PJ 5421 • P 5 5 i Q 66 • •I - . ' \ ■ , ,.■■■' ■> ■ .. „ • / ■ ; ' '/ i ■ ><" A / ;->V ■ v '«,— a; •. i,. . I , - y - ■ I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/syriacgrammarOOphil SYRIAC GRAMMAR. BY GEORGE PHILLIPS, D.D. PRESIDENT OF QUEENS’ COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE. THE THIRD EDITION , REVISED AND ENLARGED. CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL, • n Verbs or . /Ts /T\ • •• * X // Paradigm of ^-2) n ... p - - •X Paradigm of yoQ.o o . tf Verbs 72 - 77 84 - 86 91 - 91 93 - 94 97 - 99 100 - 102 104 - 107 107 - 108 112 - 114 CONTENTS. XI PAGE The Objective affixes attached to Verbs - - - -115 7 Paradigm of O - - - - - - - 116 Observations on Objective affixes - - - - -123 The Verb P^with Affixes - - - - - - 125 Paradigm of the Verb - - - - - - 126 Doubly Defective Verbs - - - - - 129 Quadriliteral Verbs - - - - - - - -130 PARTICLES. - - - 132 Adverbs - - - - - - - - - -132 Prepositions - - - - - - - 134 Conjunctions and Interjections - - - - - - 134 SYNTAX i Syntax of Nouns 135 Construction of Adjectives. 140 .Numerals - - - - - - 143 Syntax of Pronouns - - - - - - 145 .Verbs -------- 155 .Adverbs - - - - - - - - 17 7 .Prepositions - - - - - - - 178 .Conjunctions - - - - - - 180 .Interjections - - - - - - - 183 .Interrogatives - - - - - 184 .Enallage of Persons - - - - - - 186 .Ellipsis - - - - - - 187 .Collocation of Words.188 .Syriac Metres.190 APPENDIX - 19 \ INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. The Syriac language, a branch of the Shemitic family, was the vernacular tongue of Syria for many ages pre¬ viously to the Christian Era, and continued to he so till the period of the Mohammedan invasion of the country, when Arabic was introduced as the language of the conquerors, and in a short time entirely super¬ seded that which had been heretofore in use. It was also called Aramaean, as the country itself had anciently the designation of Aramsea or Aram probably, as is supposed from Aram the son of Shem, by whose de¬ scendants it was peopled. This name seems to have obtained in very remote times, being known to Homer, who calls the inhabitants 'Aptfioi, II. n. 783. The word is found in 2 Kings xviii. 26; Isaiah xxxvi. 11; and Daniel ii. 4. The early history of the Syrians is but little known. With the exception of a few particulars, which may be gathered from Scripture, little can be said about them till the time they were carried away into the kingdom of Assyria. It is considered that the de¬ scendants of Ham were the earliest inhabitants of the country. The Scripture evidence on this point rests B \ 2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. on Gen. x. G, 15,18. It seems that some time before that of Abraham, these occupants began to he sup¬ planted by the posterity of Shem. This appears from the Sliemitic names prevalent in the country, when Abraham first entered it; such as Shemeber, Abime- lecli, Melchizedek, &c. David, after waging war with the Syrians, having been successful in many battles, compelled the country to submit to his government. After the kingdom of the Jews became divided into two, the Syrians delivered themselves from foreign subjection; but only to be made a part of the great Assyrian empire. Subsequently it passed to the Babylonians, then to the monarclis of Persia; but soon after the conquests of Alexander, it fell under Greek rule, and became more prominent among the nations. Seleucus, one of Alexander’s generals, after the death of his master, was made governor of Baby¬ lon, and, tempted by the example of his brother gene¬ rals, set up for himself, when, after obtaining some victories over Antigonus and Nicanor, he took the title of king of Babylon and Media. He continued on the throne till his death, when he was succeeded by his son, and so on, the country being ruled by his family for several generations, the last of whom was Antio- chus, who began to reign b. c. 225. This monarch, possessed of great military talents and being very ambitious, soon engaged in the design of extending liis kingdom. Accordingly he undertook an expe¬ dition against the Parthians, whom he obliged to % IN TROD UCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 3 conclude a peace on very advantageous terms. He afterwards gained victories in Bactria and India. In the year 201 b.c. lie entered into a league with Philip of Macedon against Ptolemy Epiphanes, the king of Egypt. He defeated the Egyptian general, and re¬ covered all Palestine and Coclosyria. After this he invaded Asia Minor in the hopes of reducing it also; hut the free cities had recourse to the Homans, who soon made a declaration of war against Antiochus, vanquished him first at Thermopylae, and afterwards so completely at Magnesia, that the issue of the battle was, that Syria became a Homan province. Such being, in a few words, the history of the coun¬ try, we might infer that the language would, after the people had mingled with the Persians, partake of the Persian Idiom; that many terms and phrases would he common to both languages; and this we find is the case. Again, for the same reason, many Greek and Latin words have crept into the Syriac, as we perceive from the Peshito version of the New Testament, hut more especially from writings of a much later date, such, for instance, as the Chronicles of Bar-IIehrseus. Most of these words are nouns, and some Greek particles are introduced; hut very few verbs appear to have a foreign origin. We will subjoin a few examples of such terms, both as they appear in the Syriac and in the original. b 2 l. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Persian 'ijs.i X a lance. 0 0 or }^£-£D . X X r- silver. 0 7 1 p La . . ^*v idol. •X tv wACSfffi . . covering of the head. P P 7 . . prefect of the treasury. £> 7 ] cu> . . a demon. Greek words. Jma tu7to?, 0 * to/AO?. 0*0 Qi£ fcavcov, ] Aa /cXet?. • X tv *-211^ 7foo9, 7 <_Lc fxev. opyavov, yap. avdy/CTj, rt «• x o x |.a£Do] ov ala, x 0 o-'xrj/xay 3 . is ' |Lo velum, X 7 charta, x £ palatium , x P 0 rt\ |2u^s cella, «IDOfUQ£D avvoSos. x /tn y ■* POWERS. p < 5 o »—< P5 W M H £ Hi M a w w £ o fc ^ c H ■J1 W a p Olaph y o 1 l 1 r* J H unaspirated [ as in /towr 1 Betli T- n eZI OD B, Bh (V) 2 Gomal 7 0 7 p G, Gh 3 Dolatli • t • t • .1 D, Dh 4 He m * ]ai > 1 \ Z 7 Cheth 4* A* A* jk& Li* LiA Xi Ch (guttural) 8 Teth M ■4 \ T 9 Yud ■X • «* <4 Li ■» J rd Y in yes 10 Coph Z) a f y \f\Zk. K or C as in care 20 Lomad \ P L 30 Mim *>cuZc Zc Zz y> )0L^3 31 40 X •X — Nun J i k t 1 N 50 Semkath ffi m an l2 Qa S 60 Ee »TN z z x. Heb. y 70 . Pe la a a, L2l L.S & P, Ph (F) 80 Tsode p h n «~Q k.Q J3 K (hard) 100 Kish r ► i '*• • J t f • J • 1 K 200 Shin X A ▲ lA X. Sh 300 Thau V oZ z A. A. Z Ai T, Th 400 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 9 It appears from the forms of the letters exhibited in pa^e 8 that all of them except h o i , i z JL U* J- ^^^ p ^miitr , j -' , ” < * lll<111 infirai it» »w may he joined to the following letter of the word, and that the nine letters a vv -u ^ id a i a termi- nating a word, receive a slight additional stroke, and are written o ^ ^ ^ ^ «jb ca . The five a ^ Lc j ^ alter their figure at the end of a word, assuming the forms yo, r or Care must he taken to distinguish between the following letters, which have nearly the same figure, and differ chiefly in their magnitude. | 3 , a ^ ^ 1 3 5 D 3 . ^ ^ It may he also observed that one letter is joined to another by a small horizontal line drawn from its extremity; as, ^ b and Z, which when joined to another letter assume the forms t £ t aud L. m The following compound characters are frequently used. Olaph-Lomad for Lomad-Olaph )j . . j.1^ Lomad-Lomad . . As letters of the same organ are frequently changed for one another in the process of deriva¬ tion, Grammarians have divided the whole Alphabet into classes according to the organ of speech by which they are enounced. 10 VOWELS. Gutturals 1 on JUk Linguals * 4 L Palatals Dentals 1 *.:o 3 5 A Labials o o 1c The consonants 1 o frequently become quiescent, i. e. lose their power as consonants; as is the case with the Hebrew vinN* 2. Vowels . It is probable that the quiescent letters | o * were used in the early stages of the language as vowels, and were the onhj vowels which in those times were known. The consequence was that many words were not sufficiently defined in writing, and that a vowel was often understood, and had to be supplied in speaking. To meet this defect, which existed at one period or another in the whole family of the Shemitic lan¬ guages, a system of punctuation came gradually into use. The first step taken to meet the wants of the reader was the introduction of a point, which by its position, above or below a word, indicated the proper vowel. The employment of it, however, was very par¬ tial, and its primary object, perhaps, was little more than the determining of those words which, without it, would be ambiguous. (See Appendix.) ‘When this point was first introduced into the written Syriac it is now impossible to ascertain. Many Grammarians have assigned its invention to the school of Edessa; but although historical testimony on this matter is verv VOWELS. 11 imperfect, we are nevertheless inclined to go back to a more remote period. It is pretty certain that it, or something equivalent to it, must have been employed in the third or fourth century, and perhaps much before that time ; for Ephraim must have found some note of distinction in Gen. xxxvi. 21, in his comment 7 7 * 5ai-z 9 -X _ ]Zq£u-^> z 9 11 1 ns r, -V 9 1 11 Cf.Z2£s); p+] q_Zq *.ma-*Z}.*> ^cn-fcZyio X — XX ns It is proper to observe , that tilt now we find X ns ns q in both Testaments, and not as some persons ns have ignorantly thought. In this observation, Ephraim must have had some mark whereby he could distin- /in ns ns p guisli from and it is likely, if we had works older than those of Ephraim, we should he able to recognize a mode of distinguishing in them the meaning of one word from that of another consisting of the same consonants, and that mode would probably he by the point we are here speaking of. It is quite clear, however, that had this point been as extensively employed as it is capable of being, still it would he quite inadequate for the purposes for which it was intended. The precise vowel could not he known by such a mark; and hence Grammarians set themselves to work to devise some other method of more fully defining the sense and pronunciation of words. Now the Greek language and literature were much known to the Syriac scholars of the time to which we have referred, and their attention having been brought to the imperfect condition of their vowel system; and, 12 VOWELS. further, having been able to observe the accuracy o. the Greek, they perceived that its vowels might be advantageously engaged in the service of their own language. Two inodes of representing the said vowels were adopted about the same time : one was by means of one or two points being placed in diffe¬ rent positions, and the other by writing above or below the consonants the Greek signs themselves, with some slight change in their forms. This system of punctuation was originated by Theophilus of Edessa, according to Assemani (see bis Bibl. Orient. Tom. i. p. 64), and was advanced step by step till it was brought to its present state of perfection. Theophilus died about the year 791 of our era. Vowels, by native Grammarians, are called some¬ times by one- and sometimes by another of the follow- O O 0.0 0 -V OOP ing names : ] vocals ; L°i motions ; | La.su ** 0 /TN sounds ; positions ; lysaj points. The following Table exhibits their names, powers and forms: Names. Pethocho Power. a Figure. Syr. Greek. 7 • Alpha (A) Revotso e Epsilon (E) hr““ Chevotso i *.D X Iota (I) laci Zekofo o O wJD Omicron (0) Etsotso U • * 03 Upsilon* (Y) * The figure of the vowel Etsotso may have come from that of the diphthong ov. The form of the vowel is frecpiently observed in MSS. to be °Y. VOWELS. 13 The points of the vowel Zekofo may coalesce with the point of the letter >, as ^cn> Roli-tin. X The vowel Etsotso is always accompanied with o except in the two words cul , ^.^c, metul . When no vowel is expressed, then, as in the Hebrew, a Sheva (quiescent or moveable) will be implied and read accordingly. Vowels may be divided into two classes: pure, i. e. those which complete their syllables : impure , i. e. those which do not complete the syllable without the addition of a terminating consonant. Pare Vowels are When followed by a quiescent | or ^ o o as K’lho-bo. . . Ne-plnik. r as 'Voj.lc Ma-Jcel. ^a|z| E-the-Tcel. ^ u. Impure Vowels are 7 O y as in cad. dda-mo. • • . Men. ♦ O . id-to. Einal syllables are often, as in Hebrew, anoma¬ lously long, on account perhaps of the accent; as. 14 VOWELS.-DIPHTHONGS. A-pliin, where 1 occurs with two consonants, so X V .7 * V also M, oqd rise, ysa* day. It is also used as the fulcrum, or, as it is technically termed, the mater ■x lecti onis of this vowel; as, he will hill. ns In foreign words Vau is frequently found to be O 00 quiescent in the vowel * ; as, uccof^is Peter, ^majo >Z ns throne. The letters | o are frequently not pronounced; but they are nevertheless written for the sake of orthography or etymology. In such instances these letters are said to be otiose. •X 7 7 Olaph in the pronouns and when they are added to participles for the sake of forming the Icot-litun, and X o o kot-loten, ye slay, masc. and fern. ns Vau and Yud, in certain persons of the verb, are •x present tense, is otiose ; as, ... two, /TN D sometimes into ... Hy-TI he wandered. T T * o .. ... ivool, 0 V )r^- or o C 18 CHANGES OP THE VOWELS. 5. Changes of the Vowels. Inflexions of words are in numerous cases effected by a change of vowels, certain vowels being selected as characteristic of different forms of the same word. The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew vowels is as follows : V Petlioclio ( ) corresponds to Patacli (-) ; as, oia^ic, life? his king. •x Hevotso M generally to the Hebrew ~r ; as, 1 n\ ‘TlpQJl thou shall visit , ^ thou shall kill. •X -X Chevotso ( t ) to the Hebrew tt ; as, or oaui* for Esau. o o o . Zekofo (*) to Kamets t ; as, >o^], CHN man, he revealed. Etsotso (*) to Cholem, Kamets Chatuph, Shurek and Kibbuts; as, (.ajqs, holiness , tthp ; to «/Z. Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee in the same situation, when followed by cn, instead of being according to analogy without a vowel, will 7 receive a vowel, for the most part ~ or *; as for «-T\ V 7 m 7 ^o| ; for Yud observes the same rule at the besdnnin^ of a O O t' 1 ' word, and takes the- vowel 1 ; as, he begat for * ^ The foregoing rule holds good also for the letters Olaph, Yau and Yud, when they begin a syllable, the vowel in such places being remitted to the preceding CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 19 letter, if it has been previously without one ; except when the Olaph, Yan or Yucl is followed by two consonants in the same syllable. A full exhi¬ bition of these principles may he seen by looking at the irregular verbs. When two consonants come together at the begin¬ ning of a syllable, as is sometimes the case in the beginning of a word, in consequence of prefixing prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel; and also in the middle of a word from inflexion; the former consonant will receive a vowel, for the most O V 7 0 7 part "T, hut also — — — ; as, for in 0 7 0 7 V 7 heaven , Iz*^ for the letter , AZ^LoZ] for AJi^LoZ} she & * O was slain , ]£uaq=iaZ glory for |A^ziaZ. This is analo- ^ /tN gous to the Hebrew, where the former of two Shevas coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is generally changed into —. Vowels are sometimes cast away: when another syllable is added to a word, the final vowel is cast V # 7 away; as, Z f as the feminine of t na he visited. But * /TN * it is preserved, 1st. if a letter only be added; as, v l t asi thou hast visited: 2nd. if the consonant from the analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a Dagesh 7 P 7 forte ; thus people; in the definite state ; 3rd. the vowels ^ and * are preserved ; as, *.▲**£, VO O x 5 x Zekofo in nouns of the definite state, when it is 20 THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK. followed by ooi is, is changed into Petlioclio, so that “ 7 O 7 it may make a diphthong with o ; as, ooi P^j da-go- •X o p 7 7 P lau, he is a liar, for ooi P^; qjoi ho-nau, this is, for •X o o ocn Transposition of vowels takes place, especially in v nouns of one syllable; thus, man , definite state O 7 *X P *X t D holiness , definite state \±>o^o knowledge. A few nouns receive Kushoi in P ns 7 0 n - V the fifth; as, I'^acooZ addition , 1‘Iu.n-ZZ clothing . If 7 he placed to the second letter of a noun, then the third letter, if it possesses a vowel, will O 7 07 take Kushoi; as, new, |^> splendour, &c. But if the letter which follows 7 he without a vowel, then o 7 O the one after this will receive Bukok; as, a O V ’ O V * bird, | ten&x revenge , ) foolish. Pour, however, o y o have a Kushoi on the fourth letter, viz. an o V 0 O V O 7 island, ]'lX a heifer , |Z*nj burning, and a chariot. The letter after ", if it he without a vowel, re- P / *' P ^ 0 Its ceives a Bukok; as a finger, a foot, 0 ns * an ear, 1 wisdom. There are a few exceptions, which are mentioned by Sciadrensis. When nouns consist of four letters, the first having O ~ /IN ~, the third will take Bukok; ar, a word, a \$i/)fbcj % Exceptions me a^ cLct^fy'ixcss^ P ** P «\ 0 ns 0 m a hole, fca evening, |*£oj ornament, hair, 1’Iot pitch. If the vowel " he placed on the second letter of a noun, then the third letter, if it have a vowel, re¬ ceives a Kushoi; hut if it he quiescent, then it takes Bukok; also, if after this there comes another letter, P n\ P n. it receives Kushoi; as, vine, cheese, a plant, phlegm, a lieifer. A letter, which comes after % whether it lias a THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSIIOI AND RUKOK. 23 P X vowel or not, always takes Eukok; as, victory , 0 X 0 7 work , b-z^Z a disciple; but if another letter conies between, then the receives Kushoi; P X 0 as, just , |z t ^ a congregation. • T* If a letter of a noun take % then the following one, whether with or without a vowel, has Eukok; O O o o as goody fruit. The letter of a noun which comes after the vowel % if it be itself without a vowel, receives a Eukok; o * p * as, Itacu beauty , b?a => first-born ; but if the said letter has a vowel, then the point attached to it is Kushoi; o x as, a coat. A letter elided, as there is no compensation by Dagesh, the elision is indicated by Kushoi; as in verbs, ////// * 'TN ^>, and and their derivatives; as, hard, and pity has > soft; |Zo I P * 7 a heap of corn has * hard, and ]Zo^ joy has * soft. This is also the case with verbs in many instances; as, on ^ he drew him , with ^ soft and > hard, is dis¬ tinguished from oi^ he struck him , with ^liard and > soft. In many words, which have been imported into the Syriac from the Greek or some foreign language, the aspirated letters are accustomed to be pronounced in 24 THE DIACRITIC POINT, RIBUI. the same way as they are in that language from which v 0 ^0 P they are derived; as, usQvva-^olz, 0 V X OeoXoyos, Xa^iird ^: ^ 0 f the Greeks is in Syriac represented by >i) and by cs; t by 0 by l; P . k by w^>, ^ by o ; and f by *.mi> ; as, Philip , • X X 0 0 o ** Philoxenus , acof^ls Peter. X x According to Amira and other native grammarians, Kushoi never doubles a letter; but on the other hand it must be said that the Eastern Syrians in this respect followed the analogy of the Hebrew. We have also 'Pap(31, Master , John iii. 2, and in the writings of St. Paul we have 'Apfta, Father. If this duplication be not admitted, then it is important to state that in such cases where it would be implied, the preceding vowel will complete the syllable; thus, 7 V fOZ tab-bar or ta-bar. 7. Ribui. Many nouns and verbs have the same form in both numbers. In such cases it was found necessary to employ some mark of distinction. Eor this purpose Grammarians have invented the sign Ribui (w*o=>i) X consisting of two horizontal* dots ('*) placed above the word to denote the plural number. The following words will illustrate the use of this sign. * Ribui is usually placed obliquely in and ; thus, THE DIACRITIC POINTS, RIBUI 25 P V orphan, o o l-D As book, 7 waCQsZ] was covered, X /T\ 7 4e arrived, x orphans. /Tv 0 iS£o books. /TV 7 ^msZ) were covered, (pin. fem.) X /TV •• 7 they arrived, (plu. fem.) x A plural noun ending in or lias no need X of the sign Ribui; since the number is already in¬ dicated by the termination, hut still the sign is often added. It is sometimes used with a noun of multitude ; as, DO OP \'i± a flock of sheep, to distinguish it from \jl± a sheep , If the word taking Ribui have the letter Risli, one of the points commonly coalesces with the point 0 7 /tv 7 belonging to Rish; as, a herd , men. In MSS., however, we also find Ij-n^or It sometimes coalesces with the vowel Pethocho, /IN when it is expressed by points, thus, w*oic£c>|Aa his foun - 7 /T. /TV dcitions for «-*oiq£d| Aa. Prepositions with pronominal affixes referring to *X V /TV /Tv V /TV plural nouns receive these points ; as, o t o and 7 which are never seen with this sign. The numerals, according to some grammarians, do not receive the dots except when they are joined /IN O . /o XV -X v o to pronominal affixes; as, ^-./Z, 1^-^, ^asZid^z m. ^AZz f. X 26 LINES. •x I Besides tlie name which is given to these points, they are also called by native grammarians, n\ 0 rv* \ positions, drops , &c. 8. Lines. A small line is sometimes found above and some¬ times beneath a letter of a word. It is found above a letter principally in the follow¬ ing instances, - O V 1. In abbreviated words; as, t o for holy, _ v o 1 ai for qjoi that is. 2. When letters are used to express numbers ; as, ^ 13. ^ — 0 3. In the Particle of Exclamation o] 01 to V distinguish it from the particle o] or. When it is found beneath a letter, it directs that such letter is not to be read, and is therefore gene- 7 rally called the tinea occultans . Thus, Bath not hartli , a daughter. It is found, (1) In nouns with the middle radical doubled; 0 V 0 /in 7 as, manna , p-^z a hill , nations. (2) With Olaph in the beginning of a word o o in several instances; as, a man , 0 o ~ 1 ~ another , ; especially in the pronoun bl, as often as it is used in the place of the ♦ 0 0 substantive verb ; as, bl bl I am. LINES. 