j^a ■ bam^H^I J, ff. Gfaawfor. w^>. ffi* LIBRARY OF THE Theological Seminary, PRINCETON, N. J. C«*e> «..»>■«-! Shelf, a w?5.0,,^ Booh, / L v THi: NINTH EDITION HEBREW GRAMMAR, CONSIDERABLY ALTERED, MUCH IMPROVED. BY JOSEPH SAMUEL C. F. FREY, EDITOR OF A NEW EDITION OF VANDERHOOGHT's HEBREW BIBLE, AND A0THOR OF A HEBREW LEXICON, IN LATIN AND ENGLISH. NEW-YORK: PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM BIGELOW, No. 55 Fulton-street, Brooklyn. 1835. D. Fanshaw, Printer. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://www.archive.org/details/nintheditionofheOOfrey PREFACE OF THE FIRST EDITION. A HE knowledge of different Languages has ever been con- sidered the only genuine key to the records of history and the learning of past ages. The Greek and Latin, amongst the more ancient languages, have each their peculiar advantages, which have been estimat- ed by the learned of all countries. Of late years, the Arabic, Persian, and other Eastern tongues, have also been studied with considerable success and great augmentation to the ge- neral stores of literature. But to the Scholar, to the Chris- tian, and more especially to the minister of the Gospel, the acquirement of the Hebrew language, (it being that in which the Old Testament was originally written,) presents itself with peculiar force and propriety, as an object very greatly to be desired. At the present enlightened period of the world, and in the happy country in which we live, where zealous endeavours are making to promote the conversion of the Jews, it might be urged that the Hebrew language, if well understood, rightly pronounced,* and brought into use, for that purpose, might be most efficacious to nrove, from Moses and the Prophets, that Jesus is the Christ. There are, however, comparatively, but very few persons who have a knowledge of the Old Testament in the original * If Christian preachers were sensible of the good or bad effects produced upon the minds of the Jews, according as they pronounce the Hebrew language correct- ly or incorrectly, they would think no time too long, and no pains too great, to ac- quire the correct and accurate pronunciation. This Note is particularly worthy the consideration of the Anti-Punctuists. IV tongue: one cause of which, maybe the want of suitable Gram- mars ; those in use being, in general, either so bulky as to ex* haust the strength and patience of the student, or so intricate as to perplex and bewilder him ; and there are yet others, which, in order to avoid these evils, are so short that they fail entirely of conveying the desired instruction. There are, in- deed, a few which are, in some measure, free from these defects; but, being written in Latin, they are to the generality of readers sealed up and useless. Thus many persons, who, from love and veneration to the Bible, would gladly study Hebrew, are either afraid to begin, or are soon wearied with the task. A consideration of these several circumstances has led the author to revise and enlarge the present work, originally com- posed for the instruction of the students in the Missionary Se- minary at Gosport; and, for a number of years together, it has been his study to improve, from every source of which he could avail himself in the Hebrew, Latin, English, and German languages, and to render it as simple, yet, at the same time, as comprehensive, as possible. From the office of Hebrew Teacher, which the author sus- tained amongst his own nation, and from the numerous pupils he has since had amongst Christians, he has had opportunities of trying and altering the Rules, as long as the pupils met with auy difficulty ; and he humbly hopes he has, in some measure, succeeded in opening the way to obtain the knowledge of this most ancient and sacred language, in less time, and with far less difficulty and perplexity than any other language, whether ancient or modern. This Grammar is divided into distinct chapters, and each chapter followed by exercises according to the preceding Rules, that practice and theory might go hand in hand. THE AUTHOR. London i — Mount Street, H'hitecliapel Road. } May, 1813. \ PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION. »«??« IN the preface to this edition the author intended to have introduced several important dissertations on the antiquity and utility of the Hebrew Language, on the authority and import- ance of the Vowel Points, &tc. &c. but time and circumstances will allow him to add only a few words to the original preface. 1. This is a new edition of the author's own Grammar, pub- lished in London, in 1811. This observation appears to be necessary, lest he should be charged with plagiarism by those who have seen " a Hebrew Grammar, published at Harvard College, in 1817, by Professor Willard," in which almost every Rule and Exercise appears to be taken from the above edition of 1811, with the exception of the chapter on Syntax, and some alteration in the Pronunciation. 2. The author's indefatigable labours in the original com- position of this Grammar, and the great expense in'its publica- tion, have been abundantly recompensed by the public appro- bation the work hath met with. A large edition was soon dis- posed of. It hath been reprinted in London, and several edi- tions have appeared in an abridged or slightly altered form. The high encomiums the work hath received from some of the best reviewers and critics are too many and too large to be inserted here. A single testimony from the Rev. James Kidd, professor of Oriental Languages in the Marishal College and University of Aberdeen, must suffice. " After an attentive perusal of Mr. Frey's Grammar, and after comparing it with others, [ have to remark that, in gene- ral, it equals the best Hebrew Grammars that have appeared ; that his plan is altogether of a different nature, and highly superior ; that in his attempts to procure an accurate pronun- ciation of the Hebrew Language, he exceeds all his predeces- sors ; that his view of the particles is a most superior and elaborate article; that, in fine, the Grammar possesses a rank high in Oriental literature." 3. In tins edition the author hath made considerable altera- tions and additions. To remove every stumbling block out of the way, and to make the student's path as smooth as possible, most of the exceptions, and, at first, unnecessary rules, have been thrown into an Appendix. As the greatest difficulty in the study of the Hebrew Language arises from the numerous irregular verbs, which dropping one or more of their radicals, leave the student in perplexity how to find the Root, by which not a few have been so discouraged as to give up the whole in disgust, the author hath added in this edition all the irregular verbs, about 800 in number, arranged in alphabetical order, under their respective classes, and hopes the student will trea- sure up eight or ten words a day, which will greatly facilitate his labour. 4. It hath been a matter of deep regret to the author that so many typographical errors had crept into the former edition. Great care hath been taken to make the present work as perfect as possible, yet should any mistakes be discovered by the author, or be pointed out to him, they may easily be corrected, as the work is stereotyped. 5. It is impossible for the author to express his pleasure and satisfaction in witnessing the great attention which hath been excited to the study of the Hebrew Language within the last twenty-five years. Surely this i-; an omen for gooq. Not only will the study and knowledge of the Old Testament be pro- moted thereby, but may it not be considered an encouraging sign, that the salvation of Israel is at hand? Who knows not that whilst the Hebrew Nation flourished the Hebrew Language was a vernacular tongue? When the tribes of Jacob were led captive the Hebrew Language was mixed with, and almost ex- changed for the Chaldaic ; and since Judah hath been scattered amongst all nations, and become the object of hatred and sub- ject of persecution, the Sacred Language also hath been ne- glected, and become a hissing and proverb amongst the people ; but of late both the Hebrew Nation and the Hebrew Language have been remembered for good, and it is hoped that the chris- tian world will never cease to promote their true honour and glory till that happy day shall arrive, when " the Lord shall turn to the people a pure language," and " all shall speak the language of Canaan." That this Grammar may, at least, in some measure be sub- servient in forwarding this important end, is the desire and prayer of THE AUTHOR. Jttto-York, September, 1823. oEtvasrv Chapter. Page. I. The Alphabet ... 1 Exercise 1. Letters only 2 II. Points 3 Sec. 1. Vowels . . 3 2. Maph-pik . 4 3. Dagesh . . 5 4. Mak-kaph . 5 5. Accents Exercise 2. Letters and Points .... Exer. 3. Letters, points, and Accents ... 7 III. Reading .... 8 Exer. 4 to 9, Spelling and Reading Lessons 9 IV. Article .... 20 V. Nouns ..... 20 VI. Adjectives . . .22 VII. Pronouns .... 23 Pronouns Declined 24 Do. affixed to Nouns 25 VIII. Verbs 26 Example of a regular Verb Exer. 10. Verbs conju- gated like "7^7 . 38 Tables or Paradigms of a regular and of irregular Verbs: Paradigm 1 . Of a regular Verb loS • • 40 Chapter. Pagt VIII. Parad. 2. Of an irregu- lar Verb tf"fi SSK 42 - T 3. >"S 2&* 44 - T 4. yQ 85^3 46 - T 5. YV Dip 48 6. «$ Geminatum DDD 50 7. K"7 N¥£ 52 T x 8. rrS nSj 54 T T 9. The Substantive Verb . . ( Ti7 56 T T IX. Pronominal affixes to Verbs .... 60 Paradigm of a Verb with Pronominal Affixes 61 X. Particles .... 63 XI. Servile letters . . 69 XII. Rules for finding the Root .... 71 XIII. Changes of Letters and Points ... 72 XIV. Numerals .... 74 XV. Syntax .... 75 Analysis .... 78 Appendix, containing addi- tional rules and exempli- fications in the order of the preceding chapters 89 Genesis, chapters 1 to 5, in Hebrew U9 HEBREW GRAMMAR, CHAPTER I. THE ALPHABET. Col. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pinal Letters. Figure. Names. Correspond- ing Letters. Numerical Power. Similarity in shape. N 1 Aleph 1 ^l 2 Baith B 2 3 3 Vaith V J 3 Gimmel G 3 J Jl 1 4 Daleth D 4 n 5 Hay H 5 1 1 1 1 6 Wav W 6 r 7 Zayin Z 7 n n n n s Cheth Ch S D 9 Teth T 9 ? t V * 10 Yood Y 10 1 5!" Caph C 20 D 1 Chapii Ch »7 12 Lamed L 30 D D D 13 Mem M 40 •> i J 14 Noon N 50 tf y i D 15 Samech S 60 tf 16 Ay in 70 fr S2> n Pay P 80 Phay Ph r ¥ 18 Tzade Tz 90 P 19 Koof K 100 S20 Raish R 200 ^21 Sheen Sh 300 Seen s n ^22 nr 2 Tav T 400 Thav Th Rule 1. The Hebrew Alphabet contains twenty-two letters all of which are consonants, see column 2. R. 2. The five letters in col. 1 , are called by the same name as those opposite in col. 2, with the addition of the word final, be- cause they are used only at the end of a word, whilst the others are only used in the beginning and middle of a word. R. 3. In pronouncing the names of the letters in col. 3, and wherever a Hebrew word is represented by English letters, be careful to pronounce the.tf always broad, like a in Father; the E like the first e in Leger ; the / like i in Machine ; and the CH as a guttural, and never like an H or K. R. 4. Aleph and Ayin have no corresponding letter, their pro- per sound being now unknown. N. B. Before the student proceeds to the next chapter he should be able readily to distinguish between the letters in col. G. EXERCISE I. LETTERS ONLY. JVote. In this exercise the student "ill simply call over the name of each letter. pNm part n&o p*oe>n rus* omSn Kia jwk12 d*hSn rrm oinn ♦jfi'Sy "jBtn inai "inn nrvn iwwi "vux ».t D»nbN i&'m D»on ♦Jfirbtf nsmia •nan pa dmSk bian aitr>a -nan-nit D*fA« Kin nS*S Kip -|tr'nSi dv tinS dmSn anpn -jtrnn pai 5 in** dv ipa-»rrn aiirMn pa bnao »nn ovjn -pna ypn »rr d\iSn no*n D*an pa Snan jppirrnK tfr? 1 ?** fryn d'dS o*d irpnS Si/b its>« o»on pai ypnS nnno ib>k aurwi b£'P# rpiS a»nSx xnpn p-*nn s W dv -inmnn irrtf oipo-7N D*D8tef nnno D\sn np» d»hSn naan pa* Wa>S d'hSn «npn p-»m Wa»rr nN-irn lOKn aicr»a dtiSk kti o>o* Kip D'on mpoSi ns py in? ynro sirr wan p^n x&nn wnhx K*"im p"*ftn f nab Sy lanjnr -ib>n wdS rfla rffew ns nw pn iri5»bS mr yn?D nby Nan pN*rT 3 *c?>?v dv npn ■♦nn pa V-onS ero^n ypna mND »n* dthk n»*n d wi d»o»Si DHnoSi nnN*S vm nS'Sn pai ovn ♦m parrSr TfcnS d»dbTi ypna rniND? vm CHAPTER II. POINTS. R. 5. The various characters, besides the letters, are explained in the following sections. Section 1. Vowels. R. 6. The vowels are ten in number. Five Long. Five Short. Ka-maitz "T like a in Father. J Pa-thach 1 like a in Art. Tzai-ray "I ay in Hay. Se-gol 1 e in Leger Chi-rick *7 i in Machine, j Chi-rick "T i in It. Cho-lam i"T o in Lo. J Kiv-bootz 7 u in Must. Shu-raik 11 oo in Boot. j She-wa "T e in Below. N. B. The letter 7 is used merely to show the position of the vowel. R. 7. The long Chirick is generally distinguished from the short by a * following it, as *7. R. 8. The Cholam is sometimes without a 1, as K7 Lo ; and its place is sometimes supplied by the dot on the £/, as tlVfO Mo-she; and sometimes by the dot on the {£> as NJJt^ So-nay. 4 R. 9. The 1 which bears the Cholam or Shooraik is not sounded as fJiDfl Te-cho-nayn, pmOfl Te-moo-thoon, except when it has a vowel, as (Tin Ho-wa. R. 10. Shewa (•.) is pronounced in the following instances only, and is called Shewa Na, i. e. to move : i. In the beginning of a word, as *J)3 Be-ni. ii. In the middle of a word after a ( = ) as Tip 1 ?]! Til-me-doo. iii. In the middle of a word, after a long vowel, without the tonic accent, as ptT7l Oo-le-shon, or a short vowel with a metheg, as TP1 Wa-ye-hi. iv. Under a letter that is followed by the same letter, as PM //PI Ha-le-loo-yah. In all other cases the (:) is not sounded, and is therefore called Shewa Nach, i.e. to rest, or to be quiescent; and the letter to which it belongs, whether expressed or understood, is pronounced with the preceding vowel, as DDt^'J Nish-math. R. 1 1. When the (■ ) Na ought to be under one of the gutturals, i. e. X^nnN, a vowel is added, namely (-) ( • ) or (->-), and is called, in general, a Compound Shewa, but receives its particular name from that vowel with which it is compounded, and which is united with the word flDH cha-taph, (to snatch,) as Chataph Pathach -. 1 (a Spo-nl •• ^ Exceedingly i segoi •> hrt lik < e short, like Kamaitz t: > to R. 12. Kamaitz (t) before a single (:) Shewa, either expressed, or understood by double dagesh, or before compound (: ) without a metheg or accent between, is pronounced like an o, and is called Kamaitz Chataph, as "1P7»1 Hol-mad, ''fiOD Ko-so-mi. R. 13. In the Hebrew language there is but one diphthong, viz. a ( * ) without a vowel, preceded by (*), (-), (/j ), or ( 1) as U'lN A-do-ny, 'niD¥# Atz-mo-thy, »13 Goy, »!|7| Ga-looy. Section II. Maph-pik. R. 14. Maphpik is a dot in a H at the end of a word, the sign ot the third person singular feminine of the possessive pronoun, and strengthens the sound of the M. 5 Sectioii III. Dagesh. R. 15. Dagesh is either single, double, or euphonic. R. 16. The single Dagesh is only to be found in the letters D£)D "IJ3 Be-GaD Ca-PHaTH, and causes the letter in which it stands to be pronounced harder, as Witli a Dagesh, | T P C D G B Without a Dagesh, £ ^ ^ > ^ ^ £ Note. With respect to the J| and "7 we have now no different sound. R. 17. This Dagesh is used only in the beginning of a word, as *J3 be-ni, iO*) ba-ra, and after a Shewa Nach, as D3^P Mish-pat. R. 18. The double Dagesh may be found in any letter, except the gutturals and "1 ; and the letter which has such a dagesh is con- sidered as if written twice, the first of which has a Shewa Nach understood, as "1^7 lim-maid, instead of "\f2f2 7- Note. The nature and design of the Euphonic Dagesh will be found in the appendix. Section IV. Mak-kaph. R. 19. Mak-kaph is a small stroke like a hyphen, between two words, joining them together, as ^3/,^ al p e " na y? an d when preceded by a word of one syllable, it changes the long vowel into its correspondent short one, as r"}K!T"73 Col Ha-a-retz, except it be prevented by Metheg, or by jf or K ending the word, as nnbTin Taith Co-chah, "HD Mah, 'K'S Lo, "Ntf Tzay. T I" T Section V. Accents. R. 20. Every word in the Bible, except when followed by Mak kaph, has an accent, a table of which will be given in the appendix, but the following should be particularly remembered, as they supply the English stops. N WIT) Re-vi-a -) m . . . > Comma , K NnatO Tiph-cha C ' X NflSiJD Se-gol-ta > r : i - « V Semi Colon 5 N flDfl f]pj Sa-kaiph Ka-ton ) N njriN Ath-nach ^ Colon ; iK p'D£) Pe-sik J or Period N pl^D Sil-look Period Note 1. pTDJD'^jlD Soph pa-sook (=) is placed at the end of every verse in the Bible. Note 2. A circle (°) over a letter, shows that the word is read otherwise than it is written, i. e. according to the vowels in the text and the letters in the margin. The word in the text is called 3*J"0 Ke-thiv, and that in the margin **1p Keri ; and an as- terisk (*) refers to a difference in the accents only. EXERCISE II. LETTERS AND POINTS. pmn piw-nx T^n dhidn I t : • : ) t : ■ :■ T T : - tSui pai -iofip nnrn^i fjfTi^ tH? rrjmn tSih oti : DrnN "vVin pnvni jinvtrnis ptffMi ptr'crr"'™ tSip? n"jjwi nir^-riN* arnp ry:mfc* "I'Sin po^i j fioV^"fiN tVmi : w~m tSih ijijfi nnp laiarhfc* -rSin tot tin* T^n rjS^rr ini TjSpn -nyru\* -r»Sin »#n rioStin : riHiM n#K njvn -itr>>* ni?n rtb^jp" BDtfinn Bfitfliirfw TSin ndni : ndnvin *vSin T T ' T T IV ' T T : T T "irrrm : irrrjrrux tSih oninn DTirv-rm tSih t • : t • •. v ' " ' T : 7 tSui mm rnN-nN* tSui orvin Dnv-nx -rSin T T : T T V " T : T 7W1?2) n^p-njs tSipi *£"FpJiT! ♦* ^ipffi'nij iron : Sa? mS-i nrS vftjrriio irnrrriN tSih ■■nx tSih pmi pmvijs T^in mry*! : niry •Vote. — In this exercise the student is simply to call over the names of the letters and the vowels, as Samech, Tzayray, Phay, Segol, Raish, &c. &c. and not to attempt spelling till he has learned the rules in chapter 3. This observation is applicable to the next exercise also. Let your motto be, slow and sure. EXERCISE III. LETTERS, POINTS, AND ACCENTS. T'rin "nn^Nn : -nrrSarriN tSui don*i ctdn* <■ ■:: v 1 • v: v r ( i- t : ,v t "• ;• Kt - I at - v I- T.rr : v : t t : ■.