f FOREIGN MISSIONS YEAR BOOK OF NORTH AMERICA 1920 BV 2050 .F67 1920 Foreign missions y of North America, ear book 1920 Foreign Missions Year Book OF North America 1920 (Covering the year 19 19) Edited by RODERICK BEACH Assistant Director OF the Bureau of vStatistics and Research Committee of Reference and Counsel OF THE FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, Inc. 25 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK Copyright, 1920, by COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE AND COUNSEL OF THE FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE A Foreword John F. Goucher. ... 5 The Home Base The North American Home Base Charles R. Watson. . 9 The British Home Base Miss G. A. Gollock. . 12 The Continental Home Base 17 The South African Home Base Amos Burnet 19 The Australasian Home Base 20 Field Reviews Latin America Samuel Guy Inman. 23 Asia China Lewis Hodous 33 Chosen William E. Lampe. . 38 French Indo-China Lewis Hodous 41 India John Clark Archer . . 42 Japan William E. Lampe. . 50 Malaysia John R. Denyes .... 54 Siam Hugh Taylor 59 Former Turkish Empire and Persia. . . . Stanley White 61 Turkey in Europe, Armenia, Anatolia . James L. Barton .... 61 Syria and Palestine Stanley White 63 Arabia and Mesopotamia William I. Chamber- lain 67 Persia Robert E. Speer .... 69 Africa Egypt James G. Hunt 71 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan " 73 Negro Africa John M. Springer . . 74 Oceania The Philippines P. H. J. Lerrigo.,. . 89 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS General Articles page Missions of the Roman Catholic Church . . Joseph F.McGlmchey 97 Geography and Missions Samuel W. Boggs. . . 104 Selected Bibliography of Recent Literature Relating to Foreign Mission Work . . . MissHollisW.Hering in Miscellaneous Information The Treaty of Peace as Affecting Foreign Missions Bureau of Statistics . 149 General Tables . . ■. . ^, . i f^r —^^1- . 1 :y rfV ' * .155 Postal Rates ** . 157 Directory Canadian Societies Bureau of Statistics . 162 United States Societies " . 170 International Societies " . 232 Foreign Societies '* . 233 Statistics Table L Incomes Bureau of Statistics. 265 Table IL Missions to Europe " -274 Table III. Missions to Latin America .. . " -274 Table IV. Missions to the Non-Christian World " . 280 Indexes Directory of Mission Society Officers 293 International System of Initials 301 Index 314 The Continental Home Base J. W. Gunning 342 A FOREWORD "The Foreign Missions Year Book of North America" for 1919, issued by the Committee of Reference and Counsel by order of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America, received such an appreciative welcome that the entire edition was exhausted in a surprisingly short time, and all through the year applications were received for additional copies which could not be supplied. This was a gratifying return for the laborious task involved in assembling, from so wide a range, the record of such a variety of facts and classifying the material for ready reference in the initial volume of what it is hoped may prove to be a continuous series reaching far into the future. Its varied and inclusive content, its brevity of statement, its accuracy of detail seem to serve a growing demand of this busy, progressive and increasingly scientific age. In the evolution of the Kingdom of Christ, the various branches of the Church and the different peoples of the World are drawing closer together. Every ethical organization is becoming interested in similar organizations and their activities and accomplishments are matters of concern to all others. Therefore, the demand for such a compilation seems to be a normal one. Facts are fundamental to conclusions and the fuel of enthusiasm. The inexhaustible reservoir of facts in the "incomparable Mis- sionary Research Library," its corps of experts, working with Mr. Burton St. John, Director of its Bureau of Statistics and Research, the cooperation, available on call, of the Secretaries of all Boards in America engaged in Foreign Missions work, and the special commit- tee in charge of preparing and issuing the Year Book, together with their growing experience in this particular work, make possible continual improvement. Some evidence of this may be found in the present volume. While it is not as perfect as its compilers hoped it might be, nor as it is hoped its successors may be, it will prove valuable to the very busy leaders of thought and strategists in method who appreciate accuracy and prize the most up-to-date information available. Cordial thanks are extended to all who have assisted and especially to those who have given their generous cooperation by preparing the articles to which their names are attached. John F. Goucher, Chairman, Committee on Bureau of Statistics and Research. THE HOME BASE THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASE Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D. The Methodist Centenary One of the most powerful influences affecting the programs and activities of foreign missionary agencies in North America during the year 1919 was the remarkable success achieved by the Methodist Episcopal Church in its Centenary Movement. Aiming originally at $80,000,000 for a five year program, the splendid figure of $113,000,000 was reached in gifts and pledges by the Northern Church; while the Southern Church reached the high figure of $54,000,000. Such success became a challenge to all the Churches. Nor was it the financial result that constituted the chief challenge. Long before the final financial result was known, the high aims, the comprehensive program and the thoroughgoing educational methods adopted by the Methodist Centenary Movement had stimulated other bodies, so that in a great number of churches Forward Movements were launched. The distinctive characteristics of these movements were: first, a unification of the plans of the several Boards within such Churches, resulting in a unified budget, a unified campaign of education and a unified canvass for funds, within each Church ; second, a serious effort to survey the responsibilities of each Church so as to discover the full scope of the task, measured in money, workers and spiritual dynamic ; third, an attempt to work out a five year program looking toward the accomplishment of the task. The Interchurch World Movement The logical result of the wide adoption of these conceptions, methods and plans was the proposal for an Interchurch Movement which would unite all the Churches of North America in a survey of the task of American Protestantism, in a campaign of education and finally in a campaign for funds, whose national character, united appeal and comprehensive scope w^ould make it irresistible. The proposal was submitted to the Foreign Missions Conference at its annual meeting at New Haven, Connecticut, January 14-17, 1919, and received hearty endorsement. It was similarly endorsed by other missionary and Church conferences and became organized under the title of "The Interchurch World Movement." As its program affected the home base programs and activities of all the Churches, this Movement may properly be said to constitute the most outstanding and determining feature of the Home Base activities of all the missionary agencies of North America for the year 1919. The record of the varied undertakings of this Movement, both upon 10 THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASE its own initiative and through the Forward Movements of the coop- erating Churches, would constitute a volume, for which there is not even space for a summary here. The following may be enumerated among the most important services being rendered by the Movement to foreign missions : it is carrying still farther forward the surveys of foreign mission fields, previously undertaken by individual missions or by inter-mission agencies ; it is forcing a definition of the requirements of the task for a period of five years ; it is accordingly challenging the Churches to make adequate provision for these defined needs ; it is coordinating as never before in a unified plan the separate foreign missionary efforts of North Ameri- can Protestantism ; it is suggesting cooperation at the Home Base in innumerable directions never contemplated before; it is develop- ing among the Churches of America a wholesome sense of spiritual unity as they labor for world evangelization. Canadian Advance and Cooperation A separate organization of the Interchurch Movement was effected in Canada with much the same methods and objectives. With char- acteristic effectiveness, the Canadian societies were working in practi- cal cooperation some time before the organization of the Interchurch World Movement, Peace Conference Negotiations American missionary boards followed with much interest and anxiety the negotiations of the Paris Peace Conference. Recogniz- ing that property interests representing millions of dollars were invested in lands affected by the Peace settlements, steps were taken to make representations such as might safeguard religious and missionary liberties in the future, particularly in ex-German and ex-Turkish territory. The Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions was charged with this task, and Drs. Barton, Mott and Watson represented the American section of this Committee at Paris. Unsuccessful efforts were made to secure a paragraph in the Covenant. A clause in the Treaty with Germany saves the properties of German missions from confiscation and makes them "trust property" which will be entrusted to approved missionary agencies for carrying on the work in behalf of the native populations. It is expected that when the Mandates are issued there likewise will be a section inserted to safeguard missionary liberties. The whole future of the League of Nations bears a vital relationship also to this question. British Regulations Governing Missions As a result of War experiences and the War situation the British Government enacted certain regulations governing the admission of missions and missionaries to British territories. These regulations, which exclude German missionaries, commit to the Committee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America the task of scrutinizing the applications of American missionaries for admittance to British territories. THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASE ii Special Aid from American Societies German missionary work in areas from which German missions were excluded continued to be the object of special assistance from America, in part by funds contributed through the Committee of Reference and Counsel and in greater part by assistance extended directly by American societies operating in the same countries, as the Presbyterians in Kamerun and the Lutherans in India. The famine in India led to a special appeal for funds and over $220,000 were sent over to relieve the suffering. Aid to devastated areas in France came within the scope of the appropriations of several churches. Deputations to Foreign Fields With the termination of the War, a great number^ of boards recognized the imperative necessity of sending abroad their executive secretaries or still larger deputations, to study the changed situation in the mission fields committed to their care. The survey work of the Interchurch World Movepient stimulated such special investiga- tions. An Educational Commission went to India consisting of Principal A. G. Eraser and Miss M. M. Allan from Great Britain and Prof. D. J. Fleming, Ph.D., representing America. The Federa- tion of Woman's Mission Boards arranged to send a large deputa- tion, made up of representatives of the leading woman's boards, to China and Japan, to study problems there in connection with work for women, and it is planned that another deputation later should go out to India. These groups will both work in close cooperation with the Interchurch World Movement and the Continuation Com- mittees on the fields. The Committee of Reference and Counsel released Mr. C. H. Fahs, secretary of the Library Committee, for a trip which carried him to Japan, China, India, Africa and Great Britain and yielded large returns in material of priceless value for research purposes. Among the executive officers of lead- ing missionary boards who went abroad for purposes of missionary investigation and survey were the following : James L. Barton, C. H. Patton, Stanley White, Stephen J. Corey, J. H. Franklin, Paul de Schweinitz, F. M. North, and A. E. Armstrong. The Young Men's Christian Association The War work of the Young Men's Christian Association led to the extension of the work of this Movement to a number of foreign lands, such as Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Rumania, Greece, and to the necessity of enlarging the scope of the work in fields previously entered, such as China, India and sections of Africa. Student Volunteer Movement The Student Volunteer Movement holds its delayed Quadrennial Convention at Des Moines, la., December 31, 1919, to January 4, 1920. 12 THE BRITISH HOME BASE General Financial Record Reports from the larger Churches indicate a marked increase in gifts to foreign missions for the year ending in 1919. The total for North America is $30,872,882 which is an advance of $8,690,059 over the report for 1918. It is noteworthy that about one half of this advance was in the mission boards of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In Canada, despite the much heavier drains caused by her longer participation in the war, there was an advance of over sixteen per cent. _ ^ THE BRITISH HOME BASE Miss G. A, Gollock Situation Among the Societies The year 1918-19, which has seen the close of the world-war and the slow and troubled dawning of the day of Peace, has been a period of lights and shadows in British missionary wopk. The "Survey of the Effect of the War upon Missions," the first chapters of which appear in the October number of the International Review of Missions, will give within the next four issues some idea of the extent to which missionary operations were interrupted and plans put out of line during the period of the war. The Year's Finance On the one hand the income of the larger mission boards shows an increase. The Baptist Missionary Society reports a gain of ii4,400 on their general funds and nearly £2,000 on their Women's Association. The China Inland Mission received in Great Britain in 1918 over i2,6oo more than in the previous year. The Church Missionary Society, not including its Thankoffering Fund, increased by over ii2,ooo. The income of the London Missionary Society from ordinary sources was £9,600 above that of the previous year, though that income was a record one. The Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel reports an advance of £19,000, the income from donations, subscriptions and collections for the General Fund being fifty per cent above that of fifteen years ago. The United Free Church of Scotland shows a very small increase in income from living donors, but the funds of the Women's Committee have gone forward. The Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society has risen more than £14,400 over a record income of last year. A five per cent increase was asked for ; a ten per cent increase has been given. The Women's Auxiliary has also gone forward in receipts. But on the other hand growing expenditure constitutes a grave and pressing problem. At a time when every Society hears the call to move forward the heavy loss on exchange cripples advance and bids fair to imperil the maintenance of existing work. The China Inland Mission reports that £1,000 will not now buy as much silver in China • THE BRITISH HOME BASE 13 as could be bought for ^400 in 191 5. The Church Missionary Society states that its loss on exchange in the past year amounts to £58,000. The London Missionary Society finds the cost of silver exchange particularly has amounted to iio,ooo in the year. Loss under this heading has sent the expenditure of the United Free Church of Scotland up £2,400 in its Manchuria Mission alone. The Wesleyan Mission reports that owing to exchange they lose in China £79 on every £100, and in India £25 on every £100. During 1919 it is estimated that the Society will lose in this way about £39,000.^ When to all this is added the fact that the increased cost of living is press- ing so heavily upon missionaries that, at the request of several of the societies, a committee has been appointed to report on the whole situation as to their salaries, it becomes apparent that missionary finance is facing problems more serious than any which confronted it during the war. There has been in Great Britain no parallel to the Interchurch World Movement in America. The London Missionary Society, however, is sending its Home Secretary to America to gather sug- gestions for a strong new propaganda at the British Home Base. Meantime, general societies have initiated thankoffering schemes. The Church Missionary Society is asking for a Peace Thankoffering of lives and £500,000 ; the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel for a Peace Thankoffering Fund of not less than £250,000. Missionary Forces Tabular Statements in the "Survey of the Effect of the War upon Missions," to which reference has already been made, show how seriously the forces of British Missions have been lessened during the war. Twelve of the larger British Societies had actually on the field in 1918 a foreign staff of 4630 as against 4899 at the beginning of the war. The new missionaries sent out in 1917-18 by the same twelve societies were sixty-three as against two hundred and forty- five at the earlier date. In 1918 India received from them a rein- forcement of twenty-eight as against a previous ninety-six, China nine as against fifty-four, Africa seventeen as against fifty-four, the Near and Middle East four as against fourteen. And now, when recruiting work begins to be active and all societies are urging the need of men and women for waiting work, the terrible effect of the loss of so much of the best young life of the Church is being realized to the full. A long and responsible task in the preparation of missionaries lies ahead. The Passage Problem During the war period it was so difficult to obtain permits for women missionaries that a Missionary Passport Committee was formed and succeeded in getting over two hundred and fifty pass- ports up to July, 1919. By that time, however, the problem of shipping accommodation became so acute that the societies found it necessary to take concerted action. At the time of writing steps are 14 THE BRITISH HOME BASE ' being taken to see what provision can be made for the autumn contingent of British missionaries waiting to proceed to their fields. Other Matters of Interest Among other matters of interest in home organization may be noted the amalgamation effected by the Baptist Missionary Society with its Women's Missionary Association and its Medical Auxiliary ; the union of the Home and Foreign Committees of the Church Mis- sionary Society and the large increase of provincial representation on the new body ; the appointment by the same Society of a Mission- ary Missioner to conduct "Days of Prayer and Gifts," and the holding of a number of "Days of Information for Missionary Speakers" in different parts of the country; the opening of a new Hostel for the Training of Women Teachers and Nurses, also by the C. M. S., the formation of a Candidates' Board by the Baptist Missionary Society and of a Candidates' Sub-Committee of Men and Women by the China Inland Mission ; the development of corporate fellowship, as illustrated by the general conference of the workers of the London Missionary Society followed by a three days' con- ference of missionaries in the autumn of 1919, the holding of the first conference of missionaries by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and the first Summer School of the China Inland Mission; and the raising of an Earthquake Restoration Fund by the English Presbyterian Missions for the devastated area in South China and the initiating of a campaign fund for £100,000 by the Women's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan Methodist Mission. A twelve-days United Medical Missions Exhibition, in which a number of Societies took part, was held in London in June and July. Among the visitors to it were the Queen and Princess Mary. Changes in Personnel The outstanding changes in Missionary personnel during the year have been the resignation of Bishop Montgomery after a seventeen year's secretaryship of the S. P. G. and the appointment of Bishop King of Madagascar as his successor, and the death of Sir Andrew Eraser, K.C.S.I., late Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, a trusted leader and an honored friend whose service to the cause of missions was valued throughout the world. Mr. Kenneth Maclennan has resumed his work as joint Secretary with Mr. J. H. Oldham of the Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, after two and a half years' absence in Government service. Conference of Missionary Societies, June, 1919 The eighth annual meeting of the Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland sat at Norwood from June i8th to 20th. It was reported that three further societies — the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Jerusalem and the East Mission, and the Representative Church Council of the Episco- THE BRITISH HOME BASE 15 pal Church of Scotland — being eligible for membership under the rules of 1912 had decided. to join, increasing the number of societies constituting the Conference to forty-six. The main addresses at the Conference were on Missions and Governments and Relations with American and Continental Missions (Mr. J. H. Oldham), Educa- tional Opportunity at the Close of the War (Sir Michael Sadler, Chairman of the Bengal University Commission), and Co-operation in the Mission Field (Rev. H. Anderson, Secretary of the National Missionary Council of India, and Rev. E. C. Lobenstine, Secretary of the China Continuation Committee). The principles of co-oper- ative finance were also considered at length and an important memorandum was sent forward to the mission boards (See pp. 11 and 12 of the Conference Report). Financial Statement of the Conference The financial statement showed that during 1918-19 British mis- sionary societies had contributed the sum of ^2,672-0-7 to co-oper- ative finance by means of a levy at the rate of 33s per ii,ooo of income on the general account, plus £233-1-9 for the National Mis- sionary Council in India (us per ii,ooo expenditure for the societies working in that field) and £254-11-0 for the China Continuation Committee (22s per ii,OGo). The Conference voted to invite the societies to approve a budget of £3,565 for 1919-20. Of this, £2,050 is for the Standing Committee of the Conference, to cover salaries, rent, office expenses (including removal from Edinburgh) etc., £465 for the Board of Study for the Preparation of Missionaries, £300 for the proposed Press Bureau and £750 for the British share of the Emergency Committee Budget. Contributions at the rate of 40s per £1,000 of income will be required from the co-operating societies if this budget for 1919-20 is to be met. Up to the date of writing the_ Societies have been responding well. It was also agreed to invite further contributions for the National Missionary Council of India, and the China Continuation Committee from the Societies working in those fields, the amount for which each board is re- sponsible being calculated on their expenditure in the mission field concerned. The amount recommended for India was the rupee value of £300 at par, and for China £1,000. Other Recommendations Amongst other matters,^ the plan for a Press Bureau submitted by the Home Base Committee was approved, the necessary support was_ granted, and Mr. Basil Mathews of the London Missionary Society was invited to devote part of his time to the work. The Conference also generally approved of plans put forward by the Horne Base Committee for the establishment of a general illustrated rnissionary magazine for British readers with a view to enlarging the circle of those interested in missions. The London Missionary Society has generously released Mr. Basil Mathews to edit this paper in addition to his work for the Press Bureau. The Con- i6 THE BRITISH HOME BASE ference has no financial liability for the proposed magazine. The United Council for Missionary Education was encouraged by resolu- tion of the Conference to enter the field of more general missionary literature (whether on its own account or as a publishing agency for the mission boards) in addition to its large scheme for graded text books for mission study. The Standing Committee was instructed to keep in touch with the Interchurch World Movement of North America — reports of which were presented by Mr. F. H. Hawkins and the Rev. E. C. Lobenstine — in order to consider whether there are any ways in v^hich missionary societies in Great Britain and Ireland can collaborate. Work of Committees of the Conference: Missionary Liberty The responsibilities of the Standing Committee in regard to the relations between missions and governments entered a new and more critical stage when the Armistice was signed and steps were begun towards a final settlement. After careful inquiry into the actual situation, representations were made during the year to the proper authorities as to the place of missions in the political resettlement of Syria and Palestine, and as to safeguards for freedom of con- science and the carrying on of missionary work in any new interna- tional agreements as to tropical Africa. In conjunction with Dr. J. R. Mott and Dr. Charles R. Watson, representing the Foreign Missions Conference of North America, a statement was submitted to the British and American delegations at the Peace Conference in Paris, urging that in all mandates for the administration of former German and Turkish territories "(i) Freedom of conscience and religion should be guaranteed to the followers of all religions, includ- ing expressly (a) the right to choose freely the form of religious belief and to make a change of faith without incurring any political or civil disability, and (b) liberty to exercise all forms of divine worship publicly as well as privately; (2) that Christian missionaries and other persons engaged in charitable and philanthropic effort should not be hindered in the peaceable pursuit of their calling and should be allowed to purchase and hold land and erect buildings for religious and philanthropic purposes; (3) that there should be no discrimination against missionary schools and that there should be equality of educational opportunity as between private and public schools." Provision for German Missions The Standing Committee has given careful and detailed attention to the needs of missions formerly carried on by German societies. In particular special and successful efforts have been made to ensure that German mission i)roperty should be held in trust for missionary purposes. The British Government having decided to exclude the Basel Mission from India, the Standing Committee guaranteed the sum of ii,ooo to enable the National Missionary Council of India to take over the work in the South Mahratta area, and made repre- sentations which led the London Missionary Society and the THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE 17 United Free Church of Scotland jointly to guarantee a sum of £1,250 for five years and enable the South India United Church to carry on the work of the Basel Mission in the Malabar area. Constitutional Reforms in India An influential committee has been appointed to consider the effects of the proposed constitutional reforms in India on missionary work, and especially on Christian education. This committee is in close touch with the various missionary educational organizations in India. Educational Commission to India One of the outstanding events of the year has been the sending of an Educational Commission to India to study the needs of village education, more especially in mass movement areas. This enterprise has been undertaken in conjunction with missionary leaders in North America. The Commission has as British members the Rev. A. G. Fraser, of Trinity College, Kandy, (Chairman), and Miss M. M. Allan, Principal of Homerton College, Cambridge. The American member is Professor D. J. Fleming, D.D., Union Theo- logical Seminary, New York. Mr. K. T. Paul and probably another will be the Indian members. Mr. Samuel Nasir and Mr. Olcott are also of the party. The Commission left the United States, after a careful study of rural education there, in the end of July, traveling via Japan and the Philippines to India. Plans are laid for un- hurried visits to many centers, and for conference with experienced missionaries, Indian workers, government educational officials and others. The Report of the Commission will he written in India, so that expert advice may be secured. THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE* The Continent of Europe — even more than America — is suffering from a period of unreliable information. The world has been given not facts, but what our Governments have felt it wise for us to accept as facts. This has been true to a marked degree even in the neutral countries of Europe. At times there seems to have been a deliberate endeavor even in Christian circles to create a distrust of the Christian leaders of other lands. Moreover, the suspected un- trustworthiness of published statements has given rise to a decided uneasiness as to what the real status of missionary work is, or as to what may be looked for in the future. The Continental leaders of missionary thought, together with some British leaders and a few from America, fastened great hopes upon the theory of the supernationality of missions. This thought seemed to be a natural concomitant of the idealism so strongly emphasized ♦An article on the Continental Home Base by Dr. J. W. Gunning of Holland was received too late for inclusion here. It has been inserted after the index. i8 THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE by America. The Peace Conference shattered the hopes of these leaders; in fact it took from the German Missionary Societies five- sixths of their foreign work, and left them not the shadow of a hope that this condition would be revoked. What more natural than that the leaders of the neutral countries should therefore wonder as to whether or not the British, and par- ticularly the American leaders, had done all that could have been done to urge action which would have preserved to the German Societies the fruits of their Christian labors of years? Moreover, if it\is an established principle that missionaries may have their work overturned at the word of the controlling Government, what assurance is there that a mission enterprise may be built up with any sense of permanency? If the missionaries must individually pass in review before the governmental authorities, may not the missions themselves become the tools of scheming officials and cease to be independent religious organizations standing fearlessly, even against "spiritual wickedness in high places"? The supernationalism of missions became a lost cause, ims was a rude shock to the once rapidly growing sense of international fellowship in world wide endeavor. In its place there arose doubt as to the future standing of the whole missionary enterprise. Notwith- standing this there has been a steady growth in missionary conviction. Though definite data are not at hand there seems to have been every promise of substantial increase in the incomes of the societies with headquarters in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Holland. France has been so occupied with the intense task of living, that her Protestant groups, at least, have not been disturbed by these con- siderations of international relationships. It was to be expected that in this country there would be a falling off, both of interest and of contributions. The contrary has been true. The Pans Society, the great Protestant Missionary Society of France, which is just begin- ning the one-hundredth year of her history, seems to have shown a devotion beyond anything she has before known The receipts of the Society were greater than ever. Although the deficit also was increased, this was due to the responsibilities assumed m the care of the former German Missions in French territory. From France one gets a clearly optimistic note, while from the countries to the north, the spirit would seem to be rather that of determined persist- ency in the face of an unsatisfactory future. In Germany the spirit runs to the opposite extreme. Ihe sting of military defeat, the chagrin in the loss of the greater part of her missions, the failure of the theory of supernationality of missions, has engendered not suspicion alone but bitterness. This has not been palliated by the persistent though unsubstantiated report that Ureat Britain has lifted the embargo on all Roman Catholic missionaries, of whatever nationality. There has come a dire falhng off of inter- est if one may judge by the appeals being made to the missionary constituency. There is even a distinct questioning as to whether German missions within the next generation can be of any use whatever in the world. THE SOUTH AFRICAN HOME BASE 19 Having given up hope as to their missions in territory controlled by Great Britain or France, they sadly turn to the contemplation of the possible places for future expansion. The Dutch East Indies, South America and China are the fields most frequently mentioned. The larger number look to a building of their missionary future in the Republic of China. The Basel Missionary Society, the great missionary organization of Switzerland, met the same fate as did those in Germany itself. This Society was supported alike by a constituency in Germany and in Switzerland — chiefly among the German-Swiss. Consequently, in Switzerland, there is found much the same temper of mind as exists in Germany. Since there was not the terrible depression, following as an aftermath of war, there seems to be a more ready adjustment to the new conditions and a greater cheerfulness in meeting the future of their missionary work. THE SOUTH AFRICAN HOME BASE Rev. Amos Burnet It would be useless to deny the fact that for a long time the European Churches in South Africa did not do what might be ex- pected in the task of evangelising their heathen neighbours. There are many historical and sentimental reasons to account for this state of things. The last generation had a very vivid recollection of all the horrors of the great Kaffir Wars. Perhaps it was not surprising that their attitude towards the native people was not always sympathetic and, indeed, not always Christian. The Dutch people of the Cape still remember the days when they held the natives in a state of slavery. They resented the abolition of slavery by the British Government, and this to a large extent aflfected their atti- tude towards missionaries and mission work. One is glad, however, to be able to say that there are signs on every hand of a very great improvement in the growth of a very real and influential missionary spirit. The Dutch Reformed Church, which, in numbers and influ- ence, stands at the head of all the churches, has lately developed a very praiseworthy and extensive missionary work. This work is carried on not only in South Africa itself, but also in Nyasaland, where excellent results have been achieved. The Wesleyan Methodist Church, which, in numbers of adherents and members, comes next to the Dutch Church, has a Missionary Society of its own. The income last year was about £14,000. About half of this amount was given by European Churches and the rest by native and coloured congregations. There is a very real missionary spirit in many English Congregations, and many of the native members are exceedingly zealous in spreading the gospel amongst their own countrymen. Other Churches, especially the Anglican and many smaller bodies, have done work which deserves honourable mention. The change in the attitude of European people in South Africa towards missionary work has been very great during the last twenty- 20 THE AUSTRALASIAN HOME BASE five years, and there seems to be a growing sense of responsibility for the condition of the heathen peoples. The position of the country is quite unique. Great masses of heathen people are found here and there and English communities are interspersed. ^ It follows that many Europeans see the most repulsive side of native life, and unless they themselves are convinced Christians they are not likely to be enthusiastic in regard to missionary work. Still the change has been so marked and so general that many of the best people in the country, led by officials such as Lord Selborne and others, have spoken out so strongly as to the duty of the European people who dominate South Africa, that we may fairly expect a very happy increase in the missionary spirit and a very rapid growth in missionary work. In connection with all the churches there have been cases of Europeans born in South Africa giving themselves to missionary labor and their example has not been without a very wonderful effect. The Dutch Churches draw all their workers from local sources, and this is a state of things which other bodies might very well emulate. THE AUSTRALASIAN HOME BASE The Missionary Societies of Australia and New Zealand have given especial attention to work among the Aborigines of Austral- asia and among the people of the Islands of the Southern Pacific. In large measure they have inherited the work of European Soci- eties. Little by little, as they have grown in strength, they have assumed added responsibility. At the present time nearly all their work is independently conducted. Several of the Boards have work in India. A few of their missionaries are to be found, also, in China, Japan and Korea. The Bolivian Indian Mission had its beginning in New Zealand, and the Sudan United Mission has a council with headquarters at Melbourne. Before the war the income of these societies was about three quarters of a million dollars. During the war there was a decided increase. In iQig the rate of increase apparently was not kept up, and there was fear of a slight decline for the year. This uncertainty is laid, not so much to a decline in interest in the Missionary enter- prise, as to a condition due to the epidemic of unrest everywhere prevailing. Notwithstanding this note of uncertainty there was a general call for advance, and several writers wrote hopefully of the prospect of a good increase in the incomes. All societies seem to be facing a most urgent need of candidates. Here, again, there is a spirit of confidence in looking to the future. The return of the troops from Europe, the augmented enrollment in schools, and the general spirit of progress all buttress the conviction that within two or three years the young men and young women will offer themselves in numbers entirely adequate to meet the demands of the Missionary Societies. FIELD REVIEWS LATIN AMERICA Rev. Samuel Guy Inman Growing Interest in Latin America With the signing of peace the attention of the economic world is shifting from Europe to Latin America. Food, room for over- crowded populations, and a market for surplus goods and capital are the great quests of the world, which will compel the wooing of these twenty great, rich, undeveloped nations to the South. The "Continent of Opportunity" Beginning at the Rio Grande and stretching down through Mexico, Central America, across Panama, over Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and the abounding plains of Argentina to the Straits of Magellan is the largest stretch of undeveloped fertile land in the entire world. All the population of the world could find place here and be only one-third as crowded as is Porto Rico. Argentina, far more capable than New York of sustaining a dense population, would have two hundred and twenty million people instead of eight million, if it were as densely populated as that State. Little Cuba has more foreign commerce than China. This is why capitalists, manufactur- ers, steamship directors, food economists, and political leaders in Europe, North America and even Japan are so intently fixing their attention on these fallow lands. A great part of our newly built merchant marine is being assigned to Latin America. The Need of Mission Work This forward position which Latin America is coming to occupy in human affairs forces upon the Christian agencies of the world a condition which must be met quickly and adequately if religion is to exert the supreme influence in the further development and solidifica- tion of these relationships. Mexico. Republic. Area, 767,198 square miles. Population (census of 1910), 15,115,612; (estimated for 1912), 15,501,684, of whom about 3,000,000 are Whites, 7,000,000 Mestizos and 5,000,000 Indians. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. There is no state church and all religions are tolerated. No ecclesiastical body may acquire landed property. British Honduras. British Crown Colony. Area, 8,598 square miles. Population (census of 1911), 40,458; (estimated, 1916), 42,323. Canal Zone. United States Possession. Area, 502 square miles. Population (1917). 35.049- Of these, 18,840 are Americans. Prevailing religion, Prot- estant. Costa Rica. Republic. Area, about 23,000 square miles. Population (esti- mated for 1916), 441,342. Of these, almost all are Whites, although there are about 5,000 Indians and 26,000 Negroes; (18,000 are colored British West Indians.) The religion of the state is the Roman Catholic, but entire religious freedom exists. 23 24 LATIN AMERICA For centuries these countries have been in the main exploited by outsiders; made to yield of their riches to benefit people other than their own. Marked by motives of self-interest and unfair dealing, materialistic forces from without have made paramount issues the possession of such things as gold and silver mines, oil lands, rubber forests and sugar plantations. Imbued from within with a spirit peculiar to themselves and living until recently in semi-isolation, misunderstood and misunderstanding alike, they have been suspicious and distrustful of each other and fearful of us. Experience with Roman Catholicism has caused untold numbers of the intelligent and educated classes to discard religion, disavow allegiance to the Church and become open skeptics, agnostics and free thinkers. Millions more have never even heard the Gospel and are still bound up in their old superstitions and practice. If Christian forces fail to take advantage of the present situation it will mean that materialism will triumph and the radiating influ- ences of spirituality will have no part in shaping the interactions of Latin American future civilization and growth. The Land and the People Latin America, popularly so called, is composed of the twenty republics south of the Rio Grande River: Mexico; Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama in Central America; Cuba, Haiti and Santo Domingo in the West Indies ; and the coun- tries of Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia in South America. These com- bined countries have an area of 8,321,081 square miles and a population of 80,000,000 roughly divided as follows : Whites, 18,000,000; Indians, 17,000,000; Negroes, 6,000,000; Mixed White and Indian, 30,000,000; Mixed White and Negro, 8,000,000; Mixed Negro and Indian, 700,000; East Indian, Japanese and Chinese, 300,000. The Language and Its Literature Eighteen of the twenty republics of Latin America are predom- inately Spanish speaking. Haiti uses French and the 24,000,000 Brazilians, with the exception of their few hundred thousand un- GuATEMALA. Republic. Area, about 48,290 square miles. Population (1903), 1,842,134; (estimated for 1914), 2,003,579. Of these, about 60 per cent are Indians, the rest being half-caste. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. All other creeds have complete freedom. Honduras. Republic. Area 44,275 square miles. Population (1910), 553»- 446; (estimated for 1914), 562,000. Chiefly Indians, vi^ith an admixture of Spanish blood. On the north coast there is a considerable proportion of negroes. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. The church is not aided by the state, and freedom is guaranteed to all creeds. Nicaragua. Republic. Area, estimated at 49,200 square miles. Population (estimated for 1914), 703,540. Of these about 400,000 are Whites and Mestizos, and about 250,000 Indians and Negroes. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. Panama. Republic. Area, 32,380 square miles. Population (census of 1912), 336,742; (estimated, 1916), 450,000, of whom about 300,000 are Whites and Mestizos, and 30,000 Negroes. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. LATIN AMERICA 25 civilized Indians, speak Portuguese. There are about 10,000,000 Indians who can only be reached by their own tribal languages, of which there are a number of varieties. As some of these have not yet been reduced to writing the situation is a difficult one, requiring vigorous treatment if conditions among these people are not to drift along as they have ever since the white man came. The Latin languages, of course, present no serious barriers to interchange of ideas and experience, but it is a lamentable fact that in the Spanish and Portuguese there is practically no Christian literature. For centuries the people have been taught that the Bible is a dangerous book, not to be owned or read except under priestly guidance. The Roman Catholic Church even today does not stimu- late good reading and produces but little good literature. Races and Social Groups A social grouping of the people may place them in three classes: the Indians, the peons, and the aristocratic or landed class. Although there have been some Indians who have risen to promi- nence and some tribes which are noted for the high degree of their civilization before they were subdued by the Latin invaders, most of them are today in a primitive state, ignorant, and almost wholly neglected by social and religious forces. They are absolutely with- out knowledge of the laws of health and live in unsanitary conditions which cause a high death rate. The peons, although the class above the Indians, cannot be con- sidered the "middle class" such as exists in the United States and Europe, as they, too, are ignorant and live in squalor. They are generally oppressed by the upper classes; work for small wages, in some cases barely enough to exist upon ; are too poor to own prop- erty and are usually in debt. This, if they are unable to meet it, is made a charge upon their families and their children are forced to inherit it. The third class includes the wealthy people, the professional men — lawyers, engineers, physicians, journalists, etc., those whose tastes and interests ally them with the upper classes, rather than with the people beneath them. The rich, of course, control everything, live Salvador. Republic. Area, 13,176 square miles. Population (estimated 1916), 1,271,336. Of these, 234,648 are Indians and 772,200 Ladinos or Mestizos. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. Santo Domingo. Republic. Area, estimated, 18,045 square miles. Popula- tion variously estimated at between 600,000 and 700,000, chiefly Mestizos, Indian and Negro blood being largely represented. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. This is the state religion, but other forms of religion are permitted. Bahama Islands (including Turks Islands and Caicos Islands). British Colony. Area, 4,628 square miles. Population (census of 191 1), 61,559; (estimated, 191 7), 64,538. Prevailing religion, Protestantism. Cuba. Republic. Area 44,215 square miles. Population (1916), 2,627,536. About 680,000 of these are negroes, the rest Whites and Mestizos. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. Haiti. Republic. Area, estimated, 10,204 square miles. Population (esti- mated for 1912), 2,500,000, the great majority of whom are negroes. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. 26 LATIN AMERICA in luxury, and give their children every advantage as in other countries. Religious Conditions Roman Catholicism of the type which flourished in the middle ages has been the dominant religion. Since it has opposed all progress and all democratic movements it has largely failed. The thinking people of the nations, especially the young people, the students, are dissatisfied with it, realizing that it provides no way by which they may be Christians and yet true to the laws of the mind, and to the accepted forms of modern knowledge with which their best institu- tions are abreast. In practically every one of the large cities the educated classes either have turned in violent opposition to the Church of their fathers, or have grown so indifferent to it that it has no influence upon their lives. You speak to men who are leaders in philanthropic and educational enterprises about religion and they will say : "What ! Religion ? That is the thing above all things for which we have no use. Religion has been the cause of our revolu- tions ; religion has opposed our progress ; on account of religion from fifty to eighty per cent of our people are unable to read or write. In the name of progress deliver us from religion!" A uni- versity professor lecturing on the "Conception of God" in one of the leading schools in Brazil, said: "The Catholic faith is dead. There is no longer confidence in Christian dogma. The supernatural has been banished from the domain of science. The conquests of philosophy have done away with the old conception of spirituality. Astronomy, with Laplace, has invaded the heavenly fields and in all celestial space there has not been found a kingdom of God. . . . We are in the realm of realism. The reason meditates not on theological principles, but upon facts furnished by experience. God is a myth, he has no reality, he is nbt an object of science. . . . Man invented gods and God that the world might be ruled. These conceptions resulted from his progressive intelligence. The simple spirit refrains from all criticism and accepts the idea of God without resistance. The Jamaica (.not including Turks Islands and Caicos Islands, hut including Cayman Islands, Pedro and Movant Cays). British Colony. Area, 4,207 square miles. Population (census of 19"), 831,383; (estimated for 1917), 906,485. Of these, 15,605 are Whites, 163,201 coloured, 630,181 black, 17,380 East Indian, 2,111 Chinese. Prevailing religion. Protestantism. LtssER Antilles. United States Possessions, Virgin Islands. Area, 132 square miles. Population (estimated), 23,000, mostly negro. British Posses- sions, Leeward Islands (Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, Virgin Islands (Br.), Dominica, St. Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, Montserrat). Area, 715 square miles. Population (census of 19"), 127,193. Prevailing religion. Protestantism. Windward Islands (Grenada, St. Vincent, .St. Lucia). Area, 516 square miles. Population (census of 191 0, 157,264; (estimated for 1917), 175.278. Bar- bados. Area, 166 square miles. Population (census of 1911), 171,982; (esti- mated for 1917), 184,259. Government Grants in aid are made to the Church of England, Wesleyans, Moravians, and Roman Catholics. Trinidad and Tobago. Area, 1,868 square miles. Population (census of 191 1); 333,552; (estimated for 1917), 371,876. Of these, about one third are East Indians, the remainder being of mi.xed negro and white descent. LATIN AMERICA 2^ cultured spirit repels the idea in virtue of its inherent contradic- tions." Any strength which Christianity possesses among the well informed seldom comes from a sense of personal allegiance through faith in God and the saving Christ, but is, rather, based upon political ex- pediency, class interest and inherited religious sentiment. The great mass of womankind, whose educational opportunities have been prescribed, are still loyal to the Church and Roman Catholicism remains the axis on which turns the elite social order in most of the countries. Indifference to Religion Recent investigations, however, have been startling in their revela- tion of the way the working classes are abandoning the Church and drifting into extreme socialism and an antagonism to all forms of religion. In Mexico the revolution has brought about a widespread propa- ganda in favor of anti-Christian socialism, the result of which is seen in the new constitution, which contains the most drastic restric- tions on religious activities ever written into a state document. In Cuba, a recent book, which attacks Christianity, known as "La Religion al Alcance de Todos" ("Religion in the Reach of All"), has reached a circulation of 50.000 copies. It is said that agnosticism is found even among field laborers. In Chile there are continued labor disturbances, and a growing opposition of the working classes to the ruling classes and to the Church which many believe must end in a bloody revolution. In Argentina anarchists are very active among the workmen. The Roman Church is so concerned about this movement that their priests are addressing meetings of workmen on the street corners. In Brazil there have been strikes and food riots in almost all parts of the country. In a strike at Sao Paulo, one thousand rioters were killed. Limited Evangelical Work If one visits only the capital and port cities of Latin America, he will be impressed with the smallness of the evangelical work, but when he visits the smaller cities and towns he will be appalled at the lack of strength. In Mexico there are states with as many as a French Possessions {Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Les Saintes, Desirade, St. Barthelemy. St. Martin). Area, 688 square miles. Population, 1912, 212,430. Dutch Possessions (Curacao Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin, St. Eustache, Saba). Area, 403 square miles. Population, 1917, 57,381. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. There are 50,117 Roman Catholics, 6,616 Protestants and 613 Jews. PoRTO Rico. United States Possession. Area, 3,606 square miles. Popula- tion (census of 1910), 1,118,012; (estimated for 1914), 1,184,489. Of these 50,245 were negroes and 335,192 mulattoes, and 732,555 whites. Argentine Repubt.ic. Republic. Area, 1,153,119 square miles. Population (census of 1914), 7,885,237; (estimated for 1917), 8,574,000. Chiefly Mestizos, but there are about 1,750,000 foreigners, the majority of whom are Italians and Spaniards. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic; there are about 55,000 Protestants and 30,000 Jews. The Roman Catholic Church receives state support, but there is no state church, and all other creeds are tolerated. 28 LATIN AMERICA million population where no foreign missionary works. There are only two hundred ordained ministers, both foreign and native, to preach the gospel to fifteen million people — a parish for each of 75,000 souls. Yet a representative of the Guggenheim interests said before the revolution that practically a million Mexicans, one out of fifteen of the population, were dependent on that and allied corporations. To help Mexico teach the eighty per cent illiterate in her popula- tion, there are altogether one hundred and seventy-seven mission schools. American capital has invested a billion dollars in Mexico. We have invested for missionary purposes little more than a five hundredth part of that amount. Panama is the center of one of the most backward parts of the globe. In two of the five republics of Central America there is no organized Mission Board doing work. Our missions support four schools and one hospital in all of Central America. In little Panama, which owes its very existence to the United States, there is only one missionary preaching the simple gospel of Jesus to three hundred and fifty thousand Spanish-speak- ing Panamanians. There are eight ordained missionaries in the Republic of Venezuela, trying to serve a population of nearly three million. To educate the eighty-five per cent of her population who cannot read and write, there are two little primary schools with a small enrollment. In the whole history of this Republic only one building has ever been erected for school purposes either by Church or State, and that was a military academy. In Colombia, which is larger than Germany, France, Spain and Italy, there are only two ordained Protestant ministers to every million of the population. In Ecuador there is practically no established mission work, and no Protestant church building has ever been erected in that country. In the northern half of Peru, a stretch of territory larger than our original thirteen states, there is not one evangelical missionary. There are ten provinces in this historic Republic, all larger than Holland, where there is no evangelical work. In Bolivia the Evangelical Church has only one hundred members. Great areas in Chile and Argentina are still untouched by evangelical missionaries, and only the fringes along the ocean and river fronts of Uruguay and Brazil are occupied. One missionary couple has recently been sent to Paraguay as the first step toward facing the great problem that country presents. The greatest stretch of unevangelized terri- tory in the world is in the center of South America, including the interior of Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay. An irregular figure two thousand miles long and from Bolivia. Republic. Area, 514,155 square miles. Population (census of 1900), 1,744,568; (estimated for 1915), 2,889,970. Of these (census of 190.0). 920,864 are Indians, 231,088 Wliitcs, 3,945 Negroes, 486,018 mixed. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. The Roman Catholic is the recognized religion of the state, but the exercise of other forms of worship is permitted. Brazil. Republic. Area, 3,290,564 square miles. Population (census of 1900), 17,371,069, (estimated for 1915), 26,542,402, of wliom 8,000,000 are Whites, 8,000,000 mixed (Whites and Negroes), 4,000,000 Negroes and 2,500,000 Indians. Prevailing religion, Roman (Catholic. Absolute equality exists between all creeds. LATIN AMERICA 29 five hundred to fifteen hundred miles in width would only include two or three missionaries. In Northern Brazil there are seven states, with populations ranging from that of Maine to that of New Jersey, with no foreign missionary. Among the Indians Large numbers of the native Indians and negro ex-slave descend- ants in given sections of Latin America are pagan, in some areas without any contact whatever with Christianity, and in many others with too little to affect appreciably either their religious conceptions, their character or their low economic state. They constitute a field of pure missionary endeavor as apostolically conceived, which no body of Christians can ignore who accept responsibility for the world's evangelization. There are 3,500,000 Indians on the plateaus of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, including the former Inca Empire. Practically nothing is being done for them. Going down into the valley of the Amazon and through the lowlands of Bolivia and Para- guay, there are many other millions of Indians — no one knows how many — who still live in their savage state, with no efforts made for them except those of the splendid little band of missionaries of the South American Missionary Society. There are some three million Indians living the tribal life in Mexico and two million more in Central America. No American missionary society is conducting any comprehensive work for any of these tribes. It is one of the most imperative problems before the American Church. Strategic Centers for Missionary Work For South America the following six centers are suggested for strategic stations from which the work could spread: (i) Central Peru; (2) Highlands of Bolivia; (3) Matto Grosso, interior Brazil; (4) on the Rio Negro, Brazil; (5) on the eastern slope of the Andes, Colombia; (6) Upper Orinoco, in Venezuela. Unprecedented Opportunity for Enlarging Our Christian Work in Latin America The people of Latin America are doing more fundamental think- ing than ever before in their history. They have hitherto been ruled more by sentiment than reason. They have rested on the glorious past of the Latin race, have magnified the differences be- British Guiana. British Colony. Area, 89,480 square miles. Population (census of 191 1, including an estimate of 13,000 aborigines in unfrequented parts), 309,000; (estimated for Dec. 31, 1916), 313,859. Of these, about 136,000 are East Indians, 120,000 Negroes, 11,600 Portuguese and 4,300 other Europeans. The Church of England and the Church of Scotland are estab- lished by law, and grants are made to the Roman Catholic Church and the Wesleyan Church and several others. Chile. Republic. Area, 289,829 square miles. Population (1917), 3,870,002. The majority of these are of European descent; (Whites, 1,500 000, Mestizos, 2,100,000, Indians, 1,400,000). Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. The Church is maintained by the state, but all religions are respected and protected. 30 LATIN AMERICA tween Latin Catholics and Anglo-Saxon Protestants, and have minimized the great economic moral bases of American solidarity. They had ceased to regard religion as a real factor in a modern life as they were developing it. But this world war, with its rude shock to their economic progress and to many of their philosophic theories, supposedly beyond attack, has compelled them to re-examine their individual and national relationships and to restate their theories. This spirit of inquiry impresses one profoundly as he talks with men of every status from university professors to laboring men. One of the evidences of this openmindedness and interest in spir- itual things is found in the magnificent welcome given to the North American fleet when visiting Alontevideo. The Dean of the literati of Uruguay, Dr. Juan Zorilla de San Martin, said, in speaking to the boys : "We love the United States as a great collectivity ; we love you as citizens of the United States, but we want you to understand that we love you as individuals. We talk of our common mother — democracy; there is some one else still dearer to us — our common Father." Then, leaving the interpreter, he repeated in a charming broken English the Lord's Prayer. It is worth while to note that Dr. Zorilla is one of the leaders of the Catholic party in Uruguay. Such a man speaking such sentiments on the platform of the Young Men's Christian Association is significant of a new day in South America. Growing Friendship with the United States In the past Latin America has been ruled by Latin sentiment ; her people have considered themselves apart from Anglo-Saxons and opposed to their philosophy of life. They have held it to be un- patriotic to adopt the religion or any other features of North Ameri- can life. This attitude is surely, though slowly, undergoing a change. North America's sacrifice of her profits on munitions with her unselfish entrance into the World War as a crusade for Democracy has given the Latins a real appreciation of her ideahsm and a desire for her friendship. "American Solidarity" has come to be the most popular phrase in Latin America. The establishment of North American banks, steamship lines and many new commercial houses has added much to these closer relations. Trade between the United States and Latin America has increased more than a billion dollars in the last four years. Latin American Students in Our Country The great increase in the number of students from the South coming to this country is another indication of this growing friend- CoLOMBiA. Republic. Area (estimated), 440,846 square miles. Population (census of 1912), 5,071,101, not including about 30,000 uncivilized Indians: (Whites, 700,000; Mestizos, 2,300,000; Indians, 800,000; Negroes, 1,600,000). Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. Other forms of worship are permitted. Dutch Guiana. Dutch Colony. Area, 46,060 square miles. Population (191 7), 91,622, exclusive of Negroes and Indians living in the forests. Prevailing religion Protestant. There is entire religious liberty. There were in 1916, 35,782 Protestants, 18,959 Roman Catholics, 881 Jews, 11,985 Moham- medans, 20,231 Hindus. LATIN AMERICA 31 ship. At the Student Conferences in Northfield and Lake Geneva there were enthusiastic groups of these students earnestly seeking to solve their spiritual problems. The Brazilian government has recently sent to this country twenty-seven graduate students who are to take two year courses in agriculture, forestry, sanitation, and engineering, to return to their country with these North American methods to help develop the marvelous physical resources of their country. The missionary forces have impressed Brazil to such an extent that missionary leaders in this country were requested to meet the students and advise them concerning the institutions they should attend and help them in other ways to get the most out of their stay in this country. Northern Leadership in Latin American Education Many national leaders are turning to North American missionary forces to direct either new institutions or old ones, which, while well equipped, have failed because of lack of unselfish, devoted service on the part of the directors. Often there is frank acknowledgment that they have not the altruistic prepared leadership which they realize can be found only among North American Evangelical Chris- tians. The new day is well expressed by a word, just received from a leading missionary of South America, who has an open door in practically every University of South America. "With the present spiritual unrest that signifies a deep longing for something morally and spiritually better and with the United States standing today beside France in the affections of the South American peoples, one longs to see every North American agency that can make a genuine contribution to the moral and spiritual progress of South America give itself wholeheartedly to this oppor- tunity for Christian effort in South America. No such time has existed since the days following the gaining of their political independence.** Once the Most Neglected of Fields Five years ago Latin America was one of the most neglected and least known of all fields. There had never been held a conference where all the forces came together to consider common problems. There was not a union school, union paper or union administrative French Guiana. French Colony. Area, about 32,000 square miles. Popula- tion (191 1 ), 49,009. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. Paraguay. Republic. Area (estimated), 65,000 square miles. Population (estimated for 1917), 1,050,000. Of these, the larger portion is of Indian blood. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. This is the state church, but the exercise of all other forms of religion is permitted. Peru. Republic. Area, 722,461 square miles. Population (census of 1876), 2,660,881. (This is the last official census return. An estimate for 1896 places the population at 4,620,201, and for 1908 at 4,500,000, but these figures are not trustworthy.) There are about 700,000 Whites, 800,000 Mestizos, 3,000,000 Indians. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. This is the state religion, but full religious liberty is permitted. 32 LATIN AMERICA committee in all Latin America. With the exception of Porto Rico, there was no definite dehmitation of territory. There was no co-operative committee of the Boards to consider its needs. The home Church was ignorant of and indifferent to its claims. North and Latin America had few commercial relations and political rela- tions were very unsatisfactory. Little intercourse was had between intellectual leaders of the two Americas. Few visitors from either people were found among the other. The Committee on Cooperation in Latin America Today all is different. The Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, appointed by the thirty mission boards doing work in those lands, held the Panama Congress at which there were representatives from more than fifty different organizations interested in the spir- itual life of Latin America. ' Seven Regional Conferences in the important centers of Latin America immediately following Panama aided in outlining a comprehensive program for the whole field. Combined Christian forces found in these twenty nations a people united by a similar language, history, government, social structure and ideals, making possible a joint program for this continent and a half. This program, which in its comprehensiveness and practica- bility is astounding to those who have not followed it step by step, has been developed by the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. Accomplishments in Cooperation The outstanding accomplishments for cooperation during the year of 1919 have been: 1. The consummation of the proposals of the Cincinnati Confer- ence concerning Mexico and the development of a most inclusive cooperative program for Mexico, outlined in detail^nder the head- ing, Mexico. 2. The Surveying of the virgin mission fields of Hayti and Santo Domingo and the development of a union plan for occupying that field. 3. The beginning of a monthly review, "La Nueva Democracia," which will circulate in all parts of Latin America. 4. Cooperation with the Interchurch World Movement, making the surveys in Latin America for them, and drawing up for them a five year program, budgeted in terms of men and money for each Latin American country. 5. Arranging for a Regional Conference in Central America for the spring of 1920. 6. Employment of a Secretary of Literature for Brazil, a Secre- tary for Education in Mexico and a Secretary for the Committee on Cooperation in Mexico. Uruguay. Republic. Areas, 72,153 square miles. Population (estimated 1917). 1,378,808, chiefly Mestizos and Whites, with about 100,000 Indians. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. There is no state religion, and com- plete toleration exists. CHINA 33 7. Publication of a directory of missionaries, mission schools and periodicals in Latin America. 8. Preparation in Spanish of the first General Commentary on the Sunday School Lessons for the ensuing year. 9. Beginning the publication of Temperance literature in Spanish, which will become an increasingly important function of the Com- mittee on Cooperation. 10. The beginning of the Union Evangelical Seminaries in Porto Rico and Brazil. 11. The opening of the Union Book Depository in Santiago, Chile. Venezuela. Republic. Area, about 398,594 square miles. Population (offi- cial estimates for 1917), 2,827,762,* of which 2,000,000 are Mestizos and Whites, 550,000 Indians, 200,000 Negroes and mixed. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. This is the state religion but toleration for all others exists. * Very much questioned — most say that 2,250,000 is nearer the truth. CHINA Rev. Lewis Hodous, D.D. Political Situation The outstanding event of the year was the awakening of public opinion against the regime of the military governors, especially their subservience to Japan. These military governors or tuchuns, as they are called, are quite independent of the central authority. In the northern part of China they have formed a coalition and are back- ing up the Parliament and government in Peking. In the south they have a loose organization with its center at Canton. During the early part of 1918 these two governments were at war with each other. Japan was supplying money to both sides and was not deal- ing with them as governments, but with specially selected individuals. After the signing of the armistice in Europe Japanese loans for war purposes ceased and the tuchuns appointed an internal peace con- ference which met in Shanghai. This worried along, hampered by the military governors, and finally the members resigned. There are now plans to resume the peace conference. There is no doubt that this will be done and peace made in the near future. China and the Peace Conference The meeting of the Peace Conference in Paris aroused high hopes in China. The delegates representing China were strong men and on the whole did their work well. When it became evident that China. Republic. Area (including Mongolia and Tibet), 3,913,560 square miles. Population (Mr. Rockhill's estimate), 329,617,750. The prevailing religions are Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. "Probably all Chinese (not Mohammedans or Christians) profess and practice all three religions." There is no state religion, but Confucianism is the basis of the ethical teaching in the government schools. There are between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 Mohamme- dans (Mr. Marshall Bromhall's estimate), 1,956,205 Roman Catholics, 654,658 Protestants and 5,500 Russian Orthodox Catholics. In the south of China are a considerable number of aboriginal tribes who are Animists. 34 CHINA German interests in Shantung were to be transferred to Japan the merchants and students of China and Chinese all over the world sent urgent telegrams to Paris advising the delegates not to sign the treaty without reservations on Shantung. The delegates finding it impossible to make reservations or obtain any written agreement from Japan as to the return of Kiaochau refused to sign the treaty. When the failure of China at Paris became known the students and merchants organized a nation-wide strike, and inaugurated a boycott of Japanese goods. They compelled the three men most responsible for putting China under the power of Japan to resign. The strike was so effective that the military governors were com- pelled to sit up and take notice because this national spirit was pene- trating their retainers so that Japanese borrowed money could no longer hold them. The boycott has been successful. Those who know the situation intimately state that Japanese trade was cut fifty to seventy per cent. The serious part is not the stoppage of trade, but the earnest efforts to produce goods in China formerly imported from Japan. Awakening of the National Spirit The most pressing problem before the government of China is the disbandment of the soldiers and the dispossession of the military governors from their position of power in various sections of the country. More than fifty per cent of the revenues of the country are being used for military purposes. Last year the deficit was two hundred million dollars. On all sides the awakening of the national spirit is regarded as a most hopeful factor in the whole situation. The movement was nation-wide, orderly, well organized and very efficient. If rightly used it will result ultimately in the relegating of the military gov- ernors to their proper place and establishing the power of the civil population. The International Consortium The formation of the International Consortium to finance China is a sign of progress. It is hoped that the operation of this body will tend to obliterate the spheres of influence, bring about the inter- nationalization of China's railways and put the country on a sound financial basis. Industrial Progress Industry is progressing. Chinese raise now two and a half million bales of cotton. They have in operation over a million and a half spindles and five thousand power looms besides tens of thousands of hand looms in the villages. The government dockyard at Shanghai is building four ten thousand ton boats for the United States. The silk industry is being revived and efforts are being made to resuscitate the tea trade. CHINA 35 Foreign Trade The foreign trade of China reached its highest record in 1918, amounting to $1,241,645,903 in U. S. currency. This record was at- tained in spite of internal disorganization and the high silver ex- change. The U. S. dollar has dropped to $.86 Mex. A few- years ago it exchanged for $2.50 Mex. Of this trade more than two- fifths was with Japan. The United States holds second place with 12.96 per cent to its credit. Education The statistics of government education for 1915-1916, the latest available, reveal some advance in education. In this year there were 4,294,251 students in schools of all grades as compared with 2,933,387 in 1912-1913. Not only in numbers, but in scope and effi- ciency some progress has been made. Vocational and physical edu- cation has been promoted. Popular education has been extended by means of libraries, lecture halls and public reading rooms. Teacher training has been emphasized. The Boy Scout movement is taking root in the schools. The use of Phonetic Script is spreading. Near Peking over 100,000 have learned to use the new Script. Just re- cently the governor of Shansi ordered two million and a half primers for teaching this Script. The frequent educational missions to foreign lands reveal the desire of the government for improve- ment. The ending of civil war and retrenchment of military ex- penditure should stimulate educational progress. Opium Reform In January the government purchased the remaining stocks of opium from the Opium Combine for twenty-four million dollars Mex. currency and consigned it to the flames. The International Anti-opium Association was organized with branches in different parts of the country. It has prevailed upon the Paris Peace Confer- ence to adopt the Hague opium convention. Social Ferment On all sides there are evidences of social ferment. The cities are improving their roads and installing electric lighting plants. Over eighty cities are now lighted by electricity. They are adopting measures which will gradually improve the sanitary conditions. A new literary movement on the part of the younger men is attracting attention. It favors the use of the vernacular in literature. The men of wealth are promoting education for boys and girls, establish- ing trade schools and enterprises for social amelioration. This social awakening is bound to make itself felt in the political life of the nation. Missionary Work — Expansion The missions have been looking toward the regions beyond. Durinsr the war the missions from the neutral countries, Norway, 36 CHINA Sweden, and Denmark have been increasing their staffs and enlarg- ing their work. Tibet is opening up to missionary activity. The C. I. M. and the Foreign Christian Missionary Society have begun work in this long closed country. The Tibetan Tract Society was established and printed and circulated 50,000 tracts among Tibetans. The Presbyterians are opening work among the Tai races in Yunnan. The Christian and Missionary Alliance has been extending its work in French Indo-China. The Salvation Army has occupied several cities in North China. Its paper, the War Cry, has reached a circulation of over six thousand copies all paid. The American Board has set off Shaowu, formerly a station of the Foochow mission in western Fukien, as a mission. The Methodist Episcopal Church is on the eve of a great forward movement in evangelistic and educational work. China is ready for the Interchurch World Movement. The Chinese merchants of Singapore recently promised about a million dollars for a college in response to the Methodist Centenary. Mission Universities and Medical Schools During the year two union Universities have completed their organization. Peking University elected Rev. J. Leighton Stuart, D.D., as its first president. The Fukien Christian University elected Professor Edwin C. Jones, M.A., as its first president. The latter institution also conferred the degree of B.A. on_ five graduates under its charter from the Regents of the University of the State of New York. The Christian Educational Association has outlined a large policy in teacher training and vocational education. The survey of Christian education is progressing. The total number of students in Christian schools reported for the year 1917 was 194,624. The China Medical Board is completing the buildings of the Medical School at Peking. The first class was admitted this fall. The Board is considering plans for a medical school at Shanghai. ^ It is supporting premedical departments in St. John's University at Shanghai and in the Fukien Christian University. Facing the Cities The Protestant forces in the large cities have been getting together and facing the problems of the city as a unit. ^ At Nanking they have formed a Provisional Church Council uniting the work of eleven different missions. They plan a headquarters, a survey of the city, a definite evangelistic program and the organization of Chinese laymen for civic reform. Similar cooperation is taking place at Canton, Tientsin, Foochow, Hangchow, and other large cities. Church Union The Lutheran churches have made progress toward organic union. Several of the home Boards have assented to the proposed consti- tution adopted by the General Conference, Kikungshan, in 1917. The various committees on the field on organization, ritual, and the CHINA 37 hymn book, will finish their work before 1920 and it is hoped that the second General Lutheran Conference will be held then. The preliminary work to establish a union Lutheran college in central China has been completed and proposals have been made for the founding of a Lutheran University at Hankow. The Lutheran paper published at Hankow which has been circu- lating among the Lutheran constituency for the last five years has been made into a weekly. In South Fukien the Presbyterian Synod and the Congregational Provincial Council have adopted a plan for the union of the two bodies. There is now in South Fukien, barring the Seventh-Day Adventists, one union church, indigenous, self-administering and practically self-supporting. The representatives of the Presbyterian churches, the churches established by the London Missionary Society and the American Board met at Nanking in January and adopted a plan which will eventuate in the organic union of these churches. A preliminary doctrinal basis has been adopted. The Presbyterian Synods and the Congregational churches all over China are giving their hearty approval to the union. The union has also been approved by the United Brethren and the English Baptists. The spirit of union is in the air and several denominations are carefully considering their attitude toward the whole movement. The broad evangelical basis, the local church autonomy and the possibility of local and national cooperation make the plan flexible and practical and commend it to many denominations who are realizing the need of a united witness for Christ in China. The Survey of the Continuation Committee The survey of Christian work by this committee has made sub- stantial progress and plans are being made for a conference of leaders in 1920 to consider the findings of this survey. The Christian Literature Council has been organized and is making plans for the promotion of the production and distribution of Christian literature in China. The Committee on Work among Moslems of China has appointed Rev. C. L. Ogilvie as secretary. The Committee has published a book of Moslem terms and the Gospel of Matthew and a Primer prepared by Dr. Zwemer, Social Application of the Gospel The emphasis on the social application of the gospel is growing. The churches are realizing that they must do something toward the transformation of the environment in which they live. At the same time there is a deepening conviction that it is not sufficient to change the mechanism of society. The ideals, values, the motives must be enlarged and the spiritual life of the individual and society must be recreated by the living gospel of Christ. 38 CHOSEN Missions Building The site of the Missions Building at Shanghai has been purchased and plans are being drawn for the building. This building will serve as headquarters for the Christian agencies serving all China center- ing at Shanghai. It will promote cooperation in the evangelization of China. Union Version of the Bible The year has been marked by the publication of the union version of the Bible in Mandarin and one in Wenli, the classical language, authorized by the General Missionary Conference of 1890. Dr. Chauncey Goodrich has the honor of seeing the completed work begun twenty-nine years ago. The versions have the approval of Chinese scholars for their fidelity to the original and felicity of style. A concordance based on the new versions is being published. The Yunnan Mission The company of men and women sent by the Chinese churches to Yunnan reached the province and was received enthusiastically by the Christians, the missionaries and the officials. They are investi- gating conditions with a view to starting home missionary work supported by the churches of China. The "Gospel Bell," an occasional bulletin in English and Chinese, is keeping the movement before the public. The Outlook The religious situation is full of promise. The leading members of the middle class are turning toward Christianity and are finding it a source of strength for their emerging personality and a broad foundation for the new social life. The incoming of this class is revolutionizing missionary work. There is a growing national consciousness. There is a deepening sense on the part of the church leaders that the church has a mission to serve the nation and bear a united witness for Christ. CHOSEN Rev. William E. Lampe, Ph.D. A Year of Disturbance All Christian missionary work in Chosen during 1919 was pro- foundly affected by political disturbances. Reports and letters written before the first of March had little reference to the condi- tions which came to a head that day. It would seem that the native Christians, wishing to not involve the foreign missionaries, went ahead with their plans without confiding in the missionaries. The Chosen. An integral part of the Japanese Empire. Area (estimated), 84,000 square miles. Population (census of 1915), 16,278,389. Of these, about 12,000,000 are Confucianists and Ancestor-worshippers, 3,000,000 arc Buddhists, and 800,000 Animists (estimated only). There were (1917), 219,000 Protestants and 87,000 Roman Catholics. CHOSEN 39 storm broke on the first of March and for the next six weeks terror reigned. Causes of the Uprising Following a series of preliminary steps, as a result of which her hold was more and more strengthened, Japan practically annexed Chosen in August, 1910. There is no question that the land has been benefited and all of the people have been greatly helped under Japanese rule. There is hardly one item that enters into the physical welfare of the people in which there has not been very commendable progress. The Koreans claim, however, not without some degree of right, that moral conditions have greatly deteriorated since the advent of the Japanese. There is no denying that Japan has been almost ruthless in her treatment of the people of Chosen. Possibly it has been necessary to rule with a firm hand. Japan's military system, as it worked itself out in Chosen, brought suffering and wretchedness to the people, and called forth expressions of indigna- tion from the whole civilized world. There is no space in this brief review to give a bill of particulars, but the facts are on record and admitted even by fair-minded Japanese. Manifesto of Independence A proclamation of independence in behalf of the people of Chosen was signed and issued on March i, 1919, by thirty-three persons, fifteen of whom were members of the native cult Chundo Kyo, — the Heavenly Way Association, — fifteen Christians and three Bud- dhists. The movement had been so secretly organized that even the secret police of the government did not know what was going to happen. In a very few days it spread to all parts of the land and police, gendarmes and soldiers were called out to disperse the crowds and arrest the leaders. During the first few days no very rough methods were used, but gradually more and more brutal methods were employed. Official records show that at least five hundred Koreans were killed and several thousand wounded, and it is likely that the number was very much larger. Scores of churches were burned and more than half of all of the Korean pastors were thrown into prison. The Church is strongest along the Manchurian border provinces, and there are some thousands of Korean Christians living across the border in Manchuria. Very many of the churches of these latter were also destroyed. Intent of the Japanese It is only natural that the Japanese should look upon the Christian Church in Korea with somewhat of suspicion and even with fear. The Christians have been leaders among the people. The growing power of any organization would attract the most careful scrutiny of the government. The native Church took no part in the movement for independence, but the pastors and many of the Christians did so as individuals. Eight years ago at the time of the "conspiracy" case, 40 CHOSEN when native Christians were tortured and imprisoned, the Japanese seemed bent upon total extermination of the Christian Church. The developments of the last few years and the treatment of the Chris- tians in these last few months indicate that the Japanese fear the growth of the Christian Church in Chosen and would be very glad to uproot it altogether. Result and Present Status The "revolution" has been conducted without resorting to the use of arms, the method being that of passive resistance. The only thing accomplished has been in whatever impression may have been made upon the Japanese and the outside world. The Japanese Government was subjected to great pressure from the people of Japan and other nations. Christians in America joined in the protests against Japanese rule in Chosen. In August Admiral M. Saito succeeded General Hasegawa as the Resident General. Mr, Saito was appointed to conduct a civil and not a military administra- tion. Control of the soldiers and all authority for using them was taken from him. He has begun his administration in a very com- mendable manner. He has received callers in civilian dress and gives assurance that he intends to help the people of Chosen in every possible way. Effect on Missionary Work Christian work has gone on despite the interruption. Of course it has not been possible to hold the regular services of worship, nor to conduct schools in the same way as before. Native pastors have been away from their flocks. Yet with it all the Christians have manifested a wonderful spirit in their suffering and in their martyr- dom. They have shown themselves worthy of their Master. They are more highly respected than ever before and many now look upon Christianity as their only hope, if not in this world at least in the world that is to come. Bible Study The people of Korea have been devoted students of the Bible, but there is now a greater desire than ever before to hear and study the Word of God. They travel long distances to attend a Bible Institute and after spending several days together in study and prayer go away strengthened and more determined than ever to lead others to Christ. Sunday-school work too is progressing. At first the Sunday-school was for the adult Christians and their children. Now the so-called "ragged Sunday-schools" are being organized and a much larger number of children is being reached. Self-support and Expansion The church in Chosen was begun on the principle of self-support. These native Christians out of their poverty have supported the work to a degree that is almost incredible. They are carrying on home FRENCH INDO-CHINO 41 missionary work on a large scale and have sent out several foreign missionaries. Christian Work among the Japanese The dearth of workers has left without pastors nearly one-third of the churches and preaching places where work is carried on among the Japanese. In spite of this fact there has been steady growth, several new stations have been opened and additional work- ers, Japanese and^mericans, have been assigned to the work among the Japanese in Chosen. FRENCH INDO-CHINA Rev. Lewis Hodous^ D.D. French Indo-China is one of the largest single countries as yet practically untouched by Protestant missions. The country is divided into protectorates and possessions. The protectorates con- sist of the vassal kingdoms of Annam, Cambodia, Tong-King and Laos. They are governed technically by the treaties made with France and according to these treaties only the Roman Catholics have freedom to promulgate their religion. The possessions consist of the cities of Hamoi, Haiphong, Tourane and the colony of Cochin-China. The colony is represented in Parliament by one deputy. These are governed by the laws of Paris which allow the Protestants to preach their religion. Occupation The Christian and Missionary Alliance has three main stations : Tourane, in Annam, opened seven years ago ; Hanoi, the capital of Tong-King, opened three years ago ; Saigon, in Cochin-China, opened in 1918. There are two out-stations, Haiphong, the sea-port of Hanoi, and Haichow, a village near Tourane. The Mission owns property at Tourane. Last year property was purchased in Hanoi and the first building erected. This gives a sense of security and permanency to the work. At present this society has ten missionaries with three more under appointment to go forth this fall. The Rev. R. A. Jaffray, of Wuchow in the province of Kwangsi, is acting Superintendent, making two or thr*ee trips a year. The membership at present numbers ninety. Most of these belong to the oldest church at Tourane, which has recently become self-supporting. In Laos, which has become a part of French Indo-China, there are French Indo-China (not including Kwang-Chau-Wan). Consists of one colony and four protectorates; total area, about 256,000 square miles, popula- tion (1914), 16,722,229. French Cochin-China, a direct French colony, area, 20,000 square miles and a total population of 3,050,785, among whom are some Chinese, Indians, and Malays. Annam, protectorate, area, about 52,100 square miles, population, 5,200,000. Cambodia, protectorate, area, 45,000 square miles, population, 1,634,252. Tonking, protectorate, area, 46,400 square miles, popu- lation, 6,119,720. The Laos Territory, protectorate, area, 98,000 square miles, population, 640,887. 