<;cD 
 
 TKEOIOGICAL SEi 
 
 BV 3700 .M64 1899 
 
 Modern apostles of 
 missionary byways 
 
Modern Apostles 
 
 OF 
 
 Missionary Byways 
 
 ^0 ur moj^ 
 
 y 
 
 BY 
 
 A. C. Thompson, D.D., Bishop W^P. Walsh, D.D., S. J. 
 "^ Humphrey, D.D., Rev. H. P. Beach, Miss A. B. 
 "Child and A. T/ Pierson, D.D. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 1899 
 
Copyright, 1899, by 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 

 
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■m 
 
 'S 
 
 TITUS CO AN 
 
 HANS e(;i:de 
 
 JAMICS (ilLMOlK 
 
 i:liza a(;xi-:\v 
 ali.i-:x (".ardixkr 
 lox Ki:i rii-i\\i.C()XFR 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In the text-books published during the past five years for the 
 use of the Volunteer Movement's study classes, there has been 
 little place for the consideration of fields territorially small, or 
 of those larger ones occupied by a very few missionary socie- 
 ties, as Persia for example. To give classes an opportunity to 
 become acquainted with some of these lands, and also to come 
 in contact with those strong lives that have impressed them- 
 selves upon their chosen peoples, the present book has been 
 prepared. 
 
 From the polar ice of Greenland and South America's far- 
 thest limit, from the earlier history of our new Hawaiian posses- 
 sions, as well as from the nomads roaming the Mongolian 
 plateau, stories of heroism and Christian zeal are brought, that 
 should inspire the young men and women of our day, no less 
 than the record of the '* Mother of a Thousand Daughters " in 
 Ceylon, or that of Scotland's athlete and scholar who early 
 laid down his life for Ishmael's descendants. 
 
 Aside from the attractiveness of these fields and distinguished 
 workers, the little volume comes from the hands of writers who 
 excel in clear and forceful statement, and it is hoped that their 
 words may greatly quicken interest in these apostles of modern 
 times, and in the lands to which they gave their lives. 
 
Contents 
 
 CHAPTER j/ PAGB 
 
 I. Hans Egede, Greenland's Viking Pioneer, 1 686-1758. By 
 
 Rev. Augustus C. Thompson, D. D 7 
 
 II. Captain Allen Gardiner, R. N., *« Pioneer to the Most 
 Abandoned Heathen," 1794-1851. By Bishop W. Pak- 
 
 enham Walsh, D. D 19 
 
 v' 
 
 III. Titus Coan, the St. Peter of Hawaii, 1801-1882. By Rev. 
 
 S. J. Humphrey, D. D 3I 
 
 IV. James Gilmour, " Brave " Missionary to the Mongols, 1843- 
 
 1891. By Rev. Harlan P. Beach 46 
 
 V. Miss Eliza ''Agnew, Ceylon's "Mother of a Thousand 
 
 Daughters," 1 807-1 883. By Miss Abbie B. Child ... 70 
 
 v 
 
 VI. The Hon. Ion Keith-Falconer, Pioneer in Arabia, 1856- 
 
 1887. By Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, D. D 81 
 
 Bibliography 97 
 
 Analytical Index 103 
 
Hans Egede 
 
 Greenland's Viking Pioneer 
 1686-1758 
 
 BY REV. AUGUSTUS C. THOMPSON, D. D * 
 
 1. Egede and His Enterprise. — i. Inception of the Idea, 
 — Early in the last century the germ of a new settlement and 
 of a new Christian movement came into being. That germ 
 was a thought in the mind of Hans Egede. The persistence 
 of benevolent purpose displayed by him in finding his Vv'ay to 
 Greenland and remaining there in the face of appalling dis- 
 couragements entitles his history to some measure of detail. 
 He was a Norwegian, born 1686, and having studied for the 
 sacred office at Copenhagen was ordained pastor of a church 
 in Vaagen, on the western coast of Norway, 1707, the year 
 after Ziegenbalg and Plutschau reached Tranquebar. He had 
 read old chronicles relating to his countrymen in Greenland, 
 and after a twelvemonth of pastoral labor the thought occurred 
 to him that something should be done to ascertain their condi- 
 tion and to reclaim them if, as he feared, they might have re- 
 lapsed into heathenism. 
 
 2. Norwaf s Favor mg Position. — Before the close of the 
 seventeenth century three kings had successively entertained 
 the purpose of sending out ships to reopen communication 
 with the lost colony; success was reserved for this lonely 
 Protestant pastor. The geographical position of Norway fav- 
 ored the turn which his thoughts were taking. Its northern 
 extremity reaches within the polar circle, and its lofty moun- 
 
 * Reprinted by the kind permission of the author, from " Protestant 
 Missions, Their Rise and Early Progress," Charles Scribner's Sons, New 
 York. 
 
8 MODERN APOSTLES OF ^n..^,,^^^^^^ j,y,y^y, 
 
 tain peaks confront the Arctic Sea. \o , , 
 
 that rugged country of its tall pines and puhVf^^ 7 ^? ^^^^P 
 ward the pole to obtain a repetition of Green/. ^"^ larther to- 
 Egede's parish lay in a latitude somewhat highei" . -^"^^"^ 
 Farewell. Mere curiosity, as he imagines, leads him uJ* P^ 
 inquiries of Bergen shipmasters who are engaged in the w^^ ^ 
 fishery. Musing on the condition of supposed forlorn North- 
 men, descendants of his own Norwegian forefathers, from 
 whom nothing has been heard for a long while, he begins to 
 entertain the idea of doing something for them. 
 
 3. At first such an endeavor seems impracticable. A home 
 field of labor has been given him ; he has a wife and children. 
 Vividly do the sufferings and perils of an undertaking like the 
 one which occurs to him stand out to view, and he endeavors 
 to banish the subject. Egede has not yet come distinctly to 
 the consciousness that God is calling him. The Danish mis- 
 sion to Tranquebar had its origin in a crowned head; the 
 Danish mission to Greenland springs from the Christian heart 
 of an obscure pastor. 
 
 4. Brooding over the matter he at length drazvs up a me- 
 7norial, setting forth Scripture promises concerning the con- 
 version of the heathen, the command of Christ, the example of 
 many pious and learned men, and forwards it to Bishop Krog, 
 of Drontheim, and Bishop Randulf, of Bergen, with a petition 
 asking them to use influence at court in favor of a project for 
 Christianizing the Greenlanders. That v/as (17 10) just one 
 hundred years before Judson and the three Samuels — Samuel 
 Newell, Samuel Nott, and Samuel Mills — memorialized the 
 General Association of Massachusetts regarding a mission 
 among the heathen. The next year a favorable answer comes 
 from Bishop Krog, commending Egede' s pious intention and 
 giving encouragement of assistance. The bishop's geography 
 is, to be sure, somewhat at fault, for he remarks that Greenland 
 is in the neighborhood of Cuba, where Spanish and other col- 
 onists found gold, of which a supply might be obtained. 
 
 5. Hitherto Egede has kept the matter chiefly in his own 
 breast, but through this correspondence the project becomes 
 known to his friends, who raise vehement opposition. His 
 wife, nee Gertrude Rask, mother, and mother-in-law do their 
 utmost to divert his mind from what appears to them a prepos- 
 terous enterprise. Yielding for a time to their tears and re- 
 monstrances Egede tries to persuade himself that he has 
 labored under a delusion, but the words of our Saviour, '< He 
 that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of 
 
HANS EGEDE 9 
 
 me,'* stir up a new conflict of feeling. He has no rest in 
 spirit day nor night. Local vexations arise at Vaagen which 
 at length reconcile his wife to leaving the place, and this he re- 
 gards as providentially opening the way. It is suggested that 
 these embarrassments may have been sent on account of their 
 reluctance to give up all for Christ. The wife carries this sub- 
 ject to God in prayer, and becomes convinced that she is 
 called to embark with her husband in the good work. 
 
 6 Second Meuwrial ; Defamatio7i. — Egede addresses a me- 
 morial to the College or Board of Missions, which Frederick 
 IV. had established (17 14) at Copenhagen, who urged the 
 Bishops of Bergen and Drontheim to second Egede's request. 
 They, however, counselled delay till more favorable times. 
 Postponements continued, and hence in 17 15 he drew up a 
 vindication. It was entitled, *' A Scriptural and Rational So- 
 lution and Explanation, with regard to the objections and im- 
 pediments raised against the design of converting the heathen- 
 ish Greenlanders." An unappreciative world still urged the 
 dangers of the voyage, the severity of the climate, the madness 
 of exchanging a certain for an uncertain livelihood, and of ex- 
 posing wife and children to such perils, and finally they resorted 
 to defa?naHon, charging him with selfish motives. Egede was 
 a popular preacher, and members of other congregations flocked 
 to hear him. A neighboring pastor imputed to him the fault 
 of empty seats, and hence became a detractor. 
 
