PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
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THE PUPILS OF ST JOHN 
 
 THE DIVINE. 
 
THE PUPILS 
 
 ST. JOHN THE DIVINE. 
 
 / 
 
 BY C. M. YONGE, 
 
 Anthor of " The Heir of Redclyff: 
 
 NEW^ EDITION. 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 1878. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Pupils of St. John, — Is the title a very narrow, 
 or a very comprehensive one ? Narrow in one sense, 
 for the direct pupils of St. John who can be ascer- 
 tained and proved to have been such, and to have 
 transmitted his instructions at any length, confine 
 themselves to two, with about three more whose 
 names and the titles of their works are alone pre- 
 served. 
 
 But taken in another light, and regarding as the 
 disciples of St. John not only those whose biography 
 states that they actually sat at his feet and listened 
 to his discourses, but those whose tenor of thought 
 can be traced to his doctrine; and regarding his 
 pupils as churches rather than as single persons, the 
 term becomes a very wide one. None of the Apos- 
 tles, excepting St. Paul, has so largely contributed 
 to Holy Scriptures, or left such visible traces of his 
 teaching upon the Church ; and while St. Paul's 
 
 a 2 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 special office was to plant, St. John's seems to have 
 been to organize and systematize. 
 
 Looking back on the history of the Evangelist, 
 we see how peculiar was his owns preparation for 
 his office in the Church. Youngest of all the Twelve, 
 yet one of the first to become a follower of our Lord, 
 he was especially distinguished by His personal love, 
 and admitted, together with his own elder brother 
 James, and with Simon Peter, to the sight of those 
 deeper and greater manifestations of Divinity from 
 which the others were excluded. Yet all this time 
 it was the youthful qualities of love and zeal that 
 chiefly marked his conduct throughout the Gospel 
 history; he did not stand forth and ask or answer 
 questions, or enter into arguments on the new sub- 
 jects then revealed, as did Peter, Thomas, Philip, 
 and Jude; but he followed, he listened, and, like 
 the Virgin Mother, laid up these things in his heart 
 — above all, those deepest and most spiritual lessons 
 that at the moment of their utterance passed over 
 the heads of their hearers. 
 
 Still the nearest, and pre-eminent in love during 
 the Passion Sorrow and the Resurrection Joy, he was 
 yet by his sacred trust, the care of the Blessed Virgin, 
 set aside from the active labours of his brethren 
 during the first missions of the Church. In the 
 Book of the Acts we find him at first as the com- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 panion of St. Peter at Jerusalem, and then as giving 
 his weight to the decision of the Council of Jeru- 
 salem upon the mode of treatment of Gentile con- 
 verts. After this, he passes almost entirely out of 
 sight, while St. Luke is occupied with the three great 
 missions of St. Paul ; and it is only after the great 
 /Vpostle of the Gentiles, together with all the original 
 Twelve save John himself, had finished their course, 
 that what is peculiar to him begins. 
 
 And this seems to have been, in an especial manner, 
 explanation and organization. Apparently after his 
 long residence at Jerusalem, he had been among the 
 num.erous Jews settled in Parthia ; and afterwards, 
 when St. Paul's imprisonment had left the Churches 
 of Asia without their guide, he fixed himself in the 
 midst of them. Then when he alone remained of ail 
 the Apostolic Band, it was the fit time to give the 
 authority of his personal inspiration to the regarding of 
 the bishops, on whom they had laid hands, as heirs of 
 the same power, and as absolutely their successors 
 and representatives in the overseership of the Church. 
 This, as the lamented Canon Shirley has pointed out 
 in his fragment, probably took place at the meeting 
 of the Church which, according to Eusebius, took 
 place after St. James's martyrdom, to appoint his 
 successor ; and thus St. John stood in the situation 
 of the last surviving superior officer of their King's 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 own personal choice, handing on to the younger 
 band, who had received their commission from these 
 first, the certainty that it was meant to be equivalent 
 to that original appointment. 
 
 Moreover^ Jerusalem, the centre of love to all of 
 Jewish birth, and the nominal subject of every glo- 
 rious prophecy, had fallen in blood and fire, and with 
 the Temple had gone all the possibility of continuing 
 the ritual established for fifteen hundred years, and 
 by which. Israelites had learnt to see their way to 
 approach God. Diligently had St. Paul in three 
 Epistles laboured to show that these things were 
 only types and shadows of the reality ; but still, while 
 the Temple remained, it was scarcely possible to 
 wean men's minds from the belief that the triumph 
 of Christianity must be in a material but glorified 
 Jerusalem ; and the utter ruin of the city, the cessa- 
 tion of sacrifice, the loss of the Priesthood, left a sense 
 of desolation, only to be relieved by one who had 
 grown up under the old system, beheld its culmi- 
 nation, and understood the full meaning of the new. 
 
 The other three Gospels had set forth the mission 
 of the Messiah fulfilled in our Lord ; tLey had given 
 in full His moral teaching, and described the insti- 
 tution of the Sacraments. But, when John added his 
 fourth Gospel, it was a setting forth that in these 
 ordinances was the continuation to the Church of all 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 the old covenant had given. The discourses, hitherto 
 kept in reserve, were now made known, showing how 
 men were spiritually born as the true children of 
 faithful Abraham, while the participation in the Great 
 Sacrifice was vouchsafed to them continually, by 
 means of what Christians already possessed in the 
 Sacraments ordained by Christ himself The First 
 Epistle — the preface, as it seems, to the Gospel — sets 
 forth the faith and love which above all things are 
 needful to bring or to maintain the Christian in this 
 spiritual state. 
 
 And in the great vision which the Apostle was 
 commissioned to describe, he beheld the veritable 
 heavenly Jerusalem, and was shown the realization 
 above of all the shadows of the Law, as well as how 
 the faithful on earth have their present share in the 
 glories and blessings that shall in time reach per- 
 fection. 
 
 Besides all this, St. John, answering present needs, 
 gives the first and deadliest blows to the crop of 
 errors that men's busy fancies were leading them 
 into ; and from the very force of his intense love to 
 his Master, he speaks with the sternest severity to 
 those who fall from the faith. In his addresses to 
 the Seven Churches, he, or more truly his Lord, 
 likewise reproves all the principal forms of evil into 
 which the Church would at any time be prone to 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 fall ; and in the latter part of the Visions he carries 
 prophecy on, gives the key to the Christian fulfilment 
 of almost every Book of the Elder Testament, and, 
 as it were, points and collects into one faith, one 
 hope, one meaning, all those writings of the last 
 1,500 years by which God had spoken to man. 
 
 Such was St. John's work — to gather together what 
 his brother Apostles had done, and to hand on to the 
 Church Universal the sense of the enjoyment of all 
 that was promised to the chosen people of old. As 
 Joshua in his old age, in the promised land, had 
 called Israel to witness that no good thing had failed 
 that the Lord had promised them, and only warned 
 them of the future, so St. John showed his people 
 that they were within their promised land, in the 
 complete enjoyment of their spiritual promises, and, 
 while regulating them in their inheritance, warned 
 them of the traps and snares beyond. 
 
 And St. John's first pupils — " the mighty men that 
 over-lived " him — have shown his manifold influence 
 in their histories, so far as we know them. Ignatius, 
 with his zeal for self-sacrifice, and his earnest desire 
 to impress the need of Church unity through the 
 bishop and his flock ; Quadratus, boldly meeting 
 philosophy on its own ground ; Polycarp, striving for 
 the faith, and rejoicing in the flame; even the poor 
 repentant robber, rescued by the love of the Apostle, 
 
PREFACE. xiii 
 
 and Papias, with his pious though ignorant and 
 material hopes, — all testify to the strong personal 
 impress of his teaching and character. And from 
 these direct scholars, we have passed to their scholars, 
 and to those Churches with which St. John's name 
 is chiefly connected. Thus we have the Chris- 
 tian philosopher Melito of Sardis, Theophilus of 
 Antioch, arguing between Revelation and Mythology ; 
 Aristo of Pella carrying on the exposition of the 
 types of the Law ; Irenseus of Lyons continuing St. 
 John's own work of refuting the false Gnostic philo- 
 sophy, and collecting the last traditions respecting 
 the great Evangelist. And again, we find the 
 Churches founded or superintended by him, showing 
 their constancy and joy in the deadliest of per- 
 secutions. In Gaul, Smyrna, Antioch, and Parthia, 
 all Churches on which the influence of St. John or 
 his immediate followers had told, noble instances 
 of martyrdom took place — as indeed they did in 
 all the Christian world, until the full victory over 
 heathenism under Julian was finally gained ; for not 
 these cities only, but every true Christian, must be 
 taught by St. John. 
 
 On this principle, then, has this little book been 
 composed, — namely, that of following as far as may 
 be the life of the Apostle himself, then those of his 
 immediate disciples, and beyond them of the persons 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 who had been instructed by their teaching; then 
 of showing how the Churches thus formed met trial 
 and persecution, and, as far as possible, sketching 
 the vicissitudes of their history to the present time. 
 This has, of course, been very imperfectly done. 
 Materials are scanty ; some of them are uncertain, 
 and without real knowledge of the classical languages 
 can only be used at all at second-hand ; and in spite 
 of referring to the best modern authorities, such igno- 
 rance must tell in a work of this kind, which has 
 perhaps been presumptuously undertaken. 
 
 Great pains, however, have been taken with it, in 
 the earnest hope that it may at least draw attention 
 to the remarkable position and influence of the great 
 Apostle and Evangelist ; and also that, to the un- 
 learned reader who has not access to large libraries, it 
 may help to bridge over that first space of Church his- 
 tory that lies close beyond the conclusion of the Acts 
 of the Apostles. And the example of St. John and 
 his pupils is one that none can look at, as we hope, 
 without being strongly moved towards the burning 
 faith, love, zeal, and constancy that they possessed. 
 May it be so with the readers of this feeble attempt ; 
 and if they are not so already, may they be thus 
 impelled themselves to become direct and personal 
 pupils of St. John, the simplest, the sweetest, yet 
 the deepest and most sublime of writers, full of the 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 soaring might, yet the tender brooding love shadowed 
 forth by the Eagle he saw beside the Throne. What 
 better can be wished for us all than that we should 
 show ourselves indeed the disciples of St. John ! 
 
 Yet, not exclusively. Some of the classes here 
 mentioned professed to be pupils of St. John, to the 
 exclusion of his fellow-labourers. Such gained a one- 
 sided view of the truth, and soon became perverted. 
 For as in ancient times narrow Judaism, so in 
 modern days wild fancies of apocalyptic interpre- 
 tation, have shown the evil of only studying in one 
 line, — without the balance. Therefore it is to the 
 Master, not to the servant, that the discipleship can 
 safely and truly belong. 
 
 May this little book prove, if not a help, at least 
 no hindrance in that direction. 
 
 It has been put together, according to the general 
 design of the " Sunday Library," to afford reading 
 which may accord with what should be the character 
 of the Sunday. The habits of the time are somewhat 
 tending to secularize the Sunday, rendering it, in the 
 desire that it should not be weary, less set apart for a 
 holy day than it has been. But if religious books are 
 not read on a Sunday, they are generally not read at 
 all ; and surely it is well that all on that day should 
 bear a sort of Easter consecration, and should be 
 bright without frivolity, enjoyable with as little as 
 possible of the earthiness of every-day life. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Therefore it has been hoped that some of the 
 highest and purest examples of past lives, and some 
 of the most striking words of holy men of old, put 
 forth in an attractive and easily accessible form, may 
 fill up a want that has been felt in some families, of 
 reading at once interesting and not too much alien 
 to the thoughts suited to the " Easter-day of every 
 week." 
 
 As may be seen by the list of authors, no one 
 class of opinions has been exclusively represented ; 
 and since no one can write well or heartily who 
 does not completely express his own conviction, 
 the authors cannot be responsible for each other's 
 expressions of belief. 
 
 C. M. YOxXGE. 
 
 Jamiary 23, 186IJ. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 PAGE 
 THE WONDER OF THE WORLD , 1 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE . lO 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE 19 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN 4I 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE EVANGELIST , . . 6l 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE EXILE OF PATMOS 71 
 
XVlll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PAGB 
 THE APOSTLE OF LOVE 9^ 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT IO3 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES 143 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST 1.54 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER . - I69 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 HOW POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN IN THE FIRE 179 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 PAPIAS AND MELITO, THE CREDULOUS AND THE THOUGHTFUL 
 
 BELIEVER 201 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE WITNESSES IN GAL'L » , 214 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 XIX 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 PAGE 
 IREN^US, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH 235 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 TRIBULATION AT SMYRNA 25O 
 
 CHAPTER XVH. 
 
 ST. SIMEON OF SELEUCIA AND THE PARTHIANS 265 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE VICTORY 279 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN 299 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PRESENT ASPECT OF ST. JOHN'S CHURCHES 3IO 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 POLYCARP's PRAYER Frontispiece. 
 
 ST. JOHN AND THE ROBBER To face 9S 
 
 THE DREAM OF THE TRIUMPHANT MOURNERS . . ,, I40 
 
THE PUPILS OF ST. JOHN 
 THE DIVINE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 
 
 *' From haunted spring and dale, 
 Edged with poplar pale ; 
 The parting genius is -svith sighing sent, 
 With flower-enwoven tresses torn, 
 The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn.'' 
 
 Milton. 
 
 A GLANCE at the map of Anatolia, or Asia Minor, 
 shows that it is a region where traveUing is extremely 
 difficult. The great peninsula is all seamed with 
 ridges of steep hills, with valleys between them. 
 When the valleys come down to the sea-coast, the 
 water fills them up, and makes deep gulfs and bays, 
 and when the mountains reach the sea, they stand 
 out into it as capes and headlands ; and further on, 
 where all but their summits are submerged, these rise 
 above the sea, and form the many rocky islands that 
 are scattered through the waters of the Archipelago. 
 
 Down every mountain height dashes a torrent, and 
 Us B 
 
2 THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 
 
 these torrents meeting together join into streams and 
 rivers, that flow on along the valleys to the sea, 
 bringing with them all the earth and fragments of 
 stone or gravel they have washed off the mountains. 
 When, in spring, the snow melts on the tops of the 
 hills, these rivers swell and come out in floods, spread- 
 ing all over the valleys, and covering them with the 
 soil they have brought from above. 
 
 A traveller, riding along the sea-coast, would some- 
 times be hindered by having to clamber over steep 
 ridges of hill, with sides of rock, making dangerous 
 precipices ; sometimes would have to cross rivers run- 
 ning fast enough to sweep him off his feet, and so 
 icily cold from the snow that feeds them, that they 
 would chill him to the bone, and might even cause 
 his death ; sometimes he would have to creep cau- 
 tiously along the shore, taking care not to be lost in 
 quicksands by the sea, or stuck in the bogs round the 
 rivers, or overwhelmed by the water. All the way it 
 would be very beautiful ; the land side rising up in 
 fine shapes of hills, many of them shining white with 
 snow, and looking very near in the clear bright air, 
 and the valleys between green with beauteous grass, 
 and fine trees, and choice flowers. Out towards the 
 west there would be the blue sea — blue and bright 
 beyond our home imagination; and here and there 
 with beautifully shaped rocky islands standing out, 
 purple with a rich soft bloom, or brought into clear 
 full light by full sunshine, and with white-sailed 
 vessels passing between them. But, for all its beauty, 
 it would be a very dangerous journey, not only on 
 
THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 3 
 
 account of the precipices, the rivers, and the bogs, 
 but because there are plenty of robbers hidden in 
 the narrow ravines of the hills, ready to leap out on 
 travellers in difficulties, and either shoot them down 
 with their long guns or make them prisoners, and 
 threaten them till they have paid a heavy ransom. 
 Indeed, it is hardly possible to travel at all without 
 a guard of soldiers. 
 
 Another difficulty is that there are few towns, and 
 the villages are mostly of very dreary huts, so that it 
 is hard to get food or shelter for the night. But it is 
 plain that this was not so always. By most of the 
 rivers, in all the larger valleys, there are heaps of 
 ruins. Fragments of stone piers run out into the sea, 
 and here and there tall marble pillars stand up like 
 sentinels over the heaps of broken stones around 
 them ; the hovels of the few inhabitants are built 
 up confusedly of pieces of beautiful marble, carved 
 with foliage or animals, and the goats and their kids 
 nestle under overthrown altars, with inscriptions in 
 old Greek letters, hidden by the luxuriant leaves of 
 the acanthus. 
 
 Opposite the isle of Samos is the mouth of the 
 river Cayster ; and along the banks lies a whole world 
 of these fragments. There are high hills crowned 
 with pine-trees on either side above, and many of 
 them are cut away into quarries of fine marble, which 
 once built those ruined temples and halls, and still 
 bear the marks of the tool, though it has not been 
 lifted up on them for a thousand years. 
 
 At their foot lie broad meadows, forming a valley 
 B 2 
 
4 THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 
 
 £jn either side the meandering rivers, broken up by 
 salt marshes and great pools, and thickly bestrewn with 
 ruins, which come far up the slope of the southern 
 hill, where fine fragments of houses and temples 
 peep out from among the thickets and brushwood. 
 
 It is hardly possible to walk among the pools and 
 marshes below, but on the hill side there can still be 
 found the great amphitheatre, a place shaped like an 
 enormous horse-shoe, cut out in galleries, mounting 
 higher and higher one behind the other, all in the 
 solid rock, and looking down into an open flat place 
 beneath, to which the well-marked race-course leads 
 up. Bits of square towers and remains of gateways 
 show the old inclosure of the city to have been very 
 large ; but where men once swarmed to the market- 
 place, or the harbour, there now is scarcely a living 
 thing. Eagles sweep round the heights, and have 
 their nests in the crags, white sea-birds float high 
 or low between the blue sea and blue sky, tall lonely 
 herons stand on one leg in the marsh, watching for 
 fish, jackals prowl and howl at night, and by day per- 
 haps little flocks of silky-haired goats, or fat-tailed 
 sheep, are driven out to pasture by brown half-naked 
 children. If the little shepherds were asked where 
 they lived, and were not too shy to answer at all, 
 they would point to some huts on a hill a little way 
 off, and would say, " Ayasaluk." 
 
 And what is the meaning of Ayasaluk .?* The 
 people who use the word little understand it, for they 
 
 * Some explain it as Asalook, the city of the moon, meaning the >ame 
 as Ephesus, but this is not so probable. 
 
THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 5 
 
 are only Turkish peasants ; but even they own by the 
 very word by which they call their abode that a 
 great man once dwelt there. For Ayasaluk is an 
 alteration of the Greek words Hagios Theologos, and 
 these mean Holy Divine, or writer upon the things 
 concerning God. 
 
 When those ruins were upright, when those walls 
 with their square towers and deep gateways stood 
 in all their strength, guarded by resolute Roman 
 sentries, when the harbour was crowded with ships 
 from all ports, when that ampliitheatre was fitted 
 with marble benches, and thronged with spectators, 
 when the valleys and slopes of the hill stood thick 
 with goodly dwellings and swarmed with busy 
 crowds, who would have believed that the only name 
 that would remain to mark the spot was that of one 
 aged fisherman, the son of a hated people, without 
 a country or a home — for the terrible destruction of 
 the city of his fathers was still fresh in the memory 
 of all men t 
 
 What } would they have said, should the time ever 
 come that they should be beholden to an old exile 
 for a title for their great city of Ephesus, called by 
 all men the Eye of Asia, and containing the wonder 
 of the world, the temple of the great goddess 
 Artemis, or Diana, whose image had fallen down 
 from heaven itself, and after whom the city was often 
 called the Guardian of the Goddess t 
 
 That image was their pride. The whole temple 
 was centred round a small cell, where it stood in a 
 shrine inclosed by a rich curtain. Round the cell 
 
6 THE WONDER OF THE WORLD 
 
 were colonnades of pillars, each sixty feet high, and 
 of beautiful marble, and of jasper, porphyry, and all 
 that was precious, each given by a king. There were 
 127 of these ranged in an oblong form, making a 
 double rank, not rooted over ; but within these was 
 another parallelogram of pillars which were roofed 
 with cedar, and contained a building with doors of 
 cedar wood, and a staircase made from a single vine 
 of the isle of Cyprus. Altars smoked in front of this 
 building, beautiful statues adorned the colonnades, on 
 the pillars many a brave soldier had hung his own 
 weapons or those he had taken from the enemy, trea- 
 sures from all the East were heaped in the chambers 
 round the cell, and within was the goddess — shown 
 on a few rare and festive occasions to favoured 
 worshippers. 
 
 What was she like } Was she a lovely statue or 
 a beautiful huntress-queen, crowned with the crescent 
 moon, the quiver at her back, the bow in her hand, 
 the fawn at her side, carved by the choicest art in 
 ivory, as might have befitted the dweller in the inner- 
 most shrine of the noblest temple in the world } No, 
 — she was a little rude lump of black stone, the part 
 from the waist downward not shaped at all, and the 
 upper part merely carved out into a head, a pair of 
 arms, and an immense number of teats, supposed to 
 express that she nourished the whole earth like a 
 mother ; and there were strange old letters carved 
 on her. 
 
 Nothing could well be uglier; but this frightful 
 figure had been worshipped at Ephesus long before 
 
THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 
 
 history or recollection began, and it was therefore 
 thought to have been made in heaven, and sent down 
 by the father of the gods for the Ephesians to guard 
 and worship. They had thought no cost over much 
 for such a treasure ; and, while they were building 
 their temple, and looking for marble beautiful enough 
 for it, it so happened that two rams, in a flock of 
 sheep that were feeding on the mountain side, began 
 to fight, and one trying to butt at the other, missed 
 him, and, striking against a rock with his horns, tore 
 away the crust that had overgrown it, and showed 
 beneath the purest white marble. The shepherd ran 
 into the city with the tidings, and the marble proved 
 to be so valuable that he was ever after called 
 Evangelus, or the messenger of good tidings, and 
 a statue was set up to him in the temple. 
 
 The temple built of that marble was so exquisitely 
 beautiful as to rank among the seven wonders of the 
 world. And when it was burnt down, on the night 
 of the birth of Alexander the Great, that which has 
 been described was built up with still greater splen- 
 dour. Multitudes of priests and priestesses conducted 
 the worship ; the former were among the richest and 
 most leading people of the city, and the priestesses, 
 who were called the melissce or bees, were held in high 
 honour, and had crowds of slaves under them. Grand 
 festivals took place there, in the month of-May, which 
 was called Artemisium, in honour of the goddess, 
 when the amphitheatre was crowded with spectators, 
 who listened to hymns sung, watched plays performed, 
 or applauded matches in running, wrestling, or the 
 
8 THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 
 
 like, all in honour of the great Artemis ; and the 
 noblest men in the country took it in turn to preside 
 over these feasts as Asiarchs. All round the temple 
 dwelt persons who dealt in scrolls bearing the letters 
 of the image. By these all sorts of spells were wrought, 
 and they were thought to secure good luck. Deep 
 study was expended, and many scrolls written, on 
 these rude letters scratched on the black stone, and 
 many magic arts depended on them. Kings spoke 
 the words in the extremity of danger, and to carry 
 copies of them about the person was thought to 
 prevent defeat. There was a perfect school of con- 
 jurors and magicians, who reaped no small gain in 
 the month of the goddess. It was a festival for the 
 whole world. Rich men came from far and wide to 
 offer their gifts, conquerors hung up their spoils, those 
 who had made their vows paid them. The building 
 was the favourite pattern for other temples to the 
 goddess, and the chief trade of the inhabitants was 
 making little silver, ivory, or even gold, models of the 
 temple, to be sold to the many pilgrims to the shrine. 
 The temple and the goddess were marked on the 
 coins of the city, and Diana of the Ephesians was 
 the glory of the East. 
 
 Where is the temple now } You may look in vain 
 among the ruins of Ephesus. Not the least trace can 
 be found. A few of the columns may be found in 
 distant lands, but the site of the building is lost. 
 And as to the true Evangelus of Ephesus, ne is, 
 indeed, a shepherd who taught how the Temple may 
 be built of pure stones of the Living Rock ; and he 
 
THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 
 
 is that very old man, the Holy Divine, whose name 
 is traced in Ayasaluk, the only spot where human 
 life remains in once-glorious Ephesus. 
 
 Nay, it was the good tidings of which he was a 
 messenger that really overthrew the great temple, and 
 destroyed the hideous little black goddess to whom so 
 many noble souls had so long been in bondage. 
 
CHAPTER n, 
 
 AKTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 
 
 ** O ye vain false gods of Hellas, 
 Ye are silent evermore." — E. B. Browning. 
 
 The first blow at the idol-worship of Ephesus had 
 been struck nearly forty years before John, the son of 
 Zebedee, the fisherman of Galilee, chose it for his 
 abode. 
 
 Ephesus, like every other great city of the Roman 
 Empire, had among its inhabitants many Jews. Ever 
 since the Jews had been carried captive to Babylon, 
 they had remained scattered through the cities of the 
 East and West. It was true that their Temple and 
 their holy city of Jerusalem had been rebuilt, and 
 they all regarded these as their centre of worship and 
 their home; but the rocky hills of Judea would hardly 
 have maintained a numerous nation, and at Babylon 
 the Jews had learnt that remarkable skill and aptitude 
 for trade which has ever since distinguished them. 
 Their Divine laws, too, gave them such high principles 
 of honesty and uprightness of dealing that they were 
 trusted as were no other persons, and were often chosen 
 for high and responsible positions. All this led to 
 
ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. ii 
 
 their taking up their residence in many places at a 
 distance from Jerusalem. They would at least once 
 in their lives visit the Temple at one of the great 
 festivals of the year ; they regularly sent a portion of 
 their gains for the embellishment and maintenance of 
 the Temple and its services, and they met every Sab- 
 bath-day to worship in their own synagogues, where 
 their Scriptures were read, psalms were sung, and 
 prayers offered. 
 
 The Greek language had become universal in the 
 East, and these dispersed Jews had so entirely forgot- 
 ten their own Hebrew that the Greek version of the 
 Scriptures was read after the portion in the original 
 language, and seems to have been in the hands of 
 every-one. 
 
 All this was silently undermining the worship of 
 this black goddess. The persons who lived in in- 
 tercourse with the Jews were likely to be struck 
 with their pure spiritual worship and high standard 
 of duty ; they inquired into their law, and read the 
 glorious writings of Moses and the Prophets with 
 much admiration. Some persons were convinced, 
 many noble ladies held to the Jewish law, and many 
 more had a sort of half-hearted belief, thinking 
 much of the Jewish faith beautiful, but unwilling 
 to give up the grandeur and feasts of the heathen 
 gods, or to join with a people who were disliked and 
 despised. 
 
 Among the Jews of the dispersion and their half- 
 converted friends, there gradually spread a report that 
 there were persons at Jerusalem who declared that 
 
12 ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 
 
 the long hoped-for Christ had come, that the promises 
 made first to Adam and Eve, and then renewed to 
 the patriarchs and prophets, were accompHshed, and 
 that the great redemption of all the world had really 
 taken place. 
 
 But no one in these Greek cities heeded greatly 
 such stories. The Jews were busy with traffic, the 
 Greeks, some with philosophy, some with poetry and 
 amusement, and the Romans with public business and 
 military discipline. It was no uncommon thing to 
 hear that a false Christ had appeared at Jerusalem, 
 and indeed the Jews who resided there were becom- 
 ing so turbulent and so fierce in their resistance to 
 Roman authority that their more moderate Graecised 
 kinsmen feared to be involved in their disgrace, 
 especially when tidings came that the Emperor 
 Claudius had driven out all the Jews who had settled 
 at Rome. 
 
 One Sabbath-day in the 8o8th year since Rome had 
 been founded, or, as we reckon, in the year 55, one of 
 these expelled Jews, a tentmaker by trade, came into 
 the Jewish synagogue at Ephesus, with his v/ife, and 
 another tent-maker, whom he had met at Corinth. 
 It soon was known that this second tent-maker, a 
 small, slender man, with a noble and earnest coun- 
 tenance, was that Cilician Benjamite, at home called 
 by his Jewish name of Saul, and enrolled as a Roman 
 citizen as Paulus, who, after having been a vehement 
 persecutor of the believers in Christ, had become 
 the most zealous among them, and had already 
 travelled through many cities both of Asia and 
 
ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 13 
 
 of Greece, declaring the faith that he had so heartily 
 embraced. 
 
 After the reading of the Scripture, it was cus- 
 tomary that one of the assembly should stand up to 
 expound, and any learned stranger did so of right. 
 Thus Paul, who was well known to be a scholar of 
 the most learned Jewish masters, as well as deeply 
 versed in Greek culture, naturally stood up and 
 spoke. What he then said, proving that it was indeed 
 the true Christ who had appeared in Judea, made 
 such an impression on his hearers that they be- 
 sought him to remain and explain further, but he 
 was bent upon reaching Jerusalem in time for the 
 approaching feast, and proceeded at once, leaving 
 behind him, however, his companions, Aquila and 
 Priscilla. 
 
 They, though less instructed, kept the interest his 
 words had excited from dying away, and they were 
 further assisted by Apollos, a Greek Jew, of the great 
 school of Alexandria, who had gathered up some 
 knowledge of the Saviour, and eagerly proclaimed it, 
 imperfect as it was, till he was further taught by 
 Aquila and his wife. 
 
 Thus, when Paul returned the next year to Ephesus, 
 he found twelve men already eager to understand 
 more, and to be admitted to the full blessings which 
 the true Christ had brought to them. He continued 
 his teachings in the synagogue, but after a time he 
 found that so many were hardened against his doc- 
 trine that he ceased to preach there, and betook himself 
 to one of the schools where philosophers were wont 
 
14 ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 
 
 to argue on questions of life and death, right and 
 wrong, and to instruct their pupils. 
 
 This was the beginning of the warfare with the 
 great goddess of Ephesus. Hitherto Paul had dealt 
 with Jews, already known to abhor idolatry. Them 
 he had to convince that jESUS is the Christ, and to 
 them he spoke as the learned pupil of the great Rabbi 
 Gamaliel. But when he stood forth in the school of 
 Tyrannus, he had to argue as a Greek philosopher, 
 and to begin by proving that there is but one God 
 Almighty, and that idols are mere vain things. For 
 two full years he thus taught at Ephesus, and the 
 great gift of miracles that accompanied his words 
 had great effect. The priests of Diana pretended to 
 miraculous gifts in her name, and hosts of diviners 
 and magicians dwelt round the temple, pretending 
 to guide the inquiries or influence the luck of her 
 devotees ; but their incantations and secret arts 
 seemed to shrivel up beside the openly worked 
 miracles of St Paul, and not merely the worshippers, 
 but the magicians themselves, were convinced of the 
 delusion in which they had lived. 
 
 Many a man who had yearned after truth, and 
 struggled to find it through curious arts, now brought 
 his bewildering books together, costly though they 
 were, burnt them, and with free unburdened heart 
 drank at the pure well of truth, and knew how 
 muddy were the wells he had left behind him. PI ere 
 Timotheus, Paul's young half-Jew companion, became 
 known and loved, and a warm affection sprang up 
 between the Apostle and his large flock of believers. 
 
ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 15 
 
 All was peace, until the success of the new teacher 
 began to alarm the numerous silversmiths who had 
 hitherto made the little models of the Temple of 
 Diana. What was to become of their trade if people 
 ceased to worship idols, and to buy models of the 
 temple ? 
 
 Paul had founded his Church at Ephesus. For 
 nearly three years he had been able to teach full 
 Christian doctrine, and had ordained elders or priests 
 to carry on the teaching, and conduct the worship of 
 the Church in his absence, and it was time to leave 
 them for the present. He had already sent on 
 Timotheus, and was waiting to follow till he had 
 kept his Pentecost with the Ephesians, when the 
 month of May arrived — the month of the feast of 
 the goddess ; and the silversmiths finding some slack- 
 ness in their trade, deemed it the effect of the new 
 philosophy. 
 
 A most frightful tumult was raised among the 
 Ephesian mechanics. Into the market-place and 
 theatre, and over the hill-side, they rushed, howling for 
 vengeance on the man who would ruin the pride of 
 their city, and source of their profits. The authorities 
 warned Paul to keep himself in retirement, and, though 
 he would have ventured forth, his friends prevailed to 
 withhold him, and only a few of his converts were 
 dragged into the theatre. The tumult was intolerable, 
 and all the more so as many who made the most 
 noise were ignorant of the cause. The rock-hewn 
 galleries, still remaining on the face of the rock, re- 
 echoed to these howls, and, when the Jews put forward 
 
i6 ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 
 
 one of their number to explain, the rage of the mob 
 against such a known contemner of idols became 
 unanimous, and for two whole hours they shouted 
 with deafening cries, " Great is Diana of the 
 Ephesians ! " 
 
 When at length they could shout no longer, one 
 of their magistrates stood up and appeased them. 
 He said that, as their precious image had fallen from 
 heaven, it was not insulted by any preaching against 
 figures made by human hands. If any man had 
 suffered real injury, let him go to law ; but as to this 
 uproar, it could only bring on them the displeasure 
 of the authorities, and therefore the best thing to be 
 done was to go home quietly in peace. 
 
 And, having thus exhausted themselves, the mob 
 took his advice and slunk home, nor does it appear 
 that for a long course of years the Ephesian Church 
 was exposed to danger. Paul went away in the 
 evening, and was not seen again in the city, though, 
 after two years, when he was again returning to 
 Jerusalem, when his ship touched at Miletus, about 
 twenty or thirty miles from Ephesus, he sent the 
 elders a message to come and meet him there. 
 
 Over the hills these faithful priests hastened to the 
 mouth of that tortuous river Meander, whence the 
 very term " meandering " is taken. There upon the 
 beach, his ship lying ready, stood their beloved 
 Apostle watching for them, and then, as they stood 
 round him, he spoke tenderly to them, warning them 
 to guard their flock against the grievous wolves who 
 he already foresaw would enter in among them, and 
 
ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 17 
 
 exhorting them to diligence in their holy task, the 
 more because he believed that they would see his 
 face no more. Together on the wild sea-shore did 
 the Apostle and his elders kneel together and pray, 
 until the moment of parting came, the Apostle went 
 on board with sails spreading for the south, and bonds 
 and imprisonment before him, and the priests, as they 
 strained their eyes after his lessening ship, were " sor- 
 rowing most of all for the words that he said, that 
 they should see his face no more." 
 
 Still the altars of Artemis smoked, still her silver 
 shrines were sold, still signs and seals bore her im- 
 press ; but the little band of Christians heeded her 
 little, and kept up their deep love. Two of their 
 number had gone with Paul, Trophimus and Tychicus, 
 and shared his danger at Jerusalem, when the Jews, 
 fancying he had brought Trophimus within the bounds 
 of that part of the Temple appropriated to Jews, 
 made that terrible uproar from which the Apostle was 
 only rescued by the Romans. 
 
 After nearly four years, the loving hearts of the 
 Ephesians were rejoiced by the return of Tychicus, 
 bearing a letter from St. Paul, written from that 
 hired house at Rome, where, under the guard of a 
 soldier, he was living, awaiting his trial by the Em- 
 peror Claudius. It is a letter full of peace and joy, 
 dwelling first on the Love that has redeemed and set 
 us free, setting forth the glorious state to which 
 Christians are raised, and then showing how pure 
 holy lives are needful, and how each person, in each 
 station, old and young, master or servant, parent or^ 
 
 C 
 
i8 ARTEMIS ATTACKED IN HER TEMPLE. 
 
 child, husband or wife, may live as becomes the 
 member of a risen Lord. 
 
 After the feverish magic of the wild feast of 
 Artemis, the calm, lofty teaching of that beauteous 
 letter must truly have made the Ephesians feel them- 
 selves ''sitting together in heavenly places." And 
 thus it was that their city was prepared to become 
 the special home and head-quarters of the holy man, 
 who may be called both the first and last of the 
 disciples of our Lord. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 "Two brothers freely cast their lot 
 "With David's ro)^al Son, 
 The cost of conquest counting not : 
 
 They deem the battle won." — J. //. Ahivmaiu 
 
 John was the son of Zebedee, a fisherman of either 
 Bethsaida or Capernaum, and of Salome, who is said 
 by Papias (one of St. John's own pupils) to have been 
 either the sister of the Blessed Virgin, or the daughter 
 of her husband Joseph by a former marriage. He had 
 a brother named James, who seems to have been a year 
 or two older than himself, and they were both brought 
 up to assist their father and his hired servants in fishing 
 upon the lake of Gennesaret. This lake is formed by 
 the spreading out of the river Jordan at the feet of the 
 mountains of Galilee, and it is very beautiful, often 
 as clear as glass, and reflecting the tall hills and 
 rocks above it, though sometimes, when a fierce wind 
 sweeps down on it from the narrow clefts among the 
 hills, it is all torn and tossed up, and dashes about in 
 foam and spray. It is full of delicious fish, and many 
 persons got their livelihood by fishing from their boats, 
 spreading out long nets, with weights at the bottom 
 
 C 2 
 
20 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 to keep them upright under water, and then drawing 
 them up when the fish had become entangled in the 
 meshes. In the time of St. John, the hills and valleys 
 of Galilee were closely filled with people. There were 
 little villages nestling in the green valleys, or perched 
 on hill tops, always with walls of rough stone to guard 
 them, and there were larger cities, some on the lake 
 side and some on the hills. Many of the fishermen, 
 farmers, and the like, were of the old tribes of Zebu- 
 Ion and Naphthali, to whom Galilee had first been 
 given ; and there were besides rich men in the cities 
 who paid court to Herod Antipas, the half-Jewish, 
 half-Edomite prince, who had only a fourth part of 
 the power of his terrible father, Herod the Great. 
 Also there were in every chief place Roman soldiers, 
 to keep guard over the country for the Emperor Tibe- 
 rius Caesar, and Roman tax-gatherers, who employed 
 publicans under them to collect tribute for the Govern- 
 ment. The common people spoke Syriac, the rich and 
 noble spoke Greek, and the Romans Latin, but as 
 everybody knew a little Greek, it was the language in 
 which business was managed by persons of different 
 nations. As Zebedee does not seem to have been 
 a very poor man, his sons would probably have been 
 taught Greek as well as to read their own Hebrew 
 Scriptures and understand the rules of the law, and 
 every year, after they were thirteen years old they 
 would go up to Jerusalem for the three great feasts, 
 before and after harvest and after the vintage. There 
 they would see the beautiful city rising on her own 
 mountain, and crowned by the gilded pinnacles of her 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 21 
 
 marble temple. They would be admitted to the court, 
 surrounded with marble cloisters, and there watch the 
 burning of the sacrifices on the great altar, attended 
 to by priests in white garments, and by bands of 
 Levites, who, standing on the steps, chanted the 
 Psalms with all the glory of stately music ; and in 
 front of the Holy Place, where none save priests 
 might enter, could be seen the great golden vine, 
 whose clusters of molten grapes were of the height 
 of a man. 
 
 And yet no one could really and thoughtfully dwell 
 on the religion of the Jews, and be happy about him- 
 self. God had given a law so perfect that no one 
 could keep it, and the threats against those who broke 
 it had been proved to be in awful earnest. Dull, self- 
 satisfied people were apt to fancy that they were keep- 
 ing it perfectly, but this could never be with the 
 deeper souls who had a finer sense of the purity of 
 the standard to which they ought to attain. All the 
 old confessions of holy men of old did but show that 
 they too felt that their guilt needed to be taken away, 
 and that they looked forward to some great sacrifice 
 to be made by a mighty King, who would gain the 
 victory over all that was evil, and bring with him 
 peace and glory. 
 
 There was at the time John was growing up, a feel- 
 ing that this great Deliverer was soon to be looked 
 for, and every one watched for signs of His coming, 
 but they were apt to think much more of the great 
 kingdom that was promised than of the freedom 
 from sin, and though the prophecies declared that 
 
22 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 the Anointed, the Messiah or Christ, as they were 
 wont to call their Deliverer, must suffer as well as 
 reign, no one attended to this sadder part of the 
 prediction. 
 
 When John was between twenty and twenty-five 
 years old, it was reported in Galilee that a priest, who 
 had been brought up in the deserts, was preaching in 
 a wonderful manner on the banks of the Jordan, and 
 that all men were going to hear him. Many Galileans 
 went, and among them the young John, and there, 
 among the rocks and thickets of the deep ravine of 
 the swift Jordan, stood the spare form of the priest, 
 John the son of Zacharias, wrapped in a coarse dark 
 garment of such camel's hair as was used for the tents 
 of the Arabs. To all who came to him, he showed 
 their sins. He let no one rest in the fancy that his own 
 way of keeping the law was the right one, but held up 
 before them its beautiful but terrible purity, and their 
 own shortcomings, and then, when their hearts were 
 beating with pain and shame, and longing to do better, 
 he washed them in the pure rapid stream, as a token 
 of their repentance and desire to cleanse themselves. 
 
 But would that water purify their souls as it purified 
 their bodies } Alas ! no. It gave no forgiveness, no 
 strength to do better. That must be left for the great 
 Deliverer, the Messiah. Many had hoped that the 
 Baptist was the Messiah, but he clearly declared that 
 he was not, and that he was only the voice that the 
 prophet Isaiah had declared sJioidd foretell His 
 coming and closely precede it. He even declared that 
 Lis own light should grow dim and pass away before 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 23 
 
 the surpassing brightness that was coming; and at 
 last one day when his hearers, and John among them, 
 were crowding round him, he said, " Behold the Lamb 
 of God, that taketh away the sins of the world." 
 He added that One was standing among the throng 
 Whom they knew not. Whose very shoes he himself 
 Avas not worthy to unloose, but that he had not been 
 aware of Who that Holy One was until, submitting to 
 baptism. He had been marked out by the tokens of 
 the descending Dove and the voice from heaven. The 
 crowd dispersed, and Who this Person was had not 
 been understood ; but the next day, as John (as it 
 seems) and a much older man, Andrew, his father's 
 partner in fishing, were standing with the Baptist, he 
 pointed to a single figure passing by, and again said : — 
 
 " Behold the Lamb of God, that taketh away the 
 sins of the world." 
 
 It was Jesus of Nazareth, the carpenter, a kinsman 
 both of the Baptist and of John, Whom, if they had 
 already known Him, they had never thought of as the 
 Deliverer. Nevertheless, they joined Him, and at 
 His invitation, went with Him to the place where He 
 was passing the night, and there they became so im- 
 pressed by the holiness and heavenliness that breathed 
 around Him, that from that time they never doubted 
 that such ineffable goodness could alone belong to the 
 Messiah, however different He was in other respects 
 from the Messiah of their imagination. 
 
 Andrew went in search of his own brother Simon, 
 and of two more Galilean neighbours, who had like- 
 wise come out to hear the Baptist, and fully believed 
 
24 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE 
 
 the glad tidings that " we have found the Messiah." 
 All then returned together to Galilee to attend a 
 wedding- feast at the village of Cana, and here for the 
 first time the disciples became aware of their Master's 
 miraculous power, which, as St John himself tells us, 
 clenched their belief. 
 
 The time for the Passover was at hand, and these 
 five joined themselves to Jesus for the pilgrimage on 
 foot* to Jerusalem. Probably there were others with 
 them, including James the brother of John; and both 
 on the way and at Jerusalem there was more and 
 more to impress their souls with intense reverence, 
 and certainty that they were with One who spake as 
 man never yet spake. 
 
 On their return, it was the summer season of labour, 
 and each man betook himself to his usual work. 
 James and John returned to their father, and, in com- 
 pany with Andrew and Simon, nightly swept the lake 
 for fish. One morning, however, when they had toiled 
 all night and taken nothing, and were wearily seated 
 on the shore washing out the weed and slime from 
 their empty nets, they saw their Master approaching, 
 closely pressed by a dense crowd who had learnt 
 to listen to His teachings, and to bring the sick 
 to be healed by His touch. To avoid the throng, 
 He entered Simon's boat, and, bidding him push out 
 into the lake, continued the discourse from the boat. 
 
 After this, He bade that the nets should be again 
 lowered, and the fishermen, though unused to catch 
 by day, and having toiled all night in vain, obeyed, 
 and were recompensed by the enormous number of 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. ?5 
 
 fish that thronged their net, even till it began to break. 
 But even as they brought their prize to shore, they 
 were called away from it, — " Follow Me, and I will 
 make you fishers of men." 
 
 The word was spoken by One who had already 
 shown that He was to be obeyed without a question. 
 Zebedee and his servants remained in charge of the 
 heaps of fish that lay glistening on the grass, and his 
 two sons, with the elder pair of brothers, were thence- 
 forth constant followers of their Master, who had 
 now ceased to dwell at home and work like other 
 men, but had begun to pass from one city to another, 
 doing good, working miracles of healing, and speaking 
 to the crowds who came round Him of their simplest, 
 most obvious duties, in words so clear and plain that 
 only thinkers could feel that they were of the utmost 
 depth and breadth. 
 
 Others, likewise, became His constant followers ; 
 but these four always remained knit to Him in a 
 closer manner than the rest. Simon Peter, the Rock, 
 as the eldest of the band, and the most fervent of 
 nature, was always the foremost ; but John, full of 
 ardent affection, and with the fresh innocence of 
 youth, received in fullest measure that tender love 
 and human friendship by which the Son of God has 
 made us to feel Him to be the Son of Man. 
 
 John, with his brother James, were called, by their 
 Lord, Boanerges (Sons of Thunder), as though they 
 were to be voices proclaiming Him, like the thunder- 
 ings and voices around the Throne in heaven — voices 
 of grave majesty and deep awe, strong and weighty. 
 
26 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 and leaving a sense of solemnity on the soul, even as 
 does a thunder-peal. Of James we know little per- 
 sonally, but John's great mark was the sweetness and 
 constancy of his love, joined, however, to a zeal and 
 fire that were ready to become terrible to whatever 
 insulted or injured that which he so deeply and reve- 
 rently adored. 
 
 Thus the brothers forbade a man to cast out devils 
 in the Lord's name, because he had not come to Him 
 for authority ; and when the Samaritans denied him 
 a passage through a village, they would fain have 
 seen Him manifest His glory by a miracle such as 
 that by which Elijah consumed the troops of Ahaziah. 
 In truth, they constantly looked to see Him reveal 
 Himself in splendour to the world ; and when they 
 with their ten companions were chosen as His m.es- 
 sengers, His Apostles, or men sent forth, they felt 
 it the proclamation of a King. Yet still the task 
 was only wandering from place to place, healing the 
 sick, discoursing on hill-sides, or on plains, and even 
 in the streets, to the crowds who gathered round Him, 
 and, at the recurring festivals, going up to Jerusalem, 
 and there teaching in the courts of the Temple, and 
 holding more abstruse arguments with the scribes 
 and learned men who attempted to silence Him. 
 After almost every discourse, what had fallen on the 
 careless ears of the multitude was commented on and 
 more closely explained to the inner circle of followers, 
 who cared to hearken instead of merely hearing ; and 
 from these the Twelve were specially chosen, as special 
 attendants and ministers to the crowds who collected 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 27 
 
 at each spot, and on whom they were enabled to work 
 some miracles of healing in proportion to their own 
 strength of faith. Many wonders were either not 
 seen or not understood by the heedless crowd. On 
 the two occasions when the loaves and fish were mul- 
 tiplied, the Twelve were the distributors to the hungry 
 throng; and in the two storms upon the lake, it was 
 the Twelve who were struggling with wind and wave 
 till their Lord made the restless blast and tossing 
 water sink into a great calm. In one, they awoke 
 Him in their terror ; in the other, they beheld Him 
 walking calmly on the surface of the water, and their 
 cry of alarm was calmed by His voice, " It is I ; be 
 not afraid." 
 
 There were wonders reserved for the special con- 
 templation of the three whose love and faith were 
 strongest : Peter, James, and John were alone admitted 
 to see the actual raising of the little daughter of 
 Jairus, and were ever the closest to their Lord. They, 
 with all the others, seem to have imagined that all 
 their present work was preparation for the great pro- 
 clamation of glory, and that, when everything was 
 sufficiently prepared, and numbers knew Him to be the 
 Christ, He would raise Himself to the throne of David, 
 overpowering His enemies at Jerusalem, and subduing 
 the cruel house of Herod, and the stern Roman 
 power. For this it seemed to them, the Twelve first, 
 and afterwards the Seventy, were sent two and two 
 throughout the cities and villages to make Him 
 known to the inhabitants ; and, strong as was the 
 hatred shown by the rulers at Jerusalem to all that 
 
28 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE, 
 
 concerned Him, that there would be triumph in the 
 end was certain to all His followers, though they had 
 no understanding of what kind of triumph it would 
 be, and only expected to share the earthly splendour 
 of a more magnificent David or Solomon. 
 
 David had wandered homeless and persecuted, and 
 they were content to follow their Master, when the 
 Sanhedrim, or council of priests and elders at Jeru- 
 salem had been enraged at His rebukes of their crimes 
 and hypocrisies, and had determined on cutting Him 
 off; and when they had persuaded Herod Antipas 
 that He was a factious person, so that Galilee was 
 no longer safe for the wanderers. The many times 
 when the malice of the rulers and the anger of the 
 mob had been disappointed, had given the disciples 
 trust that His person was inviolable ; and, great as 
 the sufferings of the three years and a half of His 
 ministry had been, the little band were full of hope 
 when the third Passover approached, thinking, pro- 
 bably, that the supporters who would come up from 
 all parts of the country would overpower . the Jewish 
 authorities, Herod, and the Romans, even if there 
 were not some great and pubhc manifestations of His 
 power and His wrath. 
 
 These favoured Three were the more certified of His 
 glory when one night they had gone with Him to 
 the heights of a lone mountain, and there, awakening 
 from their sleep, they beheld His glory unveiled. His 
 countenance glistening, His raiment white as the light, 
 and the two holy ones of old, Moses and Elijah, 
 talking with Him. Heavy with sleep, and entranced 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 29 
 
 with awe as they were, they knew that they had seen 
 the glory of God, and though, even in that flood of 
 light, they heard words concerning the decease that 
 was to be accomplished at Jerusalem, and though He 
 told them plainly even the manner of His approach- 
 ing death, their hearts would not take in the belief. 
 Even when, at the peril of their lives, they had hurried 
 to Bethany on the tidings of the death of Lazarus, 
 was not that journey crowned by the greatest miracle 
 ever yet witnessed, and performed in the sight of 
 men who would not choose but own that it was a 
 surpassing wonder ? 
 
 Already the Twelve were looking on themselves as 
 princes of returned Israel, to act perhaps like David's 
 thirty mighty men, and three mightiest of all, and 
 disputes arose which should be the greatest. Salome, 
 the mother of James and John, was especially forward 
 in her hopes that, both by intimacy and relationship, 
 her sons would have the foremost claim, and perhaps 
 there was some jealousy of Peter in her request when 
 she came to our Lord, entreating that in His kingdom 
 her two sons might sit the one on His right hand, 
 the other on the left. 
 
 His reply was grave, and full of repression : — " Can 
 ye drink of the cup that I drink of, and be baptized 
 with the baptism that I am baptized with t " 
 
 " We can," said both the fervent young men, seeing 
 no doubt further than their mother, awestruck, but 
 ready to endure all for their Lord. 
 
 Then came the answer, "Ye shall indeed drink of 
 the cup that I drink of, and with the baptism that 1 
 
50 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 am baptized withal shall ye be baptized ; but to . 
 on My right hand and on My left is not Mine to 
 give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is 
 prepared." 
 
 The brothers must have turned away, struck with 
 awe at the rebuke for their presumption ; but the 
 other Apostles were much displeased, and their anger 
 was only stilled by their Lord, who called them to 
 Him, and taught them that in His kingdom humility 
 is greatness, and that he who was truly chief would 
 make himself last of all and servant of all. 
 
 When from this time forth we mark how John 
 seemed to attach himself to Peter, always with him, 
 and attending to his slightest beck, we seem to see 
 how the reproof was laid to heart. On then the 
 company went to Jerusalem, and the first entrance 
 confirmed the expectations of the most hopeful. 
 Their Master Himself for once ceased from His ordi- 
 nary practice of attracting no attention by outward 
 demonstration, and, obtaining a young ass, rode 
 into the city in the manner practised by the 
 mountaineer princes, His forefathers, and which had 
 been predicted by more than one prophet as the 
 commencement of glad days for Jerusalem ; the 
 people, flocking in for the feast, and already prepared 
 by His miracles, accepted the sign, hailed Him as the 
 Son of David, and flung their own robes, and branches 
 of trees on the path. The people of Jerusalem, 
 recently impressed by the raising of Lazarus, came 
 out with the same shouts of rapture, and He refused 
 to silence them at the bidding of the angry rulers. 
 
THE BEL O VED DISCIPLE. 3 t 
 
 Scarcely recking that His eyes were streaming 
 with tears, and that His words were bewaihng the 
 cruel fate that would fall on Jerusalem, the Twelve 
 rejoiced in the triumph, and when at night all sat at 
 supper in the house of Lazarus, at the neighbouring 
 village of Bethany, there was little heed paid to the 
 assurance that the precious ointment poured by the 
 loving woman on His feet was for His burial. Two 
 days of exultation succeeded. For the second time 
 He cleared the Temiple courts of the sellers of the 
 animals needed for offering, and of the changers of 
 foreign for Judaic coin, and no one durst dispute the 
 authority which He openly exercised as the Son of 
 that House. Every one of the many sects of the 
 Jews came to Him with some question by which they 
 hoped to make Him overturn His own popularity, 
 or speak against the law, but each in turn was con- 
 founded ; and all the ruling classes, who preyed on 
 the people with their avarice, and tyrannized and con- 
 fused them with petty regulations of no importance, 
 were denounced by Him with dread predictions of 
 woe. 
 
 All His foes were silenced and confuted when He 
 left the Temple. They felt that nothing more was 
 left but for Him to take upon Him His power, and 
 reign, and in their obduracy only sought to bribe one 
 of His followers to betray Him. He, meanwhile, as 
 if to check the rising hopes of His followers, told 
 them that soon no two of the enormous stones of the 
 Temple would be left standing, and then, on the further 
 inquiry of the Galilean brethren, as they stood on a 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 hill outside the walls, He described in terrific detail 
 the miseries that would come on the guilty city, and 
 the signs that would precede the destruction, joining 
 therewith predictions not yet accomplished, of a still 
 more dreadful vengeance. 
 
 On the Thursday evening, He and His little band 
 quietly entered the city again, and betook themselves 
 to one of the guest-chambers that the houses at 
 Jerusalem usually provided for the concourse who 
 came up to the feasts. They were as one household, 
 and on that evening they kept that first supper of un- 
 leavened bread, which initiated the seven days of the 
 feast, for the lambs were not killed till the next day. 
 
 That evening was the beginning of a space of 
 awe and mystery. Then it was that the Lord 
 appointed the Sacred Feast that was henceforth to 
 become the Paschal meal whereof Himself was the 
 Lamb. Then as they reclined, in Eastern fashion, 
 on couches round the table, with the beloved John 
 leaning on his Master's breast, the assurance was 
 given that the time of sutfering and desertion was 
 nigh at hand — nay, that one present there was a 
 traitor. Each feared for himself; and it was John 
 who, obedient to Peter's sign, asked who it was, and 
 was told it was he who should at the same time with 
 our Lord dip his bread into the dish of liquid 
 common to all. It was plain to the traitor Judas 
 that his purpose was known, and he left the room 
 to accomplish it before (as he thought) it should be 
 baffled. Then followed the deepest, most myste- 
 rious, and most heavenly discourse that the other 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 33 
 
 Apostles had ever yet heard, but which seems to 
 have fallen on dulled and perplexed understandings, 
 though they were one day to unravel its precious 
 import. They sung a hymn — probably the Hallelujah 
 Psalms always used at Paschal suppers — from the 
 I nth to the 1 1 8th Psalm, and then in the darkness, 
 lighted by the Paschal moon, the Lord, taking His 
 three favoured Apostles, went out to pray among the 
 olives of the garden on the bank of the brook 
 Kedron, which flowed between the city and the 
 ascent of Mount Olivet. ' 
 
 Sleep fell on John, James, and Peter, as it had 
 done on the night of the Transfiguration, but when 
 He awoke them it was not to see His face shining 
 with glory, but worn with agony and stained with 
 blood from His brow. He warned them to watch 
 and pray, and they could even hear His strong cry 
 of agony, " Let this cup pass from Me ! " Then, it 
 may be, the brothers began to know of what kind 
 of cup they had pledged themselves to drink, but 
 still grief and perplexity weighed so heavily on them 
 that they could not keep awake, even though He 
 called them again, gently bade them watch lest they 
 should enter into temptation, and returned to His 
 own unspeakable grief and intensity of prayer, " Not 
 My will, but Thine be done." 
 
 On the third wakening there were sounds approach- 
 ing, and the quiet garden was filled with soldiers with 
 lantern torches, and weapons, led by priests, and 
 guided by the traitor Judas. His promised token, 
 the perfidious kiss, was given, and yet the captors 
 
 D 
 
34 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 paused, struck with terror, till their Victim Himself 
 asked, '* Whom seek ye ? " and at their reply said, 
 " I am He." Their minds were so full of terror that 
 at His mere word and presence they recoiled in 
 sudden fright, and fell to the ground ; and, when He 
 commanded them to let His companions go their 
 way, they offered no opposition, even though Peter 
 actually inflicted a wound in the defence of his 
 Master. 
 
 The terror and consternation of all the disciples 
 was extreme, and John alone ventured to keep near 
 the Victim, who was being dragged away to undergo 
 an examination in the high priest's house. 
 
 John had some acquaintance with Annas, the high 
 priest ; it is said he had sold his patrimony to him, 
 and could therefore not only venture himself into the 
 hall of his house, but seeing Peter shivering at the 
 door with grief, fear, and the chill of early dawn, 
 could fetch him in to the fire which the servants had 
 kindled at the lower end of the great hall, where, at 
 the upper end, the two high priests were striving to 
 find some legal colour for the death that they had 
 already resolved to inflict. 
 
 There John beheld the mockery of justice that 
 was brought to bear on Him whose innocence was 
 His sole oflence. And so far from there being any 
 such demonstration of power, as perhaps the disciples 
 still hoped, the doom became each moment more 
 certain. All the other Apostles had fled ; and John 
 heard Peter — the eldest, the bravest, the most zealous 
 and most looked up to of all the Twelve — actually 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 35 
 
 in his despair deny all connexion with Him whom 
 he beheld treated as a criminal. 
 
 No heart could bear that trial save that which 
 was strongest in its love. And though John does not 
 mention himself in the next scene of ''that guilty 
 morning," there can be little question but that when 
 the Victim was dragged to the Praetorium, and given 
 up by the weak Pilate to content the raging populace, 
 there was, when the purple-robed, thorn-crowned, 
 bleeding Form was presented to excite compassion 
 that the crowd were too enraged to feel, one face 
 amid the maddened throng that looked up in an 
 anguish of loving indignation, troubled faith, and 
 despairing affection ; yet still with " Behold, I have 
 told you before," ringing in his ears. Those faithful 
 steps followed along the path of pain that led 
 from the Prsetorium to Calvary ; and when, in the 
 darkness that overspread the earth, the eyes that 
 he had learnt to look to with unspeakable awe 
 and love gazed down on him again from the tree of 
 agony, they beheld him standing by the holy Mother 
 at the foot of the cross. 
 
 " Woman, behold thy son ! " and to the beloved 
 disciple, " Behold thy Mother ! " were the words that 
 entrusted to John the most precious charge ever left 
 on this earth, and from that hour the home of John 
 was the home of the Blessed Virgin. Still, with 
 unflinching constancy, the beloved disciple watched 
 the last hours of awe and agony, gathering each 
 mournful and solemn event deep into his heart, and 
 not parting from that sacred Form even when the 
 
 D 2 
 
36 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 Soul had quitted It, and the worst was over, as It 
 hung Hfeless on the cross. He saw the soldiers come 
 round, by Pilate's order, to complete the work of 
 death, and break the legs of the two thieves on the 
 other crosses ; but, finding the Lord to be already 
 dead, merely pierced His side, so that the mysterious 
 gush of blood and water took place. Then came 
 the two rich men who had begged the body from 
 Pilate, and these faithful few took It down and carried 
 It to the neighbouring garden, where lay the rock- 
 hewn sepulchre. As the sun was setting and the 
 Sabbath drawing on, there was no time to do more 
 than wind the corpse in linen, together with sweet 
 spices, myrrh, and aloes, before they were forced to 
 return to their several homes for the Paschal night, 
 scarce yet knowing that they themselves were truly 
 touched with the literal blood of the true Paschal 
 Sacrifice, the blood that was but typified by the red 
 strokes that gleamed on every door-post. 
 
 The mournful, silent Sabbath sped its hours, and 
 the disciples only knew that their approach to the 
 beloved Sepulchre was rendered more difficult by the 
 Roman guard who watched the great stone that had 
 been sealed up by the priests. It seems, however, 
 that John had sought out the broken-hearted Peter 
 in his bitter self-reproach ; and, while Judas in his 
 remorse was destroying his own wretched life, the 
 penitent tears of the once self-confident Simon were 
 cheered by the tenderness of the one man whose 
 brave love had never failed. For John and Peter 
 were together in the early dawn of that First Day of 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE, 37 
 
 the week, when, breathless and distressed, the devoted 
 Mary Magdalene came running in upon them with the 
 piteous cry, " They have taken away the Lord out 
 of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have 
 laid Him." Uprose the two disciples at once, and 
 hastened to the spot, John's more youthful limbs out- 
 running his elder companion, for whom, however, 
 he waited till he had reached the cave, when both 
 entered together, and beheld the linen shroud care- 
 fully laid by, and the napkin, that had bound the 
 bleeding Head, folded as no rude spoiler of the tomb 
 would have paused to do. 
 
 * Then flashed on them the understanding of the 
 words they had heard from Himself, and found 
 implied in Scripture, but which had hitherto been too 
 utterly strange to them to reach their minds, " He 
 should rise from the dead." He was then risen ! He 
 had left His tomb empty. Then, as John himself 
 tells us, they believed, and so believing, they returned 
 home, soon to be followed thither first by Mary 
 Magdalene, and then by John's own mother, Salome, 
 and the sister of the Blessed Virgin, with tidings that 
 they had'themselves actually seen the Lord, alive and 
 risen, and with messages from His own mouth. 
 
 Some of the disciples were slow to accept what 
 they heard, but in the course of that wonderful day, 
 Peter, too, had been blessed by the sight ; and in the 
 afternoon, two other disciples, going to the little 
 village of Emmaus, were joined by Him, and talked 
 with Him, though they knew Him not till He 
 vanished from their sight. At nightfall, ten met 
 
38 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE, 
 
 together in their Paschal guest-chamber, each with 
 sotiie fresh confirmation of the wondrous news, '* The 
 Lord is risen indeed;" when, behold, He Himself 
 stood in the midst, though the door had not been 
 unbarred — stood there even as He had stood four 
 days ago, save for the wounds in His hands, feet, 
 and side. 
 
 " Peace be unto you," He said, and as they shrunk 
 together, feeling as though the presence must be that 
 of a mere spirit or phantom. He called them close, 
 and bade them touch and handle Him, to feel His 
 substance, then ate before them of their broiled fish 
 and honeycomb. Intense and awful was their joy 
 as they received His full commission to win all 
 nations to His faith, and as their understandings were 
 opened to see that all these sufferings that had so 
 staggered and confused their faith had been laid down 
 long ago, by David first, and then by many a prophet, 
 as not only the marks of the true Messiah, but the 
 very purpose for which He came into the world at all. 
 Then, too. He bade them make known to all nations 
 that pardon for the repentant had been won for all 
 mankind by His suffering. Thenceforth they were 
 the messengers of a pardoning King, declaring His 
 forgiveness on the condition of being sensible of the 
 need of it, believing in its efficacy, and testifying that 
 faith by fulfilling certain terms, the primary one the 
 being baptized, or washed in water in the Name 
 of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, — that 
 really cleansing baptism, which the first John had fore- 
 told that He who should come after should confer. 
 
THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 39 
 
 That day week, to satisfy the one absent and 
 doubting Apostle, He appeared to them again in the 
 same manner ; and then, the Paschal feast bfeing fully 
 over, the disciples returned as He had bidden them 
 to their homes in Galilee, uncertain what was to come 
 next, or if they should return to their old habits. 
 
 When Simofi Peter proposed " to go a fishing," all 
 his fisherman friends joined him, but again came the 
 long weary night of toil in vain, until morning 
 dawned upon the hills, and they made for the land- 
 ing-place, where, in the morning twilight, they saw 
 One standing, and heard Him say, "Children, have ye 
 here any meat ? " and as they answered, " No," He 
 bade them cast the net on the right side of the ship. 
 
 Then John knew the beloved voice, and said to 
 Peter, " It is the Lord :" and Peter, only pausing to 
 gird his garment round him, flung himself into the 
 water, and was at his Lord's feet, while the rest were 
 dragging the net heavy with the hundred and fifty- 
 three great fishes. A fire burnt on the shore, and 
 broiled fish and bread were ready for the fishers again 
 to "eat and drink with Him after He had risen from 
 the dead." When the meal was over He gave His 
 earnest charge to Peter, " Feed My sheep," thrice re- 
 peated, and then foretold to him the mode of His 
 death, at which Peter, anxious to learn what was in 
 store for the friend, who he must have felt was more 
 worthy than himself, asked, " Lord, and what shall 
 this man do T 
 
 The reply repressed curiosity, " If I will that he tarry 
 till I come, what is that to thee t Follow thou Me." 
 
40 THE BELOVED DISCIPLE. 
 
 Of any other appearances of the Lord to the dis- 
 ciples we know no particulars, only that once James 
 beheld Him, and at another time five hundred, who 
 must have comprised nearly all the Galilean believers, 
 assembled on a mountain, and were there blessed by 
 His presence. By His direction, as it would seem, the 
 Apostles went back to Jerusalem, and there, on the 
 fortieth day from His resurrection, they met Him 
 again on the Mount of Olives, where, near Bethany, 
 they beheld Him ascend by His own power into the 
 sky, assuredly the most marvellous triumph ever wit- 
 nessed by mortal eyes. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE I'ARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 "As Ml death He hung, 
 His mantle soft on thee He flung 
 Of filial love, and named thee son ; 
 When now that earthly tie was done, 
 To thy tried faith and spotless years 
 Consigned His Virgin Mother's tears." 
 
 Isaac Williams, translation of Ancient Latin Hymn. 
 
 Going back to Jerusalem, the Apostles waited 
 according to their Lord's command to " be endued 
 with power from on high," and when that power 
 came, on the Day of Pentecost, the strength and 
 ability inspired into them brought them to the fuller 
 perception of their mission, and how to fulfil it. 
 Jerusalem remained for the present their home. The 
 three thousand who had become believers on the Day 
 of Pentecost were ministered to by the Apostles, and 
 all lived like devout Jews, going to the Temple daily, 
 at the stated hour of prayer, for their worship, but, 
 instead of the daily sacrifice of the lamb, celebrating 
 that holy rite which their Lord had instituted. 
 
 At one of these occasions of worship at the Temple, 
 Peter and John together worked the miracle of healing 
 
42 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 on the impotent man at the Beautiful Gate, and as the 
 people came about them in wonder, the elder Apostle 
 proclaimed the glory of their risen Lord, until they 
 were dragged away to the council of the Sanhedrim 
 for raising a commotion in the temple. There again 
 they boldly maintained their Master's cause, but, 
 angry as the rulers were, there was so entire an 
 absence of grounds for punishing them, that they 
 were released with a warning. The only effect of the 
 warning was to cause the assembled disciples to raise 
 a hymn of praise to their Saviour and God, that they 
 had been counted worthy to suffer shame for His name. 
 Nor did this attempt at persecution put a stop to the 
 numerous conversions of both Hebrew and Greek 
 Jews, and a community was formed where all posses- 
 sions were shared together, the rich, like Barnabas, 
 bringing all their means, and living with the poor 
 After the sacred Feast instituted by their Lord had 
 been partaken of, a table of love was spread, at which 
 all partook of the food supplied from the common 
 stock, and the whole Church seems to have lived 
 together in a sort of rapt state, expecting their Lord's 
 speedy return, and not at all understanding His 
 parting commission to them to teach all nations. 
 
