Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/grammarofsarnarit00nich_0 A GRAMMAR OF THE SAMARITAN LANGUAGE, / WITH EXTRACTS AND VOCABULARY. BY G. F. NICHOLLS, READER IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE, AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS ; LATE EXHIBITIONER OE ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS; WAREHOUSE EOR BIBLES, NEW TESTAMENTS, PRAYER BOOKS, CHURCH SERVICES, LEXICONS, GRAMMARS, CONCORDANCES, PSALTERS, AND BIBLICAL WORKS, IN ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES ; 15, PATERNOSTER ROW. \ a PREFACE. In offering to the public a work of so novel a character as the present, the author has seized the opportunity of stating the grounds on which it was undertaken. The importance of the study of the Biblical languages has never been questioned, excepting by those men who are ignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto the utility of that which they have not the means or oppor¬ tunity to acquire. On the other hand, those illustrious scholars, whose definition of the utilitarian cui bono is directly opposed to the former, have not only inculcated the momentous importance of linguistic study by precept , but have led the van thereof conspicuously by example . To recount the imperishable names of those who, from the earliest ages of Christianity, have patronised or pursued this study, is unnecessary in this place; their opinions of its importance may be summed up in the words of the learned Dr. Jahn: “ occurrit et illud, quod est totius theologiaa fundamentum, neque tamen sine subtili et intima linguarum Biblicarum cognitione satis firmari potest, yvrjo-LOTrjs, inquam, IV PREFACE. sacrorum librorum, qua labefaetata, ruit authoritas horum documentorum, et theologize zedificium evertitur.” And again, “ librorum ^vgcnorriTa et verum sensum, absque subtili et intima linguarum scientia, comprobare nemo potest.” The phrase “ Biblical Languages,” although capable of extension to all those versions of the Sacred Scriptures which have been made during the last century into almost every important language and dialect, is usually confined to the following: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Amharic, and Coptic; to which, of course, the Greek and Latin may be added. The first four of the languages just enumerated have received especial attention at the hands of scholars; while the four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten. In fact, during the last few years, so little attention and study have they attracted, that, at the present time, it is impossible to acquire even the rudiments of them, except through the medium of the Latin tongue. Why they have been allowed to fall into such disrepute, it is not worth while to inquire, but we have only to do with the fact that such is the case, and, if possible, to remedy it. The present work is a Grammar of the Samaritan Lan¬ guage; it is strictly Rudimentary , and is intended as a precursor to a more critical and philological view of the tongue. The main object of the author has been to deal with the ordinary facts of Etymology and Syntax, and to produce such a work (to use an illustrious scholar’s words), V non ut in ipso hzereat juventus, sed ut per eum transeat, PREFACE. V per eum excolatur, et ad altiora prseparetur.” How far he has succeeded in his endeavours will be for the discerning public to determine, to whose favour he would commend his present attempt. The author has consulted nearly the whole of the extant writers on the subject,—as Cellarius, Morinus, Castellus, Leusdenius, and others. To the first he is especially in¬ debted in the Etymological part of the work; whose facts, notwithstanding they are undigested, and expressed in questionable Latinity, are undoubtedly invaluable. The Syntax is, however, wholly original; and the author has especially aimed at giving the ordinary rules, to the exclusion of all which might seem hypercritical to the young scholar. The Work is preceded by a brief dissertation upon the Samaritans, their language and literature, which the author hopes will not be unacceptable to the reader, and is con¬ cluded by an extract, from Walton’s Polyglot, of three chapters of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, with exegetical remarks upon the text, together with a short Lexicon, carefully compiled by actual reading and obser¬ vation. The student will do well, after he has mastered the Grammar, to construe, by the aid of the Lexicon, and parse the whole of the extracts, in doing which he will find his labours considerably diminished by observing the analogy which the Samaritan bears to the Syriac and Chaldee. Before concluding, it is scarcely necessary to dwell upon VI PREFACE. the extent to which the Samaritan text as edited in the books is vitiated; and no doubt many of the anomalies, which have come to he considered grammatical peculiarities, are to be referred to this cause. The fact is simply men¬ tioned here, to show that the reader must bear with some things, which in the 'present state of the text are un¬ avoidable. The author hopes to have an opportunity of editing a critical and philological Grammar, which, with a Lexicon and a revised text of the Samaritan Pentateuch, would form a somewhat complete library of Samaritan literature. London: 1858. INTRODUCTION. Before entering upon the Grammar, a brief account of the Samaritans, their language and literature, may not be unacceptable to the generality of our readers. It appears that the ten tribes of Israel who had revolted from Solomon’s son, elected Jeroboam as their king, who fixed his capital at Shechem, in mount Ephraim. The Israelitish king, in order to prevent his people from S^oing to Jerusalem, set up two golden calves, one in Dan, and the other in Bethel, to which they might offer the usual sacrifices. We pass over the remaining acts of Jeroboam and his successors, until we come to Omri, the sixth king of Israel, who began his reign, a.m. 3079. He it was who purchased die hill of Samaria from Shemer, and built on it a city jailed by the same name, from which the gentile noun, Samaritans , is derived. The city Samaria was besieged during Ahab’s reign, by die Syrian king, Ben-hadad, but without success : in the •eign of Hoshea, however, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, ittacked it, and after three years’ siege succeeded in taking t, and carrying away the Israelites captive into Assyria. The territories of the banished Jews were occupied by a nixed people, brought from different parts of the Assyrian :mpire,—from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Se- 2 2 INTRODUCTION. pharvaim. It is to tliese colonists that tlie name Samaritans is specially, though not exclusively, applicable. According to Josephus, they were called D^rTD Cutlnzi, as the fol¬ lowing extract will show (B.ix. c. 14):— ol Se perouacrOevre ? et? ri]v Xapapecav XvOaioi ,— ravry yap e^pcovro pe^pc Sevpo 777 TrpoariyopLq, &ta to etc Tip Xov6as Ka\ovpevr)<$ %copa<; pera^Orjvai, avTij S’ icrrlv ev rfj Uepaihi teal irorapo ? tout e%cov ovopa , etc. It appears, moreover, that these colonists were infested with lions, on account of their idolatry; and believing the cause of this visitation to be their ignorance of the worship due to the “ God of the land,” they resolved to request Shal¬ maneser to send them a priest or priests of the captive people, who might teach them u the manner of the God of the land.” This request was complied with,—a priest was sent. But it does not appear that the instruction he imparted had the effect of totally eradicating idolatry from among them; for we read, that “ they feared the Lord, but served their graven images.” How long this semi-idolatry continued it is impossible to say : it would appear, however, that on the return from the Babylonish captivity it had ceased; for they not only made an application to Judah and Benjamin to be allowed to participate in rebuilding the temple, for which the latter had obtained a decree, but added, as ii reprobating their former wickedness, “ we seek your God, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days oi Esar-haddon, king of Assur, which brought us up here.’ This proposal was refused by Ezra and Nehemiah, and the 1 other Jews; who were not only empowered by the decree o ] Cyrus to rebuild their temple, but also to fortify their city This refusal on the part of the Jews, gave rise to that inr INTRODUCTION. 3 placable and deadly hatred which ever after existed between themselves and the Samaritans. The latter, by their calumnies and intrigues at the court of Persia, at length forced the Jews to desist from their work. We are told that they “ hired counsellors against them and to judge from the proceedings recorded in Ezra, c. iv., there can be no doubt that the Samaritans were actuated by the most fiendish spleen. They are even said to ; have gone so far as to attempt to hinder the rebuilding by force, but without success, for the temple was completed. The Jews never forgave the Samaritans: and as an in¬ stance of the contempt and abhorrence in which they held the latter, we may mention the saying, “ he who eateth bread of a Cutheean shall be as one who eateth pork.” The Jews even refused to write a copy of the law on a Samaritan parchment. What their feelings were, therefore, when it was resolved to build a rival temple to their own, may be more easily imagined than described. Manasses, brother of the high-priest, and son-in-law of Sanballat, the governor of Samaria, was ordered, in common with the other Jews, to give up his “ strange wife.” He refused, and was consequently compelled to fly for protection to his father-in-law. On the representation of Sanballat, that the building of a temple in opposition to that of the Jews would tend to weaken the latter,—whom he represented as a nation ever disaffected, and always ready for revolution,—a temple was built by the Samaritans on mount Gerizim, of which 1 Manasses was made high priest. Shortly after the building of this temple, the Samaritans 4 INTRODUCTION. revolted from Alexander, who expelled them, and put Macedonians in their place, and gave the province to the Jews. After Alexander’s death, Ptolemy Lagus subdued both Judaea and Samaria, and carried away numbers of Jews and Samaritans to Egypt. Samaria afterwards fell into the hands of John Hyrcanus the Jewish chief priest; and soon after him into the hands of the Romans, during whose rule Herod Antipater rebuilt the temple and city with great magnificence, to which he gave the name Sebaste, or Augusta. At the present time, few of this once powerful people exist. Scaliger, who was desirous of being informed of their customs, wrote two letters, one to the Samaritans of Egypt, and the other to the chief priest, who resides at Neapolis, in Syria. Their answers are now in existence, and are well worthy of perusal. We shall close the preceding brief sketch of the Sama¬ ritans, with a short account of their language and Penta¬ teuch ; and especially of what is called the Samaritan Version. But as our remarks have been, and must be brief, we may refer those who wish for complete information on the subject, to the Proleg. of Walton’s Polyglot, Gesenius “ de origine et indole Samaritani Pentateuchi,” Cellarius, Schwarzius, Scaliger, Hottinger, and others. The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac. Among the words derived from these sources, are to be recognised a great number of Cuthsean words, imported, doubtlessly, by the new colonists. Some of the words borrowed from the former languages have undergone various transformations, as will be seen hereafter, while others have remained entire and unchanged. The sympathies of the language are decidedly Syro- INTRODUCTION. 