by Dr. Franz Boas. They then mounted to the hall containing the Fossil Mammals of North America, and were introduced to the curator, Professor Henry Fair- field Osborn. The screen was withdrawn and the hall opened for the first time after five years of continuous ex- ploration in the West. The exhibition also includes the famous Cope Collection, the larger part of which had not been seen by the public before. Then on the evening of Friday, the 23d, the University Club in the City of New York gave a reception and dinner to the foreign delegates at the Club House at Twenty-sixth Street and Madison Avenue. The Reception Committee was as follows : Tompkins McIlvaine. Edward Mitchell. Robert Bridges. Arthur Lincoln. Charles Bulkley Hubbell. Gherardi Davis. James R. Sheffield (Chairman). Samuel R. Betts. Sherman Evarts. Grosvenor Atterbury. Charles Rowland Russell. Lawrence E. Sexton. W. K. Draper. Carl A. de Gersdorff. Austen G. Fox. Almon Goodwin. Grosvenor S. Hubbard. Henry D. Cooper. Ashton Le Moine. Tracy H. Harris. Jacob W. Miller. Charles K. Beekman. William B. Hornblower. William W. Hoppin. Robert L. Harrison. Arthur H. Masten. Robert C. Alexander. Henry W. Calhoun. Henry A. James. Allison V. Armour. Francis V. Greene. George Blagden, Jr. R. W. G. Welling. Eugene D. Hawkins. Henry W. Hardan. Walter G. Oakman. Edward B. Merrill. George A. Plimpton. Berkeley Mastyn. C. Ledyard Blair. Henry Marquand. James McKeen. M. Taylor Pyne. The following invitation to the reception was sent out: oke ibniveidltij (otub in t/ie Gitij of Ibcw '^IJozli zecjuedtd the honoz of t/ouz coinpaiiij on aildaij evening, (jctobez the twentij-thizd, eighteen hundzcd and ninety -dix, at half paM nine o'clock, to meet UDtofeddot cJ'tiedtick cJhati cJotugmann of Jaeipdic, Jotofeddot ^okanned (jotitad of c/halle, cJoevetend UJoctot \Viillam Gaven of cJotoiito, &tt ^, William UJawdon of &Jbotitzeal, \yilhelni JJotpfeld of o^qthend, J^tofeJJoz odwatd ^owden of Dublin, JDXofeddot a^. &q. S-v. ahubtectit of Ihtzeckt, JotofedL^ot cjeUx CJ\jieln of Ci'dttmcjen, J^tofeddot cnDenti c//boid.iati of J:yatid, J^tincipal sVilliatn Joetetdon of albont- tealf Jotofeddot Sdwatd claagnaii Jooulton of Uxfotd, J^tof- edJot Cbndtew (Zietli of (jdinSutgh, J^tofcJJOt Cjoldwin (sfmitn of (Ooionto and J^^tofeddot Jjodepk Jjokn cJkomdon of (jatn- btidaef delegated ftotn fotelgn univetditicd in attendance at tke (^equlcentennial Uelebtation of Jjtinceton Ibnivetdity, (ok at led (d. cJoeaniaUf | ciP P cXl^ I I \ Special Committee cnjemii o . cnDowiandf > r i ^ ■; __ ^^ ^^ I of the hotincu, cJ . cftank cGiownelf j cfb. d. V, p. '~Qwenti/-dLvtk Street and DWadidon S3,venue, 177 178 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION This invitation was accepted by the following citizens of New York and other persons : The Honorable William L. Strong, Mayor of New York City. Members of the Judiciary. Judge GiLDERSLEEVE. J"dge Barrett. Judge Patterson. Judge Ingraham. Judge Haight. Judge Wallace. Judge RuMSEY. Judge MacLean. Judge Williams. Judge Bischoff. Judge Bookstaver. Judge Lawrence. Officers of the Army and Navy of the United States. Rear-Admiral Erben. Rear-Admiral Bunce. General Ruger. Doctor E. S. Bogert. Colonel William C. Church. Commodore Sicard. Captain A. T. Mahan. Professor Peter S. Michie. Consuls. Hon. Percy Sanderson. Hon. John R. Planten. Hon. D. U. BoTAssi. Hon. E. Bruwaert. Hon. A. Feigel. Clergymen. The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend The Reverend Percy S. Grant. Dr. W. R. Huntington. Dr. David H. Greer. Dr. Lyman Abbott. Dr. Robert Collyer. Dr. MacArthur. Dr. John Hall. Edward Judson. Dr. Joseph H. Twichell. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 179 Physicians. Dr. J. D. Bryant. Dr. Francis Delafield. Dr. W. T. LusK. Dr. T. Addis Emmet. Dr. Lewis A. Stimson. Educators. Coltimbia University. President Seth Low. Professor John W. Burgess. Professor E. D. Perry. Professor J. K. Rees. Professor F. R. Hutton. Professor J. H. Van Amringe. Professor Henry Drisler. Professor W. H. Carpenter. Professor Brander Matthews. Dr. William H. Draper. Mr. George H. Baker. Professor A. V. W. Jackson. Professor H. T. Peck. Professor Robert S. Woodward. Professor Henry S. Munroe. Yale University. Professor A. T. Hadley. Professor George J. Brush. Professor W. W. Farnham. Professor William L. Phelps. Professor O. C. Marsh. Professor A. W. Wright. Professor Tracy Peck. Harvai'd. Professor F. W. Putnam. TJie Normal Collcs^e. President Thomas Hunter. Professor Harold Jacoby. Barnard College Mr. Silas B. Brownell, Trustee. College of t/ic City of New York. President Alexander S. Webb. Professor R. Ogden Doremus. Hobart College. President Potter. 180 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Stevens histitute. Professor Henry Morton. Professor A. R. Leeds. Amherst College. Professor B. K. Emerson. Lehigh University. Professor W. H. Chandler. Rutgers College. President Austin Scott. Roanoke College. President Julius D. Dreher. New York University. Chancellor H. M. MacCracken. Professor Henry M. Baird. MnJilenbcrg College. President Theodore L. Seip. TIic University of Pennsylvania. Professor George F. Barker. Dartmouth College. Professor Charles F. Mathewson. Brown Un ive rs ity. Professor Francis Lawton. Wesleyan Uiiiversity. Professor C. T. Winchester. Professor J. C. Van Benschoten. The Teachers' College. President Walter L. Hervey. The Amei'ican Museum of Natural History. Professor A. S. Bickmore. The General Theological Seminary. Dean Hoffman. c Urn eq > Q jptrr" ^-r^^V-''-^^ PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 183 Anonymous, ....... 5,000.00 Anonymous, ...... 6,600.00 Anonymous, ..... 600,000.00 Anonymous, ...... 250,000.00 Anonymous, ...... 50,000.00 John S. Baird, '79, New York, 25.00 Hon. John I. Blair, Blairstown, N. J., 150,000.00 Brokaw Field Committee, ... 380.56 Hon. John L. Cadwalader, '56, New York, 5,000.00 Cash, ........ 5.00 Cash, .... 1 14.02 Estate of Mrs. Clark, Washington, D. C, 1,000.00 Class of 1875, ....... 4,000.00 Class of 1880, ...... 1,366.65 Class of 1884, ...... 6,000.00 Class of 1890, miscellaneous cash, . 25.00 Hugh L. Cole, '59, New York, , . 50.00 John H. Converse, Philadelphia, 10,000.00 Rev. C. L. Cooder, Pottstown, Pa., i.oo Professor E. C. Coulter, '84, Chicago, . 100.00 C. C. Cuyler, '79, New York, .... 4,000.00 Horatio N. Davis, '73, St. Louis, . . 500.00 John D. Davis, '72, St. Louis, . 3,000.00 Cleveland H. Dodge, '79, New York, . . 5,000.00 William Dulles, '78, New York, 50.00 John P. Duncan, New York, 1,000.00 R. A. Edwards, '76, Peru, Ind., . . 2,500.00 E. W. Greenough, '75, Philadelphia, . 200.00 George H. Griffiths, Philadelphia, . . 500.00 William E. Guy, '65, St. Louis, . 1,000.00 184 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Rev. Thomas C. Hall, '79, Chicago, . . 100.00 A. O. Headley, Newark, N. J., . . . 1,000.00 Rev. Alexander Henry, '70, Philadelphia, . 50.00 J. Bayard Henry, '76, Philadelphia, . 1,020.00 Hon. W. B. Hornblower, '71, New York, 1,000.00 Joseph M. Huston, '92, Philadelphia, . . 500.00 Andrew C. Imbrie, '95, New York, . 10.00 Adrian H. Joline, '70, New York, . . 1,000.00 Thomas D. Jones, '76, Chicago, . . . 2,500.00 David B. Jones, '76, Chicago, 2,500.00 Miss Mary Kennedy, New York, . . 10,012.50 James Laughlin, Jr., '68, Pittsburgh, . . 5,000.00 Hon. I. H. Lionberger, '75, St. Louis, . 1,000.00 Charles B. Lockhart, Pittsburgh, . . . 10,000.00 Charles H. Macloskie, '87, .... 50.00 Malcolm MacMartin, '67, New York, . 1,000.00 Alexander Maitland, New York, . . . 5,000.00 Mrs. Matthews, Newark, N. J., . . 1,000.00 John D. McCord, Philadelphia, . . 1,000.00 Estate of Cyrus McCormick, Chicago, . 100,000.00 Fulton McMahon, '84, New York, . 5.00 Clarence B. Mitchell, '89, Lakewood, N. J., . 10.00 Mrs. William Moir, New York, . . 5,000.00 J. E. Nicholson, '88, New York, . 25.00 Mrs. William Baton, New York, . . . 1,000.00 Dr. James Paul, '49, Philadelphia, . . 50.00 Robert Pitcairn, Pittsburgh, . 2,000.00 M. Taylor Pyne, '77, Princeton, . . 50,000.00 Mrs. M. Taylor Pyne, Princeton, 1,000.00 John Scott, '79, Philadelphia, .... 25.00 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 185 Edward W. Sheldon, '79, New York, . R. E. Speer, '89, New York, Louis D. Speir, '90, New York, . Dr. M. Allen Starr, '76, New York, Rev. Dr. W. C. Stitt, 56, New York, . Mrs. William Thaw, Pittsburgh, Rev. S. T. Thompson, '5 1 , Tarpon Springs, Transfer from Treasurer's Books, George Trotter, '91, New York, T. F. Turner, '89, New York, . . . . L. C. Vanuxem, '79, Philadelphia, Guy S. Warren, '95, St. Louis, Professor H. C. Warren, "89, Princeton, Professor J. H. Westcott, '77, Princeton, Mrs. Mary L Winthrop, New York, . Dr. John E. Woodruff, '70, New York, R. L. Zabriskie, '95, Aurora, N. Y., Professor A. C. Zenos, Chicag^o, 1,000.00 10.00 5.00 10,000.00 25.00 10,000.00 Fla., 10.00 50.00 25.00 10.00 50.00 500.00 10.00 250.00 5,000.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 $1,361,974.73 /^^ ^ccgpimtts Uttgra& JS^cstras> hunianitgr scriptas, cimtms ro^nth ut <)>; ^ no6tr{& unum aUqugn\ a& mn>vc>&igni c^Ubraturi isUe, huiug^nivcr&itatis notning intgrsit. ^ HHH*'^^"* -^*^ X>ram &nur 0ocieta\cm nobiecuin ff mmujigsgs&g yutgmuft mgntibue gtoug gntmb pro5g(iuimur. |MI||g^cag5angii&c (Hoilg^mm n(?n itg &gug ugtu& g&t,ngc plus gggm ^Pl [ cgntum gt quinqucujintg gnni aprimo gtue ortu numgrgntun ]8^g& j^^mgJ>m^umJvgDgrgtdg cluitgtgs.qugruin g numgro cm\AS g$t IJgstrg, incgigrum uirtutg gt in^uatrig Ubgrtgtlsciug. culu& sginpgr 5tu&i>?ctorum hoininuni ptgnggug sgpicntiuni gpgrg gt lobgrg qugm cglgrrimg gmni disciplingrum^^gngrg fu>jruit, ut igm vgtustig&i- titgrum €u\vpgg OniugrMtgtutu Dignitgtgm ggmulctmi. ^rg nc& cum cgtgm cupiniu&7if>bis prgspgiv cucnirg. tunt in ,primi& optgmus^ut Oniugrditas l^nncctontcnsis. cino noniing onggium r^gocacsangnsg nouum sggculumingrgssurumgst.^lorjgg pgtrimoniuni g nigioribug rglictuni mg^i» ntg.aisquc guggat. luccm- Oug t>»jctringg ct sgpigntigc 5uag tgrrgruin grbi tribugiv pcnjat, Hoc gjciattmgntgs oninig i|ugggJ> hunigni ggngris cgnimo^g, gugg g^ luu- &gni gtdug hong5tgtgmpgrtinggnt,di5cipiingrum cfgrtiunt prggrgssio- ne AC prgpgctgtigng pmgclpug cgntingri. Wonig K^lgmVis ^xtilibud -©©K^pXOp fpM. ■^,,..^r o.fTJ^gctor J@(mvgr5itgti5 • >r, ».i 1 t • i ') n t I ) n Reduced Facsimile of the Congratulatory Letter of the University of Bologna. 3^art ^econD CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES, LETTERS AND TELE- GRAMS RECEIVED FROM UNIVERSITIES, ACADEMIES, COLLEGES, SOCIETIES AND INDIVIDUALS, AND ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY UNDER THE FOLLOWING DIVISIONS: I. UNIVERSITIES, ACADEMIES AND COLLEGES. AMERICAN. CANADIAN. EUROPEAN. OTHER COUNTRIES. II. ASSOCIATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS. [AMHERST college] PRAESES ET PROFESSORES COLLEGIl AMHERSTIENSIS VIRIS ILLUSTRISSIMIS DOCTISSIMIS PRAESIDI CURATORIBUS PROFESSORIBUS IN COLLEGIO NEOCAESARIENSI COMMORANTIBUS SALUTEM RAESES Professoresque huius Collegii vobis summas gratulationes faciunt, quod mox adveniet dies anniver- sarius centesimus quinquagesimus, ex quo Collegium Neocaesariense conditum est, et a vobis invitati ut participes saecularium feriarum assent, quas vos celebraturi estis, gratias agunt. Itaque ex suo ordine delegerunt Praesidem Merrill Edwards Gates, LL. D., qui ei celebrationi adesset. Precantur autem ut rite inaugurata vivat, floreat, augeat UNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS. Datum Amherstii Massachusettensium die primo Junii A. D. MDCCCXCVI, et Collegii Amherstiensis LXXV. MERRILL EDWARDS GATES, Praeses. [ SEAL ) 192 [ BROWN UNIVERSITY ] PRAESES ET PROFESSORES 'Sanibersitatis 35runen0i0 VIRIS ILLUSTRISSIMIS ET HONORANDIS PRAESIDI ET CURATORIBUS ET PROFESSORIBUS CoUegii iSeocae0arien0i0 SALUTEM Cum recordemur multos nobilissimos collegii Neocae- sariensis viros qui in omni recto studio atque humanitate versentur et memoria teneamus quae arta vincula cum omnes universitates coniungant tum maxime nostram cum vestra academia coUigent, Universitatem Brunensem enim quasi prolem vestri collegii venerabilis habemus, vobis laeti gra- tulamur de praeclaris facinoribus iam effectis atque saeculum novum faustum vobis precamur. Albertum Harkness delegimus vicarium qui vobiscum saecularibus feriis laeteretur atque nos omnes vestrum gau- dium gaudebimus. ELISAEUS BENJ. ANDREWS, Praeses. Datum Providentiae in Universitate Brunensi die septimo Aprilis A. D. MDCCCXCVI 193 [university of CALIFORNIA] cThe coinniunicat'ion fxcin Joxinccton ihn'ivexAitij in tcfexence to the coming docjuicentennial ceL'btatioii kad been pte.ientcd to out claoatd of cJljegenti. S am indttiicted to day that we cozdiaiUj accept the invitation ana name aa out tepte.)entative on that occasion Jjodepk J^e Gonte, JoJo,Jj., Jjtofeddot of yeotocjij and iBatutal cnji)tott/ in the ''Ihnivet^iti/ and Jotedident of the Sgnietican yeological (Society, We heaxtilij congtatulate Joxinceton on hex long and honotable hiitoty, on het ptedent pxoj- petitijf and on hex pxoniiie of a dtill laxgex influence in the ijeaxd to come. qJ have the honot to be ijouxd in cloje,H dijmpathij, c)Waxtin SoeUogg, SteJiJent of the HbntverMi/ of (oaltjoinia. etheleii, (bal. ^"^nil f-/th, iSij6. 194 [CARLETON COLLEGE] Carleton College, NoRTHFiELD, MiNN., May 27, 1896. The President and Professors of Carleton College grate- fully acknowledge the gracious invitation of the President, Trustees and Professors of Princeton College, to attend the approaching celebration of her one hundred and fiftieth anniversary. They desire to express their appreciation of the large contribution to learning, to Christian culture and to religious life, which Princeton has made during these one hundred and fifty years, and to congratulate her on the proposed enlargement of opportunities for pursuing the hiohest educational work. They sincerely regret that so far as can now be foreseen, it will not be practicable for a representative of Carleton College to be present upon the auspicious occasion of the opening of Princeton University. In behalf of The Faculty of Carleton College : James Woodward Strong, President. lor [catholic university of AMERICA] VIRIS ILLUSTRISSIMIS ORNATISSIMIS DOCTISSIMIS UNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS PRAESIDI CURATORIBUS PROFESSORIBUS PHILIPPUS J. GARRIGAN PRO TEMPORE RECTOR NECNON PROFESSORES AC DOCTORES UNIVERSITATIS CATHOLICAE AMERICANAE SALUTEM IN DOMINO Cum pro arctissimo illo vinculo quo, quotquot toto terrarum orbe florent Universitates litterarum, quasi cogiiatione quadam inter se conti- nentur, laus uniuscujusque ac honos in alias quoque sponte redundet, facere omnino non potuimus quin summopere de festis diebus a vobis celebrandis una vobiscum gauderemus exoptatamque invitationem ves- tram ad nos tarn gratiose transmissam perlibenter exciperemus. Utrumque vero eo majori cum laetitia praestitimus atque praestamus, quo pluribus artium scientiarumque luminibus illustratam, quo praeclari- oribus in Rempublicam mentis auctam laetabundi conspicimus almam Academiam vestram, quam vel in nova hac terra Americana jam adornat tam plena auctoritatis, tarn fecunda, tam veneranda antiquitas. Ouapropter, non per litteras tantum, sed praesentes etiam quantum id nobis licuit — Rectoris vicario, his potissimum diebus, ob Moderatorum conventum variis negotiis distento — ex animo vobis felicissimam tanto- rum laborum ac meritorum recordationem gratulaturi, convocato Senatu academico nostro, Reverendum admodum Dominum Henricum Hyvernat, Theologiae Doctorem ac linguarum et antiquitatum orientalium Profes- sorem, virum omnibus nominibus praestantissimum selegimus, ut votorum nostrorum apud vos onines testis existeret atque interpres. Interim Largitorem omnium bonorum Deum O. M., a quo omne datum bonum et omne donum perfectum, enixe rogamus ut vos omnes diu sospitet et almam vestram Universitatem caelestibus benedictionibus repleat plurimos in annos. Datum Washingtonii, in aula McMahonia, pridie idus Octobris, a. d., MDCCCXCVI. PHILIPPUS J. GARRIGAN. [ SEAL ) 190 [university of CHICAGO] F^ RAESES CVRATORES PROFESSORES VNIVERSITATIS ^k CHICAGINIENSIS VIRIS ILLVSTRISSIMIS DOCTISSIMis ,^r PRAESIDI CVRATORIB- PROFESSORIB- VNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS SALVTEM IN DOMINO PERGRATVM EST NOBIS VIRI ILLVSTRISSIMI ET DOCTISSIMI VOBISCVM LAETARI ANNVM CENTESIMVM QVINQVAGESIMVM ESSE EXACTVM EX QVO PATRES NE DISCIPLINA ARTIBVSQ- OPTIMis INDOCTOS RELINQVERENT POSTEROS SEMINARIVM DOCTRInae PIECONDIDERVNT QVOD PER TOT ANNOS PRAETERITOS PIETATe MAIORVM BENEFICIISQ- FIRMATVM A DEO CVLTVM A VOBIS AD AMPLISSIMVM HONOREM PERDVCTVM lAM INAVGVRABITVR VNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS NOS IGITVR PRAESES CVRATORES PROFESSORES VNIVERSITATIS CHICAGINIENSIS HOC VELIMVS VOBIS PERSVADEATIS NOS PRO MAXIMO HONORE DVCTVROS VNVM ALIQVEM EX ACADEMICO ORDINE NOSTRO AD VOS MITTERE QVI EO TEMPORE BEATO VOBIS OMNIA BONA PRECETVR VTINAM MODO ADIPISCATVR NOSTRA TAM NVPER CONDITA VNIVERSITAS ANNVM CENTESIMVM QVINQVAGESIMVM DIGNITATIS TAM PLENA QVAM VESTRA ATQVE A DEO PETIMVS VT RES A PATRIB- VOBISQ- GESTAE MAGNVM PIGNVS CVM NOBIS TVM VOBIS IN RELIQVVM TEMPVS SINT DATVM IN ACADEMICO CONCILio NOSTRO A- D- VII- ID MAI- ANNO SALV ITS HVMANAE MDCCCXCvi PRAESES 197 [university of CHICAGO] Mnitirrsitatis C!)icagiuien0i0 3i4 (Eonfcciio 9tcocac2^ricMoi (B-o\nvnot^ tJtri intw-:)t't05iii»tl boctt^Miuii aiicni ex orbiiie no:>i'^o atia.>l utcariimi ct" ciraliifationo itoc>ttae jvuntinHiu cib ^aricta -ue^t-ta ^^off <2 n 1 n i a vviH:l;autti:> cjiii^ -tal't oj^ficio ^ali^ biqmt:* xcp C)cvvc['t-cta faiibaDczmit zcctor iic»tcr ct ptacaea. elClc aetttpct imaginevn pct^^ectae ct qua^i cocfc>ti> tlcabcutiae in an'ivtto intticn^ ca plctate e>apicntia pe-r^cucrcintia .^c o.^tcttbtt iit nic giiiucjue anuL-) iciiii niuftci gticic mentis ociifi^ pcrcepetit cum in fapibi&io ct dcbificii^ timi in opci:ibll^ liiiiticitio acucti iitiCi:>:>unti> fiHccctit forina ucr i tciiic. eHmii; icjitii: tani noui cirtimit boniicifii vota tauhci) fctctitcm cib pt'u">CH)ii uetu3tiiiiic|iic ilTiib xxi^tzu-vn giioo antca SonfcgiunvSIcocaciiarictoc tot boctxit-vac :)tiibio:>i^ fuce-Hi-p-rae6wil^ ct niOA^ tioui:> uiriljii> uouct >pe incitigiirati tur ^nibersitas ^rincetonien0i0 tlo^ zitc picqiic uiU'ti ntll.^ p^clc.^clltcl1llll:^. 'Dattnu in dccibcniico tSoncifio no.^tro Clnno Scifuti:!' MDCCCLXXXXVI ci.b. XIV diat 3nf. ^?jCotqtii:> Stcpli-avm^ (2oob:ipccb, ciG dctix 198 [university of CINCINNATI] VIRIS ILLUSTRISSIMIS AC DOCTISSIMIS PRAESIDI CURATORIBUS PROFESSORIBUS COLLEGII NEOCAESARIENSIS S. p. D. UNIVERSITAS CINCINNATIENSIS Ouoniam Uteris perhumaniter ad unlversitatem nostram datis gratum vobis fore significavistis si collegii neocaesariensis iamiam hunc centesimum et quinquage- simum annum conditi iam novis auspiciis in universitatis princetoniensis formam et dignitatem amplificandi sollemnitati unum ex nobis qui nostro nomine adfuerit deligerimus misimus coUegam nostrum THOMAM HERBERTLM NORTON artium liberalium magistrum philosophiae doctorem scientiae et artium liberalium doctorem chemiae professorem eumque iussimus votorum nostrorum pientissimorum existere interpretem cum intersit magnopere hominum omnium ut scientiae literarumque stadia per orbem terrarum quam maxime floreant atque vigeant. In cuius rei testimonium sigillum huius universitatis praesentibus literis apponi fecimus. 0Philippus Van Ness Myers, PrjEses Facultatis p. t. Carolus Lincoln Edwards, Secretarius. Datum ex aedibus academicis Cincinnatis die i mensis Octobris anno mdccclxxxxvi. 199 [ COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ] PRAESES • CVRATORES • PROFESSORES •VNIVERSITATIS • COLVMBIAE ■ IN • VRBE • NOVO • EBORACO VIRIS • ILLVSTRISSIMIS • DOCTISSIMIS PRAESIDI • CVRATORIBVS • PROFESSORIBVS VNIVERSITATIS • PRINCETONIENSIS s. SVMMA • CVM • DELECTATIONE • VIRI • CLARISSIMI ■ VESTRAS ■ LITTERAS • ORNATAS • ACCEPIMVS -QVIBVS -AD ■ SOLLEMNIA ■ APPROPINQVANTIA- NOS • TAM • BENIGNE -VOCA- VISTIS • QVOD • ACADEMIA • NVPER ■ COLLEGIVM • SED • NVNC ■ DEMVM ■ OPTIMO • IVRE • VNIVERSITAS • APPELLATA • OMINIBVS • SECVNDIS • AD • DIES • FERIARUM • RITE ■ CELE- BRANDOS • MAGNO ■ CVM ■ GAVDIO ■ NVNC ■ ANIMVM • INTENDIT ■ LIBENTER ■ VOBIS • GRATVLAMVR ■ ILLIS • DIEBVS • LAETABILIBVS • ANNALIVM ■ PRINCETONIENSIVM ■ ANIMO ■ RECORDANTES ■ NON ■ SINE • CAVSA • GAVDEBITIS • QVIS • ENIM ■ LOCVS ■ EST- TAM • BARBARVS • TAM- A - CONSORTIO • HOMINVM • ARTIBVS INSTRVCTORVM - REMO- TVS • QVO - FAMA - HVIVS - VNIVERSITATIS - PRAESTANTISSIMAE - NONDVM - PERVA- SERIT ■ QVIA - NOS - COMITER • ROGATIS • VT - QVOSDAM - AD • VOS • MITTAMVS - QVI • HVIVS - FELICISSIMI ■ EVENTVS ■ MEMORIAM ■ IN AVLA- ACADEMICA • PRINCETONIENSI ■ HOC - TEMPORE • CELEBRENT - NOS • SANE - VOBISCVM ■ LAETITIAM ■ HAVD - MEDIOCRI- TER - PERCIPIENTES - VOBISCVM - ETIAM ■ AMORE • LITTERARVM • SCIENTIARVMQVE ■ QVASI • VINCVLO - COMMVNI - INTIME ■ CONIVNCTI - DE - ISTA - BENIGNITATE • GRATIAS - NVNC - AGIMVS - AMPLISSIMAS - E • COETV ■ NOSTRO ■ PRAETEREA - AD - VOS • LEGATVM- lAM - ELEGIMVS ■ VIRVM - IDONEVM - QVI - NOSTRAM ■ ERGA - VOS ■ BENEVOLENTIAM • PRAESENS ■ TESTIFICETVR • PRECAMVR - INSVPER - VIRI ■ DOCTISSIMI - VT - VNIVERSI- TAS- PRINCETONIENSIS- ADHVC - AD - IVVENES - VIROSQVE - FRVCTIBVS • DOCTRINAE - EXORNANDOS • TAM - ILLVSTRIS - POSTHAC • EODEM - MODO - AD - SAPIENTIAM - EX- PONENDAM - AD - VIRTVTEM - EXCOLENDAM - AD • FIDEM • CHRISTIANAM • DENIQVE - DEFENDENDAM • VIGEAT • FLOREATQVE - IN ■ AETERNVM • DATVM NOVI - EBORACI - ID ■ OCT - ANNO • D - N - MDCCCXCVI ■ 200 [CORNELL UNIVERSITY] Co t|)f f rrsiticttt. Crustces, anti jFaruUj) of ^rmcrton Mnitjfrsitp mc, tfjc f ocultii of (JTonidl anibcrsitp, Jjabing appointcb our ^vc^^ ibcnt to art .is? our tidcg.itc at tljc ^frsfquicnitninial Cricfiration of tljc jfountimg of tJ)c CoHcgc of pclu 5 crscy 'iiit> t()c Ccrcniomcai iitaugu^ rating Iprinrcton aniDcrsttui, Desire to tonMc^ to you our Ijcartp congra^ tulationiS upon 0iic\} an ausiJicious ctonit. Wc congratulate you upon your illustrious^ pasft, upon ttjc long line of :&cl3olarj0i Vuljo Ijabc niabc tt)e name of JDrinceton renotoneb in Cljurrl) aniJ 5*tate, in 31 etter.^ anti in ^cienre. IDc are especially niintiful of tlje profounti influence erertcD by ttje Xlumni of pnnceton in sljaping t^c DestinieiS of tlje Colonie^f anb of ttje dniteb ^tate^ in tlje critical periob of tljeir formation anb early grototl). IVc congratulate tljc 5Drinceton of to^bay upoji tljisf noble inl)eritance, tlje trabitionary art of comfjinmg stljolarsljip toitt) patriotic beVsotion to affairs of state. HDc congratulate you furtljer upon your remarhable increase in numbers^ anb Itjcalttj of enbolnment, anb upon ttje great impenbing cljangc Vuljictj tl)ii^ prosperity Ija^ notu rnibercb possible. €l)e College of IJelu *3 crsey is^ to be transformcb nito Princeton ilnibersity. Jjour iStubies are to be broabeneb anb bcepeneb in accorbance iDittj tlje spirit of tlje nclu age. iDe confibently erpect tljat tt)e career of bistinguisljcb eircellencc upon Vuljicl] you are about to enter tuill mahc tljc name of Princeton aniDersity eben more famou,^ tljan tljat of tlje College of eii)cto Jersey. ©IPrwiOriU, Cljarlcjs i^enr^ i^uU, ©rcrftarg of tl)j ilniutt;3itp JFacult^ Sltljaca, ipcto forh, October lb, 1896. 201 [ CORNELL UNIVERSITY ] Collegi iEolioCae0arien0i0 ^alutem IBlunmam ?E>icunt Doctorcs ^m\)crsitati6 ContcUianae Hii^trn tcr bctnii a priniorbits sctjolac prcflnrac princctonicnsis per- acta cdcbrantibiisf, bocto prnc^ibi, ^apicnti.^sinii^ tiirnroritmjs?, auc^ tortbua rcciini florcntiuni, atuninia omni boctrinac pracistantia \)itacqiic ricgantiisf oriwtts, bigins Sonarum artium boctoritmjei, nrciion cannibcm ct tionac famac collegi stubiosi^sinilis abulcscentilm.s nostra ipeorum nomine omniunique qiubiis seljola 3tl)«cf»si.a aeque corbi est, gratula^: nnir boctores Cinitersitatis Cornellianae. ^aubennis collcfinnii lieetruni per tot annos practeritos littcra? Ijunianiore^ Vieraniquc boctrhiani tani biltgcnter, tani fortiter, tani fcli- titer befenbisjsfe, atquc ibeo niagia optanni.i^ ct auouraniur fore ut iUni\Jcrsita^ princctonini^sis per saeciila \)enientia trescat ct floreat. Jacobam ©oulo ^djiirmaiiiim pmrsiorm tiostruni Drirginuis qui rpulis soUcmnibii^ lartabimDii^ arcnmbrrrt. 9!acobu0 (^. ^cljurman, PratsfB. SDabanius S'tljacac, 511. r. s. mbcccvcbi. 202 [DARTMOUTH COLLEGE] Praeses (^uratores Professores Collegli P)artmuthensls Vins (^larissimis £rLiditissimis Praesidi Curatoribus Professoribus Collegii Jsjeocaesariensis SD p (jrratias agimus quam plurimas, Viri Doctissimi, quod inter tot universi- tates sive collegia, cum domi turn peregre, nos quoque Dartmuthenses, vobis pluribus retinaculis coniunctos, et amicissimo animo salvere iussis- tis, et unum e nobis ad hoc delectum mittere, quern mense Octobri huiusce anni per festos dies anniversarios hospitio benignissimo acciperetis. Quo tempore ipsum scitote Praesidem nostrum adesse animo intendere, qui tam vobis ista agentibus saecularia verbis nostris gratuletur, quam omnibus, qui tunc temporis ad vos convenerint, id multo uberiore oratione explicatiusque, quam per litteras fieri potest, praesens praesentibus con- firmet quod de Collegio Neocaesariensi in Vniversitatem Princetonien- sem tunc rite auguratoque evecto speramus ; scilicet fore ut illas vitae humanioris lampadas (sit venia verbis tritissimis) abhinc annos centum et quinquaginta accensas, atque inter praeceptores vestros alteri ab altero, spatio aetatis decurso, toties in manus datas, nunc, flammis denuo excitatis ardentes, longius iam latiusque relucentes, vos, pariter strenui cursores ac torosi illi adulescentes, quos modo Olympiorum victoriam consequi vidi- mus, quam longissime perferatis ; cumque immane quantum cursum per- egeritis, calcem denique conspicati, ferendas deinceps pieque fovendas iu- ventuti robustissimae tradatis. Valete. Dabamus Hanoverae a. d. xvii Kal. Mai. anno MDCCCXCVI° GUILIELMUS J. TUCKER, Praeses. FRANCISCUS G. MOORE, pro Praecejitoribus. 203 [university of DENVER] University of Denver, University Park, Colo., Oct. 19, 1896. To THE Secretary of the Princeton Sesquicentennial Celebration: I had hoped until a few days ago that I might be able to repre- sent the University of Denver this week in Princeton. But the immense distance and imperative duties combine to prevent my coming in person. We send our regrets and salutations. We, beginning life, salute you, having nobly lived for years. Princeton's influence is very great even here in the distant West. We are held to better educational ideals by your steadfast example. Historic methods and principles are more easily maintained in an experimenting age, by reason of Princeton's holding fast to the things already proved. But progress is also made easier for us by your ready acceptance of what is new and true. We find it easier to uphold the Christian philosophy of education because of your abiding devotion to Christ as the centre of highest culture. In these and in many other ways we are your debtors. May all richest blessings rest upon the new University for untold ages. The trustees, faculty and students of the University of Denver send greetings. Yours sincerely, WILLIAM F. McDowell, Chancellor. 204 [GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY.] <>"- % ^ Colleati iSeocae0arien0i0 <^ ®nilier0ita0 (^eorgiopolitana ^alutem £tttezai otnatiAMmai in quibud de die annlvcziaiio (Sollcqii vcdhi ccntedlmo quln- quagcMino rite agendo cettioxei faeti ^umtid lihentldMtne accepimtta et maximad vobii agtinuA i]xaita.i quod no,i vedhi tn fezii.i daectdazilniA celebtandid gaudii pazticiped edde voluiitid. 6mned quidem S3,niezicanoA gaudeze opoztet zecozdanted atqiie ipMi oculid ceznente^ quanta azdoxe in omndiui nostzae zcgionid pazttbu.s opttmazuin aztiuin dfudia et duci- pltnae libezale^ excolantuz. Jsatzej enini et conditozei anipliddiniae liujuj zei publicae nthti anttqutud kabiiezunt quam tit adoledcentcj nojtzi ad onineni kumanttateni infoz- mazentuz quo melwzes cvadezent cive.i ac dibl et zei publicae lionoti et emolumento edde poddent. ^apzoptez ctvitatu funaanientiA vixjactij illas Jcientiazum deded condtitue- ziint quae hodie omnium laudibud effezuntuz, cJntez qua.i ncmini dubium eJJc potedt qinn pzaecipuum tcniiezit ac teneat locum (collegium ibeocae.iaziendc. 'VobiA tgttuz feziad Jaeculaze.i .wlemnitez agentibui ex animo qzatulamuz hujiuque gzatulationij tedtem dedignamud crhevezendum Satzem ^odepkuin BGavens Efl>ichaxdj, e docietate ^cmi, hujud '^bnivezditatid cfbectozem, qui fedtivitatibud vedtzid intezMt vobijque dignificet quam vekementez exoptemuA ut bcneftctu quae pez centum quinquaqinta annoA oollegium ibeocaedaztende patztae nodtzae contulezit, noviampdenjidnelcnjt, 206 [ HARVARD UNIVERSITY ] QRAESES- SOCII- INSPECTORES- PROFESSORES IN- VNI- I VERSITATE ■ HARVARDIANA COMMORANTES PRAESIDI CVRATORIBVSPROFESSORIBVSCOLLEGII- NEOCAESARIEN- SIS • VIRIS ILLVSTRISSIMIS • DOCTISSIMIS ■ S I ITTERAS VESTRAS ■ VIRI ■ ILLVSTRISSIMI ET- DOCTISSIMI I ACCEPIMVS- EX- QVIBUS- INTELLEXIMVS- SVMMO CVM GAVDIO-VOS- MOX- CELEBRATVROS • SiMVL- ET DIEMAN- NIVERSARIVM- COLLEGII NEOCAESARIENSIS ■ ET NATALEM VNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS IVVABIT NOS CVM- DIES FESTI ADERVNT-VNVMALIQVEM ID QVOD BENIGNE PETITIS E- NVMERQ- NOSTRO- LEGARE QVI- FERIIS- SOLLEMNIBVS INTERSIT- IDEMQVE- BEATISSIMI VT- SPERAMVS ■ SAECVLI - INITIO - NASCENTI - VNIVERSITATI EA- QVA- PAR- EST- BENEVOLENTIA - NOSTRO NOMINE GRATVLETVR Gacolud CjuilSliot PRAESES DAT • ID • APR A ■ CIO O CCC LXXXX VI CANTABRIGIA [ SEAL J 207 [harvard university] ^ar\3avti ®ni\)ers;itjj to ^vittccton ®tti\)ersiti) ©n tl)t atispirious; orraeion of tljr one IjunfircD anU fiftirtl) 0nniljfrsaii' of tl)r fouuDtng of priuccton uHniUngitv'. (jfie Joted'ident and c/ellow^i of cnoatvatd Gollege de^lte to dead to uke cJtudteed and c/aculti/ of the (boLU^e of loew M^'^^^y heattu gtcetln^df congxatiLiationd on the achievementJ of the Gollege of ibew cJetdeij in the padt, and good widhed foz it J continued ptodpexitij and iidefalne^d. cJ hey have thetefoze appointed ad delegated to thid (sfedcjui- centennial Gelebtation theix ttudtg and well-beloved officetd Ghatled William oliot, JaJD. Jj,, yeoige Joincoln yoodale/ alb. Jj<, JoJa, ^.t Srijliet tLtofcdMi of ibatutal obialory, William ^ameA, 0113, 3) „ ^h. 2),, £itt. 3)., 3jxofsidcix of JL>M\c\\olog\j, and have chatged them to conveg to the ^tudteed and cj acuity the felicitations of the J=>tedident and cTellowdf and to exptedd the confident hope and expectation that the beneficent influence of Princeton tbnivetditg xvill gtoiv evet widet ad the centuzied padd, and itd detviced to dcience, lettetd, and philodophg evet mote eminent, cJhe Jotedident and tJ'ellowd of cHoatvatd Gollege bg ijdwatd \y, Snooper, (^cctetaty. 'O/ic- iStli of Ocloketi lSp6, I SEAL j 208 [haverford college] J^-eut-ci^u, e-u al'e. t-Ci'tf-e-Jvus-t- Co-a-ft.uU'Wi^ cuCut^u^e^yK^ (■w^fr^C^«tw--i^, o^u^t^ v-c-O-t-t^ ij-e^ = i' JdLClu.^ df^tU. ji. B. MDCCCXCVI. 209 [hobart college] PRAESES PROFESSORESOUE CoUegtt Holjartiani PRAESIDI CURATORIBUS PROFESSORIBUS Collrsii i^eocaesariensts SALUTEM PLURIMAM DICUNT Magna nos voluptate affecerunt literae quibus nos ad ferias vestras prox- imo Octobri celebrandas benigne et comiter vocatis. Recte arbitramini, Viri optimi et doctissimi, ferias illas quibus Universitatis vestrae vita prior quodammodo concluditur, nova ampliorque mutato, ut par est, nomine exoritur et nobis et iis omnibus qui bonis Uteris faveant omni observantia dignas visum iri. Pergrato igitur animo literis vestris acceptis ad istas ferias unum de nostris mittere in animo est, cui partes demus vobis nostris verbis gratu- landi. Huius nomen, necnon quo tempore expectandus sit alteris literis docebimus. Vobis interea gratulantes etiam atque etiam gratias pro humanitate vestra impensissimas agimus. Valete. Datum Genevae in Republica Neo-Eboracensi prid. Kal. Maias Anno Salutis Nostrae MDCCCXCVI? In superiorum literarum ampliorem fidem sigillum Collegii Hobartiani eis apponi jussimus nostrumque chirographum subscripsimus. E. N. POTTER, Praeses. 210 [JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY] U=>taedidi ma^nlfico, (Dutatotloud iLLudttiddimid , Jorofeddoxtbiid doctiddimid (holUgli I oeocae^aziendU cofeddozed (oolieqli ohnoxendid Vizid cJUiUtciddunid Jjoctiddlniid Jc>zaeMdi Guzatotibud J^zofeddozibad Q)n KDoUegio /oeocaedaziendi (oommoza ntibud (^aiatem in Jjotniiio. riuitati comltet a itobld, uitt illu,)ttiddimi et doctld- dimif ad ftiiendiini otdinU nobilid uedtxi hojpititim, die anniuetdatii centedimo (juinquagedimo (Doiicgii lOeocaedatiendid conditi, otamu.i ut ^tato animo uobid gtatiad ob konotem inuitationii ac/imud et tedpondendo affitme- mud magnae laetitiae tiobu uniim ex otdine nodtto ut uobid gtatuletut et diei doUemnid oblectatione patticepd dit, uicatiutn deleaciie, egc Saturn ^alcibuzijtae tn (Is^ula (oollcgii cH^noxcndtd, oJaibud Sept. M.2). MDCCCXCl^I. Ijolianned cjtb. (yinleij, S^zaeMJ. O/iomad cJlD. vX^diazd, Seczetaziud, [ SEAL I 212 [LAFAYETTE COLLEGE] golU^^"'" '^'^f'^iJ'^ttea^ e J:Dzaedidi (oiitatozlbus atque J^zofeddozibiid SALUTEM ytatiad ptoptet niimanitatem uedttatn tefetented, atque de illu.itii (DoLLegli ibeocaeaaiiendid anipliftcatione tiobidciun Laetantedf gzatuiationed dincetiddimad uobid dignificatntid, atque dpetamud fote lit centum et cjuin- quaginta annid diem magnum imponattd, '^/Oooid piacuit J^tacdldeni nodtruni (jt/ielbettuni ^JJ, vVaxfield uicatium deiigete, qui hodpltio uedtto utatutf atque liooidcum eo tenipote laetetut. ^Jeud uod amet, St/ielbeztud Jj. V^azfieLd, ^ raeded. 213 [lake forest university] Zhtaeded Gutatoted J^tofeJdoted Ihnwetditattd JoacWiivanae ytaedidt (Dutatotwad J=>tojeddotwud S Uudttldditnld ^Joctiddimid (DoUegii lOeocaedatieiwid &aliitein in domino. GzattMunae, vizi clazixiitni, Uttciae vcitzac nobtj fuezunt, cotnplettint nod dutntno gaudio, 3)eo omnipotenti vobuciun gzatiad agunud, ^uod (oollegio ^fBeocaedatiendi fundatozcd inagnanuni fuezunt et pcz tot annod pzaesides cuzatozed ptofedMted doctidAiini fioeliMimi alumni Ubezaltddtmi atque bcne- ficenti.iMtni atnici dunt fuezunt, ^uod (Sollegiutn i^eocaeAatteme dctenttani huinanitatetn et oinncj azted quae ad caA peztinent coluit atque dijjeminavtt, quibud patzia et eccledia fuezunt Aunt ezunt beatae, pzaedezttm cum noAtza HhnivezAitaA JbactAuvana e numezo eiuA aluninozum duo pzacAideA vtzoA konozatiddimoA, nunnulloA cutatozeA munificentidAimoA, ezudiAAimoA pzofeAdozeA cooptaveztt, S)euA dempez cldem concedat, ut HbnivezAitaA tSzincetonienAtA quae tam (Sollegio IfBeocaeAazienAi Auccedet aucta poAAeAAionibuA occaAtontbuA maiuA etiam et meliuA opuA pzo bono publico ad matozem S)et gloziam efftctat, pluztmum valeat, tn Aacculo Aaeculozum flozeat, Salve H^hnivezAitaA ihzincetontenAtA. (Byzum &Gall c)V3c(jozmick, '3)avida cBcnton SoneA e cuzatozibuA noAiziA vicazioA delegimuA qui, 3)co volcntc, tpAi ptaeAenteA noAtiaA gtatulationeA fezant. S)atum JjaciAilvae SlltnenAtA zhtaeAeA, die viceAim-o (^eptembziA Sd,.(S^. M.D.CCC.XC. VI. '3 [ SEAL I 214 [ LICK OBSERVATORY ] University of California, Mount Hamilton, October 20, 1896. 1 746- 1 896. The Astronomers of The Lick Observatory of The University of California offer their congratulations upon the completion of the one hundred and fiftieth year of the College of New Jersey; and express their warmest hopes for Princeton University in the centuries to come. "The best of prophets of the Future is the Past." Edward S. Holden, j. m. scharberle, W. W. Campbell, R. H. Tucker, W. J. HUSSEY, A. L. COLTON, C. D. Perrine, R. G. AlTKEN. 215 [Mccormick theological seminary] Hcabeiniae ^beologicae ni>cConnicen8i8 cA'-a£d'i--a-t ^u4.€i-€'(iU'^-iM Cri€>Jedd^4.^^ud. Cy-t^dM^i^ddi-'n^^d. y^-£>C'Udd'i,'j^'id- Salutem in Domino. ^fyMi'Cc 'H'C'-'t^M ■^eitZ'i't-aU'7^^ £d,de ^'u/e'7-ftud^ -^u^fi ■ua-i^id 'tM-'i€?-Ui'nt ■i4€Ud-li4.U'^n. 'Cum ^-n JiM-i^aU-tz oc'-^^^a^'i. ^Aedl'U -iu^m ^14^ AMi-at-i-fi n^^lUtze ^n-ad'H'eie €-€?-^'U4€£-fZl ^f^^w ■^-iU'l-u^-m.U'i. c^^c€^'^-n-ad'C-e'nlt^d -mu/t-c^iU'm ^ndt-tlu/c^ lu-m /u€-cr7£uicolnen.H 3)ecantu. tn (S^ula 'Vniuetditatid /^ ^ die txicemimo dunii ( s^^*- ) SB,, ^, MDcccxcvi. V y 220 [college of the city of new YORK] Joiacdcs et (^enatud Q^cadcmicud (boUegti vzbani I beo-CDboiaceiidU yield dUadtiiddiiniid Jjoctidduniid Jotaedidi GtiTatozibud JoiofeAdOcibud (ooiiccj a I be 0 -ioacda ziendid (sf. S. 2). ^aecuLaxed fetiad tite celebtantibud vobid tola mente cjtatulamut. (S^lmam c)TGatzem ibeo-Gaedazien- deni, a aoctiddiniid vitid indtltatam, denipet validid- duniid xnxibiid atted Itbezaled coliiidde tieminl edt i^notutn, Joimitni ex ue^tzid doctotibud ciatuetunt fautoted niudatum, dapietitiae, dcicntiaturti. Jjn tala fadtod tedpict- ented itite laetamini ; laze etiatn ad atnpUozed vocatl lionoted et dignitatem, cetetod zcbud acadeinicid ptaefectoj, ut laetentttt vobidcum atcedaitid. ^Qiae cum ita dint, lubentet leaabimud qui illid faudtid fedtidque diebiid vobid addit, et adfetat QX.a- tuiationed, yaLeatid, jLoieatid, cSjicxandex (^,^K\\bb, ££.2). 2)atum ^bco-Sbotaci Szaeded, in aula no.itza G^cademtca 9boni.i Dlbaitd anno poit (jlizi.ituni natum, nulleMimp octinqcnte.iuino nonac/CJumo .icxto. [ SEAL ) 221 [new YORK UNIVERSITY] Cancellarius Concilium Curatorum Professoresque Uni- versitatis Neo-Eboracensis viros illustrissimos et doctissimos Praesidem Ciiratores Professores Colleeii Neocaesariensis in Deo salvere iubemus. Vos cum petieritis a nobis rem iucundam, nempe ut legemus aliquem virum ex numero nostrorum qui adsit in diebus festis quibus vos rite celebretis confectum lustrum trigesimum Collegii Neo-Caesariensiset intersit auspiciis Universitatis Princetoniensis a. d. XI Kal. Novembres huius anni, gratis animis accipimus munus quod vos nobis praebetis. Una vobiscum laetamur propter dies festos qui instant et legamus Cancellarium Henricum Mit- chell MacCracken qui nostro loco illis diebus vobis intersit. In Universitate Neo-Eboracensi Nonis Iiiliis MDCCCLXXXXVI. CHARLES BUTLER, Praeses. ISRAEL C. PIERSON, Secretarius. 