- nivtrrS? i! n ^ : Ttro ^Jpin W&\ *iVlj rasa "iy ttoi nm i^ i nysiN* nn-ry omriKB ■ T • T JT TJT : ~ * T ~ T ST l ~ « "Ti? Sn^'mSj raw nm w rww Srn-mSj - -." .JT T I I 1 A TJT T IT : - ■„• -r t 3 : nni iw ny:rus* rpcr'er? 1 t ;t t it : - - j- T - tax ono nvm nbn nnm-m^'an in#* mSi jt : . : • : jt : t - • t - *=• •■ -■• rrna mrr hnsdj nnNrr tnbm ftDpS nanao l •• att it : : ■ v v : I •• : t t : nnn ma kti pny rrn ntr>x ft Din : anprr ■f l ■ t »t s : I • ' .JT T # T I •• < : v I 1 - mortal : ".noa nn^S ia^a -m'n n:n m*nS : t : v t - t • ;- : v s v > - ^r t -: j- c 131^03 v'^i* nxy n\rv : jjg^fi r\}r\ nbt< mLm ?v ^ji^'n onp nnjpjp xyt\ Sx "nTf? ^pv ibxS mSn : Kin tf-rpn nno m n-in "Wn nx »S jt : t : i v I ; - - i ■• n jt A' -: CHAPTER III. READING. R. 21. Hebrew is read from the right to the left hand, as JO 3 TT ba-ra. R. 22. Syllables are composed of consonants and vowels, and are either pure or mixed. i. A pure syllable consists of a consonant and vowel, as 7 La. ii. A mixed syllable has two or three consonants and one vowel only, as "TO mad, fl"|P madt. R. 23. Every syllable begins with a consonant, as TJ 7Q me-lech, except T in the beginning of a word, as fo*Y\ oo-re-voo, and pathach at the end of a word under f"T or H, as Hi") Roo-ach, rtSN E-lo-ah. R. 24. Every letter requires a vowel, except at the end of the word, where a Shewn Nach is understood, as "TO^ La-mad, in- stead of "TJD /• Exception. — The letters Ehevi, i. e. ^HN are sometimes without a vowel, and are silent, and therefore called quiescents ; as the X in &na Ba-ra, DNttD Ma-tza-tha; the 17 in H^T Ra-a ; and TT TTT T . T . the ") when bearing the Cholom or Shuraick,- as IDu' She-mo, VH Ha-yoo, and the * in O ki. 1 Wav without a vowel is pronounced like v. R. 25. A long vowel may end the syllable, as 7 La ; but at the end of a word or sentence it takes also the succeeding consonant, as")J Gair, or 3fc^* Ya-shav, and TOl^ A-mad, in Ps. i. 1. in which it becomes a short vowel. R.26. A short vowel requires a consonant besides its own, as ")p Sar, except when accented, or followed by Metheg, as *J"Tp£) Pe-ka-da-ni, "Tp'SO Wa-a-sher, or by Shewa single or com- oound. EXERCISE IV. Pure or One Syllable. — Rule 22, i. K a X ay 'K i* IN o IK oo 3 ba 3 bay ♦3 bi in bo 13 boo 3 va 5 vay *3 vi in vo 13 voo i s a y gay U gi 1-3 go y goo 1 t da "7. da y H di in do m doo H ha n hay ♦r? hi in ho in hoo 1 wa 1 way n wi ii wo 11 woo ? za r zay n zi ir zo If zoo 11 cha (1 chay ♦ri chi in cho m choo D ta P tay >£3 ti ID to 1£3 too ♦ ya ?. y a y '! y 1 V yo 1» yoo 3 ka ? kay ♦3 ki 13 ko 13 koo ',1 3 cha 5 chay ♦3 chi 13 cho 13 choo 7 lay »5 li 17 lo 17 loo ma P may >D mi iD mo 10 moo ,i 5 na A na y ♦j ni 13 no 1J noo D sa D say ♦D si iD so ID soo V a V ay V* iy o Itf oo § P a 9 pay »jp pi 13 po 1£) poo 3 pha 3 phay •0 phi Ifl pho 15 phoo ¥ tza V tza y >V tzi ft? tzo IV* tzoo JVWe. In this and the following Spelling exercises, let the student cover over the English and write down the pronunciation, and then compare it with the printed, and wherever he finds a difference he must examine into the cause, by referring to the pre- ceding rules. A patient perseverance through these exercises will make the student perfect in reading Hebrew, which is the only difficult part of the language. His future exercises will be easy and pleasant. * Remember the i is to be pronounced like double ce in Bee and not like t in Like 2 10 EXERCISE V. A mixed Syllable. — Rule 22, ii, and Rule 25. t)N aph S» el DK im 3N 11V n"TD badt "D bad 1? ben .1? biri P bun J1"p hart ID vad i? ven S? vil DD vum fi&l gasht hy gai '"j gesh "U gid "lj gur nSn dalt Q"l dam Si del 11 div .n dun fipi dakt "IH har DPT hem |H bin iri hul ri?.i halt 11 wav ■n wer n wiu #1 wush nn zazt "U zar Df zem w"|? ziph of zum nir zarl ,JI1 chag on chem 'OR chit Hn chuph run chant S& tal fg ten DlD tim Db turn riin nSb chart T yad #! yesh □ ' yim 1? yud talt rp kaph "1? ker E^'i kish ai kuv W yaivch *p char □5 chem "p chir IP chun 11! yaird nS lach -iS led |S lin -rV lud nV* yaisht 10 mar fb men fD min nb ninth roS laicht &*j nash "i: ner TJ nid jj nug rnn mairt w"|D saph "ID sed "ID sir rja such 113 naird Sr al iy er W h r* iitz aid sart n|) pach ,l* pen 73 pil DD' pus nnr art Sfl phal S3 phel "13 phir ni) phur npfl phakt f|^ tzaph Sv tzel |¥ tzin IV tzun nnv tzart [15 ^ an 3 B kev 3p kiv D P kum eVp kosht t I}"l rav D1 rem 31 "g n rutz n'nn rart Sb> shal 18? sher W shir w shuv *)'& sar afc sev Db* sim DC* sum DD tarn i* ten "IH tir ih tud □ii tham D^ them rjn thiph win thuph 11 EXERCISE VI. Words of Tivo Syllables. 1 The first syllable pure, the other mixed. 1DK A-mar - T "HID Ba-char _ T blJ T Ga-dal ni Da-rash — T Tin Ha-dar - T 3H1 Wa-hav — T rO? Za-vath — T pSn Cha-lak mD Ta-rach — r "IT Ya-dad "TDD Ka-vad -J07 La-mad - T m0 Ma-wath KOJ Na-gash 1j|p Sa-gar 131? A-vad - T "IDS Pa-thar 2. Both mixed. ipN Ek-kov (R. 18.) fioSa Bil-mod nnfij Goph-rith (R. 12.) DinS"T Dal-thoth mn Hav-woth (R. 18.) l?^m Oo-the-sha D"Of Zich-ram *")"in Chad-ray HKOD Tum-ah yWQ\ Yiph-sha ni£3J5 Kan-photh HOS Lom-mah (R. 12.) a*B>'jJO Mak-shiv DOEO Nish-math DH "ID Sar-tem ri"ir^ Ez-rath \T\T)h Poth-hen Observation. As all grammarians agree in the following rules : 1. That a Begad Caphath letter, without the Single Dagesh, is pronounced soft ; (R. 16.) 2. That it has this Dagesh only in the beginning of a word, and in the middle after a (:) Nach; (R. 17.) 3. That the Double Dagesh doubles the letter, the first of which has a ( :) Nach understood; (R. 18.) does it not hence follow, that when a Double Dagesh is in a Begad Caphath letter, the first must be pronounced soft, and the second hard, as Jl3p Kiv-both, as if written fia^p- Why* then, do grammarians not stick to their rules, if they expect their pupils to do so f 12 EXERCISE VII. Words of Three Syllables. ♦moN : ■ t A-mar-ti J1"TOi7 Lo-me-deth V 1 V t t : - Av-ra-ham D'llD? Le-moo-dim t : • Bith-voo-nam 'fnSlD Mo-lad-ti OnHJD Big-day-hem 1f2 7 ft Me-lam-mayd T Go-za-loth TliO Ne-e-dar ^W- Ga-a-wah (R. 26.) JinpSj Nil-me-deth T — Dal-tho-thav WftftD Se-ma-mith ■ t : t ; De-vo-rah iVJirD Si-no-nith ^nn Hith-av-baych niTri^ A-thi-doth hzxm Hith-av-bayl &23$ Ach-ka-vish ">$k»1 Wy*-yo-mer D^'il^lS Par-o-shim ^Ipn Wy-yik-ra *-3i*D£) Pis-yo-nay DO'ror Ziv-chay-chem W5V Tziph-o-ni ^Srrir Zo-cha-lay D'")S¥ Tzipli-pa-rim D^p^'n Cash-ma-lim D»BHp Ko-da-shim t t -; Cha-na-mal O'tTHp Ke-do-shim n^aa Tav-ba-ath D*20*) Re-vi-vim d'Sidid Te-voo-lim D^D'PI Re-si-sim t : Yis-ra-ayl D*$KJ# Shin-an-nim t - : • Yith-ad-dam 0*5"^ Se-ra-phim t : ( ??»3 Ka-a-vel HnSn Til-me-di D»an? Ke-roo-vim rmioSfl Til-mo-de-nah t : : • Althongh the ♦ expressed by the Dagesh hath a (.- ) understood, yet as it is not pronounced, it comes under R. 13. 13 EXERCISE VII. Words of Four and Five Syllables. rPJVDN Ev-yo-ne-ha IjnnflDN Em-te-cho-thay-noo ip^^n? Be-hay-ov-ko D!D*""Tl^iQ3 Be-mo-a-day-chera Dh/J/J Gul-ge-lo-tham Tj^niHJ Ge-di-yo-tha-yich OfVrH De-chi-tha-ni D^fii")! Do-ro-thay-chem nQIXn Ha-a-da-mah t t -: IT whyn#*T\ Hy-yis-re-ay-lith ^tpjpN') We-av-nay-te-cha 13£Mfl?1 Wy-yith-av-be-choo OD'fDt Ziv-chay-chem UfirO? Ze-nach-ta-noo t : - : rTnjp")5ri Cha-phar-phay-roth ^JlD^H Choch-ma-the-cha Dni^DD Tav-be-o-tham DfTflitfSB Tav-be-o-thay-hem ID*"!**! Ya-a-di-moo x]p"fSv Yo-lad-te-cha 101^113 Ke-dor-la-o-mer t : t : iri^DD Ke-chal-lo-tho m^l H 7 Le-ho-va-dah 14 ^JniDNt? La-a-vo-thay-noo D'DIDNO Ma-a-voo-sim JTD3ND Ma-a-vu-se-ha T V I'-. _ : I" HTNJ Ne-e-da-ri n VJ<")"l313^ Ne-voo-chad-re-tzar *JODD Se-va-voo-ni n*niD*5D Se-vi-vo-the-ha TV Qyrhv O-lo-thay-chem DHl^pSp^ A-kal-kal-lo-tham ?TJV1£) Pe-di-thi-cha D IT CD'S 2 Pe-li-tay-hem W'/lplV Tzid-ko-thay-noo OiTNXNV Tze-e-tzv. ay-hem •• 1 v: IV ?|J3"lp Kor-ba-ne-cha Dir^DID Kor-ba-nay-hem v ■• t :|t D'flT") Riv-bo-tha-yim ^fi-n Re-da-phoo-cha Vywytf Sha-a-shoo-av t -: i~ WjHK^ She-ay-ri-the-cha n^i^pn Tar-ne-go-leth DD'fil^fi Te-lu-no-thay-chem. 15 EXERCISE EX. READING.— LESSON I. ha-a-retz we-aith hash-sha-ma-yim ayth E-lo-him : ba-ra Be-ray-shith pe-nay al we-choshech wa-vo-hoo; tho-hoo ha-ye-tha we-ha-a-retz, ♦ifi "Sy n^'ni nrrrn inn nn»n pNni j- c I v i : t jt : it | v t t : ham-ma-yim. pe-nay al me-ra-che-pheth E-lo-him ; we-roo-ach the-hom ; : Q?an »j$i -W flsrnp Q'hSk nni Qinn E-lo-him wy-yar or. wa-ye-hi or: ye-hi E-lo-him wy-yo-mer D'hSat nti m*t *»nn nix >,t D\nStf idk*i •;• v: :s — i • :i - rt J- : i" v: v j- oo-vayn ha-or bayn E-lo-him ; wy-yav-dayl tov : ki ha-or eth pm Tuxn pn D*nStf Sinn aier»3 nixn -nat ka-ra we-la-cho-shech yom ; la-or E-lo-him wy-yik-ra ha-cho-shech. *n'j> ^pnh) oi' HinS .ovi^ Nnpn :^'nn W y.yo-mer e-chad. yom vo-ker vva-ye-hi e-rev wa-ye-hi ly-lah : IDtf'i :nnK dv npn - >nn :ny "»nn nS'S j- it v ; |vi !l— Vjy ':|- T : r\T bayn mav-dil ; wi-hi ham-ma-yim : be-lhoch ra-ki-a ye-hi E-lo-him pn Snnp *nn D$n rpru r*pn *n; D*nbH wy-yav-dayl, ha-ra-ki-a; eth E-lo-him wy-ya-as la-ma-yim. ma-yim Sim j)>pnn -na S'hStf trm : o>eS o>e ..... « |. T|T ... . .... -j— • |T T •(." ham-ma-yim ; oo-vam la-ra-ki-a ; mith-ta-cha-th a-sher ham-ma-yim bayn D*an pjii 3?*pnS nnnp n#g cran pg E-lo-him wy-yik-ra chain, wa-ye-hi la-ra-ki-a : may-al a-sher .;• v: rr|:- ll- ■ :i~ - Ia-tit j- ■■ iv -: yom vo-ker wa-ye-hi e-rev wa-ye-hi sha-ma-yim : la-ra-ki-a dv npn -»nn nny "»nn d»ob> ypnS 16 raith-ta-chath ham-ma-yim yik-ka-woo E-lo-him, wy-yo-mer shay-ni mnnp D?§n tfj^ D'rtSg *i£tf;i job? hy-yav-ba-shah : we-thay-ra-ch e-chad ; ma-kom el hash-sha-ma-yim nvyn nmni ins* DipD -Sn b*b&n ^T' T IV T I" . TV | J T • - T - e-retz ; ly-yav-ba-shah E-lo-him wy-yik-ra chayn. wa-ye-hi ki E-lo-him wy-yar yam-mim : ka-ra ham-ma-yim oo-le-mik-waih -♦a D^ri^N *n*i dvjt *op D*an mpoS'i i- v: :;-- ff - jt|t ■ i- - j-|: • : ay-sev de-she ; ha-a-retz tad-shay E-lo-him, wy-yo-mer tov. 2'vy Ntr'T jnien Ntr-in D'frtw *idk*i ::>io V ■•< v ■• I '."f T <■■ : I- • v: v J- i vo zar-o a-sher le-mi-no; pe-ri o-se pe-ri aytz ze-ra; maz-ri-a ia "iinr "*w'i$ iirpS nf) nt?if n$ fr jnj #n?D ay-sev de-she ha-a-retz wath-to-tzay chain, wa-ye-hi ha-a-retz : al 2'vy xv\ x *\kn K&ifli : [a "♦nn part -Si ? zar-o a-sher pe-ri o-seh we-aytz le-mi-nay-hoo ; ze-ra maz-ri-a -)vy_ *\tf& n$ m nwy pjn ini»p^ in? ynrp e-rev wa-ye-hi tov. ki E-lo-him wy-yar le-mi-nay-hoo : vo my -♦m : did -»a d'hSn nt»i ipwdS ia v ;v • :i- i i- v: :,— rt " ' : ye-hi E-lo-him ; wy-yo-mer she-li-shi. yom vo-ker wa-ye-hi ♦rp o*,iS« noten :»^W bv npa -»nn <• : • v: J- i- • : ; |v i • :i- oo-vain hy-yom bayn le-hav-dil hash-sha-ma-yim ; bir-ki-a me-o-roth pai ovn pa SnpnS D?»tfh 4^j2")3 rn* rp^v t : j- t v I I • - it • : | ■• t - nn »3 : iStf-in ;iD33 s'Si omsoj n^n < j- i- t • I v iv ; ; : rt'.' : - S ■ it • otr -iuS njfc>&n3 ♦sni* onys riirr »nx Son ,yr j t vt |" t ;■ - -|T • y- : • v: J t . -: - t "♦a rhiT'Dtf j Hst'Stid nny\ : ipw dsk3 iib^o "Sa Tom nin»"ow iS*S\t iStr'o o:n >m npS t ;• T : t : \ : • •• : *or yp pS : r^o ♦dp" ovn "Sy viNrna : ♦isrr naipn »!irr^jf"»3 y*Ojy'0 3iD 1^30 DlSlP yoiTD 1&3D ♦Sjn dnflH __,.._ v _,.._. ., T _ s . . _ ■• - : j ■■ ; - -tv Sip in cm rpsv Sip j^hSn tiSd rvvS ton row* 1 1 : >T [■■;- |; |-|T v: |j-t It.-: ;■• ^t : ini'3 :?i»v rhiv 3i&*'3 int rya pr o urr hit <:■ I i ■ it . : ;: :■ I ■ - : I ■ «- _r ^ • • - : jt : - Sn-i isy niTP onro aStr'n* mmn hit m*) (.- t - t : <- ■ i- ■ A T T I ■ i. : t t : - : - on^rrSa ♦ryS itr-ip i^nrriN* mn' qtrn : dS^'it ,V - t >.•■•• : : J t - j : r : |<- t ITT i: Wtf WJfrStf ndcd d&d ws nib mo wkn ji?5H3 n*S o : ni?v ♦Ss \\*jr: nan nbino •■••It-: < -r it : ;" : (." : i t ■ f D3&DND1 nirr hyteb r?Sh-»3 ?oSn scS hdud3i IV : ■ - : t : •.■••:• |<- r I ft " I" J it !. ' on* H3y Sob M mrr jSn"^ ♦rrSi* rr rt' : ~ i- : - i" • r- t : • ;■• v: nn^o"p D^an ^Sr iodcj* n&'io : tn*o naji n^i »-;•.■ I •■ • - I v t < : it v -: |- i i- t : /t • : vSy d^3"i D»i5 n-r» p :din* »J3D injcni inxno ^«o •/t t - J' V- l<" it t j" r" ■ v -: 1 : A" : ~ I' '" "1^1 iNn bnS -)5D"nS "i^iS* »3 P Drr^s S'aSo i^p» 13 WESSON II. (Continued.) " > # >»■■• mrr mn wm^ roan >a : ttJiann wW'kh it : ;: ,y T I •. '• ' ' l" "."IV J- it : ■ v : it i T- I vjv V -: tt: ( ■• - Tl T : ■ y - nmsmi njnD-tfyi inann "inn *oi iS nx'n-N'S i- : : v : IV : - I : i- : • : ^tt j : i - j i "inpppi »Sh #nn niriKnp b£k d*e>'»n Snm hpj xti'^ Kin o ; Sn px nttDBfti xSi npj isaa b^s nmo irnwo sono uwso SSho kirn tnayoi <- rt" ~ : " ^ T \ : " T J_ : : iv '•. : »# ?NaD bfe :«S"«snj mnnnm vSy hbiS# t I j - t "-, it t i Ti-, -:r t "t : jyjto n"A? 1)1? n$ 13 #y£n ninn w$$ i?nn_S p*n bsBteoi two :vs nnsr x'Si noStfj rrnn 'jsS t : • ■ v < ■ r i- v ■ j ■ t^t :i v t iv: i )•• : ycr'AD D"n ptao ^m ^ nnitr »o iniTfiKi npS - ;.• • " ~ I VJV ■• -: ■ <• - ,y : J i _ v : It \ vnba Ttr'jrnNn innp b'yjPvix frvi :ioS rJJ »ay ^t : it V : : ) • t : V !<■• - it -jr.- ,.• - iton ran rfinn : vsd nonn nti niry ddh-kS Sy :-)<■• t t i- r : it : ■ > ■ t t jt t i -< o»b» rp**' ^? ^^ iVfiJ b#K D»b-n"DN* >Shn ,V t | j--:i- -IV ;v :• : - t t <• t • •» iv yi)b" hnt itr'aj Soro :n?r n»n nm» rsm ~t : • jv : • : - < : I" it : • jt: it : )••;■•: :^d^ Nin anityi °^n L ' ^r pnv p»ny* irima nnn ^W pjprr? B^pi^if'n^i D.png i^p^nN ;5S ! rt T : • T : l , vt - nSr?-N*S ♦Srrvi nn »nvs nnS> ah n-\py "^ r t t i •-:!-: Tsnn ktv3 '073*1-7*0 *^'iin n*7-o ^Tn j. . rt . . _ j . r . IT . _ . . .. _, . . ,. -n^n kS rpmj07K nsnm TDty'n M^tf ^^ tr'i-rp 5]?KJi io^' fiiN?? pin? ?j?fcty ^2? '? : "Tiy pniry pk?'*o-»3 : ^np' |n k \ 4 n"S3 »r?7N 7 job" ■jt -: st • : r |"|t- I vvt t t ;■■ v: ■• • t : ■ iok dnod >3 onwj Wjo nirr riNnp nn miym ;- t (.-■ t • >■ -r : :• S-- : A T : (jt t|: (, - j -=;|- :^5pN D\Sn^i Q^nn^i ^for# fbj7 j;ra i^.ribx &hfy ^Pp?i ^.PP W. ^9 THfiPH qvp ?})>&% m >o*»3 :rrirr tiSk-i ion trnom /■ • it : |i- -: i j- T I A' : " I- I ;•• I vat t - i -j ■■ J -.f ■■.-:■ jv -: nnni jtio'-kS rin^o nom ru^on mjnjim <• : t i |j- • i" • : - : t a'-' : T t : - : p T J# * PJP' ^Pp^P "ion oion kS '0i7B> ?}!"i?8 ^15? Y^IQ '&*< ?llp ™^ ^5 n ^?P his 1 ? ny?"^?1 ifpp-^N? ^nr^i HlpiS* 'JDnS "O p^D >pm uitofi np-iva :rp3 DlStr" :m riirr ■ I v " l<- -: I- YiT ' fvr T : ■ |-|-t j : (,- : T . "nr TiJi jn : tpSn n-iprr&'S >-> nnnooi wVn &7 ■;t j l-i" I -it •• \.-f: ■ i y t • : ■ ■ -r ■ J ♦nana bis rn : Si^ ri^j; ttdn* -ij-*d ♦juko dsn* JT T 'IT <•• I • )•;- T | V T •_ ;t A - ,.. ... v% . •;• it : A" "I- = l 1 : 5 1 TV j- : - ■■ T ' T ' n 1 ?^ N7 ri^r ivv »73-S3 : SnnS n»rr^"o »nN*na t:* -i | • t < t i • : l* ; " ■ ;tt :i- ■ ft- : ~ it : • - | ;t • | , T I ., T T • IT : r • I- ;t|t : ■ : st : •• ; - 20 CHAPTER IV. The Article. R. 27. The Hebrews have but one article, expressed by r\Hay, with a (-) Pathach prefixed, to tl.e Noun and a Dagesh in the succeeding- letter, as D'Du'H the Heavens. CHAPTER V. jYouns. R. 28. Nouns are either Masculine, Feminine, or Common. i. Masculine are generally those words that consist of the radical letters only, as "Ol a word. ii. Feminine are those that end in |"f or J""lj as HD"T{< Earth; n^"T a Door. ill- Common are names of beasts, as *1p3 cattle, &c. also the numerals 20 DH^, &c. R. 29. The feminine noun is formed by adding H and a pre- ceding (t) to the masculine, as rO/D a Queen, from 7|7JD a King. But if the last letter be J"T, the points only are changed, as masc. J7S*, fem. 71t)\ and when the masc. ends in \ a H is V T T T generally added, as *1^*p an Egyptian man, fV")VP an Egyptian woman. R. 30. Nouns have three numbers : i. Singular, speaking of one thing only. ii. Dual, speaking of two things, and is used particularly in reference to those things which are two by nature, or by art, as hands, ears, eyes, Stc. a pair of scales, mill stones, he. iii. Plural, speaking of two or more things. R. 31. The masculine forms its dual by adding to the singular the termination C, and a (-) under the preceding letter, as T a hand, dual has 0*T two hands: and its plural by adding Q and * and a ( ) under the preceding letter, as 121 a word, plural has D^D*"! words. R. 32. The feminine forms its dual in the same manner as the masculine, but changes likewise the H into fl, as !!£)£' a lip, dual D'Dfit^ lips; and its plural is formed thus : If the singular ends in II that letter is changed into jri, as !"HJ^ a damsel, plural Dl"!!^. If in JV with a ( ) preceding 21 the * receives a i as JV")1£D, plural JT)**1VP* If the termination be HI the 1 is changed into a i with a dageshed ' preceding it, and a (•-.) under the preceding letter, as HO 7p, plural DV^^D- 33. The cases in Hebrew Nouns are not distinguished by ter- minations as in other languages, but by particles prefixed to the noun, and which are the same in the different numbers and genders, as a king of a king to a king a king o king from a king in a king Note. Though this example is given to point out the cases commonly signified by the prefixes, yet it is necessary to observe that the 7, ]"IK, D, and 2 are sometimes used to point out all the cases except the voc. and H is used to point out the gen. and ace. The connection will best determine the cases of nouns. R. 34. When two nouns are related to each other so as to require the preposition of between them, the former is governed and undergoes a change, and is said to be in regimen, or contracted. i. The masc. sing, shortens the vowels, as "llT"?^ the Son of David, instead of J3 ; or D'rHK *D1 the word of God, in- stead of "Dl ; and the plural drops its □ and changes the pre- ceding (•) into a (••), as D*rwK 'I^H the words of God, instead of □HD'l- ii. The fern. sing, changes the ,1 into jl and the preceding (t) into (-), as D'li^K rOlfi the law of God, instead of mitt * This Prefix is used only a few times in Scripture, but frequently in Rabbinical writings. 22 a law; and the plural shortens its first vowels, as *T3N f^"*'? the blessings of thy father; instead of riiD"0 blessings. ill- The dual of both genders is contracted by dropping its final Q together with the preceding ( ), and changing the pre- ceding (-) into (••), as D'iSOtf '7.3*1 the feet of men, instead of CHAPTER VI.— Adjectives. R. 35. An Adjective must agree with its Substantive in Gender and Number, as 2)12 *")}*J a good Lad; i7*3i*J <1")^J a good Damsel; DOiD D*1$ good Lads; ni3lB nV")^ good Damsels. R. 36. An Adjective (also verb or participle) belonging to two or more Substantives must be in the plural number ; and if one of the Nouns be masculine, the adjective (verb or participle) must be of the masculine gender, as D^p* rn£!'*l Dn"DN Abraham ■ ) •■ : tt: t t : — and Sarah were old. D 4 J1i"0 Tfli,}?! ^'^ thy sons and thy daughters shall be given. 