27 (8) With Dolath when it is without a vowel O 7 before Thau; as, new . (4) With He in the following cases, V v o (a) In affixes ; as u*oiaa^£© his kings , he called him. o (IS) In the verb |oai was , when it is redundant, or when it assists in forming the imperfect £> V and pluperfect tenses; as, ]ooi* he gave. v (5) With c** in when it comes after the active participle used as a present tense; 7 -t* c> as, we create. (6) With Lomad in some forms of the verb 1 he went ; as, z^ii she went , <0^1 Jj they /TS “ — X will go. 7 V (7) With Nun in the four pronouns M 28 LINES. * 7 7 o roM, and in some nouns; as, the ship. v 7 7 (8) Hish in Zfo a daughter , and ^5cn /br ^cn>, ;5 0 V 0 7 ]Ax*t^o « 1^13] « time, cI ^ia 1 0 0 7 a year , I * 121 ^. strong. When a line is found under a letter in a verb of the imperative mood of a passive conjugation, it implies that such letter is deprived of its vowel; as, 7 ^^Loz] ethkatl. — /Ts 9. Marhetono and Mehagyono. In many words, when two letters come together, each without a vowel, a line is placed sometimes above and sometimes below the first of these letters. 0 0 7 In the former case it is called Marhetono /IS making to run, from to run), and in the latter 0 0 7 0 Mehagyono according to Amira from to meditate; but according to Hoffman and others from the Arab. to connect; for the two letters by this sign are connected and make a syllable. These lines seem to be used only in certain words, and in the first instance for purposes of poetry. The poetry of the Syrians, as appears from the specimens which remain, (see for instance the hymns of Ephraim,) con¬ sisted in having a certain number of syllables in a line ; and hence it would he convenient, in many cases, to give to some words an additional syllable. To in- e/ MAUHETONO AND MEIIAGYONO. 29 dicate this addition, a line was put beneath the first of the two letters without a vowel, which had the force generally of Revotso, hut occasionally of Pethocho; O ♦ P /Tv Q * tf\ P as, i.e. a ring; i. e. fear . — /r> — When this additional syllable is in such words not required to complete the measure, the Marhetono is written, and denotes that its letter and the following have no vowels. It corresponds to the Sheva in Hebrew, except that the latter is employed according to general rules, whilst the former is used only in par¬ ticular words, and in these words only under certain circumstances. Grammarians, however, are not fully agreed as to the primary use and signification of these lines, and it is not now of much consequence, if we cannot make ourselves fully acquainted with them. It is supposed, by some persons, that the Mehagyono is found only when the following letter is i ^ ya ^; but to these, others add for o to him ; cn.^ for to her. It is also frequently /T> used as a note of Interrogation, Exclamation, Admira¬ tion, Command, &c. Eor a further account of the various offices which this point performs, see the Appendix. There are also certain signs for marking the end of a sentence, and subdividing it into clauses, of which the following are the principal. (1) At the end of a section or paragraph are found four points (•:•) or (::), (2) Two points placed obliquely from the right hand towards the left, finish a clause, and are equivalent to our colon; thus, * 'T' /t' P V }\j+ IVlien Jesus saw ^ • the multitudes. These points are sometimes put as a sign of interrogation or exclamation. (3) Two points placed obliquely from the left hand to the right, thus (.*), split the clause PRONUNCIATION OF CERTAIN LETTERS. 31 into different members, and are equivalent to our comma or semicolon. They are fre¬ quently placed perpendicularly (:). — written under the last letter of a word is the shortest pause, viz. a comma; as, 13). These points are sometimes found after a long interrogation, see Matt. xii. 10. (4) One point frequently ends a period. 11. On the Pronunciation of certain Letters when they are under 'peculiar circumstances. These letters are differently pronounced in different situations. Olaph is pronounced as Yud, (1) When it is preceded by another Olaph; as, 5 ]1 oyar, air. (2) When it is followed by another Olaph with- oo out a vowel; as, ip* in’loyo, fulness. (3) When it is the second letter of the participle peal; as, >oh tso-i/em, fasting. Yau is pronounced as v when it begins a word or 7 syllable; as, o va , o ve , o vi: in other places it has * x the sound of u or w. Yud in the beginning of a word with the vowel 1 is not pronounced. It preserves only the sound of V its vowel; as, coi* Inch , he sucked ; t-cu Hear, he was ns x x heavy. Hence we find that before a Yud of that kind Olaph is sometimes placed, and the vowel belonging 32 ACCENT. to the Yud is transferred to the Olaph; thus, } t + a • X o hand, from the Hebrew T, is written l t -|. We have t • i 0 O O O also 1^1 glory, I^g^I day, &c. The pronunciation x X of either word is the same. 1 when followed by a letter with Bukok, or by ws either with a Bukok or Kushoi, is pronounced like P 'T-' o *.£ 0 ; as, gestlio, wool; U>i s’ko, he conquered. Some persons add that \ is so pronounced when *.o o x comes after it; as, s'kifo, a cross. u» when followed hy one of the letters j ^ * is pronounced X O ** x 7 like i; as, chezdho , mercy; azgi, he multi¬ plied . If L with a Bukok come after ^or *~o, each of o ^ these letters has the force of o ; as ] rektho, lust; P /T* ezktho , a ring. 12 . Accent. Grammarians have given a few rules for placing the Accent. 1. In words of two syllables, if the first syllable terminate in a consonant without a vowel, this sylla- O V 0 7 ble lias the accent; as, rdm-sho, evening ; gar mo, hone. 2. If on the contrary the final letter of the word he without a vowel, then the accent is put on the O second syllable; as, i-led, he begat; ^ po-ked, * » X • * commanding. If each syllable be formed in that manner, still the second is affected with the accent; METHOD OF EXPRESSING NUMBERS. 33 as, peh-ddtli , she has visited. The accent is also placed on the second syllable in nouns ending in o; as, 3. In words consisting of more than two syllables, the accent is generally placed on the penultimate ; OVD O * as, l^t.3 po-rdch-to , bird; me-khul-to, meat; /TV 0*0 7 jZai^Zj .^0 mart-yo-nu-tho , admonition. 13. The Method of expressing Numbers . It is found in Syriac writings that numerals are more frequently expressed by the letters of thev alphabet than by numeral nouns. * In Section 1 the numerical power of each letter is given. It will be seen by reference to the table exhibiting the forms &c. of the letters, that the first nine numerals are represented by the first nine letters, and the decads, i. e. the numerals 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90, by the nine following letters, viz. those from ^ to The remaining four letters us, >, Z, represent respectively 100, 200, 300, and 400. The Hebrews use the final letters for expressing 500, 600, &c., to 900. The Syrians, however, employ a different notation. They put a point over a letter representing a decad, viz. 10, 20, &c, and the effect of this point is to multiply the numerical power of the letter over * I have been informed by Dr. W. Wright, that in the MSS. of the British Museum, down to about the ninth or tenth century, a series of arithmetical figures is employed to express the numerals. I) 34 METHOD OF EXPRESSING NUMBERS. which it is placed by 10. Hence = 100, ^ — 200, &c. Hence also = 500, *io = GOO, ^ = 700, = 800 and ^ = 900. In order to express thousands, an oblique line is drawn under a letter from the left hand towards the right. The number of units, which the letter denotes, will, with the said line under this letter, show the number of thousands : we have, therefore, I = 1000, ^ = 2000, w v - 3000,.~ = 8000, ^ = 9000, \ \ \ &c. Letters having a horizontal line subjoined, represent tens of thousands, i. e. this line denotes that the number indicated by this letter is to be multiplied by 10,000. Hence, i = 10,000, JD = 20,000, &c.^ == 90,000, ^ = 100,000, = 200,000, ^ = 300,000, y: = 400,000, = 500,000 . . . =z 900,000, S.G = 1,000,000, ; = 2,000,000, = 20,000,000, = 30,000,000 . . - 3,000,000,000, L : - 4,000,000,000. Tractions are represented by means of an oblique line drawn from the left hand to the right, placed \ \ \ V over a letter; as, = 1 , s^= 3 , > i, ... «-£ = T j rTr , &c. In the composition of units, decads, hundreds, &c., the letter which exhibits the greater number is placed on the right hand; that which stands for the • HEADING EXEBCISES. 35 less number on the left; as, = 43, ^ia = 354, = 1866. Both in MSS. and printed hooks it is usual to draw a horizontal line over letters expressing a numeral, to indicate the purpose for which the said letters are employed; as, -—a = 72. 14. Reading Exercises. Matth. VI. 9—13. p O ns /t\ p y p y y 0 V V ^ |octj |Z]Z . ^Zoa ». a V • v 7 O 7 o p 7 P 7 7 OJ 1 . »- 3 | |— v V i> 7 . 7 7 O O 7 7 7 M 7 7 * O 0 0 7 . ,-lZk wuGaO . j.A^CQ* O • * /? 0 7 0 0 *- 7 7 0 C^cn ^* 2 ) p| ,A>Z»Z po X X /TS X ns ^ /r\ ^ O V p 0 * 0 V 0 -x 7 . j^QDAZO \L~0 |ZOGU^£> X ns * The same in English Characters. A-hun d’vash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh’moc. Ti-the mal-cu-thoc neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ca-no d’vash-ma-y5 oph-bar-o. Hav-lan lach-mo d’sun-ko-nanyau-mo-no. Yash-huk lan chau-bain ai-ca-no doph ch’nan sh’vakn Fcha-yo-vain. Y’lo tha-lan l’nes-yu-no, e-lo pa-ts5n men hl-sho me-tul d’dl-l5c hi mal-cu-tho v’cliai-lo v’thesh-buch-to l’olam ’ol-mln. Luke XXII. 63—65. /tx 7 oi-3 coon ocoi <-.* f ■*,**] j 'T' — X /TX — X 9 7 £ 77 V ns O V 1-3-jZ] ^f^c|o u-kOnd^j oiA ooon occn /Tx x — 7 /TX — ffv ’ y 0 7 7 £..£> 7 O O O 7 O *>7 . «.*ono-^ ocon ]Z|^m aiic D 2 36 READING EXERCISES. The same in English Characters . V’gay-re da-clii-dm vau 1’ye-shu in’-yaz-chin yau bell, yam-clia-pen hyau leh. Y’mo-chen, hyau leh 'al a-pau yom-rln eth-na-bo nia-nu m’choc. Yacli- ron-yo-tho sa-gi-yo-tho m’gad-pin hyau yom-rln 'a-lau. NOUNS. 15. The simplest forms of nouns are those which consist only of the letters composing the root; as, Icing, *.**=)> sacrifice. Such words are evidently tT* /TV in their primitive state. The augmented forms consist of the root aug¬ mented by one or more of the letters | o ^ j L, v * which to assist the memory may he called . v v x ^ 7 Thus, an altar from sacrifice; t^a^z • • x disciple from lie adhered to, followed. * These letters are probably abbreviations of words, and the signification of them qualifies that of the primitive word to which they are united. Nouns having (_L) with the first radical, and (o_L) with the second, are generally nouns signifying o x P persons; as, a friend; whilst those having (o_L( •x a with the first radical, or ending in o, Zo_L, |ZoA 5 are O X O -X D V abstract nouns; as, holiness, lZo*:ni ^strength. Two words are sometimes compounded in sense; OO 7 as, t-i=> a word. Sometimes the two words are o o * joined together ; as, lord of enmity, i. e. an enemy. A great number of compound words occurring in Scripture may be found by referring to the Lexicons 38 NOUNS. of Schaaf and Castell under tlie words ‘ t =>, P &c. r* /TN 5 floioing. 0 But if they begin with Pethocho and end in \*, when they become feminine they take Chevotso upon the second letter and cast away the Pethocho from OP P the first; as, fem. | elected. Nouns ending with Zekofo only, and having Pe¬ thocho on the first letter, when they become femi¬ nine change the Pethocho from the first letter to the second; as, fem. companion, king, fem queen , and a few others do not observe this rule. The feminine gender of adjectives is derived from the masculine by the addition of | to the end of op o the latter; thus, \^4> good from masc. Those ending in v* quiescent convert it into w* moveable; O V P V as, pure , fem. |-o]. Some adjectives insert Yud immediately before the fem. * p x termination; as, small , fem. . Adjectives in ^ 40 NOUNS. Ml — seem always to insert as, |£ui^oi spiritual, from ]j..uoi 0 9 » P O 9 masc. obedient, fem. LiZZj:Z.a.1£ . \ ^ There are masc. nouns of the def. state in jz, when Z is one O'* 0 9 of the radical letters of the noun; as, )Zza.£ bow, olive . On the other hand there are some nouns with a masc. ending in the def. state, which are either fem., or common; as, ta^, ship, O *• 0 9 Ja*5ol way, ].Z5^ sword. Some nouns are used in both genders, and are therefore 0 0 0 0 OH. termed common; such as, tongue, ].ii^ cloud, /TS sun , &c. The rules for distinguishing gender are for the most part the same as in Hebrew. The same words, when occurring in both, 7 . * have the same gender; as, "ISD and book, DV and 0 9 0 9 day, are masc.; and j.^5] earth, £03 and soul, are fem. Words derived from the Greek do not observe the fore- V going rules, but generally retain their own gender, as, X X x hiaOyKrj, fem. 17. Number . There are two numbers, the singular and the plural.* Masculine nouns make the plural number, 7 V 1 st. by adding ^ to the singular; as, i=±^man, men ; 2nd. words ending in ]- or throw away the 1 - or and add the termination ; as, |L£ boy, ^4 3 9 9 * boys ; plu. reprobated. * There are three examples of the dual number, vi 7 9 h . fem. also and NOUNS. 41 Nouns of the fem. gender form the plural by 0 0 » 0 changing the termination |~ into ° and L into ° 00 o *> \o, and - into ^; as, ship, ships; ote* 1 0 1 0 1 0 V similitude, tote* similitudes; hate portion, usury, in the plural x ^ 0 fc Nouns which terminate in )Zo, when they become plural, change * into * placed on the Yau; as, O *, 0 0m |Zaz>i multitude, plu. ]Za=>y multitudes . A few nouns 0 * besides the p take 7 on the second letter; as, ]Zq^ ’0 0 V 0 * 007 plu. |Za-z: prayers; ]Zof^ hip, plu. |Zo*^. Others, 0 * instead of 7 take * upon the first letter; as, jZa^ 0 0 m likeness, plu. . Nouns consisting of three, four, and five syllables, 0 # 0 and terminating in |£u x change the into when 0 0 0 m they become plural; as, ]hteD> usury, plu. |ZUo>‘. Nouns which have 7 on the first letter and end with Yud and Aleph with the vowel % and which consist of four letters, in the plural transfer 7 from 0 7 the first to the second letter; as, elect, plu. 0 7 Nouns having * on the first letter and ending with 0 in the plural receive the vowel 7 upon the letter 0 0 0 10 immediately precedingthus, Lord, plu. Those nouns which commence with a Mem and have 7 either upon the first or second radical, in the plural receive 7 on the letter immediately preceding Yud; as, reprobated, plu. \+^>xte. 42 NOUNS. Feminine nouns consisting of three, four, and five letters, which end in L and have * upon the letter before Yud, in the plural add another * to the 0 p 0 * o t> o t> *■ Yud; thus, spiritual , plu. |2ui^oi. There are many other changes of vowels which nouns undergo in passing from the sing, to the plu., which will he more particularly noticed in treating on the const, and def. states. o Some feminine nouns terminating in U, insert in the plu. between the root and termination; as, O * 0 0*0* o o * place , plu. small , plu. ]2U>’a:^. Other nouns in the masc. or fern, gender insert o ; o o o o 7 o * as, ]£u.a a companion , plu. |Zqi 5 ; |l4xo) a nation , plu. o o Iza^c], There are nouns in which *T\ OX -J- year, plu. . x Nouns compounded of two words sometimes admit a plural 0 0 7 in the former; as, so7is of man or men; sometimes o in the latter; as, enemies; and sometimes in both; (»> * j. z There are nouns, which admit in the plu. two forms; but in o y tf7V 0 7 a different sense; as, im maid, plu. |ZoC*c|; but when * 7 signifies a cubit, the plu. is j,Lc]. o * There are other nouns which are very irregular; as, |^ac| 0 0 7 .. 0 V O 7 nation, plu. ^aLc], house, ; fZ son, , 1*15; /T\ I X * 7 P DO PP7P # OK l\z daughter, <-i5; )A.^ sister, ]Zai:i; village, 1^>‘gx) 5 &c. — i Many words of a Greek origin retain the Greek termination 7 * 7 V * in the plural; as, l^a^j Soyga, plu. Soygara. 7 7 7 7 Others terminate in t £ 0 o), *.£Qo ? uu| 5 or us, resembling the 7 termination a? of the Greek accusative plural; as, i z i 7 7 * 8ia6/]fC7j, plu. §LaOr]Ka<;, &c.; or in a-, ulq-5, udo-L, x z K O O O P O * corresponding to oi, ou?, so amoo.>oZ>‘j, op668o^oi; k.£oo f ijQ£D, avvohovs', or in corresponding to et? ; as, Z Z *ts Xefet?. 18. States of Nouns. To tlic absolute and constructive states of nouns, which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third, the Definite, or, as it has been more generally called, the Emphatic . This is indicated by the termination, and is e quivalen t in general to the article n before * a Hebrew noun. It happens however that the primary signification of this state has been departed from in many instances, and nouns are found in the def. stale 44 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. when only an inclef, sense is intended to be expressed. The rules for passing from one state to another depend either upon the gender, the number, or the final letter, or on more than one of these. Eirst for 19. Masculine Nouns, In the singular number the absolute and construe- tive states are the same. The definite state is obtained by the addition of | to the end of the absolute. Hence the definite state of masculine nouns and the absolute state q£_ ** r ^r>ii irrrti n mi l ■> 11 i MHim— feminine nouns have the same form. Those nouns ending in ]— in the absolute state, in o the definite the is changed into V*. The constructive state, plural number, is formed by changing the termination of the absolute into w—L and into The def. plu. is formed from the absolute by chang- # o ing the termination into 1— and intoU-L. This X ♦ and the preceding rules will be illustrated by some examples, which will presently follow. The object of the remainder of the section will be to ascertain the changes of vowels which nouns undergo in their different states of both numbers; or, which is the same thing, given the abs. state sing, num. to find the vowels and their position in the constr. and def. states for both numbers. 1 st. If a word consist of three consonants with a vowel on the second consonant, which is the case with STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 45 a very large class of nouns, this form is equivalent to one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew. In 7 Syriac these forms are, i. the alternate form of v 7 which is or . n. alt. or . * * in. alt. How whenever the noun in its primitive form receives a syllabic a/gy(ment, the alter- 7 O 7 __ nate form is used; thus, sp.^jman^ def. We have therefore only to add the proper termination to the alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or the abs. const, and def. states plural. Thus, Singular. Def. 9 7 Abs. and. Constr. 7 morning 1 o jf£l£Q V book 2 O 7 It^ • * /Tx servant 3 o IsiJLS wing 4 O 7 UZIA \=L+ captive 5 O A body. 6 Def. IfSlA Plural . Constr. y y Abs. £ 7 TS /f» 5. Nouns having the third radical Olaph, take the forms which are exhibited in the example j..^A; but manifest, 0 0 0 n\ covered, have their definite forms ^ and , \ and ♦ 0 7 O Urns. boy, makes in the def. pin. , as if from the *0 0 v obsolete form we have likewise as if from 6. All nouns of the forms ^a^Lo and are represented by the sixth example. ° 7 V o y w-Cj..* herb, def. month, , and the like, may 'T'X x ** be considered as belonging to the same class of nouns as t n^. The Yud has Chevotso, because this letter is never » ♦ without a vowel when it begins a word. If the last conso¬ nant be a guttural or Rish, it is preceded by the vowel Pe- 7 y thocho instead of Revotso ; as, month, heap of stones . x STATES OE MASCULINE NOUNS. 47 Such nouns as ^ eye , day , also correspond to X the Hebrew segolate nouns. In these the vowel is changed into 7 in the def. state sing., and all the states plu., and this new vowel makes a diphthong with o or ua; thus, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. o 7 eye. X O 7 \-Z cu Plural. * •)OQ. day. Def. Constr. Abs. fT' 7 7 7 eyes. X 7 l^ccL /T» 7 .. y 7 days. X 2nd. Other classes of nouns are the following. 1. Such nouns as admit no change of vowels inflexion; thus, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. o X Plural. evil. X Def. Constr. Abs. K-Z) X 7 X X X The vowel Zehofo is immutable, and therefore monosyllables o with this vowel are represented by ; as, booh. Nouns 48 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. having two or more syllables, if the penultimate terminate in a consonant, or if the ultimate syllable be perfect without the V V terminating consonant, also belong to this class ; as, explanation disciple. Some nouns wanting an absolute O 7 o V P m state may be referred to it; as, the stag , the lion , the serpent, ] I a'^c death, joAco winter , ]Zc^ conversation, for the form of the definite state remains in all the parts of their inflexion. Finally, nouns which possess either of the following forms •x o - x preserve their vowels immutable, viz. def. o def. PL^Lo. A few nouns appear to correspond with the segolate nouns in Hebrew, but which really belong to this class ^ * * as, carcase, small, aQ a magus. 