5 Chaldaic, as the reader will observe in the sequel. This is probably to be attributed to the fact, that while the Sama¬ ritans sought to fashion their own tongue after the manner of that of the Syrians, who were situated in Decapolis, north of Samaria; they scrupulously eschewed every thing which savoured of their southern neighbours, against whom they appear to have entertained the most implacable hatred. There does not appear to be any substantial ground for the affirmation of Cellarius, that the Samaritan dialect was ruder and less polished than those of its neighbours. Generally speaking, it is far more simple in its syntax than the Hebrew, and free from those technical constructions with particles, which are especially found in the latter. It does not, how¬ ever, appear to convey ideas more imperfectly than the Hebrew; on the contrary, there are cases in which its simple diction seems paramount to that of the latter; and to judge of a tongue by the utilitarian principle, that it was made for man, so far the Samaritan successfully attains the end for which language was in part designed. There is one pecu¬ liarity in the Samaritan, which especially arrests our atten¬ tion; and that is, the promiscuous interchange of the so called guttural letters: but whether this is an argument against the cucpifieia of the language, it is not our intention to determine. It has been previously stated, that besides a large number of words borrowed from the three principal dialects of the Shemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to contain words foreign to all three of them. The historical fact, that the Cuthsei held possession of the Samaritan territories after [lithe Babylonish captivity, or else that the Jews, on their | return from Assyria, imported a number of exotic words ) previously unknown to their own and the cognate dialects, 6 INTRODUCTION. is not only sufficient to account for the presence of such words, hut also gives a clue to fixing the date when the Samaritan dialect was formed. This appears to have been about the seventh century before Christ. Previous to the captivity, there is every reason to believe that the Alphabet now called the Samaritan, was also employed by the Jews in transcribing those copies of the law which were disse¬ minated throughout the tribes of Israel. The Pentateuch, known as the Hebraio-Samaritan, appears to support this supposition; for although written in Samaritan characters, the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Pen¬ tateuch is so small, that there can be no difficulty in pro¬ nouncing the former to be a copy of the latter, or rather the latter a copy of the former; for, notwithstanding the ingenuity of Kopp, it is highly probable that on their return the Jews adopted, instead of their ancient characters, the Chaldee, now called the Hebrew, in which the Sacred text, as restored by Ezra, was written. In fact, the coincidence between the Hebrew and Hebrseo-Samaritan text is so re¬ markable, that it induced Morinus to say of the latter, “ purum putum Mosis Pentateuchum.” The whole question, however, of the priority which ought to be given to one of these two copies of the Law, apparently turns upon the point as to whether the Assyrian characters were known among the Jews previous to the Babylonish captivity,—a question which it is not our purpose to discuss here. The Samaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritan dialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar, claims especial notice in this place. We have previously spoken of the language in which it was written, whose genius is well set forth in the following INTRODUCTION. 7 extract from tlie Atlas Ethnographique of the learned Adrien Balbi:—“ Le Samaritain tient de l’Hebreu, du Chaldeen, et du Syriaque; mais differe cependant d’une maniere assez notable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales, soit par des racines qui lui sont propres, soit par des accep- tions particulieres de celles qui lui sont communes avec les autres dialectes semitiques.” A few remarks upon the time, and author of this Version, will not be out of place here. Upon the question of time , many illustrious scholars are ; at issue. Gesenius, in his learned discourse on the origin and character of the Samaritan Pentateuch, is disposed to ! place its execution some centuries after Christ. Hottinger and Walton, on the other hand, considered it of the highest antiquity. The illustrious orientalist Gesenius has not favoured us with the grounds upon which he came to the preceding conclusion, whereas the opinion of the two latter scholars appears to be supported by as reasonable hypotheses as the case admits. In the first place, the internal evidence of the Version is sufficient to show that it is not older than the Babylonish captivity, in fact, that it must have been made after the } building of the temple, under the auspices of Sanballat, the j governor of Samaria; because the words rendered in our Version (Deut. xxvii. 4) by Mount Ebal , were changed by 3 them into in Mount Gerizim. This could not have been done till after the building of their temple. The reader who will take the trouble to consult Schwarzius, will find also another reason, which, however hypercritical t it may seem, is certainly no less conclusive than the pre- , ceding. 8 INTRODUCTION. Moreover, the analogy which the corresponding Hebrew version bears to the Samaritan will probably enable us to fix more precisely the time when the latter was written. During the long captivity of the Jews in Babylon, few, if any of them, could have retained their own language free from the contamination of that of their conquerors. Besides, on the termination of that captivity, all the old Jews who had been removed from their country must have been dead: and if we suppose the Assyrian king carried away their infant children, we cannot doubt that few at the restoration, judging from the ordinary length of human life, remained alive to return; and those who did must certainly have spoken the language of their conquerors. Most of the Jews who returned to their country must have been men who had been born in Assyria; so that the Law in the original Hebrew must have been to them pretty much the same as a book written in the standard English of the present day would be to a real Lancashire provincialist. The conse¬ quence was, that a paraphrase was made called Targumin, and by this means the Jews were enabled to understand that which, from their ignorance of their vernacular lan¬ guage, must have otherwise remained almost a dead letter. Judging, therefore, from analogy, it seems reasonable to suppose that the Samaritan version was made for a similar purpose, and about the same time. That it was made for a public purpose is highly probable from the fact that such works were usually undertaken with that view; and there is no reason to believe that a private individual would undertake and complete such a work for his own amusement, much less that such an attempt would have escaped the ravages of time as the Samaritan has, and have INTRODUCTION. 9 been banded down to our own age. This supposition, toge¬ ther with the fact that the independence of the Samaritans appears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander, would at least be presumptive evidence that it is coeval with the Targumin; because, generally speaking, works for national use are not undertaken when a nation’s nationality is destroyed, or its independence lost. As regards the author of this version, nothing is known; his name has not transpired, like those of Onkelos, Jonathan, and Saad. The way, however, in which he has performed his work, with few solitary exceptions, (and those probably due to the inaccuracy of the librarii, who have here, as in other cases, disfigured the original text by innovations, either the result of design or negligence,) will justify the words of Schwarzius: “ Caeterum nostro, quisquis demum ille fuerit, interpreti variae et ingenii et doctrinas laudes meritb defe- runtur.” SAMARITAN GRAMMAR, CHAPTER I. 1. The Samaritan letters are the same in number as the Hebrew, Cbaldee, and Syriac; they have tbe same power, and tbe same names. Tbe following Table contains tbe Alphabets of the four languages:— Names. Samaritan. Hebrew or Chaldee. Syriac. Powers. Alepli A pr Y • He 3 3 n Ol vowel e. Van X i o vowel u or consonant v. Zain A T 1 z. Chetk n guttural Jc. Tetk ! B to 4 t. Yod nr rtf 1 > vowel i or consonant,/. Kaph 25 3 D 3 a hard c. 1 . Lamed z Z V Mem a a m. Hun * 5 * 0 J n. Sameck £ 3 * D «.uo s. Ayin V <7 5? X vowel o. Pe 3 A 1 £ c 2 i V or f. Tsade m ¥ d z. Copk V Y P 1 VO a very hard Jc. Besck <2 • y r. Schin VJU yr 0 sch. Tau A jr n L tJi. DIVISION OF LETTERS. 11 The Samaritan Alphabet may be written in various ways. The first of the three columns of letters given above contains the Alphabet as edited by Brian Walton in his Polyglot Bible, and Edmund Castel in his Heptaglot Lexicon, and is the mode of writing adopted in this Grammar. The second column contains the Alphabet as adopted by Scaliger, and Leusdenius in his Syriac Grammar. The third column contains the letters which Castel affirms are especially used in MSS. The Samaritans have no means of distinguishing between the Hebrew letters b and b, both of which may be repre¬ sented by ***. There are only a few purely Hebrew words involving b, in which that letter is represented by ^; as, f or pbb; ZAA^mr for i>fcOb', etc.; for in most other words, where analogy requires Sin, they imitate the Syrians, and use ^ ; as, for ibjJ, ^^3 for ‘lba, etc. The Samaritans have no final or dilatable forms, like the Hebrews, for any of the letters, but use the same form under all circumstances. DIVISION OF LETTERS. 2. The letters of the Alphabet are divided into five classes, according to the organs of speech chiefly employed in articulating them; viz., Gutturals Labials Palatals VBRfl; Linguals and Dentals The preceding is the division of Castel. It will be seen hereafter, that the five letters may be advan¬ tageously considered as vowels, or matres lectionis. There is another division of letters into Radicals and I o »7 Serviles. The Radical letters are those which constitute a root or primitive form. The Serviles such as are added to 12 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY. the Radicals in derivation, conjugation, declension, and composition. All the Serviles may be Radicals, but the Radicals are never Serviles. Those letters which are. essentially Radical are, The Serviles, which may also he Radicals are, VOWELS. 3. The Samaritans have no points to mark the vowels, like the Hebrews. To remedy this defect, various means have been proposed. Some scholars are of opinion that the Hebrseo-Chaldaic method of punctuation ought to be adopted; others the Syriac, among which the learned author of the Heptaglot may be mentioned: he says, “ Lingua Syriaca optima est ac certissima regula punctandi tarn Chaldaica, quam Samaritana.” Cellarius has taken the mean between these extremes, and, arguing from the fact that the Samaritan is for the most part a compound of Chaldee, Syriac, and Hebrew, he says, “ Liberiorem esse Samariticam pronunciationem, et quae in lingua ilia sunt pure Ebraea, Ebraeo forsitan more efferri posse; quae Syro-Chaldaica ad Syrorum indolem enunciari debere.” The . remark of Hottinger, Anti. Mor. p. 34, that Jac. Golius had been informed by an individual acquainted with the Samaritans at Damascus, that the pronunciation of the latter was rough and inartificial, would, perhaps, justify the belief that such was the case in ancient times. This sup- position receives confirmation from the fact that the Syrians and Arabs, who bordered as closely on the Hebrews as the VOWELS. 13 Samaritans, have never admitted into their languages all those subtle rules of punctuation adopted by the Jews. The chief vowel or mater lectionis made use of by the Samaritans is fa , as is manifest from the frequent occurrence of this letter or its substitutes in Samaritan words. This fact must be carefully borne in mind, because in combi¬ nations of letters which cannot be properly pronounced without a vowel, we may suppose this vowel inserted. The reader who is an advocate of the Masoretic punc¬ tuation cannot do better than follow the advice given by Cellarius. There is, however, no necessity for his doing so; for it is not only easy to read the Samaritan without points, but the whole of the Shemitic languages in which they are omitted. The questionable authenticity of those points ought to be a great objection to their use, especially in the Samaritan, where no regular system of punctuation has been adopted. We may suppose, therefore, the letters /£, ITT, V, V, which are chiefly called quiescents , to be the vowels or matres lectionis which are to be employed in reading the Samaritan language. These letters are equivalent to our five vowels a. e , z, 0 , u respectively. There cannot possibly be any objection to extend to the 1 individual letters of the Samaritan exactly the same usage as is observed in our own language; thus, when any letter or consonant, as &, d , g , etc., is pronounced, we are com¬ pelled to add a short vowel to it, though that vowel is not expressed; thus, we pronounce the preceding letters be , de , ge , etc., adding the short vowel e to each. In the Sanscrit language the short a or 3f is usually omitted. Thus where there are two consonants without a vowel, is pro- 14 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY. nounced kara ; katara , etc. Moreover, in our own language, words with short vowels are usually pronounced so rapidly, that if the consonants were written without the vowels we should have no difficulty in recognising them; as, for instance, who does not immediately recognise the words bkr , mckrl , mrnr , sllr , etc., as baker , mackerel , mariner , seller, etc.? The same might be observed in other lan¬ guages, where, on the omission of the short vowels, the consonants are sufficient to indicate the word. Vide Coptic Gram. Judging, therefore, from analogy, it is reasonable to sup¬ pose that the short vowels were omitted in Samaritan w r ords, while the long ones were usually expressed by the letters A , , ITT , V , X . And in every case where a vowel is re¬ quired after a letter, we may suppose the mater lectionis to be the short a of the Sanscrit, and supply it accordingly. We shall subjoin a specimen from Gen. i. 1, 2, of the manner in which the language may be read; presuming, of course, the student is aware that, in common with all the Shemitic languages (with the exception of the Abyssinian branch), the Samaritan is read from right to left. Samaritan. ’ AHT * 3^2A • • 3ATA13V3 Pronunciation. shumie ith Alee tlamas B’kamauthe Samaritan. X * nfo?ttt°sX * 3^$A^ • AXX * Pronunciation, v’kashace v’rikni shame etith V’aroe j: The short vowels are marked; the others may be pro- I nounced long and distinctly. The student will find no difficulty in reading, by adopting this course: we would, however, remind him of the pithy remark of Cellarius, “ Linguas hasce addiscimus non tam colloquendi causa, quam intelligendi scripta monumenta Orientalium Populorum.” ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 15 4. The Samaritans distinguish each word by means of a thick point placed after the word; as, ZZ** AHTZ- At the end of a period they generally use the sign : ; sometimes the simple distinctive *, at others . When the sense is suspended and imperfect, instead of our colon they substitute the sign * * placed above the word and after it. Sometimes the single point is used instead of it, and vice versa. They have various signs to supply the place of our full stop; as, =-:, ire/jLireiv. Thk idiom is further exemplified in the Syntax. The participle is nothing more than a noun adjective. THE VERB. 31 carrying with it a notion of action or passion; it is scarcely necessary to remark that the laws for the formation of gender, number, etc., are the same as those for nouns adjective. There are two tenses in the indicative alone , the perfect and future. To express our present tense, the same method is adopted as among the Hebrews. Vide Syntax. The numbers are two, singular and plural. The persons in each number of the perfect and future of the indicative are three; but in the imperative mood there is only one person in each number, viz. the second; the place of the third is supplied by the future tense. There are two genders , masculine and feminine. It will be observed that the first persons in each number are common. Subjoined is a Paradigm of a regular verb through its different conjugations. iji I. PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. ! It Perfect Tense. Person. 3. 2 . Singular. Plural. M. ^2 ^V2 F. A^V2 nr°sv2 M. A°$V2 ^A^V2 F. m a^2 2mA^V2 1. and A°ZV2 and THE PARTS OF SPEECH. Future Tense. Person. Singular. Plural, 3. | 'm. ^V2m f. 2 - 1 r M. VV3A* rrrvipayY ^°SV2A 1. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. Singular. Plural. 2. f M. u rrrwa and INFINITIVE MOOD. Also [according to Cellarius], 3Vrai5* PARTICIPLES. Present. Past. M. "TO F. M. F. * These forms belong rather to the third conjugation. Vide § 10. THE VERB, 33 II. ETHPEHEL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. Person. Singular. 3 / M * ^Y2AA If. A^Y2AA ^ f M * A°\Y2AA 2. 1 L F - A^Y2AA 1. A^P3AA Plural . X°SY2AA iTtAY2AA l 2XA a ^Y2AA l 2A c ^Y2AA ‘2‘2 < ^Y2AA Person. 3. Future Tense. Singular. M. ^V2Am F. ^P3AA f M. ^Y2AA \ f. rrr^v^AA °5Y2AA Plural. ^P3AA l 2\ c AY2AA 1^P3AA °$Y2A2 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. Singular. 2 . M. ‘TOAA F. Ot^Y2AA Plural. ?AY2AA % l 2AY2AA ZAY2AA INFINITIVE MOOD. A2A shall be shed , Gen. ix. 6; Z%A^A- was beheld , Exod. ii. 12 THE VERB. 41 Moreover, after this transposition, if the first radical be A^, the Tan is changed into ; if it be , into ^ ; as, V V^A^HT he shall he called , Gen. xvii. 5, for Y VAA^ftt, from Also, ^t^V^/TlA ye shall he afflicted , Gen. xlv. 5, for ^*? £ \VA*/TIA, from <\V4n. The prefix A A is sometimes found written A^(, though rarely. The first person of this conjugation sometimes ends in HTA; as, Deut. xxxiv. 4, ftfAV3A m A I sware. The second person plural feminine sometimes also ends in t^HTA instead of ^A. 13. In the imperative mood, instead of A we find though, as far as I have observed, this is not very frequently the case; as, Gen. xlii. 16, *tq m AA5[. 14. The usual form of the infinitive of this conjugation is that first given in the paradigm: the other forms are to be explained in the same manner as in § 10. The two in¬ stances, viz. A?AA3^, Gen. v. 2, and ^A^Rf, Gen. xvii. 13, given by Cellarius, are undoubtedly of the fifth conjugation, which has sometimes a passive sense, as we have shewn in § 5. 15. Remarks on the third conjugation:—The difference between this conjugation and the first has been previously pointed out. It is important to observe that the quadri- literal verbs, as ^^ZA he formed, <\3 he consoled , ^3\>Z he poured forth , belong to this conjugation, as they do in the Syriac. Castel marks this conjugation by the insertion of fit (to express the vowel Tsere) between the last two radicals; as, It is found in Deut. ix. 12, under the form ZA3^ have become corrupted , with which mater lectionis the last syllable of the root may be usually pronounced. I The imperative of this conjugation is formed like the ; Syro-Chaldaic. The infinitive, like that of Pehal, is capable 42 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. of receiving the terminations A, A?, under the circum¬ stances mentioned in § 10. The participles of this conjugation, as well as the impe¬ rative, are formed like the Syro-Chaldaic. 16. Remarks on the fourth conjugation:—What has been said of the second conjugation will also apply here; the usual forms of the infinitive are A^ W3 AA and AW3AA . 17. Remarks on the fifth conjugation:—It has been pre¬ viously stated (§ 5) that Aphel has sometimes a passive sense. The prefix A is often changed to ^ ; as, Gen. xxxv. 2. purify yourselves , and be clean; so for ^3°d?A. The feminine plural imperative of this conju¬ gation may end in tAHT ; as, Gen. iv. 23, ^fTTAftP/nA hearken } it is, however, very rarely used. The usual form of the infinitive is that given in the para¬ digm: other forms are met; as, Gen. xxix. 7, to bt collected. Also to be circumcised , Gen. xvii. 13. The participial forms in use are and . 18. Remarks on the sixth conjugation:—This conjugatior is thought by Castel to arise from the absorption of tin second A of the Syriac Ettaphal; thus, VV^AA is read fo: V? m AAyV ; °\V2AA for the Syriac t n<*/ / j, in the forma tion of which one of the Syriac L ’s is omitted. These remarks will be sufficient for the perfect verbs. W< now proceed to the consideration of the imperfect verbs. IMPERFECT VERBS. 19. Those verbs which, on account of certain peculiaritie in their roots, vary in their inflection from the paradign previously given of a perfect verb, are called imperfect verbs They are divided into three classes; Defective, Quiescent THE VERB. 43 and Anomalous verbs; in which order they will be con¬ sidered. DEFECTIVE VERBS. 20 . Of these verbs there are two classes,—those which lose their first radical, and those which lose their second. The verbs of the first class are, as in Hebrew and Chaldee, such as have Nun for their first radical; those of the second class, such as have their second and third radicals the same. DEFECTIVES OF FIRST CLASS. 21 . Verbs of this class follow, for the most part, the same rules as in the Hebrew and Syriac. The future of the indi¬ cative, the imperative, and infinitive of Pehal, also the whole of the conjugation Aphel, omit, generally speaking, the ^. These verbs are, for the most part, regular in the other con¬ jugations, except Ettaphal. (a) Examples of the future of Pehal are, 3«^fiT for for we will go up; 3fTT for etc. (/3) Examples of the imperative are, for for ; XV2 for VP3^, etc. Sometimes X is inserted in the future and imperative between the remaining radicals; as, P“3fJT he shall go; VX2 go out. On this account X may be made the mater lectionis in every case. (y) Examples of the infinitive are, f° r ; ‘Wiy for ; P3i3 for , etc. (3) Examples of Aphel are, P3A and P33, Gen. xiv. 18 ; causing to go up , Lev. xi. 45. (e) Examples of Ettaphal are, AVAftf Exod. xix. 11, for AV^Atfr; AtfTVAA, Num. x. 17. Cellarius gives two instances in which ^ is omitted from the perfect; as, Gen. xiv. 10, XZ2; also, xxiv. 63, P3 he went 44 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. out. This is, however, very rarely the case, and such devi¬ ations are remarkable rather as anomalies. Many of these ; verbs are regular; as, he slew , 23^ he fell , etc. The sense of the different conjugations is, of course, the same as in the perfect verb. DEFECTIVES OF SECOND CLASS. 22 . Verbs of this class are mostly regular; the chief irre¬ gularities are observable in the whole of Pehal (the parti¬ ciple excepted), and in the whole of the fifth conjugation, where the third radical is usually omitted. (a) Examples of the preterite of Pehal; Gen. xxxviii. 11 , ZV he entered , for ZZV, which is found in full, Gen. xiv. 5. So Gen. xxxviii. 9, with A interpolated, 2AV. The femi¬ nine of the third singular is found in full A 22 V, but with¬ out the last radical, AZV, Gen. xlii. 21 . Similarly ^ 2 V and *?2AV are read for V22V, etc. ' K For the future, ZvariTf Gen. xxxii. 11 , P^flTA, like pp^ of Castel. (J3) Examples of the imperative mood are; 2V, Gen. xxx. 3, also read fully 22V. The feminine singular is found in full, Num. xxi. 27, nr 2 ZV. The plural VZV for ^22V is found, Deut. i. 7. ( 7 ) Examples of the infinitive are, 2^2V for 2 *?V, or in Pahel for 2 TVi£ 5 , Exod. xvii. 12 . So P'NfiTia in Pahel, etc. (3)Examples of the fifth conjugation: perfect , 2VA and ZAVA for 22VA, etc.; future , 2AVA, Gen. xxvii. 10. Imperative mood, 2V3J Exod. vi. 11, or with a mater lectionis. 2AV5(. The form 2^> found in Exod. x. 1, seems to be contracted from 2V3. Infinitive mood , A2 AVi3 for A22V!iJ, Deut. ix. 28. THE VERB. 45 (e) The instances given in the preceding paragraphs, in which the forms are nncontracted, seem to belong to the conjugation Pahel; in fact, the only means of distinguish¬ ing the first and third conjugation in form appears to be by considering the apocopated forms to belong to Pehal, and the perfect forms to Pahel; as, ^2,2, V, Gen. xix. 10; etc. (f) The passive of Pehal is not apocopated; as, PP^AA, • etc.; while Ettaphal loses its middle radical; as, P°wYA, etc. The observations made in this and the preceding section will be found sufficient without a paradigm. QUIESCENT VERBS. 23. Verbs are called quiescent whenever, among the let¬ ters constituting the root, any one of the quiescents ^, A, nr, \, as they are improperly called, is found. These verbs may be divided into three classes; first, such as are quiescent in the first radical; second, those which are quiescent in the second; third, those quiescent in the third .radical. The Samaritan mode of inflecting these verbs is very like the Syro-Chaldaic. QUIESCENTS OF FIRST CLASS. In Aleph , or Pe-Aleph, 24. The class of verbs, whose first radical is A, is nflected more like the perfect verb than any other class )f quiescents. The following observations will supply the dace of a paradigm. In the first and fifth conjugations, the nitial A is changed into fiT whenever it is preceded by a 46 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. servile formative. For example, in Pehal, from °^i 5 A comes ^^ITTA I will say ; so, for we find , etc. The same law is also observable in the passive forms; as, Gen. xvii. 1 , ZA^mA3 walk ; Zi5ftf Aii5, also Zi5 A, etc. The Alepli is sometimes omitted; as, Dent. vii. 10 , 3(AA^3iH to destroy it; in Exod. iii. 2 , we find the passive Zi3AAiiS; but in Gen. vi. 21 , the apocopated form Zi3 Afff is given, unless it be read ZiSITTITT, Aphel used in a passive sense. Cellarius adduces an instance in which the quiescent is changed to 5(; as, ZAA^^ 5 , Gen. xi. 31. This is very- rare, and I cannot call to mind another instance of it. In such forms as Zi3*?