MAD AN'S -MERiC.' S EDITION, ^ ADDISON ALEXANDER LIBRARY £ which was presented by /jV Messrs- R. L. and A. Stuart. If ase. Di»iyon..P/4.6.447f j. ' S 7 "" / -Section. Book,, n , 'No*. __ ; 5 o f a.» £ s . ' <• ♦ I* m . ■ V > .* *■+ . * r ) T * ' . * f< ^ ■ , I . »r ■ \W ^ - i ,' * ' ‘ * ’ * V • ' ■ • ... . 4i !•* * ‘ P I » « ,f ■: . .4 jf ^ * % * V •De-c. \rmA-. an las u. 2. 'n o. I \ JUVENAL AND PERSEUS; LITERALLY TRANSLATED, BY THE KEY. M. MADAN. Ardet...Instat...Aperte jugulat. Scal. in Jdv. IN ONE VOLUME. A PRINCETON: GEORGE THOMPSON. 1850. f ' * • V * *«r « n * ' X r . * r , * / * V .+ ‘ * \ ■ ' - >' . w * • *7* k ’ *• * * ,. « •... *. •> ; .4 .• * A * - • * • .»* , .». ■ •' . • * . ’ , • t > i "• 1 . ' •* . ' . ' . / • ->* * V V-. Jr • % •* i * . f ' *• ■- •■*«> ► , • i >■ • a ■ y * *. 4 - * <• ... 'i if t *f *. -■it- «•» • * 1 >«.-■ * * . ■ • t; " v *. '*■ # w* .. 1 * V •• • .. . ' 4 . * » ,?W **• r .-»• * ? ■ * ; ■*. ■ < \ . V * • • • . v , • »V f *" . " •- -V M • • ** » - < * -v • ‘"Km * \ f* . • f • » « ■ ■- - • ■ , ** » , .V • * • • ' ‘ >t \ * *- •• » « ' - ■, • . •:* ■ _ » • * * rv .« V* < ’ . ► . < ■ < V . 4 • m ■* . >.* - - , ■■ • .■ ■ « . *r . t . * V ’ * *.'■ . *. * - \i > ' ' »;'' r . . •• ■ - ■ ■» -.4 .* y : 4 . r PREFACE TO JUVENAL. Decimus Junius Juvenal was born at Aquinum, a town of the Yolsci, a people of Latium: hence, from the place of his birth, he was called Aquinas. It is not certain whether he was the son, or foster-child, of a rich freedman. He had a learned education, and in the time of Claudius Nero, pleaded causes with great reputation. About his middle age he applied himself to the study of Poetry; and, as he saw a daily increase of vice and folly, he addicted himself to writing Satire: but, having said something (sat. vii. 1. 88—92,) which was deemed a reflec¬ tion on Paris the actor, a minion of Domitian’s, he was banished into Egypt, at ^eighty years of age, under pretence of sending him as captain of a company of soldiers. This was looked upon as a sort of humourous punishment for what he had said, in making Paris the bestower of posts in the army. However, Domitian dying soon after, Juvenal returned to Rome, and is said to have lived there to the timesf of Nerva and Trajan. At last, worn out with old age, he expired in a fit of coughing. He was a man of excellent morals, of an elegant taste and judgment, a fast friend to virtue, and an irreconcilable enemy to vice in every shape. As a writer, his style is unrivalled, in point of elegance and beauty, by any Satirist that we are acquainted with, Horace not excepted. The plainness of his expressions are derived from the honesty and integrity of his own mind: his great aim was, “ to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature; to shew virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure/'! He meant not, therefore, to corrupt the mind, by openly describing the lewd practices of his countrymen, but to remove every veil, even of language itself, which could soften the features, or hide the full deformity of vice from* the observation of his readers, and thus to strike the mind with due abhorrence of what he censures. * Quanquam Octogenarius. Marshall, in Vit. Jar. | Ibique ad Neryae et Trajani tempora supervixisse did tar, Marshall, ib. i Hamlet, act iii. sc. 2. 4 PREFACE. All this is done in so masterly a way as to render him well worthy Scaliger’s encomium, when he styles him Omnium Sa- tyricorum facile Princeps. He was much loved and respected by Martial.* Quintilian speaks of him, Inst. Orat. lib. x. as the chief of Satirists. Ammianus Marcellinus says,I that some who did detest learning, did, notwithstanding, in their most profound retiredness, diligently employ themselves in his works. The attentive reader of Juvenal may see, as in a glass, a true portraiture of the Roman manners in his time: he may see, drawn to the life a people sunk in sloth, luxury, and de¬ bauchery, and exhibiting to us the sad condition of human nature, when untaught by divine truth, and uninfluenced by a divine principle. However polite and refined this people was, with respect to the cultivation of letters, arts, and sciences, be¬ yond the most barbarous nation, yet, as to the true Knowledge of God, they were upon a footing with the most uninformed of their cotemporaries, and consequently were, equally with them, sunk into all manner of wickedness and abomination. The description of the Gentiles in general, by St. Paul, Rom. i. 19—32. is fully verified as to the Romans in particular. Juvenal may be look upon as one of those rare meteors, which shone forth even in the darkness of Heathenism. The mind and conscience of this great man were, though from J whence he knew not, so far enlightened, as to perceive the ugliness of vice, and so influenced with a desire to reform it, as to make him, according to the light he had, a severe and able reprover, a powerful and diligent witness against the vices and follies of the people among which he lived ; and, indeed, against all who, like them, give a loose to their depraved appetites, as if there were no other liberty to be sought after but the most unrestrain¬ ed indulgence of vicious pleasures and gratifications. How far Rome-Christian, possessed of divine revelation, is better than H lat heu-Rome without it, is not for me to deter¬ mine: but I fear, that the perusal of Juvenal will furnish us with too serious a reason to observe, that not only modern Rome, hut every metropolis in the Christian world, as to the generality of its manners and pursuits, bears a most unhappy resemblance to the objects of the following Satires. They are, therefore, too applicable to the times in which we live, and, in that view, if righ'ly understood, may, perhaps, be^ serviceable to many, who will not come within the reach of higher instruction. Bishop Burnet observes, that the “satirical poets, Horace, * See Maht. lib. vii. epig. 24. -j- Hist. lib. xxviii, * Rom. ii. 15. Comp. Is. xlv. 5. See eat x. 1. 363. PREFACE. 5 “ Juvenal, and Persius, may contribute wonderfully to give a " man a detestation of vice, and a contempt of the common “ methods of mankind; which they have set out in such true “colours, that they must give a very generous sense to those “ who delight in reading them often.” Past. Care, c. vii. This translation was begun some year ago, at hours of leis¬ ure, for the Editor’s own amusement: when, on adding the notes as he went along, he found it useful to himself, he began to think that it might be so to others, if pursued to the end on the same plan. The work was carried on, till it increased to a considerable bulk. The edition of Persius enlarged it to its present size, in which it appears in print, with a design to add its assistance in explaning these difficult authors not only to school-boys and young beginners, but to numbers in a more advanced age, who, by having been thrown into various scenes of life, remote from classical improvement, have so far forgotten their Latin, as to render these elegant and instructive remains of antiquity almost inaccessible to their comprehension, howev¬ er desirous they may be to renew their acquaintance with them. As to the old objection, that translations of the Classics tend to make boys idle, this can never happen but through the fault of the master, in not properly watching over the method of their studies. A master should never suffer a boy to construe his lesson in the school, but from the Latin by itself, nor with¬ out making the boy parse, and give an account of every neces¬ sary word; this will drive him to his grammar and dictionary , near as much as if he had no translation at all : but in private, when the boy is preparing his lesson, a literal translation, and explanatory notes, so facilitate the right comprehension and un¬ derstanding of the author’s language, meaning, and design, as to imprint them with ease on the learner’s mind, to form his taste, and to enable him not only to construe and explain, but to get those portions of the author by heart, which he is at cer¬ tain periods to repeat at school, and which, if judiciously se¬ lected, he may find useful, as well as ornamental to him, all his life. To this end I have considered that there are three purposes to be answered. First, that the reader should know what the author says; this can only be attained by ^literal translation: as for poetical versions, which are so often miscalled translations, paraphrases, and the like, they are but ill calculated for this fundamental and necessary purpose. * I trust that I shall not be reckoned guilty of inconsistency, if in some few passages I have made use of paraphrases, which I have so studiously avoided through the rest of the work, because the literal sense of these is better obscured than explained, especially to young minds. 6 PREFACE. They remind one of a performer on a musical instrument, who shews his skill by playing over a piece of music with so many variations, as to disguise almost entirely the original sim¬ ple melody, insomuch that the hearers depart as ignoranf of the composer as they came. All translators should transfer to themselves the directions which our Shakspeare gives to actors, at least, if they mean to assist the student, by helping him to the construction, that he may understand the language of the author. As the actor is not “ to o’erstep the modesty of nature so a translator is not to o’erstep the simplicity of the text. As an actor is “not to speak more than is set down for him;” so a translator is not to exercise his own fancy, and let it loose into phrases and expres¬ sions, which are totally foreign from those of the author. He should therefore sacrifice vanity to usefulness, and forego the praise of elegant writing, for the utility of faithful translation. The next thing to be considered, after knowing ivhat the au¬ thor says, is how he says it: this can only be learnt from the original itself, to which I refer the reader, by printing the Latin line for line, opposite to the English, and, as the lines are num¬ bered, the eye will readily pass from the one to the other. The information which has been received from the translation, will readily assist in the grammatical construction. The third particular, without which the reader would fall very short of understanding the author, is to know ivhat he means ; to explain this is the intention of the notes, for many of which I gratefully acknowledge myself chiefly indebted to various learned commentators, but who, having written in Latin, are almost out of the reach of those for whom this work is principally intended. Here and there I have selected some notes from English writers: this indeed the student might have done for himself; but I hope he will not take it amiss, that I have brought so many different commentators into one view, and saved much trouble to him, at the expence of my own labour. The rest of the notes, and those no inconsiderable num¬ ber, perhaps the most, are my own, by which, if I have been happy enough to supply any deficiencies of others, I shall be glad. Upon the whole, I am, from long observation, most perfectly convinced, that the early disgust, which, in too many instances, youth is apt to conceive against classical learning (so that the school-time is passed in a state of * labour and sorrow), arises * “ The books that we learn at school ar« generally laid aside, with this preju" « dice, that they were the labours as well as the sorrows of our childhood and edu* , PREFACE, 7 mostly from the crabbed and difficult method of instruction, which are too often imposed upon them; and that therefore all attempts to reduce the number of the difficulties, which, like so many thorns, are laid in their way, and to* render the paths of instruction pleasant and easy, will encourage and invite their attention, even to the study of the most difficult authors, among the foremost of which we may rank Juvenal and Per- sius. Should the present publication be found to answer this end, not only to schoolboys, but to those also who would be glad to recover such a competent knowledge of the Latin tongue, as to encourage the renewal of thteir acquaintance with the Classics, (whose writtings so richly contribute to ornament the higher and more polished walks in life, and which none but the ignorant and tasteless can undervalue,) it will afford the Editor an additional satisfaction. Sill more, if it prove useful to foreigners; such I mean as are acquainted with the Latin, and wish to be helped in their study of the English language, which is now so much cultivated in many parts of Eu¬ rope. The religious reader will observe, that God, who “ in times past suffered f all the nations (tfco/Tcj) « 190 l9f Soule things indeed are small; but not to be borne by husbands: Por what can be more fulsome, than that none should think herself 184 Handsome, unless she who from a Tuscan becomes a Grecian ? From a Sulmonian, a mere Athenian? every thing in Greek; Since it is less disgraceful to our ladies to be ignorant of speak¬ ing Latin. In this dialect they fear, in this they pour forth their anger, joy, cares, In this all the secrets of their minds. What beside ? They prostitute themselves in Greek. Yet you may indulge those things to girls: But do you too, whose eighty-sixth year Beats, speak Greek still ? This is not a decent dialect In an old woman: as often as intervenes the wanton ZOH KAI TTXH, words just now left under the coverlet You use in public: for what passion does not a soft and lewd Word excite? It has fingers.—Nevertheless, that all Desires may subside (though you may say these things softer Than iEmus, and Carpophorus) your face computes your years. If one, contracted, and joined to you by lawful deeds, You are not about to love, of marrying there appears no Cause, nor why you should lose a supper, and bride-cakes, To be given to weak stomachs, their office ceasing; nor that Which is given for the first night, when the Dacic in the happy dish, And the Germanic shines with the inscribed gold. If you have uxorious simplicity, your mind is devoted To her alone: submit your head, with a neck prepared To bear the yoke: you’ll find none who can spare a lover. Tho’ she should burn, she rejoices in the torments And spoils of a lover: therefore a wife is by far less useful To him, whoever will be a good and desirable husband. You will never bestow any thing against your wife’s will: you will sell Nothing if she opposes: nothing, if she be unwilling, will be bought: She will give affections: that friend will be shut out, Now grown old, whose beard your gate hath seen. When there is liberty to pimps and fencers to make a will, And the same right happens to the amphitheatre, Not one rival only will be dictated as your heir. “Set up a cross for your slave:”—“for what crime has the “ slave deserved “Punishment? what witness is there? who accused?—hear— 2of 210 Sat. vi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 45 11 No delay is ever long concerning the death of a man.” 220 -: 0 madman!—so, a slave is a man! be it so—he has done “ nothing; u This I will—thus I command—let my will stand as a reason.” Therefore she governs her husband: but presently leaves these realms, And changes houses, and wears out her bridal veils: from thence She dies away, and seeks again the footsteps of her despised bed. 221 The doors, a little before adorned, the pendent veils Of the house she leaves, and the boughs yet green at the threshold. Thus the number increases, thus eight husbands are made In five autumns—a matter worthy the title of a sepulchre. You must despair of concord while a mother-in-law lives: She teaches to rejoice in the plunder of the stripped husband: She teaches, to letters sent by a corrupter, To write back nothing ill-bred or simple: she deceives Keepers, or quiets them with money. Then, while in health, She sends for Archigenes, and throws away the heavy clothes. Meanwhile the sent-for adulterer lies hidden, Is silent, impatient of delay, and prepares for the attempt. But do you expect that a mother should infuse honest Morals, or other than what she has herself? moreover, it is profitable For a base old woman to bring up a base daughter. There is almost no cause in which a woman has not stirr’d up The suit. Manilia accuses, if she be not the accused. They by themselves compose, and form libels, Prepared to dictate to Celsus, the beginning, and the places. The Tyrian rugs, and the female ceroma, 245 Who knows not ? or who does not see the wounds of the stake, Which she hollows with continual wooden-swords, and provokes with the shield ? And fills up all her parts; altogether a matron most worthy The Floralian trumpet; unless she may agitate something more In that breast of hers; and be prepared for the real theatre. What modesty can an helmeted woman shew, 251 Who deserts her sex, and loves feats of strength ? yet she her¬ self Would not become a man: for how little is our pleasure! What a fine show of things, if there should be an auction of your wife’s, Her belt, her gauntlets, and crests, and the half covering 215 46 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vi. Of her left leg? or, if she will stir up different battles, Happy you, your wench selling her boots. These are the women who sweat in a thin gown, whose Delicate bodies even a little piece of silk burns. Behold, with what a noise she can convey the shewn hits, 260 And with what a weight of helmet she can be bent; how great She can sit on her hams: her swathe with how thick a fold: And laugh, when, her arms laid down, a female head-dress is taken. Say, ye grand-daughters of Lepidus, or of blind Metellus, Or Fabius Gurges, what actress ever took 265 These habits ? when would the wife of Asyllus groan at a post ? The bed has always strifes, and alternate quarrels, In which a wife lies: there is little sleep there. Then she is grievous to her husband, then worse than a be¬ reaved tigress, When, conscious of an hidden fact, she feigns groans, 270 Or hates the servants, or, a mistress being pretended, she weeps With ever fruitful tears, and always ready In their station, and waiting for her, In what manner she may command them to flow: you think (it) love— Tou then, O hedge-sparrow, please yourself, and suck up the tears 275 With your lips: what writings and what letters would you read If the desks of the jealous strumpet were opened!— But she lies in the embraces of a slave, or of a knight; “Tell, “Tell us, I pray, here, Quintilian, some colour.” “We stick fast:”—“say yourself:” “formerly it was agreed,” says she, 280 “ That you should do what you would; and I also might “Indulge myself: though you should clamour, and confound “The sea with heaven, I am a woman.” Nothing is more bold Than they are when discovered; they assume anger and cour¬ age from their crime. Do you ask—whence these monstrous things, or from what source ? 285 An humble fortune rendered the Latin woman chaste Formerly, nor did labour suffer their small houses To be touched with vices; short of sleep, and with the Tuscan fleece Their hands chafed and hard, and Hannibal very near the city, And their husbands standing in the Colline tow’r. Now we suffer the evils of a long peace: more cruel than arms. Luxury hath invaded us, and avenges the conquer’d world. Sat. vi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 47 29i so® sot S'JO No crime is absent, or foul deed of lust, since Roman poverty was lost. Hence flow’d to these Hills, Sybaris, hence Rhodes too, and hence Miletus, And the crowned, and petulant, and drunken Tarentum. Filthy money foreign manners first Brought in, and soft riches weakened the ages with Base luxury.. For what does a drunken woman regard ? ■She knows not the difference between her top and bottom. She who eats large oysters at midnights, When ointments, mixed with Falernan wine, foam, When she drinks out of a shell, when now, with a whirl, the house Walks round, and the table rises up with double candles. Go now, and doubt with what a scoff Tullia sups up The air; what Collacia may say to her acquaintance Maura, When Maura passes by the old altar of Chastity. Here they put down their sedans o’ nights, here they stain And defile the image of the goddess, and each other, With their impurities, the moon being witness. Thence they go away home. You tread, when the light re¬ turns, In the urine of your wife, as you go to see your great friends. The secrets of the good goddess are known, when the pipe the loins Incites; and also with the horn, and with wine, the Maenads of Priapus Are driven, astonished, and toss their hair and howl. 3U O what unchaste desires in their minds are raised! What a voice do they utter forth! how great A torrent of filthiness flows all about them. Laufella proposes a prize among the most impudent strumpets. And, in the impure contention, obtains the victory: * 2C She is all in rapture when Medullina acts her part The more vile, the more honour they obtain. Nothing is feigned, all things are done To the truth, by which might be fired, now cold with age, Priam, and the hernia of Nestor. 32J . Then their situation makes them impatient: then the woman is undisguised, And a clamour is repeated together thro’ all the den: lt Now ’tis right, admit the men: is the adulterer asleep al- “ ready ?”— She bids a youth hasten with an assumed hood: If there be none, she rushes on slaves: if you take away the hope 33® 48 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vi- Of having slaves, let an hired water-bearer come: if he Be sought, and men are wanting, there’s no delay thro’ her, That she cannot prostitute herself to an ass. 1 could wish the ancient rites, and the public worship, Might at least be observed untouched by these evils: but all The Moors, and Indians, know what singing-wench brought A stock of impudence, more full than the two Anticatos of Caesar, Thither, from whence a mouse flieth, conscious that he is a male; Where every picture is commanded to be cover’d, Which imitates the figure of the other sex. S4a And who of men was then a despiser of the deity ? or who Dared to deride the wooden bowl of Numa, and the black dish. And the brittle ware from the Vatican mount? But now at what altars is there not a Clodius? I hear what ancient friends would formerly advise. Put a lock—restrain her. But who will keep her very Keepers ? your wife is sly, and begins from these. And, now-a-days, there is the same lust in the highest and in the lowest. Nor is she better who wears out the black flint with her foot, Than she who is carried on the shoulders of tall Syrians. 