 7. Restive under prolonged delays he resolves to visit head- 
 quarters that he may the better prosecute his undertaking. He 
 proposes to resign his office on condition that his successor 
 shall pay an annual pension till he himself is provided for in 
 Greenland or elsewhere, but no one will accept the benefice 
 thus hampered. At length (17 18) he resigns unconditionally. 
 Hans Egede is the only pastor known to history who spent ten 
 years in unavailing endeavors to gain access to a mission field 
 and at length surrendered his charge, still uncertain whether he 
 would be able to secure cooperation or reach the desired place. 
 Just then comes a rumor that a vessel from Bergen has been 
 wrecked on the coast of Greenland, and that the crew were de- 
 voured by cannibals. But this frightful tale does not deter the 
 good man and his wife. She was already being disciplined 
 into a Christian heroine, and with their four children they 
 move to Bergen, still determined to find a way to disparaged 
 Greenland. 
 
 8. Driven to Secular Schemes. — At Bergen Egede meets 
 with the usual experience of pioneers in Christian benevolence ; 
 
10 MODERN APOSTLES OF BIISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 he is looked upon as a fanatic for abandoning a comfortable 
 home and starting out upon such knight-errantry of benevo- 
 lence. It becomes necessary to give up the expectation of 
 awakening sufficient interest to effect his object independently 
 of secular inducements. The Greenland trade from Bergen 
 had been ruined by the competition of other nations, and those 
 to whom he looks for cooperation are not prepared for any ven- 
 ture in that line, especially so long as the war then existing 
 vv^ith Sweden lasts. Was it outside the designs of Providence 
 that precisely at that Juncture (1718) the erratic career of 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, who had been at war with Denmark, 
 should suddenly come to an end and peace ensue? Egede 
 hastens to Copenhagen. He presents to the College of Mis- 
 sions his mem.orial, with proposals in which the fact of an ex- 
 isting mission to Tranquebar is pleaded in behalf of one to 
 Greenland. He obtains a favorable answer and also an inter- 
 view with His Majesty Frederick IV., who listens to his pro- 
 posal. <'Seest thou a man diligent in business? He shall 
 stand before kings." 
 
 9. Success, however, is not yet assured. A royal order 
 (November 17, 17 19) transmitted to Bergen requires a magis- 
 trate to collect the opinions of commercial men who have been 
 in Davis' Strait regarding traffic with Greenland and the feasi- 
 bility of planting a colony there. But no one seems favorably 
 disposed, and Egede' s scheme again becomes a mockery. He 
 endeavors to make interest privately with individuals, and 
 meets with some success ; but the tide turning once more fresh 
 derision is his lot. Under obloquy and disappointment an- 
 other year wears away. His heart, hov/ever, does not fail. 
 The Macedonian cry has been wafted to his ear by polar winds. 
 It is somebody's business — it is Hans Egede's business — to be- 
 come the apostle of Greenland ; otherwise would ''all the ends 
 of the earth see the salvation of God ? " 
 
 10. Successful Finally. — At last a few are touched by his 
 zeal, so indefatigable despite repulses and mockeries. A capi- 
 tal of two thousand pounds sterling is subscribed ; the king 
 sends a present of forty pounds for the equipment, appoints 
 him pastor of the new colony and missionary to the heathen, 
 with a salary of sixty pounds per annum. A ship called 
 Haabet ("The Hope") — the Mayflower of that enterprise — is 
 purchased, Egede himself subscribing three hundred dollars. 
 Another is fitted out for the whale fishery, and a third to bring 
 back word from the colony. May 12, 1721, one hundred 
 years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Egede, with his 
 
HANS EGEDE 11 
 
 wife and four children, embarks. He leads an expedition 
 numbering about forty souls. 
 
 II. Voyage and Arrival. — Details of the perilous voyage 
 to Greenland need not be given. One of the three vessels, the 
 whaler, parted company from the others, came near foundering 
 in a squall, and was driven back to the coast of Norway. 
 July 3, 1 721, the remainder of the party landed on the western 
 coast, in latitude sixty-four, at Ball's River, the largest stream 
 of Greenland. In the estuary of that river are numerous small 
 islands, and on one of them, named for their ship, Hope 
 Island — called by the natives Kangek — they built a house of 
 stone and earth, Avhich they entered after a sermon on Psalm 
 cxvii. : '' O praise the Lord, all ye nations : praise Him, all 
 ye people. For His merciful kindness is great toward us : and 
 the truth of the Lx)rd endureth forever. Praise ye the Lord." 
 
 III. The Greenlanders. — i. Egede's expectations regard- 
 ing the people of the country, called Skroellings (<^ chips " or 
 ** parings "), were disappomted — a mistake no greater than that 
 of Columbus, who sailed, as he supposed, for Cepango (Japan), 
 and who died in the belief that he had discovered the East 
 Indies. Ruins of ancient Norwegian villages and even 
 churches were found by Egede. But the Greenlanders then on 
 the ground were neither Northmen nor descendants of North- 
 men ; they were Eskim.os. Finding their social and moral 
 condition extremely low, and their language wholly different 
 from any other with which he had acquaintance, our missionary 
 was met, but not daunted, by obstacles the most disheartening. 
 A man of genuine faith and Christian heroism, his spirit rose 
 to the occasion. He had come to Greenland as a missionary, 
 and here was a people evidently heathen. 
 
 2. The vertiacidar must be mastered. Learning at length 
 the significance of one word, Kina, '< What is this? " he used 
 it with all diligence and so obtained a vocabulary. A member 
 of his party was detailed to live for a time amongst the natives 
 in order to catch their speech. Paul, the eldest son of Egede, 
 made good progress, and rendered service by his pencil in 
 rudely sketching Bible scenes which his father endeavored by 
 words to set before the mind of natives. 
 
 3. Acquisition, however, was necessarily slow, and slower 
 yet all instruction of the Eskimos. Youths who for a little 
 while were willing to learn at the rate of a fishhook for a letter 
 soon grew weary, saying they could see no use in looking all 
 day at a piece of paper and crying, A, B, C ; that the mis- 
 sionary and the factor were worthless people, doing nothing but 
 
12 MODERN APOSTLES OF 3IISSI0NAEV BYWAYS 
 
 scrawl in a book with a feather ; that the Greenlanders were 
 brave; they could hunt and kill birds. Indeed, their own 
 name for themselves is hinuit, *<the men." As with all rude 
 people their conceit was unbounded. Highest commendation 
 of a European they would express by saying, " He is almost as 
 well behaved as we are ; he is beginning to be a man." 
 
 IV. Trials as Head of Colony. — i. Egede, being secular 
 head of the colony as well as its minister and a missionary to 
 the heathen, felt obliged to make explorations in order to find 
 some source of remunerative pecuniary returns. He had to 
 combat depression amofig the colonists, whose privations were 
 great and whose profits next to nothing. For provisions they 
 were compelled to depend upon the mother country. These 
 being inconstant and insufficient they were sometimes on the 
 verge of starvation. True the king granted a lottery for their 
 benefit, but it proved a failure. He levied a tax on the king- 
 dom of Denmark and Norway, called the ''Greenland Assess- 
 ment," yet remittances were irregular and insufficient. 
 
 2. Mrs. Egede' s Fortitude. — Was it strange that under the 
 influence of such a climate and under discouragements such as 
 perhaps no other missionary ever encountered Egede should be- 
 gin to waver in his purpose of remaining, especially as others 
 had resolved to quit the intolerable region ? But Gertrude, his 
 wife — noble woman ! — would not listen to the thought. She 
 would render no assistance in packing up, and his courage ral- 
 lied. During their multiplied perplexities she maintained 
 cheerfulness, under all burdens keeping up her fortitude and 
 faith. ''Our Lord called us away," she said, "from our 
 country and our father's house to come hither, and He will 
 never fail us." She was indefatigable in her kindness to the 
 natives, especially in times of sickness. She belongs to a 
 group of early missionaries' companions — Harriet Newell, Ann 
 Haseltine Judson, and others — who have reflected so much 
 honor upon their sex and upon the cause of Christian philan- 
 thropy. With a true womanly fortitude she endures the re- 
 pulsiveness of her surroundings, the intensity of northern 
 frosts, and the intrusion of wild beasts. Once a huge and 
 hungry polar bear breaks into the house, but into his eyes and 
 open mouth she dashes a kettle of boiling gruel, and bruin re- 
 treats. 
 
 3. Failure and Withdrawals. — The merchants of Bergen 
 who had taken stock in this colonizing enterprise became dis- 
 heartened and the company disbanded (1727). Three years 
 later King Frederick died, and his successor, seeing no likeli- 
 
HANS EGEDE 13 
 
 hood of reimbursement from the Greenland trade for sums 
 already expended, issued an order (1731) that all the colonists 
 should return home. It was made optional with Egede to 
 leave with the rest or to stay with such, if any, who of their 
 own accord would remain. Provisions were allowed for one 
 year, but it was announced expressly that he could expect no 
 further assistance. Now after ten years of such hardship, 
 vexations, and want of success, religious as well as temporal, 
 could any man be expected to tarry, especially in view of such 
 a royal mandate ? There was good reason to believe that he 
 would be abandoned by the government and little reason to 
 suppose that private funds would afford relief. Our missionary 
 and his wife resolved to stay. A handful of other colonists 
 stayed with them. His two colleagues went back to Denmark. 
 