^, Zi3“?A?i5, etc., the A is manifestly changed to X ; this sometimes takes place in Aphel, as well as in the passive forms. There does not seem to me, how¬ ever, to be any reason for exclusively confining this metabole to those conjugations. The example adduced by Cellarius, viz. Z^*^? in the conjugation Aphel, may also be referred to the first or third conjugation. In Yod , or Pe-Yod. 25. The quiescents whose first radical is fit are formed much in the same way as Hebrew verbs of the same kind. The Yod is usually omitted in the future and imperative of Pehal, but in Aphel is changed to X . (a) Examples of the future: 9P£A for 9r(nTA; 9AA foi SAfttA; though it may be written regularly as A^ntHT. Gen. xxi. 10 , not A^fTT. (j3) Examples of the imperative mood are, 9A for 9AJT sit thou ; so from we have ^Z, fiT^Z ? etc. ( 7 ) Examples of the fifth conjugation: 3 Ay£A I will add Gen. viii. 21 ; for ^vnTftr. The infinitive THE VERB. 47 Gen. xlv. 5, etc. There are cases, however, in which the nr is not changed; as, Gen. iv. 7, A3WTA-, instead of A9^A. Again, Z9HTA for Z9W, Exod. xiv. 21. (3) The ffif sometimes undergoes the same change for the passive conjugations as in Aphel; thus, ^A*?AA; from a radix etc. (e) Those cases in which the HT is omitted in the perfect tense, as in Gen. ix. 23, where “KHZ is found for ^aZflT, are to be marked as anomalies. The same may be said of the presence of Yod where it should be absent; as SiTAflt, Deut. xxxi. 19. 26. Verbs in Aleph and Yod are usually regular, except in the cases mentioned in the preceding sections. QUIESCENTS OF SECOND CLASS. In Vau , or Ayin - Van. 27. The only class of verbs worthy of note under this head are those whose middle radical is Vau. The following paradigm with i£5P or t£5VP will give the student an idea of the peculiarities of verbs of this class:— I. PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. Person. Singular. 3. 3P Plural. ^“SVP /TP3VP < M. Aii5VP F. AiiSVP A*3VP ^Ai£5VP ^ttfA“3VP Y^iSVP 48 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. Future Tense. Person. Singular. Plural. ■> J r m. i , p. ^YIPA ^xm 2- \ r m. ‘ZXZSXVA Lf- ^m^xvA ^XVA 1. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. Singular. Plural. f 2. -! L M. *XXV f. m^xv X'XXV ^*%xv INFINITIVE MOOD. PARTICIPLES. Present *£5AT Past **srrrv THE VERB. 49 28. Remarks on the first conjugation:—The preterite of this conjugation strongly resembles the Syriac. In the paradigm of Pehal, we have given two forms of the third person singular, one with and the other without the mater lectionis. The third person plural may be similarly writ¬ ten; as, TiiSV, Gen. xxxvii. 35; in fact, the mater lectionis is sometimes absent in the other persons. The future tense is generally read with X ; it is, however, found without it; as, Deut. xiii. 8, ^^flTA it shall spare; i^fTT they will go , for Exod. xxxii. 1; PVftT for PtVflT, Deut. xxviii. 52. The imperative mood is like the Chaldee and Hebrew. When the ultimate or penultimate is a guttural or Resh, the Yau is frequently omitted; as, inhabit , Gen. xxxv. 1 , for ; also, go, etc. In this case the X * though omitted in the imperative, is sometimes found in the future; as, ‘YT^A, Gen. xxiv. 55; the rule, however, for omission in the future is, generally speaking, the same as that for the imperative. Of the infinitive mood, we have given various forms; those which are preceded by belong rather to the third conjugation; thus, 3 m V 35 i 5 , Gen. xxxi. 7, is transitive , whereas the signification of Pehal is intransitive , as will be seen by consulting Gen. xxxviii. 10 , where m V 9 intransitively is to be evil. Compare also Gen. xxiv. 3, and xiii. 6 . The mater lectionis of the participle of the present is sometimes changed to V ; thus, instead of ^JAP, we find iiJVP, Exod. iii. 5; sometimes A is changed to ^, as in the anomalous verb A^ 5£3 ; sometimes for Aleph, AX or AHT is written; as, Num. xiii. 20 ; ^A-fTT°£, Gen. xv. 14, etc. Such forms seem to carry considerable emphasis. PARADIGM OF VERBS IN AYIN-VAU. 50 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. a <1 W Ph *• P P-* P p >*■* p P p p p J-* - p P - P P - P s>- Jv^ p* Jv° <1 Oh m 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 57 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 MH H * * * * p £3 * V? v? W £3 p v? n 0- o- sa- £- p- Ei- s>- & o- £3 Si- Si- > £ £ 6 £ £ £ £3 e £3 6 a W K 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 £3 £ * * p £ * v? V? 37 37 3 Ph % £ p v? £ VJ * < ■* £ < a sj Cl- n. r\ r\. r\^ < cv- * Cl- * < a p^ a H £ 6 £ £3 i-* - 6 £3 £ P - £3 P- £ P- > l 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 3 * * * * p £3 * v< v a £ p j'l vi • ('O o M 8 a pi a pi pi a pi k t L £ co oi f-H CO cvi r—H CO £ •uvjnSuig •jvunifj •uvp THE VERB. 51 * r Tense. IMPERATIVE. | INFIN. PARTIC. c 2 ^ a a> CD Q. « ^ JTHPEHEL. laat of Pahel. : fc £ : ^ ^ * ■ p p " P" P* 1 31 3? ) 3? 3? h- n n ~ P P P* P« 27 27 21 37 p* ^ p P- 27 37 * ■* p- p- £ £ 27 27 £ « * p- p- £ £ 27 21 p- W $ * P- p P" jV 21 27 21 21 £ ■* « p- p- Jv- h- 27 27 27 27 P- n W : £ £ • p- p- : 6 S i 31 31 P* n jn * Z p- p £ £ 27 21 p- si si p 6 21 p p- 6 £ 21 21 £ q- P 6 £ 21 21 p* si nr ^ ■*: ^ ^ p p- p p £2 £= £2 £2 1 21 21 21 21 P" j"J K n r? p 6 27 p p £ £ 27 21 £ « * p p 6 £ 21 27 p- n nr 21 p £ 21 ■* ?rr p p- 21 21 p« * p 6 21 p 21 p- * 21 21 p p 6 21 21 21 p p* 21 21 37 8 P gs £ ^ 27 27 p £ 21 vi^L co £ £ INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. Fui cn cn 37 37 £ £ * cn cn 37 37 * ^ £ % PARTICIPLES. Presents . Past. ; also, Gen. xlix. 21. griremf The latter participle appears to be used in Gen. xxxviii. 14, ^SJTranr she was given. This is probably the case with the instances mentioned under the -perfect tense. In Lev. xix. 20, our version has “ liberty given her,” though it should rather be he has not given her liberty ; a change of nominative which has been adopted in Lev. x. 17, correctly. The passive forms also occur; as, 'Tfl^nTAA, Lev. x. 14; !y?3^mVYA, Lev. xxvi. 25 ; a^nTAftt, Lev. xxiv. 20. Also the participle Exod. v. 16, 18. YI. The Verb A'ZbS he died. This is the same as the Syriac , Chaldee n-1D . 64 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. The middle letter of the whole of this tense is flf; as AfIT^5 he died; AAftTiiS she died , Gen. xxiii. 2; ?A[JT“ they died , Exod. iv. 19, etc. Future Tense. This is exactly like verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, AXSA AX'S A, etc. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. AXS Deut. xxxii. 50. XAXS INFINITIVE MOOD. AX'S AXSS AfTtiiJ^ PARTICIPLES. Present. Past. M. F. M. F. A^S ^AAS Gen. xxx. 1. Afrriis ^Ant^s VII. The Verb SX% he went. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. This follows the form of verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, h went , Gen. xxii. 13. THE VERB. 65 Future Tense. In this tense “X is omitted, on account of the guttural iJ. | (Vide § 28 of this Chapter.) | The infinitive mood is ; as, 3£S^iiSZ to go, Deut. xxix. 18. k Sut'.i. • ' • VIII. The Verb ZAyV he went. PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. In this mood the verb is formed regularly. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. ZA^ or ZA^A Plural. XlA^ or VZAyV INFINITIVE MOOD. ZAA^iSS Gen. xi. 31. The corresponding conjugation Ethpehel is also found; as, walk, Gen. xvii. 1; ZA^flTAiSJ walking, Gen. iii. 8. IX. The Verb 3fAA he came. Compare the Syriac ]2j. 66 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. Person. PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. Singular. Plural. 3. « it . M. %AA also AAA Gen. xlvi. 1. “KAA IF. AmAA mAA 2. < "m. Am a a ^AmAA f. mAmAA \ AmAA 1. AmAA and AlftAA ^mAA Future Tense. This is formed regularly according to verbs in Pe-Aleph and quiescents of the third class. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Gen. xxxvii. 13, and mAA "KAA INFINITIVE MOOD. aaa mAmzs Gen. xxxvii. 10. Gen. xlii. 15. AAmA Num. x. 21. PARTICIPLES. Present. - Singular . M. ftfy VA F. %mAA Plural. tZmAA also ‘zmAmAA Gen. xxx. 38. ^Am A A Gen. xli. 29. THE VERB. 67 APHEL. INDICATIVE MOOD. The perfect and future tenses are formed as usual; thus, ftfAflTA he brought, Gen. xxxvii. 2 ; JTTAnTfTf he shall bring , etc. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. fTTAfTTA VA17TA PARTICIPLES. nTAftfiiS Exod. x. 4. nTA/TTAii5 Deut. viii. 16. This verb is very frequently used in Pehal. X. The Verb ZiSftt he was able . INDICATIVE MOOD. The perfect tense of this verb is regularly inflected. The future follows the law of verbs in Pe-Yod; as, Zi3A I shall be able, Deut. xxxi. 2; Z23A, thou shalt be able, Exod. xviii. 23, etc. There are cases, however, in which the Hebrew anomaly is adopted; as, ZiHA- I shall be able, Num. xxii. 11. The infinitive, Z^i3^> occurs Num. xiii. 31. 68 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. CHAPTER IV. THE PARTICLES. 1. The Particles, which form the third part of speech, are generally understood to comprehend the Pronoun, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection; or, in other words, all those parts of speech recognized in Greek and Latin, and in the modern European languages, with the exception of the Verb and Noun. PRONOUN. 2. The Pronoun, as being the most prominent and im¬ portant of the grammatical divisions included in the term Particle, will be considered in the first place. The Sama¬ ritan pronouns may be divided into two classes, as in the other Shemitic languages, viz. Separables and Inseparables; the latter (except the relative) are sometimes called Suffixes , the propriety of which term will appear hereafter. Under the head of Separables are included, Personal Pronouns in the nominative and vocative cases, Demon¬ stratives, sometimes the Relative (which is, however, gene¬ rally expressed by a prefix), and the Interrogative Pronouns. Under the head of Inseparables are classed, Personal Pronouns in the oblique cases or preceded by a preposition, Relative, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns. SEPARABLE PRONOUNS. PERSONAL. 3. The personal pronouns are, as in other languages, of the first, second, and third persons, in both numbers. THE PRONOUN. 69 There is only one form for both genders of the first per¬ son in each number; in the other persons there is a distinct form for each gender, as the subjoined table will shew:— TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Pers. Singular. Plural. l. com. 3 V*, rrrV*, rrri ft a L vwv*, Va- we. M. 3/VA, A A F. mAA 3. M. A33, 33 F. AttT3, f7T3 'XZAA ^ntAA he. V^A she. ‘znr^A There is another form of the first person singular, viz. A^A, which sometimes occurs; this form and that first given in the table correspond exactly to the Chaldee NaN and nw ; while the second and third forms are the Hebrew 'aK and The two forms of the second person mascu¬ line are the same as HEX and fitf. The second person feminine is found in Gen. xxiv. 23, without a line over it; it corresponds to the Hebrew ^, which is usually written The first form of the third person masculine is the same •> as N-in, while the second is the Syriac ooi . With the first form of the third feminine, compare the Chaldee and Hebrew K'H. The second form of the first person plural is manifestly the Chaldee |a&?. With the forms of the second plural, compare the Chal¬ dee With the two forms of the third plural, compare pan masc. and fan fern.; for, by interchanging the quiescents n and K 70 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. ‘ of the same organ,’ the Chaldee forms are easily trans¬ formed to the Samaritan. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 4. These are included in the following table:— Singular. Plural. m. this. F. this. C. these, those. C. this, that. Compare the first form of the masculine singular with the Chaldee PH, and the second and third with the He¬ brew nr. With the feminine forms, compare the Chaldaean N'T The first forms of the masculine and feminine, as will be observed, are repeated as of common gender; this arises from their indiscriminate use, somewhat similar to that of N-in an d ton among the Hebrews. With the common form of the plural, compare p?K. It must be observed, that many of the Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns receive emphatic as a prefix; thus, that very place. Again, these very stones. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 5. Like the Hebrews, the Samaritans have a separable relative pronoun, viz. ; its use, however, is gene¬ rally superseded by the prefix like the Chaldee T from 'H. It is common in number and gender; thus, * thy stranger, who is in thy cities, Exod. xx. 10; thy gods, which brought thee up, Exod. xxxii. 4. THE PRONOUN. 