3Frflm tl|? fftbrar^ of 
 
 l^qupatl|0& by Ijitm ta 
 
 tl|f ffitbrarg of 
 
 Hrtnrrtntt ^IjMlcntral ^^mttiartt 
 
 BL 240 .C72 1896 
 
 Crafts, Wilbur Fisk, 1850- 
 
 1922. 
 
 Before the lost arts and 
 
w^ 
 
 jI^Zc 
 
 ■^^^c 
 
 
 ^. 
 
Before the Lost Arts 
 
 AND OTHER LECTURES 
 
 BY 
 
 Rev. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, Ph.D. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 ''The Sabbath for Man" ''Practical Christian Sociology," 
 'Successful Men of To-day " "Reading the Bible ivith Relish,'' etc., etc. 
 
 THE REFORM BUREAU 
 
 3IO Delaware Avenue, N". E. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
CopvKicin T. i8q6, by 
 Rr.v. WILBUR F. CRAFTS 
 
 BURR PRINTING HOU<5E, NEW YORK. 
 
I. 
 
 BEFORE TH1-: LOST ARTS. 
 
 SAWS, ]IAM.MKKS AM' AXK-> OV ANCIENT EGYPT, 
 
 ()iil\' reinventions 
 (^f " lost arts" that 
 were in use thou- 
 sands of years asfo. ' 
 
 " ' T'hecuts here given, 
 representing tools in 
 iise about 3500 years 
 ago, are from IVic Lit- 
 erary Digest of Feb- 
 ruary I, iSg6, which re- 
 printed them, with ex- 
 planation and discus- 
 sion, from Industries 
 and Iron, London, De- 
 cember 13, 1895. Those 
 who wish to know more 
 of the " lost arts" should 
 consult also cyclopedias 
 and learned works on 
 discoveries in Pompeii, 
 Troy, Mycenae, Cyprus, etc 
 a passing reference is necessary 
 
 s^ I. MODERX 
 explorations in 
 the ruins of an- 
 cient cities have 
 shown t h a t 
 niaiiv tools and 
 implements that 
 had been sup- 
 posed to belong 
 exclusively to 
 modern times 
 are in. reality 
 
 AXES, CHISELS AM 
 
 I'ov the pm-poses of th s lectin-e, only 
 
4 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 These ancient implements, which some of us have seen, 
 and which have been certified to all others by iinques- 
 tioned testi^nony, are to us all satisfactory proof that in 
 the times and places to which they belong there existed 
 minds like ours, intelligent and inventive. 
 
 But other explorations have proved the existence 
 of more numerous and more wonderful tools and 
 even machines at a much more remote period. 
 
 It is well known that the beginnings of science 
 were in the cells of the alchemists and astrologers. 
 The most ancient implements and machines referred 
 to are found in connection with more ancient cells, 
 where they were wrought centuries before Venice 
 worked in glass or Egypt built her pyramids. 
 
 The following is a partial list of these most ancient 
 implements and machines and their products : nee- 
 dles, lances, scissors, scissors- lances, spears, picks, 
 forks, hooks, swords, trowels, spades, self-sharpen- 
 ing chisels, pincers, forceps, augers, spokeshaves, 
 files, common saws, circular saws, band saws, bel- 
 lows, pulleys, levers of the three kinds, hair brushes 
 and combs, syringes, anchors, grapnels, goblets, 
 thread, elastic fish hues, cables, nets, burlap, lace, 
 paper, self-adjusting, self-cleansing opera glasses, 
 lenses, microscopes, telescopes, photographic cam- 
 eras, electric weapons, electric lights, beveled trap 
 doors, folding doors, dovetailed boards, slate and 
 tile roofs, grated windows, suction pumps, pot fur- 
 naces, radiators, covered heating pipes, filters, life- 
 boats (made with compartments like modern ships, 
 which are also air chambers), balloons, air guns, 
 drums, bugles, bells, whistles, trombones, flageolets, 
 taborets, clarionets, trumpets, violins, pipe organs, 
 self-dressing millstones, roller skates, submarine 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 5 
 
 cement, glue, hollow pillars (so made to combine 
 lightness and strength), buttresses, girders, arches, 
 domes, telegraph lines and telephones. 
 
 I perceive in your faces two kinds of expression, 
 which remind me of an incident. A Western man 
 having told a story of even more than the usual 
 Western dimensions, one of his hearers showed no 
 amazement. The narrator turned on him sharply 
 and said: "You don't seem surprised at that?" 
 " No," said his calm auditor, " I am a liar myself." 
 But when I shall have convinced this audience, as I 
 have the many audiences to which this lecture has 
 been delivered all over the United States and Can- 
 ada and Great Britain, that I have not spoken in a 
 Pickwickian, not even in a poetical sense, in giving 
 you this partial list of ancient tools and machines, 
 but rather have spoken historically and scientifically, 
 then, by the same logic ivhich you accepted a fezu mo- 
 ments since, these most ancient tools and machines will 
 prove that at the times and places when and where they 
 existed there was mind at zvork, intelligent and inventive^ 
 like oitrs in kind, hoivever different in degree. 
 
 These implements and machines all existed before 
 man made his first invention. The ancient " cells" 
 in connection with which they are found are those 
 which so wonderfully underlie all animal and vege- 
 table Ufe, sometimes so minute that half a million of 
 them may be found in a single square inch of flesh. 
 
 The vegetable cells in the picture (see next page), 
 some of them cut in two, some of them closed as in 
 nature, remind us, as do many forms in the yet lower 
 mineral kingdom, that "God geometrizes." But 
 the less beautiful cells of the animal kingdom are 
 really more wonderful. In this magnified view of a 
 
C) ULU-UKK 'IHK l.UST ARTS. 
 
 living frog's tongue we see the living bioplasm, that 
 spins and weaves all animal bodies, in the cells oi 
 non-living matter where it works its wonders. 
 
 These minute cells have recently proved mighty 
 fortresses of faith. Dr. Burdon Sanderson, in his 
 address as Presich'nt of tho Briti^li Association lor 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 'km '^W^' M'f 
 
 CELLS IN FROG S TONGUE, 
 (From Cook's Biology.) 
 
 VEGETABLE CELLS. 
 (From Gray's Botany.) 
 
 the Advancement of Science, in 1893, declared, with 
 the manifest approval of that foremost of scientific 
 bodies, that the materialistic theory of the universe 
 had broken down in the presence of these micro- 
 scopic cells, each of which manifests a " specific 
 energy" inconsistent with any mechanical theory of 
 causation. His successors in that premiership of 
 science. Lord Salisbury and Sir Douglass Galton, 
 each repeated, with the increasing approval of the 
 Association, the declaration that materialism has ut- 
 terly failed to make out its case. The recent return 
 to faith of Romanes,' the very champion of material- 
 
 2 The story of the conversion of Geori:{e John Romanes, as given 
 in his posthumcms book, " Thon.ohtson Religion" (The Open Court 
 
p.F.i'.Rr: TiTF. losr arts. ; 
 
 istic evolution, whom Darwin declared to be the 
 most intellectual of living men, is another sign that 
 science, as it passes the sophomoric period, is find- 
 ing that cells and cosmos alike proclaim an intelli- 
 gent Cause. 
 
 That this reaction of scientific men toward theism 
 and Christianity is not confined to F>ngland but is 
 general is declared by M. Brunetiere in the Revue des 
 Deux MondeSy^ which The Outlook characterizes as 
 **the foremost organ of literary opinion in the 
 world." There have been, he says, in effect, three 
 different attitudes taken by scientific men toward re- 
 Publishing Co., Chicago, 111., Si. 25) and in The Bibliotheca Sacra, 
 January, 1896, p. 68 (Oberlin, O., 75 cents), is likely to be of great 
 benefit to those who are perplexed with doubts suggested by sci- 
 ence. On p. 165 of "'Thoughts on Religion," he says of his 
 changed views: "I took it for granted that Christianity was 
 played out, and never considered it at all as having any rational 
 bearing on the question of theism And, though this was doubt- 
 less inexcusable, I still think that the rational standing of Chris- 
 tianity has materially improved since then. ' For then it seemed 
 that Christianity was destined to succumb as a rational system be- 
 fore the double assault of Darwin from without and the negative 
 school of criticism from within. Not only the book of organic na- 
 ture, but likewise its own sacred documents, seemed to be declar- 
 ing against it. But now all this has been very materially changed. 
 We have all more or less grown to see that Darwinism is like 
 Copernicanism, etc., in this respect ; while the outcome of the great 
 textual battle is impartially considered a signal victory for Chris 
 tianity." 
 
 3 By Professor N. S. Shaler, of Harvard University, also Homi- 
 Ictic' Review, November, 1S95, and by President Schurman.oi 
 Cornell X^niversity, The latter recently said in the Pliitosophit 0/ 
 Review : " Does not the light already shine for all who liuve eyes 
 to see? The conception of Cod as spiritual and not mechanical ; 
 as immanent, not external ; as working by law. not by caprice, 
 and with steady, infinite patience, not by catastrophic outbursts ; 
 as adumbrated'in nature and revealed in the moral and spiritual 
 qualities of man, who is the goal of evolution and the epitome and 
 abridgment of existence : is not this conception, in combination 
 with the idea of the divine Fatherhood (which is the essence of 
 Christianity), taking possession of the best spirits of the modern 
 world and dislodging the agnosticism by which it was preceded 
 and by which, in a sense, it was originated ?" See also President 
 Schurman's since published book, "Agnosticism and Religion"' 
 (Scribners, New York). 
 
8 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 ligion. In the last century the attitude of most sci- 
 entists toward rehgion was one of contempt. Faith 
 of all kinds was treated as a relic of the superstitions 
 of the childhood of the race, and religious phenomena 
 of all kinds were quietly put aside as unworthy of 
 investigation. This attitude was succeeded by that 
 of the middle years of the present century, when sci- 
 entific activity was at its height, and when the ex- 
 pectations of discovery and revelation from science 
 were almost boundless. At that time, M. Brunetiere 
 declares, religion was no longer despised, but it was 
 treated simply as a phase in the history of the de- 
 velopment of humanity, worthy of careful study and 
 of immense influence in the past, but permanently 
 superseded by science. This attitude has been for- 
 saken, according to this writer, for another attitude, 
 which he declares will be that of the scientific men 
 of the next century — an attitude in which the claims 
 of science are very much moderated, and the claims 
 of religion very much more heartily recognized, 
 with a growing perception that the apparent an- 
 tagonism between the two has been superficial rather 
 than real, and that there is in religion a permanent 
 element, the expression of which science may mod- 
 ify, but which it cannot destroy. 
 
 In this rout of materialism, as 1 have said, these 
 microscopic cells have had a decisive part. They 
 are not only the fortresses but also the workshops 
 and laboratories of the invisible Wisdom, of the origi- 
 nal Mind, zvJio manifests in his works, design, order 
 and progress, as does the human mind, only the Divine 
 Mind, being perfect in knowledge and skill, used in the very 
 beginning many of the same mechanical devices that man, 
 the son of God, thinking God's thoughts after him, has 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 fST 
 
 t^ 
 
 r^:-. 
 
 come to 2ise less perfectly after six tJiousaiid years of 
 experiment and study. 
 
 For instance, take that simplest of all mechanical 
 appliances, a point. A Boston lecturer magnified 
 the point of the finest cambric needle, and so made it 
 appear on his stereopticon screen like a stub pen, four 
 inches across the end. But a bee sting equally mag- 
 nified retained its point, and the lecturer said, " Man 
 cannot make a point, but God can." Man is also 
 far behmd in the making of fine thread. His hand is 
 not able to make it as fine as his own mind requires. 
 For the microme- 
 ter, a metal frame- 
 work, crossed with 
 threads, which is 
 placed in the eye- 
 piece of telescopes 
 to measure astro- 
 nomical distances, 
 man has tried in 
 vain to furnish a 
 wire or thread of 
 
 requisite fineness, and so has had to use the thread 
 that the Creator makes in the spider's mill. The finest 
 wires man's science has enabled him to make for this 
 purpose are shown, magnified, in figures i (platinum) 
 and 2 (German silver), while figure 3 shows the much 
 finer spider thread. In the Observatory clock at 
 Cincinnati, a spider thread was used (all other wires 
 and threads being too heavy) to carry an automatic 
 telegram of every tick. Attached to the pendulum 
 at one end, it was so delicate as not in the least to 
 retard the clock, and yet this natural telegraph wire 
 was strong enough to serve two. years, with no sign 
 
lo riKiORi-: 'iiii: i.<>m' a ins. 
 
 of wear, being broken at that time because oi 
 changes to be made in the clock, These fine threads 
 for scientific purposes are spun " to order" by the 
 male spider, whose thread is finer than his mate's. 
 A pencil is placed against the thread gland of the 
 spider, and he is then lifted up. He at once begins 
 to spin, falling from the pencil to winch he has made 
 fast the thread like a fire-escape rope. The thread 
 is then wound round about the pencil as if it were a 
 spool. Fine as this thread is, it is a cable woven of 
 a thousand finer threads.* 
 
 Another illustration of the fact that the Divine 
 Mind, though like ours, is greater, not only in the 
 quantity but also in the quality of his inventions, is 
 the natural opera glass of the eyes. There are two 
 eyes rather than one for the same reasons, manifest- 
 ly, as that there are two eye pieces in opera glasses, 
 stereoscopes, and other double glasses, namely, to 
 gi\ne completer and more correct vision, especially 
 with reference to solidity. But while the double 
 glasses of man's making have to be washed, and also 
 adjusted by wheels to near and remote objects and 
 to different degrees of light, our natural opera glasses 
 adjust themselves instantly to varying distances, and 
 more slowly to a change from light to compaiative 
 darkness. When one })asses from the sunblazc ol 
 noon into a half -darkened room, he can see nothing 
 at first, but presently in a slight sense of pain he can 
 almost feel the turning of the wheels as the self-ad- 
 justing opera glass of his eyes adapts itself to the 
 partial darkness. This self-adjustment in the case of 
 the cat's eyes is yet more perfect. In our army 
 
 i...>^w .-^ J':vL-iiin,y,-, at the Microscope" (Appleton's, p. 246). 
 
P.F.FORF. 'I'lri MM -. i I 
 
 tiiere was a soldier known as " the natural picket" 
 because he had a cat's eve wliich could see on the 
 darkest nights, for wliich his shaie of picket dutv 
 was therefore reserved. Our natural opera glass is 
 also self-adjusting- in regard to position, having pul- 
 leys bv which it turns, without other help than the 
 will, up i)r down, right or left. The opera glass also 
 washes itself from the tear ducts, and puts itself in 
 its case by closing the lids when its " sight-seeing" 
 is over for the time. In the insect-eating birds the 
 eyes form a double microscope, a new thing in art 
 but old in nature, and in the case of vultures the 
 eyes form a double telescope, which art has not yet 
 copied. 
 
 That divine machines, though like man's, are more 
 perfect will appear all through our study ; but 1 
 will name here, at the threshold of our subject, one 
 more example of this superiority, namely, the human 
 hand. It is it once a hammer, a vice, a forceps, a 
 hook, a spoon, a paddle, a club ; it also includes 
 nearly all the tools a sculptor requires m modeling ; 
 and besides being a whole chest of tools, it is a com- 
 plete signal service for expressing the feeling of the 
 heart and the thought of the brain. Man's hand 
 never has been skillful enough to make another ma- 
 chine as wonderful as itself in the varietv of its pow- 
 ers and the compactness of their arrangement. 
 
 Nature shows Mind, Mind like ours, but greater, 
 as a father's skill excels that of a half-developed child. 
 
 T/tal a Mind like ours but infinitely greater created 
 and sustains the visible zvorld is also strikingly shown in 
 the fact that not infrequently the niaehinery of nature 
 has been directly and consciously copied by human 
 machinists. 
 
12 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 One of the most valuable lances used in surgery, 
 the scissors- lance, was copied from the microscopic 
 lance of the black fiy of the Adirondacks. The 
 scissors-lance of the surgeon pierces the skin with 
 the scissors closed, and then, by a remarkable me- 
 chanical contrivance, the scissors are opened in- 
 ternally to cut away a tumor or some other intrusive 
 matter. No one would say the copy did not repre- 
 sent a designing mind. What of the original ? It 
 was manifestly made for the purpose of supplying 
 the insect with its food. Having pierced the skin, 
 making but a tiny puncture, the scissors are opened 
 to increase the flow of blood, which, because the ex- 
 ternal cut is very small, cannot escape, and then a 
 suction pump draws it up, after which a brush re- 
 sembling those used for kerosene lamp chimneys is 
 used to clean the lance for future use. 
 
 The points of our modern augers were copied from 
 the wonderful head of the locust borer, a Uttle worm 
 about an inch long and so soft, except its tiny head, 
 that a child could crush it in its fingers, and yet so 
 capable of boring the hardest wood that the one 
 which I have was taken from a hickory log, in split- 
 ting which two strong men broke an iron wedge. 
 Some years ago a man of inventive turn of mind be- 
 thought him that this living auger might teach man 
 how to improve boring tools, and, having examined 
 microscopically his little horns, transferred them to 
 the bits we now use. Boats have been built from 
 the days of canoes on the pattern of ducks and fish. 
 The swan is a beautiful propeller yacht with a lofty 
 pilot house at the bow. Pot furnaces were copied 
 from certain eminences in the alimentary canal. So 
 the ship-worm, which bores by means of a funnel- 
 

 THE SHINING COMETS OF THE SEA. 
 (From Christian Work, April 26, 1894. See also same, December 6, 1S94.) 
 
J5EFOKE THE LOS r ARTS. 1 : 
 
 like projection on its head and enamels the sides of 
 his tnnnels, gave the lanions engineer Brunei the 
 successful method of boring- and the idea of putting 
 . cast-iron linings mto the treacherous tunnels he cut 
 through the sand of the Thames, which had pre- 
 viously defeated him again and again. The Eddy- 
 stone Lighthouse, which has stood the storms of a 
 century, was patterned from a tree trunk — is, in- 
 deed, an oak of granite. And when architects had 
 failed to present a safe plan for the Crystal Palace of 
 London, a gardener, the now famous Paxton, copied 
 the architecture of the Victoria Regia leaf. The 
 band stands at the Crystal Palace and at Conev 
 Island in the L^nited States are copied from the 
 human mouth, in recognition that God's sounding 
 board is the best. The living phosphorescent lights 
 of the sea, jellyfish, starfish, and luminous sharks, 
 use an illuminant that man has not yet copied, while 
 electric tish show that God finds no insuperable prob- 
 lem in storage electricity. Some of these lamp fish 
 have been used by sailors for lamps. \n one case a 
 group of six pyrosom^e were placed in a globe of 
 glass and used as a cabin chandelier. Some lumi- 
 nous plants and insects have also been used as lamps. 
 Professor D' Arson val, of the College of France, ac- 
 cording to the Scientific Aincricaii, has lighted small 
 electric lamps by applying them to the torpedo fish, 
 which give out a shock of from tvventy to one hun- 
 dred and twenty volts — a power usual Iv employed 
 for killing or paralyzing their prev. In one case the 
 shock was so strong that it carbonized the lamps. 
 
 That many more machines in nature might be 
 ' opied with profit to inventors and the j^ublic is the 
 riiief burden of a book called "Natures Teach- 
 
1 6 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 ings," by Rev. J. E. Wood," published since I began 
 to deliver this lecture. (It discusses the machines 
 of nature from a standpoint far different from mine ; 
 but from it I have derived many facts not other- 
 wheres found, besides many pictures of objects that 
 1 had discussed previous to its publication without 
 pictorial aids.) 
 
 As we turn from the aspect of the subject which 
 we have been discussing, it is pertinent to ask, If 
 the copying of machines from nature shows intelli- 
 gence, does not their origination evidence it still 
 more ? 
 
 The main argument of this lecture was suggested 
 by Wendell Phillips's lecture on " The Lost Arts," 
 which I heard in 1870. As he told of the alleged 
 arts of antiquity (now known to have been greatly 
 overestimated by him) the thought occurred to me 
 that nature's machines, more numerous and more 
 wonderful, were much older, and that if the " lost 
 arts" prove intelligence in the age to which they be- 
 long, the tools of nature that existed before the lost 
 arts prove yet more clearly the greater intelligence 
 of the world's Author, and man's kinship to him.'' 
 
 Let us deepen our sense of the reality of a personal 
 God and our sonship by a rapid survey of many ma- 
 chines which God and man have each invented sepa- 
 rately with like purpose. 
 
 § 2. Former ages have seen the greatness of the 
 
 5 Daldy, Isbister & Co., 56 Ludgate Hill, London, England. 
 
 « Mr. L. A. Maj-nard, of Christiait Work (March 29, 1894), 
 in an article on " Children of the King," says : " I think there 
 is a tendency among those who preach to us from the pulpit and 
 from the printed page to dwell too much upon the weakness 
 and littleness of men. ... As Christ taught -the virtues of humil- 
 ity and meekness, that man can do nothing of himself, ... so 
 also he taught that men are the sons of God. ' ' 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 1 7 
 
 Creator chiefly in the infinitely great — the sea and 
 sky. But the microscope's revelation of God is 
 even more wonderful. Mastery of details is tne 
 rarest mastery. Daniel Webster, being asked for 
 the best evidence of greatness shown by Sir Robert 
 Peel, quoted from one of his addresses, as Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer, these words, ** Now we come to 
 the onion seed." That he should have taken ac- 
 
 ;PXVDEtfOX 6KEU BAtLOOV 
 
 count of such small products in seeking to prevent 
 taxes from being burdensome anywhere was count- 
 ed a rare mark of genius. So the greatness of God 
 appears in nothing so marvelous as in his mastery of 
 the minute and multitudinous details of his kingdom. 
 See how he equips the dandelion seed, humbler than 
 the onion seed, with a balloon and grapphng hooks. 
 Beside it behold what botanists call a corymb, but 
 what 1 choose to call the golden candlestick flower, 
 proclaiming as its Author a Mind loving beauty and 
 symmetry as it holds aloft its floral incense lamps m 
 
1 8 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 his praise. Is there no Mind back of the 70,000 per- 
 fect lenses in the eye of the tortoise-shell beetle, or 
 the 10,000 in the eye of the common fly, or the 
 hexagonal cells of the wasp's beautiftil paper palace ? 
 Making paper from wood pulp is a new art among 
 men, but old as the world among wasps. The Jap- 
 anese have learned in modern times the value of 
 paper houses. The wasps were taught this ages 
 ago. On the walls of African huts one may see the 
 
 \ELELLA. (XaTURAL-SIZE) 
 
 •WATUK-SXAIL ACTISG AS ROW 
 
 ANCHOR OF BTNAPTA. LEBNKNTOJiA 
 
 paper tents that spiders have woven and set up- 
 paper made of their own threads, first one square 
 piece, then a narrow strip to hold it down on all 
 sides, fastened with glue from their own bodies. 
 Under this the eggs are placed, and on it the spider 
 keeps guard against foes. Speaking of threads, we 
 ought to mention the cables by which the water 
 snail and pinna shell anchor themselves— the latter 
 sometimes woven into garments. 
 