 4. Loyalty Trhcmphs. — The next year King Christian VI. 
 sent necessary supplies, and the few colonists that remained 
 met with more secular success than in any previous year. 
 Later came word that the Greenland trade was to be opened 
 anew and the mission to be sustained, for which purpose His 
 Majesty had ordered a gift of four hundred pounds sterling. 
 Persistent loyalty to the King of kings triumphed. One party 
 of northern explorers in the preceding century named a high 
 promontory which they discovered ''Cape Hold-with-Hope." 
 Egede, whose very name suggests firmness — from Eeg, the 
 Danish for "oak" — would seem to have kept that bold head- 
 land always in his eye, "Hold-with-Hope." 
 
 5. Health meanwhile was much impaired. Such incessant 
 labor, solicitude, privation, and severity of climate would tell 
 upon any foreign constitution, however robust. For a time 
 even his mind appears to have sympathized in a measure with 
 its racked tenement, and the only wonder is that there was not 
 an entire collapse of both body and mind. 
 
 6. With the exception of chest difficulties Greenland is sub- 
 ject to few diseases. No epidemic or contagious malady had 
 been known among the natives until one of six youths who 
 were sent to Copenhagen on returning brought the s7nalIpoXy 
 which was communicated to his countrymen. It raged for a 
 twelvemonth, making fearful havoc. Certain places were de- 
 populated, some of the people in their panic committing sui- 
 cide. When trading agents afterward went over the country 
 they found every house empty for leagues along the coast, and 
 it was computed that from two to three thousand died of the 
 distemper. Egede at that time, as always, showed himself a 
 true friend to the Eskimos. He shrank from no offensive and 
 
14 MODERN APOSTLES OF 3IISSI0NARY BYWAYS 
 
 wearisome offices of kindness in their behalf. This epidemic 
 occurred about the time that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was 
 endeavoring to introduce vaccination into London. 
 
 7. Egede's magnanimous wife at length succumbs^ the victim 
 of overwork and philanthropic exposures during the epidemic. 
 She died at the close of 1735. Like the eider fowl of Green- 
 land, which plucks the finest down from her own breast to 
 furnish a warm bed for her young, so was Gertrude Egede a 
 self-sacrificing mother to the natives. 
 
 V. Egede as a Missionary. — i. The dauntless devotion 
 of Egede to the work he had undertaken did not fail to win a 
 degree of favor to the cause in Norway and Denmark. But 
 what were the spiritual results of the mission in those days of 
 incipiency? Alas ! that an answer no more cheering can be 
 given. A large harvest from such soil could not be expected. 
 Egede's motives were undoubtedly pure and his aim most 
 praiseworthy, but by necessity his position was embarrassing. 
 As we have seen, apparently the only way for him to reach 
 Greenland and have the prospect of subsistence there was to 
 organize a colony, and the basis of that undertaking on the 
 part of stockholders and colonists was a commercial venture. 
 Its originator had to be its leader. Under the contract, formal 
 or implied, he was morally bound to look after the secular in- 
 terests of those who had assumed pecuniary responsibilities. 
 It was, then, a formidable embarrassment that Egede should 
 from the first feel obliged to be all the while looking out for 
 places and sources of more profitable trade and should experi- 
 ence constant chagrin at the inadequate financial returns. 
 What in the way of religious achievements can be expected of 
 a missionary whose thoughts are occupied largely with seal- 
 skins, whalebone, and blubber? 
 
 2. Wrong Theory of Missions. — Without adverting again to 
 the almost insurmountable impediments of climate, to impedi- 
 ments in the language and habits of the people, which are 
 likely to be met with in any barbarous region, we must notice 
 that Egede was not fully possessed with the true idea of evan- 
 gelization. He entertained the mistaken theory that civiliza- 
 tion must precede Christianity. With such a theory no one 
 will have large success in '' turning men from darkness to light 
 and from the power of Satan unto God." Nor with such a 
 theory should any large success be looked for even in the line 
 of mere civilization. 
 
 3. The quickest, surest method for starting a savage on the 
 high road of mental improvement and improvement in social 
 
HANS EGEDE 15 
 
 relations is to secure the lodgment in his soul of some worthy 
 energizing thought. And what impulse can be so mighty as 
 the sense of personal responsibility to the holy God, the sense 
 of sin with its penal consequences, and acquaintance with the 
 good news of free grace through the atoning Lamb ? There is 
 no need of preparing a way for the gospel ; it makes a way for 
 itself and for everything else that is good. Preliminaries not 
 having immediate and direct reference to the salvation of the 
 soul are no more required than are introductory arrangements 
 before repentance and faith can become obligatory and can be 
 suitably pressed upon the conscience. Breaking down super- 
 stition does not necessarily introduce vital religion. Of all 
 healthful forces for moving man in the career of ennobling 
 civilization, what can compare with saving faith ? The truest 
 philanthropist is the one who determines first of all not to know 
 anything among men save Jesus Christ and Him crucified, and 
 who accounts himself *' debtor both to the Greeks and to the 
 barbarians." The very alpha of the missionary's office, in the 
 tropics or at the poles, is to deliver the message of Him who 
 has sent him, '' Look unto Me and be ye saved, all the ends of 
 the earth." 
 
 VI. Return and Later History. — Egede had only slight 
 success, if any, in saving souls. His heart was right, but his 
 theory defective. The natives mimicked and derided — than 
 which is there anything harder to bear? In his wearisome and 
 unfruitful toil it would have been very singular if he did not 
 sometimes adopt the psalmist's ejaculation, ''O Lord, how 
 long?" Would it have been anything strange if, like John 
 Baptist in the castle of Machaerus on the dreary eastern shore 
 of the Dead Sea, Egede in his icy prison during the long night 
 of winter should sometimes grow moody ? Fifteen years of 
 unremitting and unrequited labor were now passed. He 
 preaches his farewell sermon. His text is (Isaiah xlix. 4), 
 ''Then I said, I have labored in vain, I have spent my strength 
 for nought, and in vain : yet surely my judgment is with the 
 Lord, and my work with my God." 
 
 In shattered health, taking the cherished remains of his wife, 
 he returns to Copenhagen. The King gives him an audience, 
 makes him superintendent (1740) of a training seminary for 
 the mission, and confers on him the title of Bishop of Green- 
 land, as upon his son after him. He wrote a narrative of his 
 enterprise, and died (1758) at the age of seventy-two. His 
 name is perpetuated on the Greenland coast in the name of a 
 settlement, Egedeuiinde, ''Egede's IMemorial." 
 
16 MODEEN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 VII. Egede's Life not a Failure. — "A failure ! " ejacu- 
 late the unsympathizing. *' What good came of it? " they ask 
 superciliously. 
 
 1. That all expectations, Christian and secular, were not 
 realized has been fully admitted ; but in point of fact this 
 noble Norwegian headed and planted what has proved to be 
 a permane7it colony, and that too under circumstances more 
 disheartening than have been met by any similar enterprise in 
 the whole range of colonial history. Greed was never his 
 motive, nor did he incur any reasonable censure for misman- 
 agement. With respect even to commercial interests it did not 
 become worldly Danes to speak disparagingly of this private 
 enterprise, conducted as it was with prudence, energy, and 
 more of success than we should expect considering the ob- 
 stacles encountered. 
 
 2. How was it with a similar goverfmienf undertaking oi that 
 period ? One Danish commander lighting upon a bank of 
 Greenland sand that resembled gold fancied that his fortune 
 was made. Filling his ship with the supposed treasure he 
 sailed for Denmark, revelling on his voyage in dreams of opu- 
 lence. In 1728 four or five Danish ships were sent out — one a 
 man-of-war — with masons, carpenters, and other handicrafts- 
 men, taking artillery and materials for a fort and a new colony. 
 The officers took horses with them to ride across the country 
 and over the mountains with a view to discovering the sup- 
 posed lost colony of the eastern coast. Those useless animals 
 soon died. The soldiers mutinied. Neither the governor nor 
 the missionary was safe, for houses of correction had been 
 emptied to furnish the colonists. Egede, who before could 
 sleep in the hovels of savage Greenlanders, now needs a guard 
 to defend his bed against the attacks of Christian fellow coun- 
 trymen. 
 
 3. How much of disaster has attended nearly all secular 
 enterprises at the north / Time was when the Arctic archi- 
 pelago might be seen studded with abandoned ships, six of 
 them left in the ice — the Investigator at Mercy Bay, the Reso- 
 lute and Intrepid at Melville Island, the Assistance and Pioneer 
 in Wellington Channel, and the Advance in Smith's Sound, be- 
 sides the Erebus and Terror, which were believed to have been 
 left before in the Strait of James Ross. In Melville Bay more 
 than two hundred ships have already perished. Superior char- 
 acter and superior skill have not sufficed. Sir John Franklin 
 was a man of piety, so were Parry and Scoresby, and though 
 more than one ship's company have perished of cold and 
 
HANS EGEDE 17 
 
 starvation we do not pronounce all those expeditions unauthor- 
 ized. While one chief object in view has been but partially 
 accomplished there are few problems relating to the physics of 
 our globe — atmospheric pressure, electricity, currents, the 
 aurora, the figure of the earth — which can be understood oth- 
 erwise than by an observation of polar phenomena. Important 
 benefits have accrued to science and indirectly to commerce. 
 