222 [northwestern university] [ SEAL j Zo the pvcsibctit, ^Trustees, anb Jfacult^ of tbe College of IRevv Jersey, GREETING: ^ ^ ^ mbe Bacult^ of X^ottbvvestern ttntvcvsit)^ have had the honoz to receive the official coinnianication invdtng them to dend a dele- gate to tepzcient the ^hniverdiiy at the Scdquicentennial (Sclebration of the (Bollege of 9l5ew ^ezdey. '^hey cozdialli/ accept the invitation and take pleaMize tn pzaenttncj aJ theiz dele- gate ^zedident 06enzif l^^ade ffhogezd, accredited from thid Ibnivezdity ad the bearer of itd tedpectfid gzectingd and congzatidatiom, '^he 'ibnivezdity i.i glad by itd delegated presence to have a dhare in a fedtival cele- bzatinq the completion of a hundzed and fifty yeard of the life of a venerable indtitutwn of &hristian learning whode growth had been pazt of the pzogzeM of ouz land, and whode prodperity had boznc fruit in the advancement of every noble caude. '^ke cfaculty Join with their congzatulationd the fervent widk tkat tke favoz of BSeaven may continue to abide witk tke (oollege in the centuzied to come, and that the new name, princCtOU XHuiVCrsit^, rivalling tke konozd of the old, may grow ever brighter in merited renown. IKlortbwestern xaniversits, jEvangton, UlUnolg, September 22, 1896. yeotge a^. hoe, Secretary of tke d'aculty, College of J^ibezat c CoUeoio vestro beque univ>ersa patria nostra partim &ouis 5auC)is partim scientia promov>en5a juveututeque Hniericana in I)octrinam virtuteni religionem iustrueuC>a bene meriti siut piissime reuovare eo&etu auteni tempore institutioneni xauiversitatis ipriucetouieusis e fuuDanientis Gollecjii IWeocaesariensis tot tantisque laboribus flrmatis tunc tanquani uovi pboenicis e patris cineribus nascenCtae rite facere iC) nos sumnio flauC»io affieit permovetque ut laetitiam quam sentinius niajiniani vobis significemus &eque factis praeteritis spleu&ibis gratulationes pro futuris ut et splen&i&iora fiant vota faciamus. Ibis &e causis bas litteras scribeu5as curavimus et v>irum insignem praefectutn nostrum Carolum Custis Ifjarrison letjatum constituimus qui vobis gratulationes nostras votaque perferat. flu cuius rei testimonium sicjillum XHnivcrsitatis curatores ejus^cm apponi jusserunt. [ SEAL j 224 [PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE] Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Penna., March 29, 1896. The President, Trustees and Faculty of Pennsylvania College beg to gratefully acknowledge the honor of an invitation to par- ticipate in the celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anni- versary of the founding of Princeton University, and to extend their Christian greetings and hearty congratulations to the Presi- dent, Trustees and Faculty of the University. They recognize in Princeton, not only one of the oldest, but also one of the foremost and best of American Universities, whose progress, conjoined with a wise conservatism, has cordially recognized what is good in the old and carried it on into the new, in curricula and methods meet- ing modern demands without sacrificing the best results of past educational experience, and whose influence upon the Christian higher education of this country has been most wide-reaching, inspiring and helpful. With earnest wishes for the success of the Anniversary occa- sion and for the future of Princeton, Very truly yours, H. W. McKnight, Prest. 225 [ PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ] Cofl'cgti Stcocac^cm-e'Hoio SaCttt'e-vn. in ^ovuivto. Sltterae -uci>tz^a(2, a>i ri ciaziiyvn^l ^^atzcAcme be^ectioii-Hi^i, yuvH'i^o aaiiblo iio^ covvtpCeuci^ui'vt pzae:>ei:^tti4v cunx i>c^oi\znnx- cjiie coffegiii-rvv ("anv •ueteze auiiciWa conutncta aint". '^^oGbciuu q^aita^ aclinlUi^ *2)co ovwvtipoleuH Gciicfacici^tti, Qui in principio Coffcgii Srcocac.^arieii^i^ -oiro^ iffo^ -magnatviMtoct p-toDib(^tl-te;^ '2)ic^i^i)v:>ou, Sctiitr, Xewv&czlotv, 2!ietiovv, fti-n-batei^ca a>ocauit' cbu-ca- i>itc|.t-i.c ; Qui- i->v ce-H/tu-t-M- c^w-l^Cj^i.taglvvta a)iiii.>, afii:> ctbucr^i> afii:i fai;ei^iti^ti2> pcz^ -faGotca ivtagi^tzo-riittv fibeCiu.^n alcjiie boctoi^u-Hi boc- li^^i1^to^l^^t ivacnoin^ pci^ bona pat'zonoriinv ntuniFicormn, ei -uize^ :>ii||^ecit •tt-t ^clentiai-vi- fuinianitalenvcjiie cofeiv;> eFocberat'a:> oHc^piiG- fica-A bcf'cttbcn^ Scc-CeMain GiVriati anta-no ct Ati^vayio boniini mag- ^ttmi cifgiie rnij^ci&ifc a ^co ab fioniinc^, ac ucro c^l', uiMiin Mi; Qui fta:> o»nnc^> -rc^ ciecnnbao -fa-tgilii^, iviinc nouo :>acculo in^tant■c, guci^i boleni a pal'ze a»iiaivt'c, ci aiicta^ po:>5e;3^ionc^ occaMoyic:>c^uc ct Mova juta pzaefcet cuvm in fincni tit" &ccicMa ct ^attia ciH> pet; viaozcvii •uigeaivt. Sic iic-j^u-in- i-J44pCetinvt c^t iffub 'JDomini uct&unt niancn^ i-n aetci^n-tivn- : Suntea ifear^t ct' ffcGavrt" ^-nUtenlca actnina Mict. '^''cni- evitcA anicni ueviieivt cwin ccciu^tattone pottavvtes inanipi/tiois i>no^. &zao ^>oi>i»cu^'n '^cu^yn i. &zao h'tcinvu^ : ^rae^ibcni factiftati^ (Svi-ifctmtn-n- cICe-M-'ti-cit-n'V Szccn uicattti-vii wo^ix-iAwi bcicgai4tii<>, gtit, ^eo -uofe-nte, 'HOd-txa^ gzattvCaticned ^czai. ^al'nm tPri-nceloniae i-n O-ta-to t i o Scf I o Ca G 'Is fx c o f eg i a c G 1 1 iin i^^ vnc> eKc 1 1 r i c 1 1 ^ tj r c c n , ble wo-no 91lail St. S. M DCCC XC VI ^ac^e^ eFacnfta ti.>. GeczPvaxb iii> ''^Do^, tlC» epi5to^ii>. 226 [RUTGERS college] PRAESES CURATORES PROFESSORES COLLEGII RUTGERSENSIS IN NOVA CAESAREA Magistris Universitatis Princetoniensis Doctissimis lustaque Ex Causa Illustrissimis S. D. QUAM PRIMUM post feshim Academiae vestrae diem tarn bene faitsteqiie celebratnin coiigregati QUOD Acadeiiiia vestra per aiinos CL Collegiiun Neocaesariense nnncupata summarum scientiae rernm stitdiiini diviuarum necnon hmnanaruin semper optima accuratissime fovebat QUOMQUE ista Academia Universitatis Jwdiernam Princetoniensis appellationem una cum officiis maioribus ilia die festo sibi ritu adrogasset VOBIS Amicis amicissimi gratulabamur gratiilamur sincerajnque spent nostram vcstram Utiiversitatem Prince- toniensem studiosi suum desiderii atque laboris scholastici quasi agrum qttendam qui accessionibus continuis se dila- tat atque extendet Optimo cum qucestu culturatn esse ver- bis exprimere vellemus. AUSTIN SCOTT, HAEC spei atque gratulationis Praeses. cnuntiatio est scripta ct data Novi Brunsvici in Nova Caesarea II Non. Nov. MDCCCXCVI. 227 [southwestern PRESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY] (oancetiazLud et ^zofeddozed IhniiieiMtatld Jazedbytezla na e iuxta (olazhdvUle Ihlzu QjlludtzidMmi^ Jjoctiddlniid J^Dzae.Hcli Guzatozibud Jozofeddozibud QJn (ooUeqlo I beocaedazietidi Gommozantibud (^aluteni in Jjoinlno. c^iod ad daeculated fetiad uocati dutnud, quo tempote et Lhntiietditad J^iuicetoniendid Inaa^utabitut, c/tatiaj a^i/nud, atcjiie nodtuim coiiegain Jjacobuni a^. Js>xjon, alutnnuni (doL- ie^il iiedtti eandemque a iLobU ^Joctoxem J:>kiloMphiae cteaturrif leacituni deleglinud, Saturn in uzhe (Dlatliduulien..it /O . ^ J. . ayj ■!■ ueozqtiu &ufntney, die piimo Q/j^ptilid cJ c/ cJ SS,.'^. MDCccxcvi. Gancellattud, ucozcjluA CJ. Ibicoiadden, ^cziba. 228 [ SWARTHMORE COLLEGE ] U^zaeded et Jocofeddoied in GoUegio (^waitlimozietui conimozanted ^laejidi, CiuzatocibuJ, Jjzofed^oziluid Gollegii foovae (oaesaiiendid vizis doctiddimid atque illudtzidMinid ^. & 2). Palde gaudemudf viti doct'iddlmi et lUudttidditnif quod a voln.) vocamut ad fetlad daecuiated die annivetdauo centedimo cjuitiquacfeduno podt conditain vedttatn iinivezditatem, hoc edt die viceditno decundo nic/wid Uctohtid anno iatn ttan^eunte, Js lincetoiiiae liabenda.) , H-^icaxium delcgimuJ J=>xae.^idem iio.itzam, ibaxolum Jje yarinOf jDliilodophiae ^octotem, qui iiliud diei gtatuiationibua intetdit et ptaedetid vobi^ diariificationi dit nodttae diunmae etga vod voluntati), ffezzid vV. S^zice, 3)atum (^waxihmoziae, Scziba (pto tempore), die quinto eJutiii 6tdinid S^cadeniici Swazthm. A. D. MDCCCXCyi. 229 [ SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ] Cancellarius et Professores Universitatis Syracusanae Praesidi Curatoribiis Professoribusque Collegii Neocaesarie?isis Salutem "W'^^crgratiim est quod nos per littei-as elegajitissimas tanta comitate m^M invitastis ut ununi a/iqiiew ex nostra ordine acadejnico deligaf?ius m vicar'mm qui hospitio iisns vestro vobiscum spatio annoruDi cen- .M^ turn quinquaginta finito laetetur. Scitote, viri doctissii/ii, nos vtrum idoneiwi qui praesens sit particeps gaudii vestri libejiter esse delecturos. Vobis vehementer gratulamur de tot annis Deo generique hominum dedicatis m qiiibus etiam banc civitatem constitutam anteceditis. ^juod quanta o^cium fuit dijjicile aestimare, nam Collegium Neacaesariense cuius trice sitnumfesti- nat aetas claudere lustrum, perpetua fans doctrinae artiumque aptimarum atque ?noru?n exe?nplar nan 7nado reipublicae in qua conditum sed omnibus partibus arbis novi erat. Vestrum iam habetJius unu?n ex institutis nostrae patriae maximis et precamur idem felicius utiliusquc in posterum sit. Nobis ofnmbus qui pro disci plina nitamur est uniim propositum ut liomines meliores excultioresque faciamus. Optimus quisque collegium quod veritatem colat et quot annis maius liber aliusque fiat atque fidem faciat se etiam secundius fare laete contemplatjir. JJniversitas Syracusana quae spatium annorum quinque et viginti max perjictet et anno insequenti ferias celebrabit Collegium Neacaesariense iam quinquie?is aeva functum honorificis verbis prosequitur et eadem tempore salutat JJniversitatem Princetoniensem brevi rite faciendam quae velut sol '^aliusque et idem" nascetur. Datae Kal. Mai. MDCCCXCVI. Syracusis in Rep. Nov. Ebor. jfacobus R. Day, Cancellarius. 230 [trinity college, CONNECTICUT] GTei.-a'tei'tu-i-n. i^a-u-cd /-ectd-iul^ ui'U ■t-t-^ud'i'iuid-i-mc- e'Cie^-t€C'€iiifi iX'U -ted ti'n.'i^t-d. ^i.'tae'^e'tt'Cid -^e-?4fi ei^ da^^t^-yi'Let ned^tid ti-u ^t.tce'yiie.'t d/Le-t-a-i^^ud j^-ie tt-t ^io.'Ptde^a^Ma/Cti'l ^(/•ttt^u.^'Ui-t^ad (^■it/i^ce^iii'n-t^'ndtd. ^i-u-Kt i^ikod -t/ciiiid ■ieco-i.c^a/yi'i^vud i/yi, tiu^id n^d'i'l-cd ■un'naUi'm ccPc&raivhi> XI. l\aP. 9Iou. p^oa:l- ^^4■ai. ^H/tac^iii^cyn •Hoatru^Mi iavvt teqauiinii^ cjiii ;>afiit'at'ionc.5 VK>At^ai> ab uo^ tffo {"ettipot^c pcrj^e^at. tulavnvt^ amio^ CL [eficllct ct fionc^te cccpCctoi cicjiic an- quzaninz opc^ ct vi-re^ et ^a^nctut el" aiicl'ozlt'at'cuv avnpfiorc^ de-Hipexqtie atitpfiaivha^ novo in otbuvc rctuvtt moaciucep- cFcttae Dc^t^ac SoPfeciiiii'M -uettt^ 9Ico-(Bae3. tio6iCltGnl', :>tw- bla h^A,mc^-'nioza it-Gio^ue p^ovHcuea-n t, titcz-artiui tcipu^oticae fi&crafiimt totae cot^fe'ta'Ht'ro6nr ac tvnpetut»t cojicotbianvcjt'ic. 'Da&a'm^ua c^uziiwatovuac lu repw^G. ^t1:^ibU140-^1ta-^aa X. ^aC. 3ti4^. ai4vio Safiitb MDCCCXCVI. ^of^a^t»tc.> ^§1:^01110^^ St■ca^-^t5, 236 [university of VIRGINIA] PROFESSORES • VNIVERSITATIS • VIRGINIENSIS VIRIS • DOCTISSIMIS ■ ILLVSTRISSIMIS PRAESIDI • CVRATORIBVS • PROFESSORIBVS ADHVC • COLLEGII • NEOCAESARIENSIS ■ lAMIAM • VNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS SALVTEM • IN • DOMINO Ua^'^oLs^ g^a^u^:£-£^;-f^i<^i-, s^i^o-d^ k^a^c^ -.^uo^d^o-^ u^o-h-c-^ Loc^sA^ e^l-i^e' h^c^'UZLc^i'p-'t-^ h^LuyucLy t-a^'nu v-s^vu^ yi^^sA^tJt-G^Sy . Yio^yyt^ i^i--c^u-t o-Li^vK' Lvv^e^'iJVa^L'i^fi^ t-K^t^nt'C-ot- i^«,-*c-ui^w--tt-i^, cuvui^yyuu^ii' e^i^t Cwct-ct-t'tcti^, s^uo^c^e^ i^v-vcLcyVW p^o-p-'U^Ct' c^Xj-^^c^oLou^'yvt- •L^Z'iL' ^s^c^u^'A^cLc^Z' y^e-^tt^o- -^CJ-CC-e-e^i-CL- yuu^vt-t'q^vua.zyyi- i:Ls^tu^sA^tL.'ydC , e-a^6,a^u^£' Praeses ordiuis professorum. 237 [WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, MISSOURI] I The Chancellor and Faculty of Washington University gratefully acknowledge the kind invitation of the President, Trustees and Fac- ulty of Princeton University to take part in the celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Princeton College. They regret that they cannot be represented on that occasion, but they extend their hearti- est congratulations on the growth and success of Princeton University, and their best wishes for its continued prosperity. Washington University, St. Louis, October 15, 1896. 238 [western reserve university] Jc>zaeded et Jozofe^^oied LbnlvezAltatid cJoc-Secvationld Uccidentatid Vlzh cJllu.ihi.iiLmij Jjoctiddiinid JoiacAidl ct U-DcofcSAozilnLd (DoLLeqii /oeocaedatiendid Salute ni eiii^ne no.) vocatid iit celebtando fedtiun diem (boUegii I Oeocaedatiendid centedimuni qiunqiiagediininii iiitexdunud, cJlhagna.) grat'iad kabemiid, et llbeiitex vlcatiiun deleqa- himud (Jill ptaeciaza tetnpotld acti facta atcjue dpeni fututt maiotem vobid gtatuUtut. Vatete. 3)atuni (olcwlaiidt XII . ahal, STIbataj lUMu iLzacMaii tf'acultatt.ique pet Sctibam, &J , So . tSlatnez . 239 [western university of PENNSYLVANIA] ^-ni/uG/tcvi lati^ 0CC lb c 1 1 laf i .^ ^Tg j i ti m\ iva ■nW\Myii> '^-taeaibi cl' ':Troj-'c.'«^o^iGiu> el 14- (EdTecjio 9Xcocac;>a'tieni>i Co'm^'Hi.cvtaHtifciid^ Safiit'cin lit '3)oiviino. ^3156^ ariciucui befiaaitiua ea:: noitx^o otoinc acabcmico Dioariimt J^>£i^ riiiiu:> uMiVCZo'tiaixit anno cc\\\'cm%mo C|iitiicjiiac|c^iiiio iiiilli CoffcQti St-eocaeia-r-icitMCi, ct -facteiiiut- -uo&bcin'w^ 6oni:> cjuae, '^Dei ptombevttia, coi^iatti^ cciiu>a proiiioucnbi ^ciet1'tla14l ct fite^a^ ue^trae maqriae wniuc^attatii* -pr-oaccuta ^uivl", cfc titaccbiie hoviozaio:^ mo:> fia&emu:> c|iii&u> vi^ittctc caj fvac u 11 iue 1:^*1 tate mcariiivtr Ciccl', cjut ivi ^acciifat^l&ti^ fettii uciitut^io bte i>tcc^i luo ^cciiiibo lucii^o Octoori^ cib^il'. 3taatic Siifiefmimi ^acoGu^u cICoCCaitb, GattceWa^tiiin l\uilu^ tirii- viitc>ita\\:>, beCigiitvti^ uicat^itiiit cl' ci tuavibatint^ tit DoGia -noatta-ni- evaft^tevn a^atu^ationetitcitie tebbat. elCctvricu^ S. Sct^lSnc-t, i-M- acbi6ui> acabewicia i-tAvivetAiXaiiA h'lc pj^tmo Clpt^ilii A. D. MDCCCXCVI. [ SEAL j 240 [WILLIAMS COLLEGE] Praeses Professores Collegii Guilielmensis viris clarissimis doctis- simis Praesidi et Professoribus et Curatoribus Collegii Neocaesari- ensis salutem reddunt. Ex vestra invitatione nos Praesidem nostrum delegimus vicarium qui proximo mense Octobri gratulationes hujus Collegii vobis afferat et ad celebrandas ferias apud vos adsit. Interea etiam nunc vobis ac Collegio honoratissimo vetustissimo Neocaesariensi gratulamur non mode de ejus senectute beata sed etiam de annorum centum et quin- quaginta praeteritorum memoria splendida. Speramus porro fore ut Universitas Princetoniensis in futurum, sicut adhuc Collegium Neo- caesariense, vera felicitate fruatur. EBEN BURT PARSONS, Sci-ilnr. Datum in oppido Guilielmensi die vicesimo Junii A. S. MDCCCXCVI. 241 [university of WISCONSIN] J^zaedidi et J^tofeddotibud (DeUbettiniL (Dollegit ibeocaedatiendid <^. ^. 5). Jotaeded et tL>tofeddoted LDnwe'Cdltatui cJoel p, Widcotidlnendld, S^iod V0.1, vni dochdAimi cl .}pectattddimt, ttte tnemoza iitcliu^ fedtu celebtandiii ct vcnczaotlcin colleqii vedtit anttquttatem et .iancttddimam eoxtiin qui fitndavexunt ineinoriain pro.seqni volitidttii ncc non .iollctnnibud pezactid nunc deniuni nonicn Hontwi.iitalt.i addcidceie condtituidttd, qui dempez dtudioztun pzopc unn'czdaltum pattocintnni suMepidtiA, nemo at cczte Mw zei publicae nodtzae conununi.i dtve niatoztJ litlezazum ct .icicnti- azuin zei publicae civiA quin ex amnio gaudeat. ^uapzoptcz Icgavimii.i cod qui vobt.i .ialutctn ab ozdtnibu.i tiodtztd nunttent ct munezibuA Icgatoium lu.ttozum i.bnivezMtatu no.ittae apud vod fungantuz. ^uozuni nomtna ac dignttateA haec Aunt: GazoUid CJljeiiclall S^danidf JaJo, rac,se,s et Jo>zofeddozed dn (Doilccjio yitebezcicnM (ootntnozanted Jc>zaedldi et J^zoledAozilnu (ooltecjU meocaedaziendld Jaod Jjle Vicedlmo (^ecundo aXDiija.s (yiocnMd uiet LonivezMtad Jotincetonietidid zofeddoiibud (joiie^'i'i ^ibeo-haedatiendij (Doilemnia Qiedquldaecuiat'ia ibeUbzatuiid (sf. ^. iD. ''Vobt^, viTt illiUtttdMtnt ct docti.iMint, e.r ammo ac vete gxatulaniin non mIuiu quoJ (jollegiuin ''lljco-iSaedaziendc per tot annoJ exjttttt flotuitque, jeJ ettani quia et WJ et qui ante WJ fuezunt, intet muttad leturn poltticazutn mutationed, iinmo vczo tntcz tot zezuni hutnanazutn vici.iditudincJ, Mudiid UhezaltbuJ vezaeque zehgioni foztttez felicitez dcinpez conAultiidtid, loec nod wdtiain lianc htdtortam pxaeclazani zedptceze poMiiniuj dine pecidiazi quodani gaudto diini zecozdaniuz multod e nostzid alumnid apuo WJ muneztbiu offictu- que et adminutzandi et docendi honeMidMme fuactod esde, ST^axiine voJ decebit annum wdtzi (Sollegii centeMnium quinquageMmum jeziid daeculazibud diqnaze, dpczamudque foic iit iMac feziae taltbiu caettmoniu aiuptciidque tam bonid agantuz ut ex dlo die in pezpetuum pezmaneat czedcat- qite in .iingtilod annod 'i.bnivezMtad ^zincetonienstd, iBobid peiijiatum fecidtid quod nod vobidcum eo die annivezdazto laetazi voluidtid, conqzucnttque tcmpoze a nobid delicjctuz qui pzo nobid liodpitio vedtzo utatuz. ^Ijimothciid ^wicjht, Szaeaed. , „ _ ^ , I SEAL I V. %onad ^iilnt. taedidi (ouzatotibiid Jctzofe-idozibud (ooilecjii /(oeo-(jaedaziendid 0^alutem. i obiJ, vizi jpectatiMunl et cLoctiddiniL, c/tatulaniut cjuoJ au c^ii- nlvet.iaziuiri (jeiitediniuin cjuincjuacfedununi Ihiiivet.iitatii vcittae coii- ditaejani btevi pteventuzl edtu. J^etatatiun nobid fiiitf abliinc aliquot mended, cettioted fieti vo,i, hanc tantani occadwnein dpectaiited , dtatiudde Ibnivetditateni vedttam, quatn bene novunud nutticein alinani Q^ttiuni Jj>ibetaliuni, luceni doctzinae et dcienttae indlc/nenif et vetudtate venexabilem, nomine vetete oniiddo, nomine appellaze novo et ampliote quod eju.) utiiitati aucto- zitati famaeque accommodatiud videatut, (2xc./ EPb. S. Sdin. Soc, cBy. S. (San, Soc, ^en, G^cad, Sec^. zDatutn aSalifaxiae, (Saplte %. (^cotiae, fZ2\ SS,. 3). MDCccxcyi. 249 [ McGILL UNIVERSITY ] Concjjii liJcocacj^arinijBiijf ^ttibersitatis JHacsdlianae a^oittc JScgio in ^^robhicia Canabcn^i ^Sitac <&. ^. 2D. Pergrntnm nobis fctistis qnob aniiornm centum ct qninqnaginta fclicitcr pcnictornm lactam memoriam cclcbratnri nos quoqnc c finitima ac nicina ciuitalc in partem ganbii ocstri tiocarc uoluistis. lit cnim inter omnia boctrinae bomicilia nbicumqnc tcrrarnm posita summa semper cxstare bebet bcneoolentia et caritas, qnippe quornm patrocinio trabitac sint artes bisci- piinaeque omncs quae ab Ijnmanitatcm pertinent, arto qnobam societatis uincnlo ct ipsac inter 6c coljaerentes, ita cos potissimum betet fraternitatis ncxum maximc praebirare qui, quamnis bccnrsu temponim et rernm iniquitate separati, consrii tamen sibi sunt naturali sc quabam tjoluntatis stubiorum officiorum communione inter se rontineri. Cibentissimis igitur animis occasionem tam lactam arripimus fraternam nostrum erga uos amicitiam testificanbi. QHno in re ut semper alias communis sanguinis ct communinm originum sacrosancta nobis obucrsa- tur memoria, quae utinam nunquam consencscat aut bebilitetur! Sit quosi saecnlorum quob- bam augnrinm futurorum qnob l)oc quantulumcumque est pietatis erga nos bocumentnm et uos comiter inuitauistis ct nos libcntissime pracbuimus. tfiuib ? nonne similia utrique llninersi- tati fuerunt primorbia? ct quamquam multum iam mutata est rerum conbitio ac species, quam- quam biuersam luubamus rei publicac rationcm, gcnerc tamen lingua noluntate institutis nonne abeo inter nos consociati sumus ut pacne nnius membra corporis esse nibcamur? ^^^^^^^^ (Qnarc scitote, uiri boctissimi, cum mnlti ct illnstres oiri lactum ilium biem ccstrae originis Bobiscum propebiem celebraturi sint, bencuolentiorcm abfutnrum esse neminem quam qnem uo- lorum nostrornm interpretem belcgimus, ucstrac laetitiae testem ac participem. 3s crit Jpro- canccUarius l)uius llniucrsitatis, ©ulielmus Peterson, illagister QVrtium, Cegum doctor, mi CO mogis corbi crit uestris intcressc feriis quob Scotia oriunbus et nnpcr in Ijas terras trans- oectus probe scit quam bene be ucstra Hninersitatc, perinbc ac be nostra, merita sit patria, cnm Scotis l)ominibus tanqnam proprinm munns manbatnm esse nibcatur opus funbamenta Hni- Bcrsitatum iacienbi quae Ijobic cxstant in tot tamque biuersis orbis terrarum partibus. ffinm tielimns actipiatis ut qui nos artissimi l)uius cognationis ninculi optime possit commonefaccrc. diuib plura ? llnincrsitati ncstrac nouum iam saeculum optimis anspiciis augustiore nomine ingrebicnti ex animo gratulamur, fausta in futurum precantes omnia. eHuaccnnque bos 'IMmac iilatris nataliciam cclebrantcs nobis optatis cabem et nos optarc pro certo ijabctote. bioat, crescat, florcat per saccula plurima Uninersitas princctoniensis ! Batum iWonte MfQio a. a. Hm Won. ©ctobt. jfaJBffiCeXffilTK 250 [ queen's college and university ] cy^i-^'tU'Uddi.'i^uwi -e^-'Ci-ij 'U'i-U ■t/-tud'C'Uo IJiri Cjircelletttissimi, ani\3crj9itatcni pracciarijsfjsimam annum ccntcjefinnnii quin^ quagcjstniuni iam jjcrcgisfsc, nojef, ut no^tram crga tio^ ticnctoinitiam ojstcntiamus nostrasquc gratuIationcjS gra? tulationibujS nniltoruni aniicoruni atibaniU3tf,l3as jptacacntcief Uttcra.fii cv* f\at plaga jefcptcntrionali niittiniUiS. -^^cm-^^^-u^ ^ <«^.<*^. ^umniani niini c bcsftra gloria bignitatcque lactt; timii toUiptatcniquc capinnifif. ^r»)4M mcn^: OPctob: ^^ 1896 Vik9i^:9> / JCrme" \ ©art S>niticr8"itati6 «!rol(i.'(jium npub (Corontonenscs 252 IPnmrrsini of (Sotonto "fforpocate .^cal EUROPEAN [university of ABERDEEN] cfiaedmi ^uia/Mimid C/iadddau/iyCd u/eau cyun€e/{iniendid GKceteietittcid cti.-1-u^i.utde^ pe-itad^ue icic-cico- '<3>ectt-Cfi'led t/yi a-m-nio «dde -it^ ce^u-taie. &je-n-6 jf^-iXAti^-ed. ■i^-t^tt'l. ■a.-ua-ci ■ttod ■ff.tto-a.u-e -tat ^Ki'i'ie'^n. -a-a-ntit-^ ■tted'ikt. 'Ucctid-Ctd «■£ -itt/ncu-ca /'la'tei.'yi.ei **2-2fe-^ Cy^la.'yida'^a.i^e-caa e.'i^ ^^-td-a-ica-yi-iycc-cid co'nj^'yn-a't'e d^iait^^c- t^a-le. ■j^^-a/cn-ti^-tt-'mu4 -a-tn fe^t-tttl ■ued-M-ttt -M^^i'ide \^c-Ca-(M-t -acteilde^ ■^'ya■u^PArKISK9 A. nATTON npuxdvst Tur EN nPINSTiiNH nANEOISTHMIOr 'Av$fi eXXoYtjifp Xatpsiv. ' Ars\i.B^ixkaz £7.o[J.ia7.[X£6a ta i)[j.£t=pa Y[>aiJ.[iaTa ol? s'f 7.t= jjOoXsa6a[ a;rooTaXfjVai :rf/6? 0(14? xwv jraf/ yjiiiv y.afJ-^j-cTjtwv T-.vot [j-sSs^ovra lov [tsXXsr a-fstv softwv. 'H[j.efc, psXtiGTS, :roXXa? [jiv oij.ciXo-co'jij-sv -/apita? tc]) ts jcavao'f tj) 0e(o no eItovti "'E-fw eljj.t Tj aXffii'.a v.al m 'fcb?" xai goto) Gsiav a^roSsi^avTi ttjV i[jaT='.vT|V aX/j- fJs'.av, xal o'jiv im fjj xaXoxaYa6tcf r^ irpo? %*?, xal su l'a[j.£v (uc xotvoO ovtoc :raa'.v T|[i.iv Toij DTCEp Tf;? eTrnTrjiXTjc aYcbvo? xo'.vac ypTj xal ta; soptac a-^siv xivTsOGsv (1)? OLOT axor^a? afaaxoTtsioSai 6' TjV TjV'jxaixsv xal avoasiv [jiXXoiisi; oSov, xal tot? ;tap£X-/jXo66a'. O'.SaixaXo'.c Ji? to [isXXov yy'tp^i.'.- ou [jl-^jv aXXa Sta ts ttjv twv xaifjtbv x*-^^s'^<>T''|t*- ^'J T'tp s'SsoTiv t,[J.Iv TTp.txaoG' opwaiv oixT/.a xaxa 'j-6 ttuv pafj[3afj(ov iv KfjTjx-{j '(tYvdiJ-sva 7ravr|7Ufji^stv, xal ota to ta? iof>ta? a-ceo6ai sv obirsfj ta jj.a6rjixata Trap' r/,J.tv 5'.5dax=tai /povoi?. xal Sta to touc to^rouc w? Trapptotatto aXXT|X(ov otsotavat, aijtol [isv o'V/ oio'. t' £a[i£V 7rapaY£VEa6a'.. ivstsi- Xaiis6a Se ATjtJ-Tjtpt(i) Mjtotaafj. avopl xoG[j.up xal 'fiXo:ioXwi xal tf;? 'EXXdoo? irap' ujxtv npo^£V(.) Uvai ts Trpo? ujidc sv to) xa6-/jxovti XP^^V '^"'^ t'-jj-r^aat jxsv xal '3.lv ts xal Trdoi tot;, oJaTTSp 6 0slo? ITaOXo? s'fq. ao'f lav CT;to'ja'.v. "EppcoiG;. '0 npuxavtc A. Aio^'/jStjc Kuptayoc. J 256 II [ UNIVERSITV OF ATHENS ] [ T7-anslaiWH ] A* ANASTASIOS DIOMEDES KYRIAKOS President of THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AT ATHENS and Professor of Theology TO The distinguished FRANCIS L. PATTON President of PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Greeting. We have received with great pleasure your letter in which you express the wish that one of our professors be sent to participate in your approach- ing celebration. We are sincerely grateful to the all-wise God who said, "I am the truth and the light," and thus showed the precious truth to be divine, and to you, dear sir, for your kindness to us; and we are aware that, as the struggle for knowledge is common to us all, we should make the celebration in common, and then as from an eminence survey the road that we have travelled and are yet to travel, and use the experience of the past as a guide to the future. But because of the hardness of the times (for it is impossible for us, seeing the evils done by the barbarians in Crete, to attend festivities), and because the celebration takes place in our term- time, and because of the great remoteness of our countries from one an- other, we cannot be present in person. We have, however, delegated Demetrius Botassi, who is a wise and patriotic man and Consul-Gen- eral of Greece to the United States, to be present with you at the proper time, and to acknowledge the honor and rejoice with you at your celebra- tion, as well as to join with you in prayer to God, the giver of lights, that, as in the past so in the future also, he may not cease to bestow his pure and holy light liberally both upon you and upon all those who, as the divine Paul saith, are seeking for wisdom. Farewell. President A. Diomedes Kyriakos. 257 [ UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM ] ^taedidi (jutatotlbiLd Mtofeddotibad eliid quod antea fult Gollegiuni ibeocaedarieride abhinc ibruvetdita,i Jct'uicetonietidU fututa (2f. ^. 2). thnwezdltad Q^indtelodamendid UA '^^ maxime differant &Sotnine.\ ab Sndtttutid, id ipduni edde nemo dubitavctit, quod in niagnam ,iunnnani ctcscente nuinezo annozum quo vixcilnt, clllci, ad ultiinam ncccMitateni pedctempttni apptopin- ^\>~- ^^ quanted, paullatini denedcendo marcedceze cogit iBatura, &t>aec veto xohotc auqentux, et eo lonqiud dempet ah mterttu futaro abedde videntur, quo longiud tenipoze ptoceMezunt, Sanivezo quum nemo ob illam caudani zecudet, qutn festoi aqat died, quibud amicum aliquem aut neceddaxium duum, ceztum dpatium tenipozid pezmendum, natalicta celebtantem videat, quid magid apte, magid na- tuzae zei convenientez fiezi potedt, quam ut omned gaudeamud et gzatulcmuz ubi ofndtitutum aliquod bonuni, utile, dalutaze, quale adkuc futt ^edtztim (oollegium, iam eo pezvenlddc ceztiozcd factt dumud, ut conftzmatum dpatto centum, et quinqua- qinta annozum bene pexacto, non dolutn i'tvat vigeatque, ded ad amplioza addpt- zand, ^bnivezditatid pzivilegttd indignitum, novid vizibud in pzoxitnum daeculum ingzedi poddit, Staque Ibnivezditati V^IO^CETOS^IES^Sl quae nunc zite facta inauquzabituz, gzatulamuz Hhnivezditad Q^nidtelodamendid, neque mtnud dtn- cezad gzatulatwned duad a \obtd habezi cupit, quod legatum ad vod mitteze nequivezit, qui voce et vultu tcdtazctuz, felicitatem vedtzam ibovaequc 'rhnwezdt- tatid dalutem ei cozdi eddc. i^atn loca zemota maximeque dituncta, quae tni- pediniento fucziint qum legalud nodtez ad \od venizct, haudquaquam nocent vinculo coniuncttontd, quod communto dtudiozum libezalium. condtttuit tniet omned, eod qiioquc qui numquam de videztnt aut vidtni dint; amoz eoztim qui bonad aztei colunt non locid vicinid dc contmet, ded mazia dupezat et pzaecipitia tzandiltt. SSac pezduadione fzeti l.bnivezditatcm nodtzani commcndamud in amicitiam 'Vedtzam, et dpezamud foze ut in multa daecula maneat, flozeat, pzopagationt dcientiazum diu dempezque, ut adhuc fecit (oollegium iBeocaedaztende, tndezviat ^nivezditad S^zincetoniendid, G. a\D. Soiihn, ffhectoz STSagnificud. 1^ \ ^. oJOdephud Jjitta, Senatud (S3,b-actid. SD. o^mdtelodami S^nno MDCCCXCyi STBende dctobzi. I SEAL I 258 [university of BASLE ] cJiyectot et &eiiatud ibn'wetdUatld cJaadiUetidld Jctaedidl (DittatotioUi) Jotofeddozibud holle^il ibeocaedaziendid &aluteni. (Sum nobid ante aliquot mended Itttezae vedtzae gzatiddiddimae allatae cdsent, qutbud nod tubetatid unuin ae nodtzu deltgeze, qui dolemnibud daeculazibud die annwezdazio centedimo quinquagedimo acaacrniac vedtzae celebzandid intezeddet, nemo neque tum neque extnde tnventud edt, qui munud hoc nonottficcntiddimum dudctpezet. xhniun- quemque entm detezzeze videntuz et itinezid inducta longitado et nccedditad pzaelectionum academicazum podt tziutn m.endium vacationem tlltd tpdid dtebud tndtauzandazum, Yobid igituz, quae edt vedtza benivolentia, excudatod nod gJde voiumud. &utn vezo lam viva nuntii voce quid dcnttamud, digntftcaic non poddumud, liceat pez Uttezad quidein vobidgzatulazi, quod podtquam pez tziginta ludtza facem ^cientiae populazibud dtzenue pzaetuliditd, nunc in eo edt, ut in ampltddunam univezditatid dpecicm atque fozmam exczedcatid. t^iiibud S)ivinae pzovtdcntiae donid vobtdcum taetazt eo magid nodtzum edt, quod ad cam civitatium Itbezazum doctetateni pezttnettd, quacum nobid foedezid dcilicet dijclvctici dociid (dt quidct)i pazva licet componczc maqntd) miza quaedain indtitutozum publicozum dimilitudo amicitiaquc longacva tntezcedit. St vezo cum ab antiquid nodtzid dcientiae littezazumquc dedibud longiud pzodpicimud, in died magid admizabundi obdczvamud, quam lacte in tota vcdtza tezza tamquam in dolo novali bonazum aztium dtudia cflozueztnt, quam pzofuda dit uliDaecenatum vedtzozum munificentia, quam laboziodam atque pzaedtantium. fetacem fzuctuuni de pzaedtitezit liominum. doctozum vedtzozum indudtzta, !^uo tn tlludtzt opttmozum quozumque ceztamine inclutam 3IIcaJ)Cmiam liJcOCACj^iUintSnil pzincipem quendam locum teneze pezauadutn liabemud, aldemque dpczamud atque cupimud, ut ettam venientibud dae- culid vobid contingat zezum vczitatcm acute cxplozazc, dtdcenttum commoda tiumanttcz adiuvaze, decud atque gloziam addeze patriae, 2)atum cBadileae die Xy menaid [julii atini MDCCCXCl^J- (Datolun ^011 det (ylbiikUf ©tSzozectoz, 259 [university of Berlin] COLLEGIO NEOCAESARIENSI DISCIPLINAE SEVERAE AUCTORI RELIGIONIS PURAE DEFENSOR! ARTIUM LIBERALIUM CULTORI QUOD PER CENTUM QUINQUAGINTA ANNOS lUVENILEM JUVENILIS MUNDI AETATEM ET CORPORIS ET ANIMI LABORIBUS AD SUMMA IN RE PUBLICA MUNERA EDUCAVIT SEMISAECULARIA TERTIA ANNI MDCCCXCVI DIE XXII OCTOBRIS FAUSTA FELICIA PRECANTUR AVITAEQUE COLLEGII NEOCAESARIENSIS LAUDI NOVA IN UNIVERSITATE PRINCETONIENSI INCREMENTA EXOPTANT RELIGIONIS STIRPIS STUDIORUM SOCIETATE CONIUNCTAE UNIVERSITATIS FPtlDERICAE GUILELMAE BEROLINENSIS RECTOR ET SENATUS 260 [university of BONN] ECTOR et senatus universitatis Fridericiae Guilelmiae Rhenanae docto- rum concilium in foederatis civitatibus Americanis antiquissimum, quod collegii Neocaesariensis nomine CL annos feliciter exegit iamque uni- versitatis nomine Princetoniensis novum aetatis et honorum cursum au- spicatur, plurimum salvere iubemus atque avere. Vellemus quidem diebus soUemnibus, quos ob has fortunae nominum- que vices inituri estis, per legatos ipsi interesse et vota pro incolumitate gloriaque Vestra nuncupare coram, sed quoniam maria interiecta et longinqua itinera vetuerunt, hac tamen epistula nostram Vobis adsensionem et quam in pectore fovemus gratulationem et com- precationem declarari voluimus, nam cognatione nos Vobiscum teneri iunctos quasi quos- dam consanguineos sentimus, non mode quod disciplinarum ac doctrinae libertas semper Vobis cordi fuit, non secus ac rei publicae isti in qua universitas Vestra innata est libertas fidei et religionum actuumque civilium, sed etiam quod originem traxisse collegium Vestrum meminimus ab ilia studiorum et contentionum gravitate dignitate virtute, quae post refor- mationis tempus Batavos et Britannos nobilitavit ; eaque ratione Vestram historiam repli- camus ad memoriam operum laborumque quibus Europeae gentes quondam ac maiores nostri insudarunt. et quae ab initio fuit litterariis collegiis in nova tellure constitutis atque in vetere coniunctio et societas eam proximo tempore variae commeantium et conversan- tium necessitudines auxerunt amplificarunt. quam ob rem in votis quibus festissimos ludos Vestros sesquisaeculares prosequimur, hoc summum est, ut permaneat haec coniunctio communitasque in annos omnes magis magisque profutura utrisque. etenim in finibus Americae natura rerum hominumque vita quae animum attentum et curiosum prompta cogitatione et acri percutiant plura fort quam in nostris regionibus, et locupletes cives multo largius ac liberalius studia litterarum adiuvare eisque quae opus sunt subministrare solent. quod si ex alacri potentium ingeniorum concertatione bonarum artium inventio conceptio explanatio vigebit sub utroque Phoebo, exemploque nostratibus dato a Vestrati- bus tam hie quam illic ornatissimae erunt et paratissimae sedes musarum, tum impetrasse nos laeti lubentes profitebimur quaeoptavimus optataque consignavimus sollemne Vestrum condecoraturi ominibus optimis. Bene rem gerite et valete Dabimus Bonnae a. d. V. Kal. Octobres MDCCCLXXXXVI. Rector et Senatus Universitatis Fridericiae Guilelmiae Rhenanae. MAURITIUS RITTER, h. a. Rector. HOFFMANN, Sccr. Univ. 263 [university of Brussels] 3Stuxcffc.>, fe 15 avzi^, 1896. 91tec>6ie-u-«d, cfh'C-uoccKc^ -me cfia-tge be uou;> cocpz4AW<^z touW ^a a-tatifube pou-t V^ionwcu/t citie -Eiii a |ait -fc (Eol^cae be '^zi-ncctoM e-H in-uil'ant u-h- be ives -vne-H^fire^ a Ta-H-ni- -uetoai-te be i>a |oubaMovt. C-'ec^i; l^ien d tegr-et ati'i-^ ive -uoii", d cau^jc be ■fa tep^icve bci> oo-u-'td a-uant -fa ba-te bii 22 OctoGte, baiia -f'ivnpo.>5l6lfil:e be ^Ne laite tep^ecvein^Jet d cecv let"e^; caz it eAti444e, atie -tieit 1^'e^t pCti^ i^tife au ptog^c^ paci|igue be Vtvumanilc gite cc^ g^anbcv ^cuiiiovtev bTtovu-rHe^ -uenu^ be toui> fe.\ poivife> bti gfote ct ^I'auai^it au^'un AH'ut tyut : i^ai4t be la Scic4tce. ^cvUtic'Z' agrees, 91te:^;^ietl.^^, -f'ccicp^e^6ioi4 be^ ^cn-timenti!* be pto^t^be coi4c>ibei:atio-n bit corp^^ ptoFe.3- dotciE et" fc^ inieMiV. £e S^ccl'cttt, £t ?'lle.>.HCiH4;<> Ici)^ !C^e5ibe^|:, Q-matdut^^ et !Ct^o|e bit ColTege be tCtincct'oji [9Iciu ^e^sei^]. 264 [university of BUDAPEST] IRector et Senatus IRcGiae Scientiarum ITlnlversitatis Ibunoaricae Bu^ape0tinen0i0 IRectori /IfcaQnifico et 1[ncl^to Senatui Hcabemtco lllniversitatis princetonlensis. 'UMMA nos laetitia affecerunt litterae Vestrae, quibus "certiores nos fecistis, illustrem Universitatem Vestram die 20- Octobris h. a. soUemnia fundationis celebraturam esse. Quae sollemnia cum ex animi sententia Vobis gratula- mur, turn vero in posterum omnia fausta atque laeta opta- mus Universitati Vestrae ominamurque. Quod praegravibus rerum conditionibus, non per legatos publice missos gratulationem nostram facere nobis conces- sum est, vehementer dolemus. Valete, nobisque favete. Dabimus Budapestini in Hungaria die 4^ mensis Octobris anno Domini millesimo octingentisimo nonagesimo sexto. Rector et Senatus Universitatis. Stephanus Bognar Archi Dioecesis Strigoniensis Presbyter, S!! S^ Pont. max. Camerarius, Philosophiae et Theologiae Doctor; Studii biblici novi-foederis Professor p. o. S. Sedis consid. Assessor Societ. litter, philos. S"! Thomae de Aquino Praeses item compl. erud. Soe Collega, etc. facultatis Theologicae eme- ritus Decanus et Praeses; Scient. Universitatis Rector Magnificus. 265 [ UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ] / ?Crni0 \ HINC LUCEM ET POCULA SACRA. CoUesii i5eocaesariensi0 3Prae0ilii Curatoribus 3^rofe00orifau0 ^. H^. ®. ®niber0ita0 Cantabrisien0i0. ct cjiii.HC[uciqiivl'a aGfiino aiivto^ Fcficitct furvbatntti fcria^ :>ciccniazc:> ca^e cele&i^atiii^it-vM., cfc tot ai^nvoru-iw- ulci&M-> ^pectatii^vn pr^obattt utaue etiatii '^niue^^itati^ tvomcn au^plclo opttiiii> C5^e abeptiH^tn-i-H.. Siiuat IVobie zccozhazi (2-offeqiiiiii- uc^l■rll)J^ tti:>iqivc eo tcittpo^c- ^n-b^e co»v:>tt- tu^itm, ctiio rcgio tola, gwac ctxcititt iaccGat, ablVnc tvivpctit SSt^ttau- itici iitl'et cofotiia^ fforento^inici^ Mu-'yne.zci^atiA^Z: Sii^cit t^wnc c|uocfue boctii^Uvae aehcni -oe:>ti^at4i^, c^u^avnc^u-am acc^iiozd flLrfavtUco a 110613 biMiHvctaivt, ta-H^cvv cottiMtiMrt^ getvci^t^, cov>tvi4^tuvl» fuiguae, cotvt- Mvunluvn bci^igi^e ^tubiorttiit ^vcce^^ithtbitte cunt '^niuci>>lt'al'c tto>l'i^c» covv^ocial'aiit contcMtpfari. ©rgo -uofutitali uc^trae Cttcnl'ct o^:>eciii'v e proFc3:>ozi6io ito^itx^o uvvinu (\o\\oz\i> causa fegatunt- ab -uos ittltt'imiis, gilt, fiis iitlrcris ab voi pr^cmtls, iiosft^u^vw on^4\ium ivovnii'ic, ivoiv utobo pt^actetltos amios ptoapct>c- pexactos (Sofi'cgio ueist^ogTatufctui;, seb etiattt tit po:>tcrii))t ^tvvluexsitatv veati^ae pe^ :>cnici^ia ptu^zima fut ape^avuus] bu^ahirac omnia Faiota cocopici. '^aieic. *3)al'uin CaM^taSt^igiae STCenoia ^i/t-v^ii bie gua/rlo A. S. MDCCCXCVl. [ SEAL j 266 [university of christiania] ^t-yi'ivezc^'i I'a [' i tT t i nee ton^ic m^ i vnooc ati^picati^^tnto bie a. b. XI Ipaf. 9tou. \\. a. tc-Hci-tc r inatiqiircin bae s. ^:b. '-d. Scuclt'lt^. £ite^a» vedtzoi*, cmi&u;3 ivvbicato j'ore nt incfvjttuvv illiib coxXcaiuvn iituza'ci^i'm, auoh pe^ cc-ntu-m- c^ au.ino'U-agi-Hta ati- i4^o:> honozi?ic&ntiA:>irm in vcitta cvvU^ate |fct^ui/t, vmttc mvi- vetaitati^ tiotivciv bigvtitate'Wt^auc \vcx,w<:\i>calu,X' ^aeto atiUno accepti4'iu*. Stavtv c^u.O'VnMXA a6 CLiivc^icauo o^^e, pattia nos- tra pet Da^ta atgtic i^ttvH-eii^a nxaz'\i> ct ulaxiitu ivi-tetvavva 5cpaijetiii^, tai licit oi4tivc:> acabei44lae, ow-ae ■ti-Oeiiaviou^:> e coM^tiviewtu^, tit -uGstra ptoi>pcra lviczc%'nii\via fiono^CM^^e aucced^w^ iio^ C|ito- gue ttici:^ito cotigi^atu/tevniH^t, pi a ca; anii^w jic-H'tevvti-a uota ttintcitpci jvtc^ lit ucattac ito-uac witi-uc^Mtat"! tcnebicai^ '2)cti5 Optimum SHCaa^i-Hiii:?. ^aGcwiiia ©l^tlattaiiiac bic II nicn^i.> Octo&ri^ MDCCCLXXXXVI. 0. £.. §cl'iiotr. §. Obfcinb. m. a.ivptab. e,. (^ufbGcrg. £. 9&. S-ten^e-taci'i. o^v. Coitett. 267 [ UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN ] o the tonwezditi/ of Jo>zlnceton. ohe tbtiivetdlh/ of (jopenkagen be^d Leave to thank the Jjtinceton tbnlveidity tnodt heattili/ fot the honot confetted upon it bi/ the highlif coniplitnentati/ invitation teceived ftom the (Dommittee of the &ejcfuicentennial (jclebtation, cJt would have been a gteat datidf action to the Ihnivcxdity of (bopenhagen to have been able to tahe part in the celebration by dendincj a representative ; but the time appointed for the fes- tival rendering this unfottunateli/ impoddibUf we must content ourselves with sending our best greetings and congratulations, expressing at the same time the sincere wish that our sister Lhniverdity of J^rinceton mag flourish and thrive in future, as it has done hitherto, a benefit and a glorij to its country as well as to (sfcience and (Scholarship in general, (d open hag en, am arch, i8q6. cHd. Cj. ^eiitheti, ax)ector of the H.bnivetdtty, 268 [ UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN ] f iris 31lnstrissiini5 IlDrtissiniis 'pmWi CnratnrilinH '|<^rnfrssnrilms Cnlkgii IrnrarsaripMis Iniufote Diililinriisis |. f . icnt- uocac't'i^ gaubii, atio ccntc^i^^^^un^ atiincittaqc^ji- ai^obquc al'iqi4 0i> e n^o^yt^o coctu u^viia-vi^tiy qui ^o;5- pil'io vni^tto in occa^io^e -tai4i^ ^ae^:a ^zua^niuz^ ib ^aym -pcrq^a^'ti^'Viv i^to6i;> Civt, q^tal^taeiquc uel' 4)iacc-l'H4ai> uofii^ aaivnu':> ; o-H^nia lait.it'a -uolji;> ^pzccan^d^ -non ^-otwy^ ivi |e;>i^u-H't aitob achizi c^iH^, vctwyyi Ut oi4i4ae t:c-j44-p'W-i> opfantci^que, c^Anui \it copula ;>a^qui4iii>, ai^nlci^'iac, eihibio-tui^t quae inict v[g:> inl'c/tcebil' L^c^jipct; it^upta , -vnai4cat, 114414 to ^\z^4vioz i-M alt14o^ It at". ,tlult&ttOttl v^Aza^ won po^K^w-14t^ii^ quiit oS^cat^ai^tttt-t, i^eo- que b«^igwa1>it44tl.^ 9lo ue-t ttii^n- ^^Jeiue'ttoi^ "^ti-i:^- oL-i-t-t. tD., -uito^ pto&o.>, b^oct'o.'*, ^pco{■at■Oi>, qtii coza-HA. te^ifuxintuz- ct'uavit'iitt4 <^al^biu^^^ ex -uc^t'ti^ ^Uczicy pc'tcepc'tii4-tui>, miot uoi4a ^t4tit)et^i>i^:ati '^ziwcd^oni- at4ae itt ^iA^MZxAWX i<2Awcyu:> et v^C, Sattceffarin:>. 16° 9TtaU, 1896. (^coTijiui Sa^vioM, IJraepoiiittt^i*. 269 [ UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH ] To The PRESIDENT and PROFESSORS of the UNIVERSITY of PRINCETON. lanivcrsitB of EOtnburgb, 31st 3ulB IS96. car an& 1f3onourc& Colleagues, St Is witb no orMnar^ feelings of pribe an& sxjmpatb? tbat we offer ^ou our beartg congratulations on tbe auspicious occa= sion of viour I50tb acabeniic JSirtb&aii, an5 on vour bigbl\? merite!) promotion from tbe ranh of a College to tbat of a 'Qluiversitg. Me bave ever fouM? regar5eC> tbe College of IHew Jerse? as a near Scottish Cousin, nav?, almost as a cbilD of our own. Iber bistor? an& traMtions, e&ucational, pbilosopbical, an& religious, bare ever been closelv allied to ours ; anb from ber foundation bg mcnibers of tbe presbsterg of IHew l!)orh down to tbe present dav manv of ber leading men bave been eitber of Scottisb CEtraction or alumni of Scottisb 'Glni versifies— suffice it to mention tbe illustrious names of president Mitberspoon in tbe last centuri\ and ipresident /ID'Cosb in tbe present. HI* tbougb as a 'Qlniversitv we are entirelv undenominational, we catuiot refrain from CEpressing our warm admiration of i^our College as a cbampion of civil and religious liberty, a sacred cause for wbicb man? of our common ancestors laid down tbeir lives. Me most gladlv recognise tbe fact tbat ^our College bas for man? pears past performed all tbe functions of a XHniversitv witb signal success. Me rejoice to bear of tbe furtber expansion of \)our Scbool of pbilosopbp, of tbe admirable equipment of i^our Scbool of Science, and of tbe bandsome endowments wbicb american liberality and public spirit bave placed at pour disposal. Me tberef ore beartilp welcome vou now as a SisterslUniversits— tbe XHniversitp of Princeton— born, /IDinerva=lifte, so fullp and splendidly accoutred as to entitle ber at once to rani; among tbe foremost of ber elder sisters. /iDav (Bod abundantlv bless and prosper pou in pour beneficent career, and mav llje bind tbe Scottisb cousins of tbe ©Id Morld and tbe Bew ever more closelp in tbe bonds of esteem and affection ! 