 One of the favorite specimens of microscopists is 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. I9 
 
 the synapta, a tiny creature of the sea, ivhich has 
 four anchors in place of hands and feet. As in the 
 story of Paul's shipwreck, when danger threatens 
 he " casts four anchors out of the ship and waits for 
 the day." And the anchors are almost exactly like 
 those used in the voyage of Paul, as we see them on 
 ancient Roman coins. The lernentoma, a parasite, 
 has a grapnel head with which he grapples, pirate 
 fashion, the sprat on which he is to feed. There are 
 sponges also that are live grapnels. The velella, a 
 living raft, carries a living sail. The violet snail 
 carries a pocket raft which it inflates with air, and so 
 makes a life raft that cannot sink and by which it is 
 transported. The water-snail and water-boatman 
 each carry a boat in their journeys, hke an Adiron- 
 dack tourist, the former keeping his boat tucked 
 under his armor when not in use, the other wearing 
 his boat, keel upward, as a coat when not in the 
 water. The water-snail depends on the wind, but 
 the swifter water-boatman has a set of arms that are 
 oars with a wonderful power to " feather" by con- 
 traction, as do natural oars in the fins of fishes, the 
 tails of lobsters, and the webbed feet of aquatic fowls 
 also. Here it will be suitable to mention that the 
 tails of fish and of sea animals are at once rudders 
 and propellers, like sculling oars, the fins being in 
 various cases, oars, keels, and center boards. Older 
 than any human lifeboat is the eggboat of the gnat, 
 which no waves can sink because of its air-tight com- 
 partments, consisting of attached egg-shells, each 
 with a trap door to let the gnat, when hatched, into 
 water. The mother gnat protects her young as in- 
 telligently as the mother of Moses, who made water- 
 tight the wicker boat in which she laid him by the 
 
20 
 
 BEFORE THE LOST ARIS. 
 
 Veuus' Illy .'J I 
 
 river's brink. Natural trap doors are found not 
 only in gnat eggs, but also in beveled form at the en- 
 trance to the trap-door spider's hole. They are also 
 found in the camel's nose, to pro- 
 tect him against the desert sands, 
 and in one form of the Venus fly- 
 traps. These last seem to be 
 electric traps. (Surely here is 
 something to be copied.) Noth- 
 ing slower than lightning would 
 be adequate to catch a fly. When 
 a fly's foot touches the lining of 
 the dungeon tower the trap door 
 falls and the fl}^ is suffocated. 
 So in the open trap, the touch 
 of a fly's foot brings the trap 
 together and the fly is killed, 
 and in some sense feeds the 
 plant, apparently. As to the 
 camel, the ship of the desert, he 
 is in every part built for long 
 desert voyages as surely as our 
 common ships for the sea — his 
 nose, his feet, his hump, his stom- 
 ach, in the last of which are 
 water barrels of leather for his 
 long voyage through the sand. 
 As well say the barrels on ship- 
 board are ** a fortuitous con- 
 course of atoms" as to say there 
 was no intelligent purpose in 
 the camel's unusual water supply. 
 
 So-called " blades" of grass are really wedges of 
 remarkable power when below ground, and in some 
 
 uooK OP TKAP-Dooi; sriuEj;, 
 
BEFOKK rilE LOST ARTS. 
 
 21 
 
 cases sword-blades when above it. (Over.) We do 
 not yet see the purpose of the wheels of the chiro- 
 dota, which are at least forms of beauty. But the fil- 
 ters or sieves of a duck's beak and a whale's mouth are 
 each manifestlv designed to sift out coarse substances 
 from the w^ater. whose minute life is used by these 
 creatures for 
 food. We have 
 all seen a fly at 
 his toilet, but 
 not all have 
 seen the two 
 brushes here 
 pictured with 
 which the task 
 is done. The 
 toucan daintily 
 combs himself 
 with his notch- 
 ed beak, an ef- 
 fective bone 
 comb. The 
 spider has a 
 softer comb. 
 The glow- 
 worm larva's 
 brush striking- 
 ly resembles a 
 shaving brush, 
 lour wings. 
 
 
 
 
 K"'^..> ^\ 
 
 Venus's Fly-Trap. 
 
 Bees, wasps, and hornets have each 
 The two on each side are hooked to- 
 gether as one, with hooks here pictured, when the in- 
 sect is about to fly. There is scarcely a form of 
 hook that is not found in some plant or insect or 
 larger creature. A wonderful chest of tools the 
 
22 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 mosquito carries in his mouth — two lanees, two 
 spears, two saws and a suction pump. The wasp 
 and bee carry a smaller assortment of tools ; and it 
 is claimed for the bee that his sting is both sword 
 and trowel ; that while sometimes used for defense, 
 it is commonly used for varnishing and sealing his 
 honey cells and injecting formic acid into the honey. 
 The common saw-fly carries a saw in its mouth with 
 which it saws a crease in some soft branch as a nest 
 for its eggs. More wonderful is the sawyer beetle, 
 a living circular saw, with teeth on the inside, which 
 swings itself round and round, like a g3^mnast on a 
 trapeze, in order to get at the juices of the tree by 
 sawing into the wood. Still more wonderful is the 
 self-renewing band saw of molluscs, some of which 
 — in the whelk, for instance — have 27,000 teeth. 
 When some of the teeth are worn out they are rolled 
 in to grow again and a fresh section of the band is 
 rolled out for service. Another natural carpenter 
 IS the hoopshave bee, which shaves the soft down 
 Irom twigs by a double plane on both sides the 
 mouth, and uses the down thus obtained as a lin- 
 crusta-walton paper for its home. The mole vigor- 
 ously wields a spade. The woodpecker uses not his 
 head only but his whole body as a pick. It will be 
 appropriate to name here the natural file, equisetum, 
 known as the " Dutch rush," which is said to sur- 
 pass, for certam purposes, all manufactured files and 
 sandpapers. The beaver's tooth chisel excels in one 
 respect all manufactured chisels, namely, in that it 
 is self-dressing and self-renewing. The front bemg 
 hard enamel and the back a softer bone, the latter 
 wears out faster than the former, so keeping up the 
 edge, and the growth of the tooth makes the chisel 
 
HAm-BRUSH 
 
 FOOT OF FLY. BRUSH OF GLOW. ^""^ 
 
 WORM LAnVA. STOMAOH OF CAMEL 
 
 (The objects here described are more fully discussed, with others also, 
 in "Evenings at the Microscope," by Philip Henry Gosse [ Appleton's], and 
 in '■'■ Nature s Teachings," already referred to.) 
 
24 BEFUKli; THE LU6T x\KTb. 
 
 last a lifetime. Each of the elephant's molars is a 
 self-dressing millstone, with three layers of bone, 
 hard, harder, hardest, which, wearing out slow, 
 slower, slowest, keep the ridges ever dressed for 
 grinding. All molars are millstones, as the word im- 
 plies. 
 
 Man has only recently invented submarine ce- 
 ment ; but in nature it is as old as the terebella. 
 The respirator used by certain mechanics to protect 
 the mouth from metal dust was anticipated in the 
 strong protection of the air tubes of flies. Portable 
 electric lights, fed by the electricity in the body, 
 which are for man a possible future invention, are 
 anticipated in fireflies and glow-worms. And the 
 electric weapons of future warfare are foretokened 
 in the torpedo fish and electric eel which disable 
 their game by electric shocks. Almost ever}^ form 
 of piercing weapon has been used for defense and 
 for the hunt in nature. The so-called sawfish is as 
 much a swordfish as the one who bears the latter 
 name. Both use their swords to kill the game they 
 feed on and for self-defense. Armor is anticipated 
 in shell fish and the tough-skinned animals. The 
 archer fish has in its body and mouth an air gun by 
 which, with a skill no man ever equaled, it shoots a 
 fly with a drop of water for a bullet. Somewhat 
 similar in shape, but with a long syringe mouth, is 
 the bellows fish, which draws water into its capa- 
 cious body to absorb its minute forms of life, and 
 then expels the water by a motion like that of a bel- 
 lows. Yet more interesting is the squid, which 
 ought to be called the rocket fish, since its progress 
 is caused by reaction through the swift expulsion, 
 not of fire, but of water. In capacious bags which 
 
BEFORE THE LOS'l" ARTS. 2$ 
 
 hang like wings at its sides it gathers its " water 
 power." The water is swiftly pressed out on both 
 sides of its head, and away it shoots, rear end first. 
 So swift is the expulsion of the water that the head 
 would be in danger were it not that on the sides of 
 the head are little buttons and on the water-bags 
 button-holes, by which, when the cataract power is 
 about to work, the squid buttons on his head and all 
 goes well. Here certainly is an inv^ention that ought 
 to be copied to prevent rockety people in trying mo- 
 ments from " losing their heads." The angler fish 
 has a live fish-pole and line and bait on his upper 
 lip with which he successfully angles for fish. The 
 nemertes is a living elastic fish-line that lies on the 
 beach as if a dead string until touched by the game 
 it seeks, which it " plays" like a trout- fisher for a 
 while and then devours. As to nets, besides the 
 spider's stationary net that is rendered more effec- 
 tive by putting glue on the cross threads to hold the 
 game, the argus staifish and barnacle both use cast 
 nets to entangle their prey. The lace named in my 
 list is the beautiful lace leaf of the Orient, and the 
 burlap is the overcoat of the cocoanut tree. Its 
 warp and woof are clearly seen. 
 
 There are few, if any, musical instruments that are 
 not in their main principle as old as nature. The 
 funeral of cock robin, had the story been written in 
 our day, would have been carried out by the birds 
 themselves, bell ringing, funeral orchestra and all. 
 In the scientific revision of the story the partridge 
 beats the drum for the solemn march ; the bell bird 
 tolls the bell ; larks, canaries, and surviving robins 
 play the clarionet ; the golden robin, the bugle ; the 
 blue bird, the flageolet ; the hair bird, the octave 
 
26 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 flute ; the crane and trumpeter, the trumpet ; the 
 swan, the trombone. If taboret is needed, the katy- 
 did is at hand, and the locust with the violin. 
 
 The hollow bones of birds are, first, a bone bal- 
 loon, that is filled at will with warm air from the 
 lungs to help them fly ; and, second, organ pipes for 
 music ; and, third, hollow pillars, which give great- 
 est strength with least weight, as men have only 
 learned of late. Which reminds me that as pillars 
 and iron yards for ships are strengthened by hori- 
 zontal ribs, so stalks of wheat and corn and porcu- 
 pine quills have always been thus strengthened. 
 That double walls with air space between are less 
 affected by external heat and cold is a new principle 
 in human architecture ; but the silk worms had been 
 so taught divmely when they first built their cocoons. 
 Slated and tiled roofs are found in nature, for in- 
 stance, in butterfly's wings. And the little caddis 
 in pupa state protects its grave with grated windows. 
 The emperor moth's cocoon is protected by the re- 
 verse of the device that is found in crab and lobster 
 pots and certain mouse traps, the cone of spines 
 easily entered one way, but impassable spears against 
 return. As the lobster can get in but not out, the 
 moth, by an opposite arrangement, provides that 
 the cocoon can in due time get out while nothing 
 can get in. The entrances to birds' nests are often 
 like those of the Esquimaux, which, to secure their 
 homes against polar bears, make a long narrow en- 
 trance through which they themselves must crawl, 
 a Thermopylae pass easily defended against foes. 
 
 In the bones of our bodies are found arches, but- 
 tresses, girders ; also levers of the three kinds in 
 neck, foot, and arm ; while the valves of the heart, 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 2/ 
 
 as the name implies, are folding doors. The dome, 
 the strongest form of roof, is found in the human 
 skull, which is built on the same architectural prin- 
 ciple as St. Peter's or the Capitol, and as sure to 
 have great questions of Church and State agitated 
 beneath it. The bones of the skull are dovetailed, 
 and protected between and below by rubber cush 
 ions of cartilage. The hair of our heads, though not 
 " numbered" on the end of each one, as a certain 
 colored preacher declared would be seen to be the 
 case on microscopic examination, is marked yet 
 more wonderfully at the other end. Each hair is 
 sheathed like an officer's sword and provided with 
 two sacs or bottles of hair oil, the only kind that 
 ever should be used. In an average head of hair 
 there are 150,000 such sheaths. 
 
 And the eye, besides being an opera glass, is a 
 kodak. Cut from white paper the figure of a bird 
 and mark an X upon it to fix your eye. Lay it on 
 your black coat or black dress and look intently at 
 it while you count fifty, so making your eye a cam- 
 era. Then look up to the white wall, and presently 
 you will see the "negative" of the bird in black, 
 seemingly on the wall, but really on your eye, where 
 it has been photographed, and where it will remain 
 as long as your portrait would remain on the plate 
 if chemicals were not used to " fix" it. 
 
 The telephone of nature is the ear. The external 
 ear is the speaking tube. The first drum corre- 
 sponds to the vibrating carbon. Three bones con- 
 stitute the wire which carries the vibrations to the 
 second drum, the listening tube, where the brain re- 
 ceives the message. 
 
 Most wonderful of all the machinery of the human 
 
28 
 
 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 head is the telegraph office it contains. The parts 
 of the brain whose function is thought of course 
 would not respond to electricity. 
 Only the living soul can command 
 them. But the sensor-motor part, 
 as shown in this living monkey's 
 brain, experimented upon by 
 Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier, is a 
 real telegraphic instrument. Pour 
 an electric current on the spot 
 marked i and the hind foot moves 
 as in walking. Electrify 5 and 
 there is a forward motion of the 
 arm. Electrify a, b, c, d, and the hand closes 
 into a fist. The nerves are the telegraphic wires, 
 buried wires of the latest fashion. The many 
 
 (From Carpenter's 
 Phvsiolog-y.) 
 
 •--THE WILL- 
 
 Jnicllcctual OporatioDS. -/ ] 
 4 ' I ' 
 
 Etnutions. 
 4 
 
 Ideas. 
 
 •— CEREBRnil«| 
 
 Sensations.' 
 
 4 
 
 -4- Sensory Ganoltk- 
 
 'Imprff.sions. 
 
 ---Spinal Coro- 
 
 . or Sriir*THKTic Cianolion, 
 
 ccDtrca of excito-moior rt-llexiofi. 
 
 (From Carpenter's Physiology.) 
 
 nerves entering the brain, when pictured, remind 
 one of the many wires entering a telegraph office. 
 Impressions come to the afferent or ingoing nerves 
 from the outside world and are translated or trans- 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 29 
 
 formed at the next office, the sensorium, into " sen- 
 sations," then reaching sensory-motor nerves in the 
 brain, they become successively " ideas," " emo- 
 tions," " intellectual operations" (sometimes "emo- 
 tions" are skipped), and then " the will" telegraphs 
 the motor impulse, by the efferent or outgoing nerves, 
 what to do. Now, if the " impressions" in such a 
 case came from placing the hand on a hot stove while 
 groping at night in a dark room, and if it was nec- 
 essary, before the hand could be removed, to tele- 
 graph from one of those offices to another, and have 
 the impressions translated into "sensations," and 
 then into "ideas,", and then into "emotions," and 
 then into "intellectual operations," before "the 
 will" could order the " motor impulse" to remove 
 the hand, it would be badly burned. But one of 
 the recent discoveries of science is that in such cases 
 intellect and will are not consulted, but the deputy 
 brains in the spinal cord or sensory ganglia instantly 
 remove the hand by what is called involuntary reflex 
 action." 
 
 Closely related to the machinery found in nature 
 are the arabesques, the mathematical forms of beauty 
 of which illustrations have been given in lenses and 
 cells, to which should be added the wonderful crys- 
 tals of the snow and the ice flowers and crystallized 
 hail and common ice, all built on perfect angles of 
 60° and 120°. When Pascal as a child stole away 
 and worked out geometric forms by himself, it was 
 
 ■ Paul Tyner, in The Arena, June, 1894, and The New Science 
 Review. October. 1S95, citing the fact " that in post-mortem dis- 
 sections of the blind, the nerve cells at the tips of the fingers have 
 been found identical in formation with the gray matter of the 
 brain." suggests that "we think all over," the whole nervous 
 system being the organ of thought. 
 
30 
 
 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 counted an evidence of superior intelligence. Does 
 nature's marv^elous geometry prove the lack of it ? 
 
 The chemistry of nature proves Mind in nature as 
 clearly as that is proved by its mathematics and ma- 
 chines. In the minute cells of plants, for instance, 
 
 THE TREASURES OF THE SNOW. 
 
 feats of chemical analysis and synthesis are achieved 
 that not only duplicate but excel those of the best 
 human laboratories.^ Man has never yet invented a 
 machine for turning stones to food, but every food- 
 
 ® See Dr. J. R. Nichol's " Fireside Science," pp. 262, ff. 
 
BEFORE THE LO$J ARTS. 3 1 
 
 bearing plant is just that. God's laboratories in 
 nature change cane sugar to fruit sugar and grape 
 sugar, and back again, and starch to sugar and back 
 again, but in both these processes man's chemistry 
 can follow God's only in the first change. Man can 
 compound mineral waters, but none equal to those 
 God makes. 
 
 I have found nothing, save personal experience, 
 which makes the existence of a personal God seem 
 so real as my casual studies of the divine machinery 
 of nature, which confirm the teaching of the Bible, 
 that man is the image of God, and God the Father 
 of our spirits, a Mind like ours, though infinitely 
 greater.* 
 
 It has been objected that many of these evidences 
 of adaptation are found in connection with weapons 
 and poisons Avhose purpose is pain, and that the 
 Mind revealed in nature is indeed intellectual but 
 not beneficent. Romanes, even while he credited 
 this diflficulty, suggested the answer, namely, that 
 God seeks perfection in spite of pain, indeed by it, 
 in nature and human nature alike.'" Drummond has 
 given further answer in showing that nature reveals 
 not only the selfish masculine " struggle for life," 
 but also the unselfish feminine " struggle for the life 
 of others," the germ of self-sacrifice in motherhood," 
 This triumph of love is not " brought to light" in 
 nature, but in revelation. Yet nature is not wholly 
 dark in this matter. It hints at the mission of pain 
 in relation to perfection and sacrifice. 
 
 9 Fatherhood is not a mere figure, borrowed from man as apph'ed 
 to God, but he is the divine original of Fatherhood, " of whom 
 every family in heaven and earth is named" (Eph. 3 : 15). 
 • '<•" Thoughts on Religion." . .' 
 
 " " The Ascent of Man." ■"- ' 
 
32 BEFOKEi^THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 § 3. In the foregoing studies we have considered 
 only the lesser hemisphere of the argument from de- 
 sign, known as teleology, which relates to the adapta- 
 tion of means to ends in single objects or small 
 groups. There remains time only to suggest the 
 larger hemisphere of eutoxology, which would by 
 itself afford sufificient proof of God in nature from 
 the evidence of order, plan, and progress, in the his- 
 tory of the world. Professor Hicks, in his " Critique 
 of Design Arguments," after making the division 
 just given, reminds us that while Socrates relied 
 chiefly on teleology, Cicero preferred the stronger 
 argument from eutoxology, pointing those who said 
 that some of the seeming evidences of design in sin- 
 gle objects might be the result of accident (moderns 
 would say, of ** natural selection") to the impossi- 
 bility of so explaining the orderly plan of the whole 
 universe. For example, he sa3^s : '* A hog turning 
 up the ground with his nose may make something of 
 the form of the letter A ; but do you think that a 
 hog might describe on the ground the Andromache 
 of Eunius?" Evolutionary studies have greatly 
 strengthened eutoxology since the days of Cicero." 
 
 '■- Sir Douglass Galton, in his address as President of the British 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1895. says : " We 
 have begun to reahze that electricity is closely connected with the 
 vibrations which cause heat and light, and which seem to pervade 
 all space— vibrations which may be termed the voice of the Creator 
 calling to each atom and to each cell of protoplasm to fall into its 
 proper position, each, as it were, a musical note in the harmonious 
 symphony which we call the universe." Cicero's illustration 
 brought down to date would suggest a scientist entering a great 
 publishing house for the first time, and, when none of its firm or 
 force were in his range of vision, discovering type-setting ma- 
 chines and the huge presses that print and fold automatically, and 
 so leaping to the conclusion that " matter and force" without mind 
 produced the paper. The writer has an ancient kanoon, a harp of 
 a thousand strings, which was played in the lap with chamois-cov- 
 ered sticks. Evolution has put it on legs and pivoted the multi- 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 33 
 
 TJie separate parts of nature sJiozv desigji as clearly as 
 an equipped soldier^ but the argument is greatly re-en- 
 forced when zve see these separate parts in step with each 
 other y marching forward age after age tinder the mayii- 
 fest leadership of an eternal and universal and constant 
 Commander. 
 
 Though this eutoxology is the strongest design 
 argument, we believe in teleology also because every 
 adaptation must have come ultimately, if not imme- 
 diately, from intelligence, and is explained far more 
 reasonably by the doctrine of the divine immanence 
 than by the hypothesis of " natural selection." ^^ 
 Evolution, if true, is "a process, not a power." 
 With Darwinian scholars eutoxology should be 
 pressed, the supreme argument that cosmos must 
 have an intelligent Cause ; but to those who are not 
 prejudiced by the improved Darwinian hypothesis 
 the resemblance of a thousand machines of man to 
 those of God proves more vividly the truth of Brown- 
 ing's Christmas lines : 
 
 " Though he is so great and we so dim, 
 We are made in his image to witness him." 
 
 plied drumsticks in connection with a keyboard, and so it has de- 
 veloped, by the survival of the fittest, in a long period of improve- 
 ment, through the harpsichord into the piano ; but this evolution 
 has not been mechanical. So in the evolution of the shepherd's 
 reed into the pipe organ. The progressive harmony of the uni- 
 verse is no less the work of mind. 
 
 13 Dr. Robert Munro, President of the Anthropological Section of 
 the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at the an- 
 nual meeting in 1S93, to which we have referred, said, in line with 
 the whole religious trend of the meeting : " In the process of or- 
 ganic evolution it would almost appear as if nature acted on teleo- 
 logical principles, because many of her products exhibit structures 
 which combine the more perfect adaptation of means to ends along 
 with the greatest economy of materials." Romanes to the last de- 
 clared that while Darwinism might do away with teleology, it could 
 not do away with eutoxology. Matter and force might explain sin- 
 gle instances of design, and even successive instances of it, but 
 they could not explain the order and progress of the harmonious 
 universe. Cosmos requires a Creator. 
 