 4. Met the Test of Fidelity. — Hans Egede's mission was not 
 a failure. Weight and worth of character are measured by 
 something else than success. The awards of heaven are not 
 graduated by results, but according to fidelity. "Except," 
 says Dr. Geikie, "except that the ancestors of Egede perished 
 on the east coast of that most dismal country, and that its un- 
 surveyed leagues of ice and snow v/ere figuratively under the 
 Danish flag, we know of no claim which Greenland ever had 
 upon Danish Christians." Not so had this pious man learned 
 Christ, nor did he thus interpret Providence. He had been 
 called of God to that undertaking. By heeding the divine 
 summons he accomplished more for Scandinavia, more for 
 mankind, by far than he could have done among the rocks of 
 Vaagen. He was a debtor to those northern barbarians, and 
 obeying the divine impulse he became a historical character. 
 His noble example is felt in the world to-day and will be felt to 
 the end of time. We marvel at the obtuseness that fails to see 
 in the career of this humble missionary an example of moral 
 sublimity. When King Frederick had just been searching for 
 Danish subjects qualified to enter upon mission work in India 
 v/ith its attractions, and had to solicit recruits from a foreign 
 nationality, a young pastor on the rock-bound coast of Norway 
 and almost v/ithin hearing of the Maelstrom was meditating on 
 the forlorn condition of men in a region yet more rugged. 
 The King of kings was giving him a call. He could not 
 clearly interpret the summons at first. Circumstances seemed 
 to chain him to the rocks of Vaagen. 
 
 At length, as to the strong man at Lehi, " the Spirit of the 
 Lord came mightily upon him ; " without wavering he toils on 
 year after year amidst suspicion and obloquy for the privilege 
 of expatriating himself and of reaching an icy home that he 
 may benefit a wretched population. Once there he endures a 
 fifteen years' martyrdo7?i of privation, perils, reproaches, and 
 disappointments. He has the genius of Christian patience. 
 Irresolution never masters him. The sternest realities man can 
 ever meet he looks in the face unterrified. To faith in Christ 
 there are no obstacles tliat cannot be overcome ; to the man 
 
18 3I0DERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 who takes counsel of duty rather than of difficulty there are no 
 impossibilities. 
 
 5. Hans Egede pioneered the way for other missionaries^ 
 Danish and Moravian. By his endurance and perseverance he 
 showed the capabilities of Christian fortitude. His life at the 
 north changed the temperature of that continent of frost for all 
 time to come. His example is no coruscation of the borealisy 
 but a steady beacon light to guide and animate every wavering 
 Christian laborer in lands less inhospitable. 
 
 6. Estimated on the scale of motives and qualities this 
 apostle was a hero and his mission a triumph. You are famil- 
 iar with the incident of two northern travellers lighting upon a 
 man at the point of freezing. One of them sprang to his re- 
 lief, raised him, half buried in the snow, chafed him, restored 
 ^varmth, and by the rescue of a benumbed wanderer brought 
 himself into a thorough glow. His inactive companion, 
 wrapped in furs, came near perishing from cold. So is it with 
 communities, and Norway has to-day a life she would not pos- 
 sess but for that philanthropic service in Greenland. Did she 
 ever produce a man more useful to herself than Hans Egede ? 
 
 VIII. Present State of Greenland.— i. The Two As- 
 pects, — The mission as well as the colony established by him 
 became permanent. After a century and a half it exists to- 
 day. It is to be acknowledged that the power of evangelical 
 Christianity is not strikingly marked in the character and habits 
 of the native people, yet decided improvement has taken place ; 
 the community has become nominally Christian. In Danish 
 Greenland proper the last acknowledged pagan Eskimo died 
 some years since. Most of the people are able to read and 
 write, and here is one of the instances of a rude people in- 
 creasing instead of diminishing by contact with civilization and 
 superior foreigners.* The Danish Government — to its special 
 honor be it said — has pursued a paternal policy, for one thing 
 wisely excluding ardent spirits, that destructive bane among so 
 many rude races. 
 
 2. Two Similitudes. — There is in Greenland singularly one 
 warm spring, with a uniform temperature of a hundred and 
 four degrees Fahrenheit ; and while most of the birds are birds 
 of prey there is one bird of song, the linnet. Such are the 
 fountain and melody of our holy religion in that land of appall- 
 ing dreariness. 
 
 » In 1789 the population was only 5,122; in 1872 it had become 9,441. 
 
Captain Allen Gardiner, R. N. 
 
 " Pioneer to the Most Abandoned Heathen " 
 1794-1851 
 
 BY BISHOP W. PAKENHAM WALSH, D.D * 
 
 1. Introductory i. The tragical fate which befell this 
 
 heroic man, in his noble endeavor to introduce Christianity into 
 Terra del Fuego, has made his name to be a household word, 
 and has won for him a distinguished place in the history of 
 missionary adventure. But it is not generally known that 
 Allen Gardiner had been a m\s&\oxiZxy pioneer during sixteen 
 years of his previous life, and had already endured hardships 
 and privations of no ordinary kind in his efforts to prepare the 
 way for the Gospel, both in South Africa and in South America. 
 
 2. He was a laymaft, and, though urged to enter into holy 
 orders, preferred to continue one to the end, because he believed 
 that in that capacity he could best promote God's glory, and 
 clear the track for the ordained messengers of peace. His 
 plans were not always the wisest or the best constructed, but 
 his spirit and resolution were of the loftiest type, and in all our 
 missionary annals there is no one who can more justly claim as 
 his own the apostolic motto, "In journeyings often." 
 
 11. Boyhood. — Born in 1794, the son of a Berkshire squire, 
 he showed an early predilection for a sailor's life. While he 
 was still a child he exercised his ingenuity in sketching a plan 
 for cutting the French fleet out of Rochelle harbor. A love of 
 adventure was early manifested by his writing out a vocabulary 
 of African words from *' Mungo Park's Travels," and by his 
 sleeping all night upon the floor, in the hope, as he said, that 
 he would thereby inure himself to hardship, as he '' intended 
 to travel all over the world." 
 
 * From ♦' Modern Heroes of the Mission Field " ; reprinted by per- 
 mission of the publisher, Thomas Whittaker, New York. 
 
 19 
 
20 MODERN APOSTLES OF BIISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 III. The Naval Officer. — i. At sixteen he e7ifered the 
 navy, and having distinguished himself as a midshipman in an 
 engagement between the Phccbe and the Essex, he was sent 
 home as heutenant in charge of the prize. 
 
 2. His Conversion. — Four years after this (1820) we find 
 him at Penang, in the Dauntless, and it was here that the early 
 but neglected instructions of a pious and departed mother 
 began to tell. His father had drawn up a touching record of 
 her last days, but had not shown it to his son. It happened, 
 however, that a Christian lady, who was present at her death, 
 lent the narrative to the young sailor before he sailed from 
 Portsm.outh, and allowed him to copy it. Gardiner had 
 wandered far from her early teaching ; but this memoir recalled 
 him. He bought a Bible, but was so much ashamed to be seen 
 doing so, that he watched the bookseller's shop until he saw 
 there were no customers inside, and then he ventured in and 
 made the purchase. That Bible and that narrative accom-- 
 panied him to Penang. While there a wise and kindly letter 
 
 \ received from his mother's friend set him upon examining the 
 one and reflecting upon the other, and the result was that the 
 dashing young naval officer gave his heart to God. 
 
 3. Consecration to Missions. — His duties led him at this 
 time to the coasts of South America, and he began to take that 
 deep interest in the aborigines which never afterward forsook 
 him, and in the exercise of which he laid down his life. He 
 had witnessed the blessed results of missionary effort in Tahiti, 
 and when he came back to England on sick leave, he pleaded 
 the cause of the poor Indians v/ith the London Missionary 
 
 \ Society, and placed his services at their disposal. The Society 
 ,\ did not see its way to undertake the mission, and Allen Gardiner 
 \ resumed his naval duties, and became a married man. His 
 wife was delicate, and her increasing illness led them eventually 
 to reside in the Isle of Wight. At length she was taken from 
 him, and beside her bier he made a solemn vow to dedicate 
 himself more especially to the service of God. His tastes and 
 training pointed out to him the path of a missionary explorer, 
 and he determined to become a pioneer in some of those dark 
 regions of the earth which had not yet been visited by the light 
 of the Gospel. 
 
 IV. The South African Missionary. — i. Pioneer Experi- 
 ences. — His steps were directed in the first instance to Southern 
 Africa. Our colonists had been pushing their way amongst the 
 warlike Kaffirs, and frequent conflicts had taken place between 
 them, but no one as yet had dreamed of subduing them to 
 
CAPTAIN ALLEN GARDINER, R. N. 21 
 
 Christ. The honor of starting the first missionary settlement 
 in Zululand belongs to Captain Gardiner. This is an interest- 
 ing fact, when taken in connection with all that has since 
 rendered that country so familiar to Englishmen, both in a 
 political and a religious point of view. He induced a Pole 
 named Berken to accompany him, and the history of their 
 perils and adventures reads like a strange romance. Now with 
 their own hands they are digging their horses out of the morasses 
 into which they have sunk ; now they are swimming the swollen 
 rivers, at the peril of their lives, and lying down upon the banks, 
 wet and hungry, to be awakened from their uncomfortable re- 
 pose by the snorting of hippopotami, as the huge animals come 
 trampling through the crushed and quivering reeds. At length 
 Gardiner reached the rude capital of Dingairn, an able but 
 ferocious chief, who v/as the terror of all white settlers, and the 
 tyrant of his own people. Over this man he contrived to gain 
 a marvellous influence, even inducing him, though, he steadily 
 refused to become a Christian, to grant ground for a missionary 
 settlement. 
 