42 INDIA three workers of the Swiss Plymouth Brethren. They have two stations and about thirty-nine members. Bible Translation The British and Foreign Bible Society has helped in the publishing and the distribution of Scriptures. The four Gospels, the Acts and the Epistle to the Romans in Annamese are now ready. The Plymouth Brethren have completed the translatioudof the New Testa- ment into the language of the Laos. Outlook The missionaries on the field are hoping that necessary permis- sion from Paris or from local officials will be obtained to enter the other parts of the country from which they are now restricted. In view of this hope the missionaries of the Christian and Missionary Alliance are asking for six new missionaries a year so that at least three new stations may be opened each year. INDIA Prof. John Clark Archer, M.A., B.D. No year as significant as this has ever come round in the Indian calendar. This brief record of it is arranged under conventional headings in an order suggestive of their relative importance in the mind of India, and indicative of the extent of the movements enumerated. The Reform Bill The British promise of August 20, 1917, issued ultimately in a comprehensive scheme of reform which came before Parliament last June as the Indian Reform Bill, passed two readings, and now rests in the hands of a Joint-Committee. With the formulation of this definite scheme and its consideration by Parliament has come oppor- tunity for comment and interpretation. The ends in view are self-government for India within the Empire and the union of India into one political whole as a nation. These ends are not so much in dispute as are the means of securing them. Leading Indians insist that the experiment should have to do not only with the Provinces but with the Indian Government itself. They desire for themselves and the people, so they say, participation at the very top as an in- India. British provinces and native states more or less under 'British con- trol, five French colonies and Portuguese India. Area (including French India, 196 square miles, and Portuguese India, 1,638 square miles, hut not including Aden), 1,804,463 square miles. Population, 315,9731667, including French India, with 268,499, Portuguese India, with 548,772, and the colonies and native states with 315,156,396 (census of 1911). Of these, 217,586,892 were Hindus, 3,014,466 .Sikhs, 1,248,182 Jains, 10,721,453 Buddhists, 100,096 Parsis, 66,647,299 Mohammedans, 20,980 Jews, 10,295,168 Animists and 3,876,203 Christians (1,490,863 Roman Catholics, 1,625,018 Protestants, and 732,368 members of various Ea.stern churches). INDIA 43 centive to ambition along the way. The Bill and the Report on which it is based have furnished much political capital in both England and India. In India definite political parties are assuming form. Nationalists criticise the Report as defective — because it does not measure up to the extreme demands of the India National Congress and the All-India Moslem League, in both of which bodies social and personal enmities, ethnocentrism, and anti-British senti- ment are very conspicuous. The Moderates in general favor the Report but are fearful of the acquisition of power by the Extremists, in whose hands, they believe, reform might be a new form of tyranny. The Liberals support the scheme. They met in their first All-India Conference last October and declared themselves in favor of it and of communal representation, thus speaking out, in the latter case particularly, on a really grave issue. The communal method — by caste or sect rather than by territorial arrangement — would provide representation for the Depressed Classes and non-Brahmins, and for the Christian community. The Council of the All-India Christian Conference submitted last Novem- ber to the India Government a request for communal representation as necessary, at least pro tempore. Christian representatives to be designated either by election or by nomination. With reference to all classes, it is not always easy to define "communities," or to say how many shall be represented. Special committees of Parliament have reported on various aspects of the Reform Bill. One, in favor of a relaxation of Home control over the India Government, the India Council to be purely advisory, and the Secretary of State for India to be relieved of finance by a High Commissioner. Another, that women may not vote. Another has inquired into the administration and organization of the Indian Army, Although the Bill leaves many things to be desired, its passage will mark tremendous advance in the reform of a "wooden inelastic, and antediluvian Government." Various associations, parties, and interests seek modifications and additions, but in general, in so far as India is articulate, she speaks in favor of the Scheme and looks with hopeful expectancy for better days as a self-govern- ing nation of the British Empire.* Unrest throughout the Country This year has seen more than "silent revolution" : disturbances and outbreaks have not been infrequent, particularly in the Pan jab. Last March a conservative Englishman, v/ell-acquainted with India and well-disposed toward her, wrote, "It can scarcely be doubted, how- ever sadly we deplore the fact, that relations between Indians and Europeans are at the moment less happy than they have ever been." * The Bill has become law as this article goes to press. The center of the scheme is a diarchy of a nominated executive council and ministers chosen from an elected legislative body. Communal representation is provided for; and the matter of woman suffrage is left with the Provincial governments. 44 INDIA The Government of India had to meet political danger on several occasions by a rigorous application of the Defense of India Act. These "least happy relations," however, developed in connection with the Rowlatt Act (the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes ' Act, passed in March as an extension of the purely war-time Defense Act). All the Indian members of the Council opposed its passage, and as law it aroused immediate protest throughout the country. Opposition has seemed to be directed not so much at the theory of the Act as at the practice of it, at "the putting of such powers into the hands of high-handed executives and unscrupulous police." Because of its passage the Education Member (a non-Brahmin Indian) of Government resigned. Because of the "severity" of its first application Rabindranath Tagore resigned his knighthood. Criticism has ranged all the way from merely "an extraordinary emergency measure masking as judicial procedure" to "unworthy of a civilized government." At the instigation of Mr. Gandhi and under the auspices of his Satyagraha Sabha April 6th was observed as a day of fasting and prayer in silent disapproval of the Act. This movement remained in operation until July. More violent protests issued in mobs of incendiary,_ robber, and murderous character, the immediate occasion for which, it is claimed, was the Panjab Government's arrest and deportation of Mr. Gandhi who had come from Bombay in behalf of the Sabha. It is true the Act be- came law at an unfortunate time when the Moslems were uneasy regarding the final treatment of Turkey and when the anti-Brahmin movement was under way in Madras. In Amritsar, for example, there was the looting of a bank and the murder of its two English officials— crimes for which twenty men suffered capital punishment. Prompt measures were taken to suppress all disturbances, and out- ward quiet was speedily restored. To meet the charges of "severity" the Home offices have promised to investigate the occurrences. In passing it may be noted that Mrs. Besant approves of the Rowlatt Act. And Har Dyal, once the center of anti-British propaganda in America, now professes to find in British government due considera- tion for India's welfare. After all is said, however, it appears that India looks on England more than ever as an alien administration. "Dominance," even "for India's good," is called undemocratic. There is, nevertheless, wide- spread satisfaction in India over the recent preservation of her integrity, and at the immediate prospect of opportunity and incentive toward self-realization. When the government of India was transferred from the Company to the Crown, it was declared that "administration was to be ac- companied by Ministerial responsibility" to "Parliament, to public opinion, and to the Crown." The India Bill now declares that responsibility shall be concerned not only with the Indian peoples also, but actually devolve upon them. In this connection it is of interest to know that India's two representatives on the Imperial War Council sat also about the Peace Table, the Maharaja of Bika- nir for the Princes, and Sir S. P. Sinha for the Government of INDIA 45 India. Since last January, the latter has been Under-Secretary of State for India in the new Lloyd George cabinet — "the most encour- aging political happening in the history of British rule in India for many a long year." Economic Distress India needs not only constitutional reform but contentment and prosperity, in the words of Lord Sinha. India, that is, the ryot, is very poor. Economic pressure is keen and universal; and many would trace recent political outbreaks to it. "Anna-paisa" (coins) conversation still holds its place of common currency in the bazaar. Only extraordinary circumstances have forced political issues into a place of primacy. It has been a hard year, distressful beyond words. One mission- ary says that "in forty-five years of service he has never known a time of so painful economic distress." Last July in all India there were a million and a quarter persons on relief works or receiving free assistance. In Bombay alone there were 64,000 homeless. The price of grains trebled and quadrupled. Seven dollars bought only eighty pounds of rice in Bengal. Salt, kerosene, and cloth rose to such heights that a policy of State control had to be resorted to under "Defense of India Rules." Exportation of grain, insufficient rains, influenza, and some speculation were added to war as funda- mental causes of the economic extremity.. The Government esti- mates great shortage of crops this year, due to decreased acreage cultivated, and decreased yield. For example, this year compared with 1917-18 stands about as follows : Sesamum : 19 per cent less acreage cultivated, 43 per cent less yield; cotton: decrease of 19 per cent and 8 per cent respectively; sugar cane: slight increase in acreage, but 29 per cent decrease in raw crop ; wheat : same acreage, but prospect of very short yield; rice: 5 per cent and 34 per cent decrease. Industrial Progress A new industrial era is on for India. Having been made more self-dependent by the war, she is competing for Asiatic and world trade, now that the war is over. Industrial chemistry departments are being opened in leading colleges, e. g, Forman Christian College, Lahore. More attention is being given the working classes. Last November, in Bombay, a Workman's Institute was begun. It ac- complished much in the organization of cooperative credit societies in the mills, the opening of night schools and reading rooms, the management of sports, and the provision of medical relief. During the year beginnings were made in the organization of labor ; and the first labor-union strikes occurred, e. g., in Bombay, Madras, and Ahmedabad. An Anglo-American Missionary Commission is studying this year methods of work among villagers. The India Y. M. C. A. is giving added attention to rural work, the organizing of cooperative credit societies, etc. The issue of paper rupee-notes continues, and though they may be had now in books of twenty-five each for greater con- 46 INDIA venience and safety, they are still objectionable to the peasant for they will not ring, and are subject to destruction by water, fire, and mice. Influenza and Famine Plague losses were only about 85,700 as compared with recent averages of half a million deaths yearly. Influenza, however, more than made up the figure. Relief was not at all comparable with the need caused by famine and disease. The Famine Relief Committee of the National Missionary Association distributed Rs 200,000. Vari- ous home boards and agencies contributed when possible. The American Red Cross was appealed to, but could not offer assistance. Aside from the general situation, "thousands of faithful pastors, preachers, and teachers, with their interesting families had hardly half enough to eat." For reasons somewhat connected with the hard times certain of the Kunbi groups of Kathiawad resorted to the sale of their daughters. During last hot season ten thousand girls were married to the highest bidders, at about $325 per head. These cultivators thus found means to buy grain and implements, to pay taxes, and — doubtless a considerable and symptomatic motive — to live above their humble peasant station. A decrease in vital resistance for 1918 is reported for Bombay by the Anti-Tuberculosis Association, being due to overcrowding and insanitation, the high cost of rents and food, and to intemperance. By way of correction for all India, the Government made its first grant in May toward a public health fund, and promises more ade- quate legislation. The Temperance Movement The drink evil has been further curbed. The Government of India has raised the duties on liquor and closed certain liquor shops. The Indian rulers of Bhopal, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Bhavnagar issued, during the year, pronouncements favoring prohibition. The last- named ruler actually abolished a majority of the shops in his domain as a step toward total prohibition — progressive action which makes his recent death seem so untimely. The Caste System The spirit of swift and radical change which exists in India re- garding administration is seen also, although in less emphatic form, in matters of social import. For example, there is strenuous advocacy of wholesale inter-caste marriage and the break-up of the joint-family system. Indians are beginning to realize that village- loyalty and caste- (or sect-) loyalty may harmonize only in one supreme loyalty to the nation as a whole, to humanity, in fact. There is hope that democratic government will aid in the achieve- ment of democratic customs, and that caste and karma may not prove insuperable barriers. In South India caste-feeling grew very intense during the year. Non-Brahmin effort toward communal representation has led to INDIA 47 anti-Brahmin demonstrations. The effort is far more than political ; it was likely forced into being by Brahmin inertia and opposition to social reform. It has its organ in the new Madras "Justice," but is certainly wrong in its conception of all non-Brahmins as forming a "community"; and it is too pronouncedly a Dravidian movement. Its leader, Dr. T. M. Nair, recently died suddenly in London, whither he had gone to espouse the cause. On the other hand, new signs of inter-group fraternity have ap- peared. Sir Sankaram Nair is a leader of both Brahmins and non- Brahmins alike in South India. Two Indian Christians have been elected to the Madras legislature by Hindu majorities. Caste is held in little esteem by the Bombay Hindu Missionary Society. A Bengal Vaishnavite movement has started in the interest of inter-dining and inter-marriage among castes. At the twenty-fifth anniversary dinner of the Madras Hindu Social Reform Association Brahmins and non-Brahmins ate together. The League of Liberal Brahmins readmits to Hinduism converts to non-Hindu faiths, and gives aid to "untouchables." At Jamalpur a Moslem presided at a Hindu re- ligious gathering and laid the foundation stone of their new temple. A Hindu spoke for the first time from the pulpit of the great Friday Mosque in Delhi, and Moslems have been permitted inside Hindu temples in Bombay, Patna, and elsewhere,— all this due, however, to the temporary fellow-feeling engendered by anti-British propa- ganda. On the ground that public school funds are for all, the governments of Travancore and Mysore admit Depressed Classes to the state schools and do not isolate them in separate institutions. The Patel Bill (now before the India Legislative Council) provides for inter-caste marriages, — phenomena which have been actually occurring in all parts of India. The Bill is criticised for not touching child-marriage and polygamy and because it may lead to a multiplication of castes by the formation of new castes from the progeny of mixed marriages. Christian mis- sionaries and other progressives favor the Bill if it be made to insist upon monogamy, civil marriage, and marriages between different religions as well as castes. Among conservative Hindus their own marriage-reform is reducing the cost and time of the ceremony, — a community gain, as well as religious concession. Indian Prison Reform An India Government Commission is now in America investigat- ing prison administration. Which leads us to note that the Govern- ment is renewing its social program which the war interrupted, and which includes not only the improvement of the penal system, but also the reclamation of criminals, measures to deal with charitable and religious endowments, and the protection of the poor and ignorant from usurers. The Indian Syrian Church ^ The ancient Syrian Church of South India has awakened to new life, "has harmonized its divided elements." Some 30,000 members 48 INDIA met in convention, listened to Dr. Eddy and others, and enlisted by thousands for Christian service. Priests and Bishops have planned a program in the interest of the lower classes, whom they have so long ignored. During the convention a coolie outcaste was admitted to fellowship. Mission Advance and Union; Deaths and Retirements Protestant missions continue to baptize converts at the rate of 10,000 a month, and that only a tenth of the available number. Evangelistic efforts of note have occurred during the year, some purely denominational, some of more personal character, e. g., those of Tamil David, and of Sunder Singh, others cooperative. Among the last were: the Mission of Service, under the leadership of Dr. Eddy and a composite party, at various centers ; a series of meetings for both Christians and non-Christians at various points in Calcutta. Other aspects of union effort appeared in the conference (Tran- quebar, May, 1919) between the South India United Church and the Anglican Church which recommended "that the S. I. U. C. choose men who should be ordained by Anglican bishops together with ministers representing the United Church"; in the union of the Basel Mission of Malabar with the S. I. U. C, and the Church of the Khassia and Lushai Hills with the Presbyterian Church; in the transfer of the Hermannsburg Mission to be a "mission of the Joint Synod (Lutheran) of Ohio in the U. S. A.," and the Leipsic Mission to be the Swedish Diocesan Mission. In this last body a holding company was formed and a movement begun to organize a national Indian Church. The Chhota Nagpur Mission has become autonomous under a committee of the National Missionary Associa- tion. For the first time an Indian presided at the S. India Wesleyan Synod. An Indian, Dr. S. K. Datta, has been elected Principal of Forman Christian College. Many Indian Christians — seven in one party, including a deacon of the Syrian Church — have come to America for study. The list of deaths includes : the distinguished Maratha poet and scholar, and a devoted Christian, Narayan Waman Tilak, Rev. Tukaram Nathoji, called "the most helpful Indian preacher of Western India," Bishop Lefray of Calcutta, Metropolitan of India, a Christian statesman and friend of India (Dr. Foss Westcott has been chosen in his stead). Commander Booth Tucker, acknowledged specialist in the India Government on work among the criminal classes, has retired. Non-Christian Religious Movements In non-Christian India, the Satyagraha Sabha (vide above) was a Hindu religious movement, but for political ends and to promulgate Swadeshi vows relating to trade. Its suspension* was preceded by the withdrawal of many leading Indians from membership. They were not quite sure of its value as an instrument of protest, however cordial they might have been toward Mr. Gandhi himself, in whom * It was resumed in the fall. INDIA 49 the masses also have great confidence. Hindus by the hundred thousand resorted to Allahabad on the occasion of the Kumbh Mela (a once-in-twelye-years' festival). The second All-India Cow Conference met in Calcutta, ostensibly in the interest of cow culture, but a symptom as well of an extensive movement which is being organized secretly against cow-killing. It is a movement of the Brahmins, who, unlike the Samurai of Japan, refuse to renounce any right to special privilege. A chair of Comparative Religion has been established in Calcutta University. An indication of the extent of Hindu charities may be had from Bombay's record for the year : $8,500,000 spent on 759 objects, such as temples ($3,500,000), medical relief ($750,000), and education ($2,500,000). A new phase of re- ligious sanction for social reform has appeared in the policy of certain Indians to reinterpret Karma to fit the newer needs. In the words of one of them, "only when Indians as individuals and as a nation realize the full significance of this great doctrine will India be finally purged of all her social and other evils, of which the chief is caste." This is interesting to the Christian not only as an effort to root social reform within Hinduism, but to universalize Hinduism. Educational The loss of funds (by the Roman Catholics especially) occasioned by the war resulted in serious impairment of educational activity. For example, though not merely a question of funds, one enemy mission in Madras had one college, four hundred and seventy- seven schools and 31,000 pupils. A pronounced tendency has ap- peared in certain mission circles to decline grants-in-aid and thus avoid state control, and to question the soundness of the policy of compulsory religious instruction for non-Christians in mission schools. Sunday School teacher-training received further emphasis by the holding of two training schools under the auspices of the India S. S. Union, each for a month's duration. Another state Quinquennial Report on Education has appeared. Three and two-tenths per cent of the population is at school, and three and eight-tenths years is the average length of school life. Only one and three one-hundredths per cent of the female popula- tion of India is at school. Indian Christians rank no higher than third in regard to the education of their girls. Among civilized nations India is in the fourth class in secondary education, and tenth in primary. Sanskrit and Arabic schools are in decline. A start- ling increase is shown in university education, sixty-one per cent more students than in the previous five-year period. There are seven hundred and forty-two women students in the eight women's colleges. Fifty-one India Educational Service men and one hundred and seventy-nine teachers went to war. Education for Women There were thirty-eight graduates, including one woman, at the first convocation of the Benares Hindu University. The India 50 JAPAN Woman's University had its first convocation with one graduate. For the first time a blind student, prepared at a school for the blind, sat for entrance into a Provincial University (Calcutta). Plans are laid for enlarging Queen Mary's College for Women, of Madras, into a Women's University for Madras. Mysore held its first ladies' conference, and considered among other things the higher education of women. The Bombay Female Education Sub- Committee has offered six scholarships to women in Bombay institu- tions. The Maharaj Kumar of Tikari bequeathed seven million dollars to found schools in which girls from five to sixteen may study in residence according to modern methods. The last All- India Mohammedan Educational Conference did not discuss the education of women. Its president was not able to note any advance at all in Moslem literacy. The India Government has not yet adopted free and compulsory primary education. An increase in the number of private schools is significant of dissatisfaction with the official system of higher educa- tion. India's woful illiteracy and mass ignorance is a heavy weight upon her political aspirations, and her leaders are becoming zealous for the education of the common people. It was primary education especially which suffered from the influenza, almost all of the Baroda schools, for example, were closed from two to six months. India and the War It may be of interest to include within this arbitrary selection of data some facts regarding India's war personnel. The total was 1,457,000. There were 552,000 combatants and 391,000 non-com- batants over seas; and 433,000 combatants and 81,000 non-com- batants at home. The 106,594 casualties included 36,696 deaths. Of the hundred and twenty-five Indian students in the United States, some twenty were in the U. S. military service, a number as com- missioned officers. Indirect results of the war are illustrated by events bringing India into closer communication with the rest of the world. An air flight of nearly 6,000 miles was made from Ipswich to Karachi in seventy- three hours. The plan is under way for a rail line to India across her northwest frontier. JAPAN Rev. William E. Lampe, Ph.D. Japan and the Close of the World- War The opening of the year 1919 found the Japanese bewildered and confused. The Armistice had been signed and the Peace Con- ference was about to open. Japan, a non-Christian nation, was to sit at the peace table as one of the five great powers to adjust the Japan. Limited Monarchy. Area, 148,756 square miles. Population (1916), 56,860,735. There is no state religion and entire religious freedom prevails. Shintoism and P>uddhism are the prevailing religions. JAPAN 51 affairs of the nations in the new world. The position of Japan was one of not only tremendous responsibility but also of stupendous difficulties. No other one of the five nations was less prepared and ready to face the great issues. Was Japan willing to enter a League of Nations, — and who knew what form of league might be proposed? What would be expected of Japan as the dominating political force in the Orient? In how far would the principle of "self-determination" affect Japan? What would be the attitude of the other nations in the matter of Japan's relations to China, and possibly^ even to Korea? Would the Peace Conference make a declaration of race equality, and if not would the Japanese protest and threaten to leave the Conference? Relations with China The relations between Japan and China have been strained for many years. At the end of the war China insisted that Japan with- draw from Shantung and surrender all territory, rights and priv- ileges which Japan had taken or assumed after driving out the Germans in 1914. Japan's unwillingness to do this and the declina- tion of the other Allies to compel her to do so, led China to refuse to sign the treaty of peace. The effect of this is far-reaching. To say the least it has embarrassed Japan. On her decision in this matter may rest not only the future peace of the Orient, but also her policy as to international brotherhood. The Uprising in Chosen Chosen has been, since 1910, a part of Japan. On March i, 1919, a manifesto of independence was issued by the Koreans. Within a few weeks several thousand Koreans were killed and thousands more, including the majority of the Christian pastors, were thrown into prison. Scores of churches were burned. Representatives of Chosen made an appeal to the Peace Conference that was not recog- nized. It is to the credit of Christians in Japan that the Federation of Japanese Churches sent a deputation to Chosen to investigate and that the Japanese Christians spoke in open condemnation of the wrongdoing of their countrymen and of their own government in Chosen. The demand of the Christians reenforced the demand of other high-minded Japanese for improvement in the administration of Chosen, and was productive of immediate and good results. Japan and America There is no disguising the fact that there is bitter feeling toward America on the part of a section of the Japanese people and that there is strong antipathy to the Japanese in certain influential circles in the United States. There is no need to state the causes for this feeling, but it is well to call attention to it, for it has an important bearing upon missionary work. More than three-fourths of all the missionaries in Japan are from the United States. Missionaries are just now being looked upon with somewhat of suspicion and distrust, 52 JAPAN but let us hope that this is only temporary. The Japanese may not know and some of them might be unwilling to admit the fact, but the Christian missionaries are Japan's best friends and are rendering her invaluable service in maintaining cordial relations between Japan and other nations. World's Sunday School Association The holding of the next World's Sunday School Convention in Tokyo in October, 1920, affords a most excellent opportunity to the Japanese and to the many Christian workers from other lands who will go to Japan for the Convention, to demonstrate the spirit of a Christian world brotherhood. The Convention may prove of great help to all missionary work in the Orient. Democracy The victory of the Allies was quite generally regarded in Japan as the triumph of democracy. Although Japan has had a constitu- tion and good government, the very limited suffrage (two and six- tenths per cent of the population), the clan control, the ascendancy of the military party, the muzzling of the press and check upon free speech, and the fear of Christians that they should be regarded as lacking in patriotism, have suppressed the people. They rejoice that the end of militarism in Japan has come. "Democracy," without translation, is a very popular word. Ex-Minister Ozaki, the most progressive leader in Japan, said recently, "I wish that you, young men of Japan, as well as all foreigners, would fairly understand the fact that Japan was origi- nally a democratic nation. Japan has been practically Germanized in the last few decades and all that has been spoken or done by the militarists in this country, like Count Terauchi, ex-Premier, are as the Germans would have often spoken and done." Interpreters of Democracy Early in 1919 the Japanese Federation of Churches issued a strik- ing Declaration in which the statement was made that the victory in war was the victory of democracy, based upon international right- eousness and justice, principles which Christianity has always up- held. The Declaration named five points as the fundamentals of democracy which need special emphasis at this time. Christian Education Christian schools have made real progress during the past year. The influence of the schools is increasing. Large gifts were made by Japanese, many of them not Christians, for the promotion of Christian Education. The new Woman's Christian College, a union institution in which six Mission Boards are cooperating, has completed the first year of its work and has met with a success which surpasses the expectations JAPAN 53 of its founders. Nearly 150 students were enrolled. Over half of the students are professing Christians. Almost all of the members of the faculty are Christians and there is no one connected with the teaching staff who is not friendly to the Christian ideals for which the institution stands. Government Ordinances for Higher Education The promulgation of the University and High School (Koto Gakko) Ordinances in December, 1918, has a great bearing upon the problems of Christian schools in Japan. The number of years of the courses of the several grades of schools has been changed. There have been thus far few schools above the Middle School grade under Christian auspices, but several High Schools (the equivalent of smaller colleges in America) have been established. Henceforth such institutions must be well provided with general equipment and a qualified faculty and must also have an endowment of at least yen 500,000 ($250,000) in the form of cash, national bonds or such bonds as are approved by the Minister of Education. The Church There was not a large increase in baptisms or accessions to the Church during 1919. One reason for this is that for several years there has been unusually aggressive opposition toward Christianity. Some at least of the causes of this opposition have already disap- peared. The victory of the Allies greatly enhanced the prestige of Christianity in the eyes of the Japanese. Evangelistic work has been carried on vigorously. Mr. Kanamori has conducted strenuous _ campaigns and many thousands of his hearers enrolled as "deciders" for Christianity. There are many indications that the time is ripe for a great harvest. The middle class, which has been the main support of the Church, is being crushed by the high cost of living. Prices have gone up and unless salaries soon follow Christian work may suffer. Social Service Christian missionaries have been recently deeply impressed by the call to social service. Japan has been an agricultural nation, but a wave of industrialism has been sweeping over the land and has brought new and in some respects pitiable conditions. The number of industrial workers increased nearly fifty per cent during the four years of the war. More than half of the employees in the private factories of Japan are women, and the majority of them. are under twenty years of age. Christians are now strongly agitating the mak- ing of Sunday a rest-day for laborers. The Future Japan must be speedily evangelized, for her own sake and that of all Asia. Deputations have been in Japan in 1919 and surveys are 54 MALAYSIA being made to determine the needs in men and money that Japan may be evangelized. The missionaries are calling loudly for reenforcements. The Japanese Christians are emphatic in their appeals for more workers from America. There never was a time in missionary history when Japan was so open to hear the message of Christianity. MALAYSIA Rev. John R. Denyes^ D.D. The term, Malaysia, properly includes the Malay Peninsula and the whole of the archipelago occupied by the Malay race. But for the purposes of this report the name is restricted to the lower, or British, part of the Peninsula and the British part of Borneo. The upper part of the Peninsula belongs with Siam and the remaining part of the island world is covered by the report of the Netherlands East Indies. Political and Social Matters This part of the world did not figure much in the war telegrams, yet it felt the effects of the war. As the country grows most of its own food, there was little hardship during the first two years of the struggle. But as this is the great tin and rubber producing part of the world, the commercial life of the country depends upon the shipping. By the beginning of 1918 the number of ships com- mandeered by the government made it impossible to dispose of the large stocks of tin and rubber, and prices, especially of rubber, dropped fifty per cent. Government work on buildings and railway construction was stopped by the lack of material. Business was pretty much at a standstill. With the coming of the armistice and the loosening of the regulations on shipping has come a rapid return of prosperity. All this has its direct relation to mission work, for much of the work in British Malaysia is self-supporting educational work, and progress depends somewhat upon commercial conditions. Near the close of the year 1917 the government railway was com- pleted from Penang on the west side of the Peninsula to connect with the railway system of Siam. This makes it possible to travel British Malaysia. Including the Straits Settlements (British Crown Colony), the Federated Malay States (British Protectorate), and Non-Federated States (British Protectorates, except Johore, which is an independent Malay state within the British sphere of influence, accepting a British advisor). Area, 51,592 square miles (approximate). Population, 2,659,525. Of these, 1,016,326 are Malays, 958,266 are Chinese, 274,984 natives of India, and 14,878 are Siamese. Mohammedanism and Buddhism are the prevailing religions. British North Borneo. Under the British North ]^.orneo Company. Area, about 31,106 square miles. Population (191 1 census), 208,825, including 26,002 Chinese, 1,612 Malays, 5,511 East Indians, 5,700 Filipinos, and 170,000 aborigines. Brunei. British Protectorate. Area, about 4,000 square miles. Population (estimated), 30,000. Sarawak. British Protectorate. Area, about 42,000 square miles. Popula- tion (estimated), 600,000. MALAYSIA 55 by rail all the way from Singapore to Bangkok, Siam, a three day journey. The coming of this railway opens to settlement millions of acres of extremely fertile land where now there are scarcely any people at all ; and also opens up great stretches of tin-bearing terri- tory as yet scarcely explored. As this section of the Peninsula becomes settled the trade will naturally flow down towards Penang, for the railway shortens the journey from Europe for passengers and freight by seven days or more. At the beginning of the war the fear of complications led to the stopping of immigration and the repatriation of many thousands of Chinese and Indian laborers. But as the prospects of trouble de- creased the bars were lifted and the stream has turned to its old channel again. More than a hundred thousand Indians, mostly Tamils from south India, and a quarter of a million Chinese find their way to Malaysia every year. Public Morals It is a matter of regret that the government of British Malaysia has not yet seen its way clear to the prohibition of the opium traffic. This is here a government monopoly. Out of a total revenue for the Straits Settlements of more than nineteen millions of Straits dollars, three-fourths is derived from licenses and excise. Opium sales realized nearly thirteen million dollars ; the revenue from liquors nearly two and a half millions, and from tobacco over one million. The Chinese business men in Malaysia make money easily, and there is a strong tendency to copy not only the clothes and houses, but also the vices of the Europeans. The country is being flooded with cheap, poisonous liquor made in China and drunkenness is on the increase. There has been a marked increase in insanity as a result of alcoholism. Also the Indian coolie has brought with him his toddy-drinking habit, and the larger wages lead to excessive drinking. The planters, doctors, and Churches continue to protest, but toddy-drinking is on the increase. The Mission Problem The mission problem here is three-fold : that of reaching the aborigines, the Mohammedan Malays, and the immigrants from India and China. The Anglican mission in Sarawak, Borneo, is doing evangelistic work among the Dyak head-hunters. They occupy four or five of the principal valleys of Sarawak, and som-e three thousand of the Dyaks have been won to Christianity. Through its industrial colony in Sarawak the Methodists have also come into contact with the Dyaks and are making a beginning of work among them. The Anglicans have had some little success also among the tribes of British North Borneo. For the million and a half of the Mohammedan Malays of the Straits Settlements and the Native Malay States practically no religious work is being done. The Anglicans have a small hospital for women at Malacca, and the Methodists have two small day 56 NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES schools for Malay girls in Singapore. There is freedom to work among the Moslems in the Straits Settlements, but there would be opposition in the Native States, where the government is nominally under Mohammedan Sultans. The work among the immigrants from India and China is largely that of evangelism through education. The reason is that the demand for English education is so great that it is possible to con- duct large educational work on a self-supporting basis. The policy which lies behind is that of providing Christian leadership for the multitudes which will shortly occupy this fertile land. About ten thousand boys and girls are now in Protestant mission schools. Of these about ninety per cent are Chinese and Indians. Two years ago a large amount of money was pledged by the wealthy Chinese of Singapore and the Peninsula for the establishing of a Alethodist University at Singapore. But for a year the project has been held up pending the formulation of plans by the government regarding higher education. Industrial Colonies For fifteen years the Methodists have had in successful operation two Chinese industrial colonies, one in Sarawak and the other on the west side of the Peninsula. In each case a small group of Chinese Christians were brought down from China and given small grants of land by the government. These colonies have grown till there are several thousand people in each colony. Schools and churches are flourishing, and the people are becoming well-to-do. The pur- pose of these colonies is, first, to provide homes for Christian people who are living on a low economic plane in China ; and second, to form a Christian nucleus for the coming civilization. Financially and religiously these colonies are proving a great success. Two other colonies have recently been started on the Peninsula. The Centenary Under the impulse of the Centenary the Methodists plan to extend their Anglo-Chinese school system along the lines of the nev^ rail- ways, especially in the unoccupied territory on the eastern side of the Peninsula and up towards Siam ; and through evangelistic mis- sionaries carry on a more intensive follow-up campaign among the school constituencies. NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES The American business man has just discovered the Dutch East Netiieri.ands East Indies. Dutch Colonies and subject native states. Total area, about 735,000 square miles, population (official estimate, December, 1917), 47,000,000. The larger islands are Java (and Madura), area, so.557 square miles, population, 34,157,383; Sumatra area, 159,739 square miles, population, 5,027,073; Borneo, 212,737 square miles, population, 941,4.19; Celebes, area, 72,070 square miles, population, 3,094,074. "The bulk of the natives are Mohammedans; there are also some millions of converted Cliristians and Animists, and a small number of Buddhists." Entire religious liberty is granted. NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES 57 Indies. A recent trade paper says, "The combination of complete safety and a friendly welcome and an unlimited opportunity and protection by a strong and liberal government is not to be found at every turn. Also, when it is to be had it calls for prompt action over here. The Dutch East Indies offers just that combination of conditions." The submarine warfare forced the Dutch companies to transfer their steamers from the Holland-India route and to begin regular runs between Java and San Francisco. This led to an enormous increase in the trade between this country and the East Indies. The embargo by this country on the exportation of many lines of goods hindered a free exchange, yet one-fourth of their exports are now billed to America. Their exports to this country have grown from $6,000,000, in 1913 to $80,000,000, in 1918. Their imports from the United States were $2,769,000, in 1915. In 1918 they were $19,778,000. The Dutch Colonial Government is so desirous of continuing this trade which the war has started that they have sent one of their foremost bankers here as a special commissioner to awaken Ameri- can business men to the opportunity offered by the fifty million people of their islands. The People In the Dutch East Indies there are three classes of people, apart from the Europeans. These are, the uncivilized tribes living in the interior of the islands, Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes, and the smaller islands. These folks are mostly pagan and include the head-hunters and tribes more or less cannibal. Then there are the forty millions of Mohammedans, of whom thirty-five millions live in the island of Java, and the rest all about the coast regions of the other islands. The other class would include more or less of a million Chinese living in the cities and towns. Religious Movements Much is said of the mass movements of Asiatic countries, but few realize that in the Dutch islands have been some of the largest religious movements of modern times. In the north of Celebes and the adjacent islands some 400,000 of the native tribes have come over from heathenism. In north Sumatra a hundred thousand cannibals have been won to Christ. And in Java thirty thousand Mohamme- dans have embraced our faith. This is the largest group of Moslems ever brought into the Christian Church. Missionary Societies There are two German and ten Dutch Societies working in this field. The Methodist Episcopal Church, established here in 1905, and the Seventh-Day Adventists are the only American Societies in the Dutch Islands. Holland being neutral during the war, the work of the German societies was not interfered with by the government, though they suffered greatly from lack of funds. Recent reports indicate that 58 NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES the Missionary Societies in Germany have been revived and that they will carry on their work as before the war. Moral Issues Under pressure of awakened public sentiment the Government has recently restricted the licensing of public gambling houses in North Sumatra and West Borneo. But public lotteries are still among the sources of public revenue in the Dutch East Indies, and Roman Catholics and State Churches employ lotteries for raising building funds. The report of a recent conference says, "The extent to which drink is increasing among the native peoples of this archipelago warns us that something radical must be done. It would be a matter of shame if, under the aegis of a Christian government, a Moslem people should be led to drunkenness." It also adds, "The loose public sentiment on marriage and divorce is alarming in the extreme. That the evil of illegal cohabitation of Europeans throughout this archipelago is so prevalent is a shame and disgrace to so-called civilization." Mohammedan Work Just prior to and at the opening of the war a religio-political society called Sarikat Islam, spread over the whole archipelago. In a few months it claimed a membership of hundreds of thousands. It was the conviction of the Mohammedans that Germany would win, and that through her help Turkey would become a world power, and the Moslems would dominate the Mohammedan countries. There was a good deal of restlessness among the people. But when it seemed that Germany had lost, there was dismay. "Now certain Moslems are saying that there is to be a great conflict between Satan and the representative of Islam, with the victory for Satan. The Lord Jesus is then to come and conquer Satan, whereupon all Mohammedans will become Christians." While the time seems ripe for a great religious movement, yet the fact remains that Islam is steadily and rapidly winning tens of thousands over from paganism to Mohammedanism. The coast regions of all the islands are Moslem already, and the faith of Islam is rapidly penetrating to all the tribes of the interior. Within a generation at least five millions of these now pagans will pass over to Christianity or Mohammedanism. The movements of Mohammedans towards Christianity in Java and Sumatra in the past have been largely the result of the earnest consecration of a single person or a small group of persons who in.spired faith. Large numbers were brought in, and then the move- ment slowly came to a standstill for lack of men and money to carry it forward. There is need of a systematic, extensive, and prolonged campaign. Educational Policies Twenty years ago the Chinese of Java organized a society called Tiong Hwa Hwe Koan, which undertook to provide education for SIAM 59 the Chinese boys and girls in Chinese and English. More than a hundred schools were started. In the course of a few years they realized that cheap teachers picked up at random were not satisfac- tory. This led them to invite the Methodist Mission to provide them with missionary teachers. For the past ten years various schools in Java and Banka have been in charge of missionaries. This demand of the Chinese for European education and the profound impression made all over the East by the American experi- ment in the Philippines has led the Dutch colonial government to undertake on a fairly extensive scale- the teaching of Dutch to the Chinese and natives. This policy promises to become permanent, and will probably be greatly extended. Hitherto the policy has been to teach two languages in all native schools, making in each case the local vernacular primary and the Malay always the secondary. This policy has led to the making of Malay the common language of all the peoples. Results of the Methodist Centenary for Java Now that the Centenary has passed from dream to reality and the funds have actually been pledged, it is possible to forecast the pro- gram of the Methodist work in the Netherlands Indies. This will include the clearing of all debts now on property, the erection of eight or ten hospitals and equipping them with suitable staff, the housing of the Chinese day and boarding school at Buitenzorg, the opening of scores of village schools, the building of a Bible-Training School for preachers and teachers, and the sending out of a goodly number of evangelistic missionaries. It is purposed to undertake a systematic forward movement for reaching the Mohammedans. In connection with each hospital will be placed evangelistic missionaries who will follow up the medical cases and will establish and super- vise a large number of village schools. SIAM Rev. Hugh Taylor, D.D. The Presbyterian Church has been conducting two Missions for Siam : one for the Siamese proper and one for the Laos tribes of the North. As these two peoples are gradually being absorbed into one homogeneous whole the two Missions are looking forward to uniting into one. One Mission Press has been eliminated and now the other does the work of both. The same can be said with regard to the management of the financial side of the work: one treasurer serves both Missions. A Joint Council sits on matters of common interest to both. A Changing Buddhism The very considerable effort being made, by the highest authorities Siam. Limited Monarchy. Area, about 195,000 square miles. Population (1915-1916), 8,819,686. The prevailing religion is Buddhism. 6o SIAM in Church and State, to create a distinct revival of Buddhism, the State religion, is being carried on in several ways, the most important of which is by infusing into the faith that which it lacks to make it a vital religion. Hymns of praise and devotion, in which the as- sembled people can join, are being introduced. Some of these hymns are taken from the Christian collection, changing only the names of God and Christ to that of Buddah. He has been given the title "Father" and the people taught to say "Our Father Buddah." "The Holy Buddhist Trinity" is another idea proclaimed. The war brought out the need for aid from a personal power, so public prayers were addressed to Buddah and the Royal Ancestors, and, when the armistice was signed, praise and thanksgiving were rendered to these for their active service in giving the victory. These startling innovations make the devout Buddhist think. The inquiring mind seeking for the source finds it of course in the Prot- estant and Roman Catholic forms of Christianity. Some of the most advanced thinkers have come to believe that Jesus Christ is the Buddhist Messiah for whose advent they have been accustomed to pray in the longing wish thrown out into the infinite void, "Oh ! That I might live to see the face of Phra Allenyamatai." Development of Christianity There have been no spectacular developments in the Christian Church. A steady, though slow, growth has for many years marked the progress of Mission work in Siam. Attainments in Christian life of the converts have reached higher levels nearer the ideal. Defec- tions from the faith, always grievous to those who shepherd the flock, have been few. Education Having a learned king is telling wonderfully on the progress of education in Siam. Of recent years there has been an entire re- vision of the whole educational system, and the effect of it is now reaching to the utmost borders of the land. It is probably safe to say that there is not a school in the country, Government or Mission, that does not conform to the standards set by the public schools and take the general examinations. _ A matter to be noted is that the schools of the South Siam Mis- sion are self-supporting while those of the North Siam Amission are not. The former have prospered and been able to expand their work these war times. The latter have had to curtail their work to the amount that they have lost out on assistance from America. The self-supporting Mission school, catering to the class of people who are able to pay the bills, charges a sum that is in excess of the entire family income of a vast majority of the Northern Christians. The highest school in the North, Prince Royal's College, was compelled to cut out some of its classes for lack of funds; while the Bangkok Christian College of the South Mission increased its enrollment to the unprecedented number of four hundred and forty-two. Prince Royal's College is making a brave effort to meet the growing needs FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 6i of the growing Christian population of the North. An appealing cry is issued for more adequate support and an expansion of the building equipment to enable them to take in every Christian student applying for higher education. This institution is a feeder for the Theo- logical Training School and also in it is conducted the only Normal School in the North. Bangkok Christian College A very interesting situation has arisen in connection with Bangkok Christian College. There are two hundred thousand Chinese in Bangkok. These sought to establish a school of their own. This was not sanctioned by the Government, but the Christian College has been given permission to open a department for the Chinese in con- nection with the work for the Siamese. The Chinese immediately advanced 40,000 ticals to purchase land for the immediate expansion needs. Having made this start they already see visions of something great for their boys. They are proposing to the Mission to go out where there is room and put up a plant that will accommodate two thousand Chinese students. This gives a challenge to the Siamese to do the same and a challenge to the Church in America to furnish Christian teachers for the four thousand. Indeed with funds raised largely from non-Christian Chinese and Siamese of Bangkok the opportunity is being thrust in the very face of the Mission and the Church to make the Bangkok Christian College second only to Canton Christian College. Shall we meet the challenge? FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA Rev. Stanley White, D.D.* TURKEY IN EUROPE, ARMENIA, AND ANATOLIA Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D. Interruption of Mission Work Only a few of the native churches have kept up regular services throughout the period of the war. In Marash and in Constantinople there were constant and unbroken series of services, as well as in Smyrna and a few other places, but generally the services were Turkey. Limited monarchy. Area, Turkey in Europe, 10,882 square miles; Arabia, 170,300 square miles; Syria, 114,530 square miles; Asia Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan and Mesopotamia, 414,512 square miles; total, 710,224 square miles. Population, Turkey in Europe, 1,891,000; Arabia, 1,050,000; Syria, 3,675,100; Asia Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Mesopotamia, 14,657,800; total, 21,273,900. Prevailing religion, Mohammedanism, which is established as the state religion, although the following religious communities are recog- nized and allowed by the government: Latin or Catholic, Orthodox Greek Catholics, Armenians, Armenian Catholics, Chaldean Catholics, Protestants, Nestorians, Syrian Jacobites, Melchites, Jews, Bulgarian Catholics and Maronites. * The article on the Former Turkish Empire and Persia was prepared under the direction of Dr. White and edited by him, the names of the authors of the different sections being appended in each case. ' 62 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA suspended, owing to the scattering of the congregations, and espe- cially to the deportations of the pastors, many of whom suffered martyrdom for their faith. The same is true in a large measure of the educational work. The schools in Constantinople, Smyrna, Harpoot and Marash con- tinued throughout last year. In some places the continuity was broken in upon, and in others there was no attempt to open schools. The year, however, has not been a year of complete loss by any means. Wherever the Protestant preachers and Christian workers have gone they have continued their work of evangelism. Services were held in the deserts of Mesopotamia, along the road as refugees were going to their place of banishment or returning therefrom. The Christian worker has been present in the barracks at Aleppo and Damascus and other places where thousands of refugees were con- gregated. Eagerness for Schools I was impressed in dififerent parts of Armenia to see the eagerness of the people for schools. Children for the most part have received no schooling for four, and some of them for five years. Delegations from villages came presenting their petition, not for bread or for clothing-— and they were woefully destitute of both — but for teachers that their children might have an education. Medical Work The medical work in the earlier part of the war was placed under the Red Cross, but later the Red Cross withdrew and within the last year all of the medical plants throughout Turkey have been taken over by the Near East Relief Committee. All of these institu- tions are today in the hands of the Near East Relief, and the mis- sionary physicians who are working with them, together with a larger number of appointees of the N. E. R., are carrying on a most ex- tensive medical work, not only throughout the fields hitherto covered by the American Board, but in the Russian Caucasus as well. Friendliness toward Missions in Greek Territory A new phase of the work is opening up in the fact that through recent changes^ brought about by the war the mission stations of Smyrna and Salonica have fallen under the control of Greece. Greece hitherto has not been hospitable to missionary work of any kind. In the two stations above mentioned, however, they are show- ing a friendliness unexpected and an assurance was given to the writer by the Bishops of Salonica, Smyrna and Philadelphia that they would welcome the strengthening of the mission work in those places, but with special reference to work among the Mohammedans. The Greek ecclesiastics said that they could not work easily and ac- ceptably among Moslems, but the Protestant missionaries were so organized that they could do it most effectively. They all claimed FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 63 that there was a great field among the Mohammedans for the Chris- tian approach and urged that steps be taken in that direction. I found in all parts of Turkey, both on the part of the missionaries and the people themselves, a deep-seated feeling that the Moslem mind was assuming a different attitude toward Christian truth than it had assumed before in the whole century of missionary work. There seemed to be a receptiveness to Christian truth, a readiness to listen, and in not a few cases a willingness to respond. It was accepted that the heavy restraint hitherto imposed upon all Moslems was in part at least lifted and there would be in the future an increasing religious freedom for all classes in Turkey. Advance among the Kurds At the same time, the Kurdish fields in the eastern part of Turkey have assumed new significance. During the war the Kurds identified themselves more directly with the missionaries and with the Ar- menians. Tens of thousands of Armenians were saved by the co- operation and direct help of the Kurds in that the Kurds aided them across the line into Russia as they were threatened on the Turkish side. Kurdish officials, whom the writer met in Armenia, urged that schools be opened more widely through Armenia and that pro- vision be made for accepting the Kurds into those schools. There are great possibilities wrapped up in the Kurdish people who have as yet hardly been touched by Christian truth. The Caucasus Another field opening is the Russian Caucasus. Through a greater part of the war a large number of Y. M. C. A. Secretaries and American Board missionaries were engaged in relief work, and some are still there. Their work has commended itself to all classes, and pressure is already being brought to bear upon the American Board to establish permanent work in Armenia in the Caucasus. At the same time, the Georgians have put in petitions urging the opening of work among them similar to that which has been carried on in Turkey. It is very evident that the war has made great changes in the point of view of many of the people of the old Otto- man Empire and of Transcaucasia, opening new fields for occupa- tion and putting new responsibility upon American Christianity. SYRIA AND PALESTINE Rev. Stanley White, D.D. In former editions of the Year Book, Syria and Palestine have been treated individually. ' Today they have been so interlocked by events that their story is almost identical. Allenby's magnificent march to the North brought the whole country from Egypt on the south to Aleppo on the north, under the 64 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA control of the Allied Forces. As enemy-occupied territory, the whole of this Eastern shore of the Mediterranean was unified. Relief Work The work of the relief societies was another means of binding the people of the various sections together. First came the Red Cross with its corps of devoted workers who performed a splendid service in opening orphanages and hospitals and by their ministry to the towns devastated by disease and famine. With the close of the war, their work was transferred to the Near East Relief Committee with its workrooms, soup kitchens and schools and its loyal band of young Americans supported in their humane task by hundreds of the finest flower of young Syrian Manhood and Womanhood. These young native people, most of them educated in Mission Schools and colleges, have been the backbone of the work. They have caught the American spirit of service and in them lies the hope of the Syria of the future. And this work of unification has brought the Mission forces together as never before. Having suffered and worked to- gether during the war, they are ready to go forward as a single army to take advantage of the new opportunities. Mission Conference at Suk-el-Gharb The Relief work helps to break down bigotry and to open human hearts to God's message. Realizing this, the representatives of all the Missions in Syria and Palestine met together in Suk-el-Gharb and discussed the conditions and outlook. As a result, they made recommendations covering the following points : First : The attention of the American Peace delegates in Paris was called to the fact that while missionary societies are ready to accept governmental regulations and standards, still, in harmony with guar- antees of religious freedom, private organizations should be guaran- teed the right to give religious education and in the language best fitted to make the work effective. Second: The attention of Mission Boards and societies at home is called to large districts in Syria and Palestine that are inadequately occupied or unworked fields. These include Kasrawan (Lebanon), Damascus, Aleppo (with 240,000 inhabitants), the Nusariyeh Moun- tains, East of the Jordan and North Arabia. In these districts are large numbers of Moslems, Jews and backward Christian sects. Third : Favorable opportunities for Christian work have resulted from the expulsion of the Turkish Government. Travel is facili- tated and the people are eager for education and advancement. The relief work has opened many hearts to Christianity. Fourth : In order to promote unity and harmony in mission work among native churches, the Conference recommends such a union or federation of churches on the field as shall obviate existing differences. Fifth: A permanent organization of the conference of missionaries was effected and to the Continuation Committee were entrusted arrangements for future meetings, the incorporation of the Educa- FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 65 tional Union of Syria and Palestine, the arrangements for occupying new territory, the union training of missionary workers, the promo- tion of united publication interests, the development of Sunday- school work and the adjustment of financial questions of common interest to all missions. Church Unity Perhaps the most significant outcome of the Conference was the sympathetic consideration in the past of all the Missionaries, includ- ing such widely divergent groups as the Friends Society and the Church Missionary Society, of the possibility of having one United Church for the whole of Syria and Palestine. Naturally, the future of the land will be largely determined by the power that assumes the Mandate, but it is safe to say that under any circumstances the forces of Christ will be unified as never before. Some of the problems of reconstruction to be faced by this united force are : Reconstruction First, there will be the necessary work of rehabilitation of destroyed cities and the rebuilding of homes. Already plans are under way, both by the British authorities and by the Relief Com- mittees, to accomplish these ends. A large part of Armenia will, after a few months, be inaccessible so far as food supplies are con- cerned. The problem therefore is a two-fold one. ^ The people must not be sent back to their cities unless provision is made both for housing and for feeding during the winter, for a large part of Armenia lies within a territory which is practically isolated after October first. The plan that is being mapped out is to discover in these various Armenian cities how many returning families can be absorbed and taken care of, both as to house and food, and to send back only such a number as will guarantee their not becoming a charge upon the community. All others must be provided for at some point of concentration or distribution until the winter is over. This is an enormous but not impossible task. Fortunately, the Armenian is a notably thrifty person. His ability to make money accentuates both his virtues and his vices. It does not require, therefore, a particularly large expenditure of money to reestablish him in his home. He builds simply and lives cheaply and very quickly begins to provide his own support. It would seem now that perhaps about 25 per cent of those who have been deported and driven from their homes can be repatriated before the coming winter. The rest must be cared for until the spring time, when they in turn can be assisted in starting their new lives. Conserving the Children A second great field of human conservation will be with the chil- dren. This is a large problem, but one that has great promise in it, 150,000 orphans will require a large outlay of money, but if they are watched over by those who have high ideals, they become a fruitful (£ FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA field for future citizenship of a far higher character than was mani- fested in the previous generation. So large a number of children must necessaril}-^ be provided for in a very simple way, and some of them will have to be sacrificed in order that the others may be given all the benefits of proper care. This sacrifice must come through a policy which will return a portion of these children to relatives, if they can be found, into whose care they can be entrusted. It will be simply impossible for foreign funds to provide adequately for the whole number. On the other hand, it seems a vital necessity that there should be established in various parts of Syria orphanages of a modern type, where children selected from the great mass of those now under the care of Relief Committees, and children who are absolutely without anyone to whom they can be returned, should be trained for future citizenship. No finer gift could be given by America to these Eastern countries. The Children of America could render a beautiful service to the Children of the Near East by con- tributing funds sufficient to meet this great need. When one visits the orphanages and sees the splendid material and the response of these children to proper care, he realizes that this is a place where human conservation is most necessary and most feasible. Raising the Moral Tone A third point where human conservation must be practised is the raising of the general moral tone of these communities of the Near East. I have already intimated that moral laws have sagged terribly and have given us an acute problem at the present time, but there is another phase of the question that should not be forgotten. The people of the Turkish Empire have' been for so long compelled to live by their wits and to accomplish their desires b5^ deceiving an unjust authority that subtlety and deceit seem to be ingrained in them. Absolute frankness and straightforwardness is at a discount. It is difficult to learn the truth by questioning any group of people. They either reply as they think the questioner desires, or they reply with a thought of the effect upon themselves. There must be established in this country, by government and through private enterprise, educational institutions of the highest type, where ethical ideals and moral principles will be emphasized in such a way that the people will realize that the way to prosperity is honesty, righteousness, fair dealing and sacrificial service. The Outlook The outlook in Syria is problematical but not dark. Barriers that formerly held the Missionary in check have been removed and hopes that had for years been unrealized are now possible of fruition. The workers feel this. It shows in their lightened faces and though worn with their long ministry and anxiety, they are eager for the t^sk. Christian America must speak the word, provide the means and furnish the recruits that will assure their success. FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA ^-j ARABIA AND MESOPOTAMIA Rev. William I. Chamberlain, Ph.D. Its Significance The significance of Arabia and Mesopotamia from the missionary point of view lies in the fact that the former is associated with the beginnings of Mohammedanism, with its sacred cities of Mecca and Medina, while the latter, including the valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates, is so largely associated with Old Testament history. Missionary Occupation So far as aggressive missionary work is concerned, Arabia has largely been a neglected country. The United Free Church of Scot- land has for nearly four decades maintained a Mission at the Southernmost point of Arabia, at Aden, which has been largely carried on through the agency of medical work. In Mesopotamia, at Bagdad, the Church Missionary Society has maintained evan- gelistic and medical work for many years. With these exceptions, no extended missionary work was carried on in these countries until the undertaking, in 1889, of the establishment of a Mission in the Persian Gulf, more particularly in the cities of Arabia on the Western Coast of the Gulf. In that year, the Arabian Mission of the Reformed Church in America was organized and Rev. James Cantine sailed as its first missionary to establish stations in Eastern Arabia. He was followed in the succeeding year by Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer. Together these two pioneer missionaries established sta- tions at Basrah in the North, on the Island of Bahrein off the Eastern Coast of Arabia, and at Maskat in the Gulf of Oman. Later a station v/as established a few hundred miles South of Basrah at Kuweit. This Mission has now become thoroughly established in these several stations, maintaining a number of out-stations, one at Linga, in Persia, on the Eastern Coast of the Gulf, and at Amara and Nasariah Northward in Mesopotamia. This Mission now main- tains about thirty-five missionaries in its several stations, associated with whom there are about as many evangelists, teachers and Bible Women. Methods of Work Schools are established in the stations, but with the exception of that at Basrah, they have not been largely attended. Important medical work is carried on in each one of these stations, in all of which, except Maskat, there are hospitals as well as dispensaries. Bible shops are the main dependence for evangelistic work. In these shops, in the center of the town, a supply of Scriptures and other Christian literature is kept. These give occasion for discussion with Arab visitors through which means a Christian propaganda is main- tained. Arabic Scriptures have had a total circulation of 1,200,000 copies during the last twenty years. The hospitals have been a very important element in the missionary work in Arabia. Prejudice has 68 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA been broken down and the friendly attitude of important Arab trades- men and chiefs has been thus secured. The patients treated in one year approximate 40,000. Effect of the War The war has very greatly affected conditions in both parts of this mission field. The advance of the British Expeditionary Forces up the Valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates, and the occupation of Bagdad, have opened the entire country of Mesopotamia to occupancy by missionary agencies, which, under Turkish rule, was only possible to a very limited degree. The Arabian Mission expects, as soon as the country is settled, to open new stations in the territory thus laid bare to Christian evangelism in Mesopotamia and in the interior of Arabia, special funds having been contributed for this purpose. Similarly, the conditions of war have brought about friendly relations between the Arab Chiefs of the Interior and Western Arabia with the political representatives of the British Government and the missionaries. The official recognition by Eng- land, France and Italy of the proclamation of the Grand Sherif of Mecca as King of the Hedjaz is a far reaching step, and invests a remarkable figure with singular interest. Hedjaz This province of Western Arabia to which the name of Hedjaz has been given extends along the Arab sea coast from the Gulf of Akaba to the south of Taif. It is bounded on the north by Syria, on the east by Nafud Desert and by Nejd, and on the south by Asir. In length it is about seven hundred and fifty miles, and its greatest breadth is about two hundred miles. Barren and uninviting mostly in its northern part, yet with many very fertile and well-cultivated portions in the southern part, sustaining a brave and hardy and fear- less population, the chief claim of Hedjaz to fame is that it contains the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, to which Moslem Pilgrims come yearly from all parts of the world. The independence from Turkey of this section of Arabia had a very important bearing in the British Campaign in Mesopotamia, and in the future undoubtedly will affect missionary work in Arabia. Through the friendship of King Hussein, of Hedjaz, with the great Chief of the Interior of Arabia in his Capital at Riadh, and the recent invitations of this Chief to one of the missionaries of the Arabian Gulf to visit him, an entrance has at last been secured to Interior Arabia. Helpful Influences Since the entrance of the British into Mesopotamia, they have evinced a spirit of sympathy toward the activities of Christian mis- sions which has taken substantial form, particularly in the encourage- ment of missionary, industrial and agricultural education. It is ex- pected that with the restoration of peace, sixteen million acres of Mesopotamia will be irrigated. The population for this country thus laid open to cultivation, will be drawn from the Bedouins of the FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 69 Interior, who will be made amenable to law and order. The Trans- Continental Railway will soon be completed connecting the Persian Gulf with Europe, and placing Mesopotamia on the highway to India. Thus in spite of wars and rumors of wars, of multiplied tempta- tions and increased difficulties, God has seen fit to show His power in Arabia as never before in the Mission's history. The prayers of many years are being answered in the opening of the Inland country to the Gospel, and a new day is opening for both Arabia and Meso- potamia. PERSIA Robert E. Speer^ D.D. Continuance of Mission Work Outside of the Province of Azerbaijan the missionary work was carried on uninterruptedly in Persia throughout the entire war.^ In some stations such as Hamadan and Kermanshah, the antagonizing forces alternated again and again in their control of the territory. With the exception of the work for Armenians, however, which of course was largely broken up in such stations whenever the Turks were in power, the missionaries in these stations went forward unin- terruptedly in their task and the ending of the war leaves the work stronger than it has ever been and its opportunities unparalleled. Leadership in Education In Teheran the leadership in education has been won by the Mis- sion schools, the American College for Boys and the Iran Bethel School for Girls. The former has now a campus of forty acres walled in just outside the city, and three of its new buildings are erected. A fund of $250,000 has been provided for the development of the Girls' School into the first College for women in Persia. The chief need now is a more adequate staff of men and women both for the schools and for the mission hospital. The goodwill of the people, their confidence in the missionaries and their enterprise and the support of the foreign community were won long ago. In Resht and Hamadan the schools and the hospitals have laid their founda- tions securely and though they need money, need life even more. Opportunities Two great opportunities have opened in Persia in the North- east and in the Southwest. In the Northeast, Meshed is the most important city, the great shrine city of Persia, visited annually by thousands of pilgrims, not only from Persia but from Afghanistan and Central Asia. The foundations of a strong station have been laid. The mission force has been doubled the past year, and the fund well begun which is to provide adequate hospitals and schools. Persia. Limited monarchy. Area, about 628,000 square miles. Popula- tion, about 9,500,000. Of these, 8,500,000 are Mohammedans of the Shi'ah sect and 850,000 of the Sunni sect, 10,000 are Parsis, 40,000 Jews, 50,000 Ar- menians and 30,000 Nestorians. 70 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA Patients from a score of nationalities come to the hospital annually and in many a village in Western Afghanistan which sent its blind or its lame to the mission hospital in Meshed to return with eyesight and health, a welcome is awaiting the evangelists whenever the political prohibition of mission work in Afghanistan is relaxed. In Southwestern Persia the relief work conducted by the missionaries in connection with the incoming of the British Army and the build- ing of roads has opened new access to the Kurdish tribes and to the hitherto unreached people of Luristan. Azerbaijan The section of Persia which has been most deeply affected by the war has been Azerbaijan. No nation in the world suffered more through the war than the Nestorians or Assyrians in the Urumia and Salmas plains. Between one-half and two-thirds of the entire popu- lation has been wiped out by pestilence, famine and massacre. The pitiful remnants of the Assyrians are now at Bakuba, north of Bag- dad, and in Tabriz, and Hamadan, awaiting their repatriation in their old homes. The Mission station in Urumia, the oldest and strongest of all the stations in Persia, has been completely wiped out. The Christian villages have been destroyed, and after the last massacre of the Christians in May, 1919, disorder still prevailed everywhere between the Persian Moslems and the Kurds. The capture of Tabriz by Turkey also near the end of the war led to the withdrawal of most of the Tabriz missionaries, and the imprisonment of those who remained. The Urumia and Tabriz Missionaries alike have all now returned to Tabriz and are awaiting the reestablishment of order through the province. Persia's Future The situation of Persia throughout the war was anomalous. The sympathies of the country were strongly pro-German and German influences were powerful until the very close. Persian territory was fought over by Russian, Turkish, and British forces, and some sections of the country passed from one political authority to an- other five or six times. At the close of the war a new treaty was announced between Great Britain and Persia, providing for a British loan and the reorganization of the army and finances with British advisers, the treaty stipulating further the maintenance of Persia's complete independence. Klconomically, Persia has suffered keenly. Foreign trade was practically annihilated by the war, and famine and fighting caused vast loss of life, the death of many of the animals, the only means of transport in Persia, the destruction of the vineyards and the villages, and the general distintegration of the economic life of the land. On the otlier hand, good roads have been built as part of the military operations, automobiles are coming in, which in time will replace the depleted stock of animals, and with order and financial economy there is no reason why the people of Persia, so intelligent and so desirous of progress, should not find the way of national prosperity. EGYPT 71 EGYPT Rev. James G. Hunt, D.D. The "Revolution" The outstanding event of the year in Egypt was the nationalistic uprising that took place in March and April. Nothing comparable in extent and effect has occurred since the Arabi rebellion in 1882. As ever Egypt is the land of paradox. Summoned by their Caliph in 1914 to enter upon a Holy War, an invading army of their coreligionists at their gates, their own Khedive having joined with the Turks, their British rulers in almost daily expectation of an outbreak, through the long years of the war all remains quiet. Moslem Egypt sips her coffee, shrugs her shoulders and goes her usual way. Then the war ended, the power of their Caliphate shattered, the British Protectorate firmly seated, the country enjoy- ing a large measure of material prosperity, — a "revolution" breaks out. Its Meaning Interpretation in such a case is not easy. Despite outward calm the heart of Egypt shared the world's unrest; the fires of nationalism that blazed so wildly a few years since had not died out — they only slumbered ; the call for the "self-determination of peoples" meant to them that their Day had come; in the depletion of the British official force by the demands of the war, certain leaders found their opportunity to sow seeds of discontent; high prices and the com- pulsory service of the Labor Corps and other real or fancied griev- ances furnished the congenial soil. So when their spokesmen were not given ready passports to present their cause at the Peace Con- ference, the steps were easy and rapid to a patriotic frenzy that soon forgot all restraint. Patriotism speedily degenerated into anarchy and barbarism, and had to be met by stern measures. In varying measure these conditions prevailed through the whole length of the land. Rioting, looting and murdering were reported from every direction. For a few fearful weeks Egypt was an active volcano. Railway and telegraphic communications everywhere were broken. Life and property everywhere were in jeopardy. Then the abortive revolution subsided almost as suddenly as it had begun. Effect on Mission Work What of the effect of it all upon mission work? For a time all work was practically suspended. The authorities ordered all mis- sionaries in the interior to Cairo and brought them in some cases Egypt. British Protectorate. Area, about 350,000 square miles. (The culti- vated and settled area comprises only 12,226 square miles of this.) Population, 12,710,120. Of these, according to the census of 1907, 10,366,826 were Moham- medans, 706,322 Copts, 38,635 Tews, 12,736 Protestants, 57,744 Roman Catholics, 76,953 Greek Orthodox, and 27,537 Eastern Christians. 72 EGYPT under an armed guard. Though running the gauntlet of many perils, no missionary lives were lost and no^ mission property destroyed. The summer vacation period was near at hand. That past, all departments of work reopened under virtually normal conditions. Churches, schools and hospitals are full and access to the people unhampered. In the early stages of the uprising, Moslem and Christian frater- nized to an unprecedented extent. Each visited the other's place of worship. All else was subordinated to the sentiment of national unity. Large numbers of Moslems thus heard the gospel proclaimed for the first time. For in the evangelical churches at least, gospel rather than patriotic themes were the rule. Not a few Christians zealously made use of their new opportunity to explain their Book and its message. While it is to be feared that later developments tended to accentuate afresh the dividing lines, we may hope that even the temporary banishment of barriers gave opportunity for the Spirit of God to lift the veil and reveal a vision that will not fade. And it is to be hoped that the disillusioned Christians may now see more clearly that not "Egypt for the Egyptians" but "Egypt for Christ" is their nation's hope. The Future This unexpected course of events must make us diffident in any attempt to forecast the immediate future. Vyhere we thought all doors had opened, we may find that for the time some have closed more tightly. Broken power and disappointed hopes, instead of pro- ducing a humbled, chastened state of mind, ready for the Christian message, may but create bitterness and resentment. Yet if we may judge by the precedents of the past, the former is more likely to prove the case. The years that followed the quelling of the Arabi insurrection saw great numbers of Moslem inquirers, and baptisms for the first time became frequent. Forces equal to the opportunity, faithfulness, wisdom, tact and love in unstinted measure, and an outpouring of power from on high are the need of the hour. Continued Unrest As emphasizing the uncertainties of the situation and the fact that the Egyptian question is not yet settled should be mentioned the epidemic of strikes which broke out a few months after the sub- sidence of the uprising. It is largely attributable to the abnormal rise in the cost of living producing a spirit of deep discontent. But the resort to this western weapon is a disquieting symptom and calls for skillful treatment on the part of both political and spiritual leaders. The Labor Corps While the drafting of a Labor Corps to the number of several hundred thousand for work behind the lines in Palestine and Europe was the cause of much fear and unrest among the peasantry, it is likely to have far-reaching after effects in widening the horizon, THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 73 implanting new ideas in the minds of the common people and arous- ing a wholesome discontent with age-long conditions. All this will make for greater interest and openness of mind toward the gospel message. Itinerating Agencies Except for the weeks mentioned above, all departments of mission effort, church, school, press, hospital and hareem and boat work, have gone on as usual. Of these, indeed, only the schools and the work on the boats suffered serious interruption. For this last named agency, Egypt with its long narrow river valley in which all the life is centered, furnishes unique opportunities. Two mission boats are operating south of Cairo and one in the Delta. A mission car built for the tracks of the Agricultural Railway is also in use in the latter region. These itinerating agencies have demonstrated the fact of the open door and brought the word of life to hitherto untouched masses. The Native Protestant Church The native Protestant Church, through the stimulus of a vigorous Laymen's Movement, is rapidly approaching complete self-support. Steps have been taken looking toward the assuming by the Church of the responsibility for training her own workers in a well-equipped theological seminary. This Church like so many others suffered greatly in her membership from the ravages of influenza. The Coptic Church in Upper Egypt is showing increasing willingness to open its doors to Protestant missionaries and pastors. Survey of the Field The American Mission has completed a careful survey of the por- tion of the field for which it is responsible with a view to its adequate occupation, and already the increase of forces and equipment called for is being provided. The expected opening of the new Christian University in Cairo during the coming year will mean a large acces- sion of strength to the Christian forces in that strategic center, THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN Rev. James G. Hunt, D.D. Peace in the Midst of War This part of the world, with the exception of the Darfur province, felt but little the disturbance of the war. While the rest of the world was in convulsion, peace and quiet reigned in this land that not so long ago was shaking with the terrors of Mahdiism. Hence the coming of peace has made less change here than elsewhere. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. "British Control." Area, about 1,014,400 square miles. Population (estimated for 191 7), 3,400,000. Prevailing religion, Moham- medanism. 