5n name and bv autboritv of tbe Senatus academicus of tbe "Clniversitp of jEdinburgb. / — \ W. MUIR, Principal. J. KIRKPATRICK, Secretary. I SEAL j 270 [university of GLASGOW] [ Telegram^ Glasgow, Oct. 12, 1896. President Patton, University, Princeton, N. J. Glasgow University heartily congratulates Princeton University. Deeply regret that work here prevents any member of Senate attending celebration. Principal Caird. 271 [university of gottingen] UNIVERSITATI PRINCETONIENSI OLIM COLLEGIO ■ NEOCAESARIENSI NOBILI ■ ORNAMENTO MAGNI ■ AMERICANORUM • POPULl CONIUNCTI • NOSTRAE • ACADEMIAE ■ PER • AMICITIAM A PATRIBUS ■ TRADITAM TRADENDAM ■ POSTERIS QUEM ■ FLORENTEM ET • IN DIES CRESCENTEM ■ VARIA ■ BONARUM • ARTIUM ■ LAUDE LUBENTES • SUSPICIMUS ET ■ CONSALUTAMUS LATE LUCENTIS LITTERARUM • FACIS • IN • PARVULO ■ OPPIDO • GESTATRICI QUEMADMODUM ■ NOS QUOQUE ■ RURALEM ■ FERE SECESSUM • LAUDAMUS ET ■ OTIUM • LITTERIS ■ APTIUS SODALI ■ NOSTRAE • ATQUE • AEQUALI • IN ■ STUDIIS ■ COLENDIS CONSILIORUM VITAE ET CONDICIONIS • ADFINITATE • ETIAM • IN ■ DIVERSA • ORBIS REGIONE POSITIGAUDENTES TERTIASEMISAECULARIAFELICITER AGENDA EX • ANIMO ■ CONGRATULAMUR NOVA • SAECULA • BONAE • ERUGIS • PLENA • AUGURAMUR UNIVERSITATI • FAUSTA • OMNIA • UT ■ COLLEGIO EVENERUNT AUCTIORA ■ COMPRECAMUR UNIVERSITATISGEORGIAEAUGUSTAE PRORECTOR ET SENATUS DABAMUS GOTTINGAE • DIE • IV MENSIS MARTII AD- MDCCCXCVI • L. BAR. 272 [university of greifswald] VNIVERSITATIS LITTERARVM GRYPHISWALDENSIS RECTOR ET SENATVS COLLEGII NEOCAESARIENSIS PRAESIDI CVRATORIBVS PROFESSORIBVS SALVTEM PLVRIMAM DICVNT quo maiore iam floruit tempore viri illustrissimi et doctissimi academia nostra eo magis gaudemus sororibus eius iuuioribus non solum in Grermania natis verum etiam in ceteris terns bonae enim litterae firmissimum sunt vinculum quo inter se coniunguntur omnes nationes pie igitur atque ex intimo animo vobis gratulamur et gratias habemus quam maximas quod comiter voluistis ut unus e collegio nostro festissimos eos dies vobiscum celebraret quibus collegium Neocaesariense uno iam saeculo peracto in novam universitatem Princetoniensem sit rite transiturum nimium dolemus locorum spatium qui inter- iecti sunt inter vestras nostrasque regiones quia hoc solum nos impedit quominus suari illi invitationi obsequium demus valete nobisque favete. PAULUS GRAWITZ, h. t. Rector Academiae. I SEAL J 273 [university of HALLE ] QVOD BONVM FELIX FAVSTVMQVE SIT INCLVTAE VNIVERSITATI LITTERARVM PRINCETONIENSI QVAE CVM ANNO SVPEEIOBIS SAECTXI QVADRAGESDIO SEXTO HOMINVM EGREGIORVM SAPIENTISSIMO CONSILIO CONDITA ESSET VT AETIVM LIBERALIVM STVDIVM OMNIBVS MODIS FOVERET AC PROPAGARET HVIO NOBrLISSEMO ET CVM SALVTE TOTIVS REIPVBLICAE ARCTISSIME CONEXO OFFICIO SVO NVNQVAM DEPVIT ADIVTA CVM MVLTORVM VIRORVM LIBERALITATE QVI VARUS DONIS ET INSTITVTIS EAM INSTRVXERVNT ET EXORNAVERVNT TVM VERO LIBERTATE DOCENDI DISCENDIQVE QVI VT AB IPSIS CONDITORIBVS EI CONCESSA ERAT ITA VSQVE AD HODIERNVM DIEM SEMPER INCOLVMIS MANSIT QVARE PER TRIGINTA QVAE ELAPSA SVNT LVSTRA CVM INDEPESSA PRAECEPTORVM ACADEMICORVM CVRA ET STVDIO TVM DEI OPTmi MAXIMI GRATIA ET BENIGNITATE NOBILISSIMO COLLEGU NEOCAESARIENSIS NOMINE LAETISSIME FLORVIT NVNC VERO VNIVERSITATIS LITTERARVM NOMEN ET DIGNITATEM NACTA IN EODEM QVEM HVCVSQVE TENVIT HONORIFICENTISSIMO CVBSV PERQERE PERSEVERAT CVM EXDVIIA ET IWENTVTIS ACADEMICAE ET TOTIVS REIPVBLICAE VTILITATE SACRA NATALICIA SESQVISAECYLARIA DIE XXII MENSIS OCTOBRIS ANNI MDCCCXCVI RITE PEEAGENDA EX ANIMI SENTENTIA GRATVLANTVR FIDEM VOLVNTATEMQVE SVAM TESTANTVR PRO SALVTE ET INCOLVMITATE EIVS PIA VOTA NVNCVPANT FAVSTA FELICIA FORTVNATA OMNIA PRECANTVR VNIVERSITATIS FRIDERICIANAE HALENSIS CVM VITEBERGENSI CONSOCIATAE RECTOR ET SENATVS EBERTH h. t. Rector 274 [university of Heidelberg] Der UNIVERSITAT PRINCETON bringt zur Feier ihres Einhundert und Fiinfzigjalirigeii Besteliens frolien uiid herzlichen Gliickwunsch dar die Ruperto-Carola Altheidelbergs. Was der hohe Sinn und die Aufopferung der Vater begriindet haben, das haben die jiingeren Gesehlechter sorgsam bewahrt und treulich ausgebaut. So ist die Universitat Princeton eine Hiiterin der Wissenschaft und ein Hort der Kultur jenseits des Oceans geworden. Moge sie noeh lange bliihen und sich kraftig weiterentwickeln, fiir die Jugend eine Quelle edler Bildung, fill- den Staat eine Zierde, fiir die MenseKheit ein Segen. Mit diesem Wunsche griisst die alteste Universitat Deutschlands die Universitat Princeton, mit ihr verbunden, obwohl durcli den Ocean von ihr getrennt, durch die gleiche Liebe zur Wissenschaft und die gleiche Arbeit an den hochsten Giitem des Geistes. Prorektor und Senat der Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg. D' H. B. BASSERMANN /(. t. prorector 275 [university of jena] ■n'iyU'e4^.'Clci/ ^e-n-a. -cgj: ^2- /^^ Lyl'a.■yyl.e■t^ u-t^ei GtUf'Cia^ teed '^'e.'nefCed i/ei ^(^■n.-Mie'ld t^dza'i^ ■a.edte'C-td^ n€i't, ©Se <:iadsC a-ue-t tzuc-n ■ZM-a.'iktC'n t-nt-i ^ze^nd. J^epii^yie ■cied. ^'ic-tt'ueddtc- t^n. ecfit-ed dtc-n 6d.- € €d^ai(iedi ■u^-i'de Md^'yiAlcnaf^ uid-CL « ■H.u Civ■M'C^. -cidttz C/dt de 'do-ynd^edi T ■af-idi-Hdi-t '■e, td€ ttdd/i^d ttitjyltc ■Udd^C'^ Sedd€i^ izedd. &! . '^eA'Cedn-'Ued^ dgf£. cc. ' o-r-od tied it^ti^. ■c^e tia't cyd.fnce-'fp-^. 276 [university of KIEL] RECTOR ET CONSISTORIVM VNIVERSITATIS KILIENSIS PRAESIDI CVRATORIBVS PROFESSORIBVS VNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS S QVAS ANTE HOS SEX MENSES AD NOS DEDISTIS LITTERAS HONESTISSIMAS ACCEPIMVS GRATO ET PROPENSO PERLEGIMVS ANIMO ETENIM SICVT APVD GRAECOS ANTIQVITVS EVM MOREM OBTINVISSE CONSTAT VT IN AMICORVM ET AFFINIVM POPVLORVM FESTIS SOLLEMNIBVS RITE CELEBRANDIS PER THEOROS OFFICIOSE DELECTOS SE REPRAESENTARI CVRARENT ITA VOS HVMA- NISSIME NOS INVITASTIS AD VNVM EX COLLEGIS NOSTRIS DELEGANDVM QVI SACRIS SESQVISAECVLARIBVS AB ACADEMIA VESTRA FELICITER INSTAVRANDIS NOMINE NOSTRAE VNIVERSITATIS INTERESSET VERVMTAMEN CVM FIERI NEQVEAT VT AD HANG HOSPITALEM INVITATIONEM PROMITTAMVS QVAE PER LEGATVM TRADERE NON LICET LITTERIS MANDANDA ESSE CONSTITVIMVS BONA VOTA PRO ACADEMIAE VESTRAE PROSPERITATE SALVTE DIVTVRNITATE CVM DECREVERITIS QVOD lAM PER TRIGINTA LVSTRORVM SPATIVM FLORVIT HVCVSQVE COLLEGIVM NEOCAESARIENSE AD VNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS DIG- NITATEM PROMOVERE FESTI QVI INSTANT DIES GRATIAE PIAEQVE RECORDATIONI PRAETERITORVM PARITER AC FVTVRORVM TEMPORVM LAETAE BONAEQVE SPEI SACRI ERVNT ITAQVE ACADEMIAE VESTRAE VT DE LONGA CVRSVS STRENVE ET EFFICACITER ABSOLVTI CONTINVITATE GRATVLAMVR ITA SIMVL SPERAMVS IPSAM ETIAM IN POSTERVM AC PER MVLTOS FELICESQVE ANNOS BONARVM ARTIVM LITTERARVM SCIENTIARVMQVE HVMANIORVM FVTVRAM ESSE SANCTAM SEDEM ET DOMICILIVM INCOLVME QVOD VT FELICITER EVENIAT FAVSTISSIMA QVAEQVE OPTAMVS PRECAMVRQVE VNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS RECENS NATAE ET DISCENTIBVS ET DOCENTIBVS VT IN QVOVIS ET DOCTRINAE ET HVMANITATIS GENERE HI EXEMPLO PRAEEVNTES AEMVLANTES ILLI MEMORES VTRIQVE VIRTVTIS MAIORVM ET ANTECESSORVM NVN- QVAM DESINATIS SERERE VT AIT STATIVS ARBORES QVAE ALTERI SAECVLO PROSIENT VALETE - DABAMVS KILIAE IDIBVS SEPTEMBRIBVS A. D. MDCCCLXXXXVI K^ DR. L. POCHHAMMER STELLVERTRETENDER RECTOR DER UNIVERSITAT KIEL 277 [university of konigsberg] QVOD • BONVM • FELIX • FAVSTVM • FORTVNATVMQVE • SIT INCLVTAE YNIVERSITATI • PRINCETONENSI PAVSTISSMIS • AVSPICIIS ANTE • HOS • CENTVM • QVINQVAGINTA • ANNOS CONDITAE DOCTORVM • ILLVSTRISSIMORVM • SPLENDIDIS • NOMINIBVS • AEQVE AC ■ DISCIPVLORVM • PRAESTANTISSIMORVM • STVDIIS • ASSIDVIS INSIGNITAE OMNIGENAE • HVMANITATIS • ALTRICI • MODERATRICI • PROPAGATRICI VNIVERSAE • AMERICAE • DECORI • ATQVE • ORNAMENTO SACRA • SOLLEMNIA DIEBVS • XX • XXI • XXII • MENSIS • OCTOBRIS • ANNI • MDCCCLXXXXVI PIE • CELEBRANTI EX • ANIMI • SENTENTIA • GRATVLAMVR EIDEMQVE FORTVNAM • PROPITIAM SALVTEM • PERPETVAM GLORIAM ■ SEMPITERNAM OPTAMVS VNIVERSITATIS • ALBEUTINAE • REGIMONTDJAE RECTOR • ET • SENATVS ET ■ PROFESSORES • OMNIVM • ORDINVM REGIMONTII ■ PRVSSOBVM EX • OFFICDJA • HARTV-NGIANA. 278 [university of LEIPZIG] PRAESIDI CURATOEIBUS PROFESSORIBUS COLLEGII NEOCAESARIENSIS VIRIS ILLUSTRISSIMIS AC DOCTISSIMIS S. p. D. UNIVERSITATIS LIPSIENSIS RECTOR ET SENATUS Q UONIAM LITTERIS PERHUMANITER AD UNIVERSITATEM NOSTRAM DATIS GRATUM VOBIS FORE SIGNIFICAVISTIS SI COLLEGH NEOCAESARIENSIS ANTE HOS CENTUM ET QUINQUAGINTA ANNOS CONDITI lAM NOVIS AUSPICHS IN UNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSIS FORMAM ET DIGNITATEM AMPLIFICANDI SOLLEMNITATI UNUM EX NOBIS QUI NOSTRO NOMINE INTERESSET DELIGEREMUS MISIMUS COLLEGAM NOSTRAM FRIDERICUM CAROLUM BRUGMANN LINGUARUM DTDOGERMANICARUM PROFESSOKEM PUBLICUM ORDINAEIUM EUMQUE lUSSBIUS VOTORUM NOSTRORUM PIENTISSIMORUM EXISTERE INTERPRETEM NAM INTEREST MAGNOPERE BONARUM OMNIUM UT SCIENTIAE LITTERARUMQUE STUDIA PER ORBEM TERRARUM QUAM MAXTME FLOREANT ATQUE VIGEANT / \ Dk. Ernst Windisch SEAL h. t. Rector DATUM LEPSIAE DIE I MENSIS OCTOBRIS ANNO MDCCCLXXXXVI 279 [university of leyden] CoUegio i^eocaesariensi ajntt)cmtati0 lugDuno Batabae ^cnatujs ^. 1. B. Permagno nos nffccislis lionorc / qiiob nos innitastis / ut be nostro Scnatu nno pluribnstic Icgotis missis bobiscum cclcbraremus fcrins / quns in cnm bicm parotis /qui (iToUcgii bcstri na talis crit tcntcsimns quiiiquagcsimus / ibcnique ^rimns a quo iilnb ampliore atqnc Ijouornliore ^nt\)crs(tati£j ^^rincetoniensis; nomine ootnbilur. (flJun fitcultntc a nobis obiuta Inbcntissime utcrcmnr / nisi graoes nos rctinercnt cousac / be qnibus nntca uos fecimus ceitioves. (Ergo/ib quob ntinam pracscnti- bns faccre liccrel / Ijiscc i\i bos biUis Uteris significarc uolnmus ex unimi scntcntia oobiscum nos lactari. Pcrmogna enim est Neocoesaricnsis (HoUegii npub boctos e^l'tt ivi eo efaCiotauctbit ut ab ottnttui4t attlutn tiCiezafi U4»t ^hibla -oe^ ^ii'iX'\AAOX' ftDlba oa'tpvt o&ft-uvo ttovHtiia vt^oruvn vel* trana :>irvgiifart, vc^jtxa^ auoc^^zu^n^t opes, hoctt^matn prontoucn^4tt, ^oti^ae ^pcl abiiCc:>ceitliCm:> aiH^o^ifiuMt^ tufe^wtvt. 9Iovv paruo igitut:. vi affccit gaubio, guob ccztiozcy wuipaz facti i>u^vnuo Coiicgiuvn 'Oti^tzu^yn, ioi ptae- c^1ptc^zu.n^■ be ontwi ^c/rc ct anHgu^atuvM- ct ta-ce-yitiozu^^i te.t.'wnv ^octzl-na optiMic tiicritortH^it, tot bocipiifo£ii-H4 -oc:>ttgii> iffortivit pzo^pe^o ahccoiau, ivvgrcbievititim Pattia ivtu>>ttatw-wi., i4.tHttc ab ai»ipCtorc:> in i:cpii6fica tiiizzazuxM honoz&o ci>;>e evectuvH : ib gnob pet I'vatvc epliitufaHv voSki 9te tamzu. i-yiinz iot om-nia uobia Janata pzeca'nii^inx uocea ip:ii l^aceaiiiua, cititi v'lzo vto6i^ :>pcciaio ^o^>cpfto ^ofiai4Me '^^omc^on^ ocln-niiaa- hocioze. cHegiae Soctetati> ivocio, egt44vtH^;> iit ^ei^ii;> De;3tro abf^^h^^tl^ uoc>tzo gitogiic nonuMC ■vo^ oatvzzc iw-oeat, et in^t coepta Do&i^ ovtmia bemcepa fot^twnet ^eu<> 3vle Optivnuo 9'Ttaa::i.'H4-M^ ptecetitt. Qi^evn i>l, gita c^H^ fiu-wia-vvitatc, Sevi-igii-e accvpietic^, pezazatum noGi^ ^eceii^vtia. en- ■ s\ u p p Bioentii O, cJlDOdcoe "I/ice-Vi^avvcet-ta^i-ui. A. S. MDCCCXCVI. c/ . yictot JJtcklnd a& actia. 282 [university of MOSCOW] [ Telegram ] Moscow, le 12 Octobre, 1896. Universite de Princeton, Princeton, New Jersey. L'Universite Imperiale de Moscow felicite cordiale- ment 1' Universite de Princeton sur le centcinquantieme anniversaire de son existence civilisatrice. Vivat Uni- versitas, vivant professores et studiosi. RECTEUR NEKRASSOFF. 283 [university of MUNICH] PRAESIDI CURATORIBUS PROFESSORIBUS COLLEGII NEOCAESARIENSIS VIRIS ORNATISSIMIS DOCTISSIMIS HUMANISSIMIS RECTOR ET SENATUS a UNIVERSJTATIS LUDOVICO-MAXIMILIANEAE MONACENSIS S. P. D. X litteris Vestris, quibiis sacra sollemnia Collegii Neocaesariensis abhinc centum quinquaginta annos conditi mense Octobri huius anni concelebratum u-i annuntiavistis, magnam cepimus laetitiam. Cognovimus enim Vos plane idem ac DOS sentire, omnes omnium gentium humanitate excultarum Universitates uno quodam societatis vinculo contineri ideoque, quidquid sive laeti sive adversi uni earum acciderit, id ceteras ad se quoque pertinere arbitrari. Nee fefellit Vos opinio, quam de nostra adversus Collegium Vestrum concepistis voluntate. Nam et ex animi sententia Vobis gratiilamur, quod schola Vestra triginta lustra felicissime peregit et nunc tanta auctoritate floret, ut opibus aucta mox ampliorem campum vario doctrinarum generi praebitura sit, et officii ducimus dies festos, quos agetis, piis votis prosequi. Cui sollemnitati quod magno opere optastis ut unus e numero nostro delegatus intersit, gratias Vobis agimus maximas, sed vehementer dolemus, quod invitationi Vestrae benignae hospitalique satisfacere nemini nostrum per anni tempestatem ac muneris academici rationes concessum erit. Faxit autem Deus Optimus Maximus, ut quae trans Oceanum nova existet Universitas Princetoniensis laeta capiat incrementa, studiosae iuventuti saluti, rei publicae ornamento futura! Valete. Dabamus Monachii a. d. Kal. XII Maias anni MDCCCXCVI. 284 [university of oxford] Coiieoii zficoca-cc^ 9Xitnt^uiit ^ae^^ia an-:>picti^ fu-nbatore;> i>edt^i tot a&^Viiic avun-v^ CoCfcaii u^vn-^z^acu^ia co^foca-oc tw-wt : cjwo i vv ^yc-cc^ou oppoztwniiyiiu^a 9'Tltt5t;> :>ebe3, iiotja acbit'ictoi^W'Ht bioviomecax-u-VH acfiolaiM^-kH accei>Aione iti-bicA aba^^cta, abco ivi- oMtni boctzi'M.i, i-H- tfieofogia, iti ocientia pftt^cMca ptofecit ttt p{ti<>ai^aM4 -ulgi-in^tt CoffcaUa anac>i d^nta-Ht iTItal'i^cii^^ ac vvuXz-icuwi ae p^aeatltet^it. 9toA iait-uz Occoitic-noeiy, c^wifewo antlc[mi>5it44avn ottgi/nei4i ct perpefcita^^^ cfa^oz^wi'Vt attlv^^^^^oz.u,yn mticnt laciazc :>3ii4i, ptaet<2-n^i^ni.4i>, Clcabci4i^iac ucatt^aete^-HpeAti-vawt^iviatu^Tttate-kH aciWAye^WvicvH t;iqorcitt tiftt^ abw\ita\\ici. Q,\M,^iii> i>p^^a^^^,^Ai> ^^l wwKuit now btcc> opta(jtfutimca^luvn bc^cgaajint.ua-ut^w.144 pracatawtcti Sbua^b-M--Hi. XouUon, Sooiogiae Xzofeaao^ewt-, Socletati Siegiae abac^iptvci'U, wt Ge-m-avio ^oapvtio accept-ua aaCvttcnt Dobia ii44pertiat ptiH/rvm-a-m. et pfe-niaatiiiai4t. eJCtilc covHitcnt abbibt^nwa ox-Matiaai-VM^u-M^t ui^tmi So{b-uivM^v»4 Swiitfv, So^Cegii *^ni-u. apwb ttoaoMvtt oociut^i et eliiato^tac 2)lLobei^nae t^oPcaaoi^evn cHeglunt, guetit gu-ibent i/ubica-vnw^ Dooia fvcm^b -nainua notw^nt eaae ataue ctviM'CU/m au^ani vvo6ia ip>ia. ^atu.-H4 i-n- 5)ovtto Mostz-a (BoH-uocatioviia bie noHo vM-enaia ^u^vi-ii A. S. MDCCCXCVI. ( SEAL ) 285 [the OWENS COLLEGE, VICTORIA UNIVERSITY] THE OWENS COLLEGE, Manchester, March 6, 1896. Sir: I had the honour, at the meeting of the Council of the Victoria University held yesterday, to lay before it the kind and gratifying invitation of the Princeton University Sesquicentennial Celebra- tion Committee, transmitted at your instance by His Excellency the Ambassador of the United States. The Council of the Victoria University requests me to thank the Committee for the honour which this invitation confers upon the Victoria University, and to assure the Committee of the in- terest here taken in the forthcoming jubilee of so celebrated and distinguished a seat of learning. The Council of the Victoria University has further requested me to appoint a representative of this University at the celebration, in accordance with the kind invitation of your Committee, should it prove the case that any member of our body the choice of whom would be acceptable to your Committee should be able to attend. Unfortunately, the latter part of October is one of the most busy seasons of our academical year. I will take care to transmit to you before long the name of a representative, should it be in my power; and I beg you in any event to accept my assurance of the interest which will be here felt in the Sesquicentennial Celebration in which your Committee has so courteously invited a representa- tive of this University to take part. I remain. Sir, Your faithful servant, A. W. WARD, Vice-Chancellor of the Victoria University. To the Hon. Secretary, Princeton University Sesquicentennial Celebration Committee. 286 [university of PADUA ] Universitati Princetoniensi universitas patavina ctJq S. p. D. uos dies post exactum centesimum et quinquagesimum annum, ex quo Collegium Neocaesariense conditum est, Illustres Doctissimique Viri, novam UNIVERSITATEM PRINCETONIENSEM inaugurantes et festos habendos et rite concelebrandos iure optimo instituistis, nos, Patavinae Universitatis antistites, Vestrarum laudum memoriam recolentes laetis- simos agemus. Plurima quidem studiosorum hominum societatibus inter se communia sunt : aequi verique inquisitio, docendi discendique libertas, voluntatum consiliorumque consensio, clarorum liberaliumque virorum memoria. Itaque haec Universitas, quae diutinae aut ab externa dominatione vix interceptae aut demum recuperatae liberta- tis iura constantissime exsequuta suo munere functa est, maximo opere laetatur in ea orbis terrarum parte, quae ab Italiae alumno Christophoro Colombo divinitus detecta hominibusque monstrata est, insignem studiorum Sedem exstitisse, in qua, libertatis firmo praesidio, vera exquirantur mentesque iuvenum disciplinis optimis erudiantur. Quodetsi, tanto maris spatio interiecto, eo anni tempore, quo praeteriti studiorum cursus finis cum novi initio congruit, aliquis ex nobis vicarius delegari non potest, qui gratulationes nostras votaque praesens Vobis exhibeat, tamen, quum nullis propemo- dum finibus humani animi sensus circumscripti sint, date nobis, Praestantissimi Viri, vt festis iis diebus in mentibus Vestris illud insideat, nos et absentes summae laetitiae Vestrae ex animo interfuturos esse. Hae vero litterae nostra referant vota certioresque Vos faciant exoptare nos, ut nova UNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS apud validissimas gentes, quae ex Europa in longinquae telluris sinum sua actae virtute iamdiu civilibus artibus omni- umque rerum investigationi se dediderint, celeberrimarum Universitatum gloriam adsequatur insignique aemulatione earum rerum cognitionem augeat, quae decori usuique hominibus sint, quibusque eorum animi artius inter se vinciantur. Patavii, d. XX Octobris, A. MDCCCXCVI. EX SENATUS ACADEMICI AUCTORITATE ( SEAL I KAROLUS F. FERRARIS, RECTOR MAGNIFICUS. 287 [ UNIVERSITY OF PARIS ] ( SEAL j A MONSIEUR LE RECTEUR A MESSIEURS LES CURATEURS ET PROFESSEURS DE L'UNIVERSITE DE PRINCETON Messieurs, 'Universite de Princeton a pris place parmi les grandes universites americaines, qui savent, tout en demeurant fideles a leurs traditions, satisfaire aux exigences nouvelles de la science et accomplir des progres chaque jour. Elle travaille en toute liberte, regie par elle-meme ; elle doit a la sagesse de son Conseil, au zele et a la generosite de ses maitres, de ses disciples et de ses amis I'admi- rable developpement de ces dernieres annees. Elle est aujourd'hui une ecole de science universelle. En un siecle et demi, vous avez fait une ceuvre, qui, par- tout ailleurs, aurait demande plusieurs siecles. Et votre avenir ne peut manquer d'etre heureux et brillant. Les Etats-Unis d'Ame- rique reussissent dans tout ce qu'ils entreprennent. Apres avoir cree un peuple avec des elements divers ; apres avoir concilie, dans 288 leurs institutions et leurs moeurs la democratie avec la liberte, I'autonomie des Etats, des Communes, des Corps et des individus avec I'unite nationale ; apres avoir acquis, par I'effort de tant d'ac- tivites energiques, une eclatante prosperite materielle, ils entrant en concurrence avec I'Europe dans le domaine tout entier : theolo- gie, philosophie, philologie, science, histoire, esthetique. C'est pour nous un sujet particulier d'admiration de voir la jeune Amerique s'appliquer si heureusement a I'etude des premieres civilisations du vieux continent. Deja on peut se demander s'il ne viendra pas un jour ou I'etudiant europeen traversera I'Atlantique pour trouver reunis en abondance les moyens detudier la Grece et Rome, qui furent les institutrices de I'Europe. Messieurs, cette activite intellectuelle est une dignite, c'est aussi une force de plus pour votre pays. Voici que les representants des corps scientifiques du monde entier sont venus apporter leur hommage a la science americaine en la personne de votre Universite. Mais laissez-nous vous dire que nous avons des raisons speciales de nous rejouir des honneurs qui vous sont rendus. Vous avez bien voulu rappeler, dans I'invitation adresse a I'Universite de Paris, qu'elle est Xalnia mater des universites du monde ; et d'autre part nous nous souvenons que nos peres eurent I'honneur d'aider les votres a fonder votre grande Republique. Aucun des souvenirs de notre long passe ne nous semble plus glorieux et ne nous est plus cher. Le Recteur de l' Universite de Paris, GREARD. Le Secretaire du Conseil de /' Utiiversite', Pfr. ERNEST LAVISSE. 289 [university of PRAGUE] cJlDCctoz et (^eiiatud Ihnlvetditatid (Dazolo-cfetdinandeae yetmanlcae Lhnwetdttattd J^ tincetotitendid J=>taedtcil (jutatoxibud Jotofeddotibud Jjaetiddimtd animid, 'Viti illudttej, littetaa 'Ve^tzad accepimud, quibud ad dollemnia daeculazia 'ibnivezditattd Szincetoniendid 'Vobidcum celebianda invttabamuz. foam quo daeptud fit, id vtzt docti ex idtimu ozbtd tezzazuni zeqioni- buA congzcdianiuz dtudiozumque fzuctud tntez de comtnunicent, co maqia hodped hojpitein diiigit, Mnqulazed ejiu viztuteA admizatuz et dtdczinitna ea pazvi liabenda eMe intellegit, qutbiiA gcnted humanae ducentibud fattd iiepazantuz. So majote aiitem gaudto nuntim 'Ve.itez gzatidMniud nod affec'it, quod pzobe dciebamus eod, qui c!)^cadeniiatn ^ztncetontenAeni faudtu onii- nibui condidezunt, fuidM tntez pzimod, qui anttquiddiniazuni littezaztini demina tzand Oceanum dpazgezent zcconditiozidque doctzinae cultuni in viz- gine, ut ajunt, tezza pzopagazent. ^uatn ob zem libentez, di fiezi potuiddet, niididdemud altqueni ex ozdine denatozum eollegti noMzi, qui a, d. XI. Sijal. ibov. zevocata otiginuni cele- bezzitnae Q^cadcniiae % edtzae memozia dedidezatiddiniozutn udud aniicozum kodpitio vobidcum laetazetuz. &ed quontani nemo mventud edt in Senatu '^bniwzditatid nodtzae, qui diutuzno et tnopinato itinezi faciendo vacazet, hid littezid %^obid pzo offtcitd 'Vedtzid ultzo oblatid gzattad aginiud, ac nod, cum illuxezit died dol- leinntd, non mmud quam di adeddemud, vcdtzi mcmozcd foze polliccmuz. ialete, vtzi liludtzcd, et eadem via, quam deceddozed yedtzi ante hod centum et quinquaginta annod bonid avibud ingzeddi dunt, felicitez foztunate- que pezgite. 3)abamud Szagae cJd. ^fuL MDCCCLXXXXyi. a\D. cfhuppezt, h. t, ibniv, yerm, ahecloz, 290 [queen's college, BELFAST] The President and Council of Queen's College, Belfast, have received with feelings of deep interest and sincere pleasure the communication addressed to them by the President, Trustees and Professors of the Col- lege of New Jersey informing them of the intended Sesquicentennial commemoration of the foundation of the College and of the ceremonies by which the inauguration of Princeton University is to be celebrated. They regret much that it has been found impossible to delegate one of their number to represent this College on so important and memorable an occasion, the commencement of their own winter session at the same date calling for the presence of all the members of their academic body in Bel- fast. But, though they shall thus reluctantly be unrepresented, they none the less heartily join in the congratulations and good wishes with which the time-honoured College and the new University will be greeted. Queen's College, Belfast, is specially and intimately connected with Princeton by the fact that the late President of the College of New Jersey, whose name and distinguished services to it can never be forgotten, the venerable Reverend James McCosh, D. D., LL. D., may be said to have been a gift from Belfast, where he commenced his professional career and where his memory will long be cherished, and by this circumstance also that one of the present professors at Princeton, who occupies there a posi- tion of honour and usefulness, the Reverend George Macloskie, M. A., D. Sc, is an alumnus of this College, where he first exhibited that remarkable aptitude for the study of Natural History which he has since pursued with so much honour to himself and such advantage to the cause of science. Princeton University may be assured that the sincerest interest is taken in its welfare by this College, where the confident hope is cherished that the proceedings at the Sesquicentennial celebrations may be happy and successful, and that the honourable history and traditions of the College of New Jersey may be continued and perpetuated in the new institution now to be inaugurated. Queen's College, Belfast, June, 1896. J. HAMILTON, President. I. PUXSER, Registrar. 291 < a g; a n n n X n < OS) ^■> o P ^ o O o «» V o 1 a [university of ROME] P ^ T 0 - o c P P 5^ ^ P O P or 0 o o Cs. -j p r, e ? s s. ^ 2 = o ^ ^ '-^ ^ ^. ^"^ p -p e r ° p ^ p - - B ^ r s t '^ S .-■ g I « 7- ^ ^ -^ V u 7^ ;; cr> <2 r<7 292 [university of Rostock] Das Concilium der Universitat Rostock hat mit lebhafter Theil- nahme die freundliche Einladung zu der vom 20. bis 22. October dieses Jahres stattfindenden Feier der 1 50'.? Wiederkehr des Stiftungs- tages der Universitat zu Princeton empfangen. In vollkommener Wijrdigung der hohen Verdienste derselben urn die Beforderung und Entwickelung der Wissenschaften hatte es gerne durch ein Mitglied seines Kreises personlich die Beziehungen zum Ausdruck gebracht, die naturgemass zwischen zwei denselben hohen Zielen dienenden Anstalten bestehen. Indess, die weite Entfernung liess die Entsend- ung eines Deputirten unthunHch erscheinen und so beehrt sich das Concilium der Universitat Rostock der Princeton-University auf diesem Wege zu dem bedeutungsvollen Tage seine aufrichtigsten Gliickwiinsche darzubringen. Moge der wissenschaftliche Geist, der die Angehorigen der Princeton-University beseelt, nie aufhoren sich zum Ruhme der Union und des engeren Heimathstaates, so wirk- unesvoU wie bisher zu bethaticren. Von Herzen wiinscht das Con- ciliumderUniversitat Rostock, dafs die heute so glanzvoll dastehende Princeton-University, getragen von dem opferfreudigen Sinne hoch- herziger amerikanischer Patrioten,in den nachsten Jahrzehnten sich zu immer schonerer Bliithe entfalten und dass die eifrige Wirksamkeit ihrer eelehrten Docenten nach wie vor der freien Wissenschaft zum Wohle und Heile gereichen moge. Rostock, den 30. September 1896. Der Rector der Landesuniversitat DR. WILHELM STIEDA. 293 [ THE ROYAL PRUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ] COLLEGIO NEOCAESARIENSI ARTIUM LIBERALIUM IN ORBE NOVO ANTIQUAE SEDI RELIGIONIS SINCERAE INCONCUSSO FUNDAMENTO UBI NATURAE HUMANITATISQVE STUDIA PARI ARDORE CULTA FLORUERUNT OLIM ET NUNC FLORENT ACTOS FELICITER CL ANNOS GRATULANS LUDOSQVE SAECULARES M. OCT. MDCCCXCVI INSTANTES OPTIMIS OMINIBUS PROSEQVENS UT NOMINE AC MOMINE AUCTA UNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS AVITAE LAUDIS MEMOR IN DIES MAGIS INTER UTRIUSQVE MUNDI SORORES EMINEAT AMICIS VOTIS EXPETIT ACADEMIA REGIA BORUSSICA SCIENTIARUM DATUM BEROLINI NOW. lULIlS MDCCCXCVI 294 [ THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ] iCljeK'^P^'^dSocietp of & .wn ,. ^i.^ to caiX to 4vtinb ihz i4i-ai4u ^t-ato/tnat 'tcfaUo-na vumoh, jzon^^ DC^-w catlu ti44tci>, it fia^ ftab lultPi t^fie bi^tmgitkvi'tcb -vnen Mj^o ovt -tlve otfrct^ ^ibc of tPve <£ltlatvtic Ivavc ^uoteb tlieii: ei4ci>gtc^ to tlvc abvai4cei4tc-nt o| S'latut^aE eli^tovofeoge, to ptoi44otc vohicfi tfve Society -vua^ lott^ioco. 3t lrai> 'HjatcPicb -njitft^ i'H-tG/te^t tfic CAta^Ci^-vnewt anb <^zovoi^n o| in!ytiti^tio'Hi> 144^ filvnc^ica fiaDi4^va ^o^ tiWi^ oujcct -tne bi^coDC'C-w cn^i^ cvpteab o| -t^tut^. fit-ni-o-Ha -tneoc- tne tlni\)erstt^ of ;princeton jn^t^t^ fvoi'b.v a ftigfi pface, avib t^e ^cotbevtt ai^ib eFeHoi/uo op tnc Svotjai Societi^ bcei/ib to tPtat *^tu-u€/tmtu t^iz vca/t/nvpiciou.> occasion ot it^ i>e;>cjtiicc^ntetti^tiat ccfeCvtatiovt, anb tfieit^ l!)e>t i^ot^lW^ |or it^ covttii44^eo pto<^- ■pe/cWxjr i-H/ t^ve tii44^ to co-vvie. 15t^ Si-u^awot, 1896. '^e^ibewt of tCie 9?oi^ci^ Socleti^. 295 [university of saint ANDREWS] i'atiiv Sai4^cti Q'Hi^t^eae apiib Scotch, HOC bic au^picato iflt4.i>t'tiAM44i'ae '^ni-ue-t^ita^^i du.'H4.i4iia i>tti^iui4i-, ibetvt ii4- §. S. Csrt-^oioo^ia. cxcolcvibci -l'a6ot^ inbe|e^;>i40. \LlcClOC^4VlClum '^nvuctM-t'al'ii* ^Sufe^oripivit fllnbreapoft ^ioe-Gavi-ceWai^vud. a. ^. IV. ^Cal. Oct. /^ I SEAL 1 296 [university of saint PETERSBURG] UNIVERSITATIS CAESAEEAE PETROrOLITANAE SENATUS COLLECxII IIUCUSQUE iXEOCAESARIEXSIS MOX UNIVERSITATIS PRINCETONIENSLS PRAESIDI CURATORIBUS PROFESSOEIBUS S. p. D. Quod illustrissimi Studii vestvi, vivi clarissimi et doctissimi, origines pie reeolentes simulque pulcberrimi illius, quod per omnes terras vagatur, litterarum scientiarumque commercii haud immemo- res nos quoque votis pro novella Universitate rite suscipiendis prae- sentes esse voluistis, grato vobis laetoque animo referimus acceptum. Quo magis doleuduin arbitramui', quod in diversissima regione habi- tantes totoque paene orbe a vobis divisa ueminem hoc anni tempore invenimus, qui huius gratitudinis nostrae comis fidusque existere posset interpres, ut ad has mutas decurrendum sit litteras, ne in com- muni gi-atulatione nostrae erga vos voluntatis testificatio desideretur. Cupimus igitur simulque coufidimus ad tanta doctrinae et laudis incrementa reservari quam hodie iuauguraturi estis UNIVERSITATEM PRINCETOOTENSEM ut — scimus quid dicamus — gloriosissima ista Eepubliea quovis pacto digna fiat ; confidimus autem, quia is semper fuit civibus vestris animus, ut strenue audendum, ea prudentia, ut sollerter elaborandum, ea denique constantia, ut nou ante successum coeptis desistendum existimarent. Dabimus Petropoli die 25 Septembris anni MDCCCXCVI. ( SEAL ) Universitatis Caesareae Petropolitanae Eeetor P. NnilTIN. Ordinis historicorum et philologoruui Decauus I. POMJALOVSKIJ. Ordinis physicorum et mathematicorum Decanus A. SoVETOV. Pro Decano ordinis iureconsultorimi BaSILIUS Lebedev. Ordinis linguas orientales prof essorum Decanus ViCTOR LIBER BARO A RoSEN. 297 [university of SALAMANCA] 3^ector (sMaaiiAi (4 WociQU:> huJM ^Imae ti kt,'ian4ikii ^ula4oU= hui^ cae^eiiinue eiMclem §vdini!> &odaUI)Ui ^oUe^ii ^tccatMiUniiii, ^iinceioniat : &alu4em in Wno auamhlmimam dicuni. SEUhijae, auM (,x fohiA, ^mjdmimi Tiu, dk iciUcei heiietno accehimmi acculaie h/txtjedo ti concinnt dejikiae,, nol'ii hetaia^ae e^mhum in mcdumjumndae accideie, eo auod, cum de cen^iimo auinaua^eiimo ^eocaeMUemii (gollmd ^aialikio veiiia hauddulia claa noi ienevo/en^ia ^aciam cei/iolei/ 4wm tiiam auod, de eiuidetn ^oileaii in "'%mwm4a4em ^iince4onk'nAem" ccmmu4a= 4ione e4 inauauimione 4am4um even4uni nol'i^ 'K/nun4kn4 — Suae, auidem nuncia noviinie4iiiiii e4 S'ide t4 i4udiii communilui voUi conmnc4immi:^ niaximani Iae4i4iam a44uleu a4que deiec4a= 4ioneni. ^umula4iyyimai iai4ui ToUi, Ti/ii h&dUwAits^, t4 de, li44eui lienemeu4i, iejfiendimu^ qia4ei hioMet filaecikuam in nci4%am "(^imam @Ma4ieni oliUivan4iam : e4 4an4o iaeculaii Mt!>4o oli4ima <^uae(^u6 a Weo §. oil. exoi,an4e^, w>U:> de ^i4iui " '1/niveiii4a4ii ^iince4cniemii " ini4i4u4ione e4 inau jie/bi ac ^letfici nequean4, 4o4a ni/ii/ominm Toi, /iiaei4an4iiiimi viii, comi4alimul men4e, ^eumque jiiecaUmul u4 ve^tae Teliae iolemnei bene e4 jelici4ei evenian4 e4 Auc4uA in hc!>4euim ex ickn4ia= lum a^lo quern novii viiikii nunc colele coejm4i;>, iin4 Uoien4ei, iin4 uUiumi, iin4 iea4i. Wa4um Sfalman4icae : ^jiud %niveiM4a4em : ^onii (sMaii, ^rnni &ni MDCCCXCVI. ^n &oc4oluvi eMaaii4toiumque nomine i SEAL j oManih §ihel,a(}c oiano 298 [university of strassburg] Kaiser- Wilhelms-Universitat, Strassburg, den 3. August 1896. Im Namen des akademischen Senates unserer Hochschule spreche ich Ihrer Universitat zur Feier ihres i50jahrigen Bestehens unsere herzlichsten Gliickwunsche aus. Ich ver- binde damit unseren besten Dank fiir die freundliche Ein- ladung, die Sie an uns ergehen liessen, und den Ausdruck unseres Bedauerns, von der Entsendung eines Vertreters zu Ihrem Jubilaum Abstand nehmen zu miissen. Da die Zeit Ihres Festes gerade mit dem Beginn des Wintersemesters zusammenfallt, ist es leider keinem Mitgliede des Lehr- korpers unserer Universitat moglich, eine Reise auf so weite Entfernung zu unternehmen. Der Rektor der Universitat, LENEL. 299 [university of TUBINGEN] De Akademische Senat Koni^lich Wiirttemberorischen Universitat T I an ■t/t^e /y(p'PZ''t'i^e-iii r^lt^'f ^^'''i-t-^yi.C'e-t-o-'n^, (Sxy«;-z^ ^t-e-id-e ■e-'^'li^t^'l ■z.-t^on^-e-r^tzi^-r^-e-'i^e- i)-&'jh^'i' -r7^&di> i-t-tdi^ tt^'yi.d -ci^e- ■rz--i^^l-t-i>'^'fi,r7-e'7^ S<:^'lM^i>'H-^, ^■e-l c/ei'Z>€--t^^-t--rt t>'H>it^i^, €' 'Lt^^^pedd-tn-i. ^^■^. (s^-^* 300 [university of upsala] PRAESIDI CURATOEIBUS PEOFESSORIBUS COLLEGII NEOCAESAEIENSIS S. p. D. RECTOR ET SENATUS UNIYERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Per litteras humanitatis plenas nuper certiores nos fecistis, Viri illus- trissimi et doctissimi, in eo esse, ut festi a Vobis dies celebrentur, quibus memoriam CoUegii Neoeaesariensis abbine CL annos conditi pie recolatis iidemque Universitatem Princetoniensem rite inauguretis. Quod ut magno cum gaudio nostro cognovimus, ita non potuit non gratissimum esse, quod unum aliquem ex nostro numero legatum mitti voluistis, qui Vestro usus bospitio Vobiscum festo illo tempore laetaretur. Cui invita- tioni tam liberali atque tarn bonorificae quominus obsequamur cum regi- onum louginquitate oflSciorumque nostrorum ratione probibeamur, nobis liceat hoc uno quo possumus modo Vobis Vestraeque Universitati et peraeti temporis prosperitatem congratulari et in posterum laetissima et optima quaeque precari. Vivat, vigeat, inerementa capiat Uuiversitas Priucetouiensis ! Doceutium laude, frequentia discentium semper floreat ! Praeclara ilia artium optimarum studia foveat, augeat, exornet ! Valete nobisque f avete ! Dabamus Upsaliae mense Septembri a. MDCCCLXXXXVI Senatus aeademici nomine TH. M. FRIES, Rector. 301 [university of UTRECHT] praesi&i Curatorlbus professorlbus ■Qniversitatts iprincetonieusts (sf. 2). ^ ^. IRector ^agnificus et Senatus "Clniversttatls 'Clltraiectinae raeti uestra laetitia, "Cltri ampUssimi, libenter accepimus instate &tem, quo uestri (I©XXE01I1F, quo& futt ollm, lD1R1IlDj61RS1lXrHXrilS, quae moj futura est, spatlo sesqui* K saeculari elapso, Mem anniuersarium sollemniore ^^ solito sltis celebraturi rttu. 1bunc faustissimum euentum uobis impense gratulamur, nee non sinceris prosequtmur uotis pro uestrae "Clniuersitatis in annis et saeculis, quae Deinceps sunt insecutura, felicitate. (HIDIF mzucSi ^©IRUIDIFS 1R]E2)3>1IU, HXXE uobis uestrisque stuDiis faueat pros* peramque fortunam in&ulgeat. (Xolleaam nostrum Hmbrosium Hrnolbum 6uilielmum Ibubrecbt D. C. quem bonoris causa soUemnitatibus, quas obituri estis, cele* bran5is aSbibuistis rooauimus ut uestri gaubii testis ocularis coram apu& vos barum litterarum gratulationem et bona uota sua confirmet oratione. IDaletc 3)atum '^bltzaiecti mendii ^uli die XXP^P S9,, 3). MDCCCLXXXXyi IRector maflntficua ^__^ /ID. Ub. iboutsma fl^^^ Senatus Sctuariue \^^J %. De Xouter. 302 FROM OTHER COUNTRIES [university of MELBOURNE] The University of Melbourne, 1 2th May, 1896. Sir: I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the document dated ist January, 1896, in which is conveyed an invitation to the University of Melbourne to attend at the celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the foun- dation of the University of New Jersey, U. S. A. In reply, I am directed to inform you that the Council of this University, at its meeting held yesterday, passed the following resolution : "That the University of New Jersey be thanked for " the honour it has done the University of Melbourne in " asking it to appoint a delegate to attend at the celebra- "tion of such an important and interesting event ; and "the University of New Jersey be informed that the " University of Melbourne will gladly avail itself of the " invitation, if it be possible to make arrangements for " so doing." I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient Servant, E. F. A BECKETT, Registrar. To the Secretary of the Princeton Sesquicentennial Celebration. 305 [SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE] SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE, BEIRUT, SYBIA. ^ke cfacuity of t lie ^yt'ian Jstote^tant Golle^e (''lhl-&Jbedteiiat tii-d'oullii/at ua-(sfaui/at ul-cSqa^elli/atJ acknowledge with than/id the coutteM of the J^redldentf Vtudteed and cJ'acuity of the (boileae of ibew /jetdeij in extending to them an in- vitation/ lately zeceiped through the Lbnited Stated Joegation at (oondtantinoplcf to he teptedented at the (^ejcjuicentennial Gelebtation to be held in Jotinceton in Uctobet next. cJt gived them much pleadute to be able to accept the invitation, with the appointment of cJoev, (i;!i vaTdJ 7o1 bbfl 3d o ) biea adl lo .ifiay^ jjiiiaiij 3ilj 10 i£ oj OS ladoJoO moi) -Z3 agiel ifiav £ oJ ,ebn3q3b pJiTooa c In sin'- J, - , .ih-,. ,>i.-t(! ',(!T I am diariJ riguoriT .yunooD isAt ni noiJ£ !:jJ ■)(!j 1(1 '••id iJi.i'l •nfiflsw ' I isiim noh&bauol .■■'■. inwfi a/i jr(; Jsl' ol bras J airll m. .3g3Tf[9i. ' aauoY. .(>p8r .rp T^rlrnslcTj^ ,oi:;ioT ^ 7 'Ait /Of >^ ^U ' — * .^ ^^ + pi: ' A, ^ - ^^ :^,.- « 7 5 .-*? ^. ym^ i>^L \ M /u *- 7 ? 'J> ^ ^ ■ :^ A /u /«- s. v iH ^«^ M- -^ M - * » t I At •?