 2. Gardiner now took up kis residence at Port Natal, his 
 only possessions being '' his clothes, his saddle, a spoon, and a 
 New Testament." The colony, if such it could be called, con- 
 sisted of a few miserable hovels, in which some thirty rough 
 Englishmen resided, surrounded by a multitude of fugitive 
 Zulus, who acted as their servants. Our pioneer made himself 
 at home amongst this motley company, and did what he could 
 to instruct them. It was no new thing to him, as a naval 
 officer, to read the Church of England service on Sunday 
 mornings ; so he gathered the white men under the shadow of a 
 stately tree, and read to them words which they had almost for- 
 gotten, but which came back to them like the tones of their 
 mother's voice. In the afternoon he collected the Kaffirs, and, 
 with the help of an interpreter, explained to them the simplest 
 facts of Bible history. Nor were his week-days unemployed. 
 He opened a school for the wretched native children, dressed 
 them in the first clothing they had ever known, and became 
 himself their patient schoolmaster. Nor was this all. He 
 aided the colonists with his advice and succor in founding their 
 first regular town, and on the 25th June, 1835, it sprang into 
 existence as '■^ Diirba7i.'^ 
 
 3. The Missionary Flenipotetitiary . — Troubles arose between 
 the colonists and Dingairn. The Zulus who worked for the 
 English had fled from his tyranny, and he threatened to come 
 down upon the settlement with fire and foray. Gardiner 
 
22 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 appeared in the new character of an ambassador, and pre- 
 sented himself at the kraal of the royal savage in his full 
 uniform. This made a deep impression ; but the known and 
 approved character of the ambassador made a deeper one ; and 
 the result of this strange interview was that Dingairn constituted 
 our hero his plenipotentiary, and made him governor of '* all 
 the country of the white people's fold," that is, in other words, 
 of the territory which we now call Natal. 
 
 4. This induced Gardiner to revisit England m or ^tx to con- 
 sult the Government on the political situation, and the Church 
 Missionary Society concerning the religious one. He soon 
 returned with a missionary staff, and was warmly received by 
 Dingairn, who however was apprised that the missionaries 
 could not hold secular appointments, and that these should be 
 given to officers of the British Crown. 
 
 5 . For a time all went on prosperously ; but complications, 
 for which the missionaries were in no way responsible, soon 
 arose between the whites and the Zulus. Covetousness and 
 greed on the one side induced revenge and treachery on the 
 other. War and rapine followed ; the missio?iary settlement 
 had to be abandoned ; and Gardiner, after more than three 
 years of earnest labor in Natal, left Africa with a heavy heart, 
 and sought a new field for his exertions. 
 
 V. Prospecting. — i. In South America. — His thoughts 
 naturally reverted to the Indians of South America, and more 
 especially to those of the Pampas and of Chili, who in past 
 years had not only stirred his compassion by their spiritual 
 destitution, but had also excited his admiration by the heroic 
 stand which they had made for their independence. He 
 reached Rio Janeiro in July, 1838, and immediately began a 
 series of indefatigable journeyings and investigations. We can 
 give but a passing glance at them. He travelled to Monte- 
 video and Buenos Ayres, and thence to Mendoza. In four- 
 teen days he crossed nine hundred miles of the Pampas, then 
 scaled the heights of the Cordilleras, and after eleven days of 
 incessant toil reached Santiago, on the Chilian side of the 
 Andes. From Santiago he travelled to Concepcion, thence to 
 New Guinea, and from that he made his way to Valparaiso. 
 During these journeys he had frequent interviews with native 
 chiefs, but the results were not satisfactory; '' They did not 
 want a missionary." Many of them had suffered so fearfully 
 at the hands of white men, and especially of Spaniards, that 
 they looked upon all strangers with suspicion. Some of them 
 were even then undergoing the miseries of an exterminating 
 
CAPTAIN ALLEN QARDINER, R. N. 23 
 
 warfare from the races which called themselves civilized, and 
 there was no opening for the introduction of the gospel of peace. 
 In other districts, where these difficulties did not exist, the 
 jealousy of the authorities and the opposition of the Romish V 
 priesthood precluded all hope of doing good. 
 
 2. In New Guinea. — After two years of fruitless effort, he 
 quitted South America, and directed his steps to New Guinea, 
 where he was met by the sullen suspicions of the Dutch, who 
 could not bring themselves to believe that an English officer 
 was free from political designs, and who only looked upon his 
 missionary pronouncements as a cloak for these. 
 
 VI. South America Chosen. — i. Baffled successiyely 
 upon two continents, and now once again in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, he conceived the pla?i with which his last and best 
 known enterprise was to be associated. In a letter written at 
 this time to a friend he says : ** Having at last abandoned all 
 hope of reaching the Indian inhabitants where they are most 
 civilized and least migratory, my thoughts are necessarily 
 turned toward the South. Happily for us, and I trust even-; 
 tually for the poor Indians, the Falkland Islands are now under 
 the British flag ; and although the settlement is poor, still it is 
 the resort of numbers of whalers, and of the small sealing ves- 
 sels which frequent the Straits of Magellan. The Patagonians 
 about Gregory Bay, in the northeastern part of the strait, have 
 always evinced a friendly disposition to foreigners, and it is to 
 that spot I am now particularly turning my attention. We 
 purpose to proceed to Berkeley Sound in the Falkland Islands. 
 Making this our place of residence, I intend to cross over in a 
 sealer, and to spend the summer among the Patagonians. Who 
 can tell but the Falkland Islands, so admirably suited for the 
 purpose, may become the key to the aborigines, both of Pata- 
 gonia and Terra del Fuego? " 
 
 2. He went to the Cape of Good Hope, and fetched his 
 family with him from thence to the Falklands. Leaving them 
 there in a lonely wooden hut, on that treeless, shrubless shore, 
 he set off with his servant in a crazy schooner for the stormy 
 Straits of Magellan. Here he came into contact with the - 
 Fuegian divellers on the islands, and found them to be bar- 
 barians of the lowest type, whom neither gifts nor kindliness 
 could conciliate, and who were evidently determined to give no 
 countenance to their white visitors. 
 
 3. In Patagofiia. — He therefore resolved on making his way 
 to a tribe of Patagonians on the mainland, concerning whom he 
 had received some information, and with whom a Spanish 
 
24 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 Creole had been living for some twelve years. This wild 
 adventurer had gained considerable influence amongst them, 
 and proved most useful to Gardiner as an interpreter. A 
 chieftain nanied VVissale was particularly friendly, and promised 
 a welcome to the captain, if he would come back and set up a 
 mission amongst his people ; so Gardiner returned full of hope 
 and thankfulness to his sorry home upon the Falklands, de- 
 termined to bring back his family with him, and to settle 
 amongst the Patagonians. 
 
 4. But he was fated to be disappointed. The whalers would 
 not undertake the perilous voyage for £,-^00^ which v/as all 
 that he had to offer them. Kis applications to the Church 
 Missionary Society were not successful, for at that time they 
 had not the means to undertake a new mission. So he resolved 
 on returning to England, and pleading in person the cause of 
 Patagonia amongst British Christians. Even in this his hopes 
 were frustrated. His appeal v/as met v/ith apathy and cold- 
 ness ; but nothing could chill the warmth of his burning mis- 
 sionary zeal. 
 
 5. Bible Distribution. — Failing in his main object, he en- 
 deavored to further it indirectly by obtaining a grant of Bibles 
 and Testaments, and set sail for Rio Janeiro in order to distrib- 
 ute them. This was in 1843; ^^^^ ^^^^ perils and experiences, 
 as he travelled from port to port, and from place to place, 
 would supply a chapter of strange adventure. One thing re- 
 sulted from it, for which he was thankful, and that was a prom- 
 ise of ;^ioo a year from English congregations in South 
 America toward the establishment of a Patagonian mission. 
 
 6. Strengthened by this encouragem.ent, he returned again 
 to his native land, where his eloquent and earnest appeals were 
 more successful than those of his previous visit. The founda- 
 tions of a missionary society for Patagonia and Terra del 
 Fuego v/ere laid in 1844, and before the year expired he was 
 again upon his old ground, along with a Mr. Hunt, who re- 
 signed an endovN^ed school in Kendal in order to accompany 
 him, and to prepare the way for an ordained clergyman. 
 
 7. Reverses. — Once more the story of fatigue and danger 
 was enacted in reaching the natives ; but somehow things were 
 changed since Gardiner had left. Wissale proved hostile, and 
 attempted Gardiner's life ; a Spanish padre had arrived, and 
 had preoccupied the ground ; and the brave pioneer, dis- 
 appointed but not dismayed, took advantage of the arrival of a 
 British ship to return home and wait a more auspicious oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
CAPTAIN ALLEN GARDINER, R. N. 25 
 
 8. Charge of Fickleness. — Some will say that he exhibited 
 less patience than courage, and that as he was prone to be rapid 
 and resolute in making his beginnings, so was he also prone to 
 relinquish his projects without sufficient cause. But the whole 
 life of the man contradicts this theory. His own view of the 
 case is the true explanation of his conduct, and it is summed up 
 in the following passage of his journal : " We can never do 
 wrong in casting the Gospel net on any side or in any place. 
 During many a dark and wearisome night we may appear to 
 have toiled in vain, but it will not be always so." ''If they 
 persecute you in one city, flee ye to another." 
 
