JUN 22 1995 
 
 . M !3 
 
TWENTY YEARS 
 
 OF 
 
 Princeton College 
 
 FAREIVELL ADDRESS 
 
 DELIVERED JUNE 20TH, 1888 
 
 JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., Litt.D. 
 
 President of Princeton College 
 
 NEW YORK 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
THE COMPLETION OF DR. McCOSH'S PSYCHOLOGY. 
 
 PSYCHOLOGY. 
 
 I. The Cognitive Powers. II. The Motive Powers. 
 
 By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., Litt. D. 
 
 President of Princeton College; Author of "Intuitions of the Mind,''' "Laws 
 of Discursive Thought," "Emotions," "Philosophic Series," etc. 
 
 Two Vols., 12mo; each, $1.50. 
 
 The second volume, now ready, concludes this work with the 
 discussion of the motive powers of the mind, including the Con- 
 science, Emotions, and Will. The author has treated the difficult, 
 and, at times, obscure topics which belong to the department of 
 psychology with characteristic clearness, conciseness, and strong 
 individuality. In the first volume he treats of sense perception, 
 illustrating his theme with appropriate cuts, and discussing it 
 with fullness from the physiological side. A third of the book is 
 devoted to the reproductive or representative powers, in which 
 such subjects as the recalling power, the association of ideas, the 
 power of composition, etc., are described; while the book con- 
 cludes with a full discussion of the comparative powers. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF VOLUME II. 
 
 "Having treated of the Cognitive Powers in Vol. I., I am in this to 
 unfold the characteristics of the Motive Powers, as they are called the 
 Orective, the Appetent, the Impulsive Powers ; the feelings, the senti- 
 ments, the affections, the heart, as distinguished from the Gnostic, the 
 cognitive, the intellect, ihe understanding, the reason, the head. 
 
 "These Motive Powers fall under three heads — the Emotions, the Con- 
 science, the Will. 
 
 " It is not to be understood that these are unconnected with each other, 
 or with the cognitive; emotions contain an idea which is cognitive. The 
 Conscience may be regarded as combining characteristics of each of the 
 two grand classes, being cognitive as discerning good and evil, and motive 
 as leading to action; the Will has to use the other powers as going on to 
 action. 
 
 " Emotion occupies more room than the other two in this treatise inas- 
 much as its operations are more varied, and as the account usually given 
 of it (so it appears to me) is mo-e defective." 
 
TWENTY YEARS 
 
 OF 
 
 PRINCETON COLLEGE 
 
TWENTY YEARS 
 
 OF 
 
 Princeton College 
 
 FAREWELL ADDRESS 
 
 DELIVERED-JUNE 20TH, 1888 
 BY 
 
 JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., Litt.D. 
 
 President of Princeton College 
 
 NEW YORK 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
Copyright, 1888, by 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
TWENTY YEARS 
 
 PRINCETON COLLEGE, 
 
 Well do I remember the evening in the month 
 of May, 1868, in which, on coming home from my 
 work in Queen's College, Belfast, I found a despatch 
 announcing that I had been elected President of 
 Princeton College. The call was utterly unexpected 
 on my part. I felt it to be my duty to consider it, 
 and resisting the kind entreaties of Queen's College 
 and of the public, I resolved to accept the invitation 
 as presenting to me a wide field of usefulness, and 
 I wrote : " I devote myself and my remaining life, 
 under God, to old Princeton, and the religious and 
 literary interests with which it is identified, and, I 
 fancy, will leave my bones in your graveyard beside 
 the great and good men who are buried there, 
 hoping that my spirit may mount to communion 
 with them in heaven." 
 
 I spent that summer in inquiring what I should 
 do in my new field. I was well acquainted with 
 college education in Scotland, Ireland, and England; 
 I had visited the principal universities of Germany, 
 
6 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 and in 1866 had travelled seven thousand miles in 
 the United States, and visited some of the chief 
 colleges and theological seminaries there. My busi- 
 ness now was to determine what I should make of 
 Princeton College, and I proceeded to draw out the 
 methods which I meant to pursue and embodied 
 them in an Inaugural Address ready for delivery. 
 
 Well do I remember the day of my arrival in 
 Princeton, of the welcome I received from trustees, 
 from the faculty, and from the students, who gave 
 me their tiger salute — of which I was not sure for a 
 few moments whether it was a welcome or a rebuke. 
 A few days after I got a hearty reception from the 
 great public interested in Princeton College, as I 
 deHvered my Inaugural, October 27, 1868, and 
 published it to the world. I hold it in my hand, 
 and I am quite willing that any of you should com- 
 pare what I then promised with what I have since 
 performed — with many anxieties and many imper- 
 fections. 
 
 It may be pleasant — yet somewhat painful — and 
 profitable to myself, if not to my alfc^ience, to cast 
 our eyes over the eventful time, now nearly twenty 
 years, which has passed since I entered on the office 
 which I am this day to resign. The events are too 
 close to me to admit of my surveying them on all 
 sides. I am too intimately connected with them to 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 7 
 
 be able to speak of them without deep feeHng, in 
 which there may be not a httle partiaHty. My 
 hearers will understand that in speaking- of the 
 progress of the college I do not claim any exclusive 
 merit. The credit is due first to God's providence 
 which has favored us, and under this to trustees, to 
 faculty, to students, to munificent benefactors, to 
 innumerable friends who have prayed for us and 
 practically helped us — they are so many that I am 
 sorry to find that I have not space to name them all. 
 All that I claim is that I have had the unspeakable 
 privilege of being in all the work and in every part 
 of it. 
 
 I came at an opportune time. I owe any suc- 
 cess I have had to this circumstance more than to 
 any other. The war so disastrous and yet so glori- 
 ous was over. Princeton College had suffered — not 
 however, in honor — but she had numerous friends, 
 and nobly did they gather round her, and they said, 
 as it were to me, in language loud enough for me to 
 hear, "Do you advance and we will support you." 
 In those days I was like the hound in the leash 
 ready to start, and they encouraged me with their 
 shouts as I sprang forth into the hunt. 
 
 When called to this place I was a professor in 
 the youngest of the universities set up by Great 
 Britain ; I had helped somewhat to form it, and in 
 
8 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 doing so had to study the European systems of 
 college education. But I announced: " I have no 
 design, avowed or secret, to revolutionize your 
 American colleges or reconstruct them after a 
 European model." " I have seen enough of the 
 American colleges to become convinced that they 
 are not rashly to be meddled with. They are the 
 spontaneous growth of your position and intelli- 
 gence ; they are associated with your history, and 
 have become adjusted to your wants, and whatever 
 improvements they admit of must be built on the 
 •old foundation." 
 
 I became heir at once to a rich inheritance 
 handed down by a long line of presidential ances- 
 tors, in Dickinson, Burr, Edwards, Davis, Finley, 
 Witherspoon, Stanhope Smith, Ashbel Green, Car- 
 nahan, and Maclean. It was my privilege to reap 
 what others had sown ; I was awed, and yet encour- 
 aged, by the circumstance that I had to follow such 
 intellectual giants as Edwards and Witherspoon. 
 My immediate predecessor was John Maclean, 
 "the well beloved," who watched over the young 
 men so carefully, and never rebuked a student 
 without making him a friend. But I did not allow 
 myself to fall into the weakness of trying to do over 
 again what my predecessors had done and done so 
 well. My aim has been to advance with the times 
 
Tiventy Years of Princeton College. 9 
 
 and to do a work in my day such as they did in 
 theirs. 
 
 My heart has all along been in my work, which 
 I commenced immediately after my inauguration. 
 I am now to give some account of that work under 
 convenient heads. I may begin with the buildings, 
 not because they are the most important, but 
 because they strike the eye. 
 
 THE BUILDINGS. 
 
 Every alumnus of the college should come up 
 once a year if he lives not far off, and once every 
 three years if he resides at a distance, to pay his 
 respects to his Alma Mater, who will be sure to give 
 him a welcome. To all who have performed this 
 filial duty she has shown every year for the last 
 twenty years a new building, a new fellowship, or a 
 new professorship. 
 
 Those present at my inauguration heard the 
 shout, sufficient to rend the heavens, when I 
 declared that every college should have a gymna- 
 sium for the body as well as for the mind. Mr. 
 Robert Bonner and Mr. Henry G. Marquand 
 answered the challenge on the part of the students, 
 and as our first benefactors engaged to raise a 
 gymnasium, which was opened January, 1870, and 
 
lO Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 the most accomplished gymnast In America ap- 
 pointed as superintendent. 
 
 I confess that I was disappointed when I came 
 here with the state of the buildings. Some of the 
 recitation rooms, especially those in the building 
 now called the college offices, were temptations to 
 disorder, of which the students took advantage. 
 At times they would take out the stove, and when 
 the class met in the morning they cried "cold," 
 " cold," and the professor had to dismiss them ; 
 some of the instructors, however, keeping them in 
 the whole hour. I remember one night when they 
 took out the furniture of a room and made a bon- 
 fire of it. In these circumstances we saw the need 
 of having new recitation rooms of a higher order, 
 and the stately structure of Dickinson Hall, com- 
 menced in 1869, appeared completed in the campus 
 in 1870. There the chief lectures and recitations 
 in the academic department have been held ever 
 since, and there from day to day an intellectual 
 gymnasium is kept up for the strengthening of the 
 mind. Meanwhile our students increased, and Re- 
 union Hall, so called in honor of the reunion of the 
 Old and New School branches of the Presbyterian 
 Church, was begun in 1870, and finished in 1871. 
 The library and its contents were unworthy of the 
 college — the number of volumes was under 30,000 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 1 1 
 
 ■ — and a new library building, I believe the most 
 beautiful in the country, was finished in 1873, and 
 the number of volumes is now toward 70,000. 
 
 All this time Mr. John C. Green was our great- 
 est benefactor, and his brother. Chancellor Green, 
 was always working with him. In 1873 Mr. J. C. 
 Green started the School of Science, the most 
 important addition which has been made to the 
 college in my day. Since his decease, in 1875, his 
 wishes have been, carried out most honorably and 
 generously by his trustees ; the sum contributed by 
 his estate to the good of the college must be 
 upward of a million and a half. Of them, we in 
 Princeton may say, in the language applied to Sir 
 Christopher Wren, " si monumentum requiris cir- 
 cumspice." 
 
 These were the days of our prosperity, which 
 was powerfully promoted by the wise counsels and 
 the constant energies of the Hon. John A. Stewart 
 and Mr. Henry M. Alexander, without whom I 
 never could have done what I have been enabled 
 to do. 
 
 In 1875 we were all touched by the gift of 
 $15,000, left us by a very promising young man, 
 Mr. Hamilton Murray, who perished at sea in the 
 Ville de Havre. That sum was devoted by his 
 brother to the erection of the hall which bears his 
 
12 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 name, and which has become the College Oratory 
 in which prayer is wont to be made by the students, 
 and of which it may be said, "of this man and that 
 man that he was born there." 
 
 In the same year our visiting alumni would see 
 in Old North College the beautiful E. M. Museum, 
 constructed by Mr. Wm. Libbey, and arranged so 
 tastefully with geological specimens by Professor 
 Guyot. To the same gentleman, Mr. Libbey, we 
 owe University Hall, erected at an expense of 
 nearly $200,000, first used as an hotel for the 
 friends of the college, and now as a dormitory 
 for our students. 
 
 Our numbers were increasing, and in 1876 
 Witherspoon Hall was built, with its elegant rooms 
 and grand prospect, where the students have not 
 only every comfort, but every means of refining 
 their tastes. 
 
 At this point, 1878, I have to speak with grati- 
 tude of the gift bestowed on the college and on me 
 by my friend the late Alexander Stuart, of the 
 President's house with the lovely accompanying 
 grounds, forming the finest residence occupied by 
 the president of any college in the world, and where 
 I have spent in comfort and elegance nine years of 
 my life. 
 
 In 1878-79 a telescope, provided by a few 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 13 
 
 friends, was placed in the observatory, which had 
 been built in 1 868 by General Halstead, and by it, 
 observations have been made which let us know 
 something of the sun and planets. In the same year 
 houses were built for Prof Young and Prof Brack- 
 ett, and Edwards' Hall was erected to give students 
 rooms at a lower rate. 
 
 In 1881-82 Mr. Henry G. Marquand erected 
 the College Chapel, the most beautiful in America, 
 and there the members of the college will worship 
 on Sabbath and on week days for ages to come, 
 and draw down blessings on the college and its stu- 
 dents in all future time. 
 
 And now you see that Biological Museum 
 nearly completed, the noble gift of the Class of 
 1877, and where experiments will continually be 
 made, by a number of our younger professors, to 
 throw light on the mysteries of life. 
 