34 
 
 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 Some' of the very men who depend on the rudest 
 arrow-heads to prove that man's mind was at work 
 in certain ancient ages, ask us to believe that the in- 
 finitely more beautiful forms and infinitely more 
 effective implements of nature are the mere work of 
 chance, which they disguise under the new name of 
 " natural selection." 
 
 It is related that a Western skeptic once said, " If 
 I could only see plan and order in nature 1 would 
 beheve in a God." Just then, as if taken at his 
 word, he saw a plant, known as the Texas Star, at 
 his feet. Picking it up he counted its petals, and 
 found there were five. He counted the stamens, 
 and found five. He then counted the sepals, and 
 found five. Desiring to find in nature some evi- 
 dences of an InteUigence superior to human and 
 other than mechanical force, he determined by multi- 
 plying to see how many chances there were of this 
 flower, having in it these three fives, being brought 
 into existence without the aid of inteUigence. He 
 found, of course, the chances to be as 125 to i. 
 Then multiplying this number by itself, he saw that 
 the chances against there being two such flowers, 
 each having these exact relations of numbers, are as 
 15,625 to I. Looking over the fields and on the 
 roadside, he saw thousands of this plant about him, 
 evidences of supreme Intelligence, Kissing the 
 flower, he cried out, "Bloom on, little flower, j^/^ 
 have a God ; / have a God ; your God and Maker 
 is my God and Maker." 
 
 He had been led to Christ by a star no less divine 
 than that which led the wise men to him. In the 
 words of Longfellow : 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 35 
 
 " Wondrous truths and manifold as wondrous, 
 
 God has written in the stars above ; 
 But not less in the bright flowerets under us 
 
 Stands the bright revelation of his love." 
 * * -x- * * * 
 
 " Making evident our own creation 
 
 In these stars of earth, these golden flowers." 
 
 A child, looking at a picture ot some idols, asked 
 her mother if the people where those idols were 
 worshiped saw the same sun and moon and stars 
 that we see. On her mother's replying, ' ' Yes," she 
 exclaimed, putting her finger on the 
 picture of a stone image, '' I should 
 think they'd know ' tiuould take a better 
 God than that to make the sun and stars/' 
 We say the same to the materialist, 
 pointing to his clam-shell god, from 
 which he would have us believe that all 
 thinofs, includino^ the brain of a Shake- 
 
 1 , , r ^1 • 1 ANCIENT HA- 
 
 speare and the heart ot LJirist, have ^^aian idol. 
 been evolved without a guiding Mind. 
 As well tell us that the Weather Bureau, with 
 its telegraphs, telephones, barometers, thermome- 
 ters, and printing press, was the accidental product 
 of a gale as tell us the great machinery hall of the 
 universe is " a fortuitous concourse of atoms," a 
 mindless development of mud and mist." 
 
 '■* The " Creed of Agnostic'sm" has been thus formulated from 
 the utterances of its chief priests : 
 
 "I. Matter is the origin of all that exists, without the intrusion 
 of any creative agency ; all natural and mental forces are inherent 
 in it. Nature, the all-engendering and all-devouring, is its own 
 beginning and end, birth and death. (Biichner, ' Kraft und Stoft',' 
 pp. 32 and 8S.) 
 
 " 2. At first there existed only a cosmic gas ■ then a fiery cloud ; 
 next a molten spheroid, in which not alone the more ignoble forms 
 of life . . , but the human mind itself ... all our philosophy, all 
 
36 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 Tyndall, the great apostle of materialism, seems to 
 have experienced a reaction against it, as did Ro- 
 manes, at the last, for in a posthumous note on Car- 
 lyle and Emerson he said : " Napoleon, gazing at 
 the stars and graveling his savants with the ques- 
 tion, ' Gentlemen, who made all that ? ' commended 
 itself to their common sympathy. It was the ille- 
 gitimate science which, in its claims, overstepped its 
 warrant, professing to explain everything, and to 
 sweep the universe clear of mystery, that was really 
 repugnant to Carl3de." '" 
 
 It looks as if the saying that a little learning draws 
 a man from God and fuller study brings him back 
 again were to have a new illustration in the case of 
 natural science. The discovery of " secondary 
 causes" no doubt made many think God had been 
 banished from his world ; but now science finds need 
 of a First Cause to account for the multitudinous 
 and immeasurable Force that drives the vast ma- 
 chinery of the universe. It is remembered that 
 
 our poetry, and all our art ... all are supposed to have been 
 latent and potential. (Tyndall, ' Scientific Use of the Imagina- 
 tion.') 
 
 "3. Thereupon followed a long cooling process. The vapors 
 were condensed ; the crust of the earth, its seas, lakes, and rivers, 
 and life itself were formed. The difference between a living and 
 a non living body is a difference of degree, not of kind. (Fiske, 
 ' Cosmic Philosophy,' p. 422.) All natural bodies with which we 
 are acquainted are equally living. (Haeckel, ' Natiirl. Schopfungs- 
 gesch ' by Dr. Ernst, 6 edit.) 
 
 " 4. Light shines upon the water, and it is salted. Light shines 
 upon the salted. sea and it hves. (Oken, ' Elem. Physiol.') Thus 
 was produced the sea-mucus (or protoplasm), which is the life stuff 
 or physical basis of the earliest and simplest organisms. (Sec. 905, 
 Ray Society's Edit. * Oken's Physiol.') 
 
 *' 5. All the forms of vegetable and animal life, including man, 
 have been successively and gradually developed from the earliest 
 and simplest organisms (Spencer, ' Social Statistics,' p. 79), and, in 
 particular, man himself is, without doubt, a lineal descendant of 
 the anthropoid apes.'* (Haeckel, /. c.) 
 
 *^ Quoted, Christia7i Advocate, January 8, 1S94. 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 37 
 
 Newton did not, like materialists, count gravitation 
 a god, but only God's mode of action. It is seen 
 that what man's will torce does in his own body and 
 environment for himself or for others in interposing 
 and overruling laws of nature is like what is done 
 on a larger scale in the world, which is not a ma- 
 chine of per- 
 
 petual, 
 
 me- 
 
 chanical 
 
 mo- 
 
 tion, but the 
 
 regular 
 
 yet 
 
 variable 
 
 ex- 
 
 pr essi 
 
 o n of 
 
 thought 
 
 and 
 
 will. 
 
 
 A fountain 
 
 cannot 
 
 rise 
 
 higher 1 
 
 than 
 
 ^fH^i;!^^.- 
 
 its source, in- 
 telligence ex- 
 ists. Nothing 
 less than In- 
 tel 1 i g e n c e 
 could have 
 produced it. 
 
 Professor Joseph Henry, of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution, who, before he passed from the study of na- 
 ture to the presence of nature's God, was generally 
 recognized as hardly second to any man of this age 
 in his broad and scholarly grasp of all sciences, in 
 one of his latest letters declared to a friend his 
 scientific satisfaction in the old argument from 
 design, as proving the existence of a spiritual 
 and personal God in and above and before the 
 
3<^ BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 natural world. The pith of his ari^umcnt is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 *" In accordance with this scientific view, on what 
 evidence docs the existence of a Creator rest ? 
 First, it is one of the truths best estabHshed b}" ex- 
 perience in my own mind, that 1 have a thinking, 
 willing principle within me capable of intellectual 
 activity and of moral feeling. Second, it is equally 
 clear to me that you have a similar spiritual princi- 
 ple withm yourself, since when I ask you an intelli- 
 gent question you give me an intellectual answer. 
 Third, when I examine the operations of nature, I 
 find everywhere through them evidences of intel- 
 lectual arrangements, of contrivances to reach defi- 
 nite ends, precisely as 1 find in the operations of 
 man ; and hence I infer that these two classes of 
 operations are results of similar intelligence." '" 
 
 We may fitly add here the recent utterance of the 
 great inventor, Edison,'" who has been a close student 
 
 '6 Memorial of Joseph Henry, published by Congress, pp. 24, 25. 
 
 " Pittsburgh Christian Advocate, July 22, 1893. It is appropri- 
 ate to note, in this connection, that the cablegram sent m 1896 from 
 New York City round the world, by the power of Niagara dynamos, 
 in sixty minutes, m the same devout spirit that was shown in the 
 first telegraphic message (" What hath God wrought?"), uttered 
 this message in all continents : " God created, nature treasures, 
 and science utilizes electrical power for the grandeur of nations 
 and the peace of the world." 
 
 This chapter may seem to be unrelated to the author's ethical 
 specialties, but, in fact, it presents their foundations. Ethical 
 rules can have 710 adequate authority to one who does not be- 
 lieve, first of all, that the ujiiverse is governed ethically. 
 Agnostic ethical culture, even in its best forms, Confucianism and 
 Buddhism, has failed to convert countries, or even personal con- 
 duct and character for lack of authority. Utilitarian morality, so 
 called, is signally lacking in real utility. Only morality with God 
 behind it is adequate for worlds and hearts with sin within them. 
 
BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 39 
 
 of the mighty eiieigies of the universe, and who thus 
 expresses himself concerning- the existence of a per- 
 sonal Creator : " I tell you that no person can be 
 brought into close contact with the mysteries of na- 
 ture, or make a study of chemistry, without being 
 convinced that behind it all there is supreme Intelli- 
 gence. I am convinced of that, and I think that I 
 could, perhaps 1 may some time, demonstrate the 
 existence of such Intelligence through the operation 
 of these mysterious laws with the certainty of a 
 demonstration in mathematics." 
 
 The existence of a personal Intelligence in and 
 back of the visible world Jias been mathematically 
 demonstrated by the evidences of design, order, and 
 progress in nature. 
 
 Science is taking up the words of Dante : 
 
 " Love draws the sun and all the other stars." 
 
 Science is also confessing with Lowell : 
 
 " Behind the dim unknown 
 Standeth God within the shadow, 
 Keeping watch above his own." 
 
f "■ 
 
 .Iff-: 
 
 
 WhfP^-^' 
 
II. 
 
 CHRIST THE CREATOR. 
 
 § 4. Science proves Mind in nature. Scripture 
 proclaims tliat Mind to be the Mind of Christ. '* In 
 the beginning was the Word. . . . The world was 
 made by him, and the world knew him not." ' *' Nor 
 
 ^ John 1:1. All through Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes per- 
 sonified Wisdom is recognized as the God of nature. Some would 
 translate logos in John i : i reason ; but Rev. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst 
 shows that its application to Christ would remain. " In the be- 
 ginning was the reason for the universe, and the reason for the 
 universe was with God and was God ; it was himself ; but that 
 reason was made flesh." Here it is appropriate to quote an utter- 
 ance of Professor Max Miiller, in the Nineteenth Centuj'y, Decem- 
 ber, 1894 : " I cannot help seeing order, law, reason or logos in 
 the world, and I cannot account for it by merely ex post qxq\\\s, 
 call them what ^^-ou like— survival of the fittest, natural selection, 
 or anything else. Anjdiow. this gnosis is to me irresistible, and I 
 dare not therefore enter the camp of the agnostics under false 
 colors. If agnosticism excludes a recognition of an eternal reason 
 pervading the natural and the moral world, if to postulate a ra- 
 tional cause for a rational universe is called gnosticism, then I am 
 a gnostic, and a humble follower of the greatest thinkers of our 
 race from Plato and the author of the Fourth Gospel to Kant and 
 Hegel." And Principal A. W. Fairbairn gives further emphasis 
 to the profound relation between reason in us and reason in nature 
 in the following words from his Chautauqua lecture on "Tran- 
 scendentalism in the Interpretation of Nature" (Chautauqua Her- 
 ald, August 20, 1895) : " There is nothing more wonderful in this 
 century than the rediscovery of lost tongues. Before 1820 no man 
 knew anything of Egyptian hieroglyphics save that they were very 
 remarkable figures, with very remarkable pictures. . . . These 
 great arrow-headed, hieroglyphic characters expressed real thought, 
 and their intelligibility to intellect was due to their creation by in- 
 telligence. The principle that explains their interpretation ex- 
 plains the interpretation of the world The world is reasonable to 
 man because man is reason ; the very laws, the very qualities, and 
 the very ideas that the reasonable world expresses dwell in the 
 reason that interprets it. ' ' 
 
42 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 does it 3xt know Christ as its Creator. Although 
 John declares four times that the world was made 
 by him who afterward " became flesh and dwelt 
 among us ;" ' and although the Book of Hebrews 
 twice declares the same ; and although Paul, in 
 Colossians, twice declares that "in him were all 
 things created," and that by him all creation is held 
 together, and that with him all creation is filled,' yet 
 how seldom does any one reply to a child's questions 
 about the great world, " Jesus made it !" Satan, in 
 the great temptation, recognized Christ as Lord of 
 nature, which is more than some Christians have 
 done. He is called Redeemer often, but how sel- 
 dom Creator ! This is due, in part, to the Apostles' 
 Creed, so called, which needs to be conformed to 
 the above teachings of the apostles by changing it to 
 read: "I believe m God the Father, Almighty, 
 Maker of Heaven and Earth througJi Jesus Christ his 
 only Son our Lord." 
 
 2 John I : 3, lo, 14. Rev. 4:11. All through these studies we 
 aim to use the Revised Version for Bible quotations except where 
 otherwise stated, with M. for passages introduced from its mar- 
 gin. Why so many Christians should prefer the less accurate 
 rather than the more accurate translation of God's thought, tradi- 
 tion rather than truth, it is hard to understand. In the points in 
 which the American revisers put on record a different translation 
 from what was chosen by the British revisers, we follow the former, 
 chiefly because it is conceded that the}^ were the more literal the 
 latter the more conservative. Those who use the revision (as it is 
 now chiefly used) as a commentary only, will surely prefer to have 
 the more correct and critical revision in such citations as are made 
 in a work like this. Fords, Howard & Hulbert, New York, have 
 published the New Testament and Psalms in separate volumes 
 with American preferences substituted in the text. Harper's 
 Franklin Square edition of the revision has put American prefer- 
 ences, except those of general application, into footnotes, as more 
 convenient than the official consignment of them to the appendix. 
 
 ^ Heb. I : 2, 10-12. Col. i : 16, 17. Other passages on creation • 
 Gen. I : 2. Job 38, 39, Ps. 33 : 6-9. Isa. 40 : 12-31. Jer. 10 ; 
 10-16. Eccles. 12 • I. 
 
CHRIST THE CREATOR. 43 
 
 How the Creatorship of Christ liarmonizes the 
 great facts of nature and Scripture ! ' 
 
 If the Author of nature and human nature be a 
 Mind, like us but greater, then we are assured by 
 our own instincts as fathers and friends that he could 
 not leave us unvisited and unnistructed. Incarna- 
 tion and inspiration are logical corollaries of crea- 
 tion. 
 
 In the words of Browning : 
 
 " Would I fain in my impotent yearning do all for this man, 
 And doubt he alone shall not help him who yet alone can ?" 
 
 If there be a God, miracles are as much to be ex- 
 pected from him as great deeds fiom great men. 
 And if Christ be the Author of nature, what wonder 
 that life and death obeyed his word !'' Perfection 
 
 ^ Mr. Gladstone's annotated edition of Butler's "Analogy" 
 (Macmillan & Co., $7.00) appears opportunely just when many sci- 
 entists have become theists, but not yet Christians. They see 
 " difficulties" not in sectarian dogmas only, but in the essentials of 
 Christianity itself. To which Butler replies that nature presents 
 " difficulties" analogous to those of Scripture, and as one believes 
 in the God of nature, despite " difficulties" suggested by some of 
 his modes of procedure, because there are greater " difficulties" in 
 denying an intelligent authorship of the world, so he should not 
 deny that the same authorship lies back of the written and living 
 Word because the same modes of procedure (e.g. , perfection sought 
 even at the cost of pain) are found m the Word as in the world, 
 there being greater " difficulties" in denying than in accepting the 
 divine origin whether of the Word or of the M'orld. 
 
 ^ Oh, it is an interesting thought to me to know that Christ had 
 something to do with the creation. I see now why it was so easy 
 for him to change water into wine ; he first created the water.^ I 
 see now why it was so easy for him to cure the maniac ; he first 
 created the intellect. I see now why it was so easy for him to 
 hush the tempest ; he sank Gennesaret. I see now why it was so 
 easy for him to swing fish into vSimon's net ; he made the fish. I 
 see now why it was so easy for him to give sight to the blind ; he 
 created the optic nerve. I see now why it was so easy for him to 
 raise Lazarus from the dead ! He created the body of Lazarus 
 and the rock that shut him in. Some suppose that Christ came a 
 stranger to Bethlehem. Oh, no. He created the shepherds, and 
 the flocks they watched, and the hills on which they pastured, and 
 the heavens that overarched their heads, and the angels that 
 chanted the chorus on that Christmas niglit. 
 
44 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 will lead him as the Author of nature to do things 
 usually in the same way because always in the best 
 way, but will not prevent unusual deeds for unusual 
 ends. " Natural" and " supernatural" should mean 
 only the usual and unusual ways of God. It is strict- 
 ly atheism to kave God out of any part of his world, 
 whether by calling it " natural" or " secular." 
 
 The doctrine that Christ is the Creator harmonizes 
 with the two facts that in nature and in Christ alike 
 we find Mind like ours but greater. 
 
 The doctrine that man is " the image of God" also 
 derives profound significance from the two facts that 
 the Spirit in nature resembles, though it exceeds 
 man's, while the " spiritual body' with which Christ 
 returned to Heaven was a glorified human form — was 
 it not the same spiritual " image' after the pattern 
 of which man was originally made, the human ele- 
 ments being only those which Christ had lost, as we 
 shall lose them also in the transfiguration which we 
 call resurrection.^ 
 
 Reason and Science, like Moses and Elijah on 
 Hermon, stand on either side of Christ, but only as 
 ministering spirits to confirm and increase his glory, 
 and the voice of God comes to us in our perplexity, 
 
 ^ The old anthropomorphic God of Abraham and Moses, of St. 
 Bernard and St. Louis, of Calvin and Bossuet. was a very real, 
 intelligible, active, moral ruler of this earth, with most of the at- 
 tributes, feelings, and passions of man idealized. All this shocks 
 the moralist and the philosopher of today. . . . Now, the relig- 
 ion of humanity is a frank return upon the healthy, instructive, 
 anthropomorphic view of religion. No object of religion caji be a 
 source of moral power over vian U7iless it be anthropomorphic 
 in the fullest setise — that is, sympathetic, akin to man. familiar 
 to man. — Frederick Harriso?t, in Fortiiightly Review. 
 
 The incarnation of God is the truth embodied in all the scriptural 
 anthropomorphisms. — Delitzsch. 
 
 The incarnation expresses the humanity of God and the divinity 
 of man. — Principal A. IV. Fair b air ti. 
 
CHRIST THE CREATOR. 45 
 
 " Hear ye him." There can be no contradiction in 
 these varied revelations of God, and no cause for 
 our hearts to be cast down with fear. " Arise, and 
 be not afraid." 
 
 On Mount Hermon, at the coronation of Christ — 
 our point of view in all these studies — we behold not 
 only his, but also the Transfiguration of nature— 
 the ' * bright cloud, ' ' the transfigured flesh, the gleam- 
 ing snow, the very rocks, all aglow with his presence 
 who called himself " the light of the world." Since 
 Christ made and rules and fills the world, none of it 
 can be " secular." It is all" holy ground." All 
 nature, like the burning bush, is ablaze with Christ. 
 It was perhaps because he was King of nature that 
 he chose to have his coronation, not m temple courts, 
 like other kings, but rather on " the high mountain 
 apart," that towers like a snow crowned palace 
 above the hills of Palestine. 
 
 Here it is appropriate to quote the words of Fichte : 
 
 " The universe now appears to my eye in a trans- 
 figured form. The dead, clogging mass, which be- 
 fore only stopped up space, has vanished, and in its 
 place flows and billows and roars the eternal stream 
 of life and power and deed, of original life, of thy 
 life. Infinite One ; for all life is thy life, and only the 
 religious eye presses into the realm of true beauty." 
 
 Creation itself is but a large incarnation of him 
 who said, " I am the life." To an increasing num- 
 ber of scientists nature is seen and felt to be filled and 
 thrilled in every part with Divine energies. Gravita- 
 tion is but another name for God, and " life" for love. 
 
 In the words of another : ' 
 
 1 Edith M. Thomas, " Nature's Apocalypse," in The Congrega- 
 iionalist. 
 
4^ BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 " All around him Patmos lies, 
 Who hath Spirit-gifted eyes, 
 Who his happy sight can suit 
 To the great and the minute. 
 Doubt not but he holds in view 
 A new earth and heaven new ; 
 Doubt not but his ear doth catch 
 Strams nor voice nor reed can match." 
 
 To such an ear came the sound of creation's an- 
 tiphony in the fifth chapter of Revelation, where 
 every creature of heaven sings : " Worthy is the 
 Lamb that hath been slain to receive the power, and 
 riches, and wisdom, and might, and honor, and 
 glory, and blessing. And every created thing which 
 is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, 
 and on the sea, and all that are in them heard 1 say- 
 ing (the heavenly chorus continuing and all creation 
 below joining m the response), * Unto him that sit- 
 teth on the throne, and unto the Lamb be the bless- 
 ing, and the honor, and the glory, and the dominion 
 for ever and ever.' " 
 
 Christ is described in the Epistle to the Colossians, 
 which interprets the Divine Heart of nature and 
 presents Christ as King of the cosmos, as in Ephe- 
 sians he is head of the Church, as ' * the image of the 
 invisible God," " the Son of his love," " the first- 
 born of all creation ; for in him were all thins^s ere- 
 ated in the heavens and upon the earth, things visi- 
 ble and things invisible, whether thrones, or domin- 
 ions, or principalities, or powers ; all thmgs have 
 been created through him and unto him ; and he is 
 before all thin2:s and in him all thinsfs hold to«:ether. " 
 As Professor W. W. White clearly shows, the error 
 which the Epistle to the Colossians was written to 
 refute was a mixture of Judaism and Oriental theoso- 
 
CHRIST THE CREATOR. 47 
 
 phy. God was pictured as embodied Goodness, but 
 far above his creation, which they represented as 
 embodied Evil far below. Between the two was the 
 pleroma or filling, or " fullness," consisting first on 
 the upper side, next to God, of higher angels, includ- 
 ing Christ, whom they counted angelic but not di- 
 vine ; then lesser angels, graded down to the low- 
 est, which last were tainted enough to touch the 
 natural world. Certain men claimed a monopoly of 
 this " wisdom" and " knowledge," and the right to 
 initiate others mto " mystery ;" but the common 
 people were excluded from 
 the "perfection" such " wis- 
 dom" brought. Paul declares 
 that Christ is "wisdom," < ( higher angels, 
 
 4.1 1 J ,, .. i ^- ». o ; INCLUDING CHRIST. 
 
 knowledge, perfection ; 2 -j ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 his Gospel a revealed " mys- -^ \ lowest angels. 
 
 tery," open fully to the lowli- - 
 
 est ; himself the pleroma, the I^l^IlJ 
 
 "fullness of him that fiUeth 
 
 all in all," connecting the world with the Father. 
 