 The falsehood of Ananias and Sapphira — which was 
 really contempt of the Holy Spirit, the unpardonable 
 sin — occasioned their sudden death, and this, together 
 with the numerous miracles of healing, roused the 
 fury of the priests, who were of the unbelieving or 
 Sadducean party. The Apostles were thrown into 
 prison, but at night were released by an angel, and 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 were again found preaching in the Temple cloisters. 
 Again they were apprehended, again Peter maintained 
 their cause ; and the candid-minded Rabbi, Gamaliel, 
 was so impressed as to recommend their release, 
 " lest haply we be found to fight against God." 
 
 The others of the Sanhedrim, therefore, only 
 scourged these innocent men, and let them go free. 
 But on the one .hand, the young Stephen, a Greek 
 Jew, newly chosen as one of the first seven deacons, 
 began to perceive that the Gospel was to extend 
 far beyond Jerusalem ; and on the other hand, 
 Saul, also a Greek Jew, and a pupil of Gamaliel, 
 a young man lately come to Jerusalem, viewed 
 these innovations with terror, and stirred up a 
 fresh persecution. Stephen was the victim in the 
 strife, and most of the believers fled from Jeru- 
 salem, the Apostles alone standing their ground. 
 The dispersion, however, led to the spread of the 
 Gospel, and the next time we hear individually of 
 John, he accompanied Peter to Samaria, there to 
 fill up what had necessarily been left imperfect by 
 Philip the deacon, who had been the first to carry 
 on the work that had been begun by the Lord 
 Himself in His own conversation with the woman at 
 Jacob's well. There John for the first time came in 
 contact with that form of misbelief which the latter 
 part of his life was to be spent in combating. 
 
 Simon, born at Gitton, a village in Samaria, was 
 bred up in the wild loose teachings that had pre- 
 vailed among the strange people who had mingled 
 the true worship with their own superstitions, and 
 
44 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 he had then gone to study at Alexandria. This city, 
 founded by the great Alexander, and the home of 
 the most scholarly among those generals of his who 
 became kings upon his death, had been from its very 
 birth a home of learning, science, and speculation. 
 It had a library unrivalled in the ancient world, and 
 in which the sacred Scriptures of Israel, freshly trans- 
 lated for the purpose, were stored up together with 
 the old mystic lore of the Coptic Egyptian, and the 
 poetry, history, and philosophy of the Greek, and 
 there was a constant round of reasoning and dis- 
 puting, in which men fancied they sought after the 
 truth, but bewildered themselves more and more. 
 Many Jews dwelt at Alexandria ; they had haunted 
 Egypt ever since the captivity. Alexander had 
 invited them there ; and, when Palestine had been won 
 by the Syrians, many more took refuge there from 
 the persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes. A whole 
 quarter of the city belonged to them, and they 
 affected much of the habits of thought of the philo- 
 sophical Greeks with whom they consorted. Their 
 faith in the spiritual, all-pervading essence of the 
 Godhead greatly assisted the Greeks to shake them- 
 selves free of their faith in the numerous idols of the 
 classic world; but, on the other hand, these Greek 
 Jews lost much of the strict, earnest, exclusive faith 
 of their brethren at Jerusalem, and of their close 
 attention to the typical ceremonies of the law of 
 Moses, and acquired a good deal of the magic prac- 
 tised in Egypt, and of those superstitions that almost 
 always enslave the minds of those who fall from the 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 45 
 
 truth, as if it were a judgment that those who will 
 not believe what they ought, come to believing what 
 they ought not. 
 
 Here Simon seems to have picked up and formed 
 for himself the notions that became widely spread 
 through the East, and were the subtlest foes with 
 which the Apostles had to deal. Silence he said is 
 the eternal root of all things, whence sprung ^ons, 
 Beings or Powers, Angels, and Notts (Mind), and 
 Epinoia (Intelligence), from which pair sprang all 
 earthly things. A woman named Helen, whom he 
 had bought in the slave-market at Tyre, he gave out 
 to be an incarnation of Epinoia, the wandering im- 
 prisoned intelligence, and he represented himself as a 
 great ^on Manifestation, or power of God, come to 
 set the spirit free from its struggles against law and 
 order, and the bonds of the flesh. With a mixture of 
 Greek philosophical language and of perverted verses 
 of the Scripture, he obtained much attention, and his 
 followers became known as Gnostics — a word identical 
 in sense, and almost in sound, with Knowers. He 
 added to his fame by wonders, worked either by 
 trickery or by the agency of evil spirits, and thus 
 acquired the name of Magus, or the Magician. 
 
 The teaching of Philip had so far struck him that 
 he offered himself with others for baptism. And when 
 Peter and John came, and proceeded to lay their hands 
 on the baptized, to impart to them the Holy Spirit, as 
 now in confirmation, the signs which were then vouch- 
 safed to assist the faith of the converts seemed to his 
 low nature such a means of increasing his influence 
 
46 FHE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 that he offered the two Apostles money if they would 
 give him the power of conferring such gifts. Peter's 
 indignant answer, " Thy money perish with thee, be- 
 cause thou hast thought the gift of God could be 
 purchased with money," has rendered Simon's name 
 so proverbial that all attempts at buying or selling 
 the gifts of God left in trust with His Church are 
 termed simony. It was, however, rather the doctrine 
 than the practice of the unhappy man that effected mis- 
 chief in his own day. Though crushed for the moment 
 under the stern rebuke of the two Apostles, and entreat- 
 ing them to pray for his forgiveness, he soon returned to 
 his former pretensions, interwove into his teaching all 
 that suited his purpose of the Apostles' own doctrines ; 
 and, what was worse, infected some of their disciples, 
 so that Knowers or Gnostics often met them in their 
 own Churches, and required many a stern admonition 
 and warning. It is said that, growing more confident 
 in his delusions, Simon tried to fly from the top of 
 a high tower, but fell and broke his leg, and that his 
 death was caused by his insisting on being buried 
 alive, in the expectation that he could raise himself 
 from the dead on the third day. But the teaching 
 he had spread did not die at once with him. 
 
 However, for the present, the defeat he had sus- 
 tained at Samaria was complete, and the Apostles 
 returned to Jerusalem, John probably feeling how 
 mistaken had been the zeal of old, which would 
 have revenged upon the Samaritans their first re- 
 jection of the Master, whose name they had so readily 
 accepted. 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 47 
 
 In the meantime, the wonderful conversion of Saul 
 freed the Church from her only active enemy on 
 principle, and a time of peace ensued, during which 
 the central knot of believers at Jerusalem had time to 
 grow firm, and to learn the full bearings of their new 
 faith, while Saul was, in the wilds of Arabia, entering 
 into the depths of that which he was to set forth in 
 future, and the deacons and others who had fled from 
 his persecutions were spreading their doctrine in the 
 Jewish synagogues of Antioch and Cyprus. The 
 Apostles apparently moved about within the confines 
 of Palestine, which was again united into one kingdom 
 under the favourite of the Emperor Caligula, Herod 
 Agrippa, an exceedingly clever and subtle man, who 
 was very vain of his good understanding at once with 
 the Romans and Jews. 
 
 John must have been absent on one of these expe- 
 ditions when Saul, after his three years* retirement, 
 visited Jerusalem, for there was no meeting between 
 them. Shortly after came the vision that announced 
 to Peter that the time was come when the Gospel 
 was to be preached to other than the Jews, and 
 this was followed up by such great conversions of 
 the Gentiles at Antioch, that believers were no 
 longer regarded as a mere sect among the Jews, 
 but were known by that glorious name of Chris- 
 tians, which still continues our highest honour. 
 Indeed, these new Christians at Antioch proved 
 themselves so well worthy of the name, that to them 
 is owing the first charitable collection on record, 
 the sum which they sent by Saul and Barnabas to 
 
4S THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 relieve their brethren in the famine then prevailing 
 at Jerusalem. 
 
 Eleven years had passed in comparative peace since 
 the resurrection of the Lord, and the Church had had 
 time to gather strength and become firm in her faith, 
 when Herod Agrippa, wishing to secure further popu- 
 larity among the Jews, began to seize the leaders of 
 the Christians, whom they had all this time watched 
 with the ferocity of muzzled dogs. The first victim 
 was James, the brother of John. Bloody was the 
 baptism, short and sharp the draught of the cup, 
 that he partook with his Lord, when first of all, save 
 the young deacon Stephen, he "drank His cup oi 
 woe, triumphant over pain;" but John, willing as he 
 was to die with his brother, still remained untouched, 
 though the other of the three most favoured Apostles, 
 Peter, was thrown into prison, and kept for execution 
 after the Passover. 
 
 We know not whether John were among the many 
 who were gathered together in the house of Mary, 
 the mother of Mark, praying for the safety of Peter, 
 when behold his knock and voice sounded at the 
 gate, and when in their joy and wonder they admitted 
 him, they heard how he had been set free by an angel 
 from heaven. 
 
 Almost immediately after, the sudden and terrible 
 death of Herod Agrippa rescued the Church from 
 his enmity, and Palestine fell more entirely into the 
 hands of the Romans, who as yet saw no difference 
 between Jews and Christians, and merely wished to 
 keep tlie peace between both. There was again a 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 49 
 
 quiet time at Jerusalem, during which Paul and 
 Barnabas came back to ask the opinion of the 
 Apostles as to how far the Gentile converts were 
 bound to observe the ceremonial part of the Jewish 
 law. The council was held under the presidency of 
 the surviving James, to whom the chief seat in the 
 Church at Jerusalem had been given. The decision 
 was that the Gentiles were in no wise bound to those 
 rites of the law of Moses, which had, in fact, been 
 partly typical and partly intended to draw so sharp a 
 line as to prevent the Jews from becoming insensibly 
 corrupted by heathen intercourse. All, therefore, that 
 was required was the observance of the eternal moral 
 law, and the abstaining from practices in the slaying 
 of animals for food which would have been abhorrent 
 to a Jew. 
 
 The first twelve years had passed, and the Apostles 
 had come to the full comprehension of their com- 
 mission to teach all nations that the ransom of the 
 world was paid, and that all that remained was to 
 accept that redemption. 
 
 The Jewish Church had been like a kernel with a 
 seed within ; the first sprout had shot forth to Antioch, 
 and now the roots and branches were to spread far 
 and wide into a great tree overshadowing the earth. 
 
 After that first council on the treatment of the 
 Gentile Christians, it was agreed that Paul and 
 Barnabas should devote themselves to the Greeks, 
 and John, James, and Peter to the Jews. This we 
 know from St. Paul's own words to the Galatians, and 
 there was a belief in the Church that all the other 
 
 E 
 
50 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 edght Apostles set out on their several journeys at 
 the same time together, agreeing before they parted 
 on the symbol or watchword to be taught to every 
 convert, namely, what we call the Apostles' Creed ; 
 and fancy has further added that each of the Twelve 
 composed one of its twelve clauses or articles. There 
 is, however, no real certainty that our Apostles' Creed 
 was the same in form and arrangement, as we have 
 it now, till a century later, though a symbol the same 
 in substance there certainly was. 
 
 Matthew is also thought to have written the record 
 of the life of our Lord in Hebrew and in Greek, so 
 that the Apostles might have copies of this to leave 
 with their converts. The Apostles acted as mis- 
 sionaries, going from place to place ; but, wherever 
 they found believers, they placed in authority men 
 whom they termed elders, after the old Israelite, or 
 indeed universally Eastern, term of elder for a man 
 in authority. The Greek word was Presbyteros, 
 v/hichhas been cut down into our word "priest." The 
 elders were made to receive the special gift of the 
 Holy Ghost by the laying on of the Apostles' hands, 
 .and thenceforth conducted the Christian worship, and 
 celebrated the Supper of the Lord in remembrance 
 of Him, and under them were the deacons or ministers 
 in whose special charge the poor were placed. 
 
 Most of the eleven who then parted, after fifteen 
 years of the closest brotherhood, never met again, 
 probably never heard of each other again. Some 
 died by popular fury, some were executed, three 
 shared their Saviour's cross ; but in a few short years 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 51 
 
 all were together again, tasting the full measure of 
 that glory and triumph which went so far beyond the 
 impatient dreams of earthly greatness that they had 
 feasted on in early days. John was apparently de- 
 tained at the holy city by his sacred charge of the 
 mother of our Lord, whom he tended with reverent 
 care until her death, fifteen years after the Ascension. 
 
 By this time neither Jerusalem nor Galilee were 
 places where the calm precepts of the Gospel could 
 be listened to with consideration and reverence. The 
 Roman yoke was being welded tighter and more 
 heavily on the land, and the Jews, having let the true 
 Messiah do His work among them without knowing 
 Him, were fast becoming crazed with their vain ex- 
 pectation of false Christs. All who would listen to 
 the truth were already gathered into the fold ; the rest 
 raged against it, and were barely restrained by the 
 stern Roman power from savage cruelty to those 
 Christians who consorted with Gentiles. Tumults 
 broke out at Jerusalem, and, at the Passover of 
 A.D. 54, twenty thousand persons are said to have 
 been trampled to death. Galilee, once the happy 
 home of John, his brother, and his friends, had be- 
 come the abode of desperate robbers, who nestled like 
 vultures in its crags, and the peaceful Christians were 
 no more in number than could well be presided over 
 by James, so that John, now about forty years of 
 age, might now set forth on his journey. 
 
 Parthians, Medes, and Elamites had been among 
 the first to hear their own languages spoken by the 
 Apostles on the Day of Pentecost. These words 
 
52 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 mean Israelites residing in those lands, and speaking 
 their language instead of that of Palestine ; for great 
 numbers of the members of the ten tribes who had 
 been placed by the Assyrian kings on the Median 
 rivers continued to dwell there, though looking to 
 Jerusalem as their home. The Parthians were a 
 gallant people, in whom had revived again the best 
 of the old spirit of the Persians, and to them the 
 Jews v/ere beginning to look as allies in their earnest 
 desire of breaking away from the Roman power. 
 It was to the Parthians then that John directed his 
 steps, towards the banks of the Euphrates, where 
 Abram had heard his first call. St. Peter and St. 
 Thomas likewise preached there, and they succeeded 
 in laying the first foundations of a Church which 
 flourished mightily till it was nearly extinguished by 
 a fresh outbreak of fire-worshipping zeal among the 
 Persians. 
 
 John did not, however, there continue, but made his 
 way gradually into Asia Minor, and came to Ephesus 
 about the year 65. It was at this very time that the 
 Emperor Claudius had acquitted Paul after his long 
 imprisonment, and, instead of seeing his face no more, 
 the Ephesians hailed their beloved teacher with joy, 
 when, after a journey into the further west, he arrived 
 among them. On the other hand there were tidings 
 from Jerusalem that James " the Just" had been led 
 by the furious Jews to the top of a part of the Temple 
 overhanging a precipice, and thence, when he refused 
 to deny his Master, hurled down, and slain at the 
 bottom with fullers' clubs 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 53 
 
 What other Apostles still survived besides Peter is 
 uncertain, but it was plain that it was time to make 
 provision for the Church when the first generation of 
 her founders should have passed away. There is 
 every reason to believe that John and Paul, and per- 
 haps Peter, here took counsel for the future with any 
 other Apostle who remained, and with that goodly 
 band of disciples who had grown up under their care. 
 Luke too was there, the learned Greek friend of Paul, 
 who seems to have used the time of Paul's long deten- 
 tion at Caesarea to collect materials for a record of 
 ''all that Jesus began to do and to teach." There 
 too were the half-Jew Timotheus, and the Greek Titus, 
 and the Ephesians, Trophimus and Tychicus, who had 
 likewise long been companions of Paul ; and we may 
 suppose that from Colossse would come Onesimus, 
 once the runaway slave of Philemon, but converted 
 by Paul in his prison at Rome, and sent home to " be 
 not a servant but a brother beloved," and Archippus, 
 almost certainly the son of the good Philemon, and 
 accepted for his sake as a Christian teacher, though 
 already some slackness on his part had called for an 
 exhortation from Paul. 
 
 One was at Ephesus about this time, whose ex- 
 ample might show Archippus that those bred in a 
 holy home among saints are not free from temptation 
 to weakness, yet that they may recover themselves — 
 namely John, surnamed Mark, the nephew of Bar- 
 nabas. Companion of his uncle and of Paul in one 
 journey, he had left them in the stress of toil and 
 danger, and, when Paul refused to take him again, 
 
54 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 Barnabas had so supported him that the Apostles 
 had been for a time offended with one another, and 
 had parted. Since that time Mark's entire repentance 
 had been shown by his conduct, — first with Barnabas 
 at Cyprus, and then with Peter (probably) at Rome. 
 Under the dictation of Peter, he had written another 
 life of Christ, apparently using St. Matthew's as a 
 sort of guide in the arrangement ; but, as it was chiefly 
 for the practical Romans, with more detail as to the 
 facts, less discourse, and hardly any reference to the 
 elder Scriptures. 
 
 John had his own circle of disciples, among whom 
 were Ignatius, whom old Syriac writers declared to 
 have been the child whom our Lord set in the midst 
 of his disciples, to show them the humility of soul 
 that is true greatness ; the able and highly instructed 
 Athenian Quadratus ; Polycarp, a very young lad, 
 whom a good lady called Calisto had redeemed from 
 slavery ; Papias, and many others whose names are 
 unknown. 
 
 From such men as these it became needful to select 
 those who might carry on the gifts of the Apostles to 
 future ages, and who might preside over the various 
 congregations as chief shepherds in each place. The 
 twelve Apostles, with Paul and Barnabas, had been, 
 except the two Jameses, wanderers, acting chiefly as 
 missionaries, and only revisiting their Churches from 
 time to time ; but a resident head was needed by the 
 settled Christians of each city, and the universal 
 belief of the ancient Church assigned to St. John 
 the first settled arrangement of this description. The 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 55 
 
 spiritual gifts of the Apostles were transferred to their 
 successors by the laying on of their hands ; and the 
 charge of the flock was at the same time committed 
 to them, with the most earnest injunctions to preserve 
 the true doctrine. They had in their hands, already 
 as standards to which to refer, three Gospels, many 
 letters of Paul, one of Peter, and one of the newly- 
 martyred James ; and regular habits of worship were 
 in course of being ordained to take the place ot that 
 In the synagogues from which the Christians were 
 excluded. The Holy Communion as before con- 
 tinued the Idea of the daily sacrifice, and the Syna- 
 gogue services were Imitated by prayers, reading of 
 Scripture, singing of ''psalms, hymns, and spiritual 
 songs," the arrangement and sequence being not 
 uniform, but yet similar In all essential points. 
 
 Such rules as these, then, were Imposed on the new 
 generation who were to succeed the original band of 
 chosen witnesses. Simeon, the brother of James, 
 who had been martyred at Jerusalem, seems to have 
 already been chosen into his place at Jerusalem ; 
 Timotheus was to act as resident overlooker or 
 Bishop at Ephesus ; Titus was sent to the great 
 Island of Crete ; Euodias and Ignatius are said to 
 have been made, the one the Bishop of the Jewish, 
 the other of the Gentile, Christians at Antloch ; 
 Archippus is believed to have gone to Laodicea ; 
 Quadratus to Philadelphia; but whether all these 
 appointments were made at this period must be 
 uncertain. Our knowledge Is confined to the facts, 
 that immediately after this these men occupied these 
 
50 THE PARTING OF BRETHREN, 
 
 several posts, that the regulation of the episcopacy is 
 ascribed to St. John, and that St. Paul visited Ephesus 
 at this time and could hardly have failed to hold 
 council with St. John. 
 
 Moreover, soon after he had quitted Ephesus, he 
 addressed to Timotheus and to Titus each a letter of 
 earnest advice and exhortation on the government 
 of their Churches, and of all classes of persons within 
 their fold, — letters which have ever since been the 
 guides of the Christian ministry. It may be observed 
 that he puts Timotheus on his guard against the 
 endless genealogies of the Gnostics, by which Simon 
 Magus derived everything by regular descent from 
 his Nous and Epinoia, and also against " oppo- 
 sitions of science falsely so called," meaning then 
 the arguments of so-called knowledge or Gnosticism, 
 though the words, being divinely inspired, apply quite 
 as well to all learning or science that is set up against 
 faith. 
 
 Times of trial were, however, fast coming on the 
 Church. Such a great fire broke out at Rome as 
 to destroy a large number of the houses ; and the 
 Emperor Nero, a thoughtless and excitable young 
 man, who was in the country at the time, was so 
 much struck with the sight of the flames, the rolling 
 smoke, and lurid sky, as, while watching it, to sing 
 to his lyre the verses of the -^neid that describe the 
 burning of Troy. This ill-timed levity made the 
 Romans think he had occasioned the conflagration, in 
 order to enjoy the spectacle ; and, as he always lived 
 vn an agony of alarm lest he should lose his popu- 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 57 
 
 larity, he turned away their anger from himself by 
 declaring that the fire was the work of the Christians, 
 against whom he was angered because one of the 
 partners of his crimes had been converted. 
 
 Thus began the first real persecution. The Christians 
 of Rome were seized, and while some were made to 
 fight with wild beasts for the amusement of the 
 Romans, others, by a refinement of cruelty, w^ere 
 made to light up the horrible spectacle, being smeared 
 with pitch and oil, tied to stakes, and slowly burnt 
 alive during the dark evening when the frightful 
 entertainment was offered to the barbarous idlers of 
 Rome. Nor was Nero content with those who were 
 within the city ready to hand. He sent to gather up 
 the absent persons whose names were known as chief 
 teachers of the Christians, and among them were the 
 two great Apostles Peter and Paul, once so unlike, 
 now drawn closely together in their latter days. 
 
 St. Paul seems to have been arrested at Nicopolis 
 in Bithynia, just after having written to Titus. His 
 faithful Luke and Tychicus held close and fast to 
 him, but Trophimus had to be left at Miletus on 
 account of sickness, and Demas could not endure 
 persecution, and deserted him " for the love of this 
 world." When he came to Rome, and was placed 
 before Nero's tribunal, he was quite alone, save for 
 the feeling of his Master's presence, and " he was 
 delivered out of the mouth of the lion," as he wrote 
 to Timotheus immediately after, meaning probably 
 that the plea of his Roman citizenship had spared 
 him from being the prey of beasts in the arena, and 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 that he was reserved for a more formal trial. In the 
 interval he sent Tychicus to Ephesus, apparently 
 carrying his last letter to summon Timothy to his 
 side once more, and, in case he should not arrive in 
 time, to exhort him to constancy and resolution. 
 The faithful saying which he quotes is evidently, in 
 its original Greek, part of a hymn : — 
 
 *' If we be dead with Chiist, we shall also live with Him ; 
 If we suffer, we shall also reign with Him j 
 If we deny Him, He will also deny us ; 
 If we believe not, yet He remaineth faithful." 
 
 St. Peter, likewise, addressed a last letter to his 
 converts, in the full prospect of the death his Lord 
 had long before predicted. Linus had, as it would 
 seem, been already appointed to the care of the flock 
 at Rome, and both saints were ready to be offered, 
 ready to receive the crowns laid up for them in heaven. 
 The last days of their lives were, according to the 
 belief that has ever since lasted at Rome, spent in the 
 dim, underground, Mamertime dungeon, a doleful cell 
 walled round with heavy stones, but which assuredly 
 echoed with their songs and hymns, though no earth- 
 quake rent the chains of Paul as at Philippi, no angel 
 came to set Peter free as at Jerusalem. Their fight 
 was fought, their race was done, and the time was 
 come when Peter both could and would follow his 
 Lord. They were put to death on the same day, 
 the 29th of June, 66, the Roman citizen by the execu- 
 tioner's sword, the Galilean fisherman by the cross, 
 which he esteemed too great an honour for himself, 
 
THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 59 
 
 intreating that in order to "change the cross, yet 
 suffer with his Lord," he might be crucified with his 
 head downwards. So passed from this Hfe the greatest 
 names among the brethren, the great Apostle of the 
 Jews and the great Apostle of the Gentiles, men who 
 had once differed, but who were held so close and 
 fast together by the love of their Lord, that their 
 paths became blended close together in the shining 
 light of perfect day that shone round them as their 
 steps neared the eternal glory that has ever since 
 enwrapt them. 
 
 Timothy was thrown into prison by St. Paul's 
 enemies, but was released, and the other companions 
 of the saints were guarded from the storm. 
 
 Some strangers then dwelling at Rome must have 
 grieved, yet rejoiced, at the crowning of these martyrs. 
 Even when St. Paul first visited Rome, in the time of 
 the Emperor Claudius, the gallant though betrayed 
 British chief, Caradoc, or Caractacus, had been brought 
 captive to the city, after his nine years' brave defence, 
 and with his family had been made to walk behind the 
 Emperor's funeral car. Ever since they are believed 
 to have lived at Rome ; and moreover, Claudia, 
 daughter of the British king of Chichester, was 
 (almost certainly) a hostage at Rome. She was 
 fair, bright, and clever, and the Spanish poet. Martial, 
 wrote verses in her praise, when she had become the 
 wife of the Roman senator Pudens, little thinking 
 that his mention of her would chiefly be valued 
 because it coincides with that kind message of greet- 
 ing to Timothy, which shows that she was one who 
 
6o THE PARTING OF BRETHREN. 
 
 ministered to Paul in his prison. And according to 
 tradition it was Timotheus, son of Pudens, who 
 laboured to teach the Gospel in Britain, so that the 
 senator and his royal lady must, in their love and 
 veneration for their friend and fellow-disciple, have 
 departed from the old Roman habit of naming their 
 sons after their forefathers, and called him after the 
 son of the Jewess Eunice. The father of Caractacus 
 is said to have returned to Britain, taking with him 
 that other disciple of St. Paul, Aristobulus, to teach 
 his subjects. 
 
 St. Timothy himself return ed to Ephesus, but shortly 
 after, during a great festival of the goddess, he ven- 
 tured into the streets, and was pounced on by the 
 mob, like Paul before him, as a contemner of her 
 worship. He was torn to pieces by the mob, and thus, 
 after this terrible period of trial, only John remained, 
 one brave vessel still riding on the waves, not yet in 
 haven, but not submerged, and destined yet to put 
 forth. a brighter light, not for Ephesus or for Asia only, 
 but for us and for the whole world. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE EVANGELIST. 
 
 '* Whether in his lonely course, 
 Lonely, not forlorn he stay, 
 Or with love's supporting force, 
 
 Cheat the toil and cheer the way, 
 Who hath the Father and the Son, 
 May be left, but not alone."— AV/^/t'. 
 
 That persecution caused by the caprice of Nero, 
 does not seem to have been very violent except at 
 Rome, and towards the persons known as leaders of 
 the Roman Christians. There were edicts then made 
 which remained in force, and under which, any person 
 refusing to sacrifice to the gods, might be put 'to 
 death ; but unless anything happened to provoke the 
 governors of the provinces, they were not eager to 
 seek out the peaceful subjects who committed no 
 other offence, and the gaps made in the Church 
 below by martyrdom were filled up, and new Churches 
 were founded in more distant places. 
 
 It is believed that the new angel, or messenger of 
 God, who was set in the place of Timotheus, was 
 Onesimus, the slave of Philemon ; and the people of 
 that great old city of Aries, in the south of France, 
 
62 THE EVANGELIST. 
 
 which still shows such wonderful Roman remains, 
 reckon as their first bishop, Trophimus, the good 
 Ephesian, whose sickness at Miletus w^as perhaps sent 
 him by Providence to preserve him, that he might 
 bear witness in France to the teachings of St. Paul and 
 St. John, and of the outer glories of the Temple at 
 Jerusalem. The very suspicion that he, a Greek, 
 had been brought within it, had caused St. Paul to 
 be nearly torn to pieces, but he was a worshipper in 
 the innermost shrine of the Christian Covenant, where 
 there was no difference between Jew and Greek, 
 barbarian, and Scythian, bond or free. 
 
 The last storm that was to overwhelm Jerusalem 
 was fast gathering. The Jews were ripe for revolt, 
 and reckless violence on the part of the Roman 
 officers drove them on, till they broke into open rebel- 
 lion. Then the full severity of the Roman conquerors 
 was prepared for them, and Vespasian, the wisest 
 general of the army, marched against them, and 
 began his work by taking and destroying, one by one, 
 the steep hill-forts of Galilee, with terrible struggles, 
 where the Jews showed all the ferocity of despair. At 
 Jerusalem, fearful portents alarmed some minds and 
 embittered others ; a fiery sword was seen waving in 
 the air ; the heavy Temple-gate swung open of its 
 own accord, and a voice cried, " Let us go hence ! " 
 and a maniac wandered up and dow^n the streets 
 wildly crying, "Woe! woe to Jerusalem." Men's 
 hearts were indeed failing them for fear, and for look- 
 ing for the things that were coming on the earth, and 
 the Christians called to mind that discourse of their 
 
THE EVANGELIST. 63 
 
 Lord which bade them take warning by such tokens 
 as these. At last Vespasian absolutely advanced, 
 and attempted to besiege Jerusalem ; but in the 
 midst, thick, hurrying messages came from Rome, 
 with tidings first that Nero had been murdered, and 
 then of the rapid rise and fall of the men who aspired 
 to be emperors. The army, and the governor of 
 Syria both felt that Vespasian was the only person 
 fit to take the headship of the empire at such a time 
 as this, and he was saluted as emperor, and marched 
 away to make himself master of Rome. 
 
 But the sign had been given ; Jerusalem had been 
 encompassed with armies, and while the more violent 
 of the Jews rejoiced, and fancied they had beaten off 
 the enemy, the Christians were confident that the 
 time was indeed at hand ; and, obeying the warning 
 given nearly forty years before, they quitted the city 
 in a body, leaving not one man, woman, or child 
 behind, and profiting by the fine spring weather — 
 for their flight was "not in the winter," — they safely 
 gained the city of Pella, in the district of Decapolis, 
 beyond Jordan, which had once been their Lord's 
 refuge from the spite of the Pharisees and Herod. 
 
 There, with Simeon at their head, they kept their 
 Paschal feast, while the miserable Jews were flocking 
 to their empty passover, to swell the numbers of 
 those whom Titus Flavius Vespasianus, the son of 
 the new emperor, was sent back to coop up within 
 the city, there to meet their dreadful deaths. When 
 those Christians turned back to the Books of Moses, 
 and read that the hornet was to be sent among the 
 
6d THE EVANGELIST, 
 
 rebellious Israelites for their punishment, the name ol 
 the general must have fallen strangely on their ears, 
 for it meant no other than a hornet ; and singularly 
 enough, too, nests of wild bees were let loose in the 
 mines by the Roman besiegers, to annoy the Jews who 
 met the enemy underground, and waged a deadly 
 warfare there. 
 
 The horrors and miseries of that siege form no 
 needful part of our history. The chief occasion for 
 dwelling on it is, that the event explained many of 
 the Saviour's prophecies, to St. John and his fellow- 
 disciples. Much that seems hitherto to have been 
 taken as solely relating to the final vengeance upon 
 the whole world was literally accomplished by the woes 
 of Jerusalem, and many predictions and injunctions, 
 both in the older Scriptures and in our Lord's dis- 
 courses, which had hitherto been almost passed over, 
 were felt to apply to a lengthened period of the 
 Christian dispensation, and the disciples were forced 
 into feeling, what St. Paul had again and again assured 
 them, that their Jerusalem was not the earthly city, 
 but the Church universal in heaven and in earth. 
 
 To the Christians of Asia this seems to have been 
 a quiet time. Vespasian was a just man, with a strong 
 hand, who secured quiet to the peaceful and orderly ; 
 there was no attempt at persecution, and as the 
 Jews were no longer able to exert their malignity, 
 times of peace began. 
 
 Unfortunately, times of quiet are apt to be also 
 times of error. When those who openly professed 
 their beUef were in danger of suffering for that pro- 
 
THE EVANGELIST. 65 
 
 fession, they were quite sure in their own minds before 
 they made the avowal that involved them in peril ; or 
 if they had spoken hastily, then like Demas in time of 
 persecution, they fell away, for no one who did not 
 believe with his whole heart that Christ had died for 
 him, and that heaven lay before him, could die for that 
 faith. And therefore those who so died bear the name 
 of witnesses — viartyrcs, in Greek — as having given the 
 fullest witness man can give to the sincerity of their 
 belief. 
 
 In quiet times, however, many persons less firm and 
 decided would naturally join themselves to the Church, 
 and besides there were some now grown up who had, 
 like ourselves, taken their Christianity from their 
 parents ; and though some were all the better and 
 purer Christians for having never known the vices of 
 the heathens, yet some — not having thought and 
 struggled out the matter for themselves — held their 
 belief in a weak, tame, lukewarm way, and of these it 
 may be feared that Archippus, supposed to be son 
 of the good Philemon, and angel of the Church of 
 Laodicea, was one. There were others who tried to 
 accommodate Christianity and old philosophy; not by 
 bringing the philosophy that had been feeling after 
 God like a man groping in the dark, into the full light 
 of day, but by darkening Christianity into the obscurity 
 of philosophy, and shading down the truths that 
 were above human reason. It was providential for us 
 that such offences should have come in these early 
 days, since they elicited the inspired replies that have 
 taught us ever since how to meet error. 
 
 F 
 
66 THE EVANGELIST. 
 
 The Gnostics were, as we have already seen, the 
 first of these false philosophers, and throwing aside 
 some of the magical pretensions of Simon Magus, they 
 reasoned about their ^ons or beings, and Logoi, words 
 or manifestations, and would fain have made out that 
 the Lord Jesus was one of these. Among these were 
 certain of the residents at Ephesus, who called them- 
 selves Nicolaitanes — some say after Nicolas, one of the 
 seven original deacons, but Nicolas was such a common 
 Greek name that there is no reason to lay such heavy 
 blame of apostasy on the proselyte of Antioch, as 
 would be involved in believing him the founder of 
 these Nicolaitanes, whom the angel of Pergamos was 
 not firm enough in reproving. 
 
 Those half-converted Jews who had so perplexed 
 the Church by their Judaizing practices in St. Paul's 
 time as to call forth his Epistles to the Galatians and 
 Hebrews, as well as great part of that to the Romans, 
 had now shaken off all allegiance to St. Paul, whom 
 they chose to declare not even a Jew. They would own 
 no Apostles but St. Peter and St. James, and the others 
 of the circumcision, and their doctrine they greatly 
 perverted, declaring that there was no inherent Divinity 
 in Him whom St. Peter had confessed as the Christ, 
 the Son of the living God. They were called Ebionites 
 — probably from Ebion, a word meaning poor. 
 
 Worst of all was Cerinthus, a man who taught that 
 the blessed jESUS was born a mere man, with an 
 earthly father, but that on His Baptism a heavenly 
 a:on descended from above and dwelt within Him 
 during His ministry. This blasphemy, ungratefully 
 
THE EVANGELIST. 67 
 
 denying the Lord Jesus who bought us, was exceed- 
 ingly grievous and terrible to the loving heart of 
 the aged apostle John. He was one day in one of 
 the bath-houses of the city of Ephesus, the great 
 marble halls built at the public expense to afford 
 to every one the plentiful refreshment of hot and 
 cold bathing, so needful to health and comfort in 
 those warm countries. Hearing that Cerinthus was 
 in the same building, he started up and hurried out 
 without waiting to assume his full dress, saying to 
 his followers, of whom Polycarp seems to have been 
 one, that it would be no marvel if the bath should 
 fall on the head of such an one as this enemy of truth. 
 
 Diotrephes, one of the elders, or else perhaps bishop, 
 of one of the churches around Ephesus, was so far 
 infected with the general insubordination as actually 
 to refuse and drive away the messengers sent from the 
 Apostle himself; so that on sending them again John 
 wrote to Gains, or Caius, a faithful householder in the 
 same city, to secure them a refuge in his house, and 
 support in their protestations against error. He also 
 wrote to an elect lady a gentle, affectionate letter, 
 warning her and ^her children against being led away 
 by the deceivers, and assuring her that the only safe 
 test of a teacher was his acknowledging the Godhead 
 and Manhood of the Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 In the disputes that arose, it became felt that the 
 three Gospels already existing, dwelt more on the 
 outward doings of our blessed Lord than on His 
 hidden Divinity, and the bishops of Asia Minor, who 
 had often heard from St. John's own lips of those m.ore 
 
 F 2 
 
68 THE EVANGELIST. 
 
 deep and private words that he had heard, and tokens 
 of present Godhead that he had seen, besought him to 
 record them in a fourth Gospel, that might fill up what 
 was wanting to the rest, and set forth the Lord Jesus 
 in His divine glory. 
 
 He complied, setting forth first, as it appears, what 
 we number as his first Epistle, and which used to be 
 marked as the Epistle to the Parthians. We may 
 fairly suppose that, written as it was for the Church at 
 large, he may have sent a copy with a special address 
 of remembrance to his original converts in Parthia, 
 the first-fruits of his missionary labours. He begins 
 the Epistle by saying he is about to set forth that 
 which he and his companions had seen, heard, and 
 handled of the Word of Life, when made manifest in 
 the person of Christ, and this opening would hardly 
 apply to the Epistle, though it fully does so to the 
 Gospel. The Epistle seems, in fact, the preface to 
 the Gospel, teaching the spirit in which it is to be read, 
 and deducing from it the great twin lessons of Faith 
 and Love, neither of which can stand without the other, 
 and which " his little children " as he delights to call 
 his disciples, must gather from the depths and heights 
 to which he leads them. 
 
 When Matthew, Mark, and Luke had written, they 
 were still under the influence of that reserve which 
 forbade holy things to be openly disclosed to those 
 who would not enter into them. So they had given 
 the visible life, the miracles witnessed by everybody, 
 the discourses spoken to beginners ; but John, writing 
 for his children whom he had trained in fear and love 
 
THE EVANGELIST. 69 
 
 — for Ignatius, for Polycarp, Quadratus, Onesimus, 
 Trophimus, Papias, John the elder, his own namesake, 
 and the Elect Lady with her children walking in the 
 truth — set down the words that he had pondered in his 
 inmost heart for half a life-time, and which the Holy 
 Spirit brought back fresh to him, words heard as he 
 lay on that Human Bosom, whose glorious Godhead 
 he was unmistakeably to proclaim. 
 
 Not like Matthew would he begin by showing that 
 Jesus was the kingly Son of David, not like Luke by 
 proving Him the Human Son of David, but his solemn 
 voice crushes all the blasphemy about aeons and logos 
 by the great words, " In the beginning v/as the Word, 
 and the Word was with God, and the Word was God, 
 All things were made by Him, and without Him was 
 not anything made that was made." 
 
 It has been said of the Scriptures that their waters 
 are such that in them a lamb may wade, or an elephant 
 may swim. No where do we feel this so strongly as in 
 St. John's Gospel. The language is so simple that 
 the little children, whom he loved so well, have almost 
 always begun with it as their first book of Greek. 
 And no Gospel furnishes more plain, sweet, loving 
 sayings that are ever on our hearts for cheering and 
 for hope ; and yet there is none of such exceeding 
 depth and difficulty. What had been already fully 
 established by the testimony of the previous writers, 
 he, for the most part, did not repeat, but told what- 
 ever had been left untold by them, dwelling on the 
 events that had chiefly served to build up his own 
 faith in the Godhead of his Lord and Master. 
 
70 THE EVANGELIST. 
 
 The other EvangeHsts had given the simple Galilean 
 discourses ; but he says little about Galilee, and rather 
 describes the teachings in the Temple courts, and the 
 arguments with the Scribes. The others tell of the 
 institution of the two Sacraments ; he gives the dis- 
 courses upon their spiritual signification — the one as 
 birth into spiritual life, the other as the food sustaining 
 it. He scarcely touches on the triumphal entry into 
 Jerusalem, but he had shown the raising of Lazarus, 
 which had filled the shouting multitude with wonder, 
 and the chief priests with malice. Passing over the 
 days of argument and victory in the Temple, he takes 
 us into the solemn privacy of the upper chamber, and 
 recounts the parting lessons of the Saviour, repeating 
 to us that most tender and awful prayer by which 
 our great Intercessor has commended every one of us 
 to His Father. 
 
 His Resurrection chapters are the fullest and most 
 glorious of all, dwelling on repeated appearances in 
 full and bright detail ; and throughout making it plain 
 that the Living God shone forth on faithful eyes 
 through the veil of Manhood, though at the end — 
 feeling how words failed him, and how events crowded 
 on his memory — he tells us that were all our Lord's 
 doings and sayings upon earth recorded, " the world 
 itself could not contain the books that should be 
 written." 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 
 
 *' Through Rome's infuriate cily, 
 From Caesar's judgment chair, 
 They drag Christ's loved disciple, 
 The Saint with silver hair. 
 
 " To desert islands banished. 
 With God the exile dwells, 
 And sees the future glory 
 His mystic writing tells." 
 
 Ancient Latin Hymn. 
 
 St. John ended his Gospel with the true explanation 
 of our Lord's words, " What is that to thee, follow 
 thou me :" but his pupils still fancied that he was 
 to live till the second advent, and this must have 
 served to console the Ephesian Christians when their 
 Apostle was summoned to answer for himself before 
 the Emperor at Rome. 
 
 That Emperor was no longer the just Vespasian, 
 nor the gentle Titus, but the gloomy Domitian — a 
 suspicious, wrathful, and bitter man, who wanted to 
 bring back the old habits of the proud days of Rome, 
 and imagined that the disasters that threatened his 
 country arose from lack of worship to the gods. More- 
 
72 THE EXILE OF PA TMOS, 
 
 over, the homeless Jews were showing themselves 
 restless and turbulent, and kept him in much alarm, 
 and a sect of the Jews who were said to acknowledge 
 a living prince of the house of David, the old royal 
 house, seemed to him specially dangerous. 
 
 Was not the frenzy creeping into his own house ? 
 Flavius Clemens, his first cousin, husband to his niece, 
 Domitilla, whose two sons were being brought up as 
 heirs to the throne, and the Consul, Acilius Glabrio, a 
 brave active man, once so ardent for fame as actually 
 to have gone voluntarily to fight with the wild beasts 
 in the great new amphitheatre, the Colosseum, were 
 accused to him of being " tainted with atheism, and of 
 Judaizing." 
 
 Atheism meant, in the heathen world, the refusing 
 to take part in idol worship, or pour libations to the 
 gods. It was thought that such an one would over- 
 throw the State, and was hateful to gods and men ; 
 and when Acilius, Clemens, and Domitilla refused to 
 deny the charge, their fate was certain. Acilius was 
 told he might die by his favourite sport, and was ex- 
 posed to the beasts in the arena. Strong, active, and 
 practised, he overcame the animals ; but this did not 
 save his life, he was sent into exile, and there put to 
 death. Clemens was sentenced and killed at once, 
 Domitilla was banished to an island ; and, as no more 
 is known of their sons, they probably were cut off with 
 their parents. Many other nobles are said to have 
 been then banished, and Domitian sought out dili- 
 gently — as Herod had done before him — for this King 
 of the line of David. 
 
THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 73 
 
 That old man at Ephesus, who was even said to 
 have almost ruined the v/orship of the ^reat goddess, 
 was ordered to Rome, for was not he averred to be of 
 this royal line ? And, moreover, according to a beau- 
 tiful tradition, here were two young men dragged 
 forward, who could have shown their father's name 
 in the great census of Augustus, as a son of David 
 at Bethlehem, and had not their father been one of 
 those twelve who had chiefly preached that strange 
 new error ? 
 
 The two men stood before the Emperor. True, 
 they said, they were sons of Judas, son of Cleopas ; 
 their father and two of their uncles had been of the 
 twelve, they had been cousins, called brethren, of 
 their Lord ; they were, like Him, of the old lineage of 
 David, but, for their own part, they sought no earthly 
 thrones for themselves or any one else ; they were 
 hard-working men — and in witness thereof they spread 
 out their hands, horny with the use of the spade — 
 and they owned nothing but a few acres of land. 
 
 " But what is this kingdom ? " still asked the 
 Emperor. 
 
 " It is a kingdom," said the sons of St. Jude, " a 
 kingdom far away. We look not f(»r it till earth be at 
 an end, and our King cometh to make new heavens 
 and a new earth." 
 
 Domitian feared them no longer, but let them 
 depart to their homes, and even became convinced 
 that the Christians meant him no harm. There was 
 quiet, and the Ephesians learnt before long that their 
 Apostle was in one of the little isles that studded 
 
74 THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 
 
 their beauteous sea — whence he had been forbidden 
 to return to them. 
 
 Wondrous tales of his charmed Hfe were whispered. 
 It was said that he had been dragged to the Lateran 
 Gate at Rome, and plunged into a cauldron of boiling 
 oil, but that it had been unable to hurt him; and 
 another story was afloat that a cup of poison was 
 given him without doing him injury — some stories 
 even averring that the venom had come forth in the 
 shape of a serpent, at his touch. But there is no 
 evidence that his real, trustworthy pupils, Polycarp, 
 Ignatius, Papias, or John the Presbyter, ever related 
 these adventures, though the boiling oil was believed 
 in not many centuries later. The cup with the dragon 
 may have first been drawn beside St. John, in allusion 
 to the brazen serpent of Moses, and the sacramental 
 participation in the Sacrifice of the Cross, and thus 
 the latter tale may have arisen ; but, be it always 
 remembered, that neither wonder was iinpossibk. It 
 may have been the will of God to save the holy Apostle 
 by wonders resembhng those that marked the life of 
 Daniel the Prophet, " the man greatly beloved," to 
 whom he bore most analogy; and these marvels may 
 have stilled the persecution for a time, as well as have 
 preserved St. John, a martyr in will though not in 
 deed, to be a living witness throughout this trying 
 period of the Church, when the first fervour was 
 passing away, and a new generation rising up. 
 
 Ere long the Asiatic Churches had certain intelli- 
 gence of their holy Apostle, from his own pen, in the 
 most awful and v/onderful letter that ever was framed 
 
THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 75 
 
 by mortal man. He wrote from the isle of Patmos, 
 a small and exceedingly rugged, rocky islet, with 
 barely soil enough to bear a few olives and cypresses, 
 and chiefly fitted for the wild goats on the rocks. A 
 village on the east side would contain a few inha- 
 bitants, and to the south lay a high steep hill, with 
 a cave in the midst. Hence the Apostle might stand 
 and gaze far and wide over the blue waters, with 
 their purple isles of rock rising among them, and at 
 the outline of the coast of Asia, and the rising hills 
 against the horizon that shut in the cities that were 
 his own special charge. Seven above all were dear 
 to him — founded some by himself, some by St. Paul, 
 with angels or bishops, chiefly of his own training ; 
 and their number, seven, chiming in with many of the 
 notes of the Old Law, which he had learnt to regard 
 as the bud of the blossom in which he was rejoicing. 
 Seven had always been regarded as a holy symbo- 
 lical number. There were seven days in the divinely- 
 appointed week, seven of each clean animal entered 
 the ark of Noah, there were seven branches to the 
 golden candlesticks in the Tabernacle, and the seventh 
 day, the seventh week, the seventh month, the seventh 
 year, and the seven times seventh year had all been 
 consecrated, and thus it has come to be believed that 
 the number seven expressed the completeness of what 
 was good and holy, and that in accepting and con- 
 secrating seven, all the rest were by that number 
 ofl*ered and accepted. Thus, as the hallowed seventh 
 day consecrated all the days in the week, and the 
 seventh week all the weeks in the year, so the Seven 
 
76 THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 
 
 Churches, immediately under St. John's eye, served, 
 as it were, as an emblem to him of all the other 
 Churches on the earth — that of Pella where the fugi- 
 tives of Jerusalem were gathered ; that of Parthia to 
 which he had written ; the first Gentile Church at 
 Antioch, governed by his pupil Ignatius ; that of 
 Greece where dwelt so many dear to him ; that of 
 Rome which he had visited in such anxious times ; 
 that of Gaul where ruled the faithful Trophimus ; that 
 of Britain where the Druid superstitions were being 
 fought with by Aristobulus. All these, and many 
 more, were symbolized, and as it were included in 
 his thoughts and intercessions as he gazed on the 
 bays and vales where nestled his own Seven. 
 
 And all these, and many more — nay, every Church of 
 every place, and at all times, throughout the world — are 
 addressed in the wonderful letter written from Patmos 
 to the Seven Churches of Asia and their angels. 
 
 It was not of his own accord that St. John wrote 
 these messages. Wise and holy as he was, they were 
 the words of a greater than he. He has told us how, 
 on the Lord's Day — that day which he had kept holy 
 ever since that blessed morning, sixty years before, 
 when he had found the sepulchre empty — he heard 
 a great voice as of a trumpet talking with him. The 
 Patmos islanders say that he was in the cave, which 
 they call by his name, when this marvel happened, 
 It might be that the exile, after spending himself in 
 the toil of pouring the truth on their ears, had, like 
 his Master of old, climbed the mountain apart to pray 
 and give himself up to communion with his Lord. All 
 
THE EXILE OF P ATM OS. 77 
 
 we know is, that he "■ was in the Spirit on the Lord's 
 Day," when at the voice he turned and saw — saw his 
 Lord and Master — Him on whose bosom he had lain, 
 whose hands and feet bore the wounds, whom he had 
 watched rising into heaven — standing even as he had 
 seen Him stand in morning dawn on the shore of the 
 blue lake, still perfectly to be recognised by loving 
 eyes, but in the majesty of His glory, robed from head 
 to feet in the long garment of king or priest, white 
 and dazzling, as at the Holy Mount of Transfiguration, 
 and girt about with a golden girdle. His countenance 
 was as the sun in his strength, His voice as the sound 
 of many waters ; yet, in some inexplicable manner, the 
 face, the voice, were verily the beloved countenance 
 and tones of Jesus of Nazareth, the same that had 
 become known and loved by John on the banks of 
 Jordan, and though the flesh quailed, and he fell on 
 his face in terror, it was that voice which said, *' Fear 
 not," that wounded hand that set him on his feet ; the 
 bodily touch thrilled through him as when in the upper 
 chamber he had been bidden to handle and feel the 
 flesh and bones belonging to no mere spirit. 
 
 •' Perfect love casteth out fear, because fear hath 
 torment." So St. John had already written ; and he, 
 whose love came nearer to perfection than that of any 
 other man on earth, felt the comfort of his own dear 
 Master's presence, and feared not to look, and to listen 
 to the precious words that came from His mouth. 
 
 The Holy One was in the midst of seven golden 
 candlesticks, or rather lamp-stands. The one seven- 
 branched golden candlestick with seven lamps had 
 
78 THE EXILE OF PATHOS. 
 
 been a special treasure of the Jews. Fashioned by- 
 Moses, after the pattern shown him in the Holy Mount 
 of Sinai, it had been carried to Babylon, but there, 
 as it seems, when brought forth to light Belshazzar's 
 godless banquet, over against it had come forth the 
 wondrous handwriting — the king's doom upon the 
 wall. It had, even in the sack of Babylon, been pre- 
 served, and was brought back safely to Jerusalem to 
 be restored to the holy place. There, on festal days, 
 St. John had seen it afar off from the court where he 
 worshipped, with the high-priest Annas or Caiaphas 
 standing beside it ; he had seen its likeness carved on 
 the wall of the synagogue of Cana in Galilee, and 
 probably on many more. He, like every other faithful 
 Jewish Christian, had mourned when Titus and his 
 soldiers had borne it away from the burning Temple, 
 and set it as their choicest trophy in the temple of 
 Peace. Nay, he might himself have seen it there, and 
 felt thankful that at least it was in no shrine of one of 
 the unholy, demon-like deities worshipped with foul 
 demoralising rites, but in a fane raised to one of the 
 attributes of the Prince of Peace who might be there 
 ignorantly worshipped. He, on his way to trial and 
 danger, might have looked up at the very same sculp- 
 ture that travellers gaze at now — of that beloved and 
 lost candlestick carved upon the splendid arch over 
 the triumphal road, along which it had been borne 
 to swell the pride of Titus and his fierce-counte- 
 nanced nation on their return to Rome. But what 
 truly mattered it that the temple candlestick was yet 
 to be taken away by plunderers to Africa, reconquered 
 
THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 79 
 
 and brought to Constantinople, sent back again to 
 Rome as a dangerous possession, and finally sunk 
 deep beneath the yellow waters of the Tiber, where 
 it still lies buried in the sands and mud, safe from 
 further desecration ? 
 
 What mattered the fate of the old symbolical can- 
 dlestick, when here before his eyes John beheld the 
 true one, the very pattern Moses had seen in the 
 Mount, the very lamps that Zechariah had beheld fed 
 by olive-trees that, he was told, were the two anointed 
 ones. More than Moses, more than Zechariah did he 
 see ; the Lightbearing Candlestick was not one, with 
 seven branches, but seven Lamps : for now the light 
 of one day had become as the light of seven days, 
 and the one people who bore the light of God at 
 Jerusalem were now sevenfold multiplied into many 
 peoples, nations, and languages. And in the midst no 
 false, murderous priest like Caiaphas was walking — 
 no, nor even the beloved Simon in his long garment, 
 nor good Jeshua the restorer, nor Zadok the first 
 temple priest — no, nor Aaron himself. 
 
 It was the real Jeshua, " the Priest upon the throne 
 for ever," the Priest for ever after the order of Mel- 
 chisedec ; his Jesus, his Saviour, his God, who walked 
 in the midst of those golden lamps, and held in His 
 hand the Seven Stars, that mysterious cluster of which 
 the Almighty had long ago said to Job, " Canst thou 
 bind the sweet influences of the Pleiades t " and which 
 we now know t<d have among them that central star 
 around which all suns and stars revolve. 
 
 The holy voice told St. John that those Seven Stars 
 
So THE EXILE OF P ATM OS. 
 
 were the angels of the Seven Churches, and that the 
 Seven Candlesticks were the Seven Churches — a 
 mystery indeed that we can only thus far understand, 
 that in the number seven is collected all that are 
 dedicated to God upon earth, and that the lamps or 
 candlesticks represent Churches because it is the 
 Church that displays the light of God to man, as the 
 lamp shows light ; also that the stars being in the 
 hand of Christ show that He bears within His hand, 
 and acts by, the faithful rulers of His Churches. 
 
 He Himself mentioned by name the Churches of 
 the seven cities most immediately connected with 
 St. John, commanding His Apostle to write His 
 message to each ; and there can be no doubt that, just 
 as the special joys and woes of David and Asaph were 
 made to suggest promises and prayers fitted for all 
 generations since, so the particular needs of the Seven 
 Churches of Asia were providentially brought about, 
 so that the messages of warning and admonition 
 might serve for every bfanch of the Universal Church 
 throughout the world. Indeed, at every pause the 
 great Speaker so proclaims His message : '' He that 
 hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith to the 
 Churches." Let us then try to have ears to hear, what 
 is peculiarly our own message, given in Christian times, 
 and in our own Europe, amid the isles of the Gentiles, 
 and let us see how those first Seven Churches and 
 their angels received the message, and acted upon it, 
 and what is known of the pupils of St. John who first 
 heard that wondrous letter in trembling awe and joy. : 
 
 There have been many questionings what was 
 
THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 8i 
 
 meant by the angels of the Churches. It is plain that 
 as some are blamed, they cannot mean those hea- 
 venly messengers of God whom we are used to call 
 angels, nor would St. John have had to write to 
 them. They must therefore be human beings, the 
 messengers of God, to whom was deputed the rule 
 over the churches, the messenger shepherds sent forth 
 by the Chief Shepherd, the overseers of the shepherds 
 of the flock. And thus all ancient commentators 
 understand the angel of each Church to mean its 
 bishop, to whom Christ addresses exhortation, blame, 
 or praise on behalf of himself and his own Church. 
 
 Ephesus we know best of all these seven, the home 
 of the Apostle himself as it was, and guided by the 
 elders who had wept and prayed round St. Paul on 
 the shore of Miletus. The beloved Timothy first, 
 and his successor after him (probably Onesimus), had 
 been faithful overseeing shepherds, bravely guarding 
 their flock from the grievous wolves, against whom 
 St. Paul had warned them ; and applying the test 
 St. John had given them, by which to try those who 
 taught among them, namely, whether they confessed 
 the Godhead and Manhood of the Lord Jesus 
 Christ; and>thus the sensual and reprobate Nico- 
 laitanes were kept aloof and put to silence. But, 
 though they were so sound in faith. He who trieth 
 the heart "had somewhat against" the angel of 
 Ephesus and his Church, for there had been a cooling 
 down of that devout love and zeal that had prevailed: 
 there when the converts burnt their curious books,, 
 sorrowed around St. Paul, and saw the martyrdom of 
 
 G 
 
82 THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 
 
 Timothy. To the present generation Christianity- 
 was a matter of course, not a great freshly- won 
 victory, and slackness was coming over them, which 
 their Lord mercifully rebuked, warning them, that 
 unless they returned to what they once had been. He 
 might have to visit them, and remove their Candle- 
 stick — that is to make their Church cease to be one 
 of His great lightbearers, setting forth the truth of 
 His Gospel before men. But to those who should 
 win the victory by love as well as by faith, the 
 Saviour holds out the promise of being restored to 
 the enjoyment of the Tree of Life, of which our first 
 parents were deprived for their disobedience. 
 
 Smyrna, the city of Myrrh, would be dear to St. 
 John for the sake of its bishop, his own pupil Poly- 
 carp, who, young as he v/as, seems to have been 
 already there as angel. It stood in a lovely valley, 
 so warm that the vines bore fruit twice a year, and 
 £gs, spices, and all that was precious abounded there, 
 and it was also near enough to the sea to have an 
 excellent port where traffic was briskly carried on. 
 It was full of temples — one to Rhea, the mother of 
 the gods ; another to Dionysus, the god of wine, whose 
 riotous orgies were observed at regular seasons, com- 
 memorating the Eastern story that he had been slain, 
 cut to pieces, and placed in a cauldron, whence he was 
 brought to life by the great mother, Rhea. This was, 
 of course, a fable of the fruits apparently consumed, 
 by the heat of the sun, reviving again under the fos- 
 tering care of Mother Earth; but when all these powers 
 of nature were personified and turned into idols, the 
 
THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. ^Z 
 
 stories were monstrous and the worship horrible, and, 
 their commemoration called into play all the worst 
 passions of humanity. Moreover, the Smyrniotes had 
 a more absurd temple still, for they had earnestly 
 striven for the privilege of raising one to the Emperor 
 Tiberius in his own lifetime, though if they had known 
 how absurd the grim, satirical Caesar felt their adu- 
 lation to be, they would have grudged their pains. 
 
 In such a rich, licentious place, given to such foul 
 idolatry, Christianity had a hard battle, and dread of 
 the evils round kept the believers the more spotless 
 in life. The unbelieving Jews, doubly spiteful since 
 their city was gone, never failed to point the Christians 
 out to the scorn and cruelty of the heathen, and if it be 
 true that Polycarp, the bishop, had been once a slave, 
 there would have been endless occasion of taunting 
 him and his followers with their poverty and vileness. 
 
 But He who " seeth not as man seeth," was 
 " counting and measuring up their tears." He, the 
 First and Last, Whose death and life eternal were 
 shadowed in the decay and restoration of nature, 
 so foully travestied in the idol story— He told the 
 suffering Church that in His sight her poverty was 
 riches, and that even though she should suffer still 
 worse afflictions, they would be but trials — purifying 
 and tending to glory ; and to the angel himself, with a 
 sudden change from plural to singular, the promise 
 was given, " Be thou faithful unto death, and I will 
 give thee a crown of life." 
 
 A crown was wont to be given at the year's end to 
 the priest of the wine god, but the angel of Smyrna's 
 
 G 2 
 
84 THE EXILE OF PATMGS. 
 
 service was to be until his death, and at the end was 
 reserved for him such a crown as St. Paul had looked 
 for on the other side of the Roman's sword blade. 
 
 Very deep did the words sink into many a heart 
 besides that of Polycarp, through many an age of 
 the world They formed the text of the Coronation 
 Sermon preached in Westminster Abbey on the 
 2d of February, 1626, when, in white and jewelled 
 robes, a young king sat and listened, little foreboding 
 that the promise would return upon him on a black- 
 hung scaffold, where axe and block awaited his grey, 
 discrowned head. 
 
 The last sentence, the promise to him that over- 
 conieth, is the revocation of Adam's sentence, " Ye 
 shall surely die," for it assures us that the conqueror 
 shall not be hurt of the second death, but with hina 
 who giveth the victory, shall be alive for evermore. 
 
 Further inland lay the tall conical hill that gave 
 its name to Pergamos, the burg, or fortified mountain 
 from which it was said the birth of the great 
 god Zeus had been beheld. Beneath was a perfect 
 assemblage of temples, standing in a beautiful grove 
 of the choicest and loveliest trees, that shaded the 
 shrines and statues of a whole assemblage of deities, 
 but the chief and favourite god of all was Asclepios, 
 the god of healing. He was said to be the son of 
 the sun-god, Apollo, and to have learnt his art from 
 a serpent which brought its dead companion to life 
 again with a certain herb. This story was told to 
 account for his figure being always represented with 
 a serpent twined round his staff — or even as a large 
 
THE EXILE OF P ATM OS. 83 
 
 serpent alone ; but it is almost certain that this was 
 an invention to explain and soften to European minds 
 an old Eastern worship of the serpent itself, as the 
 power of evil, and that the honour paid to the dragon 
 of Asclepios was no better than devil worship. Sick 
 persons resorting to the god observed certain rites, 
 and then slept in the temple, expecting the remedy 
 to be revealed to them ; but the Greeks had grown 
 too shrewd to trust to dreams, and kept a college of 
 medicine attached to the temple, though, as Asclepios 
 had all the honour of what was done by human skill, 
 he was known as the Soter, or saviour god. So learned 
 and full of the love of literature were the Pergamenes, 
 that the best sort of sheepskins prepared for writing 
 were known d.^cliarta pcrgmiuna, a word perpetuated 
 in our parchment. 
 
 Thus the Christians of Pergamos had to resist 
 dangers more subtle than the false sorceries of Ephesus, 
 or the open scorn and malignity of Smyrna. They 
 dwelt in the very seat of Satan, the serpent idol, the 
 mock saviour, and under his open enmity they had not 
 been faint-hearted, but had boldly confessed the true 
 Saviours name. One faithful m.artyr, or witness, is 
 even mentioned by the great Shepherd who knoweth 
 His sheep by name, " even Antipas ; " but though 
 Christ knew and gave him praise, no record has been 
 preser\'ed of him, only a tradition that he had been 
 the last bishop, and in this veiy persecution of 
 Domitian had been thrust into the inside of a hollow- 
 bronze bull, and there baked to death by a fire be- 
 neath, — a horrid torture invented lonsf before in 
 
86 THE EXILE OF PA TMOS, 
 
 Sicily. But as these refinements of cruelty were not 
 generally practised on the Christians till the later 
 persecutions, it is likely that this story is a late in- 
 vention, and that Antipas — the martyr of St. John's 
 daughter Church of Pergamos — was one of the 
 many whose history earth knows not, though it is 
 safe upon the heart of the great High Priest in 
 heaven. 
 
 Open attacks, then, the Pergamene Christians 
 bravely defied, but it was more difficult to hold out 
 against the men of science and learning, who knew as 
 well as they did that Asclepios and his cures were 
 all a cheat and sham ; and who only maintained their 
 heathenism because the state and all society would 
 be convulsed if the system were overthrown. Let 
 it be granted that the gods were only fancies to 
 amuse the vulgar, and nothing in themselves, and 
 then there could be no harm in sporting in their 
 pageants, or eating of their sacrifices, or following the 
 little observances that had become a part of daily 
 life. The Gnostic Nicolaitanes told the same story, 
 and thus science, falsely so called, was doing exactly 
 the same work as Balaam had done thousands of 
 years before, when he led the Israelites "to join 
 themselves to Baal Peor, and eat the offerings of the 
 dead : " and the angel of Pergamos was not clear- 
 sighted like his brother of Ephesus, but was dealing 
 too leniently with those who were leading his flock 
 back blindfold to the evils they had left. 
 
 As the sword of Phinehas the priest had put away 
 that sin from Israel, so the sharp piercing two-edged 
 
THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 87 
 
 sword of the Word of God. proceeding from the 
 mouth of the great High Priest, was held up threaten- 
 ingly to warn the Pergamenes ; and again, to those 
 who overcame the temptation was promised that which 
 the priesthood of Israel alone approached, even in 
 symbol — the hidden manna, or bread of life imparted 
 to the soul, and the white stone of light and perfec- 
 tion by which the will of God was made known to 
 the High Priest. 
 
 The next two cities mentioned, answer to our great 
 manufacturing cities. Thyatira and Sardis. Sardis 
 stood near the banks of the river Pactolus, the sands 
 of which were mixed with gold-dust, and it had been 
 the abode of that fabulously rich king of Lydia, 
 Croesus, who displayed all his treasures to the wise 
 Solon without being able to draw from him the 
 avowal that he was so happy as the two virtuous 
 youths who died in the midst of an act of filial piety. 
 There, too, it is said, had first been discovered the 
 purple dye which is contained in the glands of certain 
 mollusks, and is capable of imparting the richest 
 purple and crimson to wool. A Sardian, seeing a 
 dog stain his mouth by crushing a murex in its 
 shell, applied the discovery, and made the fortune 
 of his city. Heaps of fragments of shells throughout 
 the Levant attest the multitudes of the creatures 
 whose juices brightened the royal, the consular, the 
 imperial garment, but nowhere did the manufacture 
 reach such perfection as at Sardis. The Persian 
 kings had exacted a tribute of Sardian carpets, on 
 which to tread as they mounted their horses, and 
 
THE EXILE OF PATH OS. 
 
 coverings made at Sardis were considered as the 
 most sumptuous of adornments. 
 
 The city of Thyatira had been founded by the 
 Macedonians when they overran the East, and had 
 become almost equal to the neighbouring Sardis in 
 her own arts. There were great guilds or companies 
 of potters, tanners, weavers, dyers, and robe-makers,' 
 and it was one of these dealers in the rich robes of 
 purple, who, travelling into the northern country of 
 Macedonia, had thence brought back the knowledge 
 of the gospel. It was Lydia, a purple seller, whose 
 trade had no doubt brought her into contact with 
 Jews, from whom she had already learnt to know and 
 honour the true God, and to join their worship by the 
 dver side at Philippi, where they had no regular 
 synagogue. There she listened to St. Paul, and was 
 lifted to the higher truth that he unfolded out of 
 Judaism ; and thence the good seed was carried 
 home, which had so grown and prospered that, un- 
 like the Ephesians, '* the last was more than the 
 ■first," and the Saviour in heaven commended the 
 works, and charity, and service, and patience of the 
 Thyatirans. 
 
 But as it was a woman who brought home the truth 
 to Thyatira, so strangely it appears that a woman was 
 the chief scandal and temptation to the Church there. 
 She is spoken of in the message by the name of 
 Jezebel, that queen whose witchcrafts were so many, 
 and who worked the ruin of Israel by her devotion to 
 the service of Baal. From other sources, we gather 
 that this woman, who did the work of Jezebel, was 
 
THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 
 
 known as the sybil Sambatha, and that she was either 
 a Jewess or a Chaldean by birth, and practised magic 
 rites in a temple outside the walls. From what is 
 here said, it is plain that she had once been a Chris- 
 tian, and we can imagine her one of those beautiful 
 and gifted Jewesses, able — as was said of Judith — to 
 deceive the whole earth ; once baptized, but falling 
 gradually under the temptations of power and admira- 
 tion, having come to use her grace and skill to keep up 
 her influence alike with Christians and heathens, and in 
 earnest, or in deception, practising magic arts. Even 
 the angel of Thyatira tolerated her, but the Lord, who 
 had given her space for repentance, directs His fearful 
 threats against her, foretelling the shame and destruc- 
 tion that should come on her and those she had led 
 away ; while the faithful should have their share in 
 the kingdom of their Lord, and to them should be 
 given the Morning Star. Christ Himself is called the 
 Bright and Morning Star, and thus this beautiful 
 promise must mean that He will be especially im- 
 parted to such as withstand the temptations that 
 unsanctified love of beauty and of dealing with un- 
 hallowed mysteries held out at Thyatira. 
 
 Sardis does not seem to have had any such definite 
 temptation ; indeed the Church there had a name 
 for life. It had once warmly received the truth. 
 Once it heard the Word with joy, but the good seed 
 had been stifled in cares, and riches, and pleasures — 
 in purple and fine linen — and no fruit was coming 
 to perfection. It was all death and dying, and the 
 warning is stern that the time of judgment would 
 
90 THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 
 
 fall sharp and speedily, unless there were a great 
 repentance and renewal of zeal. And yet there were 
 still a few who had kept their garments undefiled, 
 and they receive the promise of walking — not in the 
 purple robes of Sardis — but in the glistening white of 
 their risen Saviour's robes. White garments — a name 
 not blotted out of the Book of Life — these are the hopes 
 held out to the faithful and victorious men of Sardis — 
 victorious, some over the trials of business and wealth, 
 some over the temptations of scorn and poverty. 
 