71 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 6. There are two forms of this pronoun; the first Chald. |B, which is used of persons, and equivalent to our who? —the second Chald. Ntt, used of things, and like our what ? Thus, fTfAA * * ASS whose daughter are you ? and, what is his name ? The neuter form as it may be called, sometimes appears to lose its sense when used with prefixes; thus, like as. There is also another interrogative form !yN, found in Gen. xxxii. 29; as, * ZA^A * why seek for my name? Before proceeding to the Inseparable Pronouns, it must be observed that, to express the words ‘ self,’ ‘ the same,’ ‘ the very one,’ the Samaritans follow the Hebrews in substituting for its equivalent as in Gen. vii. 13, in this very day. Compare the Syriac |v*.nio which is used in a similar manner; as, Kom. ix. 3, . ,v,n i n Jj| I myself. So 1 Cor. vi. 7, nov.nm you your- selves. It is probable that synonymous with , as w r ell as the soul , are used as reciprocals, in the sense of the Latin ‘ seipsum.’ This inference is justified by the numerous examples found in the New Testament, in which it is so employed by the Syrians. The Samaritans apparently use the heart , recipro¬ cally; as in Gen. xviii. 12, where we find * * AT^fIPT and Sarah laughed ivithin her heart , i. e. herself. INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS. 7. These Pronouns, which may also be called suffixes, from the peculiarity of their being joined to the end of 72 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. words with which they coalesce, include the Personal Pronouns with a preposition, Reflexives, and Possessives. They are contained in the following table:— Person. Singular . l. com. nr, rrfo 2 . 3. M. a, f. anr, i&, a M. 5ft F. 5f, 5ft v*. ' Plural. ^a, ^*?a*?, ^rrra, ^a, ^?a, tuira, ^rrr, £&) These inseparables are not joined to nouns, verbs, and particles indiscriminately ; it will be proper therefore to make a few remarks on their use. With respect to the first person, it must be observed, that the form HT of the singular is joined to nouns of both num¬ bers; thus, from comes my lord; from f]ft3 sons, we have nTHTt^S my sons , which is contracted into f]ft3, as in the Hebrew. There are some instances in which 0T is joined to verbs; as, he sent me, Gen. xlv. 5, Exod. iii. 14. This is frequently the case when the letter immediately preceding the suffix is essentially radical. The second form, however, is that usually found with verbs; as, flftAB^S thou hast blessed me; nftflTA^fff he shall see me, etc. Both forms of the first person plural are used with nouns and verbs; instances of the first are, !ft5(2A. our God; our sepulchres; tftA^SA our fathers. Again, ^“W«^A he made us go up, Exod. xxxii. 1; ^ftAP3A thou THE PRONOUN. 73 hast led us out, Num. xxi. 5. Instances of the second form are, ^Ai£5HTZA our sister, Gen. xxiv. 60; he deli¬ vered us, Exod. ii. 19. 8. Upon the suffix £d of the second person, the following remarks may he made. It is found with nouns of both numbers for the masculine gender; and, for the feminine gender, with nouns plural; as, 2HZA your God; idA^S*? ’ £d<\3 your son and your daughter; £dA^3A your fathers; idfiT^ATV your eyes, etc. In Gen. xix. 12, ITT is inserted before the terminal £5; for, in speaking of Lot’s daughters, we find £dl7TA^5i your daugh¬ ters. This insertion of HT must not be confounded with the feminine form £5f7T, which is used with singular nouns; as, Gen. iii. 16, £507^31 your husband ; £dflTV t \A^ your seed, Gen. xvi. 10. The form £5 is also found with verbs; as, £5^^^ he loved thee; £5 A iidfTTPA have I established thee, Exod. ix. 16; id^Z^A I will send thee, Gen. xxxii. 26. The terminal £& with the epenthetic ^ is usually found with the future tense; as, £5‘2> a £3VA I will make thee, Gen. xii. 2; £5V\A^VA I will restore thee, Gen. xxviii. 15, etc. The HT of the feminine form £dHT is usually omitted when joined with a particle; as, £5Z to thee, Gen. xx. 16; £&i£5 from thee, Gen. xxx. 2; £dJ7TZ is found in Exod. ii. 7. The first form ^£5 of the second person plural masculine is found with nouns and verbs; but with the latter it is generally not suffixed immediately, but with the interposi¬ tion of the characteristic of the accusative case; as, ^*T£d3(2A your God; !V?£dA^3A your fathers; ^£5Af]T * ^A^VfTrr and will lead you, Gen. xlviii. 21. It is also found with particles; as, ^£d2 to you, ^iT£5i£5V with you, etc., though 74 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. in this case the second form is usually employed; as, from you, Deut. ii. 4, etc. The latter form is not only found with the particles, hut also with nouns; as, ‘lX^X yxx 2 1 ^ ’ ZVT * ^~£^3Z * ZV in your heart and in your soul , Deut. xi. 18. The last form in both genders, viz. is a verbal suffix, and is formed by means of the epenthetic from like £ft from y. The first two forms of the feminine plural are joined to nouns; as, your soul; sometimes by the insertion of X, as in the case of the masculine suffixes; thus, your father, Gen. xxxi. 5. The other forms of the feminine are found with verbs. 9. The form 3( of the third person singular is found with nouns of both numbers, also with verbs; as, 3( XAA nT c \ his head; 3(3^ft her seed; 3tii5nT1PA he set him, Gen. xlvii. 7; I drew him forth, Exod. ii. 10. In the masculine gender, ^ is sometimes suffixed by the interposition of A-; as, 3£A~^‘ > 0£ his father-in-laic, Exod. iii. 1; 3f AflTA^ he shewed him, Exod. xv. 25. The A was probably added to mark distinctly the difference between the word and its suffix. Compare remarks on verbs, § 7. The second form X of the masculine gender, is used with plural nouns, as, 'Tflftftrv his eyes; his sons, Gen. . 7 ix. 1; Chald. ? Syriac wotol£> , etc. This terminal is found also with singular nouns and particles, in which case is inserted before the suffix; as, ?ftT3A his father, Gen. xlvi. 1, xlvii. 11; ^ftT^A his brother, Exod. xvi. 15; XfTfZV upon him, etc. The suffix 3ft of common gender, formed by the epen¬ thetic Nun from 3f, is used with verbs; as, 3ftV^ii5A I will THE PRONOUN. 75 destroy him, Exod. xxxii. 33; shall hate her . Deut. xxii. 13. It must be observed tbat it is mostly em¬ ployed with the future tense, and, comparatively speaking, is very seldom found with the preterite; as, he placed him , Deut. xxxii. 10. The first two forms of the plural number masculine are joined with nouns of the singular number, the second being that which is usually employed; as, their hand , Gen. xxxvii. 22; t^ZAiiJ^^ on their left hand , Exod. xiv. 22. Also with nouns of the plural number; as, t^TA^SA their fathers , Exod. xii. 40; Gen. xii. 5. The third form, is masculine, and is only employed with verbs; as, ^Y^iSSSA I will bless them , Num. vi. 27; l XK l XKJ s ciSK. * they struck them and bruised them, Num. xiv. 45. This suffix is not, however, used exclu¬ sively, since the simple form occurs; as, V he sleio them, Gen. xiv. 16; l 2s‘KX >< \V c \, Num. xvi. 39. Yide Deut. ix. 17. The feminine forms of this person, viz. AfTT^ and ^HT, are used with nouns of both numbers; as, their judgment , Num. xxvii. 5; their father, Num. xxvii. 7, etc. The last form, ^ of the feminine gender, may be joined to verbs, but very seldom occurs. The student must be careful to distinguish it from the same form, which is used for the first person plural. These pronouns, it will be observed, serve for the Personal Pronoitns in the oblique cases, for the Possessives, and Reci¬ procals. 10. The relative pronoun is usually expressed by the prefix C X, which is employed like the Chaldee *]. 76 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. , ON THE MODE OF SUFFIXING. 11. In adding the inseparables to nouns of the absolute state, tbe ^ characteristic of the feminine is changed into A; as, ^Z^^A cl handmaid, fl YAZT^A my handmaid, Gen. xvi. 2. If the noun be plural, the terminal or ^ of the plural formative is omitted, and the suffix added to the remain¬ ing part; as, from ^3777^3 sons, comes ^777^3 his sons, etc. But if the noun be in the emphatic state, the ^ is wholly omitted, and the suffix takes its place; as, the soul, 777 m ;& my soul; =*AAA the wife, i5AAA thy wife ; 57A^3A fathers, !^A373A our fathers. 12. There are three nouns which deserve especial consi¬ deration; these are, 3A a father; *^A a brother; a father-in-law. These nouns are connected with their suffixes by inserting X, like the Chaldee and Syriac; or 17!, like the Hebrew. The following are examples of this peculiarity:— Examples of 3A; as, ^?3A, i5?3A, tVY^?3A, etc., with T; X7773A, ^7773 A, ^7773A, with ITT. Examples of *^A ; as, i3^"$A, A, !^T$A, etc., with X; and *?f7T0£A, !^777^A, etc., with 777. Examples of ^3^ are rare; as, 777*^^, Exod. xviii. 1; Gen. xxxviii. 13. Also with 777 in Gen. xxxviii. 25; as, 57fT7i£3''0£ her father-in-law. This is not, however, the case with the suffix of the first person; for in Gen. xx. 12, we find 7773A * A°^3 daughter of my father ; and in Gen. iv. 9, S^A ’ 777‘^A * ^X^X. am I my brother s keeper ? In both these instances, however, the nouns are in ‘ regimen,’ which may probably account for the deviation from the general rule. THE PRONOUN. 77 13. The suffixes are usually added to verbs without changing any letter; as, he led me, Gen. xxiv. 27; iJTV^A- they made thee go up, Exod. xxxii. 4, etc. Quiescents of the third radical in A or sometimes vary from this rule. These letters may be changed into A ; as, '^‘KA'XS he numbered them, Num. i. 19; he delivered us, Exod. ii. 19; ^TA^V he overlaid them, Exod. xxxvi. 36. They are also sometimes omitted; as, JTfaA^nT he shall see me, Exod. xxxiii. 20. 14. The epenthetic ^ between the verb and its suffix is so often used by the Samaritans, that, by coalescing with the suffixes themselves, an entirely new series would seem to have arisen. See the table, p. 72. 15. The interposition of A which sometimes occurs may be accounted for by supposing it to be a contraction of the case-mark AfTT; thus, ^A^Z^V, Deut. iii. 3, is the same as 3fA0T • ^Zw ; similarly, for ^AffT * ? Ax ^ they saw them. In fact, the pronominal suffixes, especially and Xz, are frequently found separated from the verb by AIIT; as, ^'TiJAfTT ’ he will bless you, Deut. i. 11; ^TAfTf * he blessed them, Exod. xxxix. 43. 16. There are cases in which the methods employed by the Hebrews in suffixing the particles have also been adopted by the Samaritans; thus, 'TfTTA'T^S, Gen. xix. 16, 30; instead of which ?AM9, Gen. xxxvi. 6, and 5fA^3 Num. xxxvi. 2, are more usually employed. Such instances of Hebrew usage are perhaps due to the careless¬ ness of the copyists, who from their acquaintance with that language, may have foisted in forms which are undoubtedly opposed to Samaritan usage. 78 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. ADVERB. 17. The adverbs, as well as the prepositions and conjunc¬ tions, may perhaps be considered as having been originally substantives in the constructive state. Some of them consist of radical letters alone; as, 3W suddenly; Z9P against; “3VP before. Others are formed with serviles ; as, AV^npffi little, or too little; ZftfVffZ in order that , etc. It is scarcely worth while, in a rudimentary work like the present, to discuss the senses of the substantives from which these par¬ ticles are derived. The syntax of the adverb will be found in the Chapter on that subject. A list of adverbs is subjoined, slightly differing from that given by Cellarius, which will be found exceedingly useful for reference. ^B£A where ^iSA J hitherto (a) so, also ^i5A verily ZA not; prohibitive t^A if, since, where; Heb. ^Z^AS before that so, just as why, because A5J for A behold here, hither however nTAZ^f nay ^ behold, lo! moreover then; also AV^ ^23 when, since already A?23 like as, Lev. xix. 34. 3fi£523 like as so, also AZ not *?Z oh that, perchance Ami not, nothing 5fii5Z wherefore (/3) THE PKEPOSITION. 79 in vain, gratis since ^(“5 how ZvZ‘i5 above ^A^iiS whence (/3) AV nr^ ^now °£V as far as hitherto, moreover hitherto, more suddenly AVflfTHn little, too little 3 <\ much, exceedingly and nf? m now ( 7 ) same as 3 °^ !^/Y there The adverb marked (a) is generally used of the conti¬ nuation of time. The final ^ is omitted with a suffix; as, iS^i5A, Exod. ix. 17. Those marked (/3) are interrogative adverbs. The former is from =fi £5 and Z ; Greek Slotl. The latter is a compound of ^A and ^i£ 5 , that is from where ; Latin unde ; Greek, iroOev. The adverb marked ( 7 ) is the Hebrew ; it is properly an imperative mood; its plural, is found in Gen. xlv. 4, but the singular form, ftTS***, may be used in a plural sense; as in Exod. xii. 3. The student is recommended to get this table of adverbs by heart; inasmuch as frequent recurrence to the Lexicon, in the present state of Samaritan lexicography, is not only tedious, but requires more than ordinary skill and perse¬ verance to render it practically useful. PREPOSITION. 