 " He that ascended is the same also that descend- 
 ed that he might fill all things." He who loved and 
 interpreted and commanded nature in his miracles 
 on and in and around the sea of Galilee is the same 
 who created and now controls the forces of sea and 
 sky, of land and life. And so-called " natural laws," 
 including the laws of health, of temperance, and of 
 purity are therefore but parts of his supreme law, as 
 binding upon us as those which he wrote upon the 
 rocks at Sinai. 
 
 §5. "In the beginning was the Word" '—and 
 
 ^ John I : I. 
 
48 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 ''before.'''' Having traced the life of Christ from 
 Bethlehem back to creation, we are prepared to go 
 further back to that measureless final period of his 
 life " before the world was.'' 
 
 Let Hermon and the earth itself disappear, leaving 
 before our eyes only the transfigured Christ and 
 " the bright cloud" " which is ever the ermine robe 
 ot the Divine Father." Thus \A imagination we be- 
 hold the glory and fellowship to which Christ was 
 looking back on the night before the crucifixion, 
 when, gazing skyward, he prayed : '* Now, O Fa- 
 ther, glorify thou me with thine own self with the 
 glory which I had with thee before the world was." 
 ** Thou lovedst me before the foundation ot the 
 world." '" Thus we are carried back to the time, 
 nay to the eternity, when Christ was " the only be- 
 gotten Son which is in the bosom of the Father." ^^ 
 We are listening to that same voice of the Father, 
 which said at the transfiguration, " This is my be- 
 loved Son in w^hom I am well pleased," '* as his 
 words come to us through David and the New Tes- 
 tament from the eternal heavens where they were 
 spoken to Christ and about him before the world 
 was made. 
 
 " Thou art my Son ; this day have I begotten 
 thee ;" '" and again, " I will be his Father and he shall 
 be my Son ; '" and he shall say unto me. Thou art 
 my Father ;" '' and when he bringeth the Firstborn 
 
 9 John 17:5. '0 Matt. 17:5. 
 
 " Ex. 13 : 21 ; 40 : 35-38. Ps. 80 : i. 
 
 12 John 17 : 5, 24. "^ John i : 18. 
 
 14 Matt. 17:5. '5 Ps. 2 : 7. Heb. i : 5. 
 
 '6 2 Sam, 7 : 14. Heb. 2 : 5. In this and other passages, prophe- 
 cies of Israel or of Israel's kings are shown to have also a relation 
 to Christ. 
 
 1^ Ps. 89 : 26, 27. All the Targums apply this to the Messiah.— 
 Hebrew Christian. 
 

 w 
 
 ■ ■—■•■' — ■ — ; 
 
 
 : 
 
 1 A.^^ 
 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^K^ 
 
 
 
 
 safe no one, sabc |csus onlg." 
 * Pe tons foimi) nlone," 
 
50 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 into the world, he saith, " Let all the angels of God 
 worship him." '^ Of the Son he saith, " Thy throne, 
 O God, is for ever and ever ; a scepter of equity is 
 the scepter of thy kingdom. Thou hast loved right- 
 eousness and hated wickedness ; therefore God, thy 
 God, hath anointed thee with the oil ol gladness 
 above thy fellows.** " 
 
 " The Lord," David informs us, " said unto my 
 Lord, Sit thou at my right hand till I make thine 
 enemies thy footstool,"'" The psalmist also echoes 
 down the ages to us that other saying of the Father 
 to the Son : " I also will make him my Firstborn, 
 the highest of the kings of the earth." 
 
 As in the last two passages, so in others, ""' that far- 
 off eternity is thrown suddenly into relation to things 
 of time (which is all an " eternal now" to God), es- 
 pecially into relation with creation," as in that pas- 
 sage where one called Wisdom " by Solomon does 
 
 1^ Ps. 97 : 7. Heb. i ; 6. 
 
 ^9 Ps 45 : 6, 7. Heb. i : 8, 9. 
 
 ^^ Ps. no : I. Heb. i : 13. Acts. 2 : 34-36. Matt. 22 ; 41-46. 
 
 2' Ps. 2 : 7, 8. 
 
 22 Heb, I : 10-12. Ps. 102 : 25-27. John i : 1-3. Col. i : 16, 17. 
 
 23 Prov. 8 : 22-30 In the city of Constantinople there is a ven- 
 erable building, now used as a Mohammedan place of devotion, 
 but originally erected for a Christian church. It was so beautiful 
 that, when proud Justinian had finished it, he exclaimed : " I have 
 eclipsed thee, O Solomon !" This is called the mosque of St. So- 
 phia ; and, singularly enough, it thus retains its old name. " So- 
 phia" is a word meaning wisdom ; so St. Sophia signifies Holy 
 Wisdom ; hence we have it as a historic fact that the primitive be- 
 lievers sometimes worshiped the Lord Jesus under such an Old 
 Testament name. The apocryphal Book of Wisdom, written just 
 before Christ, says that Wisdom in the beginning sat in God's 
 throne, and made the world. It is probable that in every case this 
 is a vivid and picturesque presentation of our Lord Jesus Christ, 
 bringing the messages of redemption to men from heaven. 2. In 
 the New Testament, our Lord is several times called Wisdom. 
 Once (Matt. 11 : 19) he claims it openly ; once (Luke 11 149) he 
 takes it colloquially, as if everybody knew it belonged to him ; 
 once (i Cor. i : 24) the apostle ascribes it to him. 3. Again the 
 first chapter of John's gospel contains a long disquisition concern- 
 
CHRIST THE CREATOR. 5 I 
 
 just what is less poetically ascribed by John to the 
 Word : 
 
 *' The Lord possessed me in the beginning of his 
 way, 
 
 Before his works of old. 
 
 I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, 
 
 Or ever the earth was. 
 
 When there were no depths, 1 was brought forth ; 
 
 When there were no fountains abounding with 
 water. 
 
 Before the mountains were settled. 
 
 Before the hills was I brought forth : 
 
 While as yet he had not made the earth, nor the 
 fields, 
 
 Nor the beginning of the dust of the world. 
 
 When he established the heavens, I was there : 
 
 When he set a circle upon the face of the deep : 
 
 When he made firm the skies above : 
 
 When the fountains of the deep became strong : 
 
 When he gave to the sea its bound, 
 
 That the waters should not transgress his com- 
 mandment : 
 
 When he marked out the foundations of the earth : 
 
 Then I was by him, as a master workman : 
 
 And 1 was daily his delight. 
 
 Rejoicing always before him.'* 
 
 In these words Solomon has answered his own 
 question of another chapter : 
 
 " Who hath ascended up into heaven, and descend- 
 ed? 
 
 ing a strange person called the " The Word ;" and what Logos 
 means is very like what Sophia means ; they both seem to signify 
 God coming down from heaven so as to hold communication with 
 men by reason and speech.— y?t-7/. Dr. C. S. Robinson, in Sunday- 
 School Times. Delitzsch remarks, " The utterances of Wisdom 
 come remarkably into contact with those of Jesus." 
 
52 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 Who hath gathered the wind in his fists ? 
 
 Who hath bound the waters in his garment ? 
 
 Who hath estabhshed all the ends of the earth ? 
 
 What is his name, and what is his Son's name, if 
 thou knowest ?" 
 
 The Jewish Zohar answers, "The Christ" (Fol. 
 119, col. 473). 
 
 Micah says of him who was to be born in Bethle- 
 hem that ** His goings forth are from of old, from 
 everlasting." " 
 
 These pictures of Christ as our Heavenly Creator 
 before he became our human Redeemer are of more 
 than theological value. Without them we cannot 
 even appreciate the great humane lesson of his incar- 
 nation as an example of condescension. If we begin 
 our studies of his life at the manger cradle of pov- 
 erty and see his mother offering for her cleansing 
 two doves— such a sacrifice as was brought only by 
 the poorest of the people— and then behold her 
 going to her humble home at Nazareth to rear the 
 child for a mechanic, we shall not discover any great 
 condescension, any sacrifice of refined feeling in his 
 subsequent life among the lowly. ^' 
 
 But if we behold him first in the Heavenly Palace 
 of God, surrounded by worshiping angels, whence 
 ** he that descended" '" " came down," '' as he was 
 wont to say, then we shall be able to appreciate the 
 condescension foretold by Isaiah : ** Unto us a child 
 is born, the Father of eternity, the Mighty God ;" '' 
 
 ^-i Micah 5:2. 
 
 25 Tradition takes the traveler to a cave in Bethlehem as the 
 stable in which Christ was born, and to another cave in Nazareth 
 as his boyhood's home. If these caves are not the true places, the 
 latter were surely no less lowly. 
 
 26 Eph. 4 : 10. 27 John 6 : 38. 28 jga. 9:6.' 
 
CHRIST THE CREATOR. 53 
 
 and the condescension pictured in Paul's laddcr 
 from Heaven down to the cross : '* Have this mind 
 in you, which was also in Christ Jesus : who exist- 
 ing in the form of God, counted not the being on an 
 equahty with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied 
 himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in 
 the likeness of men ; and being found in fashion as a 
 man he humbled himself, becoming obedient even 
 unto death, yea, the death of the cross." " 
 
 Only on the background of Christ's heavenly 
 glory shall we appreciate (and so imitate) that de- 
 scription of his condescension, " Though he was 
 rich, 3^et for our sakes he became poor." 
 
 As our new industrialism is renewing class con- 
 flicts, the imitation of Christ in his giving of himself 
 to the poor is increasingly needed. The social set- 
 tlements and the unpaid " friendly visitors" of char- 
 ity organization societies are tokens that at least a 
 few of the Christian leaders of social reform appre- 
 ciate that it is not sufficient to say, " Here is iny 
 check, send a city missionary to uplift the poor." 
 Nothing will meet the case but that noblesse oblige 
 which is prompting some of the rich and educated 
 to say, " Here am I, send me^ In his poor. Christ 
 says to the rich, " I seek not yours, but j/^?^. " What 
 the poor need more than money and charitable ma- 
 chinery is character, courage, comfort, counsel, the 
 uplift of brotherly fellowship with stronger minds 
 and hearts. 
 
 The Church must come back, after its wasted 
 years of throwing alms at beggars, to the wisdom of 
 its very first charity, when Peter said to the cripple 
 at the Beautiful Gate : " Silver and gold have 1 
 
 •^" Pliil. 2 : 5-S. 
 
54 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 none ; such as I have give I thee. In the Name of 
 Jesus of Nazareth, rise up and walk," and then lent 
 a hand and put him on his feet and lifted him out of 
 his beggary by the impartation of new life. " That 
 transformation of the poor can still be wrought as 
 surely, if not as suddenly, as in the ancient miracle by 
 the giving of ourselves to our weaker brothers " in 
 his Name." 
 
 The " up-town" march of city churches does not 
 keep step with this evangel. In such a case no 
 doubt the local church is less to blame than the 
 wealthy members who have withdrawn not only 
 themselves, but also their support ; less to blame aLso 
 than the denomination, which might use its home 
 missionary funds much more effectively in subsidiz- 
 iag down-town city churches, adapting them to their 
 new environment than in replacing them by the 
 " missions," which the proud poor consider as " sec- 
 ond-class cars," or in planting churches in what will 
 always be sparsely settled communities that are 
 already oversupplied with underpaid ministers. 
 From down-town New York a score of evangelical 
 churches have moved up-town during a few years 
 past, leaving behind their poorer members and their 
 historic temples, hallowed by sacred history. The 
 like is occurring in other large cities. Meantime, the 
 number of souls and the need of Christian influences 
 in the region deserted has increased. Only the dol- 
 lars have dmiinished. The deserted church, though 
 weak financially, had historic dignity. Subsidized 
 by its " alumni" or by denominational aid, it would 
 still have been a " church." A " mission" put in its 
 place, not only because of its weaker pulpit and in- 
 ferior music, but also because it is a " missioii'' to 
 
CHRIST THE CREATOR. 55 
 
 down-town heathen, will not be much attended by 
 men^ but chiefly by children of its Sabbath-school. 
 And yet the Christian army goes on evacuating the 
 very spots where society as well as individuals most 
 need it, and the Church at large shares the blame 
 for standing by like Saul at Stephen's death, " con- 
 senting." Preachers say to their ecclesiastical 
 courts in behalf of their removals, " Most of our 
 members have moved up-town, and the population 
 around our church is now largely Jews and foreign- 
 ers." The fact is, the " most" that has moved is not 
 " most" numerically, but only financially. And as to 
 " Jews and foreigners," it is hard to see why, if their 
 souls are worth enough to send missionaries to them 
 in foreign lands, at great cost, it is not worth while 
 to make some little effort to save them in the more 
 favorable environment of our own land. 
 
 Shall the whole burden of removing class and race 
 feehng in our composite people be rolled upon the 
 public schools, now deprived of the Bible of brother- 
 hood in many of our cities, where these problems 
 are chiefly met ? 
 
 " The rich and the poor meet together, the Lord 
 is the Maker of them all" is a text that should be 
 illustrated in every Church and in every Sabbath- 
 school,* not by sufferance only, but by special effort, 
 if need be. The social settlement is but the effort 
 of individuals. Christian in spirit if not always in 
 name, to capture the ground which the organized 
 Church has surrendered. It points the way for such 
 a reorganization of down-town Christian work as is 
 needed not by the poor only, but also by the rich and 
 by civihzation itself, imperiled by class hatreds, 
 which equality and fraternity in the churches must 
 
56 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 help to heal. Let every down-town church and 
 Sabbath-school be treated as a social settlement, to 
 which rich and educated men and women and chil- 
 dren shall give themselves, not in condescension, 
 but in brotherhood. 
 
 Behold the Prince of Paradise, 
 The peerless Wisdom of the wise, 
 The Millionaire of stars, arise, 
 And laying by his wealth and crown, 
 His palace steps to earth come down, 
 The sinful and the sad to raise 
 And point them to the gates of praise, 
 And teach the selfish sons of earth 
 That service is the highest worth ; 
 That he is nearest to the throne 
 Who nobly seeketh not his own ; 
 That they whose learning bows to love 
 Shall see its wisdom shine above ; 
 And they the lowliest who befriend 
 With Christ to glory shall ascend. 
 
 Wilbur P. Crafts, Let this Mind be in You. 
 
TIL 
 
 TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 
 
 § 6. Another lesson from the Oldest Testament 
 of nature, as opened to us in the Holy Mount, is 
 that every man may metamorphose his flesh through 
 his spirit or his spirit through his flesh ; may be, in 
 short, in a large sense, Christ or beast. This is the 
 practical half truth in Darwinism. Its main claims 
 as to the accidental origin of species and the animal 
 origin of man have as yet won nothing better than 
 the Scotch verdict of " not proven ;" ' but evolution- 
 ary studies have been of service in showing man's 
 danger of descending to animalism, whether ascend- 
 ed from it or not ; in showing also the great differ- 
 ence in men, to whose highest possibilities we should 
 aspire. 
 
 It is significant that while evolutionists attempt to 
 account for Bushmen on their uphill theory of high- 
 er life from lower, they do not attempt to so account 
 for Christ.' If evolution was the plan of life's de- 
 velopment it would manifestly be the plan for the 
 whole of it, and he too should be born from below ; 
 
 • See my two articles. " Darwinism not Proven" (Pulpit Trcas 
 ury, 1 884), in which I quote seventy-two verdicts of leading schol- 
 ars, of whom only six claim that the main doctrines of Darwinism 
 are proven, the others declaring or admitting that they are not. 
 These verdicts will also be found in the final appendix of these lec- 
 tures, when the four volumes are, in 1S97, published in one vol- 
 ume. 
 
 2 Calderwood's " Evolution," 323. 
 
58 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 and other men, with nineteen centuries more time in 
 which to evolve, should have surpassed or at least 
 equaled him. 
 
 It is true, however, and he so taught that the most 
 beastlike of men may become Christlike in triumph 
 over the flesh by receiving- his spirit. Some men, 
 no doubt, live in the "animal kingdom," where 
 shallow text-books place us all, but no man " be- 
 longs" to it. Every being should be classified by 
 his highest affiliations. Christ is allied to man on 
 one side, but we classify him as divine because on 
 the other side he is allied to God. So man is allied 
 to animals on his bodily side, but to God and Christ 
 and angels in his spiritual nature, and so belongs to 
 that highest of kingdoms, which the shallow text- 
 books omit, the spiritual kingdom. 
 
 The aged Emperor of Germany, of a few years 
 since, William I., visiting a school, held up a stone 
 and asked, ** To what kingdom does this belong?" 
 The school replied, "To the mineral kingdom." 
 "And to what kingdom this?" said the emperor, 
 holding up a flower. " To the vegetable kingdom" 
 was the prompt answer. And then the emperor, 
 wishing to illustrate the animal kingdom, said, 
 "And to what kingdom do I belong?" The chil- 
 dren were silent. Wiser than their books, they 
 felt the absurdity of classifying their Christian em- 
 peror with animals. At last one child said rever- 
 ently, "To God's kingdom. Sire." To that king- 
 dom the transfigured flesh of the Son of man re- 
 minds us that humanity belongs, a kingdom into 
 which we are not evolved by environment ; into 
 which we are not born from below, but from above 
 and from within. 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 59 
 
 " As he prayed the fashion of his countenance was 
 changed." It is through prayer that our animal na- 
 ture is subdued and our spiritual nature enthroned 
 as its master — master because it has become a " par- 
 taker of the Divine nature ;" because the human 
 spirit, in its losing battle with the flesh, has been 
 reinforced by the Holy Spirit. Christ pictures and 
 proves the possibility of such a conquest. " He was 
 tempted in all points like as we are, yet without 
 sin." A man of like passions with us, he ran the 
 gauntlet of temptation unscathed because he was 
 first filled with the Holy Spirit. It was not his Di- 
 vine nature that saved him, but the permeation of 
 his human nature with the Holy Spirit. He con- 
 quered as our example by the aid of only such allies 
 as wait our call. It is not enough that we should 
 overcome the downward gravitation of human na- 
 ture toward what is beastly ; we must rise to what 
 is Christly, not by the crucifying, but rather by the 
 purif3'ing of passion, which of all our physical na- 
 ture is most like creatorship. 
 
 FlesJi transfigured by the renewing of the mind throiigJi 
 prayer — that is one of the manifold meanings of the 
 coronation of the Son of man on Mount Hermon, which 
 pictures also the coronation that may and should occur in 
 every man, the coronation of the spirit as King over the 
 flesh. 
 
 Nearly all un-Christian philosophies and theolo- 
 gies make nature, especially " the flesh," the seat of 
 sin and the enemy of God. The Bible makes nature 
 the child of God, every land a " Holy Land," and 
 the transfigured flesh of him who has the mind of 
 Christ obeys his commands for the flesh : " Love God 
 with all thy strength.'' " Glorify God in your body.'' 
 
6o BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 The unquestioned facts that the evolutionists have 
 gathered from the comparative study of men and 
 animals suggest as the great practical lesson of Dar- 
 winism—our duty as possessing powers above the 
 beasts to live something more than an animal life. 
 Shall we sink to the beasts, that border us on the 
 lower side, or rise to likeness with Christ, who bor- 
 ders us on the upper side and pictures in his life 
 what we may and should be ? 
 
 The great question is not what we came from, but 
 what are we coming to ? not, Did we ascend from 
 the animals ? but, Are we descending to their level, 
 caring for nothing higher than the gratification of 
 our appetites and passions, with no more attention 
 to the moral nature that separates us from animals 
 than if we had none ? 
 
 Men have known for ages that they had many ap- 
 petites, passions, and emotions in common with ani- 
 mals. Scripture, science, history, and personal ex- 
 perience all shovved this; but Darwin's explorations 
 have greatly increased our knowledge on this point 
 and underscored two great lessons which it sug- 
 gests. 
 
 One of these is that man is in danger^ because of his 
 animal nature, of being dragged down to a life like that 
 of the lowest animals. It is this which has made it so 
 natural, from the days of ^sop, to picture the faults 
 of men by fables of animals. I know of a wise moth- 
 er who impressively reproves her little ones for 
 wrongdoing by fables in which mice and other ani- 
 mals are made to do the naughty things which the 
 children have done, whose ugliness they are thus 
 made to see as mother sees it. 
 
 Man can be saved from descent into animalism 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 6l 
 
 only by recovering the dominion which God gave 
 him at the first over the whole realm of animal life, 
 in himself di?, well as about him. It was through an 
 animal that Satan made his first successful attack 
 upon man, and it is on the animal side of man's na- 
 ture that his subsequent attacks have been most fre- 
 quently made. 
 
 " The whiskey glass has a power opposite to that 
 of Ithuriel's spear. That touched a toad — and lo, a 
 fallen angel ! This touches a human form— and lo, 
 a brute !" Two drunken women in New York City 
 paused to view a dead horse. After a good look, 
 one of them said, in a voice that was almost a wail, 
 " God help the three of us." 
 
 During a discussion of religious topics, a dissolute 
 skeptic said : " 1 tell you that, if the other animals 
 do not exist after death, neither will man. There is 
 no difference between a man and a beast." And the 
 Christian with whom he was debating mildly re- 
 plied : " If anybody could convince me of that it 
 would be you." 
 
 We call a people " savage" where the God-estab- 
 lished dominion of man's mind over his animal na- 
 ture has been overthrown and the lower nature has 
 become dictator. It is like Charles XII. sending his 
 boots to preside over his Council of State, or Cahg- 
 ula defying his horse. No wonder the savage, with 
 his body enthroned king over his soul, becomes 
 more cruel than the animals. Falling from a higher 
 point, the descent is lower. Such savages are found 
 even in our own land, especially in large cities and 
 on frontiers. And there are civilized savages among 
 the rich— greedy, cruel, lustful. 
 