 The city and the Church of Philadelphia were 
 alike poor. The place was in a volcanic region, 
 much shaken by earthquakes, and in the time of the 
 Emperor Tiberius, forty years before, had been laid 
 in ruins by one of these terrible visitations. All the 
 other seven cities had suffered greatly, and some had 
 needed the aid of government to rebuild them, but 
 Philadelphia had been the very centre of the shock, 
 and had never entirely recovered from the desolation. 
 Yet it is no wonder that when, sixteen centuries 
 later, a city full of new hopes and schemes of good 
 was founded in the New World, it was named after 
 poor earthquake-stricken Philadelphia ; for not only 
 does the name mean the City of Brotherly Love, 
 taken indeed from a heathen prince, yet the most 
 beautiful title a Christian town could bear, but '* He 
 that is holy, He that is true," spake to that Church 
 in terms of almost unmixed commendation and of 
 the highest promise. 
 
 Men who make a right use of life in the midst of 
 awful natural phenomena, are likely to be the most 
 
THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 91 
 
 impressed with a sense of God's power and presence, 
 and to rest most gladly in the sense of His pro- 
 tection ; and so the Church of Philadelphia and her 
 angel, whom we believe to have been Ouadratus, are 
 blessed for having kept Christ's word, and not denied 
 His name, but having shown strength, though it was 
 but little. He who bears the key of David, the 
 royal key of the kingdom of Heaven, had opened that 
 none could shut the door before these true-hearted 
 men ; and He further promised that the Jews, the 
 chief enemies, should learn the truth and come and 
 worship, convinced by the faith and love of the 
 true Israel of God in the City of Love. Yet more, 
 Philadelphia should be shielded in the day of trial 
 that should befall the rest of the world, and the 
 promise to him that overcometh, w^as of becoming a 
 very pillar in the Temple of God, that Temple of 
 living stones, where he should be one of the polished, 
 beauteous columns of the inmost sanctuary. 
 
 Philadelphia and Smyrna are the happy Churches, 
 with blessings for the present and promises for the 
 future ; but it is sad to turn from them to the last 
 Church of the Seven, to Laodicea, which had been 
 a daughter-Church so beloved by St. Paul, that he 
 addressed to it an epistle, which was to be exchanged 
 for that to the Colossians, so that each might be read 
 aloud in either city. It is probable that it had been con- 
 verted by St. Paul's disciple Epaphras, and over it, as 
 we gather and infer, had been set Archlppus, the son 
 of the noble, free-hearted Philemon, a friend kindly 
 greeted by St. Paul, and under the superintendence 
 
92 THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 
 
 of St. John. What better beginning could there be } 
 And yet may we not take it as a token of the languid 
 careless temper of Laodicea, that, while the private 
 letter of Paul to the good Colossian has been carefully 
 treasured to show the free mercy and justice of the 
 Christian temper in small details, yet the letter to 
 the Church of Laodicea, written in bonds at Rome, 
 has been utterly lost and forgotten, so long ago 
 that forgeries were abroad in early times, professing 
 to be the Epistle to the Laodiceans. 
 
 The epistle from St. Paul is lost, but this is a 
 terrible epistle from St. John, or rather from St. 
 John's Master, rebuking the Laodiceans for their 
 lukewarmness. They were neither cold nor hot, but 
 feebly, decorously religious, and perfectly contented 
 with themselves and their own fair appearance, while 
 they were absolute subjects of disgust to their Lord 
 — fit only to be rejected, spued out of His mouth. 
 They complacently rejoiced in their gifts ; while in 
 His sight they were poor, and blind, and naked, and 
 miserable ; and nothing could restore them but His 
 eye-salve, which should clear their sight to behold 
 themselves even as they were, so that they might 
 repent while yet there was time. Perhaps no warning 
 among all those to the Seven Churches comes so 
 fearfully home to our hearts as that to the indifferent 
 Laodicea. And yet the hopes at the end are very 
 sweet, " Behold, I stand at the door and knock ; if 
 any man hear My voice, and open the door, I will 
 come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with 
 Me." This is the blessing even on earth, and in the 
 
THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 93 
 
 end the promise to him that overcometh is of sitting 
 down with Christ in His Father's throne — even as 
 He overcame, and there sat down. 
 
 He knows that, to many, the victory over sluggish 
 ease and self-complacency is infinitely harder than 
 that over poverty, scorn, or persecution, and thus the 
 very greatest privilege of all is set forth to rouse the 
 Laodiceans. 
 
 So closed the direct exhortation to the Seven 
 Churches, and those seven angels or messengers who 
 had been placed there and guided by the Apostle, 
 who was charged to record the message. The un- 
 veiling of heavenly mysteries did not, however, close 
 here. 
 
 Probably, at a different time, John again was sum- 
 moned by the Voice, and beheld a door opened in 
 heaven, and, beyond it, that of which the now- 
 destroyed temple had been a mere model — the very 
 pattern once revealed to Moses after which the 
 Tabernacle had been made, and which again Ezekiel 
 had seen. There John beheld the true Mercy Seat, 
 the true Cherubim, the true Lamps of Fire, the true 
 crystal Sea, the true Altar of Incense ; and heard the 
 voices of praise from Cherubim and Seraphim, angels 
 and saints, the Church in heaven, the Church at rest, 
 the Church struggling on earth, all in unison glorify- 
 ing the Almighty, Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of 
 Sabaoth, and adoring the eternal Sacrifice of the 
 Lamb slain, and yet alive for evermore. 
 
 That great sight remained steadfast, while other 
 mysterious visions came before him, showing in figure 
 
94 THE EXILE OF PA TMOS. 
 
 the strife between good and evil, the Church and 
 the powers of darkness, even to the consummation 
 of all things, and the final purifying of the earth 
 from evil, and the eternal restoration of Paradise, 
 with the Tree of Life, the glorious city of our God, 
 and the perpetual light of God's presence. Then, 
 and not till then, he lost sight of the heavenly temple, 
 the crystal sea, and all those intermediate modes of 
 bringing man back to approach his God ; but the full 
 and entire presence and glory blessed those of man- 
 kind who had been redeemed out of every people and 
 nation and tongue. And he beheld the full com- 
 pletion of the great work of his Master : as he had 
 watched the agony of the conflict, so it was vouch- 
 safed to him to witness the triumph, the glory, 
 and the fulness of the achievement — the perfect 
 restoration. 
 
 When he came back to the rocks of Patnios, and 
 his solitary exiled old age, well might the words 
 recur to him with the most comfort : " Behold I come 
 quickly ; " so that he could not but in recording them, 
 reply, " Even so come. Lord jESUS." 
 
 And though "as men count slackness," it may 
 seem as if long years, seventeen centuries indeed, had 
 passed since that announcement, the Advent will 
 assuredly show itself to have been veritably prompt 
 and sudden, when we, alike with St. John and the 
 seven angels of the Churches, shall be awakened with 
 the sound of the trumpet. 
 
 The Apostle \vrote the marvels he had seen, so far 
 as human language could express them, and there- 
 
THE EXILE OF PATMOS. 95 
 
 with sealed up the books of the Holy Scripture, 
 being as we may believe caused so to do as being 
 the last of that series of writers who at intervals 
 during two thousand years had been inspired by the 
 \\o\y Ghost to write the messages of God to man. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. 
 
 ** A gate, that opens wide to those 
 That do lament their sin." 
 
 Lamentation of a Sinucr, 
 
 On one of the steep slopes of the wild ravines of Asia 
 Minor, with a torrent rushing beneath, and among the 
 wild rocks overgrown with brushwood and the luxuriant 
 herbage of shady places in the East, might have been 
 seen an aged man, with snowy hair and beard, and 
 keen, undimmed eyes, bright with a lofty, upturned 
 expression, as though ever looking at a joy beyond 
 mortal knowledge, with a look of radiant loving- 
 kindness beaming round him, such as would win all 
 who came near him to lean on him for comfort and 
 for sympathy, and which made it seem only natural 
 that a tame partridge should nestle in his bosom, 
 and court the caressing touch of his hand on its 
 brown speckled feathers. Though evidently very 
 aged, his form was not bowed, nor was there any air 
 of*weakness or decay, as he drew the rein of his horse, 
 and asked his guide if they were not near the place. 
 Few persons were wont to linger in that valley ; most 
 
THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. 97 
 
 hurried through it with terror and alarm ; but, though 
 an anxious expression for a moment ruffled the broad, 
 clear calm of his brow, his lips moved in prayer, 
 and when loud shouts and trampling sounds were 
 heard behind the rocks, before and behind, instead 
 of the"deadly terror such sounds were wont to inspire, 
 his countenance lighted up with an unspeakable beam 
 of joy and hope, like that of a father hearing the 
 first footsteps of a long-absent son. Forth rushed, 
 with threatening cries, a horde of wild-looking men, 
 with streaming hair, loose white kilts, and bare feet 
 — some with the short Roman sword, some with 
 a long lance, and some further off with bows and 
 arrows levelled against that one old man. They 
 took rudely from him his horse and bound his guide, 
 but when they saw that he only stood still and 
 smiled a kindly greeting to them, they paused in 
 wonder. He waved his hand, and bade them take 
 him to their captain, and there was an authority in 
 his manner, a dignity in his bearing, that, though he 
 was clad in homely garments, overawed them, so that 
 they scarcely spoke as they guided him to an open 
 space of grass, where there sat, on horseback, a tall, 
 handsome young man, bravely equipped with the 
 bright helmet, breastplate, and spear of a warrior. 
 He was a lordly-looking youth, but no sooner did he 
 catch a sight of the venerable head in the midst of 
 the robbers, than, with a cry of mingled fear and 
 anguish, he turned his horse, and was about to flee, as 
 though from the face of a centurion and all his band. 
 The old man, however, sprang forth, holding out his 
 
 H 
 
98 THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. 
 
 arms affectionately, and calling him with the tenderest 
 names to come to one who had longed after and 
 sought for him ; and, as that voice fell on that captain's 
 ears, he threw himself from his horse, and dropped 
 absolutely on the ground, weeping aloud, and laying 
 his forehead in the dust in an agony of shame and 
 misery, waving off the old man, as though the very 
 sight of him were overpowering ; but as the old man 
 continued to approach, still speaking to him with 
 fondling words, as a shepherd rejoicing over a lost 
 sheep that he had just found, the unhappy man so 
 far arose as to embrace his knees, sobbing forth that 
 it was all in vain, there was no pardon for such as he, 
 no renewing for one who had so fallen away, and 
 hiding away his right hand which had dealt so many 
 cruel blows and defiled with so much blood. 
 
 When last those two had met it was in one of the 
 chambers which Christian rich men set apart for wor- 
 ship. There had stood that 'aged man, robed like 
 a priest of the old sanctuary, with a fair mitre on his 
 head, and over his brow a plate of gold, on which 
 were graven the great words, " Holiness unto the 
 Lord." And as, at the head of his ministers, he led 
 the prayers and hymns, or spake forth the love of 
 his Saviour and the redemption of the world, with 
 that intense, glorious purity of life that had become 
 possible, that youth's face had glowed with eager 
 hope and enthusiasm, and his heart had burnt within 
 him. He stood but in the outward part, he had to 
 turn away ere the full feast was held ; but the kind 
 bright eye had singled him out, the sweet tender voice 
 
St. John and the Rol'be?: 
 
THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. 99 
 
 had spoken to him, and encouraged him to seek full 
 peace, pardon, and strength, then presented him to 
 the bishop of the place, praying that, as a favour 
 to himself, the youth might be specially instructed, 
 watched over, and prepared for baptism. Noticed by 
 that most venerable man — the man who had himself 
 been loved by the Holy One — how was it possible, 
 then, thought the lad, but that he should walk in 
 those holy paths ? And so had he begun ! 
 
 But, alas ! what a history lay between that day and 
 the present ! Hope, eagerness, kind teaching from 
 the bishop of the place at first ; then the solemn bap- 
 tism in "the Name of the Father, the Son, and the 
 Holy Ghost ;" but after this, the finding that the eager 
 desires of hot youth had not passed away. The ban- 
 quet of the heathen, the garland-bound brows, the 
 rich wine poured out, the merry songs to Dionysus or 
 Aphrodite, the hunt in honour of great Artemis, the 
 dance around the Midsummer fires, had not lost their 
 charms ; there had been a weariness of the tame life 
 the Christians were leading, a wandering into for- 
 bidden paths ; then a sharp rebuke from the bishop 
 — a rebuke that fretted and drove him farther into 
 wilfulness; then an excess that could not be over- 
 looked ; a ceasing even to show himself among the 
 Christians ; a sense that all was lost, an offence against 
 the orderly laws of the heathen government, a hasty 
 flight from the city, a meeting with the robbers, reck- 
 less despair making him the boldest of all, plunder, 
 spoliation, murder perhaps. Oh, what could be in 
 store for him — him for whom there could be no 
 II 2 
 
loo THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. 
 
 second washing in baptism ; him who had heard that 
 there was a sin unto death, and that there were fallen 
 men who could not be renewed unto repentance ? 
 Why should that terrible old man, that true Son of 
 Thunder, have sought him out, save to reproach and 
 overwhelm him with the threatenings of the anger he 
 had but too well merited ? 
 
 Nay, there are no thunders. The thunder has come 
 from his own guilty conscience. It is the still small 
 Voice that tells him, as it has told aching hearts ever 
 since :— 
 
 "And if any man sin, we have an Advocate with 
 the Father, jESUS CHRIST the Righteous, and He is 
 the propitiation for our sins." 
 
 Who should tell of the Shepherd's love for His 
 sheep like him who had leant on His bosom, who 
 like Him had come forth into the wilderness for the 
 lost sheep, and, in his strong faith, could well-nigh 
 hear the rejoicings of the angels at the tears that 
 were bedewing his feet ? He lifted the lost and found 
 from the earth, gathered him into his arms, and es- 
 pecially grasped and kissed that blood-stained hand, 
 for the sake of the good that he said it should yet do. 
 
 Robber-helm and sword were cast away, the wild 
 men stood awed, some touched, some ready to scoff, 
 as their leader, holding the kindly hand that had been 
 put forth to save him, meekly trod the path that led 
 away from the wilderness back to the haunts of men. 
 Long he sorrowed, long he wept and prayed, long 
 was his probation, but one voice, one face, never let 
 him sink again into despair; the hand that had 
 
THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. loi 
 
 plucked him from the fire never relaxed its support, 
 the prayer of the righteous man never ceased, and 
 the repentant sinner was once more a partaker of the 
 heavenly feast, never again to fall away. 
 
 The story above is the simple truth, save that a 
 little description has been added to the short sentence 
 of St. Clement of Alexandria, who tells us how St. 
 John, after his return from his banishment at Patmos, 
 thus reclaimed a fair and comely youth, whom he 
 had noticed on one of his visitations, and committed 
 to the bishop's charge for baptism. His fall had been 
 owing to the neglect of the bishop, whom St. John 
 had rebuked with the words, "Where is that pledge 
 which I gave to thy keeping ? " 
 
 It is also true that St. John wore the dress above 
 described during divine service: and his love for his 
 tame partridge has likewise been handed down to us by 
 the loving recollection of his disciples, who would fain 
 have believed that they should never lose the glorious 
 old man. 
 
 He continued for many years longer at Ephesus, 
 a very aged, feeble man, unable for any exertion, 
 but witnessing still by his very presence to the 
 wondrous years of the Divine Saviour's stay on 
 earth. And as he was borne in a litter through the 
 streets of Ephesus, he would ever and anon lift his 
 hand when he saw members of his flock stand reve- 
 rently by to watch him, and would murmur the 
 watchword of his Hfe : "Little children, love one 
 another." 
 
 When at last his spirit departed and he went to be 
 
I02 THE APOSTLE OF LOVE. 
 
 with his Lord, he is reckoned to have been at least a 
 hundred years old, and even then there were some 
 who would not believe him to be really dead, but 
 deemed that he was lying in a deep sleep in his tomb 
 at Ephesus, awaiting his awakening at the second 
 Advent, and tarrying till his Master should come. 
 
 But this was a vain superstition, for had it so been, 
 the beloved disciple would have obtained a lot far 
 inferior to those of the thousands he beheld with 
 white robes and palms in their hands. He slept 
 indeed, but his spirit had found its home, and joined 
 the friends, the brother, and the more than brother, 
 more than friend, of his lifetime ; and his words, 
 deeply instinct with the Spirit of God, are living with 
 us still, living, soaring, and bearing us up. So that 
 whereas each Gospel is considered to have an emblem 
 among the cherubic forms, the emblem of St. John's 
 is the eagle, which has the loftiest flight, the keenest 
 eye, the highest and surest nest, of all created beings. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 " They met the tyrant's brandished steel, 
 The lion's gory mane ; 
 They bowed their necks the death to feel, 
 Who follows in their train ? " — Bp. Heber. 
 
 When the disciples were wrangling at Capernaum 
 as to which should be the greatest, their Lord rebuked 
 them by calling a little child, placing him in the midst, 
 and as He held him in His arms, saying, " Except ye 
 be converted and become as little children, ye shall 
 not enter into the kingdom of heaven. Whosoever 
 therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the 
 same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven, and whoso 
 shall receive one such little child in My Name, re- 
 ceiveth Me ; but whoso shall offend one of these little 
 ones which believe in Me, it were better for him that 
 a mill-stone were hanged about his neck, and that he 
 were drowned in the depth of the sea." 
 
 It has been from the earliest times the belief of 
 the Syriac Church that this favoured little child was 
 Ignatius, and that it was therefore that he was sur- 
 
I04 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 named Theophorus. This word, according whether the 
 accent be placed on the first or the second o^ signifies 
 in Greek, either the God-carried, or the God-carrier. 
 And as we shall see, Ignatius himself explained it in 
 the second sense, but this might have been because 
 the first would have been even more incomprehen- 
 sible to his auditor; and though the legend, iden- 
 tifying him with that child is utterly unproved, there 
 are circumstances that dispose us to receive it as not 
 improbable. 
 
 Ignatius is known to have been bred up from earliest 
 childhood among the Apostles, nursed up among them, 
 and- always with them ; and certainly the words of 
 the' Saviour, while applying to all His little ones, give 
 the impression that He was preparing the Apostles 
 for the tenderness, reverence, and watchfulness that 
 the presence of a young child among them would 
 require. May Ignatius not, then, be reckoned as the 
 first of the many orphan babes whom the Church has 
 received and bred up in Her Master's Name, and for 
 His sake } 
 
 No record of the nation or country of Ignatius has 
 been preserved ; but if this legend were true, he would 
 probably have been a native of the lake country of 
 Galilee. And his name, which signifies "■ Fiery," is a 
 corrupt Latin one, such as was sometimes borne by 
 the Jews. It was also accordant with the spirit of 
 St. John, that just as he kept himself subordinate to 
 St. Peter after the second rebuke to his ambition, so 
 he should have made the child thus put forward by 
 his Master his own special charge ; and Ignatius was 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 105 
 
 his own pupil, brought up by him, and thus con- 
 versing also frequently with St. Peter and St. Paul. 
 
 He probably remained in close attendance on St. 
 John, following him as Luke, Timothy, Titus, and 
 Trophimus waited on St. Paul, until his training was 
 completed ; and, about the year 65, when he would 
 have been between thirty and forty years of age, he 
 was sent to govern the Gentile Church of Antioch. 
 
 How perilous a position, and how wise and firm 
 a man was there needed, we shall understand by a 
 glance at the city and its history. The peninsula of 
 Asia Minor projects almost exactly at right angles to 
 the coast of Syria, each country being built, as it 
 were, on the frame-work of its skeleton range of 
 mountains — the Taurus forming the horizontal line 
 running east and west, and the Lebanon coming 
 down southward from it. At the meeting angle of 
 these two chains of hills, the river Orontes rushes out 
 between them on its way to the sea ; and this nook, with 
 the glorious mountain back-ground, the sea in front, 
 the river in the midst, and the fertile soil, sure to be 
 produced by these combined causes, formed a most 
 inviting place for a city. None was, however, built 
 there till B.C. 300, when Seleucus, one of Alexander's 
 generals, having succeeded in mastering Syria, Baby- 
 lonia, and great part of Asia Minor, founded a city to 
 be the capital of his mighty dominions, and named it 
 Antiochia from the name of his father and his son, 
 who were both called Antiochus. In peopling his city 
 he invited a large colony of Jews thither, promising 
 them a magistrate of their own nation, and equal 
 
io6 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 rights with those of the Greeks whom he settled 
 in the same place : and though the Jews properly 
 belonged to the Egyptian kingdom of Ptolemy, a 
 large number accepted his Invitation, and lived and 
 traded prosperously at Antioch. 
 
 It became a m.agnlficent place, consisting of four cities 
 joined in one, built by four successive kings, and its 
 most special beauty was a great wide street four miles 
 long, and on each side adorned with double colonnades 
 of pillars, beautiful in themselves, and supporting roofs 
 that gave shelter from the noonday sun. But Antioch 
 was for many years a word of evil omen to Jerusalem. 
 There dwelt those kings of the north, prophesied of 
 by Daniel, v/hose wars with the Egyptian kings of 
 the south were mostly fought out in Palestine ; and 
 when the Jews had weakly and treacherously deserted 
 the mild, friendly rule of the Ptolemies, and given 
 themselves over to the house of Seleucus, they had 
 fallen under that deadly persecution which had led 
 to their independence and to their fatal alliance with 
 the Romans. 
 
 The Levant has an enervating climate for men of 
 European birth, and the Greeks of Antioch dete- 
 riorated in a few generations. The Romans con- 
 quered them in due time, and made Antioch the 
 head-quarters of the Proconsul of Syria. Then it 
 became more magnificent than ever, and was con- 
 sidered as the third city in the empire — Rome itself, 
 and Seleucia on the Tigris, being its only superiors in 
 wealth, splendour, and population. Beautiful gardens 
 bordered the river, and the delicious breezes from the 
 
107 
 
 mountains and the sea made it a favourite resort of 
 the Romans, who regarded the station there as the 
 most dehghtful that could be assigned to officer or 
 soldier. Indeed, the legions were apt to live so much 
 at their ease there as to be hardly fit for serious 
 \varfare when summoned thence. 
 
 Such a climate, with no real cares of state, could 
 not fail to demoralize the people, and as Greeks could 
 not help being quick-witted and excitable, the games 
 and shows of the theatre occupied them almost 
 to frenzy. They were extremely turbulent and 
 fanciful, and gave much trouble to their rulers by 
 the frequent frivolous disturbances that broke out 
 among them, and were further provoked by the 
 universal turn for bestowing nicknames. 
 
 The Jews, who had continued to flourish and trade 
 there through all the changes of rule, were the most 
 trustworthy part of the population. And this was 
 the first place, beyond the confines of the Holy 
 Land, where the believers, when scattered by Herod 
 Agrippa's violence, came and brought the knowledge 
 of the truth with them. Here the better sort of 
 heathens, who had begun to regard the religion of 
 the Jews as a refuge from the weary gaieties, shows, 
 and strifes of Antioch, eagerly accepted the still 
 higher teaching. And here the idle, laughing popu- 
 lation bestowed on the believers that nickname which 
 is our chiefest glory — that of Christians. 
 
 Here was the first centre of action of St. Paul's 
 teaching among the Gentiles, and here he found the 
 one Gentile Evangelist, St. Luke, companion of the 
 
io8 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 Saints ; but here, too, was a strong contention between 
 the Jews and Gentiles. And so distasteful to the 
 Jews were the habits of the Greek converts, that even 
 St. Peter was, for a time, led to hold aloof from those 
 who were not born to the Jewish ritual. It seems 
 that this dislike prevailed so strongly that the Jewish 
 and Gentile Christians could not at first be gathered 
 under the rule of a single bishop, and St. Peter, 
 having appointed Euodias for the Jewish Christians, 
 Ignatius was placed by St. John over the Gentile 
 believers. After the death of Euodias the Jewish 
 part of the Church, having become less opinionated, 
 were ready to come under the rule of one who, if we 
 read his story aright, was of their own nation by 
 birth, but so brought up as to be above the mere 
 Jewish prejudices. 
 
 And when his master was taken away from his 
 head, Ignatius was the connecting link with the days 
 of the Saviour's presence upon earth, and was revered 
 accordingly. Armies might march, parties might 
 rage, revellers might laugh, crowds might shout 
 through those wide streets and make the colonnades 
 ring, now with intoxicated merriment, now with rage 
 and derision, but in one quarter of the city a grave, 
 gentle, childlike man was showing what love and 
 purity were, and keeping those around him in continual 
 mind how far their hidden life lay above and beyond 
 that of the world sunk in wickedness around them. 
 In the place of worship, where believers gathered 
 around him to celebrate their feast, he taught them 
 to sing hymns and psalms antiphonally — that is, one 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 109 
 
 side answering another, and the verse most appro- 
 priate to the season recur at intervals. So sweet and 
 elevating was the sound that it was whispered that 
 even thus he had heard the angels praising God in 
 heaven ; but, at any rate, it is certain that his master, 
 St. John, had heard the angelic choirs replying 
 to one another : and even on earth, it was thus that 
 many of the psalms had been sung by bodies of 
 priests and Levites on the Temple steps, where Igna- 
 tius would have heard them in his boyhood. 
 
 There is no trace of persecution at Antioch for 
 many years. Indeed, Ignatius ruled between forty and 
 fifty years without apparently being molested by the 
 heathen government ; but in the year 115 Antioch was 
 shaken and almost destroyed by a tremendous earth- 
 quake, and the light-minded population in their terror 
 began to imagine that the gods were offended at their 
 desertion by so many worshippers. Numerous great 
 catastrophes had happened in the Roman world ol 
 late, and the dread and terror that were spreading 
 over men's minds made them imagine that the gods 
 were to be appeased by terrifying the Christians back 
 to their services. The savage Emperor Domitian had 
 perished, and the men who in succession came to the 
 purple after him were not reckless tyrants, but 
 thoughtful and able men, bred up in the discipline of 
 the army, anxious to be just, and with a strong 
 craving to restore the old self-ruling, majestic cha- 
 racter of the ancient Roman, of what they deemed 
 the golden age of their commonwealth. 
 
 Trajan, the reigning emperor, was one of these 
 
no IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 men ; upright, hardworking, and sensible. He had 
 striven hard that all persons should have justice, and 
 when the question of persecution of the Christians had 
 been set before him by his friend Pliny, he had first 
 caused a careful inquiry to be made into their prac- 
 tices, and then, he had desired that no one should be 
 encouraged to Inform against them, though if they 
 were brought before the tribunals, the law must take 
 its course. 
 
 Trajan himself was in the East at the time of the 
 earthquake at Antioch, and in the fierce excitement 
 and terror it occasioned, and the wild accusations 
 raised against the Christians, the aged Ignatius, pro- 
 bably knowing his just and reasonable character, 
 thought it advisable for the benefit of his flock, to 
 present himself before him, and rebut the unreasonable 
 charges laid against the Church. Trajan's Eastern 
 experiences had, however, alarmed him since he wrote 
 his moderate letter to Pliny. There had been great 
 insurrections of the Eastern Jews, the Bishop of 
 Pella, Simeon, had been put to death chiefly because 
 his descent from David kept the Roman governors 
 anxious ; and the emperor was disposed to ridicule and 
 trample on whatever would not accommodate itself to 
 the great uniform Roman system. Seated on his ivory 
 chair, his lictors round him with their bundles of rods, 
 the purple-robed old weather-beaten soldier, in whom 
 was centred all the might of the Roman Empire, then 
 at its very widest extent, gazed on the pure calm 
 countenance of the aged man, in its firm gentleness, 
 and his first words were bitter and ungracious, as using 
 
IGNATICfS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. iii 
 
 a term, literally meaning bad demon, but applied 
 generally to signify an unlucky wretch, he exclaimed, 
 
 "Who art thou, Kakodemon, who dost dare to 
 transgress my commands, and cause others to perish 
 miserably ? " 
 
 The bishop gave the name by which he was usually 
 known, — Ignatius Theophorus. 
 
 " What is this Theophorus ? " demanded Trajan. 
 
 " It means one who beareth God In his heart," 
 returned the prisoner. 
 
 " Dost thou aver," returned Trajan, " that we bear 
 not In our hearts the gods who aid us to conquer our 
 enemies .'* " 
 
 To this old doctrine, perceived by Socrates of old, 
 when there was nothing better to perceive, Ignatius 
 answered, 
 
 "The demons whom you adore are no gods, for 
 there Is but one God who made the heavens and the 
 earth and all that Is therein, and one jESUS Christ, 
 His Only Son, to whose Kingdom I long to come." 
 
 " You mean," said the emperor, " Him who was 
 crucified under Pontius Pilate." 
 
 " Even so. He it is who by His death crucified 
 sin with the origin of sin, triumphed over the malice 
 of demons, and cast them down beneath the feet of 
 those who bear Him in their heart," replied Ignatius. 
 
 " Then, you carry this Christ in your heart "i " asked 
 Trajan. 
 
 "Assuredly, for is It not written, *I will dwell in 
 them and walk in them ? ' " 
 
 It seems as if Trajan could have understood the 
 
112 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 guiding presence of a genius or demon, such as the 
 Socratic philosophy recognised, but to have these 
 beings identified with one single crucified Man was 
 foolishness to him ; and, besides, Antioch must be 
 appeased, and an example made to intimidate the 
 sect. So he spoke, — " We decree that Ignatius, who 
 says he bears the Crucified within him, should be 
 bound and carried to Rome to be thrown to the 
 beasts, and become a spectacle to the people." 
 
 In a transport of ecstacy, Ignatius exclaimed, " I 
 thank Thee, Lord, that Thou hast given me love for 
 Thee, and hast granted me to be bound with chains, 
 even as was Thine Apostle Paul ; " and so saying, he 
 himself assisted in fastening on his chains, and placed 
 himself in the hands of the soldiers who were to have 
 him in custody. 
 
 Ten soldiers were appointed to keep him, and he 
 was sent to Rome by a strangely circuitous route. 
 It would seem that the prudent and not inhuman 
 emperor thought that much might be made of his 
 example by exhibiting him far and wide, and perhaps 
 also, that though the sight of his execution at Antioch 
 might excite the wild passions of the oriental Greeks 
 to frenzy and tumult, yet that he might be saved at 
 Rome. 
 
 Some of his friends started at once for Rome to 
 meet him there, and three were allowed to accompany 
 him — Philo, a Cilician deacon, Reus, and Agatho- 
 podes, who is believed to have written the history of 
 his latter days. But if the notion was entertained of 
 making his misery serve as a warning to the Chris- 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 113 
 
 tians, it was a failure. The old man had kept through 
 life the childlike, joyous, lowly temper that had once 
 been held up an example to the disciples, and was so 
 much delighted to be treading the same path as the 
 holy men he had revered in his childhood, that no ill 
 usage could sadden him. Wherever his ship touched, 
 he was always to be seen with the same radiant smiling 
 look ; and when the angry soldiers tried to sadden him, 
 he merely called them leopards, who only grew fiercer 
 the more mildly they were met. They took him by the 
 route that must have suited him best, — namely, by 
 Smyrna, the bishopric of his beloved friend and fellow 
 disciple, Polycarp, who, though much younger than he, 
 must have felt the meeting as almost bringing back 
 the days when both had sat at the feet of their beloved 
 St. John, who had been dead about twelve years. 
 
 Ignatius was allowed to land, and was detained for 
 some time at Smyrna. His situation was evidently 
 much like that of St. Paul forty years before. He 
 would probably not have been put in any prison, 
 but would have been allowed to dwell in a private 
 house, guarded by the soldiers, and perhaps chained 
 by the wrist to them in turn, though more pro- 
 bably this would only have been done when he was 
 out of the house. Indulgence might be purchased 
 for him by his friends from his guards ; he would be 
 permitted the attendance of his companion-ministers 
 who had come with him from home, and would 
 freely receive visits from his friends, probably be even 
 allowed to walk abroad, when chained to the soldier 
 who kept him. Thus he had much constant and 
 
 T 
 
1 14 IGNA TIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 blessed intercourse with his friend Polycarp ; and all 
 the neighbouring bishops came down to see, for the 
 last time, one so deeply loved and honoured — the last 
 visible link between the great thirty-three years and 
 the subsequent generation. Onesimus came from 
 Ephesus, with four attendants ; the youthful Damas 
 came from Magnesia, Polybius from Tralles : and all 
 were so fervent in love for Ignatius as to have no 
 fears in making their Christian profession thus mani- 
 fest to their enemies. 
 
 These visits called forth letters from the imprisoned 
 Bishop to the different Churches. It seems as though 
 he regarded the Ephesians as having recovered the 
 holiness they had lost at the time when they were 
 rebuked by St. John ; but then Ignatius did not, like 
 his master, write by inspiration. He begins, — 
 
 " Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the 
 Church which is at Ephesus, in Asia, deservedly most 
 happy, being blessed in all the greatness and fulness 
 of God the Father, and predestinated before all cen- 
 turies to everlasting, unchangeable glory, joined to- 
 gether and elect through the true Passion and by the 
 Will of the Father and of jESUS Christ our God, 
 full of joy through jESUS CHRIST in His pure grace.'* 
 
 After this greeting, on the model of St. Paul's, and 
 the like of which begins all his epistles, Ignatius 
 goes on to say that the Ephesians had become known 
 to him, they having sent to meet him, *'on hearing 
 that I was come bound to Syria for the common 
 Name and Hope, trusting to your prayers that it 
 might be granted to me to fight with beasts at Rome, 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 115 
 
 that by my witness I may become indeed a follower 
 of Him who 'gave Himself for us, an offering and 
 sacrifice to God.' I received your whole number in 
 the name of God in the person of Onesimus, your 
 bishop, a man of unspeakable charity, whom I pray 
 you all to love and to seek to resemble. Blessed be 
 He who hath granted you, being worthy, to obtain 
 such a bishop." 
 
 If this, indeed, were the runaway slave Onesimus, 
 whom St. Paul called his " son, begotten in his bonds," 
 this was a glorious end after a dark beginning. 
 
 Ignatius then mentions the other Ephesians who 
 had visited him at the same time. 
 
 "As to my fellow-servant, Burrhus, your deacon 
 in regard to God, and unspeakably beloved, I beg 
 that he may remain longer, both for your honour and 
 that of your bishop. Crocus also, worthy of God and 
 of you, whom I have received as the visible token of 
 your love to me, hath in all things refreshed me, as 
 the Father of our Lord jESUS CHRIST shall also 
 refresh him ; together with Onesimus and Burrhus, 
 and Euplus and Fronto, by means of whom, as re- 
 gards love, I have beheld all of you. May I always 
 have joy of you, if indeed I be worthy thereof." 
 
 After this affectionate opening, the exhortation in 
 the letter begins by his saying that he does not " seek 
 to command, as though he himself were any great one, 
 since he only now began to be a disciple " — meaning, 
 of course, that this was but the commencement of the 
 pilgrimage towards death, which he prized as a follow- 
 ing in the path of Calvary. His first exhortation is 
 
 T 2 
 
ii6 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 to complete communion and fellowship : not that they 
 had failed therein, for he says, " Your worthy priest- 
 hood are in concord with your bishop as are the 
 strings with the lyre, and in your union, jESUS Christ 
 is sung, and do ye, man by man, become a choir, that 
 being harmonious in love, and taking up the song of 
 God in unison, ye may with one voice sing to the 
 Father through jESUS CHRIST." 
 
 " If I," he says, " have in so short a time enjoyed a 
 fellowship — not of man, but of the Spirit, with your 
 bishop — how happy do I reckon you who are joined to 
 him as the Church is to Jesus Christ, and as Jesus 
 Christ is to the Father, that so all may agree in One. 
 Let no man be deceived : if any man be not within 
 the Altar, he hath not the Bread of God ; for if the 
 prayer of one or two possess such power, how much 
 more that of the bishop and of the whole Church ! 
 He, therefore, who forsaketh the assembling of our- 
 selves together is condemned by his pride, for it is 
 written, * God resisteth the proud.' " 
 
 Still Onesimus was, he declares, the first to testify 
 to the orderliness and submission of his flock, so that 
 ne did not write by way of reproof, but of warning, 
 quoting to them, from the'r own Epistle from St. Paul, 
 the declaration that there is " One Lord, one Faith, 
 one Baptism, one God and Father of all, who is above 
 all, and through all, and in you all." 
 
 This exhortation to unity is the prelude to a warn- 
 ing against false teachers, whom he bids them avoid 
 as wild beasts, or mad dogs, who bite secretly, and can 
 hardly be healed, since there is but one true Physician 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 117 
 
 — to Whom, the inference is, they would not resort. 
 With regard to the heathen : 
 
 " Pray ye without ceasing on behalf of other men, 
 for there is hope of repentance for them that they 
 may attain to God. See then that they be taught by 
 your works, if not otherwise. Be meekness your reply 
 to their wrath, lowliness to their boasting, prayers to 
 their blasphemies ; in contrast to their error, be ye 
 stedfast in the faith, and oppose your gentleness to 
 their cruelty. While we take care not to imitate their 
 actions, let us be found their brethren in true kind- 
 ness, and let us seek to be followers of the Lord (than 
 whom was any ever more unjustly used, more desti- 
 tute, more despised .?) that so no plant of the devil 
 may be found in you ; but ye may remain in all 
 holiness and sobriety in Jesus Christ, both with 
 respect to the flesh and the spirit." 
 
 He then repeats what his master, St. John, had 
 often spoken and written, that these are "the last 
 times," i.e. that the final dispensation has been vouch- 
 safed, and that no fresh covenant will supersede that 
 brought by our Lord, but that we are living with the 
 expectation of His Second Advent before us, as the 
 close of the present state of things. From this he 
 deduces the same lesson as had been done in the 
 Epistle to the Hebrews by St. Paul, whose connexion 
 with Ephesus he loves to commemorate. 
 
 " Ye are initiated into the mysteries of the Gospel 
 with Paul the holy, the martyr, the deservedly most 
 happy, in whose footsteps may I be found when I 
 shall attain to God, who in all his epistles makes 
 
iiS IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 mention of you in Christ Jesus. Take heed then 
 often to come together to give thanks unto God, and 
 to show forth His praise. For when ye assemble 
 frequently in the same place, the powers of Satan are 
 destroyed, and the destruction he aims at is prevented 
 by the unity of your faith. Nothing is more precious 
 than peace, by which all war, both of heavenly and 
 earthly things, is prevented." 
 
 A great thought is this, that the union of Christians 
 in public worship is their strength and defence, hold- 
 ing Satan and all our spiritual enemies aloof, and 
 being, as it were, a concentration of the forces of the 
 Church against the powers of evil. But lip-service is 
 not what Ignatius means, for " as the tree is known 
 by its fruit," so Christians by their deeds. What is 
 required is not mere profession, but that a man stand 
 fast in the power of faith to the end. 
 
 As to the heathen without, meekness would be the 
 best argument, prayers in return for blasphemies, 
 gentleness for cruelty. " It is better for a man to be 
 silent and to be, than to talk and not to be. It is 
 good to teach if we do as we speak. One Master 
 alone spake and did all, and whatsoever He did in 
 silence is worthy of the Father. He who hath the 
 Word of Jesus can even understand His silence, that 
 He may be perfect, and be known even when He 
 speaketh not. There is nothing hid from God. Our 
 very secrets are near unto Him." 
 
 Among those great mysteries of God which he has 
 spoken of as being in their very silence more eloquent 
 than speech, Ignatius numbers the bringing of our 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 119 
 
 Lord into the world, which came to pass in such 
 awful stillness and reserve. But he adds — 
 
 " How then was He manifested to the world ? A 
 star shone forth in heaven above all the other stars, 
 the light of which was unspeakable, while its newness 
 struck men with wonder. And all the rest of the 
 stars, with the sun and moon, formed a chorus to this 
 star, and its light was exceedingly great above them 
 all. All things were moved as to whence this great 
 sight might be so unlike to anything else. Hence every 
 kind of magic was destroyed, every bond of wicked- 
 ness disappeared, ignorance was removed, and the old 
 kingdom abolished, God Himself having been mani- 
 fested as Man for the renewing of everlasting life." 
 
 The magic of the great Artemis — "the Ephesian 
 letters" — and all the curious arts of the votaries of 
 the black idol, are here spoken of as destroyed. 
 Already is won the victory of St. Paul and St. John. 
 Ignatius ends this letter to the favoured Church of 
 Ephesus with the promise of another letter, if pos- 
 sible, and entreating that both he himself, and his 
 Church in Syria, might be remembered in their 
 prayers. 
 
 When he wrote to the Christians who had forsaken 
 the worship of Artemis at the great old city of Mag- 
 nesia on the Mseander, Ignatius seems to have been 
 anxious to strengthen the hands of the young Bishop 
 Damas, who had come to him with his priests, Bassus 
 and ApoUonius, and his deacon Sotio. 
 
 " It becomes you not," says Ignatius to the 
 Magnesians, " to treat your bishop too familiarly on 
 
120 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 account of his youth ; but to yield him all reverence, 
 having respect to the power of God the Father^ even 
 as I have known even holy priests do, not judging 
 rashly by the youthful appearance of their bishop, but 
 as being themselves prudent in God, submitting to 
 him, or rather not to him, but the Father of jESUS 
 Christ, the Bishop of us all. It is therefore fitting 
 that ye should in no hypocritical fashion give due 
 reverence to your bishop, in honour of Him who has 
 willed us to do, since he that does not so act does 
 not thus so much deceive the bishop that is visible as 
 mock Him who is invisible. All such conduct con- 
 cerns not man, but God, who knows all secrets. It is 
 fitting then, not only to be called Christians, but to be 
 so in reality, as some call indeed a person bishop, 
 but do all things without him. Such persons seem 
 not to me to have a good conscience." 
 
 The great argument here, as to the Ephesians, is 
 the dependence of communion above upon fellowship 
 below. And in like manner follows a warning against 
 false teachers, in this case it seems with a special 
 reference to the Gnostics, and also to the Judaizers. 
 Here follows (but only in the longer and more doubt- 
 ful version of the epistle) an explanation of the 
 difference between the Christian Lord's Day and the 
 Jewish Sabbath : 
 
 '' Those who were bred up in the ancient order of 
 things have come to the possession of a new hope, no 
 longer observing the Sabbath, but living in the obser- 
 vance of the Lord's day, on which also our life has 
 sprung up again by Him and by His death" 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 121 
 
 The longer (and more doubtful) Greek version adds 
 further: "Let us no longer keep the Sabbath after 
 the Jewish manner, and rejoice in days of idleness, 
 • He that does not work, neither let him eat ; ' . . . 
 but let every one of you keep the Sabbath after 
 a spiritual manner, rejoicing in the meditation of the 
 law, not in relaxation of the body." ..." And after 
 the observance of the Sabbath, let every friend of 
 Christ keep the Lord's day as a festival, the Resur- 
 rection day, the queen and chief of all the days." 
 
 One longs to believe these glorious words respecting 
 our Sunday were those of Ignatius himself; but even 
 if they are not, they come from very old times, and 
 show what the Church has ever felt as to the Birthday 
 of Christ from the dead. 
 
 Tralles, a small insignificant city, had however 
 sent her bishop, named Polybius, who testified of 
 his flock that they possessed "an unblameable and 
 sincere mind," and gave such an account of them 
 that Ignatius writes, "Ye appear to me to live not 
 after the manner of men, but according to Jesus 
 Christ, who died for us." 
 
 The usual exhortations follow to unity, to obedience, 
 and to staunchness against those who would make 
 their faith an unsubstantial dream — " Stop your ears 
 when any one speaks to you at variance with jESUS 
 Christ, who was descended from David, and was 
 also of Mary, who was truly born and did eat and 
 drink. He was truly persecuted under Pontius 
 Pilate. He was truly crucified, and truly died in the 
 sight of beings in heaven, on earth, and under the 
 
122 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 earth. He was also truly raised from the dead, His 
 Father quickening Him, even as after the same 
 manner His Father will so raise up us who believe in 
 Him by CHRIST Jesus, apart from whom the life is 
 not in us. But if, as some say, He only seemed to 
 suffer, then why am I in bonds "i Why do I long to 
 be exposed to the wild beasts } Do I therefore die in 
 vain } " 
 
 It is St. Paul's argument, '* If Christ be not raised, 
 if the dead rise not at all, why stand we in jeopardy 
 every hour } " since who would be willing to expose 
 himself to shame, torment, and death for a lie and a 
 delusion .? 
 
 He thus concludes, "The love of the Smyrniotes 
 dnd Ephesians salutes you. Remember in your 
 prayers the Church which is in Syria, from which 
 also I am unworthy to receive my title, as last and 
 least of those thereto belonging. Fare ye well in 
 Jesus Christ, while ye continue subject to the 
 bishop as to the command of God, and in like manner 
 to the presbytery. And do ye, every one, love one 
 another with a single heart. Let my spirit be sancti- 
 fied by yours, not only now, but also when I shall 
 attain unto God. For I am not as yet exposed to 
 danger. But the Father is faithful in jESUS CHRIST 
 to fulfil both your petitions and mine, in whom may 
 ye be found unblameable." 
 
 This conclusion is in the usual manner of those of 
 the Episcopal letters of the Primitive Church. The 
 next is much more personal. While Ignatius was 
 still waiting at Smyrna, some Christians set forth for 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 123 
 
 Rome by a more direct route than that appointed 
 for the prisoner, and he therefore sent a letter by 
 them to prepare the Romans for his reception — 
 thus, Hke St. Paul, writing to the Roman Church 
 before he had ever visited it. His object seems to 
 have been to prevent them from making interces- 
 sions to the Emperor, so as to deprive him of the 
 crown of martyrdom on which his heart was set. 
 
 "Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the 
 Church visited with mercy, through the majesty of 
 the Most High Father, and Jesus CHRIST, His only- 
 begotten Son ; also beloved and enlightened through 
 the will of Him that willeth all things which are 
 according to the love of Jesus Christ our God, pre- 
 siding also in the place of the region of the Romans, 
 worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the 
 highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of ob- 
 taining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, 
 ruling over love, named from CHRIST, and from the 
 Father, which I also salute in the name of jESUS 
 Christ, the Son of the Father : 
 
 "To those who are united, both according to the 
 flesh and spirit, to every one of His commandments; 
 who are filled inseparably with the grace of God, and 
 are purified from every strange taint, abundance of 
 happiness unblameably in Jesus Christ our God : 
 Sy prayer, I have obtained of God that which I 
 desired, — namely, to see your most worthy faces, 
 and even more than I asked ; for as one in bonds 
 for Christ's sake, I hope to embrace you, if that 
 grace be given me to persevere unto the end. The 
 
124 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 beginning is well-ordered, if I may only receive grace 
 to hold fast to my lot, and that nothing should 
 hinder me therefrom. For I fear lest your love should 
 be hurtful to me ; for It is easy for you to obtain what 
 you desire, and hard for me to attain to God, if I be 
 spared. I would not please man but God, as ye have 
 pleased Him. For I shall never have a more fit 
 opportunity of reaching unto God, nor ye, if ye 
 remain quiet, ever have the honour of a better work. 
 If you speak not concerning me, I shall go to God ; 
 but if you love me after the flesh, I shall return to 
 the race. You can obtain no greater benefit for me 
 than to be offered in sacrifice to God while the altar 
 is still ready ; that, when ye are gathered together in 
 love, ye may sing praise to the Father, through 
 Christ Jesus, that God has vouchsafed to bring a 
 Bishop of Syria from the East unto the West. It is 
 good to set [i.e. like the sun] from the world unto 
 God, that I may rise again to Him. 
 
 " Ye have never envied any one ; ye have taught 
 others. Now I desire that ye should now show forth 
 in your own conduct what ye have enjoined on others. 
 Only entreat for me both inward and outward 
 strength, that I may not only speak, but will ; and 
 that I may not merely be called a Christian, but 
 really be found to be one. For if I be truly found 
 [a Christian], I may also be called one, and be then 
 deemed faithful, when I shall no longer be seen by 
 the world. Nothing visible Is eternal. ' For the 
 things which are seen are temporal, but the things 
 which are not seen are eternal.' For even our God, 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE ^AlNT. 125 
 
 Jesus Christ, now that He is with the Father, is all 
 the more manifested. Christianity is not a thing of 
 opinion only, but also of might. 
 
 " I am writing to all the Churches, and telling theiu 
 that I shall willingly die for God, if ye hinder me not. 
 I beseech that you will not unseasonably love me. 
 Suffer me to become food for wild beasts. I am God's 
 wheat, and need to be ground by the teeth of beasts 
 to become a pure loaf of jESUS CHRIST. Caress 
 the beasts in hopes that they may become my 
 grave, leaving nothing of me to be a care to any 
 one. I shall be a disciple of jESUS Christ even 
 when the world sees nothing of my body. Pray 
 the Lord for me, that I may be a worthy victim. I 
 command you not, like Peter and Paul ; they were 
 Apostles, I am but a convict ; they were free, I am 
 but a slave ; but if I suffer I shall be set free by 
 Jesus Christ, who will raise me up to perfect 
 liberty. I am learning, in the chains I bear for Him, 
 to desire nothing temporal or vain." 
 
 He then goes on to say that "from Syria to 
 Rome I am fighting with beasts by sea and land, by 
 day and night, being bound to ten leopards — that is, 
 a band of soldiers, — who become the worse when they 
 receive benefits ; but these ill-treatments train me 
 more and more, yet am not I hereby justified. May 
 I delight in those beasts that are prepared for me; 
 and I pray that they may devour me speedily, and 
 not deal with me as with some others, whom they 
 durst not touch ; I would rather force them. Pardon 
 me, I know what is for my good. Now I begin to be 
 
126 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 a disciple. No creature, visible nor invisible, can 
 hinder me from attaining to Christ. Let the fire, 
 the cross, troops of beasts, dismemberment of limbs, 
 separation of bones, destruction of my whole body, 
 the worst torments of the devil, all come upon me, 
 so I may win CHRIST. The joys of earth and all the 
 kingdoms of the world would profit me nothing. It 
 is better to die for jESUS Christ than to reign over 
 the whole earth. The prince of this world would 
 have me, and break my will, which is bound to God. 
 Do not you take part with him, 
 
 " All the pleasures of the world, and all the king- 
 doms of this earth, profit me nothing. It is better 
 for me to die for jESUS CHRIST than to reign over 
 the utmost ends of the earth. ' For what shall a 
 man be profited, if he gain the whole world, but lose 
 his] own soul.-*' Him I seek, who died for us: Him 
 I desire, who rose again for our sake. This is the 
 gain which is laid up for me. Pardon me, brethren : 
 do not hinder me from living, do not wish to keep 
 me in a dying state; and while I desire to belong 
 to God, do not ye give me over to the world. Suffer 
 me to enter into pure light. When I am come therein, 
 I shall indeed be a man of God. Permit me to be a 
 follower of the Passion of my God. If any one has 
 Him within himself, let him consider what I desire, 
 and let him have compassion on me, as knowing how 
 I am straitened. 
 
 "The prince of this world would fain carry me 
 away, and corrupt my disposition towards God. Let 
 none of you help him ; rather be ye on my side, — that 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 127 
 
 is, on the side of God. Do not speak of Jesus Christ, 
 and yet set your desires on the world. Let not envy 
 find a dwelling-place among you. Even should I, 
 when I am come among you, seek to persuade you, 
 then hearken not unto me, but unto those things which 
 I now write to you. For though I am alive while I 
 write to you, yet I am eager to die. My love has 
 been crucified, and there is no fire in me needing fuel ; 
 but there is within me a water that liveth and speaketh, 
 saying to me inwardly, ' Come to the Father.' I have 
 no delight in corruptible food, nor in the pleasures of 
 this life. I desire the bread of God, the heavenly 
 bread, the bread of life, which is the flesh of JesuS 
 Christ, the Son of God, who became afterwards of 
 the seed of David and Abraham ; and I desire the 
 drink of God, — namely. His blood, which is incorrup- 
 tible love and eternal life. 
 
 " I no longer wish to live after the manner of men^ 
 neither shall, if ye consent. Be ye willing, then, that 
 ye also may have your desires fulfilled. I entreat 
 you, in this brief letter, give credit to me. Jesus 
 Christ will make manifest that I speak truly. He 
 is the Mouth altogether free from falsehood, by whom 
 the Father has truly spoken. 
 
 " Pray ye for me, that I may reach the goal. I 
 have not written to you according to the flesh, but 
 according to the will of God. If I suffer, ye will 
 have loved me ; if I am rejected, ye will have 
 hated me. 
 
 " Remember in your prayers the Church in Syria, 
 vv^hich now has God for its Shepherd, instead of me. 
 
128 IGNATIUS. THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 Jesus Christ alone will oversee it, and your love will 
 also regard it. But as for me, I am ashamed to be 
 counted one of them ; for indeed I am not worthy, as 
 being the very last of them, and one born out of due 
 time. But I have obtained mercy to be somebody, 
 if I shall attain to God. 
 
 " My spirit salutes you, and the love of the Churches 
 that have received me in the name of jESUS Christ, 
 and not as a mere wayfarer. For even those Churches 
 which were not near to me in the way — I mean ac- 
 cording to the flesh — have come out to meet me, 
 city by city. 
 
 " Now I write these things to you from Smyrna 
 by the Ephesians, who are deservedly most happy. 
 There is also with me, along with many others, Crocus, 
 one dearly beloved by me. As to those who have 
 gone before me, from Syria to Rome, for the glory of 
 God, I believe that you are acquainted with them ; 
 to whom then do ye make known that I am at 
 hand. For they are all worthy, both of God and of 
 you ; and it is becoming that you should refresh them 
 in all things. I have written these things unto you, 
 on the day before the ninth of the kalends of Sep- 
 tember [that is, on the twenty-third day of August]. 
 Fare ye well to the end, in the patience of jESUS 
 Christ. Amen." 
 
 It is hard to the cold hearts and timid nerves of 
 our time to enter into this jealous eagerness for 
 martyrdom and earnest pleading against being inter- 
 ceded for. But in one who> it might be, could recollect 
 the Great Sacrifke on the Cross, could look back to the 
 
IGNA TIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 129 
 
 weight and sadness of the desolation of the Passion 
 evening, and to the transcendent joy — that no man 
 had ever taken from him — who from childish, half- 
 comprehending awe, had grown each year into deeper 
 understanding, fuller participation in, and higher reve- 
 rence for, that great oblation — who had watched each 
 of his apostolic masters one by one follow in those 
 bleeding steps — it was little wonder that longing for 
 such a death as the fittest crown for a lifetime of self- 
 devotion should be predominant. And be it remem- 
 bered that only this jo3^ous hopefulness and eagerness 
 for suffering could have borne up the Christians, so 
 as to show that glorious example that amazed the 
 enemy, and finally conquered. The blood of the 
 martyrs would not have been the seed of the Church 
 if the martyrs had been merely resigned instead of 
 joyful, and the slightest faltering in Ignatius — any 
 token of desire to escape — ^would have been the pre- 
 lude to multitudes of denials. And with heartfelt 
 earnestness he continues to show his satisfaction in 
 his present condition and hopes for the future, pro- 
 vided the Romans would not inopportunely interfere. 
 The day before the kalends of September was the 
 last of August, and this was the last on which 
 Ignatius should write from Smyrna. The summons 
 to embark arrived, and no doubt the bay of Smyrna 
 beheld such a parting as St. Paul's had been with his 
 beloved Church — when the Christians brought him 
 on their way with wives and children, received his 
 blessing as they knelt on the sea-shore, watched his 
 look full of steadfast joy, and returned sorrowing 
 
 K 
 
ISO IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 for themselves that they should see that face no 
 more. 
 
 Ignatius had known many such partings, but then 
 he had been left behind ; now it was he who had the 
 joy before him. He went on to the goal ; Polycarp 
 must for many a year still toil on in the course. 
 
 Coasting along the shore in the many-oared ancient 
 vessel, the next stage of this pilgrimage was Troas, 
 v/hose interest to the Greeks was in the Trojan war, 
 while to Ignatius that undulating plain was dear for 
 St. Paul's sake. Here, while again waiting for a time, 
 he received a visit from the Bishop of Philadelphia, 
 of whom he says : " At whose meekness I am struck 
 with admiration, and whose silence is more effectual 
 than other men's discourses." 
 
 An epistle to the Philadelphian Church, dedicated 
 to the Ephesian Burrhus, was the consequence of this 
 visit, containing an exhortation as usual to unity, and 
 a warning against schism, especially against Judaism. 
 " It is better," he says, " to receive Christianity from 
 the mouth of one circumcised than Judaism from one 
 uncircumcised ; but if they speak not of Christ Jesus, 
 I look on both as pillars and sepulchres inscribed with 
 the names of men." 
 
 It is from this sentence that it has been inferred 
 that some of the Jews of Philadelphia had become 
 converted, and were now preachers of Christ, whilst, 
 on the other hand, some of the Gentile Christians 
 were being led away by the followers of Simon Magus 
 into a sort of modified Judaism. 
 
 Another letter was written at the same time to the 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 151 
 
 Smyrniotes, among whom Ignatius had been sojourn- 
 ing. The chief subject of this letter is faith in the 
 Resurrection of Christ, and warning against those who 
 tried to argue away the miracle, also against those 
 who neglected the Holy Eucharist. Then follow 
 thanks for the hospitality that had been shown to his 
 Syrian friends, and an entreaty that a messenger 
 should be sent to Antioch to congratulate the Chris- 
 tians there on being again at peace. Several salu- 
 tations are sent to Smyrniotes, especially to the house 
 of Tavias, a woman named Alee, and " the virgins 
 who are called widows ; " by which are understood 
 the deaconesses, who, though never wedded, were 
 sheltered by a widow's garb when they went about 
 to instruct and cherish the poor. 
 
 Ignatius hoped to have sent like addresses to other 
 Churches, but a sudden summons came to him to 
 embark for Neapolis, in Macedonia. The great 
 Italian feast of the .Saturnalia was drawing on, and 
 the guards, who had loitered at first, now pressed him 
 on, that he might arrive in time for his death to be 
 the crowning spectacle to grace the Roman holiday. 
 He had only time to write a farewell letter to his 
 friend and fellow-pupil, Polycarp — his Bishop, as he 
 greets him, having been so recently dwelling in his 
 diocese : 
 
 *' Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to Poly- 
 carp, Bishop of the Church of the Smyrniotes, or 
 rather, who has as his own bishop God the Father 
 and the Lord Jesus Christ. Abundant happiness 
 to thee. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 " Being assured that thy mind is fixed on God as on 
 an immoveable rock, I glorify God the more exceed- 
 ingly that I have been counted worthy to see thy 
 blameless face, which I longed after. I beseech thee, 
 by the grace wherewith thou art clothed, to add 
 swiftness to thy race, and ever to exhort all men that 
 so they may be saved." 
 
 Much of this letter seems to have been modelled 
 upon St. Paul's three apostolical epistles ; and as it 
 was to serve as advice to other Bishops, it is full of 
 exhortation. There are the like counsels as to the 
 manner of dealing with the various members of the 
 Church, and in this more familiar letter these maxims 
 are cast in short, almost proverbial, sentences : — 
 
 "Watch, as one possessed of the Spirit that 
 sieepeth not. 
 
 " Speak to each man separately, according to the 
 grace that God giveth to thee. 
 
 " Bear the infirmities of all, as a good soldier. 
 
 " When the toil is great, the greater is the gain. 
 
 " If thou love only the good disciples, what thank 
 hast thou 1 but rather endeavour that the refractory 
 be subdued by thy gentleness. 
 
 " Every wound cannot be healed by the same 
 plaster; therefore pour water upon that which is 
 infiamxed. 
 
 " Be in all things ' wise as a serpent, harmless as a 
 dove.' 
 
 '^ For this cause art thou formed both of flesh and 
 spirit; that thou mayest deal tenderly with that 
 which comes visibly before thee. 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. i33 
 
 " Stand firm as an anvil that is beaten. 
 
 " It beseenrieth a good soldier to be wounded and 
 to conquer ; and we ought especially to bear al] 
 things for the sake of God, that He also may bear 
 with us." 
 
 " Let not widows be neglected. Be thou, after the 
 Lord, their guardian and friend. 
 
 " Despise not slaves, neither let them be puffed up 
 with conceit, but rather let them be the more obedient, 
 for the glory of God, that they may obtain the better 
 liberty." 
 
 After thus writing to Polycarp alone, Ignatius pro- 
 ceeds to address a few parting counsels to the entire 
 Church of Smyrna : — 
 
 " Labour together, struggle together, run together 
 suffer together, sleep together, awake together, as the 
 stewards and fellow-soldiers and servants of God. 
 
 " Please Him under whom ye fight, and who giveth 
 you your wages. 
 
 " Let none be found as a deserter. 
 
 "Let your baptism endure as your armour; your 
 faith as your helmet, your love as your spear, your 
 patience as a complete panoply. 
 
 "A Christian hath no power over himself, but 
 must always be at leisure for God's service." 
 
 " Inasmuch as I have not been able to write to all 
 the Churches, because I must suddenly sail from 
 Troas to Neapolis as the Will ordains, do thou, as 
 
134 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 being possessed of Divine judgment, write to the 
 adjacent Churches, that they may do hkewise, such 
 as are able, in sending messengers to the others, and 
 transmitting letters through those who are sent, that 
 thou mayest be glorified by a work which shall be 
 remembered for ever, as indeed thou art worthy 
 to be." 
 
 This seems to be a handing on of that " care of all 
 the Churches " that first St. Paul, then St. John, and 
 afterwards Ignatius himself, had exercised by weight 
 of inspiration, character, and experience, which made 
 them chief authorities over younger bishops. It was 
 a presidency that in time became attached to cer- 
 tain sees, which were termed Patriarchates, of which 
 Ignatius' own Aiitioch is one, but at this time it 
 belonged to men rather than to places. The last 
 written words of the saint are : — 
 
 ** I salute all by name ; in particular the wife of 
 Epitropus, with all her house and children. I salute 
 Attains, my beloved. I salute him who shall be 
 deemed worthy to go into Syria. Grace shall be 
 with him for ever, and with Polycarp that sends him. 
 I pray for your happiness for ever in our God, Jesus 
 Christ, by whom continue ye in the unity and under 
 the protection of God. I salute Alee, my dearly 
 beloved. Fare ye well in the Lord." 
 
 Such was the shepherd's song that came cheerily 
 to the watchers of the fold of Smyrna — the last of 
 the letters that have been handed down by the Greek 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 135 
 
 Church, and which cause Ignatius to be counted as 
 the first of the Greek Fathers of the Church. None 
 of them are argumentative or controversial ; they are 
 chiefly full of simple, practical exhortations, taking 
 the training of the recipients for granted, and breath- 
 ing in every line the child-like love, hope, and reliance 
 of the nursling of the Apostles, the pupil of St John. 
 
 Immediately after, taking St. Paul's own course, 
 Ignatius was embarked for Macedonia, and crossing 
 the ^gean Sea, landed at Neapolis, and then was 
 led by his chained wrists over hill and valley to 
 Philippi. 
 
 Full of memories was that city in that rich plain, 
 now full of the waving corn and luscious grape. 
 There was the river-bank where the few Jews had 
 met for prayer, and where Asiatic Lydia had learnt 
 to believe. The Philippians, so beloved by St. Paul, 
 and the only persons to whom he addressed no word 
 of blame, do not seem to have degenerated. They 
 welcomed the great companion of the saints with 
 reverence, ministered to him during his brief sojourn 
 among them, and, when he set forth again, troops of 
 them came with him on his way, and one and another 
 would try to support and lighten the weight of the 
 chains, his much prized jewels. 
 
 Along the paved Roman way he toiled, ever 
 seeing the end nearer and brighter, as his pilgrimage 
 continued across Macedonia and Epirus to embark at 
 Epidamnus. He saw Puteoli, and the last disap- 
 pointment of his life was that there was so high a 
 wind that he could not be allowed to land there, and 
 
136 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 to tread in the very footsteps of St. Paul, but that 
 he was carried on to the port of Ostia at the mouth 
 of the Tiber. 
 
 Here a number of Christians, among them his own 
 Syrian friends, came down to meet him, rejoicing at 
 the sight of the holy man, and entreating him to let 
 them make intercession for his life ; but he would 
 not listen to this, reminding them of the arguments 
 in his letter, and calling on them to kneel down 
 with him, and pray for the peace and love of the 
 Churches. 
 
 It was the Sigillaria, the last day of the Saturnalia, 
 to us the 20th of December, and the guards felt 
 bound to hasten on their prisoner to furnish the crown- 
 ing diversion of that mad season. Ostia was eighteen 
 miles from Rome, and the long march must be made 
 along the broad paved road that led towards the 
 seven-hilled city, whose horizontal-lined buildings 
 began to become visible, as the grave yet scarcely 
 sad procession slowly moved onwards, passed on 
 their way by many a gay fantastic chariot or litter, on 
 the way to the scene of festivity. The inmates — 
 perhaps a staid, well-tried old officer ; perhaps a gay 
 perfumed youth in Greek garb, with curled locks or in 
 some absurd disguise ; or a proud lady, covered with 
 jewels and charms, and her hair drawn up and curled 
 in imitation of a helmet — would look out eagerly, and 
 then hasten on to secure their seats in the amphi- 
 theatre, before the most interesting part of the games 
 should begin. They would be there long before the 
 white-haired old Eastern man, chained on either side 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 137 
 
 by the wrist to a soldier, and surrounded by a crowd of 
 grave men and women, chiefly workmen and slaves 
 set free from toil by the festival, dark Orientals, be- 
 lieving Jews who had found the true Jerusalem, fair- 
 haired Goths and Celts, once slaves, now truly free ; 
 and no doubt with many a brave soldier, and more 
 than one high-bred noble mingling among them, all 
 anxious in turn to hear one of the valiant hopeful 
 words, or win a personal blessing from the firm, sweet 
 voice of him who was that day the happiest man at 
 the feast of the Sigillaria. 
 
 Beneath the gate they passed, and here the crowd 
 grew thicker and madder. The street was lined with 
 booths, where were sold little grotesque absurd figures 
 in shapes compounded of human and animal forms, 
 which were called sigillce, and gave their name to the 
 day ; and little children, the boys in white dresses, with 
 a golden ball hung round their necks, under the care 
 of their pedagogue slaves, turned round as they bar- 
 gained for the toys, to wish themselves in the amphi- 
 theatre. Other booths displayed wax tapers, with which 
 at night everybody would be armed, madly trying to 
 put out their neighbour's and keep their own lighted ; 
 and all the street was full of figures disguised in loose 
 robes, and with broad, shady, low-crowned hats drawn 
 low over their brows, or in more fantastic shapes, wear- 
 ing comic masks or the heads of animals, and darting 
 hither and thither, playing the most fantastic tricks. 
 It was the day of universal frolic and licence, the 
 maddest, merriest day of all the year ; and the evening 
 was to end by each party choosing a mock king, who 
 
138 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT 
 
 was to lead their revels and freaks to the drollest 
 heights. 
 
 Through all this reckless mirth, the soldiers cleared 
 the way for their prisoner. Outside the walls he had 
 looked on the great family mausoleums of the Romans; 
 within, on the slopes of the Aventine, which bore colon- 
 naded temples, two in especial to the Bona Dea and 
 to Diana. Statues of the gods were set out in the 
 porticoes to do honour to the day, and would seem to 
 the Christian troop tokens of more entire death than 
 even the monuments outside. All the buildings were 
 fiat — nothing seemed to rise and aspire to heaven ; 
 they were grand, majestic, costly, but heavy and de- 
 pressing. Only in the Forum, on the other side of 
 the thickly-inhabited Palatine Hill, was rising one 
 tall column, spirally decorated with sculptures of all 
 Trajan's exploits. Little thought Ignatius that one 
 day that column would be surmounted by the figure 
 of St. Paul. 
 
 He was now on the Triumphal Way, the broad street 
 where the conqueror's chariot was wont to be drawn 
 by white horses ; but never yet had so real a victor "' 
 gone to his triumph along that path of glory, never 
 one whose crown was so incorruptible, never one to 
 whom the slave's whisper that he must die was the 
 veritable note of glory. 
 