5,0 That she may see plays, Ogulnia hires a garment, She hires attendants, a chair, a pillow, female friends, A nurse, and a yellow-haired girl to whom she may give her commands. Yet she, whatever remains of her paternal money, And her last place, gives to smooth wrestlers. Many are in narrow circumstances: but none has the shame Of poverty, nor measures herself at that measure Which this has given, and laid down. Yet what may be useful Sometimes men foresee; and cold and hunger, at length Some have fear’d, being taught it by the ant. 360 A prodigal woman does not perceive a perishing income: But, as if money reviving would increase in the exhausted chest, And would always be taken from a full heap, She never considers how much her pleasures cost her. There are some weak eunuchs, and their soft kisses Will always delight, and the despair of a beard, Also that there is no need of an abortive. But that Pleasure is the chief, that adults, now in warm youth, Are deliver’d to the surgeons, now bearing signs of puberty. Heliodorus, the surgeon, performs the operation 370 Sat. vi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 49 When all is full grown, all but the beard, Which is the barber’s loss only. Afar off conspicuous, and observable by all, he enters The baths, nor does this eunuch, mado so by his mistress, Doubtfully vie with the keeper of the vines and gardens: Let him sleep with his mistress: but do you, Posthumus, Take care how you put your boy Bromius in his power. If she delights in singing, no public performer Can keep himself safe. The musical instruments are always In her hands: thick, on the whole lute, sparkle 380 Sardonyxes: the chords are run over in order with the trembling quill, With which the tender Hedymeles perform’d: this she keeps, With this she solaces herself, and indulges kisses to the grateful quill. A certain lady, of the number of the Lamise, and of high name, With meal and wine ask’d Janus and Vesta, Whether Pollio ought for the Capitolinian oak To hope, and promise it to his instrument. What could she do more If her husband were sick ? what, the physicians being sad, to¬ wards Her little son ? she stood before the altar, nor thought it shame¬ ful 389 To veil her head for a harp: and she uttered words dictated, (As the custom is,) and grew pale when the lamb was opened. “ Tell me now, I pray, tell me, O thou most ancient of gods, “ Father J anus, do you answer these ? the leisure of heaven is “ great; “There is not, (as I see,) there is not any thing that is done “ among you. “This (lady) consults you about comedians: another would “ recommend “ A tragedian: the soothsayer will have swelled legs.” But rather let her sing, than audacious she should fly over the whole Town, and then she should endure assemblies of men; And with captains in military attire, in the presence of her husband, Converse, with an unembarrassed countenance, and with bare breasts. 400 This same knows what may be doing all the world over : What the Seres and Thracians may be doing : the secret of a stepmother And her boy: who may love: what adulterer may be deceived; 50 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vi. She will tell who made a widow pregnant, and in what Month: with what language every woman intrigues, and in how many ways. The comet threatening the Armenian and Parthian kings She first sees: report, and recent rumours, She catches up at the doors; some she makes: that the Nip- phi tes had gone Over the people, and that there all the fields were occupied By a great deluge : that cities totter, and lands sink, 410 She tells in every public street, to whomsoever she meets. Nor yet is that fault more intolerable, than that To seize, and slash with whips her humble neighbours, Entreated she is wont: for if by barkings her sound Sleep is broken; “Clubs,” says she, “hither quickly “Bring”—and with them commands the master first to be beaten, Then the dog. Terrible to be met, and most frightful in coun¬ tenance, She goes by night to the baths: her conchs and baggage she commands To be moved by night: she rejoices to sweat with great tumult, When her arms have fallen, tired with the heavy mass, 420 And the sly anointer has played her an unlucky trick, By taking undue liberties with her person, (Her miserable guests in the mean time are urged with sleep and hunger,) At last she comes somewhat ruddy, thirsting after A whole flagon, which, in a full pitcher, is presented, 425 Placed at her feet; of which another sextary Is drunk up before meat, to provoke an eager appetite, Till it returns, and strikes the ground with her washed inside. Rivers hasten on the pavement, or of Falernan the wide Bason smells: for thus, as if into a deep cask a long 430 Serpent had fallen, she drinks and vomits. Therefore her hus¬ band Turns sick, and restrains his choler with his eyes covered. Yet she is more irksome, who, when she begins to sit at table, Praises Virgil, and forgives Elisa about to die: She matches the poets, and compares them; then Virgil, 435 And, on the other part, Homer, she suspends in a scale. The grammarians yield, the rhetoricians are overcome, All the crowd is silent; neither lawyer, nor crier, can speak, Nor any other woman: there falls so great a force of words : You would say, that so many basons, so many bells were struck 440 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 51 Sat. vi.] Together. Now let nobody weary trumpets, or brass kettles, She alone could succour the labouring moon. She, a wise woman, imposes the end to things honest. Now she who desires to seem too learned and eloquent, Ought to bind her coats up to the middle of her leg, 445 And slay an hog for Sylvanus, and wash for a farthing. Let not the matron, that joined to you lies by you, have A method of haranguing, nor let her twist, with turned discourse, The short enthymeme, nor let her know all histories: But some things from books, and not understand them. I hate Her who repeats, and turns over, the art of Palsemon, 451 The law and manner of speaking being always preserved, And, an antiquarian, holds forth to me unknown verses, And corrects the words of her clownish friend Not to be noticed by men. Let it be allowable for her husband to have made a solecism. • 455 There is nothing a woman does not allow herself in; she thinks nothing base, When she has placed green gems round her neck, and when She has committed large pearls to her extended ears: Nothing is more intolerable than a rich woman. Meanwhile, filthy to behold, and to be laughed at, her face 460 Swells with much paste, or breathes fat Poppasan, And hence the lips of her miserable husband are glued together. To an adulterer she will come with a wash’d skin: when is she Willing to seem handsome at home ? perfumes are prepared for her . Gallants: for these is bought whatever the slender Indians send hither. 465 At length she opens her countenance, and lays by her first cov¬ erings : She begins to be known, and is cherish’d with that milk, On account of which she leads forth with her she-asses her at¬ tendants, [f an exile she be sent to the Hyperborean axis. But that which is cover’d over, and cherish’d with so many changed 470 Medicaments, and receives cakes of baked and wet flour, Shall it be called a face, or an ulcer ? It is worth while, to know exactly, for a whole Day, what they do, and how they employ themselves. If at night The husband hath lain turned away, the housekeeper is undone, the tire-women 475 Strip, the Liburnan is said to have come late, 52 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vi. And to be punish’d for another’s sleep Is compell’d: one breaks ferules, another reddens with the whip, Another with the thong: there are some who pay tormentors by the year. He beats, and she, by the bye, daubs her face; listens to her friends, 480 Or contemplates the broad gold of an embroider’d garment: And as he beats, she reads over the transactions of a long jour¬ nal : And still he beats, till the beaters being tir’d—“Go,” (She horridly thunders out,) “now the examination is finish’d.” The government of the house is not milder than a Sicilian court: For if she has made an assignation, and wishes more becom¬ ingly than usual To be dressed, and is in a hurry, and now waited for in the gardens, Or rather at the temple of the bawd Isis, Unhappy Psecas arranges her hair, herself with torn locks, Naked to the shoulders, and with naked breasts.— 490 “Why is this curl higher?”—The bull’s hide immediately pun¬ ishes The crime and fault of a curled lock. What has Psecas committed ? what is here the fault of the girl, If your nose has displeased you ? Another extends The left side, and combs the locks, aud rolls them into a circle. A matron is in council, and who, put to the wool, 496 Ceases from the discharged crisping-pin: her opinion Shall be first; after her, those who are inferior in age and art Shall judge: as if the hazard of her reputation, or of her life, Were in question; of so great importance is the concern of get¬ ting beauty. 500 She presses with so many rows, and still builds with so many joinings, Her high head, that you will see Andromache in front: Behind she is less: you’d believe her another. Excuse her if She be allotted a short space of small waist, and seem shorter Than a Pygmean virgin, help’d by no high-soled shoes, iOS And arises to kisses light with an erect foot. In the meanwhile no concern for her husband, no mention made Of damages: she lives as the neighbor of her husband: In this only nearer, that she hates the friends of her husband, And his servants; she is grievous to his affairs. -Behold of mad 510 tt i I % Sat. vi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 55 Bellona, and of the mother of the gods, a chorus enters, and a great Half-man, a reverend face with little manhood, Who has cut his tender genitals with a broken shell: To whom, now long, an hoars* troop—to whom the plebeian tabours Yield, and his cheek is clothed with a Phrygian turbant: 51i Loudly he sounds forth—and commands the coming of Septem¬ ber, and of the South-wind, to be dreaded, unless she purify herself with an hundred eggs, And give to him old murrey-colour’d garments: That whatever of sudden and great danger impends, May go into the clothes, and may expiate the whole year at once. 520 She will descend (the ice being broken) into the wint’ry river, Three times be dipp’d in the early Tiber, and in the very Whirlpools wash her fearful head: then, the whole Field of the proud king, naked and trembling, with bloody Knees she will crawl over.—If the white lo should command, She will go to the end of Egypt, and will bring waters fetch’d From warm Meroe, that she may sprinkle them in the temple Of Isis, which rises next to the old sheepfold. For she thinks herself admonish’d by the voice of the mistres* herself. Lo! the souL and mind, with which the gods can speak by night! 530 Therefore he gains the chief and highest honour, Who (surrounded with a linen-bearing flock, and a bald tribe Of lamenting people) runs the derider of Anubis. He seeks pardon, as often as the wife does not abstain From her husband, on sacred and observable days, • 535 And a great punishment is due for a violated coverlet: And the silver serpfent seems to have moved its head. His tears and meditated murmurs prevail, That Osiris will not refuse pardon, by a great goose, That is to say, and a thin cake, corrupted. 540 When he has given place, her basket and hay being left, A trembling Jewess begs into the secret ear, Interpretess of the laws of Solyma, high priestess Of a tree, and a faithful messenger of high heaven. And she fills her hand, but very sparingly: for a small piece of money, 145 The Jews sell whatever dreams you may choose. But an Armenian or Commagenian soothsayer promises 54 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vi. A tender love, or a large will of a childless rich man, Having handled the lungs of a warm dove: He searches the breasts of chickens, and the bowels of a whelp, 550 And sometimes of a child: he will do what he himself would betray. But her confidence in Chaldeans will be greater: whatever An astrologer shall say, they think brought from the fount Of Hammon: because the Delphic oracles cease, And a darkness of futurity condemns the human race. 555 Yet the most eminent of these is he who has been oftenest an exile, By whose friendship, and by whose hired tablet, A great citizen died, and one fear’d by Otho: Thence confidence [is given] to his art, if with iron his right hand has clatter’d, And his left: if he has remained in the long confinement of camps. 560 No astrologer uncondemn’d will have a genius; But he who has almost perished: to whom to be sent to the Cyclades It has scarcely happened, and at length to have been freed from little Seriphus. . Your Tanaquil consults him about the lingering death of her jaundic’d Mother; but, before this, concerning you: when her sister she may 555 Bury, and her uncles; whether the adulterer will live After her: for what greater thing can the gods bestow?— These things, however, she is ignorant of—what the baleful star Of Saturn may threaten, with what star propitious Venus may shew herself, What month for loss, what times are given for gain. Remember also to avoid the meeting of her In whose hands, like fat amber, you see worn Diaries: who consults no one, and now is Consulted: who, her husband going to the camp, and his coun¬ try, Will not go with him, called back by the numbers of Thra- syllus. 575 When she pleases to be carried to the first stone, the hour Is taken from her book: if the rubb’d angle of her eye Itches, she asks for eye-salve, her nativity being inspected: Tho’ she lie sick, no hour seems more apt Sat. vi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 55 For taking food, than that which Petosiris has allotted. If she he in a middle station, she will survey each space Of the goals, and will draw lots; and her forehead and hand She will shew to a prophet, who asks a frequent stroking. To the rich a Phrygian augur will give answers, and an hired Indian, skilled in the stars and sphere, will give them; 585 And some elder who hides the public lightning. The plebeian fate is placed in the Circus, and in the mount: She who shews no long gold on her neck, Consults before the Phalse, and the pillars of the dolphins, Whether she shall marry the blanket-seller, the victualler being left Yet these undergo the peril of child-birth, and bear all The fatigues of a nurse, their fortune urging them: But hardly any lying-in woman lies in a gilded bed; So much do the arts, so much the medicines of such a one pre¬ vail, Who causes barrenness, and conduces to kill men in the 535 Womb. Rejoice, thou wretch, and do thou thyself reach forth To be drunk whatever it may be : for if she is willing to distend, And disturb her womb with leaping children, you may be, Perhaps, the father of a blackmoor: soon a discolour’d heir May fill your will, never to be seen by you in a morning. I pass by supposititious children, and the joys, and vows, often Deceived at the dirty lakes, and the Salian priests fetch’d From thence, who are to bear the names of the Scauri In a false body. Waggish Fortune stands by night Smiling on the naked infants; all these she cherishes, 605 And wraps in her bosom, then conveys them to high houses. And prepares a secret farce for herself: these she loves, With these she charges herself, and, laughing, produces her own foster-children. One brings magical incantations, another sells Thessalian Philtres, by which they can vex the mind of her husband, And clap his posteriors with a slipper: that you are foolish is from thence ; Thence darkness of mind, and great forgetfulness of things, Which you did but just now. Yet this is tolerable, if you don’t Begin to rave too, as that uncle of Nero, For whom Caesonia infused the whole forehead of a trembling colt 6lt What woman will not do what the wife of a prince'did? All things were burning, and fell to pieces, the bond Being broken, not otherwise than if Juno had made her husband Mad. Less hurtful therefore was the mushroom of Agrippa: 66 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vi. For that oppressed the bowels of one old man, And commanded his trembling head to descend into Heaven, and his lips flowing with long slaver. This portion calls for the sword, and lire, this torments, This tears to pieces senators, mixed with the blood of knights. Of so great consequence is the offspring of a mare : of so much importance is one witch. 624 They hate the offspring of the husband’s mistress: nobody opposes. Nobody forbids it: now-a-days it is right to kill a son-in-law. Ye, O orphans, who have a large estate, I admonish; Take care of your lives, and trust no table: The livid fat meats are warm with maternal poison. Let some one bite before you whatever she who bore you Shall offer you, let the timid tutor taste first the cups. Surely we feign these things, satire assuming the lofty buskin: Having exceeded the bound and law of all that went before, We rant forth lofty verse in Sophoclean strains, 634 Unknown to the Rutulian mountains, and to the Latin climate. I would we were false ! but Pontia cries out—“I have done it! “ I confess I have prepared poisons for my boys;— “ Which discover’d are evident: but the deed I myself perpe- “ trated.”— Didst thou, O most savage viper, destroy two at one meal ? “Didst thou two?”—“Yes, seven, if haply seven there had “ been.” Let us believe whatever is said in tragedies of cruel Colchis, and Progne. I endeavour nothing against it: and those women Dared in their day (to commit) great enormities, but Not for the sake of money. But little wonder is due- 645 To the greatest enormities, as often as anger makes this sex Mischievous, and, rage inflaming the liver, they are Carried headlong: as stones broken off from hills, from which the mountain Is withdraw]*, and the side recedes from the hanging cliff. I -could not bear her, who deliberates, and commits a great crime 6i( While in her sound mind. They behold Alceste undergoing the fate Of her husband, and, if a like exchange were allowed, They would desire to preserve the life of a lap-dog by the death of an husband. Many Belides will meet you, and Eriphyloe : No street but will have every morning a Clytemnestra. * fS Sat. vi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 5?' This is the only difference, that Tyndaris held a stupid And foolish axe, with her right hand and her left: But now the thing is done with the small lungs of a toad; But yet with a sword too, if cautious Atrides has beforehand tasted The Pontic medicines of the thrice-conquer’d king. 5 I t SATIRE YU. ARGUMENT. This Satire is addressed to Telesinus, a poet. Juvenal laments the negleeS of encouraging learning. That Caesar only is the patron of the fine arts. As for the rest of the great and noble Romans, they gave no heed to the protection of poets, historians, lawyers, rhetoricians, grammarians, &c These last were not only ill paid, but even forced to go to law for the poor pittance which they had earned, by the fatigue and labour of teaching school. , Both the hope, and reason of studies, is in Caesar only: For he only, at this time, hath regarded the mournful Muses, When now our famous and noted poets would try To hire a small bath at Gabii, or ovens at Rome: Nor would others think it mean, nor base, 5 To become criers; when, the valleys of Aganippe Being deserted, hungry Clio would migrate to court-yards. For if not a farthing is shewn to you in the Pierian shade, You may love the name, and livelihood of Machmra; And rather sell what the intrusted auction sells 10 To the standers by, a pot, tripods, book-cases, chests, The Alcithoe of Paccius, the Thebes and Tereus of Faustus. This is better than if you said before a judge, “I have seen/’ What you have not seen: tho’ the Asiatic knights And the Cappadocians may do this, and the knights of Bithy- nia, 15 Whom the other Gaul brings over barefoot. But nobody to undergo a toil unworthy his studies Hereafter shall be compelled, whoe’er he be that joins, to tuneful Measures, melodious eloquence, and hath bitten the laurel. Mind this, young men, the indulgence of the emperor 20 Has its eye upon, and encourages you, and seeks matter for itself. If you think protectors of your affairs are to be expected From elsewhere, and therefore the parchment of your saffron- colour’d tablet Is filled, get some wood quickly, and what Sat. vii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. You compose, Telesinus, give to the husband of Venus: 25 Or shut up, and bore thro’ with the moth your books laid by. Wretch, break your pens, and blot out your watched battles, Who makest sublime verses in a small cell, That you may become worthy of ivy, and a lean image. There is no farther hope : a rich miser hath now learnt 30 As much to admire, as much to praise witty men, As boys the bird of Juno. But your age, patient of the sea, And of the helmet, and of the spade, passes away. Then weariness comes upon the spirits; then, eloquent And naked old age hates both itself and its Terpsichore. 