 It was savagery in the thin disguise of civilization 
 
62 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 that made a hero of Jesse James. It is savagery 
 that sends crowds to walking matches and prize 
 fights, both of which are " cruelty to animals.'' It 
 was very suggestive when, in a modern walking 
 match, men and horses competed, and the bipeds 
 won. They were hardly less animals than the 
 horses. The drunkards and libertines and prosti- 
 tutes are only tribes of savages in disguise. A 
 Canadian Episcopal bishop, of Scotch birth, was the 
 guest, some time ago, of a certain rector in Buffalo. 
 Speaking of his visit afterward, the old gentleman 
 said : *' They were all good people, and most kind, 
 I am sure ; but do you know, my dear, they gave 
 me water to drink at the table and upon going to 
 bed, as if 1 had been a horse." Evidently he would 
 have preferred that they should have given him 
 whiskey, as if he had been a savage. It is savagery also 
 that calls for the revolting details of the deeds of the 
 savages of civilization in the newspapers. 
 
 But all of us, in varying degrees, are keepers of 
 caged animals, and, like the men in the menagerie 
 cages of circus processions, we need to be constant- 
 ly watchful, lest our animal passions spring upon us 
 and get the mastery.^ Paul was thinking of such 
 dangers when he said, " I keep my body under." 
 David knew of such perils when he wrote, " I will 
 keep my mouth with a bridle," and again, " Be ye 
 not as the horse or as the mule." And James had 
 like analogies in his mind w.hen he said, " The tongue 
 can no man tame." Properly governed, the body is 
 
 3 Dr. Mark Hopkins reminds us that because man has animal 
 nature in himself, among most primitive people men have been 
 named from animals, and some of those names are still retained. 
 Thus we have among us Lyons, Foxes, Wolfs, Lambs, Bulls, Colts, 
 Hoggs, Hawks, Wrens, an(i Martins. 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 63 
 
 the most helpful of our " domestic animals " It is 
 our war horse in the battle of life, by which our 
 power is greatly magnified. It is a great misfortune 
 for a strong mind to have a weak body — to be " too 
 heavy for the animal you ride." It is a greater mis- 
 fortune to be run away with by animal appetites. 
 The body is a grand servant, but a bad master. The 
 strong passions of youth are like a span of blooded 
 steeds, grandly beautiful and nobly useful while we 
 have them " well in hand" and drive them onlv in 
 the enthusiasm of virtue, but vain things for satety 
 when we lose self-control. It is one of the monstrous 
 sins and follies of the parents and churches of this 
 age that they allow such steeds to be lashed all along 
 our streets into runaways by the indecent pictures 
 of theaters, and tobacconists, and news-dealers, and 
 by the fashions borrowed from the Paris denii-vwndc^ 
 and by the American demi-monde themselves, whose 
 dens are as well known and as quickly accessible to 
 tempted youth as any kind of business in our cities. 
 
 I recall Landseer's attempt to picture Wellington 
 and his officers at Waterloo. One is likely to mis- 
 take the picture for a horse fair because the horses 
 are painted so much more skillfully than the Iron 
 Duke. Landseer also essayed to paint an English 
 princess, but her pony is what takes the spectator's 
 chief attention. In the palace at Turin there is an 
 equestrian statue in which some Landseer-like sculp- 
 tor has made an immense horse almost hide the small 
 rider in whose honor it was raised. So in many 
 human lives, the animal is more prominent than the 
 inward man, and the appetites crowd the religious 
 nature into the background. " They overeat their 
 prayers," In pictures of great characters it is cus- 
 
64 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 tomary to picture only the head and bust in uncon- 
 scious recognition of the fact that it is head and 
 heart that constitute the real man. 
 
 These animal powers, so valuable when used 
 aright, are fraught with peril, since they make us 
 liable to all the faults of animals. 
 
 The Bible is full of warnings against this danger 
 of surrendering the throne of life to the animal na- 
 ture. Jeremiah exclaims of his degenerate people, 
 " Every man is become brutish." Every man today 
 is at least in danger of becoming brutish. The ene- 
 mies of Christ are described as "dogs," "strong 
 bulls of Bashan," " ravening and roaring lions," 
 "wolves," "vipers." Ishmael in his wickedness 
 was pictured as " a wild ass of a man," and Israel 
 was said to have " behaved like a stubborn heifer," 
 and her rulers are called "dumb dogs" that gave 
 no warning to the people of their danger. When 
 the Psalmist had been doubting God's love and wis- 
 dom, he exclaimed, " So foolish was I and ignorant ; 
 1 was as a beast before thee." Daniel represents 
 the wicked human race under the form of beasts in 
 contrast with Christ as the Son of man. The Jews 
 were compared to sheep going astray. How often 
 they followed such bell-wethers as Jeroboam and 
 Omri in wholesale backsliding ! Not less sheeplike 
 are many today in following a multitude to do evil. 
 When the various types of men were pictured to 
 Peter in a vision by all sorts of animals, how appro- 
 priate it was that " creeping things" were included ! 
 What a picture of the man who makes haste to be 
 rich by overthrowing or underpaying the poor, or 
 by liquor selling is given in the tenth Psalm : 
 
 " He lurketh in the covert as a lion in his den : 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 65 
 
 He lieth in wait to catch the poor." 
 
 Christ calls the tricky, drunken, lustful Herod 
 " that fox," a label for every other political " boss" 
 whose smartness is "earthy, sensual, and devilish." 
 How significant it was that in the olden time in Ven- 
 ice, when the rulers were beasts of prey, the letter- 
 box into which men dropped their complaints to the 
 authorities against those they wished to have put 
 out of the way was a lion's mouth ! Standards and 
 flags representing lions, eagles, dragons, serpents, 
 were all appropriate as national symbols of the 
 brutal politics of former ages, but they no longer 
 represent the humane ideals of the best citizenship 
 of Europe and America. The eagle was an appro- 
 priate symbol for Rome preying upon all weaker 
 nations, but it is not a fit emblem for world-befriend- 
 ing America. 
 
 I do not mean that there is no animalism left in 
 American politics today. A distinguished ex-sena- 
 tor is reported to have said, " 1 would vote for an 
 ox if he were the nominee of my party." Men 
 hardly less animal than an ox do get majority votes. 
 A printer expressed that truth by accident in setting 
 up the report of a political debate in which both 
 sides were selfishly struggling for " spoils," when he 
 made ''pros and cons' ''pigs and cows.'' A deputa- 
 tion from a legislature, on a visit to the State insane 
 asylum, while walking through the corridors, were 
 greeted by one of the lunatics, who was peering 
 through the gratings of a cell door, " Well, I de- 
 clare, if. here ain't the animals from Noah's ark !" 
 If it was a legislature that had licensed liquor, lust 
 and lotteries, the profound remark entitled the luna- 
 tic to liberty. On one of the members of such a leg- 
 
66 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 islature saying, " We must return to the food of our 
 ancestors," somebody asked : " What food does he 
 mean?" " Thistles, 1 suppose," was the reply. 
 
 The power of whiskey in elections is a thermome- 
 ter showing how much the animal nature still has to 
 do in politics ; but over this part of the animal realm 
 God has given us dominion with the rest, and we 
 have only to march in and possess it. 
 
 History and literature are full of warnings against 
 this danger of the enthronins^ of animalism in human 
 lives. The Romans punished the murderer of his 
 father by flaying him alive and then tying him up in 
 a sack with a dog, a cock, an ape, and a viper, and 
 so throwing him into the sea, as if to say he had 
 sunk from manhood to be a conglomeration of these 
 creatures. The Egyptians taught that those who 
 lived like low animals in this world would be sent 
 back after death in the form of a sow or some other 
 animal for endless transmigrations through similar 
 creatures. The Hindus teach that in the future 
 world drunkards will become frogs ; backbiters, tor- 
 toises ; misers, cranes. Socrates believed that those 
 who gave themselves up to gluttony, lust, and in- 
 temperance would in the future world put on the 
 nature of asses ; while the unjust and tyrannical 
 would become wolves and hawks. Shakespeare 
 makes Bassanio say to Shylock, as that human beast 
 of prey is clamoring for his pound of ifesh from 
 
 Antonio's breast : 
 
 " Inexorable dog, 
 Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith, 
 To hold opinion with Pythagoras 
 That souls of animals infuse themselves 
 Into the trunks of men ; thy currish spirit 
 Governed a wolf, for thy desires 
 Are wolfish, bloody, starved, and ravenous." 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 6/ 
 
 This danger of sinking into animalism also colors 
 the common speech, and gives point to much of the 
 wit of every land and age. The beasts of prey who 
 devour each other on boards of trade by tricks and 
 lies are indeed " bulls and bears." The slanderers 
 of the dead are rightly termed *' hyenas," and other 
 secret slanderers of the hving are " snakes in the 
 grass." "The man whose highest enjoyment is 
 fighting an adversary is a gamecock. The man who 
 dresses in the latest style and exhibits himself at the 
 church door while the congregation files out is a 
 peacock. The man who consecrates his life to hiv- 
 mg and hoarding is no more than a bee or an ant — a 
 better kind of animal than peacock or gamecock, but 
 nothing but an animal." The man whose chief pur- 
 pose in living is to swill his stomach with alcohol is 
 fitly named " a hog." It is significant in this con- 
 nection that a group of scientific men in Paris are 
 making systematic experiments upon pigs with a 
 view of ascertaining the precise action of alcohol 
 upon the processes of digestion, respiration, and 
 secretion. The pig has been chosen for these ex- 
 periments, it is said, because his digestive apparatus 
 closely resembles in all essential particulars that of 
 man, and also because he is almost the only animal 
 besides man that will consent to be dosed with alco- 
 hol, which reminds us that Dr. Holland once said, 
 " There is a good deal of human nature in the pig, 
 or else there is a good deal of pig in human 
 nature." 
 
 The latter at least is true. In the Sandwich 
 Islands of former days the women made pets of the 
 pigs and slept with them. Alas : that American 
 women even now make favorites and even husbands 
 
6S . BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 of those who " make hogs of themselves" by living 
 only for the satisfaction of appetite. How much the 
 following sounds like the description of what some 
 human " pigs" call " a good time !" In Grass Val- 
 ley, Cal., the hogs of a ranch recently drank of the 
 contents of a wine cask which ran out into a pool. 
 An account of the "spree" is given as follows: 
 " Some were frisky and full of play, others belliger- 
 ent and swaggering around hunting up fights ; some 
 maundering around in an imbecile way, walking in 
 corkscrew style and tumbling over the least obstruc- 
 tion that lay in their path, while several of the larger 
 hogs, that had managed to get in the heaviest loads, 
 were incapable of motion." These drunken hogs, 
 on recovering, it is said, solemnly adopted this 
 pledge : " We have always been beasts until this un- 
 lucky slip, and we promise ourselves that we will 
 never make 7/ien of ourselves again." In a school in 
 Illinois, the pastor asked his class, " Why is it that 
 such as Adonijah will not learn from the example of 
 such as Absalom ?" The answer from a Norwegian 
 brother was prompt : " You feed hot swill, and 
 every pig is going to burn his own nose and squeal 
 and run ; he won't learn nothing/' When a printer, 
 setting up an article for a very precise preacher on 
 the fifteenth chapter of Luke, which contains the 
 story of the lost s/icef>, the lost coiJi, and the prodigal 
 So7t, made the summary of the chapter read, " The 
 sheep, the cow, and the sow," he unconsciously pro- 
 claimed the Bible truth that prodigals are self-made 
 beasts. 
 
 George William Curtis, in his suggestive book en- 
 titled " Prue and I," makes a city full of people, 
 seen through Titbottom's spectacles, which penetrate 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 69 
 
 all disguises and see things and people as they are, 
 appear as a menagerie of animals. 
 
 " In the world's broad field of battle, 
 In the bivouac of life, 
 Be not like dumb, driven cattle, 
 Be a hero in the strife." 
 
 Longfellow, Psalm of Life. 
 
 Many faults that were once thought peculiar to 
 men and sometimes deemed " manly" are now 
 known to be a part of our common inheritance with 
 the brutes. A Berlin gorilla pouts and smokes. 
 Hogs, and sparrows, and mice have proved them- 
 selves capable of getting drunk. Dogs in Munich 
 sometimes sit with the families to which they belong 
 at the tables in the beer gardens, and drink beer 
 with as much rehsh as the bipeds around them. 
 That fishes manifest anger, fear, and other passions 
 is insisted on by Rev. S. J. Whitmee, in the Pro- 
 ceedings of the Zoological Society of London. His 
 observations were made in Samoa, where he kept 
 the native fishes in aquaria, and watched their quar- 
 rels, which are by no means infrequent among the 
 individuals of the same species, and constantly occur 
 between different species and genera, the signs of 
 anger being obvious, especially, as seen in the move- 
 ments of the fins and spines. Under the influence of 
 great anger or fear the dorsal fin is raised to its ex- 
 treme height, and the spines both of the dorsal and 
 anal fins are very prominent. Besides this the scales 
 all over the body are raised, so that the fish looks 
 larger than when its mind is unruffled. These views 
 are in the main confirmed by Dr. Day in the same 
 Proceedings. Even a monkey can "get mad and 
 smash things. ' ' Scribner s Monthly described an oriole 
 
70 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 belonging to a mostly monogamous tribe who built 
 a double nest and took to himself two wives. A 
 cockatoo who was allowed a bed and roost at one 
 end of a lounge, and had enjoyed it a long time, one 
 day discovered a pet dog occupying the unoccupied 
 end. For one moment he stood irresolute, bristling 
 with indignation ; the next his mind was made up. 
 Carefully, silently, he let himself down to the 
 ground ; then, with the greatest care to tread soft- 
 ly, he walked underneath the couch. On reaching 
 the other end he leaped on the couch, his feathers 
 spread, and his face full of fury ; he uttered a pierc- 
 ing shriek, and the dog was off the couch in a mo- 
 ment, and the cockatoo returned with an important 
 air to his nap at the other end — an animal antitype 
 of many a human quarrel in business-, and politics, 
 and " society," A Brooklyn lady was awakened by 
 a movement under her bed. She thought of thieves 
 immediately ; but her husband, upon being awak- 
 ened, said he guessed the noise must be made by the 
 tamily dog. He reached his hand down to the 
 floor, and in a moment felt a warm tongue lapping 
 it. Then he went to sleep, and awoke in the morn- 
 ing to find the apartment generally " cleaned out." 
 The lapping- was a clever device of a thief, but the 
 man was indeed an animal ; not a dog, but a beast 
 of prey. 
 
 How can we subdue the animal in us and save our- 
 selves from further peril ? An incident of the wom- 
 an's crusade will answer. In a Western city, when 
 a few devoted women were praying on the sidewalk 
 before a saloon, the proprietor, in a fit of anger, set 
 two dogs on the leader of the meeting. With a 
 quiet yet fearless spirit she laid her hands upon their 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. /I 
 
 heads and continued praying-, while they crouched 
 at her feet. It was the story of Daniel in the lion's 
 den repeated in the nineteenth century. That man 
 soon gave up the business, and, with his six broth- 
 ers, embraced Christianity, and that saloon has been 
 used for many years for Gospel meetings. So tlie 
 animal in us is to be conquered by prayer. 
 
 In the battle of the seventh of Romans between 
 the flesh and the spirit within us, through what pow- 
 er shall our animal nature be conquered } "1 thank 
 God through Jesus Christ our Lord.'' 
 
 § 7. Another great practical truth suggested by 
 Darwinism is that vian is bound by the obligation of 
 higher capacity to excel the noblest beasts. 
 
 The Bible representation of the ideal man is the 
 cherub with the face of a man, for reason and relig- 
 ion ; the head of a Hon, for strength ; the wings of 
 an eagle, for swiftness ; and the body of an ox, for 
 submission to authority. We should combine in 
 ourselves all that is excellent in animals. When Mr. 
 Gladstone said wearily one day to Lord Houghton, 
 *' I am leading a dog's life," the reply was, " Yes, 
 the life of a St. Bernard dog, spent in saving the 
 lives of others." 
 
 Evolutionary studies, in showing us hozv mucJi ivc 
 have in common with the beasts, has indirectly shozun us 
 how 7nuch zue must do to excel them. If a dog or horse 
 does his best, he is worthy of all praise ; but if a man 
 does the same and no more, he is justly blamed as 
 false to his birthright, because the level of his best is 
 higher. " Man is a perfect animal, but a perfect 
 animal is not a man. To say of one he is a perfect 
 brute is not to compliment him." 
 
72 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 " Two creatures started tog-ether to cross the Dela- 
 ware River at Philadelphia. One was a Newfound- 
 land dog, and he was sober and vigilant ; the other 
 was a drunken man, and he was as shaky of gait and 
 uncertain of vision as it is the wont of drunken men 
 to be. They came to an open space ; the dog would 
 have kept on the ice, like a sensible creature ; the 
 man, Hke a senseless creature, dragged them both 
 into the river. The senseless creature could not 
 save himself ; the sensible creature helped to save 
 them both. In its general outline the incident is a 
 familiar one. It is not the first time the lower crea- 
 ture in the scale has proved nobler than the higher ; 
 it is, unfortunately, not likely to be the last time. 
 But how ashamed that man must be when that dog 
 looks at him !" 
 
 A penniless drunkard was arrested in a New Jer- 
 sey city, on his wa}^ home from a Boston dog show, 
 with three fine dogs in his charge. The dogs were 
 better fitted to care for the man than the man for 
 the dogs ; as in another New Jersey city, years ago, 
 the late H. W. Herbert's dog " Sailor" three times 
 rescued from the Passaic River one of Herbert's 
 guests who tried to drown himself in a fit of delirium 
 tremens. So when a man mercilessly beats his horse, 
 " the greater brute is often at the butt end of the 
 whip." 
 
 Animals excel man in many physical qualities. 
 His ox is stronger, his horse is swifter, his dog has 
 a keener scent, his cat has more sensitive ears and a 
 more perfect sense of touch, and the very flies have 
 more wonderful eyes — strange facts in the theory of 
 evolution, but suggesting that if a man is to excel 
 animals it must be in mind and soul. ' 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 73 
 
 What is ''manly' in distinction from animal? 
 Not monogamy, for the lion and eagle are more 
 true to their single wives than many men in this age 
 of divorces. Not brave and tender care of the fam- 
 ily. Birds and beasts often show a love strong as 
 death for their mates and little ones. Not only will 
 animals sacrifice their lives to save their mates and 
 little ones, but how often dogs have bravely died in 
 efforts to save their masters or other human beings ! 
 In Clean, N. Y., a few years since, when the St. 
 Elmo Hotel took fire at night, the lives of all the 
 guests were saved by the hotel dog, " Heck," who 
 first roused the drunken porter and dragged him 
 into the street and then ran barking through the 
 smoke up the stairs of the hotel, scratching and 
 howling at door after door until all were rescued. 
 Then, when the hotel was wrapped in flame, seeing 
 a frantic mother, who did not know that her child 
 had been brought out, rush toward the building, the 
 dog took it as a sign that some one remained to be 
 saved and dashed into the flames only to die. How 
 ashamed that ought to make a selfish man, who is 
 less interested in saving others than his noble dog ! 
 Mr. A. E. Brown describes from personal observa- 
 tion the almost uncontrollable griet of a chimpanzee 
 in Philadelphia at the loss of his mate. The affec- 
 tion of oxen who have been driven in pairs is so 
 great that when one dies the survivor often pines, 
 and at last follows his old companion. George Sand 
 was told by the peasant farmers in Berri that when 
 one good beast died they knew they would have to 
 purchase a new pair, as sorrow made the survivor 
 useless. A pair of horses in an English stable, whose 
 box-stalls adjoined each other, were firm friends. 
 
74 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 The 'one who finished his hay first invariably re- 
 ceived from the other enough to keep him busy until 
 both lots were consumed. One day one of the 
 horses made its way out of its own loose box, the 
 door of which was unfastened, and found out a 
 bucket of mash which was standing in the entrance 
 of the stable, and taking the opportunity while the 
 coachman was in the loft overhead, he was helping 
 himself freely to its tempting contents. The other 
 horse, who was fastened to his own loose box, caught 
 sight of his friend's proceedings, and neighed loud- 
 ly, evidently demanding a share for himself ; and the 
 servant was astonished to see the horse which was 
 enjoying himself fill his mouth with the mash, and 
 poke his nose through the bars of the loose box for 
 his friend to take it from his mouth. This was done 
 several times. This incident suggests that " horse 
 sense" is not so coarse a thing as is sometimes sup- 
 posed, and that it is not so appropriate as has been 
 supposed for the selfish to condemn philanthropists 
 as lacking " horse sense." The sons of greed lack 
 not only the spiritual sense which every man should 
 have as his badge of superiority to beasts-; they even 
 lack the ** horse sense" of which they boast, if we 
 measure them by the horse just described. A farm- 
 er who had heard a sermon on the text ' * The ox 
 knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib, 
 but Israel doth not know ; my people doth not con- 
 sider" (Isa. I : 3), went out to feed his oxen, when 
 one of them licked his arm, apparently thankful for 
 his care. He burst into tears, saying, " Yes, it is all 
 true. This poor dumb brute has more gratitude 
 than I ever rendered to God." And by the ox he 
 was led to Christ. 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 75 
 
 Nor is pity for the sufferings of others and gener- 
 osity in reheving them a quality above what is 
 shown by noble animals. There are many well- 
 authenticated stories of orphan beasts or birds nour- 
 ished by those unrelated to them with a charity 
 which does not end " at home." The Virginia City 
 Enterprise, of Nevada, relates the following story : 
 
 " In this city notice was recently made of a robin 
 that went to a house to feed .one of its young that 
 some boys had carried off and placed in a cage that 
 was allowed to hang out of doors. Thomas Prince, 
 who resides on Carson River, above Dayton, tells of 
 a circumstance still more singular. He says a pair 
 of robins had their nest on a fence near his house, 
 while in a bush near by a pair of catbirds had built 
 their nest. The two pairs of birds hatched out their 
 young about the same time, and all went well for 
 several days. Then the catbirds w^ere seen no more, 
 probably having been shot by some of the bee-keep- 
 ers of Dayton. The young catbirds were evidently 
 starving. When the robins came with a worm or 
 other insect for their young, they always alighted 
 on the top rail of the fence before hopping down to 
 their nest. Each time when a robin so came the cat- 
 birds opened their mouths, thrust up their heads, 
 and made a great outcry. They were begging to 
 the best of their ability for food. The robms ap- 
 peared to understand the appeal, and began feeding 
 the hungry little catbirds. They did not do what 
 they had undertaken by halves. Each evening the 
 female robin sat on her own nest and warmed with 
 her body her own young, while the male robin took 
 to the nest of the catbirds. In this way both broods 
 were reared, the little orphans growing upas strong 
 
"jG BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 and lively as though they had been cared for all 
 through by their own parents. When both broods 
 were able to fly, the young robins and catbirds all 
 flocked together for a while." 
 