 Full in the midst, confronting the prisoner, stood 
 a colossal statue, 1 1 2 feet high, in marble, made at 
 first to represent Nero, the slayer of St. Paul, but 
 
 * The scene of the entrance and execution of St. Paul was in another 
 direction. 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 139 
 
 since converted by a few touches into Apollo, the 
 god of the sun and poetry. Beyond this colossus lay 
 the great Flavian Amphitheatre, called from it the 
 Colosseum ; and here closed the procession. The 
 Roman Christians received the blessing from him in 
 whose presence they had rejoiced with deep reverent 
 awe for those eighteen miles ; Burrhus, Agathocles and 
 Crocus, had his last embrace, and with his own Syrian 
 friends took their leave of him ; and he was admitted 
 with his guard at one of the low dark archways in 
 the basement of the building. Such of the followers 
 as could procure seats, crowded up the stairs and 
 vaulted corridors to the places to which their station 
 gave them a right. They were of the old Roman 
 mould, albeit Christians, and shrinking nerves would 
 not withhold them from the sight of the good confes- 
 sion witnessed by the holy man of Antioch. 
 
 It must by this time have been late in the day, 
 but such spectacles were at this period rare, and being 
 the strangest of all, were reserved for the last. The 
 prefect read the letter given him by the soldiers ; 
 fresh sand was strewn over the arena that had been 
 the scene of the combats of the gladiators, and the 
 martyr was led forth into the vast glittering space, 
 around which rose on all sides the sloping hill of 
 eager faces, tier behind tier. In the dens beneath 
 were heard the growls and roars of hungry lions, and 
 Ignatius broke out with that favourite thought of 
 his: " I am the Lord's wheat. I must be ground by 
 the teeth of beasts to become the pure bread of 
 Jesus Christ." 
 
I40 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 As he spoke, out bounded two fierce lions and fell 
 on him. One* who has actually lain in a lion's 
 grasp has told us that the numbing, lulling effect 
 deprives it of the anguish one would have expected 
 from it, and at any rate Ignatius' struggle was very 
 brief — in a few seconds the lions had left no remnant 
 of him but a few of his larger bones. 
 
 The Christians went to their homes, weeping and 
 praying, entreating to be comforted for their loss 
 by some token of the joy of the sufferer ; and there 
 were some among them who, when they fell asleep, 
 believed that they beheld the martyr in his glory. 
 We give the concluding words of their own letter : — 
 
 " They pushed forth therefore from the place which 
 is called Portus ; and (the fame of all relating to the 
 holy martyr being already spread abroad) we met the 
 brethren full of fear and joy ; rejoicing indeed because 
 they were thought worthy to meet with Theophorus, 
 but struck with fear because so eminent a man was 
 being led to death. Now he enjoined some to keep 
 silence who, in their fervent zeal, were saying that 
 they would appease the people, so that they should 
 not demand the destruction of this just one. He 
 being immediately aware of this through the Spirit, 
 and having saluted them all, and begged of them to 
 show a true affection towards him, and having dwelt 
 [on this point] at greater length than in his epistle 
 and having persuaded them not to envy him has- 
 tening to the Lord, then, after he had, with all 
 the brethren kneeling, entreated the Son of God in 
 
 * Dr. Livingstone. 
 
IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 141 
 
 behalf of the Churches, that a stop might be put to 
 the persecution, and that mutual love might continue 
 among the brethren, he was led with all haste into the 
 amphitheatre. Then, being immediately thrown in, 
 according to the command of Csesar given some time 
 ago, the public spectacles being just about to close 
 (for it was then a solemn day, as they deemed it, 
 being that which is called the thirteenth in the Roman 
 tongue, on which the people were wont to assemble 
 in more than ordinary numbers), he was thus cast to 
 the wild beasts close beside the temple, that so by 
 them the desire of the holy martyr Ignatius should 
 be fulfilled, according to that which is written, ' The 
 desire of the righteous is acceptable,' to the effect 
 that he might not be troublesome to any of the 
 brethren by the gathering of his remains, even as he 
 had in his epistle expressed a wish beforehand that 
 so his end might be. For only the harder portions 
 of his holy remains were left, which were conveyed 
 to Antioch and wrapped in linen, as an inestimable 
 treasure left to the holy Church by the grace which 
 was in the martyr. 
 
 "Now these things took place on the thirteenth 
 day before the kalends of January, — that is, on the 
 twentieth of December ; Sura and Senecio being then 
 the consuls of the Romans for the second time. 
 Having ourselves been eye-witnesses of these things, 
 and having spent the whole night in tears within the 
 house, and having entreated the Lord, with bended 
 knees and much prayer, that Fie would give us weak 
 men full assurance respecting the things which were 
 
142 IGNATIUS, THE CHILD-LIKE SAINT. 
 
 done, it came to pass, on our falling into a brief 
 slumber, that some of us saw the blessed Ignatius 
 suddenly standing by us and embracing us, while 
 others beheld him again praying for us, and others 
 still saw him dropping with sweat, as if he had just 
 come from his great labour, and standing by the 
 Lord. When, therefore, we had with great joy wit- 
 nessed these things, and had compared our several 
 visions together, we sang praise to God, the Giver of 
 ail good things, and expressed our sense of the hap- 
 piness of the holy martyr ; and now we have made 
 known to you both the day and the time [when these 
 things happened], that, assembling ourselves together 
 according to the time of his martyrdom, we may have 
 fellowship with the champion and noble martyr of 
 Christ, who trod under foot the devil, and perfected 
 the course which, out of love to Christ, he had de- 
 sired, in Christ Jesus our Lord ; by whom, and with 
 whom, be glory and power to the Father, with the 
 Holy Spirit, for evermore. Amen." 
 
 In such honour was Ignatius held at Antloch, that 
 even now, when the Christians there are divided by a 
 schism, the head of the Monx)physIte, or schlsmatical 
 branch of them, always takes, on his appointment, the 
 revered name of Ignatius.'^ 
 
 * The date of the martyrdom has been regarded as uncertain. Most 
 Christian histories place it as early as 107, but Trajan's visit to Antioch 
 took place in 115, so that this is more probably the time of it. It is 
 also said that the earthquake of Antioch immediately followed the 
 condemnation; but it is far more probable that the "ringleader of 
 the sect of the Nazarenes" would be sacrificed to appease the terrified 
 people, who thought the gods offended by the desertion of their altars. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TKK STORY OF THE EFISTLES, 
 
 •' ITis chamber all was hang'd about with rolls, 
 And old records from auncient times derived ; 
 Some made in books, some in long parchment scrolls 
 That were worm-eaten all and full of canker holes." 
 
 Spenser, The Faery Qiteene. 
 
 Before passing further in our history, it may be well 
 to dwell on the many doubts and difficulties that have 
 hung round the seven beautiful Letters that we have 
 quoted. 
 
 Each of the greater lights among the holy men of 
 the Primitive Church seems either to have written with 
 his own hand, or caused his young deacons and scribes 
 to write from his dictation, letters to the Christians 
 of the other cities commended to his notice : these were 
 transcribed by Christian copyists, and handed about 
 either privately or openly, according to the danger of 
 the times. Sometimes the Christians were required 
 to give up their books. Then they would hide the 
 more sacred, and allow those of lesser value to be 
 seized ; and in many cases large numbers of manu- 
 scripts were entirely lost. Those which stood in the 
 
144 THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 
 
 highest esteem were copied and re-copied, and at 
 length, when monasteries began to be founded, were 
 placed in their libraries ; but this was not till more 
 than three centuries later, and in the meantime many 
 books had been lost, and many more again perished in 
 the desolation of the break-up of the Roman empire, 
 or by the carelessness of the monks who had the 
 custody of them. Thus there are numerous authors 
 who are only known through fragments quoted by 
 others, or even merely by name. 
 
 Ignatius, it will be observed, speaks of an intention 
 to write further letters, which was probably pre- 
 vented by the suddenness with which his long-delayed 
 martyrdom came at last. Such a sentence was, how- 
 ever, almost an invitation to the forgeries that were 
 scarcely considered as deceits, until a comparatively 
 recent period. It seems to have been thought that 
 so long as the contents of a book were good or beau- 
 tiful, it did not matter who wrote it, or whether it 
 represented the original thoughts of the author. 
 Moreover, when every work was transcribed by hand, 
 it was entirely at the mercy of the scribe, who might 
 be either stupid, careless, or conceited ; and while in 
 the former cases he made errors, in the latter he 
 would put in what he thought the author ought to 
 have said, either by way of ornament or explanation. 
 Sometimes, also, a great name was appended to 
 writings entirely spurious, especially when there was 
 reason to think that any analogous composition had 
 once existed and had been lost. 
 
 The Jews, who alone had possessed writings that it 
 
THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 145 
 
 was of vital importance to preserve, had guarded them 
 by making it an absolute crime to deviate by one "jot 
 or tittle " from the most precise imitation of the ori- 
 ginal Hebrew manuscript, and thus the Holy Scrip- 
 ture was guarded from any really serious variation. 
 Yet among the Greek Jews there were some persons 
 who added chapters, or wrote in great names of old. 
 Thus we find three chapters added to the prophecy 
 of Daniel, many passages to the history of Esther, 
 and the whole Book of Wisdom, bearing the name of 
 Solomon ; but the providential care exercised over 
 the Hebrew Scriptures has enabled the faithful from 
 the first to sever between the genuine work of inspi- 
 ration and these additions, which were placed among 
 the writings called the Apocrypha. 
 
 Christians in like manner guarded the Apostolic 
 books, which the guidance of the Holy Spirit taught 
 them from the first to hold sacred above others that 
 seemed to knock at the door of the sacred treasure- 
 house, and 3^et not be admitted for want of the ring 
 of the true metal. Such was an epistle claiming to 
 be by St. Paul to the Laodiceans ; another professing 
 to be by St. Barnabas, but confuting its high claim by 
 its own internal evidence ; and one really written by 
 St. Paul's pupil, Clement of Rome, beautiful, wise, 
 excellent, but not inspired. 
 
 If such were the perils that surrounded the Holy 
 Word itself, far greater were the difficulties in pre- 
 serving intact the works of men, holy indeed, but 
 without that wonderful salt of life that has guarded 
 the veritable work of inspiration. The habit of read- 
 
 L 
 
146 THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 
 
 ing these epistles aloud in the devotional assemblies 
 of the Church, like a sort of sermon, would increase 
 the temptation to put in touches to render them more 
 effective, instructive, or comprehensible. So it came 
 to pass, that not only were there extant five epistles 
 falsely ascribed to Ignatius — including one to the 
 Blessed Virgin herself, and another to St. John, three 
 of them only in a Latin translation, and all showing 
 in every line that they were mere fancy compositions 
 of a late period — but that of the real seven epistles 
 there were two Greek copies, one much longer than 
 the other, and, though agreeing with it in the main, 
 amplifying most of the maxims, and enforcing them 
 with a crowd of Scripture quotations and examples 
 from both Old and New Testaments. 
 
 Till within the last four centuries, men were content 
 to drift oitwards, accepting what was good or edifying 
 as such, without curiously scanning the authority on 
 which they received it ; but when controversy began, 
 and each party appealed to antiquity, it became 
 necessary to know what antiquity really said ; and 
 there were some who considered that the manifestly 
 spurious five, as well as the double version of the 
 seven, proved that all alike were the produce of 
 fraud or error ; while other scholars were willing to 
 give up the five and the interpolations of the longer 
 version, but held fast by the shorter seven, as the 
 actual words of the pupil of St. John. 
 
 One argument used by the incredulous was, that 
 the epistles use strong language in condemnation of 
 doctrines that are not known to have been rife in the 
 
THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 147 
 
 time of Ignatius ; but to this it would be replied, that 
 he might probably have watched the beginnings of 
 evils that did not come to a head until long after. 
 Another point, and that which made the question 
 especially pressing, was that the letters strongly 
 enforce submission to the Bishop of each Church, 
 treating such obedient harmony as the very token 
 and means of union with the great Head of the 
 Church. But some of those bodies of Christians who 
 since the Reformation had dispensed with episcopal 
 government, deemed the system a growth later than 
 the second century ; and instead of admitting this 
 testimony to the primitive existence of the hierarchy, 
 declared that it proved that the documents them- 
 selves were a fabrication of a later period ; while, on 
 the other hand, the language of the letters seemed 
 only natural and befitting in the eyes of those who 
 regarded bishops as the direct successors of the 
 Apostles and channels of grace. 
 
 The English Church of the seventeenth century 
 was especially anxious on this head. James Usher, 
 Archbishop of Armagh, and one of the most learned 
 men our country ever produced, was especially earnest 
 in the study of such Eastern literature as might 
 elucidate both the Holy Scripture and early Church 
 history. Every possible assistance was given him 
 by Government, and it was even enjoined that 
 every captain of a ship who made a voyage to the 
 Levant should bring home some manuscript with 
 him. Most of them brought the Koran, as the 
 easiest to come by ; but some precious works were 
 
 L 2 
 
148 THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 
 
 obtained by this means, though nothing throwing 
 light on the Ignatian controversy. A clergyman 
 named Robert Huntington, who was chaplain to the 
 British merchants at Aleppo, was eagerly interested in 
 the research for something that might throw light upon 
 the "Ignatian controversy," and wrote many letters 
 to Greek ecclesiastics, especially to the superiors of 
 the old monasteries, which had been mostly founded 
 in the fourth and fifth centuries ; and, standing in 
 the midst of desolate wildernesses, or perched on the 
 summit of nearly inaccessible precipices, had for ages 
 defied the Mahometan violences, and had never failed 
 to be supplied with monks from the scattered Chris- 
 tian population. Among the rolls of parchment stored 
 in the strongest towers of their buildings, even from 
 the time of their foundation, there must surely be 
 some Greek or Syriac version of the epistles, which 
 would prove the question of their authenticity, and 
 old catalogues made it certain that such writings had 
 once existed. 
 
 But since the Eastern Christians had fallen under 
 the Turkish power, they had been poor and oppressed, 
 and life had become so difficult to them that the 
 original keenness and vigour of the Greek mind had 
 either passed away, or only was exercised on matters 
 of buying and selling. The monks came from a hard- 
 worked, ignorant race of people, and their minds 
 were sound asleep ; the stores in their libraries had no 
 interest for them, and though venerated for their age, 
 the sacredness of their subjects, and the holiness of 
 their writers, were unopened, unread, not distinguished 
 
THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 149 
 
 from one another, and forgotten, so that it was with 
 great difficulty that Mr. Huntington could obtain the 
 scantiest information. 
 
 One convent, however, afforded good hopes. It was 
 at Nitria, in Egypt, an oasis in the desert on the left 
 bank of the west branch of the Nile. Here lies a 
 valley surrounding lakes impregnated with natron, a 
 native salt or soda, anciently used for making soap, 
 and once supposed to be the same as nitre, which 
 takes its name from this place, which forms a green, 
 well-watered spot in the deserts of Egypt. Scarcely 
 fifty years after the death of Ignatius, Christians who 
 thought to escape the evil of the world themselves, 
 as well as to intercede for their brethren, by uninter- 
 rupted prayer, had begun to seek out this solitude, 
 and dwelt there in small separate huts, only uniting 
 for common prayer. They are said to have preferred 
 the Nitrian valley because of the words of Jeremiah 
 — " though thou wash thee with nitre ; " — and as this 
 longing for incessant devotion spread among the 
 Eastern Christians, their numbers increased, so that 
 in the early part of the fifth century there were 
 actually five thousand of these monks, living no 
 longer in separate huts, but in many different build- 
 ings, where, however, each made a solitude for him- 
 self by silence, except at stated times. At one time, 
 it is said, there were no less than three hundred and 
 sixty-six monasteries in the valley. Their church 
 and their library they had in common, and, as many 
 of them were studious men, there was a great reposi- 
 tory of Christian literature among them. The chief 
 
150 THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 
 
 of their monasteries was called by their Latin visitors 
 that of "St. Mary Deipara," i.e. the Mother of God ; 
 and the whole valley took the name of Scete, or of 
 the Ascetics. Another adjacent monastery was 
 named after St. Macarius, one of the first of the 
 hermit saints of Egypt, and the pride of the valley 
 was, and still is, a beautiful tamarind-tree, which is 
 said to have grown out of the staff of St. Ephrem 
 which he planted in the sand. 
 
 When the Mahometans conquered Egypt, they at 
 first spared the monks, because they had a respect 
 for the stern hermit life of devotees of all kinds ; but 
 after a time they fell upon Nitria, plundered, de- 
 stroyed, and sold many of the monks for slaves. 
 Still the hermits returned, and at last permission was 
 gained to surround the convents with a high wall, to 
 secure them from the attacks of the wandering Arabs 
 in the desert. From this time they seem to have 
 afforded a secure refuge to the monks, and likewise 
 to the manuscripts, which were collected from both 
 Syria and Egypt as a welcome gift and precious 
 charge for the recluses. 
 
 From time to time reports reached Europe of 
 the wealth of sacred literature here stored up, and 
 Robert Huntington, who had left home whilst Arch- 
 bishop Usher and Bishop Pearson were diligently 
 investigating the Ignatian Epistles, accomplished a 
 journey from Aleppo to Nitria, in hopes of there 
 finding the much-desired Syrian copy. Though 
 facilities for European travellers in the East were 
 much fewer in the year 1679 than at present, Mr. 
 
THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 151 
 
 Huntington reached Nitria, and saw the monks ; but 
 they could not understand the object of their visitor, 
 and probably feared him, for at St Mary Deipara 
 they refused to let him into their library, and only 
 allowed him to see one grand manuscript of the 
 Bible ; nor would they (nor perhaps could they) even 
 tell him whether they possessed a Syrian copy of 
 the letters of Ignatius. The books which he collected 
 from other sources are now in the Bodleian Library 
 at Oxford. He afterwards became Bishop of Raphoe. 
 Some thirty years after, a learned Syrian, named 
 Elias Assemani, was sent from Rome, by Pope 
 Clement XL, and being better understood by the 
 Nitrians, was shown by them a cellar, or cave, 
 filled with manuscripts, which they avowed them- 
 selves to be unable to read. He persuaded them 
 to sell him forty, and conveyed them to Rome, in 
 spite of their being once all submerged in the Nile 
 on their way. But as it is very difficult to obtain 
 leave to study in the Vatican library, and copying 
 is never permitted, no great benefit has accrued 
 to the world from their presence there. Other 
 travellers obtained the certainty that these monas- 
 teries contained most precious stores, which the 
 monks were allowing to decay, tearing up and ruin- 
 ing by neglect, but which they valued in proportion 
 to the curiosity evinced about them by travellers, 
 refusing to sell them at any price, though their 
 own Patriarch gave them permission, and represented 
 that they might thus obtain the means of repairing 
 their broken and ruined buildings. At last, in 1838 
 
152 THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 
 
 an English clergyman, Archdeacon Tattam * hearing 
 that the determination of the monks was beginning 
 to yield, set forth for the valley of Nitria, and found 
 that the monks, though at first denying that they 
 possessed any such books, might be dealt with so as 
 to part with such as had not in the first page an 
 imprecation from the donor against any who should 
 dispose of them. 
 
 He was admitted into a dark, vaulted room, the 
 whole floor covered with leaves of books, in which he 
 waded about with a taper in one hand, and a stick 
 to stir them in the other ! Thus having gained 
 permission of the Patriarch of Egypt, and even the 
 influence of a desert sheikh, he succeeded in pur- 
 chasing and carrying off in a bag on the backs of don- 
 keys, from this and the other monasteries, a number 
 of old Syrian manuscripts, forty of which are now^ in 
 the British Museum. They were carefully examined 
 by Mr. Cureton, who found among them three of the 
 much-desired Syriac letters of St. Ignatius ! It 
 appeared at first as if a difficulty existed, as far as 
 regarded these three, — namely, those to Polycarp, to 
 Ephesus, and to the Romans ; but on inspection it 
 proved that these three were very much shorter than 
 even the Greek version accepted by scholars, and, 
 though agreeing with them in the main, were like 
 a very brief abstract of them. 
 
 Some hold that the three short Syriac are the only 
 genuine ones. Others regard them as abridgments 
 of the shorter Greek, and thus confirmations of their 
 
 * Deceased since these pages were penned. 
 
THE STORY OF THE EPISTLES. 153 
 
 existence at a very early period, and others continue 
 to view the whole as unauthentic. 
 
 Such is the doubt in which it is the lot of mankind 
 usually to be left, when very great stringency of proof 
 is demanded for what, in the nature of things, can 
 often not be closely traced out. Altogether, however, 
 the consent of the most learned scholars and divines 
 has accepted the shorter Greek version as the pro- 
 bable reality, and as the legacy to the Christian world 
 left by the martyred pupil of St. John. 
 
 Therefore it is from thence that the quotations 
 given in the last chapter have been taken, with the 
 exception of that beautiful description of the Lord's 
 Day, which is only to be found in the longer Greek, 
 and is an amplification of the brief counsel in the 
 shorter version. 
 
CHArXER X. 
 
 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 *' Reft of thy sons, amid thy foes forlorn, 
 
 Mourn, widow'd queen ; forgotten Zion, mourn. 
 
 Is this thy place and city, this thy throne. 
 
 Where the wild desert rears its craggy stone ; 
 
 Where suns unblest their angiy lustre fling. 
 
 And wayworn pilgrims seek the scanty spring ? 
 
 Where now thy pomp, which kings with envy view'd ? 
 
 Where now thy might, which all those kings subdued ?" 
 
 Bishop Heber, Palestine. 
 
 Among the disciples of St. John must not only be 
 reckoned those Syrian Greeks among whom the latter 
 years of his life were passed, and who appear to have 
 imbibed the most of his spirit. 
 
 His first teaching had been among those " of the 
 circumcision," the Jews, and apparently the Parthians, 
 and the account of his pupils would not be complete 
 if we did not follow the history of the generation 
 among whom his teaching was fresh, although in 
 some cases it was rejected and in others perverted. 
 
 When the signs and warnings, foretold by our 
 Lord, had begun to gather around Jerusalem^ the 
 Christians, as has been already said, had left the 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST 155 
 
 doomed city, and taken up their abode in Pella, one 
 of the many towns that then studded the beautiful 
 mountainous country on the other side of the river 
 Jordan, under the guidance of their bishop, Symeon, 
 a son of Cleophas, and thus of the seed of David. 
 
 Though they had lost the temple, and the purpose 
 of their ceremonies had passed away, like the dawn in 
 the daylight, yet these fugitives could not bear to lay 
 aside their old customs : they still circumcised their 
 children ; rested on the Sabbath, or seventh day ; 
 abstained from the food proscribed by Moses ; held 
 aloof from the Gentiles, and kept up all the rites that 
 were possible in their exiled state. When the Roman 
 armies had finished their work of ruin, a number of 
 these ventured to cross the river, creep back to the 
 desolate Zion, where the marble walls, the majestic 
 towers, the stupendous stairs lay black with fire, and 
 piled over many a skeleton ; and there, amid the 
 ruins, they heaped up huts for themselves, and once 
 more set up a lowly Church on Mount Zion — the spot 
 to which they could not cease to apply the literal 
 fulfilment of all the great prophecies that had been 
 the dream of every son of Judah. No wonder that 
 these, though aware that their Messiah was come, still 
 looked to see the mountain of the Lord's house made 
 glorious, and all nations flowing unto it with gifts 
 in their hands, and thence receiving the blessings 
 showered on them by their Redeemer, on His own 
 nation first of all. They were slow of heart to com- 
 prehend what had been perceived by the greater and 
 wider souls among their people — that the husk was 
 
156 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 burst by the growing tree ; that the special privilege 
 of Israel had been forfeited or deferred ; that the 
 covenant of Mount Sinai was at an end, and the 
 covenant of Abraham was alone in force ; or that the 
 true Jerusalem, the mother of all, is on no earthy 
 spot, but in heaven above. 
 
 Because St. Paul had been the foremost in setting 
 forth these truths there were some among the Jewish 
 Christians v/ho slighted his teaching, and would 
 scarcely acknowledge him as even of their own blood 
 while they set up in opposition, St. John, St. Peter, 
 and St. James, blind apparently to the full and true 
 accordance of all the three, and specially blind, both 
 to the charity of the Apostle of Love, and to the 
 spiritual majesty of that mystical Jerusalem that he 
 had beheld and described. 
 
 Such feelings necessarily gave rise to divisions, and 
 two sects arose among these Judaizers, the Nazarenes 
 (a name given by the heathen in scorn to the whole 
 body of Christians) and the Ebionites. The firsit 
 were superstitious adherents to the narrowest rule of 
 the old law ; the others — called from a Syriac word 
 for poverty — while exalting our Lord as the Son of 
 David, denied that He was the Son of God. Some 
 of their errors seem to have been pointed at by St. 
 Ignatius in his epistles. 
 
 But the Christians of Pella had not been the only 
 fugitives. Such of the Jews as were not maddened 
 by the wild expectations of the Zealots, — and of these 
 there must have been many, especially among the 
 shrewd men of business and the politic Sadducees, — • 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 157 
 
 saw the worldly and natural tokens of ruin ; and, 
 leaving the city at the same time with the Christians, 
 made their peace with the Romans, and found a 
 home at the city of Tiberias, on the shores of the 
 Lake of Gennesareth, under the government of their 
 own old Sanhedrim. Of these there were large 
 numbers, who at length accepted the teaching which 
 had once hallowed that lake ; but many more ad- 
 hered to the old Law, and continued to watch for a 
 future Messiah. 
 
 Among these rabbis of Tiberias were some very 
 remarkable men ; but the Jewish accounts are so 
 much mixed with fable, that it is not easy to do more 
 than distinguish a few great names. Eliezer the Great 
 and Akiba are the two most noted of these. The 
 former seems, according to the Jews themselves, to 
 have resembled the Pharisee in the Temple, for he 
 exclaimed, " What precept of the Law have I not 
 observed } " to which his pupil, Akiba, answered, 
 *' Sir, you have always taught us that there is not a 
 man on earth who is just and sinless." 
 
 Akiba, who was said to have been born while 
 Jerusalem was still standing, and to have lived to the 
 age of a hundred and twenty, has an almost allego- 
 rical history, in which he is represented as wooing a 
 maiden who required of him v/isdom, knowledge, and 
 a crowd of disciples. He left her, to fulfil her behest ; 
 and when he returned, he found her ragged, outcast, 
 beggared ; but still his beautiful bride, the author of 
 his inspiration. This was a parable of Jerusalem, for 
 whose sake he toiled, and to whom he was still 
 
T58 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 devoted, even in her ruined state. The Law was the 
 constant study of these rabbis, and they put on it 
 many fresh, strange, and wild interpretations, which 
 worked up the minds of their disciples into a feverish 
 state of hope. 
 
 Nor were all the Jewish nation crushed. Only 
 those who had been in open arms against Rome had 
 been made slaves or put to death. Many more lived 
 at large in wealth and freedom in Egypt, where they 
 had had a temple ever since the beginning of the per- 
 secution of Antiochus ; there were many others in 
 Cyrene and in Spain, and great multitudes dwelt in the 
 far East, where they had been settled centuries ago, in 
 the time of the old captivities. The great river cities — 
 Babylon, damp, decayed, unhealthy, yet still showing 
 her solid Chaldean magnificence in her decline; Seleu- 
 cia, splendid and flourishing, with the profuse luxuriant 
 ornament of the Oriental Greek, but waning before 
 the more native Eastern quaint glories of Ctesiphon 
 on the opposite bank of the Tigris — all r-warmed with 
 busy Jews, as merchants, craftsmen, or sailors in the 
 vessels that brought Indian gold, jewels, silk, and 
 spices, to be dispersed through the West: the rich 
 well-watered ground around the two mighty rivers 
 was owned by many a Jew, who among his corn, his 
 vines, and his melons, still thought at times upon 
 Zion as he looked at the weeping willows, among 
 which more earnest-hearted exiles had once hung 
 their harps ; and the green valleys, and wild slopes 
 of the long barrier of mountains beyond, fed flocks 
 of sheep and goats, that were watched by shepherds 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 159 
 
 descended probably from the old pastoral tribes, 
 whose cattle had been their delight and wealth. Over 
 all these ruled a stately personage, who was waited 
 upon with the observances befitting an Oriental po- 
 tentate, and was known as the Resch Glutha, or Chief 
 of the Captivity; and though he paid tribute and 
 owned the superiority of the Parthian king, it was 
 not an unwilling submission; for the Persians of old, 
 ever since the time of Cyrus, had been the friends of 
 the Jews, and the Parthian power that sprang up as 
 the Greek house of Seleucus decayed, might be re- 
 garded as in some degree a revival of the old Persian 
 sway, though their blood was partly Scythian. 
 
 Thus it was, that no less than five of the Apostles 
 seem to have made Parthia and Mesopotamia their 
 first starting-points, finding there great numbers of 
 the Jews, and founding a Church there, to which, as 
 we have seen, St. John addressed his first epistle. 
 Some are said to have met their death there ; and St. 
 Thomas thence journeyed on to India, while St. John 
 returned westwards ; but the Church flourished for 
 many years there, and the Jewish community was 
 prosperous, wealthy, and exceedingly learned. 
 
 Any hopes that could be reasonably entertained 
 of a renewal of Jerusalem must be founded on the 
 Parthians, a young, vigorous power, by whom Roman 
 armies had more than once been brought to a miser- 
 able end, and who were quite as averse as the Jews 
 themselves to the pagan multiplicity of idols. Their 
 borders were gradually extending, and, could they 
 but master the strip of land beyond the two mighty 
 
i6o THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 boundary streams, Jerusalem would become as ex- 
 cellent a curb as they could desire upon the Roman 
 power. Even Khoosrou, the real name of Cyrus, began 
 to be revived among their kings, as if in augury of a 
 new shepherd and deliverer from the East. 
 
 But a great disappointment was coming. Trajan, 
 when he visited Antioch and sentenced Ignatius, was 
 actually on his way with a large army to attack the 
 Parthians, and his success was complete. He drove 
 them far back into their hills, and actually marched 
 into and garrisoned the great cities of Mesopotamia ; 
 so that the Eastern Jews saw the hated eagles set up on 
 the towers of the home of their exile ! The Emperor 
 was indeed an aged man, and his health was warning 
 him to go no further ; so that he made a sort of peace, 
 placed a Parthian prince of his own choice on the 
 throne, and retreated ; but he left garrisons behind 
 him, claimed Mesopotamia as tributary, and showed 
 that the Roman wolf had set his claw upon the oldest 
 cities of the world. 
 
 Despair and grief stirred up the Jews to revolt, and 
 there was a terrible outbreak, not only in newly 
 conquered Mesopotamia, but in Egypt, Cyrene, and 
 Cyprus, where the insurgents, possessed by the same 
 spirit as the Zealots of Jerusalem, committed unspeak- 
 able barbarities upon the population, and they de- 
 stroyed a little shrine at the foot of Mount Casius, in 
 honour of Pompey, the first Roman who had begun 
 to rivet the yoke of iron on their neck, that Moses 
 had foretold two thousand years ago. Trajan 
 promptly took measures against them, and punished 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. i6i 
 
 the Egyptian Jews, by depriving them of their 
 temple ; and he also made diligent inquiry whether 
 any remnant of the royal line existed round whom 
 they could rally. It seems to have been this that 
 directed the attention of the Romans to Symeon, 
 who was martyred at this time and was succeeded by 
 Justus, also a son of David. 
 
 The revolt was by no means subdued when Trajan, 
 worn out with fatigue, and by the illness he had con- 
 tracted on the fatal banks of the Euphrates, died in 
 Cilicia, in 117, and left his empire to his adopted son, 
 Publius ^lius Hadrianus. 
 
 Had not the Jews been committing atrocities in 
 Cyrene that turned all minds against them, they 
 might have had good prospects under Hadrian, who 
 was a great inquirer, had studied the Scriptures, and 
 had been sufficiently struck with their force and 
 beauty to make some hopeful Jews deem him a 
 proselyte. 
 
 But, in the present state of affairs, he could only 
 strike at the rebels, and his knowledge of their 
 religion, perhaps, enabled him to do so more effec- 
 tually. He gave up the three tempting Babylons, 
 aware that the broad line of desert between them and 
 Syria made them a too perilous possession for his 
 Western soldiery to hold ; but he utterly ruined the 
 once wealthy Jews of Egypt, destroyed their temple, 
 and took away their privileges ; and in Cyrene his 
 vengeance was such, that at the end of the war the 
 province was so empty that it had to be repeopled. 
 But he strengthened his grasp upon Palestine, and 
 
 M 
 
i62 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 sent his general, Martius Turbo, to quell the insur- 
 rection. 
 
 Turbo saw with amazement both the multitude 
 and the courage of the warriors in the gorges of the 
 mountains, but a great concentration of Roman forces 
 obliged them to become quiescent, and peace was 
 restored. 
 
 Hadrian decided on curbing them further, by 
 entirely Romanizing the remains of Jerusalem, and 
 even changing its name. A city called after himself, 
 .^lia Capitolina, was to be reared upon the hill of 
 Zion, and filled with Greek and Latin colonists. 
 Mount Moriah's mighty stones were again built up, 
 but the temple that towered above the marble stairs 
 was dedicated to Jupiter of the Capitol, and over the 
 gate of the city the figure of a hog was carved, as 
 an insult to the Jews, who retorted, with some truth, 
 that the unclean animal was a most suitable emblem 
 of the foul habits of the colonists themselves. On 
 Mount Calvary, close to the sepulchre that had once 
 held the body of our Blessed Lord, another temple 
 was built, to the goddess Venus ; and thus the Chris- 
 tians were equally grieved with the Jews by the 
 desecration of their most revered spot; but it does 
 not seem certain that this was an intentional insult. 
 
 This building of ^lia stung the hearts of the Jews 
 with the bitterest grief ; and moreover, the presence of 
 so many soldiers in the land led to heavy exactions and 
 severe distress. All over the empire the Jews had to 
 pay a tribute, such as might keep them in poverty, 
 and so many trades were closed against them, that 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 163 
 
 they were reduced to telling dreams and fortunes. 
 The failing heart and trembling arm had come on 
 those who were dispersed in distant parts of the 
 empire, and, on the testimony of the poet Juvenal 
 and the Emperor Hadrian himself, they were esteemed 
 in Egypt as no better than conjurers, beggars, and 
 mathematicians ! For those who were really men of 
 science were forced to gain their bread by the pre- 
 tended arts that pleased the vulgar and brought their 
 knowledge into contempt among wise men. Still it 
 seems that in Smyrna, the Jewish community con- 
 tinued numerous, wealthy, and unmolested, owing 
 probably to their usefulness in trade. 
 
 In the mountains of Galilee, however, a fiercer 
 spirit prevailed, ripening fast for revolt, and Jewish 
 legends relate that the first spark was hghted in this 
 manner. It was the Jewish custom on the birth of a 
 son to plant a cedar before the house ; on the birth 
 of a daughter, a pine ; and such trees were never cut 
 until the young owner was married, when it was used 
 to form the woodwork of the bed. A Roman lady, 
 whom the Jews call the Emperor's daughter — but 
 this could not be, as Hadrian was childless — when 
 travelling, caused one of these trees to be cut 
 down to repair her litter, and the tumult this occa- 
 sioned ended in bloodshed, and thus open rebellion 
 commenced. 
 
 The chief leader was one Cozba, a pupil of Akiba, 
 and full of the wildest hopes and projects, the most 
 noted of all the false Christs and false prophets, who 
 deceived many. He took the name of Barcocab, the 
 
 M 2 
 
ib4 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 Son of the Star, and believed himself to be the Star of 
 Jacob foretold by Balaam that should smite the foes 
 of Israel. Great numbers joined him, and he seized 
 the city, once called Beth-horon — that "going down of 
 Beth-horon" which had been the scene of Joshua's 
 great victory — but which was now called Bithera, a 
 name that the Jews translated into Bethtar, the place 
 of spies, because certain traitors had lately lived there, 
 and had inform.ed against their countrymen, who 
 went up to worship at the ruined temple. 
 
 At Bithera, the aged Akiba girded Barcocab with 
 the sword, placed the staff of command in his hand, 
 and held the stirrup when he mounted his horse. 
 He seems to have reigned there for two years and a 
 half, and the revolt required the presence of the 
 Emperor himself. Then the city was stormed, and 
 when Barcocab himself was killed in battle, his 
 corpse was so gigantic that Hadrian is reported to 
 have said that he must have fallen by the hand of a 
 god and not of a man. The Jews, in their disappoint- 
 ment, changed his name from Barcocab, Son of the 
 Star, to Bar Cozaba (Son of a Lie) ; and again their 
 penalty was frightful, their rabbis were tortured to 
 death, and the aged Akiba was torn to pieces by red- 
 hot pincers, still to the last uttering his confession of 
 faith, " God is One." 
 
 Prisoners of less note were offered for slaves. 
 Strange to say, the place of the chief sale was Mamre, 
 the spot which the holy fame of Abraham had 
 rendered the chief resort of all his children, the Ish- 
 maelite and Idumean as well as the Israelite, so that 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 165 
 
 a great fair was yearly held by the pilgrims, and 
 called the Fair of the Turpentine-tree, in honour of 
 the grand turpentine or terebinth tree, which our 
 translation calls the oak, beneath which Abraham 
 had been sitting in the cool of the day, when the 
 mysterious Three came to him and gave him the 
 promise that Sarah his wife should bear him a son, 
 and that from him should spring the Seed in whom 
 all families of the earth should be blessed. Now 
 the sons of the promise, whose eyes were shut to 
 the fulfilment, and who denied its extension to the 
 families of the earth, led by the false lustre of 
 their wandering star, were accomplishing the piteous 
 prophecy so long ago spoken from Pisgah, and being 
 sold in such numbers that " there was no man to buy 
 them." 
 
 In the gorges and fastnesses of the hills some Jews, 
 however, still continued ; and wherever a Jew dwelt, 
 in east or west, still his heart yearned to Jerusalem, 
 and once in his life, or when he felt death approach- 
 ing, would he struggle homewards, to lay his bones in 
 the beloved soil of " the good," " the glorious" land 
 of his fathers. There they would stand — those 
 mournful pilgrims, old men and women, haggard, 
 bowed, and clothed in rags — upon the Mount of 
 Olives, where once He, who would fain have been 
 their Redeemer, had wept for what was coming upon 
 them — stretching out their arms, and gazing across the 
 deep ravine at the broken walls of their Sanctuary, 
 until at length the Roman garrison, moved with pity, 
 or hoping for gain, consented to admit them on pay- 
 
i66 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 merit, to weep over and cast perfumes upon the great 
 stones of the ruin. 
 
 " Oh for seraphic power 
 To flash conviction on the Jew, 
 And bid his soul exulting view 
 
 His Temple's holiest hour ! " 
 
 But that conviction has in only a few cases yet come, 
 and still, after 1700 years, do the Jews still sit in the 
 dust, on the north side of the site of the Temple, and 
 wail aloud in mournful psalms for the desolation of 
 their " holy and beautiful house." 
 
 It was all important to the Christians of Jewish 
 birth to make it plain that they did not share in the 
 disaffection of their countrymen ; and no doubt 
 they were easily confounded with them, since they 
 had laid aside few of the habits of the Old Cove- 
 nant. A learned man named Aristo, resident at 
 Pella, is said to have come forward on this occasion, 
 and to have presented Hadrian w^ith what was then 
 called an Apology, i.e. a treatise explanatory of the 
 tenets of his brethren, together with a petition on 
 their behalf. Probably it was effectual, for the 
 Christians of Judaea continued to dwell there without 
 a great amount of persecution ; and though some fell 
 into heresies, the greater part, becoming weaned from 
 their clinging to the shadows of the ancient Covenant, 
 became amalgamated with the Greeks of the East, in 
 common with whom they have since shared the fate 
 of the soil of Palestine. In Bethlehem, especially, 
 Christians have always worshipped, and still their 
 
THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 167 
 
 grand figures and beautiful faces attest what the 
 chosen people might have been, had they been 
 universally learners from and with St. John, and of 
 his great Master. 
 
 Hardly anything more is known of Aristo of Pella ; 
 but it appears as if he had written a history of the 
 war of Barcocab, from which the Church historian, 
 Eusebius, and St. Jerome, may have borrowed their 
 account of it ; and there was also a controversial book 
 attributed to him, namely, a dialogue between Jason, 
 a Hebrew Christian, and Papiscus, a Grsecised Jew of 
 Alexandria. " There," says the account of it given by 
 the person who translated it into Latin, " we have the 
 obstinate hardness of the Jewish heart softened by 
 Jewish warning and gentle chiding, and the teaching 
 of. Jason on the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, victo- 
 rious in the heart of Papiscus. When Papiscus was 
 brought by this teaching to an understanding of the 
 truth, and was fashioned into a fear of the Lord, 
 through the mercy of the Lord himself, he put his 
 trust in jESUS CHRIST, the Son of God, and asked of 
 Jason that he might receive the mark of baptism." 
 
 From a further mention of the dialogue in a 
 treatise of Origen written about seventy years later, 
 it is plain that as would be natural in the work of a 
 Jew, written for Jews, it was full of allusions to the 
 narratives of the Old Testament, and unfoldings of 
 that mysterious foreshadowing which renders the 
 veritable facts of Israelite history one great parable. 
 To Celsus, a heathen philosopher of the Epicurean 
 sect, this appeared foolishness ; and he spoke of the 
 
1 68 THE HEBREWS OF THE EAST. 
 
 book as contemptible, and even hateful, and one that 
 nobody would have patience or perseverance to read ; 
 speaking evidently from hearsay, prejudice, and, 
 perhaps, a cursory survey; for Origen, one of the 
 greatest writers of early times, answers, that '' if any 
 one did really take the book into his hands, he would 
 find in it nothing worthy of hatred, or even of 
 laughter. In it a Christian is described as disputing 
 with a Jew from the Jewish Scriptures, and showing 
 that the prophecies about the Church meant Jesus. 
 The other replies to the argument vigorously, and in a 
 way not unbecoming the Jewish character he assumes." 
 
 By some, this dialogue was even said to have been 
 written by St. Luke ; but he would have been more 
 likely to take the Greek side than the Jew; and when 
 we regard the work as that of Aristo, the Israelite 
 Christian who stood as champion of his Church 
 before Hadrian, the hints we have respecting its 
 character accord well with the period. Every Jew 
 was then eager for mystic interpretations, and twisted 
 the Scriptures at will, putting strange meanings upon 
 the very letters, apart from the words ; but Aristo, true 
 Israelite of God in heart as well as by descent, seems to 
 have grasped the true meaning, and beheld the sub- 
 stance — which alone explained the shadows ; and 
 therewith he would bring conviction to the mind of his 
 hitherto blinded countryman "searching the Scrip- 
 tures," and thence " proving that this is very CHRIST." 
 
 So, amid the thunders of judgment, the soft still 
 small voice is heard, bringing to that remnant who 
 would hearken thereto the blessing of peace. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 QQADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 " For she is earthly, of the mind, 
 But wisdom heavenly, of the soul." 
 
 Tennyson, Kiiowledge and Wisdom. 
 
 Athens had lost all her old greatness, and never 
 revived. She had, indeed, become a sort of university, 
 to which the Roman youth resorted to give the last 
 poHsh to their education under Greek masters, in the 
 groves associated with great names of old when 
 thought was fresh ; but outwardly the city had never 
 recovered from the cruel pillage it had suffered from 
 Sulla more than a hundred years back ; and though on 
 its beauteous slope stood the most exquisite buildings 
 of ancient art, with the magnificent guardian goddess 
 Athene presiding over them, and the temples and 
 houses were of the most perfect taste, yet all was ruin 
 and decay; and the natives mostly lived in filthy 
 squalid huts, clustering between the fine old houses 
 which were left to totter to their fall, save when repaired 
 by some luxurious literary Roman who loved learned 
 ease, or when they served as a lodging for the young 
 men who contracted friendships as they wandered 
 together in the groves, revelled in the courts with 
 rose-garlanded heads, or, in their more serious hours, 
 
1 70 Q UA DRA TUS, THE PHIL OSOPHER, 
 
 took lessons in poetry, grammar, or rhetoric, listened 
 to the disputations of the philosophers under their 
 porticoes, and made up their mind whether to be 
 Stoics or Epicureans — whether their theory should be 
 to practise virtue for its own sake, or virtue as the 
 chief pleasure of life. For to hold one or other theor}^ 
 had become quite essential to a Roman gentleman, 
 and every one who considered himself to be a gentle- 
 man was also a Roman. 
 
 The wheat had long gone out of philosophy, but the 
 chaff was left, and at Athens the continual blowing it 
 backwards and forwards was a profitable occupation 
 and very fashionable. So when St. Paul came, the 
 wheat of his discourse was soon found too heavy for 
 Athens, and very few were his converts. 
 
 However, one of these converts was Dionysius the 
 Areopagite, — by which is probably meant a member 
 of the council that met in the open air upon the hill 
 of Ares, or Mars. Once that assembly had held the 
 destinies of Greece in their hands ; they had now little 
 more power than a mere town-council, but still, such 
 as it was, the recollection of grand old times lingered 
 around them, and few honours were more dignified in 
 sound than that of being one of the council of the 
 Areopagos. 
 
 There might be much that sounded like philosophy 
 when Paul, standing in the midst, declared that the 
 Athenians were too superstitious, and that they lowered 
 their notion of the Godhead by supposing it to be re- 
 presented by images graven by art and man's device, 
 So much clever heathens had made out, and in their 
 
QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 171 
 
 love of change and excitement they were ready to 
 hear of the unknown God whom they had ignorantly 
 worshipped ; but when he came to speak of the re- 
 surrection of the dead, the idea of a renewed hfe in 
 the worn-out body seemed to them for the most part 
 so preposterous, that the assembly broke up, and 
 would hear no more at that time. 
 
 They did not persecute; they were merely indif- 
 ferent ; their minds would play with a theory, but their 
 souls would not receive it. Only a woman named 
 Damaris, with this Dionysius and a few others, took 
 the word into their hearts, and found that they had 
 at last the light that alone could guide them out of 
 the darkness where they had groped so long. The 
 Apostle soon went away to the more hopeful city of 
 Corinth, the seat of government and a great mart, 
 where, if people were less intellectual, they were much 
 more in earnest. 
 
 It is said by ancient writers, that the small number 
 of Christians at Athens were placed under the charge 
 of Dionysius the Areopagite, and the Greek Church 
 counts him as the first Athenian bishop ; but it is 
 exceedingly difficult to distinguish between the many 
 who bore that favourite name of Dionysius, and mis- 
 takes- and fable have been busy with him. Greek 
 martyrologies declare him to have been burnt alive; 
 but this is not likely, as the Athenians were more 
 light-minded than cruel, and the taste for barbarity 
 had not yet set in. The French have tried to 
 believe that their favourite, " Saint Denys," who was 
 beheaded at Montmartre, was the Areopagite, but 
 
172 QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 this is impossible ; and there are also several writings 
 attributed to him which are evidently forgeries. 
 We can, however, think of him with some certainty 
 as the foremost of those believers who came to 
 Christianity by the road of philosophy, and found it 
 answer the needs of a mind already trained to think. 
 The Church at Athens was, however, small and lan- 
 guishing, while Corinth was the leading Church in 
 Greece until the time of Trajan, when a persecution 
 arose, in which the bishop was slain, and many of the 
 Christians fled to Athens. It would seem that this 
 was thought a favourable opportunity for establishing 
 a new bishopric there, and placing there as bishop a 
 scholar who could argue in the heathen schools. Ac- 
 cordingly Quadratus became ruler of the Athenian 
 Christians. 
 
 It is of the service rendered by Quadratus that 
 we must next speak. Tradition — not very well sup- 
 ported — makes him the Angel of Philadelphia who 
 was so highly blessed; but if so, he was removed 
 from thence before the death of Ignatius, and sent 
 to Athens. There might have been good reason for 
 this change, for Quadratus had been highly educated 
 in all Athenian learning and philosophy before he 
 became a Christian, and thus was fitter to uphold 
 the truth in that learned city than a less instructed 
 person. He awakened so excellent and faithful 
 a spirit, that after half a century the state of the 
 Athenian Church was cited by Origen to show the 
 power of Christianity: so different were the self- 
 restraint, order, and discipline there observed from the 
 
QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 173 
 
 tumultuary noise and fickleness for which the Athe- 
 nians were notorious in all public assemblies. 
 
 Quadratus put on his philosopher's robe, and went 
 out into the schools and porticoes to argue with the 
 teachers on their own ground. Indeed, Christian 
 purity and morality were working their way, and 
 thoughtful men, who despised and trampled on the 
 doctrine as far as they knew it, were setting up a 
 higher standard of conduct than ever they had known 
 before, and feeling sick at heart when they fell short 
 of it. Some of these were convinced by Quadratus, 
 but not in sufficient numbers to change the character 
 of the place, which continued the last citadel of 
 heathen philosophy long after the conversion of the 
 rest of the empire. Another Christian philosopher, 
 named Aristides, likewise upheld the cause of truth 
 by argument at the same time with Quadratus, and 
 endeavoured to show that they had found that as- 
 surance for which Plato had groped and stretched 
 forth his hands. 
 
 In the year 125 Athens was visited by the Emperor 
 Hadrian, soon after the first Jewish revolt had been 
 quelled, but before that of Barcocab. He was not 
 new to the place. As a boy he had studied there 
 with such success that he was called by the nick- 
 name of Graeculus, or the Young Greek. The Jews 
 thought him almost a proselyte, and he was con- 
 sidered to have all the accomplishments that were 
 regarded as essentially the ornament of the true 
 Attic born and bred scholar. He was, moreover, 
 an able and active warrior, and well worthy to be 
 
174 QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 adopted as the successor of his cousin Trajan ; and 
 he showed in bright colours what the old Roman 
 nature could be when tempered, without being weak- 
 ened, by Greek thought and refinement. 
 
 He was a great traveller, and a great builder ; and 
 Athens was looked upon as the centre of all poetical, 
 historical, or artistic associations. He endeavoured 
 to raise the city out of its ruins ; he completed the 
 magnificent temple to Zeus, which had been designed 
 on a scale of such splendour that it had been in course 
 of building ever since Athens had any history, and he 
 placed within it an image of the father of the gods 
 exquisitely worked in ivory and gold. Strange that 
 the temple, begun when Greece was striving for truth, 
 should be finished just when the mighty form of 
 heathen dominion with the head of gold and feet of 
 iron and clay was already being struck by the stone 
 cut out without hands. Other temples he built, how- 
 ever, which had no image in them ; and whether this 
 omission was merely from delay, or whether it was 
 accidental, the Christians augured from it that the 
 Emperor was beginning to understand that there was 
 a worship purer and higher than that which was paid 
 to the work of men's hands. 
 
 He was certainly endeavouring to probe to the 
 uttermost all that either heathen mythology or Greek 
 philosophy could teach, and was even admitted to the 
 mysteries of Eleusis, which were supposed to reveal to 
 the initiated the deepest of all secrets. 
 
 But persecution was so far carried on, that where a 
 governor was harsh or superstitious, the Christians 
 
Q UA DRA TUS, THE PHIL OSOFHER. 1 7 5 
 
 were sought out and put to death ; and, even under a 
 mild governor, the laws were such, that if a spiteful 
 neighbour laid an accusation against a Christian for 
 forsaking the gods, there was no choice but that the 
 edicts should take their course. 
 
 Indeed, some of the Christians themselves had 
 become inflamed with an exaggerated desire of 
 martyrdom, and, forgetting that God was to be served 
 by their lives as well as their deaths, they courted 
 torment and execution. When Arrius Antoninus, the 
 pro-consul of Asia, opened his tribunal for accusa- 
 tions against them, they came in such numbers of 
 their own accord to denounce themselves, that he 
 had no heart to permit them to be prosecuted, but 
 drove them away with an air of contempt. " If you 
 are weary of life," he said, ^' there is rope enough for 
 you to hang yourselves with." These wilful and pre- 
 sumptuous self-sacrifices were, however, always dis- 
 couraged by the Church, and it was observed that 
 none were so apt to flinch and give way at the first 
 touch of torture, or the immediate prospect of death, 
 as those who had run into the danger without 
 necessity. 
 
 It is plain that the persecution could not have been 
 hot throughout the greater part of the reign, since 
 there is no martyr of note on record in the lists pre- 
 served by the Churches, which were wont to be read 
 aloud at a part of their Communion Service, the 
 origin of that portion of our own where we thank 
 God for those departed in His faith and fear. It was 
 indeed said that Sophia, or Wisdom, with her three 
 
176 QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 daughters, Faith, Hope, and Charity, were put to 
 death under Hadrian at Rome ; but this was probably 
 an allegorical saying that is but too true of most 
 times and places, but which came in after-times to be 
 supposed to be the account of the martyrdom of four 
 real women. 
 
 Be this as it may, it is certain, that though the 
 Christians in Hadrian's time were not actively per- 
 secuted, yet they lived only on sufferance, and might 
 at any time be legally put to death ; and in order to 
 obtain toleration Quadratus and Aristides decided on 
 endeavouring to argue out the truth of their religion, so 
 that, even if the Emperor were not convinced, it might 
 at least be established as a philosophy. It was a work 
 well suited to the pupil of the Apostle who had met 
 the Gnostics on their own ground, and shown how the 
 Word, the manifestation, was coeval and integral with 
 God, even like the light with the flame. 
 
 The wise Greek pupil of the far-wiser Galilean 
 fisherman donned the robe of the philosopher, and 
 sought the Emperor under the shade of the portico, 
 where the noble and beautiful figure of Hadrian might 
 often be seen pacing the marble pavement, not so 
 much resting from the toils cf state as trying to slake 
 his thirst for satisfactory truth. 
 
 Before him then Quadratus stood and set forth his 
 Argument, or Apology as it was called. We know 
 nothing of it, except one sentence quoted by the 
 Church historian, Eusebius, saying that " The deeds 
 of our Saviour were always present, since they were 
 real ; and many of those who were healed, and 
 
QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 177 
 
 rose from the dead, were living even to his own 
 times." Nor is even one word preserved from the 
 Apology of Aristides : but both were listened to with 
 respect by the Emperor; and though they did not con- 
 vince him, he may have been struck by their wisdom 
 and learning ; and when the proconsul of Asia shortly 
 after wrote to tell him of the violence and cruelty 
 with which the Christians were used, he returned in 
 answer a letter commanding that they should only 
 suffer for direct transgressions of the law, and that 
 accusations evidently preferred out of spite and malice 
 should receive no attention. 
 
 Such was the victory won by Quadratus and Aris- 
 tides ; the more marked because Hadrian, a keen- 
 witted, satirical man, shortly after was so disgusted 
 with what he saw of the Alexandrians, as to write to 
 a friend that " They have but one god (/. e. Wealth) : 
 him. Christians, Jews, and Gentiles worship all alike." 
 Had all Christians been like these of Athens, what 
 might not have been the effect on the wise, thoughtful, 
 shrewd, and inquiring Hadrian } 
 
 And if it be true that Quadratus was the Angel of 
 Philadelphia, surely he did stand fast and keep the 
 Word, and denied not the Holy Name, holding fast 
 that which he had, and letting no man take his crown. 
 The simple, child-like Ignatius proved his love by 
 practical exhortation, and by victory over death ; the 
 highly-instructed Quadratus used his talents to prove 
 by human reasoning and argument the supreme 
 glory of Truth. One seemed to continue the likeness 
 of St. John in his character of Shepherd giving his 
 
 N 
 
178 QUADRATUS, THE PHILOSOPHER. 
 
 life for the sheep ; the other in the character of Divine, 
 setting forth the manifestation of the Godhead by- 
 force of argument. 
 
 The later life of Quadratus is not known. There 
 is only an uncertain report that after Hadrian's 
 departure, the Athenians rose upon him, pelted him 
 with stones, and drove him away, fearing lest his true 
 philosophy should destroy all the false ones, as Aaron's 
 rod swallowed those of the magicians, and that their 
 city would no longer be a place of resort. He is said 
 then to have gone to Magnesia, in Asia Minor ; but 
 all this is utterly uncertain. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 HOW POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN IN THE FIRE. 
 
 *♦ I bless Thee, Holiest Father, 
 
 I thank Thee, blessed Son, 
 Because the golden crown is near, 
 
 The race is nearly run. 
 God of all things created, 
 
 Angels and earthly power, 
 I praise Thee for the agony 
 
 Of this departing hour." — Mrs. Alexander, 
 
 The last survivors of the disciples of St. John were 
 Polycarp of Smyrna, Pothinus of Lyons, and Papias 
 of Hierapolis. Polycarp's name in Greek means " much 
 fruit," and he well fulfilled the promise of that ap- 
 pellation. The old Greek menologies (or histories of 
 saints and martyrs) report, but on what authority 
 is unknown, that he began life as a slave, but was 
 educated at the expense of a pious and charitable 
 lady named Calisto, who, while he was still a youth, 
 made him steward of her household, and afterwards 
 manumitted him. 
 
 Under Bucolus, the first Bishop of Smyrna, he was 
 made first catechist and then deacon; and at this 
 time he was much with St. John, gathering and trea- 
 
 N 2 
 
i8o HOJV POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN. 
 
 suring up his histories of our Blessed Lord and His 
 teaching; and on the death of Bucolus, young as 
 he was, he became Bishop of Smyrna. One author 
 says that it was he who had the charge of the youth' 
 who became a robber, and was reclaimed by St. John ; 
 but as this is not mentioned by the first writers 
 who tell the history, there is no reason for believing 
 it. Indeed, how faithful and vigilant an angel he was 
 to his Smyrniotes may be seen from the message 
 and promise to him. And twenty years later, as has 
 been said, it was to him that his old friend Ignatius 
 entrusted the charge of the forlorn Church of Antioch, 
 till a new pastor could be appointed. 
 
 The care of all the Churches, once borne by St. 
 Paul and then by St. John, was, on the death of 
 Ignatius, bestowed upon Polycarp ; and he wrote 
 letters to them, as need served, of which only one 
 is extant, — namely, one written soon after his fellow- 
 disciple Ignatius had taken his last leave of him, and 
 had been at Philippi, but before the full account of 
 his death had arrived. It begins thus : — 
 
 " Polycarp and the presbyters with him to the 
 .Church of God which is at Philippi. Mercy and 
 peace be multiplied upon you, from God Almighty, 
 and from the Lord jESUS Christ our Saviour. 
 
 " I have greatly rejoiced with you in the joy you 
 have had in our Lo;;d, in receiving those ensamples of 
 true charity, and having accompanied, as it well be- 
 came you, those who were bound with holy chains, 
 which are the diadems of the truly elect of God and 
 our Lord, and for that the strong root of your faith, 
 
HO IV POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. i8i 
 
 spoken of in the earliest times, endureth until now, 
 and bringeth forth fruit unto our Lord jESUS CHRIST, 
 who suffered for our sins, but whom God raised from 
 the dead, having loosed the pains of death; in Whom, 
 though ye see Him not, ye believe, and believing 
 rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory; into 
 which joy many desire to enter." 
 
 The mention of the faith of the Philippians, "spoken 
 of in the earliest times," is an allusion to St. Paul's 
 thanksgiving for " their fellowship in the Gospel from 
 the first day until now," in that "epistle of joy" 
 written in the severest part of his first imprisonment. 
 
 " ' Wherefore, girding up your loins,' ' serve the Lord 
 in fear' and truth, as those who have forsaken the 
 vain, empty talk and error of the multitude, and 'be- 
 lieved in Him who raised up our Lord jESUS CHRIST 
 from the dead, and gave Him glory,' and a throne at 
 His right hand. To Him all things in heaven and 
 on earth are subject. Him every spirit serves. He 
 comes as the Judge of the living and the dead. His 
 blood will God require of those who do not believe 
 in Him. But He who raised Him up from the dead 
 will raise up us also, if we do His will, and walk in 
 His commandments, and love what He loved, keeping 
 ourselves from all unrighteousness, covetousness, love 
 of money, evil-speaking, false-witness ; ' not rendering 
 evil for evil, or railing for railing,' or blov/ for blow, 
 or cursing for cursing, but being mindful of what the 
 Lord said in His teaching : ' Judge not, that ye be 
 not judged ; forgive, and it shall be forgiven unto 
 you ; be merciful, that ye may obtain mercy ; with 
 
i83 HOW POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 
 
 what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you 
 again ; ' and once more, * Blessed are the poor, and 
 those that are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for 
 theirs is the kingdom of God.* 
 
 " These things, brethren, I write to you concerning 
 righteousness, not because I take anything on myself, 
 but because ye have invited me thereto. For neither 
 I, nor any such as I, can come up to the wisdom of 
 the blessed and glorified Paul. He, when among you, 
 accurately and stedfastly taught the word of truth in 
 the presence of those who were then alive ; and when 
 absent from you, he wrote you a letter, which, if you 
 carefully study, you will find to be the means of 
 building you up in that faith which has been given 
 you, and which, being followed by hope and preceded 
 by love towards God, and Christ, and our neighbour, 
 is 'the Mother of us all' For if any one be in- 
 wardly possessed of these graces, he hath fulfilled 
 the command of righteousness, since he that hath love 
 is far from all sin. 
 
 " But * the love of money is the root of all evils.' 
 Knowing, therefore, that 'as we brought nothing into 
 the world, so we can carry nothing out,' let us arm 
 ourselves with the armour of righteousness ; and let 
 us teach, first of all, ourselves to walk in the com- 
 mandments of the Lord. Next teach your wives 
 to walk in the faith given to them, and in love and 
 purity tenderly loving their own husbands in all 
 truth, and loving all equally in all chastity ; and to 
 train up their children in the knowledge and fear of 
 God. Teach the widows to be discreet as respects 
 
HOW POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 183 
 
 the faith of the Lord, praying continually for all, 
 being far from all slandering, evil-speaking, false- 
 witnessing, love of money, and every kind of evil; 
 knowing that they are the altar of God, that He 
 clearly perceives all things, and that nothing is hid 
 from Him, neither reasonings, nor reflections, nor any 
 one of the secret things of the heart. 
 
 " Knowing, then, that ' God is not mocked,' we 
 ought to walk worthy of His commandment and 
 glory. In like manner should the deacons be blame- 
 less before the face of His righteousness, as being the 
 servants of God and Christ, and not of men. They 
 must not be slanderers, double-tongued, or lovers of 
 money, but temperate in all things, compassionate, 
 industrious, walking according to the truth of the 
 Lord, who was the servant of all. If we please Him 
 in this present world, we shall receive also the future 
 world, according as He has promised to us that He 
 will raise us again from the dead, and that if we live 
 worthily of Him, ' we shall also reign together with 
 Him,' provided only we believe. In like manner, let 
 the young men also be blameless in all things, being 
 especially careful to preser\^e purity, and keeping 
 themselves in, as with a bridle, from every kind of 
 evil. For it is well that they should be cut off from 
 the lusts that are in the world, since 'every lust 
 warreth against the spirit ; ' nor shall they who do 
 such things inherit the kingdom of God, nor those 
 who do things inconsistent and unbecoming. Where- 
 fore, it is needful to abstain from all these things, 
 being subject to the presbyters and deacons, as unto 
 
i84 HOW POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN, 
 
 God and Christ. The virgins also must walk in a 
 blameless and pure conscience. 
 
 "And let the presbyters be compassionate and 
 merciful to all, bringing back those that wander, 
 visiting all the sick, and not neglecting the widow, 
 the orphan, or the poor, but always 'providing for 
 that which is becoming in the sight of God and men ; ' 
 abstaining from all wrath, respect of persons, and 
 unjust judgment ; keeping far off from all covetous- 
 ness, not quickly crediting an evil report against any 
 one, not severe in judgment, as knowing that we 
 are all under a debt of sin. If then we entreat the 
 Lord to forgive us, we ought also ourselves to forgive; 
 for we are before the eyes of our Lord and God, and 
 ' we must all appear at the judgment-seat of Christ, 
 and must every one give an account of himself.' Let 
 us then serve Him In fear, and with all reverence, 
 even as He himself has commanded us, and as the 
 apostles who preached the Gospel unto us, and the 
 prophets who proclaimed beforehand the coming of 
 the Lord have alike taught us. Let us be zealous 
 in the pursuit of that which Is good, keeping ourselves 
 from causes of offence, from false brethren, and from 
 those who in hypocrisy bear the name of the Lord, 
 and draw away vain men into error. 
 
 '"For whosoever does not confess that Jesus Christ 
 has come In the flesh, Is antichrist ; ' and whosoever 
 does not confess the testimony of the cross, is of the 
 devil ; and whosoever perverts the oracles of the Lord 
 to his own lusts, and says that there is neither a resur- 
 rection nor a judgment, he is the first-born of Satan. 
 
HO IV POLY CARP PLAYED THE MAN, 
 
 Wherefore, forsaking the vanity of many, and their 
 false doctrines, let us return to the word which has 
 been handed down to us from the beginning; Svatch- 
 ing unto prayer,' and persevering in fasting ; beseech- 
 ing in our supplications the all-seeing God 'not to 
 lead us into temptation,' as the Lord has said : * The 
 spirit truly is willing, but the flesh is weak.' 
 
 " Let us then continually persevere in our hope, 
 and the earnest of our righteousness, which is Jesus 
 Christ, 'who bore our sins in His own body on the 
 tree/ 'who did no sin, neither was guile found in 
 His mouth,' but endured all things for us, that we 
 might live in Him. Let us then be imitators of His 
 patience ; and if we suffer for His name's sake, let 
 us glorify Him. For He hath set us this example 
 in Himself, and we have believed that such is the 
 case. 
 
 " I exhort you all, therefore, to yield obedience to 
 the word of righteousness, and to exercise all patience, 
 such as ye have seen set before your eyes, not only 
 in the case of the blessed Ignatius, and Zosimus, and 
 Rufus, but also in others among yourselves, and in 
 Paul himself, and the rest of the apostles. This do 
 in the assurance that all these have not run in vain, 
 but in faith and righteousness, and that they are [now] 
 in their due place in the presence of the Lord, with 
 whom also they suffered. For they loved not this 
 present world, but Him who died for us, and for our 
 sakes was raised again by God from the dead. 
 
 " Stand fast, therefore, in these things, and follow 
 the example of the Lord, being firm and unchange- 
 
i86 710 PV POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 
 
 able in the faith, loving the brotherhood, and being 
 attached to one another, joined together in the truth, 
 exhibiting the meekness of the Lord in your inter- 
 course with one another, and despising no one. When 
 you can do good, defer it not, because ' alms delivers 
 from death.' Be all of you subject one to another, 
 * having your conduct blameless among the Gentiles/ 
 that ye may both receive praise for your good works, 
 and the Lord may not be blasphemed through you. 
 But w^oe to him by whom the name of the Lord is 
 blasphemed ! Teach, therefore, sobriety to all, and 
 manifest it also in your own conduct. 
 
 " I am greatly grieved for Valens, who was once a 
 presbyter among you, because he so little understands 
 the place that was given him in the Church. I 
 exhort you, therefore, that ye abstain from covetous- 
 ness, and that ye be chaste and truthful. 'Abstain 
 from every form of evil.' For if a man cannot govern 
 himself in such matters, how shall he enjoin them 
 on others .? If a man does not keep himself from 
 covetousness, he shall be defiled by idolatry, and 
 shall be judged as one of the heathen. But who of 
 us are ignorant of the judgment of the Lord } *Do 
 we not know that the saints shall judge the world } ' 
 as Paul teaches. But I have neither seen nor heard 
 of any such thing among you, in the midst of whom 
 the blessed Paul laboured, and who are commended 
 in the beginning of his epistle. For he boasts of you 
 in all those Churches which alone then knew the 
 Lord ; but we of Smyrna had not yet known Him. 
 I am deeply grieved therefore, brethren, for him 
 
HOW POLY CARP PLA YED THE MAN. 187 
 
 (Valens) and his wife ; to whom may the Lord grant 
 true repentance ! And be ye then moderate in regard 
 to this matter, and ' do not count such as enemies,' 
 but call them back as suffering and straying members, 
 that ye may save your whole body. For by so acting 
 ye shall edify yourselves. 
 