 As the Marquand family had done so much for 
 Art — Mr. Frederick Marquand's trustees having 
 given $60,000 for the endowment of a chair — I was 
 determined that there should be an Art Museum 
 for carrying out their intentions ; and departing from 
 my usual practice, I went round to receive subscrip- 
 tions, and raised $42,000, given in the most gener- 
 ous manner by about a dozen contributors. That 
 museum is in the course of erection, and will be 
 
14 ' Twenty Years of Princetori College. 
 
 ready early next year to receive the fine collection ' 
 of pottery and porcelain promised by Dr. W. C. 
 Prime. 
 
 THE GROUNDS. 
 
 I 'remember the first view which I got of the 
 pleasant height on which the college stands, the 
 highest ground between the two great cities of the 
 Union, looking down on a rich country, covered 
 with wheat and corn, with apples and peaches, 
 resembling the south of England as much as one 
 country can be like another. Now we see that 
 height covered with buildings, not inferior to those 
 of any other college in America. I have had great 
 pleasure in my hours of relaxation in laying out — 
 always assisted by the late Rev. W. Harris, the 
 treasurer of the college — the grounds and walks 
 and locating the buildingrs. I have laid them out 
 somewhat on the model of the demesnes of English 
 noblemen. I have always been healthiest when so 
 employed. I remember the days, sunshine or 
 cloudy, in April and November, on which I cut 
 down dozens of deformed trees and shrubs, and 
 planted hundreds of new ones which will live when 
 I am dead. I do not believe that I will be allowed 
 to come back from the other world to this ; but if 
 this were permitted, I might be allured to visit 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College, 15 
 
 these scenes so dear to me, and to see the tribes on 
 a morning go up to the house of God in companies. 
 
 COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 I never looked on these buildings as constituting 
 our chief work. I remember that some critics found 
 fault with me for laying out too much money on 
 stone and lime. But I proceeded on system, and 
 knew what I was doing. I viewed the edifices as 
 means to an end^ at best as outward expressions 
 and symbols of an internal life. 
 
 I said to myself and I said to others, We have a 
 fine old college here, with many friends ; why should 
 we not make it equal to any college in America, and 
 in the end to any in Europe ? The friends of the 
 Princeton saw I was in earnest, and nobly did they 
 encourage me. I shall never forget the substantial 
 kindness I received at that time. I could not walk 
 up Broadway without some one coming up to me 
 and saying, Dp not you want so and so ? I will 
 help you to get it. As he met me, Mr. John C. 
 Green took me into a corner and told me that he 
 meant to offer to erect a certain building, adding that 
 " if I die before this is done, I have drawn out pa- 
 pers to secure its execution." 
 
 I had to consider at the beginning what would be 
 the course of study in the college. I resolved, on the 
 
1 6 Tiventy Years of Princeton College. 
 
 one hand, to keep all that was good in the old 
 studies which had trained our fathers. But, on the 
 other hand, I saw there were new branches entitled 
 to be placed alongside the old. The problem with 
 me was to make a judicious combination of the 
 two. In the winter after I entered upon my duties, 
 a joint committee of the trustees and of the Faculty 
 held a number of meetings, which ended in our 
 drawing out a scheme which, with important modifi- 
 cations and improvements, has been continued to this 
 day. The increase in the number of our students 
 and of the branches taught will now require some 
 new modifications, but I hope they will run in the 
 same line. 
 
 ELECTIVE STUDIES. 
 
 Hitherto all the students had been required to 
 take the same course of study, being the good old 
 solid one handed down from our fathers. But this 
 was felt to be irksome by many who were weary of 
 studying Mathematics, Latin and Greek all the four 
 years of their course while there were new and at- 
 tractive branches of literature and science from which 
 they were excluded. The principle on which we 
 acted was that an endeavor should be made to intro- 
 duce into the college every department of true 
 scholarship and knowledge, taking care to leave out 
 
Tiventy Years of Princeton College. 17 
 
 all that was fictitious and pretentious. But as we 
 projected new branches we discovered that they were 
 so numerous that we could not impose them all with- 
 out burdening the minds of the students on the one 
 hand, or on the other making them " Jacks of all 
 trades and masters of none." Every one sees that the 
 day of universal scholars, such as Aristotle, Scaliger, 
 and Leibnitz, has gone by and can never return. Not 
 only have the physical sciences been multiplying, but 
 all departments of philology, of historical, social, and 
 philosophic study. Hence the necessity of allowing 
 electives in the curriculum of study. 
 
 But we need to lay restraints on electives. Surely 
 we are not to allow candidates for A. B. and A. 
 M. to choose what studies they please. These two 
 deofrees have hitherto had a meanins^, and it should 
 be kept, so that those who have gained it may be 
 recognized as scholars. An indiscriminate choice 
 holds out a temptation, which many are not able to 
 resist, to take the easiest subjects — say narrative 
 history — or those taught by easy-going or popular 
 teachers who may or may not exact systematic study. 
 I hold that there are branches which are necessary 
 to the full development of the mind, which every 
 educated man ought to know. No one I think 
 should be a graduate of a college who does not 
 know mathematics and classics, the one to solidify 
 
1 8 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 
 
 the reasoning' powers and the other to refine the 
 taste. 
 
 On a memorable occasion I defended Greek as 
 an obHgatory study in our colleges. Greek and 
 Latin have been in fact the main instrument in trans- 
 mitting to us a knowledge of the ancient world. 
 Greek is the most perfect language, and contains the 
 highest literature, of antiquity. The learned profes- 
 sions generally, but particularly the churches, have 
 a special interest in retaining this tongue. Suppose 
 it not to be required in our colleges, it would soon 
 come not to be required in our schools, and so a large 
 body of our students would be ignorant of it. Now 
 suppose a student to have his heart touched by a 
 divine power about the time when young men com- 
 monly choose their profession in life. He feels 
 himself called on to devote himself to the work of the 
 ministry of the Word. But in order to this he has to 
 learn the language of the New Testament, beginning 
 with its letters. Here an obstacle is presented 
 which will effectively prevent many from going to 
 the work to which they are called. It is certain that 
 a college which does not require Greek will not pre- 
 pare many to go forth as ministers or missionaries. 
 This would be a great evil not only to the churches, 
 but to the community generally. The devout young 
 men who are studying for the ministry have a re- 
 strainincf and elevatine influence in a collcee. 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. ig 
 
 In Princeton there are certain branches which are 
 required of all in the Academic Apartment : Latin 
 and Greek ; English ; Oratory ; Essay Writing ; 
 French and German ; Physics ; Astronomy ; Geol- 
 ogy ; Psychology ; Logic and Ethics ; Relation 
 of Science and Religion. Again, we have a 
 fixed course for every year. In the Freshman and 
 Sophomore years there is little or no variation al- 
 lowed. But when a student has learned the rudi- 
 mentary branches and enters the Junior class, we 
 believe that he may be allowed, in addition to the 
 required studies, a choice, both in Junior and Senior 
 years, among a large number of the new subjects in- 
 troduced into the colleges — additions being made to 
 them every year. I reckon that usually in these two 
 upper classes about one-half a student's time is given 
 to the required and the other half to the elective 
 studies. In choosing he may take the old branches 
 or he may take the new ones. The advantage of all 
 this is that the. student may consult and gratify his 
 tastes— we find that an intense interest is taken by 
 certain students in the new studies — or the student 
 may elect the branch or branches fitted to prepare 
 him for his intended profession in life. One mean- 
 ing to be a minister will probably elect some branch 
 of philosophy ; the intending doctor will probably 
 take botany and zoology ; and the lawyer history or 
 social sciences. 
 
20 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 In both the required and in the elective courses 
 a college should seek to instruct students carefully 
 in the fundamental principles of the branch which 
 they are studying. There is a loud demand in the 
 present day for college education being made what 
 they call " practical," I believe that this is a mis- 
 take, A well-known shipbuilder once said to me, 
 " Do not try to teach my art in school ; see that you 
 make the youth intelligent, and then I will easily teach 
 him shipbuilding." The business of a college is to 
 teach scientific principles capable of all sorts of prac- 
 tical application. The youth thus trained will start 
 life in far better circumstances than those who have 
 learned only the details of their craft, which are best 
 learned in offices, stores and factories, and will com- 
 monly far outstrip them in the rivalries of life. He 
 will be able to advance when others are obliged to 
 stop ; he will be ready to take advantage of oppor- 
 tunities which are lost to them, and will commonly 
 advance the business in which he is engaged. 
 
 FELLOWSHIPS AND PRIZES. 
 
 I have often been asked. How do the American 
 colleges stand in comparison with the European ones? 
 I believe I can answer that question. The scholar- 
 ship of the great body of the students is as high in 
 America as in Europe. But they rear in Great 
 
Tzucnty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 21 
 
 Britain and in Germany a body of ripe scholars to 
 whom we have nothing equal in the New World. 
 This led me to propose that we should institute Fel- 
 lowships in Princeton College. At an early stage 
 there were friends who established Fellowships in 
 Mental Science, in Classics (lapsed), in Mathematics, 
 and Experimental Science, and at a later date in 
 Biology, each providing $600 a year to the student 
 who stood highest in a competitive examination. 
 Latterly some of our younger alumni have been 
 adding University Fellowships, one in Social Sci- 
 ence, one in Biological Science, one in English, and 
 probably one in Philosophy, each yielding $400 or 
 $5oo a year, and open to the graduates not only of 
 Princeton, but every other authorized college. These 
 Fellowships have given a powerful stimulus to study, 
 and enabled us to produce scholarship of a high 
 order. 
 
 This may be the proper place to refer to the 
 prizes received during my presidency : The Lynde 
 Prize for Power of Debating ; the Alexander Guthrie 
 McCosh Prize for Philosophic Essay ; the Baird 
 Prizes for Oratory ; the 1876 Class Prize for a de- 
 bate on Politics; Class 1883 Atwater Prize in 
 Political Economy ; the White Prize in Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
2 2 Twenty Year's of Princeton College. 
 
 PROFESSORS. 
 
 When I became President, the number giving 
 instruction was ten professors, four tutors, two teach- 
 ers, in all sixteen, beside three extraordinary lectur- 
 ers. Some of the younger classes were taught 
 solely by tutors. I think it of importance to have a 
 succession of young men teaching in a college to 
 o-ive fresh life to it, and out of whom to draw pro- 
 fessors. But I believed that every class should have 
 at least one man of experience giving it instruction, 
 and it was arranged that all freshmen should be 
 under one or more professors. The professors then 
 were chiefly men of mature life, of high ability 
 and character. In adding new branches we had to 
 o-et new professors. It was my duty to call the 
 attention of the trustees to suitable persons for the 
 new or for the vacant offices. In doing so I looked 
 out for scholarly men, wherever I could hear of 
 them. If I found that they were not available or 
 not likely to promote the moral and religious wel- 
 fare of the students, I thought no more of them ; 
 and I continued to inquire till I was able to recom- 
 mend one whose influence would be altogether for 
 o-ood. In pursuing this course we have taken sev- 
 eral able men from other colleges. 
 
 But I have often had great difficulty in getting 
 
Tzuenty Years of Princeton College. 23 
 
 a full endowment for a professor's chair — more dif- 
 ficulty than in getting a building. So we set ourselves 
 earnestly to the work of rearing professors. We 
 kept our eye upon our promising graduates, and 
 appointed them tutors or instructors, with a small 
 salary, and then raised them to the position of assist- 
 ant professors, or full professors. Thus the Board 
 of Trustees has chosen three professors from the class 
 of 1874 ^^d six from the class of 1877. So we 
 have been adding new professors from year to year. 
 The number of professors is now thirty-five, with 
 three tutors and several assistants and lecturers— in 
 all upwards of forty. We have three professors of 
 Mental Philosophy, three of Greek, two of Latin, three 
 of Mathematics, three of English including Oratory, 
 two of History and Political Science, three of Mod- 
 ern Languages, two of Physics, two of Astronomy, 
 two of Chemistry, three of the Natural Sciences, 
 including Botany, Zoology and Geology, three of 
 Engineering, and two of Art. We have professors 
 who teach the Harmony of Science and Religion, 
 who teach Anglo-Saxon, who teach Oratory, who 
 teach Pedagogic, who teach Sanscrit, who teach 
 Physiological Psychology, who teach Physical Geog- 
 raphy, who teach Anatomy and Physiology. P2very 
 student is required every year to write a number of 
 essays. I am not sure that there is any college in 
 
24 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 America which has so well an arranged system of 
 essay writing. Princeton College has always paid 
 attention to public speaking and we have kept this 
 up, by requiring every student, unless incapacitated 
 by physical weakness, to speak before a public audi- 
 ence. The strength of our college lies in its staff 
 of professors. I am proud of those whom I have 
 recommended to the trustees. We give instruction 
 in a greater number of branches than are usually 
 taught in the universities of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, and in nearly all the branches taught in 
 Germany. 
 