37. The degrees of comparison are three : First, the Positive, as 2)12 good. Second, the Comparative, which is formed by prefixing to the Substantive to which the preference is given, or to the adjective belonging to that noun, a with a (■) and a dagesh in the suc- ceeding letter, as 11)1212) D*J3)b 2)0 DC' ^Hl) And I wiU give thee a name better than sons and daughters ; JTH li'fTOrn JTIl 72*2 DT")1* and the serpent was more subtle than any beast; and if the letter does not admit of a dagesh, the (•) is changed into (.),as r-prn nnr ♦fi l ?Na ^svrrin 'S-sio the law of thy mouth is better to me than thousands of gold and silver; or by prefixing "*t2 and a makaph, as inNrTTD D*J*£*'n DOlJO two are better than one. 23 Third, the Superlative degree, which is made by joining the word "TKD with the adjective, as TKp 31 D very good. Prefixing a 3 to the noun, as D*J2^3 31 tOi"f the best amongst women. Repeating the adjective, as 3l£D 31 D exceedingly good. Using two synonymous words, as [V3JO *J1? poor and needy, i. e. exceedingly poor. Doubling the noun, as D*D^'n *p£^ the heaven of heavens, or the highest heaven. CHAPTER VII.— Pronouns. In Hebrew the Pronouns are either separable, consisting of distinct words ; or inseparable, i. e. letters added or affixed to the noun. R. 38. Separable Pronouns are either personal, relative, de- monstrative, or interrogative. I. Personal Pronouns. In which are to be noticed Genders, Numbers, and Cases Plu. Com. < i:ni > We T ^ ftfiX ^ ( Mas. DJtlK ^ " > Thou < „ ( ffiNJ > Ye W S } Fem - 1 wii« \ N1.1 He Mas. f D/ ?) KM) r T ^>They km j She Fem .j roc 24 R. 39. The Personal Pronouns are declined thus SINGULAR. 1st Person. Com. 2d Person. Mas. 2d Person, Fern. 3d Person, Mas. 3d Person, Fem. >JN .'row na N1H N»n -Worn. * iS nW Gen. T >niN ?|fliK ^niN iriiN T ♦ago *3 ?]#» W 1?» 1> ^90 13 \Abl PLURAL. mw on* jriK DH frr Nom. T V V T V pW V T V \fifyf Gen. 13S D?S r$ onS |rfS Da/. T D3W pc? DniN jriiK .#<*. MjSI? DDED psp onp K™) w 9 D33 V T 1?? Dm 03 V T T II. Relative Pronoun. "It^'N that, which, who, singular and plural, mas. and fem. III. Demonstrative Pronouns. Jit this, that, masculine singular, 7K H7N these, plural. iff I* i!N? this, that, feminine singular. W f/H this, that, common. IV. Interrogative Pronouns. *P who, what person ? HD Hp or Hp, which or what thing? R. 40. Inseparable Pronouns are particles affixed to Nouns, Verbs, Participles, and Adverbs. %5 Those affixed to Nouns are contained in the following table. TO A NOUN SINGULAR. A plural Pronoun. A singular Pronoun. 3. fern. 3. mas. 2. fern. 2. mas. 1. com o. fern. 3. mas. 12. (era. 2. mas. 11. coin. AH Q their T r^ : 2?, your T our n i i in lot! T .. . .. | .. her ' ■ ' n*d " ?? thy my TO A NOUN PLURAL. ??'.. io*„ [?.. D3 - 1 U\. T irr »3» ■ : t T, on*;. 1 V T T TvP A NOUN MASCULINE. ,# pi. JVoun onyr wonfe. -4 wW. Noun "D*! « Word. plur. pron. szftg*. ^?rcm. pfe?\ pron. s/n^. profi- • T - T *• t : nni Com. 1. oanrn ^"O"! Drnrr? mm 1 : t M. } f5*i;n TO P")?1 TS1 / 2. onn.51 T T t t ; 115*1 * 3. fnnrrr 0H31 rwi mm t t : F- > A NOUN FEMININE. flilin Laws. min a Law. irnnm >nnin urnin win Com. 1. a;rnnin rj*fiinin D^rnm ?|rnm M. ) >2. F. $ i3»ni"iin rpniTin \2FrY\P\ rjrniri arvniTin vninin T arnin in Tin M. ) > 3 jrrni-iin nwiin T ?min 1 T T nrnm F. ) * The Vowel preceding the Affix belongs to the last letter of the Noun. 4 26 CHAPTER VIII.— Verbs. A Verb is either HsD perfect and regular, or "lDH imperfect and irregular. R. 41 . A Verb generally consists of three radical letters, the first with a ( T ) and the second with a ( -), as 71^5; but sometimes the second radical has a (••), as r5ll, or a ( i ), as flpp ; and always a (t) when the third radical is J< or ,1, as NVft !l7 J. X ' T T T T In a regular Verb is to be noticed its Conjugations, Voices, Moods, Tenses, Numbers, Persons, and Genders. 42. In the Hebrew language, correctly speaking, is but one conjugation, called V}2 Binyan, but has seven significations, which are distinguished from each other by different names and characteristic marks, as i. 7\J7£D he wrought, and is called 7p, i. e. light, because it is simple in its signification, and not burthened with any charac- teristic marks. ii. 7^*3.3 he was wrought upon ; characterized by a prefix J, or by a Dagesh in the first radical. iii. 7^£D he wrought diligently ; characterized by a Dagesh in the second radical, as 1&7. iv. 7^*2 he was diligently wrought upon ; characterized by a (■,) under the first radical, and a dagesh in the second, as TtD7 v. Vl^3n he caused another to work ; characterized for the most part by a H prefix and a ' inserted between the second and third radicals. vi. 73?5!7 he was caused to work; characterized by a () under the first radical, and a (■, ) or ( T: ) under the prefix. vii. 7.J/*iDi"li"T he wrought upon himself; characterized by the syllable HH prefixed, and a Dagesh in the second radical, as -i^Snn.' R. 43. A Verb has two Voices, the Active and the Passive except in those verbs in which the nature of the action cannot admit of a passive, called intransitive verbs, as I sleep, I walk, &:c. R. 44. In the preceding paradigms Pa-al or Kal, Pi-ail and Hiphil are active; Niph-al, Pu-al, and Hoph-al, are passive : and Hith-pa-ail is both active and passive. R. 45. The Moods are three The Indicative, describing the action as done, doing, or to ba done, with certainty. The Imperative, commanding a thing to be done. The Infinitive, simply speaking of the action without any resrard to time. R. 4b'. The Tenses are three only. ""Dl? past or preterite, expressing the action already done, and includes the preterperfect, the preterimperfect, and the preter- pluperfect. "Vni? Future, declaring the action vet to be done. ^i^J Intermediate, i. e. between the past and future, of tvhich there are two, ^M3, or present participle, and 7li?2, or past, passive participle. R. 47. Numbers are two, the Singular and the Plural. R. 48. There are three persons in most parts of the Verb. The first person, the person speaking of himself. The second person, the person spoken to. The third person, the person spoken of. R. 49. Genders are two, the Masculine and Feminine, except ihe first person singular and plural in the preterite and future, and the third person plural preterite, which are common. R. 50. The different numbers, persons, and genders, are formed by prefixes and affixes, joined to the Root of the Verb in the fol- lowing order, in which, observe, the dots represent the radicals. PARTICIPLE. 1, Imperative Affixes. Future Prefixed and affixed. Preter Affixed. Passive. | Present. SINGULAR. Sing. Sing. •••» he - Mas. -3T\ n- she T rr ) n !.JFem ... »;-fi T thou mas. thou fem. N *n-' I com PLURAL. Plur. Plur. Q*- Mas. V 1 or m-fi T 1 T Vfi Dfi- they com they mas. they fem. ye mas. nr fii- Fem. i «r ? or rn-n rr ye fem. -J w~ we com. R. 51. A perfect Verb is conjugated after the example of 1?2^- Note. Thf» "voi-t used bv the an lent Grammarians for an ex- ample of a Vngrt) > a j 7JfDj h ^ ,li v ' Hence the different paradigms have derived -hen' names [see R. 41.) Hence the first letter of a Verb is called 3, the seconu i*, and the third 7. But modern Grammarians have justly chosen another word instead of 7]?B because of the dagesh lene in the £, which might be mis taken for the characteristic dagesh ; and because of the V, which admits of no dagesh at a.1. R. 52. " tV-atiigul 7#£) or 7]?. i: OICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. he} > did learn, she ) thou didst learn, I did learn, PLURAL. TTD7 they did learn, : it " DfnD'? ) ye did learn, ) Ti dSn we did learn, FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. I shall or will learn { > thou shalt or wilt learn, HB7J1 J lioSn he she shall or will learn, Gender. C Mas. (Fern. C Mas. (Fein. Com. Com. C Mas. (Fern. Com. Corn. ^ Mas. ( Fern. ( Mas. ( Fein. The third person is used first because it is the JJ^JJJ Root of the whole Verb. 29 Person. Gender 1 Ti07J we shall or will learn, Com. C WK>7ft ) C Mas. < : ! ' > ye shall or will learn, < (^10795 (Fern. > ' > they shall learn, T : 1 f p ; (_ Fem. 3D. SINGULAR. tioS ) ( Mas. H?W learn thou, T : 1 : «/ INFINITIVE MOOD. "TID/ to learn. Fem. PLURAL HOS) (Mas. learn ye f Mas. ( Fem. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. ipi 7 he is learning, Mas. 3 ? HlDiS J J T L / sne * s l ea rning-, Fem. PLURAL. ( DHOiS > 1 Mas. 3 < ' '? > they are learning, was taught, , ( ^1973 shei (Fem. ( moSj ) i Mas. 2 i ?-TP^S th ° UWaSt taUSl "' i Fen , 1 'FHP 7^ I was taught, Com. PLURAL. 3 1"TO^ they were taught, Com. CDJPTToSj) (Mas. I I^1P7J> (Fern. 1 1-31^7.3 we were taught, Com. FUTURE TENSE SINGULAR. 1 1!2 7K I shall or will be taught, Com. ( "ipSri ~) C Mas. 2 < f > thou shalt or wilt be taught I H?™ ) ( Fern C ipS* he } (M 3 < j T > shall or will be taught, ( "iP?fl she ) PLURAL. ( no?? ) l t :i- t • J shall or will be taught, as. Fem. 1 "l£7J we shall or will be taught, Com. c no^ri ) c Mas. 2 < '7 > ye shall or will be taught, <( ( np.PjH \ ( Fem. Mas. Fem. 31 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. singular. Gender C -ipSn ) i Mas. 2 < r > be thou taught, [ > oe tnou taugnt, < HO)H jFem. PLURAL. HESn j ( Mas. n^ip^nj (Fern. INFINITIVE MOOD. "Ip??! being taught. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. ITip 7 J > being taught, . PLURAL. C 0HD7J) i mn 9 ^f eingtaught ' R. 55. 3. Paradigm hy$. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. ( 18 1 ? he) ( Mas. 2 ? > did teach diligently i"™7 she ) L / thou didst teach diligently Fem. Mas. Fem. 1 ''ftlfob I did teach diligently, Com. PLURAL. 3 ^97 tne y did te ach diligently, Com. h 2 Mas. ( Dfn£7) { ,^-i^L f y e did teach diligently, < 1*?W) (Fern. 1 ^"1^7 we did teach diligently, Com 32 FUTURE TENSE. Person. singular. Gender. 1 "Jft /N I shall or will teach diligently, Com. -toSri) (Mas. I ' } thou shalt or wilt teach diligently, \ H?7fl) (.Fern. -TE>y he } (Mas. r ; shall or will teach diligently, I IQj V she) (Fern. PLURAL. 1 *l£D 7J we shall or will teach diligently, Com. ( ni?SlJ) (Mas. 2 I ' i ' > ve shall or will teach diligently, { (njia7Jl5 (Fern. naV) (Mas. L ) tne y sna ^ or w *^ teach diligently, < nr]37Jl) (Fern IMPERATIVE. SINGULAR. 1!21) (Mas. i ; teach thou diligently. I H£?) (Fern. PLURAL. noS) (Mas. ' ; > teach ye diligently, { mi^i (Fern. INFINITIVE. ID? to teach diligently. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR ipSp he } f Mas - rH&7p ( , > is teaching diligently, r»l^?) ) LFem PLURAL. DHSSO) (Mas. ' i ' > they are teaching diligently, { n1ia?0) ye were taught diligently, { I f JFn»? ) l Fern 1 13TG? we were taught diligently, Com FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 Ife /it I shall or will be taught diligently, Com. ( "T^ri ) ( Mas. 2 < ll / tnou shalt or wilt be taught diligently, < I >1$?& ) I Fern. ( IftV he > < Mas. 3 < t > shall or will be taught diligently, < ^ 1»7n s he ) ( Fern. PLURAL. 1 "T£?7-3 we sna N or W H1 he taught diligently, Com. ( WtpVp ) C Mas. C HE 1 ?*) (Mas. 3 < V '•' fthey, Fem IMPERATIVE. NOT USED. INFINITIVE. lift 1 ? to be taught diligently. 5 34 PRESENT PARTICIPLE. singular. Gender 1ft 7P lie ") ) I^as. n"l£7 p > , V js taught diligently, } PLURAL. "iaSo ) C Mas. < T r ' > they are taught diligently R. 57. 5. Paradigm, S'l^H. Fc r* 1 ' INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. ( Vghft he J (Mas. 3 < l > caused to teach, < ( HTW she $ ^Fera. ( HipSn) CMas. 2 \ :' / thou causedst to teach, < ( pi©?*} (Fern. 1 *n"Tft /i"l I caused to teach, Com. PLURAL. 3 ITD 7il they caused to teach, Com (DfnoSn) CMas. ( 1*97 2 < L / Y e caused to teach. t fflW?m (Fca. 1 UIQ/H we caused to teach, Com. FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 "PD7N I shall or will cause to teach, Com. nSn ) ( Mas. f \ thou shalt or wilt cause to teach, < ?H ) ( Fern. C TpS_' he ^ C Mas. } l ' > shall or will cause to teach, < I TD?fl she J (Fern. PLURAL. TQ73 we shall or will cause to teach, Com 35 Person. Gender ITpSfn fMas. / > ye shall or will cause to teach, < niipift ) I Fem n'pfel (Mas. ; > they shall or will cause to teach, < ™W£$ (Fern. INFINITIVE MOOD. i' > to cause to teach. IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. inhn ) c Mas. ;' > cause thou to teach, < •TO?? j (F^. PLURAL. 'ToSfi ) ( Mas. i > cause ye to teach, < nJlpT^J (Fern. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. TJD^D he } fMas. tVV ft/ID ( , > caused to teach, PLURAL. D'TpSp ) ( Mas. { > they caused to teach, <( niTO?Oi (Fern. R. 58. 6. Paradigm IVQIX INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. C "IpSn he J ^ Mas. 3 < " ; > caused to be taught, N \ nipSn she j | Fem . 36 Person. Gem r. 2 < : T > thou causedst to be taught. < \ l?l??nj (Fer. 1 ''HID/H I caused to be taught, Com. PLURAL. 3 lipyil they caused to be taught, Com. i DfnpSrr ) c Mas. 2 < i ' T ' > ye caused to be taught, < \lf]Q?Q) (Fein. 1 IJIO^n we caused to be taught, Com. : - : t: FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 "tO/N 1 shall or will cause to be taught, Com. C ioVn ) C Mas. 2 < i' T ' > thou shalt or wilt cause to be taught, < ( HP7QJ (Fern. C T07J he } ( Mas. 3 < j > shall or will cause to be taught, < ( "iP7f) she) (Fern. PLURAL. 1 "Tft /} vve shall or w iU cause to be taught, Com. ( Mfthr}. ) ( Mas. 2 < ' t ' T ' > ye shall or will cause to be taught, < I np^bny (Fern. HpS;> (Mas. I T > they shall or will cause to be taught, { nj-jP7f)) (Fern INFINITIVE MOOD. "107i1 to cause to be taught. IMPERATIVE. NOT USED. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. rnO/P ) / caused to be taugnt, nip^g j sfa 37 Person. plural. Gender. ( DHpSDJ (Mas. 3 { T i T ' / they caused to be taught, { fnnp75J ($**. R. 59. 7. Paradigm, hySHTl. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE. SINGULAR. ( isSnn he ) ^ aias. 3 { t } ^id teach himself, \ (rn^nrn she) (Fern. (rraSnrn (Mas. 2 \ T f ' ) thou didst teach thyself, < t^ffWJ.'l) (Fern. 1 ♦JjnsSnn I did teach myself, Com. PLURAL. 3 ITXpSnn they did teach themselves, Com. (arn^Snn) (Mas. 2 < ; " > ye did teach yourselves (M (Ft \ ; / yc uiu icrtxn vuui strives, \ ( ira^n)' (Fem. 1 Ulte/ftil vve did teach ourselves, Com. FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 1S-/JW J sha11 or wil1 teach mvself, Com. ( T-SSfin) (Mas. 2 { i ' > thou shalt or wilt teach thyself, < ( ntplfifi) (Fem. ( 1»S;V he) ( Mas. 3 < I > shall or will teach himself, < PLURAL. 1 IfabftS we shall or will teach ourselves, Com. ( n&Snn) (Mas. { L l y e s ^ a ^ or w *^ teach yourselves, { (tl*1§?nn) (Fern. i naSn* i ( Mas. < L / they shall or will teach themselves. t : i" - : • J 2 3 Fem 38 INFINITIVE MOOD. IE/fin to teach one's self. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Person. singular. Gender C TS^^I ) C Mas. 2 < i S teach thou thyself, PLURAI Fem c naSnn ) ( Mas. < i \ teach ye yourselves, < (nns?nnj (Fem. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR l£pSnp he ^ f Mas. n"ja l ?np( she > is teaching, rnp^in) ) PLURAL. i > they are teaching themselves, <; rft112?W) (Fern •>»aua+4** X. EXERCISE. The following Verbs are conjugated in the same manner as ipS-* 7D3 Batal, he did hinder. 7D,1 Carnal, he recompensed. - T H!l1 Davak, he cleaved. I - T * Few Verbs, however, are conjugated in all the parts of the Verb. In many of the Verbs changes take place in some of the points, which will be noticed in the proper place. 39 *Df Zachar, he remembered. 7*in Chadal, he ceased. "\0n Chasar, he diminished. *17 D Taraph, he tore, spoiled. 30 Caz.av, he failed, deceived Dp 7 Lakat, he collected, gathered. t!^7 Lavash, he clothed. 71 7D Malach, he reigned. H^'O Mashach, he anointed. "\}D Sagar, he shut. T£)D Saphad, he mourned. 73D Saphar, he counted. 3fp Azav, he forsook. Vfp)} Akash, he perverted. 7D5 Patar, he dismissed. J2>7D Parash, he scattered. — T p~\)£ Tzadak, he justified. ^|7V Tzaraph, he purged. 7t^p Kashar, he bound together J^Tp Kadash, he separated, sanctified. 7JI7 Ragal, he walked about, investigated, till Radaph, he pursued, persecuted; 7DC Shavar, he broke. DS£> Shalat, he ruled. - T 7] EH Tamach, he sustained. Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. -a n a I. nnpSrirr □nipVnn fn'npSnn "»P^0 rnpf?n fl"!P70 np!?C? [#1P,7»5 *Wp7j3 "f'pS'i 0"?p?n rnpSn n»P7ri onip.^n jrnpSn rnpj? nip? H"!P3 ♦rhp7 np 1 ? DfnQ7 i^lP? c. letters added at the end of a k-o ^P.?W npS-in T npjjv t : i • - : • ' ip?fl HP7# "ip$3 in?}. nnp7$ rrndSri t : - : t: T&7*? TPM 'TP/fl Vd7» iTpSri T? lTpV t : i ■■ : - "ip,^? ip?r)' "ip"iv npS'n *rp7i nj-ip^'ri T n#?» nnpVn -* n | "ipbrin : t: IP 1 ?? lis 1 ? \ 1 ffur/iC t°£ emphatical. npS'riri mYot used. •TP./n n>pSn nnp7n JVbf userf. nnpSnp fiW,70P nnpSrio "ip!?9 rnp5? "i*P.Vp iT?p7& rnp^o niT070 1 tsf?P n"TQ7P flm?P DH07P niSp^P • F. nniO? they DH107 M. PHIO? sfc ||| Piayl. Niphal. Kal. > : isb -robj nob he mob mb.bj rnbb she iriob rnbb:i t : Iit fn07 > thou ►n ornbb ornobj onibb |ye (M. IF. 1 inpb we. ! noba* "T07« niD.7N* I ! is? n } nobri io?ri HObfi nob* *TiO?J1 nbbri | thou (M. re <* ft- ' ft. a- | re re [ 3 ■ | o ..... b3W£ . teVfi! bsKfiji t : i- - : b^S? ■fj t t ,te*K b3£JJ biikj A»3»n bbfl *73H tea T jte t : - '. ' .! 2. ^ n j S?N»rin bpgn bpNH w 1L n re T 1 re 5- *. i Spxnrr rabbin JVbi used. .botfn ftfb:«n t : |" -: - .Vr>< used mbbknb fibiSo nib'pNo nteis nteK riibi* F. nlVoK they D»Votf M. nS-ON* i Piayl. | Kal. i ! ha* Sdjo felt he rpar* rnS&j n™ she nSiN n5iw }t : it > thou (M. IF- fnik iraaj fi73K > ♦WSbk •Ktmu •HWk I <* J|73N vpio J1731S they 3 h3 onSbK onSbSj onSbx we. thou (M. If. do ST' i 73N* p5w 73k* he % 73^ri hi»f\ ™n she & IP* .73*3 73*0 73*0 we ^ 173Nfl w'ieri ratfri },e CM. iF- C5> : n^73N*n ruSiifcji rrAi&i r t : - t •* t : - |they CM. IF. 1 l ^5 ! n> J ^ s she CO itoko nKw jton D$3»9 niViao d*73n fflTpN jthey CM. [f. « 1 Son* fa e. Pas t or Passive Particip' e. Pages. 42, 43. Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. II — Paragogic Letters, i. < na^inn natr'»nn »Aa#»nn [na^nrr aenn pra^n naWn fia^nn ♦flavin ona^'in ffiathn uacnrr a»e>in na^in rhtfin rntr'in ♦Aatfift la^'in onatrnn [fiatfin lia^'in 3#i na#.< naa^ ia^' Dfia»' n -t CO ft* S n a. •*• 1 a ' 8 a^nN ♦a#wi a#wi ac^ru T n^ri? rwaa'W! t : ,-• - : • aena a^'in ♦a^n a&v atfin atfu latr-in T iaVv a^in a'^v a*p>'in a*&>ij la^'in ruawn T iaVv rua»B>in t : i- 3#jn ♦a^ri atf»n a#»j ia;r v r njaetfri T \i&» t : - \ : [ O T 1 atf'm acr'in a^'in 31#.' [ >* n | it- — a#»nr? A*0/ K5Cin ♦a^'in matr'in t : I- JVbf used. na#»no na^jio aeno nagAio naiho nia£>'i£ T 1 a»B>"io rra^'io ria^io D»a»sho a^jfi na&fo M. niaifc" they D>31tr F. miB" she J ■ — „ : 1 : Piayl. 