2 . Monosyllables, tlie vowel of which is * or and nouns of many syllables, the last of which is mutable, are exemplified in the following Table. Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. D 1^1 tl m species O 0 |.J JIG O m 7 O caJJLG jig X priests m m Itel v m -tel r*tel lambs. STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 49 The noun 13 son , makes in the plural sons; as if it were derived from a different root. Also is peculiar in receiving ^ O VO a the consonant oi in the plural; thus, ^oi^Qa, |oi^Qa. X /TV 3. Nouns of more than one syllable, terminating in Olaph or Yucl, may constitute another class. Such are, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr* o v 7 ns 0 7 • V 7 banquet. • Plural. Def. Constr. Abs. O 7 7 V 7 7 .3 I 1/ O 7 7 V 7 A few nouns double the last letter in the plural; but the linea occultans is placed under the first of V V o 'I' 7 the two letters ; thus, *?cu sea , plu. . X — V 7 plu. of >q^ people , is another instance. — 20. States of Feminine Nouns. In the singular number, the constructive state O . & T changes 1 of the absolute into Z — ; thus, \i*.year 9 Nouns which in the absolute state terminate in 4k * " x 9 o or »-*, in the constructive end in Zo or ; as, a£>i x victory , constr. Zqdj ; usury , eonstr. X /TV X /T> E 50 STATES OE FEMININE NOUNS. Eem. nouns having a masc. termination; as, *-co^ /IS belly, and those ending in L L. ; as, 'portion; make the ahs. and constr. states the same. The definite state of fern, nouns which have a masc. termination is the same as that of masc. nouns ; O V as, cup belly , def. jcop. o In the def. state the | of the ahs. is changed into o o o ~ ]Z; as, dzc ivorcl, def. /IS koi X X 8 0 0 | AjAo ZuZo 0 portion 9 - Plural. Def. Constr. Abs. | C’ * chariots 2 0 0 7 |Z /T\ ZqD i /IN gzz)} myriads * G 0 0 7 O )ZQ^.3 0 .7 0 O V O divisions 7 0 0 ** 2 un} O ^.*,3 9 usuries /r> 8 0 0V IZaiLo o V Zoi^D »Ol^D portions 9 In No. 1, we have an example of those nouns 0 ending in ) which undergo no change of vowels in their different states; such O O 0 -X are, evil, an egg , |io circumcision. x x ^ 2 . Nouns which assume an additional vowel in the def. state singular. O 3. This example represents nouns in which the vowel on the 1st rad. of the abs. sing, is removed to the 2nd. rad. in the def. They partake of the character of segolate nouns in Hebrew. 4, 5. In these examples we have nouns whose terminations o o are and |o . A few nouns belonging to the latter cast away 0 7 the vowel of the 1st. rad. in the def. state sing. ; as, o -x blow, def. ]Zoub£ . 6 . This is an example of nouns ending in 6, which preserve their vowels unchanged, and in which no new vowel is introduced; * *7 * v as, liberty, cuqa. equality, q**] fraternity . x * . O 7. Nouns represented by are such as receive another vowel in the plu. viz. * or ", which is placed on the 2nd. rad.; •X -X . o as, 0*33 prophecy, military service. CASES OE NOUNS. 53 8. This is the model of nouns the abs. state of which ends in m— In the plural Yud quiescent is changed into Yud moveable. z o o 9. In the nouns represented by we have in the plural Z_ taken away and o moveable placed before the plural termination ; P o such are, sacrifice, £u »£0 ablution. In some instances the penultimate letter is written twice in the O ^ 7 plural; as, jUs bride , plu. o o * There are some anomalies ; as, praise , |iu»az^Z /T> 'T* # P P P V m the def.; sister , plu. def. |Zq^| . 21 . The Syrians have no cases which are marked by terminations ; but the nominative and oblique cases of the Greeks and Latins are known by the context, or are expressed by the constructive state, by the influence of a transitive verb, or by some par- 7 p tide; as, o > o ^ Za^ ^, &c. preceding ; thus, /t> 7 X *. 2 . 2 x 2 Jesus departed . 0 P 4 7 • 7 ^ - V |ji^ s.J^q words of God; or, |cnZ^>> fizc words of God. P - 7 X - ^ 7 . fc-ZZaZz to the king, ^a^Az to Jesus, to the /TN blind man. •X 7 o o . p pV V we have seen his glory, ]o\_^ v.zu*] & God loved the world. Sometimes we see lu in imita¬ tion of the Hebrew ; e. g. Gen. i. 1. o v — p ]z£\j| o| 0 ! woman. See also Acts i. 1. 54 ADJECTIVES. U^=> with the king, &c. If one of the letters ^ ? o ^ be prefixed to a noun, tlie first radical of wliicli is I or ^, then the prefix receives the vowel which the | or ^ previously had; 0 V 0 7 O v p o p • as, M a brother, W?; a son, . • XX * X X -XX When one of these letters is prefixed to a word consisting of three letters, and especially to those which end in two Olaphs, it takes the vowel 7 ; as, 0 7 p 7 t with a hundred, |pxo and a hundred. But this rule is not always observed in words, which are not composed of three letters and do not terminate in two Olaphs. Again, should two or more of the letters ^ o > be placed before any word, if the first of these pre¬ fixes be without a vowel the second will have one • also, the third will be without, and the fourth with a P 'TN vowel, as we see, for instance, in the noun a 0 rr. O' /in 7 p /in v word; for we say and O . <•* V 7 1 . Adjectives. 22 . The Syriac adjectives are few, but this defect is supplied by other words, which when placed in cer¬ tain positions obtain the use and signification of adjec¬ tives. Bor instance, the state of construction will 0 x V supply the force of an adjective; as, city of holiness, i.e. holy city, Matth. iv. 5. Also a sub- ADJECTIVES. 55 stantive put absolutely with > prefixed; as, casij > b-^g> * o V a natural body, a spiritual body, 1 Cor. xv. 44. Also in other ways; as, the fire , P? * P which is not extinguished, i.e. inextinguishable; > ^ lie is greater than all: there is some- o 7 times added well, very, or much, very; as, X * VPX7 & O 7 ai^coa L> (.suf^o and sharper than /»» 'T' ^ 1 a two-edged sword, lit. very much sharper, &c. Blessed O O 7 V is he who gives \i*] more than he who receives . The comparative is sometimes marked OS V V by the sense of the passage only; as, ]o » I o * ^ the elder shall be servant to the younger. The superlative is often formed by the duplication 56 NUMERALS. of the positive; as, least; sometimes x x by adding the particle very , which is equivalent to the part. "T&p of the Hebrews; as, 1 **x> worst, v O 7 7 7 plu.; sometimes again by much ; as, most honoured; or by prefixed to the plural; as, v 0 small among kings, i.e. the least of kings ; ns a 7 -x * or as, ^oaiia^ least of the Apostles , literally, X least of those who {are) the Apostles ; or it is ex¬ pressed in the following manner; whosoever therefore * - 0 0 X break one ]Vq^ ]j t -5aa ^ of these least n\ ns n> * /r» commandments, Matth. v. 19. See also two other places in this verse. oo Many adjectives are formed by the addition of 1* to the words from which they are derived; thus, p p x o p -x o o corporeal , l*5a^ mountainous, primi¬ tive. So also adjectives having a Greek origin; as, op 7 P PI P barbarous, 1*5 )| aerial. In some instances the 00 termination 1 j is added to the primitive word to form OP O P V o P the adjective; as, 1 ia*5 primary, Ijf^co hairy, x x 0 0V 00 0 0 0 * proper,\^\ terrestial; or, 1 *j 1-; as, I^i^caq sAieavenly, 0 0 0 V 00 0 l*i^5j earthly, 1 *iS>*j proper. 23. Numerals. Numerals are either cardinal or ordinal l - o p « 1 NUMERALS. 57 Ordinal. Cardinal. Fern. Mas. Fern. Mas. 0 0 V • O 0 7 first • o it** • Constr. 7 O/id • Constr. 0 ov )2ui^Z X 00 V second 7 7 7 u*ZjZ ,_*Z£Z ns V «. iLL^z X OP third X l±L Z> P |^Z ^Aree P P ]iu^Z55 X PP j..Z^*x3 fourth X 7 7 o 7 /0Z4?’ p p X fifth X V 4N P 7 }a1x*a five p p X O P \*h.nb.JL sixth X hsJL. rt\ o |Aa] or |^a six m ns o o X P P seventh X y 0 7 |^XA seven iLL^z X P P j.*l*LoZ eighth X \l^Dl ns 0 0 I^O-ZcZ eight p p ]£u^aZ X P P |.Z^.*aZ ninth X V v\aZ P ^aZ nine ns P P P P tenth 7 fOZs» P ten x x * From ten to twenty the numbers one, two, &c. are prefixed to ten, in the following manner : Cardinal. Fem. Masc. I'r-f- ms m 7 7 • eleven 7 7 IfX^ZiZ ns n> fg&iZ ♦ twelve | *mi»A^Z 7 V P thirteen NUMERALS. 58 Fora. I^AAxj] 7 7 7 ^l^Az> 5 | /IN Masc. 7 7 7 fourteen % 7 7 7 7 » 7 7 7 7 fifteen 7 ]f.£QA Aa 7 7 P 7 7 sixteen 7 /T> 7 7 P 7 7 seventeen 7 P |*f Z /** 7 7 P ^cqaAi^Z 7 7 P jXAoAcZ eighteen 7 )^AaZ a\ fT\ 7 7 0 fXAA aZ 7 7 ^aZ nineteen. Fern. Ordinal. Masc. £> £> 7 ] A A j.AA I P P 7 L i eleventh Pi? 7 7 | ll^Zi Z X p p X /TN twelfth P P 7 P ) A^ffi A^Z X P p V P t-^mAA^Z X thirteenth. &c. cScc. The law for deriving them from the cardinal is sufficiently obvious. Cardinal numbers from three are for the most part joined to the thing numbered by Apposition either in the absolute state ; as, vpy o o o y four months , or the def.; as, jAAZ ]AZ£cL three x days . But the constructive state is occasionally used; thus in Matt, iv. 25, we have jAju*^ Z jzZ* ten cities, literally, adecade of cities. i These numbers are frequently found to occupy the place of 0 0 7 O V ordinals. In Luke i. 59, we have ^jAgZj feccu the day which o (is) eighty i. e. the eighth day , Aa the sixth hour. (See X /TV Syntax.) NUMERALS. 59 Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the plural, and are of the common gender; thus, ^twenty, I ns X V 7 7 thirty, forty , fifty, sixty, seventy, . X X X X 0 o or ^jAcZ eighty, ^AaZ ninety . I X X rtv The ordinals are derived from these by adding the termination 0 p ^ V* for the masculine, and ]£u for the feminine ; as, masc. O O o o fern. | tiventieth. The remaining numerals are, it* a hundred, tivo o .. p hundred, ||LcA—*Z three hundred, &c., which are formed by pre- £ fixing the less number of the feminine gender before ]^. Plu. qq '7 & ^ % |Zo|Zc hundreds . Also, or a thousand, def. 7 p V V *x O •tn plu. or q=> 5 to thousand, plu. ^odV. Twice, thrice, &c. are expressed by cardinals, with the noun y 7 0 v? time, after them; as, ],.** o^ce, lit. one time; ^Z>‘Z ’ 7 7 P P P 7 V * 15 ] 5 twice', *i5] 1,^1, thrice; |Zu5] times. Words denoting a part of the whole are, P x 7 7 p ]v>.do5 a fourth part, ^.m^o a tenth, Ac. |£\^oZ a third part. 7 Multiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by fAa , and a cardinal number following with prefixed, or sometimes without p 7 7 it; as, seven fold, lit. one in or into seven, • * double . P 7 v The days of the week are, first day of the week, p 7 P 7 p P Sunday; }zia.z> ^5Z second day, Monday; [zlajd ] A-ZZ Tuesday; P 7 p 7 P7 PV jzxi) Wednesday; \zla. 2 Thursday. But Friday P X 0 v is and Saturday, PRONOUNS. 24. Pronouns are sometimes separable , i. e. tliey consist of words, and sometimes inseparable , i. e. they are expressed hy certain particles called affixes placed at the end of nouns, verbs, or other particles. The following is a table of the personal pronouns. Plural. Singular . Fem. Com. Masc. Fem. Com. Masc. 7 He o iii 4N 7, 'person uM * V You wlui 7 ail Thou , '2nd ^-dcn rr\ /'T' * 0(71 *T* O * o - They 0 wsCDl 7 001 > He, 3rd 7^1 /T\ •X ' r J ✓ 7 O oji and wci are also used for the demonstrative 7 P V OP 7 pronouns; as, ooi ]- t =i^JJiat man, ^cn ]Z£u| that woman. They are not often employed as substantive verbs; although they are occasionally so used in conjunction with particles. (See 1 Cor. iv. 7, and elsewhere.) They are met with to give emphasis or confirmation to a sentence. Hoffman in his Grammar cites an instance from Ephraim Syrus, T. I. p. 122 d, and he / DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 61 acids : ubi plura hujus generis invenies. Amira states •x in his Grammar that the Maronites translate om and V o by ipse, ipsa, and cm and ^m by ille, ilia . X 7 V V 'tv and are used indifferently in the oldest V . MSS. In later ones we find <-i~, and occasionally 7 v 7 . In the latest, only . •x m /Tv P this, fem. |^on or hci these, of both genders. P o i ■ this, masc. S S 1 hen ) •X 0 these, masc. 9 tts these, fem. ag joined to the P P -X ny ts personal pronouns; as, hoi ocn he himself, )jocu : thus, U^ccu this day , or to-day . See Mark xiv. 30, and elsewhere. cnA qjAo who hath opened - /V\ his eyes ? lit. tv ho is he, who hath opened for him his eyes? We y p -X P P have also qjlAo what is it ? for coi jjAo. AFFIXES. 63 Interrogatives of both person and thing are W a - v masc. 1*4 fem. who , which , / of the sing. numb. y and ^4, tv ho, which, what ? of the plural. /IN V The particle ^ is not unfrequently found with an interrogative pronoun. See Matth. xviii. 1.; Luke i. 66 ; John vii. 35, &c. Schaaf says, “particuke hujus usus frequens est in interrogationihus, et valet id quod apud Graecos apa” p rj 0 V vr L4, | t 4, have sometimes the force of the p v p v Latin qualis, what sort 8fc. ; as, 1*^ |i4^> icith what hocly ? i. e. with what sort of body ? 1 Cor. xv. 35. o o \±Lz> compounded of us and \ expresses how great ? or how many ? equivalent to the Latin quantus ? or quot ? See Matth. vi. 23 ; xv. 34, &c. When > is used with these interrogatives, they 0 o y become relatives ; as, ^4^ ]L he who enteretli not , * ^ John x. 1. v Care must be taken not to confound with the preposition Before the use of vowels, the former word was written A with a point above the lc, and the latter with a point below it. The Greek particle pcev is also written . The context of course shows whether this or the pronoun is intended. 27. The following Table exhibits what are called pronominal affixes , which are added to the end of - nouns. They are certain abbreviated terminations or inseparable particles, and have the signification of possessive nouns. 64 AFFIXES. Plural, Singular. — com. gender. my com. gender. my V — masc. thy y — masc. thy — fern. thy c.3— fem. /|S thy ■ V *~»oio — masc. his oi _ masc. /IS his oi-. — fem. /r» her o oi— fem. her ~ 7 com. our 7 ^ com. our X masc. your masc. your ^4^. fem. /TN your fem. /IS your •X ^oov* masc. their •X ^ooi masc. their ^.01*2- fem. /r their <-*01 fem. their. 28. There are separate possessive pronouns. They are expressed by the letters compounded of X which, the older form of Chald. ^ and ^ to . • y • * • p X Q These are put before the affixes; thus, my , X X 7 masc; thy, fern.; her, ^ X X X x 'X • o^r, your , masc. your, fern. ; X » X I their, masc.; ^.*cn.X^ their, fern. ^ x Distributive pronouns are expressed by Uj], — x — and the preposition ; sometimes the substantive 'Tx * In the Jerusalem. Lectionary we find used for the affix of the 3rd pers. sing. masc. to a pin. noun. AFFIXES. 65 is taken away and the distributive pronoun is in¬ dicated by only (perhaps was originally a noun /JN /TN •X O denoting a part) ; thus, ^octuAd some of them , or /T\ /n * *■ t> - * 7 X of them ; also by .-ai-Is or whosoever, /IN 0 - * -X or whatsoever. The latter pronoun is /£ 'TX •X composed of all, and something, or any thing . Other pronouns are formed by adding the affixes 0 7 0 X to the nouns |.Aaj 50 ul or person, and t^cais substance 0 7 0 7 7 7 7 or person; as, ^Aaj ha thyself; cruxaj aii* ^i|o /Tv /T. X V went, hanged himself; oiioaias m himself See also John vi. 53. « 29. Nouns with Affixes. We come now to nouns with affixes. The vowel changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew are many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and simple. The following is an example of a masculine noun, which is first put in the definite state and then takes the affixes in the place of the termina- o tion |— Singular . Def. State. 0. 7 Icing 1st. pers. sing. com. 7 my king 2nd. masc. thy F t G6 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 2nd. . fem. thy king 3rd. ns his 3rd. her 1st. pers. pin. com. our ... 2nd. your .. . 2nd. ns your . .. 3rd. *. V »0 an architect, plu. l-is. With VP VP affixes we have . o 4. Those nouns having the abs. state like , and /T\ O O the definite like Ijoxs, retain the " with the affixes of the first person sing, and second and third persons o plu.; as, w^jct.3 my priest. Again, those in the abs. ffs state having the vowel 7 on the last syllable, and any other vowel on the preceding syllable, the 7 is preserved with the affixes of the above-mentioned V V V V *. V V persons; as, *.* 0 ^ altar, my altar, your altar, &c. 5. There are some nouns, namely, monosyllables, which have the vowel * in the abs. state, and which lose it in the definite. Such nouns preserve the f 2 68 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. with the affixes of the above-mentioned persons; as, o clef. blood , my blood . ns ns P 7 ° » V The nouns like speech , and shade , which have the occultans under the first Lomad, when they take the affixes, the Zi^£« occultans is removed, and the Lomad receives 7 ; as, &c. o o U^o Lord , is not found with any pronominal affix. The reason is, that under such circumstance, the o o o noun is used in its place; thus, my Lord , O O ns O tliy Lord , his Lord , &c. O V O V 0 Three nouns, namely, }zd| father , brother , father-in - Zaze, take the affixes in an irregular manner. 1st. pers. sing. com. D waS| « /V my father 2nd. masc. •X V 5f=1 ' thy 2nd. fem. * V was as] % . 3rd. masc. •x V waOTQZd] 7m . 3rd. fem. X 7 cnQ^I her . 1st. pers. plu. com. •X 7 oi/r . 2nd. masc. •x x 7 •X X 3rd. masc. ^oaias] x,r- / 3rd. fem. /T> their .... The other two nouns take the affixes in the same way. NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 69 except that makes my father-in-law. See obs. 4 , p. 46 . O rn * 'T' «\ pD, |pD, son , has my son , ^q^zi your soil, <001*3 their son, &c. 30. In feminine nouns the same affixes are used for both numbers; namely, those which are annexed to the singular number of masculine nouns. They are put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive state in the first person singular, and in the second and third persons plural, and at the end of their o definite state in the other parts, the termination 1 having been taken away. The reason of this differ¬ ence is, that as to the pronominal affixes mentioned, if they were placed to the definite state of the noun, there would he a concourse of several consonants without a vowel. The following is an example of feminine nouns with affixes. Singular, O'? 7 7 O'? abs. family , const. Lo *▲ def. ]Z\.3 *a. 7 7 1st. pers. sing. com. my family . 0 7 2nd. masc. tliy 7 2nd. fem. thy 3rd. 7 OlZ.3*A hfs vU masc. •••••• 70 3rd . NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. o 7 cn£o* t A her family 1st. pers. plu. com. O 7 our . 2nd . * 7 7 »Q sEOjA ycmr . 2nd . . fem. 7 7 /Tx . 3rd . . inasc. •X 7 7 their . 3rd. . fem. 7 7 -^01 l\.ZD j. A t/lt/C'VP • • • • • • 1st. pers. sing. com. /Tx Plural. P 7 A. wiy families 2nd. p P 1 thy . 2nd . . fem. P 7 /T\ % . 3rd . O 7 cn kS’fA /T\ 7m . 3rd . . fem. P P V cn Z>0’f a her . 1st. pers. plu. com. 7 0 7 OWT . 2nd . . masc. •X 0 7 yoitr . 2nd . . fem. <9 7 <-.0 JOjA /T* ycwr . 3rd . . masc. •x 0 7 fCcnilJD’jA their . 3rd . . fem. O 7 . A A I La mwmiatt their . n \ 7 with the affix ^ transfers the 7 from the first to the following letter; thus, my daughter; hut O 7'"’"' * V it remains in the others; as, thy daughter , your daughter. NUMERALS AND PARTICLES WITH AFFIXES. 71 31 Numerals and Particles with affixes. Numerals receive the affixes of masculine nouns . * 7 m the plural number; thus, these two, 7 7 *. 7 -o masc., +L'iL these two, fern., these three, /TN * 7 O ’ 7 *707 masc., 7/^s# four, these five, * V O *.7 0 7 *.7 0 0 ^oca^zZvJfc. 7/££S£ sat, \poi+&±£M, these seven, ^ooiIAa^cZ *.7 0 *.7 0 these eight , ^ooi-^iz 7/^s. o m c^z) in me , thee; 7o, 7 o yow; i ^ 7 7 from, ouio him , yhom after, /TN /TN 'TN 'T' •X V after them , &c. Some particles take the /TN 0 7 0 affixes of masc. nouns plu.; as, ysp 3 before, —tefO 7 0 * # 7 before me, before thee; so likewise on or upon, for, instead of, ^ besides, near, and others. VERBS. 32. In Syriac, as in Hebrew, the root of the verb is the 3rd. pers. sing. numb, masculine gender of the first conjugation. Most of the roots are triliteral, a few are quadriliteral. The triliteral roots have a vowel under the second letter, and make only one syllable. The different forms of the verb, which express various modifications of the original sense, are usually called conjugations. They amount to eight, of which four have an active, and four a passive, and some¬ times a reciprocal signification. They derive their 7 names from the verb and are contained in the following table, from which the characteristic of each conjugation may be observed. Act. Pass. 1 Peal 2 Eihpeel ^szl rt\ /I\ 3 Pael n\ 4 Eihpaal 7 V rr\ 5 Aphel /T\ 6 Ethtaplial /tv 7 Shaphel 8 Eshtaphal The Peal conjugation is the same as the Kal of the Hebrews; that is, it expresses the verb in its simplest form and meaning. VEEBS. 73 All the passive conjugations are formed by prefix¬ ing z| to the corresponding active conjugation. The ♦ | of the Aphel is changed into Z in its passive, and the a of Shaphel is transposed with L in the Eshtaphel. The Ethpeel is, 1st, the passive of the Peal conju- 'TN /T\ gation; as, '^LaZ) lie was slain . 2nd, It is reflexive ; as, y^jZiMo exaltetli itself. (2 Cor. x. 5.) 3rd, Inin- X m transitive verbs, the Ethpeel has sometimes the same o /* signification as Peal, e.g. and ^isz], as may he x o seen in Schaaf’s Lexicon under |oa. 4th, It is, ac¬ cording to Hoffman (Gram. p. 178), in intransitive and obsolete verbs, sometimes the pass, of Aphel; as, /TV ** V he was commended from he commended* Pael is the Piel of the Hebrew; when the signifi¬ cation of the Peal conjugation is intransitive, the Pael V makes it transitive ; as, it was just or fitting, Pael v ucji he justified: sometimes it expresses the Peal sense /T* with greater energy ; as, ^4* he asJced , Pa. he ashed /T\ often or diligently. This conjugation has a causative V 7 sense in some verbs; as, he bought , ^=>] he caused to buy , i.e. he sold. To the Pael is sometimes assigned the sense of commanding , permitting and declaring what is expressed by the Peal. Ethpaal is the passive of the preceding conjuga¬ tion. As the Pael, in many instances, signifies to * I think this last use of the Ethpeel rests on no certain foundation. 