74 NEGRO AFRICA Material Progress The reconstruction of a country that had been reduced to chaos is naturally a slow work. But it has gone steadily on. The foreign trade has grown from nothing to $40,500,000 in 1918, almost equally divided between imports and exports. Railways are being extended and large irrigation plans are being pushed forward. Wages have rapidly increased and a state of prosperity exists. Missionary Cooperation and Expansion The missionaries have won the respect and good will of all classes. There is such close cooperation among the evangelical societies working in this field that all overlapping is avoided. The American Mission has made a thorough survey of the needs of its territory and is planning a large advance. Even yet, however, it is irnpossible accurately to forecast the shifting of the centers of population so as to fix upon settled plans of operation. In the Northern Sudan, the chief drawback is in the Government restrictions still in force concerning work for Moslems. But among the non-Moslem tribes to the south, the missions suffer no such em- barrassment and are meeting with a warm response. NEGRO AFRICA Rev. John M. Springer The past third of a century has seen revolutionary changes in Negro Africa, particularly of an industrial nature. Political changes have been less notable, but important, and religious progress, while marked, has lagged behind both these other lines of activity of foreigners entering Central Africa. A view of the situation of the native Negro African restricted to the present day might well give great concern, if not discouragement. But when the advance of a generation is noted, there is every reason for hopefulness for his future welfare and opportunities. With the considerable contribution that Africa as a whole rnade to the war, a contribution shared in by practically every section, involv- ing in the aggregate a million native men, soldiers, labor corps, carriers, etc., the people of this continent have earned the right to a new consideration in the councils of nations. Important to remember, also, is the awakening and impulse that has come in this connection to practically every tribe, the broadened Sierra Leone. British Colony and Protectorate. Area, about 31.000 square miles, population 1,403,132. The prevailing religions are Mohammedanism and Animism. Liberia. Republic. Area, about 40,000 square miles, population (estimated), from 1,500,000 to 2,100,000. There are about 12,000 American Liberians, and "about 50,000 of the coast negroes (including the Liberians proper), may be considered civilized. All such use English as tlicir language, and are Christian in religion." Of the interior tribes, most are Animists, but one large tribe (the Mandingoes) is Mohammedan. NEGRO AFRICA 75 horizon, the knowledge of the democratic principles and of the fundamental human rights that have been stressed. Desires and ambitions have been stirred, purposes formed to ac- quire education for self or for children and determination to secure greater industrial skill and to win larger wages. Advances and changes among the native Africans are proceeding more rapidly, doubtless, than among any similar backward people in the past. This is inevitable with the extensive exploitation of the continent that is proceeding at such a rapid rate, and in which are employed forces and methods of the most advanced nations of Europe and America. Industrial Conditions Half a century ago Africa had scarcely been touched by foreign influences. There were comparatively few industries and the de- mand was almost entirely for unskilled labor — for house service chiefly, and also to use the pick and shovel. Today the demand for native labor is large and urgent and in addition to the need for manyfold more unskilled laborers there is also a demand for brick makers, masons, carpenters, cabinet makers, engine drivers, foremen, clerks, telegraphers, bookkeepers, storekeepers, stenographers, teachers, and superintendents of native labor. The graduates of Mission schools are in great demand. In the technical schools (which are all too few) the problem is to keep the pupil long enough to finish his training as he is constantly being tempted to leave and accept the high wages offered to him for what training he already has. Demand for Native Labor The labor supply near the industrial centers is utterly inadequate to meet the demands, and labor recruiting bureaus go afield to tribes a thousand to two thousand miles distant. The result is that repre- sentatives of the various tribes widely separated over Central Africa mingle and become acquainted in these congested industrial centers where new conditions and multiplied temptations confront them. Crucially important is it that evangelical Christianity function strongly in all these centers. It is generally recognized that the native labor of Africa is in- adequate to meet the demands of the industrial program. Constantly there is mooted the question of introducing Asiatics. But past ex- periments in this line have not given satisfactory results. Another factor affecting the labor supply for European-controlled industries is the new policy of encouraging natives to accept or Gold Coast (including Ashanti and Northern Territories). British Colony. Area, about 80,000 square miles, population (census of 1911), 1,503,386. Animism is the prevailing religion. Togo. German Colony. Area, 33,700 square miles, population, 1,031,978. Occupied by British and French forces August 7, 1914, and now (provisionally) administered by the French and British military. Prevailing religion, Animism, 'j^ NEGRO AFRICA secure individual holdings of land for the cultivation of oil-bearing, cotton and other crops, as in Nigeria and in Natal. In the Belgian Congo many native truck gardeners are securing individual holdings. Native Labor Propaganda Johannesburg is the emporium, the labor melting pot for all South Africa. With the extension of the railway and other steam routes, the labor agents are sending far afield to the north, to Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and along the east coast for laborers. Representatives of the labor organizations in Europe and America have visited the Rand and have begun an active agitation among the native laborers instructing them in such agencies as strikes, boycotts, passive resistance, and other means for securing their rights and desires. Primarily these men had only in mind the using of the native to gain advantages for the white laborers, but they have sharpened a tool that is proving to be double-edged. The discontent which has been fomented by unscrupulous white men and by those of distorted ideas, is a serious factor in future relationship of the races. The Katanga Mineral Fields The Katanga mineral fields in the Belgian Congo are to Central Africa what the Rand is to South Africa. To work the vast deposits of copper, tin, coal and other minerals native laborers must be sought for in every tribe from ocean to ocean and from the Congo and Zambesi valleys. Inasmuch as there is a common re- cruiting ground of the two industrial centers, that in Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and since laborers go first to one field and later to the other, the ideas that are current on the Rand are becoming known in the Katanga. These industrial operations and the linking up and the extension of the transportation systems are welding Negro Africa into a oneness unknown and undreamed of heretofore. Race Consciousness The war has developed a strong race consciousness on the part of the negroes of the world which is shared by many in various parts of Africa. In 1918 or early 1919, there was organized in London a club of "Africans and Afro-Americans." The objects of the club, as set forth at a banquet early in 1919, were right and just enough, principles of race equality — not social equality, for social equality does not exist within any given race or nation, much less can it be forced or legislated between races — but equal opportunities in- dustrially and politically according to ability and merit. Nigeria. British Protectorate. Area, about 336,000 square miles, population, about 16,500,000. "Mohammedanism is widely diffused, the Fulani and Hausas and other ruling tribes being of that religion, but in some parts of the territory paganism is predominant." Kamerun (Cameroun). German Protectorate. Area, 191,950 square miles, population, 3,648,720. Conquered by French and English forces February 18, [916, and now administered by the Government of Nigeria, except the part ceded "ranee in 191 1. Prevailing religion. Animism. 1916 by Fr NEGRO AFRICA 'jj Political Outlook Politically the natives of Negro Africa have suffered various vicissitudes in the past generation. Fortunately there is an awakened conscience among the nations which bids fair to see that, in the future, justice is done them. The Negro African has so far to go, and has so many lessons to learn in self-government and in dele- gated representative government that he is far from being in a position independently to compete with the advanced nations of the world, or even to take any large share in the government of his own country for some time to come. Any expression of self determination must be taken in a very different way from what it would be among more advanced peoples. It is quite certain however that the tribes are quite capable of telling what they want and what they do not want. Missionary Occupation At present many sections of Africa are congested by over-lapping missionary agencies while vast areas remain untouched or inade- quately occupied. In all the interdenominational Conferences which have been organized in different parts of the continent, the sentiment of comity has been increasingly strong. The conviction is very strong that the time has come for a re-consideration of the fields and a re- adjustment of forces, somewhat such as has been already put into operation in Mexico. The agencies of industry and European governments are touching nearly every village and individual in the Continent while the mis- sionary agencies have scarcely touched ten per cent of the entire population. The extra pressure on the mission staffs of practically all societies as a result of the war is being only very slowly relieved. Men in all branches of mission work were called away to war service as chap- lains, interpreters, doctors, etc. These as well as those who remained by their work were in need of furloughs as demobilization was ac- complished. _ Many were unable, particularly in the latter years of the war, to journey from the home countries to the mission fields, especially women. The war time regulations of the British, re- quiring permits for all entering the various colonies, has delayed many, and the shortage of accommodations on the few boats in passenger service is holding up old and new missionaries for prac- tically all the fields. The Native Church Very generally throughout Negro Africa in recent years there has French Equatorial Africa (French Congo). French Colony. Area, about 669,000 square miles, population (estimated), 9,000,000. The prevailing re- ligion is Animism. Belgian Congo. Belgian Colony. Area (estimated), 909,654 square miles, population (several estimates), 7,000,000, 9,000,000 or 15,500,000. The pre- vailing religion is Animism. 78 NEGRO AFRICA been instruction and pressure for larger contributions by church members, to which there has been good response; the war has so affected mission finance that greater burdens needed of necessity to be borne by the native congregations; the standard of membership has been raised, quite as often at the instance of the native church itself, with accompanying pruning of membership; and general responsibility by each church member in propagating the gospel has been urged and readily accepted ; all of these factors have contributed more or less to promoting an aggressive evangelistic spirit and activity which has resulted in carrying forward notable revivals and mass movements and in initiating new movements of the same kind. The very success of the work has added overwhelming burdens on mission staffs already overtaxed. A saving factor has been the loyalty of the native helpers and ministry. Practically every mission can furnish instances of young men turning aside from offers of high wages in industry to labor at a low stipend in school and church, and there are many instances of evangelists, in times when all funds failed or were very low, going with little or nothing to teach and to evangelize. The value of industrial work in the formation of character and in training for service of evangelists and teachers as well as of others is being stressed quite generally. Bible Societies From nearly every mission comes word of progress in giving the Word to the people in their own tongue. In the new missions a first task is Bible translation, together with production of hymn books, catechism, etc. In the older missions the endeavor is to supply the entire New Testament, or the entire Bible, first in an initial and then a revised translation. The three principal Bible Societies stand ready to put through the press and to make available such portions as are ready for publica- tion The American Bible Society has on the press the revised Zulu Bible, a most important publication as it is understandable by several closely related language groups. This Society serves at least a dozen tribes in Africa, and reports sending out approximately 20,000 portions or copies in the last year. The British and Foreign Bible Society reports the completion of the Bible in Yoruba language (Nigeria) and of portions in two new languages, Jukun and Zande, and of portions in Lunda of Kalunda (Chindembwe) in 1918. This Society published the entire Bible in twenty-two languages, the entire New Testament in thirty-one and portions in eighty-six other languages, one hundred and thirty-nine Angola. Portuguese Colony. Area, 484,800 square miles, population, 4,119,000. Prevailing religion, Animism. Gkrman Soirxn-WEST Africa. German Colony. Area, 322,200 square miles, population, 164,8.30. Conquered hy I'.ritisli forces July 9, i9i.'>. since when it has been administered by the Union of South Africa. Prevailing religion, Animism. NEGRO AFRICA 79 in all. All but eighteen belong to Negro Africa and the others to North Africa. The Scottish Bible Society reports that the translation of the entire Bible into Nyanja (Nyasaland) has been completed. Only one book of the New Testament remains to be translated into the Tonga. John's Gospel was published in the Kikuyu language, and the first three Gospels in Chinamwanga, all for the first time. The Influenza The pandemic of "flu" swept over every part of the continent, taking a heavy toll. The scarcity of medical aid left the mass of the natives helpless. The ignorance of the natives as to proper care of pneumonia patients rendered them particularly susceptible to the disease. In some cases whole villages were wiped out. It is estimated that an eighth of the native population of the Belgian Congo succumbed. The mission staffs as a rule were affected only lightly, usually because of preventative measures carefully observed. The death of only two missionaries has come to our knowledge. At many stations the missionaries applied the preventative measures to the people of their station, and these, observing the in- structions and also living under better conditions than the village natives, as well as having blankets, were affected lightly. This has caught the attention of the heathen, who have remarked on the com- parative exemption of the Christian communities. Confidence in witch doctors has been greatly lessened, making a particularly fine opportunity for introducing medical work. However, in strange contrast many missions report that among the natives who did succumb to the "flu" were some of their best and most efficient native workers and pastors. Smallpox is reported as raging severely in many parts of Africa, and that the mortality was unusually high. The scarcity of medical missions or of medical help of any kind for the larger part of Negro Africa and of the great need of these is emphasized by these sad conditions. Missionary Leadership Needed There is very heavy loss and wg^tage of native life throughout the continent arising from infant mortality, ignorance of natural and proper treatment of disease, from superstition, from alcohol, im- ported and locally brewed, from new dangers arising from un- familiar industrialism and civilization, and from other causes. Much British East Africa (including the East Africmi Protectorate, the Uganda Protectorate, and Zanzibar and Pemba). British Protectorates. Total area, 356,961 square miles, population, 6,364,850, including 20,467 Asiatics. Animism is the prevailing religion, but on the coast, and on Zanzibar and Pemba, the Mohammedans largely predominate. German East Africa. German Colony. Area, about 384,000 square miles, population, 7,659,898. Overrun by British, Belgian and Portuguese forces by the close of the war. Prevailing religion. Animism. 8o NEGRO AFRICA of this is preventable, and is greatly lessened where Christian missions have functioned, as in Basutoland and Uganda, limited as has been the scope of missions even in these favored provinces. Under favorable conditions native populations have doubled in a generation, but it is doubtful if the total negro population of Africa is increasing in the aggregate, so many, so varied and so strong are the forces operating adversely at the present time. Industry and the various governments greatly need and desire an increased population. Both of these in some of the colonies need evidence and then pressure and leadership to introduce correc- tive measures and better conditions. Christian education and medical service is needed from the church as well as the leadership in con- vincing these other factors. All which bespeaks the necessity for a greatly increased force, and for missionaries of the highest order. Railroad Construction There is ahead a large program of railroad construction, involving all parts of Africa, and aggregating tens of thousands of miles. Several of these enterprises are being put into operation at once. The usual force employed in the construction of a line of railroad is from a hundred to two hundred white men and two thousand to five thousand or more natives gathered from tribes for hundreds of miles on either side. In no case that the writer has heard of has a Christian worker accompanied any one of the scores of such groups that have built the more than 20,000 miles of railway now in operation in Africa. Moral and religious conditions on railroad construction have been worse than can be imagined. Natives have returned to their homes with little to relate of the white man's life and doings except his drunkenness, his gambling, his immorality, and with his profanity well learned. A very crucial opportunity has been lost in the past to shepherd and help the white men and to teach and evangelize the natives. Will not evangelical Christianity henceforth provide a mobile corps to accompany every such construction group and thus capitalize one of the best of chances to serve and to save, as well as to give a favorable impression to the natives of some factors at least con- nected with the incoming forces. Missionary Control of Primary Education With few exceptions practically all the primary education of natives in Negro Africa has been given by missionary agencies. It is the British custom to subsidize mission schools, Protestant and Portuguese East Africa. Consists of three Portuguese territories, the Province of Mozambique (area, 295,000 square miles), the Companhia de Mocambique (59,840 square miles), and the Companhia de Nyassa (73,292 square miles). The two latter are under trading companies. Total area-, 426,712 square miles, population, 3,120,000. The prevailing religion is Animism. WEST AFRICA k 8i Catholic alike, on the basis of equipment, grade of work done, and attendance. Several of the governments, notably Natal in the Union of South Africa and the Belgian Congo, are considering taking over, or estab- lishing general primary education as a governmental function. The French have already initiated this policy in part. As this change occurs it will take from the missions one of their most potential opportunities for influencing the tribes and developing character. It will mean that the methods of work will need to be changed and other phases stressed. It will make the religious educa- tion to center more in the home, the church and in hostels at institu- tions of learning. WEST AFRICA The marked industrial development and prosperity all along the west coast of the past few years has led to the building of roads and of railways back to the interior. All this is arousing the people to desire something new in education and in religion. Many heathen chiefs have been sending to the mission stations asking for teachers and evangelists. There never has been a more favorable time for Christianity to extend its work. Mohammedanism The advance and aggression of Mohammedanism all along the coast is the outstanding fact and the critical situation of the present time. Moslems from the interior and from the French Sudan seem to be organized for an aggressive propaganda in a most definite way. Teachers supplied with funds are appearing in the coast villages and opening and conducting schools among the raw heathen, building mosques and otherwise taking advantage of the awakened condition of the natives and their desire for new and better things. Many Mohammedan traders financed by European houses go freely among the Pagan peoples and into districts of the various colonies, where, before European governments arrived, they would have been killed. They preach Islam while they trade. The Moham- medans are meeting somewhat of a check in their school work in the French territories, inasmuch as the French Government is for- bidding the use of the Arabic language as well as of any language except French in the schools. In Northern Nigeria, 19,073 Mohammedan schools are reported, with an attendance of 143,312. Of Christian mission schools twenty- nine are reported with an enrollment of six hundred and four pupils. Union of South Africa. A legislative union of self-governing colonies of Great Britain. Comprising the Cape of Good Hope Province (area, 276,966, population (1911), 2,564,965), Natal (area, 35,291, population (1911), 1,194,- 043), Transvaal (area, 110,450, population (1911), 1,686,212), Orange Free State (area, 50.389. population (1911), 528,174). Total area, 473,096 square miles, total population 5.973.394, of whom 4,697,162 are colored or natives, and 1,276,242 Whites. There were (census of 1911), 2,578,049 Protestants, 91,035 Roman Catholics, 46.919 Jews, 115,701 Hindus, 1,783 Buddhists and Confucian- ists, 45,842 Mohammedans. 82 WEST AFRICA Liberia In Liberia up to the present time the various missionary societies have not come together in an effective cooperation to secure greater results, but there is a dehnite tendency in that direction. This republic is, if anything, overchurched near the coast, but each society is understaffed for the effective occupation of thjs coast region and particularly for the aggressive advance into the interior. A start has been made recently in establishing medical work by the Protestant Episcopalians, who have the only hospital in Liberia, and a dispensary at another point. One report states : "Liberia has no social, race or labor problems or disturbances. Her troubles have all been financial and the encroachments of the powerful neighboring colonies on her borders." Nigeria So far as Southern Nigeria is concerned the situation is entirely favorable to Christian missions, for the Governor-general is on record as saying, "I hold out every encouragement to establish mis- sions in Pagan centers." The evidence is increasingly clear that there is urgent need that a commission early be appointed representing American, British and other Foreign boards to devise ways and means by which the advance of Mohammedanism can be stayed. That war-time prohibition in Nigeria has a chance of becoming permanent is seen from the fact that the Secretary of State for the colonies had announced in the House of Commons "that he had in- formed the governments of British West Africa colonies that the importation into those colonies of all spirits should be prohibited for the present, save under licenses issued by the colonial government and based on the imports for 1918, but that licenses are not to be granted for the importation of 'trade spirits.' " The comment follows that the trade in gin in West Africa is "now coming to an end so far as Englishmen are concerned." It would be a very great gain for every one concerned, except for the liquor interests, if in the other portions of Africa, not previously protected, prohibition of all imported liquors at least could become effective. A united drive by all missionary agencies would be very effective in promoting and hastening this consummation. Cameroun The mass movement of recent years in the Presbyterian Mission continues unabated. The school work has been hindered in the readjustment made necessary by the change of Governments. Swaziland. British Protectorate. Area, 6,678 square miles, population (191 1 ), 99,959, of wliotn 98,733 arc natives of the Zulu type. I'asutoland. British Protectorate. Area, 11,716 square miles, population (191 1), 404,507 natives and 1,396 Europeans. WEST CENTRAL AFRICA 83 Where German was taught formerly French is now required. The missionaries, however, are quickly adjusting' themselves to these requirements. In caring for the German Mission stations in the Cameroun, the Paris Evangelical Society and the Presbyterian (American) have shared, with the final adjustments still pending. The return of the German missionaries to their former work would seem to be alto- gether inexpedient. WEST CENTRAL AFRICA French Congo Decided difficulties seem to be encountered by mission societies purposing to enter French territory. A group of American mis- sionaries intending to open work in the Ubangi-Shari district have waited for two years at Brazzaville for the necessary permission. There is hopefulness of soon obtaining this permission. The French Congo is a most important sector to occupy in the staying of the advance of Mohammedanism which is aggressively pressing down from the North. Besides the group mentioned above, four regular missionary so- cieties are planning to extend their work into this region at the earliest favorable moment. The Belgian Congo The missionary conference of 1918, attended by seventy-three mis- sionaries representing nine societies, was a gathering of a high order. It faced the problems of missionary work in this colony in a most efficient way and appointed a continuation committee to carry into effect its findings and policies. A careful study of the occupation of this field revealed that the heart of the colony only is at all well occupied. The outer rim, of about three hundred miles in width, particularly on the East and North, is almost untouched. One notable break in the rim is on the northeast where the Africa Inland Mission has established itself in force, with headquarters at Aba, from which also the work of this same society in British East Africa and the former German East Africa will be administered. The Heart of Africa Mission occupies territory in the same region. It was stated at the conference that one hundred tribes of the Congo are as yet untouched by the Gospel. The_ next session of this Conference of Protestant Missionary Societies in the Congo will be held in 1921, either at Brazzaville or at Bolenge. Rhodesia (including Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia). Under the administration of the British South Africa Company. Area, about 440,000 square miles, population (estimated), 1,654,000 natives, and about 30,000 Europeans. Prevailing religion. Animism. 84 EAST AFRICA A strong deputation representing the Baptist Missionary Society (English) visited th» Congo during the year, as did also a deputa- tion of the Methodist Episcopal Church. All of the other long established missions have previously been visited by deputations. This should put all the societies in a position to consider efficiently the problems of readjustment and of advance. EAST AFRICA A famine in parts of British East Africa followed the epidemic of "flu" and smallpox. Relief of distressing conditions was supplied by the government officials and missionaries working in cooperation. Mohammedans The entire east coast down as far as the Zambesi is one of the storm centers,^ a sector of active advance by the Mohammedans. The war furnished great opportunities for propaganda, which were aggressively_ improved by the Moslems, particularly in connection with the military operations. The Christian forces were in evidence in only a few places. German Mission Work In caring for the German Protestant Missions in former German East Africa, the Africa Inland Alission (an American interdenom- inational society) has been requested by the Government to assume the responsibility for certain of these. A possible solution for the stations in the districts assigned to Belgium by the Peace Conference is for the Belgian Protestants to occupy this territory. Before the war there were 50,000 Protestants in Belgium, and missionaries representing a portion of these were on the way in August, 1914, to open work in the Congo. The Africa Inland Mission was able greatly to increase its staff during the war period, having now a hundred and sixty missionaries in East Africa and the Congo. Opposition to Mission Work Portions of Portuguese East Africa, notably those under the Mozambique Company, are practically^ closed to missionary work. This chartered company represents principally British and French capital. Portuguese are employed in the provinces. This situation calls for early attention. SOUTH AFRICA The "Sub-Continent" having had a much earlier and a more general occupation by Europeans, is far ahead of the rest of Negro Africa in every respect. A million and a quarter Europeans within the Union of South Africa, the majority of them cither born in the country or permanently settled there, aim to make this a "White SOUTH AFRICA 85 man's country," There must be taken into consideration at the same time nearly five million Africans and colored people (mixed blood) besides 115,701 East Indians and 45,841 Mohammedans, mostly Malay and other Asiatics. Truly South Africa has her full share of political, industrial, social and religious problems. The application of the Gospel to social conditions and to racial differences and problems, in a sane and right way by members of all races and groups, is the great need, and holds out the only promise of solution to these very acute problems, which perhaps are more acute and complex in South Africa than anywhere else. Religious Situation of Europeans While practically all of the white population of South Africa is returned in statistics as Christian, it is only the same as reporting America or any European country as Christian, or somewhat less so. Several of the principal Protestant denominations are strongly repre- sented either by independent or by affiliated Conferences, Synods or similar groups. These bodies carry on a more or less aggressive work, as compared with churches in other countries, but all feel the need of greatly enlarged activities and programs. Very definite expressions have been made of desire for a closely united and com- mon program on behalf of evangelical Christianity throughout the Union. Temperance The measure promoted on behalf of the vine growers of South Africa to permit selling to natives of wines and liquors up to ten per cent strength of alcohol has been defeated for the time at least. Leaders of native thought are beginning to resent race or class legislation. These same leaders realize the evils of alcoholic liquors and approve of prohibition, but they maintain that it should be prohibition for all. The illicit liquor selling to natives, which is such a scandal and problem at Johannesburg, is very difficult to suppress as long as there is abundance of all sorts of liquors in the country for Europeans. Degenerate whites and crafty colored persons will sell it to the natives. Many Europeans are beginning to agree that total prohibi- tion is the only solution. Many of the recurring race and class prob- lems and difficulties would disappear with alcohol. Temperance sentiment is gaining and progress has been made to convince the vine growers that there is fully as profitable a market for their produce in other forms as in alcohol. American temperance workers have responded to join in a cam- paign beginning October, 1919. Local option is the means by which the leaders expect to make their gains. Changing Attitude of Europeans Toward Mission Work The past two decades have seen a great reversal of opinion, on the part of the general European public, regarding the advisability of 86 SOUTH AFRICA education at all for the natives and the value of mission work in general. The findings of the imperial Native Affairs Commission of 1903, and similar investigations, which strongly commended education and mission work, the attitude of the natives in the Zulu rebelhon of 1906, the good account given of themselves by graduates of mission schools ; tliese and other factors have utterly changed the attitude of the tlioughtful men in government and in commerce. The Johannesburg Gold Mines In tliis melting pot of the native tribes of South Africa, race con- sciousness and independence of action is growing rapidly. Until within a few years the principal activity of the natives on a Sunday was participation in a local compound dance. Now each Sunday there is a special dance in a designated compound to which natives assemble from compounds twenty miles or more distant. Teams vie with each other in performance, each team being backed by its crowd. Compound colors, banners, streamers and yells are much in evidence, as at a football game. Besides this development of native sport the natives have imitated the white man in forming football, tennis, cricket and other athletic clubs, with contests, prizes, etc. Most of these games are held on Sunday, likewise an imitation of white men. The sixty or more Ethiopian (, independent native or negro) Church organizations at present existing throughout South Africa in the majority of cases originated here on the mineral fields. Secret Societies, a notable one called Xinevahites, the members of which engage to aid each other in crimes, is very strong here. Compound Work Two decades ago it was with great difficulty that missionaries obtained access to the mine compounds to preach to the native miners ; now practically every compound is open to them, and halls and school rooms are, by the mines in many cases, put at the disposal of the mission agents. In connection with this compound work very much greater effi- ciency could be obtained by a reorganization and cooperation be- tween the twenty-two societies from practically every Protestant country that are now working quite independently of each other along the Rand. No one of them has been doing an adequate and significant work. The American Board is greatly enlarging its work, opening social centers, seeking to get control or give guidance in recreational and athletic activities, and otherwise functioning in the every day life of the natives employed in the city and on the mines. It is to be hoped that other societies will hkewise seek to serve in this larger way and thus employ these additional means of proclaiming and exemplifying the Gospel. SOUTH AFRICA 87 The General Mission Conference of South Africa The fifth session of this important conference was postponed on account of the war, from 1916 and is to be held in 1921. Commis- sions have been making exhaustive research on various subjects, and will report their findings at the coming session. The sentiment, which has been strong in the conference from its first session, in favor of comity and of correction of overlapping, which is acute in parts of South Africa, is growing in strength and would seem to bespeak readiness for some positive and radical adjustments in the near future. The South Africa Native College After years of consideration and slow progress the South Africa Native College — of real college grade — is at last a reality, and was opened during the year. The missionary agencies, the various provincial governments and the native tribes of the Sub-continent are all related to the enterprise. The site is on ground formerly a part of the Lovedale institution, the buildings being about a mile apart. During the first season thirty-nine students, well distributed among the various denominations, and from seven tribes, were in at- tendance. Professional training will be provided at an early date. Theo- logical training will be given by the various denominations in connec- tion with their hostels. As a result of the revelation during the year of the lack and the need of skilled medical advice and attention among the native peoples a fair proportion of the students are desiring medical training. Government Recognition and Support From an attitude of indifference years ago the Natal government has become a heavy supporter of missionary education. Amanzimtote Institution (American Board) received in 1918 government grants for support of the teaching staff $8,000, as against $300 eighteen years ago. One grant toward the building of a Domestic Science Department amounts to $5,000. Large support is assured for equip- ment and salaries in the greater program ahead. Native Loyalty and Development Fears were entertained that natives returning from the war zones of France and East Africa would exhibit unfavorable reactions. But these fears were groundless. The Superintendent of Education in Natal was able to say that he had "not heard of a single instance of unbecoming conduct on the part of a returned native laborer. On the contrary, the discipline of the army and the education through travel had rendered them more dutiful, more loyal, more useful." 88 SOUTH AFRICA Mr. Le Roy, for eighteen years principal of Amanzimtote, the lead- ing native educational institution of Natal, reports that the war has led the natives to discriminate between mere civilization and Christi- anity. Mere civilization and education is not sufficient. There is such a thing as Godless civilization which does not differ materially from a Godless heathenism. This new view has made the native peoples more receptive to the truth than they have been for years. The Zulu native churches have entirely supported their own ministry for a quarter of a century. This year they took advance steps in establishing at their own charges a minimum salary for every pastor and evangelist, involving a twenty to forty per cent increase over former salaries, and also by appointing and providing for the salary of a native field secretary for their churches. The natives of South Africa, many of them college trained (in America and Great Britain), have their provincial and national councils to promote the educational, social, political and industrial interests of their peoples. The discussions and actions are on a high plane, surprising to those not conversant with the abilities and attainments of natives who have had opportunities for education. The Three Factors Church, state and commerce, all three are operating throughout the continent of Africa. All three are ordained of God, each to function in its respective sphere. The best results will follow where the three cooperate closely and harmoniously, all actuated by the spirit of humanity, of justice and of service. With the accounting nations will in future be required to render of their stewardship, under the League of Nations, the governments of Africa must increasingly consult the interests of the peoples, providing so far as laws can the opportunities for security and for development. A wise, strong policy of cooperation with govern- ments pursued by the federated missionary agencies can greatly further these ends. Industry while inclined at first to be short-sighted and careless of native welfare is becoming convinced in spots that a humane policy is best in the long run for them as well as for the natives. The Church as well as the state needs to be alert here to give proof , to watch processes, correct wrongs and secure the best conditions for the native laborers. The Mission agencies are broadening their policies, and need_ to go on and to be sure that the total normal life of the peoples is being symmetrically developed. The narrow conception that frowned upon governments and industry and kept apart from them must give place to a policy of seeking opportunities to cooperate. To keep pace with state and commerce in all parts of Africa, the Church needs to multiply her present force from six to ten fold. THE PHILIPPINES 89 THE PHILIPPINES Rev. p. H. J. Lerrigo, M.D. Especial interest attaches to the Philippine situation at this time; first, because of the recrudescence of interest in the question of immediate independence, and second, because of the prominence which the doctrine of mandataries has taken in the peace delibera- tions. The Philippines as a Mandatary The American occupation of the Philippines may fairly be consid- ered an ideal example of a mandatary accepted by a stronger in behalf of a weaker nation. It may be taken as indicative of the way in which mandataries as projected in the peace treaty should work out, and also as an assurance of the entire feasibility of such a mandatary system. The spirit of Protestant Christendom has crystallized in America's dealings with the Philippines. Service is its keynote and its best fruitage is the possibility of an epoch when similar relationships shall obtain between great and small peoples the world over. Interpreting America to the Orient The Philippines has been an experimental station for the new era and stands as an interpreter at the door of the Orient. China was puzzled for decades by the contrast between Romanist and Prot- estant methods of missionary work within her own boundaries. The one expressed autocracy and the other democracy. The one inter- meddled in a multitude of lawsuits and demanded special privileges for its adherents ; the other relied for success and protection upon the dynamic force of its message. The Philippine experience has shed a flood of light upon these inconsistencies for the Chinese. Four hundred years of the old Spanish regime failed to accomplish what two decades of a benevolent government in the spirit of evangelical Christianity have achieved. It is helping Japan also to interpret an episode in her own history. The hostile reaction to Catholic propaganda closed the doors of Japan to the world. lyeyasu suspected that the propaganda of Spanish and Portuguese missionaries was but the preliminary to political aggression and the great Shogun ordered all foreign priests expelled and all churches destroyed, while Japanese Christians were compelled to renounce the faith. America's experience in the Philip- pines is a striking illustration, comprehensible because occurring in a brief time, of the contrast between that autocratic type of Christi- anity, and the democratic Christianity which has had no small part in the modern Japanese revolution. Philippine Islands. United States Possession. 3,141 Islands (only eight of large size) with an area of about 114,400 square miles. Population (esti- mated), 9,000,000, mainly of the Malay race, but there are some tribes of Negritos, aboriginal Polynesians, numbering probably 25,000 all told, and about 35.000 Chinese. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholicism, but there are some 1,100,000 non- Christians, including the Mohammedans and some 300,000 Animists. 90 THE PHILIPPINES The Young Men's Buddhist Association of India has sent a com- mission to the Philippines to study its educational system. The nations of the Orient understand America and Christ better because of our experience in the Philippines. Two Decades in the Philippines The present year closes two decades of mission work in the Philip- pines, while the American occupation has just come of age, being now in its twenty-first year. The limited area involved and the liberty to depart radically from old standards made it possible to introduce reforms of the most advanced nature and in some respects the Philippines has outpaced this country in its governmental methods. Postal Savings Banks were introduced there before they were established in this country. The past year has seen the adop- tion of the budget system in insular finance, a departure which American legislators have talked of for decades and which we have not yet succeeded in achieving. For the lack of it we have the present haphazard and unrelated hodge-podge of national expendi- tures. Departmentalized Government Service During the year covered by the last report of the Governor Gen- eral, the Jones bill has been put into effect, departmentalizing the entire Philippine service. The very titles of the departments indi- cate the practical nature of the plan. They are as follows with their subdivisions, or bureaus. All of them with the exception of the De- partment of Public Instruction are in charge of Filipino directors. Department of the Interior. Bureau of non-Christian tribes. Executive Bureau. Bureau of Constabulary. Philippine General Hospital. Department of Public Instruction. Bureau of Education. Philippine Health Service. Department of Finance. Bureau of Internal Revenue. Treasury Bureau. Budget. Department of Justice. Bureau of Prisons. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Forestry. Department of Commerce and Communications. Bureau of Public Works. Bureau of Posts. Bureau of Supply. Bureau of Labor. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey. THE PHILIPPINES 91 Education in the Philippines The Department of Public Instruction evidences perhaps better than any other that the task undertaken in the Philippines is being intelligently and thoroughly done. The system is based upon the most advanced principles of educational science. It includes trades schools and manual training in all the schools far in advance of the average American standard. It is recognized, however, that while the quality of the work is high, it is inadequate in extent. The Secretary of Public Instruction, Mr. Charles E. Yeater, states in his report that "while the Philippines possess an excellent school system, with a trained and expert directing personnel, other facts make plain the dark side of the picture. It is true that only one-half the children of the islands are in the public schools and that for the reason that schoolhouses and teachers are lacking." To meet the situation the Philippine legislature has recently passed a bill provid- ing for an additional sum of Pesos 30,000,000 to be made available for the work of the department during the next five years. This will supplement the present annual appropriation of Pesos 5,000,000. Association of Government and Missionary Work From the beginning of the task there has been a close association between the work of the missionary and the Government. In the report of F, W. Carpenter, Director of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, to the Secretary of the Interior are these words :_ "As a coordinate factor with the Government in the work of civilization throughout the territory within the jurisdiction of this bureau, I cannot too strongly commend the work of Christian missions and philanthropy." The mission schools are supplementing the work of the Depart- ment of Public Instruction, especially in the higher branches, and that their work is thoroughly appreciated is indicated by the following paragraph from the last report of the Secretary of the department : "Every effort by any religious sect ... to establish and maintain schools should be welcome. With half the children of the country deprived of an opportunity to get an education there is pressing demand not only for more public but more private schools." The Students' Conferences While statistics for the year are not yet available, every report from the Philippines indicates that the evangelical work has been proceeding most encouragingly. One of the interesting events of the year was the Students' Conference held at Baguio during the Christmas holidays. One hundred and twenty-five young men were in attendance as delegates. The year was marked also by the organ- ization of the first women students' conference. These gatherings will parallel the work of the Students' Conferences in America and are already stimulating young people to give their lives to missionary service. Rev. W. O. Valentine of Occidental Negros reports twenty 92 THE PHILIPPINES men in his field ready to enter the ministry. At Camp Claudio a thousand young men are in Bible classes. The Christian Service League As an outgrowth of the student gatherings the Christian Service League was inaugurated. It has for its primary object "the promo- tion of vital Christianity in the lives of the young men and women of the Islands." Branches of the League are being formed through- out the archipelago. It has undertaken as one of its first tasks a vigorous campaign against the cockpit and in favor of prohibition. There is before the Philippine legislature a measure to the same effect as the prohibitory amendment recently adopted by Congress. The Christian Service League has addressed the Philippine senators and_ representatives in an open letter supporting Sefior Altavas' bill to limit the continuance of the Cockpit to two years. Already some results are manifest. Gambling among high officials is being vigor- ously attacked, and certain municipal presidents have been separated from their office for this offense. Net Results to Date The American occupation of the Philippines is, in some sense, entirely a missionary task, for it was conceived and has been carried out in an altruistic spirit. The net results of Government and mis- sionary work alike are a peaceful but complete revolution of the Archipelago. Up to the American occupation the Philippines were in a condition of arrested development. The Spaniards brought a medieval civilization four hundred years ago and the atmosphere of the middle ages still prevailed. The walled city of Manila graphically pictured its old-world character. Since the American, occupation it has been swept into the current of modern progress." This is illustrated by the new commerce. The last report of the Governor General shows a year of extraordinary prosperity. The total trade amounts to Pesos 322,802,674; the exports being 191,- 208,613, _ making a balance of trade in favor of the Philippines amounting to 59,614,552. The money in circulation was Pesos 102,580,313. The commerce with the United States includes two- thirds of the exports and three-fifths of the imports. The world is getting acquainted with the Philippines and they with the world. Inward-bound passengers were 19,635, outward-bound 16,293. A Curious Anachronism Remnants of the old medievalism are still found. At Loma Ceme- tery this year the "penitentes" were practised by scores of men on Good Friday. Stripped to the waist they lacerated themselves until the blood streamed down their backs ; some hacked themselves with pieces of glass and others flagellated themselves with scourges made of cords and small pieces of bamboo. Public sentiment is increasing, however, against such absurdities, THE PHILIPPINES 93 The Key to the Future The results of the evangelical work in the islands are seen not only in the growth of many large and vigorous Protestant churches and communities, but also in the leavening of public opinion far beyond what might be expected if the numerical strength only of Protestantism v/ere taken into account. There must be a vital faith in Christ as personal Lord and Master on the part of increasing numbers of the people if reforms are to be lasting, and this is being brought about by the work of the missions. The young people of the schools and churches are carrying their enlightened ideas into every walk of life. The growth of a middle class may be discerned. Opportunities as artisans, railway employees, in connection with business houses, and the new agriculture are appealing especially to the Christian young men and women. The Work Still Incomplete It is apparent that the work is still incomplete and the missions must concern themselves in the coming days with reenforcing the educational situation, especially in its higher branches, and must place redoubled emphasis upon cooperation with the Filipinos themselves in building up a vigorous native church to be the moral backbone of the country. The missionary to the Philippines should be a student of world movements. He should study the Government reports and present to his young people the opportunity of engaging in public work with the aim of carrying the spirit of Christ into the affairs of the Islands. GENERAL ARTICLES MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Rev. Joseph F. McGlinchey, D.D.* The Foreign Mission work of the Catholic Church began in the year 30 A. D., when Jesus Christ, the Son of God, its founder and first missionary, preached His own Gospel and organized the first Christian Seminary, whose students, taught and ordained to the Priesthood by Him, were commanded to go and "Teach all nations," to "Preach the Gospel to every creature." For twenty centuries the successors of Christ and His little band of twelve missionaries have preached His doctrine, guided by the Holy Spirit and directed by the Pope, the successor of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles and the Visible Head of the Church. We may divide this long Apostolate of 2,000 years into three distinct periods : I. The Apostolic Epoch, which covers the first three centuries of the Church, and which ended with the cessation of the early persecutions in the reign of Constantine ; H. The Epoch of Union and Protectorate, during which Christian Princes lent their assistance, both material and moral, to the spreading of the Faith; and HI. The Modern or Popular Epoch, which began after the Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, when the Church, again persecuted and despoiled of her goods, depended for her support upon the charity of the faithful. It is the purpose of this Chapter to give a brief account of the condition of the Apostolate of the Catholic Church to the heathens at the present day. The Missionaries Among the first questions asked by those seeking information about the conversion of the pagan is "How many foreign mission- aries are there?" Since this chapter has to do with the missionary work of the Catholic Church all references in it are to Catholic missionaries. Let us first determine what we understand by the words foreign missionary, for statistics are sometimes misleading. This is especially true if they be comparative. It may easily happen that estimates are compiled from quite different points of view. Moreover, there is apt to be much overlapping in such records. The data used in this paper is taken from the most authentic sources, and is, we feel, conservative. A missionary is one specially sent by the Church of God to carry the glad tidings of the Gospel to those who have not yet received them. By a foreign missionary we mean, one, not a native, who * Director of Missions for the Archdiocese of Boston of the Roman Catholic Church. Dr. McGlinchey very kindly consented to furnish an article for the Year Book which would give an account of the work of his Church throughout the mission world, written from the viewpoint of the Catholic Church. 97 98 MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH preaches the Gospel in pagan lands, or in foreign lands that are no longer pagan, but have few or no native clergy, like the West Indies and parts of the Philippines, South and Central America. We understand as pagan lands countries where the majority of the population does not worship the one, true God. There are about 38,000 foreign missionaries, and they are divided as follows : 12,000 Priests, 6,000 Brothers, and 20,000 Sisters. These figures would, of course, be much larger if we included the native Priests and Sisters (about 10,000) who are laboring for the con- version of their own people, and European missionaries who have followed their own Christian countrymen to other lands, like the vast army of Irish Priests and Nuns in America and Australia. ^ It might be mentioned in passing that in China there are over 800 native Priests and over 1,500 native Sisters. Indo-China has about the same number, while in India we find as many native Priests and Sisters as there are in China and Indo-China put together. Up to the present almost all of the Catholic foreign missionaries have come from Europe. The World War has naturally reduced their number and its effects will be felt in the personnel of the missions for some years, as many of the Seminaries and Convents where young men and women prepared for mission work were either closed or greatly depleted. A large number of these apostolic schools and colleges were used as hospitals during the War. A Missionary's Training While some will be surprised at the large number of native Priests and Sisters in the Far East, many, undoubtedly, will ask, "But why are there not more foreign missionaries?" Not merely to answer this question, but because those who will read this chapter may not be well informed about the calling, preparation and training of our missionaries, we feel that this fundamental question should be touched upon. The foreign missionary, just as the Priest or Sister at home, does not follow this life in preference to another, like those, for example, who select the professions of law, medicine or teaching. "You have not chosen me: but I have chosen you" (John XV. 16), said Christ to His Apostles. This same call applies equally to the modern Peter engaged in the self same apostolic work. In other words, our mis- sionaries must have a vocation, they must be called by God, who manifests His wishes in many different ways. Most writers upon this point go farther and claim that there is a very special vocation to be a foreign missionary, entirely distinct and much higher than that of the Priest or Sister in Christian lands. This matter of voca- tion, as understood by Catholics, is not easy to grasp by those outside the Church. We know, however, that there are a great many Prot- estants who look upon it in just the same light as we do. _ _ The long years of preparation and training of our missionaries, too, may surprise many. A boy who aspires to this lofty calling usually enters an apostolic school after he has completed the ordinary MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 99 high school. Then follows a course equal to the four years of college, including two years of philosophy. By this time the candi- date has been carefully trained and disciplined. If the observations of his superiors have satisfied them as to his character, intellectual equipment and general fitness for the priesthood and its exercise in the foreign fields, he is permitted to advance to the study of theology. Even there, a strict and severe disciplinary training is continued and, usually at the end of the second year, comes the call to Minor Orders. After his third year in the Seminary the student receives Major Orders and then, when his entire course is completed, he is ordained to the priesthood. Some young priests are assigned to the foreign fields immediately after their ordination, others are sent to universities for higher studies or obliged to teach in the apostolic schools and seminaries before the goal of their ambition is finally attained. Since the majority of our foreign missionaries are mem- bers of Religious Orders, in addition to the above long period of study and preparation they spend two years of Novitiate, during which there is very little study, but much character training, result- ing from spiritual exercises under a competent and carefully selected Novice Master. The Brothers and Sisters, of course, do not go through this long period of probation and studies, but their training is in many cases much stricter than that of the Brothers and Sisters who expect to labor for souls in Europe and America. The Church in Many Lands In a short treatise like the present it is difficult to make an ade- quate or even a satisfactory statement about the world wide mission activities of the Church. There are so many phases of the question that we can only give a brief account of the work in general; and in order that as much information as possible may be gleaned there- from, we will classify the personnel and the present results of the efforts of the laborers according to the various political divisions of the harvest field, keeping in mind that now, as in the early days of Christianity, it is only too true that "The harvest indeed is great, but the laborers are few." Matt. IX. 2>7' There are on the face of the globe to-day about 1,500,000,000 people — one billion five hundred million souls ! One-third of this great army only is Christian — 300,000,000 Catholics and 200,000,000 Protestants. In China alone there are almost as many pagans as there are Chris- tians in the rest of the world. Think of it, almost every third child born into this world is a Chinese boy or girl. If the pagans of China were to file down Fifth Avenue at the rate of one hundred per minute, marching every minute of every hour and twenty-four hours each day, and there were no breaks in that parade ; if you, dear reader, and I, wanted to witness all of that great spectacle, how long do you think we would have to remain iipon the grandstand? A little over nine years ! Let us begin with Asia. Before giving the figures, an explanation 100 Missions of the roman catholic church of some of the terms used may be helpful, A vicariate is an ecclesi- astical division of mission territory less in importance than a diocese. It may at any time be raised to the dignity of a diocese by being canonically determined as such. A prefecture is less in importance than a vicariate. The ecclesiastical superiors having jurisdiction over these districts are called, respectively, vicars apostolic and prefects apostolic. The former is usually a bishop, the latter may be but seldom is a bishop. In India there are 2,311,000 Catholics, thirty-five archbishops and bishops, three prefects apostolic and 2,894 priests. In Indo-China, which includes Burmah, Cambodia, Cochin China, Siam, Malacca and Tonkin, the Church has 1,121,122 Catholics, seventeen bishops and 1,397 priests. In China we find one diocese, forty-eight vicariates and one prefecture apostolic, respectively governed by fifty bishops and one prefect apostolic. In this vast new republic we have 1,859,883 Catholics, 1,432 missionaries, 1,994 nuns, 7,72)^ Catechists, about 10,000 churches and chapels and eighty-five seminaries. Japan, which before the terrible persecutions counted over 2,000,000 Catholics, was closed to missionaries for three hundred years, and in i860 there was not one Catholic who openly professed his faith in the Flowery Kingdom. To-day we have 162,212 Cath- olics, four bishops, two vicars apostolic, and two hundred and twenty-three foreign missionaries here. Africa has fourteen dioceses, seventy-two vicariates and prefec- tures apostolic, 3,523 missionaries and 2,896,105 Catholics. Oceania offers us an illustration of what we said above about statistics. If we include Australia, and in giving figures about Oceania it is sometimes considered, we have well over 1,000,000 Catholics and nearly 2,000 priests. But since we do not now con- sider Australia a missionary country, although technically it is, for its affairs are still directed by the Sacred Congregation of Propa- ganda in Rome, we have a much smaller number of missionaries and converts in Oceania. In this vast archipelago, which is some- times called Polynesia and includes the Caroline, Fiji, Solomon, Marquesas Islands, New Guinea, New Pomerania, New Caledonia and others, there are nine vicariates, three prefectures, six hundred and eight missionaries and 276,794 Catholics. In the above classification are enumerated 10,177 foreign mis- sionary priests. Besides these we find over 1,800 more who are laboring in parts of the East and West Indies, the Philippines, Alaska, South and Central America. Support of the Missions There are two great international mission aid organizations which aim at supporting the Catholic foreign missionaries : The Society for the Propagation of the Faith, founded in 1822 and composed of adult members, and the Association of the Holy Childhood, established in 1843. The receipts of these two Apostolic Works are used to MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH loi feed and clothe our 38,000 missionaries. The various activities and enterprises of the mission fields, such as the building and main- tenance of Churches, schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc., are sup- ported by the funds of other smaller national societies, local mission circles and clubs, and by the contributions of individuals. The many Religious Orders, Congregations and Societies dedicated entirely or in part to foreign mission work, through their periodicals receive considerable financial assistance for their own missions. Moreover, the relatives and friends of missionaries often send them material help. Such support, according to some, is, in the aggregate, quite large, but of course there is no means of tabulating it. The two international Societies are organized in Christian coun- tries, with National, Diocesan and even Parochial Directors who are priests. The funds thus collected are distributed semi-annually from the headquarters in Europe. But there is a steady flow of contribu- tions going constantly to the Missions from all the other above named sources. What the United States Is Doing The interest of American Catholics in Foreign Missions grows more intense from year to year and promises to be felt very strongly within the next decade. We are just emerging from the mission state ourselves. Only a few years ago some of the now flourishing Catholic centers counted but a few priests and a handful of fol- lowers. In fact, at the present time there are extensive areas in the South, West and Northwest where churches and schools ai;e yet to be built, where the local needs are so great that outside assistance is needed. Not until 1898 was there any organized effort to put before the faithful the cause of Foreign Missions ; and even now the East is the only part of this vast country that has the work well in hand. For over twenty years the two international Societies have had Central Bureaus in the United States. The National Headquarters of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith were first located in Balti- more, but are now in New York. The Association of the Holy Childhood opened its National Office in Pittsburgh, where it is at the present. The National Directors of these two collecting agencies send out literature and work through Diocesan Directors. It was with the appointment in 1898 of a priest free to give all his energy to the interests of Foreign Missions that the most notable success was achieved. This first Diocesan Director who was really in a position to devote his entire time to Mission work began by organiz- ing the Society for the Propagation of the Faith in each parish of the Diocese of Boston, and in a very few years the same system of arousing practical sympathy for the Cause was introduced elsewhere. New York opened an Office in 1904, Philadelphia in 1913, Albany and St. Paul in 1916, and Brooklyn in 1918. So well did the plan work that Boston, New York, and Philadelphia each soon found it neces- sary to give two priests exclusively to this special work. It is 102 MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH probable before long a similar organization will be found in each Diocese large enough to merit the adoption of this method. Foreign Mission Seminaries in the United States More rapid than the development of Mission Aid Societies has been the growth of our Apostolic Schools and Seminaries which prepare young Americans for actual participation in the work of the Mission fields. At present we have two Preparatory Schools and two Seminaries, and the future promises an extension of this noble enterprise. At present almost one hundred per cent of the Catholic foreign missionaries come from Europe. We sincerely hope and have confidence that the time is not far distant when the spiritual influence of American Catholics will be felt in the Orient. The first Seminary. S,t. Mary's Mission House, was founded in Techny, Illinois, by the Society of the Divine Word, a German Congregation whose Mother House is at Steyl, Holland. This Con- gregation has Missions in the Philippines. China, Africa and the Islands of the Pacific. Its members are Religious, i. e., they take the three vows of Poverty, Chastity and Obedience. In 1911 the Catholic Foreign Mission Serninary was started at Hawthorne, New York, and later transferred to Ossining, New York. It bears the distinction of being the first institution of its kind founded by an American, the Very Rev. James A. Walsh, Missionary Apostolic, who was the second Diocesan Director of the Society for the Propa- gation of the Faith in Boston. In 1912 the Sacred H-eart Mission House was opened at Girard, Pennsylvania. It is a Preparatory School for St. Mary's at Techny, and is conducted by the Fathers of the Divine Word. In 1913 the Venard Apostolic School, now at Clark's Green, Pa., was started at Scranton, Pa., by the Superior of the Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary of America, for which it prepares students. The Catholic Foreign Mission Seminarv and the Venard School are foundations of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America. Resides these two Societies, which were founded expressly for the foreign mission work, there are two others which have branches in the United States — The Congregation of the Holy Ghost and The Missionary Fathers of La vSalette. Most of their European members are engaged in preaching to the heathen, but their Missions among the colored people of the United States and their educational (College) work here among white Catholics demand the attention of such a large percentage of their personnel that we do not consider them Foreign Mission Seminaries in the full sense of the words. They have, however, American subjects in the distant Mission fields, and accept candidates in their Apostolic Schools with the understanding that, if their superiors consider them adapted for work in the Orient, they will be assigned there. In fact, most of the great Religious Orders have foreign fields for which they are responsible. Many of them have several thousands of priests in pagan lands. This is especially true of the Jesuits and Franciscans. MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 103 American Missionaries in China America's quota of priests actually laboring in foreign missions is not large. There are about five American Franciscans in China. About twenty-five American Jesuit Fathers are in India, Japan, Jamaica and the Philippine Islands. Recently the Diocese of Bom- bay, India, has been assigned to the American Jesuits. Eleven men are now awaiting passports. The American Redemptorists have three large parishes in Porto Rico with a personnel of thirteen Fathers and four Brothers. The other Orders have a few American subjects scattered throughout the distant parts of the great white harvest field. MaryknoU, as the Catholic Foreign Mission Society is popularly called, sent its first quota of four missionaries to China in Septem- ber, 1918. One year later the Superior of the little band, the Rev. Thomas Price, was called to his reward, when his work there was scarcely begun. MaryknoU has since sent its second quota to China. In September, 1919, the Fathers of the Divine Word witnessed the ceremony of departure of their first band of missionaries, three in number, and destined likewise for China. In Other Lands There is no authentic data about the number of American Brothers and Sisters in the Field Afar. We know of one hundred and seventy Sisters. Most of these Nuns are in Alaska, Porto Rico, Jamaica and the Hawaiian Islands. We feel sure that there are many more in the Far East than those who are known to us. The identity of a Sister is lost soon after she enters the Convent. She then takes a Saint's name by which she is known thereafter. It is this conscious emulation of the heroes and heroines of Christian truth which signalizes Catholic missionary activities. In poverty and humility souls inspired by personal love for the Divine Redeemer and Teacher of men go forth to bring His message of light and hope to unenlightened and depressed nations and peoples. The spirit of this sublime work grows apace in the United States. Each year, zealous, virtuous young men and women, born and educated in the United States, aspire to the service of spreading truth and grace among the benighted pagans in the field afar. The secret of the hopes and the great sustaining power of the Catholic missionary program finds its model and counterpart in the hearts and souls of the first, selected Twelve Apostles, the abiding presence of their Lord and Master, Jesus Christ. In the jungles of Africa, in the canebrakes of India, amid the swarming cities of China, just as in New York, Chicago or San Francisco, Catholics go to church to worship God Almighty who is personally present in the Most Blessed Sacrament of the Altar. To Him they can talk and open their hearts, and from Him they can draw comfort and consolation. This is the life of the missionary and of his converts. No Catholic missionary could suffer complete and permanent separation from his native land and those whom he 104 GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS loves, isolation from his fellow missionaries and the want of com- panionship, poverty, overwork, and all the other dijfficulties which daily face him unless he had Jesus daily in his hands, on the Altar and in his heart, to stimulate him in his undertakings, to enhearten and strengthen him in his trials and discouragements. GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS S. W. BOGGS "The end of the geographical feat is the beginning of the mis- sionary enterprise," said Livingstone. The geographical feat not having been accomplished for Central Africa, he undertook it him- self for the sake of Christian missions. There is today a wealth of geographical knowledge which has not yet been appropriated by the Christian missionary forces to the degree to which Livingstone would undoubtedly have utilized it. This article is intended to suggest some of the more important ways in which geographical knowledge may be utilized, both to make the work on the field more effective and the support of the work by the home base more nearly adequate. The writer does not undertake to do more than indicate some of the conclusions which have been reached in the careful observation of recent missionary literature and propaganda material. The range of the uses to which geographical data may be put is so great, and some of the methods of applying it so complicated and technical, that it is the belief of the writer that a comprehensive plan of missionary geography should be put into operation by some agency which is authorized to serve the missionary societies in common. Evidence of the Need of a Comprehensive Plan A few typical requests, which have been made in recent months by secretaries of mission boards and editors of missionary and re- ligious magazines, are noted below to illustrate the variety of the possible applications of geography to missions. Unoccupied Mission Fields. "What are the unoccupied mission fields?" is a question frequently asked, and no satisfactory reply is available. The unoccupied areas include much more than the several vast stretches of sparsely settled land in which no missionaries are at work. The only way to answer the question is to show the relative adequacy of occupation throughout the world, which would require knowledge as to populations by tribes, races, linguistic groups and social classes which have not yet been adequately reached by missions, within areas generally supposed to be occupied. Mission Hospitals in Africa. A map showing the location of all the Protestant mission hospitals in Africa was recently prepared by a prominent missionary agency. It was necessary to use data for the year 1915. It took several days to prepare a map which was even then much less satisfactory than it would have been if the suggestions made below had been in operation. Mission Stations of German Societies. To make certain of the GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS 105 proper adjustments to be made in the areas formerly occupied by German missionaries, but in which they are not at present perrnitted to work because of restrictions placed by the nations having jurisdic- tion, would require weeks or months of study. It would be neces- sary to know not only the location of the stations of the German societies, but also of the other agencies working in the vicinity of these stations. But no maps have been prepared since 191 1 which give the location of all Protestant stations, and no list of the stations of the world has been prepared since 1915. Yet the person who re- quested the information expected that it would be worked out in a day or two. Missionary Map of Japan. A secretary of one of the great mis- sionary organizations recently spent several days preparing a wall map showing the population per missionary in the several prefectures of Japan. Having served as a missionary in Japan he was able to make his own map as quickly as he could have made sketches or drawn up instructions for someone else to follow, but the map he produced is such as could have been prepared more quickly and inexpensively by others, if a map of Japan showing the prefectures, together with a census, and the missionary facts now available, were to be had in the city in which the work had to be done. Comparative Areas of Mission Fields. Very frequently the at- tempt is made to present the size of some mission field graphically. AFRICA AND GREENLAND COMPARED (Greenland is represented by the shaded area,) From the same Mercator's map of the From equal-area projection maps on world — a false comparison. the same scale — the true comparison. io6 GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS In order to do this, maps of the areas which it is desired to com- pare must be found or prepared, which are on the same scale (the same number of miles per inch) and on equal area projections (so that, say, one square inch anywhere on the map represents the same land area as any other square inch on the same map). These two simple but technical requirements are not always easy to fulfill. The necessity of comparing areas graphically is due largely to the almost universal use of the Mercator's Projection for world maps, which has done much to fix quite strongly in the minds of many people a very mistaken conception of the relative size of land areas of the globe. This has been further accentuated by the use of maps in school geographies, where Asia, Alaska or Connecticut is made to fill a page, and in no way is the student assisted to comprehend the relative size of foreign countries. The map on the preceding page shows clearly the need of a corrective to be applied in the interpreta- tion of the foreign mission fields to the home base constituency. Essentials of Missionary Geography 1. Discovery and record of all mission stations of all mission agencies in all foreign fields. 2. Discovery and record of the chief non-missio7iary facts, such as area, population, natural resources, climate, accessibility, com- merce routes, distribution of religions, languages, and races, with respect both to occupied and unoccupied mission fields. This in- formation should be so classified as to make it possible to determine these facts for any area. This means largely a supplementing of present library facilities with a special catalogue showing where to find such information as missionary agencies have an interest in, with respect to any area, large or small. 3. Preparation of a complete new set of maps, all maps to be made on the same scale and on equal-area projections. On copies of such a base map for, say, India, a series of maps should be pre- pared — one showing all mission stations, another showing distribu- tion of population by races, another by languages, and so forth. 4. Delimitation of "problem areas" is essential to missionary strategy. When a missionary society takes up work in any place, ideally it would be its task to occupy in an adequate manner all of the area in which the problem is a unit as to language, race and religion, etc., unless the field be altogether too large for the re- sources of the organization. But the study of the areas in which the problem is homogeneous has never been undertaken in a system- atic way. The accompanying map showing where the Hindi-speak- ing peoples of India live gives a little suggestion as to what can be done in this line. From the standpoint of literature production and distribution, such a map is invaluable. It would be necessary, how- ever, in a study of the Hindi-speaking people, further to discover, for instance, which of these are Moslem, and where they live — the Hindi-speaking Moslems constituting a "unit problem," and the area in which they live being a "problem area." (It is obvious that such areas overlap, and to this is largely due the present degree of "over- looking" of classes and races.) GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS 107 To cite another instance, there are estimated to be about 30,000,000 Tai peoples living in an area which overlaps parts of Siam, French INE) I A Hind i SpeaMn^ Popul ation EACH DOT REPRESENTS lOO.OOO PEOPU: Indo-China, Burma, and China. Any study of problem areas would quickly reveal the situation here, whereas a study based on political units, as most studies are, is apt to overlook these conditions. In this particular case, the societies working among these peoples have been compelled to use five different alphabets for the one family of languages, and they have not yet nearly occupied this "problem area." A careful study of the Tai problem is necessary which will cover all the political and linguistic areas in which these people live. Principles to be Observed I. The work should he continuous, not periodic. It would seem that the time has come that somewhere, somehow, continuity should be arranged for geographical work adapted to missions. In big busi- ness the perpetual inventory is taking the place of annual inventory. I. The zvork should he continuous, not periodic. It would seem that the time has come th'at somewhere, somehow, continuity should be arranged for geographical work adapted to missions. In big business the perpetual inventory is taking the place of the annual inventory. io8 GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS Many phases of the geographical work of missions should be con- tinuous. The list of stations, for instance, should be kept up-to-date, and the location of each station should be accurately indicated on a base map. Whenever it is found that a station has been incorrectly located, the correction should be made promptly, and whenever a station is abandoned, the name should be erased from the map. This is the more important because it should be possible to provide inex- pensive maps at any time, giving the location of all mission stations at that time, and not at the time of the publication of some atlas, years previously. A general is expected to know where his army is. The mission constituency should know where the mission forces are, not where they were once upon a time. 2. Accuracy should be the unvarying rule. For those who do not see the need of care in map-making, it may be said that accuracy saves time, effort, temper and conscience. Suppose station A is located on a new mission map 35 miles south-east of its proper position. Station B is later discovered to be 43 miles east of A, but it is located on the map with reference to A as it is wrongly placed. Later it is learned that whereas B appears to be 24 miles south of C (which is a city whose location is known) it is actually 26 miles west of C. Suppose maps have now been published showing the incorrect position of A and B. Multiply the difficulties of this situa- tion by at least ten, add the confusion of conflicting information from three or four different missionary societies whose maps are all on so small a scale as to be worth little for study purposes, and it just begins to approach the situation arising put of the past inade- quate geographical work of missionary agencies. 3. There should be uniformity of method and standard through- out. It should be possible to compare the facts of any area with those of any other area. As suggested above, the maps should be made on equal-area projections for all fields, and all fields should he mapped on the same scale. By the time of the next world mis- sionary conference, it should be possible to display a new set of topographical missionary maps on the same scale, on equal-area pro- jections, with the same symbols and in every way comparable one with the other. In addition, several series of maps should be pre- pared uniformly on the same scale, to show population, density of population, distribution of races, tribes, languages, accessibility, etc. 4. Service rather than abstract research should be the aim. One chief difficulty with much of the geographical work in missions in the past is that the studies have been so restricted that it has been impossible to serve those who asked questions in the way they de- served to be answered. In order to serve, a wide range of study is imperative. Data that is ample for publicity purposes will not suffice for missionary administrators, for missionary candidates mak- ing intensive preparation for a prospective field, or for missionaries on the field. Much of the geographical and semi-geographical information valuable to missions is technical, and must be mastered by experts and made available to students in non-technical form. Information must be accessible to students of missions with respect GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS 109 to all mission areas not only as to what maps are most artistic and legible (the best criteria the novice in geography has to go by) but as to what maps are most reliable, on what they are based, and which parts of the map are accurate and which are inaccurate. But the aim in gathering maps or data should be invariably to serve those who need advice and help in missionary studies. Methods and definitions should be employed which would make available to anyone quickly, and at little expense, the best maps and geographical data with respect to any mission field or problem. 5. Economy should he practised in the zvhole program. There are economical methods recently developed which few, if any, mission boards are employing. If utilized, they would greatly help both board secretaries and missionaries in numerous ways. No single board can well afford the equipment essential to a geographical estab- lishment, but if several should cooperate, they would get results many times greater than they now obtain and at less expense, and it would make it possible for each board to compare its work with that of any other board, in any field. The inventions which could be called into use are increasing rapidly. For instance, it is now possible to install a card file of mission stations, equipped with certain mechanical selecting devices, by means of which it would be possible to learn at once (from a single card file) such facts as the following: All mission stations of the societies of one nationality. All stations in which mission hospitals are located. All stations within a given field, or a single province of a field. All stations of one society within one of its mission areas. All stations in which interdenominational work is done. The nurnber of categories which could be obtained in this way is almost unlimited, and it is possible to make any number of combina- tions in a single operation. With such a file installed, and a series of basic maps, one for each field, on which all stations of all societies are_ located accurately, it would be possible to prepare a map for any society, showing the stations coming under almost any conceivable classification — and this can be done with the minimum of expense and time. How This Geographical Program Would Assist Missions 1. It would assist mission boards and missionary administrators in the following ways : a. In preparing maps for publication in reports, bulletins, etc. b. In obtaining wall maps and lantern slides of maps. c. In making special field studies of small areas, as to population, races, languages, etc., and the indication of such facts on maps. It would be possible to prepare maps for any society which would show the_ location of all the stations of all other societies working in the vicinity, and which would also show where mission hospitals, educational, industrial and other institutions are located. 2. It would serve missionaries on the field or on furlough in that it would be possible: no GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS a. To provide them with large scale mission maps for their own areas, on which to make reports to their boards, or to make special studies. b. To furnish them with photographic copies of the most reliable and serviceable maps of their fields, or give them information as to the best maps to purchase for their own use. c. To make available to them the best information as to the peoples among whom they are working, as to natural resources, the explora- tions of travelers, etc. d. To help new missionaries to begin a life study of the people and their needs and problems. This is by no means least important, in the opinion of missionaries who have felt the lack of such assist- ance, and who have seen missionaries atrophy, never having been encouraged to make a genuine study of their field. 3. It would greatly serve publicity propaganda. It would make it possible to portray many facts which cannot now be interpreted be- cause present information is so partial. The writer is confident that the plan contemplated in this paper is both comprehensive and practical, and would almost instantly make accessible data which has been gathered. Those who are engaged in publicity work will ap- preciate these features. Conclusion Up to the present time missionary geography has been limited chiefly to the preparation of simple topographical maps showing the location of mission stations. Grundemann produced an atlas of missions in 1901, both international and interdenominational in scope, but a glance reveals its inadequacy as a means of discovering the status of Christian work in the non-Christian world. Professor Warneck has done valuable geographical work of an historical nature in connection with his study of the history of Protestant missions. A few of the denominations and missionary societies have produced fairly satisfactory maps of their own restricted fields. Professor Harlan P. Beach has done much to confute those critics who belittle everything American as inaccurate and unscholarly. His Volume I, accompanying the World Atlas of Christian Missions of 1901, seems to be the most successful attempt to enlarge the field of missionary geography to include more than a mere collection of maps showing place names. The report of Commission I of the Edinburgh Con- ference makes large use of geographical data in a way to indicate what services may still be required of geography as an aid to missions. In general the geographical work in missions has been heretofore too much limited to the location of stations. What is needed now is a study of the adequacy of occupation and the utilization of means to make the data which is gathered accessible in the most convenient form, quickly, and at small expense. It would certainly seem that the time has come to put into practice a plan which is not only com- prehensive and scientific, but perfectly adapted to the requirements of a church which has the divine commission to go into all the world and preach the gospel. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY in A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENT LITERATURE RELATING TO FOREIGN MISSION WORK Miss Mollis W. Hering^ M.A.* The following bibliography is distinctly not exhaustive. It has been selected with the idea of presenting some of the best material relating to mission lands which has appeared since the last Year Book was issued. Mission work and thought have been profoundly aflFected by the war, and the aim therefore has been to emphasize such books and articles as show actual conditions on the field or the trend of thought in mission circles. This has necessarily resulted in the inclusion of some non-missionary books, since economic and political conditions are influencing greatly the type of mission work which is developing. The two great annuals— the China Mission Year Book, and the Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire— it is taken for granted are known to all interested in this subject, and have not, therefore, been included in the list. A word must be said in regard to the periodical entries. It is manifestly impossible to do other than abstract in briefest fashion the leading articles, selecting those in keeping with the general aim of the bibliography. Few purely inspirational articles are noted. The periodicals thus indexed are practically the same as those chosen last year, with the exception of the Church Missionary Review. This has been substituted for The Missionary Review of the World, and the latter has been indexed by author and title only at the end of the various sections. It is believed that in this way there can be pre- sented to the North American constituency a well-rounded view of the mission situation as a whole. As the bibliography has been concluded in early October, the complete files for the year have not been available. MISSION LANDS IN GENERAL Books ALLEN, B. J., comp. A crusade of compassion for the healing of the nations. West Medford, Mass., Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions, C1919, pp. 240. $.50, A mission study text-book dealing with medical missions for women and children on the foreign field, carefully compiled by a medical mis- sionary. It gives a necessarily somewhat cursory glance over all the helds, emphasizing the terrible conditions resulting from native treatment and showing the immeasurable need of women doctors trained in Western medical science. The chapter on the Near East is particularly interesting showing the ravages m the mission ranks made by the war. The book is very fully illustrated. Avenue^Ntw Yor?^ Missionary Research Library, located at 25 Madison 112 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BROWN, A. J. The mastery of the Far East; the story of Korea's transformation and Japan's rise to supremacy in the Orient. New York, Scribner, 1919, pp. 671. $6.00. One of the outstanding books of all times dealing with mission lands. Its general theme is that the Korean Peninsula is the strategic point in the mastery of the Far East. Dr. Brown further endeavors to show the place and influence of Christian missions as a potent force of reconstruction in the Far East. Dividing his book into four parts, he treats of the country and the people of Korea; the events culminating in Japan's annexation of Korea; the country and the people of Japan; and the attitude of both countries towards Christian missions. CHUNG, Henry. The Oriental policy of the United States. New York, Revell, C1919, pp. 306. $2.00. The author was Korean envoy to the Peace Conference, and here discusses some features of the problems in the Korea-Japan-China triangle. Stating facts plainly and fairly, with copious references and citation of authorities, he presents this much-debated "Eastern" question from the viewpoint of an Oriental, which it must be admitted is not always such as to make Americans satisfied with themselves. Some of the important official documents are reprinted, and there is an excellent selected bib- liography. DENNETT, Tyler. The democratic movement in Asia. New York, Association Press, 1918, pp. 252. $1.50. Several of the chapters appeared in the periodical "Asia," but they here are re-written and materially enlarged. Written in a ra.cy style, the book presents a survey of how mission work is touching social condi- tions in Asia generally. It is largely the result of personal observation, intended to stimulate mission interest in the American business man and the social worker, and to answer with an emphatic affirmative the ever- recurring question, "Are missions worth-while?" FRANKLIN, J. H. Ministers of mercy. New York, Missionary Education Movement, 1919, pp. 239. $.75. A series of sketches of ten medical missionaries, English and American, working in various of the foreign fields. While somewhat biographical, they are not detailedly so, striving rather to make vivid the personality of the subject. It is an excellent book for those just beginning to be inter- ested in missions, and for those seeking live material for addresses. GIBBONS, H. A. The new map of Asia (1900-1919). New York, Century Company, 1919, pp. 571. $2.50. This is the third of a series by the same author, the New map of Europe having appeared in 1914, and the New map of Africa in 1916. According to the foreword, the present work, although planned several years ago, was written during the Peace Conference, "witli the aim of presenting the principal facts and problems of Asiatic history since 1900 in so far as they are the result of or have been largely influenced by the maintenance and extension of European intervention." It is an arraign- ment of imperialism, whether British, American, or German. Japanese imperialism in Asia is natural, while "most of the animosity and resent- ment against Japan is due to the fact tliat tlic Japanese refuse to allow themselves to be exploited by us, as the otlicr Asiatic countries have been." All of Japan's moves in Asia are directed by her determined policy of opposition to European right of eminent domain in that continent. Mr. Gibbons has made a good study of Asiatic problems growing out of rela- tions with Western nations, but on account of the wide field he covers, he SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 at times contents himself with summaries rather than with thorough-going fundamental discussions. The book has clear maps and an index. HYNDMAN, H. M. The awakening of Asia. New York, Boni and Liveright, 1919, pp. 280. $2.00. This book was held up by the Censor for more than two years. ^ As it was written to inspire the Western nations to a more serious consider- ation of their relations with those of the East, and with the premise that, in all fairness, faults as well as virtues should be shown, it is not sur- prising to find in it radical ideas. This is especially true in regard to the relations of Great Britain and India. Some of the statements are not very conclusively supported, as that "all China" is "tending to combine in a demand for the final exclusion" of all missionaries, protestant and catholic. It is to be remembered, however, that 291 pages form a very small canvas on which to sketch all phases of Western contact with the East, and results therefrom, and much of the work must necessarily be superficial. The book at least challenges us to prove that we have given or are now giving the East fair play. LENWOOD, Frank. Social problems and the East. A point of honour. London, Church Missionary Society, 1919, pp. 208. This is an attempt to show to all who are interested in the social problems of their own country how deeply Christian missions are committed to the solution of similar problems in foreign lands. Africa and South America are included in the "East." The great outstanding moral prob- lems of the world — east or west — are considered; the problem of the sanctity of human life, of education as a help to social morality, of sex, of industry, of race consciousness. The walls around "mission work" are battered down in the search for a guiding principle to a clean society — east and west; we are forced to admit that "we have not taught our young men and women a loyalty to Christ sufficiently strong to protect them against the temptations of a non-Christian environment," and a strong plea is made for such a presentation of Christianity that we will recognize the fundamental likeness of social questions the world over, and fight for their solution from a world point-of-view. LEVINE, I. D. The resurrected nations; short histories of the peoples freed by the great war and statements of their national claims. New York, Stokes, [C1919], pp. 309. $1.60. The author distinctly states that this is not a controversial treatise, but a popular history. It is divided into two parts; the resurrected nations in Europe, freed by the collapse of the Russian and German empires; and those in Asia, freed by the collapse of the Turkish and Austro- Hungarian empires. In the latter, the resurrection of Palestine is made synonymous with the Zionist movement, a good brief sketch of which is given. It is self-evident that in 309 pages, the histories of 18 nationalities can only be sketched in the very briefest way, yet the book is good for those ■fjusy people who wish to "keep up with the times." PELL, E. L. Adventures in faith in foreign lands. Nashville, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1919, pp. 296. $.60. This is a sketch of what has been accomplished in the missions of the M. E. Church, South. It is in the nature of taking stock, before starting on the new program of the Centenary work. All the fields are considered, a brief history of the diiTerent missions given, together with a summary of the present situation. Emphasis is laid on the countries and the work rather than the workers, and the book is written in an interesting, telling manner. It is an excellent compact little reference book of the mission work of this church. ri4 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AFRICA Books KEITH, A. B. The Belgian Congo and the Berlin act. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1919, pp. 344. $6.75. This is a history and criticism of the Berlin Act of 1885, and offers amendments to it whereby Belgium shall be able more eifectively to civilize and free the great tract of Central Africa. Written before the Peace Conference, part of it is out-of-date, but it is an excellent historical study of a growingly important problem — the rights of the African in Africa. LEEDER, S. H. The modern sons of the Pharaohs. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1918, pp. 371. i6s. This book, whose subject is the Copts of Egypt, was prepared before the war, and has been very little changed as a result of it. There is an excellent description of the social life, and religious beliefs and cus- toms of this people, and a sharp contrast drawn between the treatment accorded to them and that given to the Moslems of Egypt by the British government. That in this instance the minority has distinctly suffered by the entrance of Great Britain is unquestionable and Mr. Leeder writes to promote a better understanding which shall lead to the redress of this injustice. As a sample of the danger in which the Coptic church now stands is cited the fact that the only religion officially taught in government schools is Islam, and while Christians are not forced to attend these lessons no state {provision is made for their religious teaching. A list is given of the Coptic gentlemen who vouch for the accuracy of the excellent descriptions of the Coptic Chuich. Periodical Articles BURNET, Amos. The native question in South Africa. (The Church Missionary Review, September, 1919, pp. 234-242.) This "question" is really a series of racial, economic, political, and social problems, the solving of which will influence all racial contact of all peoples everywhere. As the author points out, the local background is a million and a quarter white people, widely scattered over a country occupied by some five million natives in every possible stage of civilization. Division of opinion among the whites is not sharply drawn between Dutch and British; it ranges from those who would make civilization the test for political privilege to those who would forever deny all rights to every native. So far, the Union Government has consistently decided against the native. This is noticeable in the Pass Laws, in the discrimination between white and black miners in regard to the right to strike, but above all in the Native Land Act of 1913. By this Act, the land in the Union was divided into mutually exclusive European and native areas — a million and a quarter white people receiving 87 per cent of the whole country, five million natives receiving the remaining 13 per cent, much of which is uninhabitable. Despite desperate efforts of the friends of the natives, this law still stands. The outlook, however, is not hopeless. The whole missionary body stands strongly for native rights; but more than that, the best minds throughout the country seem increasingly willing to look at the native side of the question. DALE, Godfrey. In "German" East Africa. (The East and The West, January, 1919, pp. 19-33.) German East Africa has been the center of very great interest, and there was unanimous agreement that it should not be returned to Germany. The largest non-German missionary work in this district was that of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, and the author, who has worked there for twenty-five years, gives a survey of the social and political prospects of the district, including the desolation wrought by the war in this mission. Originally, the country belonged to tribes of Bantu descent, but large tracts of land were unoccupied and there was no settle- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 ment and no peace in the country. When the Germans acquired the land, they failed to observe the necessary conditions of good government, treating the African as a thing, not as a man, and thus raising many economic problems. At the outbreak of the war, the Universities' Mission was faithfully endeavoring to work in harmony with the Government, it had the nucleus of a native ministry, a large body of native teachers and out-schools, promising work among the women, and decided possi- bilities of expansion in many directions. During the war, two-thirds of the staff were interned, many of the teachers doing "hard labour," the schools, churches, and hospitals closed, the natives exposed to persecution because they belonged to the English mission. The fact that in spite of everything the work has now been resumed has resulted almost in a revival among the natives, while the possibilities of expansion are infinitely greater than ever before. FULLANI bin FULLANI. Religion and common life. A prob- lem in East African missions. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 155-172.) The Christian missionary movement of the twentieth century must respond vitally to twentieth century needs, no matter with how many traditions it breaks in so doing. This principle applied to Africa means a re-examination of methods of approach to the African's daily life. The early missionaries conceived oversight of the changes in the life of the village, tribe, or race due to the teaching of the Christian religion to be beyond the scope of missionary duties. Their position was justifiable only so long as the convert continued to live in an organized social structure. Tremendous economic changes, due to the white man, occurring with the rapidity of lightning, have now broken down the African's social structure, and left his mind as homeless as his body is wandering. The educational, medical, industrial, and agricultural developments of the missions are thus vitally important and must be such as to make the church related practi- cally to present-day conditions of native life. JONES, F. M. The mass movement in the Yoriiba country. (The Church Missionary Review, March, 1919, pp. 46-56.) The fluid state of native thought in the Yoruba country brings squarely before the church two questions: is Christianity or Islam to be the pre- vailing religion? what is to be the character of the Christianity? Where Christian teachers are first on the spot, in adequate numbers, Islam has only a poor chance; if the Moslem gets there first, the chances of Christi- anity are small. So far, it is not hard to fulfil here the first two clauses of the Great Commission — to baptize, and to make disciples. The people are coming over in numbers, yet in such numbers that most of them do not realize all that conversion ought to involve. Here follows the difficulty — to teach them to do all things God has commanded us. Naturally, this is a task made doubly hard in a land where heredity and public opinion are opposed_ to what we accept as fundamental morals. The need of adequately trained native teachers is tremendous, but along with that is the great need for superintending missionaries, and for mis- sionaries working among the women. The women are the hardest to reach, yet without Christian wives there can be no Christian homes, and these are essential to Church life. KING, G. L. The local church and its activities. (The East and The West, July, 1919, pp. 193-201.) The heathen are always with us, and our great problem is: if all men are to be evangelized, how is it to be done? Bishop King here sums up his conclusions reached during twenty years service in Madagascar. Evi- dently, the world cannot be evangelized by the foreign missionary alone; the local church, however, should be made into a very effective tool for li6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY his hand. It is humble and prosaic in outward appearance, undeveloped and imperfect in its inner life. Yet it takes itself seriously, and if en- couraged develops a healthy corporate life. It visits its members in sick- ness, as a church, it looks up its absent members, and it endeavors to look after its material interests (if convinced that the Mission will not do so for it). It is now the chief business of the European missionary^ to develoD this esprit de corps if he is seriously working for the evangeliza- tion of the world. MACDONALD, A. J. A new development in the West Africa liquor traffic. (The Church Missionary Review, June, 1919, pp. 104-113.) The author quite frankly believes that "temperance is always pref- erable to total abstinence," at least so far as the white man is concerned. At present, it is undeniable that liquor is bad for the native races of Africa, and the war has proved it also unnecessary. Since the Paris Conference has laid down the principle that the government of native races is in the nature of a trustee-ship the interests of the black man in the black man's country (West Africa) should be considered ahead of those of the white man. But progressive black opinion has ^ declared emphaticallv against liquor, the Governor-General and the Lieutenant Governor of Nigeria have each declared "trade spirits" to be ruining the native, and war-time conditions (under which the importation of liquor was reduced to a minimum since Germany supplied almost all of the shipping) have exploded the theory that prohibition would have a bad effect on the trade of West Africa and on the raising of the revenue there. Therefore, the Secretary of State for the colonies has informed the Governments of the British West African colonies that for the present the importation of all spirits is to be_ prohibited except under special licenses which do not include "trade spirits." ROWLING, F. The building of the Uganda cathedral. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 227-237.) The great cathedral of Uganda, the fourth on the present site, is one of the marvels of missionary structure in Africa. After the preparation of the designs, actual work was begun in Africa in 1912 by cutting awav six feet of the top of the hill to provide a large enough area for the building. The quarrying of the foundation stones, the making of the bricks, the surveying and making the road over which much of the hauling was to be done, and various other snags proved so much more expensive than antici- pated that the plans had finally to be greatly changed. The war neces- sarily intensified all difficulties. The fact that financially the Baganda Christians have put forth an effort equivalent to that necessary to raise at least £250,000 in an English diocese speaks eloquently for their desire for the building and their devotion to the cause it represents. STONELAKE, Alfred. The missionary situation in Congo. (The International Review of Missions. July, 1919, pp. 314-330.) A masterly review of the great Congo region, which calls for a thorough scientific survey of the field, and an irresistible plea for advance. By means of a brief sketch of the present missionary forces in Congo, their high standard of church membership, their emphasis on education and especially industrial education, the writer approaches the great problems of the district. These he summarizes as that of great unoccupied terri- tory; the tremendous need of medical missionaries (there are only 1 1 in the whole of Congo); the language difficulty, which is a growing problem; the cities, "filled with natives from all parts, coast men, white traders, and imported wickedness"; relations with the government, with the increasing inimical pressure on the latter of the Roman Catholics; and, finally, the approaching Mohammedan menace. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 117 WILLIS, J. J. The principle of alliance in missionary work. (The Church Missionary Review, March, 1919, pp. 6-14.) Among the valuable lessons taught us by the war, it is doubtful whether any is more valuable than that of the necessity and practicability of alliance. That the Church recognized this and was moving towards it before the war was evidenced by the Kikuyu conference in 1913; that that meeting was somewhat premature was evidenced by the controversy then aroused. But in 19 18 another Kikuyu Conference was held in which the principle of alliance was not only adopted, but was put into active operation. The conference was representative, for practically every mis- sionary society working in the Uganda Protectorate, including the Bible Society, was represented. Four heads of government departments, district commissioners, and representative planters were also present. The five larger missionary societies definitely entered the alliance, the others acced- ' ing to the general scheme to the utmost of their ability. The Alliance has a representative council, appointed by the local governing bodies of the allying societies, and is advised by a number of sub-committees responsible for departments such as education, finance, literature, etc. It is important to note that this covmcil is to take immediate action to secure the co-operation of African Christians in its work, for the administi'ation of the alliance ought not to be solely in European hands. See Also: Eraser, Donald. An African autobiography. (The Missionary Review of the World, August, 1919, pp. 603-608. September, 1919, pp. 683-686. To be continued.) Harris, J. H. African reconstruction after the war. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 103-108.) Johnston, Sir H. H. Prohibition of alcohol in Africa. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 426-430.) Springer, J. M. Men and minerals in Katanga. (The Missionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 421-425.) Taylor, J. D. The missionary situation in Bantu Africa. (The Missionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 32-36.) Taylor, J. D. Some effects of the war on Africa. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 439-446.) INDIA Books CARVELL, A. M. In jungle depths. True stories from a mis- sionary's diary. London, Religious Tract Society, 1919, pp. 132. 3s 6d. This is a description of pioneer missionary life in Assam, in which the privations and hardships are touched upon lightly, while the everyday scenes and incidents of native life are graphically, frequently humorously depicted. There is no deep discussion of mission problems, although the backsliding evangelist is honestly and sympathetically drawn, but the daily round of teaching, judging, and doctoring draws forth many an interested smile. The earnestness and worth-while-ness of the work done is so obvious that it does not need to be emphasized, while the glimpses of home making difficulties bring home the realization that the days of frontier heroism are by no means past. ti8 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FISHER, F. B. India's silent revolution. New York, Macmillail, 1919, pp. 192. $1.50. This is one of the best brief studies which has appeared of a country which is rapidly changing. According to the foreword it aims to present "from the American viewpoint the economic, social, political and religious situation in India." While written in a way to appeal to the general public, it gives accurate information, and is of great use in helping to understand the underground currents at present seething through India. KIPLING, Rudyard. The eyes of Asia. Garden City, Double- day, Page, 1918, pp. loi. $1.00. Imaginary letters from Indian troopers in France to their home-folks. It is an attempted interpretation of how the western customs must appear to Eastern minds, and as such is significant. The local color is worthy of Kipling at his best. In view of the recent developments in India, how- ever, it must be remembered that after all the interpretation is through the mind of one of the Ruling Race. Periodical Articles ANNETT, E. A. The Sunday school in India. (The Interna- tional Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 205-217.) The author has for nine years devoted his time to Sunday-school work in India. He here gives a brief survey of the present situation, finding the schools are generally of four types, (a) those approaching most nearly to the type common in western lands; (b) those held in connection with the mission day school; (c) those found in mass movement areas; (d) those found in areas little touched by other Christian influences. The hardest problems are connected with the two latter. The opportunity is seemingly boundless, but the dangers lie in the lack of proper outlines for teaching, the small proportion of purely voluntary workers, and the lack of teachers thoroughly trained to teach the Bible to Indian children. To remedy the latter the India Sunday School Union has instituted a Teacher Training Course, missions are emphasizing a definite period of training for these workers, and there is becoming increasingly evident a desire for a central training institution for leaders of teachers. AUSTIN, Harold. Christian education in S. India. (The East and The West, July, 1919, pp. 258-264.) This is written from the point of view of work in a mass movement country, and is a plea for a more successful scheme of general education of these masses. The author finds three factors having an important bear- ing on the subject: the growing number of Indians aspiring to a certain measure of self-government; the demand for the conscience-clause in Indian schools; the comparative failure of missions to educate the people in the village elementary schools. The Christian community in India is growing by leaps and bounds, and if, in the future, it is to be of any influence in the country it must be educated, both for the franchise and for daily life. Therefore would it not be wiser to bow to the conscience clause to the extent of concentrating educational work on the Christians; and to emphasize the importance of this education to the masses by in- cluding more vocational work in the mission boarding-schools. BANDY, C. H. The building of the church among village com- munities. II. The North Indian Presbyterian mass movement. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 193-204.) The second of two articles, the first of which appeared in the Inter- national Review of Missions in 1918, and related to China. This is a SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 brief description of the work carried on by the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. among the Bhangis, one of the outcaste castes. How the prob- lem of village education is being tentatively met by the preacher-teachers is outlined, together with the plan for higher and theological schools. The organization of the churches shows how almost impossible, and in many cases downright harmful, it is to try to force Eastern peoples into Western schemes of management. DUNLOP, D. C. L. The Kumbh Mela at Allahabad. (The East and The West, April, 1919, pp. 152-164.) India is the land of sacred rivers, and at Allahabad the holy Jumna joins the still holier Ganges. At this juncture there wells up from underground a third river, most sacred of all, the Saruswati, and those who bathe here receive great blessings. Every year this is the scene of a great fair, or Mela, but every twelfth year comes the great Kumbh Mela. The last one of these was held in 191 8, on the great days of which it is estimated that over 3,000,000 people were present in the river at one time. Mr. Dunlop spreads before us this great panorama of Eastern religious life, with all its devotion, and all its hopelessness. Human nature is the same the world over, for even as Turkish soldiers used to stand guard over the sacred places in Jerusalem at Easter to prevent fights among the Chris- tian pilgrims, so the processions of the Kumbh Mela are regulated by the authorities, must be headed by a force of sowars, and led by a European civilian, to control disorders arising from jealousy and disagreements. EDDY, G. S. Church* union in India. (The Chinese Recorder, August, 1919, pp. 525-532.) The movement for church union is strongest on the mission fields, and among those fields it is farthest advanced in India. Here there is the South India United Church, composed of Christians who formerly be- longed to the Congregational, London Missionary Society, Dutch Reformed, Free Church of Scotland, Established Church of Scotland, and Basel Reformed missions. Now these have taken a step to bridge the gulf to the Episcopal churches. Mr. Eddy here gives the agreement which was recently unanimously adopted. It conserves the Congregational, the Presbyterian, and the Episcopal elements; it provides for the consecration of the first bishops in the South India United Church, but limits the present ministers, until further common arrangements can be made, to preaching and administering the communion in churches of their own body. The union is not yet officially sanctioned but a step so far in advance has been taken that it will be possible to test the truth of the statement that if it were not for the foreign missionary the Indian Churches would speedily unite. GIBSON, J. Paul S. R. The presentation of Christianity in Ceylon. (The International Review of Missions, July, 1919, pp. 341-356; October, 1919, pp. 53I-545-) The great differences in modes of thought between the Singhalese and Westerners are helpfully and interestingly suggested by means of four great channels: customs, religious and social; literature; thought; and language. The fundamental influence on custom is found in the doctrine of Kharm.a, which, as interpreted by the masses, is deadening to all initiative. This is supplemented by the absolute "ego-centricity" of their Buddhism, which is carried to such an extreme in daily life that there is lack of co-operation, even trust to a large extent, between members of the same family. While in family life there is much that is dignified and gracious (rudeness being the unpardonable sin) "subtlety and concealment are the very marrow of daily life." This is very evident in the literature and language, in which the effect sought for is sensuous rather than mental, concealment rather than clearness. As a direct result of the doctrine of Nirvana, the folklore shows no characterization, no pathos, no depth of feeling. Three great factors influence the mentality of the 120 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY people — lack of relationships, lack of value of life, and fear, constant, overpowering fear. As a direct result, the connotation of a word in their language is utterly different from that of the word which translates it into English. It is in this fact that Mr. Gibson finds the explanation of the erroneous idea that Christian truths lay hidden in eastern books long before Christ gave them to the world. The author closes with a few suggestions of approach to the Singhalese, and a brief outline of the constructive teaching he follows in the Training College at Peradeniya. HOGG, Prof. A. G. Political reform and Hinduism. (The Inter- national Review of Missions, July, 1919, pp. 303-313.) Raises the question of the extent to which the problem of Indian political reform may turn out to be one with the problem of evangeliza- tion. Starting from the ground that much blame is laid "at the door of racial characteristics which ought to be laid at the door of religion," and proceeding with the belief that political reform may prove to be a significant influence in altering the religious faith of India, the author discusses some features in Hinduism which lend support to the latter idea. For example, caste, as a religious system, is diametrically opposed to responsible government, or equality before the law; as a social system, it has proved flexible enough to be compatible with responsible government. The idea that the present state of aflfairs is divinely ordered as a result of previous incarnations deprives Hinduism of initiative. By inevitable inference, the problem of political reconstruction is closely bound up with the problem of permeating India with a dynamic religion, i. e., Christianity. HOLLAND, W. E. S. University reform in India. (The Church Missionary Review, March, 1919, pp. 24-36.) Indian education has recently been under heavy fire, during which Calcutta University has been searchingly investigated by an authoritative commission. The 13 volume report of this commission has just been published, but Dr. Holland here gives a remarkable summary of the conditions which underlie the criticism, and led to the work of the com- mission. Unfortunately, Indian universities were conceived as examining and degree giving bodies. Gradually the university had affiliated to it a group of entirely independent colleges scattered at different centers over a wide territory, and almost universally nonresidential. The chief motive in creating the university was to provide Government with candidates for various posts. As the Indian student is appallingly poor, this inevitably resulted in the university being considered merely an employment agency, a place in which to cram for examinations, the failure to pass which meant losing the chance of earning a respectable livelihood. This means further that there is a total lack of a clear perception of what university work means, as there is no time which can be given to original research, and the university is dominated by school methods. Few of the colleges have sufficient financial support; the result is huge classes and a small staff, "which at once spells incompetent and shoddy education." One of the most unsatisfactory conditions is that a foreign language, English, is the medium of instruction. Indeed, the whole setting of the curricula is so foreign that a subject is memorized, not assimilated. MARRIS, A. J. Everyday difficulties of Indian Christians. (The East and The West, April, 1919, pp. 121-133.) Miss Marris divides the Indian Christians into three classes: converts from Mohammedanism, converts from Hinduism, and Christians by birth. She then discusses the daily difficulties met by these converts in the economic, the educational, and the social fields. Putting aside the great difference made "by the conversion itself she speaks of the daily pin-pricks and isolation if the converts live in the midst of the heathen community; of the few avenues of livelihood open to them, and of the trouble in secur- ing an education to the children in schools where the moral tone is SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 high. These incidental difficulties make the danger real lest Christianity become one more caste among many. MARSH, Noel. A day of opportunity at Delhi. (The East and The West, July, 1919, pp. 232-245.) The Cambridge University's Mission to Delhi has consistently aimed to develop a Church of India that should be self-supporting, self-governing, and self-propagating. There is now evident a newly awakened self con- sciousness among the Indian Christians in Delhi, a rapidly developing vitality in the young Indian Churcii, which the home Church should whole-heartedly welcome. The heavier responsibility assumed by the Indian Church has opened great possibilities, but also great transitional dangers. It is not necessarily capable of assuming a heavier financial burden; the quickening life of the community makes it more than ever important to maintain a mission staff large enough to guide wisely and sympathetically the younger Indian Christians. The mission's wonderfully successful work among the outcaste Chamars has brought with it both the possibilities and the responsibilities inseparable from the Mass Move- ments. All of this makes this a day of supreme possibility and great danger in dealing with the Indian Christians. PATON, William. Personal relationships between Indians and Europeans. (The International Review of Missions, October, 1919, pp. 522-530.) The question of the right relation between the foreign mission, between the Indian worker and the European worker, is the most urgent question facing Christian statesmanship in India; for the undeniable fact is that in that country today there exists a vast amount of ill-feeling, misunder- standing and bitterness between the Indian and the European. This is true in both religious and political circles, and fundamentally it resolves itself into sheer mistrust of the good faith of the ruling race. The Indian is supersensitive, and it must be admitted that in many Europeans there exists a sense of racial superiority. This the Indian senses and exagger- ates, and the flame is fanned by the bigotry of some of the papers, both Indian and English. In both the religious and the political realm this racial feeling emphasizes the ever-present danger of paternalism, and, closely akin to that, the even more insidious danger of considering the country as "material" for missionary activities. After all, improved social relationships lie very near the heart of the problem. No one likes to be considered a "case," and, when the child grows up, the paternal attitude should give way to one of fellowship. Behind it all, however, lies the question of temper and spirit; it is for the European to realize that India has something to give him as well as he to give India; that "equality is a part of love, and love is not the same as philanthropy." PAUL, Kanakarayan. How missions denationalize Indians. (The International Review of Missions, October, 1919, pp. 510- 521.) Without question the Indian Christian community is isolated from the rest of India. Believing that this is very detrimental to the Christian as well as to the non-Christian the National Secretary of the Indian Y. M. C. A. here endeavors to analyze some of the deep-lying causes of the condition. Early missionary effort, in the endeavor to purify the thought and prac- tices of the convert, inculcated a horror of Indian folk-lore, art, and literature along with its religion. But it is just these things which express the spirit of a country. This horror has now become softened into suspicion, in which latter form it is still active. In place of the native product, the missionary introduced his Western art and literature, at times with a ludicrous effect, as when Western hymns, translated by a committee of non-Indians, who tortured the language into a foreign prosody, are sung by Indians to tunes the rhythms of which are utterly 122 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY foreign to their feeling. Yet Indian genius has two, at least, distinctive lines which even Indian Christians should keep. One is a deep and abiding sense of the spiritual within and behind all things and acts of sense. The Westerner has not the "gift of the mystical," and tends to train Indians in habits of thought which consider physical culture, industrial organization, even moral progress as ends in themselves. This is denation- alization, greatly facilitated by the isolation of the Christian community. The second is a social heritage. The Indian is born into certain obliga- tions, which are often incomprehensible to the western missionary. Yet it is far from proved that the western doctrine of "individual rights" is more civilized than the eastern one of "individual responsibilities." Here the boarding-school system, for example, is a strong denationalizing agency. Taking children away from their homes during the most impressionable period of their lives, it so isolates them as to prevent any real assimilation of their native community responsibilities. This assimilation is happening among non-Christians, who are obtaining Western education; there the younger and the older generations interchange constantly Western and Eastern ideas. The Indian has a wonderful heritage; is it right so to isolate and "westernize" the convert as to rob him of this wealth? POPLEY, H . A. The evangelistic movement in the Indian church. (The East and The West, April, 1919, pp. 138-144.) The Evangelistic Movement is quite distinct from the Mass Movement both in aim and method. It centers in the individual church rather than in the mission, and its agents are the individual members of the churches. Mr. Popley describes its effect in strengthening Indian leadership, in building up voluntary workers in the churches, in increasing the Christian community, and in stimulating and deepening the spiritual life of the Indian Christians. SINCLAIR, R. The development of a mass movement church. (The East and The West, July, 1919, pp. 265-271.) The outcaste is essentially social; so, when he comes to Christianity, his concern is for his community, he seeks its social uplift and emancipation. His aim, therefore, is worldly, yet gives to the missionary an opening for emphasizing the spiritual nature of the aid given, and for educating his community passion into the higher brotherhood of the church. This education of the convert is founded in the sifting processes leading to baptism and the great privilege of Church membership. It is, however, the aim of all missionary effort to develop an independent native church, and the plan followed by the London Missionary Society in South Travancore, with its results, is here outlined. Complete independence of the Mission on the part of the more advanced churches has been encouraged, these churches being placed on a self-supporting and self- governing basis, with a union of their own of which the missionaries are members. Thus there has been a great gain in self-reliance, as also in the type of village pastor. Nevertheless, the actual working of the scheme has resulted in sterilizing interest in the salvation of others, and in a deep rooted suspicion of missionary friendliness. These drawbacks have now been partially met by so modifying the plan as to make each church responsible for its own affairs, yet represented in a council charged with meeting the evangelistic needs of its own area. See Also: Ewing, J. C. R. The masses and the classes of India. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, April, 1919, pp. 259-365.) Warne, F. W. India's national and Christian progress. (The Missionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 21-22.) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 123 CHINA Books ANDREWS, R. C, and ANDREWS, Y. B. Camps and trails in China. New York, Appleton, 1919, pp. 334. $3.00. This is not a missionary book; it is a popular narrative of the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History in China in 191 6-17. Part of the trip, however, vi^as in unmapped country, all of it in little-known sections, and among people with whom missionary work is becoming increasingly important. Much of the work was done in Yunnan, and we are given valuable information as to the economic and social conditions prevailing in this province. A fine tribute is paid to the sterling value of the many missionaries encountered, especially to their altruism and self-sacrifice. This chapter, be it added, is put in not as "a brief for the missionary, but simply a matter of fair play." BROOMHALL, Marshall. John W. Stevenson. One of Christ's stalwarts. London, Morgan & Scott, 1919, 2/6. John W. Stevenson passed fifty years in missionary service, a period covering the opening of all China to Christian influence. He was a reserved, quiet Scot, who devoted himself heart and soul to China through work in the China Inland Mission. The biography is well written, and we follow with interest the successful years in Shaohing, the lean years in Bhamo, and, finally, the long stretch in Shanghai, devoted to administra- tive work. The human side rather than the official is emphasized, and pathetic glirnpses are given us here and there of that great burden of missionary life — loneliness. COCHRAN, J. C, Foreign magic. Tales of every-day China. New York, Missionary Education Movement, C1919, pp. 191. $1.50. Readable sketches of missionary contact with native life in the interior of China. The book gives good local color, and the stories are interesting to read aloud in mission circles. GAMEWELL, M. N. New life currents in China. New York, Missionary Education Movement, 1919, pp. 227. $.75. That China is responding to the influence of Western civilization, for better and also for worse, is a commonplace. In this mission study tjook, Mrs. Gamewell emphasizes the medical, educational, and economic attitude of the Chinese, their openmindedness, and the consequent tremendous op- portunities before the Christian Church. The book is particularly timely as great effort is being made at present to develop a strong sense of social responsibility among Chinese Christians, while we of the West are more willing than ever before to learn the truth about the East, unvarnished by prejudice or special pleading. LA MOTTE, E. N. Peking dust. New York, Century Company, 1919, pp. 240. $1.50. This is a brightly written description of how the European powers try to rule poor China through the "advice" given by the diplomatic circles. While not strictly missionary, its pictures of European life in China are so breezy, so interesting, and the contact of these people with the Chinese reacts so inevitably on missionary work, that no apology is necessary for including it in this bibliography. MILLARD, T. F. Democracy and the Eastern question. New York, Century Company, 1919, pp. 446. $3.00. The book repudiates any idea of being non-partisan, since "few Westerners could live in the Far East during the last twenty years and 124 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY still be impartial on the questions included in the position of China and ^ her contacts with Japan." The aim frankly is to educate the people in the United States "to a realization of the true position of Japan as the author sees it, the latter people having done everything in their power to keep us in ignorance of what is actually happening in China. The real issue is between militarism, or Japanese interests, and democracy, or Chinese interests. Japan is unquestionably efficient, but so was Germany; her policy during the war, of self-aggrandizement, of secret diplomacy, of oblique methods, was ruthless, as was that of Germany. The situation of China in the war, her fear of Japan, and the ignoring of her by the Allies is dealt with at length. The corrupting of the country systematically carried on by Japan, the Siberian question, and the future possibilities to the world if China were given a "square deal" are all touched upon. It is a case of special pleading without doubt, but the pleading is well backed by texts of official documents, and by proved facts. NOYES, H. N. A light in the land of Sinim. Forty-five years in the True Light Seminary, 1872-1917. New York, Revell, 01919, pp. 250. $1.50. It was due to a letter from Miss Noyes that in 1871 the founding of the True Light Seminary became one of the first of the special objects taken up by the Woman's Board in Philadelphia of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. It was largely due to her guidance that it grew to be such a power for good in Canton. She gives us the history of its growth in vivid pictures rather than in formal historical form, endeavoring thus to make the reader feel the atmosphere, and comprehend the aim of the work. The chief aim has been to make the seminary as far as possible an evangelistic agency, for which reason children of both Christian and heathen parents have been received, the whole number of students who have been enrolled being 3,724. Of this number, 915 have united with the church. Perhaps the best means of gauging the influence of the school is found in the lives of those trained there; so Miss Noyes gives many sketches of the work of the Bible Women, the Christian leaders, the nurses, and the medical students. The book is well illustrated. OVERLACH, T. W. Foreign financial control in China. New York, Macmillan, 1919, pp. 395. $2.00. This "presents an unbiased analysis of the financial and political activi- ties of the six leading powers in China during the last twenty years, and emphasizes the need of international financial co-operation. "_ While not intrinsically missionary, international relations are so many-sided that all intercourse with foreign nations by China has a reflex action on missions. This book deals largely with railway concessions and transportation deal- ings and .surely the Christianization of business in China is of fundamental importance to all Christian work in that country. The author concludes with recommendations that international capital and educative forces co- operate rather than compete in their efforts to develop China in the future. WHEELER, W. R. China and the world war. New York, Macmillan, 1919, pp. 263. $1.50. The Far East is looming larger and larger upon the horizon, which makes this book likely to be of permanent value. China has been pro- foundly affected by the war, both internally and externally, and the author here gives a study of some of the great problems of the country as they appear against the back-ground of the war. Primarily this is a political outline, well done; actually it is a discussion of international ethics as applied to the great giant of the East. There is a short but excellent bibliography. WERNER, E. T. C. China of the Chinese. London, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1919, pp. 309. 9s. The author is a Sinologue of recognized authority, and approaches his work chiefly from the point of view of sociology. This book gives the SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 history in very brief form of each class of phenomena in the Chinese social structure from its earliest beginnings to its latest developments. Despite some curious omissions it is well indexed and forms a good reference work. WOODBRIDGE, S. I. Fifty years in China. Richmond, Va., Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1919, pp. 231. $.60. The sub-title explains that this is an account of the missions in China of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. from 1867 to the present. There is a good map locating the mission stations, and a supplement containing a bibliography, satistics, and a list of the church's missionaries in China. It is really, however, an interpretation of the status of the missions in China rather than their history. Written in a conversational style one readily accepts the author's indication that it is an endeavor to answer some of the questions put to the missionary on furlough. It is the text-book of the Southern Presbyterians to be used in the mission study campaign in 1 919- 1920. Periodical Articles ARNOLD, Julean. China's economic problems and Christian mis- sionary effort. (The Chinese Recorder, August, 1919, pp. 515- 524.) One of the most important articles which has appeared in the Recorder this year. Mr. Arnold, the American Commercial attache for China, frankly and sympathetically discusses the missionary situation. Present- day China is a new China, marvelously wealthy in natural resources, with a wonderful future in the modern economic world. The great gulf between her and Western industrial development is partially shown in the fact that the nation and the communities have not as yet enacted factory legislation, made provision for sanitation in connection with their civic and industrial life, or developed a body of corporate law. The resulting problems, as well as the great one of transportation, will inevitably be solved, and China will be revolutionized in the process. But are the mission forces alive to the demands these tremendous economic changes will create? The important thing is what will the Chinese do for themselves; that will depend upon native leadership; and that in turn may be determined by the work of missionaries if they are big enough men and women, with a big enough policy to which they will adhere strongly. Missionaries that are narrow-minded, stagnating, set in their ways, or without vision should be retired at once; the young missionaries should be given a much broader training. The lack of co-ordination in mission work, the duplication and waste are striking, while there should be a far larger friendship with foreign mercantile com- munities and Chinese prominent in business and other walks of life. Christian missionary effort is facing a serious crisis, and supreme efforts should be put forth; no man or woman is too big for the work, for the field cries out for inspired, Christian trained native leaders. BUCK, T. L. Practical plans for the introduction of agriculture into our middle and primary schools. (The Chinese Recorder, May, 1919, pp. 307-319-) Agriculture as a part of mission work has achieved a definite place. Already six agricultural missionaries are in China, while the demand in mission schools for a text-book on agriculture, or a teacher of the subject, is more and more insistent. There are two main phases for the mission- ary work in agriculture — the strengthening of the educational program, and the introduction of agriculture into evangelistic missions as extension work. The chief problem in introducing it practically into the schools IS the securing of adequately trained native Christian teachers. Mr. Buck suggests that this need be met by establishing two first class agricultural high schools, with normal training; and, until these are sending forth 126 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY graduates, by establishing a teachers' training course in school-gardening, nature study and general agriculture at some suitable center or centers. BURGESS, J. S. The Christianization of life in China. (The Chinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 221-226.) There is evident increasing dissatisfaction with the role that is being played by the Chinese Church so far as it relates to community better- ment. There is a self-centered tendency to cut themselves off from their Chinese fellows found among the Christians which results not only in their making no social effort (such as opening wholesome recreation centers which shall be also for the non-Christians of the community) but at times even in their not knowing what movements are going on around them against which the church might protest. To remedy this the church must have a vision of what social service may mean, and this, it is noticeable, the strong lay leaders seem to realize far more fully than the Chinese clergy. CHAO, K. C The ideals of new China. (The Chinese Recorder, January, 1919, pp. 11-19.) Mr. Chao briefly surveys the social, political, and spiritual problems in awakening China, and the ideals of Young China in regard to them. F'irmly believing that China will take her place among the strong nations of the world, he points out her great need, in order to accomplish this, of developing moral backbone, and finds her only hope for this in her acceptance of Christianity. CHENG, C. Y. The Chinese Christian church and national move- ments. (The Chinese Recorder, July, 1919, pp. 456-460.) The Rev. Dr. Cheng is connected with the London Missionary Society, has been a pastor of the Independent Church, Peking, and is now Chinese Secretary of the China Continuation Committee. He therefore speaks with authority. The title of his article, however, is somewhat misleading. He chiefly describes and justifies the patriotic protest of the Chinese students against the Tsingtao decision of the Paris Conference, and their successful demand that the government remove the three chief pro- Japanese officials. The movement resulted in a general strike of govern- ment and mission students, and a boycott among the commercial classes throughout the country of Japanese goods. As the Christian Church stands for truth and righteousness, it naturally welcomed a movement prompted by pure democratic ideals, but the church does not take sides in party politics. The conflict was not that of Chinese against Japanese, but of a right idea against a militaristic or wrong one. But the Chinese Christians were right to take part in the movement, in upholding real patriotism and high ideals for their country, since Christianity seeks to work for the salvation of the individual, the society, the nation, and the world. DICKSON, E. J. M. A case of real self-support. (The Chinese Recorder, June, 1919, pp. 392-399-) It is, of course, the ultimate aim of all mission work to develop a self- supporting church, but opinions as to methods differ. Dr. Dickson here describes how he set out, independently of all mission societies, to preach a gospel which should purify the lives of the hearers and make them voluntarily support any Christian work undertaken. By selling ordinary drugs, such as epsom salts and quinine, he supported himself, and had opportunities to preach and sell gospels. Posch, near Yunnan, he made his headquarters. As a result of his work, this town now has a self- supporting and self-governing church with fourteen baptized members, and an average weekly contribution of 25 cents per member. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 127 DOVEY, J. W. A policy for the distribution of Chinese Christian literature. (The Chinese Recorder, July, 1919, pp. 473-479-) The problem of the production of Christian literature Tias been search- ingly investigated by the Literature Council of the China Continuation Committee. Supplementary to its report, Mr. Dovey, General Manager of the Mission Book Company, Shanghai, here gives a policy of distribut- ing the literature produced. At present, over 50 per cent of the Christian literature in China is sold retail at Shanghai, and the 25 odd small mission book-stores scattered over the country are carrying only a minimunv part of what they should. To remedy this, there should be greater publicity (now partially met by the new "China Bookman"), and greater co-operation in selling between the different societies. It should also be possible for Christian business men to make a living at selling this literature, which would mean an increase in catalogued prices in order to allow reasonable discount and fair profit to the local dealer. This raising of prices with the subsequent discount policy would also help to solve the problem of relationships between Christian publishing societies and the existing Chinese book stores. KULP, D. H. (II). A sociological apologetic for Christian propaganda in China. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919, pp. 88-94.) Jesus emphasized the fact that salvation is individual and social; Christianity in China, therefore, is very definitely committed to make contributions to the social life of the Chinese. Neither Buddhism nor Taoism has a strong social gospel, and socialization, the placing of skill, brains, and resources, at the service of society instead of the individual, is the great need at present in China. It is possible for social economy to effect social progress without Christianity. The material development of the country, the opening of mines, the building of railways, is inevitable, and China can not escape it if she would. But in a new age of progress a new set of adequate and vital controls must be set up or demoralization of society and race degeneration must result. Christianity is funda- mentally concerned with the ultimate values to society of all social progress; and this is why China (as well as the rest of the world) needs Christianity. KUO, P. W. The future place of education in China. (The Chinese Recorder, January, 1919, pp. 20-24.) The importance of education as emphasized by the World War has led the Chinese government to adopt a definite forward educational policy. In this article note is made of what constitutes this forward movement, and the necessity of raising the standard of the Christian educational work in China in order to meet the modern needs. MACNAUGHTON, W. The evangelization of provinces — Man- churia. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919, pp. 81-88.) The author, who is evangelistic secretary of Manchuria, views the problems of evangelizing China by considering those of this one province. The primary necessity is for the workers to look up from their work and consider a definite policy. The occupation of strategic centers by the foreign forces, with the present dangers of large areas and small forces; the utilizing of the potentialities for service in the individuals forming the Chinese Church; the necessity of arousing the Chinese leaders to seek to win more men instead of being satisfied with preaching at those already in the church; all these are fundamentals to a forward policy. Closely related are the_ inherent possibilities of great usefulness in the Chinese Missionary Societies, the evangelistic bands, the Chinese doctor evangelists, and the forward movement campaigns. All these considerations show that the task is tremendous, and the situation ripe for a big movement. 128 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY MILLS, S. J. Chinese student volunteer movement for the ministry. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919, pp. 110-118.) Describes briefly the work of an organization which endeavors to present the call of the ministry to Chinese students. The organization was started in 1 910 by Pastor Ding Li Mei, who has been the moving spirit ever since. PLANS OF THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE COUNCIL IN CHINA. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 238-253.) This article shows the processes of international missionary co-operation in the actual working, and consists of letters from the chairman of the Christian Literature Council for China, the acting secretary of the China Continuation Committee, a minute of the American section of the Com- mission on Christian Literature of the World Missionary Conference, and a minute of the Committee on Christian Literature in Great Britain. The letter from the Christian Literature Council gives the results of a thorough survey of the literature situation in China, the needs of which come under four headings. 1. The discovery and development of Chinese Christian literary talent. This problem could be attacked by means of prizes, the opening of a Christian Literature Correspondence School, and scholar- ships to be conditional on the recipients specializing along literary lines. 2. The survey and correlation of Christian literary effort, with the aim of learning the types of literature most urgently needed. 3. The early produc- tion of this most urgently needed literature, attention now to be focused on annotated Scriptures for the educated classes, literature for evangelistic campaigns, for the illiterate, for women and children, for young people, devotional literature, that for Chinese pastors, and that giving the social application of Christianity. 4. The establishment of a Christian Press Bureau for China, to supply to the press the best thought of Christian leaders in China and in other countries on matters of current interest. A rninimum budget for the whole program is appended. The action of the international bodies approving this report concludes the article. ROOTS, L. H. What the China continuation committee has done. (The Chinese Recorder, June, 1919, pp. 367-371.) This is the Continuation Committee of the National Conference held at Shanghai in 1913, and is one of the finest examples of union work on the mission field. Its work is far reaching and its results are here surveyed briefly. The Forward Evangelistic Movement, the undertaking of a comprehensive survey of existing missionary work, the compiling of accurate statistics; the work on the subjects of comity, of training mis- sionaries, and of producing Christian literature; the study of theological education, of mission admirfistration, of work for Moslems; the compiling of the China Mission Year Book and the Chinese Church Year Book, and the making possible a feasible procedure in regard to phonetic writing, all these are definite results of this Committee's arduous work. The survey here presented should be supplemented by the article following it, namely, "Progressive plans for Christian work in China as seen in the reports of the China Continuation Committee." STOCK, Eugene. Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission. (The East and The West, April, 1919, pp. 97-114.) One of the greatest of missionary names is that of Hudson Taylor, most of whose work was done outside the old order of the Church. He first went to China in 1853, and in i860 was invalided home, where he prayed so continually about China that in 1866 he was able to start back to the country with fifteen co-workers. This was the beginning of the great C. L M., founded on the principles which have ever been unswerv- ingly adhered to — (a) no restriction as to denomination provided there was soundness of the faith in all fundamental truths; (b) no guarantee of income; (c) no collections or personal solicitation of money. In regard SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 to certain methods of work, Hudson Taylor laid down the principles that the missionaries to China should become as the Chinese in dress, food, and customs where possible; that, with due precaution, unmarried women should be sent to the interior; that, as fresh parties from England arrived they should be sent two and two to the far interior. These were revo- lutionary ideas, and Mr. Stock gives us a brief description of some of the difficulties encountered in carrying them out. STUART, J. L. Man-power in Christian warfare. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919, pp. 104-110.) It is in the air, just now, to draw breath and take stock, as it were. of one's forces. Dr. Stuart, glancing at the results of some hundred years of Protestant missionary effort in China, finds the tangible results very meagre. Moreover, the entire country is in dire plight, suffering from intensified forms of old-time corruption and superstition with^ many Western vices added; and yet, with an opening to Christianity hitherto unequalled. One of the fundamental causes for failure so far Dr. Stuart finds in the lack of comprehensive planning for an adequately trained Chinese ministry. Four lines of attack on this problem are suggested: I. That each missionary feel an individual responsibility to secure a better quality of man power in the native ministry. 2. That mission funds be so re-adjusted that there be sufficient money available for securing, training, and supporting capable Chinese students, even at the sacrifice of the foreign missionary force. 3. That the teaching in theological colleges be made to measure up to the very highest standard set anywhere in the world. 4. That the student Volunteer Movement for the Ministry be given all possible help and sympathy, YUI, D. Z. T. The coming Chinese Christian leadership. (The Chinese Recorder, January, 1919, pp. 24-34.) Mr. Yui discusses Chinese Christian leadership from the point of view of its necessity to enable China to take her proper place. After analyzing the past and the present leadership, and the influences which developed it, he considers the necessary elements for the future. These he finds to be uncompromising Christian integrity, thorough scientific training, and emphasis on the development of Christian social leadership. See Also: Beach, H. P. Shall China have an alphabet. (The Missionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 127-130.) Gale, F. C. Central institutional church, Nanchang. (The Chinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 229-233.) Hodous, Lewis. China at the cross roads — a review of the year 1918 and the outlook for 1919. (The Missionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 16-18.) McKee, Sidney. The relation of the institutional church to other Christian organizations with institutional features. (The Chinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 238-241.) McLeod, R. A. The opening of Tibet to Christianity. (The Missionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 18-20.) Scott, C. E. Salt and its savor in China — An answer to the ques- tion : Do the Chinese make good Christians? (The Missionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 109-114; April, 1919, pp. 274-280.) 130 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Throop, F. H. The institutional church in China. (The Chinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 226-229.) Wheeler, W. R. China, world democracy and missions. (The Missionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 91-96.) JAPANESE EMPIRE Books HARRINGTON, C. K. Captain Bickel of the Inland Sea. New York, Revell, C1919, pp. 301. $1.75. This is an interesting outline of the work of Captain Luke Bickel and the "Fukuin Maru" in the great Inland Sea of Japan, written by a mis- sionary of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Captain Bickel, the "mariner-missionary," did stich outstanding and unique work that this biography is particularly welcome. HERSHEY, A. S., and HERSHEY, S. W. Modern Japan ; social — industrial — political. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Company, C1919, pp. 382. $1.50. The book is the result of a visit to Japan, made after several years study of the country. It takes up the general problems, such as industrial development, poverty, political parties, colonial methods, and religion, treating all with a decided leaning to the Japanese point of view. It is a worth-while description of the country for those who are sincerely anxious to understand Japan and who have not the time to make an exhaustive study of it. It is not the book for the specialist. THE PROBLEM OF JAPAN. A political study of Japan and of her relations with Russia, Great Britain, China, Germany, the United States, the British colonies, and the Netherlands, and of the world politics of the Far East and the Pacific. By an Ex- Counsellor of Legation in the Far East. London, Luzac, 1918, pp. 280. 73. 6d. This book, which is somewhat difficult to obtain in this country, is an excellent presentation of a complicated situation. The relation of Japan with each of the powers named is discussed from an international point of view, and the development of her policy traced since it was outlined in 1868. It is the author's opinion that one of two combinations must inevitably arise to solve the problem of Japan: that composed of England, Germany, and the United States; or that composed of Japan, Germany, and Russia. Of special value for reference are the Appendices, which give a skeleton of the form of Japanese government, and the terms of various treaties and agreements. MADDEN, M. W. Women of the Meiji era. New York, Revell, C1919, pp. 63. $.25. Short sketches of a few of the most notable leading women of Japan. These are the women, the pioneers, who have safely crossed from old to new Japan, who give the promise for the future Japanese woman. The list includes the late Queen, an educator, a temperance reformer, a social reformer, an author, Japan's millionaire evangelist, a Y. W. C. A. secretary, and a Bible woman. They are not biographies; they are pictures of real women, and the things they have accomplished. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 131 Periodical Articles POLE, G. H. The "new" Japanese national cult. (The Church Missionary Review, June, 1919, pp. 127-135.) The Rev. Pole finds this new "cult" in Japan strikingly analogous to the cult of emperor-worship as it existed in the Roman Empire in the first three centuries A. D. Notwithstanding its modern government the Japanese imperial authority unquestionably reaches out into the moral and spiritual domain, and the Government has five aims in view in its promotion of this "cult"; i: to maintain that traditional spirit which is considered the soul of the nation; 2: to realize a national unity and to bind by sacred ties the people and their Emperor; 3: to provide an ideal, something recognized as necessary for the well-being of society; 4: to emphasize unity and patriotism in one "cult," since to do so in one "religion" is impossible; 5: to constitute thereby a dam against foreign ideas believed to be subversive of social order. The non-religious char- acter of the cult being contradicted by the required worship at shrines, the author foresees grave difficulties ahead for Christianity in Japan. TROLLOPE, M. N. Progress in Corea. (The East and The West, July, 1919, pp. 246-257.) The Bishop in Corea limits his article rather rigidly to the condition of the English Church Mission to Corea. After a very sketchy outline of past history, the situation or development is considered along the lines of: (a) the organization into a whole of detached mission stations; (b) educa- tion, showing how the English Church is co-operating with the Japanese educational scheme by means of student-hostels; (c) training of native clergy; (d) self-support, in which the English mission has made consider- able progress; (e) Church government; (f) Japanese work. Despite the tremendous handicap of the war, with its serious drain on an already in- adequate force, considerable progress has been made, and the mission stands ready for a big advance on a solid basis, thanks to the enforced intensive, rather than extensive cultivation. See Also: Davis, J. M. The need for Christ in Japan's factories. (The Missionary Review of the World, September, 1919, pp. 673-682.) Pettee, J. H. The outlook in Japan — 1918 and 1919. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 13-15.) Reports on the Korean uprising. (The Missionary Review of the World, September, 1919, pp. 664-668.) Suzuki, Takashi. The emergency in Chosen. (The Missionary Review of the World, September, 1919, pp. 661-663.) ISLAM LANDS Books FINLEY, J. H. A pilgrim in Palestine; being an account of journeys on foot by the first American pilgrim after General Allenby's recovery of the Holy Land. New York, Scribner, 1919, pp. 251. $2.00. This is an attempt to help those of us who must stay at home really to make the Hgly Land our own. It is a collection of poems, of essays, of impressions made during tramps over lands hallowed by our religion, and associated now also with the undying bravery of the army that wrested the Holy City from the Turk. 132 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY HARDING, H. G. The land of promise. London, Church Mis- sionary Society, 1919, pp. 116. 2s. A small handbook packed with interesting facts about Palestine. The author, who for some years was a C. M. S. missionary in the country, takes up the questions which the man on the street is asking, and out- lines briefly an explanation of the difficulties therein expressed. The land, the different races, the religions, and the missionary work are all touched upon, and the Zionist movement is sympathetically, albeit not very hope- fully discussed. WINGATE, Sir Andrew. Palestine, Mesopotamia, and the Jews. The spiritual side of history, with a synopsis of the war. London, Alfred Holness, 1919, pp. 290. 5/-. A rather disjointed work. It is somewhat tantalizing in that, assuming considerable knowledge on the part of the reader, the conclusions are obvious and somewhat superficial. On the other hand, for one without a fairly rich background, it is confusing and inconclusive. Nevertheless, it gives fairly a spiritual criticism of the warring countries which have influenced Palestine and Mesopotamia, provided we interpret spiritual as synonymous with biblical. It is well illustrated, and has an excellent chronological table of the war. The author idealizes, it might almost be said idolizes. Great Britain throughout. Periodical Articles BUXTON, Harold. Armenia and the peace settlement. (The East and The West, January, 1919, pp. 10-18.) "To the moral conscience of Europe, the sufferings of Armenia must remain an unforgetable horror," and to disregard the voice of conscience is to stifle the greatest safeguard of Christian peoples. That Armenia still needs and deserves our help is evident in this survey of the situation. She is delivered from Turkish slavery, delivered by Christian, Moham- medan, Arabian, and Indian troops, but before her deliverance she had taken her stand for righteotisness, and had fought hard on the Caucasian front. As a result, the Ottoman Armenians were systematically murdered by the Turkish government. There are scattered remnants left in the Russian Caucasus, in Persia (where an American relief unit is workirig), in Mesopotamia (where starvation has been terrible), and in Palestine. The responsibility for permanent relief and repatriation must rest with the allied Powers, but there are needed also philanthropic agencies. Besides immediate relief for the starving, besides the political settlement, there is desperate need of healing for the spirit of the nation in love, in work done in the spirit of love, and in offers of personal service abroad. ZWEMER, S. M. Islam, the war, and missions. (The Church Missionary Review, September, 1919, pp. 209-225.) A discussion of the future for Moslem evangelization in view of the League of Nations and the new internationalism. The war has seen the collapse of Moslem political power, but as an intellectual and spiritual empire Islam still exists. The distribution of Moslems, and the possi- bility of their drawing together in face of a common peril, along with the reluctance of governments to take any action that might lead to a political complication, place a serious problem before the church as well as an "open door." Dr. Zwemer gives a survey of the situation before the armistice, showing the seething unrest of the Moslem world, the different government policies pursued, and the German plan for a general Moslem uprising. There follows a bird's-eye view, country by country, of the present situation and the attitude of the people during the wai, ending with a summary of the dangers and opportunities to be frankly faced. It is true that British occupation of Egypt has strengthened Islam there. There is grave danger of the same happening in Palestine, Syria, Persia, and the former Ottoman Empire. The sacred places, shrines and SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY I33 mosques will be repaired and beautified, facilities for pilgrimage will be increased, government education tends to develop with Islam as a basis, while there may be the policy of rewarding their loyalty (not often spontaneous, nor always genuine) by pampering Moslem prejudices. The church must act wisely and promptly lest the "evangelization of Moslem lands be hindered most of all by Governments professedly Christian." A useful bibliography is appended. See Also: Coan, F. G. The peril of Persia. (The Missionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 23-25.) Donaldson, D. M. An American door to Central Asia. (The Missionary Review of the World, April, 1919, pp. 267-269.) Riggs, H. H. The outlook among Turkish Moslems. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 204-208.) Trowbridge, Stephen. Stories of liberated Armenians. (The Missionary Review of the World, July, 1919, pp. 511-518.) LATIN AMERICA Books INMAN, S. G. Intervention in Mexico. New York, Association Press, 1919, pp. 248. $1.50. Author is executive secretary of the Committee on Co-operation in Latin America, and is a recognized authority on those lands. This book considers the present and former relations between the United States and Mexico, and outlines a constructive policy for the future. MILLER, G. A. Prowling about Panama. New York, Abingdon Press, C1919, pp. 254. $1.50. Some people travel, some go on personally conducted tours, but on only a few have the gods bestowed the gift — and the opportunity — of prowl- ing. To the author, Panama is the great American curiosity shop; it is also "the net result of a continuous and consistent follow-up campaign of wholesale demoralization through a long period of years." The prowler in this case certainly found much to interest him; not only the pleasing idiosyncrasies of the people, with their abounding imagination, making up for their utter ignorance of their country; their uniformly courteous officials; and their never failing mystification over the "hurry" of travel- lers; but also in the wonderful possibilities of the country, in the rich resources of the interior, and in the need of the people. Eighty per cent of those in the provinces were found to be suffering with hookworm, because the common people know nothing of sanitation and clean food. Yet, if the author be correct, the Panamanians are not the only ones who are ignorant; many of us Americans have not even discovered that there is a Latin America. This book should at least make a little more definite in our minds that "hazy and troubled region southward about which we have known little and cared less." MUNRO, D. G. The five republics of Central America. Their political and economic development and their relations with the United States ; ed. by David Kinley. New York, Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1918, pp. 332. (The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Economics and History.) $3.50. This is one of a proposed series of studies of similar conditions in others of the Latin American Republics, and is a good presentation of 134 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY the life of the people as seen by an outsider. A separate chapter is devoted to each of the five countries, but the major part of the book dells with' Central America as a unit. Central American revoutions are disliked and feared by the great majority of the people, but their in- heritance of exploitation by the Spaniards seems, to P^fvent them from making any concerted opposition to the politicians m charge of the J^volutions Ignorance and indifference of the masses are found every- where, and are largely responsible for the instability of governments Thfs latter should Eventually yield to education, as is P^d by the imorovement in the Isthmus. The influence of the United btates, and tne SgZiTm"lro"used by its opportunist policy of pi^tection is well summed up, while our international responsibility to keep t^e peace is tuny recognized. The economic condition is frankly considered ve^.Y .f "°"^ and fundamental, yet not so hopeless but that the standard of living foi the mass of the people may eventually be raised. SWEET, W. W. A history of Latin America. New York, The Abingdon Press, C1919, PP- 283. $3-00. For some time there has been a need for a brief^ "p^±^\?Je^rsitT'has historv of Latin America. Professor Sweet, of DePauw University, nas a tSed to meet this need, preparing the book P"-J"^>; /j,/*"^? and teachers, yet keeping n mind also the more general reader Alter Tbrief chapter'^devoted tS the Spanish and Portuguese charactensics as a back-ground, the colonization is considered in ^^"^ divisions, (a) that of fhl Islands and the Isthmus, (b) the conquests pf Mexico. Pe^«. ^n^ Chile, (c) the founding of the agricultural Colonies of Venezuela, Colombia, and La Plata, and (d) the Portuguese colonization of BraziL Following the wars of Independence, the countries "f "^^"^ ^^" .\'i*° ^Z^ groups, the backward states and the progressive states. .The latter pait of the book is good for reference purposes, but "|al^e%fo^ """^^^ff!*^^^ general reading. Good maps and bibliographies help to make this an excellent text-book. WILLIAMS, M. N. The least of these— in Colombia. New York, Revell, C1918, pp. 183. $1.25. As the foreword warns us, this bo9k is concrete and specific; it is highly specialized, dealing with a particular group of a particular class of people in Colombia, namely, the servants of. the ^^^^or Yet the little incidents related give a sharply outlined view of certain missionary problems typical of the country. The immorality resultmg from economic pressure, the lack of standards, the prevailing drunkenness, the Jack ot responsibility, and the appalling superstition form a dark, ^^7°^f^^^^°P^^^f^ pic ure. The high lights are found in the cheerfulness of the people under intolerable conditions, in their loyalty, unselfishness, and losing sympathy. The book is in the way of being an enhghtenmg foot-note on missionary work in Latin America. Periodical Articles GRUBB, W. Barbrooke. The problem of the South Anierican Indian. (The East and The West, October, 1919, PP- 3o8-3i»0 For thirty years, this pioneer missionary has worked among t^e South American aborigines, and ranks today as the greatest .l^^mg au hoiity on the subject. He points out that very ittlc interest is taken in the South Anierican Indian, and yet in him lies a possible fo^^t'O" ^^^ *^? question of populating and thus of increasing the producing capacity ot the Continent. Some of the Indians have taken to civilized YnS=,nT settled sections, and politically they are no longer .classed as ^riaians but as citizens. P.ut there are from two to three million .heathen wild tribes," ranging from very low savages to fine people M"'te_ capable ot culture. They are by law outlaws. Yet the work of the South American Missionary Society, working along sound practical lines, and c'ripnasizing industrial missions has been so successful, and so influential tor gooa SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 that it has won to friendliness the Paraguayan, Argentine, and Bolivian governments. Only industrial missions will succeed. The cost is heavy, however, for not only a church but a whole civilization must be built up for these wild tribes. The Indian must eventually come in contact with the settlers; and Mr. Grubb closes his articles with a plea for Christian settlers who will band together and found Christian colonies, thus helping the professional missionary enterprise to cover the great extent of land, and to solve the many other almost insurmountable diificulties. See Also: Ihman, S. G. An advanced program for Mexico. (The Mission- ary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 431-438.) Inman, S. G. Encouraging signs in Latin America. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 1 19-122.) Inman, S. G. A year of Latin American missions. (The Mission- ary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 36-39.) McClelland, A. J. Have conditions improved in Mexico. (The Missionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 195-197.) Taylor, W. C. Working in Mexico under difficulties. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 191-194.) PACIFIC ISLANDS Books KALAW, M. M. Self-government in the Philippines. New York, Century Company, 1919, pp. 210. $1.50. In 191 6, Congress pledged the people of the United States to recognize the independence of the Philippines "as soon as a stable government can be established therein," at the same time giving them the largest amount of autonomy compatible with the exercise of the rights of American sovereignty. The Philippines Legislature believes the time has now come for the fulfillment of this pledge, and the author here places before us the record of what the Filipino people have done since the establishment of their autonomy, and their reasons for now asking for separation. The establishment and organization of the government, the economic develop- ment of the country, the progress of local government, and the attitude of the Filipinos during the war are _ all concisely and clearly described, making an excellent presentation of their case. The treatment of the non-Christian tribes is well summarized, and gives a good back-ground for all missionary work that must be conducted among them. WHITE, Gilbert. Thirty years in tropical Australia. London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918, pp. 264. 