35 Hear now his arts, lest he whom you court should give you Any thing: both the temple of the Muses, and of Apollo, being forsaken, Himself makes verses, and yields to Homer alone, Because a thousand years [before him.] But if, with the desire of fame Inflamed, you repeat your verses, Maculonus lends a house: 40 And the house strongly barr’d is commanded to serve you, In which the door imitates anxious gates. He knows how to place his freedmen, sitting in the extreme part Of the rows, and to dispose the loud voices of his attendants. None of these great men will give as much as the benches may cost, 4S And the stairs which hang from the hired beam, And the orchestra, which is set with chairs, which are to be carried back. Yet we still go on, and draw furrows in the light Dust, and turn up the shore with a barren plough. For if you would leave off, custom of ambitious evil i0 Holds you in a snare; many an incurable ill habit of writing Possesses, and grows inveterate in the distemper’d heart. But the excellent poet, who has no common vein, Who is wont to produce nothing trifling, nor who Composer trivial verse in a common style, n Him (such a one I can’t shew, and only conceive) A mind free from anxiety makes :mf every thing displeasing Impatient, desirous of woods, and disposed for drinking the Fountains of the Muses: for neither to sing in the Pierian cave, or to handle the thyrsus, is poverty 60 Sober, and void of money, (which night and day the body wants,) Able. Horace is satisfied when he says—Euhoe! What place is there for genius, unless when with verse alone 60 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vii. Our minds trouble themselves, and by the lords of Cirrha and Nisa Are carried on, not admitting two cares at once ? It is the work of a great mind, not of one that is amazed about Getting a blanket, to behold chariots, and horses, and the faces Of the gods, and what an Erinnys confounded the Rutulian: For if a boy, and a tolerable lodging had been wanting to Virgil, All the snakes would have fallen from her hairs: The silent trumpet have groan’d nothing disastrous. Do we require That Rubrenus Lappa should not be less than the ancient buskin, Whose platters, and cloke, Atreus had laid in pawn ? Unhappy Numitor has not what he can send to a friend; He has what he can give to Quintilla: nor was there wanting to him 75 Wherewithal he might buy a lion, to be fed with much flesh, Already tamed. The beast stands him in less expense, Doubtless, and the intestines of a poet hold more. Lucan, content with fame, may lie in gardens adorn’d with Marble: but to Serranus, and to thin Seleius, What will ever so much fame be, if it be only fame ? They run to the pleasing voice, and poem of the favourite Thebais, when Statius has made the city glad, And has promised a day: with so great sweetness does he affect The captivated minds, and is heard with so much eager desire Of the vulgar: but when he has broken the benches with his verse, 86 He hungers, unless he should sell his untouched Agave to Paris. He also bestows military honour on many; He binds round the fingers of poets with Semestrian gold. What nobles do not give, an actor will. Dost thou trouble thine 90 Head about the Camerini and Bareae, and the great courts of nobles ? Pelopea makes prefects, Philomela tribunes. Yet envy not the poet whom the stage maintains. Who is your Maecenas? who now will be either a Proculeis. Or a Fabius? who a second Cotta? who another Lentulus? 9 * Then reward was equal to genius: then ’twas useful to many To be pale, and to know nothing of wine for a whole December. Moreover your labour, ye writers of histories, is more Abundant: this demands more time, and more oil; For the thousandth page, forgetful of measure, arises To ye all, and increases ruinous with much paper: Sat. vii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 61 Thus the great number of things ordains, and the law of (such) works. What harvest is from thence ? what fruit of the far-extended ground ? Who will give an historian as much as he would give to a col¬ lector of the registers ? 1€4 But they are an idle race, which rejoices in a couch or a shade. Tell me then, what civil offices afford to the lawyers, And the libels their attendants in a great bundle ? They make a great noise, but especially then, when the creditor Hears, or if one, more keen than he, has touched his side, Who comes with a great book to a doubtful debt: 110 Then his hollow bellows breathe out prodigious lies, And his bosom is spit upon. *But if you would discover the Profit, put the patrimony of an hundred lawyers on one side, And on the other that of the red-clad Lacerta only. The chiefs are set down together, thou risest a pale Ajax, 115 In order to plead about doubtful freedom, Bubulcus Being judge: break, wretch, your stretched liver, that, to you fatigued, Green palms may be fixed up, the glory of your stairs. What is the reward of your voice ? a dry bit of salt bacon, and a vessel Of sprats, or old bulbous roots which come monthly from Af¬ rica, 129 Or wine brought down the Tiber: five flagons, If you have pleaded four times—If one piece of gold befals, From thence shares fall, according to the agreement of prag¬ matics. To iEmilius will be given as much as he will ask; and we have Pleaded better: for a brazen chariot stands, and four stately 125 Horses in his vestibules, and himself on a fierce War-horse sitting, brandishes a bent spear Aloft, and meditates battle with a blinking statue. Thus Pedo breaks—Matho fails: this is the end Of Tongillus, who to bathe with large rhinoceros 130 Is wont, and vexes the baths with a dirty crowd; And thro’ the forum presses the young Medes with a long pole, Going to buy boys, silver, vessels of myrrh and villas; For his foreign purple with Tyrian thread promises for him. And yet this is useful to them; purple sells 1,s The lawyer, violet-colour’d robes sell him: it suits them To live with the bustle and appearance of a greater income. But prodigal Rome observes no bounds to expense. Tho’ the ancients should return, nobody would give Cicero 62 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. vii. Now-a-days two hundred sesterces, unless a great ring shone. He that litigates regards this first, whether you have eight 141 Servants, ten attendants, whether a chair is after you, Gownsmen before your steps. Therefore Paulus pleaded with an hired Sardonyx, and therefore pleaded at a higher fee than Cossus or than Basilus. Eloquence is rare in a mean clothing. When can Basilus produce a weeping mother ? 546 Who will bear Basilus (tho’) speaking well ? let Gallia Receive you, or rather, that nurse of lawyers, Africa, if it has pleased you to set a reward upon your tongue. Do you teach to declaim? O the iron heart of Vectius? 150 When a numerous class hath destroy’d cruel tyrants: For whatever sitting, it has just read, these same things standing, It will utter, and rehearse the same, over and over, in the same verses. The cabbage repeated kills the miserable masters. What the colour, and what the kind of cause, and where 1SS The chief question, what arrows may come from the contrary party, All would know, nobody pay the reward. Do you call for your reward ?—what, forsooth, do I know ? The fault of the Teacher You may be sure is blamed, because in the left part of the breast The Arcadian youth hath nothing that leaps, whose dire Han¬ nibal, 166 Every sixth day, fills my miserable head: Whatever it be concerning which he deliberates, whether he should go to the city From Cannae, or after showers and thunder cautious, He should wheel about his troops wet with the tempest. Bargain for as much as you please, and immediately take what fS*S5- I give, 165 That his father should hear him as often. But six other Sophists, and more, cry together with one mouth, And agitate real causes, the ravisher being left: The mixed poisons are silent, the bad and ungrateful husband, And what medicines now heal old blind men. 170 Therefore he will discharge himself, if my counsels will Move; and he will enter upon a different walk in life, Who has descended from the rhetorical shadow to real engage¬ ment, Lest the small sum should perish, from which cometh a vile Wheat-ticket: for this is a most splendid reward. Try 175 Sat. vii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 63 185 190 For how much Chrysogonus teaches, or Pollio the children Of the quality, dividing the art of Theodoras. Baths are at six hundred sestertia, and a portico at more, in which The lord is carried when it rains: can he wait for Fair weather, or dash his cattle with fresh mud ? 180 Here rather, for here the hoof of the clean mule shines. In another part, propp’d with tall Numidian pillars, A supper-room arises, and will snatch the cool sun. Whatever the house cost, one will come who composes skilfully Dishes of meat, and one who seasons soups. Amidst these expenses, two sestertiums, as a great deal, Will suffice for Quintilian. Nothing will cost a father Less than a son. Whence, therefore, hath Quintilian so many forests?—The examples of new fates Pass over: the fortunate is handsome, and witty, The fortunate is wise, and noble, and generous, And subjoins the moon set upon his black shoe. The fortunate is also a great orator, a dart-thrower, And, if he be hoarse, sings well: for there is a difference what Stars receive you, when you first begin 195 To send forth crying, and are yet red from your mother. If Fortune please, you will from a rhetorician become a consul: If this same please, you will from a consul become a rhetorician. For what was Ventidius ? what Tullius ? was it other than A star, and the wonderful power of hidden fate? The fates will give kingdoms to slaves, triumphs to captives. Yet that fortunate person is also more rare than a white crow, Many have repented the vain and barren chair, As the exit of Thrasymachus proves, and of Secundus Carrinas, and him whom poor you saw, O Athens, Daring to bestow nothing but cold hemlock. Grant, ye gods, to the shades of our ancestors, thin earth, and without weight, And breathing crocusses, and perpetual spring upon their urn, Who would have a preceptor to be in the place of a sacred Parent. Achilles, now grown up, fearing the rod, 218 Sang in his paternal mountains; and from whom then Would not the tail of the harper his master have drawn forth laughter ? But Ruffus, and others, each of their own young men strike; Ruffus, who so often called Cicero an Allobrogian. Who brings to the lap af Enceladus, or of the learned Palae- mon, 214 As much as grammatical labour has deserved ? and yet from this, 200 205 JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 64 [Sat. tie. Whatever it be, (but it is less than the money of the rhetorician,) Acoenitus himself, the keeper of the scholar, snips, And he who manages, breaks off some for himself. Yield, Palsemon, And suffer something to decrease from thence, not otherwise than 220 A dealer in winter-rug, and white blanket. Only let it not be lost, that from the midnight hour You have sat, in which no smith, in which nobody would sit, Who teaches to draw out wool with the crooked iron: Only let it not be lost to have smelt as many lamps As boys were standing, when all discolour'd was Horace, and soot stuck to black Virgil. Yet pay is rare which may not want the cognizance Of the Tribune.—But impose ye cruel laws, That the rule of words should be clear to the preceptor: 23e That he should read histories, should know all authors As well as his own nails and fingers; that, by chance, being ask'd While he is going to the hot baths, or the baths of Phoebus, he should tell The nurse of Anchises, the name and country of the step¬ mother 244 Of Archemorus: should tell how many years Acestes lived: How many urns of wine the Sicilian presented to the Phrygians, Require, that he should form the tender manners as with his thumb, As if one makes a face with wax: require, that he should be Even a father of his flock, lest they should play base tricks, And corrupt each other: it is no light matter to watch 243 The conduct of so many boys, and their wanton looks. These things, says he, take care of—but when the year turn* itself, Accept a piece of gold, which the people require for a conqueror. SATIRE VIII. ARGUMENT. In this Satire the Poet proves, that true nobility does not consist in statues and pedigrees, but in honourable and good actions. And, in opposition to persons nobly born, who are a disgrace to their family, he displays the worth of many who were meanly born, as Cicero, Marius, Serv. Tullius, and the Decii. What do pedigrees ? what avails it, Ponticus, to be valued By a long descent, and to shew the painted countenances Of ancestors, and iEmilii standing in chariots, And Curii now half, and less by a shoulder Corvinus, and Galba wanting ears and nose ? 5 What fruit to boast of Corvinus in the capacious table Of kindred, and after him to deduce, by many a branch, Smoky masters of the knights, with a Dictator, If before the Lepidi you live ill ? wither- (tend) the effigies Of so many warriors, if the nightly die be played with 10 Before the Numantii ? if you begin to sleep at the rising of Lucifer, at which those generals were moving their standards and camps ? Why should Fabius, born in a Herculean family, rejoice In the Allobroges, and the great altar, if covetous, if Vain, and never so much softer than an Euganean lamb? 15 If, having rubb’d his tender loins with a Catinensian pumice He shames his dirty ancestors—and, a buyer of poison, He saddens the miserable family with an image to be broken ? Tho’ the old waxen figures should adorn the courts on all sides, Virtue is the only and single nobility. 20 Be thou in morals Paulus, or Cossus, or Drusus; Put these before the effigies of your ancestors: Let then, you being consul, precede the fasces themselves. You owe me first the virtues of the mind—do you deserve To be accounted honest, and tenacious of justice, in word and deed ? . ‘ 25 I acknowledge the nobleman.—Hail, Getulian!—or thou, Silanus, from whatever other blood, a rare, and Choice citizen, thou befallest thy triumphing country. We may exclaim, what the people call out to Osiris 66 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. viii. When found.—But who would call him noble, who is 30 Unworthy his race, and for an illustrious name only Remarkable ? We call the dwarf of some one, Atlas: An Ethiopian, a swan: a little and deformed wench, Europa: to slow dogs, and with an old mange Smooth, and licking the mouths of a dry lamp, 35 The name of lion, leopard, tiger shall belong; and if there bo yet Any thing on earth that rages more violently. Therefore be¬ ware, And dread, lest thou should’st thus be Creticus, or Camerinus. Whom have I admonished by these things ? with thee is my discourse, Rubellius Plautus: you swell with the high blood of the Drusi, as if 40 You yourself had done something, for which you should be noble ; That she should have conceived you, who shines with the blood of lulus, Not she who, being hired, has woven under the windy mount. “Ye are low,” say you, “the last part of our common people; “ Of whom none can shew the country of his parent: 45 “But I am a Cecropian.”—May you live—and long enjoy the happiness Of this origin: yet, from the lowest of the people, an eloquent Roman You Avill find: this is used to defend the causes of an Unlearned nobleman : there will come from the gowned people Another, who can untie the knots of right, and the riddles of the laws. f0 This youth seeks the Euphrates, and of conquer’d Batavus The guardian eagles, industrious in arms; but thou Art nothing but a Cecropian, and most like to a mutilated Herma; For you excel from no other difference, than that He has a marble head, your image lives. ff Tell me, thou offspring of the Trojans, who thinks dumb ani¬ mals Noble, unless strong ? for thus a swift Horse we praise, for whom many a kind hand Glows, and victory exults in the hoarse circus. He is noble, from whatever pasture he comes, whose flight 60 Is famous before the others, and whose dust is first on the plain. But the cattle of Corytha are set to sale, and the posterity of Hirpinus, if rare victory sits on their yoke. There is no respect of ancestors, no favour JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 67 Sat. viii.] Of shades; they are commanded to change their masters For small prices, and draw waggons with a worn neck, Slow of foot, and worthy to turn the mill of Nepos. Therefore that we may admire you, not yours, first shew some¬ thing, Which I may inscribe among your titles besides your honours, Which we give, and have given, to them to whom you owe alt. These things are enough to the youth, whom fame delivers to us 71 Proud, and puffed up, and full of his kinsman Nero. For common sense is, for the most part, rare in that Condition. But to have thee esteemed from the praise of your ancestors, 74 Ponticus, I should be unwilling, so as that yourself should do Nothing of future praise: ; tis miserable to rest on another’s FAME, Lest the house fallen, by the pillars being taken away, should tumble into ruins. The vine strow’d on the ground wants the widow’d elms. Be you a good soldier, a faithful tutor, an uncorrupted Umpire also: if you are summoned as a witness in a doubtful And uncertain thing, tho’ Phalaris should command that you Should be false, and should dictate perjuries with the bull brought to you, Believe it the highest impiety to prefer life to reputation, And, for the sake of life, to lose the causes of living. He perishes worthy of death, tho’ he should sup on an hundred Gaurane oysters, and should be immersed in the whole caldron of Cosmus. When at length the province, long expected, shall receive you Governor, put checks to anger, and measure also Put to covetousness : pity the poor associates. 89 You see the bones of kings exhausted, with empty marrow. Regard what the laws may admonish, what the state command; How great rewards may await the good; with how just a stroke Both Capito and Tutor fell, the senate condemning, The robbers of the Cilicians: but what does condemnation avail When Pansa can seize whatever Natta left you? ** Look about for a crier, Chserippus, for your rags, And now be silent: it is madness, after all, to lose your freight. There were not the same complaints formerly, nor was the wound of Losses equal, when our associates flourished, and were just conquer’d. Then every house was full, and there was standing a great heap 68 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. viii. 101 Of money, a Spartan cloak, purples of Cos, And with pictures of Parrhasius, statues of Myron, The ivory of Phidias was living, also every where Much of the labour of Polycletus: few tables without Mentor. Thence is Dolabella, and thence Antony, thence 105 The sacrilegious Verres : they brought in lofty ships Hidden spoils, and more triumphs from peace. Now the associates have a few yokes of oxen, and a small herd * of mares. And the father of the herd will be taken away from the cap¬ tured field. Then the very household gods, if any remarkable image, 110 If any one single god be in the small shrine. But these (crime) are For chiefs, for these are greatest.—You may despise, Perhaps, the weak Rhodians, and anointed Corinth: You may deservedly despise them: what can effeminated youth And the smooth legs of a whole nation do to you ? 115 Rough Spain is to be avoided, the Gallic axis, And the coast of Illyria: spare also those reapers Who supply the city, intent upon the circus, and the theatre. But how great rewards of so dire a crime will you bring from thence, Since Marius has lately stripped the slender Africans ? 120 First care is to be taken, lest great injury be done To the brave and miserable; tho’ you may take away entirely every thing Of gold and silver, you will leave the shield and sword, And darts, and helmet:—arms remain to be plunder’d. What I now have proposed is not a mere opinion, but Believe me to recite to you a leaf of a Sibyl. If you have a virtuous set of attendants; if no favourite Sells your seat of judgment; if no crime be in your wife ; Nor thro’ the districts, and thro’ the towns, with crooked Talons, does she, a Celaeno, contrive to go to seize money; Then, you may reckon your lineage from Picus, and, if high 12.J names 131 Delight you, you may place the whole Titanian battle, And Promethus himself, among your ancestors: Take to yourself a great-grandfather from whatever book you please. But if ambition, and lust, hurry you headlong, 135 If you break rods in the blood of the allies, if thee Blunt axes delight, the lictor being tired, The nobility of your ancestors themselves begins to stand Sat. viii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 69 Against you, and to carry a clear torch before your shameful deeds. Evert vice of the mind has by so much more conspicuous 140 Blame, by how much he that offends is accounted gbeater. Wherefore to me boast yourself accustomed to sign false wills In the temples, which your grandfather built, and before The triumphal statue of your father ? what, if a nightly adult¬ erer, You veil your cover’d temples with a Santonic hood ? 145 By the ashes of his ancestors, and their bones, in a swift Chariot, fat Damasippus is whirl’d along, and he, Himself, the consul, binds the wheel with many a drag. By night indeed, but the moon sees, but the conscious stars Fix their eyes upon him: when the time of honour is finished, Damasippus, in the clear light, the whip will 141 Take, and no where tremble at the meeting of a friend Now old, but will first make a sign, with his whip; and trusses Of hay will loosen, and pour in barley to his tired beasts. Mean time while he kills sheep, and the fierce bullock, 155 After the manner of Numa, before the altars of Jove, he swears by Hippona, and faces painted at the stinking mangers : But when he pleases to renew the watchful taverns, A Syrophcenician, wet with a constant perfume, runs to Meet him, a Syrophcenician inhabitant of the Idumsean gate; With the affectation of an host, he salutes him lord and king; And nimble Cyane with a venal flagon. 162 A defender of his fault will say to me, “ We also have done “ these things “ When young men.” “ Be it so—but you left off, nor farther “ Cherish’d your error.