18. The Prepositions may be divided into two classes, like the Pronouns, viz. Separables and Inseparables or Prefixes. As regards the former class, it is sufficient to 80 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. observe that they are generally employed as in the other Shemitic languages. The following Table of them, formed from that of Cel- larius, will be read advantageously, inasmuch as it contains those which are mostly in use: Zft. at, to Z*flIA at, to, near ZZ19 on account of between A^Z 3 beside, except <\A 9 after, behind on account of ( a ) behind, after A3ftfZ^ for, in the place of over against; also with 'prefix Z • HTAiS under, below; with prefix A1Z 1 y within 3KZ also nZ J Z*Z beyond, afar (/3) ATZl ^rrrZ > Si t j to ZZlSiiS same as ZZ79 V^ZiiS below, beneath <\ 3 Z ^5 without, from ( 7 ) within from, before as far as ZV upon ( 8 ) with,together with Z 3 P against, afar; with prefix Z, accord¬ ing to, nigh to before, in the > iiSV J presence of; also with the prefixes Z, The preposition marked (a) is accompanied by ZV, Gen. xx. 3; it is like the Hebrew bv. That marked (/3) is read, in some cases, with prefixed. The preposition ( 7 ) is formed by means of a double prefix. (8) also is formed in a similar manner to ( 7 ); thus, ZvZ^ is a pleonasm , with the same force as Z V. The pronominal suffixes are added to these prepositions in the same way they are added to nouns; thus, HTiiSV with me; from thee; ^*?°vA3 after them , etc. THE PREPOSITION. 81 19. Some of these prepositions, as in the Hebrew, insert Ht between themselves and the suffix; as, *?0TZV upon him; !&rrrZV upon us ; in thy presence ; before them , etc. The two prepositions ^HT3 and ‘NHTZ, which latter is used for the Hebrew bx, are found with and without the IT! inserted; as hetioeen thee; between you; to you; to them, etc. Generally speaking, the others adopt the common rule, % though there are many exceptions. 20 . The preposition Zv not only assumes fif, but, in addition to it, X ; as, Gen. xxxviii. 13, xlv. 1, 'Tftn’ZV ; in the latter place, however, the X is marked by a small hori¬ zontal stroke, signifying that the letter was inadvertently inserted. For further information respecting the construction of the Prepositions, see the Syntax. INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS. 21. These consist of single letters, and are joined to nouns, to verbs in the infinitive, and to particles, by prefixing them: from which circumstance the name sometimes given to them is derived. These prepositions are 3, iS, Z, corresponding ex¬ actly to the same prefixes in Hebrew. It will be observed « that the complete forms ^ and AX% are generally used with the suffixes. The following examples will shew how these prepositions are connected with the suffixes: ^TiiT3 in you; tMTT^3 in them; =*Z to him; ^Z to us, etc.; from thee, Gen. 7 82 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. xxx. 2 ; like as thee , Deut. xviii. 18. For further information, see the Syntax. CONJUNCTIONS. 22. The following list is from that given by Cellarius: fit A or, either AZA but 'tZA unless AHTZA if not, unless iiSA if 3 A also, moreover Znt^S in order that; also but [with 'prefix Z but, only; lest (Gen. iii. 3.) 3Z^ 3Z^ lest (a) Z^ same as AZ^ AZ 3 because, for (/3) because, if, that because fTT^ii 5 because; also with the prefix 3 iiJV same as i£5A The conjunction marked (a) is read with °?V ; as, * °£V ^Z^ ^0 as not. That marked (/3) is found with AZ in the sense of that not; and with i£ 5 A in the sense of hut that. The prefix X and , is also a conjunction; it is not con- versive , as in Hebrew. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PARTICLES. 23. We must not omit to mention here the prefix ^ , which is rarely used in the Samaritan with the force of the Greek article, like the corresponding Hebrew prefix pf , except in some nouns purely Hebrew; as, ^I7T5(ZA^ the God; i^A^ the man. It is also employed with the pronouns; as, A-Xtt he; AfTra^f she; and for and respect¬ ively; ^ntZA^ these , ^T^A^ they, etc. The followin g are instances of its use with the participles; TIIE PREPOSITION. 83 HTAA^ 6 ip'xojjLevos, Exod. xiv. 19; 6 avayaycov, Levit. xi. 45; 6 /carouccov , Deut. i. 44. 24. The use of ^, as explained in the previous article, must be carefully distinguished from that in which it is inter¬ rogative ; as, 3^A * A * am I my brother s keeper ? Gen. iv. 9; so in Gen. xlv. 3, iiJfiTVIP * ftT3A * is my father yet alive? etc. In Deut. xxxii. 6, A is put for as, A • A'• A17T2 A is not he thy father ? 25. The Samaritans do not appear to employ as a suffix like n of the Hebrews, expressive of motion or rest. For though ^V^A is sometimes found without the preposition 2, X can scarcely be held to supply its place; because instances occur of V°^A without as in Gen. xii. 5, where ellipses of the preposition 2 are manifest. ON THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS. 26. Ho letters in the Samaritan language undergo such various permutations as those which are usually, though improperly, called gutturals; viz. V, A. The letter V is very frequently written for ^ ; as, BfV^YtA for TWSXJt; for 2<^V for 2^, etc. This letter is also found written for A; as, if for “3A; for So for 3^A a mother; 2V m for 2A^, etc. On the other hand, A is found for V; as, V^A for , etc. The guttural ^ is found for V ; as, ^°wY for V°wV • Also for A; as, for 5(A^A. The guttural ^ is found for V ; as, 5^ A for V*\A. Also for A; as, mrve^ for fTT^A. The above are only a few examples of such permutations; numerous others could be produced, but may be safely left 84 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. to the student’s own observations. Such, variations are not easily to be accounted for, except on the principle tbat “ letters of the same organ may be interchanged promis¬ cuously.” 27. Other letters are found interchanged, besides the gut¬ turals; as, 3 for “K in ^3^, instead of the Hebrew run he shewed; 31 for VI, etc. Also IP for iJ; as, ftTVZ^ for Gen. xxv. 32. Similarly, is found for and ^ for Ip. Various others are given by Morinus. These are sufficient, however, for our purpose. 28. Besides interchanging letters, the Samaritan, like most other languages, is affected by those changes known as metathesis and aphceresis. Thus, PYAV for flTVA; !iWTimnp for 5f'/n^5nT1P. So =?A for A^ ; ‘MPV for PAV, etc. Instances of aphceresis are ZiTTIP for the complete form ZVii3; for rmnr; for °T$A, etc. 29. Before concluding, we shall give a few examples of crasis; thus, 3f^A * A1 behold I, becomes, Gen. xxii. 11, l^A^ ; similarly, ^WA^ behold ye, Deut. i. 10. This change especially takes place with the particle AZ and verbs; as, A/\^v/YZ, Deut. iii. 26; Gen. xxxvii. 22, etc. I confess, however, I have some doubt as to the legi¬ timacy of the crasis in the latter case. SYNTAX. I , , _ CHAPTER V. ON THE NOUNS. 1. One substantive depending on another is frequently used by the Samaritans instead of an adjective; thus, A-iin ‘ A3A*^^/V- * Afl^'re and his mother took for him an ark of bulrushes , Exod. ii. 3; * 3^fire$ m A ’ OTVV^ * Afire ’ Aim and the clothes of service and the gar¬ ments of holiness , Exod. xxxi. 10; * fH“^3A sacrifices of righteousness , Deut. xxxiii. 19. 2 . A substantive is frequently used, as in the first section, instead of an adjective, to denote the materials of which anything is composed; as, Exod. xxviii. 17, ^SA’A't^Z^A- rows of stone. In this place we may notice the phrase iiSrrrerenT * ^flfa 1 ^ * ^flTA 0 *A, Gen. xli. 1, signifying two years of days , or two full years , as it is rendered in our version; it must be observed that the governing noun is in the absolute state, and not in the constructive, as is gene¬ rally the case; the nouns governing and governed must therefore be considered in apposition , the former expressing the whole, the latter parts thereof. 3. The cardinal numerals from three to ten inclusive inter¬ change their genders, as in the Hebrew, inasmuch as feminine forms are joined with masculine nouns, and vice versa; thus, 86 SYNTAX. ^fTrV^mVY^yY two years, Gen. xlv. 6 ; ’ S^fTT one day, Gen. i. 5, etc., are concordant; but * 3(AZA three sons, Gen. vi. 10 ; BfVfl'AA- * /owr kings, Gen. xiv. 9 ; *301^ * years, Gen. xlv. 11 ; ’ V3^ seven kine, Gen. xli. 18 ; ’ iiSfTT 0 ^ wirae bul¬ locks, Num. xxix. 26 ; ^AA- * <\«^V ten she-asses, Gen. xlv. 23, are all discordant in gender, and in number also; the singular numeral being added to a plural noun. It will appear by tbe subjoined examples that the cardi¬ nals are used in tbe constructive as well as in tbe absolute state ; as, * nTA*A A two of his wives, Gen. xxxii. 22; SfTf^A’A^A eight of oxen, Num. vii. 8 ; 3£f7rZZ2£5i3*A c V s ^V ten of sayings or commandments, Deut. iv. 13, etc. 4. Tbe cardinal numerals usually precede tbeir nouns, as our examples will sbew ; tbis is, however, by no means always tbe case, as tbey sometimes follow; in wbicb situ¬ ation one is always found. 5. Those numerals which are multiples of ten are joined to singular and plural nouns; i£5flTZ^n ’ i£3HYAZA thirty camels , Gen. xxxii. 15 ; 3-^23 * ^fTT'A^V twenty silver pieces, Gen. xxxvii. 28 ; ^A^ * i25ftYAZA thirty years, Num. iv. 3. 6 . Tbe composite numerals from ten to one hundred are usually so arranged that tbe less precedes tbe greater ; as, Gen. xxxii. 22 , eleven ; c \^\ ’ fourteen, Num. xxix. 20 , etc. The composite numerals beyond one hundred are free from tbis restriction, and can either follow or precede; * AZA\ * ‘A^V * 9fcii3A three hundred and eighteen, Gen. xiv. 14; ii5j7fA«^VX” ^A223 one hundred and twenty, Deut. xxxiv. 7 . 7. The ordinal numerals do not exceed ten in number; 87 THE NOUNS. for beyond that number, their place is supplied by the cardinals; as, in the fortieth year, Num. xxxiii. 38. 8. The noun substantive is frequently doubled, so as to convey the idea of a whole, comprehending a series of indi¬ viduals of the same kind ; thus, in Lev. xxiv. 15, * * ZZYttt * whosoever curseth his God; that is, every man, without exception. This repetition of the substantive frequently implies mul¬ titude; as, in Gen. xiv. 10, Vs-VOTV * * !yWf) many slime-pits; or, as it is rendered in our authorised version, “ full of slime-pits.” The repetition in Gen. xxxii. 16, has a distributive sense ; and he delivered them into the hand of his servants, drove by drove. This repetition expresses duality and diversity in Deut. xxv. 13, * ^9/f- two different stones, or two stones of different weight. 9. It has been previously said that one noun dependent on another is frequently used instead of an adjective; there are cases in which the governing noun has the force of an adjective; as, and as for the flower of his captains he hath drowned it in the Red sea, Exod. xv.4, rendered “chosen captains” in our version. The construction just explained is that always followed by Z^L the signification of which, since it is properly a substantive, is ‘ the whole’; as, 'Tf]T c \9 * Zi5^5 more than all his children, Gen. xxxvii. 3, properly, the whole of his chil¬ dren ; ’ !^Zi3 we all are sons, Gen. xlii. 11; fTrSW * Z*J all of my goodness, Exod. xxxiii. 19; * Zi3 all thy work, Deut. v. 13. In the two last examples the con- 88 SYNTAX. struction may be inferred from the former ones, where a discrepancy of number exists between ZB and the governed noun. 10. By joining a noun with itself in the plural number, a superlative sense is frequently conveyed; as, holy of holies, Exod. xxvi. 33; ^flT****^*** * ***” 3 *** servant of servants, Gen. ix. 25; t*nr^2A- * ^ZA- God of gods, Deut. x. 17. 11. The governed noun of two nouns in regimen may have either a subjective or objective sense; thus, * Ai may be either the injury inflicted on Sodom, or, the injury inflicted by Sodom on others. In Gen. xviii. 20, ^£5%^ ’ AVS'/n the cry about Sodom, the relation is objective. In Gen. i. 26, * AnT^v^ the fishes of the sea, the rela¬ tion is subjective. iSffiZV * nTA~=A^dZ which I sware to give them, Deut. x. 11; !^TfflflPT35£SZ after they were come out , Num. i. 1; so, in the same place, ^iidHT^idZ by saying; t^A^Z^^Z’frTe^AA-’AZ*? and he would not let them go, Exod. x. 27. In the last sense, the Z is frequently omitted; as, in Exod. x. 28, ’ 3Ay?A’ZA myVA^ no more go to see my face; while, in Deut. xxviii. 68, we find with Z- (3) The periphrastic use of the substantive verb, with the infinitive accompanied by Z for the future, is worthy of notice; as, sjmwajwamj Z * ttf&nFZ that they may be about to execute, Num. viii. 11. Also, in Gen. xv. 12, * ZZVZ and the sun was about to set . (e) With iid; as, ^AtZ^ra from slaughtering, Gen. xiv. 17; AVflTiidiiS ’ Z^WV * A-Z fear not to go, Gen. xlvi. 3, 104 SYNTAX. 