 I have pleasure in stating that the Faculty has all 
 along stood in the most pleasant relationship towards 
 me. I regard all the members as personal friends. 
 I am bound to say that they watch over the interests 
 of the college with great faithfulness. 
 
 APPARATUS AND COLLECTIONS. 
 
 Along with the increase of professors, our friends 
 have purchased for us a large increase of scientific 
 apparatus. In several departments almost every 
 new instrument of value has been provided. When 
 I came here, the natural science collection, saving 
 only what was done in physical geography by Dr. 
 Guyot, was particularly defective, fit only to be 
 turned. Now we have most valuable collections in 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 25 
 
 botany and geology. For several years we have 
 been enabled to send companies of students to make 
 summer explorations in the West. Lying on the 
 ground at night, they were employed all day in col- 
 lecting plants and fossils, some of which are very 
 rare and of great value. These have been placed 
 in our museum, which is visited in consequence by 
 many scientists. 
 
 CONTRIBUTION TO LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. 
 
 Our professors have not only been attending to 
 their work in the college as instructors, but have been 
 widening the field of knowledge, each in his own 
 department. I at one time thought of printing as an 
 appendix to this address a list of the books, pamph- 
 lets, and articles published by our professors since I 
 came here, but I found that it would double the size 
 of this volume. The classical professors have been 
 publishing text-books which are used in a number of 
 our institutions. Our scientific teachers have been 
 issuing volumes and papers of great value, and all of 
 them increasing our knowledge of certain depart- 
 ments of nature. The Princeton Reviezu has all along 
 been conducted by Princeton editors : Dr. Hodge, 
 Dr. Atwater, and Mr. Jonas Libbey, and now with 
 great ability in a new form by Professor Sloane. 
 
26 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 The valuable Archcsological Jouriial is edited by one 
 of our younger professors. 
 
 It is proper to add that the students issue three 
 periodicals. The Nassaic Literary Magazine has all 
 along been an organ of a high character, and con- 
 tains solid articles of superior literary ability. The 
 Princetonian some years ago was in the way of 
 attacking the Faculty. Now it is conducted in the 
 most admirable spirit — only it gives more space to 
 gymnastics than to literature. " Pray," said an Ox- 
 ford Don to me after reading several numbers, "are 
 you the President of a gymnastic institution?" It 
 shows the spirit that reigns in our college that we 
 have now a religious organ, The Philadelphian, 
 containing high class articles fitted to do good 
 among the students. 
 
 THE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE. 
 
 Our School of Science has a body of able profes- 
 sors. It gives instruction in mathematics, in the 
 various branches of physical science, and in modern 
 lanofuaofes. We seek to make its students educated 
 gentlemen, and not mere scientists. We require 
 Latin (or in engineering, French) on the part of 
 those who enter. All the students receive instruc- 
 tion in English and write essays. To preserve 
 them from the materialistic tendencies of the day, 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 2 J 
 
 they are required to attend the classes either of 
 Psychology or Logic. It is evident that this school, 
 which has now ninety-two students, will rise every 
 year in public estimation. Our two departments, 
 the Academic and the Scientific, send out every year 
 a large body of educated young men to occupy 
 important positions all over the country. 
 
 PHILOSOPHY IN PRINCETON. 
 
 As we added branch after branch, it was found 
 that we could arrange them, the old and the new, 
 into three grand departments : Language and 
 Literature, Science, and Philosophy. We did not 
 separate these absolutely, but we have constantly 
 kept the distinction in view. I remember the day 
 when Mrs. Robert L. Stuart came down to Princeton 
 and handed me $154,000, to enable me to establish a 
 school of philosophy. 
 
 As the head of the college, I have endeavored to 
 give each of our varied departments its own place, 
 and carefully to arrange a balance of studies, so as to 
 keep the minds of the students from being one-sided, 
 and therefore narrow and exclusive. But while I 
 was President I became also a professor, and I am 
 glad that I did so, for I was thereby brought into 
 closer relationship with the students, and came to 
 know them better. 
 
28 Twenty Years of Prince to7i College. 
 
 Following my tastes, I have endeavored to create 
 and sustain an interest in all branches of mental phi- 
 losophy. I have usually been teaching three depart- 
 ments : Psychology, the History of Philosophy, and 
 Contemporary Philosophy, and have branched off 
 into ^Esthetics and Metaphysics. The other two 
 mental sciences, LoQ^ic and Ethics, have been tauo-ht 
 by Professor Ormond and Professor Patton. I strove 
 to make the study attractive, and have commonly 
 had under me upwards of two hundred students, many 
 of them elective. In connection with my classes I had 
 library meetings in my house, in which papers were 
 read on philosophic subjects by alumni and others 
 and afterwards discussed by students of the upper 
 classes, and occasionally by professors. The at- 
 tendance was at first about a dozen, but it soon 
 rose to from seventy to one hundred and fifty. 
 Many will remember all their lives the stimulating 
 effects of these meetings. 
 
 In my teaching I have followed the plan of the 
 German professors, first lecturing on the subject, and 
 after a time giving my expositions to the world in 
 published volumes. The public has not always fol- 
 lowed my philosophy, but has given me, what greater 
 men than I have not been able to gain — a hearing, 
 botji in this country and in Great Britain. I am 
 gratified to find my college lectures on Psychol- 
 
Tzvcnty Years of Princeton College. 29 
 
 ogy and Logic (in Queen's College, Belfast) in a 
 great many upper schools and in a number of col- 
 leges in America. Dr. Duff, the great missionary, 
 sent me a message on his deathbed, to prepare a 
 text-book on mental science for India, to save them 
 from materialism diligently taught them by books 
 from England. This I have now done in my two 
 small volumes on Psychology, which have been sanc- 
 tioned by the University of Calcutta, while steps are 
 being taken to have them adopted in other colleges 
 in India. Pupils of mine are using them in Japan 
 and Ceylon. My pupils may be pleased to learn 
 that the lectures which I delivered to them are 
 reproduced in these distant lands. So early as my 
 college days in Scotland, I was so ambitious as to 
 hope that I might some day produce a work on phi- 
 losophy ; little did I dream that it would be used in 
 western America and in eastern Asia. 
 
 I am represented as being of the Scottish school 
 of philosophy. I am not ashamed of my country, 
 certainly not of my country's philosophy. I was 
 trained in it. I adhere to it in one important princi- 
 ple : I believe that the truths of mental philosophy 
 are to be discovered by a careful observation and 
 induction of what passes in the mind. Not that our 
 observation and induction gives them their authority ; 
 they have their authority in themselves ; but it is 
 
30 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 thus we discover them. But in other respects I differ 
 from the Scottish school. I profess to get my phi- 
 losophy from the study of the human mind directly, 
 and not from the teaching of others. The Scottish 
 school maintains that we know only the qualities 
 of things ; I say we know the things themselves. 
 Hamilton makes our knowledge relative ; I make it 
 positive. So I call my philosophy Realism, and by 
 help of a few obvious distinctions I hope to estab- 
 lish it. America has as yet no special philosophy of 
 its own. I long to see it have such. This must be 
 taken directly from the study of the mind, and not 
 from Germany or any other source. My ambition is 
 to aid a little in the foundation of an American phi- 
 losophy which, as a philosophy of facts, will be found 
 to be consistent with a sound theology. 
 
 POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS. 
 
 From an early period of my presidency we have 
 had post-graduate students. We have always thrown 
 open our doors to them. We encourage them be- 
 cause it is out of them we hope to make scholars. 
 In our crowded curriculum we cannot expect in the 
 under-graduate course of study to produce a high 
 erudition in any one department. But when stu- 
 dents come up to us after graduation and take up 
 earnestly one or two departments, we can carry them 
 
Tzventy Years of Pr meet on College. 31 
 
 on to very high attainments, and it may be prepare 
 them to be professors. The number of our graduate 
 students has been gradually increasing. This last 
 year we have had seventy-eight. I have commonly 
 had upwards of forty, most of them students from 
 the seminary, studying the higher questions of phi- 
 losophy. These graduate classes will force us on to 
 become a university. 
 
 We have devised and published a way by which 
 higher degrees of Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of 
 Science, Doctor of Literature, and Bachelor of The- 
 ology may be obtained from us by the graduates of 
 any college, without residence, by pursuing a course 
 of study and standing an examination. This is a 
 measure full of promise, and I hope will be carried 
 out when I retire. It will gather round us a body of 
 men eagerly pursuing high studies. 
 
 ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 I think I may claim to have taken great pains to 
 keep our graduates in close connection with the col- 
 lege. I have set up a great many alumni associa- 
 tions (there are in all eighteen), and have often 
 visited them, travelling hundreds and some years 
 thousands of miles for this purpose, and reporting 
 the state of the college as I went along. I have 
 enjoyed these meetings with the graduates, and 
 
32 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 have returned with a most valuable knowledge of 
 what the community expects of the college. I pro- 
 posed several years ago that the Alumni should 
 have authority to appoint an Advisory committee, 
 with power to give recommendations to the Board 
 of Trustees and to enter any class-room. The pro- 
 posal was not adopted. It may come up in some 
 future year. 
 
 OUR FUNDS. 
 
 I am not to give an account of our finances, which 
 have been carefully watched over by Mr. John A. 
 Stewart and Mr. Charles Green. Some of our 
 friends do not let their left hand know what their 
 right hand doeth, and so I am not able to speak with 
 precision of the gifts we have received. I believe 
 that nearly three millions have been contributed 
 to the college during my tenure of office. The 
 principle on which we have proceeded has been 
 never to contract any debt and never to lay up any 
 money. Only on one occasion did we contract any 
 large amount of debt, and Mr. R. L. Stuart, who 
 contributed $100,000, joined some of our trustees in 
 paying it off. We are laboring under no debt at 
 this moment. But the trustees will require to cast 
 themselves on the friends of the college to enable 
 them to fulfil the obligations which they have con- 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 2iZ 
 
 tracted on the retiring of one president and the 
 appointment of another. 
 
 I may mention here that, to encourage struggHng 
 young men, we have funds contributed by generous 
 friends whereby we give scholarships of |Joo a 
 year each, and $30 more if they intend to be minis- 
 ters, to one hundred and seventy students. Dr. 
 Duffield manages these funds with great care and 
 kindness. 
 
 OUR CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 I am sorry that my space does not allow of my 
 mentioning the names of the many contributors to 
 our college funds. Some of them have been referred 
 to in the course of my narrative. I must refer to a 
 few others. The Hon. John I. Blair has watched 
 over our college with very great care, has endowed 
 the chair of Geology, and has lately given |20,ooo to 
 the increase of professors' salaries. Mr. Lynde has 
 given three prizes for excellence in debate. A gen- 
 tleman who has given us only his initials has founded 
 a Mathematical Fellowship and a large prize to the 
 Freshman Class. Mr. Charles O. Baird has fur- 
 thered oratory by his prizes to the Junior Class. We 
 have received a most v^aluable set of papers on the 
 late war from Mr. Pierson. You may notice that 
 kind friends have enabled me to complete the work 
 
34 
 
 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 begun by Dr. Maclean, and to hang up in the 
 Museum portraits of all the presidents of the college 
 and of other eminent men connected with it. 
 
 OUR NUMBERS. 
 
 In consequence of the improvements of our teach- 
 ing and our courses, our numbers have been slowly 
 but gradually increasing. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Students. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Students. 
 
 In 1867-8 
 
 264 
 
 1878-9 
 
 473 
 
 1868-9 
 
 281 
 
 1879-80 
 
 481 
 
 1869-70 
 
 328 
 
 18S0-I 
 
 488 
 
 1 870-1 
 
 364 
 
 1881-2 
 
 537 
 
 1871-2 
 
 379 
 
 1882-3 
 
 572 
 
 1872-3 
 
 376 
 
 1883-4 
 
 523 
 
 1873-4 
 
 417 
 
 1884-5 
 
 519 
 
 1874-5 
 
 408 
 
 1885-6 
 
 497 
 
 1875-6 
 
 483 
 
 1886-7 
 
 539 
 
 1876-7 
 
 472 
 
 1887-8 
 
 604 
 
 1877-8 
 
 496 
 
 
 
 It will be thus seen that our numbers have more 
 than doubled — from 264 to upwards of 600. 
 
 THE PROPOSED UNIVERSITY. 
 