& /u r ! ' "^ >/ I s 7 X /» > > 1^ ^> 7> Jt-^^ 5^ >^ - yw m r it > t I y«^ ^ l'!h % iii CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES, LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS RECEIVED FROM ASSOCIATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS [ ALLIANCE OF REFORMED CHURCHES HOLDING THE PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM ] Philadelphia, Pa., October 19, 1896. To the Trustees of Princeton University, Greeting : The American Section of the "Alliance of the Reformed Churches through- out the World holding the Presbyterian System," through its officers, tenders to you cordial congratulations upon the Sesquicentennial of the justly cele- brated institution of learning whose interests are in your charge. Presby- terians have cherished a deep affection for the "College of New Jersey" through the one hundred and fifty years which have elapsed since it was first established — an interest natural in view of the history of the Institution. The majority of its founders were Presbyterians ; its first classes assembled in the home of a Presbyterian pastor, who was the first president ; and the support of the Presbyterian General Synod resulted in the erection of Nassau Hall, the first of the collegiate buildings. From the initial years onward, the interest of Presbyterians in the Institution has been made increasingly manifest by gener- ous gifts ; and none have rejoiced more than they in the ever-enlarging body of students; in the notable men who have occupied in the College positions of trust and learning; and especially in the eminent persons filling from time to time the Presidency of the Institution. It is, further, a cause of rejoicing that the liberal spirit and scholarly temper of the Presbyterian Churches made the College from the beginning an institu- tion free to all worthy persons, and gave it an impetus to sound thinking and high scholarship which has been steadily maintained by its officers and faculty through all the years of its life. Established in the interests of true religion as well as of learning, it has been a source also of great spiritual profit to the Presbyterian and other Christian Churches, through the numerous ministers whom it has educated, and who have loyally served in their day and genera- tion our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Gladly, therefore, do we tender to you our thanks for the services rendered by the College to the Churches of Christ during a century and a half; greatly do we rejoice in the prosperity which God has bestowed upon it ; earnestly do we hope, now that it has become a university, for an ever-increasing influence on its part in the maintenance both of true religion and sound learning ; and cordially do we invoke upon all its interests grace, mercy and peace from God the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. In behalf of the Alliance, WM. CAVEN, Chairman, WM. HENRY ROBERTS, Secretary, GEO. JUNKIN, Treasurer. 309 [lord KELVIN, PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW] [ Telegram\ Glasgow, Oct. 21, 1896. President, Princeton University, New Jersey. I heartily congratulate the College and University of Princeton on the celebration of the 150 years of its be- neficent life upon which we look back, and on the new developments now organized for continuance of good work with ever increasing energy in the future. I regret exceedingly that my University engagements in Glas- gow make it impossible for me to be present at Prince- ton on this occasion, and I ask the University and its friends now assembled to accept this telegraphic expres- sion of my cordial sympathy and good wishes. KELVIN. 310 [OHIO SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS] Society of Colonial Wars, IN THE STATE OF OHIO. Cincinnati, O., Oct. 20, 1896. The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Ohio extends to the College of New Jersey its hearty congratulations on the completion of a century and a half of corporate existence. The history of Princeton, linking us with the early struggles of the Colonial Epoch, the grand formative period of our nation, forms a brilliant chapter in the annals of the Republic. May her career in the future exemplify, as in the past, the highest type of American scholarship ! Signed on behalf of the Society, SAMUEL J. HUNT, Governor. Attest : A. H. PUGH, Dep. Secretary. 311 [president DWIGHT of YALE UNIVERSITY] Munich, Germany, September 30, 1896. My dear President Patton : I write you a few lines this evening to express to you what I have already expressed to Professor West as your representative — my regrets at my necessary absence from the exercises of your celebration at Princeton on occasion of your Sesquicentennial Anniversary. The Corporation of our University extended my vacation so far as to cover not only the usual summer recess, but also the autumn term; and as my family were desirous of coming abroad, and it was desirable for them to do so at this time, it was a matter of importance for me to be with them. Professor Fisher will, at the request of our Corporation, act as official representative and delegate from Yale ; and other professors, as Professors Lounsbury, Ladd and Gibbs, will also be present and bear witness of the kindly sentiments of Yale towards Princeton. Your anniversary will be a memorable one in the history of your insti- tution ; and as it passes from the old historic College of New Jersey into the Princeton University of the future, the institution will take to itself new honor and new success. The relation of our institution to yours in the early days was a peculiarly interesting one. The later days have witnessed friendly sentiment and generous devotion to the same good cause. May the future find the two united in the true University brotherhood — with the truest loyalty to learning and truth, and with the loftiest purpose for education and religion. I beg you will present my kindest and most respectful regards to the members of your Board of Trustees and your Faculty, and my thanks for the friendly invitation extended to me to be present at the anniversary. Were it not that the ocean separates me from my home at this time, I should surely have answered your kind summons by my presence and by a word from Yale — a word which will be spoken with the true Yale sym- pathy and friendship by our professors, and better and more felicitously, no doubt, than I could have spoken it. With much regard, I am very truly yours, TIMOTHY DWIGHT. 312 [professor WILHELM OSTWALD, university of LEIPZIG] [ Telegram ] Leipzig, Oct. 21, 1896. University, Princeton, N. J. Vivat crescat floreat Universitas Princetoniensis in aeternum. OSTWALD, Professor of Chemistry. 313 ^art Cl)trD HISTORICAL SKETCH OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ^^^ 3 3 2\^ ■ "^_^- ;^-;^ ^ IP ^^'^ '^^'j:j^i^i_!;jj>-'"^^^' -^i^ .UL,A l^ASS PRELIMINARY NOTE. I am indebted to the History of the College by President Maclean ; to the Princeton Book published by Houghton, Mifflin & Company ; to the several Histories of the Presbyterian Church by Webster, Hodge, Gillett, and Briggs ; to those who have written sketches of Professors, and to Professor Charles W. Shields and Professor Henry C. Cameron, who have carefully studied the beginnings of the University. In writing a brief historical sketch of a college, one is compelled to make the Presidents, not absolutely, but rela- tively too prominent. It seems impossible, with so little space at one's dis- posal, not to do injustice, through lack of adequate mention, to Professors who not only have shared with the Presidents the burdens of administration, but as teachers have done the distinctive work of an institution of learning, and have largely given to it its reputation. The elder John Maclean; the brothers James and Addison Alexander ; Albert B. Dod, the mathematician and man of letters ; Joseph Henry, the physicist ; Stephen Alexander, the astron- omer; Arnold Guyot, the geologist and geographer; Lyman H. Atwater, the great teacher and wise counsellor ; and Alexander Johnston, the political historian, and others, deserve commemoration in a volume like this as really as do Jonathan Dickinson and James McCosh. — J. De Witt. I. The Beginnings of University Life in America. HE earliest colleges planted in America not only adopted the curriculum of the European univer- sities and manifested their spirit in new con- ditions, but are descended from them. Almost the youngest of the colleges of Cambridge is Emmanuel, founded in 1584. From the beginning of its life it was the home of Puritanism. Indeed, from the beginning of the Puritan movement this was true of the university. Before EmmanueP College existed, as Mr. Froude has said, " Cambridge, which had been the nursery of the reforms, retained their spirit. When Cambridge offended the govern- ment of Elizabeth, it was by over-sympathy with Cartwright and the Puritans." This sympathy with Puritanism on the part of the university at the close of the sixteenth ' " Emmanuel owed its origin to the same movement of thought which pro- duced your Commonwealth, and the ideas which found expression on the coast of Massachusetts Bay were fostered in Sir Walter Mildmay's new Col- lege at Cambridge. Emmanuel College was founded to be a stronghold of the Puritan party in the days when they were waging a stubborn and deter- mined war for the possession of the English Church." — Prof Mandell Creighton, " Record of Harvard University's 250th Anniversary," p. 277. 31 7 318 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION century was most intense in Emmanuel College. From Emmanuel came the most of the founders of Harvard. In this way, just when Emmanuel College had passed the first half century of its existence, Cambridge University became the mother of the oldest of the American universities. Thus, both because of intellectual and religious sympathy, and by the mode of a visible historical descent, the spirit of the institution which had long existed on the banks of the Cam in England, was embodied in the new institution of learning established on the bank of the Charles in New England. So strong was the sense of their indebtedness to the univer- sity in the mother country, and so intense was the feeling of historical relationship, that the founders of Harvard changed the name of the village in which the new college was given a home from Newtown to Cambridge. The college soon justified the hopes of its founders ; the hopes especially of that " reverend and godly lover of learning," John Harvard, who endowed it with his library and with one half of his other property, and from whom it obtained its name. Sixty-five years later Harvard College became, in turn, the mother of another college. For just as Harvard traces its origin to graduates of Emmanuel, Yale traces its be- ginnings to the Rev. James Pierpont, a Harvard graduate of the class of 1681, and the Rev. Abraham Pierson, a Harvard graduate of the class of 1668. The governor of Massachu- setts, Earl Bellamont, when addressing the General Court of the Commonwealth in 1699, ""^ade this remark: " It is a very great advantage you have above other provinces, that your youth are not put to travel for learning, but have the muses at their doors." It was not only the disadvantage of distance which the establishment of Harvard College overcame, but the disadvantage also which the non-con- forming subjects of Great Britain suffered, of inability, PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 319 because non-conformists, to enjoy the advantages of the EngHsh universities. Still, distance alone was thought a disadvantage in Connecticut. At the close of the seven- teenth century the population of the New England colonies had risen to one hundred thousand ; and already, in the colony of Connecticut, with a population of fifteen thousand, the need of an institution of liberal learning was deeply felt. Like the founders of the college at Cambridge, Massachu- setts, those most active in founding Yale College were min- isters of the Gospel, the most of them graduates of Harvard. In Dexter's historical sketch of Yale University, he says that " tradition describes the meeting of a few Connecticut pastors at Branford, the next town east of New Haven, about the last of September, 1701, and implies that to con- stitute a company of founders, those then met gave (or probably, for themselves and in the name of their most ac- tive associates, agreed to give) a collection of books, as the foundation for a college in the colony." The college charter clearly indicates that the end intended to be secured by the establishment of Yale was that which had led to the found- ing of Harvard and the universities from which it was de- scended. Full liberty and privileges were granted to the undertakers "for the founding, suitably endowing, and or- dering a collegiate school within His Majesty's colonies of Connecticut wherein youth may be instructed in the arts and sciences who, through the blessing of Almighty God, may be fitted for public employment in the Church and civil State." During the same year, 1701, the trustees under the charter held their first meeting; and Yale College began its great and beneficent career. Harvard and Yale, with the Virginia College of William and Mary, the last founded by a royal charter in 1693, were the only institutions of higher learning in the colonies at the commencement of the eighteenth century. In important re- 320 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION spects they were alike in origin and aim. Each of them arose among a homogeneous people. Each was the college of a people compacted by common religious beliefs and common modes of worship, by common social customs and ideals. Each was the college of but a single colony, sep- arated from the other colonies by distance, by its special government, and not seldom by conflicting interests. Each was a college born of the needs of the rehgious communion which was united with the State : and, what is specially important to notice, each was born at a time when the col- onies stood separate from one another, each valuing most highly what was most distinctive in its constitution, and conscious only of a loose union with the other colonies through the common government across the sea. Each, therefore, came into existence years before the colonists began to realize their unity as Americans, and to be con- scious of their affection for a common country. The conditions under which the fourth American college, the college at Princeton, was born, gave to it in impor- tant respects a different character. It was not the college of an established Church. It was not the college of a single colony. It was not the college of people sprung from a single nationality. It sprang out of the life of a voluntary religious communion which had spread itself over several colonies, and which united a large portion of their peoples in common aims and activities ; and it sprang into being at the time when Americans began to be conscious of their unity as Americans, and when the sentiment of pa- triotism for a common country was beginning to energize in united political action. In this way, at its birth, this fourth American college had impressed upon it a national and American character which it has never lost, which has largely determined its patronage and its policy, and which, during the war of independence and the period of consti- PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 321 tutional discussion following the war, enabled it to render great and special services to the United States. When the separate colonies of East and West Jersey were united in 1702, the Province of New Jersey formed by the union contained a population of fifteen thousand souls. This population was made up for the most part of English Friends, of New England Puritans, and of Presbyterians from Scotland and Ireland. The settlers increased rapidly in number; so that when, in 1738, the Province sought an administration distinct from that of New York, it contained not less than forty thousand people. The conquest of New York by the British had introduced into that city and the colony to which it belonged a mi.xed population. The Province of Pennsylvania, organized by the liberal consti- tution called " The Holy Experiment," granted by its pro- prietor, had opened its vast territory to immigrants of different nationalities and religious beliefs. The Pennsyl- vania immigrants were English Friends, Germans, and Pres- byterians from the north of Ireland. The wave of immigration from Presbyterian Ulster, on touching the American shore, spread itself more widely than any other. Scoto-Irish Presbyterians were to be found in New York, in New Jersey, in Pennsylvania, and in the southern colonies. They easily allied themselves with each other and, in the middle colonies, with the Puritan emigrants from New England. This alliance between the Scoto-Irish and the New England Puritans gave to the Presbyterian Church, from the beginning, what may be called properly an American as distinguished from an English or Scotch- Irish character. Indeed the Presbytery of Philadelphia, or- ganized as early as 1705 or 1706, by seven ministers, repre- sented at least four sources of the colonial population. In 17 17 a synod was formed with the three presbyteries of Long Island, Philadelphia, and New Castle. This organi- 322 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION zation was the strongest bond between the several popula- tions just named in the three adjoining colonies. It united them in a single church. It brought together, often and at stated times, their religious leaders. The Puritan clergymen of East Jersey who were graduates of Harvard or Yale, and the Scotch-Irish ministers of Pennsylvania, who had won their degrees at Glasgow or Edinburgh, met and conferred at the synod of the church, and, after their return to their parishes, corresponded with one another on the welfare of their congregations, of the communities in which they lived, and of what they were beginning to call their common country. In these conversations and letters, not only the need of ministers for the rapidly multiplying churches, but the need also of educated leaders for the rapidly forming communities were often mentioned for the reason that they were deeply felt. The conviction soon became strong and well-nigh unanimous that these needs could be supplied only by a college for the middle colonies. II. The Origin of the College of New Jersey. In presenting the origin of Princeton College, one can best begin by repeating the statement just made, namely, that during the first half of the eighteenth century, by far the strongest bond uniting a large proportion of the popula- tion of southern New York, East and West Jersey, and the Province of Pennsylvania, was the organized Presbyterian Church. It constituted for these people a far stronger social tie than the common sovereignty of Great Britain ; for this sovereignty was manifested in different forms in the different colonies ; and, except in Pennsylvania, where the proprietary's spirit of toleration had fair play, it neither de- served nor received the affection of the most of the colonists. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 323 In an important sense the British rule in the middle colonies was that of a foreign power. The New Englanders in East Jersey were settlers under a government in whose adminis- tration they had no substantial share. Far from controlling, they could with difficulty influence the political action of the Governor and his Council. In southern New York the Dutch were restive under the English domination. In New York City and on Long Island the relations between the Scot- tish Presbyterians and New England Puritans on the one hand, and the English Episcopalians on the other, were often inimical ; and it was only the latter to whom, on the whole, the King's representative was at all friendly. In Pennsylvania there were English Friends, Germans who had been invited by Penn to settle in the eastern counties of the Province, and Scoto-Irish Presbyterians, who landed at the port of Philadelphia in large numbers, and took up farms in the rich valleys between the mountain ranges. From the " Irish settlement," at the union of the Delaware and the Lehigh, where the city of Easton now stands, to Harris' Ferry on the Susquehanna, now the capital of the State, there were many Presbyterian communities ; and from these, in turn, moved the new emigrations to the great valley, called the Cumberland Valley, north of the Potomac, and, south of that river, the Valley of Virginia. The Presbyterians of these colonies and of Maryland and Virginia secured a visible unity when, in 1705 or 1706, their pastors and churches were organized as a presbytery. Touching the character of this organization, there has been a good deal of debate. But whether formed on the model of the English presbyterial association,' or on that of the more highly specialized Scotch presbytery, the Presbytery of Philadelphia, as it was popularly called, furnished a means of association and of interchange of ideas among the Eng- ' Briggs' "American Presbyterianism," p. 139. 324 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION lish-speaking clergymen who were scattered along the At- lantic coast from Cape Charles to Montauk Point. Into this new ecclesiastical organization soon came the New England congregations of East Jersey. By 1720 the Presbyterian Church was composed of German, Dutch, Scoto-Irish, and New England elements. The last two were by far the larg- est and most influential. The rapid increase of the population, the need of new churches, and the opportunities offered to organize them, impressed on the Presbyterian ministers of that day the need of an increase in their own ranks. Others might be depended upon to organize the material elements of civiliza- tion in the new communities ; but, just as it was at an ear- lier date in New England, the duty of providing religious teachers for the people was largely left to the ministers already at work. Francis Makemie, the first Presbyterian minister to come from Ireland to America, gave expression to his anxiety on this subject in letters written to Increase Mather of Boston and to correspondents in Ireland and London. In response to calls from the settlers, some min- isters came from New England and others from Ireland; but the supply was far from equal to the demand. As the churches had multiplied, the original presbytery had been divided into several presbyteries, and these had been organized as a synod. And the members of the synod, be- coming more distinctly conscious of their mission to their common country, began to agitate the question of their independence, in respect to ministerial education, of both Great Britain and New England. This agitation did not terminate in itself. A few minis- ters, unwilling to wait for ecclesiastical action, opened pri- vate schools in which they taught the liberal arts ; and to the students thus prepared who desired to become readers in divinity, they offered themselves as preceptors. Precisely PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 325 these steps in behalf of Hberal education were taken by the two Presbyterian ministers of New Jersey who afterward became the first two presidents of Princeton, Jonathan Dick- inson of Ehzabethtown, and Aaron Burr of Newark. Still another Presbyterian minister, William Tennent, opened a private school destined to become far more influential than the school of either Dickinson or Burr. This was the Log College at the Forks of the Neshaminy. William Tennent was born in Ireland in 1673. We owe to the investigations of Dr. Briggs our knowledge of the fact that he was graduated at the University of Edinburgh, July II, 1695.^ He was admitted to deacon's orders in the Church of Ireland by the Bishop of Down in 1704, and two years later was ordained a priest. Though an Episcopalian, he was related by blood to Ulster Presbyterians, and he married the daughter of Gilbert Kennedy, the Presbyterian pastor of Dundonald. His father-in-law had suffered dur- ing one of the persecutions of the non-conformists, and the story of his hardships may be responsible for Tennent's re- nunciation of the Church of Ireland. At all events, " after having been in orders a number of years, he became scru- pulous of conforming to the terms imposed on the clergy of the Establishment, and was deprived of his living, and there being no satisfactory prospect of usefulness at home, he came to America."^ He landed at Philadelphia with his four sons in 17 16. Two years later he applied for admis- sion to the Synod of Philadelphia. The committee to whom his application was referred were satisfied with his credentials, with the testimony concerning him of some of the brethren connected with the synod, and with the material reasons he offered for " his dissenting from the Established Church in Ireland." These reasons were re- ' "American Presbyterianism," p. 186. = Webster, " Hist. Pres. Church," p. 365. 326 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION corded in the synod's rmnuies, ad fuf lira m rei mejiioyiam, he was voted a minister of the Presbyterian Church, and " the Moderator gave him a serious exhortation to continue steadfast in his holy profession." After laboring at East Chester and Bedford in New York, he removed in 1721 to Pennsylvania, and took charge of two congregations, Ben- Salem and Smithfield in the county of Bucks. Five years later he accepted a call to a congregation in the same county, at a point afterwards called the Forks of the Ne- shaminy. Whether a church had been organized before his arrival cannot now be positively determined. A house of worship was built about 1727. Here he lived for twenty years, during sixteen of which he was actively engaged as the pastor of the church. His personality is not well enough known to enable one to draw his portrait even in outline. Two things concerning him, however, are well known : his religious and missionary zeal and his exceptional attainments in classical learnino'. " While an orthodox creed and a de- cent external conduct," writes Archibald Alexander, "were the only points upon which inquiry was made when per- sons were admitted to the communion of the church, and while it was very much a matter of course for all who had been baptized in infancy to be received into full communion at the proper age,"^ this did not satisfy Mr. Tennent. The evangelical spirit which burned in the members of the Holy Club at Oxford inflamed the pastor of Neshaminy. He de- sired as communicants only the subjects of a conscious supernatural experience. When Whitefield first visited Philadelphia, Mr. Tennent called upon him at once, and they soon became intimate friends. He admired White- field's oratory, and was in full sympathy with his methods as a revivalist. Whitefield cordially reciprocated Tennent's friendship. He found no one in the colonies in whose com- ^ " Log College," p. 23. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 327 panionship he was more strengthened and comforted. He spent many days at the Forks of the Neshaminy, and it is to his journal that we are indebted for the best description of the Log CoUege. Wilham Tennent's high sense of the value of a liberal education, his desire to extend its benefits to his four sons, his determination to relieve, so far as he might be able, the destitution of ministers in the church with which he was connected, and his ambition to propagate his own views of preaching and of the religious life, led him, soon after his settlement at Neshaminy, to open a school of liberal learn- ing and of divinity. His cousin, James Logan, Secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania, gave him for this purpose fifty acres on Neshaminy Creek. There he raised a log building as a study for his pupils. It was as humble as the cabin of reeds and stubble which Abelard built for himself at Nogent, and which was made famous by the flocking of students from Paris to hear the words of the master. " The place where the young men study now," writes George Whitefield in his journal, "is in contempt called the College. It is a log house, about twenty foot long, and near as many broad ; and to me it resembled the schools of the old proph- ets. For that their habitations were mean, and that they sought not great things for themselves, is plain from that passage of Scripture wherein we are told that, at the feast of the sons of the prophets, one of them put on the pot, whilst the others went to fetch some herbs out of the field. From this despised place, seven or eight ministers of Jesus have lately been sent forth, more are almost ready to be sent, and a foundation is now being laid for the instruction of many others." The annals of the Log College are " the short and simple annals of the poor." Its life was brief, and of those who studied there we possess no complete list. Most of the ministers of Pennsylvania, while they probably 328 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION regarded it with fear, spoke of it with contempt. When Tennent died no one continued his work. The building has long since decayed or been destroyed, and its site within the fifty acres is not clearly known. But the work done by the Log College was a great work. Tennent convinced the Presbyterians of the Middle Colonies that they need not and ought not to wait upon Great Britain and New Eng- land for an educated ministry ; and through his pupils and the pupils of his pupils, he did more than any other man of his day to destroy customs which were as bonds to the church, and to teach his brethren that evangelical feeling and missionary zeal were necessary to fulfil the mission of his communion in the growing colonies. " To William Tennent, above all others, is owing the prosperity and enlargement of the Presbyterian Church."^ From this school were graduated the four sons of the elder Tennent, and not a few others, who became eminent in the church; some of them in connection with the early life of Princeton College, and, before that college was founded, as founders of institutions like the one from which they came. One of these was Samuel Blair, who estab- lished a classical school at Fagg's Manor or New London- derry, where John Rogers, afterwards pastor of the Brick Church in New York City ; Samuel Davies, Princeton's fourth President; and William Maclay, United States sen- ator from Pennsylvania, were educated. Indeed, it may be said that by nothing is the high character of the Log College education more satisfactorily evidenced than by the attainments and efficiency of Samuel Blair and his brother John, upon both of whom Tennent had impressed his religious views and his zeal for the higher learning. No less distinguished than the Blairs was Samuel Finley, who succeeded Davies as President of Princeton College. That ' Webster, " Hist. Pres. Church." PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 329 he was one of Tennent's students is not certain, but is in the highest degree probable. Tennent's school was in existence when Finley came from Ireland to Philadelphia to continue his studies, and there was no other school near at hand where students for the ministry were educated. He united with Tennent's presbytery and was licensed by it. When he became a pastor he opened a school like the Log College, and during all his life he supported the views which were associated with Tennent's name. What Samuel Blair did at Fagg's Manor, Samuel Finley did at Notting- ham, Maryland. He founded a seminary for classical study and for the training of ministers. How important its career was is shown by the fact that "at one time there was a cluster of young men at the school, who all were after- wards distinguished, and some of them among the very first men in the country : Governor Martin, of North Car- olina; Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, and his brother, Jacob Rush, an eminent and pious judge; Ebenezer Haz- ard, Esq., of Philadelphia; Rev. James Waddell, D. D., of Virginia; Rev. Dr. McWhorter, of Newark, N. J.; Colonel John Bayard, Speaker of the House of Representatives; Governor Henry, of Maryland ; and the Rev. William M. Tennent, of Abbington, Pa."^ Less successful, because of the temper of the principal, was the school of another pupil, John Roan of Derry. The ministers educated in these schools soon showed themselves equal to positions in the colonies usually occu- pied by graduates of the universities of Scotland or of the New England colleges ; and it was their conspicuous suc- cess as pastors or teachers which led the Synod to take ac- tion in 1739 looking to the establishment of a college for the whole church. In that year an overture for erecting a seminary of learning was presented to the Synod. The » " Log College," pp. 305-306. 330 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Synod unanimously approved the design of it, and in order to accomplish it did nominate Messrs. Pemberton, Dick- inson, Cross and Anderson, two of whom, if they can be prevailed upon, to be sent home to Europe to prosecute this affair with proper directions. And in order to this, it is appointed that the committee of the Synod, with correspon- dents from every Presbytery, meet in Philadelphia the third Wednesday of August next. And if it be found necessary that Mr. Pemberton should go to Boston pursuant to this design, it is ordered that the Presbytery of New York sup- ply his pulpit during his absence.^ Two of the committee, Messrs. Pemberton and Dickinson, were natives of New England; Pemberton was graduated at Harvard and Dickinson at Yale. Dr. Anderson was from Scotland, and Mr. Cross was from Ireland. The com- mittee at once entered upon its duties. But the period did not favor the prosecution of the scheme. " While the com- mittee concluded upon calling the whole Synod together for the purpose of prosecuting the overture respecting a seminary of learning, yet the war breaking out between England and Spain, the calling of the Synod was omitted, and the whole affair laid aside for that time."- This was the last legislative action taken upon the subject by the united church. Had the Synod founded a college, it is not probable that Princeton would have been selected as its site ; and, had Princeton been selected, the institution, by its of- ficial relation to the church, would have had a character and career very different from those of the College of New Jersey. But a conflict now began within the Synod, which led to its division in 1742. The conflict and the resulting division were due to the activity of two parties holding opposing ' "Records of the Presbyterian Church." Minutes, 1739. - " Records of the Presbyterian Church." Minutes, 1740. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 331 opinions as to the value of vivid religious experiences, and of preaching designed immediately to call forth religious confession, and as to the learning requisite for admission to the ministry. On the one hand was the party of the Log College. A number of its graduates and friends had been erected into the Presbytery of New Brunswick. This Pres- bytery, in violation of a rule of the Synod, had licensed John Rowland, a student of the Log College, and had intruded him within the bounds of the Presbytery of Phila- delphia: for the Synod had taken action that no candidate for the ministry, having only a private education, should be licensed by any Presbytery until such candidate's learning had been passed upon by a committee appointed for that purpose. The Synod responded by a resolution which characterized the Presbytery's conduct as disorderly, and admonished that body to avoid "such divisive courses" in the future. Moreover, the Synod refused to recognize Rowland as a minister, and ordered him to submit to the ex- aminations appointed for those who had only a private edu- cation. The members of the Presbytery of New Brunswick were intensely indignant. They asserted that the Synod's action reflected seriously upon the character of the training received at the Log College ; that it showed the Synod to be absolutely blind to the religious needs of the growing Colonies ; that it was an undeserved rebuke administered to the man who, more intelligently and faithfully than any other minister of the church, had labored and sacrificed in the interest of classical and theological education ; and that it had its origin in the Synod's wilful opposition to vital re- ligion. The other party, to which a majority of the Synod belonged, was recruited largely from the Scotch-Irish clergy of Pennsylvania. Between these two parties stood the Pres- bytery of New York, led by Dickinson and Pemberton. What the members of New York Presbytery could do in 332 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the way of pacification they did. But the conflict from its beginning was too bitter to be composed, and it was made more bitter by the visit to America of George Whitefield, and the participation of the Log College and the New Brunswick men in Whitefield's revival measures. A di- vision of the Synod was inevitable. It took place in 1742. The Presbytery of New York, though separating in that year from the Synod of Philadelphia, did not at once unite with the Presbytery of New Brunswick. But negotiations for such a union were soon begun. In 1745 the union was effected, and the Synod of New York, formed by the union of the Presbyteries of New York, New Brunswick and New Castle, the last made up wholly of Log College men, was constituted. This Synod, it will be observed, was a union of New England clergymen and those who were immediately con- nected with the College on the Neshaminy, or who sym- pathized with the aims and measures of its founder. During the three years intervening between the division of the church and the formation of the new Synod of New York, many conferences were held and letters were written on the subject of a college. Owing to this schism it was impossi- ble for those now connected with the Synod of New York to take part in founding that " seminary of learning" which, in 1739, the undivided Synod had determined to organize. The adoption of the Log College as the College of the Synod was not favorably regarded for several reasons. It was too far from New York ; it was within the limits of the home of the other Synod ; its plan was too narrow ; and, be- sides, the elder Tennent died the very year of the organiza- tion of the New York Synod. The work of the Log College was over. Moreover, large-minded leaders like Dickinson and Burr wanted a college organized on a plan far larger than that of the Neshaminy school. Nor were they at all PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 333 disposed to wait for synodical action. The character of the clerical promoters of the College of New Jersey, their train- ing, and their actual behavior make it not only credible, but in the highest degree probable, that if a college subject to the supervision of a church judicatory was ever before their minds, it was thought of only to be rejected. To quote the words of Dr. Maclean, the historian of the College, they " most probably neither sought nor desired the assistance of- the Synod." Besides this underlying indisposition to invoke ecclesiastical action, there were special reasons at this time for not allowing the subject to be brought before the Synod for discussion. There were a few in the Synod of New York who, hoping for a reunion of the divided church, might propose cooperation with the Synod of Phila- delphia in the support of the college which the latter Synod was expecting to open at New London in Pennsylvania. Gilbert Tennent's opposition to any large plan had to be anticipated, for he had always expressed a preference for private and local schools. And Samuel Blair, who was conducting successfully an academy at Fagg's Manor, could scarcely be expected to favor any scheme which would end the work to which he had given his life. Considerations like these determined the promoters to independent but associated action. Three of them, Jonathan Dickinson, Aaron Burr and John Pierson, were graduates of Yale ; the fourth, Ebenezer Pemberton, was graduated at Harvard. The men from Yale had seen in their own alma mater what independent action could effect, and before the minds of the four ministers and the three laymen who acted with them was present an ideal very different from that which Tennent had made actual in the Log College. Certainly, with whatever design they began the project, when, after conference and discussion, they proceeded to final action, they did far more than organize a college for the education o 34 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION in the liberal arts of candidates for the holy ministry. That this function was in their apprehension important, and even eminent, there can be no doubt. But this was only one of several functions of the College of the higher learning for the middle Colonies. The benefits to be conferred by it on society at large in the rising communities of these Colonies, and especially on the other liberal professions, were quite as distinctly before the minds of the promoters and first trus- tees of Princeton College as were its relations to clerical training. This is made clear both by the provisions of the two charters and by the social and political standing of the trustees these charters name. III. The Founding of the College. The Two Charters. The two political divisions of New Jersey, the East and the West, were united in 1703. Up to 1738 the Governor of New York represented the sovereign in the province of the Jerseys also. In that year New Jersey was granted a separate executive, and Lewis Morris was appointed gov- ernor. He continued in office until his death in 1746. On the death of Governor Morris, John Hamilton, President of the Council, became the acting governor by operation of law ; and it was of Governor Hamilton, on October 22, 1746, that the charter with which the College began its life was granted. The year before, the ministers whose names have been mentioned, and their associates, William Smith, William Peartree Smith and Peter Van Brugh Livingston, had been refused a charter by Governor Morris. The rea- sons for his refusal can be inferred from his views and his previous conduct. Apart from the doubt he may have felt as to his right to bestow it before receiving permission from PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 335 the home government, he beheved that he would be doing an illegal or, at least, an impolitic act, if he granted the rights of a corporation, for educational purposes, to minis- ters and laymen not in communion with the Church of Eng- land. He had already refused a charter to the First Presbyterian Church of New York, for the reason that there was no precedent for conferring that privilege on a company of " Dissenters." But the death of Governor Morris gave to the promoters of the College new hope, and they presented the same peti- tion to Governor Hamilton. He was the son of Andrew Hamilton, who had been governor of East and West Jersey for a period of ten years. The fact that Andrew Hamilton was a native of Scotland led him to look with favor, cer- tainly with less opposition than that displayed by either Lord Cornbury or Governor Morris,' on the rapid growth of the Presbyterian Church in the Colonies. His son John, himself perhaps a native of New Jersey, shared these views and feelings. At all events, he granted the petition, and signed the charter. This was the first college charter con- ferred in America by the independent action of a provincial governor. The charter of Harvard was the act of the leg- islature of Massachusetts ; that of Yale the act of the legis- lature of Connecticut ; that of William and Mary was granted immediately by those sovereigns. The precedent ' Lord Cornbury and Governor Morris, though they were both opposed to non-conformists, were alilM ^^'t'^^ <■ \~~i ^ 1*^ Mini' t H*T f ^-rw^j-w^fW'v.'vw^f w-vfH"w-v%WiP>fw^fV%nd'v^^^^tM^ 5w rv SJI- Samuel Finley. 