3t2*! t : i- - : 3^1 3#! Niphal. ffOB>iJ aenn win Kal. rmtrri j-db> toe* he she thou CM. IF- they J ye If. we. I M. 5 thou 1 c he she > (M, F e If. Infinitive. \ thou J M. F, S ' ye (M. IF. he she M. }**{" 4 s 3 13* ^ ft ^ a nit^ he. Past or Passive Participle. Pages. 44, 45. Hitlipaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. *a n a *i .a Crq re re 3 «o nfriiinn J? ion Win onagri ontfin ♦fi&jj c. letters added at the end of a ire t : r*~ : TOBfaB t : - ♦B^ifl #♦# VIM © T 1 #wr» ■■ T ^n B>ttj re T re 1 a t : i-- : • JVb/ u«rf. t : i- - JVbi U5€3 1 thou CM. IF- ft wan *B#3n t ; i" t • wa t : |ye CM. IF. a. j re ( S i tr'jup tfJJ B^ia he "3 05 •5- i n^'-iip r\&fo > she 1 o^iio : i jthey CM. IF. re ; e. Pas t or Passive Farticipi e. Pages. 46, 47. Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. Paragogic Letters, %. opipnn nooipnn nnmpnn nnmpnn 'nnfrpm iapipnn nnDpipn.n fnppiprin lipp'ipnn opin nppp jjpp'in ^np.in ♦nbpin iDpin Djpipp^n fnppin iippin ^9'pD pib'pO niD'pn WD f pn wp'rj DniD'pn [nio'pn 6to»pn opip ncbip n5pip nppip ♦nppip ibpip Dnppip jnppip wpbiji e. letters added at the end of a wo opipnn opipnn >ppipnn rioiplv opipnn opipnj iftpipnn njopipnn 5bpipn* n^ppipnn opiN opm ^pin o'pv Dpin Dpu iopin njppin T iopv njppin D*pN O'pn ♦p*pn D»p T * D»pn D f pi io*pri mppn wpj n:»pn t : |l-T opip* opipr ♦ppipr Dpip: opipr Dpip: iop~ipr njppipr Tj iopipi n:opipr 1 2r ni © T 1 opiDfln Dpin D'p'n DDlp 3 CO T CO s opipnn ♦ppipnn iDpipnn nisoiphn Aoi used. DpO 'P'pn IO'p'7 mopn •Vo* used. opipnp napipnp O'nmpnn niopiprip DpiD nopio D'pp T 1D nibpiq no*po D'O'pO nib pp DOipp npbipc D»poipp niDDipp F. n)D)p they D»G*p M. HO^ si Piayl. DJOip napip nppip rippip »rippip nbqip DfiPPlp fAppip DDipK opipri ♦poipn DDip? DOipri opipp I ippipn rruobipri ! lopip? Niphal. Dip: npipi nioipi nioipi ♦nioipj loipj onioipi jnia'ipl DipN Dipri ♦pipri Dip* Dipri Dip: iDipn njpipn T ibip» moi&ri Kal. D R "Pi? ripp fipp ibp anoa OipK Dipri ♦b'jpri Dip; Dipn Dip) iDipn moipri T : 1 1 t iDip; njoipri t : I t he she } thou { F.' I they > (M. F e If. we. M* he she we > CM. F e If. ] they ^ M. F. ^ O DOip opip ♦ppip IDTJip niDoip oipn DID Infinitive. Dipn »piprr iDipn ruDipn Dip 'Pip ittip thou < p M. \" \ Dpipp tD'ppipp ipiopipp Dipj noipi D»pipi nioipj OR npp 0*6p mop he she | they £ M. F. *■«' Dip she. Past or Passive Participle. Pages 48, 49. Hithpaayl. Hophal. Hiphil. Pual. 3Dinpn DDin 3DH nrrit: nrpinpn mDirr H3Dn roalt *a n nroinDn nuDin ni3DH niiit 1 naninpn nnDin niapn foilc y% ♦fi£5inpn ♦niapin »nl3DH ♦male I ttninpn toptfi 13DH JQ31C Droninpn DiTDDin DJiiaDn oriaiii -i [niapin liiapin fni3pn wiapn a ^-r miriDN 3D1N* DDK MIDI nninpri nmn 3DD MiD; « 2 1 ornnon ocnn oon oiipi i a* nniriD* 2DV 3D' naic nninon now DDfl M1D; ; £ n nniriDj DDU no: mio « ► c* to^inon ispin iDDn •DDiD; 1 5 ?4j mminon monin nraon ruariiDJ *^» * wmno' 13DV 13D' 031D a mminDfi t : i ■• . rnopin moon t v * ; t ; — 5 nrrinon Dpin 3DH T 3|1I §- n minDn DDH 2 oainpn .Vol used. 13D.1 .Vo£ i«e thou (M. b- ? a a ♦mmo »ni3pi •niao I «$■ nnio 13DJ •DP they Oi onmiD Dni3Di oni^D ?y e thou CM. IF. 3:riD> DD> DiDj he mion non niofi she & js miDJ 3DJ DiDJ we 5 •a miDri ttpn moDfi }" b top? TV - | they (M. b- 1 -^ i i MiD niDn niD Infinitive. mid npn DID 1 thou (M. b- ►ji u j ■•O i o5id ♦abn »31D 03 1 ^ 1 topn nj*5pn m»|p ?ye (M. b CO nniDo SDJ 3iD he a- f romao mDj rosiD she =c D»3DJ run^iD ] they CM. b- It mnp he. Pa< >t or Passive Particip Ie. Pages 5( D 51 Hilhpaavl. Iluplial. Hiphil. Pual. x^onn Kvon K'xon kvp nNvonn nKypn nK'von nava ^ n riNvpnn nK^pn nKtfon nNVD navonn navon navon nNVD »riK2forin 'navon Tmiron ♦nKBTp t i ixvonn mvon iK'VPn wis onNvpnn on k von onKvon onKvb 2 [riNvpnn rnKvpn fnNvpn friKVb o* • wnafonri WNvon •• ; t UKvpn 1JKVS — n KVOJIN NVDN K'VOK KVON a> Nvonn Kvon K»von Nvbn = i ♦KVDnfl ♦KVOn 'K'von \\*von a. Karon' Kirp' K*VP! KVP' a* Kvpnn N»von K' thou CM. 1 2 ' ^ ! *nK2fp ♦rwibj ♦nK^o I 1 2 r* 1 I win W2TDJ 1N¥D they 1 ** ^3 PPKipj uaipi ritfib T T we. CM *F. K2fDK K^K NVDN I ♦NVPJ1 ♦Kifbri Kypri ♦**ibii > thou CM. Cr- ew KVO* NV8> KSD* he 55 , sT* N^pri she we re irnK^bn maibn ]» CM. IF- re 1NVP' t v — ; T V T ■ njNybri t v : I they ( M. If, S3 *"^ 1 re o s s Ni'P " T ' Klifp Infinitive. re Ni'P »n£p w&b T V T • N¥p ♦KVP ruK&b t v : | thou CM. (f. <[M. (F. ' ^2fOO tt¥DJ NXiO he riKypp n&sbj \» IS a ::o\xypp frriiiibb T \f. •s" talXp he. Past 01 - Passive Part icip]e. Pages 52, T3. i — — - I i Ilithpaayl. Huphal. Hiphil. Pual. n^Jinn nSjrr nSjin n ,V nnSiinn nn?:n nnSjn nnb: t n n T, 7Jnn n»^n r?7jn fvpi n^inn npin • ri»Siri ri'7J 0% Ti^nn »jV7Jri W7jn w%i 2 ninri i.?5n i7;n $ Dn*?inn Dn»Sin on^jn on»7; 5 jri^irin piyJiri inpiri fn»7'i VrSLnn w?*n w'Tjn w?j — n <* T rhznx nSjN nS^\* hSjn : ? n7.inn nS'iri n7jn n.7j'n 5 ♦7'inri ♦7JJ1 ♦7in *7j'ri ^1 ri^-in* n7.v n7j» nSj' ~z*i nVihii n|?ifi n>'jn n.Vjii £ n T nSim rnij n^ rribj 1 ^ reijin iSjn i^jn i7j'n ^L rwVahii n^Sjn nr7jin nj'7jii7 1 ^ * T Kiii! #5' T fti* T ^ nyyzhk ny^n ny^jn t ".' ; — rw^n ni^nn niSjn m?jin mS; : 2 1- n n^nn nSjn ^ * \?4tfrj .Voi usee/. »7in .Yot used. 2 1*7 .inn i7jn t V ~ : n^Sjn t v : — nSuno n>jo nSjo n>Jo n?inb nSis ipib n7j'o i D'Tinp 0*7.30 o ,l n3 D»7J0 nv?linb nnio nrtio rini'o j L F. nVl7J they D'^7.1 M. nnS^ si.c ^ L Piayl. Niphal. Kal. rtfc nSjj nS-i he rrfi7ji nrfaii nnS7 she riy?ii rira |thou ^ F ; < W7J ♦n»Sii W7J I A ??ia "# they Ob ^ dnpii DivVij DfltSjl > (M. a fjvft wpii fTOJ a- ! ,J ' VJ w?W lira * T we. § ^ j h^jn nSjiK rfaa I J rr'nn nSiri fpill }*«{* 09 ♦fin t^I/i »7Ji1 8 r6r rra* rr^it he U* n>ffi rnifi nSiri she & : nS'ij ri"*5jj rrai we ^Viii nj?ii=i fain > (M. J ye If. ! rn^iri rwSiri nrSin re a T fait; T Bit T By 5 they 1 F. 1 nyv$ fijylli njran t v ; sp 1 ft rrta T ' ni^| Infinitive. rrVil nSjin nSj } thou 1 F •5i • t^iri •5i C6 > £i ran & ) CM. 1 rnio nSti PpU to D7-M }V|jr- a 5 he. Past or Passive Participle. I Pages 54 , 55. 56 IX. Paradigm of the Substantive Verb fPH to be. INDICATIVE MOOD.— PRETER TENSE Person. singular. Gender. 3 ( nin he ) ( Mas. . was, ftfi\Q she S I Fem. Mas. INFINITIVE. 1*n<> r nV?l being. IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. 2 \ fct ( thou wast, ( (Fem. *TV*n I was, Com. • T PLURAL. 3 VH they were, Com. T C Dil^n ) ( Mas. 2 < * > ye were, { \ [£"0 $ ( Fern. 1 ^ n rT we were, Com FUTURE TENSE. SINGULAR. 1 iT.nN ° r 'HNI shall or will be, Com. 2 irnri ° r *nri thou shait be, c n*n*° r ?n* he ) ( Mas. 3 / J> shall be, <{ ( Fprrii or »rrri she ^ ^ Fem PLURAL. 1 rVfTJ or \"7J we shall or will be, Com. C 'l'tf/n ) ( Mas. 2 < > ye shall be, < nrftfirymY (Fem. ViT ) C Mas. > they shall or will be, 2 ■D* ) I Fern. c n^.n i < Mas. < " > be thou, < ( 20 S I *'em. 9 57 PLURAL. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. < > they are, Mas Fera. R. 60. Irregular Verbs are generally arranged under seven classes, (exhibited in the preceding Paradigms.) of which the third and fifth are called defectives, and the other quiesccnts, as 1, When £) (i. e. the first radical, see the note in Rule 51,) is an N, as 7D^, he did eat. 2, When 3 is a ♦, as 2$>, he did sit. 3, When Sis a J, as C'jjJ, he drew near. 4, When ]? (i. e. the second radical) is a 1, as Dip, he did arise. 5, When tf is Geminatum, (i. e. the same as the third radical,) as^3D, ne surrounded. 6, When 7 (i. e. the third radical) is an K, as NVJ2, he found. 7, When 7 is a H, as r?7^, he revealed. The following Rules will greatly assist in learning the Irregu- lar Verbs. . 1. Quiescent &"£, 73N*. 61. The first radical fr?, is generally omitted to prevent two Alephs coming together, as73K for 7DNN. Exception. DHN, fflN, and *]DN are sometimes formed uke npS. 2. Quiescent "3, D^». 62. *, the first radical, is omitted alter every one of the letters *fUpX!l, and its place is generally supplied by a long vowel. 58 The * is also omitted in the Imperative of Kal, as J}$ > and to the Infinitive of Kal, but has a H added, as rDC'. Excep. 1. VV, iTV, I'D* and ID', change * into Tin Hith- paail, as IHlfiPT. Excep. 2. These four 3DJ, 77J, pJ>, and |1D» retain the ♦, as y&n. Excep. 3. The following Verbs in *3 arc more or less con- jugated after the manner of JJf'JlJ, as 3i*», J^*, flJ*, i?V*> and £]P», constantly; p^ ; *l¥» and^DS generally; yj>, DPT', T*P% and "152" only once. 3. Defective jfl , tp'jj. — T 63. The 3 radical is dropped in the Infinitive and Imperative of Kal; also after any of the 'fiJDNrT letters, the J is omitted and compensated by a Dagesh in the second radical, except in the future of Niphal, in the whole of Piail, Paul, and Hithpaail. 64. When the second radical is a Guttural, the ^ is not omitted ; and those whose second radical is a 1, are conjugated after the ex- ample of Dip. 65. The Verb jjlj hath in the second per. Pret. HfirU and nfiri, in the infinitive jh^j |hj>njn,nJl and 'flfl, with the suffix 'J-lfl, the imperative [fl> "Jfi>rOft> ♦Jfl, future JfiNf, [i"lf> ♦jriri, plural [TUffa inf. Niphal [hill, future Hophal JftJ, 4. Quiescent fy* Dip. 66. TheWav is omitted or quiescent in most parts of the Verb, as will be seen by the Paradigms. 67. The grave Paradigms (i. e. those characterized by a Da- gesh,) double the second radical, as DDlp, and in some Verbs both radicals are doubled, as /D 1 ?.) ^ rom 713- 5. Defective ^ Geminatum, 3DD- 68. The second radical is frequently omitted, and the omission compensated, either by a long vowel under the Lormatives • To this class, belong those Verbs whose second radical is ♦. 59 'rUDXri, or by a Dagesh in the first or second radical when an addition is made to the root ; see the Paradigms. 69. The characteristic Dagesh is usually omitted, and instead of it, the first radical takes ") as 331 D lor D5P* 6. Quiescent fl*^, N¥ft. 70. After the Example of tf¥£D, all Verbs whose third radical 1 T T is Aleph, are conjugated with the following exceptions. Excep. 1. Sometimes Aleph is omitted, as ^riV'- Excep. 2. The infinitives often end in flN, as f)^ /D- Excep. 3. The third per. sing. fern, often terminates in fl instead of If, as DSOp for nN")p. t|t t |t Excep. 4. The Verb Nt^i sometimes in the participle pas- sive changes N into ♦, as *li^J for frOJ^J. 7. Quiescent n'7, H7 }. 71. The Jl is frequently changed into * or jH, as will be seen by the Paradigms. Excep. The Verbs HDJI, FUJ, nOf!> are regular. 72. In some Verbs the first and second radicals are doubled in the grave Paradigms, as ]}&]}$. 73. The infinitives end generally in fii, as Hi 7-3, some with Jl, as li ?JI, and others in 1, as iT^. 74. In the Imperative of Piail and Hithpaail, both the radical H and the characteristic Dagesh are often omitted. Also in the future, the !l and Dagesh are omitted when prefixed by 1 conver- sivum, or the particle 7N- 75. When a Verb has *, or 3, for the first radical, and Jl for the last, it has a twofold irregularity ; and is conjugated in the be- ginning like 3££" or t^'j J, and at the end like H 7|. 60 CHAP. IX. Pronominal Affixes to the Verbs. R. 76. Affixes to Verbs are the parts of Pronouns joined to Verbs active only, to point out the Patient, i. e. the person or thing acted upon, as ^ID?, he learned or taught me; but in the Infinitive it may signify the Agent or Patient, as 1N*)p«J, when he cries ; i*1pi£^7 to keep him. The following are the Affixes used to Verbs, and the next ex- ample will show the manner in which they are affixed. 8 03 Number. Person. ♦J ♦J : '-?.. ♦4.. • >— 1 me i c. S. , u T U. us we c. P. | > 1 ro n... ^: % thee thou M. s. >2 >3 ^.. n~ thee thou F. s. D5 : you y e M. s. P.. you y e F. P. < 1 in : in T >ft.. H3 T V i him he M. s. T V n T V n T her she F. s. D_ D t □ .. them they M. p. • 1- i. 1- them they F. p. f ' AumZ ' J ' nKm or— r an — i i.a a wi.wuF « . . j j t ilj • -[.«- tr ■r"jr?~*igE j_Aw« FEMININE. nip.S her no? tiiem nrnb 1 ? her nnip 1 ? her fniO^ the; iTfnbj? her priip? them nnpj? her JHOJ? them niniD 1 ? her pnip? them r»!)H07 her "linp 1 ? them nnpS. nnbr p T "fipT. them .TlP^n her T [HD7n them rrn©_7» h er >1 them her r?n"0TniP3 her pC)S them nnp3 her T jHpS them nHP7her P"?P7 them MASCULINE. inynoShim iQ : Dnp^ them *nfl"tfnp^ him ' DnT.07 them innnnip 1 ? him T Dnlp 1 ? them JliTiTvAiP? him D^IP^ them innoj? him DHO? them imrnp? him Dinip? them fcwip? hii oiHb 1 ? th. )m6b\ S wm Dn'bnpT them ihnpyri him DHD7TI them DHDT them MY^YnoJ? him 01b.? them wip? ^m DHP7 them innbS him DllbSthem n|i"nTnnpShe T jy ppj tin inynpS him D1"DlbS them FEMININE. thee you thee rrirno^ you Tflip!? the€ p»linpj? you ' miD7 thee rrrnb'S you ynpS thee I^^IP? >' ou » thee rmoV yoa _ >» thee ^-ToSthe a you D31 ■H wrno.? ,is *i£np./ me $5*707 ,is wnTtp 1 ? us »ino|? m« lino? us wrno? m « *n9,T. me no?!. 1 wip*?* us ♦jhoVji me MH9?^i us »no s me us •JH9 1 ? me WHO? " s wno? me lino? " s \H"Hp7 me ^iot" us "TO 7 he taught HID? sne taught T ; it D1D7 thou taughtest, m. t : - t moS thou taughtest, f. '#"79? J taught npS they taught 0010*7 ye taught, m. |fl"7p7 J' e taught, f. 1JT07 we tau ght "Tt07* ne sna " teach «.»m,LLJ $ she shall teach I lD7r» •£ thou shalt teach, m. TiO/N ' sha11 teach TJO7J we shall teach *TO Sfl thou shalt teach, f. 1107* they shall teach, m. }"JD7fi ye shall teach, m. n TJQ 7 teach thou, m HQ7 teach thou, f. !)"1237 teach ye, m. nmbS teach ye, f. TJQ^ to teach *% ^ 61, 62 63 CHAPTER X. niW PARTICLES. R. 77. Under the word particles is comprehended : 1. Adverbs, words joined to verbs or adjectives, explanatory of son>e circumstance or quality. 2. Prepositions, expressing the relations of nouns to verbs, with respect either to situation, time, or cause of motion or rest. 3. Conjunctions, joining words or sentences together. 4. Interjections, expressing a sudden emotion of the mind, whether of joy, grief, or passion. Note. That the student may with greater facility refer to any of the particles, they are here mixed and arranged alpha- betically. 7^ Nevertheless, but, yet. Conj. HHK Woe! oh! ah! alas! Int. T iK Either. Adv. iTitf.nis 4 Woe! to! fye! oh! ah! alas! Int. *7 IK Per adventure. Adv. D71K Verily, truly. Adv. D/1K Nevertheless, notwithstanding. Conj. ♦W It* Then, at that time. Adv. nK Woe ! oh ! ah ! alas ! Int. T *T,n : \ ft Back, behind. Adv. n»|*J1frS Backward. Adv. ♦7PHK ^fiK Oh that! I wish! Int. nilN inK After, after that. Adv. nilN* ink After, behind. Prep. P'HPTN After that, after that time. Adv. nn« One. Adv. DK Slowly. Adv. JVK *N Where? at what place. Adv. >K Woe to! fye! Int. rpK How. Adv. !12) , K How, in what manner, also, as. Adv 10 64 rOD*N H3*{< How, in what manner, alas, as. Adv, PK ptj No, not. Adv. ififi'K Where ? Adv. T|K Only, at least, but, except. Adv. T]N But, but yet. Conj. TJX Truly, verily. Adv. ^N Not. Adv. Stf To, for, against it, in behalf. Prep. "OySlK Beyond, over, against, on the other side. Prep. 17K Perhaps. Prep. './?$ Towards, against, unto. Prep. *S /N Woe is me. Int. DN If, whether, since. Adv. Con). tf'S DN If not, unless. Adv. Conj. pN* So be it. Int. OJPK Verily, truly. Adv. npitf Truly, indeed, verily. Adv. PUN ?N Where. Adv. T T I T XJN I pray, beseech, entreat. Int. fjK Also. Conj. *3"£lK Much more, much less. Adv. S^N* Near, beside. Prep. "Ifi^'N That, because, since. Prep. SitthK Yesterday. Adv. bb)% Because of, for the sake of. Prep H3 In, near by, by reason of. Prep. *5 I pray, beseech, intreat. Int. |»3 Between. Prep. n*3 nO Inside, within. Adv. nbD As, in like manner. Ad\. P5 After such manner. Adv. D3 Then, not, before, hereupon. Adv. Si No, not. Adv - tfSi Without. Prep- ♦Va Not, without. Adv. Prep- HjSi Excepting, beside, saving. Adv. Prep 65 'flv^ No*' besides, unless, excepting. Adv. 'nS^ Without. Prep. "^31^3 Because of, for the sake of. Prep. "\131^3 Because, for that. Conj. DJ Also. Conj. ♦3 0} Although, even. Conj. N.1 Here! behold! Int. n^n Ha! ha! oh! Int. OJO Whether, truly. Adv. 3n i"73n Come on! goto! well! prepare! Int. nn Woe! ah! as! Int. ♦in Woe to! fye! Int. ♦in Mn Ho! hark ye ! Int. Di*n To day, this day, at this time. Adv. ^»n How. Adv. n^Sn Beyond, on the furtiiui side. Adv. Di7n Hither. Adv. njin |fi Lo, behold, observe. Int. njn Hither, here. Adv. nS'in Much, many. Adv. K^i Although. . Conj. V1IT IfV Together, i. e. united together. Adv. "IB'iO As soon as. Adv. *)33 Long ago, formerly. Adv. il3 So, even so, as. Adv. ♦3 Although, because for that Conj. U$ »3 But if. Adv. □ £"♦3 But. Conj. n33 So, even so, as. Adv. T T D"iD3 iD3 As, in like manner. Adv. |3 So, thus. Adv. tfS No, not. Adv. P'lft Not so - Conj 137 Only, excepting. Adv. !)7 Perhaps. Adv. V? Perhaps, if. Conj 60 1*7 Pray ! beseech ! intreal ! Int. N»lS O that ! I wish ! Int. JOT 1 /" Not, unless, but, that. Conj. p7 Therefore. Conj. n&7 Why, wherefore. Adv. T tl |^*D7 Because of, for the sake of Prep. jl/*D7 Because, for that. Conj. »^>7 Before. Prep. D'J37 Before, formerly. Adv. "TiNO Very much, greatly, earnestly. Adv. pXD From whence. Adv. iTSD fl??P From inside. Adv. V5P Without me Prep. ^TD Why, wherefore. Adv. V 1P Thenceforth, thereupon. Prep. fnnp >~?P Hastily, quickly, swiftly. Adv. 7^0 Against, over against. Prep. ifinp From without. Adv. ninp "iHp To-morrow. Adv. ' [Jj» *p O that ! I wish. Adv. npD Bottom, below. Adv. "?5!?P Excepting, beside, saving. Prep. ftQDlD From below. Adv. tVTVQ/D From above. Adv. tV£]?/D Nigh by, near to, towards, over against. Prep. D\rf£J*7P Heretofore, formerly. Adv. 7l^P Against, over against. Prep. fT^nSO On the morrow. Adv. *3D [P From, out of, by, of. Prep. "Ol^O On the side, over against. Pre;>. brp Tjess > a uttle - Adv. pyp pi^P By little and little, by degrees. Adv. fp#0 Spp Above. Adv. i3P JiSP From hence, from here. Adv. *J5P Because of, for the sake of. Prep. □ "IpP In time past, a good while ago, anciently. Adv. 67 D&'P From thence. Adv. >jh0 When. Adv. N3 I pray ! beseech ! entreat ' Int. "1JJJ3 Before, opposite. Prep. fO-3 Against, opposite. Prep. nVJ Eternal, for ever. Adv. D'3D Round about. Prep. "D37 Over, past, beside. Prep. JVC!? A Hebrew woman. Adv. 1]? Unto, up to, even to. Prep. DN""W Until. Adv. ]X~iy Till, when. Adv. run ""IP Thus far, to this time. Adv. T >5""W Until that. Adv. ?2"*llf Thus far, to this time Prep. T»D""iy HO"!]? How long. Adv. - T - T ♦"1J7 Unto, up to, even to. Prep. Til? As yet, hitherto. Adv. D7li? Always, for a continuance, perpetually. Adv. /¥. 