 9. Further Efforts to Locate. — It was no marvel if, after 
 such failures, his supporters in England began to hesitate about 
 further attempts; but his own resolution iGmdAiitd unshaken. 
 ''Whatever course you may determine upon," said our hero, 
 *' I have made up my mind to go back again to South America, 
 and leave no stone unturned, no effort untried, to establish a 
 mission amongst the aboriginal tribes. They have a right to be 
 instructed in the Gospel of Christ. While God gives me 
 strength, failure shall not daunt me. This, then, is my firm 
 resolve — to go back and make further researches among the 
 natives of the interior, whether any possible opening may be 
 found which has hitherto escaped me through the Spanish 
 Americans, or whether Terra del Fuego is the only ground left 
 us for our last attempt. This I intend to do at my own risk, 
 whether the Society is broken up or not. Fund the money 
 which belongs to the Society, and wait to see the result of the 
 researches now to be made. Our Saviour has given a com- 
 mandm.ent to preach the Gospel even to the ends of the earth. 
 He will provide for the fulfilment of His ov/n purpose. Let us 
 only obey ! " 
 
 The deeds of the man were as heroic as his v/ords. In 1846, 
 we find him in company with a Spanish Protestant, making his 
 way through Bolivia, despite of fever and opposition, to reach 
 the Indians who lay beyond ; and presently we discover him 
 once again travelling up and down through England, reporting 
 the openings he had discovered, and endeavoring to fire his 
 auditors with something of his own burning enthusiasm. If he 
 had found it difficult to urge his committee on, they now found 
 that it was impossible to hold him back. Their means were 
 not sufficient to fit out such an expedition as he wished for, but 
 he induced them to consent to an experimental one on a smaller 
 scale. With four sailors and one ship-carpenter, a dingey, a 
 whaleboat, and two wigwams, he started in 1848 in the barque 
 
26 MODERN APOSTLES OF BflSSIONAEY BYWAYS 
 
 Cfymene, bound for Payta. He landed at Picton Island, where 
 the thievish propensities of the Fuegians soon made it manifest 
 that a mission amongst them could only be safely conducted 
 afloat, that for this purpose a ship would be required, and that 
 the boats which he had brought from England were unsuited 
 for his hazardous enterprise in such stormy latitudes. And so 
 the dauntless sailor returned to England to urge the need of 
 larger means and a more thorough equipment. 
 
 lo. Jlis Modified Plans. — He found it impossible to stir up 
 the generosity of British Christians to the liberality that was re- 
 quired. No one knew better than he did what was absolutely 
 needed for such a project, and again and again he pressed his 
 convictions concerning it upon the Society at home. But their 
 funds were small, and it may be mentioned that of the ^£1000 
 collected he gave £,2po himself. So, sooner than abandon his 
 enterprise, he reluctantly resolved to modify his plans, and 
 reduce them to the lowest estimate, in the self-denying but 
 delusive hope that some additional danger and hardship, 
 endured by himself and his companions, would compensate for 
 the absence of those better equipments which his nautical 
 experience had so wisely suggested at the first. 
 
 VII. Deeds of the Deathless Seven. — i. Personnel and 
 Character. — On the 7th September, 1850, the expedition sailed. 
 The names of the deathless seven deserve to be recorded. 
 Allen Gardiner was the chief, and was accompanied by two 
 catechists — Surgeon Williams and John Maidment ; three 
 Cornish fishermen — Pearce, Badcock, and Bryant, well ac- 
 customed to stormy seas in the Irish Channel ; and a ship- 
 carpenter named Joseph Erwin, who had been with Gardiner 
 on his previous voyage, and now volunteered for this fresh 
 service, declaring that to be with such a captain ** was like a 
 heaven upon earth, he was such a man of prayer." They were 
 all men of simple piety, and went to the work with holy reso- 
 lution. From first to last not a jarring word was heard in that 
 devoted company, and their one object was "to serve the good 
 Master in whose name they had gone forth. "^ The Ocean Queen, 
 bound for San Francisco, gave them a passage, and undertook 
 to land them at Terra del Fuego, with their two launches — the 
 Pioneer and the Speedwell, and provisions for six months. 
 
 2. And now we come to the sto7'y of the saddest disaster in 
 the records of 7nissionary enterprise. It had been arranged 
 that provisions for another six months should follow the party, 
 but the committee could not find any ship that would consent 
 to go out of its course to Picton Island, and they had therefore 
 
CAPTAIN ALLEN GARDINER, R. N. 27 
 
 to forward the supplies to the Falklands. The governor there 
 arranged to send them on, but by a sad fatality the vessel was 
 wrecked, and the master of a second disobeyed orders, and so 
 the missionary party were left unprovided. Meantime they had 
 landed, but were compelled by the plundering habits and hos- 
 tile attitude of the natives to reembark, and seek shelter in a 
 distant and retired bay, where they settled down in two com- 
 panies, and waited in longing expectation for the promised 
 relief. The storms crippled their boats, and destroyed one of 
 them. Their nets were torn to pieces by the action of the ice, 
 and as by an unfortunate oversight their powder had been for- 
 gotten on board the Ocean Queefi, they could obtain no fresh 
 supplies of food. At length their stores were becoming ex- 
 hausted, and they had to subsist mainly on limpets, mussels, 
 and wild celery. Scurvy broke out amongst them, and added 
 its horrors to those of hunger. One by one they died upon that 
 desert shore, and Gardiner was the last survivor of the gallant 
 band ! 
 
 VIII. Reports of Searching Parties. — Twenty days after 
 his death, ihtjohn Davison, under Captain Smyly, sailed from 
 Montevideo to enquire after them, and soon anchored in 
 Bamier Cove. He found a direction painted on the rocks — 
 " Gone to Spaniard Harbor." Let us tell the sequel in Captain 
 Smyly's words : 
 
 1. Captat?t Smyly's Narrative. — '* Oct. 22, 1851. Ran to 
 Spaniard Harbor. Blowing a severe gale. Went on shore, 
 and found a boat with one person dead inside ; another body 
 we found on the beach, another buried. These, we have every 
 reason to believe, are Pearce, Williams, and Badcock. The 
 sight was awful in the extreme. The two captains who were 
 with me in the boat cried like children. Books, papers, 
 medicine were strewn along the beach, and on the boats, deck, 
 and cuddy. . . . But we had no time to make further 
 search, as the gale came on so hard. It gave us barely time to 
 bury the corpses on the beach and get on board. The gale 
 continued to increase, so that it drove us from our anchorage 
 and out to sea. ... I have never found in my life such' 
 Christian fortitude, such patience and bearing, as in the records 
 of these unfortunate men ; they have never murmured, and Mr. 
 Williams writes in one of his papers, and in the time of greatest 
 distress, ' I am happy beyond all expression.' " ^ 
 
 2. Captain Morshead's Report. — Meantime, H.M.S. Dido 
 had been ordered by the Admiralty to search for the missionary 
 party. She arrived in January, 1852; and Captain Morshead, 
 
28 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 guided by the sentence on the rocks, made for Spaniard Harbor. 
 The following is his melancholy record : 
 
 "Our notice was first attracted by a boat lying upon the 
 beach. It was blowing very fresh from the south, and the ship 
 rode uneasily at her anchor. I instantly sent Lieut. Pigott and 
 Mr. Roberts to reconnoitre and return immediately, as I was 
 anxious to get the ship to sea again in safety for the night ; they 
 returned shortly, bringing some books and papers, and having 
 discovered the bodies of Captain Gardiner and Mr. Maidment 
 unburied. ... On one of the papers was written legibly, 
 * If you will Avalk along the beach for a mile and a-half, you 
 will find us in the other boat, hauled up in the mouth of a river 
 at the head of the harbor, on the south side. Delay not — we 
 are starving.' At this sad intelligence it was impossible to 
 leave that night, though the weather looked very threatening. 
 . We landed early next morning, January 2 2d, and 
 visited the spot where Captain Gardiner and his comrade were 
 lying, and then went to the head of the harbor. We found 
 there the wreck of a boat, with part of her gear and stores, and 
 a quantity of clothing, with the remains of two bodies, which I 
 conclude to be Mr. Williams (surgeon), and John Pearce 
 (Cornish fisherman), as the papers clearly show the death and 
 burial of all the rest of the m.ission party. The two boats were 
 thus about a mile and a-half apart. Near the one where 
 Captain Gardiner was lying was a large cavern, called by him 
 Piojieer Cavern^ where they kept their stores and occasionally 
 slept, and in that cavern Mr. Maidment's body was found. 
 . . . Captain Gardiner's body was lying beside the boat, 
 which apparently he had left, and being too weak to climb into 
 it again, had died by the side of it. We were directed to the 
 cavern by a hand painted on the rocks, with Psalm Ixii. 5-8 
 under it." 
 