 I think it proper to state that I meant all along 
 that these new and varied studies, with their group- 
 ings and combinations, should lead to the formation 
 of a Sttidiiim Generale, which was supposed in the 
 Middle Ages to constitute a university. At one 
 time I cherished a hope that I might be honored to 
 introduce such a measure. From my intimate ac- 
 
Tiventy Years of Princeton College. 35 
 
 quaintance with the systems of Princeton and other 
 colleges, I was so vain as to think that out of our 
 available materials I could have constructed a uni- 
 versity of a high order. I would have embraced in 
 it all that is good in our college ; in particular, I 
 would have seen that it was pervaded with religion, 
 as the college is. I was sure that such a step would 
 have been followed by a large outflow of liberality 
 on the part of the public, such as we enjoyed in 
 the early days of my presidency. We had had the 
 former rain, and I hoped we might have the latter 
 rain, and we could have given the institution a 
 wider range of usefulness in the introduction of 
 new branches and the extension of post-graduate 
 studies. But this privilege has been denied me. I 
 have always been prepared to contend with the 
 enemies of the college, but I am not ready to fight 
 with its greatest benefactors. So I retire. The 
 college has been brought to the very borders, and 
 I leave it to another to carry it over into the land 
 of promise. 
 
 BARBAROUS COLLEGE PRACTICES. 
 
 While this improvement of education was going 
 on we had to contend against degrading college 
 customs, some of which had come down from colo- 
 nial times and were copied from the schools of Eng- 
 
36 Twenty Years of Pr meet 071 College. 
 
 land. There were rakes secretly issued by the 
 members of one class against the members of 
 another. We had horn-sprees and foolish bonfires 
 kindled in the campus and the embers often en- 
 dangering the whole college buildings. Worst of 
 all, we had the hazing and the smoking of students. 
 I resolved to put down these, when I found that 
 they had the serpent's power of prolonged life, and 
 that it was difficult to kill them. I tried first of all 
 to make the classes condemn them, and often suc- 
 ceeded. But at times we had to exercise discipline 
 on the offenders, who were commonly supported by 
 a considerable body of students. I would not be 
 giving a true picture of the times unless I mentioned 
 one or two cases. 
 
 At that time morning prayers were held at seven, 
 and the students came out rubbing their eyes, with 
 their great-coats thrown loosely over their shoulders 
 and buttoning their clothes. One morning I saw a 
 student with his head all " shaven and shorn." I 
 called up a tutor and asked him whether the student 
 had had fever. " No," said he ; " did you not hear 
 that he had been hazed ? " I told him that I had not, 
 but added that the whole college would hear of it 
 before we had done with it. Knowing that if I 
 called the hazed student to my house it would only 
 be to expose him to farther indignity, I asked a 
 
Tiventy Years of Princeton College. 37 
 
 professor to give me the use of his study and 
 invited the student to meet me there. When I 
 asked how he felt on being hazed, he replied, 
 " Very indignant." I said I was glad to hear it. 
 He told me that a company of students disguised 
 had come into his room late at night, that they 
 gagged his mouth lest he should cry and his ears 
 lest he should identify them ; that they had shaved 
 his head, then put him under the pump, and left 
 him tied on the campus. I asked if he had any 
 friends. He answered, " Few, sir ; I am a poor 
 Irish boy, but one man has helped me ; " naming 
 Chancellor Green. " My dear fellow, you have a 
 noble friend." I wrote a letter to the chancellor and 
 ordered the student to set off with it next morning 
 before dawn, and tell what had been done to him. 
 Next morning, a little after eight, I saw the noble 
 form of the chancellor pass my window and enter 
 my study. Hitherto he had been very cold toward 
 me — I believe he did not see the propriety of bring- 
 ing over a Scotchman to be the head of an American 
 college. He asked me somewhat sternly, " Are 
 you in earnest?" I answered that I was never 
 more in earnest in my life. " But," said he, " I 
 have often found when I tried to uphold the 
 college in putting down evils there was a weak 
 yielding." I told him that he might find that 
 
38 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 this was not just my character. He asked me 
 what I meant to do. I answered that I was a 
 stranger, newly come to this country, that I had 
 asked for a conference with him — an alumnus, 
 a trustee, and as the head of the law in New 
 Jersey — to ask his advice. " Can you not," said he, 
 " summon the perpetrators before the faculty ? 
 " Yes," I replied, " but I have little evidence to 
 proceed on. The student thinks he knows two of 
 those who gagg-ed him, but is not sure ; and stu- 
 dents capable of such deeds reckon it no crime to 
 lie to the faculty." " What then are we to do ? " I 
 replied that I wished him to say. But he again 
 asked, "Are you in earnest?" I said "he might 
 try me." He then proposed that we should start 
 a criminal process, and said he would engage the 
 attorney-general as prosecutor, and would see that 
 the jury was not packed. I said, " I accept your 
 terms," and added, " You may now go home, Chan- 
 cellor, the case is settled." He asked, " What do 
 you mean ? " looking at me with amazement. I 
 simply mentioned that I had been dealing with stu- 
 dents for sixteen years, and knew that the case was 
 settled. I felt that the time was come when I 
 should be as cold to him as he had been to me. I 
 thanked him for com in or to me when I meant to qo 
 to him, and bade him good-morning. I asked a 
 
Tzventy Years of Princeton College. 39 
 
 professor to send for one of the students supposed 
 to have been guilty, and to tell him that the great 
 chancellor had been here, that he was that day to 
 engage the attorney-general as prosecutor, and 
 that if the guilty parties did not send me an apol- 
 ogy in forty-eight hours they would all be in prison. 
 In a few hours I received a humble letter, signed by 
 about a dozen students, confessing that they were 
 guilty, expressing their sorrow, and promising that 
 they would never commit a like offence. I sent 
 a message to the professors, asking them to be in 
 their place next morning at prayers, and the stu- 
 dents were prepared for something to come when 
 they saw them all assembled. I took out the paper 
 sent me, and read it till I came to the signatures, 
 when I put it in my pocket, saying, " I accept the 
 apology and the promise, and neither the faculty 
 nor any other shall ever know the names. Let us 
 read the passage on repentance, 2 Cor. vii." I never 
 saw the college more moved. 
 
 For some years hazing was considerably sub- 
 dued. But it continued in other colleges which 
 have not had the courage to grapple with it, and 
 has reappeared in this college once and again and 
 has led to some very painful scenes. It has for the 
 present disappeared, I trust finally. 
 
 As a happy consequence of this act I gained 
 
40 Tiuenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 the friendship of Chancellor Green, who ever after- 
 wards stood by me in the Board of Trustees and 
 beyond it, telling those who opposed my measures 
 that in opposing me they would have to oppose him. 
 His family became deeply interested in the college, 
 and have been our most generous benefactors. I 
 was gratified when his family asked me to be a 
 mourner at the funeral of that man, one of the great- 
 est that Jersey has produced.* 
 
 I may state that this was the first and last case in 
 which I resolved to carry discipline into a criminal 
 court. I thought it right to let the college know 
 that the criminal courts could interfere in such a case. 
 But it is better that the faculty should exercise dis- 
 cipline in a paternal spirit. Another incident may 
 be given. A company resolved to smoke a student. 
 They entered his room vigorously puffing out tobacco 
 fumes, hoping thereby to sicken him. The faculty 
 sent them home to their fathers and mothers. At 
 the close of one of my Bible recitations about twenty 
 students remained behind and asked to speak with 
 me, and they spoke feelingly of the pain which the 
 dismissal of their companions would give to fathers 
 
 * Mr. Courtland Parker said to me as we rode in the same carriage at his 
 funeral, " When the Chancellor summed up the evidence and addressed the 
 criminal condemned to die, I always felt that I had a picture of the day of 
 judgment." 
 
Tzventy Years of Princeton College. 41 
 
 and mothers and grandmothers. I saw at once that 
 I had before me, not those who had been engaged 
 in the foul deed, but the best students in the class, 
 who had been elected as most likely to have an influ- 
 ence over me. It occurred to me that I might catch 
 them in the trap which they had laid for me. I said 
 to them, " Do you approve of the deed which has been 
 done ? " " No," they answered heartily. " But how," 
 I asked, " do you propose to stop such acts ? " They 
 were staggered. I saw out of the window two hun- 
 dred students gathered like a thunder-cloud on the 
 campus and threatening rebellion. I said, " Gentle- 
 men, go out to these students and ask them to pass a 
 resolution condemning the offensive practice ; " and I 
 promised that if they did so I would ask the faculty 
 to rescind their sentence. To show that I was not 
 afraid, I passed by the crowd on my w^ay home and 
 heard a student denouncing the abominable deed 
 that had been committed by the students. The 
 company was divided and soon scattered. They 
 had planned on that afternoon to rise in a body and 
 leave the chapel. No one rose, and the threatening 
 cloud passed away. 
 
 When these emeutes took place we were always 
 favored with the visits of interviewers from the New 
 York newspapers. I remember that one day when 
 I was coming^ down from New York, I had a dozen 
 
42 Tzuenty Veal's of Princeton College. 
 
 reporters on the same train, all bent on carrying 
 back a sensational story founded on some small dis- 
 turbance which had occurred the night before. At 
 one of these times a reporter from a reputable journal 
 called on me for information. I told him that I would 
 give him this, but that he must publish what I said to 
 him, which he agreed to do, and I began : " Whereas 
 a certain newspaper, " naming it, " had been publish- 
 ing vile stories against Princeton College, evidently 
 written by sub-editors from a rival college, the alumni 
 and students of Princeton were about to form a com- 
 bination in which each member binds himself never 
 to buy a copy of that paper." The reporter wrote a 
 while, and then put his pen behind his ear and said, 
 " President, this will never do," and promised to 
 speak to the editor ; and in a day or two after the 
 editor wrote me, asking me to appoint a reporter from 
 among the students, and we were troubled no more 
 from that quarter. 
 
 I mention these things in order to give me an op- 
 portunity of explaining that these scenes of disturb- 
 ance, which were reported years ago in so exagger- 
 ated a form, almost always rose from our putting down 
 debasing customs. I could not in dignity answer 
 the distorted reports, and many believed them. We 
 have now happily put down all these old barbarous 
 customs, and of late years I have no complaint to 
 
Twenty Years of P^'inceton College. 43 
 
 make of the newspaper press. It seems inclined to 
 speak good of us rather than evil, and of myself, I 
 am sure it praises, vastly more than they deserve, 
 the efforts I have made for the advancement of the 
 college. 
 
 I do not wish to fight old battles over again, but 
 if I am to give a correct account of the period, I 
 must mention the important historical events. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. 
 
 When I became connected with Princeton, the 
 secret Greek Letter Fraternities had considerable 
 power in the college. The trustees years before 
 had passed a law requiring every entering student 
 to come under a solemn obligation to have no con- 
 nection whatever with any secret society. I felt 
 from the beginning that the college was ia this 
 respect in a very unhappy position, the students sign- 
 ing a pledge which a number of them knowingly vio- 
 lated. On inquiry I discovered that while some of the 
 societies did mean to foster pleasant social feelings 
 and to create a taste for oratory, yet that their influ- 
 ence was upon the whole for evil. I soon found 
 that the societies sought to get the college honors 
 to their members and to support those who were 
 under college discipline. I felt that as the head of 
 the college I must put an end to this state of things. 
 
44 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 I was powerfully aided or rather led in carrying this 
 out by the late Dr. Atwater, who had more credit 
 than I in suppressing the secret societies. One 
 courageous student set himself vigorously to oppose 
 the attempt to get the college honors to members of 
 the fraternities. The difficulty was to get evidence. 
 But certain lodges got photographs taken of their 
 members. These fell into our hands. The offenders 
 stood clearly before us. I summoned them before 
 the faculty. They did not deny the charge and we 
 sent them home. In a short time each sent in a 
 paper in which he promised to give up while in col- 
 leee all connection with secret societies. I retained 
 these papers for a time to secure that the promise 
 should be kept, but I have shown them to no one. 
 The faculty restored the students, who, I believe, kept 
 their word. Now the great body of the students 
 would earnestly oppose the reintroduction of these 
 fraternities into our college. Most of the professors 
 in the American colleges profess to lament the exist- 
 ence of such societies, but have not the courage to 
 suppress them. I am sorry to find that of late some 
 eminent men belonging to other colleges have been 
 defending these secret organizations. 
 
 One of the greatest evils arising from the Greek 
 letter societies is that they tended to lessen the num- 
 bers and usefulness of our two noble societies, the 
 
Tzuenty Years of Princeton College. 45 
 
 Whig and the Cliosophic. These form an essential 
 part of our educational system. They have done as 
 much good as any other department of our college 
 teaching. They have helped mightily to prepare our 
 young men for the pulpit, the bar, and the senate. 
 I may be permitted to suggest that the barbarous 
 customs at entrance might be profitably abandoned. 
 I farther think that the societies should be so opened 
 that from time to time each should have great public 
 debates open to ladies as well as gentlemen. Not till 
 then can we have the highest style of popular elo- 
 quence. 
 
 GYMNASTICS. 
 