74 VERBS. make or cause to do whatever is indicated by the Peal, the Ethpaal will necessarily signify to be made to do that which is denoted by the Peal; and hence it is that the Peal and Ethpaal conjugations in some verbs V possess nearly the same meaning; as, he thought, 7 7 he was made to think, i.e. he thought, /r\ lie drew near, Ethpaal, he was made to draw near, i.e. he drew near. Aphel corresponds to the Hiphil of the Hebrew. 7 In sense it is usually causative of Peal; as, tie 7 7 remembered, Aph. he caused to be remembered, • he commemorated. It is also found to possess the sig¬ nification of desiring, 'permitting, declaring, exhibiting, 7 &c. whatever is indicated by the Peal; as, he permitted or granted power. In occasional in¬ stances, the Pael and Aphel are found to have the 'T' V ns 7 same signification: as, and The charac- 7 teristic of Aphel is ] prefixed to the root. The preceding conjugations are of very frequent use, and are acknowledged by all Grammarians. Those which follow are of much rarer occurrence. The Ethtaphal is the passive of the preceding con¬ jugation. It is formed from the Aphel by prefixing the particle Zj, and changing the Olaph, the charac- teristic of the Aphel conjugation, into Thau. Examples of this form are seldom found. See Mark xiii. 24. 7 7 (Philox. vers.) the sun shall be darkened. We 7 O'" n\ have also iuZZj from Ul. VERBS. id Tlie Shaphel conjugation is generally considered to have the same signification as the Aphel; it is formed V by prefixing a to the root, and like the Pael and Aphel takes * under the second radical instead of 7 . By many persons this conjugation has been referred to quadriliteral verbs; but it is found so frequently— much more so than the Ethtaphal—that Michaelis and others have made it a separate conjugation of tri- V literals. Examples are, he made or caused to * V 7 7 /» serve , he inflamed , he made perfect , /f\ 'T' . 7 V V • 7 lie consummated , he promised , he x X announced. Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjuga¬ tion, and is formed from it by prefixing Z], transposing /Tv the Z with the a, and changing ~ under the second radical into 7 . The Eshtaphal conjugation agrees in form with the tenth con¬ jugation of Arabic verbs. If the first radical of a verb be i, etc, ^, a, it is transposed with Z of the particle Z] in the Ethpeel and /Tv Ethpaal conjugations ; as, he ivas left , instead IT. /TV .V V . ^ V of wahaZ]; he was lifted up , instead of *-^£dZ|. 'T' /TV /TV /T> After i, the Z is changed into ?, and after ^ into ^ ; as, woq| he was conquered ', he was crucified. X 'TV ZTV ^/rv Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former class includes all those verbs which preserve their radicals unchanged throughout all their inflexions, 76 VERBS. the latter those which lose or undergo a change of one or more radicals. There are two tenses, the praeterite and future. V * Their forms are and ^o^Lqj, and these forms /T> determine the past and future times more accurately than they do in Hebrew. The present tense may he expressed by the active participle with the aid of the personal pronouns. By means also of the auxiliary verb two other tenses are defined; namely, the im¬ perfect and pluperfect, of which some account will be afterwards given. Sciadrensis m his Gram. p. writes on the tenses as y o p y o y y*Vy *> 0 0 •• -x -r>y follows; ^>ol j.x5j y 0 y o 0 7 y y p y t+l Uuj Iudjo U=>1 I 1 — ! 1 • Tenses also are three , which we number in the first mood; namely , the preterite , the present and the future. By the present tense he means the active participle with a personal pronoun, and there is no doubt that this combination is so often used for the purpose of representing a verb in the present tense, not only in the versions of the Scriptures, but also in Syriac writings of a later date, that a grammarian may with propriety, as Sciadrensis has done, give to ** O 0 7 this construction the name of a present tense, I n this respect the Syriac language is much more perfect than any of the others which belong to the Shemitic class. In Arabic the tense which the grammarians designate resembling , viz. 99 ou¬ tlie formal) is very uncertain as to the time it is intended to mark. Sometimes, when accompanied by certain particles, such as ✓ ^ G it expresses the future ; at other times when it is VERBS. 77 preceded by L h h as the force of the present; but in numerous instances the context alone can determine the tense which this form of the verb is designed to indicate. So likewise in iEthiopic there is so much indefiniteness on this point, that Ludolph, in his iEthiopic Grammar, calls JiTfIC tempus contingens , which he translates facit or faciet, p, 43 ; and in p. 37 he instructs us in this tense as follows : “ Contingens tarn Prsesens, quam Futurum Indicativi reprassentat.” Concerning the expression of the present tense, Hoffman says, in his Gram. p. 335, plerumque in liunc jinem part . usurpatur Tlie different numbers, persons and genders are formed by prefixes and affixes joined to the root of the verb, as in the Hebrew. The imperative form is used in an affirmative sense. A negation or prohibition is expressed by the o future tense and the particle P not , placed before it. The infinitive is in its nature an abstract noun, and as such receives the pronominal affixes. It has an active, neuter, or passive sense; and when added to the verb will give intensity to the signification. 33. Before we proceed to give the tables of the different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the student with the tenses, &c. of the substantive verb o ]oai he was , and of is, which are peculiar in their z forms, and because the former is much used in the general conjugations. VERBS. Preterite Tense. Person. Sing. Number. Gender. 1 £u001 X / was com. 0 V ZUOOI thou wcist masc. 2 y Iv^ooi thou wcist fern. 3 o |ocn he was masc. 3 c> Zocn she was fern. Plural Number. 1 V ^..4.001 ice were com. 2 ♦. 7 <02U001 you were masc. 2 7 <-^2uooi /IN you icere fern. 3 7 0001 they were masc. 3 7 wjkOOl they were fern. Future. Person. Singular. Gender 1 1ooi| thou shalt or be masc. 2 ^ooiZ 'T' /IN thou shalt or wilt be fern. 3 |oou /IN /T\ he shall or will be masc. 3 |ooiZ she shall or will be fern. VERBS 79 Person. Plural. Gender 1 |oou /in /n we sAaW or will be com. 2 •X The negative form is a contraction of ji and M; when it is joined with the pronominal affixes x G 82 VERBS. V we obtain the following, there is not for z me , i.e. I have not , ^ //jo^ hast not , and so on for the others. Or by annexing the affixes to the y 7 y .7 verb we have, I am not thou art not , we are not , w^aioZu^ is wo/, casAo is 1 “ /r* not , &c. 35. We will now give a paradigm of in all its conjugations, &c., as an example of the inflexion of regular verbs in general. II 84 CONJUGATION OP REGULAR VERBS. Peal. Etlipeel. Pael. Ethpaal. Prset.3. inasc. /TN /TN /TN 7 77 -t. 3. fem. 7 /tn A^LfiZ] 7 7 b^^UD 7 7 ■" AX£i.oZ| 2 . masc. Hh&o /TN /tS A^^ZoZ) /IN 7 7 7 /r. AZ^LoZ] 2 . fem. /TN /IN u A^Z^uc Zj 7 7 /tn u*A-^sZ] 1 . com. /t\ b.-±^Q Z" 7 ~ A^^laZ] /TN 7 L^4o /X 7 /IN iZ^LoZ] Pin. 3. masc. aX^Lo - /TN /TN aZ^LsZ} * 7 aZ^to /TN 7 /TN ai^LoZ) 3. fem. v^i^LoZ) /TN 7 7 7 /tn i-^jOZ] 2 . masc. X /in /TN ^oAZ^LoZ) {0 A^h^Lo ♦N 7 7 ^oA^LoZ] 2 . fem. * ' 7 <-*A^£> ,_.iAA>4 /TN ~ /IN ^A^l-O /TN 7 7 TN ^A^LoZ] 1 . com. /TN /TN , V V » T^iiozi Infinitive. •X & /TN Q^l .0 A^O Q-A^LjD^G ♦n ^ 7 /TN a-^.o AAd Imper. masc. - VM /TN M^z] fem. v.*>^.^LQZj — ^0 /IN u^^UOZ] Plur. masc. . * a^a^Lo a^^irZ] q^^lo /IN q^^LoZ] fem. _^a^Lo m ^AZ-oZ] /TN — /TN /TN ‘ ■’ /TN /TN — /TN Fut. 3. masc. X /x /IN /IN '^LsAj /IN 7 V V * ^.^.dAj 3. fem. A /TN ^Q^LOZ /IN /TN V^UsZZ /TN 7 77 /in 2 . masc. ■X /IN ^a^isZ /IN /IN V^LoZZ 77 /tn ^L/ZZ 2 . fem. X /IN Z X 7 /x ^Z^t£)ZZ ,-J^L.oZ I 7 /tn ^^LfiZZ 1 . com. X /IN v 7 /IN Plur. 3. masc. •x *> *X . 7 /IN li!«^iaA 7 7 u^A-Z^aA^] /Tv y A\M •<\ ^ V /rv A^^LoZZ] . 7 A_Z^LaA 'tx y /rv Zua^laZiA] .77* Q-a^LaZZ] m y *y y m oa^LaZiA] /tv y .77* «^^laZZ] m y v^a^LaA 7 7 * w^oru-j * mV j 7 7 * r^^oZZl * V ^a^LaA y y m ^.Zz^ia Zia] * 0 7 C-Z^la^Q ik q o y /tv Q-a^LoZ&bD * . 0 7 Q-Z^la^.ba x ^ d y /tv aa^la Aa^d ^•^aj /tv y y /rv V£aZZ] M^Z ^^La Zva] ~^a| -a^lrZZl . V «.A.zZ.a>& . 7 7 ^Zz^la Aa j — /TV a^aj . 7 y r a-Z^iaZZ] c^, ; .aA . 7 V7 Qa^laZXAj ^^iaj m /Tv r^Zzzl /T' “ /TV ,-^^laA ^-A^Z^la Zia | m — /rv m y 7 7 * '^LaZZu /rv y y y /rv ''^JtaZ'wAJ m y \Z-:I y y /tv V£oZZ /tv y '^aAZ ^s^la ZvaZ /tv y V y /rv 'V^laZZ /rv y ^Z^laAZ ^s^la ZvaZ ,-J^laZ x y /rv ^.J^LaZZ ^Z^aAZ x y ^--*—*=^1.0 Im m y y y m ^LoZZl /TV y /TV '^la-fc] ^laZvA] ♦> y /rv '■^J.aZZvZa /TV 7 ^^laAZa /tv ^.^LaZkAlo /TV V v ^aie 80 REGULAR VERBS. ♦ 36 . Observations on Regular Verbs. The Preterite. The first letter of the root is generally without a vowel, the second has for the most part 7 , hut some¬ times it has especially in intransitive verbs and verbs denoting the affections, qualities, or sensations of the mind ; as, he ceased , Zoizi lie was ashamed, he cleaved , he slept , he trembled , zza.4. ✓IN /TV ^ 'Tv he lay down , he inhabited. Also verbs whose ✓IV /Tv middle radical is Olaph ; as, ^ \± he ashed , he /TV hoary. Some verbs there are which admit both 'Tv V - v and *; as, and he has eaten ; but in many of these instances a difference of signification is denoted ; thus, according to Castell’s Lexicon by V Michaelis we have he saluted, and he sought. ✓TV Those also whose first radical is Yud have frequently * under the second ; as. he sat. n X The Yau of the masc. and Yud of the fern, at the 1 V • i end of the third person, plural number are sometimes v omitted, and the verb is written they sleiv. This is often the case in the oldest MSS. The reason is that these letters are never pronounced. Nun paragogic is added in some instances both to the masc. and fern, genders of the third person, plural number, but more frequently to the latter; * 7 V as, tlietic; as, he found, he drank. It will be observed by inspecting the Paradigm that the numbers and persons of this tense are formed by affixing a particle of one of the personal pronouns ^ X v X V v to the radical letters ; thus, for The Future . This Tense seems to be formed in the active con¬ jugations by prefixing certain abbreviated forms of the personal pronouns to the imperative mood; thus, X X O x X ^q^Ic] for ^q^Lo and 1 j| ; for and M. In the passive conjugations the same forms are used instead of | of the particle ^1. /IN Verbs having * under the middle radical of the preterite, in the future take 7 ; as, ^=>]; a few also y /rs 88 HE GULAK, VEKBS. liave o; as, o^, wdo^j; *^p, . Those whose third radical is a guttural or Hish take v . A few yerhs submit to no rule as to the yowels which they receive; thus, I will receive , which has the same /r> ^ This is likewise true in the whole conjugation.. See p. 74. 37. The gutturals produce a few anomalies, and only a few; for the Syrians have not so great a variety of vowel chancres as the Hebrews. Verbs, the third radical of which O J is oi 5 S.AA, or j, have in the future and imperative Peal for the most part the vowel 7 under the middle radical. In the other conjugations and the active participle Peal, they have 7 in J O # 7 7 7 V the place of *; as, worshipping , glorying, 7 7 V V V he mocked, lie commemorated, A, /»\ /IN In the imperative of the passive conjugations of verbs, which have a guttural for the third radical, the second radical receives y V ^ V m a vowel; as, $fZ>Z| for b t pZ], In the Jerusalem Lectionary the future and imperative Peal of verbs whose third radical is a guttural are formed after the paradigm of the regular verb; as, u*oku, &c. V 7 7 7 7 7 The verbs j.^z 5 he consoled, he dejiled, j]^ he polluted, and a few others in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, have the same changes of the vowels as the guttural verbs are men¬ tioned in the preceding paragraph. 38. The Present Tense is formed by the participles o (form '^Lg) and the personal pronouns placed after them; thus, 92 REGULAR VERBS. Singular. pop IS IS W l4o f, W ^ I am slaying , m. — V £> M art slaying * /IN P O iAow art slaying W 4/ 001 he is slaying “ /TN O O ^*oi jH^Uo she is slaying. Plural. r l/u ^.A we are slaying x •X o io 1 ^-£-Q ye are slaying 5> masc. — x •x o o ^ojoi ,-a-^lg they are slaying j V .0 o we are slaying o o ye are slaying >.f em . /T> — ns O P O ,_aJoi iZo they are slaying The third pers. plu. is generally expressed simply by the act. part, in the plural number. The personal pronoun is often found before as well P ns p pas as after the participle; as, }j| I go, Gen. xv. 2. Several words sometimes intervene between the first pronoun and the participle; as pi] \+i=> |b pi] I die without children. Mar Jacob’s Scholium on this passage. IRREGULAR VERBS. 93 These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted and affixed to tlie verb; as, Lo, thou art slaying , second pers. sing. masc. and fern. ' x for both genders in the first pers. plural. The substantive verb added to the participial form a will usually express the imperfect tense ; as, o o |ooi he was slaying . But if this verb be added ” OR w.2 already noticed; by tlie letters | o by the first radical being Nun; or by the second and third radicals being the same. Indeed the same classes of irregular verbs exist in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole of that family of lan¬ guages. 7 We have seen that the verb is employed to designate the conjugations. The classes of irregular verbs also are usually 7 denoted, for the sake of brevity, by one of the letters in ; 99 It II thus, 5 , stand for verbs the first radical of which •' / r n n is | or j ; li., ai>, , those the middle radical of which is | o or *_*, or the second and third radicals the same ; and finally jj 5 , those the last radical of which is ] or u* . n n 40. Verbs j.a or . 1. In accounting for the anomalies which exist in this class, it is to be observed that Olaph or 7 Yud beginning a word must have a vowel; as, lie said , he begot , and not £ol, t -^. See § 5. * ns X • /IN \ 2. In the middle of a word Olaph or Yud and the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels. This is the consequence of what is stated in (1) ; for in those forms where two consonants without vowels come together the Olaph or Yud being the second 95 It II YE KBS \z> OK would begin a syllable, and would consequently re¬ quire a vowel as much as at the beginning of a word. 3. This vowel of the Olaph or Yud is generally remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad¬ dition is made to the end of the word, to avoid the concourse of several letters without vowels, the Olapli or Yud retains its vowel; thus, he was 9 /T' X 'T' v begotten , they were corroded , I was /r. /tn /t\ /t> begotten . 4. In the Aphel, Shaphel, and their passive con¬ jugations, the Olaph or Yud is changed into Yau, which coalesces with the preceding v and makes the v v ? diphthong an ; as, ^c|, 5. Olaph and Yud are dropped in the future first •x person singular of the Peal conjugation ; as, •x v V I shall eat , for , t ix] I shall beget , for . /in • x * x In other parts of the fut. Peal, and the infin. 7 Y the initial is changed into |; as, AV>, ^isfe. • X * X II 0. Verbs ^ are regular in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore exceptions to (5). 7. In the Peal conjugation the vowel of the Olaph is * in the prset., and of the Yud 1 . In the pass, par¬ ticiple it is 7 in the one case, and 1 in the other. In 96 u n VERBS \si OR v-O. If tlie imper. of verbs in those cases where the second •x ? vowel is % the first is 7 ; as, eat thou , masc.; hut if the second vowel he 7 , the first is ~; as, v say thou , masc. A similar rule is observed in the /T\ future tense, namely, when the second vowel is * the first is *, and when the second is 7 the first is 1 . 8. The Olapli in the Etlipeel and Ethpaal con¬ jugations is sometimes changed into Z ; as, t ~ZZ| from * /|N /IN V 7 7 t ~\ he took , c^jZZ] lie lamented. Indeed Olapli pre- * /IN /IN ceded by Thau is frequently changed into Thau for the sake of euphony. 9. Olapli or Yud in the middle of a word rests in general in ~ or 1 . The latter is sometimes changed into the former. V The verb 'Yj| he departed , makes its imperative mood of the /T\ Peal conjugation thus, /IN /TN /T* . /IN O'T' 0 0 7 n' 0 Similarly |z| he came , has imper. |z , u*Z , oZ , ^Z. The of when it means to cjo , has the tinea occultans /IN as often as it ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one. In 7 such cases the vowel of Lomad is remitted to Zain; as, 2vi.ll “ m she departed. In the passive part. Peal the radical ^ in some verbs receives 7 the vowel 7 instead of x ; as, taught , Rom. ii. 18. VERBS ^3 97 Yud in the verb ld alp has no need of the vowel *; because the second radical is not pronounced, and therefore its vowel is remitted to the first. There are however forms in which the /TN 7 /Tv oi is retained without the linea occultans ; as, Zoov* and Adov* . V In the imper. we have ».ziai . % The Yud remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs V V O T ' he ejaculated , he sucked. The verb |z] changes the rr\ n\ • V final | into ^ ; as, c*£u| he brouyht. z drops the first radical altogether in the Pael ; as, 'iV -T. 7 * 7 ~ V for . V he was faithful , in the Aphel conjugation takes cpi as the /IN V characteristic, and ) is changed into ^; thus, he believed; /IN so Heb ; Arab. • » • 7 LJ h Some verbs beginning with Yud reject this radical in the V V ^ imperat. inf. and fut. Peal ; as, he knew , fut. , infin. • X 7 7 /IN /IN V /TN imperat. ; oL he set , fut. , infin. imperat. • ^ ^ i oZ . 41 . Verbs The anomalies belonging to this class of verbs are only few; the principal one is the rejection of Nun in certain situations, and the rule is this : when¬ ever Nun is at the end of a syllable and without a vowel, according to the analogy of the regular verb, ii 98 VERBS <-2>. •X it is rejected. We have therefore fut. Peal t) /r\ •X 7 7 Ne-pnk , for ^aaij Nen-puk , inf. for . /IN ♦ ^ *zamj for from v-iamj. In such cases the 2nd. radical has JcusJioi when it is a letter. In the imper. Peal the Nun is thrown away at -X -x 7 the beginning of the word ; as, usoa for cjoaau, for The reason of this elision is perhaps the difficulty of pronouncing it with rapidity in such a situation, and it has therefore been neglected in writing. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations of these verbs are quite regular in all their forms. Verbs of this class are not found in the Sliaphel and its passive conjugation. The vowel of the second radical in the fut. and imper. Peal observes generally the same rule as regu- 7 7 7 lar verbs; thus, he cut , he breathed , he fixed , take the vowel * ; but he adhered , /TN V it flowed down , have 7 . There are a few excep¬ tions ; as, he descended , which takes * in the fut. /TN •X ns X and imper. Zq/uj, Zq^. The rule for the removal of Nun does not apply to verbs of this class, when the second and third radicals are the same; nor when the middle radical // 99 VERBS G^ or is one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs whose second radical is He ; as, 5au, jjiu. he ascended , is anomalous, and takes some of its forms /T\ v V 7 . v from the obsolete verb ujgcqj ; as, imper. inf. *.nmj /T> ^ m 7 fut., enco] Aphel. Olaph, characteristic of the Aphel conjugation, is occasionally # V retained with the prefixes; as, thou wilt bring down , from Zwj. 42. Verbs or Verbs having Van and those having Yud for their middle radical letter differ so little from each other in their conjugations, that they may he both compre¬ hended in one class. These letters are sometimes placed in such situations as to lose their consonantal power, and defects in consequence arise in those forms of the verb where that power is lost. 1. Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part rests in the vowel \ In such case whenever another vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb, the Vau is usually changed into Yud; as >a«.oZZ| for x V 7 V V yaooZZ], Lin*.o for A.Lgg£>. 'Tv /f, 2. Vau for the most part takes the vowel * or \ When therefore another vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb, the Vau is taken away, O 7 or changed into Olaph or Yud; as, ysa for yDoa, o & o o & o o Y>\d for fern. plu. ^cuo. /r» /tn y x. v- ir 2 100 CONJUGATION OF VERBS j.2. Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Etlipaal. Prset. Sing. 3. masc. V 'T' Mii m 7 7 7 m M4 3. fem. V AZAd] .7 7 m Z'M^ V ' 7 ZlAo) 7 7* A-Sojz] 2. masc. V m AIAo|z| m 7 a!as] _ 7 V m A—iojzj 2. fem. « V m A«Ao ] s.*A^s]zj - /TS 7 S4 ZV^AS | .7 7 m w*A^o]Z| 1 . com. 'T' /Ts A-Iao] / T' V /ts Z\^so|Z| /TS 7 aSo| # /TS 7 /rs 2M|z] Plur. 3. masc. V /rs qZao] #fs /t* /ts CaZo]z| /TS 7 a— j) . 7 7 m q2A;>]Z| 3. fem. ■TS /r> jzj /ts /ts 7 ^aZZas] * 7 7m ^M>|z| 1 . com. V V m 7 /TS /TS /TS T-I-Zolz] 7 . "7 -Ml 7 , 7 7m Infinitive. y ts j.i-£ X P /T> /TS G-AsjA^ X p 7 C-Ao).AC x P 7 /rs qZAo|AAo Imper. Sing. masc. 'Mz) /TS 'Mil fem. * 7 wAAQs] w^sjz] . 7 /TS ■* T Plur. masc. . * v Q-Aao) cu^jz) oAa] qZao|Z] fem. . X ' 7 /TS MM |Z X 7 /TS M^izz 1. com. Mi) /Ts 7 ^o) 7! ?. Mlz] Plur. 3. masc. •x . /Ts ^0.-^3 }j X 7 /is ]Z X 7 'TS ^Q-As]ZZ 2, fem. .<3 V m ^-Zo|ZZ O 7 m goZZ| . * V «_*A^OQ4, v^aIagcAa] /p» 7 A!^go| aSgoZZ] A-Agga /TN 7 /TN AIagoAa] /TN V g!^go| .7 7 O' o^soZZ] /TN 7 G^G GA 7 7 G-AgoAa-] ua-Agc] 7 7 /IN /TN 7 ca-ZgGA. 77 - hA^oluj * /TV 7 ^oA^go] X , 7 7 /* 7 ^do) 7.7 70 «-1-AgoZZ| 7 /TN V ^.1-AgQAi 7 7 7 *> ,-1-AgoAa.) * 0 V gAuggZo X £> V /in g-A>goZAAd x C 7 q_AggaAc 0 V /IN g^AgoAaAd • ^>oc| /Tv <> ^ooZZ] V ^GGA. /Tv ^\gc Aa| ” /TN . 