 Rev. Dr. H. M. Scudder once told of a well-fed 
 cat who brought a half-starved one to share her 
 breakfast ; and when the master, to test her benevo- 
 lence, increased her allowance more and more, she 
 continued to bring other hungry neighbors until she 
 had quite a '* free breakfast" and " diet dispensary." 
 Professor Niles matches this story with one of a 
 well-fed dog who daily buried the bones which he 
 did not need and regularly brought a hungry neigh- 
 bor to enjoy them. 
 
 Bees are aesthetic, as Sir John Lubbock has shown, 
 in that they manifest a distinct preference for blue 
 and red, as if to remind young ladies that doting on 
 pretty colors is * * small business, ' ' which should have 
 but a small share of their time. In an article in Har- 
 per s Magazine on " The Decorative Sentiment in 
 Birds," it is said that " a love of the beautitul is a 
 distinctly marked characteristic of most members of 
 the feathered family" — a remark which those human 
 beings would do well to ponder who have no higher 
 quality of soul than love of art and beauty. 
 
 Animals not only resemble men in generous emo- 
 tions, but also in what Asa Gray calls " the elements 
 of thought." 
 
 Birds obviously do a great deal in the way of in- 
 struction. An American naturalist, Mr. Clarke, has 
 lately restated the facts about the musical education 
 of birds. It appears from Mr. Clarke's notes that birds 
 do not, any more than men, inherit instinctive vocal 
 utterance. The young bird only inherits the poten- 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. JJ 
 
 tial gift of song. He learns " after long practice, by 
 constantly hearing the song of his elders, the melody 
 peculiar to that species, which is in turn similarly 
 transmitted to the next generation." So far, how- 
 ever, is the "concerted activity" from being in- 
 herited in full working order that '* the loss of a par- 
 ent at a critical moment will compel a young bird to 
 study from other birds, perhaps of different species, " 
 This is the old theory of Mr. Daines Barrington, 
 who himself possessed sky-laYks, wood-larks, and 
 tit-larks that had educated Hnnets. The young lin- 
 nets sang, not like their parents, but like their tutors. 
 Darwin tells us of an ape that was able to rise and 
 fall the scale. Mrs. Joseph Cook speaks of weaver 
 birds in India who anticipated man in the use of elec- 
 tric hghts by fastening up fireflies in their nests. 
 And how wonderful the sagacity and reasoning of 
 some animals, and also of birds, reptiles, and fishes ! 
 An observer of birds tells the following story of " A 
 Humming Birds Umbrella :" *' When the first drops 
 fell she came and took in her bill one of the two or 
 three large leaves growing close to the nest, and 
 laid it over so that it completely covered the nest ; 
 then she flew away. On looking at the leaf we 
 found a hole in it, and in the side of the nest was a 
 small stick that the leaf was fastened to or hooked 
 on. After the storm was over the old bird came 
 back and unhooked the leaf, and the nest was perfect- 
 ly dry." An English writer tells the following 
 story: "Among the members of a certain family 
 was an old lady who was somewhat afraid of the 
 dog belonging to the household. She was very 
 fond of a particularly comfortable chair, but fre- 
 quently found the dog in possession of her favorite 
 
78 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 seat. Being timid about driving him off, she would 
 go to the window and call ' Cats ! ' Of course the 
 dog would rush to the window and bark, and the 
 lady would secure her seat. One day the dog en- 
 tered the room, and finding the chair occupied, he 
 ran to the window and barked furiously. The old 
 lady went to see what caused the excitement, and 
 instantly the dog darted into the chair which she 
 vacated." 
 
 Mr. Darwin has shown, in his book on the " Ex- 
 pression of Emotions in Men and Animals," that 
 there are germs of intellectual if not moral faculties in 
 the animal creation. But he has not shown that any 
 animals have the power of intelligent speech, or germs 
 of spiritual life, or capacity for progress as species. 
 Mr. Hornady, in his new book on India, remarks : 
 *' We will not say anything about the place the 
 orang has in the long chain of evolution ; but while 
 abstract argument leads hither and thither, according 
 as this or that writer is most ably gifted for the 
 same, there is still one argument or influence to 
 which every true naturalist is amenable, and which 
 no one will ignore who has studied from nature any 
 group of typical forms. Let such a one (if, indeed, 
 one exists to-day) who is prejudiced against the Dar- 
 winian views go to Borneo ; let him there watch 
 from day to day this strangely human form in all its 
 various phases of existence ; let him see the orang 
 climb, walk, build its nest, eat, drink, and fight like 
 a human rough ; let him see the female suckle her 
 young, and carry it astride her hip, precisely as do 
 the cooley women of Hindustan ; let him witness 
 their human-like emotions of affection, satisfaction, 
 pain, and rage — let him see all this, and then he 
 may feel how much more potent has been this lesson 
 
TRANSFIGURED FLESH. 79 
 
 than all he has read in pages of abstract ratiocina- 
 tion." But all this will not convince the naturalist 
 who notes that the orang is not capable of self-im- 
 provement as a race, and cannot be taught either in- 
 telligent speech or worship. 
 
 TJicre is no human tribe ivitJwiit intelligent speech and 
 sonic form of worship, none without capacity for Chris- 
 tianity and self improvo^ient ; while, on the otJier Jiand, 
 there is no animal which worships, nor is there any 
 species of animals capable of intelligent speech or of 
 self-improvement. Lions are the same in every age. 
 TJie human species alone is capable of self advancement. 
 
 Almost everything else which we praise— monog- 
 amy, affection, courage, self-sacrifice, pity, gener- 
 osity, gratitude, sagacity— man possesses in common 
 with the noblest animals ; but nowhere among ani- 
 mals is there self-improvement or intelligent speech 
 or the slightest hint of worship— ^\\2it is, faith in the 
 invisible God and the invisible world, which is no- 
 where absent from the tribes of men. 
 
 He who does not worship God, however 
 
 NOBLE IN other RESPECTS, IS LIVING A LIFE BUT 
 LITTLE HIGHER THAN THE NOBLEST ANIMALS. At 
 MOST HE ONLY BELONGS TO " THE ARISTOCRACY OF 
 
 animalism/' We should emulate the noblest 
 
 BEASTS IN COURAGE, AFFECTION, AND FIDELITY, BUT 
 WE OUGHT ALSO TO EXCEL THEM, BY EXERCISING OUR 
 BH^THRIGHT PRIVILEGE OF PRAYERFUL COMMUNION 
 
 WITH God. " Men ought always to pray." 
 
 " For what are men better than sheep or goats 
 That nourish a bhnd hfe withm the brain, 
 If, knowing God, they lift not hands of prayer, 
 Both for themselves and those who call them friend ! 
 For so the whole round earth is every way 
 Bound by gold chains about the feet of God." 
 
 Tennyson, Idyls of the King. 
 
IV. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 
 
 § 8. The topic of this lecture was suggested by 
 the following words in a letter from a candid skep- 
 tic : "I was born and brought up in a family con- 
 nected with the Orthodox Church. My wife, too, 
 is a member of it, and I go with her on Sundays. I 
 do it more from habit than because I get any good. 
 It would be a real comfort to me if I could believe 
 what she believes. But I cannot do it because I 
 want to ; I can only believe what seems to me true, 
 and it does not seem to me that the orthodox ideas 
 of religion have much foundation. There is too 
 much of fancy and imagination about them, instead 
 of substantial facts. God and heaven, especially 
 God living on earth in the flesh, seems to me like 
 beautiful dreams." 
 
 We answer, Christianity is a science, not a dream. 
 
 What, then, is science ? Professor Youmans, one 
 of its chief priests, when editor of the Popular Science 
 Monthly, gave this definition : " Science is exact 
 knowledge, obtained by demonstration, observation, 
 or experiment." 
 
 This definition ought to be kept ever in mind, for 
 nothing is more frequently counterfeited than the 
 word "science." Since the days when the Bible 
 was written, there has always been " science, falsely 
 so called." Much that is called science is not exact 
 knowledge, but only partial knowledge — that is, 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 8 1 
 
 " disturbed ignorance." In our National Treasury 
 at Washington, numerous clerks count the torn and 
 worn-out greenbacks that have been forwarded for 
 redemption. The clerks become so expert that they 
 can detect a counterfeit by a glance or touch, and 
 when one is found, it is at once thrown out and de- 
 ducted from the account of the sender. So in read- 
 ing an^ hearing statements about scientific matters, 
 one should be ever on the watch for the " counter- 
 feits" that abound — the plausible speculations and 
 unproved hypotheses that may have been falsely 
 passed off as " science." Hypotheses are legitimate 
 tools by which to construct and test science, but 
 they are no more to be called " science" than the 
 presses that print our greenbacks are to be called 
 " currency." It should also be noted here that as 
 the clerks who count and examine the currency do not 
 need to be paper-makers or printers or engravers in 
 order to detect counterfeits, so one need not be a 
 scientist to know whether a scientific statement is logi- 
 cal or not — whether its facts are well attested and 
 its conclusions logical. 
 
 A certain man looked over his commercial paper 
 and divided it into three bunches, marked " B" for 
 bad, " D" for doubtful, and " G" for good — an 
 excellent system for books as well as banks, that no 
 " bad" or " doubtful" speculations may be counted 
 in our " assets" of scientific knowledge. Christian- 
 ity asks no exemption from the tests of counterfeit 
 truth. It demands them. It commands them : 
 "Prove" [that is, tesf\ "all things: hold fast that 
 which is good." Are the facts of Christianity well 
 attested ? Do its conclusions necessarily follow ? Is 
 the ** paper" of Christianity " B" or" D" or " G" ? 
 
82 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 We answer again, Christianity is a science, not a 
 drea7n, since it consists, in its essentials^ of proved knowl- 
 edge, established, in part, like lazv and history, upon 
 abundant and reliable testimony ; established, in part, 
 like the scientific certainties of gravitation and the round- 
 ness of the earth, npon a proved hypothesis which is 
 found to be alone inclusive of all the facts and consistent 
 with all ; established, in part, like chemistry and medi- 
 cine, tipon repeated and thorough experiments. 
 
 I. As to the evidences of Christianity in the line 
 of testimony, it is well known that the great jurist, 
 Sir Matthew Hale, declared that the evidence on 
 which Christianity bases its claims is such as would 
 be deemed competent in any court of justice. More 
 recently, Greenleaf, the standard authority among 
 English-speaking lawyers on questions of evidence, 
 in his great work on * * The Testimony of the Four 
 Evangelists," after testing the Gospels as he would 
 test documentary evidence offered in a court, de- 
 clares that they are sufficient to establish as historic 
 the facts which they allege in regard to Christ and 
 the origin of Christianity. 
 
 Not only the historic but also the experimental ele- 
 ments of Christianity are established upon abundant 
 testimony. No crime was ever better attested than 
 its opposite and preventive — conversion. A lawyer 
 found himself one night in a meeting for Christian 
 testimony. The subject was Conversion. To the 
 fact of it as a personal experience, testimony was 
 given by a score of his friends and neighbors, learned 
 and unlearned, many of them persons whose honesty 
 and good sense he had learned to respect, the very 
 kind of witnesses he liked to have on his side when 
 trying a case in court. They all declared, in vary- 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 8 
 
 ing terms, that in answer to a penitent, trusting ap- 
 peal to Christ, a radical change had occurred in their 
 springs of life. Their tastes as to associates, songs, 
 books, amusements, had been changed ; also their 
 consolations, aims, activities, habits. He said to 
 himself : " II any two of these men should testify 
 that 1 had committed murder 1 should be hung. 
 Shall 1 reject all this evidence ?" He made the only 
 answer that an honest man can make without self- 
 condemnation. The conclusive testimony demand- 
 ed a decisive verdict. He pronounced himself 
 " Guilty," and appealed to Christ for pardon. 
 
 § 9. But the evidences of Christianity in the line of 
 testimony have been so often and so strongly pre 
 sented, that I pass at once into a new field of Chris- 
 tian evidences, that of proved hypotheses, through 
 which many of the most unquestioned truths have 
 been received into the hall of science — for instance, 
 gravitation and the roundness and revolution of the 
 earth — to show that, like these, Christianity is scien- 
 tific because it presents a system that includes all of 
 the facts involved and harmonizes all the facts. 
 
 How do we know that the earth is round ? We 
 never saw its roundness— nor felt it. To the senses 
 it seems both flat and firm. But long ago men no- 
 ticed that a ship coming in from sea showed to those 
 on the land, first its rigging, and then its hull. This 
 and other facts suggested that the earth might be 
 round. The guess or hypothesis was tested and 
 found to include and harmonize all the facts involved, 
 and so became, by an accumulation of probabilities, 
 a scientific certainty. Today we know that the earth 
 is round so surely that the rantings of the ignorant 
 
84 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 Richmond preacher against this doctrine of science 
 do not disturb us. Nor should the rantings of 
 Ingersollism disturb our convictions that Christ is 
 the Son of God, and the Bible the Word of God, 
 both of which can be proved as conclusively as the 
 roundness and rotation of the earth and by the same 
 scientific method. 
 
 So gravitation was at first a guess and became a 
 certainty by being proved to include and harmonize 
 all the essential tacts involved. 
 
 One may reach moral certainty m regard to God as 
 well as in regard to gravitation by an accumulation of 
 probabilities. Gladstone, in his famous paper on 
 ** Probability as the Guide to Conduct," by the very 
 title, which is all one needs to read to catch his argu- 
 ment, suggests that in the matters of home and busi- 
 ness men are guided not by certainties but by 
 probabilities. Fathers provide food and raiment for 
 coming days, not because there is a certainty that 
 they and theirs will live to need them, but because 
 there is a probability of it. The farmer sows be- 
 cause of the probability that his harvest will not be 
 snatched away by drought or pest. By the same 
 sensible principle, if a man deems it more probable 
 that Christianity is true than false, he is bound at 
 least to test it, that probability may be changed to 
 certainty by experiment. It is playing the quack on 
 one's self to insist that every claim of Christianity 
 shall be proved as mathematically as that two and 
 two make four, when in almost everything proba- 
 bility is the guide to conduct. 
 
 Our problem at this point, then, is, whether Chris- 
 tianity is not probably true in its essential claims as 
 to history and experience. 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 85 
 
 We are strongly assured by one of the chief priests 
 of science that there is nothing unscientific or self- 
 contradictory or inconsistent in the main theory of 
 Christianity. Professor Tyndall, in the Popular Sci- 
 ence Monthly, says : ' * The theory that the system of 
 nature is under the control of a Being who changes 
 phenomena in compliance with the prayers of men, 
 is, in my opinion, a perfectly legitimate one. It is 
 a matter of experience that an earthly father, who is 
 at the same time both wise and tender, listens to the 
 requests of his children, and, if they do not ask 
 amiss, takes pleasure in granting their requests. 
 We know also that this compliance extends to the 
 alteration, within certain limits, of the current of 
 events on earth. With this suggestion offered by 
 our experience, it is no departure from scientific 
 method to place behind natural phenomena a univer- 
 sal Father, who, in answer to the prayers of his chil- 
 dren, alters the current of those phenomena. But, 
 without verification, a theoretic conception is a mere 
 figment of the intellect." 
 
 There is, then, no difficulty in the Christian theory 
 of the universe, but only in the verification of the 
 theory. Matthew Arnold, in the preface of his work 
 on " Literature and Dogma," with as cool a dog- 
 matism as if he were an infallible pope over all 
 knowledge, utters the " dogma" that the theory of 
 a personal and intelligent First Cause is untenable, 
 because it can never be verified. But it can be veri- 
 fied, and all the other essential facts of Christianity, 
 in exactly the same way as the facts of optics, as- 
 tronomy, and many other theories of Science which 
 Mr. Arnold and Professor Tyndall fully accepted, by 
 
86 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 showing that this theory alone inehides and is consistent 
 with all the facts. 
 
 There is a problem of far higher importance than 
 anything in optics or astronomy to which I shall 
 apply this scientific method. It is well stated in the 
 following extracts from the letters of an old school- 
 mate : " Death has taken my father, mother, and 
 sisters away since those days of early friendship with 
 you, and my life is mostly made up of this weari- 
 some repetition of commonplaces. I wonder some- 
 times what all this glittering, shiny pageant, which 
 we call life, may mean ; what is the key to it all ? 
 How shall I find the meaning of this ever-recurring 
 I, and all its relations to the infinite universe about 
 me?" 
 
 Mr. Huxley expresses the problem in these earnest 
 words : " The question of questions for mankind — 
 the problem which underlies all others, and is more 
 interesting than any other — is the ascertainment of 
 the place which man occupies in nature, and of his 
 relation to the universe of things." Many a thought- 
 ful man has felt that life is an island on which he has 
 been left in sleep, with no land in sight as he looks 
 behind him, no land in sight as he looks forward, 
 and no human voice about him able to answer the 
 questions, " Whence came I ? What am I ? Whither 
 am I going ?" 
 
 How can he solve this problem of highest mo- 
 ment ? What is " the meaning of this ever-recurring 
 I, and all its relations to the infinite universe about 
 us?" 
 
 The answer must be a theory that includes all the 
 facts involved and is at the same time consistent 
 with them all. 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 8/ 
 
 Let it be remembered that there are mental and 
 moral facts as well as physical ones, heart facts as 
 well as " hard facts." Every man's common sense 
 tells him that the word he hears is no more a fact 
 than the unheard thought that prompted it ; that the 
 clock he sees is no more a fact than tiine, which he 
 cannot see ; that the hot stove which he has felt is 
 no more a fact than the idea of cause which the pain 
 awakened in his mind. The Sermon on the Mount 
 is as much a fact as a labeled bug, or a stuffed mon- 
 key, or an idiot's brain. Any theory of the universe 
 which does not include all the facts involved, mental 
 and moral as well as physical, and does not prove 
 itself consistent with them all, is, by the very laws 
 of science, unworthy of acceptance. 
 
 First, notice the answer which atheists make to 
 the anxious inquiry of the human soul. By atheism 
 I mean what the word literally means, any theory 
 that is without God, that leaves God out, whether by 
 denying him or ignoring him. I am aware that it 
 is now the fashion to call atheism " agnosticism," 
 which is usually nothing else but atheism under a less 
 malodorous name. When agnosticism is not atheism 
 it is his laz}^ brother. It takes energy and courage 
 to defend a positive denial of God. It is easier to 
 sit on the fence. Those who are too lazy or too 
 timid to deny the existence of God have borrowed 
 the trick of sharpers in the courts, and say to all re- 
 ligious questions, " I don't know." No one has any 
 right to say that of any important matter until he 
 has earnestly tried to knoiv. I do not count as agnos- 
 tics those who, like Thomas, are seeking to know 
 what is truth. 
 
 Atheism gives an answer to the problem of man's 
 
«« BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 relation to the universe as superficial as the Ptolemaic 
 answer to the problem of the earth's relations. 
 Ptolemy, judging by the mere appearance of things 
 to the senses, considered the earth as the greatest 
 body in the universe, the stable center of all things, 
 and took no account whatever of the unseen force of 
 gravitation. So the atheist, looking only at the seen 
 and temporal, makes man the highest JDeing in the 
 universe, and selfishness the highest motive, and 
 takes no account whatever of the unseen spiritual 
 forces at work in the world, such as Providence and 
 prayer and self-sacrifice. 
 
 These godless theories in regard to man and his 
 relations to the universe are not scientific ; first, be- 
 cause they ignore a large proportion of the facts. 
 Tyndall, in his famous Belfast Address, confessed 
 that there was a class of facts which his materialism 
 had not included in its theories — " The unquench- 
 able claims of man's emotional nature." The human 
 race will never be satisfied with any answer to its 
 grandest problem, any theory of the universe and 
 its relations to man, which does not include and is 
 not consistent with this class of facts, which are as 
 universal as humanity, and as deep as human thought 
 — " The unquenchable claims of man's emotional na- 
 ture." ' 
 
 The theories of atheism also fail to include or ex- 
 
 ^ Since the above was written, Benjamin Kidd, in his book on 
 " Social Evolution," which discusses both evolution and pohtical 
 economy, ha? shown how specialists in both of those studies have cast 
 aside scientific method when they have ignored Christianity, which 
 is clearly the highest product of evolution. More recently Presi- 
 dent Schurman,_of Cornell University, and Professor N. S. Shaler, 
 of Harvard University, in articles already referred to, have em- 
 phasized the same truth, and whatever view of evolution one holds, 
 " the essentials of the Christian religion" are unquestionably its 
 highest development, " the greatest thing in the world." 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 89 
 
 plain the fact that thoughts of immortality have a 
 place in every human mind, either as a faith, a tradi- 
 tion, or a question. 
 
 Especially must a satisfactory theory of the uni- 
 verse explain the origin of matter, life, and mind.' 
 But atheism offers no explanation. Tyndall and Pas- 
 teur speak for the world of science when they deny 
 that there is the slightest evidence of " spontaneous 
 generation," or of life except as "an emanation of 
 antecedent life." Huxley long since admitted that 
 his " bathydius" protoplasm, which he hoped would 
 prove to be the jelly-mothei of all life, is only inor- 
 ganic gypsum — the same material as the Cardiff 
 Giant hoax. Atheism leaves us no way to get an 
 existence. And yet we exist. No fact is more vital 
 in a theory of the universe than life, and no theory 
 that fails to explain such a fact is scientifically satis 
 factory. 
 
 The theories of atheism are unscientific because, 
 second, they are inconsistent with many facts. Five 
 expressions distinguish man as man everywhere. 
 He can say, " I am," " 1 can," " I ought," " I will," 
 " I pray." As being corresponds to the words " I 
 am," and power to " I can," and conscience to " I 
 ought," and freedom of choice to the words " I 
 will," so God must correspond to the words " I 
 pray," by the very laws of science, which allow in 
 
 2 Mr. A. R. Wallace, who is a co discoverer with Mr. Darwin 
 and an equal authority with him, insists that in the development 
 of the organic world there are at least three distinct stages where 
 we must of necessity admit that some new force has come into 
 action — one, the change from inorganic to organic matter ; a sec- 
 ond, the transition from the vegetable to the animal kingdom, and 
 the third, the existence of the faculties which distinguish man from 
 the brutes. These stages of progress, Wallace declares, " point 
 clearly to an unseen universe, to a world of spirit to which the 
 world of matter is altogether subordinate." 
 