 IX. Last Days and Burial. — i. Psalm Ixii. ^-8. — The 
 words referred to are the following, and the choice of them 
 under such circumstances proves how strong and unshaken was 
 the faith of Gardiner and his companions: ^^ My soul, wait 
 thou only upon God ; for my expectation is from Him. He 
 only is my rock and my salvation ; He is my defence ; I shall 
 not be moved. In God is my salvation and my glory ; the rock 
 of 7ny strens^th, and my refuge, is in God.'' 
 
 2. The diaries, which fortunately have been preserved, give a 
 thrilling account of those terrible months of patient endurance 
 and heroic resolution. They tell moreover of the love and con- 
 sideration manifested by the noble leader for his devoted band. 
 
CAPTAIN ALLEN GARDINER, R. N. 29 
 
 There is something unspeakably touching in the account of his 
 getting Maidment to construct crutches out of two forked sticks, 
 so that he might try to reach the other section of his Uttle com- 
 pany, and be a comfort to them. But his strength was not 
 equal to the effort, and he had to return to his boat. There 
 Maidment ministered to him, until he too sank from exhaustion. 
 He had left a little peppermint-water beside the bed of his 
 chief, and retired for rest to the cave, but from it he never 
 returned. 
 
 3. When we get otcr last glimpse of Gardiner, he is weakly 
 endeavoring, with his India-rubber shoe, to scoop some v/ater 
 from a little pool Avhich had trickled down at the stern of his 
 boat. The last words he wrote were these: ''Our dear 
 brother left the boat on Tuesday at noon, and has not since 
 returned ; doubtless he is in the presence of his Redeemer, 
 whom he served so faithfully. Yet a little while, and through 
 grace we may join that blessed throng, to sing the praises of 
 Christ through eternity. I neither hunger nor thirst, though 
 five days without food ! Marvellous lovingkindness to me a 
 sinner ! " 
 
 4. The Burial. — It was with sorroAving hearts the sailors of 
 the Dido gathered together all that remained of this heroic 
 band, and gave them Christian sepulture. The funeral service 
 was appropriately read by a naval officer at the grave of Cap- 
 tain Gardiner and his comrades. The colors of the boats and 
 ship were struck half-mast, and three volleys of musketry re- 
 echoed on that lonely shore, as the last tribute of respect to a 
 gallant and noble-minded Englishman. 
 
 5. His Legacy. — No, we will not call it the last tribute of 
 respect. In the letters and journals which he wrote in his 
 ''boat dormitory," he committed his mission to \a\q care of the 
 Christian Church, and sketched out the methods by which he 
 thought it would be best advanced. That legacy of faith and 
 love was administered to in the court of Christian charity by 
 devoted men, who became his followers in the work on which 
 he had set his heart. His own son was one of that heroic 
 band. 
 
 A mission ship called the Allen Gardiner, was built as the 
 memorial of his name. The Falklands have been since erected 
 into an English bishopric, and the first occupant of the see is a 
 man who had already devoted his life to God in the same mis- 
 sionary field w^here Captain Gardiner fell. Perhaps nothing 
 short of the sad catastrophe which we have described would 
 have awakened English Christians out of the apathy from 
 
30 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 which Gardiner had found it so impossible to arouse them, or 
 kindled that zeal on behalf of South America which we are 
 thankful to say has been evoked by his sad but glorious fate. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ** The white foam crests the wave, 
 The wind sweeps weirdly by ; 
 And whirling round with plaintive sound 
 The stormy petrels cry. 
 
 *' Amid the beetling rocks, 
 In a chill cavern's shade, 
 Within the gloom of that strange dark tomb 
 A dying bed is made ! 
 
 *♦ A gallant seaman there 
 
 Casts round his sunken eyes : 
 Unblanched by fear, tho' grim Death is near, 
 A noble Christian dies. 
 
 " No greed for yellow gold ; 
 
 To head no conquering band ; 
 Not fame had led the sleeping dead 
 To seek that savage land. 
 
 *• I see a morning dawn, 
 
 A King upon His throne. 
 And thousands stand at His right hand, 
 Who well their work have done. 
 
 " With wreaths of victory crowned. 
 Among that conquering band, 
 On the crystal sea his rest shall be, 
 Who died for the Southern land ! " 
 
Titus Coan 
 
 The St. Peter of Hawaii 
 1801-1882 
 
 BY REV. S. J. HUMPHREY, D.D.* 
 
 1. Early Years. — i. Birth and Education. — Titus Coan 
 was born February i, 180 1, in the town of Killingworth, Conn., 
 the descendant of old New England stock. He studied at 
 Auburn Seminary in 1831-33 ; and much success attended his 
 evangelistic labors in connection with the revivals that followed 
 the preaching of his cousin, Rev. Asahel Nettleton, and of Rev. 
 Charles G. Finney. He was licensed to preach April 17, 
 '^^ZZ > ^ ^"^^v months afterward he was ordained to the ministry. 
 
 2. Patagonian Apprenticeship. — On August 16, 1833, under 
 the direction of the American Board, he sailed on a mission of 
 exploration to Patagonia, leaving behind him his affianced 
 bride, Fidelia Church, who mourned for him as for one never 
 to return. "I think I am willing," she wrote to him a it\^ 
 days before he sailed, " I think I am willing to give you up to 
 the Lord's disposal ; . . . but oh, the life, the soul, of my 
 earthly joys has departed ! " 
 
 With one companion, the Rev. Mr. Arms, he was set ashore 
 among the savages of Gregory Bay. Their little vessel had 
 sighted the ''Beagle" in the straits, the vessel on which 
 Charles Darwin was making his famous voyage of explora- 
 tion. It is a suggestive thought that the missionaries of science 
 and of religion should thus have crossed each other's tracks at 
 the outset. 
 
 Mr. Coan and Mr. Arms lived and roamed with the ferocious 
 
 * From *« American Heroes on Mission Fields," a series of sketches of 
 like character, published by the American Tract Society, New York. 
 Reprinted by permission. 
 
 31 
 
32 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 nomads of the eastern coast of Patagonia, striving in vain to 
 communicate to them something of their message. The savages 
 grew suspicious of their motives, and at last it became evident 
 that there was nothing to do but to escape with their hves, if 
 possible. A chance vessel gave them the opportunity; they 
 evaded their captors by stratagem, and were returned to New 
 London in May, 1834, after an absence of four months. It 
 was like a reappearance from the dead. Not a word from Mr. 
 Coan had reached family or friends during all this time ; and 
 to the heart of one v/hom he had left behind the separation was 
 perhaps as bitter as death, because of its uncertain duration and 
 fate. 
 
 3. Marriage and Embarkation. — After this trial came the 
 joy of reunion and the serious resolve of a common consecra- 
 tion to the missionary's life-work. On the 3d of November, 
 
 1834, Titus Coan and Fidelia Church were married at her 
 father's house in Cluuchville, N. Y., and on the 5th of De- 
 cember embarked at Boston on the ship Hellespont to spend 
 the remainder of their lives on alien ground. Six other mis- 
 sionaries sailed with tliemi : the Messrs. Edwin O. Hall and 
 Kenry Dimond, with their wives, and the Misses Lydia Brown 
 and E. W. Hitchcock. 
 
 4. Voyage and Arrival. — For all of them it was a very real 
 consecration. The Hawaiian Islands were then the very ends 
 of the earth. Neither Mr. Coan nor his bride had any idea of 
 ever retracing their six months' voyage around Cape Horn. It 
 v/as a different affair from that of a missionary post on a raihvay 
 and in a European town. They arrived at Honolulu June 6, 
 
 1835, and were v/elcomed by the missionaries then assembled 
 at their annual meeting. On the 21st of July they readied the 
 serenely-beautiful village of Hilo, now a thriving town, then 
 the almost absolute retirement in which they v^-ere to spend 
 their lives, and here, devoting themselves to self-denying 
 labors, they achieved, through the divine blessing, a success 
 hardly paralleled elsewhere in the history of missions. 
 
 II. Coan's Parish. — A strip of island seacoast from one to 
 three miles wide and a hundred long, dotted with groves and 
 seamicd across by the deep chasms of mountain torrents ; be- 
 hind this, for twenty-five miles, a belt of dense forest and jungle, 
 fencing in, since the days of Vancouver, numberless herds of 
 wild cattle ; beyond, in the interior, a rough, volcanic wilder- 
 ness, culminating in two summits 14,000 feet in height — a 
 chaos of craters, some on the peaks of mountains, and some 
 yawning suddenly before you in the forest; some long idle, 
 
TITUS CO AN 33 
 
 some ceaselessly active, making the night lurid with their flames, 
 and still building at the unfinished island ; one, a vast black 
 hollow, three miles across, the grandest active crater on the 
 globe; 15,000 natives scattered up and down the sea-belt, 
 grouped in villages of from 100 to 300 persons, a vicious, 
 sensual, shameless, and yet tractable people, slaves to tlie 
 chiefs, and herding together almost like animals — to this parish, 
 occupying the eastern third of the island of Hawaii, a strange 
 mingling of crags and valleys, of torrents and volcanoes, of 
 beauty and barrenness, and to this interesting people, was called 
 the young missionary Titus Coan. 
 