'V Over head, above, upon, near. Prep. *DI? "^ On the side, over against. Prep. p'Sj/ Therefore. Conj. , "T£D.r OV With, together, in conjunction with. Prep. DSP Nigh by, near to, towards, over against. Prep. ftfty At present. Adv. ^T)V Because, for that. Conj. iD tlB Here. Adv. f£) Least. Adv. D*i3 Before, heretofore, formerly. Adv. DiNflS Suddenly, unlooked for, on a sudden. Adv. Dip In time past, a good while ago. Adv. ^"1 Much, many. Adv. J?jn Momentary, in an instant, suddenly. Adv. DpH Emptily, foolishly. Adv. JOt!' Vainly, in vain. Adv. WW^b Third. Adv. 6K Di£'7^ The day before yesterday. Adv. f!QB> Dty There, thither. Adv. T J"IW' Second. Adv. jinn Under, underneath, instead of. Adv. TJOfl Yesterday. Adv. TDri Always, continually. Adv. R. 78. From the preceding particles, the iollowing have pro- nominal Affixes. PEH. 1 Com. Mas. Fem. ( Mas. \ Fem. Com. (Mas. \ Fem. Mas. Fem. 1 Com. (Mas. 2 ?Fem. ( Mas. ( 1 em. Com. (Mas. 4 Fem. <|Mas. ) Fem. 1 r* not. SING. ♦J^N not I. "?\¥& not thou. TJJ'N not thou. MtfH not he. mJTN not she. TV 2 icp like us. *J1t33 like me. T HiOD like thee. TjiDD like thee. 1JliD3 like him. iTJoS like her. T X 3 TJ] J before me. '"TJJ before me. 'TnjJl before thee. TpJi before thee. ilJlJ before him. iTUJ before her. 4 Dy with '0J7 with me. t]Q^ with thee. 7|2# with thee. ISV with him. nO^ with her. PLU1UL. IS^N not us. D^tf not ye. pi*N not ye. 0¥K not them. T | J*N not them. UiD3 like us. T D3iDD like you. plDD like you. DniOS like her. [Hici) like them. I^IJIJ before us. D_V"TJ,J before you jP*"tJI.3 before you. D)T"TJ3 before them. [iTI } J before them. UStf with us. T DD£]7 with you. P?V with y° u - D2tf with them. fQy with them. 69 CHAPTER XL— Servile Letters R. 79. The Hebrew letters are divided into Radicals and Serviles. The following eleven 1p%'51?D£3rU"?J! are always radicals ; but those, usually called ^7^1 Hp'O irVN may be radicals or serviles, but the letters J^U^N in the middle and end of a word are always radicals. The servile letters are used in the following manner. R. 80. }< is one of the heemantiv letters, and is used 1st. to form nouns from verbs, and which are called verbal or hee- mantiv nouns ; 2nd. to form the first person singular Com. in the future tense. R. 81. 3 is used, 1st, as an inseperable preposition in, pre- fixed to nouns to denote the ablative case, as r*)JO in the earth ; 2d, it is prefixed to the infinitive to form the Gerund, as "liO/^ m learning. R. 82. n is one of the heemantivs, and is used 1st, in the formation of nouns ; 2nd, as the definite article ; 3rd, it is pre- fixed to the participle as a relative pronoun, as "TO*) 7 H he who is learning ; 4th, to particles as an interrogative, as ^7i1 is it not r 5th, It is suffixed to denote the feminine Gender ; 6th, it is added to nouns and verbs as a paragogic letter; 7th, it is affixed to ( nouns in the dative instead of the prefix S, as n¥"lN for }*"1^7 ; 8th, it is also added to nouns, with or without a maphpik ; 9th, it is prefixed to verbs as a performant in the in- finitive of Niphal, and as a characteristic in Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpaail ; Lastly, it is suffixed to the preterite in the third person singular feminine. R. 83. 1 is used 1st, as an Heemantiv to form nouns ; 2d, it is prefixed to nouns and verbs as a conjunction copulative, dis- junctive adversative, casual or conversive ; 3d, it is suffixed as an inseparable pronoun to nouns and to verbs. R. 84. ♦ is used 1st, as one of the Heemantivs; 2d, it is af- fixed to nouns as the first person common of the possessive pro 70 noun singular and plural ; 3d, it is used to form the ordinal numerals from the cardinals, as t^7& f three, from >C"7C the third ; 4th, to form a national noun, as ♦'"1VO an Egyptian ; 5th, to denote the singular and plural regimen ; 6th, it is used in the verb as a prefix to denote the third person masculine in the future, and suflixed to denote the second person feminine future and imperative ; 7th, it is also used as a pronominal af- fix, as *JTpjp he visited me. R. 85. 3 is prefixed, 1st, to nouns and pronouns to form a comparison, as 1X^"li3D H.I^D, thou art like Pharaoh ; 2d, to form the Gerund, as Tlfj73 when learning; 3d, it is suffixed to nouns and verbs to denote the second person singular and plural masculine and feminine. R. 86. 7 is prefixed 1st, to nouns to point out the cases; 2d, to the infinitive to form the Gerund. R. 87. t2 is one of the hetmantiv letters to form nouns. It is prefixed to nouns: 1st, to denote the ablative case; 2d, to make the comparative. To verbs it is prefixed to denote the participle Piail, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithpaail, and to the infinitive to form the Gerund. It is suffixed to nouns to form the plural masculine and the dual common, and also to form adverbs : as from 112$ is formed DJDN truly ; and as the se- I •• T T ; T " > cond and third person pronoun plural masculine. To pronouns to denote the second and third person plural masculine, and to verbs to denote the second person plural masculine preterite. R. 88. J is likewise used as an heemantiv letter. It is pre- fixed to verbs to denote the second and third person future plural, and also as the characteristic ofNiphal. It is affixed to nouns to denote the second and third person pronoun plural fe- minine, to nouns and verbs before the pronominal T affix to the first person plural. It is suffixed to verbs to denote the second person plural feminine preterite, the second person feminine im- perative, the second and third person plural feminine future also as a pronominal affix to the verb, as OT!3 7 teach me. It is used to form the second and third person pronoun feminine. 71 R. 89. $ is prefixed instead of the pronoun ~\&H and sig- nifies who, or which. R. 90. n is used as an heemantiv letter. When suffixed to nouns it denotes ; 1st, the feminine gender; 2d, it makes the regimen feminine ; 3d, it forms the feminine plural. To verbs it is prefixed in the future to denote the second person mascu- line and feminine singular and plural, and the third person sin- gular and plural feminine, and as the characteristic of Hithpa- ail. And it is suiUxed in the preterite to denote the second person singular and plural masculine and feminine. CHAPTER XII. Rules for finding out the root of every word. R. 91. If after the rejection of the serviles, if there be any, there should remain four letters, which will rarely be the case, these are the radicals, as nilD/JI and desolate. R. 92. If three letters remain, they are the radicals ; as 0'"OI'N I will remember thee, R is the sign of the first person singular future, I will ; the second 3 is the pronominal affix se- cond person singular feminine, thee ; and the * is a paragogic letter ; the remaining letters "Of are the radicals. R. 93. Should there be only two letters remaining : 1. If the first has a dagesh prefix, either a J, as &% from the root £?SH; or a t, as 17 from the root 17* ; and in one instance prefix a 7. as dp from Hp7. 2. If the second hath a dagesh, double the dageshed letter ; as ?!3D from 33 D ; in some instances insert a J between the two radicals, as IDII from £DJf"T. 3. If neither of the letters has a dagesh, insert a % as fiOp from Dip. If a 1 precedes the two radicals, change it into *, as 2?*1in from £1' ; and if a * succeed the two radicals add a ,1, as *7Jn from 17 X T T 11 72 R. 94. If one radical letter only remains, prefix a J or' and add a H, as CD»1_ from fTKJ ; JVTirD from H*V. «'Vore. — Some exceptions might be added to the above rules, but these, and all other difficulties respecting the roots, the student will be master of before he has examined many chap- ters in the Bible. CHAPTER XIII.— Changes of Letters and Points. R. 95. The letters 'IIIN, and those of the same organ, &ic. frequently change with each other. To prevent the increase of syllables, when the word increases in letters, the long vowels are generally changed into short ones. The occasion on which words increase in letters are, Gender, Affixes, Numbers, or Regimen. R. 96. Gender. 1. When the feminine gender is formed from the masculine, the ( 1 ) is generally changed into ( : ), as illilil from /Hj, except nouns of one syllable, as PU1 from .11. 2. When the last vowel is ('" ) and not preceded by ( T ) it is changed into (• ), as TVVtf! from Ity; but 133 makes JTD3, and when the word increases with fl the ( " ) is changed into (•■•), as rnrrK from iru\\ 3. When the vowels are two Segols, the first changes to ( " ) or ( • ) and the second to ( : ), as HiSOD from b>2?' R. 97. Number. 1. In forming the plural, 1, the first vowel ( T ) (" ) or ( v ) is changed into ( : ), as □''"12*1 from 121, Q'liDD from 1£)D, DO /P from 71 7 p ; but to compensate for an omitted dagesh, the ( T \ remains, as 1 "'in from C 117- x ' ■ T T T T 2. If the first vowel be ( 1 ) and followed by ( '•' ) it is chang- ed to ( = ), as D'VPj? from T?p 5 D'StflJ from hVQ 5 but if the first letter be a guttural, it has a ( T :), as D*p*in from 3. If the first vowel be (" ) and followed by ( ' ), the (" ) 73 is changed to ( : ) and the ( ' ) into ( T ) or both are contracted into one ( ■■ ), as D'B^ll from £MJ1 ; D'fif from iVf. 4. If the latter be ( " ) and not preceded by ( r ) it is changed into ( : ), as D*DP'i# from D»D1# 5. If the latter vowel be ( ") and succeeded by a quiescent Jl, the H is dropt and the (■) changed into ( * ), as O'S' from 112 ■• V T Note. — Feminine nouns do not often change their points, but when they do, it is generally according to the foregoing rules. R. 98. Regimen. 1. The first vowel both in masculine and feminine singular and plural, is changed to ( : ) ; and the other ( T ), if not fol- lowed by a quiescent ^, is changed into ( " ), as "D*l for ""Q1. 2. In the plural masculine and feminine ( " ) is changed to ( : ) and the preceding ( : ) to ( • ), as ^pf for D'Jpi ; filTtil for nnif 3. If the last be ( '■' ) and followed by ,1 quiescent, it is chang- ed into ("), as ."Upp for HJpO ; and in plural, if there be two ( ■•■ ) the first is changed to ( - ) or ( • ) and the second to ( : ), as ♦D^O for T[7p ; and if the word has ( ■■ ) and ( " ), the ( - ) is changed into ( ■ ), as ^DD for "HDD, except gutturals, which change the ( • ) into ( •) and the ( •) into ( : ), as ,, '2&y for 4. Those words which have ( * ) and ( - ) contract both into (••), as ]T3 forJT?. 5. Words of one syllable with ( T ) seldom change, but when they do, it is to ( * ), as 3K for 3N*. If the word be followed by makkaph, ( 1 ) is changed to Kametz-chataph and ( " ) to (■•■), as "Sp for 93: "|2 for |3- R. 99. Affixes to Nouns. 1. Two ( T ) change like ")^"T. See Rule 40. 2. ( -) and ( • ) change (* ) into ( * }, as VJpf for fpj. 3. ( •• ) and ( * ) generally change ( T ) into ( i )/as i'mS from nio. V T 4. Those pointed with ( i ) or ( • ) and ( T ), change the ( T ) into ( : ), as H13D from TDD; iTfJ from TfJ 74 5. ( T ) and ( ") change the latter into ( : ), as OD7 from 6. Two ( '•' ) or ( ■ ) and ( • ) change the first ( • ) or ( " ) in the singular into ( ' ), and the second into ( : ), as iDDJ from TIDJ5 ; but in the plural they are changed like two ( T ). See -O"?, Rule 40. T T 7. ( ") and ( i ) change ( *| ) into ( i ), as VfW from p:i\ 8. ('•' ) and ( 1 ) change ( 1 ) to Kametz-chataph, and the ( '•') to ( « ), as *#in from l^'in. 9. ( ' ) and(") contract both to one ("), as *iV!!l from n?3. CHAPTER XIV.— Numerals. R. 100. Numbers are expressed by distinct words as well as by letters, and are either Cardinals or Ordinals. ORDINALS. CARDINALS. Fern. J/as. Fern. Jl/as. n:it>\\n |l#*n First. nr»N "UlN One. T jri# *J# Second. D^nr D»i$ Two. rvyni 1 ♦e*Sb> Third. ;: , 'S;r HC^tr Three. rvyon »yoh Fourth. yaiN nyVlN Four. riT'PD •t&^bri Fifth. cr'sn fi^Cfl Five. n»K^' HPfc Sixth. ^'P' n^'c y six. n»^i^ lyiytf Seventh. tf3# nyy& Seven. iri»pB> *i*p^ Eighth. nJDiy" i"UOB> Eight. iry^jji *y»e>n Ninth. y^ii nytr'Jl Nine. nn f £J2 'T^ Tenth. rnW R. 101. From Ten upwards, there is no difference between the Ordinals and Cardinals. 75 Will D*yB^"i1 Ninty-nine. — &V T"N Eleven. Tj^w" C'--L M Eighty-eight. "'J'" ini flKQ Onchimdre ITTfrj? j?) Z"; red. rHe?l :*:' i niNO w'T-* Three hundred. H^J'r Q*}$ .Twelve. r"N 0» stbous ....'. "\";' ' L""^' Thirteen. D*d7M Twothons. [] ,~ - ' I"": 1 ;* Twenty-twt Q»|)7N r-"L 8i T . -. 2 ■" ::^:' Thirty-three. ^.„ ^. y^lKl O'jPXlK Fourty-Jbnt njj \ 2 Q U'- 1 :::v-nve. D»rii3"i Twenty thous. ^"-'Z"S-' Sixty-ax. ttflf BVtnf Thirty thous. JDt71 Z'L'Z'S Seventy-sever.. CHAPTER XV. Syntax, or the construction of words in sentences. R. 102. The article D prefixed to a noun, is also prefixed to the adjective or pronoun belonging to the same noun, as R. 103. 1 article is omitted : 1. in those nouns which are prefixed by 2- 2- ■"■' 7, and the prefix takes its point, and the succeeding letter receives a dagesh forte, as "13"1©3 instead of 2. In the noun regimen, and prefixed to the second noun, as R. 104. When two nouns are used in apposition, i. e. to sig- nify the same thine, they generally agree in gender, number, and case, except nouns of dignity, as '"12" 1H T2 by the hand of my servant David; TWO? DiTO'lK/> R. 105. If the first noun be prefixed by a preposition or prefix, the second noun has the same, as 2 , 7^ ,, * , T13J?7- R. 106. When two things are compared with each other, the 76 D comparison is prefixed to the second as well as to the first noun, as ^^3 »S^3. R. 107. Adjectives, pronouns, and participles are placed im- mediately after the noun, and generally agree with it in gender, number, and case. But nouns of the common gender have ad- jectives of both genders, as p?rn H 7*1*7-1 HI"!; and a collective noun singular may have a plural adjective, as D07inn Dl^ a people walking. R. 108. A singular adjective joined to a substantive plural, often signifies distributively, as TTDflt^'O *1t! M thy judgments (Heb. is) are right, i. e. every one of them. R. 109. Numeral nouns, from 1 to 10 inclusive, are plural, though the adjective be singular, all the other numeral adjec- tives are plural and the substantive singular, as D*j'*' 'tl'ftfl five years: rW D^'OPI fifty years. R. 110. In numbers from 3 to 10 inclusive, a masculine noun takes a feminine numeral, and a feminine noun takes a masculine numeral, as 0^2 Hu^' three sons; flfajp B^iW' three daughters. R. 111. An adjective belonging to a noun in regimen gene- rally agrees with the second noun, and is not put in regimen, asnpn n*7 [p^'n nnsvi; on^ rrirr; *"jnv?- R. 112. The place of an adjective is sometimes supplied by a noun, prefixed by the preposition 2, 7, or !2, as VX y V 73^-1 a wise counsellor ; mill/ TiOfO a Psalm of praise , "U^P rV")&j a lion from the forest, i. e. a wild lion. R. 113. The inseparable pronoun is suffixed to the adjective instead of the noun, as Tjf^lp T.17 thy holy city, instead of R. 114. A verb agrees with the nominative case in gender, number, and person. But sometimes a masculine verb is joined with a noun feminine to express excellence and dignity, as n"ll*3n irni, «nd vice versa, to denote something base and mean, as nQ$tt )Q*feW« 77 R. 115. A plural verb to a singular nominative case, or vice versa, signifies distributively, as ^/"HON li'pOJ sweet are thy words, i. e. every one of thy words. R. 116. The preter tense is often used to express the present, i. e. to be done at any time, as Tlpil walketh, Ps. i. 1 ; and for the future to denote certainty, as ^SH shall see, Is. ix. 1, 5 ; liii. 4, 6 ; Amos vii. 1, viii. 1. See Abarbanel on Jonah ii. 5. R. 117. The future is often used to denote the past, as Gen. ii. 25 ; and to express the sense of the imperative, as Gen. i. 3. Note. — A 1 prefixed to a prasterite changes the signification to the future, and is called 1 conversivum, as *"I0N1 [; and he shall or will say ; but when preceded by a preter tense, it then retains its signification, and 1 is conjunctive, as Gen. xxxvii. 3 ; " Israel SH^ loved Joseph more than all his chil- dern ; HC'l*") and he made him a coat of many colours." r t : A * prefixed to a future with Pathach and followed by Da- gesh, is also called conversivum, and changes the signification to the past, as IDtt^, and he did say. R. 118. An infinitive before a verb signifies certainty, as 73ND V.DK tnou mayest freely eat; but after a verb it sig- nifies continuance, as Di£)^ J02C^1 and he will always be a judge 78 ACCORDING TO THE PRECEDING RULES JYote. — The student will find it of considerable use to observe the order exemplified in the following Analysis. First of all mention the part of speech. If a noun, state its gender and number ; (case is of little im- portance,) the root from whence it is derived, whether it be from a regular or irregular verb; what connection it hath with the verb, whether it be the nominative t o it, or governed by it; describe the serviles, if any, whether prefix, affix, or in- sertion. If a verb, mention its person, number, gender, tense, para- digm and root, whether regular or irregular. No. Gen. chap. i. v. 1. 1 In the beginning, noun fern. sing. R. t^NT with pret. 2 pref. in, and fem. ter. JV, abl. case. 2 He created, third pers. sing. mas. pret. kal ; the Root itself, N"7\ to create, bring into being. 5 0*ri7tt H^N 3 God, or gods, noun mas. pi. R. H7N- Wi) and ,T 7, he was sworn, abju- red, reviled, cursed, bound himself or another by an oath with an im- precation annexed. 4 DN JlDN 4 A particle, the sign of the ace. when preceded by an active verb, but the nom. when preceded by a passive or No. Text. Root. 1 p •• : B>*n 2 *na ma 79 fib. 'itzi. Boot. JVb. Gen. chap. i. v. 1, 2. neut. R. nriN. N"S and n*7> he T T or it came, or befel. 5 O'Dfc^n DIL^ 5 TAe heavens, n. mas. pi. dual form, with the article H, R. DIB^ 1T» he put, set, placed, laid upon, gave, ap- pointed, settled, ordained, imputed set in array, put on, attended. 6 ^N>1 4 — And, a part. See no. 4. with conj. *). 7 ¥")$$ r" 1 ** 6 The mrt]h n " COm * sing " R * T" 1 ^' N*D, not in use, with article H, ( T ) instead of ( ~ ), because of K. Verse 2. 8 ri.Nfll 6 . — And the earth. See text 7; conj. 1. 9 lilVn flTT 7 Was, third per. fern. sing. pret. kal ; JT MT T T l . R. ITU, he was, became, fainted, sunk, was exhausted. 10 'llin linn & Empty, or emptiness, adj. or n. R. niin, not in use. 11 ^nil HitD 9 Confused, confusion, adj. or n. R. nn3, not in use. 12 Tl^'ni ^'n 10 And darkness, n. mas. sing. R. W'll he was dark, made dark; conj. 1. 