7 ^ 7 Syr. A^v>\ ^>2 y , whence I have corrected it; * nTV^iSX o XA^ * ^ * XtffaffTV and his eyes were so dim as not to see , Gen. xxvii. 1. In this case, the whole preposition l y% is read, although the Hebrew is ni*n». • ^ViiJiiJ * ffifZ * 2^ far he it from me to do this , Gen. xliv. 17, etc. (J) This preposition is used to express a cause or the ground upon which an action is performed; as, * A-2 * ^xiSAffTBfxsffr -ax^ 0 ^ *a 23’ ^xamn^s BfAVXS 1 ** ’ AHT’BfV^^X because ye were more in num¬ ber than all people , but because the Lord loved you , and because he kept the oath , Deut. vii. 7, 8. 47. The construction of the finite verb with its infinitive has been frequently alluded to in the previous part of the Grammar, and examples have been given of it; so that it will suffice to say, that in those cases in which this con¬ struction obtains, the student must bear in mind that the infinitive is not redundant , but, with the finite verb, forms a strong asseveration, and increases the force of the latter intensely; as, 2^VfTT2^T he shall most certainly be put to death , Gen. xxvi. 11; Bf2*2i&*2XiJiiS we shall certainly pre¬ vail against him . 48. In the construction mentioned in § 47, the species of the infinitive is generally the same as that of the finite verb with which it is connected, as in the first example given in the preceding section; and, even in the second, example, a transitive notion is conveyed in the finite verb, for the action implied in prevailing passes on, which, perhaps, may account for the use of 2Xi3ii5 in Pahel. There are cases, however, in which a difference of species seems evident; as, * Bt AXflTViiJ ^AV!i we certainly have gone down , Gen. xliv. 26 ; but here we may suppose the finite verb to have an intensitive THE VERB. 105 force, which is still further increased bj the infinite. Vide § 5, Chap. III. 49. Participles may follow the construction of the finite verb, so as to govern the following noun immediately , or by the interposition of a preposition; as, ’AI7T * V°^A * ZM and it was encompassing the whole land , Gen. ii. 11; 2^Z2Z * 2Z2ZX hearing seed , Gen. i. 29; * **“^353 dividing light and darkness. 50. They may have the construction of nouns in regimine ; as, * AA nT 3 *T * 9 ^ * knowing good and evil , Gen. iii. 5, iiyYV TTTVS keeping sheep; though, in both cases, it seems preferable to consider and ntV 0 ^ as nouns, which have much the same force as the Greek construction of the article with the participle; thus, in the above cases, the former is the same as ol ycvcocr/covre^ , and the latter as ol (j)v\a(To-6vT€<;. The latter example may also be explained as in § 15 of the Noun. 51. Many participles of intransitive verbs, as well as passive ones, turn the noun, with which they ought to be connected by a preposition, into the genitive case; as, A^SftTA * having gone out of the ark , Gen. ix. 10 ; * AiTTfl^iS as captives of the sword , Gen. xxxi. 26; rfA^P * * firZ'tZV * Zi5Z to all entering the gate of his city , Gen. xxiii. 10 ; though, in all these cases, and nume¬ rous others, the governing participles may be considered as nouns substantive, an assumption which is supported by their peculiar forms. Compare the forms and ZTZV with the substantives ^^3 a judge , lAA/V a homicide , etc. 106 SYNTAX. THE PARTICLES. PRONOUN. 1 . The personal pronouns of the second and third persons, especially the suffixes, are found in the plural masculine referring to nouns in the feminine gender; as, tJA^AV their flocks; drove them away, Exod. ii. 17; 'XKZ to them, Exod. i. 21, referring to the midwives. 2 . A pronominal suffix singular is sometimes referred, in a collective sense, to a plural noun, comprehending a body of individuals ; as, AHTT ’ * ZV against thy enemies, and the Lord has delivered him, etc. 3. A personal pronoun, when added to the noun to which it refers, is not redundant, but emphatic; as, AITra, Gen. iii. 12; 3^ * ZiWA * AZ * 3^ * ’ ^ZOTV * and of the tree of the knowledge of good, etc., thou shalt not eat of it, Gen. ii. 17. 4. An inseparable pronoun is sometimes added to a separable one of the same person, to mark with force and emphasis the person to whom it refers; as, Num. xiv. 32, ^AA * and your dead bodies, you, I say, etc. 5. The personal pronoun is used to denote an ellipsis of the verb substantive, especially in the present and imperfect tenses; as, ^^A ’ ’ m^3 ’ ^Zi5 all of us, the sons of one man are we, Gen. xlii. 11; At^ * A I am he, Deut. xxxii. 39. See Castel’s Gram. Harmon. 6 . The demonstrative pronoun, when repeated, has a distributive sense; as, ^Z * ^ * YS'AV 'f$ZX and they came not near one to the other, Exod. xiv. 20; ^Z ' ^ * T^^A^ and they said one to the other . THE PRONOUN. 107 7. The demonstrative is sometimes coupled with the interrogative 3fi£5Z, in which case the former is apparently redundant ; as, 2*®^ * A'Q'XA * ^ * =*^Z wherefore hath Sarah laughed ? Gen. xviii. 13; fTfaA^Z 1 * 1 ’ * 5fiiSZ why hast thou sent me ? Exod. v. 22 . 8 . The relative pronoun very frequently includes the noun or antecedent pronoun to which it refers; as, ZZ^A^ that which thou shalt say , Exod. iv. 12 ; that which he did, etc. 9. The relative pronoun is not put in the genitive case; but if this case be required by the construction, it is expressed by a subsequent pronominal suffix ; as, * Via*** A * AZ°5 * ?^ m Z the nation which thou shalt not understand as to the language thereof\ Deut. xxviii. 49. It can, of course, stand in the accusative; as, tffZ ‘ A^^AA 0 ? * 9fAAA the woman which thou hast brought me, Gen. iii. 12 ; * !y?AITT * S^t^A which the man shall do (them), Lev. xviii. 5, where ^TAITf is redundant. 10 . The relative, when it includes the antecedent noun or pronoun, may take a preposition; as, ’ ZV * * Ailt * 23Z * AZZ^ lead the people to the place which I spake to thee of, Exod. xxxii. 34; ^TVV^A^ * * ^ 3 A * get straw from the place which ye can find, Exod. v. 11 ; t&? 3 AZ ’ of that which was our father s, Gen. xxxi. 1 ; AZ * ^£5 o/that which is Aaron's, etc. 11. When the relative pronoun is preceded by the noun with a preposition to which it refers, this preposition is omitted before the relative; as, t&A^Z mc S“ * ^V^AZ * ^^Zv we came to the land to which thou sentest us, Num. xiii. 27; UTA^iiSV ' Z%V2> from all the nations whence the Lord has scattered thee, Deut. xxx. 3. 108 SYNTAX. 12 . Tlie adverb ^*£5 A there, with tbe relative preceding it, has tbe force of a relative adverb; as, 5^3^^ ’ ^iiSA^ where there is gold , Gen. ii. 11; " 5 ftraZA^ ’ where God was; ^i£ 5 A * t^VAA^ where ye are, Exod. xii. 13; A ’ AY^ where he is, Gen. xxi. 17; l X%A y 3 * whence he was taken , Gen. iii. 23. Vide also, Gen. x. 14, etc. 13. Tlie relative pronoun is frequently omitted; as, • V3V ’ like as the tents which the Lord hath fixed, Num. xxiv. 6 ; ^‘T^fTT * ZZ^ * i£ 5 Yf 7 T 3 on the day in which the Lord spake, Deut. iv. 15; * AZ * 323-^A * 9rarrr * ^ 3 £ 5 ^A and how shall I afilict whom the Lord hath not afidicted (him), Num. xxiii. 8 . 14. The relative usually refers to persons ; it is, how¬ ever, sometimes used of things which involve the idea of a person; as, * Zi 5 ‘ iSZ ' ^ what to thee is all this drove ? Gen. xxxiii. 8 . This interrogative is some¬ times found in oblique, as well as in direct narration ; as, 5fZW * who slew him , Deut. xxi. 1 . 15. It is also used in an indefinite sense, and answers to our whoever, whatever; as, iiSfTfZ^ * whoever is having business, Exod. xxiv. 14. Similarly with the Hebrew '*? in afeb YTI 1 Judg. vii. 3. Also with the addition of the prefix ; as, * A^'V^ * ^ nrZ whoever hath sinned against me, Exod. xxxii. 33. Com¬ pare also the corresponding Hebrew "itpj* and O 7 7 Syriac A ADVERBS. 1 . Adverbs are, for the most part, construed with verbs They are sometimes placed absolutely, at other times governec by a preposition; as, ftf^Z myself alone, Num. xi. 14 THE ADVERB. 109 but, ^^Z^ besides himself alone, Deut. iv. 35; ^m 0 ^ very, Gen. iv. 5; ^OT 0 ^ * exceedingly, Gen. xvii. 2; ^i£5A there, Gen. ii. 12; thence, Gen. xi. 8. 2. Nouns are also used adverbially, either absolutely or when governed by a preposition; as, 5(i£JVnT to-day, Gen. iv. 14; this day, Gen. xxv. 31; ttrZftrZ? * day and night, Lev. viii. 35; first, Gen. xxxviii. 28; ^Aii^Pa, Num. x. 13. 3. Certain adverbs are also joined to nouns, or separable pronouns, in the same way as to verbs; as, ^fTTV** * aV' very good, Gen. i. 31; * 3f<\AA * fiTA 4 ^ * how dreadful is this place! Gen. xxviii. 17 : i£Snta^ ’ 3[^£5 how good! Num. xxiv. 5; in the two latter cases is properly the relative. See Syntax of the Verb, § 27. 4. The particle A-Z is sometimes joined to nouns sub¬ stantive and adjective, as will appear from the following examples : * AZT and not wise, Deut. xxxii. 6; * AZa ^A'HA?' 7*aA^ at no period of her separation, Lev. xv. 25, Hebrew nrnrnjjj *&?; ZA’AZa, by no God, Deut. xxxii. 21. Similarly ^5V* AZa. Compare the Greek construction, g ov TrepiTefyLcris, rj ovtc diroSocns, in Thucydides and Lucian. 5. The particle Aml is similarly used to the Latin ‘ nihil’, ‘ parum’, etc.; thus, ITT A * AfTtZ nihil ad servan- dum, Deut. xxii. 27; 'Xm'X * AmlX * ^Z * Ami parum panis et parum aquae, Num. xxi. 5; Gen. xlvii. 13, etc. (a) It is also found like ne in 1 nemo’, and 4 nie’ in the German 1 nie-mand'; as, ^^A’AftTZ no man; ZZ^^’AfiTZ nothing, or it might be rendered, in conformity with the ^ preceding, nihil rei, Gen. xxxi. 50, Exod. v. 11. (/3) It is used to deny a quality predicated by an adjec¬ tive, and has a suffix referring to the subject of the predicate: 110 SYNTAX. as, which (it) is not clean , Gen. vii. 8; 2Z^^ * 'TAiTfZ * ^3ZV? hut the hoof (it) is not dividing, Lev. xi. 4; XITTSA * ZV3 * ViiS 1 ** ’ TAHTZ he that hearkeneth not unto the voice of his father, Deut.xxi. 18; Zi5AAii5 * YAfTtZ ’ the hush (it) was not burning, Exod. iii. 2. 6. The particle ^Z3 or r*Zfl is used, like AZ, with a substantive; as, Deut. iv. 42, ^SiT0fS(Z33 with no knowledge; hut in Deut. xix. 4, without a mark, i. e. not knowingly. 7. Some adverbs, besides a preposition, take also a prono¬ minal suffix; as, fTTY'tZ * 9foA I myself alone ; where ‘XXZ is for ^T^Z, Syriac , n.. \ , from Z and o?Z£, alone; 9fTYZ if alone, Num. xxiii. 9; flT°£?Z * ZiSA * AZ I myself am not able alone, Deut. i. 9. Also without prepositions, * “3A ViZ***^ * iSAfrrZ */’ thou thyself art not sending, Exod. viii. 21. 8. Two particles of negation are sometimes joined, as ir Greek, to strengthen the negation; thus, ’ AfttZ * ?Z3ii53f truly were there no, no sepulchres ? Exod. xiv. 11 Hebrew 9. A negative particle is also construed with the wore Zi3 all, so that the negation is not merely confined to thi, word, but extends also to the verb; as, * Z^Vii3 * HZ^l • 2,a * ^AfTf lest finding him every orie might b< killing him, Gen. iv. 15. The negation is, however, some times special; as, Num. xxiii. 13, ftfA^A * AZ * ^Zi5Y hu all of it thou shalt not see, i. e. you shall see a part. 10. The repetition of the adverb, besides giving the usua intensive force, sometimes denotes a progressive action; as * AV3ftN71 * AVSfTNTI I will expel him little h little, Exod. xxiii. 30; ZvZ * ZVZ * iJftfZV * he sha mount above thee higher and higher, Deut. xxviii. 43. 11. Comparative particles are sometimes redundant; a;: THE PREPOSITION. Ill ’ ml ' sware to me to-day , Gen. xxv. 33, where i5 is redundant; * XX^X and the people were complaining , Num. xi. 1 , which is rendered by the LXX., Kal rjv 6 \ao<; yoyyv^cov. Compare Exod. i. 12. 12. The particle ^l is principally used to point out an event as the consequence of one previously stated; thus, ^iJZ/fVA'X-Z * ZiSZ therefore ye shall not lead , Xum. xx. 12; ZX-^^NTf * Ht^SZ * * ^i5Z therefore say to the children of Israel^ Exod. vi. 6; * ZX^V * Zi3 * ^Z therefore who¬ soever slayetli Cain , Gen. iv. 15. 1 13. The compound particle * ZfTTX3 therefore , differs somewhat from the preceding one, for while the latter marks the relation of two events as that of direct cause and effect, the former generally indicates an event resulting indirectly i from a preceding one; thus, * ZflTX3 on I this account shall a man leave , Gen. ii. 24; * VVA^’Xy’ZfirX!!} ;| ^5^ therefore he called the name , Gen. xix. 22 ; instead of this, we find * ZV, Gen. xx. 6; ZfflfXSZ > Gen. x. 9; and ■ the simple ZI7TX9, Gen. xvi. 14. i; 14. Many particles which are included in the conjunctions ;!! by some, are referred to the adverbs by others. On this in account, the student will probably find, under conjunctions, ie| particles which, from their force and use, he has led to con- M sider as adverbs, and vice versa. I PREPOSITION. ai| 1. The separable prepositions are properly nouns in the If constructive state, governing the word before which they are lial placed in the genitive case; as, * ZV upon the earth; fttAAA- * V with my wife; ^tXflTZ unto them; * iTTXnTS aii between me and between thee , etc. 112 SYNTAX. 