—Let that be short which you shamefully “ adventure.” Some crimes should be cut off with the first beard. Indulge favour to boys. Damasippus goes to those Cups of the hot baths, and to the inscribed linen, Mature for the war of Armenia, and for defending the rivers Of Syria, and for the Rhine and Ister. To make Ner 170 Safe, this age is able. Send, Cgesar, send to Ostia, But seek your legate in a great tavern. You will find him lying by some cut-throat, Mix’d with sailors, or thieves, or fugitives, Among hangmen, or makers of coffins, m And the ceasing drums of a priest of Cybele lying on his back. There is equal liberty, cups in common, not another couch To any one, nor a table more remote to any. 70 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. viii. 180 184 190 19S What would you do, Ponticus, if you had such a slave ? You would surely send him among the Lucani, or the Tuscan workhouses. But you, sons of Troy, forgive yourselves, and what things Are base to a cobbler, will become the Yolesi or Bruti. ■ What, if we never use so foul, and so shameful Examples, that worse cannot remain ? Thy riches consumed, thy voice, Damasippus, thou hast hired to The stage, that thou mightest act the noisy Phasma of Catullus. Yelox Lentulus also acted well Laureolus, Worthy, I being judge, a real cross. Nor yet can you Excuse the very people: the front of this people is still harder, Who sits, and beholds the buffooneries of patricians: Hears barefooted Fabii—who can laugh at the slaps Of the Mamerci. At what price they may sell their deaths What does it signify? they sell them, no Nero compelling, Nor doubt to sell them to the shows of the haughty prsetor. But imagine the swords there, and put the stage here: Which is best ? has any one so feared death, that he should be Jealous of Thymele: the colleague of stupid Corinthus ? Yet it is not surprising, when the prince is a harper, that the noble Is a mimic: after these things, what will there be but a play? and there You have the disgrace of the city: Gracchus, neither in the arms of a Mirmillo, 200 Nor fighting with the shield, or held-up scythe, (For he condemns such habits, but he condemns and hates them,) Nor hides his forehead with an helmet: behold he moves a trident, After the nets, hanging from his balanced right-hand, He has cast in vain, his countenance naked to the scaffolds 204 He erects, and flies to be acknowledged over the whole arena. Let us trust to his tunic, since a golden wreath from his jaws Stretches itself, and is tossed from his long cap. Therefore the Secutor bore an heavier ignominy than any Wound, being commanded to fight with Gracchus If free suffrages were allowed the people, who is so Lost, as that he should doubt to prefer Seneca lo Nero ? For whose punishment there ought not to be prepared One ape, nor one serpent, nor one sack. The crime of Orestes was equal; but the cause makes the thing Unlike, for he, the gods being commanders, was the avenger Of a father slain in the midst of his cups: but he neither 310 314 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 71 Sat. viii.] 220 225 230 Polluted himself with the throat of Eleetra, nor with the blood Of Spartan wedlock: poison for none of his relations Did he mix. Orestes never sang upon the stage: Never wrote Troics: for what ought Virginius with his arms Rather avenge, or Galba with Vindex ? What did Nero in a tyranny so savage and bloody? These are the works, and these the arts of a noble prince, Rejoicing, with shameless song, on foreign states to be Prostituted, and to have deserved the parsley of a Grecian crown. “ Let the statues of your ancestors have the tokens of your voice, “Before the feet of Domitius do thou place the lcng garment “ Of Thyestes: or of Antigone; or the mask of Menalippe: “ And suspend an harp from a marble colossus.” Who, Catiline, will find out any thing more noble than your birth, Or than that of Cethegus ? but yet, nocturnal Arms, and flames, for the houses and temples ye prepared, As sons of the Gauls, or the posterity of the Senones, Attempting what it would be right to punish with a pitched coat: 23fi But the consul is vigilant, and restrains your banners. This new man of Arpinum, ignoble, and lately at Rome A municipal knight, puts every where an helmeted Safeguard for the astonished people, and labours every where. Therefore the gown conferred on him, within the wails, more fame 240 And honour, than Octavius brought away from Leucas, or from The fields of Thessaly, by his sword wet With continual slaughters. But Rome, the parent, Rome set free, called Cicero the father of his country. Another Arpinian, in the mountain of the Volsci, used To demand wages, tired with the plough of another man; After this he broke a knotty vine with his head, If, idle, he fortified the camp with a lazy axe. Yet he both the Cimbri, and the greatest dangers of affairs, Sustains, and alone protects the trembling city. And so, after to the Cimbri, and to the slaughter, the crows Flew, who had never touched greater carcases, His noble colleague is adorned with the second laurel. 'The souls of the Decii were plebeian, their names Plebeian: yet these, for whole legions, and for all Our auxiliaries, and for all the Latin common people, Suffice for the infernal Gods, and parent Earth: For the Decii were of more value than those who were saved by them. 245 25C 255 72 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. viii. Born from a servant maid, the robe and diadem of Romulus, And the fasces, the last of good kings deserved. 260 The youths of the counsebhimself were opening the fastenings Of the gates, betrayed to the exiled tyrants, and whom Some great thing for doubtful liberty might have become, Which Mutius, with Codes, might admire, and the virgin Who swam the Tiber, the bounds of our empire. 265 A slave, to be bewailed by matrons, produced their hidden crimes To the fathers: but stripes affected them with just Punishment, and the first axe of the laws. I had rather thy father were Thersites, so thou art Like Achilles, and take in hand the Vulcanian arms, Than that Achilles should produce thee like Thersites. And yet, however far you may fetch, and far revolve Your name, you deduce your race from an infamous asylum. Whoever he, the first of your ancestors, was, Either he was a shepherd, or that which I am unwilling to say. 270 27 g SATIRE IX. ARGUMENT. Juvenal, in this Satire, exposes and censures the detestable vice then prac¬ tised at Rome. Some have thought that this is done too openly. So Farnaby—Obsccenam cinaedorum et pathicorum turpitudinem acriter, at nimis aperte insectatur. Marshall says, that, on account of certain ex¬ pressions in this Satire, Jul. C. Scaliger advised every man of probity to abstain from the whole work of Juvenal. But, surely, this is greatly mistaking the matter, and not adverting duly to the difference between such writers as exert their genius in the cause of vice, and so write upon it, as if they wished to recommend it to the imagination, and thus to the practice of mankind, (as Horace among the Romans, and Lord Roches¬ ter among us,) and such a writer as Juvenal, who exerted a fine genius, and an able pen, against vice, and, in particular, against that which is the chief object of this Satire; in which he sets it forth in such terms as to create a disgust and abhorrence, not only of those monsters of lewdnese who practised it, but also of the vice itself: so that both might be avoided by the indignant reader, and beheld in the highest detestation and horror. Such were our Poet’s views in what he wrote, and therefore the plain¬ ness of his expressions he, doubtless, thought much more conducive to this desired end, as tending to render the subject, the more shocking, than if he had contented himself with only touching it with the gentler hand of periphrasis, or circumlocution. I would know, why so often, Nsevolus, you meet me, Sad, with a clouded brow, like the conquered Marsyas. What have you to do with a countenance, such as llavola had Discovered in his lewd commerce with Rhodope? We give a box on the ear to a servant who licks biscuits. Not more miserable than this face was Orepereius Pollio, who, ready to pay triple interest, Went about, and found not fools.— Whence on a sudden So many wrinkles? certainly, content with a little, you acted The knight-like slave, a facetious guest with biting jest, And quick with witticisms born within the limits ol the city. All is now contrary: a heavy countenance, a rough wood Of dry hair: no neatness in all your skin, such as A bandage of warm glue daubed about you procured; But your legs are neglected, and filthy with hair growing. ** n JUVENAL'S' SATIRES. [Sat. lx- What means the leanness of an old sick man, whom for a long, time A fourth day parches^ and a fever, long since familiar? You may discover the torments of a mind lurking in a sick Body, and you may discover joys: each habit the face Assumes from thence. Therefore you seem to have turned Your purpose, and to go contrary to your former life. For lately (as I recollect) the temple of Isis, and the Ganymede- Of (the temple of) Peace, and the secret courts of Cybele, And Ceres, (for in what temple does not a woman stand for hire ?) An adulterer; more known than Aufidius, you used to fre¬ quent, 2S And (which not to mention) to intrigue even with the very husbands. NiEV. And this kind of life is useful to many, but I have no Reward of my pains from thence. Sometimes coarse garments, Defences of the gown, of an harsh and homely colour, And badly stricken with the slay of a Gallic weaver, We receive. Thin money, and of the second vein. The fates govern men. Fate attends even our Bodily accomplishments, for, if your stars fail you. The greatness of these is of no service:: Tho’ Virro himself should view you with the utmost Desire, and kind, assiduous, and numerous letters should Solicit:—for such a man entices others. But what monster can be beyond an effeminate miser?— “These things I bestowed, then those I gave,soon you received “ more." He computes, and sins on—“Let a reckoning be made, let the “slaves “Come with the ledger:—number five sestertiums “In every thing"—“then let my labours be reckon'd— “Is it an easy and ready matter to engage in so much filth, “ And to rake into the recesses of the most horrid abomination ?— “The slave that digs the field will be less miserable.— 4 * “But truly you are delicate, and thought.yourself young, “And beautiful, and worthy heaven and the cup. “Will ye ever be kind to an humble attendant, to one who makes “ Ilis court, who are now not ready to bestoAv on your disease ?” Behold him to whom you must send a green umbrella, to whom great 50 Pieces of amber, as often as his birth-day returns, or the moist spring Begins: placed on a chair, both strowed and long, 75 Sat. ix.] JUVENAL S SATIRES* He handies secret gifts in the feminine calends. Say, sparrow, for whom so many mountains, so many Appulian Farms you keep, so many kites tired within your pastures? 54 A Trifoline field fills you with fruitful vines, And the hill seem aloft at Cumas, and empty Gaurus. For who stops up more casks with wine likely to live? How much had it been to present the loins of an exhausted client 60 With a few acres? Is it better that this rustic infant, With its mother and their cottage, and with the cur their play¬ fellow, Should become the legacy of a friend beating the cymbals? “You are impudent when you ask,” says he. “But rent calls “ out, “Ask: but my only slave calls, as Polypheme’s - “Broad eye, by which crafty Ulysses escaped: * 5 “ Another will be to be bought, for this does not suffice—both “Are to be fed. What shall I do when winter blows ? what, I “pray, “ What shall I say to the shoulders of my slaves in the month “of December, “ And to their feet ?—Stay, and expect the grasshoppers!” But however you may dissemble, however omit the rest, at how great a 70 Price do you reckon it, that, unless I had been to you a resigned And a devoted client, your wife would remain a virgin ? Foil certainly know by what methods—how oft you asked those things, And what you promised: how often the flying girl I caught in my embrace; she had broken the tables, and now 7S Was signing. I hardly redeemed this in a whole night, You weeping without-doors: the bed is my witness and thou, Who wast thyself ear-witness of every circumstance. Unstable wedlock, and begun to be broken off, and almost dis¬ solved, An adulterer, in many houses, has preserved. ** Whither can you turn ?—what can you place first or last ? Is it therefore no merit, ungrateful and perfidious, none, That a little son or a daughter is born to you by me? For you bring them up, and in the books of the acts you delight to publish Arguments of a man. Suspend garlands at your doors— 84 You are now a father; I have given what you may oppose to report. You have the rights of a parent: by my means you are written heir, 76 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. jx. You receive all the legacy : not to say some sweet windfall. Moreover many conveniences are joined to windfalls, Ef I should fill up the number three.— -Juv. The cause of your grief, Nasvolus, Is just. But what does he bring against it?— Nadv. He neglects me, and seeks another two-legged ass for himself. Remember to conceal these things committed to you alone, And silent fix within thee my complaints; For an enemy, smooth with pumice-stone, is a deadly thing. 01 He who lately committed the secret, burns, and hates, As if I had betrayed whatever I know: to take the sword, To open my head with a club, to put a candle to my doors, He doubts not. Neither contemn nor despise, that, To these riches, the provision of poison is never dear. fc Therefore you conceal secrets, as the court of Mars at Athens. Juv. O Corydon, Corydon, think you there is any secret Of a rich man ? if the servants should be silent, the cattle will speak, And the dog, and the posts, and the marbles: shut the win¬ dows, 104 Let curtains cover the chinks, close the doors, take the light Out of the way, let all be silent, let nobody lie near: Yet what he does at the crowing of the second cock, The next vintner will know before day, and will hear what The steward, the master-cooks, and carvers have together invented: for what crime do they hesitate to frame against 11C Their masters ? how often are straps revenged By rumours? Nor will there fail one who will seek thee thro r the streets Unwilling, and, smelling of wine, will inebriate your wretched ear. Therefore you should ask them, what a little before you sought From me: let them be silent: but they had rather betray u * A secret, than drink of stolen Falernan, As much as Laufella, sacrificing for the people, drank. One should live rightly, as on many accounts, so especially For these causes, that the tongues of slaves you may Contemn: for the tongue is the worst part of a bad servant. Yet he is worse, who shall not be free, than those Whose lives he preserves, both with his corn and money. N;ev. Therefore, that I may despise the tongue of a servant, You have just now given useful, but common, counsel: Now what do you persuade me to, after loss of time, and hopes 124 Deceived? for the hasty little flower, and very short PORTION Sat. ix.] JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 77 Of a miserable life, hastens to pass awat : While we drink, and chaplets, ointments, girls, We call for, old age, unperceived, creeps upon us. Juv. Fear not: you will never want a pathic friend, 1,9 These hills standing and safe : from every where to them There come together, in chariots and ships, all Who scratch the head with one finger: another greater Hope remains, do thou only impress thy tooth on rockets. NjEV. Prepare these examples for the fortunate; but mv Clotho ' And Lachesis rejoice, if I barely live by my vices. O my little Lares! whom with small frankincense, Or with meal, and a slender chaplet, I use to adorn, When shall I fix any thing, by which old age may be secure to me From the rug and staff?—Twenty thousand interest 149 With pledges set down ? little vessels of pure silver, But which the censor Fabricius would note—and two strong ones From the herd of the Mcesi, who, with shoulders placed [under me] May command me to stand secure in the noisy circus ?— Let me have besides a skilful engraver—and another 14 ‘ Who can quickly paint many faces:—these things will suffice. Since I shall be poor, a wretched wish!—Nor is there hope Only for these; for when Fortune is petitioned for me, She affixes wax, fetched from that ship, Which escaped the Sicilian songs, with a deaf rower. lw SATIRE X. ARGUMENT. The Poet’s design in this Satire, which deseivedly holds the first rank among all performances of the kind, is to represent the various wishes and desires of mankind, and to show the folly of them. He mentions riches, honours, eloquence, fame for martial achievements, long life, and beauty, and gives instances of their having proved ruinous to the possess¬ ors of them. He concludes, therefore, that we should leave it to the gods to make a choice for us, they knowing what is most for our good. All that we can safely ask is health of body and mind : possessed of these, we have enough to make us happy, and therefore it is not much matter what we want beside. In all lands, which are from Gades to The East and the Ganges, few can distinguish True good things, and those greatly different from them, the cloud Of error removed: for what, with reason do we fear, Or desire ? what do you contrive so prosperously, that you 4 May not repent of your endeavour, and of your accomplished wish? The easy gods have overturned whole houses, themselves Wishing it. Things hurtful by the gown, hurtful by warfare, Are asked: a fluent copiousness of speech to many And their own eloquence is deadly.—He, to his strength 1# Trusting, and to his wonderful arms, perished. But money, heap’d together with too much care, destroys More, and an income exceeding all patrimonies, As much as a British whale is greater than dolphins. Therefore in direful times, and by the command of Nero, 15 A whole troop Longinus, and the large gardens of wealthy Sen¬ eca, Surrounded, and beseiged the stately buildings of the Laterani— The soldier seldom comes into a garret. Tho’ you should cai;ry a few small vessels of pure silver, Going on a journey by night, you will fear the sword and the pole, 20 And tremble at the shadow of a reed moved, by moon-light. ■Sat. x.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 79 An empty traveller will sing before a bobber. Commonly the first things prayed for, and most known at all temples, Are, that riches may increase, and wealth; that our chest may be The greatest in the whole forum: but no poisons are drunk From earthen ware: then fear them, when you take cups 26 Set with gems, and Setine wine shall sparkle in wide gold. Nor therefore do you approve, that one of the wise men Laugh’d, as oft as from the threshold he had moved, and Brought forward one foot; the other contrary, wept ? 5C But the censure of a severe laugh is easy to any one, The wonder is whence that moisture could suffice for his eyes. With perpetual laughter, Democritus used to agitate His lungs, tho’ there were not, in those cities, ■Senatorial gowns, robes, rods, a litter, a tribunal. What, if he had seen the praetor, in high chariots •Standing forth, and sublime in the midst of the dust of the circus, In the coat of Jove, and bearing from his shoulders the Tyrian Tapestry on an embroider’d gown, and of a great crown So large an orb, as no neck is sufficient for ? 43 For a sAveating officer holds this, and lest the consul should .Please himself, a slave is carried in the same chariot. Now add the bird Avhich rises on the ivory sceptre, There the trumpeters, here the preceding offices of a long Train, and the snowy citizens at his bridles, 4t> Whom the sportula, buried in his coffers, has made his friends. Then also he found matter of laughter at all Meetings of men; whose prudence shews, That great men, and those about to give great examples, May be born in the country of blockheads, and under thick air. He derided the cares, and also the joys of the vulgar, i0 And sometimes their tears ; when himself could present a halter To threat’ning fortune, and shew his middle nail. Therefore, these (are) unprofitable, or pernicious tilings, (which) are ask’d, For which it is lawful to cover Avith wax the knees of the gods. Power, subject to great envy, precipitates some, ** A long and famous catalogue of honours overwhelms, Statues descend and they follow the rope; Then, the driven axe, the very Avheels of two-horse cars Demolishes, and the legs of the undeserving horses are broken. Now the fires roar, now with bellows and stoves, The head adorned by the people burns, and the great Sejanus Cracks: then, from the second face in the Avhole world, Arc made water-pots, basons, a frying-pan, platters. 80 JUVENALIS SATIRES. [Sat. x. Place laurels at your house, lead to the capitol a large White bull; Sejanus is dragg’d by a hook To be look’d upon: all rejoice: “ what lips ? what a counte¬ nance “ He had ? I never (if you at all believe me) loved “This man:—but under what crime did he fall? who was “ The informer ? from what discoveries ? by what witness hath “he prov’d it ?” 70 “Nothing of these: a verbose and great epistle came from “ Caprese:”—“ It is very well, I ask no more: but what did “The mob of Remus?”—“It follows fortune, as always, and “ hates “The condemn’d—The same people, if Nurscia had favour’d “ The Tuscan—if the secure old age of the prince had been 7f “ Oppressed, would, in this very hour, have called Sejanus, “ Augustus. Long ago, ever since we sell our suffrages “ To none, it has done with cares; for it, which once gave “ Authority, fasces, legions, all things, now itself “Refrains, and anxious only wishes for two things, **' “ Bread and the Circenses.”—“ I hear many are about to per- “ ish”— “ No doubt: the furnace is large: my friend Brutidius “ Met me, a little pale, at the altar of Mars”—» “ How I fear lest Ajax conquer’d should exact punishment, “ As defended badly!—let us run headlong, and, while he ** “ Lies on the bank, trample on the enemy of Caesar. “ But let the slaves see, lest any should deny it, and drag into “ Law their fearful master with shackled neck:” these were the Discourses then about Sejanus; these the secret murmurs of the vulgar. Will you be saluted as Sejanus ? have As much—and give to one chief chairs of state— Set another at head of armies ? be accounted guardian Of a prince, sitting in the august rock of Caprese, With a Chaldsean band? you certainly would have javelins, cohorts, Choice horsemen, domestic tents. “ Why should you not M £{ Desire these things ?” Even those who would not kill any one Would be able. But what renowned and prosperous things are of so much Value, since to posterity there may be an equal measure of evils ? Had you rather take the robe of this man, who is dragg’d Along, or be the power of Fidenae, or Gabii, ,0 ® And judge about a measure, and lesser vessels Break, a ragged aedile at empty Ulubrae ?— Sat. x.