13 "Si* !fSy 11 C7po», particle, R. nSjt? fT'7, he ascented, went up, arose, grew, made to go up, offered, lighted, kindled, sacrificed, exalted himself. 14 »££ HJ2 12 TAe face, n. mas. pi. reg. R. njfl H'^jhe turned himself, turned away, turned hither and thither, looked to- wards, regarded, prepared. rh-in V^^Uiq r/te a& y* s ' or clee P'f n - com - sin S- T T T T raged, roared, made a great noise - moved, disturbed, agitated. 80 Ab. Text. Root. No. Gen. chap. i. v. 2, 3 f •.. jg f-fni S '"'-"H And the Spirit, n. com. sing. reg. R. t HH ) Cn*V Y'i*, lie breathed, was refresh- ed, was large, or airy. 17 riDniO J"irn 15 Gently moving, participle ben. piail, fem. sing. R. flfTI, he trembled, moved gently, brooded. n ^^ i 0*D ^ ,,. The waters, collective n. dual form, ' IT " } Qi) art. ,1- R- not in use. Vehse 3. 19 ION 1 ! ")DN 17 And he said, third per. mas. sing. fut. kal. R. "IDNj K r 3 5 he spoke, said, declared, related, commanded, ap- pointed, thought, designed, resolved; 1 conversive, changing the future to he past. 20 *?!* 7 Let there be, or it shall be, third per. sing. com. fut. kal. R. UTT. See R.7. 21 liN "NN 18 Light, n. mas. sing. rV^IX N f '£), and Yy, he shined. 22 TV) 7 — ./2nd ii was, text. 20, R. 7, 1 conver- sive. Dagesh in » omitted and com- pensated b} r metheg. Verse 4. 23 tf*Vl HN1 19 And he so w, third per. sing. mas. fut. kal. R. rmn. rrS, he saw, beheld, observed, considered, appeared, showed ; it should be nK*V, but the ,1 is dropped by reason of the accent, and the( • ) changed into ( " ) to increase the sound before the gut "I- 1 is conversive. 24 "»3 HUD 20 That, particle, R. HHD- IT'S, he T T T * T T became dull, was dimsighted, fainted, repressed, curbed. 81 He. Text. Root. JYo. Gen. chap. i. v. 4, 5. 25 lift 31D 21 Good, adj. agreeing with "litf. R. 31D Y'l^, he was good, goodly, beautiful, pleasant, did good. 26 /^O^ /"13 22 ./Zrcc? Ae divided, third per. sing. mas. tut. hiph. ( " ) instead of ( * ) on ac- count of 1 conv. R. 713, he sepa- rated, divided, selected, made a dis- tinction between. 27 V2 [to 23 Between, particle. R. |!Q, W, he perceived, observed, weighed, consi- dered, distinguished, judged, under- stood, taught, instructed. 28 Vekse 5. N")p*l X"|p 24 «#nrf he called, third per. sing. mas. fut. kal. R. KID* N'S, he called, in- vited, called together, invoked, called upon, cried, proclaimed, preached, read, met, befel. 29 SiN7 18 —To the light. See text 21. R. 18. S T ° T prep, to, ( T ) instead of ( : ) exclud- ing H art. and being followed by K. 25 Day, n. mas. sing. R. DV, not in use. — Jind to the darkness, n. See text 12, R. 10. 1 conj. and 7 prep, excluding ,1 art. — He called, third per. sing. mas. pret. kal. See text 28, R. 24. 26 Night, n. mas. sing. R. 7*7, not in use, with n paragogic. 34 yy$. 3")Jf 27 Evening, n. mas. sing. R. 3"Uf, he mixed, was employed, traded, be- came surety, pawned, mortgaged, was sweet, pleasant, was darkened 30 31 Wvh DV 10 32 *» 24 33 htt W 82 •No. Text. Root. No. Gen. chap. i. v. 5—8. 85 1p3 ")pD 38 Morning, n. mas. sing. R. he sougnt, inquired. 36 "II1N in* 29 One, first, numeral adj. sins:, mas. R. IT ~ T ^ IfT, he connected, united. _ T Verse G. 37 l^p"} -^p^ 30 Firmament, or expanse, n. mas. sing. R. ^p*l, he stretched out, spread abroad, beat out, crushed. 38 TjlilD "P^ 31 In the midst, between, n. mas. sing. R. *pj"l, not in use, with prep. 3, in. 39 7 , IT'S, he made, T T did, prepared, executed, pressed, bruised. "| conversive. 41 \th& 1#'N 33 That, which, pron. R. -KT'N. N"2, v -: - t * - T he called, or rendered happy, walk- ed, led, directed. 42 nnnp Dm 34 Under, particle. R. IVl), .TS, he descended, led down, was cast down, he laid u.p. 43 |p p") 35 Thus, so, particle, R. p> ry, pre- pared, filled, disposed, directed, confirmed, appointed, settled, estab- lished. Verse 8. 44 ^& rW 36 Second, num. adj. pi. mas. R. nj£% • I" T T 1 * T T TV' 7, he changed, altered, repeated, did a second time. 83 Text. Root. No. Gen. chap. i. v. 9 — 11. Verse 9. 45. lip* Hip 37 They shall, or let them be gathered together, third per. plur. mas. fut. niphal, R. I7)j> YV and JY'S, he waited, hoped, gathered together. 46 "Stt 7K 38 To, particle, R. not in use. 47 Dlpb DIP 39 A place, n. sing. mas. R. Dip* "W he rose, stood, stirred up, raised up, set, established, confirmed, appoint- ed, performed. 48 nX"im 19 — And shall he seen, third per. sing. iv ti" : fem, fut. niphal, R. See 19. 49 H#3*PI &y 40 The dry (land,) adj. sing. fem. R. $y> v '£3 } he became dry, whithered, made dry or dried up. n¥")N is understood. Verse 10. 50 illpP^I 37 — And to the gathering, n. fem. sing. reg. R. 37. 1 conj. and 7 prep. 51 D*/3* 16 — Seas, n. mas. plu. R. 16. &■ - Verse 11. 51 NIP'TH N£?"T 41 She shall bring forth, third per. fem. sing. fut. hiph. R. NB?-J, N" 7 , he sprang up, sprouted. 52 Nt^"! 41 — Grass, n. sing. mas. R. 41. 53 ^WV 2ti*V 42 Herb, n. mas. sing. R. not in use. 54 l^HTD #11 43 Yielding seed, participle, hiph. R. #11, he drew forth, sowed, planted; she conceived, brought forth seed. 55 #11 43 — Seed, n. mas. sing. R. 43. 56 V# n¥jP 44 A tree, n. m. sin. R. n¥J/> fl*7, he shut. 57 '"IS Jl^D 45 Fruit, n. mas. sing. R. PHS, JT7» 84 ffo. Text. Root. JYo. Gen. chap. i. v. 11 — 16. he was fruitful, grew, brought forth fruit, made fruitful. 58 iroS ."US 46 His kind, n. m. sing. R. mo, PT'S • : T T " T T he numbered, computed, reconed, told, appointed, prepared ; part or portion ; 7 pref. to, and pron. affix third per. sing. mas. 59 ~ij?*lf 43 His seed, n. mas. sing, "j pron. affix third per. mas. sing. 60 13 In him, compound of prep. 3 in, and third per. pron. mas. sing. Verse 12. 61 Nilfl! **£♦ 47 And (she) brought forth, third per. sing. fut. hiph. R. N¥>, tf"S and T T v '£3, he came out, went out, went forth, brought out, carried forth. Vehse 13. 62 fyh^tf vfotf 48 Third, numeral adj. R. &f'W he divided into parts. Vekse 14. 63 SnnnS 22 — To divide, inf. hiph. R. 22. 64 firiN/ DIN 49 For signs, n. f. plu. R. not in use. 65 DH#ioSl iyi 50 And for seasons, n. mas. pi. R. fjp, *"*£), he appointed, decreed, fixed a time and place for meeting, as- sembled, met, betrothed. Vehse 16 66 D'S^H S"l J 51 Great, adj. plu. mas. R. S"U, he A" • T - T was great, grew, increased, became great, was enriched, nourished, brought up, highly esteemed, made 85 No. Text. Root. No. Gen. chap. i. v. 16—20. great, exalted himself, became proud, triumphed. 67 flytTDoS /B^fi 52 To rule, n. participle, fern. sing. reg. R. 7^0, he ruled, had domi- nion, spoke in parables, uttered a proverb, compared, became like. 68 7l0pn jlDD 53 The lesser, adj. mas. sing. R. JiDp- he was small, less than, he made small. 69 D'OS'ten DpD 53 The stars, n. mas. plu. R. 303, He glittered, sparkled like a star. Verse 17. 70 Tf)*1 jrO 55 And he gave, placed or appointed, third per. mas. sing. fut. kal. R. frO' ¥S> he g ave 5 bestowed, de- livered, brought, put, committed, laid up, fastened, ascribed, charged, accused, uttered, restored, sent forth, suffered. 71 DJ1& 4 Them, pron. third per. mas. plu. R. 4, or JIN, not used. Vehse 19. 72 '#*3*] tf?^ 56 The f ourth > n> ad J- R ' #?*J» ne was squared, lay down with, caused to come together in bestial coition. Verse 20. 73 1¥"^'* yffl? 57 They shall bring forth abundantly, third per. fut. kal. R. ¥*)&, he crept, propagated abundantly. 74 ¥1$ 57 — Reptile, n. mas. sing. R. 57. 75 &*£0 ^'3 J 58 Animal, soul, ri. fern. sing. R. t^Ql 86 Ab. Text. Root. No. Gen. chap. i. t. 20—22. ¥&, he breathed, rested, was re- freshed. 76 n*H TVH 59 Living adj. sing. fem. R. HTT. .TS he lived, recovered health, revived, kept alive, restored life. 77 £|i#1 ?|W 60 *0nd ford, n. fern. sing. R. fpj;, he ilevv, fluttered, flew away, brandish- ed, shone forth. 78 ' f|p"iy? 60 — SAoZZ jty, third per. sing. fut. piail, R. 60. Vekse 21. 79 Crrinn ,pn 61 2%e>A, n. mas. plu. R. not in use. 80 "Sb SSD 62 ,2//, adj. R. ^3, he perfected. 81 fi&'ftin ^D"! 63 That moveth, participle, fen. sing. kal, R. b'/pH, he crept. 82 71 J3 i"|J3 64 7Viar Jlieth, or that hath a wing, n. sing. mas. R. £"p3, he fled away, re- moved to a distance. 83 Verse 22. 71^)3*1 H*13 65 And he blessed, third per. sing. mas. fut. piail, R. 7]"l3, he blessed, sa- luted, bent his knees. 84 ^"13 45 — Be fruitful, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. 45. 85 13*11 H3") 66 And multiply, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. 33*1, or rather 173*1. L "• T x T iT 7, he multiplied, increased, grew up, nourished, brought up ; was increased, multiplied ; shot, darted, made great ; 1 conj. 86 1N /PI N?£ 67 And fill ye, second per., plu. mas. imp. kal, R. tfSfr N"S, he was full, filled; he consecrated* 87 No. Text. Rod. JVo. Gen', chap. i. v. 22— 27. 87 2T. 66 — Shall multiply, third per. sing, mas fut. kal, R. 66. Verse 23. S8 ♦ty>On CDIl 68 7%e /rftA, num. adj. R. t*/Dn, he took the fifth, prepared, armed, ar- rayed. Verse 24. 89 nD!"T3 DHS 69 Catt/e, n. fem. sing. R. OPD, not JT "• in use. 90 DIN* DIN* 70 Jlian, n. m. sing. R. DnN, N'fl, he was red. 91 UD^V? 0'^' 71 I n our form, n. mas. sing. R. D7¥> not in use. "2 prep, in, and U pron. affix, first per. com. plu. 92 UnilDlS n£"T 72 Likness,n. fem. sing. R. HOT. H*S. he resembled, likened, thought, was silent, failed, ceased, cut off, de- stroyed ; S pref. similarity, 1J prou. affix, first, com. plu. 93 VTT.1 Tin 73 .#nd *% sM r«7e, third per. plu. com. fut. kal, R. n"H, JY7> he ruled, had dominion, held in sub- jection, took. 94 n3"0 Jin 74 In, or among the Jish, n. fem. sing. reg. R. Jin, he fished. Veuse 27. 95 nD* nD? 75 .# maZe, n. mas. sing. R. nSf, he JTT-T " -T was vigorous, especially in a potent scent, burned, remembered, men- tioned, celebrated. 96 RJjJXtf SJ5J 76 A female, n. fem. sing. R. 3J5J. T£). j« he bored, pierced, thrust through. 88 ffo. Text. Root. M. Gen. chap. i. v. 27—29. marked, named, appointed, stigma- tized, blasphemed, cursed. Verse 28. 97 ntJ^)31 C3D 77 And subdue it, second per. plu. mas. imp. kal, R. w03> he subdued, kept under, enslaved. Verse 29. 98 nZil |H 78 Behold, particle, R. fn, not used. 99 DD7 4 — To you, second per. plu. mas. per- sonal pron. R. 4. 100 rhltih SllN 79 For food, n. fern. sing. R. SjN' K"£, he ate, devoured, consumed, overturned, destroyed, fed, nou- rished. 101 p"V pT 80 GVee/i, adj. m. sing. R. p"V, ♦*£}, he spat, did spit, bore leaves, became green. 102 "IND TND 81 Fen/, particle, R. not used. 103 ♦t^'l&'n WW 82 TAe si^A, num. adj. R. not used. 89 iUHHBsrstas&i -•©••- CHAPTER I.— Alphabet. Note. — That the present number and order of letters, in the Hebrew alphabet, are ihe same as those used during the reign of David and Solomon, is evident from several of the Psalms, especially the cxix. from Proverbs xxxi. 10, throughout, where the verses begin alphabetically, and also from the Lamentations of Jeremiah. R. 119. The letters are used as numerals, and increase in units from ^ to V in tens from 2 to p, and in hundreds from "| to JV (See Alphabet, col. 5.) R. 120. The numerals 11, 12, 21, 22, &c. are formed by placing the tens to the right and the units to the left ; as {<> 11, y 12, JO 21, 22 22, tfS 31, &c. Exception. — The numerals 15, and 16, are not expressed by IT 10 and 5. and V 10 an d 6, this form being apart of the sacred name nifT, but are combined thus ")J3 9 and 6, ?J0 9 and 7. R. 121. The numerals from 500 and upwards are expressed in the following manner : DD or "1 500, ID or D 600, JJT) or f 700, DD or ^ S00, pDH or j> 900, N 1000, 2 2000. Note. — The Hebrews count their time from the creation of the world, and the present is with them the year 5583. (1823.) This is called 71 1 J DID, i- e. the great or full number. In general the Millenary number is omitted, as y'QpD fiJCO p"3/, i- e. in the year 583, according to the smaller rec- koning. The date of Hebrew books is placed at the bottom of the title page, where the student will observe a line in which certain letters are of a larger size ; these must be counted, and their number united will give the date of the year when the 90 book was printed, as "irPt^ft n N yvh "\cy ffb njBo, the sum of these letters (tf 1, O 40. & 300, ' 10, R 8, and "| 20,) shows that the book was printed in the yea;' of the Jewish iEm 379, i. e. A. C. 1619 R. 122. Hebrew words are never divided so as to have one part of the word at the end of one line, and the other part at the beginning of the next. To fill up a line the following letters are, in print, made large, J"1 D ^ J~l Js} ; and in MS. these also are used, "1 p "2 II 1 3- Sometimes a letter at the end of a line is inverted. R. 123. The letters are divided into five classes, according to the organs by which they are formed : as, Gutturals, or Throat letters . . . l?nnN Labials, — Lips do. Palatals, — Palate do. Linguals, — Tongue do. Dentals, — Teeth do. R. 124. Letters formed by the same organ frequently change one for the other, as HIS for JHfl, jni-) for #31 p. ID for "US, infi for isiK nrfc for n#ri> pm? for pfitp* p#y for p#r>' nnr for n2V> nV for QJV or ! 8 Sp, niD for lltJ. -T _ T "T I - T R. 125. The letters »")£$ ; observe, 1. In quick pronunciation, are Either quiescent t and their sound is not heard, as generally, ♦J'TkS for >rmS. H*^*5 for H>*.1' D'lO'p for O'Nip, dxti3 for DNnin. 'jvV>H for fr^*n. T? for b?Ss more particularly, K always at the end of a word and also in the middle, when without a vowel, as }03< JINVD. T T T T T H at the end of a word, as r?N*1, except it has a maphoik or vowel, as nftJT iT£. T T T ' "I when it bears the cholem or shurick, except it hatn a vowel. See R. 9. HD13 cnYof 91 * when preceded by ( " ) or ( '•' ), or the suffix V , as f*n Jinny* VJfl. | v t -: T T Note. — When the *")("!{< letters are quiescent, they are ge- nerally preceded by the following vowels, as K or H by ( T ) or ( '), 1 by i or }, and ♦ by ( -) or ( • ). Or are frequently omitted and called, *)pn or deficient, as N in Ijn for MK3, pfD for ptNO. ilW for rtS»**# ♦ann for jrprjg. n in the middle, as *J for ♦flj, JinS for fOfJ?, IV for nnv. ♦ in the middle, as D?iil for D*?U» Q'PN for D'p'K. II. When a word or syllable is to be long, they are unneces- sarily inserted, as N in "IKjV- StfflB'i DNJ51. fiiDN"! III. They are often exchanged for each other, as D^nSJ'N for DOtr'n, ♦fl^p for ♦'nfljjj, Jlfi'DNin for pS'bta", iro^n for wwri, vpi for iApji, rfrj? for n*^ rrn for mn, nan for &*«n. ' T T T T : R. 122. The letters are divided into Radicals and Serviles. See R. 79. 9&&9i CHAPTER II.— Points. R. 123. Chirik without a ♦ in the last syllable, having an accent, or in the middle of a word, not followed by ( : ) shewa or dagesh, is along chirik, as "11""!, D*Vfl3. R. 124. The following words are some of those where long ( T ) becomes ( T ) chataph or short o, and the ( : ) is Nach : as im imN, obnN. iS"n nonn, »^n. *#-?». ! T : T t:t :t t:t t • ; J r R. 125. The single Dagesh is omitted, — 1. In the beginning of a word, when the preceding word ends with one of the Ehevi letters, without a pause or kingly accent. But if the preceding word be Hi !T Je-ho-wah, or if the dageshed letter be sue- 92 ceeded by a similar letter, the dagesh remains, as 0*D"O ill IT ' - t - t : Ye-ho-wah Bash-sha-ma-yim, 711 *,33 Be-nay Dai-dan. — 2. In the affixes Q3 chem, and 73 chen ; in the regimen or plural form, as j7i373 Bir-choth, Oil Dar-chay ; before the pa- ragogic 1, as I71.3J Neg-dah ; before the infinitive suffix, as ID^DD Be-mol-cho, or before the termination ]71 ooth, as Mal- chooth httStf. R, 126. The Euphonic Dagesh is generally used in the be- ginning of a word when preceded by Makkaph, as ilfilD' and is pronouncedthus : Maz-zeh. Also a tone-syllable with a pause-accent, as 171(7 chad-dail-loo for 17717 chad-loo. 1 •• t : it R. 126. In some instances words of more than one syllable also have their long vowel changed, through the influence of the Makkaph, as p"737f3 mid-bar tzin, instead of 737D ; "7*3 ilp'D be-yad Mo-sheh, instead of 7*3. Note. — A correct acquaintance with the accents is very de- sirable, for they do not only assist in ascertaining the sense of a sentence, but they even change the signification of a number of words, particularly verbs, according to their being placed either 7*l*7 r 3 or 1*77/9, as ?7N3 she comes, and the same word thus accented HN'3 signifies she came. 1773? with a T IT " T : |T .1170 signifies she remembered, without a JIJ70 it signifies, re- member thou. " The Jews," (saith David Livi) " firmly believe that both the points and acceuts were from Moses, but affixed to the let- ters by Ezra, who being a ready scribe in the law of God, was thoroughly acquainted with the true signification of every accent, and which we, through the length of our captivity, and the severe persecution we have undergone, together with the loss and destruction of the writings of our eminent men, are at present unable to comprehend. But, although we cannot boast of thorough knowledge of every one of the accents, we however, have yet some small knowledge remaining of the uti- lity and signification of many of them. Heb. Gram. p. 338. R. 127. The accents, when placed on the last syllable, 93 called #T?p, but when placed in the beginning or middle of a word, it is called VlvO R. 128. The accents are divided into kings, ministers, and servants, and are distinguished by their names and forms, as will be seen by the adjoining table. Form and position. KINGS. A n^N Ath-nach f #13 Ge-resh K O'.bHS Gair-sha-yim 8 Npn? Sar-ka ^i nia Sa-kaiph Ga-dol Sa-kaiph Ka-ton Tiph-cha K ijfl? Ye-thiv K i pop Sil-look A Nnbijp Se-gol-ta & r 1?? Pa-zair j 5 p'P£ Pe-sik Le-gar-may N NDC'2 Pash-ta 3P H'Jfl Tip Kar-nay Pa-ra $ XT . #'il Re-vi-a I nSir'Sty' Shal-she-leth ■j T3fl Te-vir nSnj kb^ji Te-li-sha Ge-do-lah. MINISTERS. K ^11 Dar-ga iov fa"hn» Ye-rech Ben-yo-mo k "mio Moo-nach ii < ^3no Mah-pach Mair-cha 94 N kSV P n p Kad-ma N rUtSrj NK^^'n Te-li-sha Ke-tan-na t - |: T SEUVANTS. N ilS'lS? KJHO Mair-cha Ke-phoo-lab A Inn Me-theg I V V it. 129. Te-li-sha Ge-do-lah is always in the beginning of the word, but Te-li-sha Ke-tan-na is placed at the end of a word, as n^N Te-li-sha Ge-do-lah, ntTK Te-li-sha Ke-tan-na. R. 130. Le-gar-may is generally followed by Moo-nach and Re-vi-a, or Re-vi-a alone, as D*ri7N Hi IT I "UJN ,, I, or v: jt j- fVJ^N I ll^'Nl by which it is distinguished from Pe-sik, which is always a pause, and is generally between a king and a minister, as ♦ntflbn I IONS ' Wbh ' "WjrriSlD" 1 ?