 I feel a great pride in remembering that I intro- 
 duced gymnastics into the college. The sentence 
 of my Inaugural in which I declared that there 
 should be exercises in the colleges to strengthen the 
 bodily frame called forth loud acclamations. Since 
 that time gymnastics have had an important place 
 under careful superintendents and our students have 
 manfully kept their own. From the gymnastic 
 exercises within our walls and grounds much good 
 has arisen and no evil. The bodily frames of our 
 students have been strengthened, and their health 
 sustained by the manly exercises, while habits of 
 mental agility and self-possession have been ac- 
 
46 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 quired, of great use in preparing young men for the' 
 active duties of life. 
 
 But there may be, there have been, evils arising 
 from the abuse of competitive games, especially with 
 professionals. The applause given may create an 
 enthusiasm which should rather be directed to study. 
 Some may prefer the approving shout of ten thou- 
 sand spectators on the ball field to the earning of a 
 class honor or a university fellowship. The youth 
 who can skilfully throw a ball may be more highly 
 esteemed than one of high scholarship or character. 
 Your strutting college heroes may consist of men 
 who have merely powerful arms and legs. 
 
 It is acknowledged that some of our greatest 
 gymnasts have been as scholarly and pious as any 
 members of their class. There is no necessary or 
 even usual connection between gymnastic eminence 
 and immorality. But there may be some half-dozen 
 or ten in each class of a hundred who devote so 
 much time and mind to the games that they neglect 
 their studies and virtually lose their college year. 
 The games may be accompanied with betting and 
 drinking. They may tend in some cases to produce 
 the manners of a bully or a jockey rather than of a 
 scholar or a cultivated gentleman. The talk of the 
 students in the campus may be more about the nice 
 points of football, or baseball, than of literature or 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 47 
 
 science. The style of gaming may become profes- 
 sional instead of being promotive of health, and the 
 great body of the students, instead of joining in the 
 exercises, may stand by and look idly on others 
 playing. 
 
 The question presses itself upon us. How are we 
 to get the acknowledged good without the accompany- 
 ing evils ? The question is keenly discussed ; I hope 
 it will continue to be discussed till it is satisfactorily 
 settled. Twice have I made the attempt to bring 
 the principal Eastern colleges to an agreement. 
 The colleges were willing to unite except one or 
 two who trade upon their gymnastic eminence to 
 gain students. As these stood out nothing could be 
 done. But things have come to a crisis. Harvard 
 and Yale now profess to see the evils that arise 
 from competitive games. Let the discussion con- 
 tinue. Let it be publicly conducted. Let it be known 
 what position each college takes. Let fathers and 
 mothers say what they wish for their sons. Let the 
 public press speak boldly. The issue within the next 
 year or two will be that we shall have the good without 
 the evil. Meanwhile let Princeton proclaim that 
 her reputation does not depend on her skill in 
 throwing or kicking a ball but on the scholarship and 
 the virtue of her sons. 
 
48 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 THE MORALITY OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 If any one tells me that in a college with hun- 
 dreds of students there is no vice he is either de- 
 ceived himself or is endeavoring to deceive others. 
 We acknowledge that there are evils in our college, 
 but we do all we can to repress them. Of late years 
 there has been very little vicious conduct in Prince- 
 ton College. What exists is obliged to hide itself. 
 The great body of the students discountenance it, 
 and do not, as they were often tempted to do in for- 
 mer years, defend those who may be under disci- 
 pline. 
 
 I hold that in every college the Faculty should 
 look after, not only the intellectual improvement, 
 but the morals of those committed to their care by 
 parents and guardians. I am afraid that both in 
 Europe and America all idea of looking after the 
 character of students has been given up by many of 
 our younger professors. Their feeling is, " I am 
 bound to give instruction in my department and to 
 advance the study in all quarters ; but as to looking 
 after the private character of any student, I do 
 not recognize it to be part of my duty and I shrink 
 from it, I decline to undertake it." I have been very 
 careful not to let this spirit get abroad among our 
 young instructors. Our law enjoins that every pro- 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 49 
 
 fessor is bound in duty to watch over the welfare of 
 the students, many of whom are far from home. We 
 have a tutor or officer in every college building whose 
 office it is to see that those living there conduct 
 themselves properly. 
 
 We have abandoned °the spy system, and our 
 officers do not peep in at windows or through key- 
 holes — a practice at which the student would gen- 
 erally contrive to outwit his guardian. With us 
 everything is open and above board. We proceed on 
 the principle that the college stands loco parentis. 
 The youth is treated as he would be by a parent. 
 We listen patiently to every one against whom a 
 suspicion is entertained or a charge brought. We 
 dismiss no one without evidence, and there is rarely 
 if ever a case in which the culprit does not confess 
 his guilt. Our penalties consist in sending home the 
 youth for a shorter or longer time to his parents, that 
 they may deal with him. 
 
 For sixteen years I had the somewhat invid- 
 ious task of looking after the morals and disci- 
 pline of the college. Since that time this important 
 work has been committed to Dean Murray, who has 
 shown more patience than I did in the discharge of 
 his duties. Parents may be satisfied when they know 
 that he is looking after the best welfare of their sons. 
 
 I could weep this day, did I not restrain myself, 
 
5o Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 over some who have fallen when with us. But I am 
 able to say that when parents join with us in the exer- 
 cise of discipline, it commonly succeeds in accomplish- 
 ing its end, the reformation of the offender. We have 
 the privilege and the advantage of a great many of 
 the youths sent us having been well trained at home. 
 I am able to testify that God has been faithful to his 
 promise, "Train up a child in the way he should go, 
 and in his old age he will not depart therefrom." 
 
 There is a much more pleasant relationship 
 between the professors and the students of late 
 years. It is a much easier thing now to govern the 
 college. This is especially so since a provision has 
 been made for a conference between the Faculty and 
 an elected committee of the students as to judicial 
 cases. I doubt much whether such a measure could 
 have been made to work beneficially in some earlier 
 years, as the students might have chosen repre- 
 sentatives to fight with the Faculty. This confer- 
 ence, long contemplated by me, has been carried 
 into effect by Dean Murray with the happiest re- 
 sults. 
 
 I believe the moral tone of the college is upon the 
 whole sound at this present moment. Lately the 
 students, with my consent and approval, held a mass- 
 meeting and denounced the base men who send 
 them obscene publications by mail. At the same 
 
Twenty Years of P^Hnceton College. 5 1 
 
 meeting they voted unanimously for No License in 
 this town, and helped greatly in carrying this measure 
 in the burgh. I cannot tell how happy I am to 
 think that when I give up my office in the college, 
 there is not a place for the sale of spirituous liquors 
 in all Princeton. 
 
 RELIGION IN THE COLLEGE. 
 
 From the beginning Princeton has been a relig- 
 ious college professedly and really. It has given 
 instruction weekly on the Bible, and required attend- 
 ance at prayers daily and on public worship on the 
 Sabbath. The prayers in the chapel are conducted by 
 the President and professors in their turn, and the 
 preaching by those of us who are ministers, and 
 very frequently now by eminent divines who are 
 invited to visit us. Dean Murray conducts public wor- 
 ship with great acceptance once a fortnight. Our 
 Sabbath services of late years are not found to be 
 tedious by the students. Every Sabbath afternoon 
 at five there is a meetino- of the whole college for 
 prayer, and a ten-minutes address which is com- 
 monly interesting as well as useful. 
 
 There is much talk in certain quarters of the 
 importance of giving instruction in the English 
 Bible in colleges. Let me tell those who are recom- 
 mending this to us, that this has always been done 
 
52 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 in Princeton. We are not ashamed, neither profes- 
 sors nor students, of the gospel of Jesus Christ. 
 
 In entering upon my work here I found some dif- 
 ficulty in inducing those who had previously con- 
 ducted religious instruction to continue to do so, so 
 I undertook the whole work myself. For eight 
 years I gave Bible instruction weekly to every stu- 
 dent. My course lasted four years, and in these I 
 carried the students in a general way through the 
 Bible. 
 
 I am not sure that I acted wisely in undertaking 
 all this work. At the end of the eight years I 
 divided the work among several others, reserv- 
 ing always to myself an important part, the Penta- 
 teuch and the Epistle to the Romans, on which the 
 seniors were required to recite. Latterly I have 
 given up the whole Bible instruction to seven or 
 eight others. Dean Murray gives instruction to the 
 seniors in the doctrinal teachings of the gospels and 
 the epistles. Professor Ormond goes through the 
 book of Acts with the juniors. Professor Orris takes 
 up St. John's Gospel in Greek with the Academic 
 sophomores and Professor Winans takes up St. 
 Luke's gospel. The Academic freshmen are taken 
 over a general introduction to the study of the Scrip- 
 tures, the poetical books of Scripture and the par- 
 ables of our Lord by Professors Hunt, West, and 
 
Tiuenty Years of Prmceton College. 53 
 
 Tutor Roddy. Professor Macloskie gives two 
 courses to the sophomores and freshmen in the 
 School of Science — one on lessons from the Old 
 Testament, the other on the Life of Christ. Profes- 
 sor Winans has an optional class once a week, in 
 the evening, in which he gives special instruction in 
 the Greek of the New Testament. 
 
 The majority of the students have always been 
 professors of religion. One year there were two- 
 thirds, and this year there are three- fifths. I am able 
 to testify that these students as a whole, and with 
 some human infirmities, live consistently with the 
 profession which they make. At this present time 
 we have 2)^S names on the roll of the Philadelphia 
 Society, which is the special religious association of 
 the college, and which has been the centre of the 
 spiritual life among us for many years. 
 
 We have had our times of gracious revival. I 
 remember one year which began with a season of 
 great religious apathy. The number attending our 
 prayer-meetings was very small — perhaps twenty or 
 thirty. But we had a few devoted men, some of 
 whom had come from another college, who prayed 
 as earnestly as ever men prayed, saying to God that 
 " we will not let thee go except thou bless us." One 
 night there was heard in our campus the noise of a 
 company, who had been drinking. We summoned 
 
54 Twc7ity Years of Prhuefo7i College. 
 
 before the faculty a number of students, whose names 
 had been called as they were returning to their 
 rooms. We had difficulty in making them confess. 
 After dealing for more than an hour with one young 
 man — now a lawyer in high standing — in which he 
 continued parrying me off, he burst out : '• President, 
 I can stand this no longer. I was drinking, and I 
 fear I am getting fond of drink." We sent the band 
 home for a time. They returned deploring their 
 conduct. Our act of discipline was blessed by God. 
 The college was moved, many betook themselves to 
 prayer. Prayer meetings were numerous and ear- 
 nest. Dozens were converted and have ever since 
 continued steadfast in the faith. 
 
 In 1S76, we had a deep religious revival. Meet- 
 ings for conference and prayers were held by the stu- 
 dents every day and every night. Every student, 
 indeed every member of the college, felt awed and 
 subdued. It was estimated that upwards of one hun- 
 dred were converted, I know that the great body 
 of them, if not all, have continued faithful, are lead- 
 ing consistent lives, and doing good over wide 
 regions in this land and in others. On one occa- 
 sion some strange fire mingled at times wtih the fire 
 from off the altar of God'. There was a jealousy 
 of the faculty on the part of a number of the students. 
 Some of the strangers who came here to address 
 
Tzventy Years of Princeton College. 55 
 
 them kept studiously away from the President and 
 professors, lest it should be thought that the work 
 was a scheme of the college authorities. But the few 
 evils that appeared were overwhelmed and lost sight 
 of in the midst of the good that was done. When 
 the excitement was somewhat dying down, the 
 students felt the need of the wise counsel of their 
 college instructors, and came to put confidence 
 in them. 
 
 In later years the religious interest has not so 
 often taken the form of what is called a revival. But 
 all along we have had, every year or two, seasons of 
 deep religious earnestness, as in 1870, in 1872, in 
 1874, in 1882, in 1886. At the beginning of this year 
 we had such a time on the occasion of the visit of 
 Professor Drummond and two professors from the 
 University of Edinburgh. At these times the meet- 
 ings for prayers were frequent and well attended, and 
 there were short meetings for worship conducted by 
 students in the college entries about nine at night, 
 to which all students in the entry were invited. On 
 these occasions pains were taken to secure that 
 every student, especially those who had made no 
 profession of religion, were spoken to about the 
 state of their soul. It may be said truly that no stu- 
 dent has left our college without the wa)' of salvation 
 having been made known from the pulpit on the 
 
56 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 Sabbath, by the weekly Bible instruction of profes- ' 
 sors, and by the repeated personal appeals of his 
 pious fellow students. 
 
 In 1877 a convention was held in Louisville for 
 the purpose of organizing societies for Christian 
 work in every college. One of our professors, Dr. 
 Libbey, was induced to become a leader in this 
 movement. He and Mr. Wishard, a student of ours, 
 engaged as secretary, visited a great many of the 
 colleges of the country and succeeded in establish- 
 ing Christian associations in them. These ever 
 since have been the centres of religious life, and have 
 great influence in promoting religion in the colleges. 
 By means of them the colleges can combine to 
 further any good cause. They are in friendly relation- 
 ship with the Young Men's Christian Association of 
 America. 
 