90 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 nature no universal instinct without an adequate an- 
 swer, no half- hinges. The theory of atheism is also 
 inconsistent with the scientific fact that in universal 
 experience, plan, adaptation, purpose, law, order, 
 progress, are found to be the result of personality 
 and intelligence. Nor is the theory of atheism con- 
 sistent with the facts of present experience in ascrib- 
 ing to matter " the power and potency of every 
 form of life." The fairy stories that make flowers 
 talk, and magic axes cut down whole forests with no 
 hand to wield them ; and the mythologies of heathen- 
 ism that tell of matter in images of wood and stone 
 thinking and acting as gods, are not one whit less 
 scientific than the theories of atheism that make the 
 hot and lifeless atoms of primeval fog, the builders 
 of the present world of matter and mind. 
 
 It is scientifically certain, then, that the theories 
 of the universe which deny or ignore God have not 
 sufficient credentials to take their contested seats in 
 the congress of science, since they neither include 
 nor harmonize all the facts involved. 
 
 The problem of the " ever-recurring I, in its rela- 
 tions to the universe," is answered but little better 
 by un-Christian theism. No hypothesis of the uni- 
 verse, even though it recognizes the existence of 
 God, that does not include and harmonize the four 
 large groups of well-attested facts in regard to 
 Providence and prayer, the Bible and Christ, can 
 be considered a scientific theory of man and his re- 
 lations. 
 
 From these theories that fail to answer the prob- 
 lem of the universe, we turn to one that succeeds. 
 As gravitation included and explained all the essen- 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENXE, NOT A DREAM. 9I 
 
 tial facts in regard to the movements ol the heaven- 
 ly bodies, so Christianity alone offers a theory of 
 man's relations that includes and explains all the 
 facts involved. In the words of Napoleon, " The 
 Bible contains a complete series of facts and of his- 
 torical men to explain time and eternity." No other 
 theory tells us how the world of nature began, or 
 how it will end. No other theory explains the evi- 
 dences of a controlling mind in the order and prog- 
 ress of nature and history. No other theory gives a 
 reasonable explanation of the fact that a poor, un- 
 educated carpenter of Nazareth, who died as a male- 
 factor almost 1900 years ago, is the best known, the 
 most beloved, the most obeyed of any being that 
 ever lived in flesh. No other theory explains why the 
 Bible alone of ancient books is the book of the people 
 to-day, the King-Book in the literature of power. 
 
 In the Palace of Justice at Rome, they take the 
 traveler into a chamber with strangely painted fres- 
 coes on the ceiling and around the walls, and strange 
 mosaics upon the floor. He cannot reduce them to 
 harmony. It is all a bewildering maze. But there 
 is one spot upon the floor of that room, standing 
 upon which everything falls into symmeti"y. He can 
 see at that point, and that only, the design of the 
 artist and the beauty of his work. So the world 
 seems a chaos of sorrow and sin from every point 
 except one. From any other standpoint life is not 
 worth living. But when one stands beside the 
 Cross, with the Bible in hand, he can see that 
 through all the convulsions of nature and history 
 
 " One eternal purpose runs, 
 And the thoughts of God are ripening 
 With the progress of the suns. ' ' 
 
92 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 § 10. The evidences of Christianity in the line of 
 testimony and proved hypothesis are sufificient at 
 least to show that Christianity is more probably true 
 than false. That is all that one who is daily making 
 probability his guide to conduct has a right to ask 
 as a reason for going forward to the third and most 
 conclusive department of Christian evidence, that of 
 experiment, in which probability is changed to cer- 
 tainty. We have seen that the religion of Christ, 
 when it is compared with history and law and other 
 departments of science that are based on testimony, 
 vindicates its right to be also considered a part of 
 science, by showing abundant and reliable testimony 
 as the basis of its claims. We have also seen that 
 Christianity, when it is compared with any depart- 
 ment of science which is based on a proved hypothesis, 
 again establishes its claim to be counted a part of 
 science by presenting a theory of the universe that 
 includes, explains, and harmonizes all the facts in- 
 volved. 
 
 Comparing Christianity with those branches of 
 science, such as chemistry and medicine, that are 
 chiefly based on careful, thorough and repeated ex- 
 periments and tests, we shall see that by the proof of 
 tests and experiments also, Christianity is a science, 
 not a dream. Science ascertained thus by personal 
 experiments is considered somewhat more certain 
 than that which comes from reliable testimony or 
 proved hypotheses. Absolutely certain knowledge 
 in this matter of religion can only be secured by add- 
 ing to reliable testimony and proved hypotheses a 
 personal experience of the reality of conversion and 
 the power of prayer. The most important elements 
 
CHRISTIANITY A SCIENCE, NOT A DREAM. 93 
 
 of Christianity are not theories but experience, and 
 therefore the final test of it must be a personal ex- 
 periment of its power. Error can debate, but truth 
 alone can bear tests and experiments. Reasoning 
 is a long- route to conclusions, that even then are not 
 absolutely certain. Experiment is the short cut to 
 truth, and much the surest path when the object can 
 thus be reached. Hence the religion of Christ has 
 grown by the condensed logic of tests or ** experi- 
 ence" more than b}^ spoken arguments. It is to this 
 department of evidence especially that the command 
 applies, " Prove all things," which does not mean 
 that we are to argue about everything, but rather, 
 " Test all things." Experience comes from experior, 
 meaning to make trial of, to put to the test. Some 
 one asked Coleridge if he could prove the truth of 
 Christianity. "Yes," said he, ''try it." Philip's 
 answer to Nathaniel's doubt whether the Messiah 
 could come out of Nazareth was almost as brief — 
 "Come and see." He might have argued that 
 Christ was not originally of Nazareth but of Bethle- 
 hem, but some new difficulty would then have arisen, 
 and hours or days or perhaps weeks would have 
 been lost in debates. He led his friend rather along 
 the short cut of experiment. A moment with Christ 
 cured Nathaniel's doubts, and he exclaimed, " Thou 
 art the Son of God, thou art the King of Israel." 
 
 If a scientific professor should say to his class that 
 he could change a bottle of a certain black liquid 
 into snowy whiteness by pouring into it a scarlet 
 fluid, and a score of witnesses should corroborate 
 his testimony, his hearers might believe it. This 
 belief might be strengthened if he could philosophize 
 clearly on the characteristics and relations of the two 
 
94 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 liquids. But they would more quickly reach cer- 
 tainty by taking the two bottles into their own hands, 
 to prevent any chance of jugglery, and performing 
 the experiment for themselves." So in the Divine 
 chemistry of conversion, one reaches the certainty 
 that the black heart of sin may be changed by the 
 blood of Christ into the snowy whiteness of purity 
 and joy, when to Christian testimony and Christian 
 philosophy he adds personal experience. If Chris- 
 tianity is a matter of such moment as to be worthy 
 of volumes of reasoning ; if it involves issues of life 
 and death, of happiness and misery ; if its truth or 
 falseness is an important matter for each individual 
 to decide, as the world's wisest men have generally 
 believed, then surely, it ought to be fully tested by 
 every rational being who has heard of its claims. 
 
 If there is a God personally interested in man, it 
 would be natural for him to give a written revela- 
 tion of his will for all the ages. How can one know 
 that the Bible is such a revelation ? By doing God's 
 will as there asserted. An aged Christian had a 
 great many passages in her Bible marked " T" and 
 "P." She was asked what these letters signified. 
 She said they marked the promises of God that she 
 herself had tried and proved. Here, then, is a method 
 of testing the Bible, more direct than by examining 
 its historical and scientific accuracy and the fulfiU- 
 
 3 To change a black solution to a white one by means of a red 
 solution, take two glasses, each half full of distilled or very clear 
 water, and add to one the following: Thio sulphate of soda, 5 
 grains ; tincture of nut gall, 10 drops : tincture chloride of iron, 
 5 drops. This will form a black solution. If not quite black 
 enough, add a little more tincture chloride of iron. In the second 
 glass place the following: hydrochloric acid, 15 drops; perman- 
 ganate of potash, \ grain. This forms a purple red solution, sug- 
 gesting royal blood. Pour the red solution into the black one, and 
 all the color will disappear, leaving the water as clear as at first. 
 
ment of its prophecies. Man}^ of the promises of 
 God are personal prophecies whose truth can be 
 readily tested. It is fair, then, to make this chal- 
 lenge to the skeptic : Live according to the precepts 
 of the Bible for a year, and observe whether such 
 living tends to make you nobler and happier, or 
 baser and more miserable. Thus you may surely 
 know by its fruits whether it is truth or deception. 
 
 If there is a God personally interested in us, there 
 would naturally be provided not only a written reve- 
 lation of his will but also a means of daily communi- 
 cation between him and our hearts, for the expres- 
 sion of adoration, penitence, praise, petition, and 
 self-surrender, the five elements of prayer. In the 
 words of Joseph Cook we may therefore say to the 
 skeptic : " I don't ask whether 3^ou believe what I 
 believe. You believe something. There are a few 
 religious propositions which appear to you to be in- 
 controvertible. Will yo2i take these and submit to tJiem 
 in your places of business, in your places of secret tempta- 
 tion, iii your family, in your thoughts, in your imagina- 
 tion ? Will 3^ou yield gladly to your conscience as 
 illuminated by the best you know of God's Word 
 and works. Will you take all the light yoju 
 HAVE AND SURRENDER TO IT, and all the Other light 
 you get by self-surrender — the most vital part of 
 prayer? If so, you will have probably new views 
 of prayer before tomorrow morning." 
 
 An infidel physician in Pennsylvania, who had 
 been startled into unusual thoughtfulness by the 
 sudden death of a friend, resolved to give the ques- 
 tion of prayer a fair, full personal test. As he read 
 the Bible for light, the words of James especially 
 impressed him, " If any of you lack wisdom, let him 
 
96 BEFORE THE LOST ARTS. 
 
 ask of God that giveth to all men liberally and up- 
 braideth not." He knelt down to pray in the soli- 
 tude of his own chamber, and by an earnest and hon- 
 est test found that prayer, at which he had formerly 
 sneered, was indeed a power in the universe, and 
 especially in his soul. By experiment he had ex- 
 changed a tormenting "perhaps" for an assuring 
 " verily." He became the eloquent Bishop Thomp- 
 son, of the Methodist Church. 
 
 Only a few centuries ago the scholarship of Europe 
 doubted the very existence of this continent. It was 
 thousrht to be a mere dream of Columbus. But Co- 
 lumbus had testimony of mariners driven by storms 
 far to the West, who had seen land birds and fresh 
 branches. The only theory that would include and 
 harmonize these facts was the theory of another con- 
 tinent. The probability thus suggested was at last 
 by experiment changed to certainty. Long after 
 America's existence had been proved, the possibility 
 of receiving anything from it, or sending anything 
 to it by steamboats, was doubted by many learned 
 men. "Is there a Western continent?" "Can 
 steamers carry messages to it, and bring back an- 
 swers and goods?" These questions were both an- 
 swered affirmatively, after much useless argument, 
 by experiment. 
 
 " Is there a God in Heaven ?" " Can we hold in- 
 tercourse with him by Bible reading and prayer?" 
 These questions, to which skeptics sneer back their 
 theoretic " No," multitudes of Christians have an- 
 swered for themselves, by experiment, as all others 
 might do, with a mighty " Yes." 
 
Tuis book is one of a series of four volumes on the Kingship of 
 Christ, each volume of which is complete in itself, though connected 
 with the series. The full series is as follows : 
 
 ECCE REX VESTER ; OR, THE KINGSHIP OF 
 CHRIST IN NATURE, SCRIPTURE, HISTORY 
 AND REFORMS. 
 
 Vol. I. BEFORE THE LOST ARTS ; OR, CHRIST IN THE 
 OLDEST TESTAMENT OF NATURE. 
 
 Before the Lost Arts. 
 
 Creatorship of Christ. 
 
 Transfigured Flesh. 
 
 Christianity a Science, not a Dream. 
 Vol. II. CHRIST IN ALL THE SCRIPTURES. 
 
 1. Christ in the Old Testament. 
 
 Christ's Testimony to the Old Testament. 
 
 The Old Testament's Testimony to Christ. 
 
 Visits and Visions of the King in Old Testament Times. 
 
 Development of the Old Testament Gospel. 
 
 2. Christ in the New Testament. 
 
 Its Two Levels of Life. 
 Paul's the Earliest Gospel. 
 The Four Evangelists. 
 
 Comprehensive View of Christ's Earthly Life. 
 Christ as Savior and King. 
 Life of Christ since the Ascension. 
 Vol. III. SOCIAL PROGRESS ; OR, CHRIST IN THE NEW- 
 EST TESTAMENT OF POST-BIBLICAL HIS- 
 TORY. 
 The Good Old Times. 
 The Better New Times. 
 The Best Time Coming. 
 (This third volume will be a concise treatment of both static and 
 dynamic sociology.) 
 
 Vol. IV. BIBLICAL LIFE OF CHRIST : A CONSOLIDAT- 
 ED, CHRONOLOGICAL, BIBLICAL LIFE OF 
 CHRIST. FROM BEFORE CREATION TO THE 
 SECOND COMING AND BEYOND. 
 Part First. Christ before and at Creation. 
 Part Second. Visits and Visions of Christ between the Creation 
 
 and the Incarnation, 
 Part Third. Christ's Life on Earth, Consolidated and Chronologi- 
 cally Arranged from both Testaments. 
 Part Fourth. Christ's Life and Work in Heaven and on Earth 
 since the Ascension. 
 Each volume, 35 cents paper ; 60 cents cloth. The full series, 
 paper, $1.00 ; cloth, $2.00 to those who pay before it is completed, 
 which will be during 1897. Three or more volumes, whether of the 
 same or different volumes, 25 cents each, paper ; 50 cents, cloth. 
 Carriage in all cases prepaid. 
 
 Send orders at o?ice for second volume at advance rates, 2j 
 cents, paper ; 50 cents, cloth. 
 
 Or send for the three remaining volumes of the series, 75 cents, 
 paper ; $1.50 cloth. Address : The Reform Bureau, 210 Delaware 
 Avenue, n. e., Washington, D. C. 
 
NEIV 8ih EDITION, 67 2 p^ 
 
 THE SABBATH FOR MAN 
 
 With Special Reference to the Rights of Workingmen 
 
 Bj' TiEy. M/IL^UR F. CTiAFTS, Ph.D. 
 
 The following are specimen opinions : 
 
 Joseph Cook : "The most helpful volume I ever read on the subject." 
 
 Miss Frances E. Willard : "The book outranks all others on this vital 
 theme." 
 
 President Angell, of Michigan University : "• It contains the most valu- 
 able collection of facts concerning the methods of observing the Lord's Day 
 which I have seen.' 
 
 W. M. F. Roimd., National Prison Association : " It sums up all that is 
 worth keeping in previous discussions." 
 
 I'he S. S. Ti7)ies : "Such a practical commentary upon the Sunday 
 question is not to be found in any other manual, Englis'h or American." 
 
 The Congregationalist . " It is certainly the best work that has appeared 
 on the Sabbath as a practical question." 
 
 National Te?nperance Advocate : " It is the most important recent con- 
 tribution to the literature of Sabbath observance." 
 
 Dr. John M. Ferris., Editor of Intelligencer : It is the book in defence 
 and advocacy of the Lord's Day," 
 
 Prof. A. A. Hodge, in the Presbyterian Review : "As Cox's 'Literature 
 of the Sabbath Question,' in two volumes, is an almost exhaustive presenta- 
 tion of the history of opinion, and of the literature of the past, on the great 
 question of Sabbath Observance, so this book of Mr. Crafts is unique as a 
 repertory of infoi-mation as to the present state of Sabbath opinion and 
 observance over the nominally Christian world. The information has been 
 collected by a stupendous correspondence with representative men residing 
 in all parts of the world. The resulting generalizations are represented to 
 the eye by a map of the world shaded to represent the comparative degree 
 of strictness with which the Biblical view of this great institution is main- 
 tained. The book is exceedinglj' valuable, and is strongly on the right side.'' 
 
 BRITISH OPINIONS. 
 
 John Whitehead, Sunday Rest Association, London: "Such a mass of 
 facts has never before been brought together on the Sunday question." 
 
 The Christian, London: "A most complete and exhaustive array of 
 facts and arguments put together in racy and suggestive style.'' 
 
 Toronto Globe: "A complete storehouse of facts, arguments, and 
 illustrations." 
 
 Reduced to $1.00 net, postpaid. 
 
 IHE %EFORM BUREAU 
 
 210 Delaware Ave., N. E. IVASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
Specimen Pages from Second Edition. 
 
 PRACTICAL 
 
 CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY 
 
 A SERIES OF 
 
 SPECIAL LECTURES- BEFORE 
 
 PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 AND MARIETTA COLLEGE 
 
 WITH SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES AND APPENDIXES 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, Ph. D. 
 
 Superintendent National Bureau of Reforms, 
 
 Author of ^'•The Sabbath for Man'' '•'The Civil Sabbath'' '■''The Temperance 
 
 Century^'' *^^ Successful Men of To-day," '•'•Reading the Bible with Relish," etc. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 JOSEPH COOK, LL. D. 
 
 All are needed by each one, 
 Nothing is fair or good alone. 
 
 —Emerson : All a nd Each 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 NEW YORK 
 
 FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 
 
 LONDON AND TORONTO 
 1896 
 
2?Q3 
 
 
 FULL ORBED CHRISTIANITY 
 
 
 God Man 
 
 
 HeXven Humanixy^^^ 
 
 / -^^ THEOLOGV S0CI0LOX3Y , 
 
 / </ Love TO God Love To Man 
 
 Divine Fatherhood Human Brotherhood y< 
 
 DoctrinalStandards EthicalStandards- 
 
 Justification ByJa'ith JusticeTo Employesv^ 
 
 TheMinistersSagredDeskTheMerchantsSacred.Deski 
 
 TheSalvationOfIndividuals The Regeneration ofSociety 
 
 TheSaviorship Of Jesus TheKingship of Christ 
 
 The^Glory of God TheKngdom.of God 
 
 Gifts To Charities GiftstoReeorms 
 
 Heart Worship Divine SE;RyicE 
 
 The Lords Day Anno Domini 
 
 PrayerfulPiety Philanthropy 
 
 ^ V ^ \ Look Up __.. . 
 
 V.' \ Save Men Save Man 
 
 Vows 
 
 Me 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Much of what the author says 
 in this book is of the nature of 
 expert testimony, the value of 
 which is enhanced by the history 
 of the witness. He is wont to say 
 that he was born a twin of the 
 Maine law, in the same State, in 
 the same year, and almost of the 
 same father. Mr. Crafts' father, 
 a preacher, was the writer of one 
 of the rallying songs of Neal 
 Dow's first campaign, and also a 
 fearless opponent of slavery, not- 
 withstanding the withdrawal of 
 support by proslavery parishion- 
 ers. Our author was, therefore, a 
 reformer born, rich in an inh'ir- 
 itance of moral heroism received 
 through heredity and early training 
 and the environment of a State in 
 which, in all his childhood, he saw 
 neither saloon nor drunkard. 
 When politics first came into our author's life as an influence, in the 
 days of Fremont and John Brown, national issues were not questions of 
 commerce but of conscience. The conquering elements of politics then 
 boldly avowed allegiance to the Decalogue and the Golden Rule. It was 
 felt by the most efficient reformers to be a momentous truth that man can 
 neither make nor break law — though it may break him. He can only 
 translate the one supreme law into its applications to current affairs. 
 
 Our author's first temperance lecture was delivered at fifteen, when he 
 was a sophomore in college and already an active member of temperance 
 societies. At seventeen, he preached his first sermon from a text that 
 has proved to be the key-note of his practical ministry, " Faith without 
 works is dead." In his earlier pastorates, Mr. Crafts' unusual success in 
 his own Sunday-school led to his being often called to write and speak as 
 a specialist on Sunday-school work, in connection with Dr. (now Bishop) 
 J. H. Vincent and others. It was thus, in writing Throtigk the Eye 
 to the Heart, his first book, as joint author with Miss Sara J. Timanus, 
 that he came to form with her a " Sunday-school Union" for life. By 
 both voice and pen, Mrs. Crafts has herself done a remarkable work for 
 
 REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, PH. D. 
 
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. 
 
 All reforms are relations. So are vices. Although specialists are 
 more needed than ever before, one-idea reforms belong to the individ- 
 ualistic ages of the past. Steam and electricity have socialized the 
 world. Vices quickly recognized this sign of the times, and became 
 " liberty leagues." Reforms more slowly formed " unions." 
 
 Too much is commonly claimed by the one-idea reformer for his pet 
 reform. Social ills cannot all be remedied by a single cure-all, nor by a 
 single doctor, not even by the one whose sign we saw in a Kansas Ijotel, 
 " Specialist in all chronic diseases." Small and Vincent's Introduction 
 to the Study of Society {y>- 74) bids us remember that " social improve- 
 ment thus far has been by cooperation of many ameliorative forces," 
 a historical basis for the numerous reform movements which have of late 
 adopted what foreign critics of the W. C, T. U. call " the do-everything 
 policy." 
 
 " It is well," says IVie Interior, " that ideas of moral reform have 
 broadened out. They have for an age and a half been limited to tem- 
 perance. By broadening the platform and making temperance only a 
 plank in it, temperance is greatly strengthened. The gambling den, 
 social purity, political and civil morality — each one of these brings its 
 special advocates into a common cause, and gives to each line of reform 
 the united strength of the active forces of all lines. There is no danger 
 that they will fail to combine against the saloon — which antagonizes 
 equally the progress of any and every moral reform." 
 
 The forty departments of the W. C. T. U. include the ripest one- 
 fourth of current reforms. The King's Daughters are another " do- 
 everything" society. The Endeavor good citizenship movement, the 
 programs of the Evangelical Alliance conferences, the institutional 
 churches, the university settlements, all aim at many reforms, not one 
 only. 
 
 Individuals who enter upon practical study of any one reform usually 
 find themselves led into another and another. Miss Willard starts out to 
 study temperance, and becomes also the special advocate of labor, of 
 purity, of all Christian reforms ; putting more statesmanship in her annual 
 review of public affairs than any Governor or President dares to put into 
 his annual message. So, again, Professor Richard T. Ely starts to study 
 labor, and presently is writing temperance tracts. John Burns and Hon. 
 T. V. Powderly also come to be temperance advocates through labor leader- 
 ship. Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell devotes her great talents to the new 
 science of charity, and presently is the Joan of Arc in the victorious 
 sweaters' strike. 
 