**- R. 131. There must always be a syllable or Shewa na, or Dagesh between the accent and the metheg, as DTNH Ha-a- l IT T IT dam, ITON A-che-loo. I : it R. 132. When two accents of the same kind are placed upon a word, the first of them marks the tone-syllable, as TilD to- hoo ; but when two of a different kind are placed on a word, the last accutes, as D^yiO/l. CHAPTER III.— Reading. R. 133. Shewa Na and compound Shewa form a syllable without any other consonant, as 7!Stl We-al. TjDfTip jYIn-ra- cha-maich. CHAPTER IV.— The Article. R. 134. When the letter whicli follows the H article does not admit, of a dagesh, the (" ) Is commonly changed into ( T ) 95 as B^JT f^n. &'>T)f7; but if the letter be fi or ft, the (- ) generally remains unchanged, as TjS'liT Tj^nfl, and when the guttural hath a ( x ) the article commonly takes ('■'), as onnn, prrr. •TV ITT / R. 135. The Dagesh is, commonly, omitted before a word beginning with !2 or ', having a single ( : ), as nCODn> "l^TT; but before the ( T: ) the article hath, in some instances, a ( '■ ), as rnrnnn. R. 136. To distinguish the article from the H interrogative. — Observe : 1. The latter commonly hath a (" : ), as rOi£0!"7 whether it be good. 2. Before gutturals it hath a( ~ ), as TJ*7N?7, shall I go? but before guttural with ( T ) it hath( v ), as O^fin, whether he be wise? and before ( : ) it has ( " ), as nJiOn. 3. When it is succeeded by dagesh, the dagesh is in the prefix and not in the noun, as ?3 7 Jf. CHAPTER V.—JVouns. In nouns is chiefly to be noticed their formation, gender, number, case, government, or regimen. R. 137. Nouns are generally formed from the third person singular of the preterite tense, first conjugation active : 1. By changing its vowel or vowels, as 1*21, a word, from ~\%1, he spake ; or 7r?D : a king, from Tj^p, he did reign ; or, 2. By dropping a radical letter, as ?H, grace, from |J|f, he was gracious ; or, 3. By adding one or more of the VriJDKH letters, as HDDp, a covering, from HDD, he did cover ; or H7p, a word, from ^ 7D, he spake ; or njflD, a gift, from fflj, he gave. R. 138. With respect to Genders, observe : 1. Masculine, are generally the names of men, as DUID^ > of offices occupied by men, as TPD, a king ; of idols, as fU"! 5 of angels, as ^JO^D ; of nations, as OH¥D ; of rivers, as ?i£> 7 £) ; of mountains, as 7D")D 5 and of months, as |D 7 J- 2. Feminine, are names of women, as ^fT") ; of cities, as Jt' 7 V 5 and of countries, as JlJ^P- OR CHAPTER VI.— Adjectives. R. 139. The Superlative is also formed by prefixing the ad- jective, or by a genitive or suffix following the adjective, as D^IJH niy'S^I iftpn N^H ini, and David was the :- t: ItIt- • t : youngest, and the three eldest followed Saul. ?tOp fnXii"P VJ3, Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons. p"lHD DDTD the best of them is as brier. Example of Nouns and Adjectives, according to their variations in Number and Regimen. WonU underiroiiii! the sttme j vxriiitioc]* .<^ tho •■ ill I p ) :<.(= eollll tili. m m m noc hik bin - ■ T • T •' T y.-y Snp K»ad ?|P$ ,T|D9 |1DJJ T1!35 ^W imp W73 Nnp MASCULINE. 'LUUAL- m o\ ay Dl "-P nor? n""n >p;?n ♦tySj ♦vnn >PI1 niy.Sv '*$?» 0^5*7 □ :. ;T nn ci^pi onoir DHV? D'pn not used. ■ D»3PP j SINGULAR. Regimen. Absolute. Signification ")21 cnn rpi pan olio -nS p-HJ nis □n pi ySi cnn T T ?pr riya Dili pnn n a word a wise man a smith an old man desirous a shield a hireling terrible ■i fortification high born diligent beautiful mOjrie.-Uh □ f~J warm T ' ™* V an enemy #/¥■ ,ib N70 fu » cnn a hair deaf ^DitDl rou "^ nnoui 97 MA SCULINE.— Continued. Words undergoing the same variations as those in the op- PLUKAJL. SINGULAR. pr site columns- Regimen. Absolute. Regimen. Absolute. Signification. n^J ,1VJ "U?9 H9P DHSD "1SD ^3D a book n'?n bin iw *Vpn wvhn i'-?n p?D desire H ^ '*$ D'ir r# TV. a tree &$ yn \?# D*t# ?i/ 'n; a goat \9* ♦3313 D $ 3313 3313 3313 a star nsN p:v y^ nriip onpi^ ipteppit? a keeper i ■■ ♦irp D^H3 jriSi jH3 u priest "ipa '!?H0 D^pnn ty'in E^in a month c]pfc >SnN D*Sru\* Sritf Srrfc a tent ill nn Di3 ♦3i£ DOiD 3iO| 31ft good ph 3"n ♦?# □♦!# ?'r fr strength 1H 1110 nbx onii 11s ■nv a rock S39 rno *3|.l 0O|J 3JJ 3^ a thief nuV p^V 'T$S DH\sS TfiS TJsS a torch ?te& pin ♦5iSn DOiSk ?]iSn qiStf H prince Sni "W' *"Uy onj;i "lyi *^i a lad (!! S?S 7!« ♦TO D'JVJ ,to .TO .in olive tree ♦Shi D^Sru Sni Sni a cnl 3pJ k 1^1 070 D*3DJ HPi a drink-ofl'er- ^"1*1 [fi.1 DO Sb T ; ^]Sp a king p*? ♦^ DH3J; "tM "tM a servant ♦#Ete ]?B>fl *y*>] b»jn} jrSV in? seed "133 ♦S[?K DH3N 13N "13N a husband- man nba -nj? »#py o^'pi? vm *U perverse I SlJS 1133 ♦-rioS DH10S ■noS "ii^S learned ' "♦73 d^Sd ♦S3 *si a vessel ♦1? f □♦♦3V'j ■j D\\*3j» ♦3V 3> a roe lniN3ifJ 1 T : ♦♦Sri •■ t x: 1 D'Srn ♦Sn • x: • t: a decease ■t t: 1 DUAL. Words until i going the same variations a> those in the opposite columns. DUAL. SINGULAR. Sit'iiifica- tion. Regimen. Absolute. He^imen. Absolute, *nafc> D»n£)b* nuts' r?sfe> a lip TO ^5 TO a wing a thigh a hand niSy'JS ' - : t a tooth •>n ear a Bh'oe 1*1? uP 1 n^ an eye a nose a foot a door *313 0!5")3 TO T» a knee ■ FEMININE nog nn^ nifl? nffij ns» H3J beautiful nrru\* moan nio^n todpi noDn wisdom nn# ni-w niyy niW nv# not used. n>I&>' counsel the second mm n^'i* H T T V T T - ninSpp nid^a mo 1 ?!? nitr^a niDbpa nvSSp menfer nisS^ n.^'j53 noVp no 1 ?^ npSr noSo rvy?'w nbVy a request a kingdom a kingdom i garment a virgin np T Sn nnrus* mwDo nScr"bo a damsel B reproach 1 dominion J ny^ri mnptr ninotr nnpcr nnot? joy n^Non mnst^o ninstrb nnsro rrnsttfp a family niDta rro-o ro-a rfaS? STVJI 11795$ ntona niDna na-a HD-13 a pi" 1 T niDna ni^S'S niDpa nana nana cattle a work n^n rnrrnr:* ninw n»n# n*n^ a pit 99 R. 140. Some nouns are irregular, having tne masculine termination in the singular, and the feminine, or both, in the plural, as Q&, a name; J")iD&', names; ^J^, a cloud; D*5#> and ni^l?, clouds : others have the feminine termination in the singular, and the masculine in the plural, as H^N, a woman; Q 9 £20, women: and some have both the dual and plural terminations joined together, as J~lDin, a wall; a'niDin, wails. Examples of Irregular Nouns. P Wonls undergoing A the same variations as those in the opposite columns. PLURAL. SINGULAR. Signification. Regimen. Absolute. Regimen. Absolute. ni^N* ni2N ^ dk a father on TIN dtin *rr£ n& a brother *i3 D*J3 ?? P a son *ri? D'fia jv| n?5 a house t*h D»B>'&n c'n'-i B^S a head *p ,t q'p: DV dv a day *w D*B>JN &n:ux tr'UN a man ~'VU D'H~j nl nl a kid »»2f D"¥ D*¥ 'V 'V a ship nin "w ♦jptf b*pw" pi# p^ a street ni»s d'fi >s H£ a mouth nibh? nurr^i I? 2 frta a thumb *P*P *P 0?P water niSN ni£N DN DN a mother nion nrnK nvruv nir?N mmi a sister nui niiS ni ni a daughter ni npN ninoS npN noN a maidservant nvjpi T ~ : t : T T a portion ♦tfo D'fiS^ d^'n n#N a woman •• T any J • T ti? "v# a city 100 CHAPTER VII.— Pronouns R. 141. The dagesh in the second person singular and plu- ral, is an assimilated J ; the original words being HfUN or R. 142. HO before Mak-kaph is commonly shortened, and joined by dagesh Euphonic, with the following word, as "HO 17 ; and before gutturals with ( T ), ID becomes ID. J : T Examples of relative, demonstrative, and interrogative pronouns. (SeeR. 38. II. HI. & IV.) V12&' N7 ltt>N ?T\S*i7 rPPfl " And it shall come to - : v -: • t t t : pass, that the man that will not hearken." OnySimirN TW^N rQ'ltt'JO " And I will return ■ t : • : : —■ - - v t t -. unto my brethren that are in Egypt." "Din *\&& ^'nnini " And I will teach thee, what thou shalt say." i&$ ^1^1 ^?0? !| ^W£X?P!?# W^ W* n ^ 1*11? "M " Thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy man- servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates." upnr n? isnS rri id^-jiic wt-jan « And he called his name Noach, saying, This shall comfort us." Np'")'?/ 'ITF'IJ IK " TTiese were born unto the giants." SnH D?1iin " Those nations." I v t t t t : T •• : - •• v •• t : are the three sons of Noach, and of them was the whole earth overspread." nj HI /ifi rt/N " These are the generations of Noach." Tyn rirxh) "[inn nrxh u This h not the way, nor \$ this the city." D?*3VP p.¥? D ^-!? W " This shall be their derision in the land of Egypt." 101 itwij nx't " Do this," npsn npn ntft " tms is the ordinance of the passover." 1? 1iirT"|P " From this generation." J"nN„l tf Q_J,* " This people whom thou hast redeemed/' i^H ^DiV^N! ' ; Upon this rock." nr^n UNIT'S " What man is rfAis?" /"IN *P"TD " WAose daughter art thou ?" nriN *D " JPno art thou." 77^ 1I7N *P " WAo are those with thee ?" 8>iJN nO ;{ What is man ?" nS Kin HO " ^^ he ••• -r T T was unto her." iJ3"D^'~r?pi iQ&'TTp " What is his name, and what is his son's name ?" 71*? rntryS'nS " TFAai can be done for thee ? " 17 ?T»nTTO " What is become of him ?" ♦•#•♦ CHAPTER VIII.— Verbs. The author takes leave to state briefly the reason why he differs from the most eminent grammarians that have gone be- fore him, who numerate seven distinct conjugations. In the Latin language, all grammarians are agreed that there are four conjugations, and that every regular verb is declined or conjugated after the example of one of these conjugations ; but in Hebrew all perfect verbs are conjugated after the one example of Pa-al. And though the verb varies in its significa- tion seven times, yet it would be very improper to call these variations distinct conjugations. No one ever supposed that amo and amor are two different conjugations, why then should the active and the passive in Hebrew be styled so ? Is it to be wondered at, therefore, that many a Hebrew student has been 102 discouraged by being told he had to learn seven conjugations, especially after he had experienced the great difficulty of mak- ing himself master of the four Latin conjugations. Would it not naturally suggest to him the idea, that he has to learn in each conjugation, an active and passive voice, which would make fourteen paradigms, and the Indicative and Subjunctive of each voice would double the number, and make it twenty- eight, whilst in reality there are but seven simple paradigms, and differing so little from each other, that if the first be once learned, the others will soon be known. R. 144. When the first radical is D, 'w, or C f , the charac- teristic jl in Hithpa-ail changes place with the first radical, at S^npn, for S^prin; laflp'ri, and not n&^'nrr; "Orip'n for "pterin.— When the 'first radical is tf, the fi is changed into £3, and the tO changes place with the first radical, as pIpHH for pTifin. — And when the first radical is "T. t3, or ri) the characteristic jl is omitted, and a Dagesh placed in the first radical, as flSHM for rtSnfiN ; "iHtDH for -lnann ; intern for inaiinri. CHAPTER XIII.— Changes of Letters and Points. R. 145. 1 Conjunction, when followed by ( : ) changes its usual vowel ( : ) into !), as ^371 ; but if the succeeding ( : ) be under i, n or II, the ( : ) conjunction is then changed into ( • ) and sometimes to (v), as W)* Dfl".!^ VfU JTfn If the *) conjunction be followed by D> D* or £}, it commonly changes ( : ) into 1, but if the letter hath the tone, it takes ( T ), as JV?*)' T?D ! )> ny")5V inpj; especially when it joins two synonimous words, as {£H1 *JJP afflicted and poor. Before a guttural letter with a compound ( : ) 1 takes the corres- ponding short vowel, as iTHV "i3#V 103 R. 146. ") Convcrnve (see R. 117. Note) prefixed to the future, whose praeforraative hath ( : ) loses its Dagesh, as 7t9p?l; and before the formative prefix X the ( " ) is length- ened,' as SbpN*v R. 147. The prepositions "J, D> 7, before a compound ( ) assume the corresponding short vowel, as fHnD; before the article they commonly remove it, and take its punctuation. (See R. 103.) Before a tone-syllable they take (-■■), as TV&y)- R. 14S. The preposition j,2 frequently drops its ?, and is sup- plied by Dagesh in the next letter, as Tj^tDO instead of TJ/O'TD, if followed by guttural or "), its ( ■ ) is changed into ( " ), as 3*10. "WO. CHAPTER XV.— Syntax. R. 149. Two substantives in apposition are sometimes so joined together, that the latter supplies the place of an adjec- tive, as DJ?P 0*p'JKj men fewness ; i.e. few men. R. 150. A substantive is often repeated to signify, 1. the whole, with reference to each of the same kind, as £^'K &*>{<• man man ; i. e. every man. 2. Multitude and succession ; as "iDfl rTHJO Hi'l'fcOj pi ts > P lts of clay; i. e. many and suc- cessive. 3. Distribution, as he delivered to his servants, *\1V TIJ^j drove, drove; i. e. a drove to the care of each. R. 151. The noun following the regimen is often used as an adjective, as £'"ipn ^1J3, garments of holiness ; i. e. holy gar- ments ; and sometimes the regimen noun is used as an adjec- tive, as *52"| 2^2, with the multitude of my chariots ; i. e. with many. R. 152. A noun hath sometimes the same form as if in regimen, when a particle intervenes, as fij/'ll HDDH. wis- dom and knowledge ; 12 'Dlfl, trusting in him j ^^ HDD HID, a stroke without cessation. 15 104 R. 153. Collective nouns in the singular number have plura words to agree with them, as Q^VP^r? Dl^iT, the people that were to be found. R. 154. The pronoun is sometimes redundant, as PTtB^tn ♦TTUrO X1H, the woman (she) gave me ; TIN -lUNim ■ J t : it * ' w v .. . . - *1 7*!l, and she saw (him) the child. The pronoun affix with the particle 7 is also sometimes redundant, as *??\2LH&H$ I will return. R. 155. The particle 17 before the preter or future, denotes an optative sense, as UHO Y), O, that we had died ! 1*1 to thresh 31' to gush, to issue out "1*1"' to swell, be presumptu- ous 71T to be loose, vile [•If chald. to nourish TIT to squeeze, to be aliena- ted Jllfl to describe a sphere "11*1 to propose a parable 71*1 to tremble, to be in la- bour with DIPT to spare, pity trifl to hasten 2ND to be good 71 E3 to cast, send forth &V3 to set loose, spread forth 713 to contain, comprehend J13 to make ready, to fit, es tablish M7 to turn aside, depart "317 to hide, involve, enwrap ?J|7 to stay, abide, remain */*)7 to scorn, scoff 2^17 to knead JI1D to dissolve, melt £01*3 to slide, slip aside 7I1D to decay, fall to decay, grow poor 710 to cut, to circumcise plO to be dissolved, to rot, to pine or waste away 11 D to change, alter, ex- change *#1D to decline, to remove 21J to put forth, bud, germi- nate *11J to move, be agitated D1J to incline, bow D1J to slumber, doze D1J to flee, wave £]1J to reach out, stretch forth V) J to shoot forth, or spring illD to recede, turn back 71 ID to overspread, anoint v"|1D to sweep away, consume, to finish, accomplish 11 D to decline, turn aside ill 3 to fail, intermit 1 13 to turn this way, and that flS to disperse, to burst open pi Q to totter, stagger 115 to break, burst, rive £n£) to spread "11 "if to hunt, to catch side- ways Q1¥ to be empty, to abstain from meat and drink, to fast 108 f]1¥ to overflow pi V to press, distress 11¥ to bind close, besiege, oppress 01 p to lothe, nauseate Dip to rise, stand up ?1p to lament Dip to cut or pluck off* ^1p to fret, to be fretted Tip to cause to spring up cast out CI p to spread a snare 31") to strive 111 to subdue D11 to be lifted up, exalted fill to yield, give way J»J|") to run C11 to lack, be poor 21 $ to turn back 31 & to be or grow old 11 C to smear over with lime 01 \y to run to and fro 01 C to decline, turn aside 11 C to fence, hedge D1C to place, constitute, dis- pose f]1C to bruise, cover, over- whelm p1C to desire earnestly, have eager appetite 11C To regulate the voice in singing, to sing 11C to direct, rule C1C tobebrisk, active, spright- ly, cheerful, to rejoice 3*lfi chald. to return 11fl to go round, investigate 1*J to split, to plough f*¥ to flower, blossom JVV to burn 1*p to destroy p*1 to evacuate, exhaust, draw forth, attenuate "1**1 to excern, ooze with 1? Geminatum, after 33 D- 113 to be all alone TT H3 to spoil, plunder, strip 7/3 to mix, confound, destroy pp3 to make entirely empty or waste 113 to clear, cleanse CC3 to delay, to be tardy 11J1 chald. to assault, attack 11.1 to cut oneself **,1 to take off, cut off 7?3l to roll - T pj to protect, defend 11J to ruminate, to saw -T CCJ to feel, grope for 331 to cause to murmur *]31 chald. TJ1- to afliict 771 to be entirely exhausted 001 to be silent, composed, to expect, wait for ppl to beat, to thresh 13* to cleanse, purify DOf to imagine, devise, think pp| to strain off, purify by fusion 33(1 to hide, to love 109 Jjn to dance round and round! Dpi to erect, or display in circles, celebrate a feast Tin to penetrate, be sharp, acute 77H to make a hole, to pierce or wound, vitiate, pro fane, begin DOff to be or grow warm pil to be gracious *HiDn to cover, shelter r*l±n to divide into shares, to dart ppn to mark, delineate, de fine, determine, or decree "lin to burn, to be parched, dry 770 to cover, shelter - T 77* to cast forth, project 773 to hold, contain, cora- prehend DD3 to reckon, number, count - T £"]£)3 to bow, bend down 173 the same as JJUl- pp7 to lick with the tongue 710 to measure, lengthened - T out C2D0 to slide, be disabled TlpD to decay, be impoverished 770 to speak articulately, to talk DDO to melt, be dissolved — T P2£0 to squeeze, wring ppO to rot, pme, waste away 710 to be very bitter jy'&y'O to feel, to search | 33 D to turn, encompass T|3D to cover, protect 77 D to raise, or cast up on high 7")D to be rebellious, refrac- - T tory f?JD to be consolidated, strengthened 773 to pronounce or execute judgment, intercede, mediate, pray DDQ to diminish, fail - T i7fl£) to part or divide minutely 7 7V to shade, overshadow, tingle or sound, (as the ears,) quaver, dart into the deep 77¥ to bind up closely, be- siege, distress, afflict exceedingly 3Dp to curse, execrate 77 P to bow down the head I L 77p to be vile, to curse, blas- pheme Pp to build a nest f*¥p to fret, lacerate, harass "Hp to grow frigid, to con- geal IT^p to collect, pick up 33*7 to be many, to multiply, to shoot 777 to subdue entirely 731 to be soft, tender, deli- cate no 00^ to raise on high, exalti J03 or extol NOJ T T P"l to exult, shout, sing JO"l DDI to moisten, temper with moisture VV") to dash, bruise by col- lision pp^ to spue, spue out Witfl to lack, be in want, be reduced to extreme poverty JUl^ to err, transgress through mistake T"?1T to shatter to pieces, de- stroy TTtr to lime, smear over with lime tan Kton T T JO' •T T]3^ to assuage, subside . 