 '' For I trust that ye are well versed in the sacred 
 Scriptures, and that nothing is hid from you ; but to 
 me this privilege is not yet granted. It is declared 
 then in these Scriptures, * Be ye angry, and sin not/ 
 and ' Let not the sun go down upon your v/rath.' 
 Happy is he who remembers this, which I believe to 
 be the case with you. But may the God and Father 
 of our Lord Jesus Christ, and Jesus Christ him • 
 self, who is the Son of God, and our everlasting High 
 Priest, build you up in faith and truth, and in all 
 meekness, gentleness, patience, long-suffering, forbear- 
 ance, and purity ; and may He bestow on you a lot 
 and portion among His saints, and on us with 3^ou, 
 and on all that are under heaven who shall believe 
 in our Lord Jesus Christ, and in His Father, who 
 * raised him from the dead.' Pray for all the saints. 
 Pray also for kings, and potentates, and princes, and 
 for those that persecute and hate you, and for the 
 enemies of the cross, that your fruit may be manifest 
 to all, and that ye may be perfect in Him. 
 
 " Both you and Ignatius wrote to me, that if any 
 one went from hence into Syria, he should carry your 
 letter with him ; which request I will attend to if I 
 find a fitting opportunity, either personally, or through 
 some other acting for me, that your desire may be 
 
i38 HO IV POLY CARP PLA YED THE MAN. 
 
 fulfilled. The epistles of Ignatius written by him to 
 us, and all the rest of his epistles which we have by 
 us, we have sent to you, as you requested. They are 
 subjoined to this epistle, and by them ye may be 
 greatly profited : for they treat of faith and patience, 
 and all things that tend to edification in our Lord. 
 Any more certain information you may have obtained 
 respecting both Ignatius himself, and those that 
 were with him, have the goodness to make known 
 to us. 
 
 " These things I have written to you by Crescens, 
 whom up to the present time I have recommended 
 unto you, and do now recommend. For he has acted 
 blamelessly among us, and I believe also among you. 
 Moreover, ye will hold his sister in esteem when she 
 comes to you. Be ye safe in the Lord Jesus ChriST. 
 Grace be with you all. Amen." 
 
 Such is the letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, 
 like those of his friend Ignatius, evidently formed on 
 the model of St. Paul's less argumentative Epistles ; 
 full of a calm and tender affection, and no doubt 
 greatly cheering the Christians by the sense of union 
 and fellow-feeling which they so highly valued, as 
 giving them the sense of oneness and fellowship in 
 the midst of the hostile world around. Of Zosimus 
 and Rufus, the martyrs, we have no knoAvledge, nor 
 of the fallen presbyter, Valens. 
 
 However, even among orthodox Christians, the 
 germs of a serious difference were at this time 
 beginninp- to make themselves felt. St. John had 
 
HO IV POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN. 189 
 
 always followed the Jewish rule in celebrating the 
 Paschal feast. He had always reckoned the day of 
 killing the passover as the fourteenth of the moon 
 after the spring equinox, and kept it in memory of 
 the Sacrifice of the Lamb of God, and the third day 
 after it as the great Day of Resurrection, without heed 
 to what day of the week these might fall upon ; and 
 in this he was followed by all the Churches he had 
 planted in Asia. 
 
 But the Churches of Rome and of Egypt thought 
 that the original days of the week must be observed, 
 and they kept the day of the Lord's death always on 
 the Friday, the Resurrection feast always on the 
 Lord's day after the first full moon from the equinox 
 of 2 1st of March ; and the Christians, who would fain 
 have united in all mourning, all rejoicing, at the 
 same time, were seriously concerned at this want of 
 uniformity. 
 
 At this time Hadrian was dead, and the kindly, 
 gentle-hearted emperor, Antoninus Pius, had put forth 
 an edict favourable to the Christians ; and this gave 
 Polycarp an opportunity of journeying to Rome, to 
 consult with Anicetus, the ruling bishop, upon the 
 matter. There he could learn in full freshness all 
 he had desired to know of the constancy of his friend 
 Ignatius ; and there the Roman Christians reverently 
 collected every precious detail that fell from him of 
 the sayings and doings of the holy men he had known 
 in his youth. 
 
 There were differences in the habits of the two 
 Churches. Not only was the language of the one 
 
190 HOW POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN. 
 
 Greek and of the other Latin, but, while essentials 
 were the same, slightly different formulas prevailed, 
 over which Polycarp and Anicetus had much conver- 
 sation, but most friendly and affectionate; and although 
 Anicetus with ten other bishops decided that their 
 Church could not keep their Resurrection feast on any 
 but the first day of the week, and Polycarp could not 
 give up the practice endeared to him by that Apostle 
 who stood first by the empty tomb, — yet the two 
 good men treated one another with all love and reve- 
 rence; and Anicetus caused Polycarp, as the elder 
 and greater, to consecrate the Holy Eucharist in the 
 assemblies of the Church while he was at Rome.* 
 
 The historian does not tell us where these assem- 
 blies took place, but it may well be believed that they 
 were in those wonderful mysterious galleries of tufa, 
 where the Christian slaves, having long been set to 
 perform their daily labour, had found a resting-place 
 for their dead and a refuge for the living. Deep 
 underground, in excavations carefully hollowed out, 
 with the memorials of departed brethren on the sides 
 of the cavern around them, and the little oil lamps 
 contending with the deep darkness of the vaults on 
 every side of them, would Polycarp and Anicetus 
 have together ministered to the adoring assembly, 
 who listened with awe and gladness to he words that 
 fell from him who had been taught by the last and 
 best beloved of the holy Twelve. 
 
 * Some render the sentence to mean only that Polycarp was present 
 at the celebration ; but this would have been hardly worth recorditig, 
 as it would have been a matter of course. 
 
HOW POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN. 191 
 
 Polycarp, speaking with authority so directly de- 
 rived from St. John, is said to have settled the minds 
 of many at Rome, who were insecure of the truth. 
 He was much shocked at the various loose doctrines 
 he was told of at Rome, and used to stop his ears, 
 crying, " Good God, to what times hast Thou reserved 
 me, that I should hear such things as these ! " He 
 told the story of St. John's fleeing from the bath 
 where Cerinthus was; and when Marcion, a mis- 
 chievous false teacher, met him, and asked if he knew 
 who he was, he answered, " I know thee for the eldest 
 son of Satan." We learn these facts from Irenseus, 
 a very careful writer, who heard them at Rome from 
 those who had conversed with Polycarp. And thus 
 the strong spirit of contending for the purity of the 
 faith had descended from St. John upon the great 
 Smyrniot bishop. 
 
 He returned to his round of duties at Smyrna: 
 years passed on, and he became an extremely old 
 man, hale and vigorous indeed, but still that crown 
 of martyrdom, which had seemed to be promised to 
 him through St. John, came not, and it appeared 
 as if he would fall asleep peaceably like the great 
 Apostle. 
 
 At length, however, times began to change. The 
 reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, was one of the 
 most excellent of the purple-robed philosophers of 
 the second century; but it was a time of great trouble 
 in the empire, a period of famine, earthquakes, and 
 pestilences, fire and sword. The merciful edicts gained 
 by Quadratus from Hadrian, and continued by Anto- 
 
192 HOW POLYCARP PL A YED THE MAN. 
 
 ninus Pius, were allowed to fall into oblivion, and the 
 excitement of the people in their grief and terror was 
 permitted to expend itself upon the Christians. ; 
 
 Smyrna, beneath whose fertile soil are those volcanic 
 influences that continually rock it with earthquake, 
 had been especially alarmed, both by these and by 
 a deadly pestilence that had been brought by the 
 legions on their return from Syria. The proconsul 
 of Syria, Statins Ouadratus, gave licence to the fury 
 of the multitude, and the worst persecution began 
 that had yet raged. It is evident that so mxuch of the 
 old Greek republican constitution remained, that the 
 decision for life or death partly rested with the citizens ; 
 and of these there seems to have been a large propor- 
 tion of Jews, who, in spite of the general depression of 
 their race, seem to have there retained much prosperity, 
 and were even of weight in public affairs. Some 
 Christians were frightfully scourged to make them 
 reveal the rites of unholiness that the Pagans fancied 
 they practised in their assemblies, and the tribulation 
 foretold in their message from heaven was indeed ful- 
 filled in them, but without shaking their constancy. 
 
 In especial was observed a young man named 
 German icus, who, when brought before the tribunal 
 and entreated by the proconsul to take pity on his 
 own youth and to yield so far as to sacrifice to the 
 gods, made no answer, but was led cheerfully into the 
 amphitheatre, and offered himself to the beasts with 
 visible joy. The sight of his unmoved looks added 
 fresh fuel to the fury of the Smyrniotes, who shouted 
 with one voice, "Away with the atheists ! Seek for 
 
HOW POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 193 
 
 Polycarp ! " In the general excitement, another young 
 Christian sprang forward, presented himself to the 
 proconsul, and demanded to be martyred ; but no 
 sooner did he behold the beasts than his nerves failed, 
 and, turning pale with terror, he sacrificed to the gods, 
 and became a warning to the Christians against trans- 
 gressing the wise rule of the Church, that no one 
 should present himself or court the fiery trial of 
 martyrdom. 
 
 The aged bishop himself had obeyed these orders, 
 and yielded to the entreaties of his friends by retiring 
 from the city into a little village in the country ; but 
 the foreboding that his crown was almost won was 
 strong upon him, and he dreamt that he saw his bed 
 in flames. Shortly after, two children from the village 
 were seized. One allowed himself to be beaten to 
 death rather than betray his bishop. The other, under 
 torture, revealed his hiding-place ; and Herodes, a 
 Smyrniote magistrate, whose office it was to arrest 
 criminals, sent out a party of horsemen to surround 
 his house. He gave himself up to them, only saying, 
 " The will of the Lord be done," and desired that pro- 
 visions should be set before them ; and while they 
 regaled themselves he prayed for two hours. It was 
 the " great Sabbath," no doubt our Easter-eve, when 
 in the morning they mounted him on an ass, and §et 
 forth for the city in the coolness of the sunrise. On 
 the way Herodes, in a chariot with his father, met 
 them, and took the prisoner up with them ; where 
 they began to argue with him upon the inexpediency 
 of throwing away his life. " What is the harm," they 
 
 o 
 
194 HOW POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN, 
 
 said, "of calling Caesar Lord, or even of sacrificing, 
 when life is to be saved ? " 
 
 This title was given to Caesar in an idolatrous sense, 
 such as had led the earlier emperors to refuse it, and 
 Polycarp made no answer at first, until, on being hard 
 pressed, he said, " I shall never do what you ask." 
 They were so angry as to push the old man out of the 
 chariot, when he fell and severely bruised his leg ; but 
 he made no complaint, and was led on to the city, 
 where the proconsul's tribunal was already set — it 
 would appear as if in the Stadium, or amphitheatre, 
 — an unusual place for a trial ; but as Polycarp's fate 
 was virtually decided, the proconsul may have grati- 
 fied the populace by pronouncing the judgment before 
 the greatest possible number of auditors. Among 
 them were many of his own flock, anxious to hear and 
 see the glorious confession he was sure to witness, and 
 these declared that they heard a voice speak to him 
 from heaven, saying, " Be strong, Polycarp, quit thy- 
 self like a man ;" but the whole building was echoing 
 all round with shouts of exultation, more fearful than 
 the roars of beasts of prey, as dissolute Asiatic, 
 luxurious lady, worldly merchant, ruffianly soldier, 
 homeless and embittered Jew, degraded slave, be- 
 held at last upon the sand-strev/n arena that old 
 man whose purity, simplicity, and love had been a 
 standing reproach to them through the whole of 
 their lives. 
 
 The proconsul, new to the place and scene, was 
 struck by the serene majesty of the aged man, and 
 the fortitude which recalled the tales of old Roman 
 
HOW POL YCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 195 
 
 nobleness. He entreated Polycarp to " Regard his 
 great age, say * Take away the godless/ and swear by 
 the genius of Caesar." 
 
 Turning his eyes round about upon the faces of the 
 pagan multitude, Polycarp sighed, looked up to heaven 
 and said, " Take away the godless." 
 
 " Swear by the genius of Caesar," continued Statius, 
 " and I will release thee, when thou hast denounced 
 thy Christ." 
 
 " Eighty and six years have I served Him," was 
 Polycarp's answer, "nor hath He ever done me 
 wrong. Why then should I denounce my King 
 and Saviour.?" 
 
 **At least," said Statius, "swear by the genius of 
 Caesar." 
 
 This genius was the being supposed to be at- 
 tached to the fortune of each man, as guardian of 
 his life ; and Polycarp would thus have acknowledged 
 paganism. He answered : " Hear my confession. 
 I am a Christian, and if you would know what 
 that meaneth, appoint me a day, and I will show 
 thee." 
 
 " Persuade the people," replied the proconsul. 
 
 " To thee," replied Polycarp, " I am bound to speak, 
 since we are bidden to render their due to the powers 
 that be ; but yonder people are not my judges that I 
 should plead to them." 
 
 " Knowest thou not," said Statius, vexed at his 
 resolution, " that I have beasts to which I will cast 
 thee if thou yieldest not } " 
 
 " Let them come/' said Polycarp : " I will not turn 
 O 2 
 
196 HOW POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 
 
 from good to evil ; but from evil to good it is well to 
 pass I " 
 
 " If thou despisest the beasts, thou shalt be burnt 
 with fire," said the proconsul. 
 
 "Thou dost threat me with a flame that is soon 
 burnt out," said Polycarp, " but knowest not the ever- 
 lasting fire that awaits the wicked. Delay not ; bring 
 whatever thou wilt." 
 
 His bright face, upright form, and the joy that 
 spread over his countenance, beautiful with a holy 
 old age, struck all the beholders, and he must 
 have been at least a hundred years old, since he 
 must have reckoned his eighty-six years of service 
 from his conversion. He had been bishop at least 
 seventy years, and had been faithful through all of 
 them ! 
 
 The proconsul fulfilled the ceremony of sending 
 round a herald to announce, " Polycarp has confessed 
 himself a Christian." 
 
 Out burst Jews and Greeks with many voices : 
 " The teacher of Asia ! the father of Christians ! the 
 foe of the gods ! Away with him ! — with him who 
 forbids to worship ! The beasts for Polycarp ! " 
 
 It was, however, the last day of the games : the 
 beast shows were over; and to produce the animals 
 was against the rules. " Fire," was then the cry ; and 
 so eager was the populace, that they hurried off" — the 
 Jews eagerly assisting — to bring in fagots from the 
 shops and the baths. 
 
 When the pile was ready, Polycarp loosed his girdle, 
 and bent to remove his sandals, an office that his 
 
HO IV POL YCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 1 97 
 
 disciples were wont in their love to perform for him. 
 When the executioners would have fastened him to 
 the stake with nails, as seems to have been the cruel 
 Smyrniot fashion, he said, " It is needless ; leave me 
 alone. He who gives me strength to endure the flame 
 will enable me to stand firm on the pile." They con- 
 tented themselves with tying his hands behind his 
 back; and then, as the fagots were kindled, even as 
 the Three Children sang praises in the fire, Polycarp 
 broke forth with a loud voice in a thanksgiving, with 
 almost the same opening that is found as a Eucha- 
 ristic hymn in the oldest records of the worship of the 
 Eastern Church, and in substance as well as words 
 much resembling our highest act of praise at the Holy 
 Communion. Those Christians whom their venerable 
 bishop had led to sing it at their holiest moments for 
 so many years, who would naturally have sung it with 
 him on the next day at their Easter Communion, 
 must have been thrilled with rapture as well as grief 
 as they heard his voice uplifted : 
 
 " Lord God Almighty, Father of our Lord Jesus 
 Christ, Thy blessed and beloved Son, through whom 
 we have received the grace of knowing Thee. God 
 of angels and powers, God of all things created, and 
 of the just who live in Thy presence, I bless Thee 
 for having brought me to this hour that I may be 
 among Thy martyrs and drink of the cup of my Lord 
 Jesus Christ, to rise to eternal life in the incorruption 
 of the Holy Ghost. Receive me this day into Thy 
 presence together with them, being found in Thy light 
 as a fair and acceptable sacrifice prepared for Thyself, 
 
198 HO IV POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN. 
 
 that so Thou mayest accomplish what Thou, O true 
 and faithful God, hast foreshown. Wherefore I praise 
 Thee for all Thy mercies : I bless Thee, I glorify 
 Thee, through the eternal High Priest, jESUS Christ, 
 Thy beloved Son, with whom to Thyself and the 
 Holy Ghost, be glory both now and for ever. 
 Amen." 
 
 As that universal Eucharistic hymn sounded in the 
 aged saint's voice, the flame arose from the light 
 fagots, and, caught by the wind, swelled out, like the 
 sail of a ship, into an arch or canopy of glory, in the 
 midst of which the form of Polycarp was seen, still 
 praying but untouched ; and the aromatic woods of 
 the fagots, gathered in haste from baths and shops, 
 gave out a sweet odour that seemed to the awe-struck 
 Christians like the incense of the sacrifice. 
 
 " God's elements are merciful, 
 Man only mocks His will; 
 The raging fire had spared the Saint, 
 The sword had power to kill." 
 
 God's providence working through natural means 
 had mercifully spared His aged servant the agony 
 of the fiery death to which he had willingly offered 
 himself, but without depriving him of his long-pro- 
 mised crown, which, as he said in his thanksgiving, 
 God himself had foreshown. The spectators, dis- 
 appointed at the failure of the flame, called out to 
 one of the conftxtores, or men whose business it was 
 to despatch the wounded in their savage sports, to 
 kill the old man at once. A short sword was plunged 
 into his left side, and such an effusion of blood took 
 
HOW POLYCARP PLAYED THE MAN. 199 
 
 place as to quench the smouldering remnant of the 
 fire. The Christians would have watched and kept 
 the body with something of the feeling with which 
 Polycarp's master and the sorrowing women had 
 watched a holier corpse on Easter-eve 133 years 
 before ; but the Jews, divining their intention, repre- 
 sented to the heathen that they would, if they had 
 the body, leave the Crucified to worship it, — " little 
 knowing," as the Christians said, " that we can never 
 leave jESUS CHRIST, nor adore any other. We do, 
 indeed, honour the martyrs, but only as His disciples 
 and imitators, who have given the greatest marks of 
 love to their King and Master." 
 
 The proconsul bade the centurion burn the body ; 
 but on that Easter-night some Christians crept back 
 and secured a few bones, which they buried on the 
 hill-side, and over which a small Christian church still 
 stands. It was on Easter-eve, the 25th of April, 166, 
 that Polycarp suffered with his Lord, at two o'clock 
 in the afternoon, and went to receive his crown, and 
 sing his song of praise, and keep his feast of the Lamb 
 among those whom St. John had seen on the sea of 
 glass mingled with fire. 
 
 The story of his death is given thus minutely in a 
 letter from the Smyrniote Church to the Christians at 
 Philomelium, relating the particulars. One transcriber 
 seems to have mistaken the Greek word meaning the 
 left side, for one that means a dove ; and thus a belief 
 arose that a dove had risen from Polycarp's side when 
 the sword had been thrust into it. But, otherwise, the 
 
200 NOJV POLYCARP PLA YED THE MAN. 
 
 history had nothing of the miraculous, though much 
 of the merciful in it ; and the Churches of Asia might 
 well dwell upon it as a most blessed and hopeful 
 encouragement to be like Polycarp, — " faithful unto 
 death," so as to win " a crown of life " 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 PAPIAS AND MELITO, THE CREDULOUS AND THE THOUGHTFUL 
 BELIEVER. 
 
 " T could have deem'd one spake from heaven, 
 Of hope and joy, of life and death, 
 And immortality through faith." 
 
 Archbishop Trench, Justm Martyr. 
 
 We have already seen how many were the perils 
 which the writings of the early Church underwent, — a 
 sort of sifting process, as it were, which has brought 
 only a few down to our times. 
 
 This is the case with Papias, apparently another of 
 the pupils of St. John, of whom very little is known, 
 except that he was ruler of the Church of Hierapolis, 
 one of the chief Phrygian cities. Judging by his name, 
 which means " the fatherly," he was probably of Greek 
 extraction, but he must early have become a disciple, 
 and as a youth he obtained much instruction from 
 St. John, and likewise conversed with two of the 
 daughters of Philip the Deacon. 
 
 It may be remembered that when St. Paul was at 
 Csesarea, he lodged in the house of this Philip, the 
 
202 PAPIAS AND MELITO. 
 
 same who had baptized the Ethiopian eunuch, and 
 who '' had four daughters, virgins, who did pro- 
 phesy." One of these four is said to have married, 
 the other two hved on together at Hierapolis, pro- 
 bably as deaconesses, virgins who are called widows, 
 as Ignatius said ; and from these holy women Papias 
 learnt many particulars concerning our Lord and His 
 Apostles. 
 
 Of him Eusebius, the Church historian of the fourth 
 century, says : — 
 
 Papias (according to Irenaeus), a disciple of St. 
 John and companion of Polycarp — though himself 
 does nowhere say that he conversed with any of the 
 Apostles, but only with those that had been intimate 
 with them — wrote five books, which he entitled 
 " Explications of the Oracles of Christ," where he 
 has inserted a great variety of remarkable particulars, 
 communicated to him by those who had known the 
 Apostles, and lets us understand that he made it his 
 business, as it fell in his way, to inquire after the 
 sayings of Andrew, or Philip, pr Peter, or Thomas, or 
 any other of the Apostles. He tells us (what Philip's 
 daughters had imparted to him) of a dead body 
 raised to life again : and how that Justus, surnamed 
 Barsabas, having drunk a draught of poison, received 
 no manner of hurt or indisposition by it ; and that 
 St. Matthew wrote his Gospel in Hebrew, leaving it 
 to the reader to interpret for himself His writings 
 have some passages in them legendary and ground- 
 less, particularly his opinion that, after the Resurrec- 
 tion, Christ should reign visibly a thousand years 
 
PAP I AS AND MELITO. 203 
 
 upon earth, which he was led into, being a plain and 
 illiterate man, " by misunderstanding some allegorical 
 and mystic expressions of the Apostles;" and after- 
 wards, the earliness of his authority drew others into 
 the same error. 
 
 Thus we learn from Iren^eus that Papias both 
 said and wrote that the disciples reported that they 
 had heard from our Lord that the days should 
 come in which the vines should have ten thousand 
 branches, each branch ten thousand twigs, each 
 twig ten thousand shoots, each shoot ten thousand 
 bunches, each bunch ten thousand grapes, and each 
 grape should give twenty-five measures of wine; 
 and when one of the saints should lay hold of a 
 cluster, another should cry out, " I am a better 
 cluster ; bless the Lord through me ; " — that wheat 
 should in like manner multiply ten thousandfold, all 
 the fruits of the earth be in due proportion, and all the 
 beasts of prey become peaceable. 
 
 Understood literally, this is of course utterly unlike 
 anything we know of our blessed Lord's unearthly 
 teaching, yet it does sound like v/h^it a literal and 
 narrow mind, listening to mere word-of-mouth nar- 
 rations, might make of the parable of the Vine, and 
 of the Sower, or of the Grain of Mustard-seed ; and 
 we also see how providential and how merciful it 
 was that the real words of our Lord were so early 
 recorded by two eye-witnesses, and by two scholarly 
 men, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, instead 
 of being left to the versions that good but dull-minded 
 believers might make of them. 
 
204 PAPIAS AND MELITO. 
 
 As to matters of fact, Papias related that which is 
 generally believed, both on his and on internal autho- 
 rity, — namely, that St. Mark's Gospel was drawn up 
 from the teachings of St. Peter, and was not meant 
 to be a full narrative in the exact order in which the 
 events took place. 
 
 He also said that Judas' death was occasioned 
 by being run over by a carriage, which is certainly 
 inconsistent with St. Luke's narrative; and he fur- 
 ther explained the four Maries in the Gospels to have 
 been Mary, the mother of our Lord ; Mary, wife 
 of Cleophas ; Mary Salome, wife of Zebedee ; and 
 Mary Magdalene ; adding that the three first were 
 sisters, and that James, Simon, Thaddeus, and Joseph 
 were sons of Cleophas, and James and John of 
 Zebedee. The custom of giving daughters of a family 
 the same name was not uncommon in those days, and 
 this explanation so far agrees with what we gather 
 from the Gospels that it may be admitted. A man 
 who would confuse parable into material prophecy, 
 would still not be unlikely to thread his way clearly 
 in genealogical details. 
 
 And in him we find that there can be small clear- 
 ness of intellect even in holy and good men, and that a 
 feeble, simple mind may yet learn the true qualities 
 of a Christian enough to be loved and honoured by 
 saints, and to become worthy of their companion- 
 ship, not by word, but by deed. For all that is 
 further known of Papias is, that he died a martyr in 
 the same persecution as did his far abler companion, 
 Polycarp ; but even the scene of his death is not cer- 
 
PAPIAS AND MELITO. 205 
 
 tain, some saying that he was slain at Hierapolis, 
 others that he was taken to Rome with Onesimus of 
 Ephesus, and there put to death. However that may 
 be, he has attained to the fruition of those good things 
 of God of which he talked with such literal sim 
 plicity. 
 
 Of Aristion, who is also spoken of as being able to 
 tell of St. John's teaching, nothing is known. A more 
 able man, who must have been brought up by the 
 immediate pupils of St. John, was governing the 
 Church of Sardis ; which would seem to have for 
 a time improved in faith and love. This was Melito, 
 of whom very little is known, except that he is said to 
 have written numerous books, which were very highly 
 esteemed. One letter of his to his brother Onesimus 
 has been preserved, which is very remarkable, since 
 it relates that, at his brother's desire, he made a 
 journey to Jerusalem in order to obtain accurate 
 knowledge which were the genuine books of the 
 Old Testament, and to make extracts from them. 
 He subjoins a list of all excepting the Books of 
 Esther and Nehemiah, which he probably included 
 under the title of Ezra. He says he "went up to 
 the East, and reached the place where they were 
 preached and done." This probably means that he 
 went among the Judaic Christians, who would still 
 have copies of the Hebrew Scriptures. It would 
 appear by this that the Gentile Christians had not 
 for the most part had access to the Scriptures of the 
 elder covenant ; or it may be that in the Greek trans- 
 lation, called the Septuagint, they could not always 
 
2o6 PAPIAS AND MELITO. 
 
 distinguish between the apocryphal and the inspired 
 writings. At any rate, Mehto's is the earhest direct 
 Christian testimony to the canon of the Old Testa- 
 ment, and the pains and care he took are manifest. 
 He wrote many other books, whose titles alone 
 remain to us. One was on the Lord's Day, another on 
 Hospitality, another on Baptism. One was called ''The 
 Key," and there was a comment on the Apocalypse, 
 which, coming so soon after the death of St. John, 
 would have been most interesting and edifying. Books 
 of a philosophical cast are also ascribed to Melito, 
 — namely, one " On the Obedience of the Senses 
 to Faith," and " On Soul and Body, or of Mind." 
 These would make it appear that Melito, with the 
 Greek subtlety of mind, had entered on the abstract 
 questions of metaphysics, and tried to think out the 
 mysteries of human nature, as well as of grace ; and 
 thus he was fitted to address an argument or apology 
 in favour of the Christians to the Emperor Marcus 
 Aurelius, of which three fragments have been copied 
 by Eusebius into his Church history. Melito writes 
 to complain that by the local decrees of the cities, as 
 we may suppose, " the servants of God are persecuted 
 throughout Asia. The shameless informers, greedy 
 of other men's wealth, avail themselves of the pretext 
 of the decrees to plunder openly day and night, rob- 
 bing the innocent." After mentioning others of the 
 wrongs endured by Christians, he continues : " If this 
 is by your order, be it so, it is well done ; a just prince 
 never commands what is unjust, and we willingly re- 
 ceive the reward of such a death. Our only entreaty is, 
 
PA PI AS AND ME LI TO. 207 
 
 that you should know for yourself who they are who 
 are accused of obstinacy, and then judge justly whether 
 they are worthy of death and torment, or of safety 
 and peace. But if it be not from you that have 
 emanated this new counsel and decree, scarcely fit 
 indeed to put forth against barbarous enemies, we 
 entreat you the more instantly not to abandon us to 
 this mob-pillage." 
 
 After this entreaty to the wise and kindly Emperor 
 to look into the case for himself, Melito begins to 
 defend the faith which its enemies represented as an 
 obstinate superstition. 
 
 " Our philosophy," he says, " arose first among bar- 
 barians in the great reign of your ancestor Augustus, 
 and brought signal blessings to your empire, for since 
 that time the Roman State has constantly increased 
 in might and glory. You have succeeded happily 
 thereto, and together with your son will preserve it, 
 if you will keep this philosophy, which arose with the 
 empire, and which your forefathers respected together 
 with other religions. And the greatest proof that our 
 faith has flourished for good together with the empire 
 is, that no reverse has befallen you since the time of 
 Augustus, but that all has been prosperity and glory, 
 according to the prayer of all Nero and Domitian 
 alone, by the persuasion of designing men, would 
 have decried our doctrine, and from their time false- 
 hood and calumny have been allowed to prevail 
 against us by an unreasonable custom. But the piety 
 of your fathers has corrected that blindness, often 
 rebuking by letter those who dared to make fresh 
 
2o8 PA PI AS AND ME LI TO. 
 
 attempts against us. Hadrian, your grandfather, 
 wrote amongst others to Fundanus, pro-consul of 
 Asia; and your father, when you governed jointly 
 with him, wrote to several cities respecting us ; among 
 others to the Larisseans, the Thessalonians, the 
 Athenians, and to all Greeks. You hold the same 
 opinions, and even some still more humane and philo- 
 sophical, and we are assured that you will grant us 
 what we ask." 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, to whom Melito addressed this 
 appeal, was in fact one of the purest and gentlest 
 characters of ancient history. He was actuated by a 
 strong sense of duty, and was always examining him- 
 self to see whether he came up to the standard 
 which his philosophy was supposed to have thought 
 out, but which had derived more from Christian truth 
 than he understood. There are few sadder things in 
 the world than his meditations, showing his anxious, 
 earnest effort to do right — with no hope, no future, 
 and his eyes blinded to the brightness that was 
 abroad in the world. But the praise granted to his 
 clemency and justice was well merited, and Melito 
 had further ingeniously pleaded his cause by showing 
 that the Christians had chiefly suffered in the reigns 
 of terror of Nero and Domitian, from which they, in 
 common with the whole empire, had been relieved 
 by the upright princes from whom, by adoption, 
 Aurelius derived the purple. 
 
 Nor was the appeal unsuccessful. The persecution 
 in Asia Minor was checked by a letter, apparently 
 sent in answer to an inquiry from the Asiatic cities. 
 
PAPIAS AND MEL/TO. 209 
 
 " The Emperor Csesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 
 Augustus, Supreme Pontiff, for the fifteenth time 
 tribune of the people, for the third time consul, to the 
 commonwealth of Asia, greeting : — 
 
 " I know that the gods themselves take care that 
 these persons should not remain concealed, for it is 
 more their interest than yours to punish such as refuse 
 to adore them. By bringing these men into trouble, 
 you strengthen their opinion of you when they accuse 
 you of impiety. They would rather be apparently 
 accused and die for their God than live. Thus they 
 come off conquerors, lavishing their lives rather than 
 yield what you ask of them. As to earthquakes, past 
 or present, it is well to warn you that you are terrified 
 at them, and yet you compare yourselves to men who 
 only thereby become more confident in their God, 
 instead of which, when nothing warns you, you neglect 
 the gods and the worship of the Immortal, and per 
 secute to the death the Christians who honour Him. 
 Many governor? of provinces wrote to my divine 
 father respecting these people, and he forbade them 
 to molest them, unless they should appear to attempt 
 anything against the Roman empire. Many Hkewise 
 have written to me, and I answered them according 
 to my father's intention. Should any fresh accusation 
 be brought against a Christian, let the accused be 
 sent away pardoned, even though he be convicted, 
 and let there be an action against the delator." 
 
 Thus it would appear, if this letter be genuine, that 
 the candid mind of Aurelius had at this time accepted 
 the inoft^'ensivc lives of the Christians as arguments 
 
 ? 
 
2ro P API AS AND MELITO. 
 
 in their favour, and there was a period of compara- 
 tive peace, during which Mehto probably died, as 
 there is no certain record of his having been a 
 martyr. 
 
 In contrast with the simple literal-minded Syrian 
 Papias, and the learned philosophical Greek Melito, 
 may be mentioned Theophilus, who was Bishop of 
 Antioch at this same time, and who — while Melito 
 seems to have scarcely known the Old Testament in 
 his earlier days — seems by his own confession to have 
 chiefly learnt faith through the prophecies, and who 
 quotes the older Scriptures far more than the newer. 
 
 Some have even thought him to have been born 
 a Jew, and brought up a Sadducee, and that when 
 the writings of the prophets first came before him, 
 they taught him to enter into the Christian hope of 
 the Resurrection, which before had been a stumbling- 
 block to him. All that is really known of him is 
 that he was the sixth Bishop of Antioch after St. 
 Peter, and that he wrote three letters to endeavour to 
 convert a heathen friend named Autolycus, a learned 
 and eloquent man, who was wont to study day and 
 night, but who was greatly prejudiced against the 
 Christians. These letters have been preserved until our 
 time, and are valuable for the picture they give of the 
 mind of Theophilus himself, and of the arguments 
 that had convinced him. 
 
 After disclaiming all attempt at fine writing, where 
 he was so much in earnest, Theophilus confesses 
 himself a Christian, and goes on to argue that 
 the Gentiles' inability to understand and see the 
 
PA PI AS AXD ME LI TO. 211 
 
 truths he avowed lay in their own eyes. " If you say, 
 * Show me thy God/ I reply, ' Show yourself a man, 
 (2. e. be yourself all that manhood can be) and I will 
 show you my God. A man must have a pure soul 
 before he can see God.' " Then he explains that as 
 the life itself is unseen, but is perceived throughout 
 the body, so God is to be traced in His providence 
 and works. So is the presence of a pilot on a ship, of 
 the sun in the sky, of a king in a kingdom. 
 
 Having gone through the enumeration of the works 
 of nature, in which he perceives the Divine hand, he 
 proceeds to show the impurity of the false deities 
 that had hitherto satisfied the heathen : " The names 
 of your gods are names of dead men, and those of 
 evil character: Kronos devoured his children," — and 
 so on with the foul fables that had attached them- 
 selves to the rest. 
 
 From this, returning rather abruptly to the reproach 
 of the Christian name, he derives it from "the Anoint- 
 ing," which did in truth form the name of Christ, and 
 pleads that whereas a ship, a tower, a house were 
 always anointed by way of consecration, so man is 
 anointed with Light and Spirit, and thus " we are 
 called Christians because we are anointed with the 
 oil of God." 
 
 His second letter is occupied with exposing the 
 numerous inconsistencies of popular mythology, which 
 utterly destroyed all credibility, since the poets and 
 story-tellers contradicted each other, though "some- 
 times they wakened up in their souls and spake things 
 in harmony with the prophets with regard to the 
 
 P 2 
 
PAFIAS AND MELITO. 
 
 monarchy of God, the Judgment, and such hke. 
 The prophets were holy men inspired of God, and 
 spoke always in harmony with each other." 
 
 Well may he contrast the confused legends of 
 Greek literature with the perfect accordance of the 
 many writers of the Old Testament ! And in like 
 manner he proceeds to expound the first chapters of 
 Genesis, first literally and then figuratively, showing 
 the evidences of their truth in the existing order of 
 things, and tracing the fragments of old recollection 
 of these things to be found among the heathen poets 
 themselves. 
 
 Still, in the third letter, it seems that Autolycus 
 viewed Christian opinions as foolishness, and Theo- 
 phiius therefore sets to work to prove their antiquity ; 
 first, however, speaking of the horrid stories that the 
 heathens told of the private life of the Christians, 
 and not merely denying them and quoting Scripture 
 denunciations of such crimes, but carrying the war 
 into the enemy's quarters, by showing that the very 
 horrors they pretended to hate in Christians were 
 admired and commemorated in their gods. He then 
 shows by much learned historical discussion that 
 Moses and all the prophets taught and wrote long 
 before Homer, the earliest Greek poet, and therefore 
 that the innovation was not the faith of the Scripture, 
 but the Greek imaginations. 
 
 What effect this treatise had on Autolycus is not 
 known ; but though it contained many blunders in 
 Greek literature, it was on the whole of such force, 
 ability, and weight, as to be valued enough by the 
 
PARI AS AND MELITO. 213 
 
 Christians to be preserved in their libraries when 
 many other works of the same kind have perished. 
 
 TJie mode of Theophilus' death is not known, but 
 the Church of Antioch reckons him as her bishop 
 for thirteen years. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 
 
 ** Thy Martyrs sanctified the guilty host 
 The sons of blessed John rear'd on a Western coast." 
 
 J. H. Newman. 
 
 The promise to Smyrna had been that her tribulation 
 should only last ten days, and, accordingly, the per- 
 secution died away after the death of the crowned 
 martyr Polycarp. 
 
 But the Church of St. John had spread its branches 
 much further than over the Levantine shore. The 
 first civilized colonists of Gaul had been Greek in 
 blood and language, and the cities that had sprung 
 up were as full of Greeks as of Romans, even after the 
 whole country had been subdued by the arms of 
 Csssar. Provincia, or the Province, the country around 
 the curving gulf of the Mediterranean Sea, was filled 
 with cities adorned with all that could minister to 
 amusement or luxury, interspersed with many a fair 
 and costly villa, where the Roman nobles, surrounded 
 with ingenious slaves, lived an easy life of literary 
 retirement, reading and writing verses, taking short 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 21; 
 
 rides or chariot drives, and concerning themselves 
 with their fish-ponds, their gardens, or their fountains ; 
 now and then driving into the city to seat themselves 
 in the amphitheatre, and watch the sports, dramas, 
 races, music, sea-fights, shows, or wild beast battles 
 that were offered to amuse the people by magistrates 
 or candidates for the magistracy. The Gauls, once 
 so brave and fierce, had adopted the Latin customs, 
 dress, and language. Their ancient chiefs had been 
 deprived of their leadership, and sought honour as 
 Roman citizens and magistrates ; their youths were 
 numbered in the Roman legions far from home, and 
 their clansmen worked on farms, or became artisans 
 and mechanics in the towns. 
 
 These cities, whose Latin names and mighty Roman 
 buildings endure to this day, were held by guards of 
 soldiers usually from distant lands, and inhabited by 
 the officials of government, as well as by a mixed 
 people of Greeks, Latins, Jews, and Gauls, who prac- 
 tised the arts of life. Temples had been reared to the 
 gods of the empire, and endeavours had been made to 
 identify the Gaulish deities with them ; the Druids 
 and their mysterious rites had been swept out by 
 Roman power, and only lurked in the wild coasts of 
 the far North-west, and Roman uniformity and dis- 
 cipline reigned. 
 
 But the old Celtic faith, however adulterated by 
 the Druids, had grander and purer notions of the 
 Deity than Roman mythology inspired in these late 
 days, and the Gauls could hardly bend their spirits 
 to endure the gross idolatry that was forced upon 
 
2i6 THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 
 
 them by their conquerors. So in early times, while 
 apostles were still on earth, the voice of the glad 
 tidings was welcomed in the Province, and Trophimus, 
 the faithful companion of St. Paul, is counted as the 
 earliest bishop of the grand old city of Arelate, or 
 Aries. Ephesian as he was, and with a congregation 
 more Greek and Gallo-Greek than Latin, he would 
 naturally turn to his own city for his supplies of 
 fellow- workers, and would receive from thence the 
 hymns and forms of praise and prayer there used, 
 rather than those in Latin which were framed for the 
 Christians of Rome. 
 
 Trophimus seems to have been gathered to rest in 
 peace, when the Church in Gaul was already planted 
 and other Greek Asiatics had come over from his 
 native home, among whom was Pothinus, an inti- 
 mate friend of Polycarp, and nearly of the same age, 
 so that he had probably been a pupil of St. John. He 
 became Bishop of Lugdunum, or Lyons, and was 
 surrounded by a congregation almost entirely Greek- 
 speaking, and in time he was joined by a young 
 minister named Irenseus, who was an especial pupil 
 of Polycarp, and who brought to Gaul many tradi- 
 tions both of the doings and sayings of Polycarp and 
 Papias, and likcAvise of those that they had told him 
 of St. John himself, and of such other Apostles and 
 witnesses of our Lord's miracles as had lived to their 
 own time. 
 
 It would seem that the Church of Provincia was 
 left unmolested for many years ; and Pothinus had 
 reached a great age in peace before the restless alarm 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 217 
 
 of heathenism in the troublous times of Marcus Aure- 
 lius brought persecution down upon the Gauls, and a 
 sharp trial fell upon the Churches about five years 
 later than the Apology of Melito. 
 
 The good Bishop of Sardis had appealed to the 
 prosperity of the empire as a token of the divinity 
 of Christianity. It was an unfortunate argument, for 
 already that prosperity was rapidly passing away. 
 Troubles of every kind were crowding upon the 
 Roman dominion ; there were famines in many 
 quarters, terrific earthquakes, and a pestilence pre- 
 vailed of a deadly form hitherto unknown, sweeping 
 off a whole army at once, and making such havoc 
 that the Roman world is thought never to have re- 
 covered it. For the old vigour of the nation had long 
 ago departed; the ancimit families were worn out, and 
 the young men, with little worthy occupation set 
 before them, wasted their health and threw away their 
 lives in disgraceful amusements. The ladies of rank 
 were exceedingly corrupt, worse even than the men. 
 Aurelius' own wife Faustina had been a flagrantly 
 dissolute woman ; and, unfortunately, she had a son 
 of evil promise to the empire, so that Aurelius could 
 not, like the last four emperors, adopt a worthy heir 
 to protect the empire. All round the frontier lay 
 tribes of barbarian nations — the Parthian, the Sarma- 
 tian, the German, the Frank, the Celt, like beasts of 
 prey ready to spring into the sheepfold ; and those 
 within had been trained into helplessness, and taught 
 to trust themselves entirely to their watch-dogs the 
 paid soldiery, who had suffered so heavily from the 
 
2i8 THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 
 
 pestilence, that it was scarcely possible to fill up 
 their ranks. 
 
 It was a time of " men's hearts failing them for fear, 
 and for looking for those things that were coming on 
 the earth ;" and the failing hearts of the heathen turned 
 back with fervour to the old false gods whom they had 
 abandoned, not from conviction, but from indifference. 
 The worship of all the deities who were thought to 
 have power to aid them in this strait was revived. 
 Bulls, goats, and lambs were offered at their altars ; 
 and in Asia Minor, Asclepios, the mock saviour, the 
 serpent-god on Satan's seat, was fervently invoked by 
 the sick. Strange fresh experiments were made in 
 healing, savouring of magic ; and, as some think, in 
 the vain hope of rivalling Christian miracles, as the 
 magicians of Egypt withstood Moses. Above all, 
 the cry was : " Perish the Christians ; their defiance 
 of the gods has brought this evil upon us." 
 
 Marcus Aurelius himself — ^just, honest, conscientious, 
 merciful, with an idea of good such as no unaided 
 philosophy could have taught him, and ever examining 
 himself to see if he came up to it, and grieving at his 
 own failures — was yet offended that any should pre- 
 sume to fail in respect to the gods of their forefathers. 
 He himself had thought far too deeply to believe the 
 wild coarse tales of his mythology, but the system 
 was there for the public good : he himself conformed 
 to it as a matter of discipline and duty, and who were 
 these men who presumed to refuse that to which 
 he could bend, and who treated the State religion 
 with abhorrence t He viewed their refusal as a 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 219 
 
 political offence, and no longer restrained their frantic 
 foes. 
 
 In Gaul fell the stress of this persecution. In the 
 account written by the Church of Lugdunum and 
 Vienne we hear how the danger gradually worked up 
 — the Christians found themselves shut out from the 
 baths and the forum, where they had hitherto freel): 
 resorted, and even from the houses of friends. Then 
 they were forbidden to be seen anywhere, were hooted, 
 pelted and reviled when they went into the streets, 
 and afterwards entirely confined to their houses. Many 
 were afterwards arrested by soldiers and carried to the 
 forum, where they were examined by the magistrates 
 in presence of all their enemies, and, having confessed 
 their faith, were committed to prison to await the 
 arrival of the governor of Provincia. 
 
 When he arrived, so savage and unjust was the 
 ternper in which he showed himself ready to treat the 
 prisoners, that a young Gaulish noble named Vettius 
 Epigathus, who held the rank of first senator of the 
 Gauls, but was himself a Christian and a man of 
 blameless life, rose up among the magistrates, under- 
 taking to prove that his brethren were free of all 
 crimes against the State. Some of the magistrates 
 cried, " Out upon him ! " and the governor asked if he 
 was a Christian. In the clearest voice he answered, 
 " Yes ; " and the account says, "He also was taken up 
 into the number of the witnesses," or martyrs, but no 
 particulars are given, and his high rank would doubt- 
 less have caused him to be slain with the sword. 
 
 Evidence against the Christians was wanting, and 
 
220 THE WITNESSES IN GA UL. 
 
 the governor endeavoured to obtain it by putting 
 their slaves to the torture, both Christian and Pagan. 
 About ten of the Christian slaves, among them a 
 woman named Biblis, yielded to the agony, and con- 
 firmed the monstrous assertions of the heathen that 
 the Christians slew infants, devoured human flesh, and 
 practised all sorts of abominations in their assemblies ; 
 and the reports of these confessions excited the popu- 
 lace so that they raged against them like wild beasts. 
 The special objects of their fury were a deacon 
 of Vienne, named Sanctus ; a new convert, called 
 Maturus ; a man of the name of Attains from the 
 faithful city of Pergamus, and thus heir to the mes- 
 sage to the victorious there ; and Blandina, a slave 
 girl. It seems as if Sanctus was also suspected of 
 being a slave, for these two were examined by the 
 most horrible tortures. Blandina was of slight and 
 delicate frame ; and her lady, a Christian herself, but 
 not detected, fully expected that she would give way; 
 but such grace was given to her that her constancy 
 wearied out one tormentor after another, and she 
 seemed to feel none of the varied anguish inflicted 
 on her, while she still cried out, "I am a Christian, 
 and no evil is done among us," without letting any 
 pain draw any other words from her. In like manner 
 the only reply of Sanctus to questions whether he 
 were bond or free, where he was born, and of what 
 nation, was in Latin, " CJiristianus simi," even while 
 such injuries were inflicted that he lay a shrunken, 
 distorted, crushed, burnt, almost shapeless mass of 
 humanity ; and in this state, a few days after, the 
 
THE IVnW ESSES IN GAUL, 2:21 
 
 torture was again applied, the tormentors thinking, 
 that when reduced in strength, and by his wounds 
 smarting, he must give way ; but he proved to have 
 so recovered his energies that the new wrenching of his 
 Hmbs seemed to restore their use, and he returned in a 
 better state than when he was carried to the torture. 
 
 Biblis, who had yielded and denied her faith out of 
 terror, was tortured in order to obtain fresh deposi- 
 tions from her, but the rack seemed to wake her as 
 from a sleep. She thought of the miseries of hell- 
 fire so much more terrible and enduring than those 
 she was undergoing, and thus deriving fortitude from 
 her very fears, she confessed herself a Christian, 
 abstained from uttering a word of accusation, and 
 showed constancy that won back her place amid the 
 glorious army of martyrs. 
 
 Those who were not examined by torments were 
 cruelly used in prison, placed in the stocks so as 
 to stretch their limbs frightfully, ill-fed, and heaped 
 together in noisome cells, where numbers died. The 
 venerable Bishop Pothinus, ninety years old, and in 
 broken health, with a heavy oppression on his breath, 
 was captured, and dragged by the soldiers to the 
 judgment-seat, followed by a cruel, malicious multi- 
 tude, who beat him with sticks and threw stones at 
 him, but he answered undauntedly. And when he 
 was asked, " Who is the God of the Christians } " he 
 replied, " If thou art worthy, thou shalt know." 
 
 Beaten, with clothes torn and covered with mire, 
 hardly able to breathe, the venerable old man was 
 dragged to the dungeon, where his faithful fellow- 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 
 
 sufferers received and tended him until, after two 
 days, his life passed from him, in the dark, stifling 
 atmosphere, but in calmness, and amid loving friends. 
 
 So died the last pupil of St. John ; and the circle 
 of those who sat at his feet on earth had all won 
 their crown, their white robe and palm : the reclaimed 
 robber, the child-like nursling of the Apostle, the 
 acute philosophical Athenian, the undaunted cham- 
 pion of Smyrna, and the gentle, worn-out old shepherd 
 of Lugdunum, had all fought their fight in different 
 ways, and stood before the throne, " each leading 
 many a rescued soul." 
 
 The train of Pothinus, who were preceded by him 
 to the heavenly shore by only a few days, was 
 specially glorious. The prison was not only filled 
 with the constant-hearted Christians who had braved 
 the worst, but with those persons who had consented 
 to deny their faith, and who were detained as having 
 committed ordinary crimes. These, in the sight of 
 their more courageous brethren, repented bitterly ; 
 and while those who had confessed were full of hope, 
 boldness, and joy, they were miserably downcast, fear- 
 ful, and unhappy, and were reproached and derided 
 for their cowardice by the heathen themselves. 
 
 One of the prisoners, whose name was Alcibiades, 
 had always spent a very austere life, thinking it one 
 of the duties of self-denial to confine himself at all 
 times to a bread-and-water diet, and tasting nothing 
 else. When, however, he tried to continue this sys- 
 tem in the prison, Attains, while lying exhausted 
 after his tortures, felt it borne in on his soul, by, as 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 223 
 
 he deemed (and none can say that it was untruly), 
 the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, that Alcibiades 
 was mistaken in refusing to partake of " the good 
 creatures of God," as Christians loved to call the food 
 created by God for them, and that his example might 
 become a stumbling-block to others. 
 
 Nor did Alcibiades show himself proudly set upon 
 his own way. He yielded to the representations of 
 Attains, and for the remainder of his days he did as 
 St. Paul had long ago enjoined, and partook of what- 
 ever was set before him, and "gave God thanks ;" the 
 true way of hallowing his sustenance. 
 
 There was a festival-day drawing on, one of those 
 that had been instituted in honour of the first Em- 
 peror Augustus, and was celebrated every five years 
 by sacrifices and games. And the outcry of the 
 people was that Maturus, Sanctus, Blandina, and 
 Attains should be thrown for their amusement to 
 the v/ild beasts in the amphitheatre, of which there 
 are still some remains. 
 
 Attains was a Roman citizen, and the governor 
 could therefore only so far yield him to the fury of 
 the mob as to cause him to be paraded round the 
 amphitheatre, with a tablet before him, bearing the 
 words, "Attains, the Christian." The faithful Per- 
 gamene must have thought on the New Name, on 
 the White Stone, promised to him that overcometh, 
 as he was thus marched round and beheld Blandina 
 fastened to a stake — almost like a cross, and placed 
 in the midst of the beasts — praying aloud, and thus 
 greatly comforting and supporting the rest. Her 
 
224 THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 
 
 unnatural position probably deterred the animals 
 from touching her, for they left her alone, while they 
 dragged about and mangled Maturus and Sanctus, 
 but without killing them. Indeed, as a bull is the 
 only creature individually mentioned, it may be con- 
 cluded that here, in the provinces, animals of very 
 deathly powers did not form part of the stock of the 
 amphitheatre. The people continued to shout their 
 demands for every infliction that occurred to their 
 cruel fancies — lashing with rods, and the red-hot iron 
 chain in which the sufferers were roasted alive — but 
 not a word was won from Sanctus save his steadfast 
 " I am a Christian." The whole long day, which was 
 generally divided between a variety of sports, was 
 spent by this Lyonnese multitude in baiting these 
 two unflinching men and the one delicate girl, until 
 at night it became their cruel pleasure that Maturus 
 and Sanctus should be released by having their 
 throats cut, and that Blandina should go back to be 
 reserved for their fresh amusement. As to Attains, 
 his fate was left undecided till an answer should be 
 received from the Emperor as to what was to be 
 done with the Roman citizen. 
 
 Aurelius' reply was, that the law must take its 
 course ; and thus, on the last day of the shows, when 
 a fair was held, to which there came a great concourse 
 from every part of Gaul, before all the new comers 
 each surviving Christian was led up before the tribunal 
 and interrogated. Then, to the surprise and rage of 
 the heathen, almost all who had before apostatized 
 redeemed their momentaiy weakness by full confession 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 225 
 
 of the faith, and were led away to their deaths. A 
 physician, named Alexander, a native of Phrygia, but 
 who had lived for many years in Gaul, and was known 
 as a Christian, though he had not yet been appre- 
 hended, took his station by the tribunal, and showed 
 in his countenance and gestures such intense anxiety 
 that a bold confession might be made, that the mob 
 broke out against him, and the governor interrogating 
 him, learned that he was a Christian, and condemned 
 him at once. 
 
 The rule was that a Roman citizen should die by 
 the sword, but Attains was so eagerly demanded by 
 the mob, that the governor did not refuse to him 
 whatever barbarities their savagery might desire to 
 inflict. One more night was spent in the prison, 
 where Attains, Blandina, and Ponticus her brother, a 
 boy of fifteen, had certainly spent more than fifteen 
 days, during which they had been daily carried out 
 to watch the tortures of their brethren. To these 
 Alexander was added, but probably they were nearly 
 the last. 
 
 They were visited at night by their friends who 
 had not been denounced, and who ever remembered 
 the tears and entreaties with which they asked their 
 prayers that they might be borne through their last 
 trial. 
 
 It was likewise recollected that they could not 
 bear the term martyr or witness to be applied to 
 them. " Only One," they said, " is the faithful and 
 true Witness, the Firstborn from the dead. We are 
 but mean and humble confessors." 
 
 o 
 
226 THE WITNESSES IN GA UL. 
 
 The next day they were brought out, and Attalus 
 and Alexander were placed in the burning iron chain. 
 The physician endured to the death in silence, but 
 Attalus, almost as if amused while his flesh was roasting 
 like meat, said, in allusion to the cannibal tales about 
 the Christians, " So, this which ye do is eating men ! 
 But as for us we neither eat men nor practise any other 
 wickedness." He, too, went to his reward ; and Blan- 
 dina and Ponticus were then brought out, and tortured 
 by every device that heathen cruelty could inflict. 
 The sister encouraged the brother throughout till 
 his death, and seemed, through the exaltation of her 
 spirit, to be insensible to her own torments, as indeed 
 might well have been permitted by the physical 
 natural working of Providence, since it has become 
 known that, after one terrific shock of anguish, the 
 nerves become blunted and insensible to the further 
 cruelties by which fiendish man would seek to exag- 
 gerate suffering. This noble-hearted girl was at length 
 placed in a net, and tossed by a bull, and as she was 
 still alive afterwards, was killed by the confector, all 
 the heathen owning that never had woman endured 
 so much. 
 
 A guard was set over the bodies for six days, and 
 neither bribes nor entreaties sufficed to obtain them 
 for burial. At last they were burnt, and the ashes 
 swept into the Rhone; the heathen declaring that 
 this was done to deprive them of the chance of 
 resurrection. In after times, however, a Church, now 
 the cathedral of Lyons, was built over the vault of 
 their captivity. 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GAUL. 227 
 
 Two of the congregation of Lyons had escaped, 
 one named Marcellus to Chalons, and Valerian to 
 Tournus, but both were overtaken and put to death. 
 
 All this is recorded in a letter from the Church of 
 Lyons, written almost in the midst of the martyrdoms, 
 to the mother Church in Asia. A much later writer 
 gives the story of two young friends, named Epipodius 
 and Alexander, who resided in the same city, the 
 former being a Gaul, the latter a Greek, and both of 
 the rank to which the prefix Clarissimus was given. 
 They had been schoolfellows, and had grown up 
 from childhood in the closest affection. When the 
 alarm came, they were just approaching manhood, and 
 together they resolved to endeavour to escape the 
 danger. They made their way out of the gates in 
 secret, and took refuge at a village, where a Christian 
 widow received and sheltered them in her cottage ; 
 but they had been accused, search was made for them, 
 and they were found, attempting to fly, with all the 
 eagerness of yoviths whose lives were dear to them. 
 
 When once they knew it was the will of Heaven 
 that they should thus early suffer, there was no more 
 shrinking; they resolutely marched back to Lyons, 
 and were thrown into prison without interrogation. 
 
 Three days later, they were led, with their hands 
 tied behind them, to the tribunal, where their avowal 
 that they were Christians was heard with shouts of 
 fury from the bystanders; and the magistrate ex- 
 claimed, " What is the use of all our tortures, if men 
 are still audacious enough to follow the doctrine of 
 Christ } " He perceived that the two young friends 
 
 Q2 
 
228 THE WITNESSES IN GA UL. 
 
 were encouraging one another by looks and signs, 
 and therefore he separated them, and leading apart 
 Epipodius, who was the youngest of the two, he tried 
 to allure him by fair promises, such as he thought 
 might tempt a lad, who had certainly not hurried to 
 meet death with the eagerness shown by some. 
 
 " You must not perish through obstinacy," he said, 
 ** We adore the immortal gods, who are honoured by 
 all people and princes ; and who are worshipped by 
 joy, by feasts, by music, games and amusements. 
 You adore a crucified Man, who cannot be pleased 
 by your enjoyment, but rejects joy, loves fasts, and 
 condemns pleasure. What good can you expect from 
 One who could not save Himself from the most 
 miserable of deaths } Quit such austerity, and enjoy 
 the happiness of this world with the delight befitting 
 your age ! " 
 
 "You know not," replied Epipodius, "that our 
 eternal Lord jESUS CHRIST rose again after His Cruci- 
 fixion, and being, by an ineffable mystery, both God 
 and Man, hath opened the gate of eternal life to His 
 own people. But are you blind enough not to know 
 that we ourselves are of two parts, soul and body.? 
 Our souls rule our bodies, but the revels you enjoin 
 in honour of your idols please the body, and slay the 
 soul." 
 
 Such words so enraged the governor that he caused 
 the lad to be struck on the mouth ; on which he cried 
 aloud, " I confess that jESUS CHRIST is God with the 
 Father and the Holy Ghost. It is meet that I resign 
 to Him the soul He ransom.ed." 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GA UL. 
 
 Upon this Epipodius was sentenced to be hung on 
 a rack, and his flesh lacerated with iron hooks ; but 
 as he endured in silent patience, the people clamoured 
 for leave to overwhelm him with stones, and the 
 governor caused his head to be cut off. 
 
 Alexander was sent back to his solitary dungeon 
 for two days, and then again brought before the 
 judge, who told him, by way of inducing him to 
 change, that there were no Christians left. Alexander 
 answered that, on the contrary, the faith, if preserved 
 by men's life, was extended by their death. He, too, 
 was cruelly tortured, and finally crucified, with his 
 Saviour's Name on his lips. 
 
 So says Eucherius, who wrote the Acts of these 
 martyrs when Bishop of Lyons, in the fifth century. 
 It is possible that he may have learnt their answers 
 from documents preserved at Lyons; but it is also 
 possible that the story may have been half remem- 
 bered, half invented. There is nothing unlikely in it, 
 except that noble youths should have been so savagely 
 tortured ; and even this was possible, in the morbid 
 state of barbarous rage to which the populace and 
 governor had worked themselves; but still the evidence 
 is not such as that by which we know of the glorious 
 constancy of Attalus, Blandina, and the rest. 
 
 Either the governor really thought he had destroyed 
 Christianity in Lyons and Vienne, or, by the end of 
 the games, the people were sick of horrors, for there 
 were no more accusations there ; but the persecution 
 had extended further, and Provincia had not been the 
 only scene of martyrdom. 
 
230 THE WITNESSES IN GA UL.- 
 
 According to the records of Gaul, collected into a 
 history by Bishop Gregory of Tours, the city of 
 Augustodunum, now shortened into Autun, likewise 
 suffered. It was one of the oldest towns in Gaul ; 
 it had been, under the name of Bibracte, a fortress 
 even before the Roman conquest, and had since been 
 adorned with all the Latin splendour, and contained a 
 college where the youths ot Gaul were sent to study 
 Latin and Greek poetry, philosophy, and rhetoric. 
 Hither, according to the belief of the place, came a 
 disciple of Polycarp, named Benignus, whose teaching 
 collected together the first Church of Burgundy. 
 Among his converts was the family of a Gallo-Roman 
 noble, named Faustus, whose son Symphorian was 
 distinguished for his learning and scholarship, nor 
 does his Christianity seem to have led him to relax in 
 the cultivation of his mind. 
 
 Since the Romans had held Autun, they had dedi- 
 cated the city to their gods. In fact they always 
 mixed up the gods of the people whom they con- 
 quered with their own, and the people of Autun had 
 been taught to adore Cybele, the mother of the gods, 
 together with Apollo and Diana as their tutelary 
 deities. Every year the car of Cybele made a state 
 progress through the city, bearing the image of the 
 Mother Goddess, with a crown of towers on her head, 
 a veil over her face, and a lion by her side ; while her 
 votaries, with drums, and cymbals, and horns, danced 
 wildly in full armour round her chariot. Such at least 
 was the manner of her festival in the Eastern lands, in 
 which she had first been adored as an emblem of the 
 
THE VVTTN ESSES IN GAUL. 231 
 
 veiled, tower-crowned, teeming mother earth, and no 
 doubt such were the main features of the ceremonies 
 decreed, when the hollow show of worship to her was 
 transplanted into the Western land, where it was un- 
 congenial and unmeaning, though the excitable Gaul 
 might work himself up to shriek and dance, and revel 
 in the foul excesses that formed a regular part of the 
 orgies of the goddess. 
 
 These feasts, hateful to Christians for their idolatry, 
 and doubly so for their impurity, were often regarded 
 as tests of their loyalty to the State. And when the 
 car of Cybele had made its progress, the mob be- 
 thought them that the scholar Symphorian had made 
 no obeisance to the image. They seized upon him, 
 and dragged him to the tribunal of Heraclius, the 
 governor, shouting that he was a seditious wretch who 
 refused worship to the Roman gods. 
 
 Heraclius, after hearing that he was a Christian, 
 asked whether he were a citizen of the place; and 
 being answered that he was so, and of a noble 
 family, said, '' No doubt you reckon on your rank, 
 and perhaps you know not the Emperor's decree. Let 
 it be read." 
 
 It was read, and as Symphorian continued un- 
 moved, he was beaten by the lictors with their rods, 
 and sent to prison, whence he was brought two days 
 later before Heraclius, who promised him that he 
 should receive a reward from the public treasury, and 
 an honourable post in the army, if he would cast in- 
 cense upon the altar of the goddess, which was about 
 to be decked with flowers for the purpose. The 
 
232 THE WITNESSES IN GAUL 
 
 Christian's reply expressed his scorn both of the 
 offers of the governor, and of the impure worship 
 of Cybele, with the absurd superstitions connected 
 therewith ; and Heraclius pronounced his sentence of 
 decapitation. 
 
 As usual, he was led outside the walls to suffer 
 execution. On the way, as he walked in the midst 
 of the soldiers, guarded on either side by the lictors, 
 with their bundles of rods and the fatal axe, there 
 was a cry from the walls, '' My son." The procession 
 paused, and those who looked up saw the face of the 
 mother of Symphorian gazing from the walls. But it 
 was not in weak, wailing despair, that she called 
 aloud, " My son ! my son Symphorian, remember the 
 living God, and stand fast even to the end. Lift up 
 thy heart and look to Him who reigneth in the 
 heavens. Fear not. They will not take thy life this 
 day ; they will but change it for the better." 
 
 Those were the last words that the martyr son 
 heard from his brave mother. The spot was reached, 
 and, kneeling, he received the sword-blow that bore 
 him to his '' better Hfe." His body was buried near 
 a fountain close to the field set apart for public exer- 
 cises, — and in the fifth century a church was built 
 over it. 
 
 His teacher, St. Benignus, was slain in the same 
 persecution. 
 
 With the games, the fury of the heathen seemed to 
 have exhausted itself, and Marcus Aurelius himself 
 slackened the persecution, struck perhaps by con- 
 stancy exceeding all that he had heard of, and perhaps 
 
THE WITNESSES IN GA UL. 233 
 
 feeling that he was destroying the greatest valour left 
 to the empire. It was also thought by the Christians, 
 that he was further moved to clemency by an ad- 
 venture in his campaign on the Danube, when his 
 whole army was reduced to terrible suffering by thirst, 
 and in the utmost extremity. While his Christian 
 soldiers were praying, a thunderstorm, with plentiful 
 rain, relieved them. The column with which Aurelius 
 commemorated his exploits testifies to the event, for 
 in one compartment the rain is seen falling, and the 
 soldiers eagerly catching it ; but the mercy is there 
 ascribed to the Roman god, Jupiter Pluvius ; and 
 those who believed in Egyptian magic said it was 
 the work of their sorcerers. Moreover, the name of 
 the Thundering Legion, which was often adduced as a 
 proof that the Christian division of the army was 
 believed to have invoked the storm, has been shown 
 to have been a much older title. Yet, still we know 
 that the Christians alone had the power of rightly 
 addressing Him who granted the rain, and some 
 lurking impression on the part of Aurelius may have 
 caused him to relax his severity. 
 
 The life of this Emperor was fast waning. He was 
 a man of fair abihty, but not of the extraordinary 
 power that would have been needed to cope with the 
 decayed state of the empire, and the strength of the 
 enemies who closed him in. No one nation was a match 
 for the Romans ; but while he was quelling one foe, 
 another broke in whenever his back was turned, and 
 the worn-out state of Rome afforded him no able 
 generals or counsellors to supply his place. 
 
234 THE WITNESSES IN GAVE. 
 
 Fatigue and disappointment broke his strength of 
 body, and scrupulous conscientiousness was wearing 
 out his mind. All was dark around him, and on the 
 future rested the vaguest, saddest uncertainty. Un- 
 consciously, in morals and in his longing for perfec- 
 tion, AureHus had been a pupil of St. John and of the 
 other Apostles, but from their truths, their hopes, he 
 turned aside ; his mind darkened by habit, by old 
 Roman pride, and by the doubting spirit engendered 
 by philosophy. One of his last compositions was a 
 sad little poem, asking his soul whither it would go 
 when it fluttered forth into the night ; and, when 
 hardly arrived at middle age, he fell sick of a fever, 
 which, coming upon health already failing, speedily 
 closed his life in the year i8o. Weary and sick of 
 this world, he closed his eyes on it with contented re- 
 signation, but oh ! how different from the gladness 
 that shone through the lives, and brightened the most 
 agonising deaths of those whom he " counted as mad- 
 men, and their end to be without honour." 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 IRENi^US, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 *' From new-bom Lyons oft thy memory turn'd 
 Unto the earlier East, and fondly yearn'd 
 For Polycarp and Smyrna, and the youth 
 Of (;rave Religion fair." 
 
 Rev. J. Williams. 
 
 Still there remained one who, if he had not him- 
 self sat at the feet of St. John, had at least eagerly 
 gathered up all that could be told of the great Evan- 
 gelist by his immediate pupils, Polycarp and Papias ; 
 and thus may be reckoned as almost one of his direct 
 disciples. 
 
 Irenseus was no doubt of Greek extraction, and a 
 native of one of the cities of Asia Minor, most pro- 
 bably Smyrna. His name, meaning *' Peaceful/' was, it 
 may be supposed, chosen for him by Christian parents 
 at his baptism ; and he was instructed from his early 
 youth by St. Polycarp, under whose advice he seems 
 to have studied, not only Christian truths such as are 
 needful for the salvation of all believers, but also to 
 have inquired into the numerous varieties of heresy, 
 the different systems of philosophy, and the varieties 
 of mythology, so as to be filled for argument and 
 
236 IREN^US, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 refutation of error. He was said to be one of the 
 most learned of men in all kinds of doctrine. 
 
 He was still young when he was sent by the 
 Eastern Church to strengthen their mission in Western 
 Gaul, which, as already said, was under the charge of 
 the aged Pothinus. It appears, from what Irenseus 
 says of himself later, that his mission was not con- 
 fined to the Greek and Latin-speaking, cultivated 
 society of Lyons, but that he applied himself to 
 conquer the many difficulties of the harsh, uncouth 
 Celtic, with its strange inflections and complicated 
 grammar — probably resembling Gaelic, for the Gauls 
 of Provincia are believed to have more resembled the 
 Scottish than the Welsh Celts. In time he came to 
 use this "barbarous tongue" more frequently than his 
 soft, native Greek ; and such pains on his part must 
 have told much upon the warm-hearted Celtic people, 
 who were accustomed to hear their language treated 
 with contempt, and to transact their affairs in half- 
 understood Latin. It may have been from having 
 heard Irenseus speak " in their own tongue the won- 
 derful works of God," that not merely the priest, the 
 senator, the physician, were so firm in the dreadful 
 conflict that ensued, but the slave girl and boy and 
 the lowest of the people were equally resolute. 
 