 In Chicago and New Orleans working men start out to secure emanci- 
 
PRINCETON LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 
 
 I. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 § I. The humanitarianism of the Sermon on the Mount 
 was not proclaimed by Christ until the second year of his 
 ministry. It was preceded, in the first Christ's hu- 
 year, by the sermon on worship at Jacob's manitarianism. 
 Well, and that was preceded by the sermon to Nico- 
 demus on regeneration, and that was preceded by the proc- 
 lamation of atonement at the very beginning of Christ's 
 ministry in the greeting of John the Baptist, ''Behold 
 the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world." 
 Note Christ's order: atonement, regeneration, worship, 
 humanitarianism. We should neither begin with humani- 
 tarianism nor end with worship. 
 
 The Christian development of human individuality is 
 the spinal cord in the history of civilization; but the 
 hour is come for Christian sociology, which is the study 
 of society from a Christian standpoint with a view to its 
 Christianization.^ 
 
 § 2. The heart of Christian sociology is the King- 
 ship of Christ. The individual is saved by his cross, but 
 society is saved by his crown, that is, by Kingship of 
 the application of the law of Christ to all Christ, 
 human associations— t-o the family, the school, the shop, 
 the Church, the state. 
 
 Note.— The figures in the text refer to notes in the Appendix. 
 23 
 
II. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE 
 FAMILY AND EDUCATION. 
 
 I. The Family. 
 
 § I. Purity and home, both words without meaning 
 outside of Christian lands,' are respectively the root and 
 flower of the family, which is Xh^ primary social group, in 
 the order both of time and importance. It is the fault of 
 much current sociological discussion, as of current legis- 
 lation, that it makes more of property than of purity,*^ 
 more of money than of morals, and so assumes that the 
 shop rather than the home is the sociological point of 
 departure, and that larger having rather than nobler being 
 is the sociological end. It degrades sociology to make 
 it a mere extension of economics.^ 
 
 § 2. But surely there is no need to prove that normal 
 society is an association of families. The opening chap- 
 ters of Genesis teach not only monotheism Boarding Ab- 
 but monogamy. Society is there shown to normal, 
 have originated in a holy family. Historically, nations 
 are but families expanded to tribes, headed by a father- 
 king.* One reason why our modern cities are so abnormal 
 morally is that they are abnormal socially, being largely 
 composed of. boarders, the fragments of broken families." 
 Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst, the most illustrious of 
 municipal reformers, declares that "the sorest spot in 
 our municipal condition — in national also — is the de- 
 cadence of the home idea." The home has very largely 
 given place to the boarding-house, especially in the case 
 of young men, who so madly rush to the cities at the 
 very age of greatest moral peril. This causes the break 
 
 63 
 
III. FROM THE STANDPOINT » OF CAPITAL 
 AND LABOR.' 
 
 § I. The message of the Church, when confronted with 
 the problems of poverty in the past, has been, to the 
 poor,^ Patience ; to the rich, Charity. At last, from 
 the standpoint of Christianity, as well as from that of 
 labor, we are learning to write above both words, 
 
 Justice.* 
 
 Here is a point of general agreement, such as should 
 be found as common ground to start upon together in 
 every controversy. That the present industrial system, 
 which in its maturity is not a competitive system but a 
 monopolistic system,^ works great injustice to the poor 
 and to the public, and that not in rare exceptions but on 
 a large and increasing scale, ^ and should therefore be 
 at least modified, will hardly be questioned, however 
 widely even good men may differ as to remedies. 
 
 Plato taught that justice is moral health ; injustice, 
 disease. The industrial sickness of the body politic to- 
 day is injustice. Only by justice can it be cured. Only 
 the equitable is practicable. 
 
 Labor appeals for justice, not for pity. Many preachers 
 ask better wages for labor from compassion, on the basis 
 of that misquotation of Henry George, "The rich are 
 growing richer and the poor are growing poorer."'' 
 Labor's real claim is that, of the great increase of wealth 
 caused by modern machinery, labor has not had its 
 fair share.® ''The grievance point of view," says the 
 organ of the American Railway Union, ''is this: Labor 
 is habitually wronged by the employer and not sufficiently 
 
ii6 
 
 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 
 
 protected by the state." Workmen will not be silenced 
 by statistics that show they are paid more than 
 formerly/ but, having learned the meaning of justice 
 from Christianity," they will be content only when it 
 is proved that they are getting their fair share of the 
 modern comforts and luxuries they have helped to create. 
 § 2. The main contention between labor and capital 
 was most exactly presented in the strike of 1892 at 
 Homestead, four miles from my Pittsburg home at that 
 Homestead time. The world's most famous, if not most 
 strike. wealthy manufacturer proposed a slight 
 
 reduction in the wages of his best paid mechanics, the 
 best paid in the world. They struck, not, as too hasty 
 preachers and politicians and agitators declared, in resist- 
 ance to "starvation wages," but in defense of the claim 
 that labor already received less than its just share of the 
 joint product of capital and labor, and, as a matter of 
 principle, should not submit to further reductions. These 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE PRICES, WAGES, AND PUR- 
 CHASING POWER FROM 1840 TO 1892. 
 
 CFrom The Voice, March 7, 1895. Prepared by George B. Waldron, of The Voice 
 editorial staff.) 
 
 C 
 
 A, Relative prices in gold ; B, relative wages in gold ; C, relative purchasing 
 power of ten hours' labor. 
 The average ten-hour wages will command to-day, or would in 1892, about three 
 times as much in the comforts and necessaries of life (barring rent) as in 1865, and 
 nearly two and one-half times as much as in 1840. 
 
FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. II7 
 
 workmen were in not more danger, of being pauperized 
 than our Revolutionary fathers would have been if they 
 had paid the small tax on tea. The contest in each case 
 was for rights, not for bread. The reduction affected 
 only 321 men, of whom the highest grade were receiving 
 $271 per month, which was cut down to $23o,being at the 
 rate of $2760 per year; while the lowest grade were to 
 receive $45 per month after the reduction, which is more 
 than some ministerial salaries." The strike on the 
 part of the other workmen was a ** sympathetic strike." 
 All agreed that even the thousand a year workmen must 
 not be cut down to swell their master's million a year. 
 
 7/PERCENIOf 
 THEWWLTHOFTHFNflllON 
 
 OWNED Br f PER CENT 
 OFJHEF/iniLIES 
 
 J^TOfNl" 
 
 mhimm 
 
 mm 
 Qtmm 
 
 OFTHE 
 
 OWNED BV 
 
 ommm 
 
 y 
 
 F<7«V^ Chart, prepared by GeorgeB.Waldron, based on an article, "The Concentration 
 of Wealth," by Geo. K. Holmes, U. S. Census Expert, in the Political Science 
 Quarterly^ December, 1893. 
 
 AVERAGE WEALTH OF PEOPLE 
 OF U. S. 
 
 i860, $514. 
 1870, $780. 
 1880, $870. 
 1890, $1000. 
 
 Total wealth 1890, $62,610,000,000. 
 
 —U. S. Census Bulletin. 
 
 PROPORTION OF PRODUCT RE- 
 CEIVED BY LABOR IN U. S. 
 
 1850, 23 per ct. 1850 to 1880 the aver- 
 1860, 21.2 " age product increased 
 1870, 19 " 83 per cent.; average 
 
 wages, 43 per cent, 
 1880, 17.8 ( (Great Britain 31.50, about.) 
 I (Continental Europe, 30.) 
 — MulhaWs History of Prices. 
 
 While labor probably gets higher wages in the United States than in Europe, as 
 Mr. Carnegie claims, the disproportion between labor's share and capital's share is 
 here greater than abroad, so that European capitalists in reality make a fairer divide 
 of the joint products. 
 
Il8 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. 
 
 It is unfortunate for labor's cause that its main con- 
 tention, tliat there must be no further reductions in 
 labor's proportion of the joint product of capital and 
 labor, even where wages are highest, but rather increase 
 wherever they are too low, was not fought out in that 
 representative case in lawful agitation. If the war had 
 been one of ballots instead of bullets, there might have 
 been by this time, or in the near future, a victory for the 
 contention that the paternalism of protection should be 
 so adjusted as to include the workman's wage as well as 
 the manufacturer's profit, either by a high tariff on im- 
 ported labor as well as upon goods, or by some form of 
 arbitration * to which corporations asking the public for 
 the benefits conferred by charters, and receiving tariff 
 protection also, should be required to submit in cases of 
 such serious labor conflicts as would otherwise endanger 
 the public peace or cause a congestion of commerce. 
 
 In other strikes also it has usually been the best paid 
 mechanics that have demanded higher wages or resisted 
 
 * A concise and comprehensive discussion of arbitration is contained 
 in a pamphlet published by the Civic Federation of Chicago, entitled 
 Congress of Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration, which contains the 
 views of most of the specialists of this theme. See also in Appendix, 
 Part Second, the Arbitration Bill passed by the National House of 
 Representatives in 1895. A most valuable series of symposiums was 
 published in The Voice during April, 1895, on the long tried and success- 
 ful plan of conciliation in use among the bricklayers of New York City ; 
 a permanent court of arbitration in which employers and employees have 
 peacefully settled all disputes for many years. Just before this book went 
 to press a novel and a radical plan of compulsory arbitration was pro- 
 posed in the University Law Review in these words : 
 
 " The next step, we trust, will be to discover that the existing courts 
 of equity are adequate and ready prepared tribunals for this purpose ; 
 and a short statute would be ample which should require that the regula- 
 tions and dealings of every corporation enjoying a franchise from the 
 State or nation shall be just and fair, and that courts of equity shall have 
 jurisdiction to enforce this rule by the ordinary proceedings." 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 § I. What has been the message of the Church to rich and poor as to 
 poverty ? What new watchword is suggested ? On what are all parties 
 to the labor controversy generally agreed? What was Plato's teaching 
 as to justice ? What three divisions of the wealth of the nation are 
 given ? Is the average wealth increasing or decreasing ? Is the average 
 proportion of the produce received by labor increasing or decreasing ? 
 How does this proportion compare with the division in Europe ? What 
 false plea is often made in behalf of labor ? Has the purchasing power 
 of average wages decreased since 1840? What is labor's main con- 
 tention ? 
 
 § 2. Where was this main contention most exactly presented ? How 
 was this contention confused and defeated? If the contention were 
 pressed in politics what might be expected in legislation ? What grade 
 of workmen most frequently strike ? Where are ' ' starvation wages '* 
 really found? Is the average workman abjectly poor? 
 
 § 3. What distinction is made between capitalism and capitalists ? 
 What capitalists have been labor leaders and labor advocates ? Have 
 the concessions to labor made by the privileged classes been achieved 
 chiefly through force and fear? What watchwords for the labor 
 crusade are suggested ? 
 
 § 4. What failure of a materialistic labor movement is cited ? What 
 political reform was thus promoted? What further safeguard against 
 the bribery of labor voters is needed ? 
 
 § 5. In what three departments of industry is justice to be achieved? 
 How can prices and wages be made less unjust ? What instance of 
 reducing wages only in hard times is given ? In what field is full justice 
 in wages possible ? 
 
 § 6. How are the poor wronged in prices? 
 
 ^ 7. Have poor wages ever been held to justify poor work ? What is 
 the right and wise ground for workmen and their unions to take on this 
 matter? What ground has been, and what ground should be, taken as to 
 doing dishonest work on an employer's order ? What were the customs 
 of medieval gilds as to skimped and dishonest work ? What criticism 
 has been made on our labor unions for lack of like rules ? 
 
 ^ 8. What is a sympathetic strike ? What is stated as to the Chicago 
 strike ? 
 
 § 9. What was its main purpose ? Why is a labor trust not to be 
 feared ? How are labor unions helpful? (Note.) 
 
 § 10. What grounds have we for expecting the final triumph of indus- 
 trial justice ? 
 
 § II. What is the expectation of the ablest labor leaders of to-day as 
 to the time and method of that triumph ? What British and French 
 methods are compared to each other ? 
 
 § 12. What form of patience should the poor hold fast? What 
 injunctions of patience may be properly resented ? What form of patience 
 is condemned and what impatience palliated ? 
 
V. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 § I. **The powers that be are ordained of God."' 
 To a Christian nation that ought not to seem a new doc- 
 The Law of ^^^^^' ^^^ when Rev. Dr. W. J. Robinson 
 Christ in Poii- stood with me in the Pennsylvania House 
 *''^^' of Representatives in defense of the State 
 
 Sabbath law, and, with the solemnity of a bishop address- 
 ing a group of young ministers, reminded the legislators 
 before him that they w^ere civil ministers ''ordained of 
 God," ''called " to serve Him and humanity by applying 
 the law of Christ to civil affairs, it was manifestly to many 
 of them, and even to some Christians present, a novel 
 view of politics. 
 
 The civil Kingship of Christ is not a mere denomina- 
 tional peculiarity of Covenanters and United Presby- 
 terians. It is nowhere more ably defended than in one 
 of the Popular Lectures of the late Professor A. A. 
 Hodge, D. D., of Princeton, whose name, with those of 
 equally illustrious ministers from all the great branches 
 of the Protestant Church, was enrolled among the vice- 
 presidents of the National Reform Association, which 
 was organized under the clouds of war, in 1863, to recall 
 the nation to its loyalty to the law of Christ, whose vio- 
 lation in the case of the slave had brought on us His 
 judgments.^ 
 
 When a United States Senator declared that " Politics 
 owes no allegiance to the Decalogue and the Golden 
 Rule," the indignant public retired, him from politics to 
 prove that the law of Christ had not been so retired. 
 Many who think it unimportant to acknowledge the su- 
 premacy of the Divine Law in the national Constitution 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 377 
 
 1620. The " Pilgrims " landed at Plymouth, Mass. Having first 
 landed on Clark's Island, they remained there over the Sab- 
 bath, despite the December cold, rather than undertake the 
 labor of moving to the mainland on that sacred day. This 
 devotion to the Sabbath is now celebrated by an inscribed 
 stone on the island. 
 
 ROCK ON CLARK S ISLAND. 
 
 1637. Descartes promulgated his famous philosophy. 
 
 1638. Christianity (Roman Catholic) was expelled from Japan 
 because of the alleged political plottings of the Jesuits and 
 other Portuguese missionaries. All Christians were prohibited 
 by proclamation from entering the country, with the threat 
 that, if even the king of Portugal or the God of the Christians 
 should trespass on Japanese soil, he should pay the penalty 
 with his head. Harvard University founded. " Solemn 
 League and Covenant " subscribed in Scotland in reign of 
 Charles I., in resistance to the control of the Church by the 
 State, whence comes the name " Covenanters," whose watch- 
 word is "Christ's crown." 
 
 About the middle of this century the first sawmill in Eng- 
 land was torn down by woodsawyers, who feared the new 
 invention would destroy their business. 
 
 1649. Charles I. executed by order of Parliament. His chaplain, 
 Jeremy Taylor, wrote the famous books. Holy Living and 
 Holy Dying. Westminster Catechism issued by the Puritan 
 divines. 
 
 1653. Cromwell made Lord Protector. Milton, his secretary, was 
 interested in political and moral reform as well as poetry. He 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL DATA OF HUMANE PROGRESS. 437 
 
 1896, OCTOBER-DECEMBER. — CELEBRATION OF THE COMPLETION OF 
 NINETEEN CHRISTIAN CENTURIES. 
 
 {Appropriate for 1896 or 1900-1901 A. D.) 
 
 All scholars are agreed that Christ was born a little more than five 
 years before our era, that is, in 5 B. c. The day is not surely known, 
 but the known death of Herod makes it certain that it was some time 
 in the last quarter of that year. The last quarter of 1895 therefore 
 brings us to the nineteen hundredth birthday of Christ in the strict use of 
 the term. Colloquially we say when a child is one year old that is his 
 first birthday. It is really his second. Counting Christ's first birthday, 
 1895 brings us to the nineteen hundredth birthday of Christ, worthy 
 a whole quarter's celebration ; still more the last quarter of 1896, when 
 the twentieth century really begins. 
 
 First session, evening, Mass meeting under auspices of Union 
 Preachers' meeting. Selections from oratorio of The Messiah by united 
 choirs. Luke's story of the " Christmas Shepherds," recited by a girl ; 
 Matthew's story of the " Magi," recited by a boy. Addresses (fifteen 
 minutes each): " How are Christian Churches Superior to Pagan Tem- 
 ples of Greece and Rome?" '* How Superior to Heathen Temples of 
 To-day?" "In What Respects are Christian Churches below Christ's 
 Standard?" " By What Forces Can They Be Brought up to It ?' 
 
 Second session, afternoon, Congress of societies of Christian women, 
 such as W. C. T. U,, King's Daughters, etc. Prelude of brief select 
 readings. Addresses, " How are Women Better off in Christian Lands 
 than in Ancient Pagan Lands?" " How Better off than in Heathen 
 Lands of To-day?" " In What Respects are Christian Women Below 
 Christ's Standard ? " "By What Forces Can They be Brought up to It ? " 
 
 Third session, evening, Mass meeting under the auspices of the lay 
 officers of the churches. Addresses: "How is Business in Christian 
 Lands Morally Better than it was in Ancient Pagan Lands?" "How 
 Better than in Heathen Lands of To-day?" "How are the Business 
 Customs of To-day Below Christ's Standard?" " By ^Vhat Forces Can 
 They be Brought up to It ? " 
 
 Fourth session, afternoon at close of public schools, Convention of 
 Christian boys' and girls' societies, such as Junior Y. M. C, A., Junior 
 Endeavorers, Junior Epworth Leagues, Loyal Legions, etc. Each 
 society to furnish one brief declamation, or solo, or chorus for intro- 
 ductory service. Addresses: "How are Boys and Girls in Christian 
 Lands Better off than Boys and Girls in Ancient Pagan Lands ? " " How 
 Better off than Boys and Girls of the Heathen Lands To-day ? " " How 
 
ON THE WHOLE CIRCLE OF CHRISTIAN REFORMS. 
 
 Practical Christian Sociology. 
 
 By Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph. D. i2mo, Illustrated with 
 twenty-two portraits and other illustrations. 524 pp. Price, $1.50. 
 
 Letters on the Lectures, from the Princeton Seminary Faculty. 
 
 Princeton, February 15, 1895. 
 My Dear Mr. Crafts : 
 
 The Faculty of the Seminary have wished 
 me to express to you their appreciation of 
 the lectures on Social Problems which you 
 delivered to the students last week, and 
 their thanks to you for the course. We 
 recognize the wide study which you have 
 given to these subjects, and the large num- 
 ber of valuable facts which you have col- 
 lected. We recognize also in your treat- 
 ment of the facts the caution and the desire 
 to be fair and thorough which are necessary 
 for a proper discussion of such practical and 
 important topics. You seem to us bent on 
 apprehending the whole truth, and in doing 
 justice to all sides of each case. We are 
 especially gratified by your presentation of 
 the idea that religion as well as economic 
 science has a part to do in the solution of 
 social problems, and we believe that our 
 students will be better prepared by your 
 lectures to exert the proper influence in 
 social and civil relations which is possible 
 to ministers of the Gospel. We congratu- 
 late you heartily on the ability you showed 
 in the preparation of your lectures, and 
 feel sure that you have done a most useful 
 work in delivering them before the Semi- 
 nary. Please accept our thanks. 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 George T. Purves. 
 
 Princeton, February 18, 1895. 
 Rev. Mr. Crafts : 
 
 Dear Sir : I wish to say to you how 
 highly I, in common with my colleagues 
 and your auditors generally, appreciated 
 the brief course of lectures which you 
 have delivered at the Seminary on so- 
 ciology. The practical acquaintance 
 which you manifested with the numerous 
 and complicated questions arising under 
 this theme surprised and delighted me. 
 The wise reserve shown in avoiding hasty 
 and inconsiderate judgments upon mat- 
 ters that require further investigation, 
 and the impartial attitude taken in 
 regard to matters which have led to 
 serious strife and agitation, cannot be 
 too highly commended. And the high- 
 toned Christian principle which marked 
 the entire discussion, without running 
 off into extravagance and excess, in- 
 spired confidence in the solution which 
 must thus be ultimately reached. There 
 is but one feeling among us, that of 
 high gratification that we have been per- 
 mitted to hear these instructive and valu- 
 able lectures, and we are greatly obliged 
 to you for consenting to deliver them 
 to our students. 
 
 Ver>' truly yours, 
 
 W. Henry Green. 
 
 WHAT IS SAID OF THE BOOK. 
 
 Prof. R. T. Ely, Dean of the School 
 of Economics and Politics, University of 
 Wisconsin: " I am greatly pleased with 
 it. It cannot fail to have a most stimu- 
 lating and wholesome effect upon the 
 churches." 
 
 Prof. Albion W. Small, Head Pro- 
 fessor of Sociology in Chicago University: 
 " A decided acquisition to our Sociolog- 
 ical literature. I have already recom- 
 mended it for use in several colleges, to 
 follow up Small and Vincent." 
 
 Bishop John H. Vincent, D. D., 
 LL. D.: " This book is literally ^^C/^^^ 
 with facts and theories and practical 
 counsels. There is enough wisdom in it 
 to set up a whole millennium." 
 
 Frances E. Willard, President Na- 
 tional W. C. T. U.: " It is packed with 
 just the information that a 'Christian at 
 Work ' most needs to know, and which 
 he might search for through a hundred 
 volumes in vain. . . I wish that it 
 might be studied in all the local unions of 
 the W. C. T. U." 
 
 Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of 
 Labor, Washington, D. C. : "I consider it 
 an exceedingly important and valuable 
 work." 
 
 Rev. F. E. Clark, D. D., President 
 of the United Society of Christian En- 
 deavor : " I am much delighted with it. 
 It is popular but scholarly, and treats of 
 the profoundest and liveliest questions of 
 the present day in away that is sure to be 
 helpful." 
 
 Rev. B. Fay Mills, (the well-known 
 Evangelist): " It is exceedingly suggest- 
 ive and helpful, and has already been of 
 value to me in connection with some of 
 the practical sociological talks that I am 
 delivering these days in connection with 
 my evangelistic work. 1 find the public 
 ripe for this teaching, and am rejoiced to 
 be able to recommend your book in the 
 highest terms." 
 
 The Boston Times : " This is a book 
 to read carefully and quietly, and to pre- 
 serve for the fund of facts and informa- 
 tion which is contained in it." 
 
 The Religious Telescope, Dayton, 
 Ohio : " ' Practical Christian Sociology,' 
 is one of the latest and best of books on 
 the great social question of the day. 
 Dr. W. F. Crafts, its author, is one of the 
 best of authorities." 
 
 FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers, 30 Lafayette Place, N. Y. 
 
Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries 
 
 1 1012 01245 1599 
 
 
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