7 7lT to strip off, spoil 0D& to be desolate and waste, - T be amazed or asto- nished \yj? to whet, sharpen DDC* to tear in pieces, to pil- lage HpC to rush forward violently -nt£> to rule, hold dominion f Jfl to cut, to shake off 77JI to overhang, be heaped up DOH to perfect N*S afar NVO. v T ▼ t : N"1D T T T T NOV jop N"13 to devise of himself alone X5p NtOD to speak rashly, foolishlyi xS? chald. to wear out,con-|K"1j5 sume to create to sup up, swallow to crush, tread down, humble, oppress to sprout forth, germinate to hide, conceal to deviate from, miss, sin, offend to pollute, defile to fear, to venerate, reve- rence to separate, restrict, re- frain to clap together (the hands) chald. to reach unto to be full, to complete to find, meet with, obtain, procure, to supply, suffice to raise or swell up to prophecy to drink hard, guzzle to be compared to be extraordinary, wonderful chald. to will, be desirous to assemble (in troops) chald. to pray, supplicate to thirst to be hot, inflamed, burn with zeal, jealousy to be congealed, con- densed to call, meet, name, pro- nounce, announce Ill $$£3*"l to restore to a former T T state, to heal XXI to run T T Klty chald. to expatiate, in crease N*V*8? chald. to finish, com plete fcOfc> to hate, dislike T T *t~\& chald. to dwell, remain JY'S after nS> ^ T T n?S to contemn, slight T T HD-1 to weep, bewail H73 to wear out, waste away njlil to build T T n^2 to feed, eat T T Jl7Jl to remove, carry away, T T discover, reveal n"1.3 to excite, move, stir up TT HJI to multiply n*l*l to step, march on slowly Jim to drive, impel, push HD1 to break in pieces, bruise H71 to draw, exhaust, exalt tlDI to make equable, or T T equal, to put on a level, compare i"Or to clear, clean, pure T T J HJ? to commit whoredom TT rnt to scatter, ventilate, win now {■OH to hide T T Hin to brighten, exhilarate ifff! to fix, see, behold nOfl to wait, expect I fl^n to be languid, faint, sick } afflicted, grieved, con- cerned iljn to fix, pitch ilDn to shelter, hope, trust !l£3n to cover, veil HXn to part, divide ^[10 to i m P rm t, incide, en- grave nin to burn with anger, grief, or zeal nt^n to be silent, inactive T T Jlj"in to keep fire active, light- ed or in a smoke by the constant access of fresh air iintO to impel, drive forward !~OD to extinguish, quench H7D to finish, bring to nought HOD to be hot with desire, to T T pant n,3D to surname T T HDD to cover, veil, conceal ("TiDID to curve, bend, appease n**0 to cut, dig, cut out iltJO to cover, be inclosed T T »inO to wipe clean, blot out 1IJD to distribute, compute, reckon up, appoint, assign, ordain ilDO to melt, dissolve T T MXD to squeeze, press, wring out Jl*)D to resist, rebel, disobey nCD to draw out or forth, T T ' withdraw, remove 12 fTlJ to remove, reject, cast out or away nn,3 to lead, guide, diffuse ,T T ll^i to complete, consummate T T * nnD to swt'ci), remove, de- T T molish H^D to strew, be valued, coin- T T pared HQD to scrape, sweep to- gether or away ni£) to separate, deliver i"7.3D to run out, be diffused ,T T H/5 to separate, distinguish, judge, intercede, me- diate PUS to turn, advert, look to, provide, prepare n¥£3 to let loose, to open T T n*lfl to bear or produce fruit T T PI C£D to spread, diffuse T T ' riDD to draw aside, withdraw. T T persuade, entice, se- duce PO¥ to swell, grow turgid !T7¥ to lie in wait, to hunt H 7¥ to roast, toast, bake nfi¥ to overspread, survey look around, con- template, watch, wait for J! 7p to roast, parch, fry n^p to hold, contain, possess, t It get, gain, acquire nVD to make an extremity or T |t * end, to cut off, scrape ITlp to meet, join, light upon. incur, befal, happen riu'p to be stiff, rigid, stub- born, hard i"0**l to become many or grei*A N"V. ^N' to desire earnestly 7N* to determine, consent, begin CJO to despair of r\W to consent, agree 2. >*fl with JYT. 3T chald. to give Til* to judaize, became a Jew in religion. 3- ,fr 5 with V geminatum. D J^ to cry out aloud, exclaim TV to cast, cast forth, cast out 77* to howl, to yell J^i*' to come or uo forth {<"V to fear, venerate, respect 5. >"£ wiW* n r ' , 7- HJ' to afflict, grieve, humble HT to confess, praise, wor- ship r\¥ to press, oppress, afflict 114 US* to be fair, beautiful T T fl"V to direct, point forward, TT guide, teach, regulate aim J1C" JT* verb imp. substant. is, are, was, were 6. >"£ ivith n r 7- . fi3* to pound, beat J"iy to burn or be burned 7. »»3 twVA J^y. ^W> to appoint, constitute fj7* to be strong JO.!/' to cover; chald. to coun- sel, advise 7^"> to profit, benefit Jl^* to dissolve, melt, dissi- pate, be tired, spent V]?* to advise, give counsel 8. '"3 with n"h. CO* to prove, argue, reprove (1^ to place, settle, permit, give leave 113' to breathe or blow — T 9. i''2 with y«7. tfpj to strain, distend, hang up i?"V to displease, hurt W&i to keep, save Class 3. 1. y& with y Geminatum. TU to be in motion, unsettled condition VVJ to shoot out, to sparkle 2. yQ ivith H"^. NSPJ to bear, take up, suffice, contain, lay on, carry, bring, obtain, bear sin, forbear, forgive NS^'J to elate, puff up, deceive 3. y& ivith r\"b. n^ to leap, spurt out, sprinkle iltDJ to stretch, stretch out or T T forth, tend, verge, de- cline, incline ,13,3 to smite T T J1DJ to attempt, prove, tempt nVJ to shoot, rush or flee T T away nr^j to clear, be clear, inno- It t cent il&'J to be remiss, to forget, lend PJMo labour, be weary with labour U'V to perceive, know, take notice of #3* to shine, shine forth - T WW to spread out, as a bed j rillJ to descend, come down 4. y& iv nth T)"b. 115 r\WH to fail, perish fjlj to give, to permit 5. Defective £) with n"? ory ({L ). np 7 to procure, bring, take, marry VTy) to grind to pieces nJJI to push or butt with the horns HT^ to thrust, impel r?DJ5 to pull away _ T i „ H5J to breathe, blow n£U Pihel. to cut in pieces 6. J"£) irift j7*7. X'33 to gush, spring, bubble out or up i».1J to touch V&] to plant, fix, unfix I*D3 to remove Vpj to be strained, disjointed Class 4. 1. 1**3 after )*$ or ». Tjlu chald. to go, come D1H to tumultuate pjl to be ready, prompt, pre- sent oneself 2. ya wtf ry. ^1^ to be thick, gross JiW to bake upon the coals 1117 to bear witness, testify \)y to hasten, remove with haste \ 8»# my to rush impetuously upon, or fly upon to vibrate, to flutter, fly, fly away to consult to confine, contract, com- press, squeeze to raise, lift up oneself, rouse oneself, stir up to come together, to as- semble 3. ry or rrS. mjl to break, burst or thrust forth nil to drive, impel, push n*lO to overlay, cover over the surface rPJ to rest or settle after mo- tion, to give rest 1113 to expand, spread out, dilate |-p") to inspire in smelling, snuff, snift, breathe in mi!-' to incline, bow, stoop mtr to meditate, reflect deep- ly, complain 4. ry with yb. y)\ to move, stir, shake tremble y) 7 to lick up, absorb, swal- low down y^\^ to move, stagger y^"] to be evil, wicked yi to break, to shout 116 .1*1 C to cry aloud, shout 5. V'V with IT'S. DID to die Dlu' to set, place, settle, dis- pose, constitute, ap- point, put. Class 5. 1. T]"^ with )} Geminatum. 77i"T to exalt, irradiate, shine, to be mad DQH to rout, crush, defeat, confound jinn to consult or meditate mischief 2. ]}"§ with tf Geminatum. Til* to preserve, or continue still, uphold *?1* to be strong, vigorous, to prevail 7^1* to ascend repeatedly, glean, do, perform, effect 77]/* chald. to enter, go or come in DO J/* to hide, conceal, obscure JDJJ to tread down, trample under feet WlPy to consume, decay, waste away 3. 1* Geminatum with H /• liny to be white, clear, pale nnC' to bow, to prostrate oneself 4. X* Geminatum with j"V'7\ nnil to be broken rirO to pound into small pieces Class 6. 1. VT with X"'b. N"D to come, go, set, as the sun NiCD to sweep, sweep repeat- edly N^) J to fail, disannul, break, discourage Nip to vomit, spue out Class 7. i. r»*s3 with n"b. n^in to meditate, utter Jlin to send, thrust or dart T T forth mn to be, subsist, continue n?n to be sleepy, drowsy rVH to be, exist, remain, T T continue Jl^n to tumultuate, be turbu T T lent H D H to hush into silence, to be silent niil to protuberate, be preg- nant 2. irg «»# rrb- (111* to be plucked away or\ HD)* to be thick, gross, dense, - T * J T T separated compact 117 n*Tlf to put on, to adorn T T iltO^ to throw, wrap, put a covering upon, over- spread H/V to ascend, mount up- T T wards rOU to act upon, affect answer, force, afflict nVl? to fix or shut T T mi^ to bare, make bare, un- T T cover, strip, make naked, empty, pour out TJt^V to do, make, perform T T ' 3. N r 'l* with n frt >. HfrO to increase, rise, swell, T T to be exalted, proud H*n to fly T T HN3 to bruise, break, beat, T T beat down T\tfh to be weary, tired, to faint illO to be beautiful T T UNI to see, understand, per- T T ceive UNC to be confounded, con- T T fused, destroyed, de- solate flNn to limit, bound, restrain, T T prescribe to 4. n/'V with &"S nHJl to repair, restore to a 7 T former state, heal en- tirely nl!3 to restrain, repress, shrink, contract Jill 7 to be insane, to rage T T nnO to delay, dally nnj to lament, bewail T T HUp to be blunt, set on edge nn*l to be irresolute, waver- T T ing through fear 5. Ytf or * with JY'S- mi to be languid, feel great pain Hill to declare, discover, show T • !"Vn to live T T mtO to spin iTD to burn, scorch, to be burned Hw to join, add, associate, to borrow nii to dwell, reside IT my to command, order, or- dain Hip to stretch, to expect ear- nestly rni2>' to make equal, plain, level, smooth PTIfl to mark, make a mark HIF) chald. to tremble, be ter rifled 6. 1? Geminatum ivith T]/- (1^.3 to gush out, bubble out HIM to low or bellow n#J0 to err, deviate from a way 118 nV5 to swell with blowing, to cry out ilV'H to spread, stretch out, strew . throw down iTlfl to feed, tend, teach nVW to look, regard, delight respect tlVD to err, wander, go astray err greatly Class 8. i. #f£j mth n v b- D3X^ to twine, entwine, com- plicate HWy to shine, look glossy 2. yy with n*S- fil^S to disturb, aflrigV* n i & a -i a CAPUT I. N : pan rw own rw dtiSn Nia rr£'N"i*» ** Dinn >*Q~b$ n^m irlii irin nn»n p-mm 2 a\frS&? ipx'n : ovsn *js-7# nfirn:? D^rrS^ nni 3 aitr»a TiKrrntf D»rtf?K Kin : -iiK-»m ifar»fp 4 n l S ■)• v: :s-- i - : j- y, j- : anym nVS aop n^'nSi oi> tikS i wribx ■;>:■ • a- t :at t|jt | v i - : t ^- a : inx ov -ipa _ 'm it v >- |v v • :i- Snao »nn D»srr Tina yp*" 1 ^ o\iSK niajn 6 pa 7*ra*i y»p"trrnN ErriS^ b>#»i : d\sS d»d pa 7 I <■• •• : — - |- tit v • v: --i — • it t •(.- I •• 7yo ng^K CD*»n pjri Fpl^ rinnp i#$ b?pn -♦m b*W jrpnb D^rlSx aopn : t^nn y>p-iS s • '-I - "A T T " 1 1" T l T ■■)' '■"■ ST I : ' ~ • '" ' :l ~ " I A' tit s : ^c'-dv np'a"»;n a-iy "Sn* b\hvn nnriQ D*sri rig! D'riSg "iD**y 9 1 dtiSn* Nnpn : i3~£ kbHj p>s*n ^*in D*r?S$ ip^'*] J aitr-an ia - imr lu'N tr»b na nir'r na pr m? rnro ynrs airy nth p-ian xvini : \^r\^ r^xrrhy 12 - <•: - v j- v v I .' t t -• - 1 1- • :i- 1 v^t t - i.-wdS ia-irnr Wn ns-nir'y nn inroS jnr dv -ipa -, nn a-ur^m : aiio^a wribx m*i 13 |v V 3" ■•';•.• ■ :i- 1 i- v: t :j — 3 17 : '&ry& cap. i. n jwjnn ^ 4 hninb &6wn Vfflz rrns*p »n* d^Sk na*«»] 1,- t : • -: j : : py\ 3 f|ijfi rw e^j jnj$> d ?®.0 !| ?1^ D'S^jJ "^P^l 2i K5j*i : p?o#n y^n ys'ty p.^0"^ *1S^! i rrnn sr'srSs nwi D'S'ian D\r:nn"ns< crtSx W-Sa n&n dIv^dS D^n lintr' new* ntr&'-in I < t ■• : v •■ i" : ■ : it v -: v v it 22 aKihti DfiK* n^rn ; 3iD"*3 dttSn nti inroS ens I' v: ;t I vsT :|- i • i" v: :i — •• ■ : It t I i. t : - - • - - v < : • : j . A " 23 fl : 'tran or npa^nn mmm : pN3 st r • -J ; /.• v • :i- :■/: ■ :|- | vit t •.•;■ 24 nyo 1 ? ?vn 2>s v p.»n tfi'in d'hSn 19^*1 n3 'W"\ 5 p"»nn pwd 1 ? pN-iJvm sro-n hdhs -j — I I" • :i- if" ■ : I '"••' ! 1- : V (VT ft •• : t • : T •• : - v : T • : I v T T ■♦3 D*rt^ k"vi ! »«i^P/' ^?i^D ^px^? ngi 26 i^riiDia ijdSvs d-tk hwj o'iiSk iok»i : aiD A" : * i.-- : - : ;t t j.- -:i- • v: V j-j i -L -?aai nonaai &bwn Myai o»r? niia inn t: t--:- --t- IrJ: t- - : ~ :•: 27X^3*1 : HKrrSy cvto'in b , Dnn - S33 ; i :nN*n t : • - I VIT T - /• IT V IVT T : I V T T "lfW N13 D'hSn* oSi'3 1dS^3 DlNITnN* i D^N ^ jt t _ i- v: vjv : : - : ttit •.• <■ •.•: 28 iok ; i d^MSn BnN* n^3n : on^ k \nn nap^ id? • *•: t I .jt-i- it ,t t itl-i ;t t PT&P331 inKn-ri« W701 on-i na n'fthx anh GENESIS, CAP. 1 ? 2. 2 K n&ri^n irr\- l :oy) D'ri^'n qimi b 4 n nj-D nm .• /.■ it it - t : • - t I j : t - v- : • : via nbh 'nhj run D'hhk "-dk»i : rn^rrSr 29 :• t • - T ■ • • v: J- | VIT T "Sp-nan p k s*n-S^ *}$~bv_ nt?>* nun; ' iPT% : n^aaS rrn 4 DjS rnr rnr r^'^s 13""m^k ryn it ; t : iv : r ; .■ t -,yr - j- | . i" • : J V -; I »•• t ran i SpSi a*a>#n tjij^"SD^n pa ft n^ryWriS aft$ p^-^TiK n»rt c^: ia"ip"s p^rr'^ ntyy -iswSarnK ;rnS& nti : p-'nn nSr^Ssi t t j'-' -: t v • v: :<-- li • " :\~ A T ; T : £) : »##n dv ip'^nn :nir 4 nn -us 4 d jitrnam r • - ; | v v • :i- v r: • :\- a : - " * S CAPUT 2. D bi;i na^i n^ ~\f'x ina^Sp ># 4 3«?>n 01*5 crn^N* Tim : nw Wk in3N*SD _ SDD ^♦atrn 3 • I v : D'tfsn nyrntfS n»m -ns» btrDi fjfrn* J" f T it t : - : it t : ■■ T ■ T l^T- n^nnn tnarSa nx rison Kin fi#»fl in^n T ■ -: I" I VJV T ■•< - -1 I rt IT VTT 12 ojy am wnn tn^n snn : nnrn dsp"12>k it rt (.• - I V;t t .;- -: I IT t - IT , V -: is Kin rinu *j#n nnan*DBn : ontr'n pao n^ian j l ,-, ■ i" •• - it t - i" : - i - I vi. ■ : i . - i4>srS^'n -lmrrDBn : b*d inK'Sa dn aiiDn : - i\\* innS dinh nvn v • - i : v : vi- ; v v:iv ft - ! it t it i v: "73 rmi niton jvn-73 nb-?Nn"?o dviSn nirv t ■• : v t - < — t t t -: it ) • • v: t : lS"*hp»-no ni*nS on^n-Stf am D*05$>*n tin? A t|: • - I : ■ t t jt v ■■ T- ■ - t - | -*j : lotr Nin n*n tfflj onxn iS"aap» ifcto 9di i : j it- vi/ ;t t it s t| : • v -: : 3 D»o#n niyVi nonsn^S nibs? on^n xnp»i • - r - I j : t •• t : ■■ t t it t|: • — j injJD nrp nxd"kS on^i niton n*n SbSi l : v : v [•■ it t i t t : rtv t - j — v : 21 npn rc*»i D-iN.-rSy nonnn i D^nSa rim* &»i I I At •- vt tit i- -it •• : - $• v: t : ■• — 22Piin» I9?l : n-ifinn nfc>3 ijipn vnyb*p nnai n#aS DiNn-ro npS-ntrfc rWn'na i dniSk ftT • : ITT IT I • (l-T V -! IT •• - V J- 23 d^ nvbn nar o-tttn noan : diwtSn rwon v v< - — - j T T | T y _ kT T | T •.• t iv ■ : - b>»nb »a n^x xnp» nxrS ntoo n'^m ♦ovyo V •• I- t • j- l T ' : a - T : ' it t - t -: I- g4ia*rrmi vn»vn^ tf'irzw h-by : nN'rnnpS A • V : l" T v • T-.r I •■ - I t It.i-.. 25 on^ty v.ti : nnx nimS vm intra:) pnm •••••: < : r - it •• it t : i. t : : ■ : | j- t : : iB^n* nSi inr'Ni onxn D^nr it : ■ ^ : A : ' ' itt it • -: CAPUT 3. jj k nw ntr'N nnt^n n*n S^o onr n»n t'njim GENESIS CAP. 3. J| d'iHSk idx-o fix to'NitSn iok»i d^k" niir v: j- t r I -< t • jt v v - (V '-' : JT : irrurrbN rrtfK-n loam : nn n* ^3-o ^vn **b 2 AT T - .• IT • IT ; - I |-r - | ;•■ i. • | J It - I 1 : -iv -: I • t j- : • i- Iit- I r ;■ -.3 13 w-in N ;L n usd iSd^Ti kS ernStf ion : nnon nio-*o n^N*n*7N* irmn 10m : prion 4 F I \ : l. I ftT ' IT V IT T - v 1- I 1 '■. : iftj?!)^ w|d oaSpN dv? *? ciHSn #3* »3 n nm : yn 3io tt nrriSio bn^m D3W 6 VJ" - ^ itt / [•■ :i |- v • : i- ffj ■■ i" • - "r- it j T-: 1- j- : t -: i- : | ■• t j t ■ it .nm Saxm ineo npm So^nS *>yn lomi |,„ . _ A _ _ K ; ■ • )]- - • : - : | ■■ t ry n:inpflm : Sari'-i noy hc^nS-d-i 7 •ity^i m^n nSr iisn*i on now o win n>rnN rnrv ^ip-rw WDtfn : n'un onS s ■;■ •.•: st : I v : : • - i -i iv t imw onxn Nannn dvh nn 1 ? j-ia rtaino : • : t t it .._.._ ^ _ _ j . Iit - )/■■-:• nirv Kijjn : fjn pr rpna D»riSg niir gap 9 "DN ipan : ptsjk 17 10 an DiNrrStf n'ribfl; » : johni »3jn o"w»3 ntjo M3 >f\vq& nSb I" t i" t "IT ; n r ;t ■ it I ,■ ,t - • : i-» t j) :|i "m?8 p?CHPn nriN D'*yy >3 ^S lyn »o iprinn dinh ion*i : nS3N uoo _l on 'nSaS T-pnnv 12 at t it v 1- t : it t iv • t -: ;■-:•: ) -r ■ • n?rr?o ^-runj aon nor nnnj il**'n w'Nn I l" T I • I' T : |T ■)■ ■ T • T J- T JV "I T |T nw nxr-nD n#a S dtiSk nin* na k \*n : Sdn**) 13 A' t j - it • IT ■;■ v: st : v - |- it rim* nDK-n : S3N*i ♦jx^'n tr'n^n n^n nDx'nt 14 t : v - i" it • \- n t - t ■ it nn« mil n 4 vr H*^ »3 ir'mn-SN 1 orhx T - ki xjp^? «iq nyi] p3i rjyir joi n&sterr pai h^nm-Sn d : 3pr i3firi:*n nriKi 16 jt • it '•' 1 1- t r: : it — : nSn 3V}?3 ?jVipi ^i3vr hsiN* njnnn ion CAP. 3, 4. u jve>*n:i nnn^'N* Sip? nyoe> o Iba dtkSi d , I V : ' I j : t : - t j- - t jt t : HoKrv nS iDtfS rr.nny "jg'g r#CHP Sbitrn mSa^n hn>r3 rnism hd"?kh mm lafeD T v -: i _l t • : | v -:i- T t -: it . 19 ig snS Sb&A JpflK rwn : rnif n 3&?jr■: —. t t-:jt v -:i- I Vrt" I - • l" v: .it 24 -nS onpo pen DnarrnK 2>mm : cretei npS I-: v|v ■ I- : -- at tit » wt:i- |t • k- \ CAPUT 4. 1 tt iSm nnrn ihr'N mrrnN y°r dinjti V J- - A : ' JT" ITT T T JT : 2 ^pni : r?ip??vw b^n *C^.p T 1&tffii J?jrn|t rtfi nyi Snrnm Starrrw vrus-riN mSS I •• j v v • :i - vat v v.- t v ...... T 3 VP ton d*o* TPQ ,rn J-nonN* isy rvrr pjbi I' I- •• t- A' T I IJ" " f »~ , it T ~ >■ ITT }']-: 4 N»in"DJ *r3fi Sfm : rrirrS nnjo no-ncrr nsa y - ;■ •• V v it i- \.t : • ;t t -: it s- : • .. IV ... T : - j- Jav •• : V I" i i : ■ n -inn rtrir' n*S innja-\\ % i rp-S^i : inmo-SN* 1 ! -<■ - at t j v t : • .' : I • \i- •• : it:- v : GENESIS CAP. 4. 1. rvsh vr) "Sn nirv no^i :vjs iS*n ijio pb 1 ? 6 t t< I • |at v it : ) - it x i : ■- :!•)-: nKt^ i»tD»n"D« NiSn ItVjs 1S2: naSi n^ nnn 7 ■• : ... < -: I11 J : it t (.t : | t tjt irtpiirn n^Ski p:h n^tsn nnsS rrtbTi k'S b*o |t J : ! V •' : I A" ->t " ~ <■'■' ~ •• j ♦m vhn* ^h"Sn pp iDN iv i : ia-Siron rrnKi s : innm vnN ^n - Sj< pn> opn rntra Dnrra xh SoN»n ?pnN Snrr w* pp"Sw nirr -idn*i 9 j v - I A' x •■ ->■■ 1 ■ I -J- v t : v <- Sip rwy no "ia*n ; »:djn »nK ioc>n wt ♦ nnri J no"TNrr-?o ♦*?** a»pyi* Trw w 11 it - : it t-: it I • 1- ■• |r . 1 I • t j- : T • V -IT : IT JV — T T -: |T I ' T ^,T J T nontfnTiK izyn ^ : ttb ?pnN wnxnnpS 12 t t-:jt v -: 1- <■ I ivt ) i- t , • : ■„■ - \.j~ r -m*n :fiN3 rpnn -m in rjS nnbTin tiDirtfS 13 ;- ! vitt r: : r <.tt it | rt T (,t •■ I ,•• i ♦hfc nana fn : nic^d w Sin-i hut-Sk pp 14 T : .-■• I •■ i : • 1 -: ;t at_ : | • d- iy '«n"m "inpN tj^sdi npnxn ys Syp ditt rtin* iS naan : nnrr \s*yo"S3 rvm hn:i iji id t : j j- 1 ■• : - 1- v 1 t ;t t : I v t t T-f. ppS ni.T d#»i cp* DTiynjr pp nh-Ss taS I-)-: 'ij*rn# nbi;i njtr ngpi dw" B>pn niND ryot^ dw' vz& cr'iJN-nN i-rbin hrm i •■ ;v : ■ t - j- ■:: V j • i •■-: |- 8 d*W nfc>"»D*~bb ViTi : ni^nn D^a nbvi rnp <■• : •• ■ : t : r - it r t V j- iVtt d : nb*i n:r ni»o y^ni nit? jrifew i t- a t t i •• m r- t t •• : ■ 9 : ?j*p"r»N nbn rut? own vftix 'rm Iit |- v •.•(.- att -j- : i v: r :i- • ■ : v ;;<•• -: It |" j • i ■■-: I- v: j- :i- • nijm d^3 ibn rW nitfo rrioB^ nitf it l- t •: i~ at t i •■ jv : . t FINIS.