 Irenaeus seems to have worked as a priest until the 
 year 177, when he was chosen by the Church of 
 Lyons to go on a mission to Rome. The old discus- 
 sion about the time of observing the feast of Easter 
 had broken out again, and the contention had become 
 so hot that it was feared that the Roman Church 
 
IRENJLUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 2 
 
 37 
 
 would refuse to communicate with the Greek, which 
 still continued to keep the great Resurrection-day on 
 the fourteenth day of the Paschal moon, instead 'of 
 making it always fall on a Sunday. 
 
 The Churches of Provincia, living in the West, yet 
 with Eastern sympathies, were very fit to mediate 
 between the two parties, and to entreat them, since 
 they were of the same faith, not to break the unity of 
 the Church for what could not be regarded as essen- 
 tial. Irenaeus was therefore to be despatched to plead 
 with Eleutherius, Bishop of Rome, on behalf of the 
 Churches of Asia Minor, and likewise to protest 
 against the errors of a certain Montanus, a Greek, who 
 was promulgating mischievous follies under the pre- 
 tended authority of two women whom he had set up 
 as prophetesses. And a letter was also to be written 
 to the Churches of Asia. 
 
 It seems to have been just as this was determined 
 on that the terrible games described in the last 
 chapter took place, and the Christians of note were 
 hunted out and thrown into their dungeons. Irenaeus 
 was not, however, found by the persecutors, and re- 
 mained probably hidden or disguised, and not without 
 communication with his friends in the prison. The 
 letters were carried on through all — the sufferings and 
 triumphs of the first to pass away were recorded by 
 those who survived them, and, though finished by 
 other hands, the protests and the arguments were 
 those of the martyrs themselves. 
 
 The entire letters have been lost ; all that remains 
 is the narrative part which Eusebius copied into his 
 
238 IREN^EUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 history, from the epistle to the Churches of Asia and 
 Phrygia. Some think they were composed by 
 Irenseus himself. At any rate, so soon as the fury of 
 the heathen relaxed, he went upon his journey to 
 Rome, and succeeded in his mission, for the Pope 
 Eleutherius agreed to bear with the Greek customs ; 
 and some years later the follies of Montanus were 
 condemned. At Rome, however, Irenaeus had the 
 pain of meeting Florinus, an old friend and fellow- 
 pupil of Polycarp, who had become a priest at Rome, 
 but had fallen into the error, to which many Eastern 
 minds were prone, of imagining that the author of 
 evil was of equal power with the God of Beneficence. 
 On being deposed from his office for false teaching, 
 Florinus had collected a set of followers around him 
 and formed a sect ; while another priest, named 
 Blastus, was trying to bring his own admirers back to 
 the old bondage of the Judaical law. 
 
 Grieved at these errors, and at the rents they made 
 in that unity of the Church, which the early Christians 
 prized so highly and loved to liken to the seamless 
 coat of Christ, Irenseus returned home, revolving, over 
 Alpine pass, or on Mediterranean waves, how to 
 reply to and refute these errors, and perchance bring 
 back to the fold the old companion over whom his 
 heart yearned. 
 
 On his return, he found that the surviving Chris- 
 tians of Lyons, lifting up their heads again, had 
 decided on electing him as their bishop in the place 
 of the martyred Pothinus — the post, above all others, 
 of championship and of danger. 
 
IRENyEUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 239 
 
 When he was settled in his new office, he wrote the 
 two letters he had resolved on ; one to Blastus, 
 entitled ''Schism," and one to Florinus, upon "The 
 Monarchy or Unity of God, and that God is not the 
 Author of Sin." Both have been lost, but Euse- 
 bius has quoted a passage from the latter, in which 
 Irenaeus reminds Florinus how both had received 
 the instructions of Polycarp, when boys at Smyrna ; 
 adding, that he himself remembered the things that 
 then took place better than the more recent ones. 
 "The lessons we receive in childhood," he says, 
 "grow up with the soul, and become one with it, so 
 that I could tell you the place where the blessed 
 Polycarp used to sit when he taught, his going out 
 and coming in, his manner of life, his face and figure, 
 his discourse to the people, how he told us of his 
 living with John, and with others who had seen the 
 Lord ; how he repeated their words, and what he had 
 learnt from them concerning the Lord, His mighty 
 works, and His doctrine. For Polycarp, having received 
 all from eye-witnesses of the Word of Life, uttered 
 everything in harmony with Holy Scripture. These 
 things, by the grace of God, I diligently listened to, 
 noting them down not on paper, but in my heart; and 
 ever, by the grace of God, I feed upon them again 
 and again. And I bear witness before God. that had 
 the blessed and apostolical old man heard such doc- 
 trine as you have put forth, he would have cried out 
 and stopped his ears, and, uttering the familiar phrase, 
 ' O God, to what hast Thou reserved me, that I should 
 hear such things,' he would have fled the place." 
 
240 IRENJEUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH 
 
 It is said that Florinus was touched by this letter, 
 and the appeal to his younger days, but that, being 
 a vain and unstable man, he soon after was attracted 
 by the teaching of one Valentinus. This person was 
 learned and eloquent, and had preached in Egypt, 
 where it appears he had become attached to the 
 subtle old teaching that had first been censured in 
 Simon Magus, and then blossomed out into Gnos- 
 ticism. People said that Valentinus was affronted by 
 not being elected to a bishopric in Egypt ; at any rate, 
 he began to teach a newer and more elaborate form 
 of Gnosticism, which became known by his name as 
 the Valentinian heresy. The Gospel of St. John, the 
 opening of which had been written partly for the con- 
 futation of the earlier Gnostics, was adopted by these 
 later ones, and from the first chapter they pretended 
 to prove that Creation was due to an Ogdoad, or 
 Octave of Principles, respecting whom they diverged 
 into " endless genealogies and questions of names," 
 like their predecessors. Marcion, who led one of the 
 many sects of the Valentinians, travelled in the cities 
 of the Rhone, performed lying miracles, and many 
 were in danger of being deluded. 
 
 An old catalogue of Synods of the Church mentions 
 one held at Lyons, in which Irenaeus and the other 
 Gallican bishops met to pronounce sentence upon the 
 false doctrines of Valentinus and Marcion. At any 
 rate, Irenaeus, to whom it would seem had descended 
 that peculiar leadership that had been held by Igna- 
 tius, Polycarp, and perhaps Melito, by inheritance of 
 the traditions of St. John, stood forth as the champion 
 
IRENjEUS, the champion of the faith 241 
 
 of St. John's Gospel, and, in a treatise known as the 
 " Book of the Ogdoad," argued with those parties. 
 
 The chief part of this book is lost, we only know 
 that it concluded with the following address to whom- 
 soever should copy the manuscript : — 
 
 " Thou who shalt transcribe this book, I conjure 
 thee, by our Lord Jesus Christ, by His glorious 
 Advent, when He shall judge the quick and dead, 
 that thou shouldest carefully compare thy writing by 
 this very copy, and correct it by the original, and 
 that thou shouldest also transcribe this adjuration 
 and set it in thy copy." 
 
 From this we gather that the carelessness, and per- 
 haps the presumptuous alterations, made by scribes, 
 must have been a sore inconvenience to these ancient 
 authors, who no doubt often found their meaning 
 mischievously misrepresented. Probably the Ogdoad 
 was embodied in the larger treatise against heresy, 
 which Irenaeus put forth shortly after in the form of 
 a letter, evidently to some bishop, to whom he wrote 
 in Greek, though only a Latin translation now exists. 
 
 " Look not," he says, " from us who dwell among 
 the Celts and chiefly use their barbarous tongue, for 
 the art of speech, which we have not studied, neither 
 force of style and ornamental words ; but receive with 
 charity what I write to you in charity, simplicity, 
 and truth, and to which ye will be well able to add, 
 being more learned than we are." 
 
 He then in his first book explained the system of 
 the Valentinian Gnostics, and showed that the true 
 Universal Church extended throughout the world, 
 
 R 
 
242 IRENJEUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 mentioning by name the Churches of Germany, Spain, 
 Gaul, the East, Egypt, and Lybia, and declaring that 
 all are enlightened by the same faith, even as they 
 are by the same sun ; and he sets in contrast with this 
 oneness the number of heretics who had appeared, 
 naming them all, from Simon Magus downwards. 
 
 His next book is occupied with arguing with them. 
 They were not for the most part deniers of the Scrip- 
 ture, but they took a parable, or obscure passage, and 
 interpreted it by another equally difficult ; whereas 
 Irenseus argued that the plain direct verses ought 
 to be taken first, and that they would serve to explain 
 the more abstruse parts. And he refuted with clear, 
 strong argument their extraordinary perversion of the 
 first chapter of St. John. 
 
 He then disposes of the false miracles and pro- 
 phecies of the Gnostics, by which it appears that they 
 made people think they saw phantoms — a very com- 
 mon trick of impostors — and shows the difference 
 between these and the true miracles of healing, which 
 he treats as being still frequent in the Church in his 
 -own time. 
 
 In the third book he shows how continuous has 
 been the doctrine of the Church that since St. 
 Ignatius' time had begun to be called Catholic, 
 that is, of and for all true believers. " The Apostles," 
 he says, "only preached after having received per- 
 fect knowledge ; " and he adds, " Matthew gave the 
 Hebrews the Gospel written in their tongue, while 
 Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome, and found- 
 ing the Church there. After their departure, Mark, 
 
TREN^US, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 243 
 
 the disciple and interpreter of Peter, gave us in 
 writing that which Peter had spoken ; and Luke, 
 who had followed Paul, wrote in a book the Gospel 
 that Paul had taught. Afterwards John, the Lord's 
 own disciple, who had leaned on His breast, also gave 
 his Gospel while dwelling at Ephesus, in Asia." 
 
 He explains that St. John's Gospel was partly 
 called forth in refutation of the errors of Cerinthus, 
 the Gnostics, and Nicolaitanes ; and then says that 
 there was a great significance in there being four 
 Gospels, and applies to thern the Vision of St. John of 
 the Living Forms around the Mercy-seat in Heaven. 
 For had not David said, when asking for the coming 
 of the Christ, " Show Thyself also, Thou that sittest 
 between the Cherubim, for the four-shaped Cherubim 
 and their countenances are images of the dispensa- 
 tion of the Son of God." ..." The Word, Who is the 
 worker of all things, Who sitteth above the Cherubim 
 and containeth all things, in being manifested in men, 
 hath given us the Gospel in the form fourfold, but 
 combined by one Spirit." Here, then, we first find 
 the Eagle connected with the height and the depth of 
 St. John's Gospel. 
 
 Irenaeus goes on to show how heretics sometimes 
 argued that they had tradition on their side, and then, 
 when refuted on that score, had recourse to Scripture ; 
 or, when silenced by Scripture, went back to tradition, 
 whereas the Church fearlessly appealed to both. 
 
 "We can reckon," he says, "those whom the 
 Apostles established as bishops in their Churches, 
 and their successors, even down to ourselves, who 
 
 R 2 
 
244 IRENAlUS, the CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 have taught nothing but what is Hke these honoured 
 ones." He then counts the bishops at Rome, from 
 Linus till his own day, adding, "And Polycarp, who 
 not only had been taught by the Apostles, and had 
 conversed v/ith those who had seen Jesus Christ, but 
 had been placed by the Apostles in Asia as Bishop 
 of the Church of Smyrna, whom I myself saw in my 
 early youth ; for he lived long, and was extremely 
 aged when he departed this life by a most glorious 
 and renowned martyrdom. He always taught what 
 he had from the Apostles, what the Church teaches, 
 and which is the sole truth. All the Churches of Asia, 
 and those who have succeeded to the seat of Polycarp, 
 testify that he is a witness of the truth, far more 
 worthy of credit and more certain than Valentinus 
 and Marcion, and all other wanderers. He came to 
 Rome in the time of Anicetus, and brought back to 
 the Church many of the schismatics of these heretics, 
 setting forth that the truth he had heard from the 
 Apostles is that which the Church teaches. 
 
 Shortly after he adds, "If there were a dispute 
 on any question, should we not recur to the oldest 
 Churches where the Apostles have lived t Or, how if 
 the Apostles had left no writings t Should we not 
 then follow the tradition they left to those to whom 
 they entrusted the Churches } This is shown in 
 sundry barbarous nations who believe in jESUS 
 Christ without paper or ink, having the doctrine 
 of salvation written in their hearts by the Holy 
 Ghost, and faithfully keeping the ancient tradition 
 respecting One God the Creator and His Son jESUS 
 
TRENJSUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 245 
 
 Christ. Those who have received this faith un- 
 written are barbarians in language with regard to 
 us ; but as to their opinions and their conduct, they 
 are both discreet and acceptable to God, observing 
 uprightness and chastity." 
 
 Irenaeus must here be speaking of his own Gallic 
 flock, for whose sake he had learnt the language 
 so hard for any full-grown person to acquire, and 
 who all persevered so bravely to the end with him. 
 
 The doctrine he had proved to be so unanimously 
 held he then set forth in his fourth book, following 
 apparently the words of what we call the Apostles' 
 Creed, though we have no absolute copy of it till a 
 century later. He proves these Articles of Faith 
 step by step by the words of our Lord, and then 
 coming to the Holy Eucharist, he says of our 
 Lord, " Having taught His disciples to offer to 
 God the first-fruits of His creatures, not as though 
 He had need of any, but that they might have the 
 blessing of thankfulness, He took bread, which is the 
 work of the Creator, and having given thanks, said, 
 * This is My Body ; ' and thus also, having taken the 
 cup, also the work of the Creator, He pronounced 
 that this is His Blood, and taught the new oblation 
 of the New Testament which the Church, having 
 received through the Apostles, offers to God through- 
 out the world, as it is written in Malachi, ' From the 
 rising of the sun even unto the going down of the 
 same. My name shall be great among the Gentiles, 
 and in every place incense shall be offered unto My 
 Name and a pure offering.' . . . There are oblations 
 
246 IRENjEUS, the CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 here as there were there ; there were sacrifices among 
 the people of old, there are sacrifices in the Church ; 
 the only sort of change is because we are not ser- 
 vants, but freemen, who offer." 
 
 From these declarations of the faith Irenaeus pro- 
 ceeds to show the peril of breaking up the unity of 
 the Church. " The preaching of the Church is true 
 and stedfast, showing to all the world the one true 
 way of salvation ; it is the Seven-branched Candle- 
 stick, which bears the Light of jESUS CHRIST," he 
 says, and earnest were his endeavours to set forth 
 that Light, to keep it clear, and to hinder the sever- 
 ance of any true branch. 
 
 For again the Paschal controversy was waxing hot. 
 The inconvenience of two differing Easter-days was 
 really vexatious, when Asiatic and Italian Christians 
 lived in close contact ; and at Laodicea the visitors 
 from Rome seem to have been scandalized by finding 
 it was the practice to eat a paschal lamb in the same 
 manner as did the Jews. 
 
 Victor, who had become Bishop of Rome, took the 
 matter up warmly, and tried to enforce uniformity, 
 declaring that "the Church should have nothing in 
 common with the Jews" — a bold assertion, consi- 
 dering that all the past, up to scarce two centuries 
 back, must of necessity be in common. 
 
 In consequence, many Synods were held in the 
 different Churches ; and at Jerusalem, in Pontus, Gaul, 
 and many other places, it was decided that the festival 
 must always fall on the first day of the week ; but 
 Ephesus still refused, and Polycrates, the bishop — 
 
IRENALUS, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 247 
 
 who is described as grey-headed, of a slender frame; 
 but of a mighty spirit — headed the declaration that 
 nothing should induce his Church to depart from her 
 ancient custom. 
 
 Victor would have carried out his threat of sepa- 
 rating the Ephesians from the general communion, 
 but the other bishops would not join with him ; and 
 Irenaeus wrote a remonstrance, proving how, while 
 the main articles of faith were accepted by universal 
 consent, local differences of practice showed the extent 
 and largeness of the Church, — and thus again the 
 breach between the East and West was averted. 
 
 From the Christians having leisure for so much 
 of argument among themselves, it may easily be 
 perceived they were not molested from without. 
 The reigning Emperor, Commodus, though a most 
 degenerate son of Aurelius, and given up to de- 
 bauchery and cruelty, never troubled himself to 
 molest the Christians during his twelve years' reign, 
 from 180 to 192. In fact, a woman named Marcia, 
 who had much influence over him, protected the 
 Christians. When at last Marcia found her own name 
 in a list of those whom Commodus intended for death, 
 she poisoned him, and the empire fell into terrible 
 confusion, while the generals of the army struggled 
 with one another for the mastery. 
 
 The province of Gaul had either chosen or been 
 seized by a man named Clodius Albinus, and in 197 a 
 terrible battle was fought at the very gates of Lyons 
 between this man and Septimius Severus, a fierce, 
 iron, old Roman, once governor of Lyons, and who 
 
248 IRENjEUS, the CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 
 
 had already won the victory in Italy. The Christians 
 took no share in political changes, but deemed it their 
 duty to obey the Emperor, however he might have 
 become such, and whether he brought them peace or 
 persecution. 
 
 Both the competitors had shown themselves hard 
 and violent men, but Severus was the most likely to be 
 felt as a powerful and able emperor, and the friends to 
 the public good must have rejoiced when his troops 
 were seen advancing, and Albinus' men fled. There 
 was a terrible slaughter : Albinus was killed, and the 
 Rhone ran red with blood. Severus insulted his enemy's 
 corpse, and took a sharp revenge on his partisans, 
 but without concerning himself about the Christians, 
 indeed, he was forced to hurry to the ends of his 
 empire to repel the barbarians, and the Christians 
 had also the hope that he would favour them for the 
 sake of Proculus, the steward of his freedman Euodias, 
 and who was said to have cured his master of a dan- 
 gerous illness. 
 
 But Severus was one of the fierce, stern characters, 
 who require that all should bend to their will, and 
 when, after a few years, accusations were brought to 
 him of Christians who refused him the honours of 
 divinity, or neglected to appear at the heathen fes- 
 tivals, he bade that the law should take its course. 
 
 This was letting loose the wicked, and they availed 
 themselves of the licence. Some Christians — some 
 whole Churches — thought it no wrong to purchase 
 from the magistrates false testimonials that they 
 had burnt incense to idols; but to Irenaeus and his 
 
IREN^US, THE CHAMPION OF THE FAITH. 249 
 
 Lyonnese such falsehood was the next thing to 
 apostasy. No faithful pen has told how the storm 
 broke on the Smyrniot-Greek bishop and that flock 
 which he had gathered in Gaul by speaking their 
 own tongue. 
 
 What is known is, that almost all Lyons was 
 Christian ; and that in the tenth year of Severus 
 a mighty celebration of games in his honour was pro- 
 claimed. Pagans from every part of the country came 
 in. Whether a chance offence lighted up their fury, we 
 cannot tell, or whether there were a deliberate scheme 
 of their enemies ; but we do know that the Celtic 
 nature, when once set on fire, can be ruthless in its 
 frenzy. Nor have any told us whether the Christians 
 trembled or triumphed, whether they were taken by 
 surprise or were prepared, when the raging multitude 
 came roaring on them and the massacre began. 
 Alas ! that unhappy land has seen too many of such 
 massacres for the fact to be im.probable. No one 
 seems to have written of the faith and constancy of 
 the martyred multitude, but it was told long after 
 how the streets of Lyons had been rivers of blood, 
 and the Greeks of Smyrna, Iren^us' home, kept it 
 on record that he died by the sword in the year 202. 
 An old mosaic pavement in the church of St. Irenseus, 
 at Lyons, has an inscription in Latin verses, which 
 miakes the number of his fellow-martyrs nineteen 
 thousand, but this is scarcely credible. At any rate, 
 this true shepherd must have stood before his God, 
 bringing with him almost unbroken the flock that had 
 come with him through the Red Sea of Martyrdom. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 IRIBULATION AT SMYRN.l, 
 
 " And the secret of their conquest 
 Let Thy kingdom's records tell ; 
 'Twas the old Faith once deliver' d, 
 
 Scorn'd so oft, and proved so well. 
 They adored Thee, God Incarnate ; 
 They believed in Heaven and Hell." 
 
 Rev. W. Bright. 
 
 Those Eastern Churches, to which the letters from 
 Lyons had been written, had a trial coming on them 
 that needed that their faith should be strengthened 
 by every example that could nerve them to en- 
 durance. After the time of Severus, indeed, the very 
 weakness of the emperors gave the Christians an 
 interval of rest for fifty years, since the men who 
 were raised to supreme power, and then pulled down 
 again, by their own guards, were far too short-lived 
 and insecure to attempt to exercise any authority as 
 governors. One of these, Alexander Severus, so far 
 tolerated Christianity that he tried to rank our 
 Blessed Lord with philosophers and teachers, and 
 placed a statue of Him in his private temple. 
 Another, named Philip, an Idumean by birth, is said 
 to have been a Christian, so far as his belief went, 
 
TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 25 1 
 
 though he waived his profession for the sake of the 
 splendours of the purple ; and, indeed, had been 
 hitherto restrained from no crime. He poisoned his 
 master, Gordian, in order to obtain the empire, while 
 on a march from the Persian frontier ; and he also 
 put to death a poor young prince, who had been en- 
 trusted to him as a hostage. 
 
 Easter Eve had come, and the Christians of Antioch 
 were gathered in the building which they had of 
 late ventured openly to devote to the worship of their 
 God. There, watching, as did St. John and the Maries 
 of old, they knelt in the dark Church, and blessed 
 Him v/ho had lain in the grave for their sakes, and 
 prayed that they might in time come to a joyful 
 resurrection, all in waiting for midnight, when, with 
 a shout that " Christ is risen ! " each man should light 
 his lamp, and rejoice with Easter blessedness. 
 
 Even was drawing on, when steps and sounds came 
 near, and a whisper ran through the congregation 
 that the Emperor was coming — the Emperor arriving 
 as a worshipper ; and for the first time would the 
 purple robes and laurelled head enter within a Chris- 
 tian Church. Was not this the time so much longed 
 and prayed for, when edicts of peace would be 
 obtained, and when the " sons of them that had 
 afflicted the Church would come bending unto her } " 
 Granting that Philip was a blood-stained murderer, 
 was not the gain for the Church so infinite, that it 
 might be possible tc wink at the errors of a convert 
 who held the lives of thousands of Christians in his 
 hand .'' 
 
252 TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 Hitherto the assembly of the faithful had never 
 fully received persons living in open sin. There was 
 a spot set apart for them, where, if repentant, they 
 might join in prayer and listen to exhortation ; but 
 like the still unbaptized who were under instruction, 
 they were placed behind the full members of the 
 Church, and were bidden to depart before the cele- 
 bration of the Holy Communion. There would have 
 been the place of one who had denied his faith in 
 torture or terror, of a man who had slain another, or 
 of any person grieving over a deep-dyed sin. 
 
 And as the proud head of the soldierly Emperor 
 appeared within the door of the Church, he was there 
 met by Babylas, the Bishop of Antioch, and no 
 respecter of persons in the house of his God. Point- 
 ing to the space set apart for penitents, he stood 
 before Philip, and told him that the Church closed her 
 doors against none who desired pardon and forgive- 
 ness, but that if he entered, it must be only in the 
 place of the penitent, and that he could not be re- 
 ceived to Communion till he had gone through the 
 discipline appointed for those who had lapsed from 
 the faith.^ 
 
 * This is the story as told by Eusebius. That which ensues is on 
 the authority of St. John Chrysostom, himself a native of Antioch, It 
 may be thought another version of the same story, but on the whole 
 there is no reason that both should not have taken place, since 
 where Philip had penetrated, his successor would think it incumbent ou 
 his honour to enter, as a mere assertion of his right, as Pompey had 
 entered the Holy of Holies ; and Chiysostom makes the bishop's refusal 
 the cause of his death. The Decian persecution was not till after the 
 expedition to the East. 
 
TRIBULA TION A J SMYRNA. 253 
 
 Philip obeyed the bishop, and submitted to accept 
 the penitent's position. But it may be feared that he 
 still halted between two opinions, fearing to offend 
 the Romans ; for on his arrival at Rome, the secular 
 games by which each century of the State was in- 
 augurated were celebrated with extraordinary splen- 
 dour. It was the i, 000th year of Rome — the augury 
 of Romulus* twelve vultures was almost fulfilled ; but 
 the very sense that the commonwealth was tottering 
 inspired the more enthusiasm in her old ceremonies, 
 and Philip took his share, afraid no doubt to betray 
 any shrinking that might offend those on whom his 
 throne and life depended. But before the end of the 
 year, the army in Moesia revolted, and on his way 
 home from subduing it, another rebellion broke out 
 under his rival Decius, and Philip was defeated and 
 slain at Verona in 249. His wife and his son, a grave, 
 thoughtful lad, who was slain at the same time with 
 him, are said to have been Christians. 
 
 Before long, Decius was again on the frontier, 
 called thither to repel the Persians. He, like Philip, 
 returned to Antioch, and like Philip is said to have 
 presented himself at the door of the Church and 
 demanded entrance, perhaps to spy out their pro- 
 ceedings. But Decius was soiled with crimes of as 
 deep a dye as those of Philip, and he was not, as 
 Philip may have been, a Christian. Therefore Ba- 
 bylas, fearless as evei in his resolution to maintain 
 the virgin purity of his Church, withstood Decius at 
 the door, and even on his persistence told him that 
 nothing should induce him, the shepherd, to admit a 
 
254 TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 wolf into the sheepfold. The result was not what it 
 had been with Philip. Decius caused the bishop to 
 be seized and thrown into prison, while three young 
 boys, whom he had been bringing up in his house, 
 were placed under a heathen tutor, and every threat 
 and promise employed to turn them from the faith 
 he had taught them. 
 
 Babylas was brought before the Emperor, and told 
 that he could only purchase his life by sacrificing to 
 the gods of Rome. He answered, that, as a shepherd, 
 he could only do what was good for his flock, and 
 therefore to sacrifice to false gods was impossible. 
 After being again imprisoned, he was brought out to 
 hear his sentence of execution, and, to his great joy, 
 the three young brothers, all constant to their faith, 
 were brought out to share his fate. 
 
 " Return again then unto thy rest, O my soul, for 
 the Lord hath rewarded thee," he began to chant 
 aloud ; and then the bishop and the three boys went 
 along those colonnaded streets of Antioch singing their 
 psalm of joy, till they came to the place of execution. 
 
 "Behold, O Lord, I and the children Thou hast 
 given me," said Babylas, putting the children first, 
 lest the sight of his death should shake them, and 
 begging the friends who had followed to let his chains 
 be buried with him. 
 
 Decius found his empire in a miserable, disorganised 
 plight ; and, like some of his predecessors, seems to 
 have thought he could bring back the old Roman 
 temper by exterminating the new doctrine that he 
 could so little understand. The resistance of Babylas 
 
TRIBULATION AT SMYRNA. 255 
 
 might have made him more bitter ; and certain it is 
 that the Declan persecution was far more deadly and 
 systematic than any that had gone before. 
 
 But among the many who then endured this fiery 
 trial of their faith, only those especially belonging to 
 the Churches of St. John can be spoken of Alex- 
 ander, Bishop of Jerusalem, was one of the first. 
 He was tortured, and died in prison ; and Maximus, 
 Bishop of Ephesus, was stoned. But it is of the 
 tribulation of Smyrna that we have the fullest ac- 
 count ; and as that city was specially marked out for 
 such an ordeal by the epistle in the Apocalypse, and 
 as the account is very curious and characteristic, we 
 give it in full. 
 
 The present bishop, Eudaemon, though in the seat 
 of Polycarp, had not been faithful unto death, but 
 had yielded to fear, and sacrificed to the idol ; and his 
 example had been fatal to many more of his flock. 
 A priest named Pionius thus became the chief of 
 those who still remained faithful. He was a pale, 
 thin ascetic, who had converted many idolaters, was 
 much esteemed by all his fellow-citizens, and had a 
 great influence over his disciples. He seems to have 
 felt that his constancy might be the turning-point 
 with the other Christians, and prepared himself ac- 
 cordingly. On the eve of the 23d February, 250, 
 which was kept at Smyrna in memory of St. Poly- 
 carp, Pionius dreamt that he with two of his flock, 
 Asclepiades and Sabina — the last a woman who had 
 been a slave and had suffered much from a heathen 
 mistress — would be taken the next day ; and when he 
 
256 TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA, 
 
 told them of it, they all, in token of their readiness, 
 put chains upon their own necks, in order, as Pionius 
 aftenvards explained, that they might not be con- 
 founded with those who were on their way to 
 apostasy ; and then proceeded to keep the feast of 
 their martyr Saint. They had just partaken of the 
 holy bread, when they were summoned by Polemo — 
 who is called the Guardian of the Temple, and was 
 probably that chief priest of Dionysos to whom, as 
 we have seen, the crown was given at the end of the 
 year, — arrived with a guard from the magistrates. 
 
 Polemo really seems to have been desirous of 
 saving the life of Pionius, and the populace were in 
 the utmost excitement and curiosity, since Pionius 
 was a man of much note, and, as is evident from 
 his speech, of ready wit and eloquence, and as 
 well instructed in classic as in Christian learning. 
 At sight of the chains round his neck and those of 
 his companions, the crowd became immense, throng- 
 ing densely into the forum ; and it is recorded that, 
 in consequence of the day being Saturday, there 
 was an unusual multitude of women, because the 
 Sabbath had set all the Jewesses at leisure. The 
 roofs of the houses around the forum were filled with 
 gazers, and many stood on benches or chests to see 
 over the heads of the others. The mass of the people, 
 however, seem to have been much less virulent against 
 Pionius than in old times against Polycarp, and 
 evidently wished him to act so as to be spared. 
 Indeed, it appears that the Smyrniote Jews were dis- 
 posed, even though they derided and despised their 
 
TRIE ULA TION A T SMYRNA. 2$ 7 
 
 weakness, to console the unhappy Christians who had 
 lapsed, by offering them a refuge from idol worship 
 in their synagogues — an alternative that must have 
 stung these miserable men with the sense of standing 
 before the terrible and Just One who gave the Law, 
 without the Atoning Sacrifice of the Redeemer they 
 had denied. 
 
 As the three prisoners were set in the midst of the 
 market-place, Polemo said to Pionius, ''You had 
 better do as ethers have done, and avoid punish- 
 ment ; " and he pointed to the images which stood 
 on high, at the top of the steps, under the portico of 
 the temple. Then Pionius turned round to the people, 
 with a cheerful and resolute countenance, and availing 
 himself of the pride the Smyrniotes felt in their city 
 being one of those which laid claim to be the birth- 
 place of Homer, he spoke thus, in a tone that must 
 have taken them by surprise, as showing that he re- 
 garded the apostasy of his fellow -Christians less with 
 anger than with pity, as an absolute fall and death — 
 "Ye men of Smyrna," he said, "who rejoice in the 
 beauty of your walls and of your city, and who exult 
 in the poet Homer; and ye Jews, if any among you 
 be present, hear my speech unto you : — 
 
 " I hear that ye deride those who come of them- 
 selves to sacrifice, or who refuse not when thereto 
 constrained ; whereas ye ought to remember the say- 
 ing of your poet Homer, 
 
 • Unseemly 'tis in death of man to joy. 
 
 And you, ye Jews, should remember how that Moses 
 said unto you, ' If thou seest the ass of him that 
 
 S 
 
2-;8 TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 hateth thee lying under his burthen, thou shalt not 
 forbear to help him.' And Solomon saith, ^ Rejoice 
 not when thine enemy stumbleth.' For my own part, 
 I had rather die and suffer all kinds of torments 
 than contradict that which I have learnt and which 
 I teach." 
 
 His eloquence won him eager attention, and he 
 was allowed to speak for a long time ; but when he 
 came to the words, " We worship not your gods of 
 silver or gold," the idols were brought down from the 
 portico, and carried into the midst of the forum, as 
 to a face-to-face encounter; and the people, led by 
 Polemo, shouted, " Hear us, Pionius, your justice and 
 wisdom induce us to adjudge you worthy of life. It 
 is good to breathe and see the light." 
 
 " So say I," rephed Pionius. " I say, it is good to 
 live and see the light, but that light is what we long 
 to come unto. We do not part with these gifts of 
 God out of scorn, but what we prefer to them is far 
 better. I thank you for your affection, but I doubt 
 your intention. Open hatred injures less than deceitful 
 flattery." 
 
 A man named Alexander began with, " Listen — " 
 
 " Listen to me," said Pionius. " I know what thou 
 •dost and also what thou dost not know." 
 
 "What mean these chains V said Alexander. 
 
 " That none may think we are going to the temple," 
 said Pionius. 
 
 The people continued to entreat him to yield ; and 
 as his answers still continued to strike and almost 
 fascinate them, they demanded that he should be 
 
TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 259 
 
 brought into the theatre, that his voice might be better 
 heard ; but some persons represented to Polemo that 
 this would be sure to end in a riot, and he therefore 
 said, " If you will not sacrifice, at least come into the 
 temple." 
 
 "That would not be good for the idols," said 
 Pionius. 
 
 "Then," said Polemo, "is it impossible to persuade 
 thee ? " 
 
 " Would to God that instead I could make you all 
 Christians." 
 
 " The gods forefend," cried the bystanders ; " then 
 we should be burnt alive !" 
 
 '' Better so, than to burn after death," said Pionius. 
 
 The exclamation of these persons made Sabina 
 smile, and there was a shout at her, "Dost thou 
 laugh.?" 
 
 "Ay," she said; "I laugh, if God wills it, for we 
 are Christian." 
 
 " Dost thou know how they treat women who will 
 not sacrifice 1 " 
 
 " God will provide," she said. 
 
 Polemo then again commanded Pionius to sacrifice. 
 
 " I will not," he said. 
 
 "Why not.?" 
 
 " I am a Christian." 
 
 "Who is thy God.?" 
 
 " God Almighty, who made heaven and earth, and 
 all that is therein ; who giveth us richly all things to 
 enjoy, and Whom we know by His Word, Jesus 
 Christ." 
 
 s 2 
 
26o TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 ''Then at least sacrifice to the Emperor," said 
 Polemo, for this act of homage sometimes served as 
 a sort of subterfuge to appease the consciences of 
 yielding Christians. 
 
 But Pionius answered, " I sacrifice to no man." 
 
 The judicial examination began on this distinct 
 refusal, and the answers were engraved on waxen 
 tablets by a notary. 
 
 '•What dost thou call thyself.?" 
 
 "A Christian." 
 
 "Of what Church.?" For, as we have seen, there 
 were already various bodies who, under the per- 
 suasion of false teachers, had separated from the 
 Church. 
 
 " The Catholic," answered Pionius, using the word 
 for the one universal Church, which had been first 
 appHed to it by St. Ignatius. 
 
 He then turned to Sabina and Asclepiades, who 
 made the same answers, except that the latter, when 
 asked who was his God, said, "Jesus Christ." 
 
 " What, another .? " said Polemo. 
 
 " No ; He is the same whom the others have con- 
 fessed." 
 
 They were then ordered off to prison, and were 
 greatly jostled by the throng, so that Sabina was 
 forced to cling to the priest's garment that she might 
 not be trampled down ; and shouts of contempt were 
 heard : " See the man who was so pale ! He is red 
 enough now ! " 
 
 "That little man," pointing to Asclepiades, "is 
 going to sacrifice." 
 
TRIE ULA TION A T SMYRNA. 26 1 
 
 " How — thou wise man, how can you so obsti- 
 nately run upon death ! " 
 
 "Nay," said Pionius, ''have there not been famine 
 and disease among^ you ?" 
 
 *' You," they said, " are as much exposed to these 
 things, and to prison and death besides." 
 
 "Yes; but with hope in God." 
 
 The crov/d was so great that they could hardly be 
 squeezed into prison, where they found one woman 
 and two men, one a fellow-priest named Lemnus. 
 They were visited there by both heathens and Jews ; 
 and Pionius held many arguments with both, espe- 
 cially asking the Jews if they thought faith in a mere 
 man, put to a cruel death, could inspire courage and 
 joy in suffering. His cheerfulness only failed when 
 he thought of those who had yielded, especially of 
 some who had hitherto led a blameless life. " I 
 feel," he said, with tears, "as if I were torn in 
 pieces, when I hear of the pearls of the Church 
 being trodden under foot by swine, and the stars of 
 heaven swept down by the tail of the great dragon. 
 Alas, our sins are the cause ': " 
 
 Grievous must it have been to him when it was 
 decided to set before him visibly the example of his 
 own fallen bishop. Polemo came with Theophilus, 
 the commander of the cavalry, saying, " Eudsemon 
 has sacrificed. Obey likewise. Eudsemon and Lepidus 
 await you in the temple." 
 
 " The trial cannot come on till the arrival of the 
 proconsul," answered Pionius. 
 
 However, Theophilus summoned some soldiers, 
 
262 TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 who put a rope round Pionlus' neck, and almost 
 strangled him, as they dragged him and the other 
 prisoners to the temple; but at the door they all 
 threw themselves flat on the ground, crying out aloud 
 that they were Christians; and Pionius was absolutely 
 carried in by six m.en, and was laid down before the 
 altar, before which Eudaemon stood offering incense. 
 Never had that renowned temple seen such a sight 
 — the ivy-crowned statue of Dionysos over his 
 altar beneath the stately portico, the animals gar- 
 landed led to execution, the incense wreathing its 
 sweet cloud, the populace thronging the steps, four 
 mxcn and two women lying before the altar in mute, 
 passive resistance, and the god defied ; while one 
 miserable, trembling man, crowned with a wreath, 
 stood casting grains of incense on the smoking tripod. 
 
 Lepidus, who was a magistrate, began to inter- 
 rogate Pionius ; but as he continued to confess the 
 faith, some of these men, who evidently wished to 
 grasp at any pretext for dismissing him before the 
 proconsul should arrive and seal his fate, said to one 
 another, " We must make him say what we wish ! " 
 
 Pionius overhearing this, cried, "Blush for your- 
 selves, ye worshippers of the skies ! Execute your 
 justice ! Obey your laws, which bid you not to 
 compel obedience to them, but put those who refuse 
 to death ! " 
 
 "Cease, Pionius, to seek for vain-glory," said an 
 orator named Rufus. 
 
 " Is this thine eloquence } " said Pionius ; " is this 
 what thy books teach thee } Was not Socrates thus 
 
TRIBULA TION A T SMYRNA. 263 
 
 treated by the Athenians ? Are men to be imperfect, 
 indolent, feeble, and cowardly ? Then Socrates, 
 Aristides, Anaxarchus, were seekers of vain-glory, 
 because they sought wisdom and virtue ! " 
 
 Rufus was silenced, but the garlands always worn 
 at a heathen sacrifice were placed on Pionius' head, 
 and as quickly lay torn to pieces by his hands on the 
 marble pavement ; and a man who had been sacrificing 
 came in carrying choice morsels of the victims upon 
 small spits ; but when he saw the firm countenance 
 of Pionius, he durst not even offer them, but ate them 
 himself The wretched Eudaemon seems not to have 
 spoken a word, but all the other voices were up- 
 lifted. The master of the sports told Asclepiades 
 that he would have him for the beasts, but without 
 shaking his resolution ; and the Christians were taken 
 back to the prison, to await the arrival of the pro- 
 consul, Quintilian. 
 
 There must have been something very striking 
 about Pionius, for Quintilian likewise strove to save 
 him, but finding all persuasion fruitless, condemned 
 him to be burnt alive, like St. Polycarp. He un- 
 dressed himself, and was fastened to the stake with 
 nails. He then said, "I hasten. Lord, that I may 
 rise with thee." A man named Metrodorus, of the 
 sect of the Marcionites, shared his martyrdom, and 
 the pile was heaped with wood and set on fire. His 
 eyes were closed, and the people thought him dead ; 
 but he opened them again, gazed at the fire, said 
 " Amen, Lord receive my spirit," and so died. 
 
 There is no record of the fate of Sabina and 
 
204 TRIE ULA TION A T SMYRNA. 
 
 Asclepiades, and we forbear to dwell on the rest of 
 the noble army of martyrs whose life around the 
 Throne dated from the Decian persecution. Great 
 names were there, but it is enough for us to show 
 that Smyrna, though some wavered and fell in the 
 deadly trial, still had some who " overcame," and by 
 faithfulness unto death won the crown of life. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 ST. SIMEON OF SELEUCIA AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 Armies Thou hast in Heaven which fight 
 
 And follow Thee, all clothed in white ; 
 
 But here on Earth, though Thou hadst need, 
 
 Thou wouldst no legions, but wouldst bleed. 
 
 The Sword with which Thou wouldst command 
 
 Is in Thy Mouth, not in Thy Hand ; 
 
 And all Thy Saints do overcome 
 
 By Thy Blood, and their Martyrdom." 
 
 Henry Vaughan, The Men of War. 
 
 The Church of the far East in the cities and meadows 
 of Mesopotamia and the mountains of Persia had 
 apparently continued in peace from the first. All 
 through the time when the wild Parthian horsemen 
 held the chief power on the banks of the Euphrates 
 and Tigris, no external power interfered with them, 
 and they lived and throve by the side of the Jews, and 
 probably had their share in the cultivation of science, 
 which for many years was better studied in the old 
 river cities than in any other part of the civilized 
 
266 ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 world. But about the time of the martyrdoms of 
 Lyons, a cloud began to rise which was in time to 
 burst in thunder on the heads of the Christians of the 
 East. 
 
 Readers of ancient history will remember that the 
 grand old Medo-Persian dynasty, the Ram of Daniel's 
 fourfold vision, the house of Cyrus, and of Darius, had 
 been utterly destroyed and swept away by the 
 he-goat of the dream, the great Macedonian Alex- 
 ander. In the partition of his empire the more 
 accessible portions of the old Persian domains had 
 fallen to the family of Seleucus, as part of the king- 
 dom of Syria, and when the Seleucidas waned, and 
 their western provinces fell under the Roman power, 
 the eastern mountains sent forth hordes of Parthians, 
 a mixed race, partly Scythian, partly Persian, who 
 established a sort of wild free and easy dominion 
 over the countries beyond the desert barrier which had 
 always made the Roman eagle- droop his wing. 
 
 A mixture of populations would inhabit the great 
 cities and plains, and yet keep distinct — Greeks, whose 
 wonderful self-governing organization would still serve 
 them ; Jews, under their Prince of the Captivity ; 
 Arabs, under their several Sheikhs ; old Persians of the 
 pure stock of ancient times, would pay their tribute 
 to the Parthian master without otherwise feeling his 
 authority. In such a state of things, there would 
 be no one to conduct a persecution, and the Church 
 became numerous and apparently secure. 
 
 But somewhere about the year 220 a revival of 
 the old Persian stock took place. A man named 
 
ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 267 
 
 Ardisheer, the same as Artaxerxes, and claiming to 
 be descended from Xerxes— or Sassan, as the modern 
 Persians called him — came forward at Istakhar, or 
 Persepolis, and rallying the genuine Persians round 
 him, overthrew the Parthian power, and called him- 
 self Shah-in-Shah, or king of kings. With the old 
 dynasty the old religion recovered influence. The 
 Parthlans seem, like all such wild wanderers, to have 
 held their faith very loosely ; but the Persians, who 
 had a system full of germs of truth, and with sublime 
 conceptions of Ormuzd, as they called the deity 
 whose tokens were the glorious sun and the devouring 
 flame, were keen in their religious feehngs ; and with 
 all their reviving vigour as a nation, re-asserted the 
 dominion of the faith of Zoroaster and the Maglans, 
 their priestly caste. They were a people of much fire 
 and spirit, of much acuteness and elegance of taste, 
 and being descended from the same great stock as the 
 Greeks, Romians, and our own forefathers, had much 
 in common Avith them, though all coloured by the 
 peculiar influence of the gorgeous East ; but the heroic 
 and poetical traditions that hung round the outer sur- 
 face of their faith, had the same origin as the classical 
 myths and northern tales, and much of their poetry 
 was very beautiful. They had, however, from very 
 ancient times, held that there was a double principle 
 — of good and of evil of equal power — Ormuzd and 
 Ahriman, the same idea that Simon Magus had been 
 infected with in Egypt, and which likewise became 
 current among some of the Christians of Persia. A 
 man named Manes was the first to mix this fatal error 
 
26S ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 with their faith, and from him the heresy that thus 
 arose was called the Manichsean. 
 
 The heavy trial of the Persian Church came to pass 
 in the time of Sapor, or Shahpoor 11. (who began to 
 reign in the year 301), as soon as, or indeed before, he 
 was born. He does not seem to have begun life with 
 any prejudice against the Christians ; indeed, he was 
 tended in his infancy by Usthazanes, one of the 
 eunuchs of the palace, who was a Christian, and 
 whom the Shah loved and trusted so much as to make 
 him first lord of Persia and his chief chamberlain. 
 He was also as great a friend as a despotic Shah 
 could be of Simeon Barsaboes {Le. the fuller's son), 
 the Bishop of Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the Greek and 
 Parthian cities on the opposite sides of the Tigris — a 
 man of such beautiful countenance and stately pre- 
 sence that he impressed all persons, even against their 
 will. In fact, the Christians were living much in the 
 same state as Daniel and his companions had lived 
 in the same country, liable at any moment to per- 
 secution, but perforce employed and respected on 
 account of their superior trustworthiness. 
 
 But at the very time that the last and worst per- 
 secution in the Roman empire was quenched by the 
 victory of Constantine, and the Cross was set up in- 
 stead of the Eagle at the head of the Roman legions, 
 the heart of Sapor became turned against his Chris- 
 tian subjects. It is possible that he considered them 
 as traitors, because they kept up an intercourse with 
 their brethren of the Roman empire, whose prince 
 was now acknowledged as a believer, instead of being 
 
Sr. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS, 269 
 
 a persecutor. Indeed, at the great council of Nica^a, 
 in 325, which had been convoked by Constantine for 
 the purpose of declaring the faith of the Church in 
 the Eternal Godhead of our Blessed Lord, Simeon was 
 represented by his priest, Sciadhustes, and there his 
 see was appointed by the council to become a patri- 
 archate, and carry with it a certain authority over the 
 bishoprics within its bounds. Maruthas, one of the 
 contemporary priests of Seleucia, wrote in Chaldaic 
 an account of the trials of the Church in these days, 
 part of which was copied by the Church historian, 
 Sozomen, into his narrative, and the whole, with other 
 Chaldean authorities, were in more recent times 
 brought to light and translated by the learned 
 Syrians, Elias and Stephen Assemani, who have 
 already been mentioned as collecting manuscripts at 
 Nitria for the Vatican. 
 
 There is, therefore, no doubt of the facts, and to 
 bring the scene before us we must cease to think of 
 the classical Greek and Roman scenes — the forum, 
 the tribunal, the amphitheatre, the purple-robed 
 Emperor, the soldier with his horsehair crest, the 
 people in tunic or toga ; but rather call before us the 
 vast half-buried splendours of the Mesopotamian 
 cities — Nineveh quite gone ; Babylon, since the Sas- 
 sanid dynasty had come in, entirely deserted, save 
 that its mighty walls served for an inclosure to the 
 Shah's hunting-park, so that every wild howl or roar 
 that rang from within brought to the minds of the 
 Christians and Jews remembrances of Isaiah's pro- 
 phecy. Seleucia was already falling into partial 
 
270 ST, SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 neglect, and indeed nothing is now left to show the 
 place of this once splendid city ; and of Ctesiphon, 
 then in its glory, only one enormous arch remains. 
 
 Among the mountains of Persia proper, Istakhar, 
 or Persepolis, was a mixture of poor modern dwellings 
 with the magnificent, elegantly-formed, and richly- 
 carved remnants of the palaces of Darius ; and Susa, or 
 *' Shusan the palace," still possessed in ruins the marble 
 pavements, where, among the many-coloured veils and 
 curtains between the pillars of Ahasuerus' palace, 
 Esther's intercession had saved her people. Straight 
 featured, rather small, but slender and well propor- 
 tioned, were the Persian race in general, wearing long 
 straight garments, brightly coloured, and belted in at 
 the waist, with a tall conical cap on the head — a cap 
 that in the case of the Shah was completely incrusted 
 with pearls and other jewels, and had the peak set 
 upright, while inferior persons wore it turned back. 
 The Sassanid princes had taken up all the traditions 
 of their supposed ancestry, the old kings, and hke 
 Darius of old, the Shah-in-Shah, or king of kings, the 
 Great King, was thought, next after the sun and fire, 
 to represent Ormuzd, and was adored by prostra- 
 tions on the rich and brilliant carpets that lay before 
 the cushions of his throne. 
 
 As yet free from the torpor that falls on the be- 
 lievers in the Koran, the Shahs were full of activity, — 
 great soldiers and huntsmen, busy judges and states- 
 men, and in their leisure hours amused with poetry 
 and music. Sapor was constantly at war with the 
 Roman empire, and his first persecution seems to 
 
ST. SLUE ON AND THE PARTHIANS. 271 
 
 have begun when he was irritated by want of success, 
 and the Magi represented to him that the sun received 
 no adoration, since the Christians taught every one to 
 despise it. 
 
 They especially complained of the number of 
 Churches built by two bishops named Sapor and 
 Isaac. These, with three others, were brought before 
 him, and the kmg is represented as arguing thus with 
 them : — 
 
 " Am I not of divine birth ? — yet I sacrifice to the 
 sun, and pay divine honour to fire. Who are ye, that 
 ye should disobey my laws, and despise the sun and 
 the flame .? " 
 
 " We know but one God, and Him only do we 
 serve," cried the martyrs. 
 
 "Is your God better than Ormuzd, or stronger than 
 Ahriman ? " demanded the Shah ; and as they con- 
 tinued to confess their faitli, he caused them to be 
 beaten, till Bishop Sapor's bones were broken, so that 
 he died in prison. Isaac was stoned by some of his 
 own flock, who had apostatized from terror, and their 
 companions were also killed. Fear or affection for 
 his master also led the chamberlain Usthazanes to 
 offer the required homage to the sun. 
 
 For a time there was peace for the Christians, whilst 
 Sapor was endeavouring to make fresh conquests on 
 the border ; but he failed in his attack on the city of 
 Nisibis, and, returning full of wrath, hstened to the 
 further accusations of the Magi, who accused the 
 Christians of being traitors. In 340, therefore, an 
 edict came forth, making death the penalty of 
 
272 ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 embracing Christianity, and laying heavy imposts on 
 all who already professed it. This was followed up 
 by the confiscation of the Churches, and the seizure of 
 their furniture and vessels, with terrible threats to the 
 clergy. Upon this the Patriarch Simeon wrote a 
 letter to the king, speaking thus : — 
 
 "Jesus Christ offered Himself of His own free 
 will for the whole world, and ransomed it by the shed- 
 ding of His Blood. Can I then fear to give my life 
 for a people for whose salvation I am bound to work ? 
 If I cannot live without a crime, I would not prolong 
 my days. God forbids me to purchase my hfe at the 
 expense of the souls for whom His Son gave His life. 
 I am not base enough to fear to walk in my Saviour's 
 footsteps. By His grace I feel strength to share in 
 His sacrifice. As to my people, they will be able to 
 die for a religion that secures their salvation." 
 
 The king was greatly enraged on hearing this 
 letter, and instantly sent orders that all the priests and 
 deacons should be put to death. " As to Simeon," he 
 added — " Simeon, the chief of the accursed race, who 
 despises my majesty, who only worships Caesar's God, 
 and scorns mine — let him be brought and set before 
 me." 
 
 On this a Jew counsellor added the suggestion, 
 " Great king, your wrath is just. If you write to 
 Caesar, he will pay no honour to your letter ; but let 
 Simeon write him a few lines, and he will rise to receive 
 them, kiss them respectfully, and command that 
 whatever is requested in them should be fulfilled." 
 
 Simeon was arrested at Seleucia, with tv/o of the 
 
ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 2^3 
 
 twelve priests of his Church, named Abdhaicla and 
 Hananias, and was put in chains to be conducted to 
 the king, who was then in Persia Proper. He was 
 taken through his native city of Susa, but he begged 
 that he might not have the grief of passing through 
 a street where a Christian church had lately been 
 turned into a Jewish synagogue. 
 
 It was at a place near the banks of the Oxus that 
 he was brought before Sapor. He did not prostrate 
 himself, as had been his wont, and Sapor demanded 
 why he omitted this homage or adoration. 
 
 " Because," said Simeon, " I never appeared in irons 
 before you till now, nor in order that I might be 
 forced to deny the true God." 
 
 It would seem that there was an accusation of dis 
 affection to the State, and when Simeon had cleared 
 himself from this, the king became less severe in his 
 manner, and said, "Believe me, Simeon, I wish you 
 well. Adore the sun, and this act of obedience will 
 be good for you and your people." 
 
 " How should I adore the sun," said Simeon, 
 ''when I cannot even adore you, O king, though 
 you are of a more excellent nature than the sun 1 
 We own one Lord alone, even jESUS, who was 
 crucified." 
 
 " I could endure your folly," said the king, " if you 
 worshipped a living God ; but no, you adore as God 
 a man who died on the wood of infamy. Be wiser, 
 and adore the sun, to whose divinity all nature does 
 homage. If you obey, you shall have riches, honours, 
 and dignities." 
 
 T 
 
274 ^^- SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 To which Simeon answered, " You know not 
 Jesus Christ. He is the Creator of men, and Lord 
 of the sun itself, who even became dark to mourn for 
 His death. Then He rose glorious from the grave, 
 and rose up to heaven by His own power. The 
 honours you promise me tempt me not. My God is 
 preparing for me things you know not, which are far 
 more precious than yours." 
 
 " You had better save your life," said the king, " as 
 well as that of multitudes, who will perish with you 
 if you persist in your obstinacy." 
 
 "If you commit such a crime you will feel its 
 enormity, and endure the punishment when you 
 stand before the Judge of all the earth. I willingly 
 abandon to you the remnant of this wretched life," 
 said Simeon. 
 
 " Then," returned Sapor, " you must run upon your 
 ruin ; but I pity your followers, and will try to cure 
 them of their folly by the severity of your punish- 
 ment." 
 
 \ Undaunted by the threat, Simeon answered, " You 
 will soon find out that Christians do not sacrifice their 
 eternal life for this corruptible life ; and that they 
 would not exchange the immortal name they take 
 from Christ for your diadem." 
 
 " If you refuse to honour me in the presence of my 
 grandees, and to adore me or the sun, the divinity of 
 all the East, to-morrow that handsome face and form 
 shall be torn and mauled," said Sapor, who saw that 
 his court were much impressed by the great beauty 
 and dignity of Simeon's appearance. His reply was, 
 
ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS, 275 
 
 " You equal yourself to the sun, and make it your 
 God, though you are greatly the superior. If you 
 disfigure the beauty of my body, which I look upon 
 as contemptible, He who gave it to me will one day 
 restore it with usury." 
 
 So from the carpets spread before the throne of 
 Sapor, Simeon was led away, but at the door waited 
 Usthazanes ; * and now, as he saw the bishop pass, he 
 threw himself on his knees, overawed by his pre- 
 sence; but Simeon turned his head aside, and would 
 not even look at him. Cut to the heart, Usthazanes 
 cried with tears " Alas ! if to see Simeon's face 
 turned from me is so dreadful, how can I bear the 
 wrath of the God I have denied ! " 
 
 He went home, clothed himself in black, and again 
 returned to his post, where he was at once interrogated 
 by the king, and confessed himself a Christian without 
 further wavering. Sapor would have had him tor- 
 tured, probably in hopes of making him yield and 
 save his life, but the nobles insisted that he should die 
 at once. He only begged that it might be proclaimed 
 that he did not die for any crime, but for his return to 
 the Christian profession ; and this the Shah granted, 
 thinking it would terrify the Christians. To Simeon, 
 in his dungeon, the tidings were full of joy, and he 
 gave thanks with uplifted hands ; and then, as the 
 Paschal feast was near, he prayed for himself that he 
 might drink the cup of his Lord on the very day and 
 at the hour of the Passion. 
 
 * In the Chaldee of Maruthas he is Guh Sciata Zades, which is said 
 to mean a man of rank. 
 
 T2 
 
276 ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 The next day was Good Friday, and he was again 
 led to the Shah; and refusing once more to adore 
 either him or the sun, was at once sentenced to be 
 beheaded. 
 
 A hundred more clergy were led out to die at 
 the same time, five of them bishops, and the rest of 
 all the other grades. They were offered life if they 
 would adore the sun, but they all refused, and all 
 were put to death before the eyes of Simeon, whom 
 the king hoped thus to terrify, but who only exhorted 
 them all the time to persevere in the hope of the 
 Resurrection. He and his two priests were the last ; 
 and as Hananias was taking off his garment, a 
 shudder passed over him, on which Phusikes, the sur- 
 veyor of the king's works, said, " Be firm, Hananias, 
 shut your eyes, and in a moment you will see the 
 divine Light of CHRIST." 
 
 This was reported to the king, and Phusikes being 
 led before him, declared that he asked no favour but 
 to share the death of these men ; and so he did, but 
 with far greater torture. Nor did the constant 
 slaughter of the Christians cease from the sixth hour 
 on Good Friday until the second Sunday after Easter. 
 Sozomen says that 16,000 of all ages and sexes 
 perished in an indiscriminate massacre, in which at 
 last was included one Azades, a favourite eunuch of 
 the king, who was so grieved at his death as to con- 
 fine the persecution for the future to the clergy and 
 the virgin deaconesses. Sapor's queen had fallen sick, 
 and the Jew physician who attended her persuaded 
 her that her illness was the effect of the revengeful 
 
ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 277 
 
 magic of Tharba, the sister of Simeon, and remark- 
 able for the same unusual personal beauty. 
 
 She and her maid were arrested on this accusation. 
 She protested that magic was equally forbidden with 
 idolatry ; and besides she said, *' Why should we 
 revenge my brother, since he only passed from perish- 
 able life to a heavenly kingdom ? Besides, vengeance 
 is also unlawful for us." 
 
 So beautiful was she, that each of her three judges 
 separately offered to save her if she would enter their 
 harems, but she refused them all ; and when told that 
 she might yet be pardoned if she would only adore 
 the sun, she answered, " Never will I worship the 
 creature instead of the Creator." She was then sen- 
 tenced, and both she and her maid were actually hewn 
 each into six parts, which were placed in baskets, and 
 hung upon twelve stakes disposed in two rows, along 
 which the queen was to walk to destroy the effect 01 
 the supposed enchantment ! 
 
 At Adiabene, a hundred and eleven clergy and nine 
 deaconesses were in a horrible dungeon together, 
 where they were daily fed for six months by one rich 
 and virtuous woman, named Yazdundocta, who, on the 
 night before their execution, spread for them a feast in 
 their prison, brought them each a white garment for 
 their martyrdom, and waited on them herself ; and 
 when they were on the way to their death, she met 
 them, throwing herself at their feet, and kissing their 
 hands. After all had been beheaded, she caused them 
 to be buried, five and five together, in graves at some 
 distance from the city. After this the persecution 
 
278 ST. SIMEON AND THE PARTHIANS. 
 
 slackened, though not till Sadoth, the nephew and 
 successor of Simeon, had shared his fate, at the end 
 of nine months. 
 
 Sapor turned his attention to his foreign wars, and 
 spent sixty-three days with all his army in a vain 
 attempt to take Nisibis : so valiant and patient were 
 the citizens under the exhortations of St. James, their 
 hero bishop, who constantly encouraged them, and 
 prayed for their safety and deliverance ; though, when 
 he was entreated to pray for the destruction of the 
 enemy, he said he would entreat for the perishing of 
 no man, but would only ask that God would make 
 the weak things of the world to confound the strong. 
 At that moment, James' own figure, as he fearlessly 
 passed along the walls, in his full episcopal robes, was 
 taken by the Persians for that of the Emperor. They 
 fancied a reinforcement had come, and a panic spread 
 among them ; and soon after, swarms of stinging 
 flies and gnats, bred by the summer rain and heat 
 acting upon the refuse of the camp, rendered the 
 situation intolerable, and forced the Shah to raise 
 the siege. 
 
 Such is the account given by Christian writers ; 
 and it is quite certain that the Christian stedfastness 
 of Nisibis and Edessa were for at least a century the 
 protection of the Greek and Roman world. James of 
 Nisibis was the great infuser of this spirit. He was 
 a man as meek and charitable as he was resolute and 
 brave, and was specially noted for his loving care of 
 the poor, the widow, and the fatherless. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE VICTORY. 
 
 " The Oracles are dumb, 
 No voice or hideous hum 
 Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving ; 
 Apollo from his shrine 
 Can no more divine, 
 With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving/' 
 
 Milton. 
 
 While the Church in Persia was struggling and 
 suffering, triumph and peace had come to the 
 Churches of the Roman empire. 
 
 We pass over the horrors of the long persecution 
 begun by Diocletian, and carried on by Maximin ; 
 and Constantine, though he assumed the purple in 
 Gaul, does not especially belong to the Churches of 
 St. John, save that as Emperor his power told upon 
 their condition, and they reaped the full benefit of 
 his proclamation of peace to the Christians, and the 
 example of his profession of faith. 
 
 The faith was not merely tolerated, it was owned 
 as the dominant powder ; the doors of the heathen 
 temples were not closed by authority, but were left 
 
28o THE VICTORY. 
 
 shut by mere neglect ; churches were openly built 
 and frequented, and the questions of doctrine that 
 former emperors had never known to exist anxiously 
 occupied the mind of Constantine. 
 
 On this account it was that Councils of the Church 
 were convoked. Aries was the scene of the first great 
 Synod, in 314. Scarcely a hundred years after the 
 martyrdoms at Lyons, the Emperor himself was 
 sending forth letters to the Western bishops, inviting 
 them to meet him at Arelate, attended each by two 
 priests and three servants, and undertaking for all 
 the expenses of their journey, to confer upon matters 
 concerning the teaching and discipline of the Church. 
 
 Such another meeting, but truly universal, took 
 place eleven years later (in 325), at Nicaea, and is the 
 iirst of the General Councils whose decrees form the 
 laws of the whole Church. Now, without any weak 
 compliance on the part of the Christians, without one 
 intrigue, without even solicitation, the Cross had been 
 exalted, the name of Christ was openly proclaimed, 
 and the Roman armies went forth to fight beneath 
 the cypher of the Holy Name and the motto, 
 *^ In hoc signo vinces " (In this sign thou shalt 
 conquer). 
 
 And Jerusalem, so long trodden down of the Gen- 
 tiles and dishonoured by the name that Hadrian had 
 imposed on it, was visited by Constantine's mother, 
 the Empress Helena, who traced out with reverent 
 eagerness every spot which tradition connected with 
 the footprints of the Saviour, — the home at Nazareth, 
 the cave of the Nativity at Bethlehem, the Mount of 
 
THE VICTORY. 281 
 
 Olives, and the Hill of Calvary. The Temple of 
 Venus was overthrown, and in the earth thrown up 
 to form its foundation was discovered what the Chris- 
 tians of Jerusalem declared to be the Holy Sepulchre, 
 and near it three crosses, one of which was reverenced 
 by the whole Christian world as the veritable Tree 
 on which the Redeemer had hung. The church which 
 Helena built, covering both the site of the crucifixion 
 and the sepulchre, became at once the most venerated 
 spot in the whole world; choice marbles, gold and 
 silver, gems and incense, were lavished on it, and the 
 memory of the spot where the Son of Man had died 
 the most despised of all deaths had become the glory 
 of all lands. Thenceforth men of all nations gathered 
 themselves to Jerusalem, to worship, to weep, and to 
 rejoice ; to trace the Saviour's footsteps from shrine 
 to shrine, and bless Him for His humiliation, while 
 they entreated Him to let His Passion not have been 
 to them in vain. 
 
 Yet the Victory of the Faith was to be even more 
 marked, when the great-nephew of Constantine, Julian, 
 endeavoured to lift up and reanimate the fallen corpse 
 of Paganism. 
 
 There had been an unfortunate reign immediately 
 after Constantine's. His son Constantlus was a feeble, 
 selfish man, enervated by the wealth, luxury, and 
 splendour of his position ; and, though calling himselt 
 a Christian, holding those low views of the Divinity 
 of the Lord Christ which had been censured at 
 Nlcaea, and misusing the persons who maintained the 
 Catholic faith, especially the great St. Athanasius, 
 
282 THE VICTORY. 
 
 who, though a true disciple of St. John, in the valiant 
 defence of Truth, belongs rather to the history of 
 St. Mark's Church of Alexandria than to that of 
 St. John's foundation. 
 
 Constantius was a weak tyrant, cowardly, violent, 
 and false, and betraying in his whole conduct the 
 Christian name he bore. 
 
 And thus it was that as Julian, his next heir, 
 grew up under a weight of jealous suspicion, he 
 hated and despised religion as he saw it in his 
 oppressive kinsman, and went back to the old times 
 when the Romans were the stedfast, hardy, proud 
 conquerors of the world, and their country's glory 
 was their sole thought. Athens, still the place of 
 study for the youth of the Empire, was the scene of 
 many a dream and aspiration of the young man 
 towards the old days of Roman hardihood and Greek 
 truth-seeking. When he saw the Emperor, no longer 
 the victorious general surrounded by his captains — 
 the great simple-mannered magistrate, in whom were 
 gathered all the most important offices of the State, 
 the citizen of most power only because he tolled the 
 hardest — instead of this a mere purple-robed, crowned 
 monarch, surrounded by flatterers and slaves, waited 
 upon like an image, putting off his cares upon his 
 favourites, reposing in his palace instead of heading 
 his armies, and those armies falling back defeated 
 in Germany on the one hand and Persia on the other, 
 while even Rome itself was deserted for the new- 
 built eastern Constantinople, — his spirit burnt within 
 him : and as he read of the stern virtue of Cato, the 
 
THE VICTORY. 283 
 
 brilliancy of Caesar, the grave earnestness of Aurelius, 
 he fancied it was the renunciation of the old deities 
 of their forefathers that had destroyed the temper of 
 Rome ; and through the very sins and weakness of 
 the Christians he, in his earnest but vain impatient 
 temper, was turned in heart from the faith. 
 
 Like the women of Judah, who said that all had 
 gone well with them when they made cakes for the 
 Queen of Heaven, Julian, spurning the religion of 
 Constantius, went back in heart to the solemn Jupiter 
 of the Capitol, the stern Father Mars, the pure Vesta 
 of his Roman forefathers, and mourned over their 
 closed, forsaken shrines ; and while wandering at 
 Athens, he looked up wistfully at the splendour of 
 the creamy columns of the Parthenon, the battles 
 sculptured on their friezes, and the ivory and gold 
 statue of Pallas Athene, the masterpiece of Phidias, 
 shining in her almost forsaken temple, with her out- 
 stretched spear, and a majesty of beauty that had 
 in it a trace of the Divine inspiration that came to 
 the great men of old who were feeling for the truth. 
 He dwelt on the deep thoughts and speculations of 
 Socrates and Plato, which had almost consecrated 
 those porticoes and groves ; and he revelled in the 
 magnificent poems, the like of which had never yet 
 flowed from a Christian lyre. He knew not that 
 what gave their glory and beauty to these thoughts 
 and these forms was, that they were "the strong 
 yearnings for a blest new birth " of the old ignorant 
 world ; they were the tokens of how God's Spirit 
 spoke of old to the hearts of men longing and 
 
284 THE VICTORY. 
 
 struggling for the knowledge that was denied to 
 them. He, born in open day, a baptized Christian, 
 saw the light so obscured by the evil lives of those 
 who professed it, that he went back into the dark 
 night that he might have the tapers of these great 
 men of old for his guides. Of the deadly depth 
 of corruption and vile practices of that ancient world 
 he knew little or nothing. Unwittingly his standard 
 of morals was formed, not on his heroes of old, but 
 on the perfect rule that the Christians had set abroad 
 through the world. He called himself a Stoic, ready 
 to endure the utmost hardness, that he might practise 
 the utmost virtue without reward ; but in his ideas 
 and practice of virtue and self-sacrifice he was no 
 Stoic, but rather what he was called by the com- 
 panion of his studies, St. Basil, the ape of Chris- 
 tianity. It was an Ephesian philosopher who finally 
 overturned his belief in Christianity ; and thus for 
 once Artemis had prevailed over the doctrine of St. 
 John. 
 