10/6. (New York, Macmillan. $3.75.) For the iirst half of this period, Bishop White worked in Queensland as a priest; during the last fifteen years he served as Bishop of Carpentaria in Northern Australia. The book shows a wide appreciation of the country's difficulties, and touches frankly on both the white and the black problems. The work can be better appreciated by first gaining some knowledge of Australian missions, such as is given in the same author's "Round About the Torres Strait," published in 191 7. But that is not necessary thoroughly to enjoy his descriptions, especially of the aborigines. These he does not hold to be of the very lowest type of humanity, an opinion often advanced by scientists; his attitude seems to be that this is "all very well in theory, but it is not so in fact!" as shown by the natives who have tak^n responsible positions in the mission stations. There is an excellent i-'hapter on "A white Australia," which policy the Bishop 136 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY finds justifiable only if the white man "admits he owes special duties to less fortunate peoples, and especially to the less advanced colored races of the East." Periodical Articles LONG, G. M. "White Australia." (The East and The West, October, 1919, pp. 289-296.) The Bishop of Bathurst disclaims writing an apologia for a "White Australia" policy; he merely attempts here to show how and why the policy is maintained. It is the inflexible will of the country rigidly to exclude immigrants of non-European origin, and this despite the clamant need of the country for populatiorl. This decision is based on: i. the political need of keeping the government in the hands of those whose inheritance includes the instincts of justice and self-government; and the danger of a small ruling class of Whites, and a large mixed colored population; 2. the dangers and problems arising from the miscegenation of widely disparate races; 3. the endeavor to make prevail the white man's high standard of living for the workman and the danger to this that would result from flooding the country with Asiatic labor. To the criticism that this policy is anti-Christian the Australian replies that the country can make its noblest contribution to the developing life of the Orient, as well as to the peace and happiness of the whole world, by maintaining in their purity the ideals, the form, and the manner of a distinctively European civilization in the Far East. RELIGIONS Books BARTON, J. L. The Christian approach to Islam. Boston, Pilgrim Press, C1918, pp. 316. $2.00. The substance of lectures given at the College of Missions. The book divides naturally into three parts — I. External history of Islam, from its beginning to the failure of the Holy War, the attitude of the scattered Moslems, and the revolt of Arabia. II. Mohammedanism as a religion, giving the distinctive Mohammedan beliefs, the beliefs common with Christianity, and the various reform attempts. III. Relations to Christianity, with the change from intense antagonism to a gradual dis- appearance of hatred and discontent. It is an important study of Chris- tianity's message to Mohammedans, and a ringing call for a definite campaign planned on a true appreciation of present day needs, rather than on the traditional attitude. The arrangement is rather loose, and the reading at times difficult, but for those who are following seriously the Moslem problem the book is invaluable. GILMORE, G. W. Animism; or, Thought currents of primitive peoples. Boston, Marshall Jones, 1919, pp. 250. $1.75. A thoughtful discussion in non-technical language, with frequent citations from recent publications. The importance to be attached to the study of animism is indicated by the fact "that over half the population of the globe is animistic in its main features of faith and action, that a large part of humanity entertain beliefs only one remove away from this and regards as fundamental a philosophy of life grounded in animistic thought, and that at least three basal tenets of Christianity itself are common to Christians and animists." The small book is interest- ing for the general reader, giving a better survey than is usual in such books. HOPKINS, E. W. The history of religions. New York, Mac- millan, 1918, pp. 624. $3.00. From the point of view of comparative religions, this book is very important; from that of help for missionary work it is disappointing. The SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 author, who is Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at Yale University, has summed up the best explanations and criticisms of the various religions, past and present, supplementing each chapter with an excellent bibliography. He has consistently refrained from drawing any conclusions, treating each religion with the same detachment, almost impassivity. His statements of facts are valuable, but he makes no attempt to show the reader the living soul of any faith. Judged from a coldly intellectual point of view, Christianity is "more intense and broader than any other"; that it is more dynamic, or has any higher authority than any other Dr. Hopkins apparently considers beside the point. JOSEPH, Isya. Devil worship. The sacred books and traditions of the Yezidiz. Boston, Richard G. Badger, C1919, pp. 222. $2.50. The Yezidiz are a small and obscure religious sect, most of whom are in the mountains of northern and central Kurdistan. Despite the interest which their mysterious religion has aroused, very little is known about_ it, almost the only certain thing being that it contains Moslem, heretical Christian, pagan, and perhaps Persian elements. The first part of this book contains the translation of one of the Arabic manuscripts _ of the Yezidiz; one of their poems, their principal prayer, and their articles of faith, with explanatory notes. Part II is a critical discussion of their religion, religious observances, and the various explanations of them given by religious scholars. So brief a book is necessarily in the nature of an outline, but an excellent bibliography helps those desiring to make a more thorough investigation of the subject. MOORE, G. F. History of reh'gions. New York, Scribner, 1919, (International Theological Library.) Vol. II. Judaism, Chris- tianity, Mohammedanism. $3.00. The first volume of this work appeared in 1914. Dr. Moore is recog- nized as the foremost authority in _ the United States on the history of religion, and this completes a work justly termed "a masterpiece, not only for its comprehensive survey of the facts. . . . but also for its pragmatic presentation of history." STARR, Frederick. Korean Buddhism, history — condition — art. Boston, Marshall Jones Company, 1918, pp. 104, $2.00. Korean Buddhism, as presented to Westerners, is in some respects an almost virgin field. The three lectures here published do not, however, attempt a profound study of the subject. Their great significance lies in the fact that they represent the most complete work on it as yet published in English. Much travel in Korea, and many visits to the monasteries there enable the author to vivify the work by personal touches, while the illustrations help greatly to an appreciation of Korean thought. A short bibliography and good notes are appended. URQUHART, W. S. Pantheism and the value of life with special reference to Indian philosophy. London, Epworth Press, 1919, pp. ^^2. 12/6. This is a valuable book for those working among thoughtful Hindus. After fifteen years in India, the author has come to the conclusion that a radical transformation of Indian thought will be necessary if India is to advance mentally, morally, and religiously, and this book has been written to indicate the necessity for this transformation. Hindu philosophy is sympathetically treated, for every effort is made to present the best aspects of it, but the showing is clear that it does not meet the needs of life. The work is carefully done, with constant references to authorities, and the value of the whole is enhanced by an excellent index. 138 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Periodical Articles KERRIDGE, H. S. Hindu religious setting. (The East and The West, January, 1919, pp. 34-50-) A discussion by a lecturer at Noble College, Masulipatam, India, of how "to retain the rich fringe of the Indian corporate religious life" in order to make Christianity a little less barren and "western" to the Indian convert. Love of ceremonies with life, color, and movement being ingrained in the Indian, would it not be better psychologically to retain as much of this as possible for the native church ? Care should be taken, however, not to think out the problem from the Western point of view. Isolated attempts at making this enrichment to Christian native life by the S. P. G. in its annual fair, by the Methodist Community at Cawnpore, in its anniversary procession around the city, and by the Wesleyan Methodists in the State of Hyderabad, are noted. The Roman Catholics make great efforts to preserve a ceremonial setting for all the church festivals. But there is need for more general recognition of the fact that the East needs color, light, and crowds for its life. MASON, I. Chinese Mohammedanism. (The Chinese Recorder, March, 1919, pp. 176-187 ; April, 1919, pp. 242-247.) The number of Moslems in China can at best be only estimated, but it seems safe to consider that there are at least 8,000,000. The number of missionaries definitely working to win them is very small, while liter- ature for them is almost non-existent. After a _ very brief summary of the history of the sect in China, Mr. Mason discusses certain of their beliefs and practices as they exist in that country. After mentioning their conception of the unity of God, their belief in angels, and a pre- existent supernatural world, he gives translations of some of their reason- ing against Christianity. Particularly enlightening is a brochure written in 1 9 14 concerning Jesus and his reported crucifixion and resurrection. The five practices — or Five Pillars of the Faith — are sketched; purifica- tion, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage; and there follows the translation of a tract summarizing the position of the Chinese Moslem, entitled "The Root of all Goodness," ending with a beautiful Moslem prayer. See Also: Labaree, R. M. The Bahai propaganda in America. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, August, 1919, pp. 591-596.) CHILDREN Books HUTTON, S. K. By Eskimo dog-sled and Kayak. A descrip- tion of a missionary's experiences and adventures in Labrador. London, Seeley, Service, 1919, pp. 219. 4/-. Written for young people, the book endeavors to give an idea of Eskimo life by means of the author's travel experiences. The long, bitterly cold journeys, the hospitality of the stifling huts, the loyalty and endurance of the Eskimo drivers arc well described. We shiver in sympathy with the cold, tired missionary who pushes his feet into a fine thick sleeping-bag, only to meet with an icy mass of half-frozen snow, and we almost envy the Eskimos, who, with no bed but the dogs' harness, are sleeping comfortably near by! Missionary work proper is almost confined to the last two chapters, but we appreciate its significance all the better for what has preceded. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 13$ MATHEWS, Basil. The ships of peace. London, Humphrey Milford, 1919, pp. 136. 6s 6d. This is the story of the gospel ships of the London Missionary Society, told for boj's and girls as only Basil Mathews can. There were adven- tures, there were hardships, there was triumph in the lot of those early missionaries, and no child can help being caught by the magnificent re- sponse made to those calls to heroic sacrifice. WOOD, M. D. Fruit from the jungle. California, Pacific Press Publishing Association, C1919, pp. 331. $1.00. In large part, experiences of real mission life in India are here described, many of the chapters having originally appeared in young people's periodicals. Periodical Articles COCK, A. A. Missions, school, and the child. (The Church Mis- sionary Review, September, 1919, pp. 199-208.) The present inadequacy of missionary teaching for children is becoming increasingly evident; and so Professor Cock, acting professor of Education and Philosophy at University College, Southampton, here pleads for the recognition of the value of the missionary story in any reconstruction of primary and secondary education. Its essential appropriateness is evident, for Christian schools and Christian education require the Christian story. Moreover, the missionary story links inevitably with our knowledge of history, and of geography, while it is rich supplementary material for the teaching of literature. Its psychological appeal to the love of adventure, of movement, and of continued stories well adapts it for use in moving pictures. It is also of unexampled value in teaching world citizenship and sympathy for other races. Above all, "education is a spiritual process, and mission study and story yield a cumulative spiritual value of the utmost importance to the growing religious experience of the child." MISCELLANEOUS Books EDWARDS, W. J. Twenty-five years in the black belt. Boston, The Cornhill Company, C1918, pp. 143. $1.50. An autobiography of an earnest negro, working for the uplift of his race and better racial relations in the United States by means of sound industrial education. The book is in large part a history of the Snow Hill Normal and Industrial Institute, which has done excellent work in the last twenty-five years. MEANS, P. A. Racial factors in democracy. Boston, Marshall Jones, 1918 [C1919], pp. 278. $2.50. The general aim, as the author states, "is that of setting forth . . . the exact nature of the principles which have governed the growth of civiliza- tion in the past and that of studying the application of those principles to current problems." The book, therefore, is an outline of principles, given by means of a brief resume of distinctive human cultures in different parts of the world. Inter-racial courtesy is something which needs de- velopment especially in these days, and the book is worth while in showing us how much good there is in those cultures of races different from ours. There is an excellent section on the anthropological aspects of colonization. Constant reference throughout is made to authorities, and a 29 page bibliography is appended. 140 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY MOORE, E. C. The expansion of Christianity in the modern world. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, C1919, pp. 352. (Handbooks of ethics and reHgion.) $2.00. This is a survey of the history of missions since the beginning of the modern era, depicting the missionary movement against the back-ground of general history. The first part treats generally of the expansion of Europe; the second (by far the larger) part considers the history of the missionary movement, and the present situation in different lands. In so small a book much must necessarily be omitted, and the rest greatly condensed, yet for those desiring to get a quick survey of missionary work, readably presented, the book is excellent. Each paragraph is numbered, each chapter is summarized by paragraph headings, the index is full, and the bibliography gives wide references by the paragraph numbers, thus increasing many times the usefulness of the book. PATTON, C. H. World facts and America's responsibility. New York, Association Press [1919], pp. 236. $1.00. As the title indicates, this gives a survey of the world situation from the point of view of what America should do. Ten outstanding facts or tendencies are analyzed, in a way to challenge further study on the part of the reader rather than in an attempt to be fundamental. America has won a high place as a nation of idealists; correspondingly heavy is her responsibility to lead in "the movement to make Christ supreme in the world's affairs." While we may not always agree with the conclusions reached, the book gives a good general impression of existing ethical and religious opportunities. VAN ESS, John. The spoken Arabic of Mesopotamia. London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1918, pp. 256. $1.50. Designed to answer the needs of those working with the common people of Mesopotamia. It consists of a grammar and exercises, and a fairly full vocabulary. While not pretending to be exhausive it is probably the best recent book of its kind. It is recommended by the Board of Missionary Preparation. WERNER, Alice. Introductory sketch of the Bantu languages. London, Kegan Paul, 1919, pp. 346. 7s 6d. The author is reader, in Swahili, in the School of Oriental Studies, London, and is here endeavoring to uncover the "broad principles under- lying the structure of all flanguages] belonging to the Bantu family, in such a form as to facilitate the subsequent study of the one specially chosen." Periodical Articles BROUGH, J. S. B. The eternal source of missions. (The In- ternational Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 7-17.) The challenge of Christian countries at war with each other has forced the realization that our normal standards differ from those of God. The question should be squarely faced, therefore: is the missionary effort a purely human activity, or ih spite of all defects, is it the expression of something belonging to the bemg and character of God Himself? The answer lies in our conception of the nature of God as a Being in the heart of the struggle of mankind; of the nature of Jesus, as truly God and truly man; of our own nature as human beings with the power to question and to choose, and the consequent responsibility for our actions. The missionary obligation is inherent and fundamental in each nature. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 COFFIN, H. S. The spiritual basis of the new world order. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 145-154.) The war has caused the very foundations of the world to be questioned. Is blind matter omnipotent? If so, reconstruction is not only useless but wrong. Is it a gamble whether or not there is such a thing as realizing an ideal civilization? If so, strenuous efifort is worth while, but to the thoughtful by no means satisfying. In the last analysis, searchers for a stable foundation are driven to despair or to faith; and Christian faith alone makes its appeal to these searchers who desire a world that is orderly, kindly, and brotherly-. An orderly world must assume the organic unity of ethical values — God is one. The Christian ideal thoroughly interpreted must work to subdue strife through kinship with the Father — to create a kindly world. A democratic world, i. e., a brotherly world, must follow where is applied the ideal of the God who, through Christ, dwells among men as Comrade, not suppressing their individualities, not breaking their wills, but encouraging them to their fullest development as sons and daughters. DIFFENDORFER, R. E. Developing a dominantly missionary Church. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 95-103.) The last three words of the title are almost equally emphasized in the article. Successfully to develop such an organization there must first of all be presented to the Church definitely and concretely an adequate world program, this program to be the result^ of a thorough-going survey of the actual condition of the world, accompanied by definite statements of methods for meeting the needs thus revealed. There must then be developed in the Church an intelligent interest in the program. The people should be shown why the program should be undertaken, and leaders should be trained for this purpose. The program must be accepted willingly, and so it must be proved to the people that it is reasonable. The social traits of character, those concerning our relations with our fellows, must be trained, in some cases even awakened, and then definitely converted into action. GOLLOCK, G. A. The missionary service of the simple and the poor. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 88-94.) Starting with a few examples of wonderful giving by the poor selected at random from the many listed on mission treasurers' books, three points are developed, i. The possibility of a new scale of giving in relation to income. According to the standard of the poor and simple, well-to-do Church members have scarcely begun to give. 2. Sources of service. So far, men in the prime of life are so negligible a source of missionary giving that the deduction is logical that the missionary cause has been so presented as to win the weaker rather than the stronger. 3. The future cannot be conducted on the same basis as the past. Merciless light is thrown on the truth that much of the past service has been rendered under economic and social conditions flagrantly unchristian. The missionary cause must be presented afresh, and the message must be full, rich and real. GOLLOCK, M. C. _ The best use of missionary furlough. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp 218-226.) The end of the war, bringing home numbers of missionaries on furloughs long overdue, points the discussion of what the furlough should mean to the worker and to the church. Primarily, it should be everywhere recognized that it is an integral part of mission work. It is not accumu- lated holiday, since most missionaries have an annual holiday on the field. Yet the mission field exacts a severe toll from the worker both in 142 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY body and in spirit, and it is the business of the church at home to help make good this toll. Study comes to the foreground since most missionaries have given out so much, or have missed so much, as to be empty mentally or spiritually. Some know what is best to do for their individual needs, and are able to do it. Others must receive advice and help from the church. This touches closely the problem of deputation work; but while much of this is to be deplored from the point of view of the worker, some of it is necessary to make him review his work, and gain the proper perspective. After all, the dominating issue is the out- look; he comes home to go through another period of preparation for his task. With this kept in view, the problems relative to rest and work are easier to solve. MACLEAN, J. H. Missionary apologetics. (The International Review of Missions, July, 1919, pp. 387-397.) Despite recent events, despite the mission study movement, there is still a surprising vogue in objections to missions. Rejecting reliance on the Great Command (the authenticity of which having been seriously chal- lenged), and maintaining that the missionary obligation expresses the whole spirit of Christ's life, Mr. Maclean sketches briefly a normal attitude to take to such critics. Even admitting that all that has so far been done has been a failure (which Mr. Maclean does not), this high ground for missionary work still remains binding, and it is the methods, not the fundamental obligation which are at fault. But instead of being on the defensive, the missionary apologist has good ground for attack if he knows facts, while the results of missions, poor and imperfect as they may be, yet form one of the strongest proofs possible that Jesus is the Word of God. ( MATHEWS, Basil. Some unoccupied fields at the home base. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. I04-II7-) Strictly speaking, the fields are preoccupied rather than unoccupied. There is that of the educationalist, and in particular the day school teacher, who exercises a continuous influence on the developing life of the nation. This field can be occupied if missionary material is presented which is of unquestionably high pedagogic value. There is the merchant, pre- occupied with world markets. The approach to him should be uncompro- misingly Christian, presenting missions as a world program and a world campaign. He has no patience with small issues. There is the skilled artisan whom the Church may find cold, but who is roused to enthusiasm by practical projects for the establishment of a just and ordered life in his own country and in the world. This class must be shown that their ideals and those of missions are fundamentally identical. And they can be shown this best through the fourth field, the press. For this, what is needed is to organize the supply of material so that swiftly and with freshness and real knowledge it may be prepared and "handed out" to the press. OLDHAM, J. H. Co-operation — its necessity and cost. (The In- ternational Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 173-192.) This discusses the question whether the time has come for missionary societies deliberately and definitely to include the work which can best or only be done by joint committees as an essential part of their program. Fundamentally, the question is one of finance. Kxpcricnce has proved to missionary societies the value of co-operation in certain fields — e. g., the myriad and extraordinarily important relationships between missions and governments, the raising of the quality of educational and medical work necessitated by the entrance of non-religious institutions in these fields, the provision of adequate Christian literature, and the necessity for a bolder and stronger presentation of the missionary appeal at the home base. A sound policy for support of co-operation would be; (r) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 a fixed amount contributed by all societies on a proportionate basis for definite administrative expenses; (2) further contributions from time to , time when societies feel it to their advantage to co-operate in special undertakings; (3) individual gifts to funds of which the ultirnate control would be in the hands of the Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and the Foreign Missions Conference of North America. PATTON, C H. and HAYWARD, J. N. Life and work in mission houses. (The International Review of Missions, Janu- ary, 1919, pp. 71-87.) This article is in two parts, dealing with mission houses in America and in London. Dr. Patton, of the A. B. C. F. M., speaks for America, giving the ideal towards which our houses should work. This he finds means that the mission house should be (a) an up-to-date, thorough-going, efficiently managed business office; (b) a house serving as head-quarters and meeting-place of missionaries home on furlough, with a rest-room, requisite office-space, and other facilities ministering to his comfort and convenience; and (c) a religious institution in which every worker, from the highest to the lowest, is imbued with the happy appreciation of the "worth-while-ness" of the work. Mr. Hayward, of the China Inland Mission, takes up the same three points, in reverse order, and tells of actual conditions existing in English mission-houses. RITSON, J. H. The growth of missionary co-operation since 1910. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 53-70.) This is concerned primarily with the international as opposed to national aspects of missionary co-operation, but force of circumstances results in descriptions of the English situation. The great executive instrument, in England, of international co-operation was the outgrowth of the attempt to perpetuate the work of the Edinburgh Conference — namely, the Con- tinuation Committee. In 1914 the war interrupted the work of this body as a whole, but did not kill it. The organ of this Committee is the inter- national periodical "The International Review of Missions." Central organizations have been formed in China, Japan, and India; the Christian College for Women in Madras has been founded; the problem of Christian literature in the mission field has been attacked. Problems arising directly from the war are too great for any but international co-operative handling, while the war itself forced the formation of an "Emergency Committee of Co-operating Missions." SHEFFIELD, Mrs. D. Z. The wives of missionaries. (The Chinese Recorder, March, 1919, pp. 162-176.) No definite work in the 'mission station is assigned by the Boards to the wives of missionaries. Believing that valuable service is thus lost, and that the missionary inspiration as such of the wife is not given a fair chance at development, Mrs. Sheffield discusses fundamentally the question of her status, preparation, and work. She asks for a more uniform opportunity for the consecration of all the talents of the wife, both on the field, and during the first furlough home, equal to that given to the husband. SHILLITO, Edward. The appeal of the missionary enterprise to the man of 1919. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 18-26.) One of the directors of the London Missionary Society here seeks to find the common ground of interest between the witness of Christ, i. e., the Church, and the man whose soul is reacting to the absorbing experi- ence and desperate tragedy of the war. The trouble that vexes the man is his fear for the human race, while it is an axiom to him that the 144 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY redemption of Christ cannot be enjoyed by any unless it is an effective offer for all. The relations of races one to the other is the fundamental problem for the future of the world. Isolation, relation of master and bond-servant, teacher and taught, father and child, have all been tried and have failed. Mutual brotherhood through mutual service is the solu- tion offered by the Church, through its magnificent and daring missionary work. SPEER, R. E. Organization and life. (The International Re- view of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 27-38.) Business methods, institutions, organization prevail everywhere. Yet Jesus would have none of it, and St. Paul, although a great organizer, subordinated it all to his own personal influence. Organization is inevitable and right, yet the missionary work is so clogged with it that it is suffering from wrong proportion, ineffectiveness, secularization and mechanicaliza- tion. The chief remedy for this Dr. Speer finds in being uncompromisingly true to the religious aim of missions, to the aim of "the possession of persons by Christ and the possession by persons of Christ." A SURVEY of the effect of the war upon missions. (The Inter- national Review of Missions, October, 1919, pp. 433-490.) The first of a masterly series of articles. This survey is to form an out- standing feature of the Review in 1920, and will deal not only with the tangible and immediate effects of the war on the different fields, but will discuss the great movements and their acceleration or retardation by the war. The present number includes a survey of the position of German missions, and there are excellent statistical tables showing the movement of the various missionary forces. Each chapter is written by an expert, and the series, when finished, will form an extremely valuable reference book. WATSON, Charles R. Foreign missionary co-operation and unity at the home base in America. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 39-52.) A brief, succinct account of missionary co-operative movements in the U. S. The most influential of these, the annual conference of Foreign Mission Boards, is responsible for some of the others. There is a brief statement of the function and status of each of the co-operative bodies, such as the Missionary Education Movement and the Laymen's Missionary Movement, which are engaged in publishing co-operative works; the Missionary Research Library, and the Bureau of Statistics and Research; the Board of Missionary Preparation, studying the problems of recruiting and training candidates; and, chief and foremost, the Committee of Ref- erence and Counsel, serving all the Boards. Co-operation in the home field is shown in the work of the Home Missions Council and the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. See Also: Brooks, C. A. The church and the industrial situation. (The Missionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 447-452.) Brown, W. A. The war's contribution to Christian unity. (The Missionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 97-102.) Chapman, J. W. Signs of progress in Alaska. (The Missionary Review of the World, July, 1919, pp. 491-498.) Du Plessis, J. Value of Industrial training in missions. (The Missionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 411-420.) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 Helms, E. J. A church of all nations. (The Missionary Review of the World, July, 1919, pp. 499-504.) St. John, Burton. The distribution of medical missions. (The Missionary Review of the World, October, 1919, pp. 735-739.) St. John, Burton. German missions after the war. (The Mis- sionary Review of the World, April, 1919, pp. 251-258.) Watson, C. R. A missionary balance sheet of the war. (The Missionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 183-189.) MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION THE TREATY OF PEACE AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS Below is given a resume of the conditions of the Treaty of Peace with Germany insofar as they affect foreign missions and comitries, other than European, in which foreign missions are carried on. The material is arranged under three heads: First, General provisions which affect mission work ; Second, Clauses affecting the disposal of former German Colonies ; and Third, German relations with foreign mission lands. Important provisions have been quoted in full, particularly those referring to the Mandataries to be established under the League^ of Nations. Digests have been given where clauses are of less im- portance, and short descriptions of the German Colonies involved have been appended in the second section. The reader should remember that the final disposal of the German Colonies awaits the decision of the League of Nations, and that the present treaty does not affect former Turkish Territory except inso- far as the League of Nations provisions are concerned, Germany merely agreeing beforehand to any dispositions of such territory as may be decided upon in the treaty with Turkey itself. GENERAL PROVISIONS AFFECTING MISSIONS Missions. "The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which the government is intrusted to them in accordance with the present Treaty, the property which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. In order to ensure the due execution of this undertaking the Allied and Associated Governments will hand over such property to boards of trustees appointed by or approved by the Governments and composed of persons holding the Christian faith. It will be the duty of such boards of trustees to see that the property continues to be applied to missionary purposes. "The obligations undertaken by the Allied and Associated Govern- ments in this Article will not in any way prejudice their control or authority as to the individuals by whom the missions are conducted. Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to accept all arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or Associated Government concerned for carrying on the work of the said missions or trading societies and waives all claims on their behalf." Annex, Article 438. Opium Trade. By Part X, Section II, Article 295, all the signers 149 150 THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS of the Treaty agree to bring the Opium Convention of The Hague, January 23rd, 1912, into force, and in the case of signers of the Treaty who did not sign the Convention the signing of the Treaty will be considered equivalent. FORMER GERMAN COLONIES AND POSSESSIONS AFFECTED BY THE TREATY In Asia: China Kiau-Chau, located on the east coast of Shantung. Seized by Germany November, 1897; acquired by a 99 year lease concluded with the Imperial Chinese Government March 6, 1898; declared a Protectorate April 27, 1898. On August 15, 1914, Japan called upon Germany to give up the entire leased territory. On November 7th, Tsingtao, the capital of the Protectorate, fell to British and Japanese forces, and since then the territory has been administered by the Japanese. Area, about 200 square miles, population about 192,000. There are 252 miles of railway (Tsingtao to Tsinanfu) built by German capital, and German State cables from Tsingtao to Shanghai and Chefoo. By Part IV, Section VIII, Article 156, Germany renounces in favour of Japan all rights in lease, and all property and rights in Shantung, including the railroad, preferential rights of railroad construction ill the Province of Shantung and exclusive rights of mining along the course of certain railroads. China's representatives entered a protest against the above Article, and refused to sign the Treaty when it was retained. Hankow and Tientsin, concessions located in these cities, and held on lease from the Chinese Government. By Part IV, Section II, Article 132, the leases are abrogated. China, however, is to open the concessions to International trade, and the property rights of Allied nationals are not affected. In Africa Togo, located on the Gulf of Guinea, in West Africa, between the Gold Coast (British) and Dahomey (French). Acquired in 1884, taken by French and British forces August 7, 1914, and now (provisionally) divided into two spheres, administered respectively by the French and British military. Area, 33,700 square miles, popula- tion 1,031,978. There are 755 miles of road lit for motor traffic, and three railroads, totalling 191 miles. By Part VIII, Annex VII, Germany renounces in favour of the Allied Powers the Lome-Monrovia (Liberia) and Lome-Duala (Kamerun) cables. The following clauses refer also to the other German Possessions in Africa and the Pacific: By Part IV, Section I, Article 119 Germany renounces all title in favour of the Allied and Associated Powers. By Article 122, the Government exercising authority in the territory may make such THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS 151 provisions as it thinks fit in regard to repatriation of German na- tionals and "to the condition upon which German subjects of European origin shall, or shall not, be allowed to reside, hold property, trade or exercise a profession in them." Part I, Article 22, states : "To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. "The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or the geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandataries on behalf of the League. . . . "Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatary must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintainance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League. . . . "In every case of mandate, the Mandatary shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge. "The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exer- cised by the Mandatary shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council. "A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the Mandataries and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates." Part I, Article 23, reads in part; "Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the League: . . . {will) (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of terri- tories under their control." Kamerun, located on the Gulf of Guinea, in West Africa, between Nigeria (British), on the one side, and Rio Muni (Spanish Guinea) and the French Congo on the other. Acquired in 1884, and con- quered by French and English forces February 18, 1916, since which time it has been administered by the Government of Nigeria, except for the "goose-neck" extending to the Congo acquired by Germany from France in 191 1, which is administered by the Governor-General 152 THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS of French Equatorial Africa. Area, 191,950 square miles, population, 3,648,720. There are 149 miles of railroad, a cable to Bonny (Nigeria) and a direct cable to Germany. Beside the Articles quoted above under Togo (Part IV, Section I, Article 119, Article 122, Part I, Article 22, and Article 23), the fol- lowing apply ; Part IV, Article 124, by which Germany agrees to pay for damage suffered by French Nationals in the Cameroons or fron- tier zone through acts of German civil or military authorities, or private individuals, from January i, 1900 to August i, 1914. By Part IV, Article 125, the treaties of 191 1 and 1912 (territorial) are denounced. By Part VIII, Annex VII, Germany renounces in favour of the Allied Governments the cable from Duala to Lome (Togo). East Africa, located on the East Coast of Africa, between Portu- guese East Africa and British East Africa. Acquired in 1890. Practically overrun by British, Belgian and Portuguese forces by the close of the war. Area, about 384,000 square miles, population 7,659,898. There are two lines of railway, totaling 1,000 miles. All the provisions of the treaty enumerated under Kamerun apply to German East Africa, with the exception of Part VIII, Annex VII (Lome-Monrovia and Lome-Duala cables). By Part VI, Annex VII, Section II, Article 246, Germany agrees to return to Great Britain the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa, taken from East Africa by the Germans. German South- West Africa, located on the southwest coast of Africa, between Angola and Cape of Good Hope Province. Acquired from 1884-1890. Conquered by British forces July 9th, 1915, since when it has been administered by the Government of the Union of South Africa. Area, 322,200 square miles, population 164,830. There are 1,419 miles of railroad in the Protectorate, and 2,868 miles of telegraph. In addition to the provisions of the treaty enumerated under Togo, which apply with the exception of the part relating to the Lome- Monrovia and Lome-Duala cables, the following has direct reference to German South-West Africa; Part I, Article 22, 6th paragraph; "There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilization, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Afandatary, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatary as integral portions of its territory, sub- ject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population." In the Pacific Kaiser Wilhelm*s Land. Located in the North East part of the island of New Guinea. Declared a German Protectorate in 1884. Occupied by Australian troops since September 12, 1914, and ad- ministered by the military. Area, about 70,000 square miles, popula- tion from 110,000 to 350,000. The provisions of the treaty which THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS 153 apply to Togo and German South-West Africa also apply to all the German possessions in Oceania. Bismarck Archipelago, immediately to the east of Kaiser Wil- helm's Land. Proclaimed a German protectorate in November, 1884. Since September 12, 1914, mider Australian military control. Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Buka and a few small islands in this group only), located east of the Bismarck Archipelago. Acquired 1899. Occupied since September 12, 1914, by Australian troops, and administered by the military. Caroline Islands, located north of the Bismarck Archipelago. Purchased from Spain February 12, 1899. Occupied by the Japanese soon after the opening of the war, and now administered by them. Pelew Islands, located north-west of the Bismarck Archipelago. Purchased from Spain February 12, 1899. Occupied by the Jap- anese, and administered by them. In addition to the provisions of the treaty mentioned under Togo and German South- West Africa, by Part VI, Annex VII, Germany renounces all rights and titles in the Yap-Shanghai (China), Yap- Guam (Marianne Islands) and Yap-Menado (Celebes, Dutch East Indies), cables in favour of the Principal Allied and Associate Powers. Marianne Islands (not including Guam), located north of the Caroline Islands. Purchased from Spain February 12, 1899. Occu- pied by the Japanese early in the war and administered by them. Marshall Islands, located east of the Caroline Islands; acquired in 1885. Occupied by the Japanese, and administered by them. Samoan Islands (Savai and Upolo Islands with a few small islands adjacent), located about 2,700 miles south of east of New Guinea. Acquired by treaty with Great Britain and the United States November 14, 1899; occupied by British forces August 29, 1914, and since administered by New Zealand. Area, 1,000 square miles, population, 34,579. There are 60 miles of road. RELATIONS WITH MISSIONARY COUNTRIES OTHER THAN THE ABOVE Asia China. By Part IV, Section II, Article 130, Germany cedes to China all public property anywhere in Chinese territory, except diplomatic residences. By Article 131, Germany agrees to restore the astronomical instruments carried to Berlin in 1900. By Article 134, Germany renounces in favour of Great Britain the German State property in the British Concession at Shameen, Canton, and in favour of France and China conjointly the German School in the French Concession at Shanghai. By Article 128, Germany renounces claim to the Boxer indemnity since March 14, 1917. Siam. By Part IV, Section III, Articles 135 and 136, all treaties between Germany and Siam, including those referring to extraterri- torial jurisdiction, are terminated, and all German State property, except consular premises, passes to the Siamese Government. 154 THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS Africa Egypt. By Part IV, Section VI, Article 147, Germany recognizes the British protectorate in Egypt. By Article 148, all treaties be- tween Egypt and Germany are terminated, and by Article 153 all German State property in Egypt passes to the Egyptian Government without compensation. Liberia. Germany, by Part IV, Section IV, Article 138, renounces all rights and privileges in Liberia, and particularly the right of nominating a German Receiver in Liberia. By Part VIII, Annex VII, German rights in the Monrovia-Lome (Togo), Monrovia- Teneriffe (Canary Islands), and Monrovia-Pernambuco (Brazil), cables are ceded to the Allied Powers. Morocco. By Part IV, Section V, Germany recognizes the French Protectorate in Morocco, and cedes all rights from the agreements of 1906, 1909, and 191 1. All German State property is passed to the government, and all German interest in the State Bank of Morocco. Canary Islands, by Part VIII, Annex VII, the Ernden (Ger- many) — Teneriffe cable is renounced in favor of the Allied Powers. Turkey. By Part X, Section II, Article 2go, all treaties between Germany and Turkey concluded since August i, 1914, are void. For the disposition of portions of the Turkish Empire, see under German Colonies, Togo, Part I, Article 22 and Article 23. The fol- lowing (paragraph 4), Part I, Article 22, applies to former Turkish possessions; "Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turk- ish Empire have reached a stage of development where their ex- istence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized sub- ject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatary until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatary." The portions of Turkey evidently affected by this are: The Hedjaz. Located on the west coast of Arabia, extending from El Akabah in the north (approximately) to Shakkat e' Shamieh (approximately) on the south. Declared its independence from Turkey in November, 1916. Was a signer of the Treaty of Versail- les, as one of the Allied and Associated Powers. An original mem- ber of the League of Nations signatory of the treaty of peace {Part I, Annex, I). One of the communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire which "have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatary until such time as they are able to stand alone. ^ The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatary." (Part I, Article 22, Paragraph 4.) By Part VIII, Annex VII, Section II, Article 246, Germany restores to the King of the Hedjaz "the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented to the ex-Emperor William II." GENERAL TABLES i55 Nejd and Hasa. Comprises Nejd, located in the central part of Arabia, and containing the capital, Riyadh ; and Hasa, on the Persian Gulf, between the Sultanate of Koweit on the north and Oman on the south. The Turks were expelled from El Hassa in 1913. (See Part I, Article 22, Paragraph 4, under The Hedjaz.) Western Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. The disposition of all of these is still in question, as is the case with portions of Turkey in Europe. Cyprus. An island off the coast of Syria, was administered by Great Britain until November 5, 1914, under a convention concluded with the Sultan in 1878, but at the entrance of Turkey into the War the island was annexed by Great Britain. Area, 3,584 square miles, population, 274,108. Egypt. A dependency of Turkey, ruled by almost independent Khedive, under advice from a British financial advisor. December 18, 1914, a British Protectorate over Egypt was proclaimed. By Part IV, Section VI, Article 147, this protectorate was recognized by Germany, by Article 148 all treaties between Germany and Egypt are abrogated, and by subsequent articles in the same section Germany renounces all property and special rights in Egypt. The special privileges enjoyed in Turkey by subjects of western countries (the Capitulations), were abolished by a decree of Septem- ber 9th, 1914. None of the nations involved has recognized the aboli- tion, however. By Part VIII, Annex VII, Germany renounced in favour of the Allied powers all rights and title in the Constantinople-Constanza (Roumania) cable. TABLES SHOWING THE POPULATION OF THE EARTH ACCORDING TO CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION, RACE AND RELIGION Table I. Area and Population of the Earth AccQrding to Continents (Figures from the National Geographic Society) Area Continent (square miles) Population North America 8,589,257 140,084,000 South America 7, 570,015 S6,337,77S Europe 3,872.561 464,681,000 Asia 17,206,000 872,522,000 Africa 11,622,619 142,751.000 Australasia 3,312,613 16,228,591 Polar Regions 5,o8i.93S Total , 57.255.000 (a) 1,692,604,366 (a) In employing these tables it should be kept in mind that accurate statistics for population (such as were furnished by the last census in India) are non-existent for the greater part of the world, and that the estimates of the most careful authorities must differ by millions. The total here given, for instance, should be compared with those of Tables III, IV, and V. 156 GENERAL TABLES Table II. Population of the Earth According to Race (Figures from the National Geographic Society) Race Location Number Indo-Germanic or Aryan (White) Europe, America. Persia, India, Australia 796,000,000 Mongolian or Turanian (Yellow and Brown) . .Asia 630.000,000 Semitic (White) Africa, Arabia, etc 70.000.000 Negro and Bantu (Black) Africa 134.000,000 Malay and Polynesian (Brown) Australasia 35,000,000 American Indian, North and South (Red and Half-Breeds) America 27.000,000 Total 1,692,000.000 Table III. Population of the Earth According to Religion (P. Karl Street, S.V.D., Atlas Hierarchicus) Population' of J the World 1,650.000.000 Religion Adherents Percentage Christianity 635.250,000 38 . 5 Confucianism and Taoism 257.400.000 15.6 Hindooism... 222.750,000 13.5 Mohammedanism 221,100,000 13.4 Buddhism 133.650,000 8 . i Animism 100.650,000 6 . i Shintoism 52,800.000 3.2 Judaism 11,550.000 .7 Unclassified 14,850,000 .9 Table IV. Population of the Earth According to Religion (Whitaker's Almanack) Population of the World 1,646,491,000 Religion Adherents Percentage Christianity (a) 564,510,000 34.28 Confucianism and Taoism 300.830,000 18 . 27 Mohammedanism 221.825,000 13.47 Hindooism 210.540,000 12.78 Animism 158.270.000 9.61 Buddhism 138,03 1 .000 8 . 38 Shintoism 25.000.000 1.51 Judaism 12.205,000 . 78 Unclassified 15,280.000 . 92 (a) Including 272.860,000 Roman Catholics. 171.650,000 Protestants and 120,000,000 members of Eastern Churches (Coptic Church, 706,322; Nestorian, 80,000; Jacobite, 70,000). POSTAL RATES 157 Table V. Population of the Earth According to Religion and Continental Distribution Religion Christianity . . Confucianism and Taoism . Mohammedanism Hindooism Animism Buddhism Shintoism Judaism Unclassified (Whitaker's Almanack) Europe Asia 374,760,000 28,700,000 Religion Christianity . Confucianism and Taoism. Mohammedanism Hindooism Animism Buddhism Shintoism Judaism Unclassified 3,800,000 9,950,175 1,000,000 N. America 102,700,000 100,000 15.000 100,000 20,000 2,144,061 8,000,000 300,000,000 142,000,000 210,000,000 42,000,000 138,000,000 25,000,000 484.359 6,000,000 S. America 36,600,000 10,000 110,000 1,250,000 Africa 9,050,000 30,000 51,000,000 300,000 98,000,000 11,000 404,836 130,000 Oceania 12,700,000 700,000 25,000,000 30,000 17,000,000 20,000 1*9.515 150,000 POSTAL RATES From Canada Letters to the United Kingdom and all British Possessions, United States and United States Possessions (except the Philippines), Mexico, and French Indo-China, 2c per ounce with ic additional on each letter for War Tax. To all countries not included in the fore- going, 5c for the first ounce and 3c for each additional ounce. (No War Tax.) Registration fee, 5c; fee for acknowledgment of receipt, 5c. Post Cards to United States and Mexico, single cards ic each with addition of ic each for War Tax, if the cards bear written communi- cations. Reply cards 2c each and War Tax. To the United King- dom and all other countries, single cards 2c, reply cards 4c each. (No War Tax.) From the United States Letters to the United States, the Philippines, Cuba, RepubHc of Panama, Canal Zone, United States Postal Agency at Shanghai (China), Puerto Rico, Guam, Canada, Mexico, Newfoundland, Eng- land, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Bahamas, Barbados, British Guiana, British Honduras, Dutch West Indies, Leeward Islands, New Zea- land, Trinidad and Tobago, Windward Islands (Grenada, St. Vincent, Grenadines, St. Lucia), and Dominican Republic, 2c an ounce. To all other countries, 5c an ounce and 3c for each addi- tional ounce. All classes of mailable matter may be registered, except parcel post, loc extra. Must have name and address of sender on the envelope. DIRECTORY OF FOREIGN MISSION SOCIETIES Prepared by the BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DIRECTORY OF FOREIGN MISSION SOCIETIES In preparing the Directory of Foreign Mission Societies for 1920 a slight change has been made in the arrangement adopted for the 19 19 Year Book. Each Society has been listed according to the coimtry in which its headquarters is located, as in the previous directory, but eight Socie- ties whose organization is international in character have been placed in a separate group. The local councils or committees of these Inter- national Societies, however, will be found under their respective coun- tries. The order of the home base coimtries is as follows: Canada, United States, International Societies, Australasia, Europe (Great Britain and the Continent), Africa, South America, Asia, Oceania. Under Canada and the United States the Societies are arranged in five groups to conform to the principle upon which the Foreign Mission Conference is organized: First, Societies having a definite denominational constituency. Second, Interdenominational Societies, excepting those which are distinctively educational. Third, Interdenominational Societies which are educational. In the second and third group the term "interdenominational" is used to signify an organization which is controlled by or which recognizes re- sponsibility to two or more denominations. The distinction between educational and non-educational is merely one of convenience. Fourth, Independent Societies, excepting those which are distinc- tively educational. Fifth, Independent Societies which are educational. Under the first of these groups the Societies are arranged by single denominations, the key word of the denominational name, by which it is alphabeted, appearing first. The names of the denominations are printed in Bold Face Capitals. Auxiliary Societies, or those having any secondary relation, are indi- cated by a smaller type. Among these will be found not a few which are auxiliary to organizations with headquarters outside the United States. In such cases the names of the main Societies appear above, in large type, with a reference to the home base country. The numbers on the right of the names of the Societies are carried through the Statistical Tables in order to make it possible easily to identify the official names of the Societies from the abbreviation used in the tables. 161 i62 CANADA The initials immediately following the name of the Society are those adopted in the International System. The date given is that of the founding .of the Society. Italicized names of Societies enclosed in parentheses are names in common use. Names of fields printed in ItaHcs are those in which work is carried on through some other or- ganization appearing in the Statistical Tables, or in which it works through grants in aid only. The political divisions enimierated are given as they were at the outbreak of the war in August, 19 14. It should be noticed that a few Home Missionary Societies have been recorded. This is on account of the work carried on by them in Latin America, which is considered as a foreign field by the Foreign Missions Conference. The International Societies follow those listed under the United States. They are arranged alphabetically. In this list, and in that of the Foreign Societies, no attempt has been made to give more than the name, address and Corresponding Secretary of the organization in each case. Only sending Societies are entered. Those in English- speaking countries (Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and South Africa), have been placed under largely inclusive denominational groups, the order being the same as that followed in the World Statis- tics of Christian Missions, 19 16. The Societies in other countries have been placed in alphabetical order. A directory of this nature, aiming to give information of the latest changes in personnel and organization, is subject to constant alteration and correction. For making note of these changes as they appear in correspondence, periodicals, and reports, and for supplying information of new Societies as they are formed, the editor is greatly indebted to Miss Regina Kohnt, of the Statistical Bureau. CANADA BAPTIST CHURCH I — Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board (CBM) (1846) (Canadian Baptist Mission) Office: 223 Church Street, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Chmn., J. N. Shenstone ♦Gen. Sec, Rev. Harry E. Stillwell, B.A. Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia: India. (Madras) ♦OflBcer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified. CANADA 163 la— Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario (West) (1876) OflSce: 8 May .Place, Rosedale, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. Albert^Matthews *Cor. Sec. and For. Sec, Miss MarthalRogers Treas., Mrs. Glen H. Campbell Periodical: "Canadian Missionary Link." Editor, Mrs. T. Trotter, 36 Pnnce Arthur Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. Price, $.25(') Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christtan World: Asta: India {Madras) (8) Subscriptions should be sent to Missionary Link, 705 Gladstone Avenue, Toronto, Ontario lb — ^Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Eastern Ontario and Quebec (1876) Office: Stumyside Road, Westmount, Montreal, Quebec Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. H. H. Ayer *Cor. Sec, Mrs. P. B. Motley Treas., Miss F. M. Russell Periodical: "Canadian Missionary Link." Price, $.2 5(a) Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia: India {Madras) (a) Subscriptions should be sent to Missionary Link, 705 Gladstone Avenue, Toronto, Ontario I c— United Baptist Woman's Missionary Union of the Maritime Provinces (1906) Office: Hantsport, Nova Scotia Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. David Hutchison, 80 Main Street, St. John, New Brunswick *Cor. Sec, Miss M. E. Hume . ■ Treas., Mrs. Mary Smith, Amherst, Nova Scotia Periodical: "Tidings." Editor, Mrs. J. W. Manning, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Busi- ness Manager, Mrs. B. W. Ralston, Amherst, Nova Scotia. Price, $.25 ($.15 in clubs of ten, $.35 to the United States) Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia: India {Madras) Also work in Canada for Whites, not covered by this survey CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN CANADA 2 — Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (MSCC) (1883) Office: 131 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Chmn., The Most Rev. S. P. Matheson, D.D., Primate ♦Gen. Sec, Rev. Canon S. Gould, M.D. Sec. Anglican L. M. M., Rev. W. E. Taylor, M.A., Ph.D. Field Sec, Rev. T. B. R. Westgate, D.D. Hon. Gen. Treas., J. A. Worrell, Esq., K.C., D.C.L. Accountant, R. A. Williams, Esq. Periodical: "The Mission World." Editor, Rev. Canon S. Gould, M.D.; Associate Editor, Mrs. Willoughby Cummings, D.C.L. Price, $1.00 (in Great Britain, 5s.; to clergy residing in Canada, $.75) ♦ Officer to whom general correspondence shotdd be sent. The address is that given above, tinless otherwise specified i64 CANADA Fields: Latin Amcnca: South America: Chile(*). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (FukienC**), Honan), Chosen (*=), India (Pun- jabC^)), Japan, Syria including Palestine{^). Africa: Egypt(0 Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Eskimos, Indians, Jews and Whites (») Under the South American Missionary Society (England) (}>) The Woman's Auxiliary, imder the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (England) (•>) The Woman's Auxiliary supports two Japanese Bible Women under the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (England) {^) Beside the regular work of the MSCC in the Punjab, the Woman's Auxiliary sup- ports a worker under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (Eng- land) (") Under the Jerusalem and the East Mission (England) (0 Under the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East (England) 2a — Woman's Auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Can- ada (1886) Office: 142 Jackson Street, West, Hamilton, Ontario Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. P. P. Hall *Cor. Sec, Miss A. L. Slater Treas., Mrs. Donaldson, 7 McMaster Avenue, Toronto, Ontario Periodical: "The Letter Leaflet." Editor, Mrs. Willoughby Cummings, D.C.L., 78 Pleasant Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario. Price, $.25 Fields: South America: Chilei,'^). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {FukienQ'), Honan{<')), Chosen{^), India {Punjabi")), Japan(.<'), 5ym('). Africa: EgyptW, German East Africa{^) Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Eskimos, Indians, Jews and Whites{o) (») Under the South American Missionary Society (England) (*>) Under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (England) (0) Under the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada. The Woman's Auxiliary is responsible for all work among women and children in the mission fields of that society {^) Japanese Bible Women supported under the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (England) (•) Under the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada. There is also a worker under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (England) (') Under the Jerusalem and the East Mission (England) («) Under the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East (England) CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES 3 — Canada Congregational Foreign Missionary Society (CCFMS) (1881) Office: 359 Querbes Avenue, Outremont, Montreal Executive Officers: *Sec., George A. Moore Ed. Sec, Rev. A. F. Pollock, Granby, Quebec. Periodical: "The Canadian Congregationalist." Editor, Rev. E. D. Silcox, 4 Sussex Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. Price, $1.25 ($1.50 outside Canada) Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Angola('0 (•) This Society is in affiliation with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (q. v. under United States, Congregational), and its work in Angola is carried on m connection with that Board, the Canada Congregational Woman's Board of Missions and the American Missionary Association ♦ Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified CANADA 165 4 — Canada Congregational Woman's Board of Missions (CCW) (1886) Office: 4 Sussex Avenue, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. Thos. Hill, 43 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ontario ♦Cor. Sec, Miss L. M. Silcox Rec. Sec, Mrs. John H. Wickson, 5 Summerhill Gardens, Toronto, Ontario. Treas., Miss L. M. Miatt, 63 Forest Hill Road, Toronto, Ontario Periodical: "Monthly Leaflet." Editor, Mrs. Mary M. Savage, 61 Guilbault Street, Montreal. Price, $.20 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Angola(*) Also work in Canada for Whites under the Canada Congregational Missionary Society. (") This Society is in afifiliation with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (q. v. under United States, Congregational), and its work in Angola is carried on in connection with the work of that Board, the Canada Congrega- tional Foreign Missionary Society and the American Missionary Association. Work in India (Madras), Ceylon, China and Asia Minor (Smyrna) is also sup- ported under the ABCFM The Mission to Lepers (Ireland) and Women's Christian Medical College (India) receive aid HOLINESS MOVEMENT CHURCH 5— Missions Board of the Holiness Movement Church (CHM) (1895) {Canadian Holiness Movement Mission) Office: Iroquois, Ontario Secretary, Rev. J. W. Campbell Periodical: "The Holiness Era." Editor, Rev. G. A. Christie, 43-45 Flora Street, Ottawa. Price, $1.00 ($1.25 outside Canada) Fields : The Non-Christian World : Asia : China (Hunan) , Africa : Egypt MENNONITE BRETHREN CHURCH 6 — Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society, Ontario Con- ference (MBCO) Office: Stoufville, Ontario Secretary, Rev. Samuel Goudie 7 — Foreign Mission Board of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Cana- dian Northwest Conference (MBCNW) Office: M. B. C. Church, Didsbury, Alberta Conference Secretary, Rev. Theo. Reist METHODIST CHURCH 8 — Missionary Society of the Methodist Church (MCC) (1834) {Canadian Methodist Mission, Methodist Church of Canada) Office: Methodist Mission Rooms, 299 Queen Street, West,;^Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. S. Dwight Chown, D.D. Gen. Sec, Home Dep't, Rev. Charles E. Manning * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is thaf given above, unless|otherwise specified i66 CANADA Asst. Sec., Home Dep't, Rev. A. Llovd Smith, M.A. ♦Gen. Sec, For. Dep't, Rev. James Endicott, D.D. Asst. Sec, For. Dep't, Rev. Jesse H. Amup, B.A. Sec Y. P. F. M., Rev. Frederick C. Stephenson, M.D. Hon. Treas., W. G. Watson Periodical: "The Missionary Outlook." Editor, For. Dep't, Rev. Jesse H. Amup, B.A. Price, $.50 ($.40 in clubs of six) Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Szechwan), Japan Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Syrians, Indians and Whites not covered in this survey 8a — Woman's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church (1881) Office: 52 Markland Street, Hamilton, Ontario Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. W. E. Ross ♦For. Sec. Mrs. E. S. Strachan Rec. Sec, Mrs. Walter T. Brown. B.A., 398 Eglinton Avenue W., Toronto, On- tario Lit. Sec-Treas.. Mrs. A. M. Phillips. 410 Wesley Building. Toronto, Ontario Treas., Mrs. N. A. Powell, 167 College Street, Toronto. Ontario Periodicals: "The Missionary Outlook." Woman's Missionary Society Department, edited by Miss E. J. H. McGuffin, 504 Ontario Street, Toronto, Ontario. Price, S.50 ($.40 to clubs of six) (») "Monthly Letter." Price. J. is ($.10 for three or more copies sent to one address). "Palm Branch" (Juveniles). Editor, Miss L. B. Lathem. Price, 1.20 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Szechwan), Japan. Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Syrians, Indians and Whites, not covered by this survey (») All remittances and business communications to Rev. C. E. Manning, Wesley Building, Toronto, Ontario PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 9 — ^Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada (PCC) (1843) {Canadian Presbyterian Mission, Mission of the Canadian Presby- terian Church) Office: 439 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Chmn., Rev. Principal Alfred Gandier, M.A., D.D., LL.D. vSec., Rev. R. P. Mackay, D.D. *Asst. Sec, Rev. A. E. Armstrong, M.A. Treas., Rev. John Somerville, D.D. Periodical: "The Presbyterian Record." Editor, Rev. E. Scott, D.D., Y. M. C. A. Building, Montreal. Price, $.^0 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Trinidad. South America: British. 'Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, KiangsuC), KirinC'), Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen, Formosa, India (Central India, Rajputana, United Provinces ('')) Also' work in'Canada for Chinese, not covered by this survey (•) In connection with the Christian Literature Society for China (b) Work for Koreans near the border («) The work of the former Gwalior Presbyterian Mission ♦ Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified CANADA 167 — Woman's Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (Eastern Section) (1876) Office: Halifax, Nova Scotia Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. G. Ernest Forbes, Scotsburn, Nova Scotia *Cor. Sec, Miss Bessie Wallis Treas., Mrs. D. Blackwood, Halifax Periodical: "The Message." Editor, Mrs. William Macnab, 321 South Street, Hali- fax, Nova Scotia. Price, I.25 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Trinidad. South America: British Guiana. Th$ Non-Christian World: Asia: Chosen Also work in Canada for Jews and Whites, not covered in this surveyi'') (») The work in Canada is carried on through the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, not entered in this Year Book pb — ^Women's Missionary Society (Western Division) Presbyterian Church in Can- ada (1877) Office: 628 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. J. J. Steele *Cor. Sec, Miss Bessie MacMurchy Intem'l Sec, Mrs. J. A. Macdonald Treas., Miss Mary Russell Periodical: "The Missionary Messenger." Editor, Mrs. John Mac Gillivray. Price, $.25 (in parcel). Individual mailing, $.35, except in Toronto, the United States and foreign countries, for which it is S.40 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Honan, Kiangsu), 'Chosen, Formosa, India {Central India, Rajputana, United Provinces) Also work in Canada for Chinese, not covered by this survey Also work in Canada for Indians, Jews and Whites, not covered by this surveyi") (•) Carried on through the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, not entered in this Year Book INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) Mission to Lepers (ML) (see under Ireland) 10 — Mission to Lepers, Canadian Committee ( )(») Office: Room 407 Confederation Life Btiildings, Toronto, Ontario Secretary, Miss Lila Watt, B.A. Periodical: "Without the Camp" (Quarterly). Editor, W. H. P. Anderson, Lon- don, England. Price, $.25 (•) The Mission to Lepers is not a sending society, but cooperates with more than thirty Protestant sending societies on the field, providing buildings and funds to aid their work among lepers, and allowing the missionaries of the societies to have the supervision of the work. The Mission has asylums or aids work in Dutch Guiana, Ceylon, China, Chosen, Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, India, Japan, Siam, Madagascar, Rhodesia, Transvaal and the Philippine Islands II — Foreign Department of the Dominion Council of the Young Women's Christian Association of Canada (YWCAC) (1903) Office: 604 Jarvis Street, West, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Emis- sarius Secretary, Miss Rose Beatty Periodical: "The Association Outlook." Editor, Miss Una Saun- ders. Price, $.50 Fields: The Non-Chnstian World: Asia: China (Kwangttmg), India (Bengal, Bombay, United Provinces) * Officer to whom general currespondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified i68 CANADA INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educational) Women's Christian Medical College (WCMC) (see under India) 12 — Toronto Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Pun- jab, India ( ) Office: 68 Macpherson Avenue, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Grant Helliwell Pres., Dr. J. Gray Wildman • *Sec.. Dr. L. S. M. Hamilton Treas., Lit, Sec, Dr. Margaret Patterson, 97 Walmer Road, Toronto, Ontstfio Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India {Punjab) 13 — Winnipeg Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India ( ) Office: 442 Langside Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba Executive Officers: Hon. Pres., Judge Dawson Pres., E. J. Shaw, Esq. ♦Sec, J. A. Norris, Esq. Treas., Mrs. J. A. Norris Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Punjab) INDEPENDENT (EXCEPTING EDUCATIONAL) Ceylon and India General Mission (CIGM) (see under England) 14 — Ceylon and India General Mission, Canadian Council ( ) Office: 33 West Richmond Street, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Chmn., Rev. I. R, Dean *Sec.-Treas., Rev. A. W. Roffe Periodical: "Darkness and Light" (Bi-monthly). Editor, David Gardiner, 63 Oak- field Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4, England. Price, $.50 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Ceylon, India (Madras) China Inland Mission (CIM) (see under International) 15 — China Inland Mission, Council for North America (Toronto Office) (1888) (») Office: 507 Church Street, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Inland Executive Officers: Home Director, Rev. Henry W. Frost, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. *Act. Sec, Rev. E. A. Brownlee Treas., Rev. Robert Wallace Pub. and Prayer Union Sec, Frederic F. Helmer Periodical: "China's Millions" (North American Edition). Price, $.50 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Honan, Hunan, Hupeh, Kansu, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kweichow, Shansi, Shantung, Shensi, Sinkiang, Szechwan. Yunnan) (») The (Council for North America includes both the Philadelphia and Toronto, Centres Evangelical Union of South America (EUSA) (see under England) 16 — Evangelical Union of South America, North American Branch ( ) Office: 135 Isabella Street, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Regions, Toronto Sec -Treas., Rev. George Smith Periodical: "The Neglected Continent." Editor, Rev. George Smith. Price, $.35 Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil, Peru * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, un less otherwise specified CANADA 169 Board of Management of the Gwalior Presbyterian Mission (GPM) (i904-i9i8)(^) {Gwalior Presbyterian Mission) (•) Combined with the Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1918 Inland-South-America Missionary Union (ISAM) (see under International) 17 — Council in Canada for the Inland-South- America Missionary Union (191 1) Office: 33 West Richmond Street, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Chmn., A. G. Malcolm *Sec.-Treas.. Rev. A. W. Roffe Periodical: "Inland-South- America." Editor, Mrs. Margaret Hay, 130 George Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. Price, $.25 Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil, Paraguay Mission Populaire Evangelique de France (McM) (see under France) 19 — Canadian McAll Association Office: 28 Beatty Avenue, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers Pres., Mrs. Alan Denovan Vice-Pres., Mrs. C. T. Stark, Miss Copp, Miss Carty *Cor. Sec, Mrs. W. Hamilton Rec. Sec, Mrs. Harry L. Stark Treas., Mrs. B. Kent Field: Europe: France General Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa (DRCSA) (see under South Africa) 20 — Canadian Committee of the Nyasaland Mission of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa (19 14) Office: 33 Richmond Street, West, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: Chmn., J. H. S. Kerr *Sec.-Treas., Rev. A. W. Roffe Fields: (a) (a) This is an aiding committee of the Nyasaland Mission and has no work for which it is primarily responsible 21 — Canadian Committee of the San Pedro Mission to the Indians of South America (SPI)('^) Office: 858 College Street, Toronto, Ontario Executive Officers: *Cor. Sec, Miss A. E. Steckley, Bethesda, Ontario Sec.-Treas., Rev. R. V. Bingham Periodical: "The Evangelical Christian" Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Bolivia (•) The San Pedro Mission conducts work in Argentine Republic and Bolivia. The Director is on the field. The above committee is the permanent home base committee of the mission * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, tmless otherwise specified 170 UNITED STATES 22 — Sudan Interior Mission (SIM) (1901) Office: 858 College Street, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Evangel, Toronto Executive Officers: *Gen. Director, Rev. Rowland V. Bingham Sec., Ernest Jones Periodical: "The Evangelical Christian and Missionary Witness." Editor, Rev. Rowland V. Bingham. Price, $1.25 Field: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Nigeria UNITED STATES ADVENT CHRISTIAN 23 — American Advent Mission Society (AAM) (1897) {American Advent Christian Mission, China) Office: 160 Warren Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Crisis Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. Henry Stone *Sec. and Treas., Rev. Charies F. King, D.D. Periodical: "Prophetic and Mission Record." Editor, Rev. Charles F. King, D.D. Price, $.50 (in clubs of five or more, $.35) Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Kiangsu) 24 — Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society of the Advent Christian Denomination (AACM) (1897) (American Advent Christian Mission, India) Office: 5 Whiting Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Shram Executive Officers: *Pres. and Treas., Mrs. Maude M. Chadsey Clerk, Mrs. N. E. Fellows Periodical: "All Nations Monthly." Editor, Mrs. Maude M. Chad- sey. Price, $.35 (three years, $1.00) Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras) Also work in the United States for Whites, not included in this survey ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY 25 — General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination (SDA) (1863) Office: Takoma Park Station, Washington, District of Columbia. Cable: Adventist, Washington Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. A. G. Daniells *vSec., Rev. W. A. Spicer Asso. Sec, Rev. J. L. Shaw, M.A. Field Sec, Rev. W. W. Prescott, M.A. Treas., Rev. W. T. Knox Periodical: "The Advent Review and Sabbath Herald." Editor, Rev. Francis M. Wilcox. Price, $2.50. * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. ITie address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 171 Fields: Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Neth- erlands, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Scotland, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Wales. Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Bahama Islands (New Providence Island), Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, Sta. Cruz), St. Kitts, Antigua, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vin- cent, Barbados, Trinidad), Porto Rico, Santo Domingo. Cen- tral America: British Hondiiras, Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador. South America: Argentine RepubUc, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guiana, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. The Non- Christian World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: Ceylon, China (Anhwei, Chekiang, ChihH, Fukien, Honan, Hunan, Hupeh, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, vShantung, vShensi, Szechwan), Chosen, Federated Malay States, India (Behar and Orissa, Bengal, Bombay, Burma, Madras, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Persia, Siam, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Algeria, Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Belgian Congo, British East Africa, Cape of Good Hope Province, Egypt, Eritrea, German East Africa, Gold Coast Mauritius, Natal, Nigeria, Nyassaland, Orange River Colony, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Transvaal. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Australia, New Zealand, British Borneo, British New Guinea, Java, Sumatra, Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, Norfolk Island, Pitcaim Island, Samoa Islands, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Tongo Islands. BAPTISTS, GENERAL 26 — Foreign Missionary Society of the General Association of General Baptists in the United States (AGB) (1903) Office: Oakland City, Indiana Treas., Rev. W. P. Dearing Periodical: "The General Baptist Messenger" Fields: The Non-Christian World: Oceania: Guam 26a — Woman's Auxiliary of the General Baptist Foreign Mission Society ( ) Office: Mt. Vernon, Indiana Secretary, Mrs. R. M. Barrett Fields: The Non-Christian World: Oceania: Guam BAPTIST, NATIONAL CONVENTION 27 — Lott Carey Baptist Home and Foreign Mission Convention in the United States (LCBC) ( ■ ) Office: 502 North Second Street, Richmond, Virginia Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. C. S. Brown, D.D. Re '. Sec, Rev. A. W. Pegues, Raleigh, North Carolina *Cor. Sec, Rev. A. A. Graham, D.D., Phoebus, Virginia * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 172 UNITED STATES Treas., Rev. J. H. Hughes, D.D. Statistician, Rev. G. E. Read, D.D. Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Haiti. The Non-Christian World: Africa: Liberia 27a — Woman's Auxiliary of the Lott Carey Baptist Foreign Mission Convention of the United States (1899) OflGce: 1911 Division Street, Baltimore, Maryland Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. A. B. Randolph, 1336 T Street, N. W., Washington, D, C. *Cor. Sec, Mrs. Amelia J. Felton, 2812 Glasson Street, Portsmouth, Virginia Rec. Sec, Mrs. D. J. Avery, Gastonia, North Carolina Treas., Mrs. J. H. Blackwell, 14 E. 13th Street, Richmond, Virginia Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Haiti. The Non-Christian World: Africa: Liberia 28 — Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention (NBC) (1880) Office: 701 South 19th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Chmn., Rev. A. R. Robinson, D.D. ♦Cor. Sec, Rev. L. G. Jordan, D.D. Rec. Sec, Rev. J. R. Bennett, D.D. Periodical: "The Mission Herald." Editor, Rev. L. G. Jordan, D.D. Price, $.50 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Bar- bados). Central America: Costa Rica. South America : British Guiana. Non-Christian World. Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Liberia, Natal, Sierra Leone. 28a — Woman's Convention, Auxiliary National Baptist Convention (1900) Office: Training School, Lincoln Heights, Washington, D. C. Executive Officers: ' Pres., Mrs. S. W. Layton ♦Cor. Sec, Miss N. H. Burroughs Treas., Mrs. M. V. Parrish Periodical: "The Mission Herald." Editor, Rev. L. G. Jordan, D.D. Price, $.50 BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTION 29 — American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (ABF) (1814) (A. B. F. M. S., American Baptist, American Baptist North, Baptist North, Northern Baptist) Office: Ford Building, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Tavoy, Bos- ton Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. Thomas J. Villers, D.D. Vice-Pres., Prof. W. A. Wilbur, A. L. Reeves Rec. Sec, WiUiam B. Lipphard Treas., George B. Pluntington Asso. Sec, William B. Lipphard For. Sec, *Rev. James H. Franklin, D.D., Rev. Joseph C. Rob- bins, D.D. Cand. Sec, Rev. P. H. J. Lerrigo, M.D. * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that \{\yc\\ above, unless otherwise specified s UNITED STATES 173 Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. Howard B. Grose, D.D. Price, $.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, ^.50. Foreign postage, $.35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25) Fields: Europe(*): Denmark(*), France(^), Germany C^)(^), Nor- way (^), Russia (^)C=), Spain (^), Sweden (^). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Szechwan), India (Assam, Behar and Orissa, Bengal, Burma Hyderabad, Madras), Japan. Africa: Angola, Belgian Congo Oceania: Philippine Islands •) Aid by grant only Discontinued at the outbreak of the war, April, 191 7 Work in Finland and among German Baptist Churches. There has been no com- munication for some time 29a — ^Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (1871) Office: Foreign Department, Ford Building, Boston, Massachusetts. Home Ad- ministration Department, 1433 Stevens Building, Chicago, Illinois Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. W. A. Montgomery For. Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. W. Peabody Home Vice-Pres., Mrs. Andrew MacLeish Home Sec, Miss Eleanor Mare ♦For. Sec, Miss Nellie G. Prescott, Ford Building, Boston, Massachusetts Treas., Miss Alice E. Stedman Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. Howard B. Grose, D.D.(») Price, $.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50. Foreign postage, $.35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25 extra) Fields: Europe: FranceQ'). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Szechwan), India (Assam, Behar and Orissa' Bengal, Burma, Hyderabad, Madras), Japan. Africa: Angola, Belgian Congo, Oceania: Philippine Islands (•) A special department, "The Helping Hand," is edited by Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery Q>) Aid by grant only 29b — ^Free Baptist Woman's Missionary Society (1873) Office: 127 Cranston Street, Providence, Rhode Island *Cor. Sec, Mrs. Lena S. Dennett Note. — United in 1916 with the Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mission So- ciety. It still maintains a legal existence to care for legacies, but is no longer an independent society. "The Missionary Helper" ceases with the December, 1 9 19, number 30 — ^American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABH) (1832) Office: 23 East 26th Street, New York City. Cable: Abhomis Executive Officers: Pres., Charles R. Brock *Exec. Sec, Rev. Charles L. White, D.D. Treas., Samuel Bryant Rec. Sec, Alfred E. Isaac Sec. for English-Speaking Missions and for Evangelism, Rev. Lemuel C. Barnes, D.D. Act. Sec. for Latin America, Rev. Lemuel C. Barnes, D.D. Sec. for City and Foreign-Speaking Missions, Rev. Charles A. Brooks Edifice Sec, Rev. F. H. Divine * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 174 UNITED STATES Chairman Board of Managers, D. G. Garabrant, Bloomfield, N. J. Rec. Sec. Board of Managers and Ed. Sec, Rev. George Rice Hovey, D.D. Sec. Soc. Service, Rolvix Harlan, D.D. Supt. Evang., H. F. Stilwell, D.D. Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. H. B. Grose, D.D.C^) Price, $.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50. Foreign postage, $.35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25 extra) Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Porto Rico. Central America: Nicaragua, Salvador Also work in the United States for Chinese, Indians, Japanese, Mex- icans, Negroes and Whites, not included in this survey (a) A special department, "From the Home Lands," is edited by Rev. Charles L. White, D.D. 31 — Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHW) (1877) • Office: 2969 Vernon Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Executive OflScers: Pres., Mrs. John Nuveen ♦Ex. Sec, Mrs. Katherine S. Westfall Rec. Sec, Mrs. S. C. Jennings Treas., Mrs. Washington Laycock Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. H. B. Grose, D.D.(*) Price, $.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50. Foreign postage, f .35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25 extra) Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Porto Rico. Central America: Nicaragua, Salvador Also work in the United States for Chinese, Indians, Japanese, Jews, Mexicans, Negroes, Syrians and Whites, and in Alaska (•) A special department, "Tidings," is edited by Miss Alice T. Anderson BAPTIST, SCANDINAVIAN 32 — Scandinavian Independent Baptist Denomination (SEB) (1893) Office: P. O. Box 325, Britt, Iowa Sec, Rev. John Edgren Periodicals: "Vittnet?' Editor, Rev. John Edgren. Price, $.75 "vSanningens Van." Editor, Rev. N. P. Truedson, Grandy, Minn. Price, $.65 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Shensi). Africa: Natal, Transvaal BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY 33 — Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society (SDB) (1842) Office: Westerly, Rhode Island Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. Clayton H. Burdick ♦ Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 175 *Cor. Sec, Rev. Edwin Shaw, 11 34 East 7th Street, Plainfield, New Jersey Rec. Sec, A. S. Babcock Treas., S. H. Davis Periodical: "The Sabbath Recorder" Fields: Europe: The Netherlands. Latin America: South America: British Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Ki- angsu). Oceania: Java 33a — Woman's Executive Board, Seventh Day Baptist General Conference (1884) OfiBce: Milton, Wisconsin Secretary, Mrs. J. H. Babcock Periodical: "The Sabbath Recorder" (Missionary Department). Editor, Mrs. G. E. Crosley Fields: Europe: The Netherlands. Latin America: South America: British Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu). Oceania: Java 33b— American Sabbath Tract Society (Seventh Day Baptist) (ASTS) Office: 1 134 Seventh Avenue, Plainfield, New Jersey Corresponding Secretary, Rev. Edwin Shaw BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION 34 — Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) (184s) (American Baptist South, Baptist South, Southern Baptist Convention) Office: 8 North 6th Street, Richmond, Virginia. Cable: Ray, Richmond Executive Officers: Cor. Sec, Rev. J. P. Love, D.D. *Asso. Sec, Rev. T. B. Ray, D.D. Treas., George N. Sanders Periodical: "Home and Foreign Fields."(^) Editor, G. S. Dobbins. Price, $.50 Fields: Europe: Hungary, Italy. Latin America: Mexico. South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Honan, Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Shantung), Japan. Africa: Nigeria (•) Edited and published by the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Con- vention, 161 Eighth Avenue, North, Nashville, Tennessee. A special depart- ment, "From the Foreign Mission Board," is edited by the Rev. J. F. Love, D.D. 34a — ^Woman's Missionary Union (Auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention) (1888) (a) Office: IS West Franklin Street, Baltimore, Maryland Executive Officers: *Cor. Sec, Miss Kathleen Mallory Treas., Mrs. W. C. Lowndes Periodical: "Royal Service." Editor, Mrs. W. R. Nimmo. Price, $.3S(^) Fields: Europe: Hungary{i), Italy(i). Latin America: Mexico{i). West Indies: Cuba{2). Central America: Canal Zone{2). South America: Argentine Re- publicii), Brazilii), Chile{i), Uruguay{i). The Non-Christian World: Asia: Chinaii), {Anhwei, Honan, Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Shantung), Japati(i). * Officer to whom general correspondence shovild be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 176 UNITED STATES Africa: Nigeria{i). Also^work in the United States for Indians, Negroes and Whitesi2) (i) Under the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (2) Under the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (») This society is auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention, which operates in respect to foreign missions through the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, and with respect to home missions through the Home Mis- sion Board of the Southern Baptist Convention. The Woman's Missionary Union raises money for both of these boards, but it is auxiUary primarily to the Southern Baptist Convention which created them rather than to the boards themselves (b) A special department, "From the Woman's Missionary Union," edited by Miss Kathleen Mallory, is published in "Home and Foreign Fields," the organ of the Southern Baptist Convention and the Southern Baptist Churches 35 — Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBCH) (1845) Office: 1004 Healey Building, Atlanta, Georgia Cor. Sec, Rev. B. D. Gray, D.D Periodical: "Home and Foreign P'ields."C') Editor, G. S. Dobbins. Price, $.50 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Cuba. Central America: Canal Zone Also work in the United States for Indians, Negroes and Whites (•) Edited and published by the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Con- vention, 161 Eighth Avenue, North, Nashville, Tennessee. A special depart- ment, "From the Home Mission Board," is edited by the Rev. B. D. Gray, D.D. BRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE (DUNKER) 36— General Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren (GBB) (1884) {Church of the Brethren Mission, Bunkers) Office: Elgin, Illinois Sec.-Treas., Rev. J. H. B. Williams Periodical: "The Missionary Visitor." Editor, Rev. J. H. B. Wil- liams. Price, $.50 (foreign countries, including Canada, $.15 extra) Fields: Europe: Denmark, Sweden. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Shansi), India (Bombay) BRETHREN CHURCH (PROGRESSIVE) 37 — Foreign Missionary Society of the Brethren Church (FBC) (1900) Office: 906 Conover Building, Dayton, Ohio Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. J. Allen Miller, D.D., Ashland, Ohio *Sec., Rev. Alva J. McClain, 2257 North Tenth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Treas., Rev. Louis S. Bauman, 1350 East 3rd Street, Long Beach, California Gen. Miss. Sec, William A. Gearhart Periodical: "The Brethren Missionary" (Quarterly). Editor, Rev. Louis S, Bauman, 1350 East 3rd Street, Long Beach, California. Price, $.25 Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic. The Non-Christian World: Africa: French Equatorial Africa * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 177 BRETHREN IN CHRIST (TUNKERS) 38 — ^Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in Christ of the United States of America and Canada (BC) (1896) {Brethren in Christ Mission, Tunkers) Office: Mt. Joy, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Chmn., Bishop J. R. Zook ♦Sec, Rev. E. W. Musser Asst. Sec, Elder J. L. Heisey Treas., Elder S. G. Eugle Periodical: "Evangelical Visitor." Editor, V. L. Stump, Nap- panee, Indiana. Price, $1.50 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Behar and Orissa). Africa: Rhodesia, Transvaal BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH 39 — ^Brethren Missionaries (PB)(*) (Plymouth Brethren) Headquarters in America: Missionary Training Institute, 393 3rd Street, Brooklyn, New York R. J. MacLachlan, 100 Sherman Place, Jersey City, New Jersey Periodical: "Voices of the Vineyard." Editor, R. J. MacLachlan. Free. "Armour of Light" (Chicago) Fields: Europe: Russia, Spain, Sweden. Latin America: The West Indies: Lesser Antilles. Central America: Guatemala. South America: Argentine Republic, Venezuela. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China, India. Africa: Algeria, Mauritius, Sudan. (a) This is not a Society, strictly speaking. The missionaries are not under super- vision of a central organization. "Voices of the Vineyard" acts as an agency in transmitting funds to the missionaries. The English branch of the Brethren Missionaries is knovra as Christian Missions in Many Lands, or the "Echoes of Service" Missionary Society CHRISTIAN AND MISSIONARY ALLIANCE 40 — Christian and Missionary Alliance (CM A) (1897) Office: 690 Eighth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. Paul Bader. ♦For. Sec, Rev. R. H. Glover, M.D. Gen. Sec, Rev. W. M. Turnbull, D.D. Treas., David Crear Periodical: "The Alliance Weekly." Editor, Rev. F. H. Senft. Price, $2.00 (foreign coimtries, including Canada, ^.50 extra) Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica, Porto Rico. South America: Argentine Republic, Chile, Ecuador. The Non- Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Hunan, Hupeh, Kansu, Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Tibet), French Indo-China, India (Berar, * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 178 UNITED STATES Bombay), Japan, Syria, including Palestine. Africa: Angola, Belgian Congo, French Sudan, Sierra Leone. Oceania: Philip- pine Islands CHRISTIAN CHURCH(^) 41 — Foreign Mission Board of the Christian Church (CC) (1878) Office: Christian Publishing Association Building, Dayton, Ohio Cable: Missioner, Dayton Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. W. H. Denison, D.D. ♦Act. For. Sec, Rev. E. K. McCord Rec. Sec, Rev. W. P. Minton Treas., Rev. O. S. Thomas Periodical: "The Christian Missionary." Editor, Rev. E. K. Mc- Cord; Assistant Editor, Rev. O. S. Thomas. Price, $.50 ($.40 in clubs of ten) Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. South America: British Guiana(*'). The Non-Christian World: Asia: Japan (•) This church should not be confused with the Disciples of Christ, who are also known as Christians e*) The Guiana field is now the missionary charge of the Afro-Christian Convention, the negro branch of the Christian Church 41a — Woman's Board for Foreign Missions of the Christian Church (1886) Office: Christian Publishing Association Building, Dayton, Ohio Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. M. T. Morrill, 20 College Place, Defiance, Ohio *Cor. Sec, Mrs. Lulu C. Helfenstein Treas., Miss Mary A. Rowell Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. The Non-Christian World: Asia: Japan CHURCH OF GOD 42 — Church of God Foreign Missionary Board (CGFM) Office: 2524 Gautt Street, Cleveland, Tenn. Executive Officers: Gen. Overseer, A. J. Tomlinson *For. Miss. Sec, J. S. Llewellyn Periodical: "The Church of God Evangel." Editor, A. J. Tom- linson. Price, $1.00 43 — Missionary Board of the Church of God (CGM) Office: Gospel Trumpet Company, Anderson, Indiana. Cable: Mishunbord, Anderson Sec, J. W. Phelps Periodical: "Gospel Trumpet." Editor, F. G. Smith. Price, $2.00 Fields: Europe: Denmark, England, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland. Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Barbados, Trinidad). Central Amer- ica: Canal Zone. South America: British Guiana. The Non- * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 179 Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu), India (Assam, Behar and Orissa, Bengal, Madras, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Syria. Africa: Egypt. Oceania: Polynesia (Fiji Islands) Also work in Australia CHURCHES OF GOD, GENERAL ELDERSHIP 44 — Mission Board of the General Eldership of the Churches of God (CGGE) Office: 818 North Cory Street, Findlay, Ohio Exec. Sec, Rev. J. L. Updegraph Periodical: "The Church Advocate." Editor, Dr. S. G. Yahn, Har- risburg. Pa. Price, $2.00 Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bengal) 44a — ^Woman's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God (1903) Oflfice: Martinsville, Illinois Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. George W. Stoner, Mt. Pleasant, Pennsylvania Vice-Pres., Mrs. S. G. Yahn, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Rec. Sec, Mrs. Ross J. Geddes, Columbia City, Indiana *Cor. Sec, Mrs. G. M. Paxton Treas., Farmers Loan and Trust Company, Columbia City, Indiana Periodical: "The Church Advocate." Editor, Dr. S. G. Yahn. Price, $2.00 Field: India {Bengal) CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES 45 — ^American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) (1810) {American Board, American Congregationalists) Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts Executive Officers: Pres., Prof. E. C. Moore, D.D. Cor. Sees., *Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D., Rev. Cornelius H. Patton, D.D., Rev. Edward Lincohi Smith, D.D. Ed. Sec, Rev. William E. Strong, D.D. Asso. Sees., Rev. Enoch F. Bell, Rev. D. Brewer Eddy Pub. Agent, John G. Hosmer Dist. Sees., Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, D.D., Rev. H. H. Kelsey, D.D. Treas., Frank H. Wiggin Asst. Treas., Miss Hester T. Babson Periodical: "The Missionary Herald." Editor, Rev. William E. Strong, D.D. Price, $.75 Fields: Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Spain. Latin America: Mexico. The Non-Christian World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: Ceylon, China (Chihli, Fukien, Kwangtung, Shansi, Shantung), India (Bombay, Madras), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Angola, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia, Transvaal. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified i8o UNITED STATES 4Sa— Woman's Board of Missions (i868) (Woman's Board of Missions, Boston) Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Femstalk, Boston Executive Officers: Pres.. Mrs. C. H. Daniels *Home Sec, Miss Helen B. Calder For. Sec, Miss Kate C. Lamson Treas., Mrs. Frank Gaylord Cook Periodical: "Life and Light for Woman." Editor, Miss Alice M. Kyle. Price. $.60 fields: Europe: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Spain. Latin America:- Mexico. 1 he h on-Christian World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: Ceylon, China {Chihli, tukten), India {Bombay. Madras), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Angola, JSatal, Rhodesia. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands 45b— Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior (1868) Office: 19 South La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Cable: Wobodin Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. George M. Clark *Sec., Mrs. Lucius O. Lee Treas., Mrs. S. E, Hurlbut Periodical: "Mission Studies." Editor, Miss Mary I. Lyman. Price. $.50 lucias: Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia. Latin America: Mexico. The Non-Chris- ttan World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: China {Chihli, Fukien, Kwangtmig, Shanst, Shantung), India (Bombay, Madras), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Angola. Oceania: Marshall Islands 4SC— Woman's Board of Missions for the Pacific (1873) Office: Room 421. 760 Market Street, San Francisco, California Executive Officers: Pres., Miss Henrietta F. Brewer ™,™^ Sec, Mrs. C. A. Kofoid. 2616 Etna Street, Berkeley, California Office Sec, Miss Elisabeth S. Benton Treas., Mrs. W. W. Ferrier Periodical: "Our Work." Editor, Mrs. W. W. Ferrier. Price, $.25 I'telds: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Fukien, Shantung(^)). India (Bom- oay(^), Madras(<^)), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Portuguese East Africa (■) Aid by grant 45d— Trustees of the Endowment Fund of the American College, Madura, India (1906) (American College, Madura) Office: 287 Fourth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: ♦Sec, Rev. Edward Lincoln Smith, D.D. Treas.. Frank H. Warner, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York City I'teld: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras) 4Se— Trustees of CentralJTurkey College, Aintab (1876) (Central Turkey College, Aintab) Office: 14 Beacon Street. Boston. Massachusetts. Cable: Femstalk, Boston Secretary, Rev. Enoch F. Bell Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia 45f— Trustees of Euphrates College Funds (1878) (Euphrates College) Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Femstalk, Boston Secretary, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D. Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES i8i 45g— Trustees of Jaffna College Funds (1877) {Jaffna College) Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts Secretary, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D. Periodical: "Jaffna College Miscellany." (Ceylon) Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Ceylon 45I1— Board of Trustees of St. Paul's Institute (1887) {St. Paul's Institute) Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts Secretary, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D. Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia 46 — ^American Missionary Association (AMA) (1846) Office: 287 Fourth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: Pres., Henry C. King, LL.D. Cor. Sec, *Rev. George L. Cady, D.D. Asso. Sec, Rev. Samuel Lane Loomis, D.D. Treas., Irving C. Gaylord Periodical: "The American Missionary. "C^) Editor, Rev. William S. Beard. Price, ^.50 (in clubs of five or more, $.25) Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico.. The Non-Christian World: Africa: Angolai^) Also work in the United States among Chinese, Japanese, Hindus, Indians, Cubans, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites, and in Alaska and Hawaii, not covered by this survey (") A special department, "The American Missionary Association," is edited by the Rev. Augustus F. Beard, D.D. (b) Several workers are supported in Angola under the American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions DISCIPLES OF CHRIST (Also called Christian) 47 — United Christian Missionary Society (UCMS) (i9i9)(a) Executive Officers: Pres., F. W. Bumham, D.D. Vice-Presidents, *Rev. A. McLean, 222 West 4th Street, Cincin- nati, Ohio; Mrs. Anna R. Atwater Periodical: "The World Call" (a) Formed in 1919 by the Union of the Christian Woman's Board of Missions, the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, the American Christian Missionary Society, and three other boards of the Disciples of Christ Church, The loca- tion of the office of the new Society has not been determined upon. The fields will be those of the three Societies combining 48 — ^Foreign Christian Missionary Society (FCMS) (1875) Office: 222 West 4th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. A. McLean Sees., *Rev. Stephen J. Corey, LL.D., Rev. A. E. Cory, D.D., R. A. Doan, Rev. Bert Wilson, Rev. C. M. Yocum Treas., C. W. Plopper * Officer to whom general correspondence shotdd be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified i82 UNITED STATES Periodical: "Worid Call." Editors, W. R. Warren and Mrs. Effie L. Cunningham, 222 Downey Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana. Price, ^i.oo Fields: Europe: Denmark (*), England (*), Norway (*), Sweden C'). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Kiangsi, KiangsuC'), Szechwan (<=)), India (Central Provinces (^)), Japan. Africa: Belgian Congo C^). Oceania: Philippine Islands (») Aid by grant (y) Cooperated with the Christian Woman VBoard of Missions at Nantungchou (Tung- chou) (e) Work extending over into Tibet (<^) Cooperates with the Christian Woman's Board of Missions 49 — Christian Woman's Board of Missions (CWBM) (1874) Office: College of Missions Building, Indianapolis, Indiana Executive Officers: *Pres. Mrs. Anna R. Atwater Vice-Pres., Mrs. Ida W. Harrison Sees., Mrs, Effie L. Cunningham, Mrs. J. McDaniel Stearns, Miss Daisy June Trout, Mrs. Ellie K. Payne, Mrs. G. M. Anderson, Mrs. Lida B, Pearce Sec. of Mission Circles, Mrs. Frank L. Johnson Treas., Mrs. Susanne Moffett Periodical: "Worid Call." Editors, W. R. Warren and Mrs. Effie L. Cunningham, 222 Downey Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana. Price, $1.00 Periodical: "King's Builders." Editor, Mrs. Lida B. Pearce. Price, $.25 Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Jamaica, Porto Rico. South America: Argentine Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay ("), The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, KiangsuC*)), India (Central Provinces(^), United Provinces). Africa: Bel- gian Congo (•=) Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites, in Canada for Indians, and for Whites in New Zealand, not included in this survey (») In Union Theological Seminary Q>) In cooperation with the Foreign Christian Missionary Society in Tungchow (Nan- tungchou) («) In cooperation with the Foreign Christian Missionary Society EPISCOPAL 50 — Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PE) (1820) (American Church Mission, American Episcopal) Office: 281 Fourth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: Pros., Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. ♦For. Sec., John W. Wood, D.C.L. Dom. Sec., Rev. Francis S. White Latin America Sec, Rev. Arthur R. Gray, D.D. ♦ Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 183 Rec. Sec., Rev. Franklin J. Clark Ed. Sec, Rev. Charles E. Betticher Edu. Sec, William C. Sturgis, Ph.D. Cor. Sec, Rev. R. Bland Mitchell Treas., Lewis B. Franklin Asst. Treas., Chas. A. Tompkins Periodical: "The Spirit of Missions." Editor, Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. Price, $1.00 Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Haiti C"), Porto Rico. Central America: Canal ZoneC). South America: Brazil. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Hupeh, Kiangsi, Kiangsu), Japan. Africa: Liberia. Oceania: Philippine Islands Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Ne- groes and Whites, in Alaska for Eskimos, Indians and Whites, and in Hawaii for Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and Whites, not covered by this survey Note. — This Society was reorganized at the General Convention of the Chtirch at Detroit in October, but the new plan does not go into effect until January, 1920, and it is not possible at this writing to tell just what form the organiza- tion wiU take or to supply the names of the officers (») Work by Haitiens only (b) Work for Whites only 50a — ^Woman's Auxiliary to the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Chtirch in the United States of America (1871) Office: 281 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Cable: Fenalong, New York Executive Officers: *Gen. Sec, Miss M. G. Lindley Educ. Sec, Miss Emily C. Tillotson Organizing Sec, Mrs. George Biller Jun. Sec, Miss Frances H. Withers Candidate Sec, Deaconess Henrietta R. Goodwin Periodical: "The Spirit of Missions." Editor, Rt. Rev, Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D. Price, $1.00 Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Haitii'^), Porto Rico. Central America: Canal Zone{^). South America: Brazil. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Anhwei, Hupeh, Kiangsi, Kiangsu), Japan. Africa: Liberia. Oceania: Philippine Islands Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Negroes and Whites, and in Alaska for Eskimos, Indians and Whites, and in Hawaii for Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and Whites, not covered by this survey (a) Work by Haitiens only (b) Work for Whites only EPISCOPAL, REFORMED 51 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Episcopal Church (RE) (1894) Office: 103 West End Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Bishop Robert L. Rudolph, D.D. *Sec., H. H. Sinnamon Treas., Norman S. McCausland Periodical: "The Episcopal Recorder" Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (United Provinces) * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified i84 UNITED STATES 51a — Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Reformed Episcopal Church (1889) Office: 639 North nth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. Robt. S. Rudolph Rec. Sec, Mrs. S. B. Ray *Cor. Sec. and Treas., Miss Marie L, Brearley Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (United Provinces) EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION 52 — Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association of North Amer- ica (EA) (1838) {Board of Missions of the Evangelical Association, Evangelical Asso- ciation Mission) Office: 1903 Woodland Avenue, S. E., Cleveland, Ohio. Cable: Evangel Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. T. C. Meckel *Sec. and Treas., Rev. George Johnson Field Sec, Rev. B. R. Wiener Assist. Sec. and Treas., Rev. Geo. E, Epp Periodicals: "Evangelischer Missionsbote." Editor, Rev. T. C. Meckel. Price, $.35. "Missionary Messenger." Editor, Mrs. S. J. Gamertsfelder. Price, $.35 Fields: Europe: France, Germany ("), Switzerland (^). The Non- Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan, Kweichow), Japan Also work in the United States and Canada for Whites, not covered by this survey (•) Work conducted by Germans only {^) Work conducted by Swiss only 52a — Woman's Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association (1880) Office: Naperville, Illinois Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. E. M. Spreng *Rec. Sec, Miss L. Ethel Spreng Cand. Sec, Mrs. J. S. Stamm Treas., Miss E. L. Horn Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Hunan, Kweichow), Japan Also work in the United States and Canada for Whites, not covered by this survey EVANGELICAL, UNITED 53 — Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church (UE) (1891) {United Evangelical Mission) Office: Evangelical Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. U. F. Swengel, D.D. Vice-Pres., Rev. S. L. Wiest Rec. Sec, Rev. J. Q. A. Curry, D.D. *Cor. Sec, Rev. B. H. Niebel, D.D. Treas., WiUiam H. Hendel * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 185 Periodicals: "The Evangelical." Editor, Rev. H. B. Hartzler, D.D., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Asso. Ed., Rev. W. H. Fouke, D.D. Price, I2.50. "Missionary Tidings" and "Missionary Gem." Editor, Miss Emma D. Messinger. Price, $.50 and $.20 re- spectively Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan). Africa: Nigeria{^) Also work in the United States for Whites, not covered by this survey (*) Supports a missionary and his wife tinder the Sudan United Mission (International) 53a — ^Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church (1891) Office: 209-211 Evangelical Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. W. J. Gruhler Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. D. Shultz Sec, Mrs. Emma F. Divan *Exec. Sec, Miss Emma D. Messinger Sec. and Pub. of Lit., Miss Lillian C. Graeflf Treas., Mrs. J. G. Finkbeiner Periodical: "Missionary Tidings." Editor, Miss Emma D. Messinger. Price, $.so Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Hunan). Africa: Nigeria{^) Also work in the United States for Whites, not covered by this survey (») Supports a missionary and wife under the Sudan United Mission (International) EVANGELICAL SYNOD 54 — Foreign Mission Board of the Evangelical Synod of North America (ESNA) (1865) Office: 2951 Tnden Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. C. W. Locher *Gen. Sec, Rev. Paul A. Menzel Rec. Sec, Rev. Samuel Lindenmeyer Treas., Rev. T. Lehmann Periodicals: "Fhegende Missions-Blatter," "Our Work in India," "Our Mission Sunday" Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Central Provinces) FRIENDS (ORTHODOX) 55 — ^Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia (AFP) (1882) Office: Cheltenham, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Walter W. Haviland, Lansdowne, Pennsylvania Gen. Sec, Mrs. William H. Collins *Cor. Sec, Miss Mary M. Haines Rec. Sec, Miss S. M. Longstreth Treas., Miss Lydia W. Rhoads Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Japan * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified i86 UNITED STATES 56 — ^American Friends Board of Foreign Missions (AFFM) (1894) Office: loi South Eighth Street, Richmond, Indiana. Cable: "Fremi, Richmond, Indiana" Executive Officers: Pres., George H. Moore Vice-Pres., Charles M. Woodman *Gen. Sec., Ross A. Hadley Ed. Sec, B. Willis Beede Field Sec, Sylvester Jones Hon. Sec, Charles E. Tebbetts Treas., Edgar F. Hiatt Periodical: "The American Friend." Editor, Walter C. Woodward. Price, $2.00 Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Jamaica. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Szechwan C')), Syria, includ- ing Palestinei^). Africa: British East Africa (») A missionary of the Friends Foreign Mission Association (England), assigned to the West China Union University, has been transferred to the AFFM. Further responsibility may be assumed by the American society later Q>) The former mission of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting of Friends for New England. It had been closed on account of the war, but was resumed in July, 1919 56a — Woman's Missionary Union of Friends in America (1887) (') Office: Beloit, Ohio Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. C. E. Vickers ♦Cor. Sec, Mrs. Louise Urton Ellett Treas., Miss Emma G. Randolph xt tx , , Periodical: "Friends Missionary Advocate." Editor. Mrs. Leonora N. Hobbs, Bloomingdale, Indiana. Price, |.so ($.62 to Canada and foreign countries) (t) Fields: Latin America: Mexico{'=). West Indies: Cubai"), Jamaica{<'). Central America: Cuatemalai^) , Hondurasi'^). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsui")), India {Central India{^)), Japani}), Syria, including Palestinei"). Africa: British East Africa{') Also work in the United States for Indians, under the Associated Executive Com- mittee of Friends (Orthodox) on Indian Affairs, not entered in this directory, work in the United States for Japanese and Mexicans, and in Alaska for Eskimos, both under the Board of Missions of the Friends' Church of California, and not covered by this survey (•) This Society is auxiliary to the other Friends' Societies Q') Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, Elizabeth C. Furnas, 2717 College Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana (0) Under the American Friends Board of Foreign Missions (d) Under the Board of Missions of the Friends Church of California (e) Under the Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting (') Under the Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia 57— Board of Missions of the Friends Church of California (FCC) (1895) {Friends Church of California) Office: 72 North Hudson Street, vSouth Pasadena, California Superintendent, Benjamin S. Coppock * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 187 Fields: Latin America: Central America: Guatemala, Honduras Also work in the United States for Japanese and Mexicans, and in Alaska for Eskimos, not included in this survey 58 — ^Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting (AFO) (1890) {American Friends' Mission (Ohio)) Office: 153 W. Oxford Street, Alliance, Ohio Executive Officers: *Cor. Sec, Miss Rachel Pirn Treas., Elbert L. Benedict Periodical: "Friends' Oriental News." Editor, Miss Esther H. Butler. Price, $.35 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu), India (Central India) Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting of Friends for New England (FNE) (1888) C^) (») Amalgamated with the American Friends Board of Foreign Missions in 1918. The Syria Mission of the FNE was taken over by the AFFM in June, 19 18 HEPHZIBAH FAITH MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION 59 — Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association (HFMA) (1896) Office: Tabor, Iowa Executive Officers: *Pres., Elder L. B. Worcester Vice-Pres., Elder J. M. Zook Sec, Mrs. A. M. Dye Treas., Elder D. S. Devore Periodicals: "Good Tidings" (Semi-monthly). Editors, Elder D. S. Devore, Elder L. B. Worcester. "John Three Sixteen" (Weekly). Editor, Elder L. B. Worcester Fields: Latin America : Mexico. (^) The Non-Christian World: Asia: China, India (Bengal), Japan. Africa: Natal (a) No missionaries on the field at present HOLINESS CHURCH, INTERNATIONAL 60 — ^Board of Foreign Missions of the International Apostolic Holiness Church (AHC) (1897) Office: 1 8 10 Young Street, Cincinnati, Ohio Executive Officers: *Chmn., Rev. George B. Kulp Treas., Rev. M. G. Standley Periodicals: "God's Revivalist and Missionarv Advocate." Editors, Rev. M. G. Standley, Mrs. M. G. Standley, Mrs. M. W. Knoff. Price, $1.00. "The Apostolic Missionary." Editor, Rev. S. S. Nelson, 832 Worth Avenue, Greensboro, North Carolina * Officer to whom general correspondence shovild be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified i88 UNITED STATES Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Cuba, Lesser Antilles (Antigua, Barbados, Nevis, Saba, Trinidad). South America: British Guiana. The Non-Christian Worid: Cape of Good Hope Province, Natal, Swaziland LUTHERAN BRETHREN 6 1 — Board of Missions of the Church of the Lutheran Brethren (LB) (1905) {American Liitheran Brethren Mission, Mission Board oj the Evan- gelical Lutheran Norwegian Brethren) Office: 15 16 Boulevard Avenue, Grand Forks, North Dakota Secretary, Rev. E. M. Broen Periodical: "Broderbaandet" Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Hupeh): Africa: Nigeria LUTHERAN, DANISH 62 — Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (DEL) (1872) (*) Office: Dwi{?ht, Illinois Executive Officers: ♦For. Sec, Rev. J. C. Aaberg Periodicals: "Kirkeli.s: Samler." Editor, Rev. Evald Chrestensen, Viborg:, South E»akota. Price, $1.00. "Dannervirke." Editor, Rev. M. Hoist, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Price, $1.00. "Borneven- nen." Editor, Rev. M. Hoist. Price, $.60. "Un^dom." Editor, O. C. Olsen, 2416 South loth Street, Omaha, Nebraska. Price, $1.25 (•) The money raised by this society is expended through Danish Missionary Socie- ties, mainly in India LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITED 63 — Mission Board of the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (UDEL) (1892) Office: R. F. D. No. 5, Audubon, Iowa President, Rev. G. B. Christiansen Periodical: "Dansk Luthersk Kirkeblad." Editor, Rev. I. M. Hansen, Blair, Nebraska Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Japan Also work in the United States for Indians LUTHERAN FREE CHURCH 64 — Lutheran Board of Missions (Lutheran Free Church of U. S. A.) (LBM) (1895) Office: Aiifsburj:^ Seminary, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Cal)le: Mis- sions, Minneapolis Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. E. E. Gynild *Sec., Rev. Johan Mattson Treas., Prof. J- H. Blepen Periodical : "Foikcbladet" ♦ Oflficer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise si)ecified UNITED STATES 189 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan). Africa: Madagascar 64a — ^Women's Missionary Federation of the Lutheran Free Church (1916) (») Office: 1511 E. 35th Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota President, Mrs. Johan Mattson (a) So far the Federation has not sent money to the Foreign Field, but is planning to do so in the near future, mainly in the form ci support for special branches of the wQrk LUTHERAN, JOINT SYNOD OF OHIO 65 — ^Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States (ELJSO) (1818) Office: 306 East Stewart Avenue, Columbus, Ohio Sec, Rev. J. H. Schneider Periodicals: "Kirchenzeitung," "The Lutheran Standard" Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India ( Madras (^)) (a) This was formerly the field of the Evangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt zu Hermannsburg (Hermannsburg Mission). In 1912 the ELJSO took over responsibility for two of the stations (Kodur and Puttur). At the outbreak of the war the British Government turned over to the Joint Synod the eight remaining stations of the Hermannsburg Mission and it assumed the financial responsibility for them, although the actual supervision of the work was in the hands of the missionaries of the "Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America" and the "Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America," both of which are now mcorporated into the "Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America." At this writing the ELJSO has not only assumed full financial responsibility, but is sending missionaries to the field In addition to the aid rendered to the Hermannsburg Mission, the Society has been contributing to famine relief in India, and has assisted the Gossnersche Missionsgesellschaft (Gossner Mission) LUTHERAN, NORWEGIA.N 66 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (ANL) (i9i7)(=^) {Lutheran United Mission){^) Office: 425 South 4th Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Cable: Madakina Executive Officers: Chmn., Rev. J. R. Birkelund, M.D. Vice-Chmn., Rev. J. N. Sandven *Miss. Sec, Rev. M. Saeterhe Rec. Sec, Prof. M. J. Stolee Treas., Rev. Peter Taugjerd Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Hupeh, Shantung), Africa: Madagascar, Natal (») This Board is the result of the consolidation in 1917 of the United Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, Board of China Mission of Hauges Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod of America, and the Foreign Mission Board of the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church Q>) This is the title given in the Directory of Protestant Missions in China, ipiQ- I should not be confused with the Board of Foreign Missions of the Umted Luth- eran Church in America, usually called the United Lutheran Mission or Lutheran United Mission * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, vinless otherwise specified 190 UNITED STATES LUTHERAN SYNOD OF IOWA 67 — Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States (ELSI) (1854)0 Office: Waverly, Iowa Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. F. Richter, D.D., Clinton, Iowa Vice-Pres., Rev. C. Proehl, Mandota, Illinois *Secretary, Rev. Jobs. Becker, Waverly, Iowa Treas., Rev. J. Haeffner, Muscatine, Iowa Periodicals: "Kirchenblatt." Editor, Rev. F. Richter, D.D., Clinton, Iowa. Price, $1.00. "Lutheran Herald." Editor, Rev. E. Rausch. Price, $.50. "Die Missionsstunde." Editor, Rev. C. Taubert, Leola, South Dakota. Price, $.25 (») The funds of this Society go to the support of work under the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelisch-Kitherische Mission zu Leipzig in British and German East Africa, the Gossnersche Mis- sionsgesellschaft in India, and the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft and the Gesellschaft fiir innere und aussere Mission im Sinne der lutherischen Kirche (Neuendettelsau Mission) in German New Guinea. Since 1914 the Iowa Synod has contributed over 1 100,000 for the support of work under German Societies, the major portion having gone to the Neuendettelsau Mission. As yet the ELSI has sent out no foreign missionaries of its own, but is ready to take over, if it becomes necessary, the missions supported during the war period, and has collected for this purpose a fund of $60,000 LUTHERAN SYNODICAL CONFERENCE 68 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and Other States (ELMo) (1893) (Missouri Evangelical Lutheran Mission) Office: 2243 South Jefferson Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri. Cable: Conpubho Pres. and Gen. Sec, Rev. Richard Kretzschmar Periodicals: "Der Lutheraner." Editor, Prof. L. Fuerbrinp:er, Con- cordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri. Price, $1.00. "Lutheran Witness." Editor, Prof. Theo. Graebner, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri. Price, $1.00 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hupeh), India (Madras) LUTHERAN, UNITED 69 — Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America (ALU) (i9i8)C0 Office: 601 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Maryland Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. Ezra K. BeU, D.D. Rec. Sec, Rev. George Drach ♦Home Cor. vSec, Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D. For. Sees., Rev. C. L. Brown, D.D., Rev. George Drach Treas., Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D. Periodicals: "The Lutheran" (Weekly). Editor, Geor^'e W. Sandt, D.D., S. E. Cor. Ninth and Sansom Streets, Philadelphia, Penn- * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, luiless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 191 sylvania. Price, $2.00. "The Foreign Missionary" (Monthly). Editor, Rev. George Drach. Price, $.50 Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic C'): Brit- ish Guiana C'). The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Mad- rasC^)), Japan(^): Africa: Liberia(0 (») Formed by the consolidation in 191 8 of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Gen- eral Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, the Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South, and the Pan- Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America (b) The former work of the Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America («) The "South American Mission" of the former General Synod (d) The "Guiltur Mission" of the General Synod and the "Rajahmundry Mission" of the General Council, now known as the "American Lutheran Mission." In April, 1917, the Rajahmundry Mission took over the Madras work of the Schleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-lutherische Missionsgesellschaft zu Brek- lum (Breklum Mission) («) The former missions of the United Synod of the South and the General Council (0 The "Liberia Mission" of the General Synod 69a — ^Women's Missionary Society of The United Lutheran Church in America (I9i8)« Office: 803 Fulton Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. J. G. Traver, Hartwick Seminary, New York Rec. Sec, Mrs. W. F. Morehead, Salem, Virginia *Exec. Sec, Mrs. Helen C. Beegle Stat. Sec, Mrs. F. E. Jensen, Washington, Pennsylvania Treas., Mrs. Nettie C. Weier, Harvard Terrace, Toledo, Ohio Periodicals: "Lutheran Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Julius F. Seebach, Holli- daysburg, Pennsylvania. Circulation Manager, Mrs. J. P. Krechting, loio East Capitol Street, Washington, D. C. Price, S.60 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Virgin Islands (JJ. S.)Q'), Porto RicoQ>). South America: Argentine Republic, British Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Asia: India {Madras), Japan. Africa: Liberia Also work in the United States (») This Society was formed by the consolidation in 19 18 of the Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, the Woman's Missionary Conference of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South and Woman's Missionary Society of the General Council of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church in North America (y) Under the West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America 70 — West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America (WI) (i9i8)C^) Office: 437 Fifth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. W. D. C. Keiter, D.D. *Exec. Sec, Rev. Zenan M. Corbe Treas., S. F. Telleen Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Virgin Islands (U. S.)(*'), Porto Rico (») Combining the Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America and the Board for the Care of the Lutheran Churches in the Virgin Islands (b) Begun as early as 1672, and carried on since by the Danish State Church. Upon the purchase of the Danish West Indies in 19 17 the Lutheran churches in the islands were received into the General Council * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 192 UNITED STATES 71 — China Missionary Society of the Augustana Synod of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church of North America (ELAug) (1902) (Augustana Synod Mission) Office: 1739 Eleventh Avenue, Moline, Illinois Executive Officers: Chmn., Rev. O. J. Johnson, D.D., St. Peter, Minnesota *Cor. vSec, Rev. Adolph Hult Periodical: "Kina Missionaren." Editor, Rev. A. F. Aimer, New London, Minnesota. Price, $.25 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan)C^) (») In addition to the above, the Augustana Synod (not the China Missionary Society) has been contributing to the reHef of German societies working in India through the Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church in North America, now merged into the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (ELGC) (1869) ('^) (») This Society was merged in 19 18 into the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America Woman's Missionary Society of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (ipiiX*) (») This Society was merged in 191 8 into the Women's Missionary Society of The United Lutheran Church in America Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (ELGCL) (i898-i9i8)(^) (») See West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America, under Lutheran United Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America (ELGS) (1869)^'*) (») This Society was merged in 1918 into the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America (1879) (») (•) This Society was merged in 19 18 into the Women's Missionary Society of The United Lutheran Church in America Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South (ELSo) (1892) (•*) (•) This Society was merged in 1918 into the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America Woman's Missionary Conference of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South ii904M'») (») This Society was merged in 1918 into the Women's Missionary Society of The United Lutheran Church in America * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. Tlie address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES I93 LUTHERAN INTER-SYNODICAL 72 — Inter-Synodical Evangelical Lutheran Orient-Mission Society (ELO) (1910) Office: 516 East Madison Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. N. J. Lohre, M.A. *Sec., Rev. H. Mackensen Treas., Prof. M. O. Wee, 2326 Hendon Avenue, St. Paul, Min- nesota Periodical: "The Kurdistan Missionary." Editor, Prof. M. O. Wee. Price, $.25 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Persia PAN-LUTHERAN Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America (PLLA) (1913)0 (a) Merged with, the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America MENNONITE and AMISH MENNONITE 73 — Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities (MMC) (1899) (American Mennonite Mission, Mennonite Church) Office: Dakota, Illinois Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. C. Z. Yoder *Sec., Bishop J. S. Shoemaker Treas. and Financial Agent, G. L. Bender Field Worker, Bishop S. E. Allgyer Periodicals: "The Gospel Herald." Editor, Bishop Daniel Kauffman. Price, $1.25. "Christian Monitor." Editor, Vernon Smucker. Price, $1.00 Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic. The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Central Provinces) Also work in the United States for Whites, not covered by this survey MENNONITE BRETHREN 74 — Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Church of North America (MBC) (1900) (American Mennonite Brethren Mission) Office: Mountain Lake, Minnesota Secretary, Rev. N. N. Hiebert Periodical: "Zions-Bote." Editor, Rev. A. L. Schellenberg. Price, $1.00 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung), India (Hyderabad) Also work in the United States for Indians, not covered by this survey * OflScer to whom general correspondence shotdd be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 194 UNITED STATES MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST 75 — ^Foreign Mission Board of the Indiana and Ohio Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ (MBIO) ( ) Office: Lima, Ohio Conference Secretary, Rev. L. J. Lehman 76 — United Orphanage and Mission Society (UOM) ( ) Office: 727 Wolf Avenue, Elkhart, Indiana Secretary, Rev. A. B. Yoder Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia(^) (a) The work on the field of this Society had been suspended on account of the war, but was reopened during September. ReUef work is being carried on along with the regular orphanage and missionary work 77 — Michigan Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Foreign Mission Board (MBM) ( ) Office: Elkton, Michigan Executive Officers: Chmn., R. M. Dodd, Pontiac, Michigan *Sec., B. A. Sherk Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asiai") {Ar- menia). Africa: Nigeria (a) Through the United Orphanage and Mission Society, whose funds are now being employed for Armenian and Syrian Relief 78 — Foreign Mission Board of the Nebraska Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church (MBN) ( ) Office: Jet, Oklahoma Secretar}--, Rev. William Lambert 79 — Foreign Missions Board of the Pacific Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ (MBPac) ( ) Office: Everson, Washington Executive Officers: Pres., M. J. Carmichael *Sec., N. H. Payne Treas., P. J. Kalbfleisch 80 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Pennsylvania Conference of the Mennonite Brethren m Christ (MBP) (1883) Office: 819 Gordon Street, Allentown, Pennsylvania Secretary, Rev. C. II. Brunner Periodical: "The Eastern Gospel Banner" (Weekly). Editor, Rev. C. H. Brunner. Price, $1.50 Fields: Latin America: South America: Chilei"). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Kansui:')), hidia {Berar{''), Pimjab{")), Syriai"). Africa: Belgian Congoi^) (») Under the Christian and Missionary Alliance * Ofl5cer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 19S MENNONITES, CENTRAL CONFERENCE and DEFENSELESS 81 — Congo Inland Mission (ConIM) (1916) Office: Meadows, lUinois. Cable: C. I. M. Secretary, D. N. Claudon Periodical: "Zion's Call" (Semi-monthly). Editor, Ben Rupp. Price, $1.00. "The Christian Evangel." Editor, Andrew S. Bechtel. Price, $1.00 Fields; The Non-Christian World: Africa: Belgian Congo MENNONITE, GENERAL CONFERENCE 82 — ^Board of Foreign Missions of the General Conference of the Men-, nonites of North America (MGC) (1880) {General Conference Mennonite Mission) Office: Goessel, Kansas Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. J. W. Kilewer *Sec., Rev. P. H. Richert Treas., Rev. Gustav Harder Periodicals: "The Mennonite." Editor, Rev. S. M. Gnibb, 2956 North I2th Street, Philadelphiay. Pennsylvania. Price, $1.50. "Christlicher Bundesbote" (German). Editor, Rev. C.v.d. Smissen, Berne, Indiana. Price, $1.50 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli), India (Cen- tral Provinces) Also work in the United States for Indians, not covered by this sur- vey MENNONITE, KRIMMER BRUEDERGEMEINDE 83 — China Mennonite Mission Society (ChMMS) (19 13) Office: Hillsboro, Kansas Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. John L. Friesen *Sec., Rev. D. E. Harder Periodical: "Wahrheitdfreund." Editor, D. M. Hofer. Price, $1.00 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Shantung) METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (NORTH) 84 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEFB) (1819) {Methodist Episcopal Mission, North) Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: Pres., Bishop Luther B. Wilson, D.D., LL.D. Cor. Sees., S. Earl Taylor, LL.D., *Rev. Frank Mason North, D.D. Treas., Rev. George M. Fowles, D.D. * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, xinless otherwise specified 196 UNITED STATES Fields: Europe: Austria-Hungary C'), Bulgaria, Denmark C'), France, Germany, Italy, NorwayC'), Russia, SpainC'), SwedenC^'), Switzer- land(^). Latin America: Mexico. Central America: Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Panama. South America: Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Chihh, Fukien, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Shantung, Szechwan), Chosen, Federated Alalay States, including Straits Settlements, India (Ajmer-Alerwara, Baluchistan, Behar and Orissa, Bengal, Berar, Bombay, Burma, Central Provinces, Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, Rajputana, United Provinces), Japan. Africa: Algeria, Angola, Belgian Congo, Liberia, Madeira Islands, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia, Tunis. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Borneo (Dutch Borneo and Sarawak), Java, Sumatra (») Aid by grant only 84a — ^Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1869) Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable: Formis Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. William Fraser McDowell *Sec., Miss Amy G. Lewis Treas., Miss Florence Hooper Periodicals: "Woman's Missionary Friend." Editor, Miss Effie A. Merrill(»). Price, 1.50. "Frauen-Missions-Freund." Editor, Miss A. M. Acliard(»). Price, J.2S Fields: Europe: Bulgaria, FranceQ'), Germanyi^), Italy, NorwayQ^), Swilzerland{}>) . Latin America: Mexico. South America: Argentine Republic, Peru, Uruguay. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Anhwei, Chihli, Fukien, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Shantung, Szechwan), Chosen, Federated Malay States, including Straits Set- tlements, India {Ajmere-Merwara, Behar and Orissa, Bengal, Bombay, Burma, Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, Rajputana, United Provinces), Japan. Africa: Algeria, Angola, Liberia, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Java (») Subscriptions should be sent to Miss Annie G. Bailey, 581 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts C') Aid by grant only 85 — ^Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEH) (1819) Office: 17th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Corresponding Secretary, Rev. D. D. Forsyth, D.D. Periodical: "Quarterly Bulletin" Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico Also work in the United States for Orientals, Indians, Mexicans and Whites, in Hawaii for Japanese, Koreans and Filipinos, and in Alaska for Eskimos and Indians 89— Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEHW) (1880J Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City Executive Officers: Pres.. Mrs. Wilbur P. Thirkield * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 197 *Cor. Sec, Mrs. May Leonard Woodruff, Allendale, New Jersey Rec. Sec., Mrs. D. D. Thompson Treas., Mrs. H. C. Jennings Periodicals: "Woman's Home Missions." Editor, Mrs. Levi Gilbert, 420 Plum Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Price, $.50. "Children's Home Missions." Editor, Mrs. Levi Gilbert. Price, ^.20 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, In- dians, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites, in Alaska for Eskimos and Indians, and in Hawaii METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN 87 — Home and Foreign Missionary Department of the African Meth- odist Episcopal Church (AME) (1844) Office: 62 Bible House, New York City. Cable: Amechurch, New York Executive Officers: Pres., Bishop J. Albert Johnson, D.D. *Cor. Sec.-Treas., Rev. James W. Rankin, D.D. Periodical: "Voice of Missions." Editor, Rev. James W. Rankin, D.D. Price, $1.00 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Bahama Islands (Eleutljera), Haiti, Jamaica, Santo Domingo. South America: British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Liberia, Natal, Orange Free State, Sierra Leone, Transvaal Also work in the United States 87a — ^Women's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal Chtirch (1892) Office: 1925 North Galvez Street, New Orleans, Louisiana Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. S. G. Simmons *Sec., Mrs. S. J. Channel Periodical: "The Women's Missionary Recorder" 87b — ^Woman's Parent Mite Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (1874) Office: Holmesburg, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. Mary F. Handy *Sec., Mrs. M. S. C. Beckett Treas., Mrs. B. K. Hurst Periodical: "The Women's Missionary Recorder" METHODIST EPISCOPAL AFRICAN ZION 88 — Foreign Mission Board of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Inc. (AMEZ) (1892) Office: 1 23 1 Cornell Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana Corresponding Secretary, Rev. J. W. Wood, D.D. Periodical: "The Missionary Seer." Editor, Rev. J. W. Wood, D.D. Price, $.50 * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 198 UNITED STATES Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Bahama Islands, Santo Domingo. South America: British Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Africa: French Congo, Gold Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone. Also work in the United States 88a — Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Office: 624 South i6th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania *Sec., Mrs. Annie A. Blackwell Treas., Ida V. Smith, Washington, D. C. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH 89 — Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MES) (1846) {Methodist Episcopal Mission, South) Office: 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee Executive Officers: Pres., John R. Pepper Vice-Pres., Bishop W. R. Lambuth *Gen. Sec, Rev. W. W. Pinson, D.D. Sees. Foreign Department, Rev. E. H. Rawlings, D.D., Miss Mabel K. Howell, Miss Esther Case, Rev. W. B. Beauchamp, D.D. .Home Mission Sees., Rev. O. E. Goddard, D.D., Rev. R. L. Russell, D.D., Mrs. Jas. H. McCoy, Mrs. J. W. Downs Educational Sees., Rev. C. G. Hounshell, Mrs. Hume R. Steele, Miss Estelle Haskins Treas., J. D. Hamilton Asst. Treas., Mrs. F. H. E. Ross Periodical: "The Missionary Voice." Editor, Robert B. Eleazer, Mrs. E. B. Chappell. Price, $1.00. Fields: Europe: Belgium, France, Poland. Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba. South America: Brazil. The Non-Chris- tian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Kiangsu), Chosen, Japan (*). Africa: Belgian Congo Also work in the United States for Japanese, Koreans, Indians, Cubans, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites (•) A yearly subscription to the Omi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan (Omi Mission), with headquarters m Japan, is made also 89a— Woman's Missionary Council of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (1846) Office: 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee Executive Officers: ♦Pros., Miss Belle H. Bennett, LL.D. Sec. Oriental Fields, Miss Mabel K. Howell Sec. Latin America and Africa, Miss Esther Case Treas., Mrs. F. II. E. Ross Periodicals: "The Missionary Voice" (joint with Board of Missions). Editors, R. B. Eleazer, Mrs. E. B. Chappell. Price, $1.00. "The Young Christian Worker." Editor. Miss Sara Estelle Haskins. Price, $.25 Note. — The Woman's Missionary Council is rather a subordinate Committee of the Board of Missions than a separate organization for missionary administration. The officers are all members of the staff of the main Board * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 199 METHODIST, FREE 90 — General Missionary Board of the Free Methodist Church of North America (FMA) (1882) (American Free Methodist Mission, Free Methodist Mission) OfiSce: 1 132 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. Cable: Tid- ings, Chicago Executive OflBicers: Pres., Bishop William Pearce *Sec., Rev. William B. Olmstead Field Sec, Rev. F. L. Baker Treas., Rev. George W. Saunders Periodicals: "The Free Methodist." Editor, Rev. J. T. Logan. Price, $2.00. "Missionary Tidings." Editor, Miss Adella P. Carpenter. Price, $.65 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Santo Domingo. Central Amer- ica: Canal Zone. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan), India (Berar), Japan. Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Transvaal Also work in the United States 90a — Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Free Methodist Church of North America (1882) Office: 1 134 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. Mary L. Coleman *Cor. Sec, Mrs. C. T. Bolles, Oneida, New York Treas., Mrs. Lillian C. Jensen Periodical: "Missionary Tidings." Editor, Miss Adella P. Carpenter. Price, $.50 Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Santo Domingo. Central America: Canal Zone. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Honan), India {Berar), Japan. Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Transvaal Also work in the United States METHODIST, PRIMITIVE Primitive Methodist Missionary Society (PMMS) (see under England) 91 — American Auxiliary of the Primitive Methodist Foreign Missionary Society (1896) Office: 57 Hunter Street, Tamaqua, Pennsylvania Secretary, Rev. James Iley Periodical: "The Herald of the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society." Editor, Rev. J. T. Barkby, 8, Holbom Hall, Gray's Inn Road. London, W. C. i, Eng- land. Free to contributors Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Fernando Po, Nigeria, Orange River Colony, Rhodesia, Transvaal METHODIST, PROTESTANT 92 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Protestant Church (MP) (1834) Office: 316 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. F. W. Varney, D.D. *Cor. Sec, Rev. Fred C. Klein * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 200 UNITED STATES Rec. Sec, Rev. J. C. Broomfield, D.D. Gen. Treas., Rev. C. H. Beck, D.D. Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (ChihliC^)), India (Bombay), Japan (•) By an arrangement effectiye'june'isripip.this board'took over the general mis- sion work at Kalgan hitherto conducted by the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Protestant Church. The latter society is responsible for the work for women and children 93 — Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Protestant Church (MPW) (1879) {Methodist Protestant Mission{^)) Office: Catonsville, Maryland Executive Officers: *Pres., Mrs. Henry Hupfield Rec. Sec, Mrs. S. W. Rosenberger Cor. Sec, Mrs. George H. Miller Treas., Mrs. Lida K. East Periodical: "The Woman's Missionary Record." Editor, Mrs. J. F. McCulloch, Greensboro, North Carolina. Price, $.50 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli), Japan (») This is the name given in the Directory of Protestant Missions in China, 1919. It is liable to confusion with that of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Meth- odist Protestant Church, which took over the general work of the MPW in China in June, IQIP- (See note above) METHODIST, UNION AMERICAN 94 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Union American Methodist Epis- copal Church in the United States and Canada (UME) (i9i4)('') Office: 629 Walnut Street, Camden, N. J. Secretary, Rev. Orlando S. Watts Periodical: "The Union Recorder." Editor, Rev. Orlando S. Watts, 766 Line Street, Camden, N. J. Price, $1.50 (») This Society was organized in 1914 by the direction of the Church, but on account of the war has been delayed in opening its work on the field. It is expected that a mission will be begun in Africa very soon METHODIST, WESLEYAN 95 — Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America (WMCA) (1889) {American Wesleyan Methodist Mission) Office: Syracuse, New York Executive Officers: Pres., E. G. Dietrich *Miss. Sec, Rev. T. P. Baker, Sheridan, Indiana Field Sec, Rev. E. F. McCarty Treas., J. S. WUlett Periodicals: "Wesleyan Methodist," "Wesleyan Missionary" Ofi&cer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 201 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bombay), Japan. Africa: Sierra Leone Also work in the United States and Canada 95a — ^Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America OflBce: Brighton, Michigan Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. W. L. Northam, Sheridan, Indiana Vice-Pres., Mrs. Anna K. Folger, Central, South Carolina Rec. Sec, Mrs. Elizabeth Ayres Cor. Sec, Mrs. Mable Perrine Treas., Mrs. Clara Wilson Periodical: "The Wesleyan Missionary." Editor, Mrs. Nellie Butterfield, 330 East Onondaga Street, Syracuse, New York. Price, S-So Treas., Mrs. Clara Wilson Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bombay). Africa: Sierra Leone Also work in the United States METROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSOCIATION 96 — Burning Bush Mission (BBM) (1909) Office: Fountain Spring House, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Cable: Harvey- Secretary, Mrs. E. L. Harvey- Periodical: "The India Burning Bush" (India). Editor, Rev. J. S. Whipple. Price, R.3 ($1.50 to U. S.) Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Central Provinces, United Provinces) MORAVIAN CHURCH 97 — Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen (Mor-us) (i745)C') Office: 67 West Church Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Executive Officers: Pres., Bishop C. L. Moench, D.D. *Vice-Pres., Treas., and Sec. of Missions, Rev. Paul de Schweinitz, D.D. Sec, Rev. John S. Romig, D.D. Periodical: "The Moravian." Editor, Rev. Charles D. Kreider, 2424 Marshall Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fields : Latin America : West Indies : Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands (U. S.), St. Christopher, Antigua, Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago), Santo Domingo. Central America: Nicaragua. South America: British GuianaQ'), Dutch Guianai^). The Non- Christian World: Asia: IndiaQ') {Kashmir, Punjab), Syria{^). Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province^, German East AfricaQ") Also work in the United States for Indians, in Alaska for Eskimos, and in Labrador for Eskimos (») At this writing (November, 1919) the Society is not under the direction of the , Mission der Brudergemeine (International), which, although stiU in existence, has ceased to function. For the present the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen is acting independently, and is so entered above (^) Fields of the Moravian Church which are aided by the American Society, either ► by direct support of native evangelists, institutions, etc., or by grants in aid (")^"A grant is made to the Aussatzigen Asyl "Jesushilfe" in Jerusalem ♦ Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 202 UNITED STATES NAZARENE CHURCH 98 — General Board of Foreign Missions, Church of the Nazarene (PCN) (1897) Ofifice: 2109 Troost Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri Executive Officers: Gen. Sup., Rev. H. F. Reynolds, D.D. *Sec. and Treas., Rev. Elmer G. Anderson Periodical: "Other Sheep." Editor, Rev. Elmer G. Anderson. Price, ^.25 Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba. Central Amer- ica: .Guatemala. South America: Argentine Republic, Peru. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (ChihH, Shantung), India (Bengal, Berar, Bombay), Japan. Africa: Cape Verde Islands, Swaziland Also work in the United States NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH 99 — ^Board of Home and Foreign Missions of the General Convention of the New Jerusalem in the United States of America (NJ) Office: 3 West 29th Street, New York City Executive Officers: Pres., Ezra Hyde Alden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania *Sec., Rev. Paul Sperry, 1437 Q Street, Washington, D. C. Treas., Lloyd A. Frost, Cambridge, Massachusetts Periodical: "The New Church Messenger." Editor, Rev. John S. Saul. Price, $3.00 (weekly issue) Fields: e) (•) This Society assists work in Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain. Sweden, Switzerland, and British Guiana. A missionary in Japan is maintained PENIEL MISSIONS 100 — Peniel Missionary Society (PMS) (1895) Office: 227 South Main Street, Los Angeles, California Secretary, Rev. T. P. Ferguson Periodical: "Peniel Herald" Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung), India (Bombay). Africa: Egypt Also work in the United States PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD loi— Pentecost Bands of the World (PBW) (1896) Office: no Virginia Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana Mission Secretary, Miss Stella Bare Periodical: "The Herald of Light." Price, )55i.oo Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica. The Non-Christian Worid: Asia: India (Central Provinces), Japan Also work in tlie United States * OflBcer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified UNITED STATES 203 101 a— Pentecost Faith Mission (PFM) {"■) Office: 941 I Street, Bedford, Indiana Executive Officers: Supt., W. S. Craig Asst. Supt., Lewis E. Glenn Sec, Rena M. Brown Periodical: "Missionary Holiness Herald." Price, $.50 Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Egypt (a) This Society was connected formerly with the Pentecost Bands of the World, but of late has carried on its work in Egypt independently PRESBYTERIAN, ASSOCIATE REFORMED 102 — Board of Foreign Missions of the Associate Reformed Presby- terian Church (ARP) (1873) Office: Due West, South Carolina Executive Officers: Pres., Rev. F. Y. Pressly, D.D. *Sec., Rev. G. G. Parkinson, D.D. Periodical: "The Associate Reformed Presb5rterian" Fields: Latin America: Mexico. The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Punjab) PRESBYTERIAN, ASSOCIATE SYNOD 103 — Associate Presbyterian Church (APC) (1882) (^) Office: 210 South Second Street, Albia, Iowa Secretary, Rev. A. M. Malcolm Periodical: "Associate Presbyterian Magazine." Editor, Rev. D. J. Mason, Washington, Iowa. Price, $2.00 (a) The foreign missionary work of this church is in connection with that of the United Original Secession Church of Scotland PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLAND 104 — Woman's Board of Missions of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPW) (1880) Office: American Trust Building, Evansville, Indiana Executive Officers: Pres., Mrs. Johnie Massey Clay *Sec. and Treas., Mrs. Mary M. Graf Periodicals: "Cumberland Presbyterian. "('^) (Weekly). Price, $1.50. Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung) Also work in the United States for Chinese (a) Mrs. Walter Crawford, Paris, Tennessee, edits a Woman's Board Department PRESBYTERIAN IN UNITED STATES (SOUTH) 105 — ^Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church m the United States (PS) (1861) (American Presbyterian Mission, South) Office: P. O. Box 330, Nashville, Tennessee Executive Officers: Chmn,, Rev. James L. Vance, D.D. * Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given above, unless otherwise specified 204 UNITED STATES ♦Exec. Sec, Rev. Egbert W. Smith, D.D. For. Cor. Sec, Rev. S. H. Chester, D.D. Field Sees., Rev. H. F. Williams, D.D., Rev. Charles H. Pratt Ed. Sec, Rev. John I. Armstrong Treas., Edwin F. Willis Periodical: "The Missionary Survey." Man. Ed., Wade C. Smith, 6 North 6th Street, Richmond, Virginia(''). Price, $.75 ($.50 in clubs of five or more) Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba. South America: Brazil. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Kiangsu), Chosen, Japan. Africa: Belgian Congo Also work in the United States for Mexicans (•) A special department, "Foreign Missions," is edited by the Rev. S. H. Chester, D.D. losa — Woman's Auxiliary of the Presbjrterian Church in the United States (1912) Office: 257-259 Field Building, St. Louis, Missouri Superintendent, Mrs. W. C. Winsborough Periodical: "The Missionary Survey." Man. Ed., Wade C. Smith(a), 6 North 6th Street, Richmond, Virginia. Price, li.oo (|.7S in clubs of five or more) Fields: Latin America: MexicoQ>). West Indies: CubaQ^). South America: BrazilQ^). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China{h) (.Chekiang, Kiangsu), Chosen(^), Japani,^). Africa: Belgian Congo{^) Also work in the United States for Mexicans^''), CubansC"!), SyriansC*!), Chinese(<^), IndiansC-J), NegroesC*!) and Whites(^) (*) A special department, "The Woman's AuxiUary," is edited by Mrs. W. C. Wins- borough C*) Under the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States («) Under the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the Uriited States and the Executive Committee of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (not entered in this Directory) ( ^^ Donors Sources •S^ttfO^ y H .^WhJZ si |J,^i LUTHERAN, DANISH 6? i 2,000 2,000 LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITED 63 Lutheran Danish United Miss. Bd LUTHERAN FREE CHURCH 15.000 15,000 N 64 Lutheran Free Ch. Bd. Miss LUTHERAN, JOINT SYNOD OF OHIO 36,424 33,891 2.533 N 65 Lutheran Ohio Syn. Bd. For. Miss LUTHERAN, NORWEGIAN j 13,804 13.007 797 N 66 Lutheran, Norwegian Bd. For. Miss LUTHERAN SYNOD OF IOWA 292,666 287,578 5,088 N 67 84,265 LUTHERAN SYN. CONFERENCE 68 Lutheran Missouri Syn. Bd. For. Miss LUTHERAN, UNITED 57,958 57,958 N 60 Lutheran Un. Bd. For. Miss t 310,000 310,000 N tqa Lutheran Un. Wo. Miss. Soc t 30,000 50,000 70 Lutheran West Indies Miss. Bd I 50,000 50,000 L 71 Lutheran Augustana China Miss. Soc LUTHERAN INTER-SYNODICAL t 40,000 40,000 N 72 Lutheran Inter-Synodical Orient Miss. Soc MENNONITE AND AMISH MENNONITE t 5.000 5,000 N 73 Mennonite Bd. Miss, and Charities m 55.605 55.605 LN MENNONITE BRETHREN 74 n 90,000 90,000 N MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST 76 United Orphanage and Miss. Soc 80 Mennonite Penn. Conf. Bd. For. Aliss . . P 13,790 13,700 LN MENNONITE, CONF. OF DEFENCELESS 8t 10,000 N MENNONITE, GENERAL CONF. 87 Mennonite Gen. Conf. Bd. For. Miss a,q 50,000 50,000 N MENNONITE (KRIMMER BRUEDER- GEMEINDE) «? N METHODIST EPISCOPAL 81 Methodist Episcopal For. Bd. Miss r 7,348,207 2,006,371 7.281,096 l,QQi,336 ELN 84a Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc 15,035 ELN 8^ Methodist Epis. Ho. Bd. Miss a,s 42,122 a,t 31,386 42,122 31.386 L 86 Methodist Epis. Ho. Wo. Miss. Soc L METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN 87 Methodist Epis. African Miss. Dept a,u 19,425 19,425 LN 87a Methodist Epis. African Wo. Miss. Soc a,t 2,500 2,500 87& 1 Methodist Epis. African Wo. Mite Soc a,t 2,500 2,500 Note. — Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above. * Figures for 1918. t Estimate. ** No data available, tt Incomplete. a Expended on work included in this report only. i Contributed to the Santal Mission of the Northern Churches. j One half of the income for the biennium. k Including $60,000 raised to take over the Neuendettelsau Mission in New Guinea. I Expenditures on the field only. m Not including $234 for Russian Relief. n Including $50,000 for famine relief in con- nection with the mission in India. o Work closed on account of war conditions. All contributions donated to relief in the Near East. p Contributed through the Christian and Missionary Alliance. q Total income, $95,799- r Of this amount $31,601 was contributed di- rectly to the field by the Board of Sunday Schools. Not including $141, 884 for gen- eral relief and $74,700 for the War Council. 5 Total income, $4,831,802. t Total income, $1,156,099. u Total income, $59,504. 267 Table I. Incomes (Continued) ll SOCIETY Total From Living Donors From Other Sources Work in E— Europe L — Latin America N — Non-Christian World 88 METHODIST EPIS. AFRICAN ZION Methodist Epis. Zion Miss. Soc . . a,v 20,000 a,-f 2,500 w 1,202,161 a,x 101,499 a,y 73,153 3.883 86,376 38,793 34.407 *800 a,z 33.660 181,752 0,63.970 4-474 a,t 10,000 t 20,000 a,c 823 05.031 871.203 d 2,744,807 e 137,272 33,095 f 303,027 46,959 g 17,721 h 179,831 20,000 2,500 1,116,101 101,499 73,153 3.883 83,120 38,793 34.407 800 33.660 177.060 3.970 2,513 10,000 20,000 823 2,624 765.119 2,328,903 124,106 33,095 272,518 46,817 15,471 166,762 86,060 3.256 4,692 1,961 2.407 106,084 415.904 13,166 30,509 142 2,250 13,069 LN 88a 80 Methodist Epis. Zion Wo. Miss. Soc METHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH Methodist Epis. South Bd. Miss LN 90 METHODIST, FREE Methodist Free Gen. Miss. Bd LN 90fl Meth. Free Wo. For. Miss. Soc 91 METHODIST, PRIMITIVE Methodist Primitive For. Miss. Soc 92 METHODIST, PROTESTANT Methodist Protestant Bd. For. Miss N 93 95 Methodist Protestant Wo. For. Miss, Soc METHODIST, WESLEYAN Methodist Weslevan Am. Miss. Soc. N N 06 METROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSN. Burning Bush Mission N 97 MORAVIAN CHURCH Moravian Church L 98 NAZARENE CHURCH Xazarene Ch.. Gen. Miss. Bd LN 99 NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH New Jerusalem Ch., Bd. Miss 100 PENIEL MISSIONS Peniel Miss. Soc LN lOI PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD Pentecost Bands of the World LN 102 103 PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMED Presbyterian Asso. Ref. Bd. For. Miss PRESBYTERIAN, ASSOCIATE SYNOD Presbyterian Associate Church LN 104 105 106 PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLAND Presbyterian Cumberland Wo. Bd. Miss PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. (SOUTH) Presby., Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South) PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A. (NORTH) Presbyterian For. Miss. Bd N LN LN 1 06a io6b io6c io6d io6e 106/ Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. ( New York) Presby. Wo. Occidental Bd. For. Miss Presby. Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Philadelphia Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss., Southwest Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss., North Pacific 1 Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss., Northwest LN LN LN LN LN LN iVo/e.— Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above. * Figures for 19 18. t Estimate. ** No data available, tt Incomplete. a Expended on work included in this report only, V Total income, $40,000. w Not including I684 for war relief and 12,227 for Armenian relief, X Total income, $137,685. y Not including $8,869 from Canada, and $445 contributed for relief in the Near East. % Not including $909 from Canada, Total income about $50,000. b Total income, $10,596. c Expended through the Original Secession Church of Scotland. d This includes the total amount raised by the Women's Boards, though only $556,- 573 was expended by those Societies through the Board of Foreign Missions. e Not including $17,853 for war relief and $88,000 for relief in the Near East. / Not including $2,139 for relief in the Near East. g Not including $65 for relief in the Near East and $240 for Chinese work in Port- land, Oregon, h Not including $270 for relief work in the Near East, 268 Table I. Incomes (Continued) From From De America Christian rid l> SOCIETY Total Living Others m uro atin on- Wc Donors Sources Work E— E L— L N— ^ PRESBYTERUN IN THE U. S. A. (NORTH) /n *: ^A\ 107 Presbyterian Home Miss. Bd a,i 80,118 80,118 L TO8 Presbyterian Home Wo. Bd. Miss a,j 61, 354 61,354 L PRESBYTERIAN, REFORMED 109 Presbyterian (Covenanter) Bd. For. Miss PRESBYTERIAN, REF. GEN. SYNOD k 50,380 50,380 N 110 Presbyterian, Reformed, Gen. Syn. Bd. For. Mis. PRESBYTERIAN, UNITED 8,241 8,241 N III Presbyterian United, Bd. For. Miss 525,798 452,066 73.732 N Presbyterian United, Wo. Miss. Soc a,l 148,640 141,682 6,714 N PRESBYTERIAN, WELSH CALVINISTIC METHODIST 112 Calvinistic Methodist Miss. Soc a,m 14,703 14,703 N REFORMED, CHRISTIAN "3 Reformed Christian, Bd. For. Miss n REFORMED IN AMERICA 114 Reformed Bd. For. Miss 374.949 359-865 iS.084 N II4& Reformed Wo. Bd. For. Miss . . ioq,8q8 101,552 6,346 REFORMED IN THE U. S. 115 Reformed Bd. For. Miss 248,619 235.153 13,466 N 115a Reformed Wo. Miss. Soc 23,316 SALVATION ARMY 116 Salvation Army a,p 49,124 49.124 LN SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCE 117 68,490 68,490 LN SCHWENKFELDER 119 Schwenkfelder. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc SWEDISH FREE CHURCH 0.3 953 953 N 120 Swedish Evang. Free Ch. U. S. of N. A SWEDISH MISSION COVENANT ** 121 a,r 41,795 41.795 N UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST 122 United Brethren For. Miss. Soc 177.205 173.244 3.961 LN 122a United Brethren Wo. Miss. Assn UNITED BRETHREN (OLD CONSTITUTION) 65,357 65,026 331 123 United Brethren Dom. Fro. and For. Miss a,s 7.644 7.644 N 1230 t 1,200 1,200 UNIVERSALIST 124 Universalist General Convention fl.t 19,993 -t 6,34c 19.158 5,550 83s 835 N 124a Universalist Wo. Nat'l Miss. Assn N INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) 125 American Bible Society a,<,t 300,00c 300,00c LN 126 American Tract Society a 7.097 7.097 Note. — Figures in italics are included in the m Total income, $19,26 3. totals of the main society above. n First report not rece ved. * Figures for 1918. This includes the total raise d by the t Estimate. Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, ** No data available. though only $83,5 57 was ex pended by tt Incomplete. that Society throu gh the Boc ird of For- Expended on work included in this report eign Missions. only. p Total income of the Self Denia 1 Fund for i Total income, ^962,743. Home and Foreign Missions, $118,548. j Total income, |667,53i. q Total income, $12,09 8. k Not including $17,003 for relief in the r Total income, $48,73 5. Near East. 5 Total income, $I9,55 5. Total Income, $302,969. / Total inc ome, $912,3 07. 269 Table I. Incomes (Continued) SOCIETY Total From Living Donors From Other Sources 6 ^T3 Oh 127 129 130 131a 133 135 136 138 139 140 141 141a 142 143 144 145 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) — (Continued) Christian Endeavor Union, World's Federal Council of the Churches Federation Wo. Bds. For. Miss For. Miss. Conf ., Conun. of Ref. and C Latin America Com. on Cooperation Lepers' Miss. Amer. Com Methodist Publishing House, China '. . Student Volunteer Movement Sunday School Assn., World's W. C. T. U., World's Y. M. C. A. Intemat'l Com. For. Dept Princeton Mission Y. W. C. A. National Bd. For. Dept INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educational) Am. Univ. at Cairo Madras Women's Christian College Nanking Univ., Trustees Pierson Mem. Bib. Sch., Seoul Union Miss. Med. Col. for Women Wo. Christian Med. Col. Amer. Aux INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational) Africa Inland Mission Algerian Miss. Band, Women's Am. and For. Christian Union Armenia and India Relief Assn Bible Faith Mission Bolivian Indian Mission, N. Y. Br Bolivian Indian Miss., Pacific Coast Br Broadcast Tract Press Central American Mission Ceylon and India Gen. Miss., Am. Com , China Inland Miss. Coun. for N. A Christian Herald Miss. Fund Churches of God, Wo. Miss. Soc.f Evangel Mission Gospel Miss. Soc Harvard Mission Holiness National Assn., Bur. Miss Inland So. American Miss. Un International Medical Miss. Soc International Miss. Union a,u 9.968 » 355.178 X 56.437 y 17,615 40.304 w z 6o,9S7 41.899 *S.SiS b 912,009 20,000 107.572 14,007 c 13.136 c 42,407 1.565 c 7,579 * 1,293 90,340 1.550 4,430 d 64.273 4,54 4,484 9,968 355,178 56,000 17,615 40,304 51,757 41,899 5-515 907,372 20,000 107.572 10,601 13.136 41,934 1,565 7.579 1,293 90,340 1.550 4,430 62,148 4,541 4,484 42. Ill 12,306 124,117 ^a,e 22,000 3,227 4,790 * 2,633 1,500 * 18,535 28,772 5,775 R 42,111 12,306 124. 117 22,000 3,000 4,790 2,633 1,500 18.535 28.772 5,775 437 9.200 4,637 3,406 473 2,125 LN LN ELN N LN N N N Note. — Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above. * Figures for 1918. t Estimate. ** No data available, tt Incomplete. a Expended on work included in this report only. M Foreign Fund only. V Expended upon the rehabilitation of Prot- estant churches abroad, principally in Europe. w No income except from constituent mis- sionary societies. X Not including 1 17,51 5 contributed by the constituent missionary societies. y In addition to the grants from constituent, missionary societies. % Not including ^2,500 from Canada. b Not including jj8,822 from Canada. c Income in addition to grants from co- operating Boards. d Expended for the support of orphans who are carerl for by the regular missionary societies, but not included in the in- comes of the.se societies. e Expended through regular missionary so- cieties. / Formerly connected with the General El- dership of the Churches of God. g No income except from constituent mis- sionary Societies. 270 Table I. Incomes (Continued) O IJ Physi- cians 3 e2 UNITED STATES I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 TOTALS — UNITED STATES 214 79 29 73 33 3 3.884 25 29 33 34 36 39 43 45 450 456 58 42 §4 840 141 152 192 ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY Adventist, Seventh- Dav Denom.* BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTION Baptist American For. Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY Baptist Seventh Day Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION Baptist Southern For. Miss. Bd BRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE (DUNKER) 86 6 4 3 4 23 45 7 6 14 13 4 12 4 27 2 2 I 2 7 16 14 5 I 2 18 2 ... "x 2 I 5 34 2 2 I I 6 IS 4 6 2 7 I 8 13 7 6 4 4 IS? 2,S07 28 BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH Brethren Missionaries*, c CHURCH OF GOD Church of God, Miss. Bd CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES American Bd. Comm. For. Miss Wo. Bd. Miss., Boston 172 Wo. Bd. Miss., Interior DISCIPLES OF CHRIST Christian, For. Miss. Soc EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION Evangelical Assn. Miss. Soc METHODIST EPISCOPAL Methodist Episcopal For. Bd. Miss Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc. . . INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) Y. M. C. A. Intemat'l Com. For. Dept. . INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational) Am. and For. Christian Union 167 840 9 INDEPENDENT (Educational) Gould Ho. and Industrial Sch., Rome. . . Note. — Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above. * Figures for 1918. t Estimate. ** No data available. tt Incomplete. Table III. Latin America. The West Indies^ [GRAND TOTALS— CANADA & U.S . .11,5871 487I 2i6| 530I 3541 2o| 5I 4il 2,681^ CANADA 12345678 ITOTALS— CANADA BAPTIST Baptist, Canadian For. Miss. Bd . . CHURCH OF ENGLAND Church of England, Miss. Soc.a . . 1 46 1 x6 6 16 8 •• •• 1 12 5 S 2 I I a Working under the South American Missionary Society (England). 272 Tut key^ in Europe NATIVE STAFF CHURCH 2 S MEDICAL c •3 « 1 rt 3 1-1 CJ A cut. 111 •ft 1 1 •3S J 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 590 3,205 89 265,944 249,969 4,290 11,685 2,792 1,579,049 2S 29 33 34 36 39 43 45 450 456 48 52 84 84a 141 152 192 32 25 13 43 167 310 a 125 6 2,507 3 49 521 i 50 9 9 10,695 143,986 96 1,419 243 3.806 2.043 24,119 79,337 200 10.695 143,986 96 1,369 243 3,806 2,043 24,119 63,412 200 so 4.240 ii,68s 81 345 1,830 400 476 60 98,352 931.499 411 2.139 1,408 12,777 4,661 522,802 5.000 a May include women. b Includes some ordained men and some women. c No data available, except for staflf. Mexico, Central America, South America t Estimate. 273 6I41 1,464 6031 202,8711 136,4801 46,847 19,544! 56,9501 III 19 94,8l9l 649,616 fc,..Ji 10 II 12 13 14 15 17 17 18 19 20 21 7l 277 138I 8,9711 1,7291 7,2i7l 25I 14,1451 ..| ..| 11,890 I 2 88 63 25 t40 t 100 Table III. Latin America. The West Indies, SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Indudeu ? j« 3 ■3 II 1 ^ Is Physi- cians ll g c 3 e2 CANADA (Continued) ' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 21 PRESBYTERIAN Presbyterian Ch., Canada, Bd. For. Miss. INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational) San Pedro Miss. Canadian Com 27 6 II 3 3 8 3 5 6 422 1 UNITED STATES I TOTALS— UNITED STATES | 1,541! 471 1 2io| sul 3461 2o| 5I 4i| 25 33 39 43 45 45a 45^ 46 48 49 60 ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY Adventist Seventh-Day Denom.* BAPTIST NATIONAL CONVENTION Lott Carey Bapt. For. Miss. Soc Baptist, National For. Miss. Bd.* BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTION Baptist American Ho. Miss. Soc Baptist American Ho. Wo. Miss. Soc . . . BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY Baptist, Seventh Day Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION Baptist Southern, For. Miss. Bd Baptist Southern, Ho. Miss. Bd.* BRETHREN CHURCH (Progressive) Brethren For. Miss. Soc BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH Brethren Missionaries*. d CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCE Christian and Missionary Alliance CHRISTIAN CHURCH Christian Church For. Miss. Bd CHURCH OF GOD Church of God. Miss. Bd CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES American Bd. Comm. For. Miss Wo. Bd. Miss., Boston Wo. Bd. Miss., Interior American Miss. Assn DISCIPLES OF CHRIST Christian, For. Miss. vSoc./ Christian Wo. Bd. Miss EPISCOPAL Protestant Epis., Dom. For. Miss. Soc. . FRIENDS (ORTHODOX) Friends American Bd. For. Miss Friends California Bd. Miss HOLINESS CHURCH (INTERNAT'L APOSTOLIC) Holiness Inter'l Apos. Bd. For. Mi.ss.*. . . 197 12 8 29 26 2 113 13 8 IS 35 3 8 IS 3 2 12 3 29 91 41 10 37 5 6 13 I 55 7 4 13 I 4 4 3 2 10 25 A; ID 71 4 8 3 I I 14 4 67 I 2 14 I 53 4 4 7 13 I 4 5 3 I 10 t20 g 10 i I 22 •26 5 2 6 I 5 3 2 5 "s 32 g2I J 6 8 I I I I 3 4 I Note. — Figures in italics are included in totals of the main society above. * Figures for 191 8. t Estimate. ** No data available. tt Incomplete the b Trinidad only. c Probably includes some women teachers. d No data available, except for staff. c This vSociety makes use of schools con- ducted by other organizations. 274 Mexico, Central America , South America (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH III sis. MEDICAL II h 1 of. c3 3 M 3 •a Jl OCQO 13 'p. 1 5 X: 3 IS 61 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 9 21 bi b 277 6138 8,883 1,666 7,217 6 14,105 b 11,790 607I i,i87l 465! 193,9001 i34,7Si| 39,6301 19.S19I 42,8051 III 19I 94,8191 9 c x8o 40 33 37 113 69 5 23 I I 19 8 6 I 3 I t8 t8 t3 8 ti8 t4 3 10 4 2 I IS 45 3 55 69 24 6 h42 44 7 12 14 2 I 12 .... 6,504 t 100 350 6,379 25.737 2,734 2,695 417 1,156 915 233 4.452 10,614 4.844 1,037 890 6,504 t 100 350 6,379 22,649 2.734 2,006 356 1.156 801 233 4.030 7.087 1,594 1,037 890 3.088 422 3,527 689 61 3,250 705 t 200 2.123 758 645 45 1.456 2.321 1,243 t 15,000 t 5,000 3.071 19,041 / Work discontinued in Cuba in 191 8. g Among the wives and unmarried women are five recorded ministers. h Probably includes a few women. i Recorded minister. j Including one recorded minister. k Includes both ordained men and ordained women. I Probably includes some Bible Women. 275 Table III. Latin America. The West Indies, ^6 SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF. Included in Columns 1-3 Physi- cians •n F^52 -S .s 'c3 fn d 3 > cd g If S 2 OS t^s ^ S ^ c^^ UNITED STATES (Cont.) i 70 73 80 84 84^1 85 86 87 88 89 90 97 98 100 lOI 102 105 106 io6« io6h io6c I06r/ io6e 106/ 107 108 117 122 LUTHERAN, UNITED Lutheran West Indies Miss. Bd MENNONITE AND AMISH MENNONITE Mennonite Bd. Miss, and Charities MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST Mennonite Penn. Conf. Bd. For. Miss.n . . METHODIST EPISCOPAL Methodist Episcopal For. Bd. Miss Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc. . . Methodist Epis. Ho. Bd. Miss Methodist Epis. Ho. Wo. Miss. Soc METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN Methodist Epis. African Miss. Dept METHODIST EPIS., AFRICAN ZION Methodist Epis. Zion Miss. Soc.** METHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH Methodist Epis. South Bd. Miss METHODIST, FREE Methodist Free Gen. Miss. Bd MORAVLA.N CHURCH Moravian Church _^^. NAZARENE CHURCH Xazarene Ch., Gen. Miss. Bd PENIEL MISSIONS Peniel Miss. Soc PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD Pentecost Bands of the World* PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMED Presbyterian Assoc. Ref. Bd. For. Miss.* PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. (SOUTH) Presbv., Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South). PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A. (NORTH) Presbyterian For. Miss. Bd Preshy. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. (N. Y.). Wo. Occidental Bd. For. Miss. Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Phila. . . Wo. Bd. For. Miss., Southwest Wo. Bd. Miss.. North Pacific. Preshy. Wo. Bd. Miss., Northwest . . . Presbyterian Home Miss. Bd Presbyterian Home Wo. Bd. Miss SALVATION ARMY Salvation Army SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCE Scandinavian Alliance Miss UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST United Brethren For. Miss. Soc Preshy. Preshy. Preshy. Preshy. 4 7 161 15 10 5 tt25 136 8 6S 16 7 I 2 54 132 8 7 21 12 I 20 tl7 23 14 tt8 W7 j^ote. — Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above. ♦ Figures for 191 8. ^^ , ^ ., , , t Estimate. ** No data available. tt Incomplete. m Including three missionary deaconesses, n Under the Christian and Missionary Al- liance. 276 Me xico, Central America , South America (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH %^ MEDICAL ri4 >> -s ■n y "c3 c ^S^ vj. .§1 a § G II 1^ 1 -.^U^ ^d^ 6 Other Baptiz Christ Under Instru for Ba •a 1 13 0^ 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 1- 19 20 21 70 14 7 4.955 2,387 2.428 140 207 2 2 160 73 80 4 84 83 205 83 20,284 10,508 1.547 8.229 7.443 I I t 5.000 209,257 84a 83 3,116 ^5 8 20 5,792 3,094 324 2,374 2,117 86 I 6 350 87 10 3 .... tt I.S99 1.570 29 851 662 88 89 84 8 14.796 14.796 3.790 I 1,510 41.449 90 ... 2 4 226 79 147 634 97 22 138 **.... 43.277 16,070 25.103 2,104 11,812 98 II 8 272 216 56 55 I 2,100 100 I 2 9 lOI I 178 .. 102 6 .... .... 600 los 27 10 18 11,236 7.399 2,438 1.399 1,845 I I t 5,000 27,609 106 106a io6b 28 109 121 12.543 11,271 610 662 3.S16 2 1,950 29,831 io6c io6d io6fi 106/ .... 107 21 P31 IS 4.46s 4.46s 9.607 108 39 1,050 I 3 31,987 ii6 117 ... 122 4 9 3 1.867 1.459 408 4 2,703 Not including Brazil, as converts belong to the National Presbyterian Church of Brazil. p Probably includes a number of ordained men. 277 Table HI. Latin America. The West Indies, SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included .'■«. H 6^ h 1 ^ II Physi- cians II ll c 3 e2 UNITED STATES (Cont.) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 125 INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) American Bible Society 10 2 57 12 37 6 2 18 4 I 15 I 29 3 2 I 5 27 3 13 1 8 2 12 I 9 4 I •• 139 140 Sunday School Assn., World's W. C. T. U., World's * I 141 142 155 TS8 Y. M. C. A. Intemat'l Com. For. Dept. . Y. W. C. A. National Bd. For. Dept. . . . INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational) Bolivian Indian Mission. N. Y. Br.**. . . Bolivian Indian Miss., Pacific Coast Br.g ■■96 •■23 168 183 194 Inland So. American Miss. Un.g Steams' Church and Bible Classes INDEPENDENT (Educational) g Missionaries sent out from America only. Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey GRAND TOTALS— CANADA & U. S. . 9,739 2,534 1,185 3.098 2,922 410 190 185 49,388 CANADA I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TOTALS— CANADA 806 200 76 240 290 41 27 6 1,999 I 2 BAPTIST Baptist, Canadian For. Miss. Bd CHURCH OF ENGLAND 92 62 30 6 II 10 260 66 237 J 43 5 25 17 6 63 60 3 I 26 26 23 14 2 4 80 74 74 41 30 30 6 85 66 77 6cj 5 4 I 14 20 6 I 4 2 9 7 1 5 780 66 20 4 5 Ch. of EriKland, Wo. Aux. Miss. .Soc. . . CONGREGATIONAL Congregational Canadian Wo. Bd. Miss. HOLINESS Holiness Movement Church 2 51 6 8 8a l^ II MENNONITES Menn. Brethren. Ont. Conf. Miss. Soc*. METHODIST Methodist Church. Canada. Miss. Soc... Methodist Ch., Canada, Wo. Miss. Soc. PRESBYTERIAN Presbyterian Ch., Canada. Bd. For. Miss. Presby. Ch., Canada. Wo. Miss. Soc.(W) INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) Y. W. C. A., Canada. For. Dept 254 107 846 Note. — Figures in italics are included in the t Estimate. totals of the main society above. ** No data availaljlc. ♦ Figures for 1918. ft Incomplete. 278 Mexico, Central America, South America (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH MEDICAL •a Vs nS 1° s .2 1^ 1 6S h i 1 Total of Columns 14. 15. 16 c s 6 III orao a 1 ■ft 1 a IS 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 I2S 140 141 142 .... 155 156 r96 .... S.500 S.500 ** I 2 1 5.000 1,620 168 183 ... .... 194 I 16 6 994 r Includes some ordained men and some women. in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania 3,618 32,145 13,625 1,602,414 835,459 226,196 540,759 678,562 316 556 4,096,338 1,522,553 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 59 1,562 378 48,216 27,263 5,974 14,979 24,613 30 58 466,694 27,620 2 20 4 5 6 8 8a %^ II 4 I 14 8 32 540 50 35 123 h 814 236 15 2 2 123 107 . . . . 13,552 370 2,965 a 7.666 22,122 11,552 370 1.375 1,863 10,562 1,240 211 4.523 2,000 350 5,592 7.037 t 9,500 653 410 7,119 2,850 6,843 796 6 I 8 I 15 7 10 2 "' 8 21 9 59.610 tt 4.500 116,339 9,850 264,267 117,568 3,377 6,302 a 8,604 9.337 a Not including data for Japan, as converts are members of the Nippon Methodist Kyokwai Qapan Methodist Church). b Includes some women also. 279 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included in 1 1c 1 'H si Si Physi- cians s ii c e2 CANADA (Continued) ' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 14 15 INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educational) Wo. Christian Med. Col., Toronto Com.c INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational) Ceylon and India Gen. Miss., Can. Br.c,* China Inland Miss., Canadian Br.c 9 I 22 4 20 I 21 15 20 10 I I 5 2 UNITED STATES I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TOTALS— UNITED STATES . . . 8,933 2,334 1,109 2,858 2,632 369 163 179 47,389 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29a 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 ADVENT CHRISTIAN Advent, American Miss. Soc 16 7 450 2 6 20 779 224 12 16 212 77 6 33 26 261 9 22 5 2 72 I 4 9 228 6 3 72 23 2 II 77 4 6 163 55 9 3 I II 20 5 2 186 I I 6 267 3 3 76 24 2 II 7 08 4 7 5 3 29 I 4 229 224 2 9 55 27 2 10 8 96 I 8 I 2 I 34 12 3 *i 23 12 3 2 1 60 Advent, Wo. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY Adventist, Seventh-Day Denomination * BAPTIST, GENERAL Baptist, General For. Miss. Soc* BAPTIST, NATIONAL CONVENTION Lott Carey, Bapt. For. Miss. Soc Baptist National For. Miss. Bd.* BAPTIST, NORTHERN CONVENTION Baptist Amer. For. Miss. Soc SI 882 3 6 72 6,996 Baptist Amer. For. Wo. Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SCANDINAVIAN Baptist Scandinavian Denom . 2,300 17 BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY Baptist, Seventh Day Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION Baptist Southern For. Miss. Bd BRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE (DUNKER) 20 546 247 BRETHREN CHURCH (Progressive) BRETHREN IN CHRIST (TUNKERS) Brethren in Christ For. Miss. Bd BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH Brethren Missionaries/,* CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCE Christian and Missionary Alliance CHRISTIAN CHURCH Christian Church For. Miss. Bd CHURCH OF GOD Church of God, Miss. Bd 24 568 17 73 Note. — Figures in italics are included in the t Estimate. totals of the main society above. *♦ No data available. * Figures for 1918. tt Incomplete. 280 in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH III MEDICAL 1 6^ .s Ij 1 S - ^^M a .Si Ji orao ^4 1 CO .2 Q % 10 II 12 13 14 15 x6 17 18 19 20 21 12 14 15 22 ... .... 2 1,541 1.541 '""88 17 21.978 10 " 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 3,559 30,583 13,247 1,554,198 808,196 220,222 525,780 653,949 286 498 3,629,644 1,521,906 23 24 25 26 11 29 29a 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 12 3 19 I 2 20 443 5 68 7 7 13 48 40 32 d863 2 ■*28 4.712 1,043 4 13 354 20s 23 455 I 12 8 16 4 24 1,841 8 7 124 35 I 106 3 13 1,200 205 7,703 60 t 1,000 20,312 188,710 124 28,140 3.088 1 1.503 10,671 1,404 1,100 205 7.703 60 1,000 20,312 188,710 124 25.643 2,993 t6oo 8,525 1,283 t TOO 2,497 95 t903 2,146 121 1,000 910 10,223 150 450 87,386 35,372 t24i 13.217 2,663 t 1,004 6,366 g 100 26 15 14 I 3 «30 I 83 20 I 15 5 100 320,396 143,018 4.947 126,227 30,437 137 86,343 250 500 259,815 200 535 44.407 590 ti.921 7,827 1,671 c Missionaries sent out from Canada only. d Probably includes some women. e May include some hospitals. / No_ data available, except for staff. g This Society makes use of schools con- ducted by other organizations. 281 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included in Columns 1-5 Physi- cians V, •d B Si 'S c C HS 1c 51 ^ ^ B G 1 UNITED STATES (Cont.) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 44a 45 45a 45* 45c 46 48 49 50 51 52 52a 53 54 55 5^ 58 59 CHURCHES OF GOD, GENERAL ELDERSHIP Churches of God, Miss. Bd Churches of God, Wo. Gen. Miss. Soc. . CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES American Bd. Comm. For. Miss Wo. Bd. Miss., Boston Wo. Bd. Miss., Interior Wo. Bd. Miss., Pacific American Miss. Assn.h DISCIPLES OF CHRIST Christian, For. Miss. Soc Christian, Wo. Bd. Miss EPISCOPAL Prot. Epis. Dom. and For. Miss. Soc. . . . EPISCOPAL, REFORMED Reformed Epis. Bd. For. Miss.* EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION Evangelical Assn. Miss. Soc Evangelical Assn. Wo. Miss. Soc EVANGELICAL, UNITED Evangelical Un. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc. EVANGELICAL SYNOD Evangelical For. Miss. Bd FRIENDS (ORTHODOX) Friends Philadelphia For. Miss. Assn. . . . Friends American Bd. For. Miss Friends' Ohio For. Miss. Soc HEPHZIBAH FAITH MISS. ASSN. Hephzibah Faith Miss. Assn.* HOLINESS CHURCH (INTERNAT'L APOS.) Holiness Intemat'l Apos. Bd. For. Miss.* LUTHERAN BRETHREN Lutheran Brethren. Bd. Miss LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITED Lutheran Danish United Miss. Bd , LUTHERAN FREE CHURCH Lutheran Free Ch. Bd. Miss LUTHERAN, JOINT SYN. OF OHIO Lutheran Ohio Syn. Bd. For. Miss LUTHERAN, NORWEGIAN Lutheran, Norwegian Bd. I"or. Miss.. . . LUTHERAN SYN. CONFERENCE Lutheran Missouri Syn. Bd. For. Miss.. . LUTHERAN, UNITED Lutheran Un. Bd. For. Miss.*. .... Lutheran Augu^tana China Miss. Soc* . . 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 638 116 84 JO 6 170 3 57 199 2 212 J16 84 10 I 28 16 5 3 16 8 3 5 180 76 75 22 I 71 19 34 34 20 5 4 5 321 75 53 71 122 17 2 4 2 2 I fo 9 9 16 16 2 «3S »I3 2 i 13 7 2 22 10 I 7 4 10 22 7 3 4 I I 5 3Z J 9 J I J 3 J A J 5 2 13 4 4 Is 20 10 3 m 6 I 15 6 5 4 6 3 3 24 10 10 4 I 3 2 I 159 54 9 56 40 7 I 38 20 17 I 125 30 48 9 2 4 41 13 34 4 2 4 Note. — Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above. * Figures for 1918. t Estimate. ** No data available, ft Incomplete. h Missionaries supported under the American Board in Angola. 282 in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF 5^ CHURCH Oj 5 M omo Jn ^ "* 1 O cfi '.S Si ;5^ $ U3^ UNITED STATES (Cont.) 72 73 74 80 81 82 83 84 84a 87 88 89 90 92 93 95 96 98 100 lOI 102 104 105 LUTHERAN INTER-SYNODICAL Luth. Inter-Synodical Orient Miss. Soc.^^.w MENNONITE AND AMISH MENN Mennonite Bd. Miss, and Charities. . . , MENNONITE BRETHREN Mennonite Brethren Ch. For. Miss. . . . MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST Mennonite Pen7i. Conf. Bd. For. Miss.o . MENNONITE, CONFERENCE OF DEFENCELESS Congo Inland Mission MENNONITE, GENERAL CONF. Mennonite Gen. Conf. Bd. For. Miss. . MENNONITE (KRIMMER BRUEDERGEMEINDE) Mennonite China Miss. Soc* METHODIST EPISCOPAL Methodist Epis. For. Bd. Miss Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc. . METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN Methodist Epis. African Miss. Dept METHODIST EPIS. AFRICAN ZION Methodist Epis. Zion Miss. Soc METHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH Methodist Epis. South Bd. Miss METHODIST, FREE Methodist Free Gen. Miss. Bd METHODIST PROTESTANT Methodist Prot. Bd. For. Miss Methodist Prot. Wo. For. Miss. Soc. . . . METHODIST, WESLEYAN Methodist Wesleyan Am. Miss. Soc* . . . METROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSN. Burning Bush Mission * NAZARENE CHURCH Nazarene Ch., Gen. Miss. Bd PENIEL MISSIONS Peniel Miss. Soc PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD Pentecost Bands of the World* PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMED Presbyterian Assoc. Ref. Bd. For. Miss.* PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLAND Prcsby. Cumberland Wo. Bd. Miss PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. (SOUTH) Prcsby., Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South) . . 8 18 9 13 12 27 28 1,220 314 41 5 238 72 15 S 21 12 47 6 20 9 2 6 3 9 5 II 5 313 34 3 60 19 3 I 6 4 16 I 9 2 94 35 3 7 3 2 s II 9 331 4 I 69 22 3 I 7 3 13 2 6 2 117 SI4 514 I I 89 25 9 3 6 3 17 67 41 66 127 30 85 52 13.489 4,897 85 150 661 240 84 33 20 3 79 7 36 20 18 928 Note. — Figiires in italics are included in the t Estimate. totals of the main society above. ** No data available. * Figures for 1918. ft Incomplete. 284 in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF oS o C 0^ CHURCH OpqO .2-- 0^o MEDICAL 13 14 15 i6 17 i8 19 88s 74 20 68 8 SS I05 30 30 7.707 10 130 3463 137 22 22 12 2 49 2 13 12 9 788 4.897 4.897 130 95 699 626 73 ** 7.200 2,200 5.000 2,641 2,084 557 150 100 50 610 610 427 127 300 4II.II3 50,912 120.010 240,191 20,121 20.121 8,000 8,000 27.834 16,206 11,628 4.955 1.844 3.III 3.039 652 2,242 410 197 27 600 215 100 100 1,048 695 353 813 167 28 618 1.836 400 1,200 236 595 595 68,820 35.822 3.733 29,265 939 500 600 750 522 94,434 50,981 821 686 10,324 2,733 1.432 369 250 100 338 26,839 I 4 19.300 I I t 5.000 2 250 4 20,000 I I t500 34 20 42 33 1 469,194 309,194 8 13 m,ss?> I 4 3,700 11,900 I I 400 4 3,402 I 2 11,596 14 14 333,635 Work in abeyance on account of the War. Work all under the Christian and Mis- sionary Alliance. p May include some ordained men and some women. q May include some women. 285 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey o IS 16 15 16 18 19 143 144 145 148 150 154 157 160 162 164 i6s 167 171 173 177 178 180 181 182 ^P 184 188 190 191 196 197 84 3,090 38 II 200 300 10 197 II 27 3 3 3 3.090 24 II 200 300 85 766 35 1,000 42 64 18 t300 I. SIC 856 547 521 950 282 17.509 35.588 6,000 t 500 1 1,000 12,490 '102,911 t 5.000 li: 000 000 26,623 35 2,750 w Missionaries sent out from the United States only. X Not to be confused with the Women's Gen- eral Missionary Society of the General Eldership of the Churches of God (44a) . y Work suspended on account of war con- ditions. 289 INDEXES DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS Beets, Rev. Henry, LL.D. (113) Beezley, Mrs. Beatrice C. (167) Bell, Rev. Enoch F. (45, 4Se) Bell, Rev. Ezra K.. D.D. (69) Bell, Bishop W. M.. D.D. (122) Bender, G. L. (73) Benedict, Elbert L. (58) Bennett, Miss Belle H., LL.D. (89a) Bennett, Mrs. P. S. (108) Bennett, Rev. J. R., D.D. (28) Benton, Miss Elisabeth S. (450) Berry, Rev. George T. (175) Betticher, Rev. Charles E. (50) Bible, Rev. Frank W. (i32aia) Bicknell, A. Ingham (124) Biller, Mrs. George (50a) Bingham, Rev. Rowland V. (21, 22) Birkelund, Rev. J. R., M.D. (66) Bisbee, Rev. F. A., D.D. (124) Bissland, Mrs. W. H. (io6d) Blackwell, Mrs. Annie A. (88a) Blackwell, Mrs. J. H. (27a) Blackwood, Mrs. D. (9a) Blegen, Prof. J. H. (64, 180) Blinn, Miss Vera B. (122a) Bliss, Mrs. Theodora Crosby (i32aib) Boardman, Roger S. (i32aia) Boggs, Samuel W. (i32aib) Bolles, Mrs. C. T. (90a) Bolt, Rev. Ralph (113) Booth, Commander Eva (116) Bovaird, David, M.D. (i32aib) Bowen, Rev. Arthur J. (181) Bradley, Mrs. T. E. D. (io6f) Bradt, Rev. Charles E., D.D. (106) Brearley, Miss Marie L. (51a) Brewer, Miss Henrietta F. (4Sc) Broadwell, Mrs. Samuel J. (188) Brock, Charles R. (30) Brockman, F. S. (141) Brodie, Donald M. (i32aia) Broen, Rev. E. M. (61) Bromer, Rev. Albert S. (115) Bronson, Mrs. F. S. (188) Brookes, Mrs. H. S. (io6d) Brooks, Rev. Charles A. (30) Broomfield, Rev. J. C, D.D. (92) Brown, Rev. Arthur J., D.D. (106) Brown. Rev. C. L., D.D. (69) Brown, Rev. C. S., D.D. (27) Brown, Frank L. (139) Brown, Rena M. (loia) Brown, Mrs. Walter T.. B.A. (8a) Browning, Rev. Webster E., Ph.D (i32aia, 133) Brownlee, Rev. E. A. (15) Brunner, Rev. C. H. (80) Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. Aaberg, Rev. J. C. (62) Achard, Miss A. M. (84a) Alden, Ezra Hyde (99) Alexander, Rev. George, D.D. (106, 194) Allen, Mrs. Ethel M. (124a) Allen, Miss Mary Louise (142) AUgyer, Bishop S. E. (73) Aimer, Rev. A. D. (71) Anderson, Miss Alice T. (31) Anderson, Rev. Elmer G. (98) Anderson, Mrs. G. M. (49) Anderson, Rev. W. B., D.D. (iii) Anderson, W. H. P. (10), (i3S) Anewalt, Mrs. Lewis L. (115a) Ankeney, Hon. Horace (115) Armstrong, Rev. A. E., M.A. (9) Armstrong, Rev. John I. (105) Arnup, Rev. Jesse H., B.A. (8) Atwater, Mrs. Anna R. (47. 49) Avery, Mrs. D. J. (27a) Ayer, Mrs. H. H. (ib) Ayres, Mrs. Elizabeth (9Sa) Babcock, A. S. {zz) Babcock, Mrs. J. H. (33a) Babson, Miss Hester T. (45) Bailey, Miss Annie G. (84a) Baker. Rev. F. L. (90) Baker. Rev. T. P. (9S) Baldwin, Miss Alice H. (179) Baldwin, Mrs. F. A. (114b) Banks, Varian (107) Barbee, Mrs. C. M. (io6e) Bare. Miss Stella (10 1) Barkby. Rev. J. T. (91) Barnes. Henry B. (192) Barnes. Rev. Lemuel C, D.D, (30) Barrett, Mrs. R. M. (26a) Bartholomew. Rev. Allen R., D.D, (115) Barton, Rev. James L., D.D., LL.D. (45, 4Sf, 4Sg, 43h, I3iai, I44. 148) Bauman, Rev. Louis S. (37) Beach, Prof. Harlan P., D.D., F.R.G.S. (163, 179) Beach, Roderick (i3ia9a) Bealer, Mrs. L. May (162) Beard, Rev. Augustus F.. D.D. (46) Beard, Rev. William S. (46) Beatty, Miss Rose (11) Beauchamp, Rev. W. B., D.D. (89) Bechtel, Andrew S. (81) Beck, Rev. C. H., D.D. (92) Becker. Rev. Johs. (67) Beckett, Mrs. M. S. C. (87b) Beede, B. Willis (56) Beegle, Mrs. Helen C. (69a) 293 294 DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS Bryant, Samuel (30) Bunker, Rev. Fred R. (i32aia) Burdick, Rev. Clayton H. (33) Burnham, F. W., D.D. (47) Burrell, Rev. David James, D.D., LL.D. (126. 193) Burroughs, Miss N. H. (28a) Burtt, Rev. Edwin P. (164) Butler, Miss Clementina (179) Butler, Miss Esther H. (58) Butterfield, Mrs. Nellie (pSa) Cadwallader, Mrs. Rawlins (io6b) Cady, Rev. George L., D.D. (46) Calder, Miss Helen B. (45a) Camden, Horace P. (106, 107) Cameron, Allen N. (iS7) Camp, N. H. (177) Campbell, Mrs. G. W. (io6b) Campbell, Mrs. Glen H. (la) Campbell, Mrs. H. C. (iiia) Campbell. Rev. J. W. (5) Carlisle, Rosalind, Countess of (140) Carmichael, M, J. (79) Carpenter, Miss Adella P. (90, 90a) Carr, Mrs. Wilbur J. (172) Carson, William G. (109) Carter, Russell (106, 145) Carty, Miss (19) Case, Miss Esther (89, 89a) Chadsey, Mrs. Maude M. (24) Chamberlain, Rev. Lewis B. (125) Chamberlain, Rev. William I., Ph.D. (114, 114a, 131a, I3ia2, 131b, 144a, 148) Chamberlin. Mrs. E. E. (162) Channel, Mrs. S. J. (87a) Chappell, Mrs. E. B. (89. 89a) Chesnut, Rev, R. W., Ph.D. (no) Chester, Rev. S. H., D.D. (105) Chown, Rev. S. Dwight. D.D. (8) Chrestensen, Rev. Evald (62) Christiansen, Rev, G. B. (63) Christie, Rev. G. A. (s) Clark, Rev. Francis E.. D.D., LL.D. (127) Clark, Rev. Franklin J. (50, 176) Clark, Mrs. George M. (4Sb) Claudon, D. N. (81) Clay, Mrs. Johnie Massey (104) Cleland, Rev. C. S.. D.D. (in) Clinton, J. M. (141) Clowes, Walter F. (150) Cobb. Miss Eliza P. (114b) Cobb. Rev. Henry E.. D.D. (114) Coleman, Mrs. Mary L. (90a) Colgate. Mrs. Gilbert (187) Collins. Mrs. William H. (ss) Colton. E. T. (141) Cook. Mrs. Frank Gaylord (45a) Copp. Miss (19) Coppock, Benjamin S. (57) Corbe. Rev. Zenan M. (70) Corey, Rev. Stephen J.. LL.D. (48. I3ias) Cory, Rev. A. E., D.D. (48) Crafts, Rev. Wilbur F., Ph.D. (171) Craig, W. S. (lOia) Crane, Hon. Charles R. (191) Crane, Miss Helen B. (138) Crawford, Mrs. Walter (104) Crear, David (40) Crosley, Mrs. G. E. (33a) Crouch, S. J. L. (i32aia) Cummings, Mrs. Willoughby, D.C.L. (2, 2a) Cunningham, Mrs. Efiie L. (48, 49) Curry, Rev. J. Q. A., D.D. (53) Cutting, Churchill Hunter (125) Damon, Col. Alexander M. (116) Daniells, Rev. A. G. (25) Daniels, Mrs. C. H. (4Sa) Danner, W. M. (135) Darling, Samuel C. (191) Dauchy, Mrs. S. T. (188) Davis, Rev. Joseph A. (168) Davis, S. H. (33) Davison, Miss Alice M. (io6a, 130) Dawson, Judge (13) Day. Dwight H. (106) Dean, Rev. I. R. (14) Dearing, Rev. W. P. (26) DeForrest, Robert W. (19s) Delano, Eugene (187) Demarest, William T, (114, 114c) Denison, Rev. W. H. (41) Dennett, Mrs. Lena S. (29b) Denovan. Mrs. Alan (19) de Schweinitz, Rev. Paul, D.D. (97. 131a, I3ia6) Devore, Elder D. S. (59) Dietrich, E. G. (95) Diffendorfer, Ralph E. (i32a2) Dimock, Mrs. George E. (175) Divan, Mrs. Emma F. (S3a) Divine, Rev. F. H. (30) Doan. R. A. (48) Dobbins, G. S. (34. 3S) Dodd, Allison (173) Dodd. R. M. (77) Dodge, Bayard (196) Dodge. Cleveland H. (19s) Dodge, Rev. D. Stuart, D.D. (196) Dolfin. Rev. John (113) Donaldson, Mrs. (2a) Dorman. Mrs. Richard A. (187) Dowkontt. Rev. George H., M.D. (169 Downs. Mrs. J. W. (89) Drach. Rev. George (69) Drew. Edward (182) Drew. Miss Florence (182) Dwight. Rev. Franklin B. (149) Dwight. Frederick (192) Dunkelberger. Miss S. C. (183) Dye, Mrs. A. M. (59) East. Mrs. Lida K. (93) Eddy. Rev. D. Brewer (45) Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS 295 Eddy, G. Sherwood (141) Eddy, Mrs. Katherine Willard (142) Edgren, Rev. John (32) Edwards, Mrs. B. F. (io6d) Eleazer, Robert B. (89, 89a) EUett, Mrs. Louise Urton (56a) Elliot, Mrs. Henry R. (io6a, io6b, io6c, io6d, io6e, io6f) Endicott, Rev. James. D.D. (8) Epp, Rev. George E. (52) Erdman, Rev. Paul (i32aia) Eugle, Elder S, G. (38) Fahs, Charles H. (i3ia4) Faithfull, Mrs. Edgar (181) Fancher, Bertram H. (141) Farmer, Rev. Harry (i32aia) Farrar, Rev. James M., D.D. (114c) Fellows, Mrs. N. E. (24) Felton, Mrs. Amelia J. (27a) Ferguson, Rev. T. P. (100) Ferrier, Mrs. W. W. (45c) Finkbeiner, Mrs. J. G. (S3a) Finks, Miss Theodora (108) Fitzwater, Rev. P. B., D.D. (159) Fletcher, Rev. Oliver M. (150) Folger, Mrs. Anna K. (9Sa) Forbes, Mrs. G. Ernest (9a) Forsyth, Rev. D. D., D.D. (85) Foster, Rev. F. M., Ph.D. (109) Fouke, Rev. W. H., D.D. (53) Foulke, William (125) Fowle, Luther R. (195) Fowles, Rev. George M., D.D. (84) Foxcroft, Frederick O. (193) Franklin, Rev. James H., D.D. (29) Franklin, Lewis B. (50) Fries, Mrs. W. O. (122a) Friesen, Rev. John L. (83) Frost, Rev. Henry W. (15, 160) Frost, Lloyd A. (99) Fry, T. Ashton (164) Fuerbringer, Prof. L. (68) Fuessle, Rev. Eugene E. (i32aia) Fullerton, Rev. Baxter P., D.D. (107) Funk, J. A., M.D. (i32aia) Furnas, Elizabeth C. (s6a) Gailey, Rev. Robert R., M.A. (141a) Gamertsfelder, Mrs. S. J. (52) Gandier, Rev. Principal Alfred, M.A., D.D., LL.D. (9. 131a) Garabrant, D. G. (30) Gardiner, David (14, 159) Gardner, Rev. John S., D.D. (114c) Gamsey, E. D. (181) Gates, Rev. Caleb F., D.D., LL.D. (195) Gaylord, A. F. (177) Gaylord, Irving C. (46) Gearhart, William A. (37) Geddes, Mrs. Ross J. (44a) Gilbert. Mrs. Levi (86) Glendinning, R. (177) Glenn, Lewis E. (loia) Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. Glover, Rev. R. H., M.D. (40) Goddard, Rev, O. E., D.D. (89) Good, Rev. James I., D.D., LL.D. (115) Goodwin, Deaconess Henrietta R. (50a) Gordon, Miss Anna Adams (140) Goss, Mrs. John W. (io6e) Goucher, Rev. John F., D.D. (i3ia9) Goudie, Rev. Samuel (6) Gould, Rev. Canon S., M.D. (2) Graebner, Prof. Theo. (68) Graeflf, Miss Lillian C. (53a) Graf, Mrs. Mary M. (104) Graham, A. A.. D.D. (27) Grant, W. Henry (131, iQo) Grantham, James (i32aib) Gravett, Pastor Joshua (157) Gray, Rev. Arthur R., D.D. (50) Gray, Rev. B. D.. D.D. (3S) Griggs, Miss Katharine C. (190) Grose, Rev. Howard B., D.D. (29, 29a, 30, 31) Grubb, Rev. S. M. (82) Gruhler, Mrs. W. J. (S3a) Gynild, Rev. E. E. (64) Hadley, Ross A. (56) Haeffner, Rev. J. (67) Haggard, Rev. Fred. P., D.D. (132a) Haines, Miss Mary M. (S5) Haines, Robert B., Jr. (174) Halford, Col. E. W. (134) Hall, Mrs. P. P. (2a) Hall, William Phillips (126, 181) Halleen, Rev. E. A. (120) Halliday, Miss Vernon (130, 138) Halsey, Rev. A. Woodruff, D.D. (106, I3iaii, 19s) Hamilton, J. D. (89) Hamilton, Dr. L. S. M. (12) Hamilton, Mrs. W. (19) Hancock, Miss Emma R. (142) Handy, Mrs. Mary F. (87b) Hanley, Mrs. C. S. (189) Hanley, Rev. C. S. (189) Hannum, Rev. William H. (i32aia) Hansen, Rev. I. M. (63) Hapgood, Powers (166) Harder, Rev. D. E. (83) Harder, Rev. Gustav (82) Harford, Mrs. L. R. (122a) Harlan, Rolvix, D.D. (30) Harris, Mrs. W. R. (iisa) Harrison, Mrs. Ida W. (49) Hartzler, Rev. H. B., D.D. (53) Harvey, Mrs. E. L. (96) Harvey, Miss Harriet (17s) Haskins, Miss Sara Estelle (89. 89a) Haven, Rev. William I., D.D. (125, 136) Haviland, Walter W. {SS) Hawley, J. W. (i32aic) Hay. Rev. John (168) Hay, Mrs. Margaret (17) Heebner, Rev. H. K. (119) Heebner, William K. (119) 296 DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS Heisey. Elder J. L. (38) Helfenstein, Mrs. Lulu C. (41a) Helliwell, Mrs. Grant (12) Helmer, Frederic F. (15, 160) Hendel, William H. (53) Hendrickson, Rev. William H. (181) Henley. Mrs. J. C. (130) Hering. Miss Hollis W., M.A. (i3ia4a) Hiatt. Edgar F. (56) Hiebert, Rev. N. N. (74) Hill, Mrs. Edward Yates (175) Hill. Mrs. J. B. (ma) Hill. Rev. John B.. D.D. (i32ai) Hill. Mrs. Thomas (4) Hitchcock. Rev. A. N.. D.D, (45) Hjerpe, Rev. H. G. (121) Hobbs, Mrs. Leonora N. (s6a) Hofer. D. M, (83) Holdren. W. E. (141) Hoist, Rev. M. (62) Hooper, Miss Florence (84a) Horn, Miss E. L. (S2a) Hosmer. John G. (45) Houghton. Mrs. Louise Seymour (l7S) Hounshell, Rev. C. G. (89) Hovey, Rev. George Rice. D.D. (30) Howard, Bishop A. T., D.D. (122) Howe. Rev. J. (123) Howell. Miss Mabel K. (89, 89a) Huggins. G. E. (166) Hughes. Rev. J. H., D.D. (27) Hult. Rev. Adolph (71) Hume. Miss M. E. (ic) Hunter, Rev. John H. (156) Huntington, George B. (29) Hupfield. Mrs. Henry (93) Hurlbut, Mrs. S. E. (4Sb) Hurst, Mrs. B. K. (87b) Hutchison, Mrs. David (ic) Iley. Rev. James (91) Inman. Rev. Samuel G. (i32aia. 133) Innes, George (143) Isaac, Alfred E. (30) Jaderquist, Rev. J. E. (40) Jeffers. C. A. (164) Jenkins, Edward C. (141) Jenningi, Mrs. H. C. (86) Jennings, Mrs. S. C. (31) Jensen, Mrs. F. E. (69a) Jensen, Howard E. (i32aia) Jensen, Mrs. Lillian C. (90a) Jesup, Charles M., Esq. (149) Johnson, Arthur S. (166) Johnson, Mrs. Frank L. (49) Johnson, Rev. George (52) Johnson, Bishop J. Albert, D.D. (87) Johnson, Rev. J. S. (189) Johnson, Rev. O. J.. D.D. (71) Johnson, Rev. Weston T. (106) Jones. E. C., Ph.D. (144a) Jones, Rev. E. J.. D.D. (112) Jones. Ernest (22) Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to Directory of Mission Societies, and not Jones, Sylvester (56) Jones, Thomas J. (158) Jordan, Rev. L. G., D.D. (28, 28a) Kalbfleisch, P. J. (79) Kanage, Mrs. Efiie (123a) KaufTman, Mrs. Alva (122a) Kaufifman, Bishop Daniel (73) Keiter, Rev. W. D. C., D.D. (70) Kelewer, Rev. J. W. (82) Kelley, Mrs. Frank B. (17s) Kelsey, Clarence H. (197) Kelsey, Rev. H. H., D.D. (45) Kelso, Miss Leonora (187) Kennedy, Mrs. G. A. (io6b) Kent, Mrs. B. (19) Kerr, J. H. S. (20) King, Rev. Charles F., D.D. (23) King, Henry C, LL.D. (46) King, Rev. William R., D.D. (107) Kingsley, William M. (196) Kirrmann, Rev. E. C, Ph.D. (i32aia) Klein, Rev. Fred C. (92) Knoflf, Mrs. M. W. (60) Knox, Rev. W. T. (25) Kofoid, Mrs. C. A. (450) Kouwenhoven, W. W. (181) Krammes, Mrs. B. B. (115a) Krechting, Mrs. J. P. (69a) Kreider, Rev. Charles D. (97) Kretzschmar, Rev. Richard (68) Kulp, Rev. George B. (60) Kumm. Dr. H. K. W. (184) Kyle, Miss Alice M. (45a) Kyle. Rev. M. G., D.D., LL.D. (iii) Lafiamme, H. F. (173) Lambert, G. A. (122) Lambert, Rev. William (78) Lambuth, Bishop W. R. (89) Lamson, Miss Kate C. (45a) Lansing, Hon. Robert (132) Lathern, Miss L. B. (8a) Latimer, Rev. James V. (i32aia) Latimer, Robert L. (iii) Laycock, Mrs. Washington (31) Layton, Mrs. S. W. (28a) Lee, Mrs. John Harvey (io6c) Lee, Mrs. Lucius O. (4Sb) Lehman, Rev. L. J. (75) Lehmann, Rev. T. (54) Lemberger, Joseph L., Phar.D. (115) Lentz, Mrs. E. W. (115a) Lerrigo, Rev. P. H. J., M.D. (29) Lewis, Miss Amy G. (84a) Lewis, Rev. Henry, Ph.D. (126) Lindenmeyer, Rev. Samuel (54) Lindley. Miss M. G. (soa) Linn, Edgar C. (179) Lipphard, William B. (29) Llewellyn. J. S. (42) Lloyd. Rt. Rev. Arthur S.. D.D. (50. soa. I3iai2) Lobdell. Mrs. Marian W. (124a) the number of the society as found in the to the page number. DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS 297 Matheson, The Most Rev. S. P., D.D.' Primate (2) Matthews, Mrs. Albert (la) Mattson, Rev. Johan (64) Mattson, Mrs. Johan (64a) Mayer, Rev. Otto (i32aib) Meckel, Rev. T. C. (52) Menzel, Rev. Paul A. (54) Merrill, Miss Effie A. (84a) Messinger, Miss Emma D. (53. S3a) Metheny, S. A. S., M.D. (109) Miatt, Miss L. M. (4) Middlemiss, Mrs. James (181) Millar, William B. (134) Miller, Mrs. George H. (93) Miller, Rev. J. Allen, D.D. (37) Miller, L. O. (122) Millikin, B. C. (106) Mills, Rev. Samuel J. (i32aia) Minton. Rev. W. P. (41) Mitchell, Rev. R. Bland (so) Moench, Bishop C. L., D.D. (97) Moffett, Mrs. Susanne (49) Montgomery, Mrs. Helen Barrett (29a) Moody, Mrs. Margaret L. (163) Moore, Prof. E. C, D.D. (45) Moore, Mrs. Frank Gardner (187) Moore, Mrs. George (ma) Moore, George A. (3) Moore, George H. (56) Morehead, Mrs. W. F. (69a) Morgan, Rev. George, D.D. (136) Morrill, Mrs. M. T. (41a) Moses, Rev. Jasper T. (i32aia) Motley, Mrs. P. B. (ib) Mott, John R., LL.D. (128, 128a, I3ia8, 132, 138, 141) Murray, Rev, J. Lovell (138) Murray, William D. (141) Musser, Rev. E. W. (38) Nelson, Rev. S. S. (60) Newcomer, Mrs. Mary B. (162) Nichols, E. B. (123b) Nichols, F. J. (141) Niebel, Rev. B. H., D.D. (53) Nimmo, Mrs. W. P.. (34a) Norris, J. A., Esq. (13) Norris, Mrs. J. A. (13) North, Rev. Eric M., Ph.D. (i32aib. 146) North, Rev. Frank Mason, D.D. (84, 129) Northam, Mrs. W. L. (95a) Nuveen, Mrs. John (31) Olcott, E. E. (134. 143) Olmstead, Miss Susan H. (191) Olmstead, Rev. William B. (90) Olsen, O. C. (62) Osborne, Charles W. (114c) Palmer, Garner (161) Palmer, Rev. Orson R. (150) Parkhurst. Rev. Charles H., D.D., LL.D. (190) Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. Locher, Rev. C. W. (54) Loew, Mrs. F. A. (123, 123a) Logan, Rev. J. T. (90) Lohre, Rev. N. J., M.A. (72) Longstreth, Miss S. M. (55) Loomis, Rev. Samuel Lane, D.D. (46) Love, Rev. J. F., D.D. (34) Loveland, Miss Elizabeth S. (149) Lowndes, Mrs. W. C. (34a) Lyman, Miss Mary I. (45b) McAU, Robert L. (i32aia) McBride, Rev. George M. (i32aia) McBrier, E. M. (146) McCartee, Miss Elsie E. (188) McCarty, Rev. E. F. (95) McCausland, Norman S. (51) McClain, Rev. Alva J. (37) McClurkin, Rev. J. K., D.D. (143) McCord, Rev. E. K. (41) McCoy, Mrs. James H. (89) McCulloch, Mrs. J. F. (93) McCulloch, William P. (138) Macdonald, Mrs. J. A. (9b) McDougall, Miss Eleanor (144) McDowell, Rev. John, D.D. (107) McDowell, Mrs. William Eraser (84a) Macfarland, Rev. Charles S., D.D. (129) McFeeters, Rev. J, C, D.D. (109) MacGillivray, Mrs. John (9b) McGuffin, Miss E. J. H. (8a) Mackay, Rev. R. P., D.D. (9) Mackensen, Rev. H. (72) Mackenzie, Rev. Kenneth (168) Mackenzie, Rev. T. H., D.D. (114) Mackenzie, W. Douglas, D.D. (131b) MacLachlan, R. J. (30) MacLaren, Rev. D. C, D.D. (194) McLean, Rev. A., D.D. (47, 48, 145) MacLeish, Mrs. Andrew (29a) McMillan, A. B. (no) McMuUan, Miss Janet (io6c) MacMurchy, Miss Bessie (9b) MacMurray, John (i32aib) Macnab, Mrs. William (9a) MacNaughtan, David (159) Malcolm, A. G. (17) Malcolm, Rev. A. M. (103) Mallory, Miss Kathleen (34a) Manierre, Charles E. (173) Manley, J. E. (141) Mann, Frank H. (125) Manning, Rev. Charles E. (8, 8a) Manning, Mrs. J. W. (ic) Marcelius, Rev. D. (121) Mare, Miss Eleanor (29a) Markham, Rev. Reuben H. (i32aia) Marling, Alfred E. (131, 131a) Marquis, Rev. John A., D.D. (107) Marshall, Raymond E. (i32aia) Mason, Rev. D. J. (103) Mason, Rev. Walter C. (i32aia) Masters, Miss Clara E. (188) 298 DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS Parkhurst, Mrs. Charles H. (i7S) Parkinson, Rev. G. G., D.D. (102) Parks. Rev. John (no) Parrish, Mrs. M. V. (28a) Parsons, Herbert (190) Partridge. Miss Jennie (lo6b) Patterson, Graham (16) Patterson, J. M. (106) Patterson, Dr. Margaret (12) Patton, C. E. (i32aia) Patton. Rev. Cornelius H., D.D. (45, I3ia3) Paxton, Mrs. G. M. (44a) Payne, Mrs. EUie K. (49) Payne, N. H. (79) Peabody, Mrs. H. W. (29a) Peach, Rev. Preston L. (i32aia) Pearce, Mrs. Lida B. (49) Pearce, Rev. McLeod MiUigan (109) Pearce, Mrs. Richard M. (io6c) Pearce, Bishop William (90) Pegues, Rev. A. W. (27) Pepper, John R. (89) Perkins, Mrs. Abraham R. (175) Perrine, Mrs. Mabel (9Sa) Perry, Arthur (146) Perry, Delbert K. (165) Phelps, J. W. (43) Phillips, Mrs. A. M. (8a) Phraner, Francis S. (190) Pierson, D. L. (130, 147) Pim, Miss Rachel (58) Pinson, Rev. W. W., D.D. (89, i3iaio) Plopper, C. W. (48) Pollock, Rev. A. P. (3) Poorman, Rev. John H. (115) Potter, F. M. (114) Powell, Mrs. Ambrose V. (io6f) Powell, Mrs. N. A. (8a) Pratt. Rev. Charles H. (105) Prescott. Miss Nellie G. (29a) Prescott, Rev. W. W.. M.A. (25) Pressly, Rev. F. Y., D.D. (102) Proehl, Rev. C. (67) Ralph. Martin (193) Ralston, Mrs. B. W. (ic) Ramabai, Pundita (179) Randolph, Mrs. A. B. (27a) Randolph. Miss Emma G. (56a) Rankin, Rev. James W., D.D. (87) Rausch. Rev. E. (67) Rawlings. Rev. E. H., D.D. (89) Ray, Mrs. S. B. (51a) Ray. Rev. T. B.. D.D. (34) Read, Rev. G. E., D.D. (27) Reed, Miss Carrie M. (ma) Reed. Rev. Orville. Ph.D. (106) Rees, Luther (158) Reeves. A. L. (29) Reist. Rev. Theo. (7) Revell. Fleming H. (135) Reynolds. Rev. H. F.. D.D. (98) Rhoads. Miss Lydia W. (55) Richert. Rev. P. H. (82) Richter, Rev. P., D.D. (67) Risberg, Prof. Fridolf, D.D. (117) Robbins. Rev. Joseph C, D.D. (29) Roberts, Rev. Edward (112) Roberts. Philip I. (132) Robinson. Rev. A. R.. D.D. (28) Roffe, Rev. A. W. (14. 17, 20) Rogers. Miss Martha (la) Romig. Rev. John S.. D.D. (97) Rosenberger. Mrs. S. W. (93) Ross, Mrs. F. H. E. (89, 89a) Ross. Mrs. W. E, (8a) Rowell, Miss Mary A. (41a) Rudolph. Bishop Robert L.. D.D. (51) Rudolph. Mrs. Robert S. (51a) Rupp. Ben (81) Russell. Miss F. M. (ib) Russell, Miss Mary (9b) Russell, Rev. R. L., D.D. (89) Saeterlie, Rev. M. (66) Sailer, T. H. P.. Ph.D. (106) St. John, Rev. Burton (i3ia9a, 138) Sanders, Rev. Frank K., Ph.D. (131b) Sanders, George N. (34) Sanderson, Mrs. Mary E. (140) Sandison, George H. (161) Sands, Mrs. J. D. (ma) Sandt, George W., D.D. (69) Sandven, Rev. J. N. (66) Saul, Rev. John S. (99) Saunders, Rev. George W. (90) Saunders, Miss Una (11) Savage, Mrs. Mary M. (4) Schaffer. Rev. J. R. (168) Schell. Rev. William P. (106) Schellenberg, Rev. A. L. (74) Schneider, Rev. J. H. (65) Schultz, John H. (119) Schuurman, Miss Gertrude (i32aia) Scott, D. H. (158) Scott, Rev. E., D.D. (9) Scott. Rev. George T. (106) Scudder, Rev. Walter T.. D.D. (132a) Seebach. Mrs. Julius F. (69a) Sellers, Mrs. Ida (123a) Seneker. Rev. James S. (i32aib) Sharp. Thomas S. (138) Shaw. E. J. (13) Shaw. Rev. Edwin (33, 33b) Shaw, Rev. J. L.. M.A. (25) Shaw. William. LL.D. (127) Sheibley, Miss Mabel M. (108) Shellabear, Rev. William G., D.D. (i32aia) Shcnstone. J. N. (i) Sherk. B. A. (77) Shoemaker. Bishop J. S. (73) Shultz, Mrs. H. D. (53a) vSilcox. Rev. E. D. (3) Silcox. Miss L. M. (4) Simmons, Mrs. S. G. (87a) Simpson, Rev. A. B., D.D. (40) Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. DIRECTORY OP MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS 299 Sinnamon, H. H. (si) Slater, Miss A. L. (2a) Smissen, Rev. C.v.d. (82) Smith, Rev. A. Lloyd. M.A. (8) Smith. Rev. Edward Lincoln, D.D. (45, 4Sd) Smith, Rev. Egbert W., D.D. (105, I3ia7) Smith, P. G. (43) Smith. Rev. George (16) Smith, Ida V. (88a) Smith. Mrs. Mary (ic) Smith, Wade C. (105, losa) Smucker, Vernon (73) Snyder, Rev. J. G. (181) Somerville, Rev. John, D.D. (9) Speer, Robert E., D.D. (106, 131c, 133, 14s) Speers, James M. (131, 134, 138. 173) Spencer, Rev. David S. (i32aia) Spencer, Rev. P. M. (155) Sperry, Rev. Paul (99) Spicer, Rev. W. A. (25) Spreng, Mrs. E. M. (S2a) Spreng, Miss L. Ethel (52a) Springer, Rev. J. M. (i32aia) Stamm, Mrs. J. S. (52a) Standley, Rev. M. G. (60) Standley, Mrs. M. G. (60) Stark, Mrs. C. T. (19) Stark, Mrs. Harry L. (19) Staub, Albert W. (196) Stearns, Mrs. J. McDaniel (49) Steckley, Miss A. E. (21) Stedman, Miss Alice E. (29a) Steele. Mrs. Hume R. (89. 130) Steele, Mrs. J. J. (9b) Steele, Joseph M. (109) Stemen. S. A. (123) Stephenson, Rev. Frederick C, M.D. (8) Stevenson, Pres. J. Ross, D.D. (138) Stillwell, Rev. Harry E., B.A. (i) Stilwell, H. P., D.D. (30) Stolee, Prof. M. J. (66) Stone, Rev. Henry (23) Stone, Rev. J. Sumner, M.D. (170) Stoner, Mrs. George W. (44a) Strachan, Mrs. E. S. (8a) Strong, Rev. William E.. D.D. (45) Strong, William M. (155) Stump, V. L. (38) Sturgis, William C., Ph.D. (50) Swengel, Rev. U. P., D.D. (53) Swift, Rev. Judson, D.D. (126) Tag, Louis (126) Taubert, Rev. C. (67) Taugjerd, Rev. Peter (66) Taylor, Miss Harriet (142) Taylor, Rev. James M., D.D. (186) Taylor, L. H. (165) Taylor, Rev. Mills J. (iii) Taylor, S. Earl, LL.D. (84, 132) Taylor, Mrs. Sarah K. (154) Taylor, Rev. W. E., M.A., Ph.D. (2) Tebbetts. Charles E. (56) Telleen, S. P. (70) Tewksbury, M. G. (i32aia) Thaxter, Mrs. B. A. (io6e) Thirkield, Mrs. Wilbur P. (86) Thomas, Rev. O. S. (41) Thompson, Mrs. D. D. (86) Thurber, S. W. (152) Tillotson, Miss Emily C. (50a) Tinckom-Fernandez, William G. (132) Titus, Mrs. M. M. (123a) Tomlinson, A. J. (42) Tompkins, Charles A. (so) Traver, Mrs. J. G. (69a) Trotter, Mrs..T. (la) Trout, Miss Daisy June (49) Truedson, Rev. N. P. (32) Trull, Rev. George H. (106) Trumbull, Charles G. (139) Turnbull, Rev. W. M., D.D. (40) Turner. Pennell P. (131a, 131b) Updegraph, Rev. J. L. (44) Vance, Rev. James L.. D.D. (los) Vanderbilt, Rev. William E., D.D. (i32aia) Vander Werf, Rev. Seth (114c) Van Nest, Miss Katharine (114b) Varney, Rev. P. W., D.D. (92) Vedantachan, C. R. (154) Vickers, Mrs. C. E. (s6a) Villers, Rev. Thomas J., D.D. (29) Vincent, Rev. Howell S., D.D. (i32aia) Walker, Mrs. J. A. (151) Wallace, Rev. Robert (15) Wallis, Miss Bessie (9a) Wanamaker, John (139) Warner, Frank H. (4Sd) Warren, W. R. (48, 49) Watson, Rev. Charles R., D.D, (iii, I3ia4, 143) Watson, W. G. (8) Watt, Miss Lila, B.A. (10) Watts, Rev. Orlando S. (94) Wayland. Mrs. H. L. (17s) Webb, Mrs. James A., Jr. (io6a, 142) Wee, Prof. M. O. (72) Weier, Mrs. Nettie C. (69a) Weld, Rev. William E., Ph.D. (i32aib) Wells, Prof. Amos R., LL.D., Litt.D. (127) Westfall. Mrs. Katherine S. (31) Westgate, Rev. T. B. R.. D.D. (2) Wheeler, Miss Emily Crosby (iS3) Whipple, Rev. J. S. (96) White, Rev. Charles L., D.D. (30) White, Rev. Francis S. (so) White, J. Campbell (i32a3) White, Miss M. K. (io6a) White, Rev. Stanley, D.D. (106, I32aia) Whittemore, L. A. (iss) Whittlesey, Roger B. (160) Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. 300 DIRECTORY OP MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS Wickson, Mrs. John H. (4) Wiener, Rev. B. R. (52) Wiest. Rev. S. L. (53) Wiggin, Frank H. (45) Wilbur, Prof. W. A. (29) WUcox, B. B. (141) Wilcox, Rev. Francis M. (25) Wilder, Amos P., Ph.D. (197) Wilder, Robert P. (138) Wildman, Dr. J. Gray (12) Wilkins, Mrs. Marietta B. (124a) Willett, J. S. (95) Williams, Mrs. Alice M. (170) Williams, Mrs. E. (184) Williams. E. A., Esq. (2) Williams, Prof. F. WeUs (197) Williams, Rev. H. F., D.D, (105) Williams, Rev. J. H. B. (36) Williamson, Mrs. Oliver R. (io6f) Willis, Edwin F. (105) Wilson, Rev. Bert (48) Wilson, Mrs. Clara (9Sa) Wilson, Rev. Findley M., D.D. (109) Wilson, Bishop Luther B., D.D., LL.D. (84, 146) WUson, R. B. (189) WUson, Mrs. W. R. (ma) Wing, Asa S. (174) Winsborough, Mrs. W. C. (lOSa) Winton. Rev. George B., D.D. (133) Withers, Miss Frances H. (soa) Wolf, Rev. L. B., D.D. (69) Wood. Rev. C. L., D.D. (123) Wood. Edward C. (178) Wood, Rev. J. W., D.D. (88) Wood, James (125) Wood, John W.. D.C.L. (50) Woodman, Charles M. (56) Woodruff, Rev. Henry C. (139a) Woodruff, Mrs. May Leonard (86) Woodward, Walter C. (56) Wootan, James B. (106, 107) Worcester, Elder L. B. (59) Worrell, J. A., K.C., D.C.L. (2) Wright, Rev. Archibald R. (159) Wylie, J. O. (193) Yahn, Dr. S. G. (44, 44a) Yahn, Mrs. S. G. (44a) Yocum, Rev. C. M. (48) Yoder, Rev. A. B. (76) Yoder, Rev. C. Z. (73) Zimmermann, J. F. (i32ai) Zook, Elder J. M. (59) Zook, Bishop J. R. 38) Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF INITIALS FOR PROTESTANT MISSIONARY SOCIETIES The complete "International System" of initials for Protestant foreign missionary societies is appended. This has been adopted as official by the editors of the Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire, the Foreign Sui'vey Department of the Interchurch World Movement and the' Bureau of Statistics and Research of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America. With a few exceptions, it is identical with the list used in the Directory of Protestant Missions in China, 1919. The reader will note that the initials are largely those employed in the World Statistics of Christian Missions, 1916, but various changes have been made to bring them into conformity, as nearly as might be, with the lists already in use in various parts of the world. Other alterations have been made where it was felt that there was liability toward confusion, or that the initials previously in use violated the established usage of the society. Where the initials of a foreign so- ciety had been made from an English translation of its name rather than from the original, a change has been made, as in the case of the "Missionsgesellschaft der deutschen Baptisten," whose initials, MGB, were changed to MDB. Considerable confusion has arisen in the past from the use of the letter '*A" for both American and Australian, which has been avoided by substituting "Au" in the case the Australian societies. Similarly, "As" for "Asia" or "Asian." Canada and China have been distin- guished in'some'cases by the use of "Ch" for China. 301 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF INITIALS FOR MISSIONARY SOCIETIES AACM U. S. A. AAM ABCFM U. S. A. U. S. A. ABF ABGM ABH ABHW ABS ACGC U. S. A. China U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. AEM AEPM England Germany AFCU AFFM AFIA U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. AFM AFO U. S. A. AFP U. S. A. AG AGE U. S. A. U. S. A. AH AHC Japan U. S. A. AIM AIMA ALU International Australia U. S. A. AMA AMB AME U. S. A. Algeria U. S. A. AMEZ U. S. A. ANL U. S. A. APC ARP U. S. A. U. S. A. ASTS ATS AuBM AUC AuM AuP U. S. A. U. S. A. Australia U. S. A. Australia Australia AWAS B BB&TD BBM BBU U. S. A. Switzerland China U. S. A. Bahamas Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society of the Advent Christian Denomination American Advent Mission Society American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions American Baptist Foreign Mission Society Gospel Baptist Mission American Baptist Home Mission Society Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society American Bible Society Trustees of the American College for Girls at Con- stantinople Angola Evangelical Mission Allgemeiner evangelisch-protestantischer Missions- verein American and Foreign Christian Union American Friends Board of Foreign Missions Associated Executive Committee of Friends (Or- thodox) on Indian Affairs Apostolic P'aith Missionaries Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia General Council of the Assemblies of God Foreign Missionary Society of the General Asso- ciation of General Baptists in the United States Akasaka Hospital Board of Foreign Missions of the International Apostolic Holiness Church Africa Inland Mission Aboriginal Inland Mission Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America American Missionary Association Algiers Mission Band Home and Foreign Missionary Department of the African Methodist Episcopal Church Foreign Mission Board of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Inc. Board of Foreign Missions of the Norwegian Lu- theran ChurcJi of America Associate Presbyterian Church Board of Foreign Missions of the Associate Re- formed Presbyterian Churt;h American Sabbath Tract Society American Tract Society Australian Board of Baptist Foreign Mission American University at Cairo Australian Board of Missions Board of Missions of the General Assembly of tin; Prcsbytf-rian Cluirch of Auslralia American Waldfiisi.'in Aid Society Evangolisflie Mi.ssionsgfsellHcliaft zu Basel Bible, Book and Tract Depot Burning Busli Mission Bahamas Baptist Union 302 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 303 BC U. S. A. BCHM India BCT Trinidad BES Bulgaria BF U. S. A. BFBS England BFM Germany BIMS Scotland BIOLA U. S. A. BM Bolivia BMA England BMIVI England BMS England Bn Germany- BOQH Canada BPM Belgium Br Germany BSJ England BSM England BTCL India BTP U. S. A. CAM U. S. A. CAPM England CAsM England CBM Canada CBP China CC U. S. A. CCACZ China CCAu Australia CCC U. S. A. CCEA China CCFMS Canada CCLA U. S. A. CCS Scotland ccw Canada CEAT Japan CEC China CEI India CEJ Japan CEZMS England CFM China CFMJ Japan CGFM U. S. A. CGGE U. S. A. CGI India CGM U. S. A. ChCC China CHK U. S. A. CHM Canada CHMF U. S. A. CGW U. S. A. ChMMS U. S. A. CI China CIGM England CIM International CLSC China Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in Christ of the United States of America and Canada "Boys' Christian Home" Mission of India Baptist Church in Trinidad and Tobago Bulgarian Evangelical Society Bible Faith Mission British and Foreign Bible Society Berliner Frauen-Missionsverein fiir China Baptist Industrial Mission of Scotland Hunan Colportage Work of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles Bolivian Indian Mission Baptist Missionary Association Baakleen Medical Mission to the Druses Baptist Missionary Society Berliner Missionsgesellschaft Home Mission Board of the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec Soci6t6 Beige des Missions Protestantes au Congo Schleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-lutherische Mis- sionsgesellschaft zu Breklum British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews British Syrian Mission Board for Tamil Christian Literature Broad Cast Tract Press and Faith Orphanage Central American Mission Central Asian Pioneer Mission Central Asian Mission Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board China Baptist Publication Society- Foreign Mission Board of the Christian Church Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion Federal Foreign Mission Committee of Churches of Christ in Australia Trustees of the Canton Christian College China Christian Educational Association Canada Congregational Foreign Missionary Society American Section of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America Foreign Mission Committee of Churches of Christ Canada Congregational Woman's Board of Mis- sions Christian Educational Association of Tokyo United Society of Christian Endeavor for China India Christian Endeavor Union Japan Union of Christian Endeavor Church of England Zenana Missionary Society Christian Faith Mission Conference of Federated Missions in Japan Church of God Foreign Missionary Board Mission Board of the General Eldership of the Churches of God Church of God Missionary Board of the Church of God China Continuation Committee of the National Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1913 American Hospital at Konia Missions Board of the Holiness Movement Church Christian Herald Missionary Fund Women's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God, Inc. China Mennonite Mission Society Chefoo Industrial Mission Ceylon and India General Mission China Inland Mission Christiana Literature Society for China 304 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS CLSI CM CMA CMC England China U. S. A. U. S. A. CIVIM CMMA CMML CMMS CMS CNTM ConIM CPW Scotland China England China England U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. CR CRC China U. S. A. CSB Netherlands CSCB CSFM CSFMW China Scotland Scotland CSJ Scotland CSSM CSSU CTS CUBG CUJ CUSA CWBM CZST England China China British Guiana Jamaica Cape of Good Hope Province U. S. A. Netherlands DEL DFMB DHL U. S. A. Germany Germany DHM DK3IA DMO DMS DOA China Deimiark Denmark Denmark Germany DOM DPMS DBCSA DU DVNB Germany England Cape of Good Hope Province Japan Netherlands EA U. S. A. EbM ECMH U. S. A. Austria-Hungary ECS Scotland EFS EGM ELAug Sweden England U. S. A. Christian Literature Society for India Christians' Mission Christian and Missionary Alliance Missionary Society of the Calvinistic Methodist Church in the United States of America Central Morocco Mission China Medical Missionary Association Christian Missions in Many Lands Canton Medical Missionary Society Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East Grace Baptist Church, Los Angeles, California Congo Inland IMission Woman's Board of Missions of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church The Chinese Recorder Board of Heathen Missions of the Christian Re- formed Church Centraal-Comit6 voor de Oprichting on de Instand- houding van een Seminarie nabij Batavia Refuge for Chinese Slave Children Church of Scotland Foreign Mission Committee Church of Scotland Women's Association for For- eign Missions Church of Scotland Committee for the Conversion of the Jews Children's Special Service Mission China Sunday School Union Chinese Tract Society Congregational Union of British Guiana Congregational Union of Jamaica Congregational Union Church Aid and Missionary Society of South Africa Christian Woman's Board of Missions Comit6 tot Voorziening in de Godsdienstige Behoef- ten van de Gevestigde Inlandsche Protestantsche Christengemeenten op de Sangir- en Talaut- Eilanden Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Deutscher Frauen Missionsbund Deutscher Hiilfsbund fiir christliches Liebeswerk im Orient "Door of Hope" Mission Dansk Kirke-Mission i Arabien Oesterlands-Missionen Danske Missionsselskab Evangelische MissionsgescUschaft fiir Deutsch- Ostafrika Deutsche Orient Mission DutTerin and Procter Memorial Schools General Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa Doshisha University Doopsgezinde Vereeniging tot Bevordcring der Evangelieverbreiding in de Nederlandsch-Over- zecsche Bezittingen Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association of North America Ebcnezer Missions Ungarische allgemeino evangelisch-kirchliche Hilfs- Anstalt Board of Foreign Missions of the Representative Council of the Episcopal Church in Scotland Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelscn Egypt General Mission China Missionary Society of the Augustana Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of North America INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 305 ELGC ELGCL ELGS ELJSO ELMo ELO ELSI ELSo U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. EM Syria EMJ England EMM Scotland EMMS Scotland EP China EPM England ESNA U. S. A. EUPI Philippine EUSA England EvM U. S. A. FaM China FAMC England FAS England FBC U. S. A. FBM Algeria FBS Sweden FCC U. S. A. FCCA U. S. A. FCMS U. S. A. FCS Scotland ECU U. S. A. FDM Germany FFC Finland FFMA England FKCA Hawaii FMA U. S. A. FMCNA U. S. A. FMS Finland FNE U. S. A. FSSA U. S. A. FWBNA U. S. A. GBB U. S. A. GC China GCAM Germany GEM U. S. A. GHIS U. S. A. GM Germany GMC China Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the General Council of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church in North America Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States Board of Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and Other States Inter-Synodical Evangelical Lutheran Orient-Mis- sion Society Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South English Mission, Lydda, Palestine Evangelical Mission to Israel Emmanuel Medical Mission Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society Evangel Press Foreign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of England Foreign Mission Board of the Evangelical Synod of North America Evangelical Union of the Philippine Islands Evangelical Union of South America Evangel Mission Faith Mission Friends' Armenian Mission Committee Friends' Anti-Slavery Committee Foreign Missionary Society of the Brethren Church Mission des EgUses baptistes de Langue frangaise Fri Baptister Board of Missions of the Friends Church of Cal- ifornia Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America Foreign Christian Missionary Society Free Church of Scotland Foreign Mission Board of Trustees of Fukien Christian University Friedenshort Deaconess Mission Fria Missionen i Finland Friends' Foreign Mission Association Free Kindergarten and Children's Aid Association of the Territory of Hawaii General Missionary Board of the Free Methodist Church of North America Foreign Missions Conference of North America Finska Missionssallskapet Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting of Friends for New England Foreign Sunday School Association of the United States of America 'Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Mis- sions of North America General Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren Ginling College Deutsche China-Allianz-Mission in Barmen Grace Evangelical Mission Gould Memorial Home and Industrial Schools, Rome, Italy Gossnersche Missionsgesellschaft Grace Mission 3o6 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS GMS U. S. A. GPMI Canada H U. S. A. H/m EnglaDd HCC China HEA Hawaii Heb U. S. A. HF Sweden HFMA U. S. A. HGAT Austria-Hungary Hijr Germany HM Germany HMSI India HS Japan HTM Denmark HVBC Germany HVM India IBC China IC U. S. A. ICAM India ICGS U. S. A. ICM England ICPA Japan IGLA Australia II China IL Natal n.nr China IMMS U. S. A. IMST India IMU U. S. A. Ind IP Ireland IPTCA England IRB U. S. A. ISAM International ISSU India IWM U. S. A. JBMS Japan JBTS Japan JBU Jamaica JC Netherlands JCC Japan JCM China JEB Japan JEM England. JS Syria JSL I'^ngland JTM Ireland JTMS Scotland JTSI India JV i-ennauy K Jiipan KCIIIM England KCM (ierriiany Kill China KIM Chosen KIS India Gospel Missionary Society Board of Management of the Gwalior Presbyterian Mission Harvard Mission Heart of Africa Mission Hangchow Christian College Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association Hebron Mission Helgelse-Forbundet Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association Hermannstadt evangelische Verein der Gustav- Adolf fiir Transylvania, Hungary Aussatzigen-Asyl "Jesushilfe" in Jerusalem Evangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt zu Iler- mannsburg Home Missionary Society of India Hakuaikai Seryoin Teltmissionen Hildesheimer Verein fur die deutsche Blinden- mission in China Henaratgoda Village Mission Institution for the Chinese Blind Board of Directors of the Iconium College Indian Christian Association, Madras Indian Commission of the General Synod of Wis- consin, Minnesota, Michigan, and Other States Indian Christian Mission International Christian Police Association Missionary Committee of the Immanuel German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Australia International Institute of China (Mission among the Higher Classes in China) Ikwezi Lamaci Mission Independent Lutheran Mission International Medical Missionary Society Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly International Missionary Union Independent Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland International Postal Telegraph Christian Association International Reform Bureau Inland-South-America Missionary Union India Sunday School Union Interchurch World Movement of North America Japanese Baptist Missionary Society Japan Book and Tract Society Jamaica Baptist Union Vereeniging liet Java-Comit6 te Amsterdam Japan Continuation Committee Japanese Christian Mission Japan Evangelistic Band Jerusalem and the East Mission Jebail Settlement Work among Jai)anese Seamen in the Port of London Jungle Tribes Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland Association for the Support of the Jessie Taylor Memorial School for Moslem and Druse Girls Jungle Tribes Mission, Coonoor, South India Jerusalems-Vercin Kumiai Kyokwai Kurku and Central Indian Hill Mission Kieler China Mission John G. Kerr Hospital for the Insane Korean Itinerant Mission Kandy Industrial School INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 307 KM KMAS KRBTS KS L LB France Sweden Chosen China Germany U. S. A. LBM U. S. A. LCBC U. S. A. LEF LHI LJS Finland England England LMB LMM India U. S. A. LMS England Germany Denmark LFM MA MBC England U. S. A. U. S. A. MBCNW Canada MBCO Canada MBCo MBIO China U. S. A. MBM U. S. A. MBN U. S. A. MBP U. S. A. MBPac U. S. A. MC MCB U. S. A. Scotland MCC MCM McM MDB MEFB Canada Wales France Germany U. S. A. MEH U. S. A. MEHW U. S. A. MelM MEM New Zealand U. S. A. MES U. S. A. MGC U. S. A. MHLF Germany Miss Home China ML Ireland MM India MMA U. S. A. Mission Protestante Francaise en Kabylie Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare Korean Religious Book and Tract Society Kuling School Liebenzeller Mission Board of Missions of the Church of the Lutheran Brethren Lutheran Board of Missions (Lutheran Free Church of U. S. A.) Lott Carey Baptist Home and Foreign Mission Convention in the United States Lutherska Evangeliforeningen i Finland Lebanon Hospital for the Insane London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews Lee Memorial Bengali Mission Laymen's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada London Missionary Society Evangelisch-lutherische Mission zu Leipzig Udvalget for L. P. Larsens Missionsarbejde blandt indiske Studenter Lakher Pioneer Mission Mandingo Association, Inc. Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Men- nonite Brethren Church of North Arnerica Foreign Mission Board of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Canadian Northwest Conference Meimonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society, Ontario Conference Mission Book Company Foreign Mission Board of the Indiana and Ohio Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ Michigan Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Foreign Mission Board Foreign Mission Board of the Nebraska Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church Board of Foreign Missions of the Pennsylvania Conference of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Foreign Missions Board of the Pacific Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ Trustees of Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo, Brazil Hill-Murray Mission to Chinese Blind and Illiterate Sighted in North China Missionary Society of the Methodist Church Maranham Christian Mission Mission Populaire Evang61ique de France Missionsgesellschaft der deutschen Baptisten Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episco- pal Church Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Method- ist Episcopal Church Melanesian Mission Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South Board of Foreign Missions of the General Confer- ence of the Mennonites of North America Mission der hannoverschen evangelisch-lutherischen Freikirche Missionary Home and Agency Mission to Lepers Mukti Mission Metlakahtla Christian Mission 308 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS MMAu Australia MMC U. S. A. MMJ Enjxland MMSI India Mor International Mor-ns U. S. A. MP U. S. A. MPh Smtzerland MPHC U. S. A. MPM China MPW U. S. A. ^m Switzerland Msec Canada MSUW England MTS India NAIR U. S. A. NAM England NBC U. S. A. NBSS Scotland NCAS China NCM Norway NCULS China ND Germany NEC England NFKM Norway NFS China NFTS China NHM U. S. A. NIA U. S. A. NTHB England NfM England NIZ Dutch East Indies Nil U. S. A. NK Germany NKK Japan | NKM China NLF Norway pr- «^ NLG Netherlands NI.K Norway NT.MM England NT.S China NM India NMC Norway NMCI India NMF Norway NMG Gormany NMK Japan NMP England NMS Norway NMSI India NSK Japan NTLJ Japan Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities Mildmay Mission to the Jews Medical ATissionary Association of India Mission der Tlriidergemeine Society of the Ignited Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Prot- estant Church Mission philafricaine Directors of the Methodist Publishing House in China Metropolitan Presbvterian Mission Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Method- ist Protestant Church Mission Suisse Pomande Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada Missionary Settlement for University Women Malabar Mar Thoma Syrian Christian Evangelistic Association National Armenia and India Relief Association for Industrial Orphan Homes North Africa Mission Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention National Bible Society of Scotland North China American School Ts.iilimissionen North China Union Language School Gespllschaft fiir innere und ilussere Mission im Sinne der lutherischen Kirche Company for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England and the Parts Adjacent in America Norges Frie Evangeliske Missionsforbund Nanking Foreign School North Fukien Tract Society Bureau of Missions of the National Association for the Promotion of Holiness National Indian Association North India Industrial Home for Christian Blind Nyassa Industrial Mission Nederlandsch Indische Zendingsbond Board of Home and Foreign Missions of the Gen- eral Convention of the New Jerusalem in the I'nited States of America Ncukirchcner ATissionsnnstalt Nihon Kirisuto Kyokwai North-West Kiangsi Mission Norske Evangel isk Lutherske Frikirkes Kinamis- sion Nederlandsch T.utlicrsch Genootschap voor in- en Uitwendige Zending Norsk Ivuthcrske Kinamissionsforbund National Laymen's Missionary Movement Nanking Language School Nepaul Mission Norske Mission i Kina National Missionary Council of India Norske Missionsforbund Norddeutsohe Missionsgesellschaft Nilion Motliodist Kyokwai Nile Mission Press Norske Missionssolskab National Missionary Society of India Nippon Sei Kokwai National Temperance League of Japan INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 309 NTSC NZBMS NZG NZMH China New Zealand Netherlands New Zealand NZV OHH OMJ OMC OMS OOA OOB P Netherlands Austria-Hungary Japan England Japan Japan Turkey in Asia France PB PBIM PBS U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. PBW PCBA U. S. A. Japan PCC Canada PCCH Canada PCIC Ireland PCIJ Ireland PCJ PCN Jamaica U. S. A. PCNZ New Zealand PCNZM New Zealand PCSA PE Cape of Good Hope Province U. S. A. PFM PIVM PLLA PM PMMS PMP PMS PMU U. S. A. India U. S. A. England England China U. S. A. England PN U. S. A. PNH U. S. A. PNHW U. S. A. PS U. S. A. PSH U. S. A. PU PVM QIM KBMU BC ECA U. S. A. England Ireland England U. S. A. U. S. A. National Tract Society for China New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap New Zealand Methodist Home Mission and Church Extension Society Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging Oesterreichischer Hauptverein fiir Heidenmission Omi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan (Omi Mission) Oxford Mission to Calcutta Toyo Senkyokwai (Oriental Missionary Society) Okayama Kojiin Oriental Orphanage, Brousa Societe des Missions Evang^liques chez les Peuples non Chr6tiens Brethren IVIissionaries (Plymouth Brethren) Pittsburgh Bible Institute Mission Arthur T. Pierson Memorial Bible School of Seoul, Korea Pentecost Bands of the World Presbyterian and Reformed Church Building Asso- ciation Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in Canada Continental Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland Jewish Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland Presbyterian Church of Jamaica General Board of Foreign Missions, Church of the Nazarene Foreign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand Maori Mission Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand Native Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of South Africa Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America Pentecost Faith Mission Poona and Indian Village Mission Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America Pioneer Mission (British and Continental) Primitive Methodist Missionary Society American Presbyterian Mission Press Peniel Missionary Society Pentecostal Missionary Union for Great Britain and Ireland Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America Woman's Board of Home Missions of the Presby- terian Church in the United States of America Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (South) Executive Committee of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (South) Trustees of Peking University Palestine Village Mission Qua Iboe Mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union Trustees of Robert College Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America 3IO INTERNATIONAL INITIALS ECAH U. S. A. RCDW U. S. A. RCSC U. S. A. RCUS U. S. A. RCUSH U. S. A. RDV RE Germany U. S. A. RHMS RM RFC India Germany U. S. A. RPCB U. S. A. RFGS U. S. A. BPI Ireland RPS Scotland RTS S England U. S. A. SA SABMS SACIM SAf SAGM SAM SAMS SAS SB SBC England Cape of Good Hope Province Transvaal Cape of Good Hope Province International U. S. A. England China England U. S. A. SBCH U. S. A. SBM Sweden SCAF SCBC SCBM SCCBC Sch SCHM SCM SCTS SDA U. S. A. U. S. A. China Norway China China China U. S. A. SDB SEFC U. S. A. U. S. A. SEMC SFTS SIB SIBS SIM SIMA U. S. A. China U. S. A. India Canada India Board of Domestic Missions of the Reformed Church in America Women's Board of Domestic Missions of the Re- formed Church in America Sheboygan Classis of the Reformed Church in the United States, Board for Missions among the Indians Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States Board of Home Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States Rheinisch-westfalischer Diakonissenverein Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Episco- pal Church Rangoon Karen Home Mission Society Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft Board of Foreign Missions of the Synod of the Re- formed Presbyterian Church in North America (Covenanter) Central Board of Missions of the Reformed Presby- terian Church Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Presby- terian Church in North America Foreign Mission of the Reformed Presbyterian Synod of Ireland Foreign Mission Board of the Reformed Pres- byterian Church of Scotland Religious Tract Society Home and Foreign Board of Missions of The Schwenkfelder Church in the United States of America Salvation Army South African Baptist Missionary Society South African Compounds and Interior Mission South African Missionary Society South Africa General Mission Scandinavian Alliance Mission of North America South American Missionary Society Shanghai American School Strict Baptist Mission Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Con- vention Svenska Baptisternas Kommittens for Missionen Utom Landet South China Alliance Press Rev. D. M. Stearns' Church and Bible Classes South China Boat Mission South China Christian Book Company Norske Kirkes Mission ved Schreuder South China Holiness Mission South Chili-ii Mission South China Religious Tract Society General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society Swedish lOvangelical Free Church of the United States of North America Swedish Eyangelical Mission Covenant of America South Fukien Religious Tract Society Scandinavian Independent Baptist Denomination South India Blind School Sudan Inferior Minsion South Indian Missionary Association INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 311 SISB England SJM Sweden SKM Sweden SLM England SM Sweden SMC Sweden SMF Sweden SMM Scotland SMNC India SPC U. S. A. SPCK England SPG England SPI Canada SPM Germany SBM China SSEM Australia SSJ Syria SSJE England SUJ Japan SUM International SvAM Sweden SVM U. S. A. SVMM China SW Germany SYM China SZJ Dutch East Indies TAIB India TBMS India TBPS India TBVM India TIM U. S. A. TM Scotland TMS Scotland TPM Wales TSM China TSNC China TTBSj India UB U. S. A. UBC U. S. A. UCMS U. S. A. UDEL U. S. A. UE U. S. A. UEAC France UFS Scotland UFSJ Scotland UGC U. S. A. UHC U. S. A. UMC England UMCA England UME U. S. A. UMSI U. S. A. UN U. S. A. South India Strict Baptist Missionary Society Foreningen for Israelsmission Svenska Kyrkans Missionsstryrelse Sierra Leone Mission Svenska Mongolmissionen / Svenska Missionen i Kina Svenska Missionsforbundet Southern Morocco Mission Santal Mission of the Northern Churches Trustees of Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For- eign Parts San Pedro Mission to the Indians Sudan Pionier Mission Shanghai Mission to Ricksha Men and Coolie Class South Sea Evangelical Mission Swedish Society of Jerusalem Cowley, Wantage & All Saints Missionary Asso- ciation Seisho No Tomo Sudan United Mission Svenska Alliansmissionen Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mis- sions Chinese Student Volunteer Movement for The Min- istry Verein fiir das Syrische Waisenhaus in Jerusalem South Yunnan Mission Salatiga-Zending op Java Tehri Anjvunan-I-Basharat Telugu Baptist Mission Society Telugu Baptist Publication Society Tehri Border Village Mission James M. Taylor Interdenominational Missionary Work Tibetan Mission Walker-Arnott Tabeetha Mission Thado-Kookie Pioneer Mission Tsehchowfu Mission Religious Tract Society of North and Central China Tranquebar Tamil Bible Society Foreign Missionary Society of the United Brethren in Christ Domestic, Frontier and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Brethren in Christ United Christian Missionary Society Mission Board of the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church Vereinigte Gemeinden der deutschen Kirchen A. C. in Paris Foreign Missions Committee of the United Free Church of Scotland L^nited Free Church of Scotland, Jewish Mission Universalist General Convention United Holy Church of America, Missionary De- partment United Methodist Church Missionary Society Universities' Mission to Central Africa Board of Foreign Missions of the Union American Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and Canada Union Missionary Medical School for Women, South India Trustees of the University of Nanking 312 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS Union Un Med Coll China Un Worn Coll China UOM U. S. A. UOS Scotland UP UPCA UZV VGAS VHC VM VUEE WCC WCCM WCEU WCMC WCMM WCTS WCTU WCTUI WCTUJ WFMA WI WMCA WMMS WMMSW WSSA wu YM YIWCAA YMCAAu YMCACh YMCAE YMCAI YMCAJ YMCAS YMJ YWCAAu YWCAB YWCAC U. S. A. U. S. A. Netherlands Austria-Hungary Netherlands U. S. A. Netherlands U. S. A. India U. S. A. India England China International India Japan U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. England England International U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. Australia China England India Japan Scotland Japan Australia England Canada YWCACh China YWCAI India Employed for all unions of Independent Sending Societies Union Medical College and Hospital Union Women's College, Peking United Orphanage and Mission Society United Original Secession Church of Scotland, Foreign Mission Committee Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presby- terian Church of North America Christian Association of the University of Penn- sylvania (Foreign Department) Utrechtsche Zendingsvereeniging Vienna Gustav Adolph Verein Vereeniging tot Oprichting en Instanhouding van Hospitalen in China ten Dienste der Medische Z ending Vanguard Faith Mission Vereeniging tot Uitbreiding van het Evangelic in Egypte Continuation Committee of the World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh Women's Christian College, Madras World's Christian Endeavor Union Women's Christian Medical College Welsh Calvinistic Alethodists' Foreign Missions West China Religious Tract Society World's Woman's Cliristian Temperance Union Women's Christian Temperance Union of India Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Japan World's Faith Missionary Association West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Con- nection of America Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society Wonien's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society World's Sunday School Association Woman's Union Missionary Society of America Yale Foreign Missionary Society International Committee of the Young Men's Chris- tian Associations, Foreign Department National Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations of Australia and New Zealand National Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations of China Foreign Department of the English National Coun- cil of the Young Men's Christian Associations National Council, Young Men's Christian Associa- tions, India and Ceylon Japanese Young Men's Christian Association Na- tional Union I'^oreign Mission tional Council Associations Yotsuya Mission Foreign Department of the National Young Women's Christian Associations of Australasia Foreign Department of the National Young Women's Christian Association of Great Britain and Ireland Foreign Department of tlie Dominion Council of the Young Women's Christian Association of Canada National Committee of the Young Women's Chris- tian Associations of China National Young Women's Christian Association of India, Burma and Coylon Department of the Scottish Na- of the Young Men's Christian INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 313 YWCAJ Japan YWCASAf Transvaal YWCAUS U. S. A. ZBMM England ZGK Netherlands ZIM England ZTH India National Committee of the Yoimg Women's Chris- tian Associations of Japan South African National Council of the Young Women's Christian Association Foreign Department of the National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations of the United States of America Zenana Bible and Medical Mission Zending van de Gereformeerde Kerken in Neder- land onder Heidenen en Mohammedanen Zambesi Industrial Mission Zenana Training Home, Poona INDEX Aboriginal Inland Mission, 233 Aborigines, Australia, work among, 20 Administration, Chosen, change, 40 Advance, Canada, 10-12; United States, 5h-I2 Advance in Arabia, 68; in Australasia, 20; in India, 48; in Meshed, 69-70; in Mesopotamia, 68; in Siam, 60 Advanced program for Mexico, An, (Bib!.). 135 Advent Christian, 170 Adventist, Seventh-Day, 1 70-1 71 Adventures in faith in foreign lands, (Bibl,). 113 Afghanistan, political opposition relaxed, 70 Africa, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 73-74; Bibliography, 114-117; Catholic mis- sions, 100; Egypt, 71-73; Negro Africa, 74-88; reconstruction after the war, (Bibl.), 117 Africa Inland Mission, 232; German mis- sions in German East Africa taken over by, 84; staff increase, 84; Home Council for Australia, 233; Home Council for North America, (150) 223; Home Council for the British Isles, 237 African autobiography. An, (Bibl.), 117 African Methodist Episcopal, 197 Akasaka Hospital, 257 Algiers Mission Band, 251; American, dSi) 223 Allahabad, Kumbh Mela at, (Bibl.), 119 Allen. B. J., (Bibl.). 11 1 Allgemeiner evangel isch — protestant- ischer Missionsverein. 244 American Advent Christian Mission. China, (23) 170 American Advent Christian Mission. India. (24) 170 American Advent Mission Society, (23) 170 American and Foreign Christian Union, (152) 223 American Auxiliary of the Primitive Methodist Foreign Missionary Society, (91) 199 American Baptist Foreign Mission So- ciety. (29) 172-173 American Baptist Home Mission Society. (30) 173-174 American Baptist, North, (29) 172-173 American Baptist, South, (34) 175 American Bible Society, (125) 213-214; Africa, 78 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, (45) 179; South African compound work, 86 American Catholic missionaries. 103; in China, 103 American Church Mission, (50) 182-183 American College for Girls at Constanti- nople, (191) 230 American College, Madura, (4Sd) 180 American Committee for the Lebanon Hospital for Mental Diseases, (174) 227 American Committee, Mission to Lepers. (13s) 219 American Committee of the Nyasaland Mission of Central Africa of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, (177) 228 American Committee of the Santal Mis- sion, (180) 228-229 American Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, (149) 223 American Council, (Z^eylon and India General Mission, (159) 224 American Council of the Sudan United Mission, (184) 229 American door to Central Asia, An, (Bibl.) 133 American Episcopal, (50) 182-183 American Free Methodist Mission, (90) 199 American Friends Board of Foreign Mis- sions, (56) 186 American Friends' Mission (Ohio), (58) 189 American Home Council of the South Africa General Mission, (181) 228-229 American Hospital at Konia, (173) 227 American Lutheran Brethren Mission, (61) 188 American McAlI Association, (175) 227 American Mcnnonite Mission, (73) 193 American Missionary Association, (46) 181 American negro, (Bibl.), Edwards, W. J., 139 American Presbyterian Mission, North, (106) 204-205 American Presbyterian Mission Press, __^ 252 Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 314 INDEX 315 Asia, The new map of. (Bibl.), 112 Assam, (Bibl.), Carvell, A. M., 117 Associate Presbyterian Church, (103) 203 Associate Synod, Presbyterian, (103) 203 Association for the Support of the Jessie Taylor Memorial School for Moslem and Druse Girls, 241 Astronomical instruments, Germany to return, 153 Augustana Synod Mission, (71) 192 Aussatzigen-Asyl "Jesushilfe" in Jerusa- lem, 244 Austin, Harold, (Bibl.), 118 Australasia, 20; aborigines, Australia, work among, 20; advance, 20; Bolivian India Mission begun in New Zealand, 20; income, decreased in 1919, 20; in- come, increased until 1919. 20; inde- pendent work of missionary societies of Australia and New Zealand, 20; Polynesia, work in, 20; work of mis- sionary societies of Australia and New Zealand, 20 Australia, 20; aborigines, work among, 20; independent work of missionary societies of, 20; international relations, (Bibl.), 136; Queensland, (Bibl.). 135- 136; societies, 233-234 Australian and New Zealand Council of the Sudan United Mission, 234 Australian Board of Baptist Foreign Mis- sion, 233 Australian Board of Missions, 233 Awakening of Asia, The, (Bibl.), 113 Azerbaijan, 70 Baakleen Medical Mission to the Druses, 235 Bahai propaganda in America, The. (Bibl.), 138 Bahamas Baptist Union, 251 Bandy, C. H., (Bibl.), 118-119 Bangkok Christian College, 61; Chinese department, 61; Chinese liberality, 61; increased enrollment, 61 Bantu, (Bibl.), Werner, Alice, 140 Baptist Church, Canada, 162-163 Baptist Chtu-ch in Trinidad and Tobago, 251 Baptist Industrial Mission of Scotland, 240 Baptist Missionary Association, 235 Baptist Missionary Society, 235; depu- tation to Belgian Congo, 84 Baptist, National Convention, 1 71-172 Baptist, Northern Convention, 172-174 Baptist, Scandinavian, (32), 174 Baptist, Seventh Day, (33) I74-I7S Baptist, Southern Convention, 175-176 Baptists, General, (26) 171 Barton, James L., Turkey in Europe, Ar- menia and Anatolia, 61-63; (Bibl.), 136 Basel Mission, 249; aid from Great Britain to, 16; condition of, 19 Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies- American Presbyterian Mission, South, (los) 203-204 American Ramabai Association, (i79) 228 American Reformed Presbyterian Mis- sion, (109) 207 American Sabbath Tract Society (Seventh Day Baptist), (33b) I7S . American Section, Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions, (128a) 215 American Secti9n of the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, (133) 218 'American S9lidarity," desire for in Latin America, 30 American Tract Society, (126) 214 American United Presbyterian Mission, (ill) 208 American University at Cairo, (143) 221; opening, 73 American Waldensian Aid Society. (187) 229 American Welsh Presbyterian Mission, (112) 208 American Wesleyan Methodist Mission, (95) 200-201 Andrews, R. C, and Andrews, Y. B., (Bibl.), 123. Anglican mission, Sarawak, 55 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 73-741 material progress, 74; missionary cooperation and expansion, 74; railways extended, 74; restrictions on missions among Mos- lems, 74; trade, foreign, increase in, 74; war, unaffected by, 74 Angola Evangelical Mission, 237 Animism; or Thought currents of primi- tive peoples, (Bibl.), 136 Annett, E. A., (Bibl.), 118 Anti-Brahmin movements, India, 46-47 Anti-Tuberculosis Association, report for Bombay, 46 Apologetics, (Bibl.), MacLean, J. H., 142 Appeal of the missionary enterprise to the man of 1919. (Bibl.), 143-144 Arabian Mission, (114a) 209; founding of, 67 Arabic languages, Mesopotamia, (Bibl.). Van Ess, John, 140 Archer, John Clark, India, 42-50 Armenia, (Bibl.), Buxton, Harold, 132; (Bibl.), Trowbridge, Stephen, 133; Kurds friendly toward, 63; reconstruc- tion, 65 Armenia and India Relief, (i53) 223 Armenia and the peace settlement, (Bibl.), 132 Arms traffic, prohibition of, 151 Arnold, Julean, (Bibl.), 125 Arthur T. Pierson Memorial Bible School of Seoul, Korea, (147) 222 Asia, The awakening of, (Bibl.), 113 Asia, The democratic movement in, (Bibl.), 112 3i6 INDEX Board of Foreign Missions of the Inter- national Apostolic Holiness Church, (60) 187-188 Board of Foreign Missions of the Meth- odist Fpiscopal Church, (84) I05-i0<^ Board of Foreign Missions of the Meth- odist Protestant Church, (93) T09-200 Board of Foreign Missions of the Nor- wegian Lutheran Church of America, (66) 189 Boardof Foreign Missions of the Pennsyl- vania Conference of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ. (80) 194 Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada, (9) 166 Board of Foreign Missions of the Presby- terian Church in the United States of America, (106) 204-205 Board of Foreign Missions of the Re- formed Church in America, (114) 209 Board of Foreign Missions of the Re- formed Church in the United States, (115) 210 Board of Foreign Missions of the Re- formed Episcopal Church, (51) 183 Board of Foreign Missions of the Re- formed Presbyterian Church in North America, (no) 207 Board of Foreign Missions of the Repre- sentative Council of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, 241 Board of Foreign Missions of the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America, (109) 207 Board of Foreign Missions of the Union American Methodist Church in the United States and Canada, (94) 200 Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America, (69) 190-191 Board of Foreign Missions of the Untied Presbyterian Church of North America, (in) 208 Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South, 192 Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting of Friends for New England, 187 Board of Heathen Missions of the Chris- tian Reformed Church, (113) 208 Board of Home and Foreign Missions of the General Convention of the New Jerusalem in the United States of America. (99) 202 Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church, (85) 196 Board of Home Missions of the Presby- terian Church in the United States of America, (107) 206-207 Board of Management of the Gwalior Presbyterian'Mission, 169 Nolr. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission|[^Societie8. Beach, H. P.. (Bibl.), 129 Belgian Congo, 83-84; conference, 83; deputation from Baptist Missionary Society (English), 84; deputation from Methodist Episcopal Church, 84; Ka- tanga mineral fields, 76; occupation inadequate, 83; survey, (Bibl.), Stone- lalce, Alfred. 116 Belgian Congo and the Berlin act. The, (Bibl.), 114 Berlin Missionary Society, 244 Berlin I, 244 Berlin II, 24s Berlin Women's Missionary Society for China. 244 Berliner Frauen-Missionsverein fur China, 244 Berliner Missionsgesellschaft, 244 Best use of missionary furlough. The, (Bibl.), 141-142 Bible, circulation, Arabia and Mesopo- tamia, 67; Mandarin union version of, 38; revised in Zulu, 78; translation, French Indo-China, 42; translation in Nyasaland, 79; translation in Yoruba, 78; union version in China, 38; Wenli union version, 38 Bible. Book and Tract Depot, 252 Bible Faith Mission, (154) 223 Bible societies, Negro Africa, 78-79 Bible study in Chosen, 40 Bibliography of Recent Literature Re- lating to Foreign Mission Work, iii- 145 Bismarck Archipelago, disposition of, 153; present status of, 153. Board for Tamil Christian Literature, 254 Board of Directors of the Iconium Col- lege. (19,3) 231 Board of Domestic Missions of the Re- formed Church in America, (114c), 209 Board of Foreign Missions, Dutch Re- formed Church. (114) 209 Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States, (65) 189 Board of Foreign Missions, New England Friends Yearly Meeting, 187 Board of Foreign Missions of the Asso- ciate Reformed Presbyterian Church, (102) 203 Board of Foreign Missions of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and Other States, (68) 190 Board of Foreign Missions of the General Conference of the Mennonites of North America, (82) lo.S Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America. 192 Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod 'of the Evangelical Lutheran Church''in the United States of Amer- ica. 192 INDEX 1317 bureau, 15; Conference, recommenda- tions to Peace Conference, 16; Con- ference, work of committees, 16; 90- operation in, 13; cooperation with Interchurch World Movement, 16; deputations to foreign fields, 17; edu- cational commission' to India, 17; Emergency Committee, part at Peace Conference, 16; home staff, changes in, 14; increased expenditure, 12-13; increased income, 12; lessened staff, 13; loss on exchange, 12-13; missionary literature, 16; Missionary Passport Committee, 13; passport problem, 13- 14; Peace Conference, safeguarding of religious liberties at, 16; reforms in India, committee to consider, 17; situation among the societies, 12; union among societies, 14; United Medical Missions Exhibit, 14 British-Persian treaty, 70 British regulations governing missions, 10 British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews, 237 British Syrian Mission, 237 Broad Cast Tract Press and Faith Or- phanage, (iS7) 224 Brooks, C. A., (BiblO. I44 Broomhall, Marshall, (Bibl.). 123 Brough, J, S. B.. (Bibl.), 140 Brown, A. J., (Bibl.), 112 Brown, W. A., (Bibl.), 144 Buck, T. L., (Bibl.), 125-126 Buddhism, Chosen, (Bibl.), 137; Siam, adopting Christian features, 60; Siam, revival, 5^60 Buddhist educational commission from India to Philippines, 90 Building of the church among village communities, II The North Indian Presbyterian mass movement, 118-119 Bulgarian Evangelical Society, 243 Bureau of Missions of the National As- sociation for the Promotion of Holiness, (167) 226 Bureau of Statistics and Research, (i3ia9a) 216 Burgess, J. S., (Bibl.), 126 Burnet, Amos, South African Home Base, i9-;-20; (Bibl.), 114 Burning Bush Mission, (96) 201 Buxton, Harold, (Bibl.), 132 Cairo, American University at, (143) 221; opening, 73 Cambridge University's Mission to Delhi, (Bibl.), 121 Cameroun, 82-83; disposition of, 152; French substituted for German, 82-83; German missions taken over by Amer- icans and French, 83; payment for damages in, 152; present administra- tion of, 151-152 Camps and trails in China, (Bibl.), 123 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. Board of Missionary Preparation, (131b) 216 Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the General Council of the Evangehcal Lutheran Church in North America, 192 Board of Missions of the Church of the Lutheran Brethren, (61) 188 Board of Missions of the Evangelical Association, (52) 184 Board of Missions of the Friends Church of California, (57) 186 Board of Missions of the General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, 233 Board of Missions of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, South, (89) 198 Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical As- sociation, 233 Board of Trustees of Fukien Christian University, (144a) 222 Board of Trustees of St. Paul's Institute, (4Sh) 181 Board of Trustees of the Gould Memo- rial Home and Industrial Schools, Rome, Italy, (192) 230-231 Boat Mission, (182) 229 Boat work on Nile, 73 Boggs, S. W., Geography and Missions, 104-110 Bolivian Indian Mission, 251; begun in New Zealand, 20; Dunedui Council, 234; London Council, 237; New York Council, (iSS) 224; Pacific Coast Council, (156) 224 Bombay, Anti- Tuberculosis Association report for, 46 Books, mission, see BibUography Boxer indemnity, Germany renoimces, 153 Boycott of Japanese goods m China, 34 "Boys' Christian Home" Mission of India, 254 Breklum Society, 246 Brethren, Church of the (Dunker), (36) 176 Brethren Church (Progressive), (37) 176 Brethren in Christ Mission, Tunkers, (38) 177 Brethren Missionaries, (39) 177 British and Foreign Bible Society, 237; Negro Africa, 78-79 British Council of the Sudan United Mission, 239 British East Africa, 84; influenza in, 84; smallpox in, 84 British Home Base, The, 12-17; aid to Basel Mission, 16; Conference of Mis- sionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, 14-15; Conference, coopera- tion with Interchurch World Move- ment, 16; Conference, financial state- ment, 15; Conference, missionary magazine, 15-16; Conference, press 318 INDEX Canada, 9-12; advance and cooperation, 10; increased income, 12; Interchurch World Movement, 10; postal rates from, 157; societies, 162-170 Canada Congregational Foreign Mission- ary Society, (3) 164 Canada Congregational Woman's Board of Missions, (4) 165 Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board, (i) 162 Canadian Church Mission, (2) 163-164 Canadian Committee, Mission to Lepers, (10) 167 Canadian Committee of the Nyasaland Mission of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, (20) 169 Canadian Committee of the San Pedro Mission to the Indians of South Amer- ica, (21) 169 Canadian Council, Ceylon and India General Mission, (14) 168 Canadian Council, Inland-South-America Missionary Union, (17) 169 Canadian Holiness Movement Mission, (5) 16s Canadian McAll Association, (19) 169 Canadian Methodist Mission, (8) 165-166 Canadian Northwest Conference, Foreign Mission Board of the Mennonite Breth- ren in Christ, (7) 165 Canadian Presbyterian Mission, (9) 166 Canary Islands and Germany, clauses affecting, 154 Canton, (Bibl.). Noyes, H. N., 124 Canton Christian College, (190) 230 Canton Medical Missionary Society, 252 Captain Bickel of the Inland Sea, (Bibl.). 130 Caroline Islands, disposition of, 153; present status of, 153 Carvell. A. M., (Bibl.), 117 Case of real self-support, A, China, (Bibl.), 126 Caste system, breakdown of, 47 Cathedral, Uganda, (Bibl.), Rowling, F., 116 Catholic Church, missionaries, 98; Amer- ican, 103; in China, 103; missionaries' training, 98-99; missions of, 97-103; in Africa, 100; in China, 100; in French Indo-China, 100; in India, 100; in Japan, 100; in Oceania, 100; native workers, 98; seminaries, 102; support, loo-ioi; support, from U. S., 101-102 Caucasus, Russian, permanent work asked in, 63; relief work in, 63 Centenary, Methodist, 9; expansion. East Indies, 59: Malaysia, 56 Central America, regional conference in, 32 Central American Mission, (158) 224 Central Asian Mission, 237 Central Asian Pioneer Mission, 237 Central Board of Missions of the Chtorch of England, 236 Central-Comite voor de Oprichting en de Instandhouding van een Seminarie nabij Batavia, 246 Central institutional church, Nanchang, (Bibl.), 129 Central Morocco Mission, 241 Central Turkey College, Aintab, (4Se) 180 Ceylon and India General Mission, 237; American Council, (159) 224; Cana- dian Council, (14) 168 Chamberlain, William I., Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67-69 Chao, K. C, (Bibl.), 126 Chapman, J. W., (Bibl.), 144 Chefoo Industrial Mission, 252 Cheng, C. Y., (Bibl.), 126 Children, books for, 138-139; conserving the, Syria and Palestine, 65-66 Children's Special Service Mission, 237 China, 33-38; Bibliography, 123-130; boycott of Japanese goods, 34; Cath- olic missions in, 100; Chinese home mission in Yunnan, 38; church union, 36-37;. city work, 36; Continuation Committee survey, 37; Demnark in- creasing work, 36; disbandment of military, 34; education, government, 35; education, mission, 36; foreign trade, 35; Fukien Christian University, 36; future field for German missions, 19; Germany, clauses affecting, Treaty of Peace, 153; industrial progress, 34; international consortium for financing of, 34; Japan, relations with, 33-34. Si; Mandarin union version of Bible, 38; inilitary governors, awakening of pub- lic opinion against, 33; military pur- poses, large expenditures for, 34; Missions Building at Shanghai, 38; Moslems, committee on work among, 37; national spirit, awakening of, 34; Norway increasing work in, 35-36; opium refonn, 35; outlook, 38; Peace Conference, 33-34; Peking Medical School, 36; Peking University, 36; phonetic script, 35; proposed Union Lutheran College, 37; Shanghai Peace Conference, 33; Shantung question, 33-34; social application of Gospel, 37; social progress, 35; strike, 34; survey of Chnstian education, 36; Sweden in- creasirig work, 36; Tibet, opening of work in, 36; Treaty, refusal to sign, 34; union version of Bible, 38; Wenli union version of Bible, 38; Yunnan mission, 38 China and the world war, (Bibl.), 124 China at the cross roads — a review of the year 1918 and the outlook for 1919, (Bibl.), 129 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 319 China Baptist Publication Society, 252 China Christian Educational Association, Christian education in S. India, (Bibl.), 118 Christian Educational Association of Tokyo, 257 Christian Endeavor Union, World's, (127) 214 Christian Faith Mission, 252 Christian Herald Missionary Fund, (161) 252 China Continuation Committee of the National Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 252; (Bibl.), 128 China Inland Mission, 232; China Coun- cil, 252; Council for Australasia, 233; Council for North America, (Phila- delphia Office) (160) 224-225; Coun- cil for North America, (Toronto Office) (15) 168; London Council, 237 China Medical Missionary Association, 252 China Mennonite Mission Society, (83) 195 China Missionary Society of the Augus- tana Synod of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church of North America, (71) 192 China of the Chinese, (Bibl.), 124-125 China Sunday School Union, 254 _ China world democracy and missions, (Bibl.), 130 China's economic problems and Chris- tian missionary effort, (Bibl.), 125 Chinese, Malaysia, immigration, 55; work for, 56 Chinese Christian church and national movements, (Bibl.), 126 Chinese home mission in Yunnan, 38 Chinese liberality, Bangkok Christian College, 61 Chinese Mohammedanism, (Bibl.), 138 Chinese Student Volunteer Movement for the Ministry, 252; (Bibl.), 128 Chinese Tract Society, 252 Chosen, 38-41; Bible study in, 40; Bud- dhism, (Bibl.), 137; burning of churches, 39; change in administration, 40; Japanese in Chosen, work among, 41; moral deterioration under Japan's military system, 39; native church in Chosen, attitude of Japan toward, 39- 40; passive resistance, 40; poUtical disturbances, 38-39; proclamation of independence, 39; progress, material, under Japanese rule, 39; protests against Japan at home and abroad, 40; revolt, 38-40; revolt, eflfect on mis- sion work, 40; revolt, suppression, 39; self-support and expansion, 40-41; Sunday-schools, 40 Christian and Missionary Alliance, (40) 177-178; occupation of French Indo- China, 41 Christian approach to Islam, The, (Bibl.), 136 Christian Association of the University of Pennsylvania, (Foreign Department) (178) 228 Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion, 252 Christian Church, (41) 178 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 225 Christian Literature Council in China, Plans of the. (Bibl.), 128 Christian Literature Society for China, 252 Christian Literature Society for India, 238 Christian Missions in Many Lands, 235 Christian Reformed Church, (113) 208 Christian Service League, Philippines, 92 Christian University at Cairo, 73 Christian Woman's Board of Missions, (49) 182 Christians. (Disciples of Christ) 181-182 Christians' Mission, 252 Christianization of life in China, The, (Bibl.), 126 Chung, Henry, (Bibl.), 112 Church and the industrial situation. The, (Bibl.), 144 Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East, 235 Church of all nations. A, (Bibl.), 145 Church of Christ in Japan, 258 Church of England, missions in South Africa, 19 Church of England in Canada, (2) 163- 164 Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, 236 Church of God, 178-179 Church of God, (India) 25S Church of God Foreign Missionary Board, (42) 178 Church of Scotland Committee for the Conversion of the Jews, 241 Church of Scotland Foreign Mission Committee, 241 Church of Scotland Women's Association for Foreign Missions, 241 Church of Sweden Mission Board, 249 Church of the Brethren, (Dunker) (36) 176 Church of the Brethren Mission, (36) 176 Church union, China, 36-37; India, (Bibl.), 119; Syria and Palestine, 65 Churches, Chosen, burning of, 39 Churches of God, General Eldership, (44) 179 City work, China, 36 Coan, F. G., (Bibl.), 133 Cochran, J. C, (Bibl.), 123 Cock, A. A., (Bibl.), 139 Coffin. H. S., (Bibl.), 141 Colombia, (Bibl.), Williams, M. N., 134 Colonies, industrial, Malaysia, 56 320 INDEX Coming Chinese Christian leadership, (Bibl.). 129 Comite tot Voorziening in de Godsdien- stige Behoeften van de Gevestigde Inlandsche Protestantsche Christenge- meenten op de Sangir- en Talaut- Eilanden, 246 Committee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America, Inc., (131a) 215 Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, American Section, (133) 218; cooperation with Interchurch World Movement, 32 Committee on Work among Moslems in China, 37 Communal representation, India, 43 "Comparative areas," study of, 105-106 Compound work, Johannesburg, 86 Conference, Belgian Congo, 83 Conference of Federated Missions in Japan, 257 Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, 14-15: cooperation with Interchurch World Movement, 16; financial statement, 15; missionary magazine, 15-16; press bureau, 15; recommendations to Peace Conference, 16; work of committees, 16 Conference of Protestant Missionary So- cieties in the Congo, 83 Conference of South Africa, General Mis- sion, 87 Conference, Student, Philippines, 01-92 Conference, Syria and Palestine, '64-65 ; recommendations, 64-65 Conferences, regional, Negro Africa, 77 Congo, The missionary situation in, (Bibl.). 116 Congo Inland Mission, (81) 195 Congregational Churches, Canada, 164- 165; United States, 179-18 1 Congregational Union Church Aid and Missionary Society of South Africa, 250 Congregational Union of British Guiana, ^251 Congregational Union of Jamaica. 251 Conscience, freedom of, under mandatary. Conserving the children, Syria and Pales- tine. 65-66 Constantinople Girls' College, (191) 230 Continental Home Base, 17-19; Basel Mission. 19; distrust of leaders in other countries. 18; France, increased interest. 18; German missions, future fields. China. Netherlands East Indies, South America. 19; Germany, depres- sion and lessened interest, 18; informa- tion unreliable, 17; neutral countries, increased income, 18; "Supemational- ity of Missions," 17-18; Switzerland, depression, 19 Continental Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, 240 Continuation Committee of the World Missionary Conference, (128) 215 Continuation Committee Survey, China, 37. Continuation Committee, Syria and Palestine, 64 Convention, Student Volunteer Move- ment. II Convention. World's Sunday School. Tokyo, 1920, 52 Cooperation. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 74; Canadian, 10; Committee on Coopera- tion in Latin America with Interchurch World Movement, 32; government, Philippines. 91; Great Britain. 13; Great Britain with Interchurch World Movement. 16; Conference of Mis- sionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland with Interchurch World Move- ment, 16; need of. Johannesburg. 86; South Africa. 87 Cooperation, its necessity and cost, (Bibl.), 142-143 Cooperative program for Mexico. 32 Coptic Church, 73; (Bibl.), Leeder, S. H., 114 Corea, see Chosen Council in Canada for the Inland-South- America Missionary Union, (17) 169 Council in the United States of the Inland- South-America Missionary Union, (168) 226 Countess of Huntingdon's Connection, 236 Cowley, Wantage & All Saints Mission- ary Association, 235 Crusade of compassion for the healing of the nations, A. (Bibl.). iii Cumberland Presbyterian. (104) 203 Cyprus, present status of. 15S Dale. (Godfrey. (Bibl.). 114-115 Danish Board for the Santal Mission, 243 Danish Church Mission in Arabia. 243 Danish Council of the Sudan United Mission. 243 Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. (62) 188 Danish Lutheran. (62) 188 Danish Missionary Society, 243 Danish Tent Mission, 243 Danish United Lutheran, (63) 188 Dansk Kirke- Mission i Arabien, 243 Danske Missionsselskab, 243 Davis. J. M.. (Bibl.). 