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 81 10 * 11* US iso Therefore, what was to he wish’d for, you will confess Sejanus To have been ignorant: for he who desired too many honours, And sought too much wealth, was preparing numerous Stories of an high tower, from whence his fall might be Higher, and the precipice of his enforced ruin be dreadful. What overthrew the Crassi, the Pompeys, and him who Brought down the subdued Romans to his scourges ? Why truly, the chief place, sought by every art, And great vows listen’d to by malignant gods. To the son-in-law of Ceres, without slaughter and wound, few Kings descend, and tyrants by a dry death. For the eloquence and fame of Demosthenes or of Cicero, He begins to wish, and does wish during the whole Quinqua- tria, Whoever reveres Minerva, hitherto gotten for three farthings, Whom a little slave follows, the keeper of his narrow satchel: But each orator perish’d by eloquence; each A large and overflowing fountain of genius consigned to death. The hand and neck was cut off by a genius; nor ever Were rostra wet with the blood of a weak lawyer. O fortunatam natam, me consulc, Romam! He might have contemn’d the swords of Antony, if thus He had said all things. I like better laughable poems, Than thee, divine Philippic of conspicuous fame, Who art roll’d up next from the first. Him also a cruel Death snatched away, whom Athens admired, Rapid, and moderating the reins of the full theatre. He was begotten, the gods adverse, and fate unpropitious, Whom his father, blear-eyed with the reek of a burning mass. From coal and pincers, and from the anvil preparing Swords, and from dirty Vulcan, sent to a rhetorician. The spoils of war, to maimed trophies a breast-plate Fixed, and a beaver hanging from a broken helmet, A yoke deprived of its beam, the flag of a conquer’d Three-oar’d vessel, and the sad captive at the top of an arch, Are believed to be greater than human goods: for these The Roman, Greek, and Barbarian commander hath Exerted himself: the causes of danger and labour hath had From thence. So much greater is the thirst of fame than Of Virtue: for who embraces even virtue itself, If you take away its rewards? —yet formerly the glory of a few Has ruined a country, and the lust of praise, and of A title to be fixed to the stones, the keepers of their ashes: wli'ch, ii* 13* 13* 140 82 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. x. 15* 160 To throw down, the evil strength of a barren fig-tree is able, Since fates are given also to sepulchres themselves. ut Weigh Hannibal—how many pounds will you find in that Great General? this is he, whom Africa wash’d by the Moorish Sea, and adjoining to the warm Nile, does not contain: Again, to the people of Ethiopia, and to other elephants, Spain is added to his empires: the Pyrenean He passes: nature opposed both Alps and snow: He severed rocks, and rent the mountain with vinegar. He now possesses Italy, yet endeavours to go farther : i: Nothing is done,” says he, “unless, with the Punic army, we “ break “The gates, and I place a banner in the midst of Suburra O what a face! and worthy of what a picture! When the Getulian beast carried the one-eyed general! Then what his exit? O glory! for this same man Is subdued, and flies headlong into banishment, and there a great And much to be admired client sits at the palace of the king, Till it might please the Bithynian tyrant to awake. The end of that life, which once disturbed human affairs, Nor swords, nor stones, nor darts gave, but that Redressor of Canme, and avenger of so much blood, A ring.—Go, madman, and run over the savage Alps, That you may please boys, and become a declamation. One world did not suffice the Pellaean youth: He chafes unhappy in the narrow limit of the world, As one shut up in the rocks of Gyaras, or small Seriphus. Yet when he had enter’d the city fortified by briekmakers, He was content with a Sarcophagus. Death only discovers How little the small bodies of men are. It is believed, that formerly, Athos was sailed thro’, and whatever lying Greece Adventures in history; the solid sea strowed with Those very ships, and put under wheels: we believe deep Rivers to have failed, and their waters drunk up when Mede Dined, and what things Sostratus sings with wet wings. But what did that barbarian return, Salamis being left, Who was wont to rage with whips, against the north-west and East wind, (which never suffered this in the iEolian prison,) Who bound Ennosigseus himself with fetters ? That indeed was rather mild, that not worthy a mark also He thought him. Any of the gods would be willing to serve him. 165 176 175 the 17* JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 83 Sat. x.] ] 91 195 201 But what manner of man returned he ? Truly with one vessel in the 1,1 Bloody waves, and, with slow prow, thro’ thick carcasses. Glory so often wished for exacted this punishment. Give length of life, give, O Jupiter, many years! This with upright countenance, and this, pale, alone you wish. But with what continual, and how great evils is old age Full! See the countenance deform’d, and hideous beyond every thing, And unlike itself, an unsightly hide instead of a skin: And pendent cheeks, and such wrinkles, As, where Tabraca extends its shady forests, A mother-ape scratches in her old cheek, The differences of youths are very many, one is handsomer than This, and he than another: this far more robust than that: The face of old men is one, the limbs trembling with the voice, And now a smooth head, and the infancy of a wet nose. Bread is to be broken by the wretch with an unarm’d gum: .So very burthensome, to wife, and children, and himself, That he would move the loathing of the flatterer Cossus. The palate growing dull, the joys of wine and food are not The same: a long oblivion of those pleasures, Which are in vain invited to return, Tho’ every means be used to restore them. Has this important state any thing to hope for? What, but that the desire be deservedly suspected, Which, without power, affects gallantry. Now see The loss of another part—for what pleasure (has he) when a Harper (tho’ even the best) or Seleucus performs, And those whose custom it is to shine in a golden habit? What signifies it in what part of a great theatre he may sit, Who can hardly hear the cornets, and the sounding of the 'Trumpets? There needs a bawling, that the ear may perceive Who his boy may say has come, how many hours he may bring word of. Beside, the very little blood, now in his cold body, Is only warm from fever: there leap around, form’d into a troop, All kind of diseases, the names of which were you to ask, I could sooner unfold, how many adulterers Hippia has loved, How many sick Themison has killed in one autumn: How many of our allies Basilus, how many orphans Hirrus Has cheated. How many gallants the tall Maura can Dispense with in a day, how many disciple* Hamillus may de¬ file. e* su 221 234 84 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. x. Sooner run over how many country-houses he may now possess, Who clipping my beard, troublesome to me a youth, sounded. One is weak in his shoulder, another in his loins, another in his hi P> Another has lost both his eyes, and envies the blind of one: The pale lips of this take food from another's fingers: : He, at the sight of a supper, accustomed to stretch open his Jaw, only gapes, likes the young one of a swallow, to whom The fasting dam flies with her mouth full. But, than all the loss Of limbs, that want of understanding is greater, which neither Knows the names of servants, nor the countenance of a friend, With whom he supped the night before, nor those 534 Whom he hath begotten, whom brought up: for, by a cruel tvill He forbids them to be his heirs; all his goods are carried To Phiale: so much avails the breath of an artful mouth, Which has stood for many years in the prison of a brothel. Tho’ the senses of the mind may be strong, yet funerals of children Are to be attended, the pile to be seen of a beloved Wife, and of a brother, and urns fill’d with sisters. This pain is given to long-livers, so that, the slaughter Of the family being continually renewed, in many sorrows, and in Perpetual grief, and in a black habit, they may grow old. The Pylian king (if you at all believe the great Homer) Was an example of life second from a crow: Happy, no doubt, who thro’ so many ages had deferr’d Death, and now computes his years with the right hand, And who so often drank new must: I pray, attend A little—How much might he complain of the laws Of the fates, and of too much thread, when he saw the beard of Brave Antilochus burning: he demands of every friend Which is present, why he should last till these times— What crime he had committed worthy so long life. *** The very same does Peleus, while he mourns Achilles snatch’d away, And another, to whom it was permitted to lament the swimming Ithacus. Troy being safe, Priam had come to the shades Of Assaracus with great solemnities, Hector carrying The corpse, and the rest of the shoulders of his brethren, 24 1 3J* among 3Go The tears of the Trojans, as soon as Cassandra should begin Sat. x.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 85 To utter the first wailings, and Polyxena with a rent garment, Had he been extinct at another time, in which Paris Had not begun to build the daring ships. What therefore did long life advantage him? he saw all things Overturn’d, and Asia falling by fire and sword. 206 Then, a trembling soldier, the diadem being laid aside, he bore arms, And fell before the altar of high Jove, as an old ox, Who, to the master’s knife, offers his lean and miserable Neck, now despised by the ungrateful plough. Commanded to look at the last period of a long life. Banishment and a prison, and the marshes of Minturn», I hasten to our own, and pass by the king of Pontus, And Croesus, whom the eloquent voice of just Solon However, that was the exit of a man: but his fierce wife, 27 -' Who outlived him, bark’d with a canine jaw. And bread begged in conquer’d Carthage, Hence had their causes—what, than that citizen, had Nature on the earth, or Rome ever borne, more happy, If, the troop of captives being led around, and in all * ,e The pomp of wars, he had breath’d forth his great soul, When he would descend from the Teutonic chariot? Provident Campania had given Pompey fevers To be wished for; but many cities, and public vows Overcame them: therefore his own fortune, and that of the city, 28/1 Took off his preserved head from him conquer’d: this torment, This punishment Lentulus was free from; and Cethegus fell Entire, and Catiline lay with his whole carcase. With moderate murmur, the anxious mother desires beauty Eor her boys—with greater for her girls, when she sees the temple of Venus, *•* Even to the delight of her wishes. Yet, why, says she, Should you blame me? Latona rejoices in fair Diana. But Lucretia forbids a face to be wished for, such As she had. Virginia would desire to accept the hump of Rutila, And give her (shape) to Rutila. But a son, with a 294 Remarkable person, always has miserable and trembling Parents—So rare is the agreement of beauty And chastity! —Tho’ the homely house chaste morals should Have transmitted, and imitated the old Sabines. Beside, a chaste disposition, and a countenance glowing 309 With modest blood, let bounteous nature give him With a kind hand, (for what more upon a boy can Nature, more pow’rful than a guardian, and than all care, be¬ stow ?) 86 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. x . They must not be men; for the prodigal improbity Of a corrupter dares to tempt the parents themselves: 30 * So great is confidence in bribes. No tyrant ever Castrated a deform’d youth in his cruel palace: Nor did Nero ravish a noble youth club-footed, or one With a wen, and swelling equally in his belly and hump. Go now, and delight in the beauty of your young man, 31C Whom greater dangers await. He will become a public Adulterer, and will fear whatsoever punishment an angry Husband exacts: nor will he be happier than the star Of Mars, that he should never fall into snares: but sometimes That pain exacts more than any law to pain 815 Has granted. One kills with a sword, another cuts with bloody Scourges, and some adulterers the mullet enters. But your Endymion will become the adulterer of some beloved Matron: presently when Servilia shall give him money, He will become hers too whom he loves not: she will put off Every ornament, of her body: for what will any woman deny to Those she likes, whether she be Hippia or Catulla? There a bad woman has her whole manners. But how does beauty hurt the chaste? what, once on a time, did A solemn resolution benefit Hippolytus? what Bellerophon? Truly this redden’d as if scorned by a repulse: Nor was Sihenobcea less on fire than the Cretan, and both Vexed themselves. A woman is then most cruel When shame adds goads to hatred. Choose what 3241 You think to be advised, to him whom Cresar’s wife destines To marry: this the best and most beautiful too Of a patrician family is hurried, a wretch, to be destroy’d By the eyes of Messalina: long she sits in her prepared Bridal veil, and openly the Tyrian marriage-bed is strowed In the gardens, and ten times an hundred will be given by an¬ cient . 135 Rite: the soothsayer, with the signers, will come. Do you think these things secret, and committed to a few ? She will not marry unless lawfully. Say—what like you?— Unless you will obey, you must perish before candle-light. If you commit the crime, a little delay will be given, till the thing, 30 Known to the city and to the people, reaches the prince’s ears, (He will last know the disgrace of his house.) In the mean while Do thou obey the command, if the life of a few days is Of such consequence; whatever you may think best and easiest, Sat. x.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 8? This fair and white neck is to be yielded to the sword. 345 Shall men therefore wish for nothing? If yon will have ad¬ vice, Permit the gods thhmselves to consider what May suit us, and be useful to our affairs. • For instead of pleasant things, the gods will give whatever are fittest. Man is dearer to them, than to himself : we, led by the 3i0 Impulse of our minds, and by a blind, and great desire, Ask wedlock, and the bringing forth of our wife: but to them Is known, what children, and what sort of a wife she may be. However, that you may ask something, and vow in chapels Entrails, and the divine puddings of a whitish swine, 355 You MUST PRAY, THAT YOU MAY HAVE A SOUND MIND IN A SOUND BODY. Ask a mind, strong, and without the fear of death; Which puts the last stage of life among the gifts of Nature; which can bear any troubles whatsoever; Knows not to be angry; covets nothing; and which thinks 360 The toils of Hercules, and his cruel labours, better Thai* the lasciviousness, and luxury, and plumes of Sardana- palus, I shew what yourself may give to yourself: Surely the only Path to a quiet life lies open through virtue. 304 You have no deity, O Fortune, if there be prudence ; but Thee we make a goddess, and place in heaven. SATIIIE XI. ARGUMENT. The poet takes occasion, from an invitation which he gives to his friend Persicus to dine with him, to commend frugality, and to expose and reprehend all manner of intemperance and debauchery ; but more par¬ ticularly the luxury used by the Romans in their feasting. He instances some lewd practices at their feasts, and reproves the nobility for making lewdness and debauchery the chiefest of their pleasures. He opposes the temperance and frugality of the greatest men in former ages, to the riot and intemperance of the present. He concludes w.th repeating hin invitation to his friend, advising him to a neglect of all care and disquiet for the present, and a moderate use of pleasures for the future. If Atticus sups sumptuously, he is accounted splendid; If Rutilus, mad: for what is received with a greater Laugh of the vulgar, than poor Apicius? every Company, the baths, the stations, every theatre, [talk] Of Rutilus. For while Jiis strong and youthful limbs 4 Suffice for a helmet, and while ardent in blood, he is reported (The tribune not compelling indeed, but neither prohibiting) To be about to write the laws, and princely words of a fencer. Moreover, you see many, whom the often-eluded creditor is wont To wait for at the very entrance of the shambles, 10 And to whom the purpose of living is in the palate alone. The most wretched of these, and now soon to fall, (his Ruin already being clear,) sups the more elegantly, and the better. Meantime, they seek a relish thro’ all the elements, The prices never opposing their inclination: if you attend 14 More intimately, those things please more, which are bought FOR MORE. Therefore it is not difficult to procure a sum that will be wasted, Dishes being pawned, or a broken image of their mother, And, for four hundred sesterces, to season a relishing Earthen dish: thus they come to the diet of a prize-fighter. ** It importeth, therefore, who may prepare these same things'— for, in Rutilus, It is luxury; in Yentidius a laudable name JUVENAL’S SATIRES. v 89 Sat. xi.] It takes, and derives its fame from his income. 1 should, by nght, Despise him, who knows how much higher Allas is Thau ail the mountains in Libya, yet this same person 2f Be ignorant, how much a little bag differs from an Iron chest: know thyself —descended from heaven, To be fixed, and revolved in the mindful breast, whether You may seek wedlock, or would be in a part of The sacred senate. For Thersites does not demand the Breast-plate of Achilles, in which Ulysses exposed himself Doubtful. Or whether you may affect to defend a cause in great Difficulty: consult thyself, tell tjpyself who thou art, A vehement orator, or Curtins, or Matho The measure of Your abilities is to be known, and regarded in the greatest, 3 * And in the least affairs; even when a fish shall be bought: Nor should you desire a mullet when you have only a gudgeon In your purse: for what end awaits thee, your purse failing, Your gluttony increasing: your paternal fortune, And substance, sunk in your belly, capable of containing Interest and principal, and fields and Hocks? From such masters, after all, last goes forth The ring, and Pollio begs with a naked finger. Ashes are not premature, nor is a funeral bitter To luxury, but old age more to be feared than death. 43 These are oftlimes the steps: money is borrowed at Home, And consumed before the owners: then, when a little, I don’t know what, is left, and the usurer is pale, Those who have changed the soil, run to Baiae, and to Ostia. For, to depart from the forum, is nol worse to you, than " To migrate to Esqniliae from the hot Suburra. That is the only grief to those who fly their country, that The sorrow, to have been deprived of the Circensian games for * one year. Not a drop of blood sticks in the face, few detain Modesty, ridiculous and flying out of the city. 3 * You shall this day experience, whether things most fair In word, Persic us, I cannot practise, neither in my life, nor in my morals, and in deed ; But, a secret glutton, 1 can praise pulse, order water-gruel To the servant before others, but, in his ear, cakes. For, since you are a promised guest to me, you shall have 60 Evaudcr, you shall come Tiryuthius, or a guest less Thau he, and yet be akin to heaven in blood, The one sent to the stars by water, the other by flames. Now hear of dishes furnished from no shambles: 90 JUVENAL’S SATIRES [Sat. xi. 65 75 80 85 There shall come, from my Tiburtine farm, the fattest Young kid, and more tender than all the Hock, ignorant of grass, Nor yet daring to bite the twig of the low willow: Which has more of milk than blood. And mountain Asparaguses, which my bailiff’s wife gather’d, laying her spin¬ dle aside. Great eggs besides, warm in the twisted hay, Are added, with the mothers themselves; and, kept for a Part of the year, grapes, such as they were upon the vines: The Signian and Syrian pear: from the same baskets Apples, rivals to the Picene, and of a recent odour, Nor to be feared by you, after they have laid aside The autumn, dried by cold, and the dangers of a crude juice. This, a long time ago, was the luxurious supper of the Senate: Gurius put small herbs, which he had gather’d in his Little garden, over his small fire: which now A dirty digger, in a large fetter, despises, Who remembers how the sow’s womb of a cook’s hot shop can relish. The back of a dry swine, hanging on a wide rack, It was the custom formerly to keep for festal days, And to set bacon, a birth day feast, before relations, Fresh meat acceding, if the sacrifice afforded any. Some one of the kindred, with the title of thrice consul, and Who the commands of camps, and the honour of dictator Had discharged, went to thes? feasts sooner than usual, Bringing back his erect spade from a subdued mountain. But when they trembled at the Fabii, and severe Cato, And the Scauri, and Fabricii, and the severe manners Of a rigid censor, even his colleague feared; Nobody esteemed it to be reckon’d among his cares, and serious concerns, What sort of tortoise might swim in the waves of the sea, About to make a famous and noble couch for the Trojugensc: But with a naked side, and on small beds, a brazen front Shewed the vile head of an ass wearing a garland, At which the wanton boys of the country made a jest. Therefore such was their food, as was their house,.and the fur niture; Then rude, and unknowing to admire the Grecian arts, Cities being overturned, in a found part of the spoils, The soldier brake the cups of great artificers, That his horse might rejoice in ltappings, and that the embossed helm t L I enesses of the Romulean wild-beasts, commanded to grow tame 00 ** 00 iOO 104 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 91 Sat. xi.] 119 Ilf 120 By the fate of the empire, and under a rock the twin Quirini, And a naked image of the god (shining with shield and Spear, and impending) might shew to the foe about to perish. What was of silver, shone in arms alone. Therefore, they then put all their food of corn in a Tuscan Dish; which you would envy, were you a little envious. The majesty of the temples was also more present, and a voice Almost in the midst of the night, and heard thro’ the midst of the city, The Gauls coming from the shore of the ocean, and the gods, Performing the office of a prophet, warned us by these. This care Jupiter was wont to afford the Latian Affairs, fictile, and polluted by no gold. Those times home-born tables, and out of our own tree, those Times saw : the wood stood for these uses, If haply the east-wind had thrown down an old nut-tree. But now there is no pleasure of supping, to the rich The turbot, the venison is tasteless, the ointments Seeln to stink, and the roses; unless the wide orbs large Ivory sustains, and a lofty leopard, with a great gape, Out of those teeth, which the gate of Syene sends, And the swift Moors, and the Indian darker than the Moors, And which a beast has deposited in a Nabathaian forest, Now too much and too heavy for his head: hence arises appe¬ tite, Hence strength to the stomach: for a silver foot to them, Is what an iron ring would be upon the finger. Therefore the proud Guest I am aware of, who compares me to himself, and de¬ spises ' My little affairs; insomuch that I have not an ounce of ivory, Nor are my squares, nor a chess-man of this Material: nay the very handles of my knives Are of bone : yet by these no victuals ever become Rank; or is, therefore, a hen cut the worse. Nor shall there be a carver, to whom every school ought To yield, a disciple or doctor Trypherus, at whose house An hare with a large sumen, and a boar, and a pygarg, And Scyihian birds, and a huge Phcenicopter, And a Gmtulian goat, most delicious things, with a blunt iron Are cut, and the feast made of elm sounds thro’ all ihe Suburra Neither lo take off a piece of a roe, nor the side of an African Bird, does my little novice know, and always rude, And accustomed to the broken pieces of a little steak. Plebeian cups, and bought for a few pence, 123 ISO 1SJ> u» 92 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat., xi- 150 iet ap- 169 The homely boy, and safe from cold, shall reach forth. There shall not be Phrygian or Lycian, nor any bought from- A slave-merchant, and costly: when you ask, ask in Latin. The same habit is to all, the hair cropp’d and straight, And to-day comb’d only on account of our feast. One is the son of an hardy shepherd, the other of an herdsman; He sighs after his mother, not seen for a long time, And sad longs for the little cottage, and the known kids. A lad of an ingenuous countenance, and of ingenuous mcdesty y Such as it becomes those to be, whom glowing purple clothes. Nor, hoarse, does he expose himself, 1S * With indecency, when naked in the baths, Nor, fearful, practise means to hide his nakedness. He shall give you wine made in those mountains From whence himself comes, under the top of which he played: For the country of my wine, and of my servant, are one and the same. Perhaps you may expect, that a Gaditanian, with a tuneful Company, may begin to wanton, and girls approved with plause Lower themselves to the ground in a lascivious manner. Married women behold this, their husbands lying by, Which it may shame any one to have related, they being pre sent; A provocative of languishing desire, and sharp incentives Of a rich man: yet that is a greater pleasure Of the other sex, it is most atlected by it, and soon The eyes and ears are contaminated to a great degree. An humble house does not contain these follies : let him hear The noise of shells, with words, from which a naked slave Standing in a stinking brothel abstains; let him enjoy Obscene expressions, and all the art of lewdness, Who lubricates the Lacedaemonian orb with spirting wine, For there we give allowance to fortune. The die is base, Adultery is base in middling people: yet when they do All these things, they are called joyous and polite. Our feast to-day will give us other sports: The author of the Iliad shall be repeated, and of lofty Maro The verses making a doubtful palm. What does it signify with what voice such verses may be read? But now leave off business, your cares deferr’d, And give yourself grateful rest, since you may Be idle throughout the whole day: of interest-money 18# No mention; nor, if gone forth at day-break, she is wont To be returned at night, let your wife provoke you, silent, to anger, 170 174 1S1 Sat. xi.