 While within reach of Constantius he was forced 
 to dissemble his sentiments during his course of study 
 at Athens, but while commanding the Roman troops 
 in Gaul, he ceased entirely to share in Christian 
 ordinances. He was even said to have tried to wash 
 away his baptism in a bath of the blood of sacrifices; 
 and when, in 361, he became Emperor in his cousin's 
 stead, the last struggle for supremacy between the 
 heathen and the Christian world began. 
 
 The gods of Greece and Rome were again pro- 
 claimed as divinities, their temples were cleansed. 
 
THE VICTORY. 
 
 their images reinstated, herds were collected to serve 
 as sacrifices, their oracles were consulted, and Julian, 
 though professing not to persecute, made it evident 
 that he was resolved that his subjects should follow 
 his example, and found every excuse for dealing 
 severely by the orthodox Christians, and for acting 
 in direct defiance of the predictions of prophecy. 
 
 Here, then, was the crisis of the fight, led by the 
 young Emperor, bearded, wiry, hardy, and active, with 
 merely the plainest purple toga and buskins to mark 
 his station, living on the hardest fare, sleeping on a 
 lion's skin, pure and regular in life as the strictest 
 monk, just, upright and merciful, save when his mind 
 was warped by his hostility to the new religion, and 
 challenging the Christians to show equal virtue — 
 nay, consciously challenging the Galilean Carpenter, 
 as he was wont to call our Blessed Lord, to prove 
 Himself greater and truer than the Jupiter of the 
 Romans. 
 
 He was bent on a grand expedition to Persia, which 
 should give him the glories of another Alexander. 
 He would fain have been accompanied by a pagan 
 army, but his soldiers were almost all believers, and, 
 as it was fifty years since the last persecution, had 
 almost forgotten the tests of heathenism. So when 
 the Emperor was giving an adv^ance of pay to a large 
 body of his men, as they passed his throne and took 
 his gift, each received a handful of spices and a com- 
 mand to cast it into a little fire burning before him. 
 Their instinct of discipline made them obey without 
 question, or thinking of the meaning of the rite. 
 
2S6 rHE VICTORY. 
 
 Shortly after, as one invoked the name of CHRIST ere 
 he drank, he was told that he was a Christian no 
 longer ; and then he understood that the fire had 
 been burning on no other than the Altar of Jupiter, 
 and that they had done the deed that their fathers 
 had refused at the cost of their lives. They all 
 rushed before the Emperor, tearing their hair, and 
 demanding to be put to death in expiation of their 
 unknowing fall, and the Emperor in his anger con- 
 demned them all to die for their breach of discipline. 
 At the place of execution the eldest requested that 
 the youngest might be the first to die, and the sword 
 was just lifted over the head of the youth, whose 
 name was Romanus, when orders from the Emperor 
 came to spare their lives ; whereupon this truly brave 
 soldier rose up, saying only, " Then it seems that 
 Romanus is not worthy of a martyr's crown." The 
 Emperor deprived the officers of their rank and dis- 
 persed them into different provinces, but he did not 
 try the experiment on any more legions, or his army 
 would have been too much thinned. 
 
 Antioch, where the Emperor halted on his way to 
 the East, was the centre of the battle of the Christian 
 faith with the heathen oracles. Near Antioch lay a 
 village called Daphne, and a fountain named Castalia, 
 said by the Syriac Greeks to be the spot where the 
 river-nymph Daphne, fleeing in terror from the pur- 
 suit of Apollo, had sunk into the earth, whence the 
 sacred laurel (or more truly, the bay) had instantly 
 risen — a fable, of course, of the dawn vanishing before 
 the sun, and of the heat causing trees to rise from 
 
THE VICTORY. 287 
 
 the ground, but really believed as a story by the 
 Greeks. 
 
 The metamorphosis of Daphne was commemorated 
 by a splendid temple to Apollo and Artemis, sur- 
 rounded by a wood of cypresses, myrtles, and bays, 
 in whose cool dark shades were alleys impenetrable 
 to the sun, and adorned with statues ; there was a 
 beauteous garden full of flowers and fountains within, 
 and the temple had an inmost shrine, whence an 
 oracular voice had been wont to respond to the ques- 
 tions of the worshippers. It was even said that here 
 Hadrian had been promised the empire. 
 
 Since the decline of paganism, though the lands of 
 the temple still provided for its maintenance, the oracle 
 had been little frequented, save by low, superstitious 
 persons such as would now believe in fortune-telling. 
 And to put a stop to this, Gallus, Julian's elder 
 brother, had eleven years before caused the bodies 
 of St. Babylas and his three young pupils to be in- 
 terred in a church which he built in the grove, because 
 it was believed that the presence of the remains of a 
 saint would put to silence the demon voices that the 
 Christians imagined to speak in an oracle. 
 
 Since that time, the oracle had been dumb; and 
 when Julian arrived, though he offered a whole heca- 
 tomb of cattle, and poured forth rivers of wine before 
 the altars, entreating that the god would speak and 
 reply to his questions, "there was no voice, neither 
 any to answer," until at last a muffled sound was 
 caught, and was understood to be, " The dead ! the 
 dead ! *' 
 
288 THE VICTORY 
 
 Julian absolutely accepted the belief that it was 
 the neighbourhood of Babylas' remains that silenced 
 the oracle, and he therefore bade the Antiochians 
 bear away the bones. 
 
 The Christians regarded the order as the token of 
 the power of the very corpse of a holy man to strike 
 dumb the demons. They took the chest from beneath 
 the altar, where they loved to place the remains 
 of the martyrs in memory of the souls whom St. 
 John had seen waiting beneath the Altar before the 
 heavenly Mercy-seat, and placed it on a car, round 
 which they wound such a solemn dance as David 
 had once danced before the Ark of God, while 
 they sang the Psalms by which Israel of old had 
 triumphed in the downfall of Dagon before, ever 
 ending their verses with the antiphon — 
 
 '* Confounded be all they that worship graven images, 
 And that delight in vain gods ! " 
 
 All the city of Antioch was there, old and young, 
 men and v/omen, rejoicing in what they regarded as 
 the false god's confession that he could not speak 
 before the remains of the holy martyr. 
 
 Julian was extremely angered, and bade Sallust, 
 the prefect of the East, punish this demonstration 
 severely ; but Sallust represented to him that the fer- 
 vour of the people would only grow by persecution. 
 Julian was too much offended not to insist, and 
 accordingly several Christians were imprisoned, and 
 one, a youth named Theodore, was for a whole day 
 hun^ to the rack called the Little Horse, with two 
 
THE VICTORY. 289 
 
 torturers, one on each side ; but throughout he con- 
 tinued to sing, — 
 
 " Confounded be all they that worship carved images, 
 And that delight in vain gods ! " 
 
 Nor could one frown of pain be seen on his face. 
 When at length he was taken down, he declared that 
 he had indeed felt the torture at first, but that soon 
 a young man had come to stand by him, bathing him 
 with cool water, and wiping his limbs with a pure 
 white cloth, and that his comfort and peace were such 
 that he was only sorry to be taken down from the 
 rack. 
 
 In one of the chief streets was the house of a 
 widow named Publia, who kept around her a number 
 of young deaconesses, and every day as the Emperor 
 passed her window he heard the song issue forth, — 
 
 *' As for all the gods of the heathen, 
 They are but silver and gold, the work of men's hands ; 
 They that make them are like unto them, 
 And so are all they that put their trust in them." 
 
 Julian had magnanimity enough not to molest the 
 women ; but when he heard that the Antiochians were 
 satirizing his bearded figure, he wrote a satire on their 
 effeminacy, calling it " The Beardhater." He also 
 wrote other books, some of which are lost, and poems, 
 none of which had much merit as compositions. At 
 the same time, he ardently took up the cause of the 
 Jews, to whom he wrote the following letter : — 
 
 " The heavy taxes that have been unwarrantably 
 laid upon you, and those vast sums of gold you have 
 
 U 
 
290 THE VICTORY. 
 
 been forced to bring Into the treasury, have far ex- 
 ceeded those other oppressions and slaveries which 
 in the times foregoing you have undergone : a great 
 part of which I have seen with mine own eyes, and 
 have discovered more from the writs that have been 
 directed and issued against you. And at this time 
 another assessment is prepared for you, which I have 
 stopped and prohibited ; and out of detestation of so 
 unjust an act, have burnt the warrants that lay ready 
 among my records to be sent out against you, so that 
 none may henceforth be able so much as to affright 
 you with the report of such a piece of injustice. The 
 cause of these injuries is not so much to be attributed 
 to my brother Constantius of worthy memory, as to 
 some men of barbarous principles and atheistical 
 tempers that stood about him and were fed at his 
 table, whom I took with mine own hands and flung 
 them headlong into a deep pit, where they irrecover- 
 ably perished, that so the least monument might not 
 remain of them. For my part, being resolved to 
 show you all the favour and kindness I can, I have 
 advised your brother Julus, the venerable patriarch, 
 to stop the tribute that is imposed upon you, and that 
 no man henceforth shall misuse your nation with such 
 intolerable exactions, but that you may to all intents 
 live peaceably and securely under my reign, and being 
 free from further trouble, may recommend the pro- 
 sperity of my empire in your more vigorous and 
 hearty prayers to God, the great Creator, and best 
 of Beings, who has been pleased with His most holy 
 Right Hand to place the crown upon my head. I 
 
THE VICTORY. 291 
 
 could not otherwise expect this service from you ; for 
 they that are oppressed with solicitude and cares are 
 wont to be persons of narrow and contracted minds, 
 and cannot with freedom lift up their hands to God 
 in prayer, while those who are wholly freed from 
 anxious cares, and enjoy a calm and composed state 
 of mind, are fittest to intercede for the happiness of 
 the Empire, and to offer up their devotions to the 
 great God, who alone is able to order and dispose my 
 reign to the best advantage and to the most excellent 
 purposes, which I hope and pray He will do. This is 
 that to which you ought principally to attend, that so 
 having successfully managed my Persian expedition, 
 and the holy city of Jerusalem (which you have so 
 long and so earnestly desired to see re-inhabited), 
 being rebuilt by my endeavours, I may dwell in it, 
 and together with you there offer up our joint prayers 
 to the Supreme Being of the world." 
 
 This letter has been preserved among other works 
 of Julian, and the genuineness can hardly be doubted. 
 Here is all his generosity, and indignation at injustice 
 and cruelty, together with the endeavour at largeness 
 of mind which makes him try to blend his own wor- 
 ship with that of the God of the Jews ; as a pious 
 philosopher acknowledging a Supreme Being, but 
 merely a creation of his own. By the atheistical 
 men about Constantius, he means Christians, and his 
 account of their destruction is figurative. 
 
 The Jews' principles were, of course, as entirely 
 opposed as those of the Christians to making their 
 
 U 2 
 
292 THE VICTORY. 
 
 Living God into a mere Supreme Being, to be honoured 
 by Julian's worshipping Him alternately with Jupiter 
 or Apollo ; but the ray of hope might well make 
 them tolerant, and when he sent for their chiefs, they 
 eagerly came to his presence. He asked them why, 
 since the Law of Moses enjoined sacrifice, they had 
 ceased to offer any ; and on their reply that sacrifice 
 could only be offered in the temple, which was now 
 in ruins, he bade them return and rebuild it, and 
 renew their ancient form of worship, promising them 
 full assistance. It seems as though he had been 
 moved by a certain real pity and generosity, of a 
 human kind, and at the same time by a headstrong 
 wish to prove our Lord a false prophet, while the 
 bleeding victims of the old ritual seemed to him a 
 point of similarity with the pagan rites. 
 
 Soon multitudes of Jews arrived, eager and zealous 
 for the rebuilding of the Temple. Their savings 
 were poured forth to advance the work, the women 
 sold their ornaments to raise the needful sum ; there 
 was a grant from the treasury, and Alypius of Antioch, 
 a friend of Julian, was appointed to oversee the work. 
 Here at last, as it seemed to the Jews, was another 
 Cyrus, another edict of restoration, a calling forth of 
 Sion from her stones and dust. Unlike the time 
 when the few and scanty lovers of the old home crept 
 back in poverty from Babylon, and were encouraged 
 not to despise the day of small things, the Jews 
 thronged in numbers, and are even said to have 
 brought silver spades, mattocks, and baskets to do 
 honour to the work, the women toiled at bearing 
 
THE VICTORY. 293 
 
 away the rubbish, the best workmen and choicest 
 materials were amply supplied, and the hill-side that 
 had lain so long in desolation swarmed with an eager 
 and rejoicing multitude. 
 
 The Bishop of Jerusalem at that time was Cyril, a 
 rustic-looking old man, hale, spare, rugged, the white 
 hair of his forked beard growing high up on his cheeks. 
 He and his Christians were not dispossessed of their 
 churches, and they looked on patiently, enduring 
 the triumph of their enemies, not doubting, but won- 
 dering how God would show His truth, since did not 
 these words stand in the prophecy that Daniel had 
 heard from the mouth of an angel ? '* Know therefore 
 and understand, that from the going forth of the com- 
 mandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the 
 Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore 
 and two weeks : the street shall be built again, and the 
 wall, even in troublous times. And after threescore 
 and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for 
 himself: and the people of the prince that shall come 
 shall destroy the city and the sanctuary ; and the end 
 thereof shall be with a flood ; and ... he shall cause 
 the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the 
 overspreading of abominations he shall make it de- 
 solate, even until the consummation, and that deter- 
 mined shall be poured upon the desolate." 
 
 Had not Messiah the Prince come at the end of 
 the weeks of years from the troublous times, when 
 Nehemiah's armed workmen rebuilt the wall } Had 
 He not been cut off, but not for Himself.? and had 
 He not previously confirmed the prophecy, even with 
 
29* THE VICTORY. 
 
 tears of sorrow for the city and the gorgeous temple, 
 where not one stone should be left on another? 
 " And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and 
 shall be led away captive into all nations, and Jeru- 
 salem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the 
 times of the Gentiles be fulfilled." And had not that 
 terrible destruction come to pass ? Were the times 
 of the Gentiles fulfilled ? And yet St. Paul had spoken 
 as though the restoration of the Jews were contingent 
 on their accepting the faith. Cyril was undoubting, 
 and, in spite of the Jews being now in full favour and 
 prosperity, told them fearlessly that they could not 
 shake off the Saviour's doom. 
 
 The foundation was cleared, the great table-land of 
 rock, that threshing-floor so mightily prepared and 
 enlarged by Solomon, was cleared of rubbish, and 
 stone and lime were ready, when a terrible storm 
 came on, and whirled the piles of stone and heaps of 
 lime into the valley beneath. Then followed an 
 earthquake, and appearances like globes of fire 
 darted from the ground, producing extreme terror. 
 So tell the early Christian histories, and so preached 
 St. Chrysostom; and a heretic writer named Philo- 
 storgius, who was born about five years later, adds 
 the following incident, — namely, that while the work- 
 men were busy on the foundations, they took up a 
 stone which covered the mouth of a deep cave, cut 
 out four square in the rock, and a man being let 
 down found water in the lower part ; but on a shelf or 
 pillar lay a book wrapped in a clean fine linen cloth, 
 uninjured. On opening the book, it was found to be 
 
THE VICTORY. 295 
 
 the Gospel of St. John, the first sentence being in 
 especially large letters, so as at once to fix the atten- 
 tion, and as it were make proclamation. 
 
 '* In the beginning was the Word, and 
 THE Word was with God, and the Word was 
 God." 
 
 And thus to the Christians it seemed as if the 
 endeavour of Julian to refute prophecy had only 
 resulted in his own discomfiture, the manifestation 
 of God's power, and the proclamation of His Son. 
 
 Honeycombed with caves as Mount Moriah is, 
 serving some for drains, some for hiding-places, 
 nothing could be more probable than that this book 
 of the Gospel should have been placed there for 
 safety in some persecution. The wonderful earth- 
 quake and the outbreak of flames have been much 
 disputed ; but the evidence respecting them is almost 
 as full as it can be, and even the fragments of the 
 temple show traces of the attempt, for there is one 
 portion evidently built by a classical architect, but 
 later than the time of the foundation of ^lia, since 
 it contains an inscription of Hadrian's, upside down. 
 
 Julian was much enraged, and as he marched 
 on to Persia, sent commands that an amphitheatre 
 should be built at Jerusalem, wherein, it was reported, 
 he intended to have the principal Christian clergy 
 thrown to the wild beasts. 
 
 How far this was his purpose cannot be known. 
 He was certainly becoming exasperated, as he felt at 
 every turn the real strength of the religion he was 
 trying to crush, and the hopeless weakness of the 
 
2q6 THE VICTORY. 
 
 paganism he was striving to bolster up. He was still 
 a young man, and must soon have lost the glamour 
 which now invested heathen philosophy in his eyes, 
 and either have opened them to its vanity, or closed 
 them in the utter blindness of guilt and sensuality. 
 Meantime, it was glory that he sought. Active, hardy, 
 resolute, he led his host through the desert, obtained 
 a fleet of i,ioo shipg on the Euphrates, passed Baby- 
 lon without accepting its desolation as another proof 
 of God's unerring truth, took and burnt several cities, 
 dug out one of the old choked canals, and conveyed 
 his fleet from the Euphrates to the Tigris, defeated 
 the Persians, and laid siege to Ctesiphon. He might 
 almost deem himself another Alexander, but those 
 willow-shaded banks had seen Alexander's fate. 
 
 Sapor the Long-lived, the persecutor of Simeon and 
 besieger of Nisibis, took the field, and sent a treach- 
 erous nobleman to pretend to be a deserter and to 
 inveigle Julian into pursuing his march into the depths 
 of Persia, first burning his ships. June weather, in a 
 parching desert destitute of food or water, produced 
 exceeding misery ; but Julian's bravery kept up his 
 army : he shared all their suflerings, and gained the 
 victory in many skirmishes, until in an attack to the 
 repulse of which he had rushed defenceless, since the 
 heat rendered armour intolerable, he was pierced in 
 the side by a javelin, and sank forward on his horse's 
 neck. It is said that he took up a handful of his 
 blood, and casting it in the air, cried, '^ Galilaean, thou 
 hast conquered ! " And indeed, bred up a Christian, 
 his soul could not but have retained the sense of the 
 
FHE VICTORY. 297 
 
 reality that his intellect struggled to shake off. They 
 laid him on his shield, carried him to his tent, and 
 dressed his wound ; he tried to rise and return to the 
 battle, but found he could not move, and resolved to 
 die with the grave, proud firmness of a philosopher. 
 He talked to his friends of the nature of the soul 
 until midnight, June 26, 363, when he died in his 
 thirty-second year, aftor having reigned three years. 
 
 Jovian, a brave soldier and Christian, led home 
 the army from its perilous position ; and with Julian 
 paganism perished — or rather, his endeavour to revive 
 it had shown how absolutely dead it was. And as '' the 
 vain false gods of Hellas " became utterly forgotten, 
 and Artemis and Apollo were dethroned, the hymns 
 of the Christians rang out in praise, " Thine is the 
 victory, and the glory, and the majesty!" for the 
 three hundred years of battle had ended at length in 
 the full and complete triumph of the Cross of Christ. 
 
 The faith first preached on the blue waves of the 
 Lake of Tiberias was ringing from the Grampian hills 
 to the deserts of Sahara, from the shores of the 
 Atlantic to the banks of the Indus, and St. John's 
 whole nature and influence had assuredly had no 
 small part in this great triumph. Patient to wait, 
 resolute to act, intense in love, strong and clear in 
 faith, he had formed and trained the champions who 
 followed him, some to contend for the truth in words, 
 some to witness it in their death, and all by their 
 lives. We have heard them, now arguing with the 
 heathen, now with the Jew, now with the heretic ; we 
 have watched them in their tender care of the flock. 
 
298 THE VICTORY. 
 
 their ready forgiveness, their fearless resistance of 
 wrong, whether in high or low, in emperor or foreign 
 foe ; their love of unity and concord, and their joyous 
 acceptance of suffering and death. We sing the same 
 praises, we pray the same prayers, we hold the same 
 belief; we have, with them, "One Lord, one Faith, 
 one Baptism, one God and Father of us all, who is 
 above all, and through all, and in you all." May we 
 be as true in heart as they, and, with them, experience 
 indeed that " This is the Victory that overcometh the 
 world, even our Faith ! " 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 *' Ever, as earth's wild war-cries heighten, 
 The Cross upon the brow will brighten." 
 
 Keble. 
 
 The victory over heathenism was gained ; the temples 
 were closed, and left to fall into decay ; the halls 
 of justice were turned into churches ; the idols were 
 demolished, or buried in the ruins of their temples ; 
 and the rich marbles were carried away to be the 
 decoration of churches decked with all the splendour 
 that Imperial power could lavish. 
 
 We can hardly part v/ith the history of the Beloved 
 Apostle and his pupils without following up the out- 
 line of the Churches where his influence chiefly 
 prevailed, or which were planted by himself or by 
 his disciples. 
 
 The outer conflict was over, but conflicts from 
 within raged the more, as error flourished in times 
 of peace. Restless Greek minds questioned and 
 defined every doctrine, until the mind was confused 
 by conflicting statements of the mysteries that were 
 
300 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 never meant to be curiously pryed into. The age of 
 councils began, when bishops collected from all parts 
 of the Church to consult on the theories that were 
 adulterating the faith handed down from the Apostles. 
 Ephesus and Laodicea were among the scenes of 
 these gatherings of the Church, and the former was 
 evidently held in high honour at the time, as the 
 burial-place of the great St. John. Little did she 
 fear that her candlestick would ever be removed, 
 when she was crowded with churches and worshippers, 
 and received the praise of St. Cyril of Alexandria 
 in his sermon to the assembly of bishops. 
 
 But the canker was eating deep into the Eastern 
 Churches. In some it was curious, irreverent meddling 
 with matters of faith ; in some, it was the old worship 
 of wealth ; in others, the gay, careless love of amuse- 
 ment which made the races and shows of the amphi- 
 theatre the sole thought of the people. At Antioch, 
 in especial, the citizens were full of frivolity, thought- 
 lessness, and fickleness. There it was that they 
 overturned and insulted the statues of the Emperor 
 Theodosius in an access of fury at a new tax, and 
 then waited in fasting, prayer, and trembling, listening 
 to the stringent sermons of St. John Chrysostom, or 
 Golden-mouth, till the Emperor had granted pardon 
 to their humble intercession. 
 
 Fewer internal agitations moved the soberer 
 Churches of the West: Lyons, Nimes, Aries, and 
 the others of Provincia and of the rest of Gaul. 
 Their bishops lived in quiet, learned calm, and held 
 numerous synods for the regulation of their Churches, 
 
THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 301 
 
 and their influence and that of Spain spread far out 
 to the North and West, among their Celtic brethren. 
 Their mixed Greek origin was by no means for- 
 gotten ; for though the Liturgy of Gaul, Spain, and 
 Britain was in Latin, it closely resembled that in use 
 at Ephesus and the ^ other Asiatic cities, and which 
 both the East and West believed to have been handed 
 down to them from St. John himself. At Aries, up to 
 the sixth century, hymns in the Greek tongue were 
 still sung in public worship ; but some of the most 
 notable hymns the Church possesses were first known 
 to have been used in Gaul. The glorious Te Deimi 
 is traced to have been first sung at Aries and its 
 adjacent cities, on the ground whence so many of the 
 " Noble Army of Martyrs " had gone to praise God 
 in heaven. The Vcni Creator is also thought to be 
 Galilean ; and the Litanies — those fervent supplica- 
 tions where the whole congregation constantly uplift 
 their voice — are likewise of a Gaulish origin. 
 
 Moreover, the Celtic Churches in Britain and 
 Ireland, though not in Gaul, preserved the Eastern 
 custom of counting Easter by the fourteenth day 
 of the moon, appealing to St. John and St. Poly- 
 carp as having so taught them. In one remark- 
 able point, Ireland, that farthest of Western isles, 
 showed her love and reverence for the holy Divine of 
 Patmos, for she loved to build her churches in sevens : 
 Pleiad clusters of tiny churches, in her green vales set 
 between wild hills, or on the very shore of that 
 broad Atlantic that seemed the boundary of the 
 world. There, at the very farthest point of Europe, 
 
302 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 unheard of by the exile of Patmos, save as among 
 the isles of the Gentiles, was the revelation of the 
 seven stars and seven lamps commemorated by 
 barbarian Celts, with uncouth names, who prayed 
 by turns at each rude stone-built altar, for the 
 Universal Church throughout the world, figured in 
 those seven. 
 
 Need, indeed, there was of prayer, for the trials of 
 the Church were becoming terrible. The Empire had 
 broken in two, and the fierce German nations were 
 overrunning the Western continent. It was the 
 Roman cities of the Province in Gaul that stood firm, 
 and gradually won the Frank victors to Christianity 
 and civilization. As their Latin tongue still attests, 
 they never were conquered and peopled by their 
 enemies, like Northern France, but remained witnesses 
 of the blessings of truth and peace, till the whole 
 country round had yielded to the education they 
 impressed on it. 
 
 Britain, after being almost entirely heathenized by 
 the Angles and Saxons, all save the few Celts of the 
 West, had the Gospel brought back to her by the 
 Frank Queen Bertha and the Roman missionary 
 Augustine, but without losing the ancient liturgy, 
 that had no doubt come with Pothinus from the 
 East, which contained Polycarp's dying Eucharistic 
 hymn, and which probably had, in part at least, been 
 moulded by St. John's remembrance of the worship 
 he had seen around the Throne. The great Pope 
 Gregory counselled Augustine to interfere as Httle 
 as possible with the devotional offices to which the 
 
THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 303 
 
 scattered British Christians were accustomed ; and 
 thus it was that the old form, so dear, among other 
 reasons, for St. John's sake, has never been super- 
 seded here. And moreover, our first really great 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore, was a Greek, 
 from St. Paul's own city of Tarsus in Cilicia ; and 
 much of the framework and arrangements of dioceses 
 and parishes that have already existed more than 
 twelve hundred years, was organized by him on the 
 model of the Churches of Asia. 
 
 Meantime, as the faults of the East had been 
 deeper, so the judgment on her was heavier. In 614 
 a Persian Cyrus, or Khoosroo, really came to Jeru- 
 salem ; but it was to pillage, enslave, burn, and destroy. 
 He made a dreadful devastation, and even advanced 
 as far as the shores of Asia Minor ; and though the 
 Emperor Heraclius was roused, and gallantly re- 
 deemed the cause of the Christian Empire, yet there 
 was a more terrible scourge at hand. 
 
 Out of the depths of Arabia came that terrible 
 race whom St. John's vision of the crowned locusts 
 is believed to have prefigured, the Saracen Arabs, 
 whom their prophet, Mahomet, had taught to spread 
 his doctrine by the sword. That sword avenged the 
 blood of the Parthian Church upon the Persians, 
 whose last Sassanid King, Yezdigerd, perished 
 miserably, a fugitive in the mountains, like Darius 
 before him, and visited on the Christians their many 
 sins by snatching from them their beloved holy city 
 of Jerusalem. Antioch, already much damaged by 
 earthquakes, fell into their hands, and they even 
 
304 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 advanced to the very shores of the Bosphorus ; and 
 another stream flowed along the north of Africa, 
 through Spain, into France. But there, Charles Martel, 
 one of the Franks whom the true-hearted Gallic 
 Christians had rendered the foremost champions of 
 the Church, overthrew their armies at Tours, and 
 saved the West from their dominion. 
 
 Unhappy Asia Minor was meanwhile to become a 
 battle-field for full six hundred years. The Maho- 
 metan powers of the East, and the Christian emperors 
 of Constantinople, there fought out their long and 
 weary battle, and those splendid cities of old, con- 
 quered and reconquered, sacked and resacked, saw 
 their commerce pass away, their buildings decay, 
 while the inhabitants withered into hopeless apathy, 
 ignorance, deceit, and love of petty gain, all the 
 natural faults of the Eastern character. The long 
 smouldering rivalries between the Latin and Greek 
 Churches became fiercer as love waxed cold ; and 
 after a thousand years of union, in 1054 the dis- 
 sension grew so hot, that they parted asunder, and 
 lost that oneness so prized by saints of old. Then, 
 when the vigorous Western nations would fain have 
 attacked Mahometanism at its own home, and con- 
 centrated their forces on the rescue of Jerusalem, led 
 on by Godfrey of Lorraine, a descendant of Charles 
 Martel, and Raymond of Toulouse, a Provencal prince, 
 the dislike and misunderstanding of Eastern and 
 V/estern Christians were so strong as to overcome 
 even their enmity to the Mahometans. Antioch was 
 gained, but unfairly kept from its lawful Greek owner 
 
THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 305 
 
 by the cunning Norman-Italian Boemond, and on his 
 death it was lost again to Christendom. Jerusalem 
 was delivered from the Mahometans for a brief space, 
 but the Western Church insulted the Eastern, and the 
 Crusaders showed themselves unworthy to be en- 
 trusted with the sacred treasure they had been allowed 
 to gain. 
 
 For nearly a hundred years Jerusalemi was held by 
 Latin Christians, who struggled hard to retain it, but 
 who were too often men of sinful lives, succumbing 
 to the temptations to luxury to which the warm 
 climate disposed them, and their strength was only 
 kept up by successive crusades from Europe. In 1186 
 they lost Jerusalem, and after another hundred years 
 the last remnant of the crusading possessions in Pales- 
 tine was wrenched from them, and the Mahometan 
 power grasped all the spots that Christianity holds 
 most sacred, though still not desecrating all the 
 churches, and permitting the approach of pilgrims to 
 worship at these hallowed shrines. 
 
 And meantime, in the West, in Provence, though the 
 cities and churches had once served as the instructors 
 of the Northern Franks, after a time there crept over 
 them the intellectual sensuality and the sentimental 
 luxury and self-indulgence that had been the tempta- 
 tion of the Asiatic Greeks in their late heathen days. 
 It was the corruption of worn-out civilization, when 
 the salt had lost its savour, and the shameful im- 
 morality and fickle excitability of the Provengals, 
 only feebly disguised by the chivalry they had learnt 
 of their Northern neighbours, reflected back the gross 
 
 X 
 
3o6 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN, 
 
 licence, seditious fierceness, and idle speculations of 
 Antioch and Ephesus. 
 
 No wonder, then, that the country was ripe for 
 confusing itself with one of the worn-out heresies that 
 had arisen in the metaphysical minds of the Greeks 
 of old. The Persian Manes had, as we have seen, 
 in very early times taught a strange mixture of doc- 
 trine, partly Christian, but with the Magian doctrine 
 of two equal powers of good and evil brought pro- 
 minently forward, and giving a sanction to much 
 looseness of life. This Manichean doctrine had done 
 much harm to the Persian Christians before their 
 persecution, and it had since appeared in Bulgaria ; in 
 fact, it had smouldered on among the inhabitants of 
 the valleys of the mountain-belt of Europe, and was at 
 length detected in the Pyrenean valleys, and among the 
 inhabitants of Provence. The Roman Church, with her 
 constant habit of assimilating all customs to her own, 
 and supplanting all that was distinctive in national 
 Churches, had no doubt, in some degree, alienated 
 the hearts of the Provencals ; and their Greek clever- 
 ness, as well as their voluptuous habits, were both 
 preparations to them to accept the teaching which 
 was called Albigensian, from Alby, the place where 
 a synod was held for its condemnation. Probably 
 the heretical doctrine of old was presented in a 
 modified form ; the amount to which it prevailed 
 may have been much exaggerated, and in some cases 
 the apparent adherence to the heresy arose in great 
 measure from the difficulties and offences that Rome 
 was throwing before reflecting minds. 
 
THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 307 
 
 And times were changed since the censure of the 
 Church was the only punishment that fell upon heresy. 
 Now, men had persuaded themselves that the scandal 
 must be purged away by fire and sword. Crusades 
 were set on foot against the Albigenses; those who 
 would have defended them for the sake of justice 
 and mercy were treated as equally guilty with the 
 offenders, and for a century there prevailed all the 
 horrors of war and rapine, until nearly all the dis- 
 tinctive grace, cultivation, and prosperity of Provence 
 had been swept away ; the fields, once beautiful with 
 care and cultivation, became mere wastes of stone, 
 and the almost Latin tongue, once beloved by poets^. 
 sunk into a mere dialect. 
 
 But the state of these Churches was happier than 
 that of their mother Churches in Asia, the original 
 seven. The Saracen power had indeed ebbed, but a 
 more fatal wave had advanced, — namely, the Othman 
 Turks, from the centre of Asia. Fierce and steady 
 warriors, they had none of the grace, the mercifulness, 
 the sensitiveness of the Saracen Arab; they were 
 unconquerably rude, apathetic, proud, and indifferent^ 
 and whatever was conquered by them fell under a 
 doom of decay. It was about the year 1300 that 
 the sons of Othman portioned out Asia Minor between 
 them, and proceeded to the conquest. Ephesus, then 
 still a city, was taken in 1306; Smyrna, important 
 as a seaport, soon followed; Pergamus fell in 1335 ; 
 but Philadelphia, small, far from the sea, unimportant 
 and neglected by the Greek emperor, was held out 
 by her brave and constant inhabitants for full eighty 
 
 X 2 
 
3o8 THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 years ; and when at length they were forced to sur- 
 render to the Turks, it was with honour, without 
 suffering insult, and with terms that preserved it a 
 Christian city still. Surely Philadelphia realized the 
 promise, " Because thou hast kept the word of My 
 patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of temp- 
 tation, which shall come upon all the world to try 
 them that dwell upon the earth." 
 
 Under the Turkish power, the Christian faith has 
 languished, and prosperity declined. Careless of all 
 save present ease, the Turkish governors uniformly 
 exercised such exactions as to paralyse all industry, 
 and make the only safety for their unfortunate 
 subjects lie in abject poverty. Inhabitants have 
 retired from the cities, and the walls have crumbled, 
 or their stones have been removed to furnish materials 
 for wretched huts. The only ones of the cities that 
 have not thus perished are high-spirited and divinely- 
 blest Philadelphia, and Smyrna, the place that was 
 almost equally marked for commendation, and which 
 is so convenient a port as to have continued ever 
 since a thickly-peopled place, a resort and mart 
 for all nations, but no thanks to the Turks, since 
 those who have kept the city alive have been 
 Greek, Italian, Armenian, and latterly English — all 
 Christians. 
 
 The threat of the removed candlestick of Ephesus 
 has been most surely though slowly performed. And 
 who can look on the ruins of that once favoured 
 Church without fear and dread ? Twelve centuries 
 passed ; yet the vision was for the appointed time ! 
 
THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOH.N. 309 
 
 Those daughters of Ephesus, Nimes and Aries, 
 and the other Provengal Churches, still showed that 
 thoughtfulness and inquiry inherited from the Greeks, 
 for when, in the sixteenth century, men began to 
 inquire into the authority by which the Roman 
 Church issued her mandates, it was Southern France 
 that most eagerly and most permanently accepted 
 the Reformation. There the recoil from doctrines 
 and practices that could scarcely be traced to 
 Scripture was so strong that even the strongest 
 foes of the Reformation were forced to consent 
 to the Calvinistic worship being held in Nimes. 
 There is no need to dwell on those unhappy times, 
 when virtue and candour were so utterly wanting 
 on the part of those whose station rendered them 
 the champions of the Church, that earnest-minded 
 m.en lost patience, and made the divisions that have 
 never yet been healed. All that remains to be re- 
 marked is, that where the blood of early Christians 
 was shed in Gallic amphitheatres, there again did 
 men with hearts as resolute to bear witness to the 
 truth perish in the flames, and women wear out a 
 whole lifetime in captivity. There too, Paul Rabaut, 
 a man of apostolical piety, fervour, and resolution, 
 spent a long life of wanderings and perils in preaching 
 the Gospel ; and in the old Greek city of Marseilles, 
 the good Bishop Belzunce showed himself a true and 
 holy Christian, by the love that is ready to give up 
 life, when he fearlessly ministered to his plague- 
 stricken flock. 
 
 Never has the voice of prayer become silent in 
 
5 TO THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 these Churches, for at least sixteen centuries, save 
 during those miserable years at the end of the 
 last century, when France had disowned her God in 
 her madness, and when every^ sacred building was 
 closed, all voice of prayer forbidden. Yet, even then, 
 in many a secret chamber, many a dark vault, many 
 a woodland valley, did faithful hearts gather round 
 the proscribed and hunted clergy, and dare every- 
 thing, like their forefathers of old, rather than not 
 seek the God of their strength. 
 
 Lyons, already a great manufacturing city, suffered 
 most terribly in the convulsions of the Revolution, 
 and was at one time laid almost desolate ; the inha- 
 bitants were mowed down by discharges of grape-shot 
 in the squares, the walls were overthrown, and it was 
 declared to be no longer a city. However, Lyons 
 revived again, and with calmer times came the re- 
 establishment of the Catholic Church, and likewise 
 freedom of conscience for those who differed from 
 her. Nimes was the last place where a Huguenot 
 was slain for his faith, and Nimes was the first where 
 a Huguenot place of worship was pubhcly opened ; 
 and the venerable Paul Rabaut, after the sufferings 
 and persecutions of four generations, after having lost 
 his eldest son in the storms of the Revolution, offered 
 up the opening prayer, with his face streaming with 
 tears of thankfulness. 
 
 Since those days when religion was again owned in 
 France^ the battle between evil and good has con- 
 tinued \.o rage, even as it was shown to St. John that 
 it must do unto the last day. The Church and the 
 
THE CHURCHES OF ST. JOHN. 311 
 
 world, truth and deceit, good and bad, must struggle 
 on together, while eternal worship goes on around the 
 Throne in heaven, and every holy death on earth bears 
 a Christian across the boundary to join in the songs 
 he has tried to echo on earth. And though "evil 
 men and seducers wax worse and worse," and the 
 " love of many has grown cold," yet in some of St. 
 John's own Eastern Churches the same simple quiet 
 constant faith and practice have gone on unquenched 
 by Mahometan oppression for all these ages ; and in 
 the West, the strife with the godlessness and faithless- 
 ness of the present world is being maintained by bold 
 resolute faith, and by works of love and charity, such 
 as may still befit the disciples of St John, the Apostle 
 of faith and love. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PRESENT ASPECT OF ST. JOHN's CHURCHES. 
 
 " What though winds and waves assail thee, 
 What though foes in scorn bewail thee, 
 
 Heaven-bound Ark of Liberty : 
 Mid the sheeted lightning's glare, 
 Mid the thunder's cloudy lair, 
 Where dark weaves meet lurid air, 
 
 Shalt thou breast the stormy sea." 
 
 Isaac Williams. 
 
 One glance shall be cast round at the present aspect 
 of the spots that derive their faith from St. John the 
 Divine and his followers. 
 
 Of Ephesus, in her desolate state among the salt 
 marches of the Cayster, and the thickets of her 
 quarried hill, we have spoken already, and shown 
 how the few poverty-stricken Mahometans still cluster 
 in the village that bears the name of the Holy Divine. 
 
 With Smyrna it is far otherwise. The traveller 
 approaching from the Archipelago enters a gulf, 
 crowded with shipping, and guarded by high moun- 
 tains on either side, and one immediately above the 
 city, with a castle on the summit, and the slope 
 adorned with the dark cypresses which the Turks 
 plant in their burial-grounds. Below glitters the city, 
 adorned with towers, domes and minarets, and divided 
 
PRESENT ASPECT OF THE CHURCHES. 313 
 
 into four quarters, for Turks, Franks, Jews, and Ar- 
 menians. It possesses many churches, though that 
 which is beheved to have been the first has become a 
 mosque ; nor has the Hne of bishops, nor the Christian 
 worship, ever ceased there since St. Polycarp received 
 his promise. Pass on, and the hill, or berg that gave 
 name to Pergamus, rises high as ever, and beneath it 
 stand the tall minarets and taller cypresses of the 
 modern city of Bergamah—a place of narrow, crooked 
 streets of modern houses, squalid and dirty, with 
 remains of fine old stone churches among them, 
 showing " like vast fortresses among mean barracks of 
 wood." Outside the city, a single graceful arch, and 
 a few fallen ruins, enable scholars to trace the site of 
 the temple of Asclepios ; but the stones have been 
 mostly ground into mortar by the Turks, and heaps 
 of broken ruins alone show by the rich ornaments of 
 each fragment hov/ lavish was the splendour of the 
 temples in the grove of Pergamus. But Christianity 
 is by no means extinguished there : for out of the 
 4,000 inhabitants, no less than 3,300 hold the faith, 
 and have held it patiently through their five hundred 
 years of adversity and oppression. 
 
 Thyatira, nestling under a background of hills, may 
 be found by the name of Ak-hissar, or the White 
 Castle. There the dyeing of scarlet is still carried 
 on, and large bales are weekly sent from thence to 
 Smyrna, so that the place is still inhabited, and there 
 are Christians enough to have one church. Far better 
 off is Thyatira than her neighbour Sardis, where the 
 city has dwindled to a miserable little village called 
 
3 1 4 PRESENT A SPECT OF 
 
 Sart, standing in the midst of splendid ruins, the most 
 noted of which are two enormous columns that are 
 thought to have belonged to the temple of the mother 
 of the gods, and to have stood from the time of Croesus 
 to the present day, through all the splendour and all 
 the decay of Sardis. A great empty amphitheatre 
 left desolate, shows how the Sardians amused them- 
 selves when living, and vast burial-mounds mark out 
 this true city of the dead, where once indeed there 
 was a name for life ; but the spiritual has been fol- 
 lowed by temporal death. 
 
 Those who visit Philadelphia, or, as the Turks call it, 
 Attah Shehi, the city of God, are struck by the sight 
 of a tall column, which stands on high, as if to keep 
 in memory' the promise to the victorious Philadelphian 
 of being a pillar in the house of God. It is a Christian 
 column, for it bears the figures of saints engraven on 
 it. The city still has many Christian inhabitants 
 and a bishop, five churches, and twenty more disused ; 
 but that which is believed to have been the original 
 building where St. John's message was read, has been 
 taken from them, and is now a mosque. The streets 
 of the city are as wretched and disgusting as those of 
 all Turkish places, and Philadelphia must have greatly 
 declined since the time of her gallant resistance, but 
 nevertheless she remains a witness to the minute truth 
 of prophecy. 
 
 No less so does Laodicea, the lukewarm city so 
 sternly warned. How the judgment came we know 
 not. The effects are visible enough in the utter deso- 
 lation in which lie the vast ruins extending over seven 
 
^7. JOHN'S CHURCHES, 315 
 
 hills. A racecourse, three theatres, and numerous 
 fragments of temples and other buildings, lie in their 
 loneliness under the hot Eastern sun, and undergo no 
 change save when rocked by the earthquakes which 
 have aided in the ruin. 
 
 Thus has it been with the Seven Churches whom 
 the Lord in heaven deigned to address with words that 
 time has so exactly verified. But they were only the 
 first shoots of the great Christian tree : their boughs 
 grew forth, and spread into other lands, and there, it 
 may be hoped, are still green, and not without fruit 
 Athens, the wise and the learned, did indeed fall for a 
 time under the Turkish blight, but it was for a com- 
 paratively brief space. She is again a free and a 
 Christian city, where the much-enduring Greek Church 
 is lifting her head again, and a brave, eager nation are 
 being trained to use the freedom they have won. The 
 Church of Quadratus has been faithful through many 
 varied sufferings ; and though learning and intelligence 
 have been lost under oppression, and shiftiness and 
 deceit have been fostered by terror, yet it may be 
 hoped that the good will prevail, if only the old peril 
 of the Greek mind — love of science, falsely so called 
 — does not lead her able men to forget their faith. 
 Still Athens is, to those who see her without, one 
 of the loveliest of cities, even despoiled as she has 
 been. The gold-coloured marble of her graceful 
 Parthenon still towers on her hill, and the city lies in 
 the lap of the mountain gleaming in the brilhant sun, 
 and recalling many a thought of the wise and brave 
 men who struggled after the truth of old, and of 
 
3i6 PRESENT ASPECT OF 
 
 him who at length, heard and understood by few, 
 proclaimed the Unknown God, whom they had 
 ignorantly worshipped. 
 
 Let us pass from viewing Athens to the city where 
 Trophinus ruled of old. It is a quiet old sleepy city, 
 lying on the bank of the broad Rhone, just before the 
 river divides into the many streams that stagnate to 
 the sea, through marshes that exhale ague and fever. 
 It is surrounded with quaint old walls, and the streets 
 are of mean houses, nor does it look as if it had ever 
 been a capital giving name to a kingdom. But there 
 the Romans have set their mark. There is an immense 
 amphitheatre, an arch of triumph, two temples, and 
 many a relic of those days when Roman power made 
 her roads, erected her buildings, provided her sports, 
 and guessed not that the despised and down-trodden 
 Christian should turn her courts of justice into 
 churches, which should echo with an unending voice 
 of praise of One God and of the Crucified, for a 
 length of years far beyond that which any temple at 
 Rome could count ; and that her amphitheatres would 
 obtain their chief interest from being the scenes of 
 the death of the martyrs who served for her sport 
 and derision. 
 
 It would be well if this could be said of every 
 amphitheatre ; but that of Nimes is still used for the 
 remnants of those cruel exhibitions that were the 
 shame of heathen Rome, and that the Church de- 
 nounced from the first. Bull-baiting is still carried on 
 at Nimes in the magnificent amphitheatre that the in- 
 habitants thus render their disgrace. It is one of the 
 
ST. JOHN'S CHURCHES. ^17 
 
 best preserved among all the Roman remains, and shows 
 still the seats, tier behind tier, where the spectators 
 sat to watch the sports in the arena beneath. It is, as 
 a modern French writer well calls it, a giant's skeleton, 
 and for miles on miles away, joining two mountains 
 together, lies the wonderful Pont de Gard, the three 
 tiers of arches one above the other, raised as an aque- 
 duct to feed Nimes with water, by Agrippa, the son- 
 in-law of Augustus. It was in course of building 
 when the Divine Founder of Christianity was a babe 
 at Nazareth, and now both this and the other marvel- 
 lous buildings at Nimes are but like fossil remains 
 testifying to the huge strength and skill of the terrible 
 Fourth Beast with teeth of iron of Daniel's vision. 
 That power has vanished; but how living, how eternally 
 full of life, is that spirit which it strove to trample out, 
 is witnessed not only by the ancient cathedral and the 
 numerous churches of Nimes, but by the great and wise 
 statesman who was there born among the persecuted 
 Huguenots, grew up amid the perils of the Revolu- 
 tion, and who ever since, through evil report and good 
 report, in power and in retirement, has never ceased 
 to set forth both by word and deed the lessons of the 
 Gospel ; and even now, in the calm of old age, has 
 sent forth an earnest call to us of these latter days to 
 fight resolutely the good fight of faith and truth that 
 was so long ago shadowed forth to the Apostles. To 
 say that M. Guizot was born at Nimes is to say that 
 the living power of the faith is as strong in our day 
 as when it nerved men to be the prey of beasts 
 within those arcades of the. oval theatre. 
 
318 PRESENT ASPECT OF 
 
 Lyons, the city of Pothinus and Irenaeus, has less 
 to tell of its ancient memories than the other homes 
 of the martyrs ; far less than Vienne, with the pyra- 
 midal monument of Severus to tell of the death oi 
 the persecutor, and the beautiful cathedral of St. 
 Maurice to testify to the victory of the faith. Lyons 
 has indeed the foundations of the amphitheatre where 
 Blandina and Attalus were a spectacle to men and 
 angels, and in the times of superstition, their remains, 
 though well known to have been swept away by the 
 Rhone, were said to be recovered, and were enshrined 
 in the Cathedral of St. John ; but Lyons has been too 
 often desolated, and has since become too thriving 
 and populous, to preserve much remnant of the past. 
 It is the great centre of the silk manufactures of 
 France. " It is the place where fourteen roads and 
 two rivers meet, bringing with them orders, and taking 
 away goods. The divinity of the town is trade. . . . 
 Yes, Lyons is actually a lively and animated town, 
 but it is the liveliness and animation of a machine ; 
 and the tic-tac of its frame is the only pulsation its 
 heart is acquainted with. And when the beatings of its 
 heart cease from want of work, the town is like a 
 paralysed body to which no activity can be restored. 
 Thirty thousand frames stop, nearly sixty thousand 
 persons are without bread ; and Hunger, the mother 
 of Insurrection, is soon howhng through the tortuous 
 streets of the second city in France." 
 
 Howling — for these are the children of the men 
 who tore Irenaeus to pieces in the streets. But even 
 in the busy marts and narrow streets where love of 
 
ST. JOHN'S CHURCHES. 319 
 
 gain might seem to stifle all deeper and higher 
 thoughts, the hardworking cur6, and the unwearied 
 sister of mercy, the toiHng mother and the dutiful 
 children, are no doubt still keeping alive the memory 
 of the good old lesson, "Little children, love one 
 another." 
 
 Again ; on the green banks of the twin lakes of 
 Glendalough, shut in by the circle of mountains, lie 
 tinted with golden lichen, the fragments of the S&wcu. 
 Churches around their tall stone cross and mysterious 
 round tower. Or, again, close to the mighty Atlantic, 
 in the midst of the rocks of Connemara, lies another of 
 these groups in their grand loneliness. A third cluster 
 lies in the wild vale of Clonmacnoise. They were 
 raised at a time when devotion was more valued than 
 edification, and the idea of the worship at the Seven 
 Altars in memory of the Seven Churches was more 
 in esteem than that of accommodating a congregation 
 of worshippers, and hermits would devote themselves 
 to maintaining the voice of prayer within them, or 
 keeping their lights burning to shine out at night like 
 the seven stars ; and on certain festival-days the whole 
 population would collect around the buildings in the 
 open air, to take their share in the devotions offered, 
 and to look for a blessing. Even now, though change 
 and separation, poverty and neglect, have ruined 
 most of the buildings, and left the others hoary and 
 forlorn, yet the yearly festival is still held by the 
 peasantry and their priests at the remaining altar of 
 Glendalough, and the families who have the right of 
 burial around have made the solitary valley a strange 
 
320 PRESENT ASPECT OF THE CHURCHES, 
 
 city of the dead. Few who haunt the spot, whether 
 travellers or peasant devotees, think of those frag- 
 ments in connexion with the Seven of the Apocalypse, 
 and yet they are a witness how far the thought of St. 
 John had extended. 
 
 But among all these the Western form of the 
 liturgy of Ephesus has passed away. Rome insisted 
 on uniformity, and superseded it in France, in Spain, 
 and in those Irish Churches that own her dominion. 
 The Reformers of France dispensed with all forms 
 of prayer, but the English have only translated, not 
 disused, their ancient devotions ; and thus it is that, 
 while other places may show closer connexion with 
 St. John and his pupils, it is the English communion 
 at home, in her colonies, and in America, that tunes 
 her prayer and praise to the echoes from Polycarp's 
 canopy of flame, and, it may be, from St. John's 
 vision at Patmos. 
 
 However this may be, the undoubted immediate 
 words of St. John himself are in the hands of all. 
 And may each one who prizes the blessed "spiritual' 
 Gospel, the stern warnings yet tender exhortations of 
 the three Epistles, and the awful and mysterious fore- 
 shadowings of the Apocalypse, so show his faith, 
 hope, and love, as to prove himself indeed a pupil of 
 St. John, the Evangelist and the Beloved. 
 
 " Stand therefore, girt about with faith, 
 Your burning lamps in hand ; 
 And standing, listen for your Lord, 
 And till His coming, stand. "_ 
 
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 vised Edition. Six Vols. Crown 8vo. 54^-. 
 
 Barker (Lady).— Works by Lady Barker :— 
 A YEAR'S HOUSEKEEPING IN SOUTH AFRICA. With 
 
 Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 " We have to thank Lady Barker for a very amusing book, over which 
 we have spent many a delightful hour, and of which we will not take 
 leave without alluding to the ineffably droll illustrations which add so very 
 much to the enjoyiJient of her clear and sfarkling descriptions.'^ — Morning 
 Post. 
 
 Beesly.— STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF ROME. By 
 Mrs. Beesly. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 "A little book for which every cultivated and intelligent mother will be 
 grateful for. " — ExAMiN ER. 
 
 Bismarck— IN THE-FRANCO-GERMAN WAR. An Authorized 
 Translation from the German of Dr. MoRiTZ BusCH. Two Vols. 
 Crown 8vo. i8j-. 
 The Times says : — " The publication of Bisruarclcs after-dinner talk, 
 7uhether discreet or not, will be of priceless biograpliical value, and English- 
 men, at least, will not be disposed to quarrel witJi Dr. Busch for giving a 
 picture as t^'ue to life as BosweWs '■ JoJinson'' of tlie foremost practical 
 genius that Germany has produced since Frederick the Great. " 
 
 Blackburne.— BIOGRAPHY OF THE RIGHT HON. 
 FRANCIS BLACKBURNE, Late Lord Chancellor of Ireland. 
 Chiefly in connexion with his Public and Political Career. By his 
 Son, Edward Blackburne, Q.C. With Portrait Engraved by 
 Jeens. 8vo. \2S. 
 
 Blanford (W. T.)— GEOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY OF 
 ABYSSINIA. By W. T. Blanford. 8vo. 2Ij. 
 
 Brimley.— ESSAYS BY THE LATE GEORGE BRIMLEY, 
 M.A. Edited by the Rev. W. G. Clark, M.A. With Portrait. 
 Cheaper Edition. Fcap. 8vo. is. €d. 
 
 Bronte. — CHARLOTTE BRONTE. A Monograph. By T. 
 Wemyss Reid. With Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown 
 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Mr. Reid's little volume, zuhich is based laroely on letters, hitherto 
 unpublished, frotn Charlotte Bronte to her schoolfellow and life-long 
 friend. Miss Ellen P/ussey, is meant to be a companion, and not a rival, 
 to Mrs. Gas kelp s tvell-known "-Lifer To speak of the advantage of 
 making biography autobiographical by the liberal use of correspondence has 
 
 A 2 
 
4 MACMJLLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 she was by nature {as Mr, Reid puts it) ^' a ha't>py and high- spirited girl ^ 
 and that ez'en to the voy last she had the faadty of overcoming her 
 sorrows by means of that steadfast courage which was her most precious 
 Possession, and to which she was indebted for her successive victories over 
 trials and disappointments of no ordinary character. ^^ 
 
 The book is ilhtstrated by a Portrait of the Rev. Patrick Bronte, several 
 Views of Haworth and its neighbourhood, and a facsimile of one of the 
 most characteristic of Charlotte's letters. 
 
 Brooke. — the RAJA OF SARAWAK : an Account of Sir 
 
 James Brooke, K.C.B., LL.D, Given chiefly through Letters 
 
 or Journals. By Gertrude L. Jacob. With Portrait and 
 
 Maps. Two Vols. 8vo. 25^. 
 
 *' They who read Miss JacoFs book — and all should read it: all who 
 
 are under the delusion that in our time there is no scope for heroism, and 
 
 no place for romantic advetiture, and no place for entet'prise and ambition 
 
 — will see how incident is C7'oivded upon incident, and struggle upon 
 
 struggle, till in the very abundance of materials that come to her hand 
 
 the authoress can scarcely stop to give sufficient distinctness to her 
 
 wonderjtd narrative. " — Academy. 
 
 Brooke. — RECOLLECTIONS OF THE IRISH CHURCH. 
 By Richard S. Brooke, D.D., late Rector of Wyton, Hunts. 
 Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Bryce. — Works by James Bryce, D.C.L., Regius Professor of 
 Civil Law, Oxford : — 
 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. Sixth Edition, Revised and 
 
 Enlarged. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. 
 *' It exactly supplies a want : it affords a key to much which men 
 read of in their books as isolated facts, but of which they have hitherto 
 had no connected exposition set before them.'' — SATURDAY REVIEW. 
 
 TRANSCAUCASIA AND ARARAT: being Notes of a Vacation 
 Tour in the Autumn of 1876. With an Illustration and Map. 
 Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 9^, 
 *^ Mr. Bryce has written a lively a7td at the same time an instructive 
 description of the tour he tnade last year in and about the Caucasus. IVhe^i 
 well-infortned a jurist travels into regions seldom visited, and even- 
 walks up a mountain so rarely scaled as Ararat, he is justified in think- 
 ing that the impressions he brings home are worthy of being communicated 
 to the world at large, especially when a terrible war is casting a lurid gloxv 
 ova' the countries he has lately surveyed." — Athen^UM. 
 
 Burgoyne. — POLITICAL AND military EPISODES 
 DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE REIGN OF 
 GEORGE III. Derived from the Life and Correspondence of 
 the Right Hon. J. Burgoyne, Lieut. -General in his Majesty's 
 Army, and M. P. for Preston. By E. B. de Fonblanque. With 
 Portrait, Heliotype Plate, and Maps. 8vo. i6.r- 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 
 
 Burke. — EDMUND burke, a Historical Study. By John 
 MORLEY, B.A., Oxon. Crown 8vo. ^s. bd. 
 *' The style is terse and incisive, and brilliant with epigram and 
 point. Its sustaitted power of reasoning, its wide sweep of observation 
 and reflection, its elevated ethical and social tone, stamp it as a work of 
 high excellence^ — Saturday Review. 
 
 Burrows.— WORTHIES OF ALL SOULS : Four Centuries of 
 English History. Illustrated from the College Archives. By 
 Montagu Burrows, Chichele Professor of Modern History at 
 Oxford, Fellow of All Souls. 8vo. 14^-. 
 *^ A most amusing as well as a most instructive book. — Guardian. 
 
 Campbell. — log-letters from the " challenger/' 
 
 By Lord George Campbell. With Map. Fifth and cheaper 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 "A delightful book, which zve heartily commend to the general reader.''^ 
 —Saturday Review. 
 
 " We do not hesitate to say that anything so fresh, so picturesque, so 
 generally delightful, as these log-letters has not appeared among books of 
 travel for a long time.'''' — Examiner. 
 
 '*-(4 more lively and amusing record of travel we have not had the 
 fortune to read for some time. The whole book is pervaded by a spirit of 
 life, ajiimation, and fun.^^ — Standard. 
 
 Campbell.— MY circular notes : Extracts from Journals ; 
 Letters sent Home ; Geological and other Notes, written while 
 Travelling Westwards round the World, from July 6th, 1 874, to 
 July 6th, 1875. l^y J- F- Campbell, Author of " Frost and 
 Fire." Cheaper Issue. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 *' We have read numbers of books of travel, but we can call to mind 
 few that have given us Piore genuine pileasure than this. A more agree- 
 able style of narrative than his it is hardly possible to conceive. We seem 
 to be accompanying him in his trip round the world, so life-like is his 
 description of the countries he visited.''^ — Land and Water. 
 
 Campbell. — TURKS and greeks. Notes of a recent Ex- 
 cursion. By the Hon. Dudley Campbell, M.A. With Coloured 
 Map. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. 
 
 Carstares. — WILLIAM CARSTARES : a character and Career 
 of the Revolutionary Epoch (1649— 1 715). By Robert Story, 
 Minister of Rosneath. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Chatterton : A biographical study. By Daniel 
 Wilson, LL.D., Professor of History and EngUsh Literature in 
 University College, Toronto. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Chatterton : a story OF THE YEAR 1770. By Professor 
 Masson, LL.D. Crown 8vo. 5^. 
 
6 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Clark. — MEMORIALS FROM JOURNALS AND LETTERS 
 OF SAMUEL CLARK, M.A., formerly Principal of the 
 National Society's Training College, Battersea. Edited with 
 Introduction by his Wife, With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 7^-. ^d. 
 
 Combe. — the life of GEORGE combe, Author of "The 
 Constitution of Man," By Charles Gibbon. With Three 
 Portraits engraved by J EENS. Two Vols. 8vo. 32.?. 
 **yi graphic and interesting account of the long life and indefatigable 
 
 labours of a very reinarkable many — Scotsman. 
 
 Cooper. — ATHENE CANTABRIGIENSES. By Charles 
 Henry Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. 
 VoL I. 8vo., 1500—85, i8j. ; Vol. IL, 1586— 1609, \Zs. 
 
 Correggio. — ANTONIO ALLEGRI DA CORREGGIO. From 
 the German of Dr. Julius Meyer, Director of the Royal Gallery, 
 Berlin. Edited, with an Introduction, by Mrs. Heaton. Con- 
 taining Twenty Woodbury-type Illustrations. Royal 8vo. Cloth 
 elegant. 31^. dd. 
 *' The best and ?nost readable biography of the master at present to be 
 
 found in the English language." — Academy. ''^ By its pictures alone 
 
 the book forms a worthy tribute to the paijiters genius. '' — Pall MalL 
 
 Gazette. 
 
 Cox (G. V.)— RECOLLECTIONS OF OXFORD. By G. 
 V. Cox, M.A., New College, late Esquire Bedel and Coroner 
 in the University of Oxford. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6^. 
 
 Cunynghame {Sir A. T.)— MY COMMAND IN SOUTH 
 
 AFRICA, 1874 — 78. Comprising Experiences of Travel in the 
 Colonies of South Africa and the Independent States. By Sir 
 Arthur Thurlow Cunynghame, G.C.B., then Lieutenant- 
 Governor and Commande; of the Forces in South Africa. Third 
 Edition. 8vo. \2s. 6d. 
 The Times says : — "// is a volume of great interest, .... ///// of 
 incidents which vividly illustrate the condition of the Colonies and the 
 
 character and habits of the natives It contains valuable ilhis- 
 
 trations of Cape warfare, and at the present moment it cannot fail to 
 command zuide-spread attention.'^ 
 
 "Daily News."— the daily NEWS' CORRESPOND- 
 ENCE of the War between Germany and France, 1870 — i. Edited 
 with Notes and Comments. New Edition. Complete in One 
 Volume. With Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 THE DAILY NEWS' CORRESPONDENCE of the War between 
 Russia and Turkey, to the fall of Kars. Including the letters of 
 Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. J. E. McGahan, and other Special 
 Correspondents in Europe and Asia. Second Edition, enlarged. 
 Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 FROM THE FALL OF KARS TO THE CONCLUSION OF 
 PEACE. Cheaper Edition. Cro\\n 8vo. 6s. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 7 
 
 Davidson.— THE life of a Scottish probationer ; 
 
 being a Memoir of Thomas Davidson, with his Poems and 
 Letters. By James Brown, Minister of St. James's Street 
 Church, Paisley. Second Edition, revised and enlarged, with 
 Portrait. Crown 8vo. 7^. 6d. 
 
 Deas. — THE RIVER CLYDE. An Historical Description of the 
 Rise and Progress of the Harbour of Glasgow, and of the Im- 
 provement of the River from Glasgow to Port Glasgow. By J. 
 Deas, M. Imt. C.E. 8vo. 10^. dd. 
 
 Denison.— A history of cavalry from the EAR- 
 LIEST times. With Lessons for the Future. By Lieut. -Col. 
 George Denison, Commanding the Govemor-General's Body 
 Guard, Canada, Author of " Modern Cavalry." With Maps and 
 Plans. 8vo. iSj-. 
 
 Dilke.— GREATER BRITAIN. A Record of Travel in English- 
 speaking Countries during 1866-7. (America, Australia, India.) 
 By Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, M.P. Sixth Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. ds. 
 
 *' Many of the subjects discussed in these pages,^^ savs the Daily News, 
 ** are of the zvidest interest, and such as no man who cares for the future 
 of his race and of the zvorld can afford to treat tvith indifference^ 
 
 Doyle.— HISTORY OF AMERICA. By J. A. Doyle. With 
 Maps. i8mo. 45-. 6^/. 
 " Mr. Doyle's style is clear and simple, his facts are accwately stated, 
 and his book is jyieriioriously free front prejudice on questions where 
 partisanship runs high amongst us." — Saturday Review. 
 
 Drummond of Hawthornden : the STORY OF HIS 
 
 LIFE AND WRITINGS. By Professor Masson. With Por- 
 trait and Vignette engraved by C. H. Jeens. Crown 8vo. lOJ, 6d. 
 *' Aruimd his hero, Professor AJ ass on groups national and individual 
 episodes and sketches of character, which are of the greatest interest, ana 
 which add to the value of a biographical work zvhich zue warmly recom- 
 mend to the lovers of thoroughly healthy books." — Notes and Queries. 
 
 Duff. — Works by M. E. Grant-Duff, M.P., late Under Secretary 
 of State for India : — 
 NOTES OF AN INDIAN JOURNEY. With Map. 8vo. los. 6d 
 " These notes are full of pleasant remarks and ilhcsirations, borrowed 
 
 from every kind of source.'''' — SATURDAY REVIEW. 
 
 MISCELLANIES POLITICAL AND LITERARY. 8vo. iqs. 6d , 
 
 Eadie.— LIFE of JOHN EADIE, D.D., LL.D. By James 
 Brown, D.D., Author ot " The Life of a Scottish Probationer." 
 With Portrait. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 7^-. 6d. 
 ^' An ably w>itten and characteristic biography.''^ — Times. 
 
8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 _^ * 
 
 Elliott.— LIFE OF HENRY VENN ELLIOTT, of Brighton. 
 By JosiAH Bateman, M.A. With Portrait, engraved by Jeens. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. Third and Cheaper Edition. 6j. 
 
 Elze.— ESSAYS ON SHAKESPEARE. By Dr. Karl Elze. 
 
 Translated with the Author's sanction by L. DORA Schmitz. 
 8vo. 1 2 J. 
 "y/ fnore desirable cofiinbuHon to cjilicism has not recently been made.''^ 
 — Athen^um. 
 
 English Men of Letters. Edited by John Morley. A 
 Series of Short Books to tell people m hat is best worth knowing 
 as to the Life, Character, and Works of some of the great 
 English Writers. In crown 8vo. Price 2.s. 6d. each. 
 
 I. DR. JOHNSON. By Leslie Stephen. {^ixtk Thousand. 
 
 '* The nnu series opens w.dl with Mr. Leslie Stephen^ s sketch of Dr. 
 Johnson. It could hardly have been done better ; and it 7tnll convey to 
 the readers for whom it is intended a jm^ter estijnate of Johnson than 
 either of the two essays of Lord Macaulay " — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 IL sir WALTER SCOTT. By R. H. Hutton. [/Y/?/^ r/^^//.77/;^. 
 
 " The tone of the volume is excellent thtougkouty — Athen^UM. 
 
 ** We could not wish for a more suggestive introduction to Scott and 
 his poems and novels.''^ — Examiner. 
 
 IIL GIBBON. By J. C. Morison. [Fifth Thousand. 
 
 "As a clear, thoughtful, and attractive record of the life and works of 
 the greatest among the world^s historians, it deserves the highest praise.'^ — 
 Examiner. 
 
 IV. SHELLEY. By J. A. Symonds. IFifth Thcrusand. 
 " The lovers of this great poet are to be cojigratidated on hainng at 
 
 their command so fresh, deaf , and intelligetit a presentment of the subject, 
 written by a man of adequate and wide cullurej' — Athen^QM. 
 
 V. HUME. By Professor Huxley. {flfh Thousand. 
 "It may fairly be said that no one noiu Uznng could have expounded 
 
 Hume with more sympathy or with equal perspicuity ." — Athen^UM. 
 
 VI. GOLDSMITH. By William Black. \Fifth Thousand. 
 "Mr. Black brings a fine sympathy and taste to bear in his criticism 
 
 of Goldsmith's writings as well as in his sketch of the incidents of his life.'^ 
 Athenaeum. 
 
 VII. DEFOE. By W. Minto. 
 
 BURNS. By Principal Shairp. ) 
 
 SPENCER. By R.W. Church, Dean of St. Paul's. ( rr .r . 
 HAWTHORNE. By Henry James. Jun. ( V^ntne press. 
 
 THACKERAY. By Anthony Trollope. ) 
 
 Others in preparation. 
 
 Eton College, History of. By H. C. Maxwell Lyte, 
 M.A. With numerous Illustrations by Professor Delamotte, 
 Coloured Plates, and a Steel Portrait of the Founder, engraved 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 9 
 
 by C. H. Jeens. New and cheaper Issue, with Corrections. 
 
 Medium 8vo. Cloth elegant. 2.\s. 
 