 In 1886 two of our students, Mr. Wilder and Mr. 
 Forman, sons of missionaries, being stimulated by 
 residing in the summer in Northfield under Mr. 
 Moody, resolved to visit the colleges in New 
 England, Canada and the Middle States in order to 
 engage students, young men and women, to devote 
 themselves to the work of the Lord as missionaries 
 in the foreign field. They succeeded in getting no 
 fewer than twenty-five hundred to profess their 
 readiness to go where Christ might require. This 
 
Twenty Years of Prmceton College. 57 
 
 is, I believe, a genuine work. At this present time 
 there is a very deep interest, greater than has ever 
 been before, in foreign missions among the students 
 of the college and seminary. A meeting for prayer 
 is held after the morning service in the chapel, 
 attended by about thirty persons, all purposing to go 
 abroad as missionaries. A year ago the college stu- 
 dents raised the funds to pay a missionary, and Mr. 
 Forman has been sent out as Princeton Colleo^e mis- 
 sionary to India. 
 
 Princeton College, during my presidency, has 
 sent out at least three hundred men as ministers or 
 preparing for the ministry. I know of at least 
 twenty-five missionaries sent out during the same 
 period to the foreign field. 
 
 Thank God we have had scarcely any avowed 
 infidelity among us. Not above half a dozen out of 
 our two thousand and more students have left us de- 
 claring that they had no religious belief. Several of 
 this small number have since become decided Chris- 
 tians. The truth which had been addressed to them 
 here stuck as a barbed arrow in their hearts till God 
 gave them relief One young man while here had 
 set himself against all religion. Three years after 
 graduation he was elected to deliver the master's 
 oration, and he came back among us to give a no- 
 ble defence of the truth. On another occasion, I 
 
58 Twenty Years of Prince lo7i College. 
 
 sent for a young man who had just graduated, of 
 whom I feared that he had no rehgious faith. After 
 talking with him seriously, I asked if he would allow 
 me to pray with him. He declined, saying that he 
 did not believe in a God to whom to pray. So we 
 parted. I had hope of him, knowing that he had a 
 pious mother. I gave him a letter which helped him 
 to get a government position in Washington. Some 
 years after, I had occasion to deliver some lectures 
 in Cincinnati, and was living in a hotel there. A 
 stranger, who turned out to have graduated at Prince- 
 ton before my day, came up to me and asked, " How 
 is it that you make infidels in Princeton ? " I 
 answered that this was not just our vocation. He 
 then began to tell me of a young man who lived in 
 the same boardincr-house with him in Washino-ton 
 who had been an open-mouthed infidel, perpetually 
 quoting Huxley and Spencer, and avowing himself 
 an agnostic. I guessed who the young man was at 
 once. After keeping me in a state of anxiety for a 
 time, he said that he might be able to report some- 
 thing that would gratify me, and he told me that 
 this young man had gone to his mother to con- 
 vert her; "but," he added, "she floored him," and 
 now he is a member of a Young Men's Christian 
 Association, and is delivering addresses on religion. 
 Not long after, this youth called on me with his 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. Sq 
 
 newly-married wife. On the same chair on which 
 he was seated when he decHned to pray with me, 
 he now asked me to pray with him. He is now 
 a minister of the Gospel, and when I saw him last 
 he was purposing- to become a missionary. I pray 
 that there may be a like issue in the case of the 
 few who are still wandering. 
 
 Happily I have never had any difficulty in dealing 
 with students on the religious question, I have had 
 under me Catholics. as well as Protestants of all de- 
 nominations, Jews and heathens. I have religiously 
 guarded the sacred rights of conscience. I have 
 never insisted on any one attending a religious ser- 
 vice to which he conscientiously objected. With 
 scarcely an exception, the students have attended our 
 daily morning prayers in the chapel, and also our 
 weekly religious instruction. We allow them to go 
 to their own place of worship on the Sabbath. The 
 Episcopalians have a St. Paul's Society, which we 
 encourage. It is. an interesting fact that during all 
 my presidency no one has left the Presbyterian 
 Church while in college to join any other communion. 
 
 In the instruction we give by lectures and recita- 
 tions, we do not subject religion to science. But 
 we are equally careful not to subject science to reli- 
 gion. We give to each its own independent place, 
 supported by its own evidence. We give to science 
 
6o Tweiity Years of Prmceton College. 
 
 the things that belong to science, and to God the 
 things that are God's. When a scientific theory is 
 brought before us, our first inquiry is not whether it 
 is consistent with rehgion, but whether it is true. 
 If it is found to be true, on the principle of the 
 induction of Bacon, it will be found that it is con- 
 sistent with religion, on the principle of the unity of 
 truth. We do not reject a scientific truth because at 
 first sight it seems opposed to revelation. We have 
 seen that geology, which an age ago seemed to be 
 contrary to Scripture, has furnished many new illus- 
 trations of the wisdom and goodness of God, and 
 that the ages of geology have a wonderful general 
 correspondence with the six days of the opening of 
 Genesis. It will be remembered that the late Dr. 
 Stephen Alexander defended Kant and Laplace's 
 theory of the formation of the earth (substantially 
 true, though it is now shown that it has overlooked 
 some agencies at work), which was supposed to be 
 inconsistent with reli8:ion. I have been defendinsf 
 Evolution, but in doing so, have given the proper 
 account of it as the method of God's procedure, and 
 find that when so understood it is in no way incon- 
 sistent with Scripture. I have been thanked by 
 pupils who see Evolution everywhere in nature be- 
 cause I have so explained it that they can believe 
 both in it and in Scripture. I believe that whatever 
 
Tzventy Years of Princeton College. 6i 
 
 supposed discrepancies may come up for a time be- 
 tween science and revealed truth will soon disap- 
 pear, that each will confirm the other, and both tend 
 to promote the glory of God. 
 
 CLOSE. 
 
 During all this time a careful Providence has 
 been watching over us. We have had no fire or 
 flood to devastate us. The health of our students 
 has been remarkably good. There have scarcely 
 been any deaths within our walls. In making this 
 statement I have to mention one sad exception. If 
 I did not restrain myself I would weep as I think of 
 it. In 1880, seven or eight young men were taken 
 away by malignant fever. I do not feel as if I were 
 specially to blame, as the sanitary arrangements 
 were not committed to me ; but we college authori- 
 ties were so far to blame, and I am afraid that we 
 have scarcely made • atonement by immediately 
 after, at a large expense, making the sanitary con- 
 dition of the college thoroughly satisfactory. For 
 hours day and night was I employed in visiting the 
 dying, and comforting their parents. The thought 
 of these weeks is the most painful rem.embrance of 
 my Princeton life. 
 
 I am led, this day, to look back on my past life 
 in Princeton. I believe I can say truly that I have 
 
62 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 coveted no man's silver or gold. The little I have 
 laid up for old age I owe to a revered father who 
 cultivated the land in Scotland, and to a beloved 
 son, whose remains I have laid in your graveyard, 
 expecting at no distant day to have my own laid 
 beside them. I owe no man anything, but love to 
 all men, gratitude for the favors bestowed on me — 
 far greater than any I have bestowed on others. I 
 trust I have lived for a higher end than riches, or 
 power, or fame. For sixteen years I was a labori- 
 ous minister of the Gospel, having in one of the 
 churches I served upwards of 1,400 communicants. 
 For the last thirty-five years I have been instruct- 
 ing young men, and in Princeton have commonly 
 had each year 200 young men studying philosophy 
 under me. For all this I have to give account to 
 God. 
 
 I trust I have not been unmindful of the injunc- 
 tion to be "given to hospitality." My income, hap- 
 pily we may suppose, did not admit of my giving 
 extravagant entertainments ; but when college duties 
 did not prevent, I often asked the fathers and 
 mothers of students — quite as frequently the poor 
 as the rich — to come to my house, and in this way I 
 became acquainted with the families of many of the 
 young men. From time to time I had class recep- 
 tions, in which the students were brought into closer 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 63 
 
 relationship with one another, with my family, and 
 the people of the town. By these means I have 
 sought in a small way to make college life less 
 monastic and exclusive, and to cherish pleasant 
 social feelings. In this respect, and in every 
 respect, I have been aided by Mrs. McCosh, pro- 
 vided to be my comfort, and who is appreciated by 
 the students as being their friend in health and in 
 sickness. 
 
 It would be altogether a mistake for any one to 
 suppose that the life of a college president is a dull 
 or monotonous one. If he has any life in himself, 
 he will be interested in the whole life of the college 
 — and no institution has more life than a college. 
 The students feel this in the recitation rooms, in 
 their own rooms, on the campus, and at their games ; 
 and why should not the president's heart beat re- 
 sponsive to theirs ? There is something happening 
 every day, almost every hour of the day, to call forth 
 feeling ; sometimes, I admit, of disappointment or sor- 
 row, more frequently of hope and joy, as notice is 
 brought of the success of this or of that young man. 
 There is the father and mother presenting their boy, 
 their hearts trembling with anxiety, while the youth 
 is wondering at what is to happen. I have been 
 liable every hour to have calls made upon me. It 
 is a mother asking how her son is doing, and is so 
 
64 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 
 
 pleased when I can report favorably. It is a stu- 
 dent waitino- on me to consult about his studies or 
 
 o 
 
 his financial difficulties, to ask me to help him to 
 get a certain position, or to tell me of the death of a 
 father or sister, I was never disturbed by such 
 calls. I often gathered a considerable amount of 
 knowledge from them. The callers never stayed 
 too long or annoyed me by improper requests. I 
 have found when I was followirig some deep phil- 
 osophic theme, and had run aground, that I was 
 relieved by a student coming in to divert my 
 thoughts, and I returned to my studies to find the 
 difficulties gone. I have rejoiced when I found any 
 young man advancing in his studies, particularly 
 when he was eagerly pursuing some high branch. 
 I confess that I scarcely know what to do with 
 myself after I am separated from these interesting 
 associations and employments on which so much of 
 my happiness has depended these many years. 
 
 For the last thirty-five years my intercourse has 
 been chiefly with young men. My heart has been 
 in my work, and I have delighted to lecture to 
 them, to listen to the questions they put to me 
 when they were perplexed about some of the 
 deeper problems of philosophy or religion. Two 
 circumstances so far help to reconcile me to the 
 position I have now to take. 
 
Twenty Years of Princeton College. 65 
 
 The first, that I am to be succeeded by one in 
 whom I have thorough confidence that he will carry- 
 on the work which has been begun ; no, but that he 
 will carry on a work of his own. Possessed of the 
 highest intellectual powers, he will devote them all to 
 the good of this college. With unrivalled dialectic 
 skill he will ever be ready to defend the truth. I 
 am not sure that we have in this country at this 
 moment a more powerful defender of the faith. 
 Carrying at his side a sharp two-edged sword, he 
 uses it only against error. I can leave with confi- 
 dence these young men to his care, believing that 
 he will watch carefully over their training in knowl- 
 edge, in morals, and in religion. I am particularly 
 happy when I think that philosophy, and this of a 
 high order, and favoring religion, is safe in his 
 hands, and will be handed down by him to the gen- 
 eration following. I feel that I will have to say, 
 " What have I done in comparison of you ? Is not 
 the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than 
 the vintage of Abiezer ? " 
 
 Secondly, I am pleased to find that I have still 
 some place in this college. I should like to bring 
 forth some " fruit in old age." My life has had two 
 sides ; one employed in thinking, and the other in 
 action ; and I have not found the two inconsistent. 
 I am sure that the metaphysics I have taught have 
 5 
 
66 Twenty Years of Princeto7i College. 
 
 been all the wiser, because I have become ac- 
 quainted with men and manners. I have been 
 identified with important public events in Scotland, 
 in Ireland, and now in the higher education in 
 America, and I should like to leave some record 
 behind of what I have done and seen, especially in 
 helping to form in the district in which I lived the 
 Free Church of Scotland. But if I am spared to do 
 any important work, it must be in a different field. 
 
 I cherish the belief that God has given me some 
 things farther to say on the subject of philosophy, 
 fitted to form a basis to truth in this age of unsettled 
 opinion among so many young men. I have had 
 the unspeakable privilege and pleasure of expound- 
 ing philosophy to between two and three thousand 
 young men in Princeton. The lectures I delivered 
 here being published, have got an entrance into 
 India, Japan, and Ceylon. I mean to follow this 
 leading of Providence. Next winter I intend to give 
 here a course of very carefully prepared lectures on 
 First or Fundamental Principles, and immediately 
 after to publish them to the world, to travel as 
 widely as God may open ways for them. These 
 will contain in epitome the results of my thoughts 
 for the last half century. It is thus I mean to 
 employ my remaining life, be it longer or be it 
 shorter. 
 