7 v «G>Goj /TN w-^GOZZ] m^QA V? w^DoAa] — /TN Q^OOj /TN qIagcZZ] Q^SQA VTN 7 q-AgcAa] . 7 <-aGoo] /TN /IN ^AaoZZ] /TN — /IN ^IsGA /TV /IN ,~*2Ago Aa) /Tv — /TN /TN 7 V)QJ 7 v /TV ^goZAj H /TN 7 ^nSGaj 7 7 -IN ^AooAaj /TN 7 ^sgoZ 7 7 'll ^ooZZ /IN 7 ^s3QaZ V 7 vsgoAaZ ,* 7 7 7 /n \so ZZ /TN 7 ^oqaZ 7 V /IN ^goAa-Z X 7 /TN ^aoZZ 1 7 r ^2QAZ X 7 /TN ,-JAvGoAa.Z /TN 7 ^go] 7 7 /" ^ooZZj /Tv 7 /TN ^>OQAj 7 7 * ^gcAa] (tAooi •X 7 /IN {G-AgoZAj * 7 /Tv ^cuAgoAaj < V ^-AgGJ 0 7 "N ^-AgoZAj ^1=oL ^7 ^-AgcAaj ZZ ^sqaZ •X 7 /TV -* 2. masc. z t z.: 2. fem. ,*€ * w^Z Z.* r ♦ 1. com. z>: • Plnr. 3. masc. /TS /TS 3. fem. . V 1 • 2. masc. * m X v oZ A- 2. fem. 1. com. V * x ^A- Infinitive. ! A A Imper. Sing, masc A* • i fem. 7 <. • i Plur. masc. «• V o t X* * X fem. i ! 7 m X i ■-*- Fut. Sing. 3. masc. 7 1 At 3. fem. Au • 2. masc. 7 x AU • 2. fem. 1. com. 7 x A1 • Plur. 3. masc. voAJi 3. fem. 0 x ^At 2. masc. ^AA X'TS *AA ^ X ^ ^Z^Zl V ■n ZAA ^ A-?s O f i^Z] ’. wZ,Zi.Zl * J" I* o AA • - /TS m^aZ| • _ *TS °AA “ /TS f^*Z] 'P i m /IN X 7 /Ts Z t -^o 2l*| V 7 Z t lzo| i 7 * Zj^oZZ] • 0 Z t iai Z 7 * Z o j /1\ y 7 7 /t. ^.Zf-ZoZZ] ^Z r ia A Z 7 waZ fZ^o A<&] zA°i /In 7 7 /IN Z f -ZoZZ| /IN V ZfZ^QA. V 0 2 X«&| J. » 7 Z2u ,Lo1j J 7 t -ZoZv^j ' AoZZ /in y ^Q-aZ V 7 /in ^oAaZ /r\ y t loz * 7 7 - t -ZoZZ jiolz 7 7 ^ ^oAaZ ,:ao2 x. 7 ** ^•i-^oZZ -a^QAZ ^ • m X 7 /IN _.* t .-Zoft.AZ ^ • ' /u y A°1 v 7 /r ' ^oZZ] 7 n\ t z^a^] 77 ^ X « 7 * ^oZ£u ^ 0 1 -^01).Aj , V Z>. . 7 "> * V f t -ZCUJ ' • ^IzoLaj A. 7 ^ X . 7 * ^o^oZZ * « 7 »O t -ZQ.A.Z ^Oi-ZoAaZ <>2 P 7 /TN ^oZZ ,;^aiz '* a. „ /n y «^ aJ .7 7 ~ t -ZoZ£u Laj ■ •♦ • t V* V p p ,Lohxm • /IN * /IN v v ^Z-OA.ZC j!zoZvaZd • /IN 104 conjugation oe verbs ex. «-oiu he went forth. Peal. Afel. Etlitafal. Preet. Sing. 3. masc. V /»v V v-03] vaaiz) 3. fem. 7 /TV An3J 7 7 Aaa] iZaZZj 2. masc. 7 An3J /tv 7 Aoaj koaiz] 2. fem. 7 w*&.03J /Tv 7 W4^£>] /TV V 7 c^AoaZZ] 1. com. £> 7 aan^o * £> V ^ ooaZAAo Imper. Sing. masc. * «.oo3 /TV 7 «_o3| uoaZZ) fem. ■X «-*oa3 *> 7 wi££)| • /TV # 7 V v^oaZZj /TV Plur. masc. * 0003 /tv 7 oaa] 7 003 ZZ| fem. 1 - A ,-aOQS /TV /T> 7 ^s>l /tv 7 ^*03 ZZ} *“ /TV Fut. Sing. 3. masc. X 'T' coaaj /TV 7 uO.33 7 7 wOaZftj tr- 3. fem. •X /r» U203Z /Tv 7 7 V ■*> u03ZZ 2. masc. X /* v.oai>Z /TV 7 w03Z V V /tv uo3ZZ 2. fem. X /IN x 7 X 7 /TV ^4^0 ZZ 1. com. •x wOQ3] /Tv /Tv 7 cA£>| 7 7 »~o3ZZ| /TV Plur. 3. masc. X /tv <0033 •X 7 7 X 7 /TV <003Z&J 3. fem. ,-033 ,-033 _o3ZAj \ /tv 2. masc. o*L] he was disturbed, mV * ^ U \C>1 he joined in matrimony. In the part. Peal the Vau is changed into Olapli, and is pro¬ nounced Yud. When the third radical is a guttural or Rish, the vowel * is changed into 7 . See § 37. Throughout the Ethpeel conjugation L of the syl¬ lable z| is doubled, except in the 2nd. pers. and 3rd. *N pers. sing. fem. fut. This is the same as in the Chaldee, except in the latter language the duplication is made by the Dagesh forte. The verbs of this class are not found in the Slia- phel and Eshtaphal conjugations. » There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau, which are not conjugated after the paradigm ; namely, (1) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the o third radical; as, jo* lie was equal, he X was drunk. V V (2) Such verbs as he desired, ]o? he rejoiced, v v 5qa he danced, he acted unjustly. ^*1 he made a commotion , from he exalted , •x * from >ooj. See quadriliteral verbs. o In he lived , whenever a praeformative-is annexed, the Yud is taken away and its vowel sometimes remitted to the preceding P P 'I' V consonant; as, inf. for fut. } Aphel . We rts n\ X X O'w ^ /T^ 7 also find fut. Aph. . VERBS \±, }3 107 43. Verbs There are a few anomalies in these verbs, but they are not so numerous nor of a kind to require a para¬ digm. Most of them may be accounted for on the principle stated in § 40; namely, that Olaph remits its vowel to the preceding letter , which was previously without a vowel. Agreeably to this law we have /IN he was good , he was old , he enquired , imper. /in /in v put on the shoe. So also in Etlipeel we have . /IN 0*0 ZZ] X /IN 7 >CU£) /TN fem. * bACQ£ < waZq^oZZ] x : 7 u,Z.r. *o /TN Plur. masc. * aZco. d oZGaoZZ] X /TS 7 cZz-*.c /in fem. ^..&ZG.».oZZj /TN X V ^*Zq*o /IN /IN Fut. Sing. 3. masc. * yDaaj X /TN >o*oZAj /»n y ya*.oj 3. fem. *j5 P * b X /tv >o*oZZ <*> 7 >0*0 Z 2. masc. * yoaoZ x /* >a*oZZ /r. 7 >o*cZ 2. fem. x a --ZCOOZ X X *n X 7 r >*Zc.».oZ 1. com. * /TN >OOo| X /IN yx^oZZj /tn V /tn y^1 Plur. 3. masc. * * o}i3 /TN yi*&ZAZo X /VN 7 yx^oZo /TN pass. X 7 7 * /|N 7 example, ^aa arise thou. ex. ys^c> he exalted. 109 Ethpaal. Aphel. Ethtaphal. Palpel. Etlipalpal. 7 7 ** ya.*aZ| y y -* Z.Za^aZj V 7 ^ AZaaaZ] 7 V m v-*AZa.*aZj /IN V ^ A.ZQ*aZ) 7 v ^ aZa.*aZ| 77 ^ «-*Za.*a z] •X V 7 /TN 7 * aZa^Zaj AZa ■ yy y^aZj B /IN /> V w*Za..*aZ] /r« 7 V aZa.*aZ) /IN V 7 ^Za^aZ] /IN /TV y y^l X 7 v^Za^a] X 7 aZa-a1 X t 7 ^Zcaa] /TN X V 3 ^ 0 ’ /IN 7 c^Za^Zai /TN 7 oZofZai /Tv 7 ^ZafZaj /Tv -T> 7 V y=r-’Zl /fv «.^.Za^ZaiZ] /IN cZ£f^CiZ| ,-ZX^CiZ] /IN /IN y y /tv >a*oZ\J y v /tv >a mdLL 7 7 ^ y^aZZ X 7 /TV -»a Z Z y y /iv y2.oz| •X 7 'T' y ^ZCf.ZaiZ /* 7 •)O^J y v * yafZaiZu 7 y -tv yofZajZZ 7 7 » yo^ZaiZZ X 7 /TV ^Za*Za>ZZ 7 7 -tv >o^c5Z] •x 7 /tn Zu p 7 <* ^ZafZaJ Aj X 7 • ? fern. fern. 3rd. Olaph in the 3rd. pers. sing, prset. of all the conjugations, except Peal, becomes Yud quiescent in . 7 , as, 4th. The infin. is subject to the 1st rule ; but in other respects it is regular. 5th. In the imper. Peal and Ethpeel sing, masc., Olaph is changed into Yud ; in the former it rests in x , in the latter it makes a diphthong with 7 ; thus, * v *.^N,^and But in the other conjugations Olaph remains and rests in p . In the fern. * makes a diphthong with *.*. In the plural forms the third rad. is either taken away in all the conjugations; 7 . or passes into «-* quiescent; thus, o In the Ethpeel imper. sing. masc. of or we have 7 1 6th. In the fut. tense and participles, Olaph rests •x in ~ ; but before the affixes and ^ it is taken away. Before the affix ^ Olaph passes into Yud o T, moveable; as, • Ill VERBS P. In participles joined with pronouns, the third radical ] is changed into quiescent, for the most part in ~; as, In the plu. prset. Peal of the third person we have a-^^and d-^^for ofl^ In some instances the Olaph is preserved when the affixes are annexed * 7 to them; as, w^cnoljA they loosed him . Acts xvii. 11, \ V ^cnolfo they called him . Mark x. 49. Some verbs in Peal change Olaph into Yud, and are declined as the preterite of the other conjugations; thus, Plural. Singular. X 7 * X V.4 h'.Jtt X X The verb is not of the Aphel conjugation, as X /ts is manifest from the vowel * being under the Olaph. It is the Peal conjugation with Olaph prosthetic. A few verbs of this class have 7 in the sing. numb. V V masc. of the imper.; as, drink , swear. /is X In the 3rd. pers. plu. prset. and 2nd. pers. plu. imper. Peal, some verbs take the paragogic forms, •X 7 'T' 7 /TV O • • X 7 x • n 112 CONJUGATION OF VERBS }3. Peal. Ethpcel. Pael. Prset. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fem. o N I m V . AA Z] X ^ ns 4, x v 2. masc. 2ui^l 2u 4, x 7 2. fem. X V»A • x 7^ 1. com. x 7 Plur. 3. masc. 4 44 4 3. fem. 2. masc. ft\ 7 ^ , 4d ns X *n * xv /TN XV 2. fem. 1. com. 7 7 U V X V -X V Infinitive. O ns N* *. p0 /R •X -0 7 Imper. Sing. masc. X “4. 0 7 fem. 4f! Plur. masc. 4 4! 1 fem. /TN P * & /TV (? 7 ^“4, Fut. Sing. 3. masc. /T> ^ ns ns ns 7 N, /in 7 3. fem. (Hf hff ns 7 2. masc. - /IN 7 2. fem. ns ^ 44 1. com. . N> „ 4] Plur. 3. masc. 3. fem. 0 - P 7^ /IN 4^ 4l 0 V r4 2. masc. 44 4f 2. fem. ns 7 1. com. 4 N, Part. act. ns Q ns ns /TV 7 7 V pass. “4° o example , revealed . 113 Etlipaal. Aphel. Etlitaplial. Shaphel. Eslitaphal. * 7 . )*^4 7 ^ \ V tu --.y. x 7 on ^o 2 lZz.^Z] * x V x 7 ? 0 “ »ox—Z^,j£b »> x 7 ON ^oZuAAU.] /TV X 7 /TV r 1 * ON ± 7 ^ _ X 7 /TV ^ 2 l^^ZZ] ON x 7 ^“ iu "A /TV .X 7 /TV iX Az^A^. ] 7x7 o. 7X7 ^■ La ^ n 4. v .x y o- 7 X V 7 X 7 • ♦> P 7 CU-Z^ZD '4 a2 ^ 7 *s P.7 ON 2 P 7 ^N 2 » p 7 O' ^Jz^zz A4 2 ^Az^^L a.z /TV 7 P'4 1 /TV 7 P-4 /tv 7 /r Pn^£u Pv^ p4" ^4“ /TV 7 P^ pA^ /TV /iv /TV 7 P'A /TV /TV Px^AiC 7 7 AA 114 VERBS 45. Verbs Verbs which have the second and third radicals the same lose the middle radical in the Peal, Aphel, Ethtaphal, Shaphel and Eshtaphal conjugations. The vowel of the middle radical expunged is remitted to the first. With the exception of this defect and a peculiarity in the act. part. Peal, the whole inflexion is quite regular. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations retain both the radicals, and are in every respect regular. But for the two last conjugations the Palp cl and JEthpalpal forms are most frequently used; O' 7 .7 7 as, he drew , he agitated ', he mag- -tn y y /r V /in V V V nified, and *.z)5o5 for The imper. and fut. Peal receive on the second radical the vowel * or 7 , according to the rule laid A down for these forms in the reg. verbs ; thus, iqzj <•» 7 he will spoil , he will desire . In the act. part. Peal the middle radical is changed o into Olaph, but it is pronounced as Yud ; thus, <-£o]i is /TN pronounced Ro-yes , § 11. When an addition is made to the end of this part., the Olaph with its vowel o o is usually taken away ; as, ^>3. Sometimes, X X however, the Olaph is retained, especially in the verb 7 0 O O p he entered; as, fern. ]4^, plu. masc. 0 0 m 1 fern. The passive participle Peal is regularly formed ; as, &c. Sometimes the first radical X V takes 7 ; as, Matth. xxi. 5. X Verbs which have Olaph for the second and third radicals preserve both of them in inflexion. See doubly irregular verbs . OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 115 * In the part. Aphel the middle radical is sometimes retained having the linea occultans; as, shadowing. x — The Olaph, characteristic of the Aphel conjugation, is some- * o 7 times retained with the praeformatives ; as* to love. N.B, The 3rd. pers. sing. fem. fut. of all the conjugations both of regular and irregular verbs, has sometimes Yud at the end ; as, «**'«*"' Vx * m V X as well as ^q^LdZ; t ^]Z. • • The Objective Affixes attached to Verbs . 46. We liave already seen that different affixes are added to verbs to mark the person and number; besides these, others are frequently attached, which o 7 may he called the objective affixes; thus, she has slain thee . If the verb he intransitive, then it must be translated with some preposition to preserve its connection witli the pronoun. We will first give a Table of these Affixes. When a Consonant precedes the Affix. Sing, v imger .) f— cn_ * p oi— Plu. <_L (^«*— imper.) tQ3 /T\ 2nd. pers. masc. Prcet ., 3rd. pers. fem. Pmt., and Nun preced. Sing. Plu. o K- o 1— •X X iZdL 2nd. masc. plu.) 2nd. fem. plu.) uaCI* — • o a i — i 2 CONJUGATION OF VERBS ^ Peal. Aphel. Ethtaplial. Prset. Sing. 3. masc. 7 p <7N 7 pi 7 7^ V=zz] y ? 3. fem. y -tn Z>=> 4=1 Z*pZZ| 2. masc. 7 7 Z>=1 7 V'" ZpZZ 1 2. fem. 7 c*Z>.D *.*z*p|. 7 7* b.Z>=ZZ| 1. com. ^p 7 Z>=1 V 'TN ZpZZl Plur. 3. masc. 7 C P /T\ 7 °pl 7 7 * opZZ] 3. fem. 7 • • ~P -pi V 7 z:>=zz] 2. masc. * 7 x 7 <°4=1 * 7 7* ^oZ'j.zjZZ] 2. fem. 'T' 7 —4=1 ^ 4 =zzl 1. com. 7 0= 4Pl r 3>=ZZ] Infinitive. * O 7 0>Z1^D X P V ^ ovdZAAd Imper. Sing. masc. * 7 Pi >=ZZl — ^TV fem. * k*] Q=> -pi —pzzl — <•> Plur. masc. * 0JO3 7 o>=] (T» oi=ZZ] fem. •X ,-pl 4pZl <*. /T\ Fut. Sing. 3. masc. •X m 1GZ1J » 7 P 3 77 ^ ■{.z:ZAj 3. fem. •X ^ ia=)Z n\ y P Z pZZ 2. masc. •X ♦ ]o=>L y P^ >=zz 2. fem. 1 j’ ^ ^ ^■pz ^ 7 r .>=z ^zz 1. com. * 10=1 m 7 Pi pZZ] Plur. 3. masc. ■X ♦ V°P 3 t°P 3 z>ZAj 3. fem. <.pi VP 3 ^VdZAj 2. masc. <°P^ v o>=Z ^pvzZZ 2. fem.

=zz 1. com. lazu P 3 >z)ZA j Part. act. o 7 *).ZZiC /Tv 7 7 FdZAAd /T\ pass. v>p X 7 7 V example , )\=> he destroyed. 117 Shaphel. Eshtaphal. Palpel. Ethpalpal. /Tv 7 V 7 * 7 Z.\ha ™ 7 /Tv 7 Zya* /t\ y oynA 7 * *- V v oZ>=L*. ** •* v 7 * 7 7 7 m pM 7 7^ 7 7 " z>=M 7 7 ^ »-.ZyD2i^| n* y n* Z’piUA.I 7 7 » ov=M w'piU.j * 7 7 «* ^oZ’pA^I 'TS V 7 /TV ^Zysiu-I 7 7 7 ^ ^v=M n* 7 >=>=> 7 7 Z>=v= n\ 7 Z>=v= * 7 ~4=>=> /TV 7 4=V= *■ V cpy3 /tv 7 ~V=V=> * *7 <5>Zv=V= ns n y 7* Z V=>= 7^7 7 7m P>=4 7 7 «*> 4=P=4 7 V *> zv=>-z| 7 7 m ~z>=v=zi 'Tv y ns Z>3>=z) 7 7 *> °P>=4 7 7 m -y=>3Z| ♦. 7 7m Pp4 * P 7 c>ziaZ£ *. O 7 m oysAAlo * Z> 7 cpplo * 0 7 'TV cppA^o 7 V=^ /TV V w^>Z!A +s 7 oyiiA /* 7 t-V 3 * /Tv P=> /TV -*P>= /TV o-pys •» 7 /rv ns 7 7 z>s>szl ns ~PV=4 oy=ysZl ^ppz) /TV ** » 7 V=iaj ■** 7 yzi^Z * 7 y=L*Z i 7 ^>3*Z /T* V *S v=4 * 7 ^C>ZL6J 0 7 VF^J *. 7 dAaj 7 7 *v ■pA^-Z 7 7 m plLA-Z x 7 m 7 7 =u * 7 ppz ns 7 V=>3Z I 7 •v 7 ns >=v=1 * 7 v oy=)ynj P 7 ^>Z1J A 7 t°>=v=z P 7 0=V=Z • 7 yDyiu 7 V m PpAj 7 7 m pp^ 77 m ppZZ x 7 * r->=>=ZZ 77 m V=>=4 ■V 7 A ym =>= ZZ 77 m ppftj 7 /t\ 7 7 IZ1.4.LD 7 7 pilila ns 7 pp£o /Tv 7 7 pp!*o 7 7 pp£\Z>o xX^£ . ^/o^j masc.; ^>£\^Lo . you, fem.; y O V X ^ 01 .... .. him, cn . hev, ^gj | b^^-Q . /r\ them, masc.; X b^&o . them, fem. V * V 3rd. pers. plu. masc. or •x 7 £ 7 * . 7 . mg^Lo . thee, fem.; ^oao^o . ?/cw, •X 7 *7 masc.; ^ogI^Lo . you, fem.; w^qia^^Lo . him, /Tv *X y -X ~ V chgX^d . her, ^gj] G-^^la . them, masc.; /r* - 7 g-^^uo . them, fem. The other form becoming •• 7 . *> ” 7 C " 7 u^i-^^Lo ...... m /IN ^ thee, masc.; . fem. ; . ZTN X /TN yoa 5 masc.; . you, fem.; oii>^t££D . /IN /TN W 'TN o him, her. /*» * Imperative, . 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 7 X 7 X ^ * . ma, . us, f+cn u-^q^Lo . * him, au^a^Lo . her. 2nd. pers. sing. fem. w*i*^q^Lc __ ma, ... X x him, (ju.^a^Lo .... her, fem. x «^^a^L.o. x .., ■as. wAaia^a^lo 122 OBJECTIVE AEEIXES. X X X Plu. numb. 2nd. pers. masc. X X 0 X X X X ^ * - * u*jq-^q.o or u 41 jq^q£ . me, ^a-^ao or \ -x ^ ^ ^ • * . *-»qiQX^ao or w*cn*jcu^Q.o . him, cha^as or £> X x aUQ^ao . her. 2nd. pers. fern. ^ /TV 0 x o y p x p . y u*ij^q^Lo or mu^q^ 15 . me, or . or i^ctui^q^Lo . him, ai-^o^uo or /TV 0 - * cn.iA~^a^Lo . her. IT * Future Tense. rt 3 X 3/y/. pers. siwp. masc. . /Tv V 7 £> «-*i^Lna . me, ^^nQj . ws, . //zee, * XX masc. ; . ^ee, fem.; masc.; ,-*=u^a^taj . ?/(m, fem.; ^jiq^uqj . /TV /tv X 'T' him, crs. plu. masc. ^Lcj . /TV 0 X £> X 0 X «.«uq^Lu . me, ^joj^Lqj . us, ^jq^Loj . 0 *. o ^ thee, masc.; . thee, fem.; ^ /tn n \ •X 0 J yew, masc.; . you, fem.; w* Plur. 3. masc. *, 7 waJ 0 Q * < 3. fem. r4^ 2. masc. o L\* /. 4, 7 ^ 2. fem. ^ 7 1. com. Infinitive. v caQa^«AO •T» <*k Imper. Sing. masc. X “ A ~H> fem. X o Plur. masc. •X 7 J 0 fem. P o Fut. Sing. 3. masc. ^4 Plur. Retains the form of the regular verb. Pael.Prset.Sing 3 masc. 7 V 3 fem. WAJ L'wA*M^*y« ~=A4 Plur. 3 masc. * 7 The other persons follow the form of the regular verb. Aphel and Imper. Sing. masc. fem. Plur. masc. * 7 7 ^.aJ 0 O <* O \ ^ wa!1a.aAv^ fem. 127 ixample, |L V he revealed. - 3 Masc. 3 Fem. 1. Plur. 2. Masc. 2 Fem. L> 0 *v waOIa Aa^x^v^ * i v 1 w>01 Qa ~ * * ^ 01a A a!^^ 01 ch ^03 w'i * — laOI 0 ♦> * 7 ^0300^* <-az>ocJ\. ^a\ 7*=^ waOIaJ 0 A *.l\y 013 0 Aa^^ o * ,v ,-3C>Aa-\. * V Jlil tim 01a •* (.“•V V /TV Ag waOI Q a^\^ * X *.aOi o cfl rH. X £ wjl 0 Qm\y^ oioqA^ .f V •—*01. a-a— o 0 A, /T> •—*01 o..*^.^ cfu^J /T\ — /T\ /n /tv » • 7 aru “H i * X 7 01a-a^ <^K V. 7 CTl i^ o 7. 7 ai £u_^. * y v ^ ^QZ) wwAih^^ <*> 7 7 c^cn c.ix^ ‘ v 7 O'-v^ *> * - 7 •>> 7 ihaphel are joined with the affixes in the same manner. 4^ O 7 waOI ^VS * ^7 A 7 7 OlOQ^v n O p ^ y v-aOIaIa-a.— > V n\ 128 OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AEEIXES. There are many parts of the verb which follow the v regular forms of in every respect, viz. the para- gogic forms, the 3rd. pers. sing, fern., 1st. and 2nd. pers. sing, and plu. prset. ; 2nd. pers. sing, fern., 2nd. and 3rd. pers. plu. masc. and fern. fut.; and the inf. of all the conjugations, the inf. Peal excepted. Some instances are met with in the 3rd. pers. plu. masc. of the Peal conj. where the 3rd. rad. Olaph is o * v retained with the affixes ; as, they have built it. This remark applies also to the 2nd. pers. plu. Imp. * 7 of both genders; as, w*JLa«a£d| . 49* Doubly Defective Verbs. The irregularities in verbs, it has been already observed, are produced by having as a radical one of the letters Olaph, Yau, Yud or Nun, which in certain situations is dropped, or by having the second and third radicals the same. There may he roots having more than one radical, which is subject to elision or quiescence. Of course it will not happen at the same time that all the letters will disappear or become quiescent; for the principles on which these pecu¬ liarities depend cannot operate simultaneously by any combination of circumstances so as to produce this effect. It will therefore follow that some letters of the root must remain in every part of the conjugation, and that in general no two consecutive letters can be at the same time subject to defect. It will be suffi¬ cient to consider a few instances of doubly irregular verbs, which may be divided into the following classes. 1st. Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the o third Olaph; as, he injured , Ethpeel ^jZ|, where x v Olaph is changed into Yud; Aphel where the X O initial Nun is assimilated. So we have he tempted, X v Apli. «.*£d|. K 130 QUADRILITERAL VERBS. 2nd. Verbs having the first and third radicals Olaph; as, }£) he came , fut. Peal inf. imper. X * x 7 ]2, Aph. which possess the defects both of 0 X 0 n ns D m and JI^. Again, p| he lamented , fut. Pb, inf. Pi^ 5 imper. X /TV 3rd. Those with the first radical Ynd and the third Olaph ; as, p^u, or he swore , hJte* I have sivorn , x XX x x * • 7 A 1 will swear, to swear, imper. Apn. ^ i i 1 7 (5 ns O 7 v^Aco]. p^ he grew, fut. PAj, inf. P4^, imper. XX /TV X ♦x V Aph. uAo). X 4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals p Olaph. Ha he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prrnt. plu. 7 C> /Tv tfS c}s, inf. imper. v.4=>, fut. . ^P he laboured, ns X x ns D ns V V fut. |Pj, inf. IP^o, imper. «-4b Aph. ^P1, or *-4^. ns XXX ^ /TV ]oo» has the shortened form of the fut. jau, as well /TV /Tv as the ordinary |oou. 50. Quadrilileral Verbs. The Syrians have some verbs composed of more than three letters ; they are not numerous, and as in Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when the prefixes and affixes are annexed. I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters QUADRILITERAL VERBS. 131 of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when the second and third radicals are the same, or the middle radical Yan (see § 42, 45); thus, V 7 7 7 7 dragged along , from ? i^Jie dragged; ^t-ZcZ] 7 he was exasperated , from he was hitter. 7 7 he did often , or practised , from he did , or /IN # 7 7 7 made; made , or became lazy , from /IN It will he seen from these and the following examples, that the general effect of the duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi¬ fication of the original word. II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated 7 7 V are, ya^^^z] he dreamed for a long time , from ya^~ /TN V v v he dreamed ; he imagined , from III. Some appear to he compounded of two verbs ; y y v as, he was put to shame , from he was base , ^ /IN V and he insulted. IY. By the addition of a letter to the beginning of a word. 7 V (1) *=>; as, he made poor , ^amZoZ] he be - /*s ^ ^ . ^ 9 s* came poor , from the Arabic he was poor. v (2) *£o ; as, he hastened , he urged , from /TN 7 . This is probably a variety of Shaphel. 7 /TN (3) Z ; as, t Z£^z he taugh t , from /> ported , from jus. ys; as, he persevered, from 7 7 lie was strong. 5; as, he rolled, from At the end of a word we find sometimes the letter 7 7 ; as, lie made domestic, lie was treated X X ns 7 familiarly, from a house ; *.*2u*Z /* X /T> V 2u*>Z or 2u*Z under, beneath. Common forms of this 7 7 7 kind are and ^cciz. It is unnecessary to give more examples; we will only observe that, in the process of conjugation, these verbs follow in general the principles laid down for triliterals. 51. PARTICLES. Under this term may he comprehended words which are used in explaining, modifying, and connecting the principal parts of a sentence. They embrace therefore, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections. Adverbs. 1st. Of time. P 7 7 o e> t~=>l at once, together, when ? ^Lcz) or w-Az^z] ADVEllBS 133 #7 y p yesterday, ]z^o in the end, at length, afterwards, m £ 0 7 O O 7 7 l-4.cn now, or l-i^co* to-day, fzis perhaps, x y a 0 yD t £)Q^ before, 1 t ~^> immediately, ' t ^o to-morroiv, •x ' v p y 0 v yooA^o cmy 13 yet, c^Zi^P X /TN * 0 0-07 till when ? how long ? until now, »--*->-*• • /r ^ suddenly. 2nd. Of place. 7 0 0 7 0 7 0 7 U4 where ? 1=> here, hither, \^o hence, /|> * 0 7 whither ? which way ? ^lL there. Adverbs of various hinds. o 7 V O * -X V U=u| how? <-=>.■& greatly, very, only, naWov, especially, more, truly, more, V V .V xy or quickly, little, already, V x £i^cla (for Z£c|. s as I have said) namely, as, like, ,-d 7 v v v is so, ysj whether ? pray ? Zuoo| i. e., or, an*] X ° 7 where is he ? (which is formed from the adverb \z.+] ■X O 1 o and the personal pronoun oai), ^AcZicn in the same 0 V 0 7 place, from whence ? now, therefore, /r X ^ ^ - V 7 £> gratis, for nothing, wholly, >3t~=> P, a--^ 7 £> 7 0 7 \ 0 not, Zu* f 4 lastly, Zu^ t z firstly, ^ai*jZ secondly. Prom — • /TN any adjective, an adverb may he formed by adding the o p y p termination 2u|—; as, Zu|si-^ divinely, Zup^’l justly. 131 PREPOSITION S, Prepositions. Some Prepositions are prefixed to verbs, nouns, &c., and others are separate words. Those most com¬ monly used are zd in , to, Zq^ to, with, from, /IN V V P ? P \ o o Zxi-zs or lua between, without, with- * /T\ 7 7 0 £ 0 V O out, i^.m-3, 5 £ud after, «~a-Z^ ybr, ^5^ /rs • • V * * V about, a-^ against, because of, /!