2. The separable prepositions are also preceded by other separables and inseparables, so as to form words whose signi¬ fication is compounded of both; as, and ‘TV^Z, from <\3Z^ from ^3, with a double prefix; fTT^’ZV, etc. 3. Many prepositions are not immediately connected with the noun they govern, but are followed by other particles, especially the inseparables Z and ^ ; as, ^Aid^Z * *tlZiiSZ^ within the veil , Heb. riDIS^ Lev. xvi. 15; * <\3Z ^Z3^!i5 beside the family , Exod. xii. 37. 4. The preposition Aftt3 between , is construed in the two following ways: the preposition is repeated with both the objects which form the limit of the space implied in Ant3 ; as, between the light and dark- ness. In the place of the second Aftf3, the suffix Z is read; as, r between the water and water , Gen. i. 6; 3i c \Vi3Z ' 3TMPii5 ’ ^f}T3*? and between contact and contact , Deut. xvii. 8. 5. This section contains-an account of the principal senses of the separable prepositions 3, id, Z, The preposition 3,— (a) Denotes place ; as, ^A0T33 in the house , Gen. xxxix. 5, and is sometimes employed with substantives, so as to form with them adverbs; as, ^“5^“53 deceitfully , Gen. xxxiv. 13. (f$) Expresses motion towards; as, BfZZ^ 3 towards hea¬ ven , Gen. xi. 4. (y) In the sense of against; as, ^Zi53 against all , Gen. xvi. 12; 5tsnt c \ < /fi^J3 against Egypt, Exod. xiv. 25. (3) It expresses also the material; as, *5f3^£J3Y * 9*3^9! ^^^^3^ of gold , and of silver , and of brass , Exod. xxxv. 32; also the subject of an action; as, Bf3 * ZiSftffiT he shal THE PREPOSITION. 113 eat thereof, Exod. xii. 43, 44; also the manner of an action ; as, 2332, * Z233 with all thy heart , Deut. vi. 5, etc. (e) In the sense of for , on account of; as, 3-^233 for money, Deut. ii. 6 ; 9fA3^l3 for his theft, Exod. xxii. 3 ; ^^225^3 on account of five, Gen. xviii. 28. (£) With the force of by, through; as, ^***225 3 by Moses, i Num. xii. 2 ; also in the sense of with, denoting the instru¬ ment; as, nT 3°^3 with my sword, Gen. xlviii. 22 ; also with, in the sense of together with ; as, with my rod , Gen. xxxii. 10 . (g) It has frequently the senses of when, after that , etc., especially with the infinitive mood. Moreover, this prepo¬ sition is frequently wanting, and sometimes redundant. 6 . The preposition 23,— (cl) Primarily signifies like as, as if; thus, 3Aftf3* x *A23 according to our likeness, Gen. i. 26. When it is doubled, the former is so, the latter as ; thus, ^3rTT0i23 * ^A23A^23 so the righteous as the wicked, Gen. xviii. 25; ^VS323 * 23AiT23 so thou as Pharaoh, Gen. xliv. 18. (/ 3 ) In the sense of about, nearly; of number, t\AT223 , A***23 about six hundred, Exod. xii. 37; of time, ^223'?fnT ’ 33A^i5 about the time of life, Gen. xviii. 10 . ( 7 ) Like 3 , it is used in the sense of ivhen, after that; is, * V223***23 and when Esau heard, Gen. xxvii. 34; 'V'T22523^A23 after he had made an end, Deut. xx. 9. (8) It is deficient in Gen. xlix. 9, * VI as a lioris vhelp. Sometimes it is redundant, like 3 . 7. The preposition Z,—‘ 5 (a) Is used in the sense of at, to, or in, expressing motion; . is, BfZ ’AJ7TA-V * Zi3 all which there is to him, Gen. xxxix. 8 ; | *23^223Z to go, Deut. xxix. 18. 114 SYNTAX. (/3) It expresses the essence, condition, or state of a thing; as, ^^Z’ and man was in the state of a living soul, Gen. ii. 7; AA-Z * ftfZ * and she was to me for a wife, Gen. xx. 12 . ( 7 ) It denotes the instrument, and is used for 0 ; as, 0W0iZ by the sword, Lev. xxvi. 7. (b ) In the senses of according to ; as, !^^nT^*?tnZ accord - ing to their species: — concerning ; as, fflfZ * flT^iiiA say con¬ cerning me, Gen. xx. 13: —on account of; as, ^XZVZ or< account of their noise, Num. xvi. 34. (e) Expressing advantage, in the sense of for; as, for them, Exod. xiv. 25; fTTZ’^CT^ had been with me, Gen xxxi. 42: also in the sense of exchange ; as, ^3nTi5Z’^A3A^ brick for stone, Gen. xi. 3. (f) The construction of Z with the infinitive has beer previously explained. It is sometimes redundant and defi¬ cient. 8 . The preposition ii 5 ,— (a) The original force of this preposition, like that o: the full form ^“ 3 , is from; it denotes the cause; as, * ii‘ ?0 A * Z A from the God of thy father, Gen. xlix. 24; here I have read 2A * for Walton’s ZAfTTViiS, according to Castel’s emendation in the Heptag. under Henc< arises its negative force ; as, 0VVHT ‘ i£JV ’ ZZ^^S not to say unto Jacob, Gen. xxxi. 29, instead of which the complete form is found. (/3) With the sense of on account of, because; as, ^Xi5A!TT * ^ because God loved you, Deut. vii. 8 . ( 7 ) In the sense of after; as, tSttt'XXnt * aftei some days, Gen. iv. 3. (3) This preposition has other senses, which are, however CONJUNCTIONS. 115 of rare occurrence. Like the rest, it is sometimes deficient and redundant. CONJUNCTIONS. 1 . The separable conjunctions agree in construction, for the most part, with the adverbs, except that they are always put before sentences, for the purpose of connecting them. Some, like nouns and adverbs, are preceded by prepositions; as, =fZ°£ * °£V so as not , Deut. iii. 3. 2 . The relative prefix is sometimes used with the perfect tense, expressing the reason for a thing done; as, * !^ZV =JV°WfcZ we went to the land because thou sentest us, Num. xiii. 28; HHTTXZAX ’ because God was there , Exod. xx. 21. It is also found with the future, expressing he purpose or consequence of any thing; as, iJZ * ■hat it may be well with thee , Deut. iv. 40. The relative is limilarly used with prepositions. 3. A conjunction is sometimes found where, in Hebrew, here is an ellipsis of after a preposition; as, * ZlTT^fl * A that my soul may bless thee , Gen. xxvii. 4; * Zftt^SZ that you may live , Deut. iv. 1. if 4. Sometimes a sentence upon which another depends 3 t eems to be wholly omitted; to complete the sense, there- k ore, and construction, it must be supplied; as, ’ASiaA’AZ^ SAA-^3 * Aftf * I7W7IVA * 5fZ°? because I said , I will take are, lest thou take thy daughters , Gen. xxxi. 31, where there iS3 an ellipsis of the Latin ‘ cavebo’. 5. The inseparable conjunction X is variously used in con- ecting the members of a sentence; it usually has the sense f ‘ and’ or ‘ also’. ei, (a) It is found in Gen. xii. 12, in the sense of‘but’; as, 116 SYNTAX. and they will kill me, hut thee will they save alive. (/3) In the sense of ‘however’, ‘since’; as, * tfTArrr * ^XArrft^ * ^xaax * /rr^irrz * ^xAnrAA wherefore have you come to me, since ye hate me, Gen. xxvi. 27; ZVfl • A^X^^iS * A-ftrXX because she is the possession of a master, Gen. xx. 3. (y) It is also found in the sense of ‘ either’, ‘ therefore’. (8) In the sense of ‘so that’, ‘in order that’; as, * A2 iSXZA • * Aftt • ZZ*$AX * MP^Z * * ^XV3A^A yi shall not swear by my name falsely, that ye profane not the name of your God, Lev. xix. 2; AA-biSX that he may die . Exod. xxi. 12. (e) In the sense of ‘ when’ or ‘ while’; as, * ZZV ’ VXZ^ ‘WttlZ when Lot entered Zoar, Gen. xix. 23. (f) The particle X is used in a sentence to which it givet a retributive sense, arising from the expression of a conditior or cause in a preceding one; as, * X AA * A ’ AX£5- ’ nfy xx 2Z % * x A'K whether because thou art my brother, there fore wilt thou serve me freely, Gen. xxix. 15; ’SfXXfTTSWr 1 X^AITTP * AI7T ’ iiZ therefore the Lord will keep for thee th covenant, Deut. vii. 12. Similarly, ’^iii’^Xi3Zi5nTi£5’i£3XnT!: * rrrZIAAX in the day of your eating of it, thei shall your eyes be opened, Gen. iii. 5. (rj) The conjunction X is sometimes apparently redundant as, A-Om * MPVAAX * * 2i3A * 23 every one wh< eateth bread leavened, that soul shall be cut off, Exod. xi: 15, 19. There are various other senses, too numerous to mentio: here. 6 . When the conjunction i3A is repeated, the forme INTERJECTIONS. 117 signifies ‘ either’, the latter ‘ or’; as, HTlPtS * * *\XA * iiS/f- whether ox or sheep , Deut. xviii. 3. This is similar to the Greek usage of el and el. 7. The particle 2A, when repeated, is used in the sense of 4 so’-‘ as’; thus, ^A^A'2A’‘2‘2'% , 2A' 2A so we , as our fathers, Gen. xlvii. 3. 8 . Conjunctions expressing doubt are not always found with this force, but are sometimes used to denote the difficulty of accomplishing the object in question, or to bring forward prominently other similar circumstances connected with it; as, mix a • *x%m • something is clearly wrong. It perhaps should be either fTT^’^Z, as in Gen. xxx. 34, or frrav 3 ^nTAfTrfTTii 5 ; the latter is preferable. The reading in the text is evidently a compound of the two conjectures just given; for, HTTZ is for HtiiJTZ or fttlir'tZ. ! The latter conjecture may even be an incorporated gloss on the former, or vice versa. Some little difficulty attaches to the word 5fAT*/ni25 in the latter part of the verse. I propose to derive it from AT'/n to bear , to attend , the compound AfINffii5 being found in Gen. xlii. 23, in the sense of interpreter. If this be the case, we ought to read as a participle, and render, I will tell all that pertaineth to the decrees and judgments, etc. I have simply rendered it by “ precepts” in the Lexicon. Yer. 25.—is perhaps Pehil with a suffix; so that we may render, thou slialt not build them (fern.), having hewn them (masc.); i. e. thou shalt not build them of hewn, EXTRACTS. 123 etc. The word may also be an infinitive, with the omission of the prefix ; in this case, render, after hewing them. The discrepancy in gender between tSHT and should be noted. DEUTERONOMY, XXXIY. Yer. 1.—The student will see that the greater part of the first and the two succeeding verses of the Hebrew, pro¬ bably containing a complete account of the extent of the panorama exhibited by God to Moses, are rendered in the version by a vague expression of the limits of Moses’ obser¬ vation, without specifying the individual occupants between those limits. The proper reading of *tfltshould be , as in Num. xxii. 1, xxvi. 3, 63, etc. Yer. 6.—After the suffix is manifestly omitted. Yer. 8.—Upon the somewhat confused phrase Cellarius remarks, “ forte quod dedecus, neminem a morte eximi; vel fletus nimius , quod indecorum dolori in- dulgere.” I have doubts about the genuineness of this pas¬ sage, which it would be superfluous to give here. GENESIS, I. * btv^a • Afire * Bfor^re”- 1 * Afir • bjbjza ’-^zv * Bf a?a^v >3 i * rmA • Zv * Bta^vre • m^m^x * b^a*^ * a^ • bt S7<\xx 2 : Bffira * rittA * Zv * 33^^ ’ bcbcZa * : b^bja * ^Bft * XX%X * <\Bft ’ BreBf ’ Bf^ZA ‘ <\^A^ 3 * % ** t saxx : sv • aZbc * Bf^Bft ’ Afir * BfBfZA * %A^x 4 : Bfa^ • ^fim * Bf^Bft * ^mrs * BtBfZA * VVi^ • BfiS^ZV * *3^firA * Bf^BftZ * BfBfZA * VV^T 5 -<: Bt^^ • Bf^refir * ‘vwn ’ BreBre * * BreBre ♦ BjfrrZ/rrZ * • Bfrires * tre^firas * BffirAap * BreBf * ttlx * ^xx 6 • BtnrisZ ’ Btfira * ^rrrs * • BreBre * Bf/rrii5 * t^/TTS * XXXC \2AX • BfflTA31P * A fit * BfBfZA * <^3Vt 7 * BtnrAzwZ * Zvz^^ • Brora * t^om * BforA^PZ * firAira°? : * BreBre * **ra^ * BreBre : Brorat 1 ** * BrorA ml * b^Za * vwa^x 8 - <: BftnfaA siirejrr • * BreBre ' flTAS^ * Bifira * ‘ZX^XAltt * BTBfZA ’ °\^XX 9 * BT^re * BTA^fir * VA^AAX l BT^ * SAAZ ’ BTfira^ * * ^X^i&SZX * • BTV^A • BfA^OfZ * Bf^ZA * VV^*? 10 : 3V * AZBf * BJBtZA ’ %A^X l BC/TT^nT * * ^ffTT^S ’ BTV^^ ’ 3^V * SAflT * BTVSA * 2 to visit, command ^°^V2 precept Jlf 0 ^ fruit, fruitful Pharaoh to separate, divide; also V°i2 & 2°\2 A°±2 Euphrates l 2^ c \ xxx 2 judgment form, image side, coast c \3'/n morning; opposed to LEXICON. 137 V Z3P a district, region °*3V to bury a sepulchre to approach, touch as a subs., a face ****£? to justify, sanctify a state, city; also and 3£A?2ffir^P seed Z^T to kill ZV a voice *£5tffZ? thunder ( tonitrua ) 3f AXJV2X a beginning a bird, fowl A^V to envy, be jealous of ii5fTfA3P firmament 3 *\¥ to approach, touch ***AS head, top; afoo 3 S great, mighty ^AfTT3S greatness 3S3S same as 3S XS same as PfTf^S remote, distant i£5^S to love 3 ?^S strength, vigour ^ffTS breath, smell void; /em., sapors, Chald. ^i£5S to creep ; as a subs., a creeping thing VS a neighbour m ii5S evening U1 iSA*** desolate, mis-shapen 3(3*" a sabbath V3 UA to swear M 1 " to send the firmament SX** 1 to cover over, to plaster 3fV UA to place, put the heavens S3X m trumpet S^ttf*** plaster Sichem VZ*** to rule to finish, fill up; as an adj., complete Z*** a finishing iiSfTfiiSZ 1 ** peace offerings a name V£S m to hear to serve, obey the suu 3ft 1 ** a year li 138 LEXICON. a step; as a verb, to mock, prevaricate BfA*** same as A iiSX^A an abyss ^XA an ox Aftf^VZA a crocodile 3tfriPA brave, apt, strong ^AfirS^A likeness ‘a DATE DUE | ■ . ' | ■ —.j DEMCO 38-297