1761 - 1766. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 377 aries of the President and the Faculty were enlarged, and two tutors were added to the teaching force. To the gram- mar-school, founded by Burr, and taken under the govern- ment of the College during Burr's presidency, was added an English school, which the Trustees ordered "to be under the inspection and government of the President of the Col- lege for the time being." So large had the College become, that in 1765, at the last commencement held by Dr. Finley, thirty-one students were admitted to the first degree in the arts, and eleven others were made Masters. The President was the most important and laborious of the teachers. In- deed, we are told that it was his unremitted application to the duties of his office that impaired his health and brought about his death when only fifty-one years of age. The impression made by him on his students is well stated by one of them, the Rev. Dr. John Woodhull, of Monmouth. "His learning," says Dr. Woodhull, "was very extensive. Every branch of study taught in the College appeared to be familiar to him. Among other things, he taught Latin, Greek and Hebrew in the senior year. He was highly re- spected and greatly beloved by the students, and had very little difficulty in governing the College." Dr. Finley's was the last administration during which the instruction of the College was given by the President aided only by tutors. As yet there were no professorships. The earliest profes- sor named in the Triennial Catalogue is John Blair, who was elected the year succeeding Finley's death. During Finley's administration the number of tutors was increased by two. These were Samuel Blair, who, at the age of twenty-six, was called to the Presidency of the College, and the second Jonathan Edwards, only less distinguished tha'n his father as a theologian, and for two years the Presi- dent of Union College. During the administration of Dr. Finley the freshman 380 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION because the College had suffered so many times the loss of its President. In the one hundred and fifty years of its life it has had only twelve Presidents, but five of these were in their graves when the institution was only twenty years old. Soon after Dr. Finley's death the Board of Trustees unanimously elected the Rev. Dr. John Witherspoon, of Paisley, Scotland. Richard Stockton, a graduate of the College, a member of the Board, and afterwards, with Dr. Witherspoon, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was in England at the time ; and the Trustees requested him to visit Dr. Witherspoon and urge his acceptance. While awaiting his reply, negotiations were carried on for the admission into the Board of representatives of that por- tion of the now reunited Presbyterian Church which had taken no part in the establishment of the College, and which up to this time had shown little interest in its maintenance. As part of these negotiations it was voted to increase the Faculty by the election of several professors. One of the new professors, the Rev. John Blair,^ professor of Divinity and Morality, was chosen Vice-President until the next commencement. Dr. Hugh Williamson, of Philadelphia, was elected professor of Mathematics and Natural Philoso- phy, and Jonathan Edwards, then a tutor in the College and the son of the former President, professor of Languages 'John Blair was a native of Ireland, and was born in the year 1720. He was a younger brother of Samuel Blair, one of the first Trustees of the Col- lege. He was educated at the Log College. He was ordained in 1742, and became pastor of the Middle Spring Church in Cumberland County, Pennsyl- vania. In 1757 he went to Fagg's Manor, and became pastor, succeeding his brother in the pulpit and also as the principal of the classical school. He prepared many students for the ministry. After his resignation as professor of Divinity in Princeton College he was settled as pastor at Walkill, Orange County, New York, where he died Decembers, 1771. Dr. Archibald Alex- ander says of him, that " as a theologian he was not inferior to any man in the Presbyterian Church in his day." PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 381 and Logic. News having reached the Trustees that With- erspoon had dechned, the Board elected the Rev. Samuel Blair, pastor of the Old South Church in Boston, to the presidency, and appointed him also professor of Rhetoric and Metaphysics. Blair's election was unanimous. He was the first graduate of the College elected to the office. He was only twenty-six years of age. He was the son of the Rev. Samuel Blair, of whom mention has already been made as the founder and principal of the Classical School at Fagg's Manor, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was graduated in 1760, and was tutor in the College from 1 76 1 to 1764. No man in the Church at that time gave greater promise. He was successful as a student, as a teacher, and as a preacher ; but, more than all, he impressed men by the beauty and strength of his character. His magnanimity had now given to it a signal opportunity for exercise. He was anxious to accept the position to which he had been chosen with cordiality. He had every reason to trust himself in the office ; but, like the Trustees, he was convinced that no one else could so well occupy the position as Witherspoon, if only he could be induced to ac- cept it. Therefore he placed his declinature in the hands of a member of the Board, to be presented if it seemed pos- sible to secure Witherspoon, and urged on the Trustees the policy of endeavoring to induce Witherspoon to reopen the question of removing to America. This policy was suc- cessful. Witherspoon expressed his willingness to come if he should be reelected. Blair's declinature was accepted, and Witherspoon became the sixth President of the College. John Witherspoon was at this time forty-five years of age. He had already had an influential career in the Church of Scotland. He was the son of a minister, and came from a ministerial ancestry. His father was an able 382 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION and faithful pastor, and through his mother he was de- scended from John Knox. When fourteen years of age he entered the University of Edinburgh, and after a course of seven years became a licentiate. Both his college and theological courses gave promise of distinction. "At the divinity hall he stood unrivalled for perspicuity of style, logical accuracy of thought and taste in Sacred Criticism." In 1744 he was presented by the Earl of Eglinton with the living of Beith in West Scotland. There he remained for between twelve and thirteen years. He not only was suc- cessful as a parish minister, but he appeared before the public as an author. His first volume gave him national fame. It was entided "Ecclesiastical Characteristics; or, The Arcana of Church Policy." It was written at the time when the Moderate party was dominant in the Church, and it satirized sharply but without ill nature the principles and the conduct of the Moderates. The wide difference be- tween the platform of the party and the symbolical plat- form of the Church offered the satirist a fine opportunity. Witherspoon admirably improved it. His work was widely read, exerted a good deal of influence and increased his popularity. In ten years five editions were published. Soon after the publication of the first edition, which did not bear the name of the author, he published "A Serious Apology " for the satire and confessed himself its author. Not long after he published two " Essays in Theology," on justification and regeneration, which made him known as a theologian of ability. The essays embodied and de- fended evangelical and Calvinistic views. His ministry at Paisley was quite as successful as that at Beith. Several of his discourses were published, and the University of Aberdeen, in 1764, gave him the degree of Doctor of Di- vinity. At the time of his call to the presidency of the Col- lege, he was in reputation behind no man in the Evangeli- Di- ^-^jthT-; t?^-t"'-!-"-4 '^^^^ f - ^-^-^^^J^JV^^SJ■^#vw^^J><■M^^^MlJ^rw^w^<■iir^^w^■^■v^ft^w^^^^» ^. y - I tl I. -'-(f, v-.:* ''»'.' "Si.' ■■-.-. nr. Ml mi J1I John Witherspoon. 1-68- 1794. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 383 cal party of the Church of Scotland, and was, perhaps, better able than any other to debate in the Assembly with the leaders of the Moderate party, like Blair and Campbell and Robertson. When Witherspoon came to America the Colonies and the British Government were quarrelling. In 1764 the Stamp Act was passed. The colonists arose in alarm and anger and protested against it. Two years later the Act was repealed. But the fact that it had been passed, and the declaration accompanying the repeal, — namely, that Parlia- ment possessed the right to tax the Colonies in all cases whatsoever, — left in the minds of the colonists a feeling which Lord Shelburne afterwards described as " an unfor- tunate jealousy and distrust of the English Government." Already this feeling had been manifested in the public ex- ercises at Princeton College. On more than one occasion the College orators had been enthusiastically applauded when unfolding the blessings of political liberty ; and after the passage of the Stamp Act, except in the vote of the Trustees expressing their gratitude to the King for its re- peal, there is no evidence that in any academic function the union between the Colonies and the mother country was mentioned with gratitude or pride. This silence was in marked contrast with the custom of the College in earlier days, when the greatness of the British Empire was a favor- ite theme for college oratory. A few years earlier than the date of Witherspoon's arrival, there had been formed in the College two literary societies called the Well-meaning and Plain-dealing clubs, out of which afterwards grew the Clio- sophic and American Whig societies. In these clubs the enmity to the home government found frequent and at times violent expression. The College, the province in which it had its home, and the provinces on each side of it, while not so active as Massachusetts or Virginia, were 386 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION If Witherspoon's strong personality made him an uncom- promising college ruler, he only followed the advice which he gave to the tutors, namely: "Maintain the authority of the laws in their full extent, and fear no consequences." At the same time, so inspiriting and stimulating were the man and his lectures that the rigor of his rule is not often men- tioned by his pupils. Ashbel Green and Stanhope Smith and James Madison were won by him ; their energies were called out, and their powers genially disciplined. The plans which Witherspoon and the Trustees had formed for the enlargement of the institution were largely frustrated by the political events then occurring in the country. But the college curriculum was extended ; the teaching force was increased ; ^ endowments were secured ; ' One of the professors during his administration was WiUiam Churchill Houston, who was born in North CaroHna in 1740. He came to Princeton and taught in the grammar-school. He afterwards entered the College and was graduated in 1768. He was at once appointed a tutor. In 1771 he was elected professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. When the War of the Revolution began, he entered the army and was for some months a captain. He resigned and resumed his work as professor. But, like Dr. Witherspoon, he was elected to office, first as a member of the General Assembly of New Jersey, then as a member of the Council of Safety, and in 1779 as a member of Congress. He resigned his professorship in 1783 and was admitted to the bar. In 1784 he was again elected to Congress, and was a delegate to the Convention at Annapolis in 1786. He died in 1788. Another of the professors elected during Witherspoon's administration was Walter Minto, who was born in Cowdenham, Scotland, December 5, 1753. At fifteen years of age he entered the University of Edinburgh ; " after com- pleting his preparatory studies he turned his attention to Theology, rather, it would appear from subsequent events, to meet the expectations of friends than from his own unbiased choice." During this period he devoted quite as much time to literature as to divinity, and became a frequent contributor to a peri- odical called " The Gentleman and Lady's Magazine " and published in Edinburgh. He visited Italy, having in charge as tutor two sons of the Hon. George Johnstone, formerly Governor of West Florida and member of the British Parliament. On his return he resided in Edinburgh as a teacher in mathematics. " His reputation as a man of science appears to have been PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 387 a larger body of students than ever before were under the instruction of the Faculty, and they were drawn from a wider area. During his administration the largest class which was graduated in the eighteenth century received their degrees, but it is also true that during his administra- tion the smallest class was graduated. This was not the fault of the President. The position of Princeton on the highway between New York and Philadelphia made it a perilous place during the earlier years of the War of Inde- pendence. A critical battle of the war was fought within the limits of the village. The college campus was the scene of active hostilities. Nassau Hall itself was employed as barracks, and cannon-balls mutilated its walls. There are few memorials in Princeton more highly valued to-day than the two cannons now standing in the campus, both of which were used in the War of the Revolution, and left after the battle of Princeton near the College. Mention has already been made of the Cliosophic and American Whig societies, the two literary societies of the College, which have been in existence from the date of their considerable, arising probably from his correspondence with the philosophers of Great Britain, and several minor publications on the subject of Astronomy." In connection with the Earl of Buchan, he wrote the life of Napier of Mer- chiston, the inventor of logarithms ; the Earl writing the biographical portion, and Minto the scientific portion, including a vindication of Napier's claims to the original invention. He sailed for America in 1786, and became principal of Erasmus Hall, a school at Flatbush, Long Island. In 1787 he was called to the professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Princeton Col- lege as the successor of Ashbel Green. " Of his colleagues and pupils Dr. Minto enjoyed the confidence in an unusual degree." He was the treasurer of the corporation. He received continual applications from parents to receive their sons beneath his roof on account of the advantages which they supposed would be enjoyed within the limits of his domestic circle. The text- books in mathematics which his pupils used were prepared by himself He died in Princeton, October 21, 1796. — Abridged from the "Princeton Magazine," Vol. I, No. i. 388 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION foundation to the present time. These societies had their beginning in two debating clubs. The earher name of the American Whig Society was the Plain-deahng Club ; that of the Cliosophic Society, the Well-meaning Club. These earlier societies appear to have been organized during the excitement caused by the passage of the Stamp Act. In both of them the patriotism of the College found expression ; but out of their rivalry there grew serious disturbances. These led the Faculty, in 1768, to forbid their meetings. The societies were soon revived under different names ; the Plain-dealing adopting a name indicating the political views of its members, the Well-meaning one expressive of its lit- erary aims. But politics was not the exclusive interest in the one, nor was literature in the other. One word in the motto of the Whig Society is litercB ; and the founders of Clio Hall were quite as much in sympathy as those of the Whig with the aims and struggles of the Colonists. The College itself does not possess a more distinguished list of founders than does each of these societies. William Pater- son, Luther Martin, Oliver Ellsworth and Tapping Reeve laid the foundations of Clio Hall, and James Madison, John Henry and Samuel Stanhope Smith revived the Plain- dealing Club under the name of the American Whig So- ciety. The interior life of these institutions is not open to the public. Their members have pursued the aims of the society in essay and oration and debate with the freedom which belongs to sessions held /;/ camera. Their judges have been their peers. The Faculty of the College during all their life have accorded to them great freedom, and have interposed only when the violence of youthful feelings seemed likely to injure, if not to destroy, the societies them- selves. Fortunately, crises of this kind have been very few. The sense of independence and responsibility has given to the societies dignity, and they have earned the tribute paid PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 389 in later years by President McCosh, that " no department of the College has conferred greater benefit upon the students than have Whig and Clio Halls." Perhaps, at no later period in their history have they been more useful than they were during the administration of John Witherspoon. Life, during the periods immediately preceding the Revolutionary War and immediately suc- ceeding it while the Constitution was being formed and adopted, was intense. During the first period the question of the maintenance of independence was agitating every man ; and, during the second, the problem of the new gov- ernment which was to unite the victorious Colonies offered itself for solution to every thoughtful mind. It is an in- teresting fact that the two plans of constitutional government for the United States, which were debated at length in the Convention that formed the Constitution, were presented to that body by two of the founders of these literary socie- ties. The one which laid the greater stress on the rights of the individual States was presented by William Paterson of New Jersey ; the other, which contemplated a stronger federal government, was proposed by James Madison of Virginia. During the war the societies, with the College, suffered greatly; but when the war ended they were revived. Originally, each society had a patronage dependent upon the sections from which its members came. Ashbel Green, who was active in reviving the American Whig Society after the war, says that at the time of this revival " the sec- tional patronage was entirely done away." Princeton's interest and Witherspoon's labor in the cause of the Colo- nies against the mother country received at the close of the war what the sons of Princeton have always interpreted as an honorable recognition. When the soldiers of the army mutinied and surrounded the State House in Philadelphia, where the Continental Congress was sitting, Princeton was 390 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION selected as the temporary capital of the United States. For several months the Congress held its sittings in the Library Room of Nassau Hall, and the rooms of the stu- dents were used by committees. At the commencement of 1783 "we had," says Ashbel Green, " on the stage with the Trustees and the graduating class, the whole of the Congress, the Ministers of France and Holland, and George Wash- ington, the Commander-in-chief of the American army." Washington contributed for the uses of the College fifty guineas, which the Trustees employed to procure the por- trait of him, painted by the elder Peale, which now hangs in the portion of Nassau Hall in which the Congress sat. Writing in 1842, Dr. Green says: "The picture now occu- pies the place, and it is affirmed the very frame, that contained the picture of George the Second, which was decapitated by Washington's artillery." At the close of Dr. Witherspoon's administration in 1794, the College had been in existence nearly half a century. In the careers of those whom an institution has trained, after all, is to be found its title to honor or condemnation. The general catalogue of no collegiate institution, for the first fifty years of its existence, presents a more remarkable series of great names in Church and State. The clerical, medical and legal professions are represented by influential and illustrious names. The cause of the higher education is represented by great teachers and administrators. To the Continental Congress and to the Continental army the Col- lege gave eminent and patriotic members and officers. The graduates of no other college were so numerous or so influ- ential in the Constitutional Convention. Its alumni of this period were to be found in the two Houses of Congress, in the Legislatures of the different States, and in the chairs of Governors, in the seat of the Chief Justice, in the courts of the various States, in the Cabinets of Presidents, and as PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 391 envoys of the Republic at foreign capitals. Of the earlier administrations, the administration of Witherspoon is the most illustrious if judged by the brilliant careers of its students. It was given to no other man in the eighteenth century to take the most prominent part in the education of thirteen presidents of colleges. During his presidency there were graduated six men who afterwards became delegates to the Continental Congress, twenty men who represented their respective commonwealths in the Senate of the United States, and twenty-four who sat as members of the House of Representatives. Thirteen were Governors of Commonwealths, three were Judges of the Supreme Court, one was Vice-President, and one was President of the United States. Upon the characters of most of these Witherspoon set his mark. They were imbued with his views in philosophy and morals. His high and profound religious character gave tone to their lives ; and his patri- otism wrought in them as an inspiration. If the greatness of a man is to be measured by the influence he has exerted on other minds, John Witherspoon must be remembered as one of the foremost men of the Republic during its heroic period. The close of his administration was but little in advance of the close of his life. He was able to preside at the annual commencement on the twenty-third of September, 1794, and less than eight weeks afterwards, on the fifteenth of Novem- ber, veueratus, dilectus, Itigendits omnibus^ he passed to his reward. VII. The Administrations of Samuel Stanhope Smith and Ashbel Green. Up to the close of Dr. Witherspoon's presidency, the College during each administration derived its special traits ' From the inscription on his tombstone. 390 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION selected as the temporary capital of the United States. For several months the Congress held its sittings in the Library Room of Nassau Hall, and the rooms of the stu- dents were used by committees. At the commencement of 1783 "we had," says Ashbel Green, "on the stage with the Trustees and the graduating class, the whole of the Congress, the Ministers of France and Holland, and George Wash- ington, the Commander-in-chief of the American' army." Washington contributed for the uses of the College fifty guineas, which the Trustees employed to procure the por- trait of him, painted by the elder Peale, which now hangs in the portion of Nassau Hall in which the Congress sat. Writing in 1842, Dr. Green says: "The picture now occu- pies the place, and it is affirmed the very frame, that contained the picture of George the Second, which was decapitated by Washington's artillery." At the close of Dr. Witherspoon's administration in 1794, the College had been in existence nearly half a century. In the careers of those whom an institution has trained, after all, is to be found its title to honor or condemnation. The general catalogue of no collegiate institution, for the first fifty years of its existence, presents a more remarkable series of great names in Church and State. The clerical, medical and legal professions are represented by influential and illustrious names. The cause of the higher education is represented by great teachers and administrators. To the Continental Congress and to the Continental army the Col- lege gave eminent and patriotic members and officers. The graduates of no other college were so numerous or so influ- ential in the Constitutional Convention. Its alumni of this period were to be found in the two Houses of Congress, in the Legislatures of the different States, and in the chairs of Governors, in the seat of the Chief Justice, in the courts of the various States, in the Cabinets of Presidents, and as PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 391 envoys of the Republic at foreign capitals. Of the earlier administrations, the administration of Witherspoon is the most illustrious if judged by the brilliant careers of its students. It was given to no other man in the eighteenth century to take the most prominent part in the education of thirteen presidents of colleges. During his presidency there were graduated six men who afterwards became delegates to the Continental Congress, twenty men who represented their respective commonwealths in the Senate of the United States, and twenty-four who sat as members of the House of Representatives. Thirteen were Governors of Commonwealths, three were Judges of the Supreme Court, one was Vice-President, and one was President of the United States. Upon the characters of most of these Witherspoon set his mark. They were imbued with his views in philosophy and morals. His high and profound religious character gave tone to their lives ; and his patri- otism wrought in them as an inspiration. If the greatness of a man is to be measured by the influence he has exerted on other minds, John Witherspoon must be remembered as one of the foremost men of the Republic during its heroic period. The close of his administration was but little in advance of the close of his life. He was able to preside at the annual commencement on the twenty-third of September, 1794, and less than eight weeks afterwards, on the fifteenth of Novem- ber, veneratits, dilectits, lugendiis omnibus} he passed to his reward. VII. The Administrations of Samuel Stanhope Smith and Ashbel Green. Up to the close of Dr. Witherspoon's presidency, the College during each administration derived its special traits ' From the inscription on his tombstone. I- \ 392 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION almost wholly from the President. He determined its cur- riculum ; he exercised its discipline in all serious cases ; he begged money for its maintenance ; he led its religious life ; he taught several branches of learning to the members of the higher classes. The distance at which many of the Trus- tees lived, and the difficulties of travel, prevented frequent meetings of the Board, and threw on him responsibilities in number and variety far beyond those now devolved on college presidents. The Faculty of Instruction was made up of himself and two or three tutors. The latter, by the constitution of the College, were so completely under his direction as scarcely to deserve the name of colleagues. The relation between the President and the students was immediate and close. He stood to them /;/ loco parentis ; and they felt at liberty to go to him at all times for advice and for aid. Princeton was fortunate in its Presidents. Each was fitted by his character and prepared by his previous career for the conduct of an office of this character. All had been pastors. In obedience to what he believed to be a divine vocation, each in early manhood had undertaken the cure of souls. Some of them had successfully conducted private schools, and all had had their religious affections warmed by the Evangelical Revival. If some of the readers of this historical sketch should be disposed to criticise it because so much attention has been given to the Presidents, the answer is obvious : the life of the College was determined and directed almost wholly by the President for the time being. To send a student to Princeton was to commit him to Samuel Davies, or Samuel Finley, or John Witherspoon, for the formation of his character, for the discipline of his faculties, and in some measure for the direction of his sub- sequent life. The death of Witherspoon is the point in the life of the PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 393 College at which the President loses much of his relative prominence. Up to this point the Chief Executive gives character to the institution ; from this point onward the in- stitution has a life of its own. Of course, the President is always the great figure in a college. But the Presidents of Princeton after Witherspoon are far less prominent than the institution, and the success of their administrations is due to the exaltation of the College at the expense of activities to which their gifts would otherwise have impelled them. Jon- athan Edwards expected to find in the presidency of the Princeton College of his day an opportunity for literary ac- tivity, and planned to compose here a great Philosophy of History with the title, " The History of Redemption" ; but James McCosh, though always industrious as a writer, found the administrative duties of his position so various and so commanding as absolutely to forbid the composition of vol- umes like those which had given him distinction before he came to America. On the sixth day of May, 1795, the Trustees unanimously elected Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith Dr. Witherspoon's suc- cessor. Dr. Smith had been Vice-President since 1789, and from that time on had relieved the President of many of the burdens of his office. He accepted at once, appeared before the Board, and took the oath of office. His in- auguration was postponed until the next commencement, the thirtieth of September following, when he delivered an inaugural address in the Latin language. For the first time, the salary of the President was designated in the coin- age of the United States. It was fixed at fifteen hundred dollars a year, with the usual perquisites. The new President was a native of Pennsylvania, and the son of the pastor of the Presbyterian church of Pequea. His mother was a sister of Samuel Blair, the head of the Academy at Fagg's Manor. He was the first alumnus of 394 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the College to fill the presidency. He was graduated in 1769, and as the first scholar of his class pronounced the Latin salutatory. A year after his graduation, when twenty- one years of age, he returned to Princeton as tutor in the College, and for the purpose of reading Divinity under Dr. Witherspoon. His special duties as tutor were to give in- struction in the classics and in belles-lettres. Here he re- mained until 1773, when he went to Virginia as a mis- sionary. The interest awakened by his preaching was deep and wide-spread. " Throughout the Middle and Southern States," says Dr. Philip Lindsley, "he was regarded as a most eloquent and learned Divine by his contemporaries." It was the impression made by him as a preacher and a man of culture that led to his call as the first President of Hampden Sidney College. Here he labored as President three or four years. The state of his health compelled him to resign. In 1779 he was invited to become Professor of Moral Philosophy at Princeton, and though strongly at- tached to the work in which he had been engaged in Vir- ginia, he accepted, and from this time on labored for his Alma Mater. He came only two years after the battle of Princeton. Dr. Witherspoon was a member of Congress, and a large amount of administrative work fell on Professor Smith. This work was done under most difticult conditions, for he was never strong ; and on several occasions he was prostrated by hemorrhages like those which compelled him to retire from Hampden Sidney. Yet he neglected no work ; and his learning obtained recognition from the two older colleges of New England and from learned societies. In the year 1785 he was made an honorary member of the American Philosophical Society, and delivered its anniver- sary oration — an address intended to establish the unity of the species. In 1786 he w^as engaged, with other eminent ministers of the Church with which he was connected, in PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 395 preparing its form of government with a view to organizing the General Assembly. Dr. Smith was anxious to extend the course of instruc- tion and to enlarge the teaching body. Besides himself, at the time of his accession to the presidency, Dr. Minto was the only professor. Dr. Smith established a Profes- sorship of Chemistry the year of his accession to the presi- dency. The first occupant of the chair was John Maclean, a native of Glasgow and a graduate of its University. When he had completed his medical course, he gave spe- cial attention to chemistry, studying at Edinburgh, London and Paris. While at Paris he adopted new theories, not only in chemistry, but in government. He became a re- publican and emigrated to the United States. Dr. Ben- jamin Rush, of Philadelphia, to whom he brought letters, recommended him to settle in Princeton and practise his profession. Dr. Rush, at the same time, recommended the College to secure his services as a lecturer in chemistry. The lectures made a profound impression. In 1795 he was elected to the first chair of Chemistry established in any college in the United States. It was through Dr. Maclean that Princeton College was enabled to perform a valuable service for Yale College. Benjamin Silliman, the first Pro- fessor of Chemistry in Yale College, writes as follows in his diary: " Brief residence in Princeton. At this celebrated seat of learning an eminent gentleman, Dr. John Maclean, resided as Professor of Chemistry, etc. I early obtained an introduction to him by correspondence, and he favored me with a list of books for the promotion of my studies. I also passed a few days with Dr. Maclean in my different transits to and from Philadelphia, obtained from him a general in- sight into my future occupation, inspected his library and apparatus, and obtained his advice respecting many things. Dr. Maclean was a man of brilliant mind, with all the acu- 398 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION were the labors of the board and of the President to increase the funds of the institution, that they not only rebuilt Nassau Hall, but added two new buildings — the Philosophical Hall, which stood upon the site of the John C. Green Library, and a building for sophomore and freshmen recitation rooms and the library, the building now used for the College Offices. South of the latter building, where Reunion Hall now stands, was built a dwelling-house for the Professor of Lan- guages, which was occupied until it was taken down in 1870. Not long before this, immediately in front of the Green Library, and on a line with the President's (now the