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 93 Bringing back her fine garments with suspected wrinkles, Her hair disorder'd and her countenance and ears glowing, Immediately put off before my threshold whatever grieves: Lay aside home, and servants, and whatever is broken by them, Or is lost: Before all, put away ungrateful friends. Meantime, the spectacles of the Megalesian towel Grace the Idsean solemnity, and, like as in triumph, The praetor, a destroyer of horses, sits: and (if with the peace m Of such an immense and superabundant crowd I might say it) This day the circus contains all Rome, and a noise strikes My ear, from whence I gather the event of the green cloth. For if it should fail, sad and amazed would you see This city, as when the consuls were conquered in the dust 20 * Of Cannae. Let youths behold, whom clamour, and a bold Wager becomes, and to sit by a neat girl. Let our contracted skin drink the vernal sun, And avoid the gown: even now to the baths, with a safe Countenance you may go, tho’ a whole hour should remain 2M To the sixth. You could not do this for five days Successively: for the fatigues’ of such a life also Are great: rarer use commends pleasures. \ SATIRE XII. ARGUMENT. The Poet having invited Corvinus to assist at a sacrifice, which he intended to offer up by way of thanksgiving for the safety of his friend Catullus from the danger of the seas, professes his disinterestedness on the occa¬ sion, and, from thence, takes an opportunity to lash the Hseridepetse, or Legacy-hunters, who flattered and paid their court to rich men, in hopes of becoming their heirs. This day, Corvinus, is sweeter to me than my birth-day, In which the festal turf expects the animals promised To the gods: we kill to the queen a snowy lamb: An equal fleece is given to Minerva. But the petulant victim shakes his long extended rope, s Kept for Tarpeian Jove, and brandishes his forehead: For it is a stout calf, ripe for the temples and altar, And to be sprinkled with wine; which is now ashamed to draw Its mother’s dugs, and teazesthe oaks with its budding horn. If my fortune had been ample, and like my affection, 10 A bull, fatter than Hispulla, should be drawn, and with its very Bulk slow, nor nourish’d in a neighbouring pasture, But his blood shewing the glad pastures of Clitumnus, Should go, and his neck to be stricken by a great minister, On account of the return of my yet trembling friend, lately having 11 Suffer’d dreadful things, and wondering that he is safe. For, beside the hazard of the sea, and the stroke of lightning Escaped, thick darkness hid the sky In one cloud, and a sudden fire struck the sail-yards; When every one might believe himself struck with it, and pre¬ sently, 20 Astonish’d, might think that no shipwreck could be Compared with the burning sails. All things become Such, as grievously, if at any time a poetic tempest Arises. Behold another kind of danger, hear, And again pity, tho’ the rest be of the same u Kind: a dire portion indeed, but known to many, And which many temples testify, with a votive Tablet—who knows not that painters are fed by Isi3 ? Sat. xii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 95 The like fortune also happen’d to my Catullus; When the middle hold was full of water, and now The waves overturning the alternate side of the ship Of uncertain wood, the prudence of the grey master Could confer no help: he began to compound With the winds by throwing overboard, imitating the beaver, who Makes himself an eunuch, desiring to escape with the loss 3f Of his testicles: thus medicated does he understand his groin. Throw out all things which are mine, says Catullus, Willing to throw over even the most beautiful things, a garment. Of purple, fit also for tender Maecenases: And others, the very sheep of which the nature of 40 The generous herbage dyed, but also a remarkable fount With hidden powers, and Baetic air helps. Nor did he hesitate to throw away his plate; dishes Made by Parthenius, a cup holding an urn, And worthy Pholus thirsting, or the wife of Fuscus. 41 Add also baskets, and a thousand dishes, a great deal Of wrought-work, in which the cunning buyer of Olynthus had drunk. But who now is the other, in what part of the world, who dares Prefer his life to his plate, his safety to his goods? Some do not make fortunes on account of life, 50 But, blind with vice, live for the sake of fortunes. The greatest part of useful goods is thrown over, but Neither do the losses lighten. Then, the contrary (winds) urging, It came to that pass that he should lower the mast with an axe, And free himself distressed: the last state of danger is, ef When we apply helps to make the ship less. Co now and commit your life to the winds, trusting to A hewn plank, removed from death four Fingers, or seven, if the pine be very large. Immediately with your provision-baskets, and bread, and belly of a flagon, tt ® Remember axes to be used in a storm. But after the sea lay smooth, after the circumstances of the Mariner were favourable, and his fate more powerful than the east wind, And the sea; after the cheerful destinies draw better Tasks with a benign hand, and of a white thread Are spinsters, nor much stronger than a moderate air Is there a wind the miserable prow ran with a poor device, With extended garments, and, which alone was left, With its own sail: the south winds now failing. 96 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xi?.- The hope of life return’d with the sun: then acceptable to lulus, 701 And an abode preferr’d to the Lavinum of his step-mother, The sublime top is beheld, to which the name a white Sow gave (a wonderful udder to the glad Phrygians) And famous for thirty dugs never [before] seen. At length she enters the placed moles, thro’ the included waters,. And the Tyrrhene Pharos, and again the stretched-out arms Which meet the middle sea, and tar leave Italy: therefore you will not so admire the havens Which nature has given: but the master, with mangled ship, Seeks the interior pools of the safe bay, pervious to m A Baian boat: there, with a shaved head, secure, The sailors rejoice to relate iheir chattering dangers. Go then, boys, favouring with tongues and minds, Put garlands on the temples, and meal on the knives, And adorn the soft hearths, and the green glebe. 85 I’ll soon follow, and the sacred business, which is best, being duly finish’d, I will then return home; where, little images, shining With brittle wax, shall receive slender crowns. Here I will placate our Jupiter, and to my paternal Lares Will give frankincense, and will throw down all the colours of the violet. 00 All things shine. My gate has erected long branches, And joyful celebrates the feast with morning lamps. Nor let these things be suspected by you, Corvinus: Catullus, For whose return I place so many altars, has three Little heirs: I should be glad to see who would bestow 9S A hen, sick and closing her eyes, on a friend So barren : but this is an expence too great. No quail Will ever fall for a father. If rich Gallita and Paecius, Who are childless, begin to perceive heat, every porch Is clothed with tablets fixed according to law. 100 There exist who would promise an hecatomb. Forasmuch as there are no elephants to be sold, neither here Nor in Latium; nor any where in our climate is such A beast conceived, but, fetched from a dusky nation, Is fed in the Rutulian woods, and in the field of Turnus, 105 The herd of Csesar, procured to serve no private Man: the ances'ors of these, indeed, used to obey Tyrian Hannibal, and our generals, and the Molossian king, And to carry cohorts on their back, Some part of the war, and a tower going to battles. n * Therefore there is no delay by Novius, no delay by Sat. xii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 97 \ Ister Pacuvius, but that that Ivory should be led to the altars, And fall a sacred victim before the Lares of Gallita, Worthy of deities so great, and of the flatterers of these men. For the one, if you allow him to slay, will vow 115 From his flock of servants, the great, or all the most beautiful Bodies; or on his boys, and on the foreheads of his maids Would put fillets: and if he has any marriageable Iphigenia at home, he will give her to the altars, although He may not expect the furtive expiation of the tragic hind. I praise my citizen, nor do I compare with a last will iai A thousand ships: for if the sick man should escape Libitina, He’ll cancel his will, inclosed in the prison of a net, After desert truly wonderful: and everything, perhaps, Will give shortly to Pacuvius alone. He proud will 125 Strut, his rivals overcome. Therefore you see, how Great a reward of service she slaughter’d at Mycenre may pro¬ cure. Let Pacuvius live, I beg, even all Nester. May he possess as much as Nero plunder’d—may gold equal Mountains; nor let him love any body, nor be loved by any body. 130 SATIRE XIII. ARGUMENT. The Poet writes this Satire to Calvinus, to comfort him under the loss of a large sum of money, with which he had entrusted one of his friends, and which he could not get again. Hence Juvenal takes occasion to speak of the villainy of the times—shews that nothing can happen but by the per¬ mission of Providence—and that wicked men carry their own punishment about with them. Whatever is committed with bad example, displeases even The author of it. This is the first revenge, that, himself Being judge, no guilty person is absolved : altho’ the wicked Favour of the deceitful praetor should have overcome the urn. What do you suppose all to think, Calvinus, of the retent 1 Wickedness, and crime of violated faith? But neither Has so small an income come to your share, that the burden Of a moderate loss should sink you: nor do we see rare Those things which you suffer. This misfortune is known to many, and now Trite, and drawn from the midst of Fortune’s heap 10 Let us lay aside too many sighs. More violent than what is just, The grief of a man ought not to be, nor greater than his wound. Tho’ you can hardly bear the least, and small particle Of light misfortunes, burning with fretting Bowels, because your friend may not return to you a sacred ls Deposit. Does he wonder at these things, who already has left behind His back sixty years, born when Fonteius was consul? Do you profit nothing for the better by the experience of so many things ? Wisdom, indeed, which gives precepts in the sacred books, Is the great conqueror of Fortune. But we call 29 Those also happy, who, to bear the inconveniences of life, Nor to toss the yoke have learnt, life being their mistress. What day so solemn, that it can cease to disclose a thief, Perfidy, frauds, and gain sought from every crime, And money gotten by the sword, or by poison ? 2i For good men are scarce : they are hardly as many in number JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 99 Sat. xiii.] As the gates of Thebes, or the mouths of the rich Nile. An age is now passing, and worse ages than the times of Iron, for the wickedness of which, nature itself has not Found a name, nor imposed it from any metal. 3fJ We invoke the faith of gods and men without clamour, With as much as the vocal sportula praises Fmsidius Pleading. Say, old man, worthy the bulla, know you not What charms the money of another has? know you not 34 What a laugh your simplicity may stir up in the vulgar, when You require from any not to forswear, and that he should think, that to any Temples there is some deity, and to the reddening altar? Formerly our natives lived in this manner, before Saturn, flying, took the rustic sickle, his diadem Laid down: then, when Juno was a little girl, 48 And Jupiter as yet private in the Idsean caves. No feasts of the gods above the clouds, Nor Iliacan boy, nor handsome wife of Hercules. At the cups; and now the nectar being drunk up, Vulcan Wiping his arms black with the Liparsean shop. 45 Every god dined by himself, nor was the crowd of gods Such, (as it is at this day,) and the stars content with a few Deities, urged miserable Atlas with a less Weight. Nobody as yet shared the sad empire Of the deep, or fierce Pluto with his Sicilian wife. 38 Nor a wheel, nor furies, nor a stone, or the punishment of the black Vulture: but the shades happy without infernal kings. Improbity was in that age to be wonder’d at. They believed this a great crime, and to be punish’d by death. If a youth had not risen up to an old man, and if i5 A boy to any who had a beard: tho’ he might see At home more strawberries, and greater heaps of acorn. So venerable was it to precede by four years, And the first down was so equal to sacred old age. Now, if a friend should not deny a deposit, 60 If he should restore an old purse with all the rust; Prodigious faithfulness! and worthy the Tuscan books! And which ought to be expiated by a crowned she-lamb. If I perceive an excellent and upright man, I compare This monster to a boy of two parts, or to wonderful fishes 6i Found under a plough, or to a mule with foal. Anxious as if a shower had pour’d forth stones, And a swarm of bees had settled, in a long bunch, On the top of a temple, as if a river had flow’d into the sea 100 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xiii. With wond’rous gulfs, and rushing with a whirlpool of milk. 70 Do you complain that ten sestertiums are intercepted by Impious fraud? what if another has lost two hundred secret Sestertiums in this manner? a third a larger sum than that, Which the corner of his wide chest had scarce received ? So easy and ready it is, to contemn the gods who are wit¬ nesses, ' 75 If that same thing no mortal can know. Behold, with how great A voice he denies it, what steadiness there is of feigned, coun¬ tenance. By the rays of the sun, and the Tarpeian thunderbolts he swears; And the javelin of Mars, and the darts of the Cyrrhtean prophet; By the shafts, and the quiver of the virgin-huntress, 80 And by thy trident, O Neptune, father of iEgeiis: He adds also the Herculean bows, and the spear of Minerva, Whatever the armories of heaven have of weapons: And truly if he be a father, I would eat. says he, a doleful Part of the head of my boiled son, and wet with Pharian vine¬ gar. 85 There are who place all things in the chances of Fortune, And believe the world to be moved by no governor, Nature turning about the changes both of the light and year, And therefore intrepid they touch any altars whatsoever. Another is fearing lest punishment may follow a crime: 50 He thinks there are gods, and forswears, and thus with himself— “Let Isis decree whatever she will concerning this body “ Of mine, and strike my eyes with her angry sistrum, “ So that, even blind, I may keep the money which I deny. “Are a phthisic, or putrid sores, or half a leg 9S “ Of such consequence ? let not poor Ladas doubt to wish for “ The rich gout, if he does want Anticyra, nor “ Archigenes: for what does the glory of a swift foot “Avail him, and the hungry branch of the Pisaean olive?” “Tho’ the anger of the Gods be great, yet certainly it is “ SLOW. 100 “ If they take care thtrefore to punish all the guilty, “ When will they come to me?—But, perhaps too, the deity “Exorable I may experience: he useth to forgive these things. “ Many commit the same crimes with a different fate. “ One has borne the cross as a reward of wickedness, another a “diadem.” 10f Thus the mind trembling with the fear of dire guilt They confirm: then you, calling him to the sacred shrines, Sat. xiii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 101 He precedes, even ready of his own accord to draw yon, and to teaze you. . For when great impudence remains to a bad cause, It is believed confidence by many; he acts a farce, 1,0 Snell as the fugitive buffoon of the witty Catullus. Yon miserable exclaim, so as that you might overcome Stentor, Or rather- as much as the Homerican Gradivus: “ Do you hear, “O Jupiter, those things? nor move your lips, when you ought “To send forth your voice, whether you are of marble or of “brass? or why, n * “On thy coal, put we the pious frankincense from the loos’d “Paper, and the cut liver of a calf, and of an hog “The white caul? as l see, there is nq difference to be reckon’d, “Between your images, and the statue of Bathyllus.” Hear, what consolations on the other hand one may bring, 120 And who neither hath read the Cynics, nor the Stoic doctrines, differing From the Cynics by a tunic: nor admires Epicurus Happy in the plants of a small garden. The dubious sick may be taken care of by greater physicians, Do you commit your vein even to the disciple of Philip. 133 If you shew no fact in all the earth so detestable, I am silent: nor do I forbid you to beat your breast With your fists, nor to bruise your face with your open palm; Since, loss being received, the gate is to be shut, 130 And with greater mourning of the house, with a greater tumult, Money is bewailed than funerals: nobody feigns grief In this case, content to sever the top of the garment, To vex the eyes with constrained moisture; Lost money is deplored with true tears. 131 But if you see all the courts filled with the like complaint, If, tablets being read over ten times, by the different party, They saw the hand-writings of the useless wood are vain, Whom their own letters convicts, and a principal gem Of a Sardonyx, which is kept j.ri ivory boxes. 140 Think you, O sweet sir, that out of common things You are to be put? How are you the offspring of a white lien, We, vile chickens hatched from unfortunate eggs? You suffer a moderate matter, and to be born with moderate choler, If you bend your eyes to greater crimes: compare The hired thief, burnings begun with sulpher, l * f And by deceit, when the gate collects the first fires: Compare also these, who take away the large cups Of an old temple, of venerable rust, and the gifts 102 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xhi. Of the people, or crowns placed by an ancient king. If these are not there, there stands forth one less sacrilegious, who 168 May scrape the thigh of a gilt Hercules, and the very face of Neptune, who may draw off the leaf-gold from Castor. Will he hesitate, who is used to melt, a whole Thunderer? Compare also the contrivers, and the merchant of poison, And him to be launched into the sea in the hide of an ox, 155 With whom an harmless ape, by adverse fates, is shut up. How small a part this of the crimes, which Gallicus, the keeper of the city, Hears from the morning, until the light goes down ? To yon who are willing to know the manners of the human race One house suffices; spend a few days, and dare 150 To call yourself miserable, after you come from thence. Who wonders at a swoln throat in the Alps? or who In Meroe at a breast bigger than a fat infant ? Who has been amazed at the blue eyes of a German, his yellow Hair, and twisting his curls with a wet lock? 10f Because indeed this one nature is to them all. At the sudden birds of the Thracians, and the sonorous cloud, The Pygmaean warrior runs in his little arms, Soon unequal to the enemy, and seized, thro’ the air, with crooked Talons, he is carried by a cruel crane: if you could see this In our nations, you would be shook with laughter: but there Tho’ the same battles may be seen constantly, nobody Laughs, when the whole cohort is not higher than one foot. “Shall there be no punishment of a perjured head, “And of wicked fraud?” “Suppose this man dragged away “ with 179 “A weightier chain immediately, and to be killed (what would “anger have more ?) “At our will: yet that loss remains, nor will ever “The deposit be safe to you:” “ but from his maimed body “The least blood will give an enviable consolation. “But revenge is a good more pleasant than life itself.” 180 Truly this is of the unlearned, whose breasts you may see Burning, sometimes from none, or from slight causes: However small the occasion may be. it is sufficient for anger. Chrysippus will not say the same, nor the mild disposition Of Thales, and the old man neighbour to sweet Hymeltus, Who would not, amidst cruel chains, give a part of The received hemlock to his accuser. Happy wisdom, By degrees puts off most vices, and all errors, First teaching what is right; for kevengje Sat. xiii.