 " Hitherto no account of the College, ivith all its associations, has 
 
 appeared which can compare either in completeness or tn interest with 
 
 this. . . . It is indeed a bjok worthy of the ajicietit renown of King 
 
 Henry's College.'''' — Daily News. 
 
 " We are (it length presented with a ivork on England^ s greatest public 
 school, wo}'thy of the subject of which it treats. . . . A really valuable and 
 authentic history of Eton College." — Guardian. 
 
 European History, Narrated in a Series of Historical 
 
 Selections from the best Authorities. Edited and arranged by 
 
 E. M. Sewell and C. M. Yonge. First Series, crown 8vo. 6s. ; 
 
 Second Series, 1088-1228, crown 8vo. 6s. Third Edition. 
 
 " JVe know of scarcely anything," says the GUARDIAN, of this volufne, 
 
 "which is so likely to raise to a higher lez'el tlie average standard of 
 
 English education." 
 
 Faraday. — MICHAEL FARADAY. By J. H. Gladstone, 
 Ph.D., F. R.S. Second Edition, with Portrait engraved by Jeens 
 from a photograph by J. Watkins. Crown 8vo. 4J. dd. 
 PORTRAIT. Artist's Proof. 5.^ 
 
 Contents : — /. The Story of his Life. H. Study of his Character. 
 HI. Eruits of his Experience. J V. His Method of Writing. V. The 
 Value of his Discoveries. — Supplementary Portraits. Appendices : — List 
 tf Honorary Fellowships, etc. 
 
 Forbes. — life and letters of james david 
 
 FORBES, F.R.S., late Principal of the United College in the 
 University of St. Andrews. By J. C. Shairp, LL.D., Principal 
 of the United College in the University of St. Andrews ; P. G. 
 Tait, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University 
 of Edinburgh; and A. Adams-Reilly, F.R.G.S. 8vo. with 
 Portraits, Map, and Illustrations, i6j. 
 ^^ Not only a biography that all should read, but a scieritific treatise, 
 without which the shelves of no physicist!' s library can be deemed com- 
 plete,'" — Standard. 
 
 Freeman. — Works by Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L.,LL.D. :— 
 
 HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Third Edition. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Contents:—/. ^' The Mythical and Romantic Elements in Early 
 
 English History;" II. '■'The Continuity of English History;" III. 
 
 ^'The Relations between the Crowns of England and Scotland ;" IV. 
 
 *'St. Thomas of Canterbury and his Biograthers ;" V. " The Reign of 
 
 Edward the Third:" VI. ''The Holy Roman Empire;" VI L ''The 
 
 Franks, and the Gauls;" VIII. "The Early Sieges of Paris;" IX. 
 
 "Frederick the lirst. King of Italy ;" X. "The Emperor Frederick the 
 
 Second:" XI. "Charles the Bold ;" XII. " Presidential Government. ''" 
 
 A SECOND SERIES OF HISTORICAL ESSAYS. 8vo. 
 
 \os. (>d. 
 
10 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 Fre e man — conthmed. 
 
 The principal Essays are: — ^^ Ancient Greece and Medicevcd Italy :'*' 
 " Mr. Gladstone's Homer and the Homeric Ages : '' " The Historians 
 of Athens:'" ''''The Athenian De?nocracy :" ^^ Alexander the Great:" 
 ^'Greece during the Macedonian Period:'^ '' '' Momviscii s History of Ro?ne :'^ 
 ^^ Lucius Cornelius Stdla :^' " The Flavian Ccesars.'^ 
 
 COMPARATIVE POLITICS.— Lectures at the Royal Institution. 
 To which is added the " Unity of History," the Rede Lecture at 
 Cambridge, 1872. 8vo. 14-r. 
 THE HISTORY AND CONQUESTS OF THE SARACENS. 
 Six Lectures. Third Edition, with New Preface. Crown 8vo. 
 3^. 6d. 
 ^^ Mr. Freeman opportu7tely reprints his erudite and valuable lec- 
 tures." — Daily Telegraph, 
 
 HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SKETCPIES : 
 chiefly ItaUan. With Illustrations by the Author. Crown 8vo^. 
 I ox. 6(f. 
 " Mr. Freeman may here be said to give us a series of * notes on the 
 spot ' hi illustratio7t oj the intimate relations of History and Architecture, 
 and this is done in so 7nasterly a manner — there is so much freshness, so 
 ■much knoivledge so ad?nirably condoised, that we are almost tempted to 
 say that we prefer these sketches to his more elaborate studies.''^ — NONCON- 
 FORMIST. 
 
 HISTORY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, from the Foun- 
 dation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of the United 
 States. Vol. I. General Introduction. Histoiy of the Greek 
 Federations. 8vo. 2.\s. 
 
 OLD ENGLISH HISTORY. With Five Coloured Maps. Fourth 
 Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo., half-bound, ds. 
 
 " The book indeed is full of instruction and interest to students of all 
 ages, and he must be a well-informed ?nan indeed who will not rise 
 from its perusal xvith clearer and more accurate ideas of a too much 
 neglected portion of English history." — Spectator. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WELLS, 
 
 as illustrating the History of the Cathedral Churches of the Old 
 
 Foundation. Crown 8vo. 3J-. dd. 
 
 '* The history assuvies in Mr. Freeman^ s hands a significance, and, we 
 
 7nay add, a practical value as suggestive oj what a cathedral ought to be,. 
 
 which make it well worthy of 7)iention." — Spectator. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION 
 FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES. Crown 8vo. 5^. Third 
 Edition, revised. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. ' Being 
 Vol. I. of a Historical Course for Schools edited by E. A. 
 Freeman. New Edition, enlarged with Maps, Chronological 
 Table, Index, &c. i8mo. 3^. dd. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. ti 
 Freeman — continued. 
 
 '* It supplies the great want of a good foundation for historical teach- 
 ing. The scheme is an excellent one, atid this instalment has been 
 accepted in a way that proviises much for the volumes that are yet 
 to appear." — Educational Times. 
 
 THE OTTOMAN POWER IN EUROPE : its Nature, its Growth, 
 and its Decline. With Three Coloured Maps. Crown 8vo. 7^. 6d^ 
 
 Galileo.— THE private life of Galileo. Compiled 
 
 principally from his Correspondence and that of his eldest 
 daughter, Sister Maria Celeste, Nun in the Franciscan Convent of 
 S. Matthew in Arcetri. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 7^'. 6d. 
 
 Geddes. — the problem of the Homeric poems. 
 
 By W. D. Geddes, LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University 
 of Aberdeen. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 Gladstone — Works by the Right Hon.W. E. Gladstone, M.P. :— 
 JUVENTUS MUNDl. The Gods and Men of the Heroic Age. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth. With Map. los. 6d. Second Edition. 
 ^^ Seldom,^^ says the Athen^UM, ^^ out of the great poems themselves^ 
 have these Divinities looked so majestic and respectable. To read these 
 brilliant details is like standing on the Olyvipian threshold and gazing ai 
 the ineffable brightness within." 
 
 HOxMERIC SYNCHRONISM. An inquiry into the Time and 
 
 Place of Homer. Crown 8vo. 6i". 
 " /^ is impossible not to admire the immense range of thought and 
 inquity zvhich the author has displayed.'^ — British Quarterly 
 Review. 
 
 Goethe and Mendelssohn (1821— 1831). Translated from the 
 
 German of Dr. Karl Mendelssohn, Son of the Composer, by 
 M. E. Von Glehn. From the Private Diaries and Home 
 Letters of Mendelssohn, with Poems and Letters of Goethe never- 
 before printed. Also with two New and Original Portraits, Fac- 
 similes, and Appendix of Twenty Letters hitherto unpublished. 
 Crown 8vo. 5^. Second Edition, enlarged. 
 *' . . . Every page is full of interest, not merely to the musi- 
 cian, but to the general reader. The book is a very charming one, on 
 a topic of deep and lasting interest.''^ — Standard. 
 
 Goldsmid. — TELEGRAPH AND TRAVEL. A Narrative or 
 the Formation and Development of Telegraphic Communication 
 between England and India, under the orders of Her Majesty's 
 Government, with incidental Notices of the Countries traversed by 
 the Lines. By Colonel Sir Frederic Goldsmid, C.B., K.C.S.I., 
 late Director of the Government Indo-European Telegraph. Witb 
 numerous Illustrations and Maps. 8vo. 2 1 J. 
 " The merit of the ivork is a total absence of exaggeration, which does 
 
 not, however, preclude a vividness and vigour of style not always character -^ 
 
 istic of similar narratives." — Standard. 
 
12 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Gordon.— LAST letters from EGYPT, to M-hich are added 
 
 Letters from the Cape. By Lady Duff Gordon. With a 
 
 Memoir by her Daughter, Mrs, Ross, and Portrait engraved by 
 
 Jeens. Second Edition. Crown Svo. gs. 
 
 *' The intending tourist loho luishes to acqiiai-^t Jmnselfwith the country 
 
 he is about to visit, stands embarrassed amidst the riches presented for his 
 
 choue, and in the end probably rests contented with the sober usefulness of 
 
 Murray. He will not, hoiverer, if he is well advised, grudge a place in 
 
 his portmanteau to this book." — Times, 
 
 Gray. — china, a History of the Laws, Manners, and Customs 
 of the People. By the Venkrable John Henry Gray. LL.D., 
 Archdeacon of Hong Kong, formerly H.B.M, Consular Chaplain 
 at Canton, Edited by W. Gow Gregor, With 1 50 Full-page Illustra- 
 tions, being Facsimiles of Drawings by a Chinese Artist. 2 Vols, 
 Demy Svo. 32^. 
 ** Its pages contain the most truthful and vivid picture of Chinese life 
 
 which has ever been published.'" — Athen.eum. 
 
 " The only elaborate and valuable book we have had for many years 
 
 treating generally of the people of the Celestial Empire.''^ — Academy. 
 
 Green. — Works by John Richard Green: — 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE, Vol. I.— Early 
 
 England — Foreign Kings — The Charter — The Parliament. With 
 
 8 Coloured Maps. 8vo. ids. Vol. II. — The Monarchy, 
 
 1461 — 1540; the Restoration, 1540 — 1603. Svo. ids. 
 
 *^ Mr. Green has done a work which probably no one but himself could 
 
 have done. He has read and assimilated the results of all the labours of 
 
 students during the last half century in the field of English history, and 
 
 has given thejn a fresh meaning by his owti independent study. He has 
 
 fused together by the force of sympathetic imaginati-on all that he has so 
 
 collected, and has s^iven us a vivid and forcible sketch of the march of 
 
 English histofy. His book, both in its aims and its accomplishments, 
 
 rises far beyond any of a similar kind, and it will give the colouring to the 
 
 popular view to English history for some time to come.'''' — Examiner. 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. With 
 Coloured Maps, Genealogical Tables, and Chronological Annals. 
 Crown Svo. 8j. dd. Fifty-fifth Thousand. 
 ** To say that Mr. Green's book is better than those which have pre- 
 ceded it, would be to convey a very inadequate impression of its merits. It 
 stands alone as the one goieral history of the country, for the sake of 
 which all others, if young and old are wise, will be speedily and surely set 
 aside. ^^ 
 
 STRAY STUDIES FROM ENGLAND AND ITALY. Crown 
 Svo. Zs. 6d. Containing : Lambeth and the Archbishops — The 
 Florence of Dante — Venice and Rome — Early Histoiy of Oxford 
 — The District Visitor — Capri— Hotels in the Clouds— Sketches 
 in Sunshine, &c. 
 
 *■* One and all of the papers are eminently readable.''^ — Athen.^UM. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 13 
 
 Hamerton. — Works by p. G. Hamerton :— 
 
 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. With a Portrait of Leonardo da 
 Vinci, etched by Leopold^ Flameng. Second Edition. Crown 
 \os. 6d. 8vo. 
 " We have read the xuhole book with great pleasure, and we can re- 
 commend it strongly to all who can appreciate grave reflections on a very 
 important subject, excellently illusti'ated from the resources of a mind 
 stored with much reading and much keen observation of real life." — 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 THOUGHTS ABOUT ART. New Edition, revised, with an 
 Introduction. Crown 8vo. 2>s. 6d. 
 
 *^ A manual of sound and thorough criticism on arty — STANDARD. 
 " The book is full of thought, and worthy of attentive consideration^ — 
 Daily News. 
 
 Hill.— THE RECORDER OF BIRMINGHAM. A Memoir of 
 Matthew Davenport Hill, with Selections from his Correspondence. 
 By his Daughters Rosamond and Florence Davenport-Hill. 
 With Portrait engraved by C. H. Jeens. 8vo. 16s. 
 
 Hill.— WHAT WE SAW IN AUSTRALIA. By Rosamond 
 and Florence Hill, Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 ^*' May be recotmnended as an interesting and truthful picture cf the 
 condition of those lands which are so dista)it and yet so much like home." 
 — Saturday Review. 
 
 Hodgson.— MEMOIR OF REV. FRANCIS HODGSON, 
 B.D., Scholar, Poet, and Divine. By his Son, the Rev. James 
 T. Hodgson, M.A. Containing numerous Letters from Lord 
 Byron and others. With Portrait engraved by Jeens. Two 
 Vols. Crown 8vo. \%s. 
 ' ' A book that has added so miich of a healthy nature to our knowledge 
 
 of Byron, and that contains so rich a store of delightful correspondence.^' 
 
 — ATHENiEUM. 
 
 Hole.— A GENEALOGICAL STEMMA OF THE KINGS 
 OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. By the Rev. C. Hole, 
 M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. On Sheet, is. 
 
 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Compiled and 
 Arranged by the Rev. Charles Hole, M.A. Second Edition. 
 i8mo. 4$'. dd. 
 
 Hooker and Ball. — marocco and the great 
 
 ATLAS: Journal of a Tour in. By Sir Joseph D. Hooker, 
 K.C.S.L, C.B., F.R.S., &c., and John Ball, F.R.S. With an 
 Appendix, including a Sketch of' the Geology of Marocco, by 
 G. Maw, F.L.S., F.G.S. With Illustrations and Map. 8vo. 215 
 
n MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Hozier (H. M.) — Works by Captain Henry M, Hozier, 
 late Assistant Military Secretary to Lord Napier of Magdala : — 
 THE SEVEN WEEKS' WAR ; Its Antecedents and Incidents. 
 Nruo and Cheaper Edition. With New Preface, Maps, and Plans. 
 Crown 8vo. 6^. 
 *' ^// that Mr. Hozier saw of the great events of the war — and he saw 
 a large share of them — he describes in clear and vivid langiiage."" — 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 THE INVASIONS OF ENGLAND : a History of the Past, with 
 
 Lessons for the Future. Two Vols. 8vo. 28^-. 
 The Pall Mall Gazette says : — "-As to all invasions executed, or 
 deliberately projected but not carried out, from the landing of Juliits 
 CcEsar to the raising of the Boulogne camp. Captain Hozier furnishes 
 copious and most interesting particulars.^^ 
 
 Hiibner. — a ramble round the world in 1871. By 
 
 INI. Le Baron Hubner, formerly Ambassador and Minister. 
 Translated by Lady Herbert. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 *^ It is difficult to do atnple fustice to this pleamnt narrative of travel 
 ^ ... it does not contain a single dull paragraph^ — MORNING Post. 
 
 Hughes. — Works by Thomas Hughes, Q.C, Author of "Tom 
 Brown's School Days." 
 MEMOIR OF A BROTHER. With Portrait of George Hughes, 
 after Watts. Engraved by Jeens. Crown 8vo. 5i-. Sixth 
 Edition. 
 •* TJie boy wfio can read thisfook without deriving from it some addi- 
 tional impulse towards honourable, manly, and ijidependeiit conduct^ has 
 no good stuff in him.'' — Daily News. 
 
 ALFRED TPIE GREAT. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Hunt. — HISTORY OF ITALY. By the Rev. W. Hunt, M.A. 
 
 Being the Fourth Volume of the Historical Course for Schools. 
 
 Edited by Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L. i8mo. 3x. 
 " Mr. Htmt gives us a most compact but very readable little booJz, con- 
 taining in si?iall compass a very co?nplete outline of a cotiiplicated and 
 Perplexing subject. It is a book zvhich may be safely recojumended to 
 others besides sc/ioolboys.'^ — ^John Bull. 
 
 Irving.— THE ANNALS OF OUR TIME. A Diurnal of Events, 
 Social and Political, Home and Foreign, from the Accession of 
 Queen Victoria to the Peace of Versailles. By Joseph Irving. 
 Fourth Edition. 8vo. half-bound. \6s. 
 
 ANNALS OF OUR TIME. Supplement. From Feb. 28, 1871, 
 to March 19, 1874. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 ANNALS OF OUR TIME. Second Supplement. From March, 
 1S74, to the Ocoupa'cion of Cyprus. 8vo. \F[ea7'ly nady. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 15 
 
 " We have before us a trusty and ready guide to the ei/ents of the 
 past thirty years, available equally for the statesman, the politician, the 
 ptcblic writer, and the general reader.^'' — Times. 
 
 James. — Works by Henry James, Jun. FRENCH POETS AND 
 NOVELISTS. Crown 8vo. %s. 6d. 
 Contents : — Alfred de Alusset ; Theophile Gautier ; Baudelaire ; 
 Honore de Balzac ; George Sand : The Tzvo Amperes ; Turgenieff, ^c. 
 THE EUROPEANS. A Novel. Two Vols. Crown 8vo. 2.1s. 
 
 Johnson's Lives of the Poets. — The Six Chief 
 
 Lives — Milton, Lrj^den, Swift, Addison, Pope, Gray. With 
 Macaulay's '* Life of Johnson." Edited, with Preface, by 
 Matthew Arnold. Crown 8vo. 6x. 
 
 Killen.— ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF IRELAND, from 
 the Earliest Date to the Present Time. By W. D. Killen, D.D., 
 President of Assembly's College, Belfast, and Professor of Eccle- 
 siastical History. Two Vols. Svo. 25^. 
 '* Those who have the leisure will do well to read these two volumes. 
 
 They are full of intei'est, and are the result of great research. . . . We 
 
 have no hesitation in recominending the work to all who wish to improve 
 
 their acqiiaintance zvith Irish history." — Spectator. 
 
 Kingsley (Charles). — Works by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, 
 M.A., Rector of Eversley and Canon of Westminster. (For 
 other Works by the same Author, see Theological and Belles 
 Lettres Catalogues.) 
 ON THE ANCIEN REGIME as it existed on the Continent before 
 the French Revolution. Three Lectures delivered at the 
 Royal Institution. Crown Svo. 6^. 
 AT LAST : A CHRISTMAS in the WEST INDIES. With nearly 
 
 Fifty Illustrations. Fifth Edition. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 Mr. Kinsley's dream of forty years was at last fulfilled, when he 
 started on a Christmas expedition to the West Indies, for the pt^rpose of 
 becoming perso7ially acquainted zvith the scenes which he. has so vividly 
 described in " Westward Ho .'" These two volumes are the journal of his 
 voyage. Records of natural history, sketches of tropical landscape, chaptas 
 on education, views of society, all find their place. " We can only say 
 that Mr. Kingsley' s account of a * Christmas in the West Indies ' is in 
 eveiy way worthy to be classed among his happiest productions.'''' — 
 Standard. 
 
 THE ROMAN AND THE TEUTON. A Series of Lectures 
 
 delivered before the University of Cambrida^e. New and Cheaper 
 
 ■ Edition, with Preface by Professor Max MiJLLER. Crown Svo. ds. 
 
 PLAYS AND PURITANS, and other Historical Essays. With 
 
 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh. New Edition. Crown Svo. 6^. 
 
 In addition to the Essay mentioned in the title, this volume contains 
 
 other two — one on ''^ Sir Walter Raleigh and his Time,'^ and one on 
 
 Fronde's ' ' History f Engl a jui. ' ' 
 
i6 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Kingsley (Henry).— tales OF OLD TRAVEL. Re- 
 narrated by Henry Kingsley, F.R.G.S. With Eight Illus- 
 trations by HuARD. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5j. 
 " We know no better book for those who want knowledge or seek to 
 
 refresh it. As for the ''sensational^^ most novels are tame compared with 
 
 these narratives^ — Athen.'EUM. 
 
 Lang. — CYPRUS : Its History, its Present Resources and Future 
 
 Prospects. By R. Hamilton Lang, late H.M, Consul for the 
 
 Island of Cyprus, With Two Illustrations and Four Maps. 8vo. I4J-. 
 
 " The fair and irnpartial account of her past and present to be found in 
 
 these pages has an undoubted claim on the attention of all intelligent 
 
 readers. '' — Morning Post. 
 
 LaOCOOn. — Translated from the Text of Lessing, with Preface and 
 Notes by the Right Hon. Sir Robert J. Phillimore, D.C.L. 
 With Photographs. Svo. izs. 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci and his Works. — Consisting of a 
 
 Life of Leonardo Da Vinci, by Mrs. Charles W. Heaton, 
 
 Author of " Albrecht DUrer of Niirnberg," &c., an Essay on his 
 
 Scientific and Literary Works by Charles Christopher 
 
 Black, M.A., and an account of his more important Paintings 
 
 and Drawings. Illustrated with Permanent Photographs. Royal 
 
 Svo. cloth, extra gilt. 31^. dd. 
 
 " A beautiful vohwie, both without and within. Messrs. Macmillan 
 
 are conspicuous among publishers for the choice binding and printing of 
 
 their books, and this is got up in their best style. . . . No English 
 
 publication that we know of has so thoroughly and attractively collected 
 
 together all that is known of Leonardo." — Times. 
 
 Liechtenstein, — HOLLAND HOUSE. By Princess Marie 
 Liechtenstein. With Five Steel Engravings by C. H. Jeens, 
 after Paintings by Watts and other celebrated Artists, and 
 numerous Illustrations drawn by Professor P. H. Delamotte, and 
 engraved on Wood by J. D. Cooper, W. Palmer, and Jewitt & 
 Co. Third and Cheaper Edition. Medium Svo. cloth elegant. 
 i6j-. 
 Also, an Edition containing, in addition to the above, about 40 
 Illustrations by the Woodbury- type process, and India Proofs of 
 the Steel Engravings. Two vols, medium 4to. half morocco 
 elegant. 4/. dfS. 
 " When every strictly just exception shall have beejt taken, she may be 
 conscientiously congratulated by the most scrupulous critic on the produc- 
 tion of a useful, agreeable, beautifully -illustrated, and attractive book. '^ — 
 Times. '■'It would take up more room than we can spare to enumerate 
 all the interesting suggestions and notes which are to be found in these 
 volumes.. . . . The woodcuts are ad7nirable, and some of tlie autographs 
 are very interesting." —V Ai.i. Mall Gazette. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 17 
 
 Lloyd.— THE AGE OF PERICLES. A History of the Arts and 
 Politics of Greece from the Persian to the Peloponnesian War. 
 By W. Waikiss Lloyd. Two Vols. 8vo. z\s 
 ** No such account of Greek art oj the best period has yet been brought 
 
 together in an English work Mr. Lloyd has produced a book oJ 
 
 unusual excellence and interest.'''* — Pali. Mall Gazette. 
 
 Macarthur.— HISTORY of Scotland, By Margaret 
 
 Macarthur. Being the Third Volume of the Historical Course 
 
 for Schools, Edited by Edward A. Freeman, D. C. L. Second 
 
 Edition. i8mo. 2s, 
 
 ^^ It is an excellent sutmnary, unimpeachable as io facts, and putting 
 
 them in the clearest and ?nost impartial light attainable.'' — Guardian. 
 
 " No previous History oj Scotland of the same bulk is anything like so 
 
 trustworthy, or deserves io be so extensively used as a text-book.'''' — Globe. 
 
 Macmillan (Rev. Hugh). — For other Works by same Author, 
 see Theological and Scientific Catalogues. 
 HOLIDAYS ON HIGH LANDS ; or, Rambles and Incidents in 
 search of Alpine Plants. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Globe 8vo. cloth. 6j. 
 ' ' Botanical knozvledge is blended with a love of nature, a pious en- 
 thusiasm, and a rich felicity of diction not to be met with in any works 
 of kindred character, if we except those of Hugh Miller.''' — Telegraph. 
 ^^ Mr. Macmillan' s glowing pictures of Scandinavian scenery.''' — 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 Macready. — macready'S reminiscences and se- 
 lections FROM HIS DIARIES AND LETTERS. Edited 
 by Sir F. Pollock, Bart., one of his Executors. With Four 
 Portraits engraved by Jeens. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 
 8vo. 7^-. (id. 
 " As a careful arid for the most part just estimate of the stage during 
 a very brilliant period, the attraction of these volumes can scarcely be 
 surpassed. .... Readers xvho have no special intei^est in theatincal 
 mattej's, but enjoy miscellaneous gossip, will be allured from page to page, 
 attracted by familiar names and by observations upon popular actors and 
 authors.'" — Spectator. 
 
 Mahaffy. — Works by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, M.A., Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Dublin : — 
 SOCIAL LIFE IN GREECE FROM HOMER TO MENAN- 
 DER. Third Edition, revised and enlarged, with a new chapter 
 on Greek Art. Crown 8vo. 9^. 
 ^^ It should be in the hands of all who desire thoroughly to understand 
 and to enjoy G^-eek literature, and to get an 'intelligent -idea of the old Greek 
 life, political, social, and religious." — Guardian. 
 
 RAMBLES AND STUDIES IN GREECE. With Illustrations. 
 Crown Svo. los. 6d. New and enlarged Edit ion, with Map and 
 Illustrations 
 *M singularly instmctive and agreeable 7;olume."- —Athenmvm. 
 
 B 
 
i8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 " Maori."— SPORT AND WORK ON THE NEPAUL FRON- 
 TIER J or, Twelve Years' Sporting Reminiscences of an Indigo 
 Planter. By "Maori." With Illustrations. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 Margary.— THE JOURNEY OF AUGUSTUS RAYMOND 
 
 MARGARY FROM SHANGHAE TO BHAMO AND BACK 
 
 TO MANWYNE. From his Journals and Letters, with a brief 
 
 Biographical Preface, a concluding chapter by Sir Rutherford 
 
 Alcock, K.C.B., and a Steel Portrait engraved by Jeens, and 
 
 Map, 8vo. \os. 6d. 
 
 " There is a manliness, a cheerful spirit, an inherent vigour which 
 
 was never overcome by sickness or debility, a tact which conquered the 
 
 prejudices of a strange and suspicious population, a quiet self-reliance, 
 
 always combined with deep religious feeling, unalloyed by either priggish- 
 
 ness, cant, or superstition, that ought to commend this volume to readers 
 
 sitting quietly at home who feel any pride in the high estimation cucorded 
 
 to 7nen of their race at Yarkand or at Khiva, in the heart of Africa, o> 
 
 on the shores of Lake Seri-kul." — Saturday Review. 
 
 Martin.— THE HISTORY OF LLOYD'S, AND OF MARINE 
 INSURANCE IN GREAT BRITAIN. With an Appendix 
 containing Statistics relating to Marine Insurance. By Frederick 
 Martin, Author of "The Statesman's Year Book." Svo. 14^-. 
 " We have in the editor of the ^ Statestnan's Year Book^ an in- 
 dustrious and conscientious guide, and we can certify that in his * History 
 of Lloyd's'' he has produced a zvork of more than passing interest." — 
 Times. 
 
 Martineau.— BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 1852— 1875. 
 By Harriet Martineau. With Additional Sketches, and Auto- 
 biographical Sketch. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6^-. 
 " Miss Martineau! s large literary powers and her fine intellectual 
 
 training make these little sketches more instructive, and constitute them 
 
 more genuinely works of ai't, than many more ambitious and diffuse 
 
 biographies. "— Fortnightly Review. 
 
 Masson (David).— For other Works by same Author, see Philo- 
 sophical and Belles Lettres Catalogues. 
 
 CHATTERTON : A Story of the Year 1770. By David Masson, 
 LL.D., Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh. Crown 8vo. 5^. 
 
 •' One of this popular turner's best essays on the English poets'^ — 
 Standard. 
 
 THE THREE DEVILS : Luther's, Goethe's, and Milton's ; and 
 other Essays. Crown Svo. Ss. 
 
 WORDSWORTH, SHELLEY, AND KEATS; and other 
 Essays. Crown 8vo. 5^. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 19 
 
 Maurice.— THE friendship of books ; AND OTHER 
 LECTURES. By the Rev. F. D. Maurice. Edited with Pre- 
 face, by Thomas Hughes, Q.C. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 ** The high, pure, sytnpathetic, and truly charitable nature of Mr. 
 Maurice is delightfully visible throughout these lectures, which are ex- 
 cellently adapted to spread a love of literature amongst the peopleV — 
 Daily News. 
 
 Mayor (J. E. B.)— WORKS edited by John E. B. Mayor, 
 M. A., Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge : — 
 
 CAMBRIDGE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Part II. 
 Autobiography of Matthew Robinson. Fcap. 8vo. 5^. 6^. 
 
 LIFE OF BISHOP BEDELL. By his Son. Fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 
 
 Melbourne.— MEMOIRS OF the RT. HON WILLIAM, 
 
 SECOND VISCOUNT MELBOURNE. By W. M. Torrens, 
 
 M.P, With Portrait after Sir. T. Lawrence. Second Edition. 
 
 2 Vols. Svo, 32J-. 
 
 "^j might be expected, he has produced a book which will command 
 
 and reivard attention. It contains a great deal of valuable matter and 
 
 a great deal of animated, elegant writing.''' — Quarterly Review. 
 
 Mendelssohn.— LETTERS AND recollections. By 
 
 Ferdinand Hiller, Translated by M. E. Von Glehn. With 
 Portrait from a Drawing by Karl Muller, never before pub- 
 lished. Second Edition. Ci-own Svo. ^s. 6d. 
 ** This is a very interesting addition to our knowledge of the great 
 German composer. It reveals him to us under a new light, as the warm- 
 hearted comrade, the musician whose soul was in his work, and the home- 
 loving, domestic man." — STANDARD. 
 
 Merewether.— BY SEA AND BY LAND. Being a Trip 
 through Egypt, India, Ceylon, Australia, New Zealand, and 
 America — all Round the World. By Henry Alworth Mere- 
 wether, one of Her Majesty's Counsel. Crown Svo. Zs. 6d. 
 
 Michael Angelo Buonarotti ; Sculptor, Painter, Architect. 
 
 The Story of his Life and Labours. By C. C. Black, M.A. 
 
 Illustrated by 20 Permanent Photographs. Royal Svo. cloth 
 
 elegant, 3ij-. 6d. 
 " The stoiy of Michael Angelo s life remains interesting whatever be the 
 manner of telling it, and supported as it is by this beautiful series of photo- 
 graphs, the volume must take rank among the most splendid of Christinas 
 books, fitted to serve and to outlive the season''' — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Michelet— A SUMMARY OF MODERN HISTORY. Trans- 
 lated from the French of M. Michelet, and continued to the 
 present time by M. C. M. Simpson. Globe Svo. 4^. ^ct. 
 " IVe are glad to see one cf the ablest and most tiseful stunmaries of 
 European history put into the hands of English readers. The transla- 
 tion is excellent.'" — Standard. 
 
 B 2 
 
20 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS /A 
 
 Milton. — LIFE OF JOHN MILTON. Narrated in connection 
 with the Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Time. 
 By David Masson, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Rhetoric and 
 English Literature in the University of Edinburgh. With Portraits. 
 Vol. L i8j. Vol. IL, 1638— 1643. 8vo. i6j. Vol. III. 
 1643— 1649. 8vo. i8j-. Vols. IV. and V. 1649— 1660, 32^. 
 Vol. VI. in preparation. 
 
 This work is not only a Biography, but also a continuous Political^ Eccle- 
 siastical^ and Literary History of England throtigh Miltoti^s whole time. 
 
 Mitford (A. B.)— tales of old japan. By A. B. 
 
 MiTFORD, Second Secretary to the British Legation in Japan. 
 
 With upwards of 30 Illustrations, drawn and cut on Wood by 
 
 Japanese Artists. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. ds. 
 
 " These very original volumes will always be interesting as memorials 
 
 of a most exceptional society^ zvhile regarded simply as tales, they are 
 
 sparkling, sensational, and dramatic, and the originality of their idea 
 
 and the quaintness of their language give them a most captivating 
 
 piquancy. The illustrations are extremely interesting, and for the 
 
 curious in such matters have a special and particular value.'''' — Pall 
 
 Mall Gazette. 
 
 Monteiro.— ANGOLA AND THE RIVER CONGO. By 
 
 Joachim Monteiro. With numerous Illustrations from Sketches 
 taken on the spot, and a Map. Two Vols, crown 8vo, lis. 
 " Gives the first detailed account of a part of tropical Africa which is 
 
 little knownto Englishmen The remarks on the geography and 
 
 zoology of the country and the manners and custofns of the various races 
 inhabiting it, are extrejfiely curious and interesting." — Saturday Re- 
 view. * ' Ezcll of valuable ijtformation and much picturesque description. " 
 Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Morison. — the life and times of saint Bernard, 
 
 Abbot of Clairvaux. By James Cotter Morison, M.A. New 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. ds. 
 The Pall Mall Gazette calls this " A delightful attd instructive 
 volume, and one of the best products of the modern historic spirit.''^ 
 
 Moseley.— NOTES BY A NATURALIST ON THE CHAL- 
 LENGER : being an Account of various Observations made 
 during the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, Round the World, 
 in 1872-76. By H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., Member of the 
 Scientific Staff of the Challenger. 8vo. with Maps, Coloured Plates, 
 and Woodcuts. 21^'. 
 
 Murray ROUND ABOUT FRANCE. By E. C. Grenville 
 
 Murray. Crown 8vo. *js. 6d. 
 ** These short essays area pej'fect mine of information as to the present 
 condition and future frospects of political parties in France. . . . It is 
 at once extremely interesting and exceptionally instructive oit a subject on 
 which feio English j'leople arc xvell infortned.^' — SCOTSMAN. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 
 
 Napoleon.— THE history of napoleon L By p. 
 
 Lanfrey. a Translation with the sanction of the Author. Vols- 
 
 I. II. and III. 8vo. price I2s. each. 
 The Pall Mall Gazette says it is '^ one of the most striking 
 pieces of historical composition of which Fi-ance has to boast, " and the 
 Saturday Review calls it '^ an excellent translation of a work on every 
 ground dese) ving to be translated. It is tinquestionably and immeasurably 
 the best that has been produced. It is in fact the only ivork to which we 
 can turn for an accurate and trtistworthy narrative of that extraordinary 
 career. . . . The book is the best and indeed the only trustworthy history 
 of Napoleon which has been 7vritten." 
 
 Nash.— OREGON ; There and Back in 1S77. By Wallis Nash. 
 With Map and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. ^s. 6d. 
 ' ' This nnp7'etentious little vohune is a bright and very clever record of 
 a journey vjhich the author made to Oregon . . . zvhich will tell any one 
 who reads it a very great deal worth knowing abojit Oregon .... Alto- 
 gether, he has written an interesting and amusing Zi<?(?/&."— SPECTATOR. 
 
 Nichol.— TABLES OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE AND 
 HISTORY, a.u, 200—1876. By J. Nichol, LL.D., Professor 
 of English Language and Literature, Glasgow. 4to. ^s. 6d. 
 TABLES OF ANCIENT LITERATURE AND HISTORY, 
 B.C. 1500— A. D. 200. By the same Author. 4to. /^. 6d. 
 
 Oliphant (Mrs.).— the makers of Florence : Dante 
 
 Giotto, Savonarola, and their City. By Mrs. Oliphant. With 
 numerous Illustrations from drawings by Professor Delamotte, 
 and portrait of Savonarola, engraved by Jeens. Second Edition. 
 Medium 8vo. Cloth extra. 21s. 
 *' Mrs. Oliphant has made a beautiful addition to the mass of literature 
 
 already piled round the records of the Tuscan capital." — Times. 
 
 " We are grateful to Mrs. Oliphant for her eloquent and beautiful 
 
 sketches of Dante, Fra Angelico, and Savonarola. They are picturesque, 
 
 full of life, and rich in detail, and they are charmingly illustrated by the 
 
 art of the engraver." — Spectator. 
 
 Oliphant.— THE DUKE AND THE SCHOLAR ; and other 
 Essays. By T. L, Kington Oliphant. 8vo. ^js. 6d. 
 ** This volume contains one of the most beautiful biographical essays we 
 have seen since Macaula/s days.''' — Standard. 
 
 Otte.— SCANDINAVIAN HISTORY. By E. C. Otte. With 
 Maps. Extra fcap. 8vo. ds. 
 " We have peculiar pleasure in recom?nending this intelligent resumi 
 of A^07'thern history as a book essential to every Englishman who interests 
 himself in Scandinavia."— ^VECTATO^. 
 
 Owens College Essays and Addresses. — By Pro- 
 
 FESSORS AND LECTURERS OF OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER. 
 
 Published in Commemoration of the Opening of the New College 
 Buildings, October 7th, 1873. 8vo. I4j-. 
 
22 MACMILLAN\S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 Palgrave (R. F. D.)— the house of commons ; 
 
 Illustrations of its History and Practice. By Reginald F. D. 
 Palgrave, Clerk Assistant of the Plouse of Commons. New 
 and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Palgrave (Sir F.)— HISTORY OF NORMANDY AND 
 OF ENGLAND. By Sir Francis Palgrave, Deputy Keeper 
 of Her Majesty's Public Records. Completing the History to the 
 Death of William Rufus. 4 Vols. 8vo. 4/. ^s. 
 
 Palgrave (W. G.)— A narrative of a year's 
 
 JOURNEY THROUGH CENTRAL AND EASTERN 
 
 ARABIA, 1862-3. By William Gifford Palgrave, late of 
 
 the Eighth Regiment Bombay N. I. Sixth Edition. With Maps, 
 
 Plans, and Portrait of Author, engraved on steel by Jeens. Crown 
 
 8vo. 6s. 
 
 ** He has not only written one of the best books on the Arabs and one 
 
 of the best books on Arabia, buti he has done so in a manner that must 
 
 conunand the respect no less than the adtJiiration of his fellow-country' 
 
 men." — Fortnightly Review. 
 
 ESSAYS ON EASTERN QUESTIONS. By W. Gifford 
 Palgrave. 8vo. lOi-. 6d. 
 
 *' These essays are full of anecdote and intej'est. The book is decidedly 
 a valuable addition to the stock of literature on which 7nen must 
 base their opinio7t of the difficult social and political problems su^- 
 gested by the designs of Russia, the capacity of Mahometans fo7 
 sovereignty, and the good government and reteittion of India.^' — 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 DUTCH GUIANA. With Maps and Plans. 8vo. 9s. 
 
 * ' His pages are nearly exhaustive as far as facts and statistics go, 
 ■while they are lightened by graphic social sketches as zvell as sparkling 
 descriptions of scenery.''^ — SATURDAY Review. 
 
 Patteson.— LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN COLERIDGE 
 
 PATTP:S0N, D.D., Missionary Bishop of the Melanesian Islands. 
 
 By Charlotte M. Yonge, Author of " The Heir of Redclyffe." 
 
 With Portraits after Richmond and from Photograph, engraved by 
 
 Jeens. With Map. Fifth Edition. Two Vols. Crown 8vo. \2s. 
 
 ^^ Miss Yonge' s work is in one respect a model biography. It is made 
 
 up almost entirely of Pattesoji's own letters. Aware that he had left his 
 
 home once and for all, his correspondence took the form of a diary, and 
 
 as we read on zue come to knozu the man, and to love him ahnost as if we 
 
 had seen him.'" — Athenaeum. '■^ Such a life, luith its grand lessons of 
 
 unselfishness, is a blessing and an honour to the age in which it is lived ; 
 
 the biography cannot be studied without pleasure and profit, and indeed 
 
 we should think little of the man who did not rise from the study of it 
 
 better and wiser. Neither the Church nor the nation which produces 
 
 such sons need ever despair of its future.'" — Saturday Review. 
 
HISTOR Y, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 23 
 
 Pauli.— PICTURES OF OLD ENGLAND. By Dr. Reinhold 
 Pauli. Translated, with the approval of the Author, by E. C. 
 Otte. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Payne.— A HISTORY OF EUROPEAN COLONIES. By 
 E. J. Payne, M.A. With Maps. i8mo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Times says : — * ' We have seldo?n met with a historian capable oj 
 forming a more comprehensive, far-seeing, and tmprejudiced estimate oJ 
 events and peoples, a?id we can comfnend this little zvork as one certain to 
 prove of the highest interest to all thoughtful readers." 
 
 Persia. — eastern Persia. An Account of the Journeys of 
 the Persian Boundary Commission, 1870-1-2. — Vol. I. The Geo- 
 graphy, with Narratives by Majors St. John, Lovett, and Euan 
 Smith, and an Introduction by Major-General Sir Frederic 
 GoLDSMiD, C.B., K.C.S.I., British Commissioner and Arbitrator. 
 With Maps and Illustrations. — Vol. II. The Zoology and Geology. 
 By W. T. Blanford, A.R.S.M., F.R.S. With Coloured Illus- 
 trations. Two Vols. 8vo. /\.2s. 
 " 77ie volumes largely increase our store of information about 
 
 countries with which Englishmen ought to be familiar 
 
 They throiv into the shade all that hitherto has appeared in our tongue 
 respecting the local features of Persia, its scenery, its resources, even its 
 social condition. They co7itain also abundant evidence of English 
 endurance, daring, and spirit.'^ — Times. 
 
 Prichard.— THE ADMINISTRATION OF INDIA. From 
 1859 to 1868. The First Ten Years of Administration under the 
 Crown, By I. T. Prichard, Barrister-at-Law. Two Vols. 
 Demy 8vo. With Map. 21J. 
 
 Raphael.— RAPHAEL OF URBINO AND HIS FATHER 
 GIOVANNI SANTI. By J. D. Passavant, formerly Director 
 of the Museum at Frankfort. With Twenty Permanent Photo- 
 graphs. Royal 8vo. Handsomely bound. 31J. dd. 
 The Saturday Review says of them, ** We have seen not a feio 
 
 elegant specimens of Mr. Woodbury's new process, but we have seen 
 
 none that equal these. " 
 
 Reynolds.— SIR JOSHUA Reynolds as a portrait 
 
 PAINTER. AN ESSAY. By J. Churton Collins, B.A. 
 Balliol College, Oxford. Illustrated by a Series of Portraits of 
 distinguished Beauties of the Court of George III. ; reproduced 
 in Autotype from Proof Impressions of the celebrated Engravings, 
 by Valentine Green, Thomas Watson, F. R. Smith, E. 
 Fisher, and others. Folio half-morocco. ^^5 5^. 
 
 Rogers (James E. Thorold).— HISTORICAL GLEAN- 
 INGS : A Series of Sketches. Montague, Walpole, Adam Smith, 
 Cobbett. By Prof. Rogers. Crown 8vo. 4J. (>d. Second Series. 
 Wiklif, Laud, Wilkes, and Home Tooke. Crown 8vo. (>s. 
 
24 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS 
 
 Routledge.— CHAPTERS IN THE HISTORY OF POPULAR 
 
 PROGRESS IN ENGLAND, chiefly in Relation to the Freedom 
 
 of the Press and Trial by Jury, 1660 — 1820. With application to 
 
 later years. By J. Routledge. Svo. i6j. 
 
 " The volume abounds iti facts and inforjtiation, almost always useful 
 
 and often curiousP — Times. 
 
 Rumford.— COUNT RUMFORD'S complete WORKS, 
 with Memoir, and Notices of his Daiighter. By George Ellis. 
 Five Vols. Svo. 4/. \^s. 6d. 
 
 Seeley (Professor). — lectures and essays. By 
 
 J. R. Seeley, M.A. Professor of Modem History in the 
 University of Cambridge. Svo. los. 6d. 
 Contents: — Roman Imperialisi?i: i. The Great Roman Revolu- 
 tion; 2. The Proximate Cause of the Fall of the Roman Empire ; 
 The Later Empire. — Milton's Political Opinioiis — Milton's Poetry 
 — Elementary Principles in Art — Liberal Education in Universities 
 — English in Schools — The Church as a Teacher of Moi'ality • — The 
 Teaching of Politics : an Lnaugural Lecture delivered at Cambridge. 
 
 Shelburne.— LIFE OF WILLIAM, earl of shelburne, 
 
 AFTERWARDS FIRST MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. 
 
 With Extracts from his Papers and Correspondence. By Lord 
 
 Edmond Fitzmaurice. In Three Vols. Svo. Vol.1. 1737— 
 
 1766, I2s. ; Vol. II. 1766— 1776, I2s. ; Vol. IIL 1776— 1805. 
 
 16s. 
 
 "Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice has succeeded in placing before us a 
 
 7vealth of new matter, which, while casting valuable and much-needed 
 
 light on several obscure passages in the political history of a hundred 
 
 years ago, has enabled us for the first time to form a clear and consistent 
 
 idea of his ancestor. "" — Spectator. 
 
 Sime.— HISTORY OF GERMANY. By James Sime, M.A. 
 
 iSmo. 3^-. Being Vol. V. of the Historical Course for Schools 
 
 Edited by Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L. 
 
 *' This is a remarkably clear and impressive History of G^many. Its 
 
 great events are wisely kept as central figures, and the smaller events are 
 
 carefully kept not only subordinate and subservient, but most skilfully 
 
 ivoven into the texture of the historical tapestry presented to the eye.'" — 
 
 Standard. 
 
 Squier. — PERU : INCIDENTS OF TRAVEL AND EX- 
 
 PLORATION IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS. By E. G. 
 
 Squier, M.A., F.S.A., late U.S. Commissioner to Peru. With 
 
 300 Illustrations. Second Edition. Svo. lis. 
 
 7yz<? Times says: — ^^ No more solid and trust7t>orthy contribution haa 
 
 been made to an accurate knotvledge of what are among the most wonderful 
 
 ruins in the world. .... The work is really what its title implies. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, ETC. 25 
 
 While 0/ the greatest importance as a contribution to Pei uvian archceology, 
 it is also a thoroughly entertaining and instructive narrative of travel. 
 .... Not the least important feature miist he considered the numeroiis 
 well executed illustrations." 
 
 Strangford.— EGYPTIAN shrines and Syrian sepul- 
 chres, including a Visit to Palmyra. By Emily A. Beaufort 
 (Viscountess Strangford), Author of "The Eastern Shores of 
 the Adriatic." New Edition. Crown 8vo. 7^. 6d. 
 
 Tait.— AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, based upon 
 Green's "Short History of the English People." By C. W. A. 
 Tait, M.A., Assistant Master, Clifton College. Crown 8vo. 
 2,s. 6d. 
 
 Thomas.— THE LIFE OF JOHN THOMAS, Surgeon of the 
 "Eari of Oxford" East Indiaman, and First Baptist Missionary to 
 Bengal. By C. B' Lewis, Baptist Missionary. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 ThompSOn.—HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Edith Thomp- 
 son. Being Vol. II. of the Historical Course for Schools, Edited 
 by Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L. New Edition, revised and 
 enlarged, with Maps. iSmo. 2s. 6d. 
 ' ' Freedom fvm prejudice, simplicity of style, and accuracy of state- 
 ment, are the characteristics of this volume. It is a trustwo'thy text-book, 
 and likely to be generally sei'viceable in schools^ — Pali> Mall Gazette. 
 " /« its great accuracy and correctness of detail it stands far ahead of the 
 i^cneral run of school manuals. Its arj'angement^ too, is clear, and its 
 style simple and straightjorward. " — Saturday Review. 
 
 Todhunter.— THE CONFLICT OF STUDIES ; AND 
 OTHER ESSAYS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH 
 EDUCATION. By Isaac Todhunter, M.A., F.R.S., late 
 Fellow and Principal Mathematical Lecturer of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. Svo. \os. 6d. 
 Contents :— 7. The Conflict of Studies. II. Competitive Exa- 
 minations. III. Private Stt^dy of Mathematics. IV. Academical 
 Reform. V. Elementary Geometry. VI. The Mathematical Tripos. 
 
 Trench (Archbishop). — For other Works by the same Author, 
 
 see Theological and Belles Lettres Catalogues, and 
 
 page 30 of this Catalogue. 
 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IN GERMANY, and other Lectures 
 
 on the Thirty Years' War. Second Edition, revised and enlarged . 
 
 Fcap. Svo. 4J. 
 PLUTARCH, HIS LIFE, HIS LIVES, AND HIS MORALS. 
 
 Five Lectures. Second Edition, enlarged. Fcap. Svo. 35-. dd. 
 LECTURES ON MEDIEVAL CHURCPI HISTORY. Being 
 
 the substance of Lectures delivered in Queen's College, London. 
 
 Second Edition, revised. Svo. \2s. 
 
26 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Trench (Maria).— the life of ST. TERESA. By Maria 
 Trench. With Portrait engraved by Jeens. Crown 8vo. cloth 
 extra. 2>s. 6d. 
 '^ A hook of rare interest.'" — ^John Bull. 
 
 Trench (Mrs. R.)— REMAINS OF THE LATE MRS. 
 RICHARD TRENCH. Being Selections from her Journals, 
 Letters, and other Papers. Edited by Archbishop Trench. 
 New and Cheaper Issue, with Portrait. 8vo. ds. 
 
 TroUope.— A HISTORY of the COMMONWEALTH OF 
 FLORENCE FROM THE EARLIEST INDEPENDENCE 
 OF THE COMMUNE TO THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC 
 IN 183 1. By T. Adolphus Trollope, 4 Vols. 8vo. Half 
 morocco. 2\s. 
 
 Uppingham by the Sea.— a narrative of THE 
 
 YEAR AT BORTH. By J. H. S. Crown 8vo. 3^. ^d. 
 
 Wallace.— THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: the Land of the 
 
 Orang Utan and the Bird of Paradise. By Alfred Russel 
 
 Wallace. A Narrative of Travel with Studies of Man and 
 
 Nature. With Maps and numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 7^^. 6^. 
 
 " The result is a vivid picture of tropical life, which may be read with 
 
 unflagging interest, and a sufficient account of his scientific conclusions to 
 
 stimulate our appetite -without wearying us by detail. In short, we may 
 
 safely say that we have never read a more agreeable book of its kifidJ' — 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 Ward.— A HISTORY OF ENGLISH DRAMATIC LITERA- 
 
 TURE TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE. By A. W. 
 
 Ward, M.A., Professor of History and English Literature in 
 
 Owens College, Manchester. Two Vols. 8vo. 32J. 
 
 '^ As full of interest as of information. To students of aramatic 
 
 literature invaluable, and 7nay be eqtcally recommended to readers for 
 
 mere pastime.'" — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Ward (J.)— EXPERIENCES OF A DIPLOMATIST. Being 
 recollections of Germany founded on Diaries kept during the years 
 1840— 1870. By John Ward, C.B., late H.M. Minister- 
 Resident to the Hanse Towns. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Waterton (C.)— wanderings in south America, 
 
 THE north-west OF THE UNITED STATES, AND 
 THE ANTILLES IN 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824. With 
 Original Instructions for the perfect Preservation of Birds, etc., 
 for Cabinets of Natural History. By Charles Waterton. 
 New Edition, edited with Biographical Introduction and Explana- 
 tory Index by the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A. With 100 Illustrations. 
 8vo. Cloth elegant. 21s. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, T RA PELS, ETC. 27 
 
 Wedgwood.— JOHN wesley and the evangelical 
 
 REACTION of the Eighteenth Century. By Julia Wedgwood. 
 Crown 8vo. Sj. 6d. 
 " In. style and intellectual power^ in breadth of view and clearness oj 
 insight, Miss Wedgwood's book far surpasses all rivals^ — Athenaeum. 
 
 Whe well.— WILLIAM WHEWELL, D.D., late Master of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. An Account of his Writings, with 
 Selections from his Literary and Scientific Correspondence. By 
 I.ToDHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S. Two Vols. 8vo. 25^. 
 
 White. — THE NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 OF SELBORNE. By Gilbert White. Edited, with Memoir 
 and Notes, by Frank Buckland, A Chapter on Antiquities by 
 Lord Selborne, Map, &c., and numerous Illustrations by 
 P. H. Delamotte. Royal Svo. Cloth, extra gilt. Cheaper 
 Issue. 2IJ-. 
 Also a Large Paper Edition, containing, in addition to the above, 
 upwards of Thirty Woodburytype Illustrations from Drawings by 
 Prof. Delamotte. Two Vols. 4to. Half morocco, elegant, 4/. 4/. 
 '■'•Mr. Delamotte^ s charming illustrations are a worthy decoration of so 
 
 aainty a book. They bring Selborne before ns, and really help tis to 
 
 understand why White's love for his native place ncver grezv cold." — 
 
 Times. 
 
 Wilson. — A MEMOIR OF GEORGE WILSON, M. D., 
 F.R.S.E., Regius Professor of Technology in the University of 
 Edinburgh. By his Sister. New Edition. Crown Svo. ^s. 
 " An exquisite and touching portrait of a rare and beautiful spirit.'^ — 
 
 Guardian. 
 
 Wilson (Daniel, LL.D.) — Works by Daniel Wilson, 
 LL.D., Professor of History and English Literature in University 
 College, Toronto : — 
 
 PREHISTORIC ANNALS OF SCOTLAND. New Edition, 
 
 with numerous Illustrations. Two Vols, demy Svo. 36^'. 
 " One of the most interesting, learned, and elegant works we have 
 seen for a long time.'" — Westminster Review. 
 
 PREHISTORIC MAN : Researches into the Origin of Civilization 
 in the Old and New World. New Edition, revised and enlarged 
 throughout, with numerous Illustrations and two Coloured Plates. 
 Two Vols. Svo. 36j-. 
 
 ' ' A valuable work pleasantly written and well worthy of attention 
 both by students and general readers.'" — Academy. 
 
 CHATTERTON : A Biographical Study. By Daniel Wilson, 
 LL.D., Professor of History and Enghsh Literature in University 
 College, Toronto, Crown Svo. 6^. ()d. 
 
28 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 Wyatt (Sir M. Digbv).~FIN£ ART : a Sketch of its 
 History, Theory, Practice, and application to Industry. A Course 
 of Lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge. By 
 Sir M. DiGBY Wyatt, M.A. Slade Professor of Fine Art. 
 Cheaper Issue. 8vo. 5^. 
 
 '■'■An excellent handbook for the student of art. ''^ — Graphic. " The 
 book abounds in valuable 7}iatter, and will therefore be read with 
 pleasure and profit by lovers of art. ^"^ — Daily News. 
 
 Yonge (Charlotte M.)— Works by Charlotte M. Yonge, 
 Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe," &c. &c. :— 
 
 A PARALLEL HISTORY OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND : 
 consisting of Outlines and Dates. Oblong 4to. 3J. 6d, 
 
 CAMEOS FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. From Rollo to Edward 
 II. Extra fcap. Svo. Third Edition. 5^. 
 
 A Second Series, THE WARS IN FRANCE. Extra fcap. 
 Svo. Third Edition, ^s. 
 
 A Third Series, THE WARS OF THE ROSES. Extra 
 fcap. Svo. 5^. 
 " Instead of dry details, '^ says the Nonconformist, ** we have livtnsi 
 t>ictureSf faithful, vivid, and striking.'^ 
 
WORKS /A POLITICS, ETC, 
 
 POLITICS, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL 
 ECONOMY, LAW, AND KINDRED 
 SUBJECTS. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Law. — ESSAYS IN. Contents : Law Courts 
 — Land and Family Laws and Legal Procedure generally. With 
 Select cases. Mediuna 8vo. iSj. 
 
 Ball.— THE STUDENT'S GUIDE TO THE BAR. By 
 Walter W. Ball, M.A., of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at- 
 Law. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 *' The student will here find a clear statement of the several steps by 
 
 which the degree of barrister is obtained, and also useful advice abotit 
 
 the advantages of a prolonged cojirse of ' reading in Chambers. ' " — 
 
 Academy. 
 
 Bernard.— FOUR lectures on subjects connected 
 
 WITH DIPLOMACY. By Montague Bernard, M.A., 
 Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Oxford. 
 8vo. 9^. 
 
 ^^Singtdarly interesting lectures, so able, clear, and attractive.'^ — Spec- 
 tator. 
 
 Bright (John, M. P.)— SPEECHES ON QUESTIONS OF 
 PUBLIC POLICY. By the Right Hon. John Bright, M.P, 
 Edited by Professor Thorold Rogers. Author's Popular Edition. 
 Globe 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 **Mr. Brighi's speeches will always deserve to be studied, as an 
 apprenticeship to popular and parliamentary oratory ; they will form 
 materials for the history of our time, and many bT-illiant passages, 
 perhaps some entire speeches, ivill really become a part of the living litera- 
 ture of England.'" — Daily News. 
 
 LIBRARY EDITION. Two Vols. 8vo. With Portrait. 25^. 
 
 Bucknill,— HABITUAL DRUNKENNESS AND INSANE 
 DRUNKARDS. By J. C. Bucknill, M.D., F.R.S., late 
 Lord Chancellor's Visitor of Lunatics. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Cairnes. — Works by J. E. Cairnes, M.A., Emeritus Professor 01 
 Political Economy in University College, London. 
 ESSAYS IN POLITICAL ECONOMY, THEORETICAL 
 and APPLIED. By J. E. Cairnes, M.A., Professor of Political 
 Economy in University College, London. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 " The production of one of the ablest of living economists.'" ^K^WE.- 
 NiEUM. 
 
MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 CairneS. — continued. 
 
 POLITICAL ESSAYS. 8vo. \os. 6d. 
 
 7%^ Saturday Review says: — " We recently expressed our high 
 admiration of the former volutjie ; and the present 07ie is no less remark- 
 able for the qualities of clear statement, sound logic, and candid treat- 
 me7it of opponents which were conspicuous in its predecessor. . . . We 
 may safely say that none of Mr, Mill's many disciples is a worthier repre- 
 sentative of the best qualities of their master than Fj'ofessor Cairnes.'" 
 
 SOME LEADING PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY 
 NEWLY EXPOUNDED. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 Contents : — Fa7't I. Value. Fart II. Labour and Capital. Fart 
 III. International Trade. 
 
 ' ' A work which is perhaps the most valuable contribution to the science 
 made since the publication, a quarter of a century since, of Mr. MilVs 
 ' Principles of Folitical Economy.'' " — Daily News. 
 
 THE CHARACTER AND LOGICAL METHOD OF POLL 
 TICAL ECONOMY. New Edition, enlarged. 8vo. ^s. 6d. 
 
 " These lectures are admirably fitted to correct the slipshod generaliza- 
 tions which pass curreitt as the science of Folitical Economy^ — Times, 
 
 Clarke .—EARLY ROMAN LAW. THE REGAL PERIOD 
 
 By E. C. Clarke, M.A., of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law 
 Lecturer in Law and Regius Professor of Civil Law at Cam- 
 bridge. Crown 8vo. 5^. 
 * * Mr. Clarke has brought together a great mass of valuable matter in 
 an accessible form." — Saturday Review. 
 
 Cobden (Richard).— SPEECHES ON QUESTIONS OF 
 PUBLIC POLICY. By Richard Cobden. Edited by the 
 Right Hon. John Bright, M.P., and J. E. Thorold Rogers, 
 Popular Edition. 8vo. 3^-. 6d. 
 
 Fawcett. — Works by Henry Fawcett, M.A., M.P,, Fellow of 
 
 Trinity Hall, and Professor of Political Economy in the University 
 
 of Cambridge : — 
 THE ECONOMIC POSITION OF THE BRITISH 
 
 LABOURER. Extra fcap. 8vo. 5^. 
 MANUAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Fifth Edition, with 
 
 New Chapters on the Depreciation of Silver, etc. Crown 8vo. 
 
 12S. 
 
 The Daily News says: ''^ It forms one of the best introductions to the 
 ■Principles of the science, and to its practical applications in the problems 
 of modern, and especially of English, government and society.''^ 
 
 PAUPERISM : ITS CAUSES AND REMEDIES. Crown 8vo. 
 5^. dd. 
 
 The Athen^um calls the work "a repertory of interesting and well 
 digested inforjnation.^^ 
 
WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 
 
 FaWCett. — continued. 
 
 SPEECHES ON SOME CURRENT POLITICAL QUES- 
 TIONS. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 " They will help to educate, not perhaps, parties, but the educators of 
 parties.''' — Daily News. 
 
 ESSAYS ON POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SUBJECTS. By 
 Professor Fawcett, M.P., and Millicent Garrett 
 Fawcett. 8vo. \os. 6d. 
 ** They will all repay the perusal of the thinking reader.''^ — Daily 
 News. 
 
 FREE TRADE AND PROTECTION: an Inquiry into the 
 Causes which have retarded the general adoption of Free Trade 
 since its introduction into England. Second Edition. 8vo. 7j. (id. 
 ''No greater service can be rendered to the cause of Free Trade than a 
 clear explanation of the principles on which Free Trade rests. Pro- 
 fessor Fawcett has done this in the volume before us with all his habitual 
 clearness of tho7ight and expression.^' — Economist. 
 
 Fawcett (Mrs.)— Works by Millicent Garrett Fawcett. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR BEGINNERS. WITH QUES- 
 TIONS. New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Daily Nkws calls it ''clear, compact, and comprehensive ;'' and 
 the Spectator says, "Mrs. Fawcetfs treatise is perfectly suited to its 
 purpose.''^ 
 
 TALES IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. Crown 8vo. 3^. 
 
 * ' The idea is a good one, and it is quite wonderful what a mass of 
 econo77iic teaching the author manages to cotnpress into a sftiall space. . . The 
 true doctrines of International Trade, Currency, and the ratio between 
 Production and Population, are set before us and illustrated in a masterly 
 manner y — Athen^UM. 
 
 Freeman (E. A.), M.A., D.C.L.— comparative 
 
 POLITICS. Lectures at the Royal Institution, to which is 
 
 added " The Unity of History," being the Rede Lecture delivered 
 
 at Cambridge in 1872. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 " We find in Mr. Freeman's new volume the same sound, careful, 
 
 comprehensive qualities which have long ago raised him to so high a place 
 
 amongst historical -writers. For historical discipline, then, as well as 
 
 historical information, Mr. Freeman's book is full of value." — Pall 
 
 Mall Gazette. 
 
 Goschen.— REPORTS and speeches on local tax a- 
 
 TION. By George J. Goschen, M. p. Royal 8vo. 5^. 
 *' The volume contains a vast mass of information of the highest value." 
 
 — ATHKN/T.UM. 
 
32 MACMILLAJSPS CATALOGUE OF 
 
 Guide to the Unprotected, in Every Day Matters Re- 
 lating to Property and Income. By a Banker's Daughter. 
 Fourth Edition, Revised. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 
 ''^Many an unprotected female will bless the head which planned and 
 
 the hand which compiled this admirable little manual. . . . This hook 
 
 was very much wanted, and it could not have been better done." — 
 
 INioRNiNG Star. 
 
 Hamilton. — MONEY AND VALUE: ^an Inquiry into the 
 
 Means and Ends of Economic Production, with an Appendix 
 
 on the Depreciation of Silver and Indian Currency. By ROWLAND 
 
 Hamilton. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 " The subject is here dealt with in a luminous style, and by presenting 
 
 it from a nezu point of vietv in connection with the nature and functions 
 
 ot money, a genuine service has been rendered to commercial science.'^ — 
 
 British Quarterly Review. 
 
 HarwOOd. — DISESTABLISHMENT : a Defence of the Principle 
 of a National Church. By George Harwood, M.A. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Hill. — Works by Octavia Hill : — 
 HOMES OF THE LONDON POOR. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3^. ed. 
 ^^ She is clear, practical, and defnitej^ — Globe. 
 
 OUR COMMON LAND ; and other Short Essays. Extra fcap. 
 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Contents : — Otir Common Land. District Visiting. A More 
 Excellent Way of Charity. A Word on Good Citizenship. Open Spaces. 
 Effectual Charity. The Future of our Commons. 
 
 Historicus. — LETTERS ON SOME QUESTIONS OF 
 INTERNATIONAL LAW. Reprinted from the Times, with 
 considerable Additions. 8vo. ^s. ' 6d. Also, ADDITIONAL 
 LETTERS. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Holland.— THE TREATY RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND 
 TURKEY FROM 1774 TO 1853. A Lecture delivered at Oxford, 
 April 1877. By T. E. Holland, D.C.L., Professor of Inter- 
 national Law and Diplomacy, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Hughes (Thos.)— THE OLD CHURCH: WHAT SHALL 
 WE DO WITPI IT? By Thomas Hughes, Q.C. Crown 
 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Jevons. — Works by W. Stanley Jevons, M.A., Professor of 
 Political Economy in University College, London. (For other 
 Works by the same Author, see Educational and Philo- 
 sophical Catalogues. ) 
 
WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 33 
 
 J e V O n S . — continued. 
 
 THE COAL QUESTION : An Inquiry Concerning the Progress 
 of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of our Coal Mines. 
 Second Edition, revised. 8vo. io.r. 6d. 
 
 THE THEORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 8vo. 9^. 
 
 ' ^Professor Jevons has done invaluable service by courageously claiming 
 political economy to be strictly a branch of Applied Mathematics. 
 — Westminster Review. 
 
 PRIMER OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. iSmo. \s. 
 
 Laveleye. — primitive property. By Emile de 
 
 Laveleye. Translated by G. R. L. Marriott, LL. B., with an 
 
 Introduction by T. E. Cliffe Leslie, LL.B. 8vo. \2s. 
 
 " // is almost impossible to over-estimate the value of the well-digestea 
 
 knowledge which it contains ; it is one of the most learned books that 
 
 have been contributed to the historical department of the literature oj 
 
 economic science. " — AtheN/EUM. 
 
 Leading Cases done into English. By an Apprentice 
 OF Lincoln's Inn. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 ' ' Here is a rare treat for the lovers of quaint conceits, who in reading 
 .this charming little book will find enjoyment in the varied 7netre and 
 graphic language in which the several tales are told, no less than in the 
 accurate and pithy rendering of some of our most Jamiliar ' Leading 
 Cases.'' — Saturday Review. 
 
 Macdonell.— THE LAND question, WITH SPECIAL 
 REFERENCE TO ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. By 
 John Macdonell, Barrister-at-Law. 8vo. loj. da. 
 
 Martin.— THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK: A Statistical 
 and Historical Annual of the States of the Civilized World, 
 for the year 1879. By Frederick Martin. Sixteenth Annual 
 Publication. Revised after Official Returns, Crown 8vo. \os. 6d. 
 The Statesman'' s Year-Book is the only work in the English language 
 which furnishes a clear and concise account of the acttial condition of all 
 the States of Europe, the civilized countries of America, Asia, and 
 Africa, and the British Colonies and Dependencies in all parts of the 
 world. The new issue of the work has been revised and corrected, on the 
 basis of official reports received direct from the heads of the leading Govern- 
 ments of the wo7-ld, in reply to letters sent to them by the Editor. Through 
 the valuable assistance thus given, it has been possible to collect an ajnount 
 of information, political, statistical, and commaxial, of the latest date, and 
 of unimpeachable trustzuorthiness, such as no publication of the same 
 kind has ever been able to furnish. *'As indispensable as Bradshaw.^' — 
 Times. 
 
34 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 Monahan.— THE METHOD OF LAW: an Essay on the 
 Statement and Arrangement of the Legal Standard of Conduct. 
 By J. H. Monahan, Q.C. Crown 8vo. 6^. 
 '' Will be foimd valuable by careful law studejtts who have felt the 
 
 importance of gaining clear ideas regarding the relations betzoeen the parts 
 
 of the complex organism they have to study.'' — BRITISH Quarterly 
 
 Review. 
 
 Paterson.— THE LIBERTY OF THE SUBJECT AND THE 
 
 LAWS OF ENGLAND RELATING TO THE SECURITY 
 
 OF THE PERSON. Commentaries on. By James Paterson, 
 
 M.A. , Barrister at Law, sometime Commissioner for English and 
 
 Irish Fisheries, etc. Cheaper issue. Two Vols. Crown 8vo. 2ls. 
 
 * * 7 wo or three hours' dipping into these voiumes, not to say reading them 
 
 through, will give legislators and stump orators a knoivledge of the liberty 
 
 of a citizen of their country, in its principles, its fulness, and its rnodi- 
 
 fication, such as they probably in nine rases out of ten never had before." 
 
 — Scotsman. 
 
 Phillimore. — private LAW AMONG TPIE ROMANS, 
 from the Pandects. By John George Phillimore, Q.C. 8vo. 
 
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