Dean's) house, had already been built a dwelling-house for the Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Philosophy. On the highest floor of the building now known as the College Offices two rooms were set apart for the Cliosophic and American Whig socie- ties. In all this work Dr. Smith took the lead ; and, a large part of his time being taken up in travelling and soliciting funds, the Rev. Ashbel Green, a trustee of the College and pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, acted as President during his absence. The success attending the efforts to rebuild Nassau Hall and to add the buildings already mentioned encouraged the Trustees to increase the number of professors. The College was growing so rapidly in numbers that it was necessary to relieve the President of a part of his duties. Meanwhile Dr. Maclean was feeling greatly the burden of teaching Mathematics in addition to Chemistry and Natural Philosophy. In 1802 the chair of Languages was founded, and William Thompson ^ was 'William Thompson, in 1802, was called from Dickinson College, Pennsyl- vania, where he had been Professor of Languages, to the chair with the same title in Princeton. Dr. Maclean (" Hist.," Vol. II, p. 45) says of him: " He had the reputation of being an accurate scholar, a good teacher and an ex- cellent man. He was advanced in life when he became professor in Princeton College, and after a few years, his mind giving way under the pressure of arduous duties, he was constrained to give up his position, and died not long after." PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 399 chosen its professor. In 1803 Dr. Henry Kollock,^ a grad- uate of the class of 1794, was made Professor of Theology, and Andrew Hunter, also an alumnus, was made Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. A report from the Faculty to the Board describes in great detail the curriculum, of which Dr. Maclean justly says that no one, after reading it, can fail to see that the labors of the President, professors and tutors must have been extremely arduous, that the course of instruction was liberal, and that in many respects it would compare favorably with that of the College at a much later date. So rapidly did the number of students increase, that in 1805 it was proposed to erect an additional building. It was thought that a gentleman interested in scientific pursuits would aid the College in this matter ; but his offer was withdrawn, with the result that seventy students were compelled to room elsewhere than in Nassau Hall. How rapid this increase was may be inferred from the fact that in 1806 fifty-four members of the senior class were admitted to the first degree in the arts. At no previous period in its history had the College attained an equal degree of prosperity and reputa- ' Henry Kollock was born at New Providence, New Jersey, December 14, 1778, and was graduated at Princeton, 1794. In 1794 he was appointed tutor, with John Henry Hobart, afterward Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New York, who says of Kollock : " Although he is a Democrat and Calvinist, he is the most intelligent, gentlemanly and agreeable companion I have ever found." He pursued his theological studies without a preceptor, and "made considerable proficiency," says Dr. Carnahan, " in Hebrew, Chaldee and Arabic." His teachers in Theology were the great English theologians, Anglican and Puritan. He was licensed to preach in 1800, and soon after became pastor of the church of Elizabethtown. In 1803 he returned to Princeton as pastor and professor of Theology. In 1806 he accepted a call from the Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah. He died Decem- ber 29, 1 8 19. Dr. Carnahan, Bishop Capers, of the Methodist Church, and the Hon. John M. Berrien, of Georgia, all speak of him as a man of great eloquence, charming in society, and exceptionally faithful and acceptable as a Christian pastor. — Vide Sprague's "Annals," Vol. IV, pp. 263 et seq. 400 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION tion. The Faculty consisted of a President, four professors, three tutors, and an instructor in French, and the number of students had risen to two hundred. Indeed, the number of students was almost too large for the Faculty. Disturb- ances occurred which compelled that body to invoke in their behalf the authority of the Trustees. Commencement day was regarded as a public holiday for the population of the entire district in which the College was situated. It furnished an occasion for other than academic sport. " Eating and drinking," says Dr. Maclean, " fiddling and dancing, playing for pennies, and testing the speed of their horses, were the amusements in which no small numbers of those assembled on such occasions were wont to indulge. And, when a lad, the writer once witnessed a bull-baiting on the College grounds while the exercises were going on in the Church." Just because of the College's prosperity, discipline was difficult to exercise ; but, on the whole, the internal life of the institution was sound, and had the Trustees not interfered with the Faculty, it is probable that the difficulties arising from time to time between the students and their instructors would have been more easily composed. In 1810 and 1811 conferences were held between a com- mittee of the Trustees and a committee of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, on the subject of establishing a theological seminary for that Church. The intimate relations between the College and the General As- sembly, the large support that the College had received from Presbyterians, and the benefits which in return it had conferred upon that communion, led both the Trustees of the College and the Committee of the General Assembly to consider seriously the question of affiliating the Theologi- cal Institution so closely with the College as to make the two institutions one. This plan was soon abandoned. But the Trustees and the Committee concurred in the belief PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 401 that the Seminary might well find its home near to the CoUeee; and an ao^reement was made by which the Trus- tees engaged not to appoint a professor of theology in the College should the Seminary be permanently established at Princeton. The College retained its freedom, and the Seminary was established as an institution of the General Assembly, beginning its life in 1812. While the immediate effect of the establishment of this new institution was, as Dr. Maclean has said, to bar for many years all collection of funds for the improvement of the College, both derived substantial advantages from their establishment in the same town, and from their warm friendship. Dr. Smith resigned in 1812. He lived seven years after his retirement. He revised and published some of his works. He died on August 21, 1819, in the seventieth year of his age. The graduates of the College during his administration did not, as a class, gain the distinction reached by those graduated under his predecessor ; but the list includes a Vice-President of the United States, two Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate, nine United States senators, twenty-five members of the House of Representatives, four members of the President's Cabi- net, five ministers to foreign courts, eight Governors of States, thirty-four judges and chancellors, and twenty-one presidents or professors of colleges. Dr. Ashbel Green's administration of the College, soon after the burning of Nassau Hall, in 1802, was so success- ful, that upon Dr. Smith's resignation he was unanimously chosen the President. When elected he was a trustee. He was an alumnus. His father, the Rev. Jacob Green, a graduate of Harvard, was one of the trustees named by Governor Belcher in the second charter ; his grandfather, the Rev. John Pierson, a graduate of Yale, was one of the promoters of the College and a trustee under the first char- 402 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION ter ; and his great-grandfather, Abraham Pierson, a graduate of Harvard, was one of the founders of Yale, and its first president or rector. His father had acted as President of the College, with the title of Vice-President, during the period intervening between the death of Jonathan Edwards and the election of Samuel Davies. Ashbel Green was born at Hanover, in Morris County, New Jersey, in 1762. He was graduated at the College in 1793, and delivered the valedictory oration. Immediately after graduation he was appointed tutor, and two years afterwards was elected Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. After hold- ing his professorship for a year and a half, he accepted a call from the Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia. In this position he had from the beginning an eminent career. His fine presence, courtly manners and prominent family connections made him an eminent citizen of Phila- delphia. As Philadelphia at that time was the national capital, he was brought into intimate contact with some of the most eminent men of the country. His autobiography is one of the interesting personal records of the period. He had scarcely been settled in Philadelphia when the work of reorganizing the Presbyterian Church for the now inde- pendent United States was begun. This work was con- temporaneous with the formation of the Constitution of the country. Young as he was, no minister of the Church — not even Dr. Witherspoon — was more influential in this impor- tant and difficult work. From the first he was in favor of the separation of Church and State, and strongly advised those changes in the Scotch Confession of Faith which placed the Presbyterian Church of this country specifically on the platform of the widest religious liberty. He was a high Calvinist and a strong Presbyterian, active in the Church's judicatories and deeply interested in the or- ganization of its missionary work. He was elected chaplain ,4. the rlc u Inch ally i{ -^^^OKS-^j-r-^ia PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 403 of the Congress of the United States in 1792, with Bishop White, and was reelected by every successive Congress until, in 1800, the Capital was removed from Philadelphia to Washington. During his pastorate in Philadelphia he made two extended journeys, one to New England and the other to Virginia, and was received in both sections of the country as a man of eminence. He was deeply interested in theological education ; was one of the original committee of the General Assembly to organize a theological semi- nary; and was the author of the plan for a theological insti- tution which the Assembly adopted, and to which it gave effect in the institution at Princeton. He was President of its Board of Directors from the beginning until his death in 1848; and when, in 1824, the trustees of the Theological Seminary were incorporated, he was made one of them, and continued a trustee for the remainder of his life. At the time of his election to the Presidency of Princeton College he was the best-known and probably the most influential minister of the Presbyterian Church. On October 29, 181 2, after having been a pastor for more than twenty-five years, he left Philadelphia for Princeton, and entered upon the duties of the College Presidency. The Trustees, before finally adjourning, elected Mr. Elijah Slack Vice-President of the College and Professor of Math- ematics and Natural Philosophy, and chose tw^o tutors. Soon after Mr. Lindsley was elected Professor of Languages. During the first year of Dr. Green's administration these gentlemen were the Faculty. The year was one of great excitement throughout the country. It was the year of the beginning of the second war with Great Britain. The ex- citement of the nation was reflected in the life of the Col- lege. Discipline was difficult. Soon after Dr. Green's induction disturbances became so serious as almost to reach the point of a general rebellion. The conduct of the Faculty 406 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION while connected with the College. He was strongly attached to the Church in which he was born, and which he had done so much to organize after the Revolutionary War. Probably he was at his best when addressing a deliberative body or acting as a counsellor upon a committee. In these two positions he was unexcelled ; and it was his eminence and reputation as a counsellor and legislative speaker that led his successor, Dr. Carnahan, to say at his burial : " By his talents he was fitted to fill any civil situation, and by his eloquence to adorn the halls of our National Legis- lature." He died when eighty-five years of age, in the year 1848, at Philadelphia, and was buried at Princeton, in the cemetery where his predecessors were at rest. VHI. The Administrations of James Carnahan AND John Maclean. After the resignation of Dr. Green, the Trustees elected as President Dr. John H. Rice, of Richmond, Virginia. Dr. Rice was the pastor of the Presbyterian church in that place, an eloquent and widely popular preacher, an influen- tial writer on ecclesiastical and theological subjects, and deeply interested in collegiate and theological education. Owing to the severe illness with which he was suffering at the time of his election, and which continued for several months, he was unable to respond to the invitation until March 14, 1823. In a letter of that date, he declined the position, believing that he was called to labor in the South ; and not long afterwards he accepted a call to the chair of Systematic Theology in the Theological Seminary at Hamp- den-Sidney, Virginia. Meanwhile, the Trustees appointed Professor Lindsley to the Vice-Presidency, and put on him the duties of the higher office until the President-elect's PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 407 arrival in Princeton. Mr. John Maclean was made teacher of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. Professor Linds- ley, Mr. Maclean and two tutors constituted the Faculty, and about eighty students were in residence. On receiv- ing Dr. Rice's declinature, the Trustees at once elected Vice-President Lindsley to the Presidency ; but Dr. Linds- ley declined, probably because the election was not unani- mous. The Board then chose the Rev. James Carnahan, a native of Pennsylvania, and, at the time of his election, forty-eight years of age. Through both father and mother he was descended from Scoto-Irish Presbyterians who had settled in the Cumberland Valley. His father had been an officer of the army of the Colonies during the Revolutionary War. Mr. Carnahan was graduated at Princeton in 1800 with high honors. After a year's theological study under the Rev. Dr. John McMillan of Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, he returned to Princeton and was for two years a tutor in the College. Although earnestly pressed to remain, he re- signed in 1803. He labored first as a pastor, largely in the State of New York, and afterwards as a teacher. For eleven years preceding his election he taught with great success an academy at Georgetown in the District of Columbia. Throuofhout the communion of which he was a minister he was highly esteemed as a man of high character, excel- lent judgment and absolute devotion to whatever work he gave himself. The condition of the College was such as to make the office of President anything but inviting. The students were few, the income was small. There was almost no endowment. Repeated efforts had been made to increase the permanent funds, but it appeared impossible to excite any general interest in its welfare. There were conflicting views within the Board of Trustees as to the general policy of the College, and the personal relations between some of 408 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the members of the Board were severely strained. Happily, Dr. Carnahan was unaware of the whole truth when the office was tendered to him. Had he known all, he would undoubtedly have declined. Indeed, so depressed was he by these difficulties that not long after his acceptance he made up his mind to abandon the office ; and he finally retained his place only because of the earnest pleadings of his young colleague, Professor Maclean. Notwithstanding these exceptional burdens and perplexities, his administra- tion after a few years became, and continued to be, singu- larly successful. The number of students was largely in- creased. The curriculum was enriched and developed. The Faculty was enlarged by the foundation of new chairs, and by the election of professors, some of whom became emi- nent in their respective departments, and whose memories are to-day among the most highly valued possessions of the University. The Triennial Catalogue contains the names of thirty professors who were elected during Dr. Carnahan' s Presidency. Among them are several of the most distin- guished names in the annals of American science and letters. The discipline of the College, though lenient, was firmly and equitably administered, and the influence exerted by the College on the students during their residence had never before been stronger or more beneficent. The success of Dr. Carnahan was due in part to his calm temperament, the fine balance of his faculties, his un- selfish devotion to the College and his patience under adverse conditions, partly to the liberty of action granted by him to his younger colleagues in the Faculty, and largely to the remarkable enthusiasm, energy and intelligence of the senior professor, John Maclean, who in 1829, when not yet thirty years of age, was elected Vice-President of the College. Those who remember Dr. Maclean only in his later years will have difficulty in bringing before them the w and \. his the hi; ^r-?7'^ „■, •^ITt;',^' ■ '•-& James Carnahan. 1823 - 1854. uu Jtjuia.i-.m.imj p \f PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 409 man who as Vice-President shared with Dr. Carnahan the duty of determining the general poHcy of the College, and of taking the initiative in the election of professors for chairs already established, in founding new chairs, in enlarging the number of students, and in settling the principles of College discipline. He was a man of quick intelligence, able to turn himself to almost any teaching work, always ready to change his work, or to add to it, and always will- ing to accept a reduction of income. He was especially vigilant in looking out for new and additional teachers ; but at all points he was alert, and his one ambition was the pros- perity of the College. Between Dr. Carnahan and Dr. Maclean there existed, from the beginning to the close of the former's administration, a warm and intimate friendship. Each was perfectly frank with the other. Each highly valued the other. Each finally supplemented the other ; and each was ready to efface himself or to work to the point of exhaustion in the interests of the institution. It is but justice to the memory of both of them to say, that the administration of Dr. Carnahan, especially from 1829 until his resignation in 1854, was a collegiate administration, in which the two colleagues labored as one man, the distinctive gifts of each making more valuable those of the other. Soon after Dr. Carnahan's election the College lost the services of Vice-President Lindsley, who as Professor of Languages had done much to give the College fame. He was popular both in the College and beyond it, and his popularity was deserved. He was invited to many posi- tions of prominence in educational institutions, both before he resigned and after he left the College in order to become President of Cumberland College in Tennessee. He was high-spirited and unduly sensitive, faithful to duty not only, but enthusiastic, and as a teacher "one of the best," says Dr. Maclean, " of whom I have any knowledge." 412 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION college. It was soon justified by a large increase in the number of students. While the whole College had num- bered up to this time less than loo, in 1830 and 1831 67 new students were received. The next year there were 139 in the College, and the number rose, speaking roughly, year after year until the beginning of the Civil War, which separated temporarily the South from the North. The most remarkable increase is that in the decade between 1829 and 1839. In 1829 there were but 70 students, while in 1839 there were 270. The election of the six professors just named was only the initiation of a policy that was faithfully executed during the whole of the administration. Two years later the College secured the services of Joseph Henry, whose exceptional greatness as a man of science gave celebrity to the institution, and whose transparent goodness endeared him to both colleagues and students. In 1833 James Waddel Alexander^ was elected Professor ' James Waddel Alexander, the son of the Rev. Archibald Alexander, was born March 13, 1804; graduated at Princeton College 1820, and studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. Besides being professor in the College, 1833-44, he was professor in the Theological Seminary, 1848-51 ; pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Trenton, New Jersey, 1828-30; editor of the " Presbyterian " at an earlier date, and finally pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, from 185 i until his death in 1859. He was a gifted and cultivated man. He read widely, reflected deeply, and wrote charmingly on a great variety of subjects. He was one of the most frequent and highly valued contributors to the " Princeton Review " from its establish- ment until his death. His love of letters was a passion only less command- ing in its influence on himself than his religion. Upon all his students and parishioners a deep impression was made by his ability, cultivation, refine- ment and elevated character. These traits appear also in his letters, as in all his published writings. The strength and beauty of his features, his en- gaging social qualities, his intellectual life and his purity and unselfishness enabled him, in whatever position, to exert a stronger influence on individual men, than most men, in the circles in which he moved. He was an example of the highest type of Christian preacher and pastor produced by the Ameri- can Church. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 413 of Belles-lettres. In 1834 Stephen Alexander was added to the Faculty. Indeed, it may be said that the cata- logue of professors, beginning in 1830 with the name of Albert B. Dod and closing in 1854 with Arnold Guyot and covering the years of Dr. Carnahan's administration, needs only to be examined to justify the statement that no policy was ever more brilliantly executed than the policy, initiated by Dr. Carnahan and Dr. Maclean, of increasing the chairs and seeking men to fill them without waiting for an endow- ment. What a remarkable addition in point of numbers there was to the teaching force of the institution while Dr. Carnahan was President will be seen from the fact, that dur- ing the whole life of the College up to his presidency only fourteen professors had been appointed, while during his administration alone there were thirty. Of course some plans were adopted which failed. As early as 1834 — a year in which other additions to the Faculty were made, as that of Professor Hart to the Department of Languages — it was seriously attempted to establish a summer school of medicine. The design was given up, owing to the death of the Profes- sor of Anatomy and Physiology, and was never revived. In 1846 a law school was founded, and three gentlemen were elected professors. The lectures were kept up with much spirit for two years, but the school was then dis- continued. The position of the College was not favorable to the establishment of professional schools of law and medicine, and from that time on no attempt was made to establish them. The growth of the College compelled the authorities to provide increased accommodations for the students. Two dormitories were erected: East College in 1833 and West College in 1836, each four stories in height; they were built of stone with brick partitions and fire-proof stairways of iron, and the stairs enclosed in brick walls. Each of the 414 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION dormitories gave accommodation to sixty-four students. The College authorities were unable to gratify their taste in their construction ; but for sixty years and more they have served their purpose well, and it is probable that no investment of the College has yielded a larger return. The cost of erecting each was less than fourteen thousand dol- lars. The growth of the College led also to increased activity in the two literary societies. Up to this time they had no homes of their own. The meetings were held in rooms provided by the College in the building now known as the College Offices. But in the winter of 1836-37 two new halls were built ; the description of one will serve for both, as they were alike: "Whig Hall," says Professor Cameron, " is a building in Ionic style, sixty-two feet long, forty-one feet wide, and two stories high. The columns of the hexastyle porticos are copied from those of a temple by Ilissus near the fountain of Callirrhoe, in Athens. The splendid temple of Dionysus in the Ionian City of Teos, situated on a peninsula of Asia Minor, is a model of the building in other respects." During the administration of Dr. Carnahan the College gained immensely, not only by the separate but also by the associated energies of the able men who formed the Fac- ulty. Their meetings were frequent, and the exchange of ideas led to a higher and increased activity in all depart- ments : discipline, examinations, lectures and recitations. The scientific researches of its eminent professors — for not a few of them became eminent — added to the reputation of the institution and gave it a standing which it had never before enjoyed as an institution of learning. Indeed, it may be said that in the sense in which it had been an eminent home and nursery of patriotism in the days of Witherspoon, it was now a great institution for the cultivation of the sci- ences and the liberal arts. From time to time, however, PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 415 the College sustained great losses by the death or the re- moval to other institutions of several important members of the Faculty. Joseph Addison Alexander, after three years of work, was seized by the Theological Seminary, where, until his death, he had a brilliant career. Joseph Henry, after laboring for sixteen years in the chair of Natural Phi- losophy and making discoveries in the sphere of science and performing inestimable services for his country, was called, in 1848, to the Smithsonian Institution. Albert B. Dod,^ who was brilliant not only in the Chair of Mathematics but in the pulpit and in the pages of the " Princeton Review," died in 1845; ^rid James W. Alexander, whose cultivation and fertility as a writer entitle one to say of him that he might have become one of the most eminent of American men of letters, felt it his duty to become a pastor, and resigned in 1844. These were great losses, but men of ability were at once called to the vacant places, and the large work of the institution did not suffer. Dr. Elias Loomis, and, after his resignation, Professor McCulloch, took the place of Joseph ' " In my student days there was a professorial constellation in the Faculty that for brilliancy has rarely, if ever, been equalled in any American institu- tion. It was our privilege to be instructed in mathematics by Albert B. Dod, in physics by Joseph Henry, in belles-lettres and Latin by James W. Alexan- der, in astronomy by Stephen Alexander, in chemistry and botany by John Torrey. Mr. Maclean's rare talent for leadership was strikingly exhibited in the selection and collection of such a group of educators at a critical period in the history of the College. All but one of the group, at that time the most conspicuous, lived to accomplish the full career of distinction of which their early professorial life gave promise. With the eminence to which these attained all are famihar. Few, however, at the present day appreciate how sore an intellectual bereavement Princeton suffered in the death of Albert B. Dod in the prime of his early manhood. His intellect was notable for the versatility as well as the rarity of his genius. He seemed alike eminent in mathematics, in physics, in philosophy, in literature, in aesthetics and in theology. Though his death occurred when but forty years of age, no one had contributed more largely to the high reputation of the ' Princeton Re- view ' not only in this country, but Great Britain, by his profound and schol- 416 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Henry ; Dr. Hope, a man of charming Christian character as well as a wise and stimulating teacher, succeeded Dr. James Alexander; and Stephen Alexander, a graduate of Union College, who became eminent as an astronomer and a man of eloquence, took the place of Professor Dod. By nothing is the intellectual life of the College at this time more clearly shown than it is by the fact that of the thirty professors elected during Dr. Carnahan's administration, about one half were its own graduates. Dr. Carnahan resigned in 1854. In the thirty-one years of his administration, sixteen hundred and seventy-seven students were admitted to the first degree of the arts, the annual average being over fifty-four. Of these, seventy- three became presidents or professors in colleges or other seminaries of learning, eight became senators of the United States, twenty-six members of the National House of Repre- sentatives, four were members of the Cabinet, and a large number became eminent in the liberal professions. The number graduated during his presidency was larger than arly articles on ' Analytical Geometry,' ' The Vestiges of Creation,' ' Transcen- dentalism ' including an exhaustive discussion of Cousin's ' Philosophy,' ' Ox- ford Architecture,' Finney's ' Sermons and Lectures,' ' The Elder Question,' which at the time agitated the Presbyterian Church, and ' Lyman Beecher's Theology.' Rarely has any college or university had in its curriculum a course of lectures more inspiring intellectually and zesthetically instructive than Pro- fessor Dod's course in ' Architecture,' covering the whole field, Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, Gothic and Modern. They were delivered without manu- script, and held the audience in rapt attention by interesting information, subtle analysis of principles, elevated thought, lucid statement, brilliant rhet- oric, delivered with the ease of a conversational manner, with frequent passages thrillingly eloquent. The same intellectual qualities characterized his ser- mons. Those who remember Professor Dod as a lecturer and preacher are frequently reminded of him when listening to the President of our University. Had Professor Dod's life been spared, as the lives of his eminent colleagues were, to bring forth fruit even to old age, among the many Princeton men who have attained high distinction his name would have been conspicuous." —"MS. of Professor J. T. Duffield." PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 417 the number during the administrations of all his prede- cessors. While he was in office the relations between the Trustees and the Faculty, and between the members of the Faculty, were singularly harmonious. The students enjoyed a larger measure of freedom than during any earlier admin- istration. And when students were disciplined, their wel- fare had quite as much influence in determining the chastise- ment as the welfare of the institution. In his letter of resignation Dr. Carnahan paid a high tribute to his colleague, Vice-President Maclean. After the remark, that Dr. Maclean was the only officer living of those connected with the College when his presidency began, Dr. Carnahan said: "To his activity, energy, zeal and devotion to the interests of the institution, I must be permitted to give my unqualified testimony. We have passed through many trying times together. In time of need he was always at his post without shrinking. He was always ready to meet opposition in the discharge of what he thought to be his duty." Dr. Carnahan lived six years after his resig- nation. He was chosen a trustee of the College, and his successor says of him: "In every respect he was a helper to his successor, and gave him his cordial support both in the Board and without." He died on March 3, 1859, and was buried at Princeton, by the side of his immediate pre- decessor. Dr. Ashbel Green. It was ordered that in December, 1853, at the stated semi- annual meeting, the Board should elect a President of the College. Three gentlemen were named for the position, two of them without their consent. One was Joseph Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who positively de- clined to be a candidate. Another was the Rev. Dr. David Magie, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, a graduate of the College, an eminent preacher and pastor, and one of the Trustees, who, notwithstanding his earnest advocacy of Dr. Maclean's 418 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION election, received several votes. The third was Dr. John Maclean, Vice-President of the College. Dr. Maclean was elected. He took the oath of office and delivered his in- augural address at the commencement of 1854. His ad- dress was partly historical, and partly an exposition of the policy to be pursued during his administration. The new President was a native of Princeton, and was born March 3, 1800. He was the son of the College's first Professor of Chemistry. He was graduated in the class of 18 16, and was its youngest member. For a year after his graduation he taupfht in the classical school at Lawrenceville. In 1818 he became a tutor, and from that date until his resignation as President in 1868 he was a member of the Faculty. His whole active life was thus given to the College. He in- terested himself only in such objects as were in harmony with the interests of the College. He taught at various times Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Latin, Greek, and the Evidences of Christianity. He acquired knowledge with great ease, and his wide intellectual sympathies are shown in the chairs he filled. In his younger life he was an able and stimulating teacher ; but the burden of adminis- tration was laid upon him soon after he became a teacher, and the exceptional executive ability shown by him led his colleagues to believe that it was his duty to subordinate his scholarly ambition to the welfare of the College. Dr. Maclean acquiesced, and in this way he was prevented from becoming eminent in any branch of study. It is not too much to say that up to his presidency Princeton had enjoyed the services of no chief executive officer who so completely sank his own personality in the institution he served. As has already been said, his untiring energies and his sagacious judgment of men and measures con- tributed largely to the success of the administration of Dr. Carnahan ; and it was confidently expected that his own ad- • it I be 00- Dr. John Maclean. 1854.- 1868. rtJ-M-M". VfMIMinrt MM—IM—Mll'I^M* M^ PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 419 ministration would at its close show an advance as great as that made between the death of Dr. Green and his own acces- sion. In one important respect this expectation was not dis- appointed. It must be remembered, to the lasting honor of most of the institutions of higher education in America, that up to the close of the Civil War they accomplished their great work for the Church and State with almost no endowments. This is true of both Princeton and Yale. Speaking only of Princeton, after having been in exis- tence one hundred and seven years, and after having made the noble record shown by the General Catalogue and the statistics which have been given in this sketch, the treasury contained only fifteen thousand dollars of endowment. It is almost incredible that all, except this amount, which had been received by the treasury was of necessity expended for the purchase of lands and the erection of buildings and the maintenance, year after year, of the work of the College. Besides maintaining the College and largely increasing the number of its students, Dr. Maclean, aided by his colleagues, and especially by Dr. Matthew B. Hope and Dr. Lyman H. Atwater, endeav- ored successfully during his administration to provide the College with some permanent funds. All efforts up to this time to secure an endowment had failed, and efforts had repeatedly been made, — three times during the previous administration, in 1825, 1830, and 1835. "The aggregate of gifts to the College," says Dr. Duffield, " during Dr. Maclean's administration was about four hundred and fifty thousand dollars." This aggregate is probably a larger amount than the College had received in gifts from its foundation to the beginning of Dr. Maclean's administra- tion. The accessions to the College were greatly increased. The last year of Dr. Carnahan's administration the number catalogued was two hundred and forty-seven ; seven years 422 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION of the College forced him to give instruction in so many departments that it would have been a marvel if he had found additional time to prove his genius in any. But so strong and facile was his mental energy, that it developed a notable degree of talent for almost every subject that in- terested him. He was able to hold the different chairs in Princeton, not through mere partiality, for it is now known — what his modesty at the time concealed — that he received overtures from other colleges to fill similar pro- fessorships with them. Dr. Matthew B. Hope, than whom Princeton never had a shrewder judge of men, used to say that had Maclean given himself to any particular study in science, philosophy, or language, he would easily have attained celebrity in it. If we doubt this, we may find a reason for the failure of Dr. Maclean to become a master in speciality, not in the lack of special ability, but rather in the possession of certain other intellectual impulses, which made his thoughts overflow any single channel." ^ But if he failed to attain eminence in any single direction. Dr. Maclean was eminently gifted as a counsellor. He grasped seriously the elements of any situation in which the College was placed, and was as able as most men to discern the policy which it demanded. He knew men well. He not only seldom made mistakes, but was extraordinarily successful in the selection or nomination of colleagues. His accurate estimate of men was shown in his estimate of himself Probably no man ever connected with Prince- ton College took his own measure more exactly, or so thoroughly knew his own limitations. This knowledge of himself was due not more to his ability than to the simplicity and sincerity of his character. This sincerity, with the magnanimity and the charity that were blended with it, was recognized by those associated with him in the Board ' Memorial Address by James M. Ludlow, D. D. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 423 of Trustees and Faculty of Instruction, and by his students and the people of the town in which he passed his life.. " My immediate predecessor," says Dr. McCosh, " was John Maclean, the well-beloved, who watched over young men so carefully, and never rebuked a student without making him a friend." Dr. Charles Hodge called him the most loved man in America; and Dr. Ludlow gave apt expression to the feeling of all his students, touching his personal interest in them, in the remark: "St. Hilde- garde used to say, ' I put my soul within your soul.' Dr. Maclean put his soul within the soul of the young man, if ever a man did. He felt for us, he felt as he felt himself in us." It was the conviction of Dr. Maclean's sympathy with the life of each of his students, his readiness to sacri- fice himself for their interests, that gave him in his old age and retirement the love and honor of troops of friends that blessed his latest years. In the narrower and retired life he lived after his resignation he was as active as a philanthropist, though within a restricted field, as he ever had been. As he had lived beloved by all, he died lamented by all, August lo, 1886. IX. The Administration of James McCosh. The Beginning of the Administration of Francis Landey Patton. The resignation of Dr. Maclean having been accepted, to take effect at the commencement of 1868, the Trustees elected, as his successor, the Rev. Dr. William Henry Green, Professor of Oriental and Old Testament Literature in Princeton Theological Seminary. Professor Green, though a graduate of Lafayette College, belonged to a family which had been associated with Princeton College 424 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION from its foundation. He was a descendant of Jonathan Dickinson, the first President of the College and of Caleb Smith, its first tutor; and among its distinguished graduates and benefactors were some of his near relatives. For many years he had given himself exclusively to Oriental and Old Testament studies ; but in his younger life had shown fine gifts as a teacher in other departments, and had been the pastor of a prominent church in Philadelphia. It was felt not only that his acceptance would strengthen the hold of the College on the Church which had in the main supported it, and bring to it new friends and enlarged endowment, but that Dr. Green's scholarship and character would greatly benefit the scholarship, the discipline and the general life of the institution. The Trustees received his declinature with great regret ; but the news of it was heard at the Theological Seminary with the greatest pleasure. Except that of Dr. Green, no name invited the Trustees until it was proposed that the Rev. Dr. James McCosh, Professor of Logic and Philosophy in Queen's College, Belfast, Ireland, be invited to take the vacant chair. Dr. McCosh visited America in 1866, and his addresses deep- ened the impression which his apologetic and philosophical discussions had made on the American public. He was re- ceived and heard everywhere as a thinker and writer of de- served eminence. The writer of this sketch well remem- bers the large audience which gathered in the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church one evening during this visit, to listen to his defense of the Gospels against the attack made upon them in Kenan's "Life of Jesus"; and how fully he sus- tained the reputation which had preceded him. His views in philosophy were those which had been taught and de- fended at Princeton College ; and his Scottish nationality and his residence in Ulster were an additional recommenda- tion to the College of John Witherspoon and to the Church Id tKBS SBpS 1 -^ James McCosh. 1868- 1888. f r i PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 425 of Francis Makemie. Moreover, the fact that he had taken the side of the Free Church at the disruption, and had shown himself as ready as any of his brethren to make sac- rifices in the cause of the autonomy of Christian con- gregations, led the friends of the College to believe that he would be at home in a republic. The divided Presbyterian Church was about to reunite ; and it was felt that it was fortunate that Dr. McCosh had no memories of the theo- logical and ecclesiastical battles which culminated in the di- vision. For these reasons, his acceptance was received with great pleasure, and with confidence that the College would prosper and be enlarged during his administration. The Rev. Dr. Stearns of Newark, a trustee of the College, was Moderator of the New School Presbyterian General As- sembly in 1868. While the Assembly was sitting he learned of Dr. McCosh's acceptance. The writer happened to be standing by when he told the news to the late Dr. Henry Boynton Smith. Dr. Smith said, " It was a wise choice. He is a man of great ability. He may easily prove as great a gift to the Church and State as John Witherspoon." While his acceptance awakened high hopes, no one anticipated his great and brilliant administration. Looking back upon it, now that it has been closed, it must be regarded as the most successful and in some respects the greatest adminis- tration the College has enjoyed. Undoubtedly, Dr. McCosh was fortunate in the time of his presidency, and in his col- leagues. But greatness consists largely in seizing the op- portunities which time offers ; and not a few of his colleagues were his own students, who owed much of their inspiration to his teachings and example. His administration is too recent to make appropriate an estimate of it, like that which has been given of each of the earlier administrations. He is the last of the Presidents who have completed their work. Such an estimate can be 428 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION by Others who knew him well, will for this volume be the best history of his administration. " Rarely," writes Professor West, " has academic history repeated itself with such precision and emphasis as in the person of President James McCosh,^ who, though unique discriminating conservatism was ever held in hearty sympathy with the modern scientific spirit, and his steadfast adherence to the principles of evan- gelical religion never narrowed his Christian sympathies. A leader in great international Alliances and Councils of the Churches, he also consistently welcomed students of every religious denomination to their chartered privileges within our walls. The representatives of all creeds mingled in his funeral. " While a commanding figure has passed from public view, there remains among us, who were his nearer associates, the charm of a unique personality and rare Christian character, to be henceforth enshrined in our memories with reverence and affection. " To his bereaved family we can only tender our deepest sympathy, pray- ing that they may receive those divine consolations which he himself taught during his life and illustrated in peaceful death." ' The information used for this notice comes from many sources, princi- pally from members of Dr. McCosh's family, his pupils and friends in Great Britain and America, his own writings, and many scattered publications about him. This information has been used freely, perhaps even to the point of adopting some statements of fact and turns of expression without acknow- ledgment. Of the newspaper obituaries the best for his life in Scotland is to be found in "The Scotsman " of Edinburgh, under date of November 19, 1894 (an account drawn largely from the volume on " Disruption Worthies," published in Edinburgh and London, 1 881), the best for his Belfast life is in "The Northern Whig " of Belfast, November 19, 1894 (based mainly upon information given by Mr. Thomas Sinclair of Belfast), and the best for his Princeton life appeared in the "New York Tribune " November 17, 1894. Interesting incidents of his relations to the students are in the " New York Herald" of November 18, 1894. A good undergraduate estimate is to be found in the " Nassau Literary Magazine " for December, 1894, and another in the number for June, 1888. There is a sketch by the present writer in the " New York Observer " of November 22, 1894, and a briefer one in the " Educational Review " for November, 1894. An article by Professor Ormond appears in the "Educational Review" for February, 1895. Professor Sloane has edited Dr. McCosh's autobiography, and has given the one full and satis- factory account we have. It is entitled " The Life of James McCosh," and is published by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. — A. F. West. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 429 in his own generation, had a real prototype in the person of one, though only one, of his predecessors, President John Witherspoon, the ruler of Princeton a century ago. Each of them was in point of ancestry a Covenanter, by birth a Lowland Scotchman, in his youth a student at the University of Edinburgh, in his young manhood a minister of the Church of Scotland at a crisis in its history, and in that crisis an important figure, — Witherspoon heading the opposition to moderatism and Dr. McCosh helping to form the Free Church. When already past the meridian of life each of them came to America to do his greatest work as President of Princeton, the one arriving in 1768 and the other in 1868. Though of different degrees of eminence in different particulars, they were nevertheless of fundamen- tally the same character, being philosophers of reality, min- isters of evangelical and yet catholic spirit, constructive and aggressive in temper, stimulating as teachers, stout upholders of disciplinary education, men of marked per- sonal independence, of wide interest in public affairs and thoroughly patriotic as Americans. The principles of col- lege government on which Witherspoon acted Dr. McCosh expressly avowed. ' These principles,' he wrote, ' were full of wisdom, tact and kindness. Without knowing them till afterward, I have endeavored to act on the same prin- ciples, but more imperfectly. Govern, said he, govern always, but beware of governing too much.'^ Their presidencies were long and successful. Each lived the last twenty-six years of his life in Princeton, and it may be noticed as a striking final coincidence that they passed away a century apart, almost to the day, — Witherspoon dying November 15, 1794, and Dr. McCosh on November 16, 1894. "James McCosh was born April i, 1811, at Carskeoch Farm, on the left bank of the ' bonnie Doon,' just above ' "John Witherspoon and his Times," Philadelphia, 1890. 430 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION the village of Patna, some twelve miles from Ayr, the county town of Ayrshire. In this region, so full of inspir- ing Scottish memories, his boyhood was spent, and, in common with so many of his countrymen who have risen to fame, he received his first education in the parochial school. In 1824, when but thirteen years old, he entered the University of Glasgow, an institution already famous in the annals of the Scottish philosophy for the teaching of Reid and Hutcheson, — a fit place for the young student to begin, who was later to write the history of the Scottish School. Here he remained five years. In 1829 he entered the University of Edinburgh, coming under the influence of Thomas Chalmers and David Welsh in theology, and of Sir William Hamilton in philosophy. He had also some strong intellectual compeers among the students of that time. Such, for example, was Tait, afterward Archbishop of Canterbury. Incidents of Dr. McCosh's youth and student days formed the basis of many an interesting anec- dote in his later years. Of such were his remembrances as a boy of the recurring anniversaries when his elders used to pledge with enthusiasm ' the memory of Bobbie Burns.' At other times he would dwell with fondness on one or another loved feature of the home scenery of Ayrshire or the talk of its people. The competition for intellectual honors at the University formed another theme. Then, too, the strong impress of Sir William Hamilton's personality as well as of his teaching was one of those things that delighted his Princeton pupils to notice, especially as seen in the way he treasured some remark of his great teacher. ' Do you know the greatest thing he ever said to me ? ' Dr. McCosh asked one day of the writer. ' It was this : So reason as to have but one step between your premise and its conclusion.' The syllogism unified and turned into a rule of conduct! Well might such a vigorous maxim take PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 431 the imperative form. And how vividly real it made the act of reasoning seem ! It was toward the close of his student days at Edinburgh that Dr. McCosh wrote his essay en- titled ' The Stoic Philosophy,' in recognition of which the University, upon motion of Sir William Hamilton, con- ferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. " In 1835 he was licensed as a minister of the Established Church of Scotland. Toward the close of the same year he was elected, by the members of the congregation, minister of the Abbey church of Arbroath, the ' Fairport ' of Sir Wal- ter Scott's ' Antiquary,' a flourishing town in Forfarshire, on the eastern coast, sixteen miles north of Dundee. While in this parish he made the acquaintance of the Rev. Thomas Guthrie, eight years his senior, the minister of the neigh- boring parish of Arbilot, and afterwards so celebrated in the Old Greyfriars pulpit in Edinburgh. They were helpful to each other in their pastoral work and counsel, and formed the nucleus of a group of ministers who met to discuss with earnestness the impending dangers to the Church consequent upon 'intrusion' of ministers by the Crown upon congregations, irrespective of the preference of the people. They promptly identified themselves with the view that this subjection of the Church to the Crown was to be brought to an end, advocating, as Dr. McCosh had already done in his Edinburgh student days, what was known as Non-Intrusion. In 1838, on the suggestion of Dr. Welsh, his former teacher, Dr. McCosh was appointed by the Crown to the first charge of the church at Brechin, a short distance from Arbroath. Brechin was an attractive old cathedral town with a large outlying country parish. In this arduous charge he labored most assiduously in com- pany with his colleague, the Rev. A. L. R. Foote. Besides attending to his stated church ministrations and the regu- lar visiting of its congregation, he went abroad every- 432 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION where, preaching the Gospel in barns, kitchens and taverns, or in the open fields and wherever else he could do good.^ His communion roll gradually swelled until it included four- teen hundred persons. Meanwhile the ecclesiastical sky was darkening. The disruption of the Church of Scotland was impending, and when, in 1843, it had become inevitable. Dr. McCosh, in common with hundreds of other ministers, sur- rendered his living. He at once proceeded to organize in his old parish a congregation of the Free Church, into which over eight hundred of his former parishioners fol- lowed him. He also rendered great service at this crisis by organizing new congregations, providing them with preachers, raising money and getting sites for the erection of new churches. 'A good horseman,' says one of his best newspaper biographies,' ' he rode long distances from place to place and preached in barns, ball-rooms or fields, as was found necessary.' In 1843 ^^^ the following year he was a member of one of the deputations appointed by the General Assembly to visit various parts of England and arouse Non-conformist interest in the position of the Free Church. In 1845 he was married at Brechin to Miss Isa- bella Guthrie, daughter of the physician James Guthrie, and niece of Thomas Guthrie, his friend in his early ministry at Arbroath. "In this round of active life, with all its details and distrac- tions, he kept alive his philosophical thinking, and in 1850 published, at Edinburgh, his ' Method of the Divine Govern- ment, Physical and Moral.' ^ It was most favorably reviewed ' " Disruption Worthies. A Memorial of 1843." Edinburgh and London, 1 88 1. The sketch of Dr. McCosh, written by Professor George Macloskie, is found on pp. 343-348. ■"The Scotsman," Edinburgh, November 19, 1894. ' " No sooner did McCosh's heavy though pleasant labors in founding con- gregations of the Free Church relax a little, than he began the composition of 'The Method of the Divine Government, Physical and Moral.' During PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 433 by Hugh Miller and commended by Sir William Hamilton. It brought him at once into prominence as a philosophic writer of force and clearness/ The story goes that Earl Clarendon, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, sitting down the period of writing the author received much encouragement from his intimate college friend, William Hanna. It was he, likewise, who aided in the work incidental to publication. The author showed his book in manu- script to Dr. Cunningham and Dr. James Buchanan. Both approved, and the latter suggested some changes which were adopted. The volume was published in 1850, and through Dr. Guthrie copies were sent to the two Scotchmen then most eminent in the world of abstract thought. Sir William Hamilton and Hugh Miller. The former announced his decision at once : ' It is refreshing to read a work so distinguished for originality and sound- ness of thinking, especially as coming from an author of our own country.' Hugh Miller said in the ' Witness ' that the work was of the ' compact and thought-eliciting complexion which men do not willingly let die.' The first edition was exhausted in six months. An American edition was pub- lished very soon afterward, and that, too, sold rapidly. The book passed through twenty editions in less than forty years, and still has a sale in both Great Britian and America. Time, therefore, may be said to have passed its judgment upon the ' Divine Government.' " — Professor W. M. Sloane, "Life of McCosh." ' Some of Dr. Mc Cosh's Services to Philosophy. — The real importance of Dr. McCosh's work in philosophy was to a great extent obscured during his life by a certain lack of appreciation of which he occasionally complained. "They won't give me a hearing," he would say somewhat mournfully. And then he would cheer up under the assuring conviction that Realism, as it was the first, would also be the final, philosophy. Dr. McCosh's position in philosophy suffered during his life from a kind of reaction against the Scottish school, which had set in with Mill's destructive criticism of Hamilton. It was also materially affected by the strong movement in the direction of evolutionary empiricism of which Herbert Spencer was the exponent and leader. The dogmatic and positive tone of Dr. McCosh himself had doubt- less something to do with the tendency to undervalue his work. There are other circumstances which must not be overlooked in estimating the value of Dr. McCosh's philosophy. It scarcely ever happens that a man is the best judge of his own work, or that the things on which he puts the greatest stress possess the most permanent value. Much of Dr. McCosh's work is of a transitional character. His whole attitude toward evolution, for example, is that of a transitional thinker who, although hospitable to the new. 434 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION to read a copy one Sunday morning, became so absorbed in the book that he missed going to church, and read on till evening without stopping, and soon after offered Dr. McCosh the chair of Logic and Metaphysics in the newly maintains, on the whole, the old points of view. Dr. McCosh, it may be said briefly, accepted evolution provisionally, but he could scarcely be called an evolution thinker. Again, it is true of Dr. McCosh, as of most other men, that the principle and content of his work must be distinguished from the form in which he embodied it. Generally it is a failure to distinguish the principle from the accidental form that constitutes one of the greatest limita- tions of any thinker. This is certainly true of Dr. McCosh. The essence of all his doctrines was so associated in his mind with a certain mode of con- ceiving and stating them as to make the form seem essential to the doctrine. An example of this is his theory of Natural Realism in the sphere of per- ception, in which a certain mode of apprehending the object was deemed essential to the assertion of reality itself Leaving out of view, however, accidental features and elements of a merely transitional character, it seems to me that Dr. McCosh has contributed several elements of distinct value to the thinking of his time. One of these is to be found in his treatment of the Intuitions. At the time Dr. McCosh first became interested in the problems of speculation, Intuitionism had suffered a kind of eclipse in the writings of Sir William Hamilton, whose attempt to combine Scottish Epistemology with Kantian Metaphysics had resulted in a purely negative theory of such intuitive principles, for example, as causality. Dr. McCosh harked back to Reid and reasserted the pure Scottish position against the unnatural hybrid of the Hamiltonian metaphysics. But he is not to be regarded as simply a reasserter of Reid. His wide acquaintance with the history of philosophy, as well as his keener faculty of criticism, led to a more careful and discriminating analysis of the intuitive principles of the mind as well as to a more philosophical statement of them. He also con- nected them with the three epistemological functions of cognition, judgment and belief, in such a way as to bring them into closer relations with experience, and, by recognizing a distinction between their cognitive and rational forms, to admit the agency of an empirical process in their passage from the singular to the more general stage of their apprehension. Of course, where the reality of intuitive principles is denied. Dr. McCosh's interpretation of them will not be appreciated. But inasmuch as the affirmation of native elements in some form is likely to continue, the contribution of Dr. McCosh to Intuitional thinking is likely to be one of permanent value. The one point on which Dr. McCosh was most strenuous was that of Realism. He had a kind of pJtobia PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 435 founded Queen's College in Belfast. Dr. McCosh accepted the offer, removing to Belfast in 1852, and continuing there until he came to Princeton. His class-room was notable in many ways, — for his brilliant lecturing, his interesting of all idealistic or phenomenal theories. This rendered him somewhat unduly impatient of these theories, and they sometimes receive scant justice at his hands. But whatever his failings as a critic, there was no ambiguity about his own point of view. He was the doughtiest kind of a realist, ready at all times to break a lance in defence of his belief Here, as elsewhere, in esti- mating the value of Dr. McCosh's work, it is necessary to observe the dis- tinction between the principle and the form of his doctrine. Perhaps few thinkers at present would accept the unmodified form of his realism. But the positions he had most at heart, namely, that philosophy must start with reality if it would end with it, and that philosophy misses its aim if it misses reality and stops in the negations of Positivism or Kantism, — these are positions which a very wide school of thinkers have very much at heart. Dr. McCosh's realism is a tonic which invigorates the spirit that comes into contact with it, and indisposes it to any sort of indolent acquiescence in a negative creed. In harking back to Reid, Dr. McCosh was recognizing intellectual kinship in more ways than one. The spirit of Reid, while pretty positive and dog- matic, was also inductive and observational. Reid hated speculation, and would not employ it except at the behest of practical needs. Dr. McCosh was a man of kindred spirit. His distrust of speculation amounted at times, I think, to a positive weakness. But his shrewd common sense, combined with a genius for observation and an intense love of fact, constituted perhaps the most marked quality of his mind. It has kept his work fresh and inter- esting, packed his books with new and interesting facts and shrewd observa- tions, and has made them rich treasure-houses for those who come after him. This is especially true in his psychological work. Here, where, on account of the rapid advance of Psychology in both method and content, the results of his generation of workers are fast becoming inadequate to the new demands, it ought not to be forgotten that Dr. McCosh was almost the pioneer of a new departure in Psychology in this country ; that his was the most potent voice in the advocacy of that marriage of the old science of introspection with Physiology, out of which the new Physiological Psychology arose ; that his example was most potent in advocating the substitution of an observa- tional for a closet Psychology ; and that while he contributed little to experi- mental results, the influence of his spirit and teaching was strongly favorable to them. Perhaps in the end it will be seen that Dr. McCosh rendered his most last- 436 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION method of questioning, his soHcitude for his students and their enthusiasm for him. Besides fulfilhng his regular duties, he served as an examiner for the Queen's University ing service in the sphere of religious thought. In view of the tendency in many quarters to divorce Philosophy from Rehgion and insist that philosophy has no legitimate interest in the problems of religion, the attitude of Dr. McCosh is reassuring. That the problems of religion are the supreme and final questions in philosophy, and that no philosophy is adequate that is unable to find some rational justification, at least, for a Theistic view of the world, these were points on which he insisted as cardinal. Dr. McCosh was a profound thinker who saw clearly the necessity of a metaphysical ground- work of both Morals and Religion. His own Theistic conviction was at all times firm and unclouded. But aside from the form of his own individual beliefs, his insistence on the questions of God's existence and man's relation to Him as the vitalest issues of philosophy, contains an important lesson for the time. In this connection, also, his relation to the Evolution theory is noteworthy. It was in the religious aspect of this theory, and especially its bearing on Theism, that he was most vitally interested. He early saw that a Theistic conception of development was possible, and this prevented him from adopt- ing the view of its extreme opponents, and condemning it as necessarily atheistic and irreligious. He maintained the possibility of conceiving evolu- tion from a Theistic basis as a feature of the Method of Divine Government, and this led him to take a hospitable attitude toward the evolution idea, while at the same time it enabled him to become the most formidable critic of evolution in its really atheistic and irreligious forms. This treatment of the problem of evolution by a religious thinker possesses more than a transitional value. It correctly embodies, I think, the wisest and most philosophical attitude which a religious mind can take toward the advances of science dur- ing that period of uncertainty which ordinarily precedes the final adjustment of the new into the framework of established truth. On the question of Dr. McCosh's originality, I think this may be said : While it is true that he has added no distinctively new idea to philosophy, yet his work possesses originality in that it not only responded to the demands of the time, but also bears the stamp of the author's striking and powerful individuality. The form of Dr. McCosh's discussions is always fresh, char- acteristic and original. He was an original worker, in that his work bore the stamp of his time and personality, and constituted part and parcel of the living energy of his generation. — Prof. A. T. Ormond, "Princeton College Bulletin," January, 1896. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 437 of Ireland, as a member of the distinguished Board of Ex- aminers who organized the first competitive examinations for the civil service of India, and as an examiner for the Furgusson Scholarships, open to graduates of Scottish Universities/ In 1858 he visited the principal schools and universities of Prussia, carefully acquainting himself with their organization and methods, and publishing his opinions regarding them in 1859. ^^ was at Belfast he brought out his "Examination of Mr. J. S. Mill's Philosophy, Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation " (in conjunction with Professor George Dickie), "The Intuitions of the Mind,"^ and " The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural." In his church relations he was both an active promoter of evangelical piety, and an efficient helper in ecclesiastical counsels. He helped to organize the Ministerial Support Fund of the Irish Presbyterian Church, seeking to evoke liberality and self- ^ " The Northern Whig," Belfast, November 19, 1894. " " The positive characterization of modern Princeton must begin with a description of its dominant mode of tliinking, wliicli is tlie philosophical. This is one of our many inheritances from Dr. McCosh. So habituated to this habit of mind is the Princeton teacher, that he hardly realizes the strength of this prevailing tendency. A Harvard man is apt to measure things by literary standards, and a Harvard graduate who comes as an instructor to Princeton is apt to be surprised to find how pervasive and all but universal is this philosophical temper here. It is this cast or mould of thinking, rather than strict uniformity in philosophical beliefs, which is the most striking feature of the University's intellectual life. Traditionally Princeton is com- mitted to a realistic metaphysics as opposed to agnosticism, materialism or idealism. The far-reaching importance of the last is, indeed, admitted ; but the maturer judgment of Princeton's philosophers inclines to the acknow- ledgment of 'a refractory element' in experience, which, while 'without form and void,' unless enmeshed in the categories of Reason, refuses 'wholly to merge its being in a network of relations.' They prefer, therefore, to admit the existence of an impasse to a complete intellectual unification of the universe, than to purchase metaphysical unity at the cost of surrendering the judgments of common sense, and at the risk of discovering that the hoped-for treasure is but dross at the last." — Prof. W. M. Daniels, "The Critic," Oct. 24, 1896. 438 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION support in view of the coming disendowment. In the face of much opposition, he advocated giving up the Reginm Domiin. Arguments he used in this discussion were after- wards influential with Mr. Gladstone in connection with the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland/ He advocated a system of intermediate schools to prepare for higher insti- tutions of learning, and particularly labored for the great cause of a general system of national elementary schools. His own pupils attained marked success in the examinations for the civil service, and some of them became very emi- nent,— one of them being Sir Robert Hart, the present Chief of the Chinese Customs Service. He was not a man who could be hid, and so there is little to wonder at in the distinction he earned, whether evidenced by the respect of men like Chalmers, Guthrie, Hugh Miller, Sir William Hamilton, Dean Mansel, the present Duke of Argyll and Mr. Gladstone, the kindly humor of Thackeray or the flings of Ruskin and sharp rejoinders of John Stuart Mill. "Dr. McCosh paid his first visit to America in 1866, re- ceiving a hearty welcome. In June, 1868, he was called to the presidency of Princeton. He accepted the call after due deliberation, and arrived at Princeton on October 22 of the same year. The story of the low condition of Princeton at that time, consequent upon the Civil War, does not need to ' " The ecclesiastical condition of Ireland was at that time anomalous ; the rich Episcopalian minority being sustained as an Established Church ; a sop thrown to the Presbyterian middle-class minority in the shape of a Regiiim Donum, or partial endowment, which helped them to acquiesce in the wrong done to the Roman Catholic majority, who were poor and left out in the cold. When the right time arrived Dr. McCosh lectured and wrote in favor of Dis- establishment and Disendowment, and argued from his experience in Scot- land for the inauguration of a Sustentation Fund by the Irish Presbyterians. This was the opening of a struggle which ended in the carrying out of all his views, greatly to the furtherance of religion, as the people of Ireland now confess." — Professor Geo. Macloskie, in Sloane's "Life of McCosh," pp. 120, 121. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 439 be told here. So far as equipment and numbers can speak, the tale is soon told. Excepting a few professors' houses, there are now on the campus only four buildings which were owned by the College when Dr. McCosh arrived. They are Nassau Hall, the old President's (now the Dean's) house, the College Offices and West College. There were but sixteen instructors in the Faculty, and about two hun- dred and fifty students. "The institution was depleted, salaries were low, and academic standards had suffered both in the way of scholar- ship and discipline. It had been a discouraging time in Princeton's history, and the self-denial of President Maclean and the band of professors who went with the College through the war has been only too slightly appreciated. The writer entered Princeton as a freshman in January, 1870, when the beginnings of Dr. McCosh's power were being manifested. His influence was like an electric shock, instantaneous, paralyzing to opposition, and stimulating to all who were not paralyzed. Old student disorders were taken in hand and throttled after a hard struggle, out-door sports and gymnastics were developed as aids to academic order, strong professors were added, the course of study was both deepened and widened, the ever-present energy of Dr. McCosh was daily in evidence, and great gifts were coming in. Every one felt the new life. When the Bonner- Mar- quand Gymnasium was opened, in 1870, the student cheer- ing was enough to rend the roof It was more than cheering for the new gymnasium, — it was for the new era. " It is not possible in this sketch to tell the story of the twenty years from 1868 to 1888, but the results may be in- dicated.^ The campus was enlarged and converted into a ' " A member of the first class that entered Princeton under the Presi- dency of Dr. McCosh, I am called here to speak not for myself alone, but in the name of two thousand old pupils who would pay the tribute of honor and 440 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION splendid park, every detail of convenience and beauty being consulted in the transformation.^ The old walks were re- placed with something substantial, grading and planting love to the memory of our grand old man. We loved him because he loved Princeton. He was born in Scotland, but he was born an American and Princetonian. If you could have opened his heart, you would have found 'Princeton' written there. He was firmly convinced that this college, with its history, its traditions, and its Christian faith, was predestinated to become one of the great American universities. ' It is the will of God,' he said, ' and I will do it.' A noble man, with a noble purpose, makes noble friends. Enthusiasm is contagious. Dr. McCosh laid the foundation of Princeton University broad, and deep, and strong ; and he left behind him a heritage of enthusiasm, a Princeton spirit which will complete his work and never suffer it to fail. We love him because he loved truth, and welcomed it from whatever quarter of the wide heaven it might come. He had great confidence in God as the source of truth and the eternal defender of His true word. He did not conceive that anything would be discovered which God had not made. He did not suppose that anything would be evolved which God had not intended from the beginning. The value of his philosophy of common sense was very great. But he taught his students something far more precious — to love reality in religion as in science, to respect all honest work, and to reverence every fact of nature and consciousness as a veritable revelation from Almighty God." — The Rev. Dr. Henry van Dyke: Address at Dr. McCosh's burial. ' " I remember," said Dr. McCosh, " the first view which I got of the pleasant height on which the College stands, the highest ground between the two great cities of the Union, looking down on a rich country, covered with wheat and corn, with apples and peaches, resembling the south of England as much as one country can be like another. Now we see that height covered with buildings, not inferior to those of any other college in America. I have had great pleasure in my hours of relaxation in laying out — always assisted by the late Rev. W. Harris, the treasurer of the College — the grounds and walks, and locating the buildings. I have laid them out somewhat on the model of the demesnes of English noblemen. I have always been healthiest when so employed. I remember the days, sunshiny or cloudy, in April and November, on which I cut down dozens of deformed trees and shrubs, and planted large numbers of new ones which will live when I am dead. I do not believe that I will be allowed to come back from the other world to this ; but if this were permitted, I might be allured to visit these scenes so dear to me, and to see the tribes on a morning go up to the house of God in com- panies."— "Life of Dr. McCosh," pp. 195, 196. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 441 were carried out on an extensive scale, the drainage was re- modelled, and many other such things, which seem small separately, but mean so much collectively, were attended to. The following buildings were added : The Halsted Observatory in 1869, the Gymnasium in 1869-70, Reunion Hall and Dickinson Hall in 1870, the Chancellor Green Library and the John C. Green School of Science in 1873, University Hall in 1876, Witherspoon Hall in 1877, the Observatory of Instruction in 1878, Murray Hall in 1879, Edwards Hall in 1880, the Marquand Chapel in 1881, the Biological Laboratory in 1887, and the Art Museum about the same time. The administrative side of the College was invigorated in many ways, a dean being added to the executive officering in 1883. The Faculty was gradually built up by importation of professors from other institutions, and afterward by training Princeton men as well. Twenty- four of Dr. McCosh's pupils are now in the Faculty. The course of study was revised and made modern, with- out giving up the historic essentials of liberal education. Elective studies were introduced and developed, and the relating of the elective to the prescribed studies in one har- monious system was always kept in view. To the old aca- demic course of four years, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer were added, and graduate courses lead- ing to the university degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science were organized.