131 Day Missions Library, (163) 225 Day of opportunity at Delhi. (Bibl.), 121 "Defence of India Act," rigorous applica- tion of. 44 Delhi. India, (Bibl.), Marsh. Noel. 121 Democracy and the Eastern question, China, (Bibl.), 123-124 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 321 Democratic movement in Asia, The, (Bibl.), 112 Denmark, increasing work in China, 36; societies, 243 Dennett, Tyler, (Bibl.), 112 Denyes, John R., Malaysia, 54-59 Dei)artmentalized government, Philip- pines, 90 Depression in Germany, 18; Switzerland, 19 Deputation, Federation of Woman's Boards, 11 Deputations, Baptist Missionary Society (English) to Belgian Congo, 84; Meth- odist Episcopal Church to Belgian Congo, 84; to foreign fields, 11; to foreign fields from Great Britain, ^7 Des Moines Convention, 11 Deutsche China- Allianz- Mission in Bar- men, 244 Deutsche Orient Mission, 244 Deutscher Frauen Missionsbund, 244 Deutscher Hulfsbund fur christliches Liebeswerk im Orient, 24s Developing a dominantly missionary church, (Bibl.), 141 Development of a mass movement church. The, (Bibl.), 122 Devil worship, Kurdistan, (Bibl.), 137 Dickson, E. J. M., (Bibl.), 126 Diffendorfer. R. E., (Bibl.), 141 Directors of the Methodist Publishing House in China, (136) 219 Directory for Latin America, 33 Directory of Foreign Mission Societies, 159-259 Disciples of Christ, 181-182^ Distribution of medical missions. The, (Bibl.). 145 Disturbances, political, Chosen, 38-39 Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, (50) 182-183 Domestic, Frontier and Foreign Mission- ary Society of the United Brethren in Christ, (123) 212 Donaldson, D. M., (Bibl.), 133 Doopsgezinde Vereeniging tot Bevorder- ing der Evangelieverbreiding in de Nederlandsch-Overzeesche Bezittingen, 247 " Door of Hope" Mission, 253 Doshisha University, 257 Dovey, J. W., (Bibl.), 127 Dufferin and Procter Memorial Schools, 238 Dunlop, D. C. L., (Bibl.), 119 Du Plessis, J., (Bibl.), 144 Dutch Reformed Church, Board of For- eign Missions, (114) 209 Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, missions of, 19 East, Social problems and the, (Bibl.) 113 East Africa, 84; British East Africa, in- fluenza, 84; British East Africa, small- pox, 84; Mohammedan advance, 84; Nyasaland, Bible translation, 79 "Echoes of Service" Missionary Society, 235 . . Economic distress, India, 45 Eddy, G. S., (Bibl.), 119 Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society, 242 Education, Africa, government control considered, 81; Africa, missionary con- trol of primary schools, 80-81; Africa, Nigerian government encourages, 82; Africa, support in Natal, 87; Africa, West, interest, 81; Arabia and Meso- potamia, 67; China, government, 35; China, mission, 36; East Indies, 58-59; India, government report, 49; India, missionary, 49; India, women's, 49- 50; Japan, government ordinances, 53; Latin America, northern leadership, 31; Persia, 69; Philippines, 91; Siam, 60-61; Siam, high standard of, 60; Turkey, interruption of, 62 Educational commission, Buddhist, from India to Philippines, 90; to India from Great Britain and U. S., 17 Edwards, W. J., (Bibl.), 139 Effects of the war on Africa, Some, (Bibl.), 117 Egypt, 71-73; boat work on Nile, 73; Christian University at _ Cairo, 73; Coptic Church, 73; itinerating agencies, 73; Mohammedans and Christians fraternize, 72; _ Native Protestant Church, 73; rioting, 71; self-support, 73; strikes, 72; survey, 73; suspension of mission work, 71-72; uprising, 71- 72; uprising, causes, 71; uprising, effect of, on mission work, 71-72; uprising, significance, 71; war, labor corps, 72- 73; war, quiet during, 71 Egypt General Mission, 238 Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions, part at Peace Conference, 10-16; Ajnerican Section, (128a) 215 Emergency in Chosen, The, (Bibl.), 131 Emmanuel Medical Mission, 242 Encouraging signs in Latin America, (Bibl.), 13s English Council of the South Africa General Mission, 239 English Mission, Lydda, Palestine, 259 Episcopal Church, 182-183 Episcopal, Reformed, 183-184 Eskimo dog-sled and kayak. By, (Bibl.), 138 Eternal source of missions. The, (Bibl.), 140 Euphrates College, (45f) 180 Europe, Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, extension of work in, 11 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 322 INDEX Europeans, religious condition of. South Africa, 8s Evangel Mission, (164) 225 Evangel Press, 253 Evangelical Association, 184 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway, Mission of the, 248 Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States, (67) 190 Evangelical Mission to Israel. 238 Evangelical National Missionary Society of Stockholm, 248 Evangelical Synod, (54) 185 Evangelical Union of South America, 238; North American Branch, (16) 168 Evangelical Union of the PhiUppine Is- lands, 259 Evangelical United, 184-185 Evangelisch-lutherische Mission zu Leip- zig, 245 Evangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt zu Hermannsburg, 245 Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft fur Deutsch-Ostafrika, 245 Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft zu Basel, 249 EvangeHska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen, 248 Evangelistic movement in the Indian church. The, (Bibl.). 122 Evangelization of provinces. The, — Man- churia, (Bibl.). 127 Everyday difficulties of Indian Christians, (Bibl.), 120-121 Ewing. J. C. R.. (Bibl.), 122 Exchange, loss on, Great Britain, 12-13 Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, (105) 203-204 Exhibit, United Medical Missions, Great Britain, 14 Expansion of Christianity in the modern world. The, (Bibl.), 140 Expenditure in Great Britain, increased, 12-13 Exploitation of Latin America by out- siders, 24 Extraterritoriality, Siam, terminated, 153 Eyes of Asia. The, (Bibl.). 118 Faith Mission, 253 Famine, India, 46 Far East. The mastery of the, (Bibl.), 112 Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, (129) 215 Federal Council of Protestant Evangelical Missions in Korea, 258 Federal Foreign Mission Committee of Churches of Christ in Australia, 233 Federation of Japanese Churches, dele- gation to Chosen, 51 Federation of Woman's Boards of For- eign Missions of North America, (130) 215; deputations, ii Field Reviews, 21-93; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 73-74; China, 3,3-38; Chosen, 38-41; Egypt, 71-73; French Indo- China, 41-42; India, 42-50; Japan, 50-54; Latin America, 23-33; Malay- sia, 54-59; Negro Africa, 74-88; Philip- pines. S9-93', Turkish Empire, 61-70 Fifty years in China, (Bibl.), 125 Financial staternent. Conference of Mis- sionary Societies, Great Britain, 15 Financing of China, International Con- sortium for, 34 Finland, societies, 243 Finley, J. H., (Bibl.), 131 Finnish Missionary Society, 243 Finska Missionssallskapet, 243 Fisher, F. B., (Bibl.), 118 Five republics of Central America, (Bibl.), Munro, D. G., 133-134 Foreign Christian Missionary Society, (48) 181-182 Foreign Department of the Dominion Council of the Young Women's Chris- tian Association of Canada, (11) 167 Foreign Department of the English Na- tional Council of the Young Men's Christian Associations, 239 Foreign Department of the National Board of the Young Women's Christian Association of the United States of America, (142) 221 Foreign Department of _ the National Young Women's Christian Association of Great Britain and Ireland, 240 Foreign Department of the National Young Women's Christian Associations of Australasia, 234 Foreign fields, deputations to, 11 Foreign financial control in China, (Bibl.), 124 Foreign magic. Tales of every-day China, (Bibl.), 123 Foreign Mission Board, Friends of Phila- delphia. (55) 185 Foreign Mission Board, Michigan Men- nonite Brethren in Christ, (77) 194 Foreign .Mission Board of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Inc., (88) 197-198 Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in Christ of the United States of America and Canada, (38) 177 Foreign Mission Board of the Christian Church, (41) 178 Foreign Mission Board of the Evangelical Synod of North America, (54) i8s Foreign Mission Board of the Indiana and Ohio Conference. Mcnnonite Breth- ren in Christ, (75) 194 Foreign Mission Board of the Mcnnonite Brethren in Christ, Canadian North- west Conference, (7) i<^)5 Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention, (28) 172 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 323 French Indo-China, 41-42; Bible transla- tion, 42; British and Foreign Bible So- ciety, 42; Catholic missions, 100; oc- cupation. Christian and Missionary Alliance, 41; outlook, 42; Swiss Ply- mouth Brethren, 41-42 French language substituted for German, Cameroun, 82-83 French Protestant Mission in Kabylie, 244 Fri Baptister, 249 Fria Missionen i Finland, 243 Friedenshort Deaconess Mission, 244 Friends' Anti-Slavery Committee, 236 Friends' Armenian Mission Committee, 236 Friends Church of California, Board of Missions, (57) 186 Friends' Foreign Mission Association, 236 Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting, (58) 187 Friends of Philadelphia, Foreign Mission Board, (ss) 185 Friends, (Orthodox) 185-187 Fruit from the jungle, (Bibl.), I39 Fukien University, (144a) 222; 36 Fullani bin Fullani, (Bibl.), IIS Funfpfennig-Verein, 24s Furlough, missionary preparation, (Bibl.). 141-142 Future place of education in China, The, (Bibl.). 127 Gale, F. C, (Bibl.), 129 Gambling, East Indies, 58 Gamewell, M. N., (Bibl.), 123 General Articles, 97-14S General Baptists, Foreign Mission Board, (26) 171 General Board of Foreign Missions, Church of the Nazarene, (98) 202 General Conference Mennonite Mission, (82) 195 General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination, (25) 170- 171 General Eldership of the Churches of God, (44) 179 General Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren, (36) 176 General Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, 250; American Committee, (177) 228; Ca- nadian Committee, (20) 169 General Mission Conference of South Africa, 87 General Missionary Board of the Free Methodist Church of North America. (90) 199 General Synod of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church in the United States of America, Board of Foreign Missions, 192 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. Foreign Mission Board of the Nebraska Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church, (78) 194 Foreign Mission Board of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland, 241 Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, (34) 175 Foreign Mission Committee of Churches of Christ, 241 Foreign Mission Committee of the United Free Church of Scotland, 241 Foreign Mission Department of the Scot- tish National Council of the Young Men's Christian Associations, 242 Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, 240 Foreign Mission of the Reformed Presby- terian Synod of Ireland, 240 Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia, (55) 185. Foreign missionary cooperation and unity at the home base in America, (Bibl.), 144 Foreign Missionary Society of the Breth- ren Chvirch, (37) 176 Foreign Missionary Society of the Gen- eral Association of General Baptists in the United States, (26) 171 Foreign Missionary Society of the United Brethren in Christ, (122) 212 Foreign Missionary Society, Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends', (58) 187 Foreign Missions Board of the Pacific Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ, (79) 194 Foreign Missions Committee of the Pres- byterian Church of England, 237 Foreign Missions Committee of the Pres- byterian Church of New Zealand, 234 Foreign Missions Conference of North Arnerica, (131) 215-216 Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Church of North America, (74) 193 Foreign Sunday School Association of the United States of America, (139a) 220- 229 Foreningen for Israelsmission, 248 Foreword, 3 France, German missions in Cameroun taken over by, 83; increase of mis- sionary interest, 18; societies, 244 Franklin, J. H.. (Bibl.). 112 Eraser, Donald, (Bibl.), 117 Free Baptist Woman's Missionary So- ciety, (29b) 173 Free Church Mission of Finland, 243 Free Church of Scotland Foreign Mis- sion, 241 Free Methodist Mission, (90) 199 Freedom, religious, Turkey, 63 French Baptist Mission, 251 French Congo, 83; government opposi- tion, 83; survey, (Bibl.), Stonelake, Alfred, 116 324 INDEX Geography, 104-110; accuracy essential, 108; application to missionary prob- lems, 104; comparability of mission maps, 105-106; comparative areas, study of, 105-106; continuity of geo- graphic problem, 107-108; essentials of, 106-107; Mercator's Projection, misuse of, 105-106; non-missionary data essential, 106; "Problem Areas," study of, 106-107; unoccupied mission fields, 104 German Aid Society for Christian Char- ity in the East, 24s German Baptists, Missionary Society of the, 246 German China Alliance Mission in Bar- men, 244 German East Africa, disposition of, 152 "German" East Africa, In, (Bibl.), 114- 115; present administration of, 152 German missions after the war, (Bibl.), German Orient Mission, 244 German Southwest Africa, disposition of, 152; present condition of, 152 German Women's Missionary Union, 244 Germany, depression, lessened interest and distrust, 18; future field for, China, Netherlands East Indies, South Amer- ica, 19; missions, aided from U. S., 11; missions, giving up of, 18; missions, Kamerun, taken by France and U. S., 8j; missions, G. E. A., taken by Africa Inland Mission, 84; missions, Netherlands East Indies, 57-58; mis- sions, property to continue in mission hands as "trust property," 149; socie- ties, 244-246 Gesellschaft fur innere und aussere Mis- sion im Sinne der lutherischen Kirche, 245 Gibbons, H. A., (Bibl.). 112 Gibson, J. Paul S. R., 1 19-120 Gilmore, G. W., (Bibl.), 136 Gollock, Miss G. A., (Bibl.), 141; British Home Base, 12 Gollock, M. C, (Bibl.), 141-142 Gospel Baptist Mission, 253 Gospel Missionary Society, (165) 225 Gospel, social application of, China, 37 Gossnersche Missionsgesellschaft, 245 Gould Memorial Home and Industrial Schools, Rome, Italy, (192) 230-231 Government cooperation, Philippines, 91 Government education in China, 35 Government opposition, French Congo, 83; Portuguese East Africa, 84 Government ordinances on education, Japan, S3 Government restrictions on missions among Mohammedans, Anglo-Egyp- tian Sudan, 74 Governors, mihtary, awakening of public opinion in China against, 33 Grace Mission, 253 Great Britain, see British Home Base Greek friendliness toward missions, Tur- key, 62-63 Growth of missionary cooperation since 1910, (Bibl.), 143 Grubb, W. Barbrooke, (Bibl.), 134-135 Gwalior Presbyterian Mission, 169 Haiti, survey, 32 Hakuaikai Seryoin, ("Loving AH" Dis- pensary) 257 Hankow Concession, 150 Hannover Free Evangelical Lutheran Church Missionary Society, 246 Harding, H. G., (Bibl.), 132 Harrington, C. K., (Bibl.), 130 Harris, J. H., (Bibl.), 117 Harvard Mission, (166) 226 Have conditions improved in Mexico, (Bibl.), 135 Hawaiian Islands, Societies, 233 Heart of Africa Mission, 238 Hedjaz, The, 68; present status, 154; significance of recognition, 68 Helgelse-Forbundet, 248-249 Helms, E. J., (Bibl.), 145 Henaratgoda Village Mission, 255 Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association, (59) 187 Hering, Miss HoUis W., Bibliography of Recent Literature Relating to Foreign Mission Work, 111-145 Ilermannsburg Mission, 245 Hershey, A. S., and Hershey, S. W., (Bibl.), 130 Hildesheimer Verein fur die deutsche Blindenmission in China, 245 Hill-Murray Mission to the Chinese Blind and Illiterate Sighted in North China, 242 Hindu religious setting, (Bibl,), 138 Hinduism, India, (Bibl.), Hogg, Prof. A. G., 120 History of religions. The, (Bibl.), 136- 137 Hodous, Lewis, (Bibl.), 129; China, 33- 38; French Indo-China, 41-42 Hogg, Prof. A. G., (Bibl.), 120 Holiness Church, International, (60) 187- 188 Holiness Movement Church, (5) 165 Holland Committee for the Lebanon Hos- pital for the Insane, 247 Holland, W. E. S., (Bibl.), 120 Home and Foreign Board of Missions of The Schwenkfelder Church in the United States of America, (119) 211 Home and Foreign Missionary Depart- ment of the African Methodist Epis- copal Church, (87) 197 Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church, (53) 184-185 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 325 Home Base, reviews, 9-20; British, 12- 17; Continental, 17-19; North Amer- ican, 9-12; South African, 19-20 Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, (35) 176 Home mission, Chinese, in Yunnan, 38 Home Missionary Society of India, 255 Home staff, changes in, Great Britain, 14 Hopkins, E. W., rBibl.), 136-137 How missions denationalize Indians, (Bibl.), 121-122 Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission, China, (Bibl.). 128-129 Hunt, James G., Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 73-74; Eg^^pt. 71-73 Hutton, S. K., (Bibl.). 138 Hj'ndman, H. M., (Bibl.), 113 Iconium College, (193) 231 Ideals of new phina. The, (Bibl.), 126 Ikwezi Lamaci Mission, 250 Illiteracy, India, 50; Latin America, 28 Immigrants, Chinese and Indians, Malay- sia, 55; Malaysia, work for, 56 Income, Australasia, increased until 1919. decreased in 1919. 20; Canada, in- creased, 12; Great Britain, increased, 12; Methodist Episcopal, increased, 12; neutral countries, increased, 18; North America, increased, 12; statistics, Can- ada, 12; United States, 12 Indemnity, Boxer, Germany renounces, Treaty of Peace, 153 Independence, Persia, 70; proclamation of. Chosen, 39 Independent Baptists, Swedish, 249 Independent Lutheran Mission, 253 Indexes, 291 India, 42-50; anti-Brahmin movements, 46-47; Anti-Tuberculosis Association, report for Bombay, 46; Bibliography, 117-122; breakdown of caste system, 47; Buddhist educational commission to Philippines, 90; caste, 46-47; Cath- olic missions, 100; communal represen- tation, 43; "Defence of India Act," rigorous application of, 44; economic distress, 45; education for women, 49- 50; education, government report, ^9; mission, 49; educational commission from Great Britain and North Amer- ica, 11, 17; England an alien adminis- tration, 44; famine, 46; illiteracy, 50; India Reform Bill, native attitude to- ward, 43; India Reform Bill, responsi- bility to Indian people under, 44; Indian Syrian Church, 47-48; indus- trial progress, 45-46; influenza, 46; inter-caste dining, fraternity, marriage, 47; mission advance and union, 48; non-Christian religious movements, 48- 49; outbreaks in Ptmjab, 43-44; Patel Bill, 47; Patel Bill allows inter- caste marriage, 47; 'political changes, 42-45; Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. political outbreaks, 43-44; political union, 42-43; prison reform, 47; pro- posed Women's University, Madras, 50; Rabindranath Tagore, 44; Reform Bill, 42-43; Reform Bill, responsibility to Indian people under, 44; reforms, committee in Great Britain to con- sider, 17; Rowlatt Act, native opposi- tion to, 44; Satyagraha Sabha, 48-49; self-government, 42-43; "Silent revo- lution," 43-44; temperance movement, 46; war, 50 India Christian Endeavor Union, 255 India Sunday School Union, 256 Indian Christian Association, Madras, Indian Christian Mission, 238 Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly, 255 Indian Syrian Church, 255; revival, 47- 4? Indiana and Ohio Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ, (7S) I94 Indians, Latin America, 29; condition, India's national and Christian progress, (Bibl.), 122 India's silent revolution, (Bibl.), 118 Industrial changes, Negro Africa, 74-75 Industrial colonies, Malavsia, 56 Industrial development. West Africa, 81 Industrial progress, China, 34; India, 45- 46 Infant mortality, Negro Africa, 79 Influenza, British East Africa, 84; India, 46; Negro Africa, 79; witch doctors, lessened influence because of, 79 Initials, International Svstem of, 301 Inland-South-America Missionary Union, 232; Council in Canada, (17) 169; Council in Great Britain, 242; Council in United States, (168) 226 Inman, S. G., (Bibl.), 133-13S; Latin America, 23-33 Institution for the Chinese Blind, 253 Institutional church in China, The, (Bibl.) , 130 Interchurch World Movement of North America, (132) 217-218; Canadian, 10; Comrnittee on Cooperation in Latin America cooperates with, 32; coopera- tion _ of Great Britain with, 16; in- itiating of, 9-10; Missionary Education Department of the, (132b) 218; serv- ices of, 10 International Christian Police Associa- tion, 257 International _ Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association, Foreign Department, (141) 220-221 International Consortium for financing China, 34 International Holiness Church, (60) 187- 188 326 INDEX International Institute of China (Mission among the Higher Classes in China), 253 . International Medical Missionary So- ciety, (169) 226 International Missionary Union, (170) 226 International Postal Telegraph Christian Association, 238 International Reform Bureau, (171) 226- 227 International Societies, 232 International System of Initials for Mis- sionary Societies, 301 Interpreting America to the Orient, Philippines, 89 Inter-Synodical Evangelical Lutheran Orient Mission Society, (72) 193 Intervention in Mexico, (Bibl.), i33 Introductory sketch of the Bantu lan- guages, (Bibl.), 140 Islam Lands, Bibliographical, 131-133 Islam, the war, and missions, (Bibl.). .132-133 Itinerating agencies, Egypt, 73 Jaffna College, (4Sg) 181 Jamaica Baptist Union, 251 James M. Taylor Interdenominational Missionary Work, (186) 229 Japan, 50-54; allied victory, effect on mission work, 53; America, attitude toward, 51-52; awakening of public opinion in China against, 33; Bibliog- raphy, 130-13 1 ; boycott, in China of Japanese goods, 34; Catholic missions, 100; China, relations with, 51; Chinese military governors, dealings with, 33; Chosen, attitude of Japanese Chris- tians on, 51; Chosen, protests against policy in, 40; Chosen, delegation sent by Federation of Japanese churches to investigate, 51; democracy, 52; educa- tion, government ordinances on, 53; education, mission, 52; industrialism increased, 53; interpreting democracy, 52; Mr. Kanamori's evangelistic cam- paigns, 53; material progress in Chosen under, 39; militarism in, 52; moral deterioration in Chosen under, 39; native church in Chosen, attitude to- ward, 39-40; native church, increase in, 53; need of reenforcements, 54; op- gosition toward Christianity, 53; eace Conference, position at the, 51; revolt in Chosen, 51; Shantung ques- tion, si; social service, need for, 53; World's Sunday School Convention in Tokyo, 1920, 52 Japan Book and Tract Society, 257 Japan Continuation Committee, 257 Japan Evangelistic Band, 257 Japan Methodist Church, 258 Japan Union of Christian Endeavor, 257 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies, Japanese Baptist Missionary Society, 257 Japanese, Chosen, work among, 41 Japanese Christian Mission, 253 Japanese Episcopal Church, 258 Japanese Young Men's Christian Associa- tion National Union, 258 Java Committee at Amsterdam, 247 Jebail Settlement, 259; American Com- mittee, (172) 227 Jerusalem and the East Mission, 236 Jerusalems-Verein, 245 Jesushilfe Leper Asylum in Jerusalem, 244 Jewish Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, 240 Johannesburg, compound work, 86; co- operation, need of, 86 John C. Kerr Hospital for the Insane, 253 Johnston, Sir H. H., (Bibl.). 117 Joint Council of North Siam and South Siam missions, 59 Joint Synod of Ohio, Lutheran, (65) 189 Jones, F. M., (Bibl.), 115 Joseph, Isya, (Bibl.), 137 Jungle depths. In, (Bibl.), 117 Jungle Tribes Mission, (ioonoor. South India, 255 Jungle Tribes Mission of the Presby- terian Church in Ireland, 240 Kaffir Wars, effect on missionary enter- prise in South Africa, 19 Kaiserwerth Deaconesses, 246 Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, disposition, 152- 153; present condition, 152-153 Kalaw, M. M., (Bibl.), 135 Kamerun, 82-83; disposition, 152; French substituted for German, 82-83; Ger- man missions taken over by Amer- icans and French, 83; payment for damages in, 152; present administra- tion, 151-152 Kanamori's, Mr., evangelistic campaigns, 53 Kandy Industrial School, 255 Katanga, Men and minerals in, (Bibl.), 117 Katanga mineral fields, Belgian Congo, 76 Keith, A. B., (Bibl.), 114 Kerridge. H. S., (Bibl.), 138 Kiau-Chau, transfer of, 150 Kieler China Mission, 24s King, G. L., (Bibl.), 115-116 Kipling, Rudyard, (Bibl.). 118 Konia Christian Hospital, (173) 227 Korea, see Chosen Korean Buddhism, history — condition — ■ art, (Bibl.). 137 Korean Itinerant Mission, 258 Korean Religious Book and Tract So- ciety, 258 INDEX 327 Krimmer Bruedergemeinde, Mennonite, (83) 195 Kulp, D. H., (Bibl.), 127 Kumbh Mela at Allahabad, The, (Bibl.), Kumiai Kyokwai, (Congregational Churches) 257 Kuo. P. W.. (Bibl.). 127 Kurds, eager for schools, 63; friendly to- ward Armenians and missionaries, 63 Kurku and Central Indian Hill Mission, 238 Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare, 249 Labaree, R. M., (Bibl.), 138 Labor, Africa, demand for, 7S-76; edu- cated native labor, 75; propaganda among natives, 76 Labrador, (Bibl.), Hutton, S. K., 138 Lakher Pioneer Mission, 238 La Motte, E. N., (Bibl.), 123 Lampe, William E., Chosen, 38-41; Japan, 50-54 Land of promise. The, (Bibl.), 132 Language and literatvu-e of Latin Amer- ica, 24-25 Language for schools, Syria and Palestine, 64 Languages, Africa, Bantu, (Bibl.), Werner, Alice, 140 La Nueva Democracia, 32 L. P. Larsen's Missionary Work among students in India, Committee for, 243 Latin America, 23-33; "American Soli- darity," 30; Bibliography, I33-I35; Committee on Cooperation in, 32; Co- operation with Interchurch World Movement, 32; cooperative program for Mexico, 32; directory, 33; evan- gelistic work limited, 27-29; exploited by outsiders, 24; extent, 23; growing friendship with United States, 30; il- literacy, 28; increased interest in, 23; Indians, 29; Indians, condition of, 25; indifference to religion, 27; language and literature, 24-25; La Nueva Democracia, 32; need of mission work, 23-24; northern leadership in educa- tion, 31; occupation inadequate, 27- 29; once the neglected field, 31-32; Peons, condition of, 25; people, 24; races and social groups, 25-26; regional conference in Central America, 32; re- ligious conditions, 26-27; resources, 23; socialism, anti-Christian, growth of, 27; spirit of enquiry, 30; statistics, 272-279; strategic centers for mission work, 29; students in North America, 30-31; survey of Haiti and Santo Domingo, 32; Union Book Depository, Santiago, 33; Union Evangelical Seminaries, 33; war, effect on religious thinking, 29-30 Latin America, A history of, (Bibl.), 134 Latin America, Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for, 193 Laymen's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada, (134) 218- 219 Least of these — in Colornbia, The, (Bibl.), 134 Lebanon Hospital for Mental Diseases, 238; American Committee, (174) 227; Holland Committee, 247; Swiss Com- mittee, 249 Leeder, S. H., (Bibl.), 114 Lee Memorial Bengali Mission, 255 Leipzig Mission, 245 Lenwood, Frank, (Bibl.), 113 Leper Mission, 167 Lerrigo, P. H. J., Philippines, 89-93 Levine, I. D., (Bibl.), 113 Liberia, 82; Germany, clauses affecting, 154 Liberties, religious, safeguarding of at Peace Conference, 16 Liebenzeller Mission, 244-245 Life and work in mission houses, (Bibl.), 143 Light in the land of Sinim, A, (Bibl.), 124 Liquor traffic. East Indies, 58; Nigeria, 82; prohibition of in Treaty of Peace, 151; South Africa, 85 Literature, Latin America, 24-25; mis- sionary, Great Britain, 16 Londoii Association in aid of Moravian Missions, 236 London Missionary Society, 238 London Society for Promoting Chris- tianity amongst the Jews, 235 Long, G. M., (Bibl.), 136 Lott Carey Baptist Home and Foreign Mission Convention in .the United States, (27) 171-172 Loyalty, native. South Africa, 87 Lutheran Board of Missions, (Lutheran Free Church of U. S. A.) (64) 188-189 Lutheran Brethren, (61) 188 Lutheran College in China, proposed union, 37 Lutheran, Danish, (62) 188 Lutheran, Danish United, (63) 188 Lutheran Evangelical Society of Finland, 243 Lutheran Free Church, (64) 188-189 Lutheran Inter-Synodical, (72) 193 Lutheran, Joint Synod of Ohio, (65) 189 Lutheran, Norwegian, (66) 189 Lutheran Synod of Iowa, (67) 190 Lutheran Synod of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, Board of Foreign Mis- sions of the, 192 Lutheran Synodical Conference, (68) 190 Lutheran, United, 190-192 Lutheran United Mission, (66) 189 Lutherska Evangeliforeningen i Finland, 243 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 328 INDEX McAll Mission, 244 McClelland, A. J., (Bibl.). I3S MacDonald, A. J., (Bibl.). 116 McGlinchey, Fr. Joseph F., Missions of the Roman CathoUc Church, 97-103 McKee, Sidney, (Bibl.), 129 Mackenzie College. (194) 231 MacLean, J. H., (Bibl.), 142 McLeod, R. A., (Bibl.). 129 MacNaughton, W.. (Bibl.), 127 Madden, M. W., (Bibl.), 130 Madras, proposed Women's University, SO Magazme, missionary, 15-10 Malabar Mar Thoma Syrian Christian Evangelistic Association, 255; revival, 47-48 . . _ Malaysia, 54-59; Anglican mission, Sara- wak, 55; Centenary expansion, 56: (Chinese, work for, 56; extension of railroad, 54-55; immigrants, work for, 56; immigration, Chinese and Indians, 55; industrial colonies, 56; Methodist University, Singapore, 56; Mohamme- dan Malays, work for, 55-56; opium, 55; railroad, country opened by, 55; three-fold mission problem, 55; war, effect, 54; war, effect on commerce, 54 Manchuria, China, (Bibl.), MacNaugh- ton, W., 127 Mandarin union version of Bible, 38 Mandataries, 151-152; freedom of con- science under, 151 . Mandatary, special conditions of in Ger- man Southwest Africa and Oceania, 152 Mandingo Association, Inc., (176) 227- 228 . Man-power -in Christian warfare, China, (Bibl.), 129 Maori Mission Committee of the Presby- terian Church of New Zealand, 234 Map of Asia. The new, (Bibl.), 112 Maranliam Christian Mission, 242 Marianne Islands, disposition of, 153; present status of, IS3 Marris. A. J., (Bibl.), 120-121 Marsh, Noel, (Bibl.), 121 Marshall Islands, disposition of, IS3; present status of, iS3 Mason. I.. (Bibl.), 138 Mass Movement in the Yoruba country. The, (Bibl.). 115 Mass Movement Methods, (Bibl.), Sin- clair, R., 122 Mass movements. East Indies, 57 Masses and the classes of India, The, (Bibl.), 122 Mastery of the Far East, The, (Bibl.), 112 Mathews, Basil, (Bibl.), 139; (Bibl.), 142 Means, P. A., (Bibl.). I39 Medical knowledge needed, Negro Africa, 7^80 Medical Missionary Association of India, 255 Medical Missions Exhibit, United, Great Britain, 14 Medical missions for women and chil- dren. (Bibl.). Allen, B. J., 11 1 Medical missions, scarcity of, Negro Africa, 79-80 Medical School, Peking, 36 Medical work. Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67-68; Meshed, 69-70; Turkey, 62 Melanesian Mission, 234 Men and minerals in Katanga, (Bibl.), 117 Mennonite and Amish Mennonite, (73), 193 . Mennonite Board of Missions and Chari- ties, (73) 193 Mennonite Brethren, (74) 193 Mennonite Brethren Church, 165 Mennonite Brethren in Christ, 194 Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society, Ontario Conference, (6) 165 Mennonite, General Conference, (82) 195 Mennonite, Krimmer Bruedergemeinde, (83) 195 Mennonite Union for the Propagation of the Gospel in the Ultramarine Posses- sions of the Netherlands, 247 Mennonites, Central Conference and De- fenseless, (81) 195 Mercator's Projection, misuse of, 105- 106 Meshed, advance, 69-70; medical work, 69-70 Mesopotamia, see Arabia and Mesopo- tamia Methodist Centenary, 9 Methodist Church of Canada, (8) 165- 166 Methodist Episcopal, African, 197 Methodist Episcopal African Zion, 197- 198 Methodist Episcopal Church, deputation from, Belgian Congo, 84; increased income, 12 Methodist Episcopal Church, Home Mis- sion Board, (85) 196 Methodist Episcopal Church, (North) 195-197 Methodist Episcopal Church, (South) 198 Methodist Episcopal Church, Woman's Home Mission Board, (86) 196-197 Methodist, Free. 199 Methodist Missionary Society of Aus- tralasia, 233 Methodist, Primitive, 199 Methodist Protestant Mission, (93) 199- 200 Methodist Publishing House in China, (136) 219 Methodist, Union American, (94) 200 Methodist University, Sini^apore, 56 Methodist, Wesleyan, 200-201 2Vo/tf. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 329 Metropolitan Church Association, (96) 201 Metropolitan Presbyterian Mission, 253 Mexico, cooperative program for, 32 Mexico, Intervention in, (Bibl.), Inman, S. G., 133 Michigan Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Foreign Mission Board, (77) 194 Mildmay Mission to the Jews, 238 Militarism, Japan, 52 Military governors, China, awakening of public opinion against, 33; Japan's dealings with, 33 Military in China, disbandment of, 34 Military training of natives, prohibition of, isi Millard, T. P., (Bibl.), 123-124 Miller, G; A., (Bibl.), I33 Mills, S. J., (Bibl.), 128 Ministers of Mercy, (Bibl.), 112 Miscellaneous Information, 147-157 Miscellaneous subjects, Books, 139-145 Mission Board of the Evangelical Luth- eran Norwegian Brethren, (61) 188 Mission Board of the General Eldership of the Churches of God, (44) 179 Mission Board of the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in Amer- ica, (63) 188 Mission Book Company, 253 Mission Conference at Suk-el-Gharb, 64 Mission der Brudergemeine, 232; Eng- land, 236; Germany, 245; The Neth- erlands, 247 Mission der hannoverschen evangelisch- lutherischen Freikirche, 246 Mission des Eglises baptistes de Langue francaise, 251 Mission of the Canadian Presbyterian Church, (9) 166 Mission of the United Brethren, 232 Mission philafricaine, 249 Mission Populaire Evangelique de France, 244; American McAU Association, (i7S) 227; Canadian McAll Association, (19) 169 Mission protestante francaise en Kabylie, 244 Mission Suisse Romande, 249 Mission to Lepers, 240; American Com- mittee, (135) 219; Canadian Commit- tee, (10) 167 Missionaries, Catholic, number, 98; Cath- olic, training of, 98-99 Missionary apologetics, (Bibl.), 142 Missionary balance sheet of the war, A, (Bibl.), 145 Missionary Board of the Church of God, (43) 178-179 Missionary Committee of the Immanuel German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Australia. 233 Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, (137) 218- 219 Missionary Research Library, (i3ia4a) 216; Mr. Fahs' trip, 11 Missionary service of the simple and the poor. The, (Bibl.), 141 Missionary Settlement for University Women, 238 Missionary situation in Bantu Africa, The, (Bibl.), 117 Missionary situation in Congo, The, (Bibl.), 116 Missionary Society of the Calvinistic Methodist Church in the United States of America, (112) 208 Missionary Society of the Church of Eng- land in Canada, (2) 163-164 Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association of North America, (52) 184 Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, (8) 165-166 Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America, (95) 200-201 Missions Board of the Holiness Move- ment Church, (5) 165 Missions Building, Shanghai, 38 Missions of the Roman Catholic Church, 97-103 Missions, school and the child, (Bibl.), 139 Missionsgesellschaft der deutschen Bap- tisten, 246 Missouri Evangelical Lutheran Mission, (68) 190 Modern Japan, social — ^industrial — politi- cal, (Bibl.), 130 Modern sons of the Pharaohs, The, (Bibl.), 114 Mohammedan advance, East Africa, 84; Nigeria, 82; West Africa, 81 Mohammedan countries, bibliographical, 131-133 Mohammedan movements. East Indies, 58 Mohammedanism, effect of war, Zwemer, S. M., (Bibl.), 132-133 Mohammedans, Committee on Work among, China, 37; government restric- tions on missions among, Anglo-Egyp- tian Sudan, 74; Malays, work for, 55- 56 Moore, E. C, (Bibl.), 140 Moore, G. F., (Bibl.), 137 Moravian Church, (97) 201 Morocco and Germany, clauses affecting, 154; Germany recognizes French pro- tectorate, 154 Mukti Mission, 255; American Ramabai Association, (179) 228 Munro, D. G., (Bibl.), I33-I34 Nanking University, (145) 222 Natal, self-support, 88; support of, edu- cation, 87 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the jj^ Directory of^Mission^Societies. 330 INDEX Nederlandsch Indische Zendingsbond (Netherlands East Indies Mission Union) 259 Nederlandsch Luthersch Genootschap voor in- en Uitwendige Zending, 247 Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap, 247 Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging, 247 Need for Christ in Japan's factories. The, (BibU. 131 Need of mission work in Latin America, 23-24 Negro Africa, 74-88; Africa Inland Mis- sion, staff increase, 84; American Bible Society, 78; American Board, com- pound work, 86; Belgian Congo, con- ference, 83; Belgian Congo, deputation from Baptist Missionary Society (Eng- lish) 84; Belgian Congo, deputation from Methodist Episcopal Church, 84; Belgian Congo, occupation inadequate, 83; Bible Societies, 78-79; Bible trans- lation in Nyasaland, 79; Bible transla- tion in Yoruba, 78; Bible, Zulu, revised, 78; British and Foreign Bible Society, 78-79; British East Africa, influenza in, 84; Cameroun, 82-83; Cameroun, French substituted for German, 82- 83; Cameroun, German missions taken over by Americans and French, 83; Conference of Protestant Missionary Societies in the Congo, 83; demand for native labor, 75-76; East Africa, 84; educated labor, demand for, 75; educa- tion, government control considered, 81; education, primary, missionary con- trol of, 80-81; French Congo, 83; French Congo, government opposition, 83; General Mission Conference of. South Africa, 87; German East Africa, German missions taken over by Africa Inland Mission, 84; industrial changes, 74-75; industrial development, West Africa, 81; infant mortality, 79; influ- enza, 79; influenza, lessened influence of witch doctors because of, 79; interest in education. West Africa, 81; Johannes- burg, compound work, 86; Johannes- burg, need of cooperation, 86; Katanga mineral fields. Belgian Congo. 76; labor propaganda among natives, 76; Li- beria, 82; medical knowledge needed, 79-80; medical missions, scarcity of, 79-80; Mohammedan advance. East Africa, 84; Mohammedan advance, Ni- geria, 81-82; Mohammedan advance, West Africa. 81; Natal, self-support, 88; National Bible Society of Scotland, 79; native church, 77-78; native loy- alty, 87; Nigeria, 82; Nigeria, govern- ment encourages education, 82; occu- pation, 77; occupation, readjustment of, 77; overlapping, 87; passport re- strictions, 77; political outlook, 77; Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies.. National Armenia and India Relief Asso- ciation for Industrial Orphan Homes, (153) 223 National Bible Society of Scotland, 242; in Negro Africa, 79 National Committee of Young Men's Christian Association of Australia and New Zealand, 234 National Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations of China, 254 National Committee of the Young Women's Christian Association of China, 254 National Committee of the Young Women's Christian Associations of Japan, 258 National Convention. Baptist, 1 71-17 2 National Council, Young Men's Christian Associations, India and Ceylon, 256 National Holiness Mission, (167) 226 National Missionary Council of India, 255 . . National Missionary Society of India, 255 National spirit in China, awakening of, 34 National Sunday School Association of Japan, 238 National Temperance League of Japan, 257 National Tract Society for China, 253 National Young Women's Christian As- sociation of India, Burma and Ceylon, 257 Nations, The resurrected, (Bibl.), 113 Native attitude toward India Reform Bill, 43 Native church. Bibliography, Paul, Kana- karayan, 121-122; China, (Bibl.), Bur- gess. J. S.. 126; China. (Bibl.). Cheng, C. Y., 126; China, Dickson, E. J. M., 126; India, (Bibl.), Popley, H. A., 122; Japan, increase in, 53; Negro Africa, 77-78 Native labor, demand for, Negro Africa, 75-76 Native loyalty. South Africa, 87 Native Missions Committee of the Pres- byterian Church of South Africa, 250 Native opposition to Rowlatt Act, India, 44 Native pastors, martyrdom of, Turkey, 62 Native Protestant Church, Egypt, 73 Native question in South Africa, The, (Bibl.), 114 Native workers, (Catholic), number, 98 Natives, Negro Africa, labor propaganda among, 76 Natives, prohibition of military training of, 151 Nazarene Church, (98) 202 Nebraska Conference, Mennonite Breth- ren in Christ, (78) 194 INDEX 331 Portuguese East Africa, opposition, government, 84; prohibition in Nigeria, 82; race consciousness, 76; railroad construction, 80; railroad construction, conditions of, 81; regional conferences, 77; smallpox, 79; smallpox, British East Africa, 84; South Africa, 84-88; South Africa, attitude toward missions chang- ing, 85-86; South Africa, cooperation, 87; South Africa, education, support from Natal government, 87; South Africa, liquor traffic, 85; South Africa, race problem, 85; South Africa, reli- gious condition of Europeans, 85 ; South Africa, Native College, 87; South Af- rica, temperance, 85; South Africa, war, effect on native character, 87; war, staffs depleted, 77; war duty, mission- aries on, 77; war, effect of, 74-76; West Africa, 81-83; West Central Africa, 83-84 Negro, American, (Bibl.), Edwards, W. Jm 139 Nejd and Hasa, present status of, Treaty of Peace, 15S Nepaul Mission, 255 Netherlands East Indies, 56-59; Cen- tenary expansion, 59; education, 58- 59; future field for German missions, 19; gambling, 58; German societies, 57- 58; increased interest in, 56-57; liquor traffic, 58; mass movements, 57; Mo- hammedan movements, 58; people, 57; Sarikat Islam, 58; societies, 57; trade expansion with United States, 57 Netherlands East Indies Mission Union, 259 Neuendettelsau Mission, 245 Neukirch^ner Missionsanstalt, 246 Neutral countries, increase in income, 18 New England Friends Yearly Meeting, Board of Foreign Missions, 187 "New" Japanese national cult, The, (Bibl.), 131 New Jerusalem Church, (99) 202 New life currents in China, (Bibl.). 123 New York Council, Bolivian Indian Mis- sion, (155) 224 New Zealand, independent work of mis- sionary societies of, 20; societies, 234 New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 234 New Zealand Methodist Home Mission and Church Extension Society, 234 Nigeria, 82 Nihon Kirisuto Kyokwai, (Church of Christ in Japan) 258 Nihon Methodist Kyokwai, (Japan Meth- odist Church) 258 Nippon Sei Kokwai, (Japanese Episcopal Church) 258 Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft, 246 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. Nordschleswigsche Missionsverein, 24s Norges Frie Evangeliske Missionsforbund, 248 Norsk Lutherske Kinamissionsforbund, 248 Norske Evangelisk Lutheriske Frikirkes Kinamission, 248 Norske Kirkes Mission ved Schreuder 248 Norske Mission i Kina, 247 Norske Missionsforbund, 248 Norske Missionsselskab, 248 North Africa Mission, 238 North American Home Base, 9-12; Ad- vance and cooperation, Canadian, 10; British regulations governing missions, 10; educational commission to India, 11; German missions, aid from Amer- ica, 11; increased income, Canada, United States, 12; increased income, Methodist Episcopal, 9-12; Interchurch World Movement of North America, (132) 217-218, 9-10; Interchurch World Movement, Canadian, 10; Methodist Centenary, 9; North America, Latin American students in, 30-31; Peace Conference, negotiations, American delegation at, 10; safeguarding religious liberties at Peace Conference, 10; Stu- dent Volunteer Movement Convention, 11; Young Men's Christian Association, extension of work in Europe, 11 Nigeria, government encourages educa- tion, 82; Mohammedan advance, 82; prohibition in, 82 Nile, boat work on, 73 Nile Mission Press, 238 Non- Christian Religious Movements, India, 48-49 Non-Christian World, statistics, 278 North American Branch, Evangelical Union of South America, (16) 168 North Chihli Mission, 248 North Fukien Tract Society, 253 North German Missionary Society, 246 North Siam, joint council with South Siam, 59 Northern Baptist Convention, (29) 172- 173 North- West Kiangsi Mission, 253 Norway increasing work in China, 35- 36 . Norwegian Alliance Mission, 248 Norwegian Board for the Santal Mission, 248 Norwegian Lutheran, (66) 189 Norwegian Mission in China, 247 Norwegian Missionary Society, 248 Noyes, H. N., 124 Nyasaland, Bible translation in, 79 Nyasaland Mission, American Commit- tee, (177) 228; Canadian Committee, (20) 169 Nyassa Industrial Mission, 239 332 INDEX Occupation, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67 ; Belgian Congo, 83; Latin America, 27- 29; Negro Airica, 77; Negro Africa, re- adjustment of, 77; Syria and Palestine, 64 Oceania, Bibliography, 135 Oceania, Catholic missions in, 100 Ohio, Lutheran Joint Synod of (6 s) 189 Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends, Foreign Missionary Society, (58) 187 Okayama Kojim, (.Okayama Orphan Asy- Ivun) 258 Oldham, J. H., (BibL). 142-143 Omi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan, 258 Omi Mission, 258 Ontario Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society, (.6) 165 Opening of Mesopotamia by British army, 68-69 Opening of Tibet to Cliristianity, The, (Bibl.), 129 Opium, Malaysia, 55 Opium Convention, ratification of, 149- 150 Opitim Reform in China, 35 Opium trade, ratification of Convention, Treaty of Peace, 149-150 Opportunity for Christian work, Syria and Palestine, 64 Opposition, in Afghanistan relaxed, 70; in French Congo, 83; in Portuguese East Africa, 84; toward Christianity in Japan, 53 Organization and life, (Bibl.), 144 Orient-Mission, (72) 193 Oriental Missionary Society, 258 Oriental Orphanage, Brousa, 259 Oriental pohcy of the United States, The, (Bibl.), 112 Orphans, Syria and Palestine, 65-66 Osterlands-Missionen, 243 Outbreaks, pohtical, India, 43-44; Pun- jab, 43-44 Outlook, China, 38; French Indo-China, 42 Outlook among Turkish Moslems, The, (Bibl.), 133 Outlook in Japan, The — 1918 and 1919, (Bibl.), 131 Overlach, T. W., (Bibl.), 124 Overlapping, South Africa, 87 Oxford Mission to Calcutta, 23s Pacific Conference, Mennonite Brethren in Christ, (79) 194 Pacific Islands, Bibliography, 135-136 Palestine, see Syria and Palestine Palestme Village Mission, 236 Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America, 193 Pantheism and the value of life with special reference to Indian philosophy, (Bibl.), 137 Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, 244 Passive resistance, Chosen, 40 Passport Committee, 13 Passport problem, 13-14 Passport restrictions, Negro Africa, 77 Patel Bill, 47; allows inter-caste marriage, India, 47 Paton, William, (Bibl.), 121 Patton, C. H., (Bibl.), 140 Patton, C. H., and Hayward, J. N., (Bibl.), 143 Paul, Kanakarayan, (Bibl.), 121-122 Peace Conference, Ajnerican delegation at, 10; China and the, 33-34; Con- ference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, recommendations to, 16; Emergency Committee, 16; Ger- man mission property "trust property," 10; Japan's position at the, 51; safe- guarding religious liberties at, 10-16 Peace Conference, Shanghai, 33 Peace Treaty, 149-155; arms traffic, pro- hibition of, 151; astronomical instru- ments, Germany to return, 153; Bis- marck Archipelago, disposition of, 153; Bismarck Archipelago, present status of, 153; Bo.xer indemnity, Germany re- nounces, 153; Canary Islands and Germany, clauses affecting, 154; "Ca- pitulations," revocation of, 155; Caro- line Islands, disposition of, 153; Caroline Islands, present status of, 153; China and Germany, clauses af- fecting, 153; Cyprus, present status of, 15s; Egypt, Germany, abrogation of treaties between, 154; Egypt, Germany, clauses affecting, 154; Egypt, Germany recognizes British protectorate in, 154; freedom of conscience undor manda- tary, 151; general provisions affecting missions, 149-150; German colonies, disposition of under mandataries, 150- 153; German colonies, Germany re- nounces all title to, 150; German East Africa, disposition of, 152; German East Africa, present administration of, 152; German mission property to con- tinue in mission hands, 149; German nationals, conditions on which they shall reside in former colonies, 150-151; German Southwest Africa, disposition of, 152; German Southwest Africa, present condition of, 152; German Southwest Africa, special condition of mandatary over, 152; government con- trol of missionaries, 149; Hankow con- cession, 150; The Hedjaz, present status of, 154; Kaiser Wilhclm's Land, dis- position of, 152-153; Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, present condition of, 152-153; Kamerun, disposition of, 151-152; Kamerun, payment for damages in, 152; Kamerun, present administration of, 151-152; Kiau-Chau, transfer of. Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 333 ISO; Liberia, Germany, clauses aflfect- ing, 154; Liberia, Germany renounces all privileges in, 154; liquor traffic, pro- hibition of, isi; mandataries, 151-152; Marianne Islands, disposal of, 1535 Marianne Islands, present status of, 153; Marshall Islands, disposition of, 153; Marshall Islands, present status of, 153; military training of natives, prohibition of, 151; mission trading companies, 149; Morocco, Germany, clauses affecting, 154; Morocco, Ger- many recognizes French protectorate in, 154; Nejd and Hasa, present status of, 155; Opium Convention, ratifica- tion of, 149-150; opium trade, 149- 150; Pelew Islands, disposition of, 153; Pelew Islands, present status of, 153; refusal of China to sign, 34; Samoa (German), present status of, IS3; Shantung, transfer of rights in, 150; Siam and Germany, clauses affecting, 153; slave trade, prohibition of, 151; Solomon Islands, present status of, 153; Sultan Mkwawa, return of skull of, 152; Tientsin concession, transfer to China, 150; Togo, present administra- tion of,_ 150; Turkey and Germany, abrogation of treaties between, 154; Turkey and Germany, clauses affecting, 154; Turkish Empire, disposition of, 154; Turkish Empire, disposition of independent portions of, 154-155 Peking dust, (Bibl.), 123 Peking Medical School, 36 Peking University, (146) 222, 36 Pelew Islands, disposition of, 153; present status of, 153 Pell, E. L., (Bibl.), 113 Peniel Missionary Society, (100) 202 Pennsylvania, University of, Y. M. C. A., Foreign Department, (178) 228 Pentecost Bands of the World, (loi) 202- 203 Pentecost Faith Mission, (loia) 203 Pentecostal Missionary Union for Great Britain and Ireland, 239 Peons in Latin America, condition of, 25 People of Latin America, 24 Peril of Persia, The, (Bibl.), I33 . Persia, 69-70; Afghanistan, political op- position relaxed, 70; Anglo-Persian treaty, 70; Azerbaijan, 70; Azerbaijan, affected by war, 70; education, 69; in- dependence, 70; Meshed, advance, 69- 70; Meshed, medical work, 69-70; Tabriz, retirement of missionaries, 70; Urumia destroyed, 70; war, effect of, 69 . . Personal relationships between Indians and Europeans, (Bibl.), 121 Pettee, J. H., (Bibl.), 131 Pharaohs, The modern sons of the, (Bibl.), 114 Philippines, 89-93; American occupation, results of, 92; Buddhist educational commission from India, 90; Christian Service League, 92; departmentalized government, 90; education, 91; govern- ment cooperation, _ 91; interpreting America to the Orient, 89; "manda- tary," 89; Protestantism, growing effect of, 93; Protestantism, two decades under, 90; Student Conference, 91-92; work still incomplete, 93 Phonetic script, 35 Pierson Memorial Bible School, Seoul, (147) 222 Pilgrim in Palestine, A, (Bibl.), 131 Pioneer Mission, (British and Continen- tal) 23 s Plymouth Brethren, (39) I77; Swiss, in French Indo-China, 41-42 Pole, G. H., (Bibl.), 131 Policy for the distribution of Chinese Christian literature. A, (Bibl.), 127 Political changes, India,_ 42-45 Political outbreaks, India, 4,3-44 Political outlook, Negro Africa, 77 Political Reform and Hinduism, (Bibl.), 120 Political union. India, 42-43 Polynesia, work in, 20 Poona and Indian Village Mission, 255 Popley, H. A., (Bibl.), 122 Population of earth, by continents, 155; by continents and religion, 157; by race, 156; by religion, 156 Portuguese East Africa, government op- position, 84 Postal rates, from Canada, 157; from the United States, iS7 Practical plans for the introduction of agriculture into our middle and primary schools, China, (Bibl.), 125-126 Presbyterian and Reformed Church Building Association, 258 Presbyterian, Associate Reformed, (202) 203 Presbyterian, Associate Synod, (103) 203 Presbyterian Church in Canada, Board of Foreign Missions, (9) 166 Presbyterian Church in Ireland, Con- tinental Mission, 240 Presbyterian Church in Ireland, Foreign Mission, 240 Presbyterian Church in Ireland, Jewish Mission, 240 Presbyterian Church in Ireland, Jungle Tribes Mission, 240 Presbyterian Church in the United States, (South) 203-204 Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., (North) 204-207 Presbyterian Church of Jamaica, 251 Presbyterian, Cimiberland, (104) 203 Presbyterian, Reformed, (109) 207 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies''as'found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 334 INDEX Presbyterian, Reformed, General Synod, (no) 207 Presbyterian, United. 208 Presbyterian, Welsh Calvinistic Meth- odist, (112) 208 Presentation of Christianity in Ceylon, 119-120 Press Bureau, Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, IS Primitive Methodist Missionary Society, 236; American Auxiliary, (91) 199 Prince Royal's College, Siam, cutting down of classes, 60 Princeton University Center in China, (141a) 221 Principle of alliance in missionary work, The, (BibL), 117 Prison reform, India, 47 "Problem areas," study of, 106-107 Problem of Japan, The, (BibL). 130 Problem of the South American Indian, The, (Bibl.). I34-I3S Progress in Corea. (Bibl.), 131 Progress, industrial, China, 34; indus- trial, India, 45-46; material, Anglo- Egyptian Sudan, 74; social, in China, 35 . Prohibition, Nigeria, 82 Prohibition of alcohol in Africa, (Bibl.), 117 Protestantism, Philippines, growing ef- fect of, 93; two decades under, 90 Prowling about Panama, (Bibl.), 133 Punjab, outbreaks in, 43-44 Qua Iboe Mission, 240 Rabindranath Tagore, 44 Race consciousness, Negro Africa, 76 Race problem. South Africa, 85 Racial factors in democracy, (Bibl.), 139 Railroad, country opened by, Malaysia, 55; extension of, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 74; extension of, Malaysia, 54- 55; trans-continental, Mesopotamia, 69 Railroad construction, Africa, 80; condi- tions of, 81 Rangoon Karen Home Mission Society, 256 Reconstruction, Armenian, 65 Reenforccments, need of, Japan, 54 Reform Bill, India, 42-43 Reform, prison, India, 47 Reformed Church, Christian, (113) 208 Reformed Church in America, 209 Reformed Church in the United States, 210 Reformed Episcopal, 183-184 Reformed Presbyterian, (109) 207 Refuge for Chinese Slave Children, 253 Refugees, Turkey, 62 Regional Conferences, Central America, 32; Negro Africa, 77 Nole. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as fouq Directory of Mission Societies. Regions Beyond Missionary Union, 239 Regulations, British, governing missions, 10 Relation of the institutional church to other Christian organizations with in- stitutional features. The, (Bibl.), 129 Relief work, Russian Caucasus, 63; Syria and Palestine, 64 Religion and common life, (Bibl.), 115 Religion, indifference to in Latin Amer- ica, 27 Religions, Bibliographical. 136-138 Religious conditions, Europeans, South Africa, 85; Latin America, 26-27 Religious freedom, Turkey, 63 Religious liberties, safeguarding, at Peace Conference, 10, 16 Religious Movements, non-Christian, India, 48-49 Religious thinking, eflfect of war on, in Latin America, 29-30 Religious Tract Society, 239 Religious Tract Society of North and Central China, 253 Reports on the Korean uprising, (Bibl.), 131 Resources of Latin America, 23 Restrictions on missions among Moham- medans, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 74 Retirement of missionaries, Tabriz, 70 Rev. D. M. Steams' Church and Bible Classes, (183) 229 Revival of Buddhism, Siam, 59-60 Revolt in Chosen, 51; outbreak and spread of, 39; suppression of, 39 Rheinisch - westfalischer Diakonissen- verein, 246 Rheinische Missionsgcsellschaft, 246 Riggs, H. H., (Bibl.). 133 Rioting, Egypt, 71 Ritson, J. H., (Bibl.), 143 Robert College. (19s) 231 Roman Catholic Church, Missions of, 97-103 Roots, L. H., (Bibl.). 128 Rowlatt Act, native opposition to. India, 44 Rowling. F., (Bibl.), 116 Russian Caucasus, permanent work asked in, 63; relief work in, 63 St. John, Burton, (Bibl.). 145 St. Paul's Institute. (45h) 181 Salatiga-Zending op Java (Salatiga Mis- sion in Java) 259 Salt and its savor in China — An answer to the question: Do the Chinese make good Christians? (Bibl.). 129 Salvation Army. 239; American Branch, (116) 210 Samoa (Gcnnan). disposition of. 153 San Pedro Mission to the Indians, (21) 169; English Committee, 239 INDEX 335 Santal Mission of the Northern Churches , 256; American Committee, (180) 228; Danish Board, 243; Norwegian Board, 248 Santiago, Union Book Depository, 33 Santo Domingo, survey, 32 Sarawak, AngUcan mission, 55 Sarikat Islam, East Indies, 58 Satyagraha Sabha, India, 48-49 Scandinavian AUiance Mission of North America, (117) 211 vScandinavian Independent Baptist De- nomination, (32) 174 Schleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-Luth- erische Missionsgesellschaft zu Brek- lum, 246 Schools, eagerness for, Turkey, 62-63; language for, Syria and Palestine, 64; self-support in South Siam, 60; Syria and Palestine, need of, 66 Schwenkf elder, (119) 211 Scott, C. E., (Bibl.), 129 Scripture Union of Japan, 258 Seisho No Tomo, 258 Self-government, India, 42-43; Philip- pines, (Bibl.), 13s Self-support, Chosen, 40-41; Egypt, 73; Natal,_ 88; South Siam schools, 60 Seminaries, foreign mission. Catholic, 102 Seventh-Day Adventist, (25) 170-17 1 Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society, (33> 174-175 Shall China have an alphabet, (Bibl.). 129 Shanghai Mission to Ricksha Men and Coolie Class, 254 Shanghai Missions Building, 38 Shanghai Peace Conference, 33 Shantung question, 33-34. Si. ISO Sheffield, Mrs. D. Z., (Bibl.), 143 Shillito, Edward, (Bibl.), 143-144 Ships of peace, The, (Bibl.). 139 Siam, 59-61; and Germany, clauses af- fecting, 153; Bangkok Christian Col- lege, 61; Bangkok Christian College, Chinese liberality, 61; Bangkok Chris- tian College, department for Chinese, 61; Bangkok Christian College, in- creased enrollment, 61; Buddhism adopting Christian features, 60; Bud- dhism, revival of, 59-60; education, 60-61; education, high standard of, 60; mission advance, 60; Prince Royal's College, cutting down of classes, 60; schools, self-support in South Siam, 60; union of Presbyterian (North) missions, proposed, 59 dierra Leone Mission, 236 Significance of Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67 Signs of progress in Alaska, (Bibl.), 144 "Silent revolution," India, 43-44 Sinclair, R., (Bibl.). 122 Singapore, Methodist University, 56 Slave trade, prohibition of, 151 Slavery, abolition of, resented in South Africa, 19 Smallpox, British East Africa, 84; Negro Africa, 79 Social application of Gospel, China, 37 Social groups in Latin America, 25-26 Social problems and the East, (Bibl.), 113 Social progress in China, 35 Social service, need for, Japan, 53 Socialism, anti- Christian, growth of in Latin America, 27 Societe Beige des Missions Protestantes au Congo, 242 _ Societe des Missions Evangeliques chez les Peuples non Chretiens, 244 Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel among the Heathen, 236 Society for the Propagation of the Gos- pel in Foreign Parts, 235 Society of the United Brethren for Propa- gating the Gospel Among the Heathen, (97) 201 . - , Solomon Islands, disposition of, 153; present status of, 153 South Africa, 19-20, 84-88; abolition of slavery resented, 19; American Board, compound work, 86; attitude toward missions, changing, 20, 85-86; Bible, Zulu, revised, 78; churches, neglected task of, 19; cooperation, 87; education, support from Natal government, 87; effect of Kaffir Wars on missionary enterprise, 19; General Mission Con- ference of South Africa, 87 ; home base, 19-20; increase of interest in missions, 19-20; Johannesburg, compound Work, 86; Johannesburg, need of cooperation, 86; labor propaganda among natives, 76; liquor traffic, 85; missions of Dutch Reformed Church, 19; Natal, self-sup- port, 88; race problem, 85; religious condition of Europeans, 85; South Africa Native College, 87; temperance, 85; war effect on native character, 87; Wesleyan Methodist Church, missions of, 19 South Africa General Mission, 232; Amer- ican Home Council, (181) 228-229; English Council, 239; South Africa, 250 South Africa Native College, 87 South Africa, The native question in, (Bibl.), 114 South African Baptist Missionary Society, 249 South African Compounds and Interior Mission, 250 South African Council of the Sudan United Mission, 250 South African Home Base, The, 19-20 . See also South Africa Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the nximber of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 336 INDEX South African National Council of the Young Women's Christian Association, 250 South America, future field for German missions, 19 South American Missionary Society, 235 South Chih-li Mission, 254 South China Boat Mission, (182) 229 South China Christian Book Company, 254 South China Holiness Mission, 254 South China Religious Tract Society, 254 South Fukien Religious Tract Society, 254 South India Blind School, 256 South Indian Missionary Association, 256 South Sea Evangelical Mission, 234 South Siam Mission, joint council with North Siam, 59 South Yunnan Mission, 254 Southern Baptist Convention, Home Board, (35) 176 Southern Morocco Mission, 242 Speer, Robert E., Persia, 69-70; (Bibl.), 144 S. P. G., 235 Spirit of enquiry in Latin America, 30 Spiritual basis of the new world order. The, (Bibl.). 141 Spoken Arabic of Mesopotamia, The, (Bibl.), 140 Springer, John M., Negro Africa, 74-88; (Bibl.). 117 Staff, increase, Africa Inland Mission, 84; lessened. Great Britain, 13 Staffs, depleted, Negro Africa, 77 Starr, Frederick, (Bibl.), 137 Statistics, Europe, 272 Statistics, Field, Europe, 272-273; Field, Latin America, 272-279; Field, Non- Christian World, 278-289; incomes, Canada, 264; incomes, United States. 26s Steams' Church and Bible Classes, (183) 229 Stock, Eugene, (Bibl.), 128-129 Stonelake. Alfred. (Bibl.), 116 Stories 9f liberated Armenians, (Bibl.), 133 Strategic centers for mission work in Latin America, 29 Strict Baptist Mission, 235 Strikes, China, 34; Egypt, 72 Stuart, J. L., (Bibl.), 129 Student Conference, Philippines, 91-92 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. (138) 219; Convention, 11 Students, Latin American, in North America, 30-31 Sudan Interior Mission, (22) 170 Sudan Pionier Mission, 246 Sudan United Mission, 232; American Council, (184) 229; Australian and New Zealand Council, 234; British Council, 239; Danish Council, 243: South African Council, 250 Suk-el-Gharb, conference at, 64 Sunday School Association, World's, (139) 220; Convention, Tokyo, 1920, 52 Sunday School in India. The, (Bibl.), 118 Sunday schools. Chosen, 40 Supernationality of missions. 17-18 Support, Catholic missions, loo-ioi; from United States, 101-102 Survey, China, Christian education, 36; Continuation Committee of China, 37; Egypt, 73; Haiti and Santo Domingo, 32 Survey of the effect of the war upon missions. A, (Bibl.), 144 Suspension of mission work, Egypt, 71- 72 Suspicion in Gennany, 18 Suzuki, Takashi, (Bibl.), 131 Svenska Alliansmissionen, 249 Svenska Baptisternas Kommittens for Missionen Utom Landet, 249 Svenska Kyrkans Missionsstryrelse, 249 Svenska Missionen i Kina, 248 Svenska Missionsforbundet, 249 Svenska Mongolmissionen, 249 Sweden increasing work in China, 36 Swedish Alliance Mission, 249 Swedish American Mission, (120) 211 Swedish American Missionary Covenant, (121) 211 Swedish Baptist Foreign Missions Com- mittee, 249 Swedish Evangelical Free Church, (120) 211 Swedish Evangelical Free Church of the United States of North America, (120) 211 Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant, (121) 211 Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of America, (121) 211 Swedish Mission in China, 248 Swedish Mission to Jews, 248 Swedish Missionary Society, 249 Swedish Mongol Mission, 249 Swedish Society of Jerusalem, 259 Sweet, W. W., (Bibl.), 134 Swiss Committee for the Lebanon Hos- pital, 249 Swiss Plymouth Brethren in French Indo- China, 41-42 Swiss Romande Mission, 249 Switzerland, depression in, 19 Syria and Palestine, 63-66; Armenian re- construction, 65; church union, 65; conserving the children, 65-66; con- ference recommendations, 64-65; con- tinuation committee, 64; educational institutions, need of, 66; language for schools, 64; Mission Conference at Suk- el-Gharb, 64-65; occupation inade- quate, 64; opportunity for Christian work, 64; outlook, 66; raising the moral tone, 66; relief work, 64; unification, 63 Syrian Protestant College, (196) 231 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of iMission Societies. INDEX 337 Tables Showing the Population of the Earth According to Continental Dis- tribution, Race and Religion, 155-157 Tabriz, retirement of missionaries, 70 Taylor, Hugh, Siam, S9-6i Taylor. J. D., (Bibl.), 117 TaylOT, W. C, (Bibl.), I35 Tehri Anjuman-I-Basharat, 256 Tehri Border Village Mission, 256 Teltmissionen, 243 Telugu Baptist Mission Society, 256 Telugu Baptist Publication Society, 256 Temperance, India, 46; South Africa, 85 Thado-Kookie Pioneer Mission, 242 Thirty years in tropical Australia, (Bibl.), 135-136 Throop, F. H.. (Bibl.), 130 Tibet, opening of work in, 36 Tibetan Mission, 242 Tientsin concession, transfer to China, 150 Togo, disposition of, under a mandatary, 151; present administration of, 150 Tokyo, 1920, World's Sunday School Convention in, 52 Toronto Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, (12) 168 Toronto Office, China Inland Mission, (15) 168 Toyo Senkyokwai, (Oriental Missionary Society) 258 _ Trade, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, increase, 74; China, 35; East Indies, increase with United States, 57 Trading companies, mission, 149 Training of missionaries, (Catholic) 98- 99 Tranquebar Tamil Bible Society, 256 Trans-continental railway, Mesopotamia, 69 . Translation, Bible, French Indo-China, 42; Nyasaland, 79 Treaty of Peace as Affecting Foreign Mis- sions, The, 149-155. See also Peace Treaty Trollope, M. N., (Bibl.), 131 Trowbridge, Stephen, (Bibl.), 133 "Trust property," German mission prop- erty to be, 10 Trustees of Central Turkey College, Ain- tab, (45e) 180 Trustees of Euphrates College Funds, (45f) 180 Trustees of Jaffna College Funds, (45g) 181 Trustees of Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo, Brazil, (194) 231 Trustees of Peking University, (146) 222 Trustees of Robert College, (195) 231 Trustees of Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria, (196) 231 Trustees of the American College for Girls at Constantinople, (191) 230 Trustees of the Canton Christian College, (190) 230 Trustees of the Endowment Fund of the American College, Madura, India, (45d) 180 Trustees of the University of Nanking, (14s) 222 Tsehchowfu Mission, 254 Tsjilimissionen, 248 Tuberculosis Association, Anti-, report for Bombay, 46 Turkey, 61-69; advance in Arabia, 68; advance in Mesopotamia, 68; Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67-69; Arabian Mis- sion, founding of, 67; Bible circulation, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67; British occupation in Mesopotamia helpful, 68-69; church union, Syria, 65; con- ference recommendations, Syria, 64- 65; conserving the children, Syria, 65- 66; continuation committee, Syria, 64; disposition of Turkish Empire, 154; education, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67 ; educational institutions, Syria, need of, 66; Germany and, clauses affecting, 154; Greek friendUness toward mis- sions, 62-63; The Hedjaz, 68; The Hedjaz, present status of, 154; The Hedjaz, significance of recognition of, 68 ; interruption of educational work, 62 ; interruption of mission work, 61-62; Kurds eager for schools, 63; Kurds friendly toward Armenians and mis- sionaries, 63; language for schools, Syria, 64; medical work, 62; medical work, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67- 68; Mission Conference at Suk-el- Gharb, 64-65; Mohammedan attitude toward Christianity, 63 ; native pastors, martyrdom of, 62; occupation, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67; occupation, Syria, 64; opening of Mesopotamia by British army, 68-69; opportunity for Christian work, Syria, 64; outlook, Syria, 66; raising the moral tone, Syria, 66; reconstruction, Armenia, 65; refugees, 62; relief work, Russian Cau- casus, 63; relief work, Syria, 64; reli- gious freedom, 63; revocation of "Capitulations," 155; Russian Cau- casus, permanent work asked in, 63; schools, eagerness for, 62; significance of Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67 ; Turk- ish Empire, status of the independent portions of, Treaty of Peace, 154-155; Syria and Palestine, 63-66; trans- continental railway, 69; unification of Syria and Palestine, 63; war, effect on Arabia and Mesopotamia, 68 Turkey in Europe, Armenia and Anatolia, 61-63 Twenty-five years in the black belt, (Bibl.), 139 Udvalget for L. P. Larsens Mission- sarbejde blandt indiske Studenter, 243 Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 338 INDEX Uganda cathedral, The building of the, (Bibl.). ii6 Union American Methodist, (94) 200 Union among societfes of Great Britain, 14 Union, Bible version, China, 38; church, China, 36-37; church, Syria and Pales- tine, 6s; mission, India, 48; political, India, 42-43; Presbyterian (North) missions, Siam, 59; Union Book De- pository, Santiago, 33; Union Evan- geUcal seminaries in Latin America, 33; Union Lutheran College in China, pro- posed, 37 Union Missionary Medical School for Women, South India, (148) 222 Unitas Fratrum, (97) 201 United Baptist Woman's Missionary Union of the Maritime Provinces, (ic) 163 United Brethren in Christ, (121) 212 United Brethren in Christ, (Old Consti- tution) (123) 212 United Christian Missionary Society, (47) 181 United EvangeUcal Mission, (53) 184- 185 United Free Church of Scotland, Jewish Mission, 241 United Holy Church of America, Mis- sionary Department, (123b) 213 United Lutheran, 190-192 United Methodist Church Missionary Society, 236 United Original Secession Church of Scotland, Foreign Mission Committee, 241 United Orphanage and Mission Society, (76) 194 United Presbyterian, 208 United Society of Christian Endeavor for China, 254 United States, advance, 9-12; aid for German Missions, 11; directory of Foreign Mission Societies, 170-231; German missions in Cameroun taken over by, 83; growing friendship of Latin America with, 30; home base, 9-12; Japan's attitude toward, 51-52; postal rates from, 157; statistics, 263- 289; Europe, 272-273; incomes, 262- 271; Latin America, 272-279; non- Christian World, 278-289; support of Catholic missions, 101-102; trade ex- pansion with East Indies, 57. See also North American Home Base United Synod of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church in the South, Board of Foreign Missions, 192 Univcrsalist General Convention, (124) Universities' Mission to Central Africa, 235 University of Nanking, (145) 222 University reform in India, (Bibl.), 120 Unoccupied fields at the home base. Some, (Bibl.), 142 Uprising, Chosen, 51; Chosen, outbreak and spread of, 39; Chosen, suppression of, 39; Egypt, 71-72; Egypt, causes for, 71; Egypt, effect on mission work, 71-72; Egypt, significance, 71 Urquhart, W. S., (Bibl.), 137 Urumia destroyed, 70 Utrechtsche Zendingsvereeniging, 247 Value of Industrial training in missions, (Bibl.), 144 Van Ess. John, (Bibl.), 140 Vereeniging het Java-Comite te Amster- dam, 247 Vereeniging tot Uibreiding van het Evan- gelic in Egypt. 247 Verein fur das Syrische Waisenhaus in Jerusalem, 246 Vereinigte Gemeinden der deutschen Kirchen A. C. in Paris, 244 Vienna Gustav Adolph Verein, 242 Waldensian Aid Society, American, (187) 229 Walker-Arnott Tabeetha Mission, 241 War, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, unaffected by, 73; Azerbaijan, affected by, 70; effect, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 68; effect. Bibliography, A survey of the effect of the war upon missions, 144; effect, Malaysia, 54; effect, Malaysia, on commerce, 54; effect, Negro Africa, 74-76; effect on Mohammedanism, (Bibl.), Zwemer, S. M., 132-133; effect on religious thinking in Latin America, 29-30; effect, Persia, 69; Egypt, labor corps, 72-73; Egypt quiet during, 71; India, 50; missionaries on war duty, 77 War's contribution to Christian unity, The, (Bibl.), 144 Warne, F. W., (Bibl.), 122 Watson, Charles R., North American Home Base, 9-12; (Bibl.), 144 Weimar Mission, 244 Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, United States, (112) 208 Welsh Calvinistic Methodists' Foreign Missions, England, 237 Wenli union version of Bible, 38 Werner, Alice, (Bibl.), 140 Werner, E. T. C, (Bibl.), 124-125 Wesleyan . Methodist, (United States) 200-201* Wesleyan Methodist Church of South Africa, mi.ssions of, 19 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, England, 236 West Africa, 81-83; Bible translation in Yoruba, 78; education, interest in, 81; industrial development, West Africa, Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. INDEX 339 8i; Kamerun, 82-83; Kameran, French substituted for German, 82-83; Kam- erun, German missions, taken over by Americans and French, 83; Liberia, 82; Mohammedan advance, 81; Moham- medan advance, Nigeria, 81-82; Ni- geria, 82; Nigerian government en- courages education, 82; prohibition in Nigeria, 82 West Central Africa, 83-84; Belgian Congo, conference, 83; Belgian Congo, deputation from Baptist Missionary Society, (English) 84; Belgian Congo, deputation from Methodist Episcopal Church, 84; Belgian Congo, Katanga mineral fields, 76; Belgian Congo, oc- cupation inadequate, 83 ; French Congo, 83; French Congo, government oppo- sition, 83 West China Religious Tract Society, 254 West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America, (70) 191 Wheeler, W. R., (Bibl.), 124-130 "White Australia," (Bibl.), 136 White, Gilbert, (Bibl.), 135-136 White, Stanley, Former Turkish Empire and Persia, 61-71; Syria and Palestine, 63-66 Williams, M. N., (Bibl.), 134 Willis, J. J., (Bibl.), 117 Wingate, Sir Andrew, (Bibl.), 132 Winnipeg Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, (13) 168 Witch doctors, lessened influence of, be- cause of influenza, 79 Wives of missionaries. The, (Bibl.), 143 Woman's Algerian Mission Band, Amer- ican, (151) 223 Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mis- sion Society, (29a) 173 Woman's American Baptist Home Mis- sion Society, (31) 174 Woman's Auxiliary of the General Bap- tist Foreign Mission Society, (26a) Woman's Auxiliary of the Lott Carey Baptist Foreign Mission Convention of the United States, (27a) 172 Woman's Auxiliary of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, (105a) 204 Woman's Auxiliary to the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of Ajnerica, (50a) 183 Woman's Auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, (2a) 164 Woman's Board for Foreign Missions of the Christian Church, (41a) 178 Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America, (114b) 209 Woman's Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, (108) 207 Woman's Board of Missions, Boston, (45a) 180 Woman's Board of Missions for the Pacific, (4Sc) 180 Woman's Board of Missions of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, (104) 203 Woman's Board of Missions of the In- terior, (45b) 180 Woman's Boards, deputations sent by Federation of, 11 Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Japan, 258 Woman's Christian Temperance Union, World's, 232; England, 239; United States, (140) 220 Woman's Convention, Auxiliary National Baptist Convention, (28a) 172 Woman's Executive Board, Seventh Day Baptist General Conference, (33a) 175 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Free Methodist Church of North America, (90a) 199 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, (84a) 196 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Protestant Church, (93) 200 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church, (io6c) 205- 206 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Reformed Episcopal Chtirch, (51a) 184 Woman's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God, (44a) 179 Woman's Home and Foreign Mission So- ciety of the Advent Christian De- nomination, (24) 170 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African Methodist Epis- copal Zion Church, (88a) 198 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, 192 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church, (S3a) 185 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America, (9Sa) 201 Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, (86) 196-197 Woman's Missionary Association of the United Brethren, (123a) 212 Woman's Missionary Conference of the United Synod of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church in the South, 192 Note.— The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. 340 INDEX Women's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African Methodist Epis- copal Church, (87a) 197 Women's Missionary Association of the United Brethren in Christ, (122a) 212 Women's Missionary Federation of the Lutheran Free Church, (64a) 189 Women's Missionary Society of The United Lutheran Church in America, (69a) 191 . . Women's Missionary Society (Western Division) Presbyterian Church in Can- ada, (9b) 167 Women's National Missionary Associa- tion of the Universalist Church, (124a) 213 Women's University, Madras, proposed, 50 Wood, M. D., (Bibl.), 139 Woodbridge, S. L, (Bibl.). 125 Work among Japanese Seamen in the Port of London, 239 Working in Mexico under difficulties, (Bibl.), 135 World facts and America's responsibility, (Bibl.), 140 World's Christian Endeavor Union, (127) 214 World's Faith Missionary Association, (189) 230 World's Sunday School Association, 232, China Sunday School Union, 254; Eng- land, 239; Foreign Sunday School As- sociation, (139a) 220; India Sunday School Union, 256; National Sunday School Association of Japan, 258; United States, (139) 220 World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 232; England, 239; United States, (140) 220 Yale Foreign Missionary Society, (197) 231 Yale in China, (197) 231 Yale University. School of Religion. Day Missions Library, (163) 225 Year of Latin American Missions, A, (Bibl.), 135 Yoruba, Bible translation in, 78 Yoruba country. The mass movement in the. (Bibl.), IIS Yotsuya Mission, 258 Young Men's Christian Association, Aus- tralia and New Zealand, 234; English National Council, 239; extension of work in Europe, 11; Scottish National Council, 242; United States, (141) 220- 221 Young Women's Cliristian Associations, Australasia, 234; Canada, (11) 167: Great Britain and Ireland, 240; United States, (142) 221 Yui, D. Z. T.. (Bibl.), 129 Note. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. Woman's Missionary Council of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, (89a) 198 Woman's Missionary Society of the Evan- gelical Association, (52a) 184 Woman's Missionary Society of the Gen- eral Council of the Evangelical Luth- eran Church in North America, 192 Woman's Missionary Society of the Gen- eral Synod of the Reformed Church in the United States, (115a) 210 Woman's Missionary Society of the Meth- odist Church, (8a) 166 Woman's Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, (East- tern Section) (9a) 167 Woman's Missionary Union, (Auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention) (34a) 17S-176 Woman's Missionary Union of Friends in America, (s6a) 186 Woman's North Pacific Presbyterian Board of Missions, (io6e) 206 Woman's Occidental Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, (io6b) 205 Woman's Parent Mite Missionary So- ciety of the African Methodist Episco- pal Church, (87b) 197 Woman's Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions of the Southwest, (io6d) 206 Woman's Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest, (io6f) 206 Woman's Union Missionary Society of America, (188) 230 Women, education for, India, 49-50 Women of the Meiji era, (Bibl.), 130 Women's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, 236 Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary So- ciety of Eastern Ontario and Quebec, (lb) 163 Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary So- ciety of Ontario, (West) (la) 163 Women's Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, (io6a) 20s Women's Christian College, Madras, 256 Women's Christian College, Madras, Board of Governors, American Section, (144) 221; British Section, 239 Women's Christian Medical College, 256; American Committee, (149) 223; Dub- lin Committee, 240; Edinburgh Com- mittee, 242; London Committee, 239; Toronto Committee, (12) 168; Winni- peg Committee, (13) 168 Women's Christian Temperance Union of India, 256 Women's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God, (162) 225 Women's General Missionary Society of the United Presbyterian Church, (ma) 208 INDEX 341 Yunnan, Chinese home mission in, 38 in Nederland onder Heidenen en Mo- hammedanen, 247 Zambesi Industrial Mission, 240 Zendinggenootschap der Broedergemeente Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, 240 te Zeist, 247 . Zenana Training Home, Poona, 257 Zulu, revised Bible m, 78 Zending van de Gereformeerde Kerken Zwemer, S. M., (Bibl.), 132-133 2Voie. — The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the Directory of Mission Societies. THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE Dr. J. W. Gunning* The interest in Mission Work is certainly increasing in Holland. More than in any other European country, however, the moneyed classes are estranged from the Church and its work. It was there- fore a pleasing sign that this year a number of people not belonging to any church urged their friends to support the Mission Work. But the result was not encouraging, so that the Societies for Mission Work still cannot meet the requirements of the work in the Dutch Colonies. It is therefore desirable that consideration be given to the question of whether any use can be made of the German Societies. Important facts are to be noted regarding the cooperation of the different Dutch societies. The "Committee of Advice," correspond- ing to the "Committee of Reference and Counsel" in America, which was formed some years ago, continues to develop in the right way. In March, 1919, the "Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging" at Rotter- dam, established in 1858, decided to close its training school, and for the instruction of their prospective missionaries to combine with the "Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap" and the "Utrechtsche Zendingsvereeniging," which together founded the Dutch College for Missionaries. Now that the first mentioned society has become affiliated with this college, unity in the instruction of missionaries has been established after sixty years. The council for the study of missionaries, the "Zendingsstudieraad," bought the land and erected the necessary buildings for its yearly conferences. They were occupied this summer and were so satisfactory that for 1920 three conferences are planned. Among the German Societies it is especially the "Rheinische Mis- sionsgesellschaft" which has extensive work in the Netherlands East Indies. However, because of the decrease of the value of German money to the tenth part of what it was this work is en- dangered too. With the help of the Government a Committee has been formed to prevent the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft from being compelled to change its funds for Dutch money. It seems that in this way it will be made possible to continue this salutary and blessed work. Field Review; Political Reform In 1918 in the Dutch Indies an important step was taken in the decision for self-government for the Colonies. A "Volksraad," a "Council for the People," was formed, consisting of nearly forty members, half of whom are elected by different local authorities and the other half by the Government. The general opinion is that the ♦Unfortunately, Dr. Gunning's article on the Continental Home Base was received from Holland too late for insertion in its proper place under the Home Base Review?. 342 THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE 343 Governor General has made a very good choice in the persons he appointed members of the "Volksraad. The expectations were not great, especially in Holland, but in its first year the "Volksraad" has put to shame all those who were pessimistic about it. The work done by it was widely appreciated and it has already acquired such a position that an extension of its power (at the present only advisory) is in consideration, making it, if possible, at the same time more representative. What the influence of this will be on Mission Work is not to be seen as yet. It is not impossible that the position of missions will become more difficult; it is even probable. All education given by the state, in Holland as well as in the colonies, is absolutely non- religious, and is generally given by people who have broken entirely with the Church. The opposition to this unreligious school with its often anti-religious teachers has led in Holland to action pn the part of the parents who wanted religious education for their children, and the result has been an Act_ of Parliament causing^ the expenses of private schools under certain conditions to be paid (nearly or quite) by the state. This same principle, it is expected, will be followed in the East Indies. But it cannot there be urged that the conscience of the parents compels them to demand religious instruc- tion. The Mohammedans will rather oppose _ Christian Schools, i. e.. Mission schools, or at any rate be easily instigated to opposition. The animistic heathen will not be driven to opposition, because they have no leaders, but on the other hand they can never be said to want Christian education. If then in the ^ East Indies, Private Schools, instead of receiving the present subsidies, are to be treated financially as on the same footing as State Schools, there is reason to ask what principles must guide the Government in supporting private instruction. The answer seems to be an appeal to^ thf* results of the Private Schools. They have succeeded in acquiring a position in the life of the people. We are speaking now of elementary schools, for the secondary schools, which enable their pupils to get a place in the service of the Government, are certainly popular in the Indies. But the elementary schools, teaching only read- ing, writing and principles of arithmetic, must always be established and kept up by force. Our Missions, however, have succeeded in making this school popular. The Government, then, as it desires to extend education, cannot do better than support the initiative which for the greater part is the work of our Mission. For the future of Mission Schools in the East Indies much will depend on the question, whether thoughts such as the above will be entertained in a body like the "Volksraad," and in the Local Councils which, too, must gain in importance. Spiritual Currents in the East Indies While in general the attitude of the "Volksraad" is appreciated and the Indian members satisfactorily cooperate with their European colleagues, outside this (Council the spiritual leaders of the people, 344 THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE more and more, are beginning to take up an attitude of opposition to the Government, and socialism begins to spread among them. There have already been occasional disturbances as a result of this. Not that there is any serious undermining of the position of Dutch authority. But there have been victims, a few Europeans, too, but mostly natives who were instigated by unscrupulous leaders and paid for it with their lives. This makes the position of the Govern- ment, which is inclined to look favorably on the efforts of the people to become politically more independent, very difficult; it is either considered too progressive or too conservative. Still others think that in general it knows how to find the golden mean. Many Europeans, though, hearing the revolutionary speeches of the leaders and seeing the actions to which they lead, are seriously alarmed, and it is perhaps owing to this that the European Press in the Indies has of late taken a favorable attitude toward Mission Work. We will try to profit by this without attaching too much importance to the minor value of this favorable attitude. On the other hand we have to consider that the Government will be compelled to take into consideration the currents among the people (which not long ago could be disregarded because they did not find utterance) and that the result may be a more reserved attitude toward Mission Work. Animistic Tribes The work among the animistic heathen in the Dutch Indies con- tinues prosperously. Their conversion to Christianity seems to be only a matter of time. With the growth of the parishes comes the question of how to bring them to financial independence and also to spiritual independence. It seems that for the former it will be necessary to establish funds, because the social position of the native Christians is such that they cannot afford to keep up their churches by annual gifts. We are considering encouraging them to buy and cultivate ground by advancing the money ; they will have to pay this back from the profits in the first years, while later on these profits must serve to support the parish. All efforts to educate them to greater spiritual independence meet a great obstacle in the mentality of the natives, who generally lack will-power. As soon as they have taken the missionaries for their leaders, they let them- selves be guided, which means for them that they obey them implicitly, without asking the wherefore, and without trying to learn how to apply the principles of Christianity in any particular case. Many decennaries will have to go by before we shall find independent Christian parishes and Church life. Sometimes this final end seems hopelessly far off; but there is the more reason not to overlook the signs, certainly not wanting, which show that there is progress, and a possibility of reaching the aim. Mohammedans Referring to what was said in the preceding Year Book about the two currents in the Mohammedan world, it can be stated here that THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE 345 the prospects of mission work among Moslems are really more favorable than ten years ago. Concentrating all energy on the animistic tribes was then often seriously considered. At present a proposal in this direction is not thought of. We do not mean to say that a conversion "en masse" among the Mohammedans may be expected. But among the more cultured Mohammedans in Java, where civilization is greater than among the animistic tribes in the other islands, there are more points of contact than before, and there is among them a curiosity concerning Christianity, which must be satisfied. Some medical missionaries and teachers have succeeded in camping out in the mountains these last three years with some civilized and Dutch-speaking Javanese, as is the custom among young people in America and in Europe. The results are mutual trust and ties of friendship, which are kept up by correspondence. At the Mission Conference held at Soerabaja in September, 1918, a Com- mittee was appointed which will consider the means of getting into touch with the ex-pupils of the Dutch schools for natives, especially with the Christians among them. More indirect mission work seems necessary, not aiming at increasing the number of Christian mem- bers of the Church so much as at pervading the natives of Java with Christian principles to prevent the civilized Javanese from passing Christianity or rather Christ, without stopping to think of Him. Dutch Schools for Natives The demand for these schools is increasing, and our mission must try to meet this demand. But there are drawbacks which must not be overlooked. The Mission has always tried to let the natives preserve their nationality. Now that they want complete Dutch instruction there is the danger that they will lose their national character and incur all the misery which is involved in this loss. It must be required of every Dutch teacher in a native school that he study the language of his pupils and their culture. This is, alas, often impossible, because these schools have to be established in so short a time. Yet it does not seem advisable that our Mission should stop founding them because it can better neutralize the dangers connected with these schools than the Government can. Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries 1 1012 01234 8456 Date Due N Or- ^