> V £ * or against, y&> with, y t z before, according to, ^ p *, * /i, «/, wmr, m the possession of, before, Za~z or £u~z q^ truly, >.. therefore, p y ^ /tn x <*n Pt^ whilst not, before, l—,a until, >-aj «Zso, ,-s] although. The Interjections are fcoW/ of, before the second noun, as will he presently more especially noticed. The reason of the latter method may he this; that many nouns in the masc. sing, and plu. fern, having the same form in both states, it became necessary to introduce some mark of distinction. Hence it is that examples of the con¬ structive state for denoting the genitive are much more frequent in the plu. masc. than in the sing, masc. and in the sing. fern, than in the plu. fern.; as, 9 -X V V O V fccccnZ face of the deep , Gen. 1. 2 ; «-*i5 x X •X V V the children of Israelin the days of Noah, 136 SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. Bar. Heb. 397. 2; |uu^> the words of God, the years of my life, Ephr. Syr. 3. 428. Other examples, where the absolute and const, states have v 'I- v y x the same form, are - t =z, ^qg-, and many more. Two nouns sometimes come together in regimen, and /T* ♦ the second has the force of an adjective; as, p 7 0^01 fuAc-o his right ear, Luke xxii. 50; thy right eye, Matth. v. 29. See § 22. The genitive is used not only actively, but passively; i. e. the noun which is put in the gen. is not always the subject, but the object of a preceding noun ; as, Jud, •x y v y o y ix. 24, «.*oiqa5 the injury (done) x • — X to the seventy sons of Nadufhil; also in Isaiah xxvi. 0 V 'T' 0 11, we have cnn^ envy (at) the people. Although proper names seldom receive a genitive, yet the names of countries, cities, rivers, &c., for the sake of an accurate description, do sometimes admit P -X 'TN _ /IN of this construction; as, Bethlehem x of Judah, 1 Sam. xvii. 12. A noun is often found in the constructive for the absolute state, when it is followed by another having a preposition prefixed; as, mdoj acceptors of faces, i. e. hypocrites, where we have for * Matth. xiv. 3 ; blessed /T- _ among SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 137 women, where we have for Lukei. 28; X X o *. ** v o ]Zq3^l3 denying kindness, i. e. ungrateful, for 2 Tim. iii. 2. The preposition is 7 V O sometimes separated from the noun; as. Ip? /r> /Tv VO o 1 Tim. i. 10, where we have for . X The definite state in its primary office is undoubt¬ edly intended to express a definite sense, i. e. it is used to direct the attention to a particular object or objects known either by universality or pre-eminence, or o o described previously by some circumstance; as, o o & o the hour was come, \i] I am the vine. /T> “ ft. It occurs in all the cases where the Hebrew article is used, as may he observed by comparing the Hebrew Bible with its Syriac version. From the same com¬ parison it may also he seen that Syr. nouns are put in the def. state in numerous instances where the Hebrew article in the corresponding words is omitted. Indeed this state has become of much more general usage than in all ^probability it originally had, and many examples are found where the definite form is employed, which seem to show that it and the absolute are put indiscriminately for one another; for there is no apparent reason why one should have been used in preference to the other. The consequence is that no certain rule can he given for using the definite state. At the same time its analogy to the Hebrew rr is very certain, and there is no doubt in the early period of the language it was hound by the same laws. 138 SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. The definite state has so often usurped the province of the absolute, that the latter has in some instances become almost obsolete. Agrell, however, is quite incorrect when he says in /T\ liis Supplementa Syntaxeos Syriaca, p. 73. Z , x o o Bar. Heb. p. 17, line 9; without end , i. e. infinite , ib. V D D T+ D p. 334, line 1, and }L , ib. p. 544, line 13; P* p o a innumerable ib. p. 596, lines 7, 9, and p.? ib. p. 577, line 1 5; daily, ib. p. 467, and ib. p. 389, line 5 0 -X from the end; [la, ^50 every year , ib. p. 240 line 4 from the end, o v * # # ^ and ILia. ib. p. 28, line 11 ; suddenly, Luke ii. 13, /Ts 0 ^ 'TS /TS 0 0 0 and ib. IX. 39 ; It- one hour , Matth. xxvi. 40, ^ ^ 0 0 0 and Rev. xvii. 12. When the discourse is respecting some individual thing of a species, the def. state is used frequently in 7 7 p y connection with some such word as ; as, O ' P a certain youth , Mark xiv. 51; |zz a certain fig- tree, Matth. xxi. 19. The def. state is very frequently found where in Hebrew the constructive would be employed. In SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 139 such cases > is usually prefixed to the following noun; 0 0 as, feast of the passover, John xiii. 1; 3 . o & _ _ v o ]cn-^ I^q^aZ the glory of God, John xi. 4. See § 21. This construction may he equivalent to ? or in Hebrew, which serves sometimes as a cir¬ cumlocution for the constructive state. Several words are sometimes found to intervene between the first and second of the nouns so con¬ structed ; as, |o\^island, city , &c. So also with an affix, when placed after the substantive, may be o' . -x o v mentioned; as. ci-Aa |A£X the people, all of them , i. e. the whole people, A noun in a sentence has sometimes to be trans¬ lated into English prefaced by such expressions as, according to , with respect to, that which attains to, &c ; as, only (with respect to) x the throne I will he grealer than thou, Gen. xl. 41; •X *X O' T' (according to) the number of all them, Job i. 5. 140 CONSTRUCTION OP ADJECTIVES. In Hebrew the particle is sometimes found be¬ fore the subject noun, but the Syriac has rarely imitated it in this respect by the use of the corre- o sponding particle A*. Nevertheless there are some examples of the prefix being put before the sub- £ V m V V 'I' o - 7 ject; as, oiAas has the offence x of the cross ceased ? Gal. v. 11. See also Matth. xxvi. 11; John xxii. 8. A plural of excellence the Syrians have not, except a few instances which are found in their version of the Old Testament and which may be consequently re¬ garded as Hebraisms. See Ps. v. 1. The repetition of a noun sometimes denotes diver- sity or a multitude; as, with divers tongues, 7 7 7 Acts x. 46; in various times , John v. 4; affected with many evils , Mark ii. 17. XX X X o o It denotes also a distributive sense; as, fifi** each X X a penny, Matth. xx. 9. Negative substantives are often expressed by the 0 1 V V D particle P put before the noun; as, P ignorance. Some diminutive nouns are found. They are denoted by the , . * * o *. c> -x v termination or ecco; as, jjOfZ a little son , fjo a little man, o *. o X y p -x a small fountain, pDOjzm a little man, jtDOj. x x o * 7 a little lamb, jcoozuio a little dog. 53. Construction of Adjectives. Adjectives, whether they are used as qualifying words, or whether they are employed as predicates, CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES. 141 agree generally with their substantive in gender and number. The exceptions to this rule are the same as in Hebrew. When an adjective, or passive participle, has the office of the predicate, the logical copula being ex¬ pressed or understood, it is put in the absolute state with the same gender and number as its substantive, * . ? O 7 and before it; as, j.zi my sin is greater rts than . Gen. iv. 13. Occasionally the adjective or o -x ^ participle is put after the substantive; as, the feast is prepared. Matth. xxii. 8. An adjective is usually placed after the substantive o o * which it qualifies; as, the unclean spirit. /T> Some exceptions to this rule exist: when an adjective is made the important word in the sentence, it takes precedence of its substantive; such adjectives are the epithets of saints, holy men and women, &c.; as, oypp-x V 7 O O *. 2 ) ]az>a^ blessed Paul, ]2ui:dq^ blessed x Mary , &c. If an adjective, or passive participle be used as an epithet, and it be found in the absolute state, the Dolath is prefixed to it; as, |jqj the dry fish. Knos. Chrest. p. 76. The same rule is observed with respect to an active participle, used either partici- o o & x pially or as an adjective; as, |kpo> a high place. Bar. Heb. p. 288. Negative adjectives are expressed in various ways. 1st by P put before an adjective in the definite state, 142 CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES. when it is used as an epithet; as, 1 -ccq^j p illegiti- O . O mate; |L*-^o p irrational; p indivisible; O O 7 1 n\ o p incomprehensible. When the negative adjective is employed as a predicate, then it is ex- o pressed by placing P before it in its absolute state ; I V i7 n> 0 as, p infinite is God. o P? sometimes makes the adjective negative. The adjective is in the absolute state and employed as an epithet; as, P> inexplicable. A negative adjective is sometimes expressed by o o -x o P> put before a substantive ; as, p> without a o o blot, i.e. immaculate ; v> without blood, i.e. blood - OOP less, P> without death , i.e. immortal. A is o 7 o found prefixed to the substantive; as, p> with¬ out knowledge , i.e. ignorant. When several substantives come together, and an adjective or participle is added to them, it is put in the plural number and masc. gender. See Eom. xvi. 21. * The word all is placed before its substantive, and indulges in a pleonastic use of the pronominal o x affixes; as, P &.12 the whole multitude , Acts. xv. 12; /Ts n\ O V 7 * * piAo ^ <-Zo ^Zo^am *^gi }:□$ my m is foo great to be forgiven, Gen. iv. 13. The word is sometimes instrumental in ex- X 7 V pressing the superlative; as, ^Zo^ ^*5 the head of * • x , • • ° * my joy, i.e. my greatest joy, Cant. iv. 14. So also |pco ; /TN /TN 7 f as, liamZc c«pQ 2 first-born of the poor, i.e. poorest, Isaiah xiv. 30. A word is sometimes placed between the substan- O 7 m O - V tive and adjective; as, 1=5 <-o la.z>Zc the great king, Bar Heb. 335. 3. Bor the neuter of adjectives in /TN * & other languages the fern, is employed; as, one thing I have ashed, Ps. xxvii. 4. 54. Numerals. Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing 7 numbered, and sometimes follow it; as, X ^ ♦ O P 7 two men, Acts i. 10; \z>\s> jiA six water-pots of /IN X /TN SYNTAX OP NUMERALS. 144 stone, John ii. 6. So also when thousands are to be numbered, the same observation applies to the numeral v v which numbers them; as, five thousand, Mark vi. 44, and Rid liA> Matth. xiv. 21. /TV Cardinal numbers are frequently found to occupy the O O 7 0 7 place of ordinals. In Luke i. 59, we have 1-iiZcZ* lit. the day which is eight, i.e. the eighth day ; so also, o ° 7 at three hours , i.e. at the third hour, 1 p Matth. xx. 3; Iva sm? hours, i.e. the sixth hour, X m Matth. xxyii. 45. In many places cardinal numbers are used for ordinals, and the noun numbered precedes O 7 Z in the constructive state; as, | to the first 010 7 ? year, lit. the year of one, Dan. i. 21; 1 t ~o ) ]!&&.▲ Llazj • /TV lit. in the year of six hundred and one, i.e. in the six hundred and first year, Gen. viii. 13; Li± the six hundred and fourth year, Bar Heb. p. 100. A cardinal number is in a few instances put before its noun in the constructive state; as, in Matth. iv. 25, O o 7 we have iLiZ,!© ten cities, the JDecapolis, lit. a X decade of cities. Ordinals, like adjectives, when joined to substan- P O . t> 7 tives, are found in the same gender; as, Ld-Zzz P O * 0X7 X the third seal, |£u&-,z>Z |Zo** the third beast, Bev. vi. 5. x The same rule is observed for cardinals, whether they he employed as cardinals, or whether they perform the office of ordinals. When the thing numbered precedes the cardinal number, it is usually put in the def. state; as, SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 145 O 7 'T' *Ts /j\ 7 | r | Aaa one year, Ear Ileb. p. 22. ]*£££» feca* ten days, Rev. ii. 10. Occasionally it is found in the absolute state; as, ifLl years, Luke iy. 25. X When the thing numbered follows the number, it is generally put in the absolute state; as, X three years , Luke xiii. 7. Now and then it is found /r 7 0 P in the def. state; as, l£iaz three days, Rev. xi. 11. The half of any thing is ordinarily expressed by O ^ _ ,1\ o O O 7 ; as, ovJzao three days and a half, <5 X - 7 ♦ * « Rev. xi. 9, 11; or by ]Zo^a ; as, w*mid Za^aa ^ ie half of my goods, Luke xix. 8. In designations of weights, measures, and times, the noun which expresses the weight, &c. is some¬ times omitted, though not so frequently as in Hebrew; 7 7 as, warns > aa a thousand {shekels) of silver, Gen. ns ♦ P 0 xx. 16; where the word f loZ is understood. [ic-uAj two {loaves) of bread, where the word jz^f^ •X ns P loaf is understood, 1 Sam. x. 4. iaasZ hZ^Z thou X 7 shall deny me three {times), where understand X Mark xiv. 30, 72. Ellipses of other nouns are noticed in Michaelis’s Gram. § 130, and AgrelFs § 83. p ns V ,*Z>Z 55. Syntax of Pronouns. The logical copula, as has been already stated, is frequently expressed by one or other of the personal pronouns, and that with the tinea occultans. But when existence is meant, the substantive verb is used, L 146 SYNTAX OP PRONOUNS. ancl this without the linea occultans; as, ]ooi aio a in him was life. O X }j], ooi and u A oi take the linea occultans under the X first letter when they express the logical copula. •x ooi and also frequently remit the vowel to the X preceding word, or cast it away altogether. The same pronoun is repeated in many instances, so that the former is the subject and the latter occu- o O'* pies the place of the logical copula; as, W \i] I 7 <*> 7 7 am, John x. 9; we are disciples , * X John ix. 28. When personal pronouns are put for the substantive verb, they sometimes coalesce with the preceding word; so that the pronoun and it become •x o one word. See § 25, p. 61. Thus we have qj^d wliat X 7 77 X X \ a 7 is ? qjAd who is ? where is ? cucoi he is. is a X o debtor , Gal. v. 3. is good , Assemani, T. iii. p. 292. manifest , Gal. iii. 11. we hunger , 1. Cor. iv. 11. The affixes to verbs, although usually expressing an accus., yet sometimes denote other cases, especially 7 7 the dative; as, thou hast given to me. Josh. . 7 7 7 7 xv. 19, as if : the ablative ; as, distant X X from thee , Ps. lxxiii. 27. When the second of two nouns in regimen has the force of an adjective, the pronominal affix is appended to it rather than to the former; as, n, the name of my holiness , i.e. my holy name , Lev. xx. 3 ; |2ufo the city of thy SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 147 holiness, i.e. thy holy city, Dan. ix. 24. Some few exceptions to this rule are found; see Matth. v. 29, 30, 39; Luke xxii. 50. The affixes are used passively in some instances; as, not my prayers, hut prayers offered up to me, Isaiah lvi. 7; see also Exodus xxi. 20; Isaiah xxi. 2 ; Bar Ileh. 218. 14. A peculiarity of the Syriac language is to he met with in the redundant use of its pronouns; in such cases as, 1. Affixes when they are placed before Dolath of the genitive ; at least they are of no use when translated into our language; as, * 7 lit. the fame of him icho is Jesus, /t> /T> ** O O O 1 i.e. the fame of Jesus, aiZj3 the z z daughter of Herodias. 2. The affix of the verb, when the noun to which 7 V 7 it refers is placed after it; as, atoms Lao ctia-o and he sent, cut it off {Imean) his head, 'TS x i.e. and he sent, and cut off his head . Matth. xiv. 10. Often the noun has a particle pre¬ fixed to it; as, oi^oa lit. he took him ♦ (T mean ) the child, i.e. he took the child, Matth. ii. 14. 3. When the affix is annexed to a preposition, a POP similar construction is observed; as, |^a aim in it, the hour, i.e. in the hour. Sometimes l 2 148 SYNTAX OP PRONOUNS. the preposition is redundant as well as the affix; as, ^o but in the days, ^ /r» Matth. iii. 1; ]***&> with him, with x " TS Christ, i.e. with Christ, Horn. vi. 8; /TV * o ,_^cn from these, 1 Tim. i. 6. m /rs 7 * 9 4. The pronoun ooi or ocn in such instances as p 7 v * o .0 See Matth. xii. 7. thee, is frequently found in Asseman. Biblioth. Orient. See Tom. iii. p. 293, lines 5 and 6. The pronouns he himself and the same the Syrians have not, hut they are expressed by a little circum¬ locution ; as, 1. By a repetition of the personal pronoun with 7 7 * the particle placed between; as, t i> of the same year ” ~ x O 7 p Mich. Clirest. p. 69, “Bishop . ” i 1 of the same city” Assem. T. I. p. 28. 4. By the composition of the personal and de- * Off monstrative pronouns; as, ocn and }joi , c*cn O O P V p o x and )joi &c.; as, |j£u thyself \ Cant. I. 8; by , irpocramov f* ^ V v person; as, ciao^ upon himself Assem. T. I. p. 485. The prefix of a particle to is frequently ob- ^ 7 X served; as, he whose it is, Gen. xlix. 10. x ^ Sometimes a preposition is found before it; as, ^ from mine, John x. 14. An affix annexed to the word is frequently x employed as a possessive pronoun (§ 28), when the sentence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing the affix to the noun or the verb; as, O -9s V r * jZaa^Lo thine is the kingdom, Matth. vi. 13; 150 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. * 7 O - O «-»gig^zia P ou+>o |Z] came 7o 7ws oi£m, and his own V VO — VO O Jerusalem , Jerusalem , ^*^P O V V x ( 7 i Zq^ thou slaying the prophets and stoning x x those who are sent to it (to thee). See also Gal. iv. 21; Lorn. ii. 1, &c. This kind of enallage both in pers. and numb, is frequently noticed in Hebrew, especially in the Hebrew Psalms. Those nouns which have only the plural number sometimes use pronouns in the sing. numb, and V ^ n\ sometimes in the plu.; as, Luke xxiii. 45, »^^]o /rs y /r» p v 0*1 jLu y John i. 4, we have a plural pronoun pZ^o x /IN /IN and the life is. The dual noun Egypt, admits a sing, pronoun. See Heb. xi. 26. Collective nouns, signifying a multitude of men, take a plur. 152 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. O' A O o' V masc. pronoun ; as, Bar Ilcb. 121. 15, otZqa.jP sit 3 ? ■X O' V 7 * X 'T' received ? ... 1 Sam. xii. 13. Belative pronouns are usually expressed by > pre¬ fixed to words; or by the interrogative pronoun and > (§ 26). Sometimes the personal pronouns with 7 7 7 Dolath constitute a relative; as, oot who made, ** p Ephes. ii. 14; otZU]> -ot which is; Ephes. i. 14; 7 7 o' o woou* ^Zjot who took , Mattli. xxv. 1. ^ prefixed to a /IN X personal pronoun makes a relative; as, ^otoZ^i oot> V -X / T' lolio shall rule it , Mattli. ii. 6; ; as, |aj ' t => o| O man, who ♦>7 judgest , Bom. ii. 1; id ho are, Acts xxv. 24. An oblique case of the relative Dolath is indicated, 1st, by connecting with the Dolath a personal pronoun o put in that case; as, OT.^ to him, ot.^ to her, ot^.> to whom, otS. > to whom, to idiom, oo in him, oo . ? in whom, in ^ /f\ SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 153 them, . > in whom, to me, .> to /T> XX O whom, to thee, ^.> to whom . 2nd. By an oblique pronominal affix to the verb and Dolatb; as, D X 'T' V “ I am Joseph your brother ^uo whom ye sold . Gen. xlv. 4. 3rd. By an affix to a noun and >, the noun j in whose • x y /is c> 0 7 * hand . lAieoo m the days in which he teas hound . Bar Heb. p. 511, 19. The accus. of > is sometimes marked by this letter alone, without any connection with a pers. pronoun; 7 V O > as, >o>| man idiom He had formed, Gen. ii. 8; y y all things, which He had made, Gen. i. 31. Other oblique cases of the rel. are occasionally ex¬ pressed by > alone. 7 The relative pronoun * o ooi in whom, masc. &c. We have also so* *-aci in whom, fern. Asseman. T. III. p. 374. •x The oblique cases of the relative pronoun j ocn* are 'T' y y x expressed by an affix following; as, aiiusi* coi> whom she brought up, Bar Heb. p. 297. The oblique cases of the relative pronouns > ^ and > jL] are formed either by an affix following, or 7 bv prepositions prefixed or separate; as, X he who hath ears, Matth. xi. 15 ; C£ He slew o' y y &=>? it-P tvhom lie wished,” Bar Heb. p. 350 > ^ upon him whom, lb. p. 216. 154 SYNTAX OF PItONOUNS. Tlie pronoun > is occasionally omitted, but not so O 7 frequently as the relative in IIeb ; as, Wo and he who is able , where W is put for > W . See also Ps. xxxii. 2; Bar Ileb. 487. 1. Beflective pronouns (see § 28) are expressed by O V O 7 V Wj with the affixes ; as, ctua-sj against itself\ O * -XV Luke xi. 17 : by substance; as, envois O 'i' against itself, Luke ii. 17 : occasionally by heart; O o V V *■ as, oizi-iz) and Sarah laughed within her - o o v self Gen. xviii. 12. The words and W^are 7 P /T\ often employed to express any one; as, tWj (I cmy cwu shall say to you , Matth. xxiv. 23. ^ X Again something or anything is signified by ]Zco,; as, Gen. xviii. 14; A 3 lieoj Is any- OP* t' thing too great for tlie Lord? The word word, thing, is likewise thus used. See Exod. xviii. 26. ns ns So also is >o^ any thing. See Matth. xx. 20; Levit. v. 2. We have also a certain one; as, f> ° * ' POO lr“ to a certain city, Luke x. 38; |Z£.j] a certain woman , Mark vii. 25. t L and c*j| are sometimes joined together in this sense; thus, v P. to a certain one , Assem. T. I. p. 32. We have also W ^ used thus ; f L=> in one of the days , i. e. on a certain day , Bar Heb. p. 127; or t-—■ only is employed in the same way; as, A a certain one of his brethren, Ear Heb. p. 167. j=QS> ic SYNTAX OF VERBS. 155 some of the branches , tlie Syriac translation of re ov o K\ahwv. Horn. xi. 17. Also ]> Zu| there are those x X ivho say , i. e. certain say , Assem. T. I. p. 10. This is Another mode of expressing the Latin quidam . 7 7 7^7 One .... the other by ^; as, x=>> &j _ • • # • /in y •-cldZuj t ~o owe shall be taken and the other left , 0 P 7 * 7 p Matth. xxiv. 40; by «-aj| and M ; as, ..aj] 66 one to the other his trespasses,’’ Matth. xviii. 