^ The entrance require- '" Indeed, the traditional university constitution — a semi-monastic life, fixed terms of college residence, adherence to old academic custom, and a hierarchy of degrees — is found nowhere in more vigor than at Princeton. The true future of Princeton lies not in the development of professional schools, nor in the pursuit of utilitarian studies, but in both the college and the graduate department is inseparably bound up with the cause of pure academic culture and learning." — Prof. W. M. Daniels, "The Critic," October 24, i8g6. 442 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION ments were improved in quality and were exacted with more firmness. The interior relations of the various departments of study to each other and to the general culture of the stu- dent were gradually better adjusted, and beginnings of specialized study founded on general culture were instituted. The use of the library was made of importance as a help to the student's regular class work. The two literary so- cieties, Whig and CHo, were relieved of the distress under which they had suffered from secret societies by exterminat- ing these societies, and helped in their friendly rivalry by the establishment of additional college honors open to their competition. Old class-room and chapel disorders slowly gave way before better buildings and improved instruction. Useful auxiliaries to the curriculum were encouraged, and, in particular, the President's ' Library Meeting ' was started. Here, month after month, the upper classmen met in large numbers to hear some paper by Dr. McCosh, some pro- fessor from Princeton or elsewhere, some bright alumnus or scholar unattached to a university. Distinguished strangers got into the habit of coming to see the College, and such visits as those of General Grant and other Ameri- can dignitaries, and of the German professors Dorner and Christlieb, of the Duke of Argyll, of Froude and of Matthew Arnold, were greatly enjoyed. And so, by slowly working agencies, a change in the way of growth, now rapid and now apparently checked, was taking place. The impover- ished small College was being renovated, uplifted and ex- panded. It was put on its way toward a university life.-^ '" I think it proper to state," wrote Dr. McCosh, "that I meant all along that these new and varied studies, with their groupings and combinations, should lead to the formation of a Siiidiutn Generate, which was supposed in the Middle Ages to constitute a university. At one time I cherished a hope that I might be honored to introduce such a measure. From my intimate PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 443 Its Faculty and students increased until in 1888 the sixteen instructors had become a body of forty-three, and the stu- dents were over six hundred. Yet this gratifying increase is not the great thing. It might have come and amounted to little more than a diffusion of weakness. But it was quali- tative as well as quantitative, for the College was steadily producing a body of better and better trained men, and a body of men having an intense esprit dii corps of great value for the future solidarity of Princeton. For Dr. Mc- Cosh not only left his indelible mark upon them singly, but fused their youthful enthusiasms into one mastering passion for Princeton as a coming university, democratic in its stu- dent life, moved by the ideas of discipline and duty, unified in its intellectual culture, open to new knowledge, and Chris- tian to the core. "His relations with the students were intimate and based on his fixed conviction that upon them ultimately rested the fate of Princeton. This conviction meant more than that he saw in young men the coming men. ' A college depends,' he once said, ' not on its president or trustees or profes- sors, but on the character of the students and the homes they come from. If these change, nothing can stop the college changing.' To his eyes the movement that deter- acquaintance with the system of Princeton and other colleges, I was so vain as to think that out of our available materials I could have constructed a uni- versity of a high order. I would have embraced in it all that is good in our college ; in particular, I would have seen that it was pervaded with religion, as the college is. I was sure that such a step would have been followed by a large outflow of liberality on the part of the pubHc, such as we enjoyed in the early days of my presidency. We had had the former rain, and I hoped we might have the latter rain, and we could have given the institution a wider range of usefulness in the introduction of new branches and the extension of post-graduate studies. But this privilege has been denied me." — " Life of McCosh," pp. 213, 214. 444 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION mined everything was the movement from below upward and outward, and the business of president, trustees and professors was to make this mass of raw material into the best product possible ; but, first of all, the material must be sound if there is to be success in the product. The phi- losopher of elemental reality ^ was never more true to his principles than just here. Given, however, a body of students of sound stock, he felt sure the desired results in their discipline and culture were obtainable by intelligent and patient treatment. First of all, as the negative condi- tion of success, he insisted that idleness must be done away with or no progress would be possible. ' If they are idle you can do nothing with them,' was one of his axioms, — nothing to prevent the positive vices to which idleness gives occasion, and nothing to develop the mind by whole- some exercise. Next on his programme came an orderly and regular course of study to be pursued by the student without faltering. Then in order to bind all the student's life into one and place him in the right direction, he depended upon the sense of moral responsibility, quickened and ener- '"The last address by Dr. McCosh in this chapel was a memorable one. It was given several years ago, on a Sunday evening, in the simple religious service held here in the close of the day. He had been asked repeatedly once more to preach in the pulpit, from which he had so often spoken, but had declined from a fear that he might not be able to endure the strain. This simple and less exhausting service he readily undertook. " On the occasion to which I refer he read, with a touching emphasis, St. Paul's 13th Chapter of First Corinthians, that wonderful chapter in Vihich the apostle discourses on Charity. Having ended the reading, he gave a brief analysis of its points, remarking on the great climax of the last verse : ' And now abideth Faith, Hope and Charity, but the greatest of these is Charity.' Then he announced his purpose of saying a few words on the first clause of the 9th verse, and read it slowly, and those who heard it will not forget the scene as he said, ' For we know in part,' instantly adding, with an almost triumphant tone, ' But we know. " — Dr. James O. Murray : Address at the Funeral. PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 445 gized by Christian truth/ It was a simple programme, and great as it was simple.- "His capacity for detail was marvellous, and hence he could ' " I should sadly fail in doing any justice to the memory of Dr. McCosh did I not lay a special emphasis on the Christian element in his administration. Amid all his high ambitions and large plans and unsparing labors for the College, he never forgot, and his Faculty was never allowed to forget, that it should maintain the character and do the work of a Christian college. He believed profoundly that education must have a Christian basis. He was loyal to all the traditions of the past, and he sought to administer the office he held in the spirit of its noble charter. It was under his guidance that the practice of administering the Holy Communion at the beginning and close of the college year was instituted. Is was to him a source of the truest joy when this beautiful chapel was reared by the generosity of its donor. He wrote the graceful inscription on yonder tablet. In private and in public, in active cooperation with the Christian Society of the College, in many a con- fidential talk with his students on the great themes of religion, he sought always to develop the Christian element in college life. I do not think he favored the idea of a College Church. In fact, though a Presbyterian by deep conviction, he avoided anything which would divert attention from his own aim to make the College Christian rather than denominational. The catholicity of his spirit here was full and large. The legacy of devotion to the Christian element in college life he has left us is indeed a sacred and abiding one." — Dr. James O. Murray: Address at the Funeral. - " What a figure he has been in Princeton's history ! I need not describe him. You can never forget him, You see him — tall, majestic; his fine head resting on stooping shoulders ; his classic face ; with a voice like a trumpet; magisterial; with no mock humility; expecting the full deference that was due his office, his years and his work. Here is the fruit of his life : the books he has written ; the college that he has built ; the alumni all over the land who are his grateful pupils. "Through a quarter of a century and more he lived among us — a stalwart man, with an iron will : no mimosa he, sensitive, shrinking and shrivelling at the touch of criticism ; but a sturdy oak that storms might wrestle with but only heaven's lightning could hurt. Loyal to conscience — deep in convic- tion— tender of heart — living in communion with God, and loving the Word of God as he loved no other book — he was the President who woke the admiration, and touched the hearts, and kindled the enthusiasm of Princeton men. No wonder they were proud of him ! " — President Patton's Memorial Sermon. 446 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION meet special individual needs as well as plan on the general scale. It seems as though his sanity of judgment and con- stant endeavor to develop normal character was the very thing that enabled him to recognize the kind and extent of departure from the normal standard in any student at any stage of development. Once he met a rather pompous un- dergraduate who announced with some impressiveness that he could no longer stay in the church of his fathers, as he needed something more satisfying, and that he felt it proper to acquaint Dr. McCosh with the great fact. The sole reply was, 'You '11 do no such thing.' And so it turned out. In answer to a cautiously worded long question put by a mem- ber of the Faculty in order to discover whether some one charged with a certain duty had actually performed it, the answer came like a shot, 'He did.' No more! How short he could be ! To an instructor in philosophy whom he wished to impress with the reality of the external world as against the teachings of idealism, he said, with a sweep of his hand toward the horizon, ' It is there, it is there ! You know it ! Teach it ! ' Then, too, he was shrewd. In the case of a student who pleaded innocence, though his delinquency was apparent to the doctor, who nevertheless wanted to be easy with him, the verdict was, ' I accept your statement. You '11 not do so again.' On one occasion a visiting cler- gyman conducting evening chapel service made an elabo- rate prayer, including in his petitions all the officers of the College, arranged in order, from President to trustees, pro- fessors and tutors. There was great applause at the last item. At the Faculty meeting immediately after the service, the doctor, in commenting upon the disorder, aptly remarked: ' He should have had more sense than to pray for the tutors.' His consciousness of mastery was so naive that he cared little for surface disorder in the class-room, so far as his confidence in being able to meet it was involved, but PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 447 cared a great deal if he found himself at a dead point in the course over which he felt he must carry the class.^ Here the dullards, the apathetic, the drones, the light-witted and especially the provokers of disorder came in for a castigation of the most interesting kind. ' Sit down, sir,' sometimes served both to suppress a tumult and at the same time waken a mind that had never been awake before. He could talk to men with a severity and tone of command few would dare employ. Though the most indifferent could not fail to see he was terribly in earnest at times, they also saw his hearty and deep affection for them. ' A man of granite with the heart of a child ' is an undergraduate's estimate of the old doctor.^ ' " Dr. McCosh was preeminently a teacher. His place with Wayland, and Mark Hopkins, and Woolsey among the great College Presidents of America is due in no small degree to the fact that, like them, he was a teacher. I know that I speak the sentiments of some who hold a position similar to mine in otiier institutions, when I say that the increase of executive duties that draws the President from the class-room is a misfortune. It would have been an irreparable loss, to be made up by no amount of efficiency and suc- cess in other directions, for Dr. McCosh to have withdrawn from the position of a teacher while he was able to teach. For he was a superb teacher. He knew what he believed and why he believed it, and he taught it with a moral earnestness that enforced attention. . . . There are teachers who handle a great subject in a great way, with no lack of sympathy or humor, and a large knowledge of human nature ; who win your confidence, and stimulate your ambition ; who make you eager to read ; and who send you out of the lec- ture-room with your heart divided between your admiration of the man and your interest in his theme. Dr. McCosh was a teacher of this kind. No mere closet-philosopher was he ; no cold-blooded overseer ; but a teaching member of the Faculty in which he sat ; a man of heart as well as brain ; who could feel as well as think; and who could be both hot and tender." — Presi- dent Patton's Memorial Sermon. - " In matters of administration Dr. McCosh, without being in any sense autocratic, managed to exercise a good deal of authority. For there is no nice provision of checks and balances in the government of a college. The three estates of Trustees, Faculty and Undergraduates constitute an organ- ism that furnishes a fine opportunity for experiments in political theories. 448 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION " A pleasant picture of the impression he made on another man of simple heart and strong nature is preserved in a letter of President Mark Hopkins, of Williams College, written after Dr. McCosh had visited Williamstown. It may well be inserted here. ' That visit,' he writes, ' is among my most pleasant recollections. It was during the summer vacation ; the weather was fine, and we were quite at leisure to stroll about the grounds and ride over the hills. Riding thus, we reached, I remember, a point which he said reminded him of Scotland. There we alighted. At once he bounded into the field like a young man, passed up the hillside, and, casting himself at full length under a shade, gave himself up for a time to the associations and inspira- tion of the scene. I seem to see him now, a man of world- wide reputation, lying thus solitary among the hills. They were draped in a dreamy haze suggestive of poetic inspira- tion, and, from his quiet but evidently intense enjoyment, he might well, if he had not been a great metaphysician, have The government may be monarchical or republican or patriarchal. It may do its work after the fashion of the American Congress or the English Par- liament. It may be uni-cameral or bi-cameral, as the Trustees choose or do not choose to put all power in the hands of the Faculty. But by the charter of the College the President is invested with a power that belongs to no one else. He ought to be very discreet, very wise, very open to suggestion, and very good-natured : but when he is sure that he is right, very resolute. I imagine that Dr. McCosh was as good a man as one could find anywhere to have so much power in his hands. He had the insight to know when the Trustees were more important than the Faculty, and when the Faculty were wiser than the Trustees : and he belonged to both bodies. He was shrewd, sagacious, penetrating and masterful. If there had been a weatherwise man among us, he would sometimes have hoisted the storm-signals over the Col- lege Offices : for the Doctor was a man of like passions with us all. He car- ried the ill loco parentis theory of government further than some are disposed to have it carried to-day. The students loved him, and he loved them. He was faithful with them ; spoke plainly to them ; as a father with his sons he was severe; and also as a father he was tender and kind." — President Pat- ton's Memorial Sermon. Francis Landey Patton 1888- ■-■»»»» MM ■ ■»■■ ■ili.lJ ^ITMMM'M ■ ri rrTT~n JM^JT, i LJ M . I I I . I Jl W "■ ■■- - — ■ «JS PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 449 been taken for a great poet. And, indeed, though he had revealed himself chiefly on the metaphysical side, it was evident that he shared largely in that happy temperament of which Shakespeare and Tennyson are the best examples, in which metaphysics and poetry seem to be fused into one and become identical.'^ " About his personality numberless stories have gath- ered, illustrative of his various traits. He was the constant theme of student talk, even to his slightest peculiarities. The ' young barbarians all at play ' were fond of these, and yet with reverence for him. Who can forget the various class-room and chapel incidents ? Who will ever forget some of the doctor's favorite hymns ? No one, surely, who heard two of them sung with deep tenderness at his burial. - " Dr. McCosh gave up the presidency June 20, 1888, pass- ing the remainder of his days at his newly built home on Prospect Avenue. His figure was well known among us ' New York " Observer," Thursday, May 13, 1869. = JAMES McCOSH, 1811-1894. Young to the end, through sympathy with you, Gray man of learning ! champion of truth ! Direct in rugged speech, alert in mind, He felt his kinship with all human kind, And never feared to trace development Of high from low — assured and full content That man paid homage to the Mind above. Uplifted by the "Royal Law of Love." The laws of nature that he loved to trace Have worked, at last, to veil from us his face ; The dear old elms and ivy-covered walls Will miss his presence, and the stately halls His trumpet-voice. While in their joys Sorrow will shadow those he called " my boys." November 17, 1894. Robert Bridges, '79. 452 PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Dr. McCosh, the Trustees elected, as his successor, the Rev. Dr. Francis Landey Patton, Professor of Ethics in the College, Professor also in Princeton Theological Semi- nary. He was inaugurated as President on the twentieth of June, 1888. Those who, on that occasion, spoke for the Faculty and the Alumni, while expressing gratitude for the past career of the College and loyalty to its " dis- tinctly Christian basis," expressed the hope also that the name University would soon be adopted. " We shall be glad," said Dr. Henry van Dyke, speaking for the Alumni, "when the last swaddling-band of an outgrown name drops from the infant, and ' the College of New Jersey ' stands up straight in the centre of the Middle States as the University of Princeton." The new President, sharing in the general desire, answered, in his inaugural discourse, the questions, "What is a university?" and "What kind of a university ought Princeton to be ? " Inheriting thus from the previous administration the ideal of a University, and the beginnings of its realization. Presi- dent Patton has labored with conspicuous success to make this ideal actual. The Faculty of Instruction has been largely increased, the departments have been more highly organized, and additional courses for undergraduates and graduate students have been established. The number of students during the first eight years of the present adminis- tration rose from six hundred to eleven hundred ; and more states and countries are represented in the student body to-day than at any previous period. Leaving out of view the gifts and foundations which have been made in connec- tion with the Sesquicentennial Celebration, not only were additional endowments given and real property of great value to the College acquired during the eight years re- ferred to, but as many as eight new buildings were erected. This exceptionally rapid development of the institution, PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 453 along the lines already indicated, during the present admin- istration and the administration immediately preceding it, determined the Board of Trustees to apply for a change in its corporate name. It was thought that the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the grant of the first charter would offer a suitable occasion for the change of the name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University, and the Sesquicentennial Celebration was projected. In this celebration the President of the United States, the Governor of New Jersey, Representatives of Foreign Universities and of the Universities and Learned Societies of the United States, united with the President, the Trustees, the Faculty, the Patrons, the Alumni and the Undergraduates of the College, and the citizens of Princeton, in commemorating with joy and gratitude the great and beneficent career of the College of New Jersey. The appropriateness of the cele- bration and the propriety of the new name were cordially and unanimously acknowledged. The addresses during the celebration, and the responses to the invitations to assist in the Academic festival, embodied the feeling expressed in the legend inscribed on one of the arches : AVE SALVE VNIVERSITAS PRINCETONIENSIS. [ While writing the historical sketch, I had many conversations with Dr. Shields, and am under great obligations to him for valuable information and suggestions. In these conversations he developed a view of the specific aims of the original projectors of the College and of the relations between the two charters which does not agree with the view presented by myself in the fore- going pages. At my request, Dr. Shields has embodied his view in a note on " The Origin of Princeton University " ; and the note is here subjoined. John De Witt.] THE ORIGIN OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. By Professor Charles W. Shields. In the year 1755, on the completion of Nassau Hall, the Trustees ad- dressed Governor Belcher as " the founder, patron and benefactor of the College of New Jersey." His right to this title, thus authoritatively bestowed, had been established by several eminent services which now show their fruit in the character and life of Princeton University. First. He legalized the College. The charter held at that time [1747] by Pemberton, Burr, Tennent, Finley and others was under suspicion and dis- cussion. The previous royal Governor had refused to grant it. It had been obtained, in the absence of a succeeding Governor, from a mere President of the Council, who was old and infirm. It had not been approved by the Council, nor sent to the home government for ratification. It did not even contain any provision for a representative of the Crown in the College man- agement. It lacked the most essential elements of legality. In these circum- stances Governor Belcher took the legal advice of Chief Justice Kinsey of Pennsylvania, and deferred the first commencement until he could frame " a 455 456 THE ORIGIN OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY new and better charter," which was unanimously approved by the Council, and endorsed by the Attorney-General as containing nothing inconsistent with His Majesty's interest or honor. By this new charter the royal Gov- ernor was made ex-officio president of the College corporation, and all the Trustees were bound by stringent oaths of allegiance. The Governor did not rest satisfied until four of the King's councillors had been admitted to seats in the Board of Trust, and the Treasurer of the Province had been elected Treasurer of the College. In various ways he secured the validity of the charter, and thus made Princeton University possible and perpetual as a legal entity. Second. He secularized the College in a good sense. In the first charter there were but three laymen — William Smith, Livingston, Peartree Smith — named with nine clergymen — Dickinson, Pearson, Pemberton, Burr, Gilbert Tennent, William Tennent, Blair, Treat, Finley. Governor Belcher made the lay equal the clerical corporators in number, and gave the King's councillors, esquires, and gentlemen precedence of the ministers, according to existing usages in His Majesty's province. It is not surprising that he found it diffi- cult to persuade both Mr. Burr and Mr. Tennent that this was a good arrange- ment. They desired a preparatory college for ministers, or at most a clerical college for the education of the youth of the Church ; while he wished all the learned professions represented in the governing body, with no preference or predominance of divinity. He thus saved Princeton University at its origin from excessive clericalism and ecclesiasticism. Third. He liberalized the College in its spirit. The non-denominational clause was in both charters, and does not bear upon the point. No charter could have been legally obtained without that clause. It was required by the fundamental law of the province, as the language of the document shows. Moreover, the Episcopalian churchmen in the King's Council would never have allowed a so-called " dissenting " college such as Presbyterian church- men alone would have founded. The liberality of the parties, therefore, was necessary, politic, advantageous, creditable in all respects. But it was Gov- ernor Belcher who made the generous compromise possible and effective. He not only retained all the Presbyterian churchmen in the new Board, but he associated with them representatives of the Church of England, of the Society of Friends, of the Reformed Dutch and Welsh Calvinists, as equally governors of the College, and not as mere sharers in its privileges. He thus early imparted to it that character of catholic orthodoxy which Princeton Uni- versity still possesses. Fourth. He was foremost in nationalizing the College. But for his com- prehensive policy, Pemberton and Burr might have founded some local col- lege in East Jersey, or Tennent and Davies might have founded some sectional THE ORIGIN OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 457 college in Pennsylvania. All these ministers were then involved in a church schism and, at best, could only have united in a colonial Presbyterian insti- tution. Retaining them in the new College, he made it a unifying centre amid their ecclesiastical disputes and divisions ; drew representative men from other colonies into its corporation ; urged its location at Princeton, between West and East Jersey ; united New York and Philadelphia influences in its counsels ; and corresponded with its friends from New England to Virginia. By connecting it with the State rather than the Church, and by introducing civilians among its divines, he combined civil with ecclesiastical tendencies to colonial unity, and thus laid the foundations, for Witherspoon, of a school of statesmen as well as a nursery of ministers ; in other words, of a future na- tional university. Lastly, he made the College financially secure on this enlarged basis. It was at the point of failure for want of funds. Both Pemberton and Burr, not- withstanding his urgent solicitation, had declined to visit the mother country on a collecting tour. He found cordial helpers in Davies and Tennent; in- duced them to procure a recommendation of the Synod ; and gave them his own influential letters, by means of which they obtained contributions from English churchmen and non-conformists as well as from Scotch and Irish Presbyterians. The total amount secured by the mission was sufficient for the erection of the largest public edifice in the colonies, and about one half of it came from non-Presbyterian contributors, such as the Bishop of Dur- ham, the Lady Huntingdon Connexion, the Independents and Baptists, in- cluding some distinguished scholars. The facts clearly show that these con- tributions were due to the catholic policy of the governor. He thus made Nassau Hall a monument of the united gifts of England, Scotland and Ireland to the cause of Christian learning in America. It is now evident, I think, that Governor Belcher was rightly called the founder of the College. What were the circumstances ? On arriving in the Colony, he discovered that, in the interim since the death of the preceding Governor, a college had been projected with a new royal charter which re- quired his official notice. Placing himself in cordial sympathy with the movement, he announced his belief that some public educational institution was greatly needed by the inhabitants of New Jersey. And yet, as the King's representative, he could not leave so weighty a civil interest in the hands of a few clergymen, however excellent they might be. Moreover, he found that their proposed college was of dubious legality ; that there was not a trace of it in the public records; that it was wholly denominational in its manage- ment ; that it was impracticable under existing conditions in a royal province attached to the Bishop of London ; and that it would soon have perished utterly, with all that was good and noble in it. In a most generous spirit 458 THE ORIGIN OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY he took its projectors into his own counsels ; rescued its best elements and founded in its place another and different college, which was a strictly legal corporation, largely civil in its constitution, and intended for the higher education of the whole province, including all religious denominations. In contrast with the previous project, it was described at that time as " a most catholic plan containing no exclusive clauses to deprive persons of any Chris- tain denomination either from its Government or from any of its Privileges." It differed from the former project somewhat as a state university differs from a church college and divinity school, or as Princeton University now differs from Lafayette College and Princeton Theological Seminary. It is also evident that to Governor Belcher must be traced the present university spirit of the College. The Presbyterian churchmen would have founded an exclusively Presbyterian institution, in a denominational spirit, for an ecclesiastical purpose. It was no more their aim than their province to found a State university including all denominations. They had been laboring to found a synodical college, which they relinquished only because of a schism in the Synod itself " Their governing motive," says Dr. Maclean, "was to provide for the youth of their Church, and more especially for their candidates for the ministry, a thorough training in all the various branches of a liberal education, including as a matter of the highest interest full instruc- tion in the doctrines of the Christian faith according to their understanding of them." Instead of thus narrowing and bounding the field of liberal culture in his civil domain, the Governor devised for them a more ample charter, which by its terms gave to them no exclusive control as Presbyterians over " the education of the youth of this province in the liberal arts and sciences," but simply provided by implication for the maintenance of that essential Christianity which is common to all denominations. And, according to the plain intent and scope of this charter, the Governor organized the College, as we have seen, with a board of civilians and divines, with different denomina- tions represented by the charter members and their first successors, and with equal reference to all the learned professions, the secular as well as the sacred. It is true, that after his decease the policy grew more denomina- tional and ecclesiastical until the emergence of Princeton Seminary, when, as Dr. Hodge informs us, " the Trustees agreed to withdraw from theological instruction in preparation for the ministry." But it is also true that from the first the governor aimed to make the College of New Jersey in spirit what it has become in fact and in name — Princeton University. And nobly has it at last fulfilled the aim of its founder. The comparative neglect of his name and services may be easily explained. At the Revolution we came under patriotic influences which threw into the shade much that was good and noble in our colonial life, and made it diffi- THE ORIGIN OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 459 cult to appreciate a loyalist governor as a public benefactor. Our later historians, too, have unwittingly robbed him of credit by giving it to some of his coadjutors. Because the names of Dickinson, Pierson, Pemberton and Burr appear ?lone in a New York advertisement of 1747, it has been inferred, naturally, that they were the sole originators of the College ; and upon this assumption successive histories and sketches have been written for nearly a hundred years. But recently discovered papers show us that these four ministers were associated in their project with the Tennents, Blair, Finley and others, and could not have been the exclusive founders or builders of the College. Dickinson, unhappily, died before it was legally organized. Burr was made its President by Governor Belcher's composite Board of Trustees, and, of course, only voiced their policy in his inaugural address. Pemberton retired from its trusteeship to Boston before it was settled at Princeton. Both Pemberton and Burr failed to rescue it at a crisis when it would have perished but for the energetic efforts of Belcher, as seconded by the eloquent appeals of Davies and Tennent in Great Britain. Without those efforts the Latin School at Newark could not have become Princeton College. More- over, in contrast with recent historians, the earliest known historian, Samuel Blair the Second, in 1761, acting as the official historiographer, distinctly ascribed the origin of the College to His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, at that time governor, and classed the College of the first charter among pre- vious " disappointments and fruitless attempts to plant and cherish learning in the province of New Jersey." Finally, our recent historians, while justly praising the three "pioneer Presidents," have quite overlooked the founder, patron and benefactor of the College. The great Dickinson has the titular distinction of First President, since from the beginning he held that place in the minds of all parties ; and his claim to the honor will not be questioned by any loyal son of Princeton. Aaron Burr, the first President who conferred degrees, seems to have con- fined himself to the duties of instruction during the ten years of his adminis- tration. Jonathan Edwards was President but two or three weeks. The plain fact remains that the College, as we know it, was founded and erected by Governor Belcher with the aid of Tennent and Davies, and in the line of that succession has continued one hundred and forty years until the present day. The New England influence impressed upon Princeton University at its origin was not the " iron heel of mighty Edwards," of which Oliver Wen- dell Holmes has sung, but the liberal hand of Jonathan Belcher, representing another type of culture as well as orthodoxy. It is but simple justice to a forgotten benefactor to state these historical facts. They involve no disparagement of any of his clerical coadjutors, who themselves gladly surrendered their own scheme and accepted his potent 460 THE ORIGIN OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY leadership. Their praiseworthy aims as churchmen were not inconsistent with his larger views as governor of the province. He was himself in per- fect sympathy with them as an evangelical Christian, as a thorough Calvinist of the Whitefield type, as an admirer of " the pious and learned Dickinson," and even as a churchman of the evangelical school. But he was also much more than all this. He was an enlightened, far-seeing statesman, with influ- ence at court. He was a classical scholar, with a taste for learning. He was a former Harvard graduate and overseer, versed in academic studies and educational matters. He was an efficient man of affairs, with a long public record. He was a ruler ambitious of the best kind of fame. He was a royal patron of a college which he styled his adopted daughter and the alum mater of coming generations of scholars, divines and statesmen. He, and he alone, at that time had both the opportunity and the disposition to lay the foundations of a great Christian university. During his own lifetime he was the accepted founder of the institution. The Trustees of his day, including the petitioners for the former cliarter, so entitled him, and wished to have the College Hall bear the name of Belcher, after the manner of Harvard and Yale. " As the College of New Jersey," said they, " views you in the light of its founder, patron and benefactor, and the impartial world will esteem it a respect deservedly due to the name of Belcher, permit us to dignify the edifice now erecting at Princeton with that endeared appellation ; and when your Excellency is translated to a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens, let Belcher Hall proclaim your beneficent acts for the advancement of Christianity and the emolument of the arts and sciences to the latest generations." He declined this honor, and suggested the name of the illustrious house of Nassau, by which Protestantism had been enthroned in English civilization. We are fortunate in now having that more euphonious historic name, but we are indebted to Governor Belcher for it, and his modesty is to be somewhat regretted if it shall have deprived him of a just fame to which he is entitled. Should any memorial statue ever be erected in the niche over the doorway of Nassau Hall, it could only be inscribed, in the language of the original Trustees, to Jonathan Belcher, the Founder, Patron and Bene- factor OF Princeton University. ERRATA. Page 185, line 11, for ' 8g read '88. " 206, " 10, for hoc read Iiac. " 269, " 8, for Universitate read Universitatis. " 287, " 23, for z't read ?//. " 291, for Piixser read Purser.