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 103 IS ALWAYS THE PLEASURE OF A MINUTE, WEAK, AND LITTLE 190 Mind. Immediately thus conclude, because in revenge Nobody rejoices more than a woman. But why should you Think these to have escaped, whose mind conscious of a dire Fact, keeps them astonished, and smites with a dumb stripe. Their conscience the tormentor shaking a secret whip? 195 But it is a vehement punishment, and much more cruel, than those Which either severe Cseditus invented, or Rhadamanthus, Night and day to carry their own witness in their breast. The Pythian prophetess answer’d a certain Spartan, That in time to come he should not be unpunished, because doubted he 200 To retain a deposit, and defend the fraud by swearing: For he asked what was the mind of the Deity, And whether Apollo would advise this deed to him. He therefore restored it from fear, not from morals, and yet all The voice of the shrine, he proved worthy the temple, and true , 205 Being extinguished together with all his offspring, and family, And with his relations, tho’ deduced from a long rape. These punishments does the single will of offending suffer. For he who within i-iimself devises any secret wickedness, Hath the guilt of the fact. —“ Tell me, if he accomplish’d “his attempts?” 210 “Perpetual anxiety: nor does it cease at the time of the table, “ With jaws dry as by disease, and between his grinders “The difficult food increasing. But the wretch spits out “Hi s wine: the precious old age of old Albanian 214 “Will displease: if you shew him better, the thickest wrinkle “Is gathered on his forehead, as drawn by sour Falernan. “In the night, if haply care hath indulged a short sleep, “And his limbs tumbled over the whole bed now are quiet, “Immediately the temple, and the altars of the violated Deity, “And (what urges his mind with especial pains) 220 “Thee he sees in his sleep: thy sacred image, and bigger “ Than human, disturbs him fearful, and compels him to con- “ fess.” “There arc they who tremble, and turn pale at all lightnings “When it thunders: also lifeless at the first murmur of the “ heavens: “ Not as if accidental, nor by rage of winds, but “Fire may fall on the earth enraged, and may avenge.” “That did no harm”—the next tempest is fear’d “With heavier concern, as il deferr’d by this fair weather. “ Moreover a pain of the side with a watchful fever, «» 104 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xiii. “ If they have begun to suffer, they believe the disease sent “To their bodies by some hostile deity: they think these things “ The stones and darts of the gods: to engage a bleating sheep “ To the little temple, and to promise the comb of a cock to the “ Lares “ They dare not; for what is allowed the guilty sick “To hope for? or what victim is not more worthy of life? 23a “The nature of wicked men is, for the most part, fickle, and “ changeable ; “ When they commit wickedness, there remains constancy: what “is right “ And what wrong, at length they begin to perceive, their crimes “Being finish’d; but nature recurs to its damned “Morals, fix’d, and not knowing to be changed. For who 240 “Hath laid down to himself an end of sinning ? when recover’d “Modesty once cast off from his worn forehead? “Who is there of men, whom you have seen content with one “Base action? our perfidious wretch will get his feet into “ A snare, and will suffer the hook of a dark prison, 344 “Or a rock of the Jdgean sea, and the rocks frecpient “To great exiles. You will rejoice in the bitter punishment “ Of his hated name, and, at length, glad will confess, that no “one of “ The gods is either deaf, or a Tiresias.” SATIRE XIY. ARGUMENT. This Satire is levelled at the bad examples which parents set their children’ and shews the serious consequences of such examples, in helping to contaminate the morals of the rising generation, as we are apt, by nature, rather to receive ill impressions than good, and are, besides, moi’e pliant in our younger than in our riper years. From hence he descends to a satire on avarice, which he esteems to be of wor. e example than ; ny other of the vices which he mentions before; and concludes with limit¬ ing our desires within reasonable bounds. There are many things, Fuscinus, worthy of unfavourable re¬ port, And fixing a stain which will stick upon splendid things, Which parents themselves shew, and deliver to their children. If the destructive die pleases the old man, the heir wearing the bulla Will play too, and moves the same weapons in his little dice- box. Nor does the youth allow any relation to hope better of him, Who has learnt to peel the funguses of the earth, To season a mushroom, atid, swimming in the same sauce, To immerse beccaficos, a prodigal parent, And a grey throat shewing him. When the seventh year 1C Has passed over the boy, all his teeth not as yet renewed, Tho’ you should place a thousand bearded masters there, Here as many, he would desire always to sup with a Sumptuous preparation, and not to degenerate from a great kitchen. Does Rutiius teach a meek mind and manners, kind to small errors, 15 And the souls of slaves, and their bodies, does he think To consist of our matter, and of equal elements?— Or does he teach to be cruel, who delights in the bitter Sound of stripes, and compares no Siren to whips, 19 The Antiphates and Polyphemus of his trembling household— Then happy, as often as any one, the tormentor being called, Is burnt with an hot iron on account of two napkins ? 8 106 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xiv. What can he who is glad at the noise of a chain advise to a youth, Whom branded slaves, a rustic prison, wonderfully Delight ?—Do you expect that the daughter of Larga should not be 25 An adulteress, who never could say over her mother’s gallants So quickly, nor could join them together with so much speed, As that she must not take breath thirty times? privy to her mother Was the virgin: now, she dictating, little tablets She fills, and gives them to the same pimps to carry to the gal¬ lant. 30 So nature commands; more swiftly and speedily do domestic Examples of vice*s corrupt us, when they possess minds From those that have great influence. Perhaps one or two Young men may despise these things, for whom, by a benign art, And with better clay, Titan has formed their breasts. 3S But the footsteps of their fathers which are to be avoided, lead the rest, And the path of old wickedness, long shewn, draws them. Abstain therefore from things which are to be condemned: for of this at least There is one pow’rful reason, lest those who are begotten by us Should follow our crimes; for in imitating base and wicked Things we are ail docile; and a Oalilinp 41 You may see among every people, in every clime: ' But neither will Brutus, nor uncle of Brutus, be any where. Nothing filthy, to be said, or seen, should touch these thresholds, Within which is a boy. Far from hence, from thence the girls Of bawds, and the songs of the nightly parasite: 49 The greatest reverence is due to a boy. If any base thing Vou go about, do not despise the years of a boy, But let your infant son hinder you about to sin. For if he shall do any thing worthy the anger of the censor, 50 (Since he, like to you not in body only, nor in countenance, Will shew himself, the sou also of your morals,) and when He may offend the worse, by all your footsteps, You will, forsooth, chide, and chastise with harsh Clamour, and after these, will prepare to change your will. 55 Whence assume you the front, and liberty of a parent, When, an old man, you can do worse things, and this head, Void of brain, long since, the ventose cupping-glass may seek? A guest being to come, none of your people will be idle. “ Sweep the pavement, shew the columns clean, 64 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 107 Sat. xiv. J “ Let the dry spider descend with all her web: “ Let one wipe the smooth silver, another the rough vessels:” 'The voice of the master, earnest, attd holding a rod, blusters. Therefore, wretch, dost thou tremble, lest, foul with canine dung. Thy courts should displease the eyes of a coming friend? 6i Lest the porch should be overspread with mud ? and yet one servant boy, * With one half bushel of saw-dust, can cleanse these : Dost thou not manage it, that thy son should see Thine house, sacred without all spot, and having no vice? It is acceptable, that you have given a citizen to your country and people, 7e If you make him, that he may be meet for his country, useful in the fields, ^ Useful in managing affairs both of war and peace: For it will be of the greatest consequence, in what arts, and with what morals You may train him up. With a serpent a stork nourishes Her young, and with a lizard found in the devious fields; 75 They, when they take their wings, seek the same animals. The vulture with cattle, and with dogs, and with relicks from crosses, Hastens to her young, and brings part of a dead body. Hence is the food also of a great vulture, and of one feeding Herself, when now she makes nests in her own tree. 84 But the hare or the kid, the handmaids of Jove, and the noble Birds, hunt in the forest: hence prey is put In their nest: but, thence, the mature progeny, when It has raised itself, hunger stimulating, hastens to that Prey which it had first tasted, the egg being broken. 3i Centronius was a builder, and now on the crooked Shore of Caieta, now on the highest summit of Tibur, Now in the Prsenestine mountains, was preparing the high Tops of villas, with Grecian, and with marble sought Afar off, exceeding the temple of Fortune and of Hercules: 94 As the eunuch Posides out-did our capitols. While thus, therefore, Centronius dwells, he diminished his es¬ tate, He impaired his wealth, nor yet was the measure of the remain* in g Part small: his mad son confounded all this, While he raised up new villas with better marble. 95 Some chance to have a father who fears the sabbaths, They adore nothing beside the clouds, and the deity of heaven: Nor do they think swine’s flesh to be different from human, 108 JUVENAL’S SATIRES, [Sat, xiv. 105 in From which the father abstain’d: and soon they lay aside their foreskins: But used to despise the Roman laws, 100 They learn, and keep, and fear the Jewish law, Whatsoever Moses hath delivered in the secret volume: Not to shew the ways, unless to one observing the same rites, To leadUhe circumcised only to a sought-for fountain; But the father is in fault, to whom every seventh day was Idle, and he did not meddle with any part of life. Young men, nevertheless, imitate the rest of their own accord; only Avarice they are commanded to exercise against their wills; For vice deceives under the appearance and shadow of virtue, When it is sad in habit, and severe in coi^itenance and dress Nor is the miser doubtfully praised as frugal, As the thrifty man, and a safeguard of his own affairs, More certain, than if, those same fortunes, the serpent Of the Hesperides or of Pontus should keep. Add, that This man, of whom I speak, the people think an excellent, and venerable 115 Artist, for to these workmen patrimonies increase: But they increase by whatsoever means, and become greater By the assiduous anvil, and the forge always burning. And the father therefore believes the covetous happy of mind, Who admires wealth, who thinks that there are no examples Of an happy poor man; he exhorts his young men, that they May persist to go that way, and apply earnestly to the same sect. ' , 122 There are certain elements of vices; with these he immediately seasons Them, and compels them to learn the most trifling stinginess, By-and-by he teaches an insatiable wish of acquiring: He chastises the bellies of the servants with an unjust measure, He also hungering: for neither does he ever bear To consume all the musty pieces of blue bread, Who is used to keep the hash of yesterday in the midst of September; also to defer, to ihe time of another supper, The bean, sealed up with part of a summer Fish, or with half a stinking shad, And to shut up the number’d threads of a sective leek: Any one invited from a bridge to these, would refuse. But for what end are riches gather’d by these torments, Since it is an undoubted madness, since it is a manifest phrensy, That you may dip rich, to live with a needy fate ? In the mean time, when the bag swells with a full mouth, 125 131 135 Sat. xiv.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 109 The love of money increases, as much as money itself in¬ creases ; And he wishes for it less, who has it not, Therefore is pre¬ pared 140 Another villa for you, when one country-seat is not sufficient; And it likes you to extend your borders; and greater appears And better your neighbours’ corn: you buy also this, and Groves of trees, and the mountain which is white with the thick olive: With any price of which if the owner be not prevailed on, 145 By night the lean oxen, and the famished herds, with tired Necks, will be sent to the green corn of this man. Nor may they depart home from thence, before the whole crop Is gone into their cruel bellies, so that you would believe it done by sickles. You can hardly say, how many may lament such things, 150 And how many fields injury has made to be set to sale. “But what speeches? how the trumpet of foul fame?”— “ What does this hurt?” says he: “I had rather have the coat of a lupine, “Than if the neighbourhood in the whole village should praise me 155 “Cutting the very scanty produce of a little farm.” I warrant you will want both disease and weakness, And you will escape mourning and care; and a long space of life, After these things, will be given you with a better fate; If you alone possess’d as much cultivated ground, As, under Tati us, the Roman people ploughed. 160 Vfterwards even to those broken with age, and who had suffer’d the Punic vVars, or cruel Pyrrhus, and the Molossian swords, At length hardly two acres were given for many Wounds. That reward of blood, and of toil, Than no deserts ever seem’d less, or the faith small x6Jr Of an ungrateful country. Such a little glebe satisfied The father himself, and the rabble of his cottage, where big lay The wife, and four infants were playing, one a little Bond-slave, three masters: but for the great brothers of these From the ditch or furrow returning, another supper 170 More ample, and great pots smoked with pottage. Now this measure of ground is not sufficient for our garden. Thence are commonly the causes of villainies, nor more poisons Has any vice of the human mind mixed, or oftener Attacked with the sword, than a cruel desire 175 110 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xiv. 180 ICO Of an unbounded income; for he who would be rich, Would be so quickly too. But what reverence of the laws? What fear, or shame, is there ever of a hastening miser?— “Live contented with those little cottages and hills, “ O youths,” said the Marsian and Hernician formerly, And the old Vestinian, “let us seek bread by the plough, “ Which is enough for our tables: the deities of the country ap~ “ prove this, “ By whose help and assistance, after the gift of acceptable corn, “ There happen to man loathings of the old oak. “He will not do anything forbidden, who is not ashamed “Thro’ ice to be cover’d with an high shoe; who keeps off the “east wind 18rt “With averted skins. Purple, foreign, and unknown to us, “Leads to wickedness and villany, whatsoever it may be.” 'These precepts those ancients gave to their posterity: but now, After the end of autumn, from the middle of the night, the noisy Father rouses the supine youth: “ Take the waxen tablets, “ Write, boy, watch, plead causes, read over the red “ Laws of our forefathers, or ask for a vine by a petition. “ But your head untouched with box, and your hairy nostrils, “ Lselius may take notice of, and admire your huge arms. “ Destroy the tents of the Moors, the castles of the Brigantes, “That a rich eagle to thee the sixtieth year “May bring: or if to bear the long labours of camps “It grieves you, and the horns heard with the trumpets loosen “Your belly, you may purchase, what you may sell “ For the half or more, nor let the dislike of any merchandise, “ Which is to be sent away beyond the Tiber, possess you. “ Do not believe there is any difference to be put between “Ointments and an hide. 'The smell of gain is sweet “'From any thing whatsoever. Let that sentence of the “ poet 801 “ Be always in your mouth, worthy the gods, and of Jove him- “ self: IQS 209 “Nobody asks from whence you have, but iteehoves you to “ HAVE.” This, the old woman shew to the boys asking three farthings: This, all the girls learn before their Alpha and Beta. Whatsoever parent is instant with such admonitions, 810 I might thus speak to: “Say, (O most vain man), who “com- “ mands “ Thee to hasten ? I warrant the scholar better than ‘‘The master: depart secure: you will be outdone, as Ajax Sat. xiv.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. Ill “Surpassed Telamon, as Achilles outdid Peleus. “You must spare the tender ones: as yet their marrows the evils 215 “Of native wickedness have not filled: when he has begun “To comb his beard, and to admit the point of a long knife, “He will be a false witness, he will sell perjuries for a small “Sum, touching both the altar and foot of Ceres ” “ Already believe your daughter-in-law carried forth, if your “thresholds 220 “She enters with a deadly potion. By what fingers will she “be pressed “In her sleep?—for, what things you may suppose to be ac- “ quired “By sea and land, a shorter way will confer upon him: “'For of great wickedness there is no labour. These things I “ never “ Commanded, may you some time say, nor persuaded such “ things, 223 “ But the cause of a bad mind, nevertheless, and its origin, is in “ you: “ For whoever has taught the love of a great income, “ And, by foolish admonition, produces covetous boys, “ And he who to double patrimonies by frauds, “Gives liberty, loosens all the reins to the chariot, 230 “Which if you would recall, it knows not to stop, “ And, you contemned, and the bounds being left, it is hurried on. “'Nobody thinks it enough to offend so much, as you may “ Permit, so much do they indulge themselves more widely. “When you say to a youth, he is a fool who may give to a “friend 23s “ Who may lighten, and raise up the poverty of a relation; “ You both teach him to rob, and to cheat, and by every crime “To acquire riches, the love of which is in thee, “ As much as of their country was in the breast of the Decii, as “ much “ As Menoeceus loved Thebes, if Greece be true, “In the furrows of which, legions from the teeth of a snake “ With shields are born, and horrid wars undertake “Immediately, as if a trumpeter too had risen wilh them. “ Therefore the fire, the sparks of which yourself have given, “You will see burning wide, and carrying off all things. “ Nor will he spare your miserable self, and the trembling master “The young lion in his cage, with great roaring, will take off.” “Your nativity is known to astrologers.”—“But it is grievous “ To expect slow distaffs: you’ll die, your thread not yet 240 245 112 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xiv. , 2 50 2S5> 26« 265 “Broken off: you even now hinder, and delay his wishes, “Now a long and stag-like old age torments the youth. “ Seek Archigenes quickly, and buy what Mithridates “ Composed, if you are willing to pluck another fig, “And to handle other roses: a medicine is to be had, “ Which either a father, or a king, ought to sup up before' “ meat.” I shew an extraordinary pleasure, to which no theatres, No stages of the sumptuous praetor, you can equal, If you behold, in how great danger of life may consist The increase of an house, much treasure in a brazen Chest, and money to be placed at watchful Castor, Since Mars, the avenger, also lost his helmet, and his own Affairs he could not keep. Therefore you may leave All the scenes of Flora, and of Ceres, and of Cybele, By so much are human businesses greater sports. Do bodies thrown from a machine more delight The mind, and those who are used to descend a straight rope, Than thou, who always abidest in a Corycian ship, And dwellest, always to be lifted up by the north-west wind, and the south, Wretched, the vile merchant of a stinking sack? Who rejoicest, from the shore of ancient Crete, to have brought 270 Thick sweet wine, and bottles the countrymen of Jove. He nevertheless fixing his steps, with doubtful foot, Procures a living by that recompense; and winter and hunger By that rope he avoids: you on account of a thousand talents, And an hundred villas are rash. Behold the ports, 275 And the sea full with large ships—more of men are now On the sea: the fleet will come wherever the hope of gain Shall call; nor the Carpathian and Ggetulian seas only Will it pass over, but, Calpe being far left, Will hear the sun hissing in the Herculean gulf. 280 It is a great reward of labour, that with a stretched purse, You may return home from thence, and proud with a swelled bag, To have seen monsters of the ocean, and marine youths. Not one madness agitates minds: he, in the hands of his sister, Is affrighted with the countenance, and fire of the Eumenides. This man, an ox being stricken, believes Agamemnon to roar, Or Ithacus. Tho’ he should spare his coats and cloaks, He wants a keeper, who fills with merchandise a ship To the topmost edge, and by a plank is divided from the water; When the cause of so great evil, and of this danger, 290 Sat. xiv.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 113 300 305 Is silver battered into titles, and small faces. Clouds and lightnings occur: “ Loose the cable”— (Cries the owner of the wheat, and the buyer-up of pepper—) “ Nothing this colour of the heaven, nothing this black cloud “ threatens: “ It is summer-thunder.”