35. o Some .... others by in the former member, and x — ^ o in the latter, see Assem. T. II. p. 366; or by o <«*aj] repeated, see Assem. T. II. p. 304; or by ^ Zuj x — x /IN & in the former member and in the latter; or following members. See Matth. xvi. 14; John xii. 7 * 7 X y 7 X 7 73 12. We have also or t~ • • • • • • o x and their feminines for each one . * whosoever that. See Matth. xii. 50, &c. 56. Syntax of Verbs . Agreement of the Verb with its Subject . A verb agrees with its subject in gender, number, o * v y 7 and person ; as, ]l] ^qa.* Jesus came , Zu>a.Lo Mary anointed , the disciples asked. /IN x Nouns which are used only in the plural number will 0 7 receive a verb either in the sing, or plu.; as_, joci }*** ai3 /IN , and many others. We have sometimes a noun in the sing, denoting but one individual, and yet being made to stand for a class, the verb is put in the plu. numb.; . V 0 X 0 as, oAq] ]joot-o Uuzla, the captive of Judah went , XX Jer. xxviii. 1. A verb. sing, is sometimes joined with a plur. noun v when the verb precedes, especially 2u] and ; as, x O 7 n. V & O 1 Sam. i. 2, }^l=) Zui* lie had not sons ; ctl=> ]oqi lu] x ^ 0 v there ivere in it five porches , John v. 2. 0 7 « 7 /TN Matth. iii. 16, cv-A the heavens were o v 7 ‘Z two shall he , Matth. xxiv. 40. See also Matth. xix. 5, and Luke xvii. 35, 36. Collective nouns of the fern. gend. are often found with plu. verbs of the masc. gend.; but this diversity O V • o * of gend. may be required by the sense; as, M cn-Zo a o v all the earth weep , 2 Sam. xv. 23, where 1^| earth , is put for people of the earth; similarly, Gen. V* o ? 0 * xli. 57, oZ] all the earth came , i.e. all the p * o people of the earth . |Zqaj) is thus constructed in Bar Heb. Chron. 148. 16. The proper names of places are for the same reason sometimes connected with verbs and pronouns of the plu. masc. There are many examples collected by Hoffman and Agrell of a difference in gender between the Q V * subject and predicate; as, ]Aa| i.DtfuZ| occasion was 158 SYNTAX OF VERBS. given , Bar Heb. p. 612, 14, 2Gi p )lico5o ]k*m a shield and spear were not seen , Jud. v. 8. When the nouns coming together as mentioned in the last paragraph differ in gender, the gender of the verb agrees with that to which it is nearest; as, •X V 7 7 V « V ^oioifo 2l^co and Miriam and Aaron spake, SYNTAX OF VERBS. 159 Numb. xii. 1. shall kiss each * 7 0 0 7 OK pa-^AO ]Lza+>}, justice and peace X other, Ps. lxxxv. 11. The 3rd. pers. of verbs sometimes admits an anomaly as to gender; as, |2uf*^c oocn this happened on the third day, Epli. Tom. I. p. 220. See Kirsch. Chres. 219. 6; 220. 1. There are, how- 0 o v * ever, several exceptions to this rule ; as, ]om l^aAio <] if it he possible, Kirsch. Chres. p. 509. 1. 10, where the masc. gender is used. When two nouns come together, the latter being ruled by the former, the verb occasionally agrees in 0 0 'T* A V gender and number with the latter; as, - x 7 the number of the slain went up. Bar ITeb. p. 552. 1G0 SYNTAX OF VERBS. Occasional uses of the Tenses. Use of the Prceterite. Besides the past, the prseterite is occasionally employed to express other times. Events of future occurrence, which are considered as certain to happen, have this certainty represented by the verb being placed in the praeterite tense; as, O 7 O *> V the people sitting in darkness op* shall see 0 0 0 - (have seen) great light Isaiah, ix. 2 ; |z| 13 /TS X v o v 70 ^ cn.^ caiA p] he cometli not to con- a /n ^ Z A demnation , hut shall pass (hath passed) from death to life , John v. 24. It is found, as may be inferred from the pre¬ ceding paragraph, that the praeterite is sometimes employed to express a prophetic fut. as in Ileb. On this point it may be well to quote the following remark of Hoffman : plerumque in versione V. T. Syriaca ah interprete talia preet. cum. fut. commu- tantur , qua ex re Syris ad hunc morem Uehraicum nullamfuisse propensionem cernitur. Gram. p. 333. There are hypothetical sentences in which it is assumed that the thing spoken of will come to pass : in such cases, therefore, the pract. is the natural form , I ° * V * . VO O to employ ; as, ,-^ai Lq ±9 px>, X when you are in trouble and all these things have come upon you , Dent. iv. 30. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 161 We find the prset. of the substantive verb followed by the participle of another verb not unfrequently denoting the present of the conjunctive; as, “ we * V P * V V require from you that ye may know i • t 7 v V them” 1 Thess. v. 12. u I will ooct> that they pray .” 1 Tim. ii. 8. In general the prset. is not often met with to give to a sentence a subjunctive or con¬ junctive character. That is usually done by the fut., sometimes assisted and sometimes not by particles accompanying it, as will be found stated more fully in the section which follows. There are a few instances in which the prseterite p of the verb |ooi, followed by a participle or an 7 P adjective, represents the imperative; as, M P V P 7 o Zuooi j.iocn go thou also (and) do the same , Luke x. 37. This application of the tense is undoubtedly to give emphasis to the sentence. Lor as a prseterite is employed to express our belief that some future event will certainly take place, so is it readily seen that on the same principle this tense may he regarded as the emphatic form of the' imperative, whenever it is so applied. The prseterite has sometimes the force of the plu- 7 V ? P perfect ; as, his works , which lie had done , Gen. ii. 2. Again, in iii. 1, we have, “ And the serpent was the most subtile of the animals which 0 0 V V the Lord had made , 162 SYNTAX OF VERBS. In Syriac, as in Hebrew, the prseterite is in some instances used where we should employ the pre¬ sent ; as, iZ*. I know, lit. I have known, as com- pretending certainty and decision ; I know and I am resolved to act on this knowledge, Luke xvi. 4. See also John xi. 4. The prseterite like¬ wise denotes present time when condition and state y y y n* 0 0 7 0 * 0 0 • are implied; as, c^^Zj ^ ua|idZ| why art thou displeased , and why is thy counte- V 7 7 *• nance sad? Gen. iv. 6 ; ^^2 ksf^z] my soul is disturbed , Ps, cxviii. (Heh. cxix.) 28. It is likewise employed in sentences in which the truths enunciated are general, and not at all dependent on time; as, Ps. i. 1, C£ Blessed is the man, who walks not ( hath not V 0 walked ), ^cn }3 in the counsel of the wicked.” In¬ deed the prseterite in the last example evidently ex¬ presses the sentiment contained in it with more accuracy, because with more generality, than the present; for we may suppose the blessedness to he the consequence, not so much of not walking in the counsel of the wicked at some particular instant of time, as of not having walked, or of not having been in the habit of walking, at any one period of life. The prseterite is used for the imperfect in hypo¬ thetical sentences, although the future is much more /IN 0 -X V frequently met with in such cases ; as, 01 y>o t £D V ^*oji we should have been like unto Sodom , Isaiah i. 9. In a conditional sentence the pluperfect is likewise indi- SYNTAX OE VERBS. 163 - Y y v V V U vs ns I catecl by the praeterite form ; as, ^ >Zo]...V*£° P a-^o and except the Lord had left to us, Isaiah i. 9. Use of the Future . The future is occasionally found in the place of the * v o o o •>> present ; as, ] Ziaj 1^1? he eauseth them ns X to inherit (or giveth them) thrones of glory, 1 Sam. ii. 8. See also Isaiah xliii. 17. The future also occupies the place of the prset. in O V O ^ a few instances; as, |ov-^ God hath chosen ns n\ p P *X P V anew thing , Judg. v. 8; p \sum sword •X ns V -X V and spear were not seen , ib.; I stood p \ *07 in my place, TIab. ii. 1; before that I formed p V ns *X ns p V Jer. i. 5; ^ Pt^ before thou earnest forth from the loomb, ib. In the two last places the prseterite is indicated by the particles connected with the respective verbs. The fut. is almost always used when the verb im¬ plies something conditional or potential, and this is done sometimes with and sometimes without any ac¬ companying particles. Hence it includes all those forms of speaking, where in English we use one of the ns. auxiliary verbs, may, can, let, would, &c.; as, |La.*z> may the evil (of the wicked) come to an end , Ps. x O ^ 7 ns v -x ns vii. 9 ; oia^j «-ooaoiZ may the life of the child ns y return, 1 Kings xvii. 21; he ivould deliver him, M 2 104 SYNTAX OF VERBS. v y Ps. xxii. 9; let them shew thee, Isaiali xix. 12 ; •X ^ /t* ^qs]z thou mayest freely eat , Gen. ii. 16. A prohibition in Syriac, as in Hebrew, is invariably 7 «r> O expressed by the future ; as, P thou shalt not •X O fear , i.e. fear not , Gen. xlvi. 3; ^a^ixZ P thou shalt 0 **0 not hill , or, do not hill , Exod. xx. 13 ; p /TN ^ call me , i. e. do not call me, Until i. 20. The imper. is sometimes denoted by the fat. when there 0 X ns m is no prohibition; as, ]oou let there he light, 0 Gen. i. 3. The particles j and P> are often connected with the fut. when a potential signification is in- . ^ ^ ^ 0 i tended; as, ai—* u=i? that he would grant to him X 't* ns 0 time, Han. ii. 16; P* that they may not hear hen, Gen. xi. 7. The prefix o sometimes gives this force X ns to the verb ; as, that they may hnow, Ezek. xx. * 7 V 26; that they may sacrifice, Exod. viii. 8. is also found besides j as follows; 7 that my sold may bless thee, Gen. xxvii. 4. Other particles in some instances accompany * ; as, : >r\ 7 7 Bar ITeb. Chron. 530. 14, that they /Tv &0 0 * - ns 0 might destroy it; .... |j \i^] so that they ivere not able, Mark iii. 20; |ocr» yaloXij 0 7 0 1 Ui-gx? dm.** that the security of the city might he SYNTAX OF VERBS. 165 established , Assem. Bibl. Orien. i. 393. 2. So in Arab, we have the pluperfect and imperf. formed by puttiug the praeterite of the verb before the praet. and future of another verb ; as, ^ he had 9 s s' s' written; he ivas writing , See Stewart’s Arab. Gram. p. 61. A future is often expressed in the way of peri- a plirasis. A participle and the fut. of the verb |oai sometimes come together having the force of the fut.; V * /T> as, and occasionally without it, as, 7 7V shall glorify . So says Agrell; Supp. p. 21. 7 7 7 But it seems to me that ^3^? has rather the force of the infin. The expression consequently should be rendered, is about to glorify , where the idea of inci¬ pient future time is contained in John xxi. 19. We have a fut. with > prefixed in such a construe- V /IN tion as the following; as, he feared to go s 166 SYNTAX OP VERBS. Mattli. ii. 22, where we see the fut. is employed, when in English we should use the inf. See ib. xvi. 3 ; Mark i. 45, 6, 7 ; Luke xiii. 11 ; 1 Cor. Use of the Infinitive. An infinitive connected with a finite verb adds intensity to it, or denotes what is signified by the verb V X O 7 to he certain, fixed or continual; as, I A X OP ivill greatly multiply, Gen. xxii. 17 ; P o o ye shall not surely die, Gen. iii. 4; |cci ^ hath X been accurately depicted, Gal. iii. 1. When an infinitive is governed by some verb sig¬ nifying will, power, or command, it has generally ^ pre- V - 0 -X 7 fixed ; as, o| and how are * ** X ice able to know the way ? John xiv. 5 ; cn5 t A coi n- • 'TN & he sent him to feed swine, Luke xv. 15 ; X n\ . o o ^**■ * *■* * » ^^ |c^ o and he wished to slay him, Mattli, /TN /TN /T. xiv. 5. o After the verb |oot the inf. with ^ may be rendered in English by the participle; as, |oct 0 and the Sun was setting, Gen. xv. 12. The same remark is applicable to 5 when it is p employed as |ccn is in the preceding example; as, q^|o and eat ye (i.e. ye shall eat of) the fat of the land, Gen. xlv. 18; cu~o Ij 01 this do, and live, i.e. (this do, and ye shall live,) Gen. xlii. 18. An imperative is occasionally found in connection with a participle; as, ha] cease, be thou still, Mark iv. 39. It may be that the imper. in- 168 SYNTAX 0T VERBS. fluences tlie word which follows, and renders the ex¬ pression of the substantive verb unnecessary, it being ordinarily used with a participle when an imper. is intended. In uttering a command it is natural not to use more words than are necessary. The same construction may he seen in Asscm. Bibl. Orient. T. I. p. 40. Participles. The participle is timeless, i.e. it has no time of its own, hut partakes of every time with which it may he connected. Thus, pres, most frequently. The fut.; as, ooi \±+ t Q ooi |joi Therefore that ichich shall be born of thee is holy , Luke i. 35; li=> ^ tliy wife shall bear to thee a son , Gen. xvii. 19. The prset.; as, Behold their Lord , 2u^o. X&9 fallen and dead , Judges, iii. 25. Parti- X 'TN ciples, when they are taken as such, and not for the present tense, have placed before them for the most V 0 7 7 part the particle p or the prefix ? ; as, .. o * ^ - )2o wandering from house to house , 1 Tim. v. 13; . he saw Levi sitting , Mark ii. 14. x ^ v o 7 living or alive , def. \aaa , is subject to the same 077 X . O 7 construction; as, 0001*0 and he gave her to them alive. Acts ix. 41. We find a participle usurping as it were the office SYNTAX OP VERBS. 169 of an inf. after verbs of beginning and continuing, of permitting and commanding, and also of power; as, <*» /tn 7 v PS* they began plucking the ears, i. e. X ^ X O * they began to pluck, Mattli. xii. 1 ; ?+} so that he was not able to receive (receiving) them, Mark ii. 2. The active participles are in some instances found in the constructive state ; but which are rendered into English as if they were in the absolute state. In such cases they are followed by a noun; as, o * v t> descending the ditch, i.e. into the ditch, O V .7 .. O Prov. i. 12; 1^5 L entering in at the gate, Gen. 0*0 VO xxiii. 10 ; knowing the law, Pom. vii. 1. • Active participles sometimes govern the noun which follows, and in the same manner and using the same particle as the verbs from which they are de- ns n\ O V rived; as, ]*> he began upbraiding him, Par 1 o o Heb. Chron. 328. 3; <-*x> dwelling in me, Pom. *<7 O O 7 A . * 7 vii. 17, 18, 20 ; * 30^0 and destroying all the men , Par Heb. Chron. 397. 1. Similarly passive participles observe this govern- o x ment; as, clothed with linen, Ezck. ix. 2; 170 SYNTAX OF VERBS. 0 f. O » v . _-^£> anointed with oil, Lev. ii. 4; )ij c**-*-^ X • x X horn Of women, Matth. xi. 11 . Although in Syriac the use of participles is very great, yet in translating Greek hooks into Syriac they sometimes render a Greek participle by a Syriac verb, especially where the Greek participle is followed by a verb, in which case the two verbs in Syriac have the same mood, tense, and person; as, oani 7 ropevdevre? * V ** i^erdo-are, go, enquire, Mattli. ii. 8 ; ekO&v irpoaKwi'jaco, I will go, I will worship (him), ib. ; o 0 «•> * Ul> eo)? i\6oov earn, until it came, it stood, ib. 9. Participles are employed to express a gradual but continual jwogress or decline of what is denoted by the P . *0 0 7 7 7 verb in the sentence; as, qggjoio x — and the waters receded going and coming, i.e. gradually and continually, Gen. viii. 3; ^' t +o ^i] and the hoy going and groining, i.e. was continually growing, 1 Sam. ii. 26. The Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses. It is stated in § 38 how these tenses are formed. £> /r> O Examples of the Imperfect are the following ]oqi • « £ 7 '"7 7 P \ o \ he went, Matth. n. 9 ; ooot,-.^oj {Qjji they /r> /Tv V who sought the child 9 s life, ib. ii. 20; Zuocn yoizte I testi - fed, Acts xx. 21 .* Examples of the Pluperfect are, o * Uhlemann in his Gram. § 65, says : “Audi ohne |cai Matth. iii. 5. - \ ° 0 )) 0 0 0 ^ 4.0 In my copy of the Peschito, however, it is foon SYNTAX OF VERBS. 171 o ^ 7 ^ 0 |ocn cnj^l ^lo-i^Z for astonishment had taken him , 7 Luke y. 9; ocoi they had gone up, John iv. 8; ° » Cl 0 jog! -.*.1^1 he had retired , ib. y. 13; Zoot Zcai had been , ib. iii. 25. Occasionally the praeterite has the force of the pluperfect. In Matth. i. 24 we have O O 7 y 7 7 £ v y y cnA lie did as the angel of the Lord had commanded him . The preterite, however, followed by the substantive 0 verb ]ocn does not always make the pluperfect; but O V only the praeterite, or imperfect; as, ]ogi he began , X 0 0 0 0 V Mark i. 45; ]oji |cci p Plzj the time teas not , ib. xi. 13. o V |ocn, £u] and x In addition to what is said of these verbs in sections 33 and 34, we subjoin the following remarks. The 9 substantive verb Icon seems to be employed in some passages for the purpose of giving emphasis to them; y * V <*> 0 V y p p pas vous, qui parlent . Z- t lc] |ooi p^ that it was not concerning the bread I spake , ib. xvi. 11. It 0 p is not unusual for ]o or o being usually prefixed to 7* 00 7 07 0 7 the following verb; as, oZ|o PoZ^Z* pxaAi, ]ooio and it came to pass on the eighth day that they came , Luke i. 59. In some places neither > nor o is prefixed to •X ** O' r* *X n\ O O 7 0 7 the following verb; as, |z| n jAicao ]caio and it came to pass in those days Jesus came } Mark i. 9. Sometimes /cal eyevero is passed over in the Syriac ver¬ sion without any notice. See Matth. ix. 10; Mark o iv. 1; Luke ii. 46. The imperfect tense of |oji is formed by placing it after Zu] with the affix to the x latter agreeing in gender and number with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected. See § 34. £u] is, however, occasionally found without an affix; as, x 0 7 a* 7 V ^3.4. \lL] ^9 ooqi Zu| now there ivere seven brethren , x o Matth. xxii. 25. |ooi is observed in a few instances v o standing before instead of after 2u); as, _oio2u| )cai it X X was , Bar Heb. p. 94, line 7. Sometimes |ooi disap¬ pears and M itself is made to express past time; as, c*qioZu[> 1^1 ^ ynn stood over where the x young child was , Matth. ii. 9. Again, although as a rule, the Imperfect Tense agrees with its subject in gender and number; yet |ooi Zu| is to he met with in a x sentence without any regard to this agreement; as, SYNTAX OF VERBS. 173 locn hJ\ there ivas enmity , Ear II eb. 288, line 4; although we have in John ix. 16, M ° 1 - e* o ^ lorn there was a division . We have also ]oqi Zu| o 0 x l^L it was the third hoar , Mark xv. 25. |ogi 2u| x x V ^ many things , 2 John, verse 12. 2u^ composed of P and hJ\ takes the affixes in the x same way as M (see § 34), and when followed by Lomad with a pronominal affix signifies to have not ; /* V y as, who hath not , Matth. xiii. 13. See also Luke ii. 7; John iv. 17. It has usually ? prefixed. Regimen of Verbs. A transitive verb exercises an influence over a noun or pronoun which follows it, either immediately or mediately , and which limits its signification. The noun or pronoun may be with or without a preposi- V * x V V tion; as, he made many disciples , * -A V P P John iv. 1; Pa-qAo What has Moses com - V « mandedyou ? Mark x. 3; jj£>b that I may call /IN X IT. the righteous , Mark ii. 17. Verbs which are douhly transitive, such as transi¬ tive verbs in those conjugations which are causative, exercise this influence over two such nouns or pro- O X O *- 7 nouns; as, ha^ Pa-czA* cnA.n2^ he commanded him to ^ /IN he clothed with a garment of fine linen , Gen. xli. 42 ; p 7 p v p r'v ]t^t* l 001 he taught the people knowledge , •i . Eccles. xii. 9. 174 SYNTAX OF VEBBS. The passive conjugations of verbs oftentimes ex¬ press the cause or motive of action by the particle ^ * -X in some such manner as the following; ] ? Q£)cn] I will again feed thy flock , Gen. 'Tv V V v xxx. 31; - : f*o ^axco) Again he sent , Luke xx. 11, 12 ; SYNTAX OF VERBS. 175 they entreated ^paisas. .amollu jj that it should *\ /-n not be spoken to them any more , Hebr. xii. 19; Uf\v^ he changed the letter craftily , Bar Heb. p. 100. There are instances in which the second verb is found in the infinitive, the inflexion of the first de¬ pending on circumstances; as, •.nascni jf shall no more see , Job vii. 7; \L>$ ck^^L v.z>o2 ^xo] p I ivill not any more curse the ground , Gen. viii. 21; Ld again they say 3 Assem. T. III. p. 56, col. 1. line 20. The second verb is occasionally found in the future with > prefixed; as, ho' t D (the suspicion) teas near to be confirmed , i.e. (the suspicion) was almost confirmed , Bar Heb. p. 551, line 11. The participle of the second verb is found, as we might expect, as well as any other inflection of it; as, which hook he desired too is found to indicate the Optative mood ; V"! m as, that ice might die , Ex. xvi. 3. Hoffman and x Agrell have collected passages in which one of the particles q-^ , w 2 >ok*|, c*q-^, is employed to de¬ note this mood. Compound words in Greek are translated into Syriac by simple words, either alone or in conjunction with o another word or particle ; as, foreknowing, Acts x • V xxvi. 5; I predicted, Mark xiii. 23; iff* /TN /TV «TN V cn^D t n he ran before him, or did outrun him, John. /IN * xx. 4 ; so with many others. SYNTAX OF ADVERBS. 177 57. Syntax of Adverbs . The repetition of adverbs, like that of nouns, ex¬ presses intensity; as, very badly : or x x diversity; as, ].n^o hither and thither: or con- tmuation; as, by little and little . x x Adverbs are used to qualify nouns by being placed sometimes before them, and sometimes after them; v • v ° ° v . ? as, a little water , $ few days , * i fA^oVj many widows , Luke iv. 25 ; ^ X X V x V $ little leaven , 1 Cor. v. 6. When and are put before nouns, they seem themselves to be nouns, or to have the force of them, and might be translated, a little quantity of and a great quantity of respectively. Adverbs derived from the names of nations ending in M are found sometimes with and sometimes * o * o * without a prefix; as, 2u|-^a cod, or A*4*5 q£d Syriace; x x O V v o 77 O V u=m= or A.A=>]3| Arabice . So we have 2uboo, or XX X X 0 V 0 -X £ * 2u} JQ -* Greece , Zu|^Lsa^A=>, or JEgyjptiace. X ^ X X An adverb is expressed by means of a noun with > o o o o prefixed ; as, a moment of time , imme - p v diately , daily . Again, an abverb is formed * * v by a noun with o prefixed; as, ]Zq^^d astutely, 0*y 0 y o * o y craftily , lastly, )Zai^a*ao faithfully , X 0 * V ]Za*A.so diffusely . N 178 SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS. 58. Syntax of Prepositions. Prepositions are employed in connection with verbs; thus, uD is found with verbs signifying to confess or deny ; also many verbs of sense are construed with 7 * «jd ; as, w-3 who shall confess me , iosxj* X X _ ^ x /tn 7 O who shall deny me , |>~| p let me not see his death. The preposition ^ is used with verbs of entering O 7 O O 7 or ascending ; as, \±> L ^ P* whoever does /in /in not enter by the door, John x. 1, 2. V with verbs of covering or commanding ; as, V V he covered , Matth. xvii. 5; he commanded, /IN • 2 Chron. xxxvi. 