Twenty Years of Prmceton College. 67 
 
 It is not without feeling that I take the step 
 which I now take. It recalls that other eventful step 
 in my life, when I gave up my living, one of the 
 most enviable in the Church of Scotland, when the 
 liberties of Christ's people were interfered with. I 
 am sorry to be separated from the employments in 
 which I have had such enjoyment. I regret that I 
 no longer stand in the same relation to all the stu- 
 dents of this college. I may feel a momentary pang 
 in leaving the fine mansion, which a friend gave to 
 the college and to me — it is as when Adam was driven 
 out of Eden. I am reminded keenly that my days 
 of active work are over. 
 
 But I take the step firmly and decidedly. The 
 shadow^s are lengthening, the day is declining. My 
 age, seven years above the three score and ten, com- 
 pels it. Providence points to it, conscience enjoins 
 it, the good of the college demands it. I take the 
 step as one of duty. I feel relieved as I take it. 
 
 I ask forgiveness of God and man for any offence 
 I have given in my haste. I leave with no unkind 
 feeling toward any. I should be sorry if any one 
 entertained a malignant feeling toward me. It has 
 been a high honor and an unspeakable privilege, 
 that I have been at the head of this noble institu- 
 tion for such a length of time, and that so many 
 spheres of usefulness have been thrown open to me. 
 
68 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 
 
 I leave the college, thanks be to God and man, in 
 a healthy state, intellectually, morally, and relig- 
 iously. I leave it with the prayer, that the bless- 
 ing of Heaven and the good will of men may rest 
 upon it, and with the prospect of its having greater 
 usefulness in the future than even that which it has 
 had in the past. 
 
MENTAL AND MORAL SCIENCE, 
 
 AN OUTLINE STUDY OF MAN; or, the Body and Mind in One 
 System. With illustrative diagrams. PiCvised edition. By 
 MARK HOPKir^S, D.D., LL.D., late President of Williams 
 College. 12mo, S1.75. 
 
 This is a model of the developing method as applied to intellectual 
 science. The work is on an entirely new plan. It presents man in 
 his unity, and his several faculties and their relations are so presented 
 to the eye in illustrative (liacrrams as lo be readily apprehended. 
 The work has come into very general use in this country as a man- 
 ual for instruction, and the demand for it is increasing every year. 
 
 GENERAL S. C. ARMSTRONG, Principal Of nampton Institute.— •'lam 
 glad of tlie opportunity to express my higli appreciation of Dr. Hopkins' Outline 
 Stuay of McM. It lias done more for me personally tliaa any bool: besides tbe 
 Bible. More tlian any other It teaches the greatest of lessons, 7c?w?o thyself. For 
 over ten years, I have made it a text boot In tlie Senior Class of this school. It 
 Is, I think, the greatest and most useful of the books of the greatest of our Am- 
 erican educators, Ecv. Dr. Hopkins, and is destined to do a great work in forming 
 not only the Ideas but the character of youth in America and in other parts of the 
 world." 
 
 PROF. ADOISON BALLARD, of Lafayette College.— "I have for years used 
 Dr. Hopkins' Outline Study of Man, in connection vvith his Laic of Love, as a text 
 book for oar Senior Classes. I have done this vrith unfailing success and w!tU 
 Increasing satisfaction. It la of incalculable advantage to the student to come 
 under the Influence, through his books, of this great master of t'cought and of style. 
 I cannot speak of Outline Study In terms of too hearty commendation.'' 
 
 THE LAW OF LOVE, AND LOVE AS A LAW; f^ Christian 
 Ethics. By Mark HOPKirJS, D.D., LL.D., late President 
 of Williams College. 12mo, $1.75. 
 
 This work is designed to follow the author's Outline Study of Man. 
 As its title indicates it is entirely an expi'sition of the cpxdinal precept 
 of Christian philosophy in harmony with nature and on the basis of 
 reason. Lflie the treatl:3 ou mental philosophy it is adapted with 
 unusual sk.Il to educai'.iual uses. 
 
 It appeiirs in a new edition, which has been in pari re-v.ritten in 
 order to bring it into closer relation to his Outline Study of Man, of 
 which work it is really a continuation. More prominence has been 
 given to the idea of Rights, but the fimdamental doctrines of the 
 treatise have not been changed. 
 
PSYC 
 
 E-EVES- 
 
STANDARD TEXT BOOKS. 
 
 FINAL CAUSES. By PAUL JANET, Member of the French 
 Academy. With a Preface by Robert Flint, D.D., LL.D. 
 From second French edition. 8vo, 82.50. 
 
 PROF. FRANCIS L. PATTON, of PrUiceton Theolooical Seminary.— "I re- 
 gard Janet's ' Final Causes ' as Incomparably tbo best thing in literature on the 
 Bubject of which i: treats, and that It ought to be In the hands of every man who 
 has any Interest In the present phases of the thoistio problem. I have recom- 
 mended it to my classes in the seminary, and make constant use of it in my in- 
 Btructions." 
 
 NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., late PresiOent Of Tale CoZZesre.- -" I am delighted 
 that you have published Janet's ' Final Causes ' in an improved form and at a 
 price which brings It within ths reach cf many who desire to possess it. It is, in 
 my opinion, the most suggestive treatise on this important topic which la access- 
 ible in our language."' 
 
 THE HUMAN INTELLECT. By NOAH PORTER, D.D.. LL.D., 
 late President of Yale College. With an Introduction upon 
 Psychology and the H.uman Soul. 8vo, S5.00. 
 
 The author has not only designed tt furnish a text book which shall 
 be sufficiently comprehensive and scientvSc to satisfy the wants of the 
 many students of psychology and specidative philosophy who are found 
 in our higher institutions of learning, but also to prepai-e a volume 
 which may guide the advanced student to a clear understanding and a 
 just estimate of the questions which have perpetually appeared and 
 reappeared in the history of philosophy. 
 
 THE BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW.-" President Porter's work, the result 
 of thirty years' prc'csslonal labor, l3 not only the most important philosophical 
 work that has appeared in our language since Sir William Hamilton's, but its 
 form as a manual makes it invaluable to students." 
 
 THE PRINCETON REVIEW.— "-\itcr a careful csamlnation of this truly great 
 work, we are ready to pronounce it the most complete and exhaustive exhibition 
 of the cognitive faculties of the human soul to be found in our language, and, so 
 far as we know. In any language. The work is a monument of the author's in- 
 Elght, industry, learning, and judgment ; one of the great productions of our 
 time ; an honor to our country, and a fresh proof that genuine philosophy has not 
 died out among us." 
 
 ELEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE. A Manual Tor 
 Schools and Colleges. By NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., 
 late President cf Yale College. 8vo, S3. 00. 
 
 This is an abridgment of the a .thor's " Human Intellect," contain- 
 ing all the matter necessary for use in the class-room, and has been in- 
 troduced as a text-book in Yale, Dartmouth, Bowdoin, Oberlin, Bates, 
 Hamilton, Vassar, and Smith Colleges ; Wesleyan, Ohio, Lehigh, and 
 Wooster Universities, and many other colleges, academies, normal and 
 high schools. 
 
 THE NEW YORK WORLD.— "The abridgment la very well done, tbe state- 
 ments being terse and perspicuous. " 
 
 THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.— " Presents the leading facts of Intellectual 
 science from the author's point of view, with clearness and vigor." 
 
CHARLES 8CRIBNEES SONS' 
 
 ELEMENTS OF MORAL SCIENCE, Theoretical and Practical. 
 By NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., late President of Yale 
 College. 8vo, S3.00. 
 This treatise is intended primarily for the nse of college and uni- 
 versity students, and is prepared with reference to the class-room. It 
 is in two parts : the first treats with great fullness " The Tlieory of 
 Duty,'" and unfolds comprehensively the psychology of the moral 
 powers and the nature of the moral relations. The second division, 
 " The Practice of Duty or Ethics,'" takes up the difiierent classes of 
 duties with a view to the practical application of the principles of 
 moral science to the questions arising in every department of human 
 activity. In every respect President Porter's work is abreast of the 
 time, and leaves no controverted point undefended. 
 
 GEORGE S, N\ORR\S, Professor of Ethics, UniversitT/ of Michigan.— " I h&ve 
 read the work wltli great interest, and parts of it •witli entUasiasm. It is a vast 
 improvement on any of the current text books of ethics. It is tolerant and 
 catholic in tone ; not superficially, but soundjy, inductive in method and ten- 
 dency, and rich in practical suggestion." 
 
 E. G. ROBINSON, President Brown C^nirersiiy.— "It has all the distinguish- 
 ing marks of the author's work on ' The Human Intellect.' is full and comprehen- 
 Blve in its treatment, dealing largely with current discussions, and very naturally 
 follows it as a text book for the class-room." 
 
 JULIUS H. SEELYE, President Amlierst College.— "It is copious and clear, 
 with ample scholarship and remarkable insight, and I am sure that all teachers 
 of Moral Science will find it a valuable aid la their instructions." 
 
 OUTLINES OF MORAL SCIENCE. By ARCHIBALD ALEX- 
 ANDER, D.D., LL.D. 12mo, S1.50. 
 
 This book is elementary in its character, and is marked by great 
 clearness and pimplicity cf style. It is intended to lay the foundations 
 and elucidate the principles of the Philosophy of Morals. It is widely 
 used in colleges and other institutions of learning, and is specially 
 adapted for students whose age, or the time at whose disposal, doea 
 not permit the use of the more extended and abstruse works on ethics. 
 
 THE THEORY OF MORALS. By PAUL JANET, Member of the 
 French Academy. Translated under the supervision of 
 President Noah Porter. 8vo, S2.50. 
 Prof. Janet in this book gives us not only a clear and concise exam- 
 ination of the whole study of moral science, but he has introduced into 
 the discussion many elements which have hitherto been too much 
 neglected. The first principles of moral science and the fundamental 
 idea of morals the author describes with much precision, and presents 
 an interesting and systematic exposition of them. 
 
 SCIENCE.—" The book has lucidity and Is full of learning. It is hardly extrav 
 agant to say that so clear and picturesque a treatise, in the hands of an alfert 
 teaoher, might save the study of ethics from ita almost inevitable fate of bemg 
 wry dull." 
 
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 HISTORY OF PHJLOSOPHY. By Prof. FRSEDRICH UEBER- 
 WEG. Translated by Prof. C. S. Morris, of Michigan Uni- 
 versity. Edited by Noali Porter, D.D., LL.D., late President 
 of Yale Coilegs, and Philip Schaff, D.D. Vol. I.-Ancient 
 and Mediaeval; Vol. II -Modern. 2 vols., 8vo, S5.00. 
 
 In its universal scope, and its full and exhaustive literature of the 
 Bubject. Ueberwegs "History of Philosophy" has no equal. The 
 characteristic features of the work are the compendious presentatioa 
 of doctrines, the survey of the literature relating to each philosophical 
 system, biographical notices, the discussion of controverted historical 
 points, and^compressed criticisms of doctrines from the standpoint of 
 modern science and sound logic. 
 
 THE BRITiSM QUARTERLY REVIEW.— "The work is concise and clear, csact 
 and susgestive, comprelienslve and critical. It contains a complete presentation 
 of the different philosophical schools, and describes, with sufflcient minuteness, 
 the principal doctrines -which belong to each system, and to subordinate branches 
 of each system ; by which means a distinct picture is placed before the mind of 
 the reader. It meets at once the minds of the ordinary student and of the in- 
 dependent inquirer." 
 
 THE N. Y. EVANGELIST.— "TaHngthe whole together, it furnishes the most 
 complete and reliable apparatus for the study of philosophy which has ever been 
 placed In the hands of American students." 
 
 REALISTIC PHILOSOPHY. Defended in a Philosophic Series. 
 By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LL.D., President of Princeton 
 College. VoM.-Expository; Vol. 2.-Historical and Critical. 
 2 vols., 12mo, $3.00. 
 
 In the first volume the principal philosophic questions of the day 
 are discussed, including the Tests of Tnith, Causation. Development, 
 and the Character of our World. In the second volume the same ques- 
 tions are treated historically. The systems of the philosophers who 
 have discussed them are stated and examined, and the truth and error 
 in each of them carefully pointed out. 
 
 THE N. Y. OBSERVER.— "Its style Is so clear and direct. Its presentation of the 
 whole subject is so natural and forcible, that many persons who habitually ignors 
 discussions of abstract topics, would be charmed into a new intellectual interest 
 by giving Dr. McCosh's work a careful consideration." 
 
 HARPER'S MAGAZINE.— "These eminently cogent and instructive volnmea 
 are designed for exposition and defence of fundamental truths. The distinct but 
 correlated subjects arc treated with equal simplicity and power, and cover in 
 brief much of the ground occupied by larger pubUcations, together With much oa 
 JiMiepeaderit lines of thought that lie outside their plan." 
 