—Unhappy wretch! and perhaps that very 295 Night he will fall, the beams being broken, and be pressed down by a wave, Overwhelmed, and will hold his girdle with his left hand, or with his bite. But for him, for whose wishes a while ago the gold had not sufficed, Which Tagus, and Pactolus rolls in its shining sand, Rags covering his cold thighs will suffice, And a little food; while, his ship being sunk, shipwrecked, he Asks a penny, and beholds himself in a painted tempest. Things gotten with so many evils, with greater care and fear Are kept—miserable is the custody of great wealth. Wealthy Licinus commands his troop of servants, with Buckets set in order, to watch by night, affrighted for His amber, and for his statues, and his Phrygian column, And for his ivory, and broad tortoise-shell. The casks of the naked Cynic- don’t burn: should you break them, another house Will be made to-morrow, or the same will be made solder’d with lead. v 310 Alexander perceived, when he saw, in that cask, The great inhabitant, how much happier this man was, who Desired nothing, than he who required the whole world, About to suffer dangers to be equalled to things done. Thou hast no divinity, O Fortune, if there be prudence: thee, 3,5 We make a goddess. Nevertheless the measure of an estate Which may suffice, if any should consult me, I will declare. As much as thirst and hunger, and cold require; As much, Epicurus, as sufficed thee in thy little garden; As much as the Socratic Penates had taken before. Nature never says one thing, wisdom another. I seem to confine you by sour examples; mix Therefore something from our manners, make the sum What the law thinks worthy the twice seven ranks of Otho If this also draws a wrinkle, and extends your lip, Take two knights, make the third four hundred. If as yet l have not filled your bosom, if it be opened farther, 320 325 114 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xiv. Neither the fortune of Croesus, nor the Persian kingdoms, Will ever suffice your mind, nor the riches of Narcissus, To whom Claudius Caesar indulged every thing, whose Commands he obey’d, being ordered to kill his wife. SATIRE XY. ARGUMENT. The Poet io this Satire, which he is supposed to have written when he was under his banishment in Egypt, relates the mortal and irreconcileable hatred, which sprung from a religious quarrel between the Ombites and Tentyrites, inhabitants of two neighbouring cities of Egypt—and describes in very lively colours, a bloody fray which happened between them. He seems to lay this as a ground lor those fine reflections, with which he finishes the Satire, on the nature, use, and intention of civil society. In reading this Satire, it is difficult not to advert to the monstrous cruelties which superstition and bigotry have brought on mankind, while those who have disgraced the Christian name by bearing it, have, with relentless fury, inflicted tortures and death on thousands of innocent people, for no other crime than a difference of opinion in religious matters. Marshall, in his note on line 36, thus expresses himself—“Hinc sirnultas “ et odium utrique populo oriebantur, nempe ex diversitate reiigionum, ‘•quae in mundo etiarri Christiano, Di boni! quantas strages excitavit!” The attentive reader of this Satire will find a lively exhibition of those principles which actuate bigots of all religions, zealots of all persuasions; and which, as far as they are permitted, will always act uniformly against the peace and happiness of mankind. He may amuse himself with alle¬ gorizing the Ombites and Tentyrites into emblems of blind zeal and party rage, which no other bounds than want of power have kept from deso¬ lating the earth. Who knows not. Bithynian Volusius, what monstrous things Mad Egypt can worship? this part adores a crocodile; That fears an Ibis saturated with serpents. A golden image of a sacred monkey shines, Where ihe magic chords resound from the half Memnon, 5 And ancient Thebes lies overthrown with its hundred gates. 'There sea-fish, here a fish of the river; there Whole towns worship a dog, nobody Diana. It is a sin to violate a leek or onion, or to break them with a bite. O holy nations, for whom are born in gardens 10 These deities! Every table abstains from animals bearing Wool: it is there unlawful to kill the offspring of a shc-goat, But lawful to be fed with human flesh. When Ulysses 116 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xv. Was telling, at supper, such a deed to the astonish’d Aleinous, perhaps, in some he moved anger or 15 Laughter, as a lying babbler.—“ Into the sea does nobody “ Throw this fellow, worthy of. a cruel and true Charybdis, “ Feigning huge Lsestrygonians, and Cyclops ? “ For sooner Scylla, or the concurring rocks “ Of Cyane, and bags full of tempests 20 “ Would I have believed, or, struck by the slender wand of Circe, u Elpenor with his swine-rowers to have grunted. “ Has he thought the Phaecian people are so empty-headed ?” Thus deservedly any one, not as yet drunk, and who a very little Strong wine from a Corcyrsean urn had drawn : 35 For Ulysses related this without any witness. We will relate wonderful things, and lately done (Junius being Consul) upon the walls of warm Coptus \ We the wickedness of the vulgar, and more grievous than all buskins: For wickedness, tho’ you should turn over all the tragedies 30 From the Pyrrha, no whole people commits among the trage¬ dians. Hear What an example dire cruelty has produced in our time. There burns as yet an old and ancient grudge, An immortal hatred, and a wound not to be healed, Between the bordering Ombos and Tentyra. Thence, on both sides, 35 The highest fury in the vulgar, because the deities of their neighbours Each place hates, since it can believe them only to be accounted Gods, which itself worships: but, in a festival time, There seem'd, to all the chiefs and leaders of the other people, An opportunity to be seized, lest 40 A glad and cheerful day, lest the joys of a great feast They should be sensible of, the tables b,eing placed at the tem¬ ples and streets, * And the wakeful bed, which, lying night and day, Sometimes the seventh sun found. Rude indeed is Egypt, but in luxury, as far as I have remarked, 45 The barbarous rabble does not yield to infamous Canopus. Add too, that the victory is easy over the drunken and stam¬ mering, And reeling with wine. There, a dancing Of the men, with a black piper; ointments such As they were, and flowers, and many chaplets on the forehead; Here, fasting hatred: but their first brawlings they begin 51 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 117 - Sat. xv.] To sound, their minds burning: these the trumpet of the quar¬ rel. Then they engage with equal clamour, and instead of a weapon The naked hand rages: few cheeks without a wound : 14 Scarce to any, or to none, in the whole engagement, a nose Whole: already you might see, throughout all the bands, half Countenances, other faces, and bones gaping from their broken Cheeks, lists full of the blood of their eyes. Nevertheless they believed themselves to play, and to exercise Puerile battles, because they can tread on no corpses: 60 And indeed, for what purpose are so many thousands of a light¬ ing Multitude, if all live? therefore the attack is sharper, and now Stones, gotten throughout the ground with arms reclined, They begin to throw, the domestic weapons Of sedition; nor these stones such as both Turnus and Ajax, Or with the weight with which Tydides struck the thigh 66 Of fEneas: but those that right hands unlike to them Could send forth, and born in our time: For this race was decreasing, Homer being yet alive. The earth now brings forth bad men, and small ; 70 Therefore whatever god hath beheld them, he laughs and hates. Let the story be fetched back from the digression. After they Were increased with succours, one party dares to draw The sword, and to renew the fight with hostile arrows. 74 They urge their enemies, giving their backs to swift flight, Who inhabit Tentyra near the shady palm-tree. Here one slips down, hastening his course with too much Fear, and is taken; but him cut into a great many Pieces and particles (that one dead man for many Might suffice) the victorious rabble ate all up, the bones 80 Being gnawed: nor did they boil him in a burning kettle Or with spits: they thought it so very long, and tardy To wait for fires, content with the raw carcase. Hence we may rejoice, that they did not violate lire, Which Prometheus, stolen from the highest part of heaven, 85 Gave to the earth. I congratulate the element, and thee I think to exult: but he. who bore to gnaw the carcase, Never ate any thing more willingly than this flesh: For in so great wickedness ask not, nor doubt, whether The first gullet perceived a pleasure. But he 90 Who stood farthest, the whole body now consumed, his fingers Being drawn along the ground, tastes something of the blood. The Vascons (as the report is) using such aliments, Prolong’d their lives: but the matter is different: but there 118 JUVENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xv. Is the envy of Fortune, and the utmost of wars, extreme Misfortunes, the dire want of a long siege. For the example of this food, which is now in question, ought To be lamented : as the nation, which I just now mentioned, After all herbs, after all animals, whatever The fury of an empty belly urged, (the very enemies them¬ selves 109 Pitying their paleness, and leanness, and their slender limbs,) They tore for hunger the limbs of others, ready to have eaten Their own too. Who of men, or of the gods, would have re¬ fused To pardon forces that had suffered dire and cruel things, And whom the manes of those very people, whose bodies They were fed with, might forgive ? better us The precepts of Zeno admonish; he thinks not all things, some Are to be done for life. But a Cantabrian whence A Stoic—especially in the age of old Metellus ? Now the whole world has the Grecian, and our Athens: Eloquent Gaul taught the British lawyers— Thule now speaks of hiring a rhetorician. Yet that people whom we have spoken of were noble: and equal In valour and fidelity, but greater in slaughter, Saguntus, Excuses something like this. Egypt is more cruel than the Mceotic nt Altar: for that Tauric inventress of a wicked Rite (as now you may believe what verses deliver, As worthy credit) only slays men: nothing beyond, Or more grievous, does the victim fear, than a knife. But what calamity Impelled these? what so great hunger, and arms hostile lt * To a rampart, have compelled them, so detestable a monstrous thing To attempt? could they have done other displeasure, the land Of Memphis being dry, to the Nile unwilling to rise? With which neither the terrible Cimbri, nor the Britons ever, And the fierce Sauromatae, or the cruel Agathyrsi, 125 With this fury the weak and useless vulgar raged, Accustomed to spread little sails in earthen boats, And to ply the short oars of a painted earthen vessel. Nor can you find a penalty for the wickedness, nor prepare Punishments worthy these people, in whose mind equal wo And alike are hunger and anger. Most tender hearts Nature confesses herself to give to human kind. Who has given tears, this best partfof our sense. \ Sat. xv.] JUVENAL’S SATIRES. 119 She commands, therefore, to bewail the misfortune of a mourn¬ ing friend; And the squalid appearance of a criminal; an orphan calling to the laws M ‘ His defrauder, whose girl-like hairs make his Countenance, flowing with weeping, uncertain. 'By command of nature we groan, when the funeral of an adult Virgin occurs, or an infant is shut up in the earth, And less than the fire of the pile. For what good man, or worthy 140 The secret torch, such as the priest of Ceres would have him to be, Thinks any evils alien from himself? This separates us From the herd of brutes, and therefore we alone having shared A venerable disposition, and being capable of divine things, And apt for exercising and understanding arts, 145 Have drawn sense sent down from the celestial top, Which prone things, and things looking on the earth, want. The common builder of the world at the beginning indulged to them Only souls; to us a mind also, that a mutual affection Might command us to seek, and to afford help: 1J0 'To draw the dispersed into a people, to migrate from the old Forest, and to leave woods inhabited by our ancestors: To build houses, to join to our habitations Another roof, that safe slumbers, by a neighbouring Threshold, a contributed confidence might give: to protect with arms 155 A fallen citizen, or one staggering with a great wound: To give signs with a common trumpet, to be defended with the same Towers, and to be secured by one key of the gates. But now the concord of serpents is greater: a similar Beast spares his kindred spots. When, from a lion, 169 Did a stronger lion take away life? in what forest ever, Did a boar expire by the teeth of a larger boar? The Indian tiger observes a perpetual peace with a fierce 'Tiger: there is agreement with savage bears among themselves. But for a man the deadly sword from the impious anvil 165 To have produced is little; whereas, being accustomed only to heat Rakes and spades, and tired with mattocks and the ploughshare, The first smiths knew not how to beat out swords. We see people, to whose anger it does not suffice 120 JUYENAL’S SATIRES. [Sat. xv. To have killed any one; but the breasts, the arms, the face, 170 They believed to be a kind of food. What therefore would he have said, Or whither would he not have fled, if now Pythagoras could have seen These monstrous things ? who abstain'd from all animals, as from A man, and did not indulge every kind of pulse to his belly. SATIRE XYI. ARGUMENT. This Satire is supposed to have been written by Juvenal while he com¬ manded in Egypt, (see sat. xv. 1. 45, note 2.); he sets forth, ironically, the advantages and privileges of the soldiery, and how happy they are beyond others whom he mentions. Many have thought that this Satire was not written by Juvenal; but I think that the weight of evidence seems against that opinion, and that there are many passages so exactly in the style of Juvenal, a* to afford the strongest internal evidence that it was written by him. It may be granted not to be a finished piece, like the rest; but if we only regard it as a draught or design of a larger work, it is a valuable hint on the op¬ pression and inconveniences of a military government. Who, O Gallos, can number the advantages of the happy Soldiery ? now since prosperous camps may be gone into, Let the door receive me, a fearful beginner, with a favourable Star: for an hour of kind fate avails more, Than if an epistle of Venus were to commend us to Mars, ‘ And the mother who delights in the Samian sand. Let us first treat common advantages: of which that will Hardly be the least, that a gownsman to strike you May not dare. Even tho’ he may be stricken, let him dissemble. Nor dare to shew his teeth beat out to the praetor, u And a black bump in his face with swelled bluenesses, And eyes left, the physician promising nothing. A Bardiac judge is given to one willing to punish these things, A shoe, and large buskins at the great benches, The ancient laws of camps, and the custom of Camillus '* Being observed, that a soldier should not litigate without the trench, And far from the standards. Most just is therefore the trial Of centurions concerning a soldier ; nor will revenge Be wanting to me, if a cause of just complaint be brought: Vet the whole cohort is inimical, and all the companies Obstruct with great consent. You will take care, that there b« Vengeance, heavier than the injury. It will therefore be worthy The heart of the|declaimer Vagcllius of Mutina, Since you have two legs, to offend so many common soldiers, 9 122 [Sat. xvi. V \ JUVENAL’S SATIRES. Thousands of nails. Who can be so far from the city? * 5 Besides, who is so much a Pylades, beyond the mole of the rampart That he would come ? let tears immediately be dried up, and let us Not solicit friends about to excuse themselves. When the judge says—“Give evidence:” let him dare, (I know not who,) who saw the blows, say—“I saw,” 3 * And I will believe him worthy the beard, and worthy the locks, Of our ancestors; you might sooner produce a false witness Against a villager, than one speaking what is true Against the fortune of a soldier, and against his reputation. Now other advantages, and other emoluments, let us note, 5# Of oaths. A vale of my ancestral estate, Or a field, if a wicked neighbour has taken away from me: Or hath dug up the sacred stone from the middle border, Which my annual puls hath rever’d with an old cake: Or a debtor goes on not to render money taken, Saying the hand-writings of the useless wood are void ; The year of the whole people, which will begin suits, Will be to be waited for: but then also a thousand fatigues Are to be borne, a thousand delays; so often the benches are only Spread. Now eloquent Caeditius laying by his garments, ** And Fuscus now making water, prepared We depart, and fight in the slow sand of the forum. But to them, whom arms cover, and a belt goes round, What time of trial they please, to them is afforded: Nor is the affair worn out by a long impediment of the cause. Moreover, a right of making a will is given to soldier* alone, tl The father living. For what things are gotten by the labour Of warfare, it was thought good shot 1 Id not be in the body of the estate, The whole government of which the father possesses. There¬ fore, Coran us, An attendant of banners, and earning the money of camps, His father, tho’ trembling, besets. Just labour *• Promotes this man, and renders its rewards to his glorious toil. This certainly seems to be a concern of the general himself, That'he who shall be brave, the same may be most happy, That all should be glad with trappings, and all with collars. ** ■ THE SATIRES OF AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS. Mordoci radere rero SsL L 1. 107. i PREFACE. Aulus Pbrsius Flaccus was born at Volaterree, in Etruria (now Tuscany), about the twentieth year of the emperor Ti¬ berius, that is to say, about two years after the death of Christ. Flaccus, his father, was a Roman knight, whom he lost when he was but six years of age. His mother Fulvia Sisennia, afterward married one Fusius, a Roman knight, and within a few years buried him also. Our poet studied, till the age of twelve years, at Volaterras; he then came to Rome, where he put himself under the instruction of Remmius Palasmon, a grammarian, and Virginius Flaccus, a rhetorician ; to each of which he paid the highest attention. At sixteen he made a friendship with Annaeus Cornutus, (by country an African, by profession a Stoic philosopher,) from whom he got an insight into Stoic philosophy. By means of Cornutus he became ac¬ quainted with Annaeus Lucanus, who so admired the writings of Persius, that on hearing him read his verses, he could scarcely refrain from crying out publicly, that “ they were abso¬ lute poems.” He was a young man of gentle manners, of great modesty, and of remarkable sobriety and frugality : dutiful and affec¬ tionate towards his mother, loving and kind to his sisters: a most strenuous friend and defender of virtue—an irreconcileable -nemy to vice in all its shapes, as may appear from his Satires, which came from his masterly pen in an early time of life, when dissipation, lewdness, and extravagance were cultivated and followed by so many of his age, and when, instead of mak¬ ing them his associates, he made them the object of his severest animadversion. He died of a disorder in his stomach about the thirtieth year of his age, and left behind him a large fortune; the bulk of which he bequeathed to his mother and sisters; leaving an handsome legacy to his friend and instructor Cornutus, together with his study of books ; Cornutus only accepted the books, and gave the money, which Persius had left him, to the survi¬ ving sisters of Persius. Some have supposed, that Persius studied obscurity in his Satires, and that to this we owe the difficulty of unravelling 126 PREFACE. his meaning j that he did this, that he might with the greater safety attack and expose the vicious of his day, and particular¬ ly the emperor Nero, at whom some of his keenest shafts were aimed: however this may be, I have endeavoured to avail myself of the explanations which the learned have given, in order to facilitate the forming of my own judgment, which, whether coincident with theirs or not, I have freely set down in the following notes, in order that my readers may the mbre easily form theirs. As to the comparisons which have been made between Hor¬ ace, Persius, and Juvenal, (the former of which is so often imitated by Persius,) I would refer the reader to Mr. Dryden’s Dedication to the Earl of Dorset, which is prefixed to the trans¬ lation of Juvenal and Persius , by himself and others, and where this matter is fully considered. For my own part, I think it best to allow each his particular merit, and to avoid the invidious and disagreeable task of making comparisons, where each is so excellent, and wherein prejudice and fancy too often supersede true taste and sound judgment. However the comparative merit of Persius may be deter¬ mined, his positive excellence can hardly escape the readers of his Satires, or incline them to differ from Quintilian, who says of him, Inst. Orator, lib. x. cap. I. “ Multum et verce Gloria, quamvis uno libro Persius meruit .” Martial seems of this opinion, lib iv. epig. xxviii. 1. 7, 8. “ Ssepius in libro memoratur Persius uno, “ Quam levis in tota Marsus Amazonide.” On which the Scholiast observes, by way of note: “ Gratior “ est parvus liber Satirarum Persii, quam ingens volumen “ Marsi, quo bellum Herculis scripsit contra A mazonas .” Nor were the Satires of Persius in small esteem, even among those of the most learned of the early Christian writers—such as Cassiodore, Lactantius, Eusebius, St. Jerome, and St. Austin. This is observed by Holyday, who concludes his preface to his translation with these remarkable words : “ Reader, be courte¬ ous to thyself, and let not the example of an heathen condemn thee, but improve thee.” PROLOGUE TO SATIRE I. ARGUMENT. “The design of the author was to conceal his name and quality.—He lived in the dangerous times of Nero, and aims particularly at him in most of his Satires : for which reason, though he was of equestrian dignity, and of a plentiful fortune, he would appear, in this Prologue, but a beggarly poet, who writes for bread. After this he breaks into the business of tho first Satire, which is chiefly to decry the poetiy then in fashion, and th® impudence of those who were endeavouring to pass their stuff upon th® world.” Drydbn. I have neither moistened my lips with the Caballine fountain. Nor to have dreamed in two-headed Parnassus, Do I remember, that thus I should suddenly come forth a poet. Both the Heliconides, and pale Pirene, I leave to those, whose images the pliant ivy-boughs * Touch softly. I, half a clown, Bring my verse to the consecrated repositories of the poets. Who has expedited to a parrot his x«