23. Zuz) with verbs of separating or distinguishing ; /TN O * m m ^ * as, God separated lioioj £us between the /TN light and the darkness , Gen. i. 4 . 7 O o } Az> with verbs of coming; as, }i] he came, Mark 7 ^ ^ i. 7 : of going ; as, ^il he departed, John vi. 2; /TN he run, 1 Cor. xiv. 1. The prepositions against, against, with, and many others, are frequently used with verbs; 0 7 *■ * * ^ as, ^oicojoZ p* ^ m£; Matth. X v. 39. See also Matth. xxvi. 62 ; Acts iv. 14 ; Pom. vii. 23; Acts xxv. 5 ; Hebr. vi. 6, &c. The prefix o is sometimes not expressed, but SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS. 179 understood, before a noun in a state of construction; O ^ O 7 * ns Y as, Zuz ]Ijo| in my Father's house are ns x many mansions , John xiv. 2. See also Acts yii. 20 ; xiii. 29. Tlie preposition ^ followed by a noun is found to express, by way of periphrasis, an adj., or to give to n\ ns the noun the sense of an adj.; as, ^ be was x x of the celebrated ones , i.e. he was celebrated , Assem. O O O ns 0 ns v T. I. p. 426. col. 2. last line but one. |3 cus| x ns ns ns ]2uS£ Zuz> whom God hath raised from among the dead , Acts iii. 15. After Ao and other particles signifying between , /t\ various particles are used, which in English have the force of the conjunction and. 1st. The copulative o itself; as, Vf 30 between interior and exterior , Bar Heb. p. 473. 1. 3. tiz>oio between the armies and the chiefs , ib. 604. 1. 17. 2nd. Lomad frequently; as, c*oiicP ^ ^ between Haran and Edessa, Bar Heb. p. 60. 1. 13. Zuz between earth and heaven , ib. 275. 1. 5; between you and the sons of the Church , Assem. T. III. p. 307. last line. ^ocnZ^o between them and the waters, Bar Ileb. p. 511. 1. 9, 10. 3rd. by 180 CONJUNCTIONS. ; as, ^ojL-^o ^ 0101^5 between him and them , Matth. xx. 17. ^ La between me and thee , Bar Heb. p. 270, 1. 19. JLa^o ipaua+s between them and the army , ib. p. 412.1. 19. does not take an affix; but the affix follows with ^ prefixed to it; as, at^cPo lus between him and his mother , Bar Heb. p. 507. 1. 16, 17. 2 us between him and the king, ib. p. 421. 1. 2, 3. ^ between thee and them , ib. p. 408. 1. 10. a v When is followed by the prefix ^ the two * . ° e particles have the force of usque ad in Latin. ]ooio my o 7 D 7 ciZc^dIl and he was there until the death (of Herod), Matth. ii. 15. o P> without, takes no affix ; but when a pronoun o *«. o follows, it is a separate pronoun; as, \*] p> without me , John xv. 5. A noun called by Agrell nomen nudum , i.e. a noun without prefixes or affixes, is used as a preposition; 77 as, hi] for. Bar Heb. p. 263, last line; >2] for my life, in; as, ,-=>! in investigation , ib. p. 59. 1. 8. 59. Conjunctions. A conjunction is on many occasions not expressed in a sentence, but understood. The conjunction o y rn o and (Asyndeton); as, yas he arose (and) went. CONJUNCTIONS. 181 Matth. ix. 7. «-oq 2 > ysaa Arise , < 70 , Gen. xxxi. 13. O --»> 7 fc |z ^ai y 3 Q£> « (and) go on thy feet. Acta Mart. II. p. 293. See also Is. xxxvii. 37* In tlie two last examples the Vau would naturally drop out, as commands are often given under the influence of excitement, and consequently in as few words as possible. We have also an ellipsis of o| in 2 Kings ix. 32 ; -*VZ two or three eunuchs. x ^ See Isaiah xviii. 6 . J is sometimes understood; as, and (if) tribulation should happen to him , Gen. xlii. 38. Yau is often found prefixed to each word, or step of the sentence ; as, ya.oo v±udZ 1 o un^coo Our Saviour suffered , and died> and was buried , and arose , and ascended to heaven. Bar Heb. p. 51, last line. In explanation of this liberal use of the Yau, Hoffman in his Gram., p. 383, note, says, “ Animo commotis etiam polysyndeton interdum placet.” A conjunction is repeated when the clauses of the sentence to which the said conjunction is appended are used correlatively[; as, o.o, Ex. xxi. 16; .cal ws|, Gen. xxiv. 25; .<], Bom. i. 16; .o| 7 c], Matth. vi. 24. Different conjunctions are fre¬ quently employed in a sentence in this correlative O 7 O 7 0 V O 7 0 manner; as, lisoi.^|, Is. lv. 9; > po ?A . Uoji, Acts i. 11 ; <]o. whither , Matth. vi. 19. * wheresoever. Bar Heb. p. 328, 1. 10. * as that , John viii. 28, 7 ** o > when that , ib. ? *+ato because , Bar Heb. 112, V 0 V O 'T' lines 7, 8. > after that , ib. 39, 7. > >ho Matth. xxvi. 22; Luke xxii. 20. j ].^> when, Mark ^ AN iy. 29. ? because , Mar Jacob’s Scholia, p 1, 7 1. 3. > because , Bar Heb. 158, 12. There are instances in which the conjunction > is omitted, }j| I go (that) I may catch fishes , John xxi. 3. * m Here is clearly an ellipsis of > before >o^|. The copulative o has the force of that; especially after verbs of ashing or commanding. Ephraim T. I. p. 84, E 6. 7 ; p. 446, D. 8. 9. In Job v. 7, o has the 7 force of jwj. There are other conjunctions, which have excep- V tional uses. ©] is employed in making a comparison, and thus it performs the office which is usually assigned to ; as, “ it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the day of judgment o] than for you,” Matth. xi. 22. ns is used with a formula of imprecation; as, “ God INTERJECTIONS. 183 » fn y m do so to thee, and more also, \zid1 <] if thou conceal from me a thing f 1 Sam. iii. 17. “ David sware, saying, So do God to me, and more also, 0 a^| 0 if I taste bread before the sun be down ,” 2 Sam. iii. 35. See also 2 Kings p * vi. 31. Cant. i. 9. p o£u.) » * 7 7 . ^oZuocri O that ye would bear with me, X 2 Cor. xi. 1. See also Gal. iii. 4. p ]q-cd ]oi the axe is O P now laid , Matth. iii. 10. With P preceding, ]oi is employed interrogatively. See Matth. v. 46. >s^far be it , is construed with ^ of the person and n- ns O • l prefixed to the verb; as, ot-—> far be it from him that he should do , J oh. xxxiv. 10. See Matth. xvi. 22, &c. Sometimes the verb is in the infin. with^ prefixed. ns See Gen. xliv. 7. Instead of > the conjunction <] is 7 * found in 1 Sam. xxiv. 7, &c. well! It is the same as in Hebrew. It is found with a plu. affix, although the singular is occasionally met with, and a noun with following, to which the affix of the interjection refers. See Matth. v. 3; Ps. i. 1. Sometimes the noun is without See Heut. xxxiii. 29, 61. Interrogate es. Questions are asked not only by interrogative pronouns ; hut also by various particles, such as V V On V ns how ? ^ from whence ? or where ? &c. There are many interrogative sentences, which have INTERROGATIVES. 185 no particle to mark them; but which the context shews to he. In these cases the prominent word in * V the question commonly begins the sentence : ooi .P * O . 7 Vo oai.o art thou the king of the Jews ? Matth. xxyii. 11. o A question with P ordinarily comprises an affirma- OO n* D v D 7 7 O & *. 7 O tion; as, }***• |z] ^oAj] P say not ye that after four months cometh harvest ? John iv. 35. When, however, a question is asked by a negative is implied; as, Laq£d> \il± 1^-^, is a devil able to open the eyes of the blind ? Job x. 21. Some- oo^o times a doubt is implied; as, Lord , is it I? Matth. xxvi. 22. See also John ix. 27 ; xviii. 25. 7 The last remark is applicable to the particle when 7 0*0 7 7 7* it is used interrogatively; as, ]Zai^oi 0 7 po| and shall He find faith on the earth ? Luke xviii. n\ 8. The particle <] is employed to express what Uhlemann calls indirekte Frage; as, that thou tell us 1 oi-^j oi*z> ooi Aj| ^ whether thou art the Christ, the Son of God ? Matth. xxvi. 63. The interrogation is sometimes continued by means ■*7 # of the disjunctive o| to make, it would seem, the O 0 0 * 7 question more distinct and definite; as, }joi 7 p 7 V waoiootjd] o| who hath sinned ? this man or his parents ? 7 ooi ooi Aj| art thou — x — — he that should comey or do we look for another? Matth. xi. 3. See also Assem. T. I. p. 87. 186 ENALLAGE OF PERSONS. The affirmation or denial of a question is usually made by keeping back the verb and pronoun, which m m mm V 7 *X 7 define the question; as, .... V m m m *X j V V m of^o|o have ye heard , my brethren, that which I have said ? And they answered, We have heard every thing which thou hast said. Assem. T. I. p. 375. 1. 7. 62. Enallage of Persons. The enallage of persons does not occur so fre¬ quently in Syriac as in Hebrew, and especially as in the Hebrew Psalms ; but some instances are o o x met with in the Syriac Scriptures ; as, ]jai 7 O 0 0 1-0 O * 77 .O 1 Pxjfa °1 wherefore thou m art inexcusabte, O man who judgeth his neighbour, O 7 7 where we have cni-zu* for Pom. ii. 1, i.e. the ••• ^ " _ y v 3rd. person for the 2nd. .-max* |cn^ 7 m O O * O O y 1 1 O 1 Zu| t A\ po oiZoZ^> pcz*, there is not - i $ GW like unto thee, forgiving iniquity, and pass¬ ing by the transgression of the residue of his in - m x p heritance, and retainest not; where we have oiZoZf* o -x for ?ZoZ^, Micah vii. 18, i.e. the 3rd. pers. for the 2nd. O O * * 0.7** 7m ]ioa^£j Zu^Z ^ooouj P 7 0 0 lr* 3 l P |fZ)Z the destruction of the impious and the wicked (will come) together , Isaiah i. 28. There are some sentences in which a word requires to be repeated, in order to obtain a full and con- V 0 7 ? * ^ * 0 nected sense; as, Zooi* ]>oi but all this which was done (was done) that it might be fulfilled , Matth. i. 22. See also John xx. 31; Eom. v. 20 ; Heb. vii. 18, viii. 3. 188 COLLOCATION OP WORDS. An accusative is sometimes omitted; as, she • X 7 "brought forth , viz. sons, Gen. xvi. 1; he took, viz. a wife, Nell. xiii. 25; he cast, viz. the lot, x v 1 Sam. xiv. 12. Also to in John ix. 7, some P V 1 such noun as is to he supplied. P 7 A nominative is occasionally omitted; as, 1^-^? J * 7 « will (his anger) be retained for ever ? Jer. iii. 5. There is also an ellipsis in the Hebrew. A noun expressed in the early part of the sentence is not repeated in a following part with some genitive, although required by the sense, the genitive alone P V PP VP* being put; as, }x] the glory as • X X (the glory) of the only begotten of the Father, John P 7 i. 11. In the Greek, §o%av is repeated. |ogi ^oL| P 7 * * - X cjiaqzl-^ his clothing was (the clothing) of hair, P V * — P 7 P * p Matth. iii. 1. IZo^oiio 2u| I have a x x testimony, which is greater than the testimony of John, John v. 36. In comparisons this mode of construc¬ tion is prevalent, of which the last example is an in¬ stance. An ellipsis of a word expressing a definite * P 7 portion of time; as, >oa + a day, or ]Li± a year , is quite common. 63. Collocation of Words, In general the collocation of words in Syriac is simple and natural; but in some instances it departs COLLOCATION OF WORDS. 189 from the ordinary rules. A few of these instances it may he well to notice. O 7 The verbs ]ocn and are sometimes so placed in a sentence that the grammatical connection of the former part with that of the latter is dissevered; as, P P 7 /n 'X |octi fO j.Aoioo and Moses was eighty years old, Ex. vii. 7; o^o>l ^ and they say to x /»S P P V us, make 'bricks, Ex. v. 16 ; ^t m ^° l J l i 0 I am a hundred and twenty years old, Deut. xxxi. 2. A personal pronoun standing for the logical copula is found placed between two nouns in a state of regi¬ es p 7 v V men; as, yoai^lj ice are the seed of Abraham, John viii. 33 In a long sentence the verb is occasionally found at the end of it, and separated a long distance from V t> .7 its object; as, . he made . a banquet, Ephraim T. II. p. 210. D. 6...E. 3. The verb is also found separated by many words from its auxiliary; p 4* V /TN y /T\ as, . if thou art indeed able . to read, ib. T. II. p. 211. C. 8...E. 2. P ]ocn and he did not wish to be fatigued; where the verb comes before that on which it depends, ib. T. II. p. 212. C. 5, 8. The infinitive with ^ prefixed comes before the verb on which it is dependent in Ephraim T. I. p. 83. E. 3, 4 A noun sometimes comes after both the verb and 190 SYRIAC METRES. ^7 -X m * * 0 ^ 7 \ O ^ its object; as, ]^. ^qj| voq^j t^ 00 *? r*”Z for they feared lest the people should stone them , Acts. v. 26. The object is found between the auxili¬ ary and the verb in Matth. xxi. 1, and other places. There are instances of particles occupying unusual e> 7 o . 7 places; as the Adverb Zub^^in Mark i. 45 ; 0 7 * m 0 0*0 IZo^^ns* openly to enter the city ; P in /k^o^s P "" # x 7 7 _ reprove me not in thine anger , Ps. vi.2. 64. Syriac Metres . According to Hahn, the first liymnologist of the Syrians was the celebrated Gnostic Bardesanes, who flourished in the second half of the second century. In this he is in some degree supported by Ephraim in his 53rd homily, against heretics, T. II. p. 553, where, although he does not actually assert that Bardesanes was the inventor of measures, yet he speaks of him in terms which show that he not only wrote hymns, but also imply that at least he revived and brought into fashion a taste for hymnology. OP V V o. 0 V O' 7 These are his words: ] Zolas *.^>^0 O0 ^7 rr. & 7 /tn 7 O0 *X -tv V O 0 /Ts 7 Pa Zos PaZOso Plas )LiLa,q^d ^O.jo ^naio he composed hymns , and adapted them {mixed) to musical sounds; he also composed psalms , and intro - SYRIAC METRES. 191 duced metres , and distributed words by measures and weights. These hymns were, according to the same authority, called by various names. They were de- f O 7 nominated which word, according to Castell by Michselis, signifies Hymns consisting of many tr\ ns & O rt\ y strophes , !*^o|^o poems , songs , and or XI !i Psalms. It is stated that he wrote 150 Psalms in imitation of the number of the Psalms of David. Whether the poems bearing the different names here mentioned make together the number 150, or whether p & they are comprised in the alone, is not cer- X tain. Ephraim says that the heresy of Bardesanes became powerful, because the people were taught through poetry, and they were consequently influenced and charmed by the melody of his numbers. It was by this contrivance that he succeeded in infusing his poison into the minds of those who were attracted by the power of his teaching. He gathered around him a company of youths whom he taught to sing to the 7 * harp. Ephraim says, in T. II. p. 439. D, O * 7 . 77 by the melodies of his Psalms he x corrupted the youth. It is to be regretted that of the Hymns of Bardesanes, which it appears, in consequence of their high poetic merit, exercised an extensive influence over the religious opinions of the age in which he lived, and gave so much strength and popu¬ larity to his gnostic errors, a very few fragments only 192 SYRIAC METRES. remain. These fragments are to be found scattered over the works of Ephraim. It is to this holy father that we are indebted for all we know of the Hymno- logy of Bardesanes, and of the cause it was meant to serve. His testimony, however, after making some allowance for his zeal against the gnostic heresy, which determined him to concentrate all the powers of his mind to put it down, ought for anything we know to the contrary, he accepted as in the main correct. On the subject of the metre in which Bardesanes wrote we must continue to speak on the same autho¬ rity. At the foot of hymn 65 adversus scrutatores * O 7 o 7 7 7 O * there are these words |15 x • O 7 V 7 _ Here end seventeen hymns to the mea - sures of the songs of Bardesanes. These hymns are numbered 49 to 65 inclusive. It is a pity that the Benedictine edition did not arrange them metri¬ cally, so that the measure of the verse might be at once presented to the eye. After a short examina¬ tion, however, it may be ascertained that these poems are written in pentesyllabic verse, i.e. each line con¬ sists of five syllables. Hahn, in his “ Bardesanes Gnosticus,” p. 35, has given the first strophe consist¬ ing of twelve lines of the 49th hymn. The twelfth '*'0 7 0 *. line is as follows, oi3 glory to him who teas pleased ivith him. This is a doxology, and such it may be observed is the last line of each strophe of SYRIAC METRES. 193 the poem. It is probable that in the Church service, the custom was for the congregation, or the whole choir at least, to sing the doxology. In some poems, such as the 53rd, the doxology is found only at the end of the first strophe; hut in such cases it is most likely that it was understood at the end of each of the others. There are other hymns, such as the 60th and 64th, that contain no doxology. Hahn conjectures that in these, the congregation might have used some one of the doxologies best known at the time. Some¬ times the doxology consists of two or three verses, as in hymn 50, p. 19, I) and E, where we have, X 7 X X Praise to him , who sent him Blessed he his coming . Harmonius, the son of Bardesanes, stands next in the history of this subject, both chronologically and for his successful cultivation of sacred poetry. He is reported to have studied at Athens, and to have be¬ come well acquainted with the literature of the Greeks. Some writers have stated that he indeed was the first to compose hymns in Syriac, and they assign to him the honours, which by an almost general consent have been assigned to his father. This statement is not in any way confirmed by Ephraim, who, in con¬ sequence of his position and of the time in which he lived, is undoubtedly entitled to be regarded as the o 194 SYRIAC METRES. greatest authority. It is said that he also trod in the footsteps of his father in regard to the gnostic doc¬ trines, and that in imitation of Bardesanes, he, too, wrote poetry for the purpose of propagating these tenets. In Assemani Bibl. Orient., Tom. I., p. 48, note, is the following extract from a Syriac MS. in the Vatican on Eccles. Hist, cnp wCdcu4q^5Q£a :|jpP ; as, £c) P? cTlo-mar; in Greek words beginning with Z, which, in passing into Syriac, takes the initial as, crxv^ a Syr, sTcimo. In z words of three syllables, the vowel of the first is elided when the middle syllable has a long unchangeable a*. y vowel; as, ]Za35 r'butho. In the middle of a word the vowel is sometimes passed over in the pronun cia- y v » tion : in verbs; as, c^ 2 Z] ethph'lag ; in nouns, espe¬ cially where the second syllable has the vowel —; as, O * O alhutho. The vowel at the end of a word may fall away : in a verb, when the grammatical form will continue to be known, notwithstanding the vowel is • . V 7 V O omitted in the pronunciation; as, ^ AVph ; 2u| *=£0 O 7 sob 9 rath; in a noun, as, pagr 9 . There are instances where the first syllable of a verse is taken away and made in the pronunciation the last syllable of the preceding verse. Thus the deficiency in the first verse is supplied by the redundancy of the next. In hymn 51, Tom. III. p. 94, line 13, we have o o tsoro-pen , where tsoro ends one verse, and pen begins the one which immediately follows. Diaeresis lengthens a word by one syllable; so that monosyllables become dissyllables, &c. Diaeresis, therefore, performs pretty much the same office as Mehagyono (§9.). The difference between them seems to consist principally in this. Diaeresis gives the force of a vowel in the pronunciation, where there would 198 SYRIAC METRES. otherwise be a moving sheva , and Mehagyono exercises the same force where there would otherwise he a * V quiescent sheva. Examples are, o X evil. j v= 0 e 1*33 weeping , part. fem. ( p /TV mourning. 200 APPENDIX. OCT OCT * lie. OCT • OCT • mCT o tuCT she. mCT • u*CT X * 0 {QJCT ^QJCT they , masc, ^QJCT f OJCT /IN <-*JCT o ,-^JCT /r* they , fem. ^JCT ^JCT /T- /TN CT^ O CT^ to her. • CT.^ to hint. 7 who 1 O lr=^ * O t> Pa^ o t> pcA. o *x Poi. 0 7 | A.!* Icing. advice work. servant. working. unjust. iniquity. infant. year. sleep. APPENDIX. 201 It appears, from tlie foregoing examples, that this point performed the office of vowels; that when it was placed over the letter, it denoted for the most part one of the vowels % *, and when beneath the letter, it denoted , or *. This point was further used to distinguish the persons and tenses of verbs. When it was put be¬ neath the letter, it denoted, 1. All the persons of the preterite, the first of the sing. numb, being excepted. The third person sing, fern, has this point frequently on the left-hand side of the last letter L. 2. The imperative and infinitive whenever any point is found. 3. All persons of the future, the first of each number being excepted. When it is placed above a letter in verbs, it de¬ notes, 1. The first person of the prseterite. 2. The active participle; as, in Peal conjugation O V , Pael ; unless one of the /T\ ^ letters | o M requires it to be placed below; as, or x 3. The first person of both numbers of the future. The following paradigm of the Peal conjugation of 7 will exemplify what has been now stated. p 202 APPENDIX. Preterite. Fem. Masc. ' i^Lo Ml? 3rd pers. sing. 2u^£uO 2nd . • 1st . 3rd pers. plu. 1st . Infinitive . Imperative. ^o^ld sing. a-^a^Lo plu. Future. Fem. Masc. ^o^lnj 3rd pers. sing. 2nd . 1st . ”1 March , o X April, o iA X May , O X June , * o July, O -1 August , September, . . 9,r ' WM ■ \r t Date Due 0 On *4R w JG U w FACUl Tv ' 'MM Jim fi mm IpWlf-V' •iM. s /t t yy' fYlttfc ^Ti 1 'f¥ 4 £' iA"E A 1^5 1 i_ iiTMiaTiiijii _ - , m ' SfHiV*****' * j npmk4| »3h£ IBP *956 f. . - . 1 '