CHARLES SGRIBNER'S 80NB- 
 
 MODERN PHILOSOPHY. From Descartes to Schopenhauer and 
 Hartmann. By Prof. FRANCIS BOWEN, of Harvard Univer- 
 sity. 8vo, S3.00. 
 
 The purpose of this book has been to furnish, within moderate 
 compass, a comprehensive and intelligible account of the metaphysical 
 Bystems of the great men who have been the leaders of European 
 thought on philosophical subjects for nearly three centuries. Special 
 treatises, such as Kant's "Critique" and Hartmann's "Philosophy 
 of the Unconscious," are made the subjects of elaborate commentary, 
 and expounded in all their leading features, with great care and 
 minuteness. 
 
 THE N. Y. EVENING POST.— "Excellent In every respect; clear, scliolarly, 
 vigoroas, often vivacious, full of sound learning, acute criticism, genial appreci- 
 ation, and tlie best spirit of pWlosophy." 
 
 DESCARTES AND H5S SCHOOL. By KUNO FISCHER. Trans- 
 lated from the Third and Revised German Edition, by J. P, 
 Gordy, Ph.D., Professor of Pedagogics in Ohio University. 
 Edited by Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D. 8v0j $3.50. 
 
 Kuno Fischer has the rare art of combining French lucidity of 
 exposition with German thoroughness and profundity. 
 
 His volume on Descartes is divided into four parts : a general in- 
 troduction ; the biography of Descartes ; an exposition and criticism of 
 his system ; and an account of its development and modification by 
 the occasionalists. 
 
 PROF. GEORGE T. LADD.— "As done into good and clear English by Dr. 
 Gordy, it has a combination of excellent qualities that can be found iu no other 
 Bimllar work. It is at the same time exhaustive and not tedious, popular in the 
 best sense of the word, and yet accurate and scholarly— a thoroughly readable, 
 trustworthy, and improving history of modem speculative thought." 
 
 GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY OF TO-DAY. The Empirical School, 
 by Th. RIBOT, Director of the Revue Philosophique. Trans- 
 lated from the Second French Edition, by Jas. M. Baldwini 
 B.A., Fellow Princeton College. With a Preface by James 
 McCcsh, DD., LL.D. Crown 8vo, S2.00. 
 The object of this book is to give an account of the valuable re- 
 searches made in the field of psycho-physical inquiry by German in- 
 vestigators, beginning with Herbart and his school, and continuing 
 with the researches of Lotze, Miiller, Weber, Helmholtz, Wundt, 
 Fechner, and minor scientists. 
 
 THE N. Y. SUN.— "A work likely to be made a text book in Ajuerican Uni- 
 versities, this version offers for the first time to English readers a conspectus of 
 contemporary German speculation on the relations of the mind to the brain. In 
 this volume will be found discussed with admirable classification the discoveries, 
 theories, and tendencies of such men as Herbart, Lotze, Fechner, etc." 
 
CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES AND 
 HOMILETICS. 
 
 THE GROUNDS OF THEISTiC AND CHRISTIAN BELIEF. By 
 Prof. GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D., LL.D., Professor of 
 Ecclesiastical History in Yale College. Crown 8vo, $2.50. 
 
 FROM THE PREFACE.—" TMs volume embraces a discussion of the evidence^ 
 of both natural and revealed religion. Prominence is given to topics having 
 Bpecial interest at present from their connection -svlth modem theories and diffl- 
 culties. The argument of design, and the bearing of evolutionary doctrines 
 on Its validity, are fully considered. I have sought to direct the reader into lines 
 of reflection -which may serve to impress him with the truth contained in the 
 remark that the strongest proof of Christianity is afforded by Christianity itself, 
 and by Christendom as an existing fact. I venture to indulge the hope that they 
 may derive from it some aid in clearing up perplexities, and some new light upon 
 the nature of the Christian faith and its relation to the Scriptures." 
 
 JULIUS H. SEELYE, President of Amherst College.— " I tLnd it as I should ex- 
 pect it to be, wise and candid, and convincing to an honest mind. I congratulate 
 you upon Its publication, in which you seem to me to have rendered a high 
 public service." 
 
 ^ PROF. JAMES o. MURRAY, Of Princeton College.— "The volmaemeBta here 
 a great want, and meets it well. It is eminently fitted to meet the honest doubts 
 of some of our best young men. Its fairness and candor, its learning and abUity 
 In argument. Its thorough handling of modern objections— all these qnaUties fit It 
 lor such a service, and a great service It is." 
 
 ESSAYS ON THE SUPERNATURAL ORIGIN OF CHRISTIAN- 
 ITY. By Prof. GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D., LL.D., Professor 
 of Ecclesiastical History in Yale College. 8vo, new and 
 enlarged edition, S2. 50. 
 
 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.— "Able and scholarly essays on the Super- 
 natural Origin of Christianity, In wlilch Prof. Fisher discusses such subjects aa 
 the genuineness of the Gospel of John, Baur's view of early Christian History and 
 Literature, and the mythical theory of Strauss." 
 
 THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.— "His volume evinces rare versatility of Intellect, 
 with a scholarship no less sound and judicious In Its tone and extensive in Ita 
 attainments than it is modest In Its pretensions." 
 
 THE BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW.— "We know not where the Student Will 
 find a more satisfactory guide in relation to the great questions which have grown 
 up between the friends of the Christian revelation and the most able of its aasaU- 
 bats, witMn the memoi-y of the present generation." 
 
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS' 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHIC BASIS OF THEISM. An Examination of the 
 Personality of Man, to Ascertain his Capacity to Know and 
 Serve God, and the Validity of the Principle Underlyingthc 
 Defense of Theism. By SAMUEL HARRIS, D.D., LL.D., Pro- 
 fessor of Systematic Theology in Yale College. 8vo, $3.50. 
 Dr. Harris embodies in his work the results of his long meditation 
 on the highest themes, and his long discussion and presentation of 
 these truths in the class-room. His fundamental positions are thor- 
 oughly in harmony with soundest modem thought and most trust- 
 worthy modem knowledge. 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT.-" It is rare that a work, which Is of necessity, bo 
 severely metaphysical In both topics and treatment, is so enlivened by the 
 varied contributions of a widely cultivated mind from a Uberal course of 
 reading. Eis passionate and candid argument cannot faU to command the 
 respect of any antagonist of the Atheistic or Agnostic schools, who will take 
 the pains to read his criticisms or to review his argument. In respect to coohiess 
 and dignity and self-possession, his work is an exceUent model for scientists, 
 metaphysicians, and theologians of every complexion." 
 
 THE HARTFORD COURANT.-" Professor Harris' horizon-lines are uncon- 
 tracted. His survey of the entire realm he traverses is accurate, patient, and 
 considerate. No objections are evaded. No conclusions are reached by saltatory 
 movements. The utmost fairness and candor characterize his discussions. No 
 more thoroughly scientific work In plan or method or spirit has been done in our 
 time. On almost every page one meets with evidences of a wide and reflec- 
 tive reading, not only of philosophy, but of poetry and fiction as well, whlcH 
 enriches and Illumines the whole course of thought." 
 
 THE SELF-REVELATION OF GOD. By SAMUEL HARRIS, 
 D.D., LL.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in Yale Col- 
 lege. 8vo, $3.50. 
 
 In this volume Dr. Harris presents a statement of the evidence of 
 the existence of God, and of the reality of His revelation of Himself 
 in the experience or consciousness of men, and the verification of the 
 same by His further revelation of Himself in the constitution and 
 ongoing of the universe, and in Christ. 
 
 PROF. WM. G. T. SHEDD, D.D., In The rresbyterian Review. ~"8nch a 
 work is not brought out In a day, but is the growth of years of professional study 
 and reflection. Few books on apologetics have been recently produced that will 
 be more influential and formative upon the mind of the theological or philosophi- 
 cal student, or more useful. It is calculated to influence opinions, and to Influence 
 them truthfully, seriously, and stron^y." 
 
 BISHOP HURST, m TTie Northwestern Christian Advocate.— "We ao not ^ow 
 a better work among recent publications than this one for building up old hopes 
 and giving a new strength to one's faith. The book is thoroughly evangelic, 
 fresh, and well wrought out. It Is a valuable contribution to our American 
 tiieology." 
 
Realistic Philosophy, 
 
 DEFENDED IN A PHILOSOPHIC SERIES 
 By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., 
 
 President of Princeton College. 
 
 Two Vols., 12mo; each $1.50. 
 
 In these two volumes Dr. McCosli has collected his discussions 
 of the principal philosophic questions of the day, formerly issued 
 in his Philosophic Series, which. The Independent saysj "is not 
 unlikely to prove in the end the most useful popular service 
 which Dr. McCosh has rendered to the cause of right thinking 
 and to sound philosophy of life." 
 
 VOL, I.— EXPOSITORY. 
 
 In this part of the Series the principal philosophic questions of the day 
 are discussed, including the Tests of Truth, Causation, Development, and 
 the Character of our World. 
 
 General Introduction. — Wliat an American Philosophy should he. 
 
 I. Criteria of Diverse Kinds of Truth. 
 
 II. Energy, Efficient and Final Cause. An attempt is here made 
 to clear up the subject of Causation which has become considerably con- 
 fused. 
 
 III. Development, What it can do and What it cannot do. 
 Development is here presented so as to show that it is not opposed to 
 religion, and that the conclusions drawn from it by some of its defenders 
 are not legitimate. 
 
 IV. Certitude, Providence, and Prayer, with an inquiry as to what 
 is the character of our world, showing that it is neither optimist nor pessi- 
 mist, but going on toward perfection. 
 
 VOL. II.— HISTORICAL. 
 
 In this part the same questions are treated historically. The systems of 
 the philosophers who have discussed them are stated and examined, and 
 the truth and error in each of them carefully pointed out. 
 General Introduction. — Rralism; its place in the various Philosophies. 
 
 I. Locke's Theory of Knowledge, with a notice of Berkeley. It is 
 sliown that Locke held by a body of truth, and that he has often been 
 misunderstood ; but that he has not by his experience theory laid a sure 
 foundation of knowledge. 
 
 II. Agnosticism of Hume and Huxley, with a notice of the Scottish 
 School. It is necessary to examine Hume's Scepticism, but it is best to 
 do so in the defense of it by Huxley. 
 
 III. A Criticism of the Critical Philosophy showing that Kant 
 has stated and defended most important truths, but has undermined 
 knowledge, by making the mind begin with appearances and not with 
 things. 
 
 IV. Herbert Spencer's Philosophy as culminating in his Ethics. 
 Here there will be a careful examination of his physiological utilitarianism. 
 
BEGINNING OF VOLUME FOUR. 
 
 ScRiBNER's •:• Magazine 
 
 FOR JULY CONTAINS THE SECOND OF 
 
 THE GREAT RAILWAY ARTICLES, 
 
 ENTITLED 
 
 FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING, 
 
 By JOHN BOGART, State Engineer of New York. 
 
 The next article in the Railway series will be " American Locomotives and Cars," 
 by M. N. Forney, to appear in the August number, to be followed by one on " Passenger 
 Travel," by General Horace Porter, in the September number. New York Times : " The 
 Railway series, which is begun in the June number of Scrilmers, promises to attract new 
 attention to this admirable periodical. There is not in American industrial life a topic 
 which could possess a wider interest or which affects more directly the every-day experi- 
 ence and observation of men and women." 
 
 OTHER CONTENTS IN THE JULY NUMBER ARE: 
 
 LIFE AND TRAVEL IN MODERN GREECE- By Thomas D. Sey- 
 mour. Illustrated from original drawings by F. D. Millet, and from photographs. 
 
 A LONDON LIFE. In four parts. Part second. By Henry James. 
 
 AN ASTRONOMER'S SUMMER TRIP. By Prof. Charles A. Young. 
 With illustrations from photographs made by the American Eclipse Expedition 
 of 1887. 
 
 POPULAR AUTHORS. By Robert Louis Stevenson. 
 
 GETTYSBURG — A Battle Ode. By George Parsons Lathrop. Passages 
 from the poem to be read before the Society of the Army of the Potomac, at 
 Gettysburg, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the battle, July 3, 188S. With a 
 head-piece from a battle-sketch, by W. H. Shelton. 
 
 FIRST HARVESTS. Chapters XXL-XXIII. By F. J. Stimson. (To be 
 continued.) 
 
 MID-SUMMER. (Poem.) By Allan SiMSON BoTSFORD. 
 
 DEATH AND JUSTICE. (Poem.) By Graham R. Tomson. 
 
 MAESTRO AMBROGIO. (Short story.) By T. R. Sullivan. 
 
 SOLITUDE. (Poem.) By Arlo Bates. 
 
 25 CENTS A NUMBER, $3.00 A YEAR. 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743 B'way, N.Y. 
 
 Press of J. J. Little & Co., Astor Place, New York. 
 
 339 TB;. B5ii 
 
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