 III. At Work in Hilo. — i. Preview. — We can perhaps see 
 more clearly the character of Mr. Coan and best learn the secret 
 of his career by looking in upon him in the midst of his work. 
 Especially will those memorable years of the Great Revival, in 
 which he was one of the chief factors — 5'ears which saw nearly 
 two-thirds of these savage islanders transformed into Christians 
 — give an insight into the life and qualities of this eminent 
 servant of God. If we supply the record largely from his own 
 pen, the result will be all the more satisfactory. 
 
 2. Earlier Work and Workers. — Upon reaching the island 
 he found that some leaven of the gospel had already been cast 
 into the lump of heathenism. Different missionaries had re- 
 sided here for brief periods. Several schools had been estab- 
 lished, and about one-fourth of the natives could read. A 
 marked change had come over the mental and social condition 
 of the people. Most of them had a little knowledge of divine 
 truth. There were a it\N hopeful converts and a little church 
 of thirty-six members. 
 
 3. Record of His First Year. — The Rev. Mr. Lyman and 
 his wife, most devoted and efficient colaborers, v\-ere already on 
 the ground ; after an unbroken residence of fifty-two years in 
 Hilo, Mr. Lyman died in September, 1884. To them came 
 the charge of a boarding-school and much labor at the home 
 station; while to Mr. Coan, robust in health and a fervid 
 speaker, the preaching and the touring were naturally as- 
 signed. His mental force and abounding physical life revealed 
 themselves at the outset. In three months' time he began to 
 speak in the native tongue, and before the year closed he had 
 made the circuit of the island by canoe and on foot, a trip of 
 three hundred miles. On this first tour, occupying thirty days, 
 he nearly suffered wreck of his frail craft, as also twice after- 
 ward. He preached forty-three times in eight days, ten of 
 them in two days, examined twenty schools and more than 
 
34 MODERN APOSTLES OF HUSSION ABY BYWAYS 
 
 1,200 scholars, conversed personally with multitudes, and min- 
 istered to many sick persons, for he was a not wholly unquali- 
 fied physician withal. He had at that time also a daily school 
 of ninety teachers and Mrs. Coan one of 140 children, besides 
 a large class of more advanced pupils. This vigorous begin- 
 ning, however, was but the prelude to the more incessant labor 
 and to the marvellous scenes of the years following. 
 
 4. Preludes to Pentecost. — On a tour made in the latter part 
 0/1835^ Mr. Coan saw signs of unusual attention to the truth. 
 <' Multitudes," he says, "flocked to hear; many seemed 
 pricked in their hearts. I had literally no leisure, so much as 
 to eat. One morning I found myself constrained to preach 
 three times before breakfast, which I took at ten o'clock." He 
 could not move out of doors without being thronged by people 
 from all quarters. They lingered by the wayside, and some 
 followed him for days from village to village. Much of this 
 may have been mere curiosity of an idle people ; but some of 
 it, as the event proved, was the working of a divine leaven. 
 
 The tours of i8j6 — he sometimes made four or five in a 
 year — revealed that the work was deepening. *' I began to see 
 tokens of interest that I scarcely understood myself. I would 
 say to my wife, * The people turn out wonderfully.' The at- 
 tendance increased, and many crowded around me afterward 
 to inquire the way. I preached just as hard as I could. There 
 was a fire in my bones. I felt that I must preach to this 
 people." 
 
 IV. Revival Scenes, 1837-38. — i. The Hungry Multitude. 
 — In 1837 the great interest broke out openly. It was the 
 time of a wonderful stir through all the islands. Nearly the 
 whole population of Hilo and Puna turned out to hear the 
 Word. The sick and lame were brought on litters and on the 
 backs of men, and the infirm often crawled to the trail where 
 the missionary was to pass, that they might catch from his lips 
 some v/ord of life. And now began a movement to which the 
 history of the Church furnishes scarcely any parallel. Fifteen 
 tliousand people, scattered up and down the coast for a hun- 
 dred miles, hungry for the divine bread, cannot be reached by 
 one man, and so whole villages gather from miles away aiid 
 make their homes near the mission-house. Two-thirds of the 
 entire population come in. Within the radius of a mile the lit- 
 tle cabins were clustered as thick as they could stand. Hilo, 
 the village of ten hundred, saw its population suddenly swelled 
 to ten thousand, and here was held literally a "camp-meeting" 
 of two years. At any hour of the day or night a tap of the 
 
TITUS COAN 35 
 
 bell would gather from three thousand to six thousand. Meet- 
 ings for prayer and preaching were held daily. The people 
 wrought with new industry at their little taro patches. The sea 
 also gave them food. Schools for old and young went on. 
 ''Our wives held meetings for the children, to teach them to 
 attend to their persons, to braid mats, to make their tapas, 
 hats, and bonnets." Special meetings were held for all classes 
 of the people, for the church, for parents, mothers, the inquir- 
 ing, and for church candidates. There was no disorder. A 
 Sabbath quiet reigned through the crowded hamlet, and from 
 every booth at dawn and at nightfall was heard the voice of 
 prayer and praise. 
 
 2. A Typical Assembly. — Let us look in upon one of the as- 
 semblies. The old church, eighty-five feet wide by 165 long, 
 is packed with a sweltering and restless mass of 6,000 souls. A 
 new church near by takes the overflow of 2,000, while hun- 
 dreds press about the doors, crowding every opening with their 
 eager faces. The people sit upon the ground so close that no 
 one, once fixed, can leave his place. It is a sea of heads with 
 eyes like stars. There is a strange mingling of the new in- 
 terest and the old wildness, and the heated mass seethes like a 
 cauldron. An effort to sing a hymn is made. The rude, in- 
 harmonious song would shock our ears, but the attempt is hon- 
 est, and God accepts it as praise. Prayer is offered, and the 
 sermon follows. The scene is most affecting ; it calls for all 
 the power of the reaper to thrust in the sickle. The theme is 
 the great salvation, and this the accepted time. The whole 
 audience trembles and weeps, and many cry aloud for mercy. 
 
 3. It required rare gifts to control such meetings and secure 
 good results ; and Mr. Coan was equal to the task. " I would 
 rise before the restless, noisy crowd and begin. I soon felt that 
 I had hold of them and they would not go away. The Spirit 
 hushed them by the truth till they sobbed and cried, * What 
 shall we do ? ' and the noise of the weeping silenced the 
 preacher. It was God's truth preached simply, and sent home 
 by the Spirit, that did the work." 
 
 4. Effects of Sermons. — There were not wanting those 
 physical manifestations which have often attended the work of 
 grace, especially among ruder peoples. There was weeping, 
 sighing, and outcrying. "When we rose for prayer some fell 
 down in a swoon. There were hundreds of such cases. I did 
 not think much of it. On one occasion I preached from the 
 text, 'Madness is in their hearts.' The truth seemed to have 
 an intense power. A woman of great beauty rose and cried, 
 
36 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 * Oh, I'm the one ; madness is in my heart ! ' She became a 
 true Christian. A man cried out, * There's a two-edged sword 
 cutting me in pieces ! ' A backwoods native, wicked, stout, 
 who had come in to make fun, fell suddenly. When he had 
 come to, he said, * God has struck me ! ' He was subdued, 
 and gave evidence of being a true Christian. Once, on a tour, 
 while I was preaching in the fields to about two thousand per- 
 sons, a man cried out, * Alas ! what shall I do to be saved ? * 
 and prayed, * God be merciful to me a sinner ! ' The v>hole 
 congregation joined in with the ejaculations. It was a thrilling 
 scene. I could get no chance to speak for half an hour, but 
 stood still to see the salvation of God. 
 
 ' ' There were many such scenes ; and men would come and say, 
 
 * Why don't you put this down ? ' My answer was, * I didn't get it 
 up. I didn't believe the devil would set men to praying, confess- 
 ing, and breaking off their sins by righteousness. These were the 
 times when thieves brought back what they had stolen, quarrels 
 were reconciled, the lazy became industrious, thousands broke ' 
 their pipes and gave up tobacco, drunkards stopped drinking, 
 adulteries ceased, and murderers confessed their crimes. 
 Neither the devil nor all the men in the world could have got- 
 ten this up. Why should I put it down ? I always told the 
 natives that such demonstrations were no evidence of conver- 
 sion, and advised them to quietness. And I especially tried 
 to keep them from hypocrisy." 
 
 5. Into the midst of these thrilling revival scenes there came 
 suddenly a divine visitatiott, which, under less skillful guidance, 
 might have proved a serious hindrance to the work. But it 
 became a sermon more pungent than any that human lips could 
 utter, and reached many who had hitherto withstood the Word. 
 It was November 7, 1837. The revival was at its height. 
 The crescent beach, dotted with native booths, reaching up 
 into the charming groves behind, smiled in security. A 
 British whaler swung idly at its moorings, and the ocean slept 
 in peace. From daybreak onward the usual succession of 
 meetings was held. One of the texts was, " Be ye also ready." 
 At the time of evening prayer a heavy sound was heard upon 
 the beach as of a falling mountain. Instantly a great cry and 
 wail arose, and a scene of indescribable confusion followed. 
 The sea had suddenly risen in gigantic waves and fallen upon 
 the shore. Men, women, children, houses, canoes, food, 
 clothing, everything, floated wild upon the flood. So sudden 
 was the catastrophe that the people were literally '* eating and 
 drinking," and "knew not till the flood came and swept them 
 
TITUS COAN 37 
 
 all away. The volcanic wave fell like a bolt of heaven, and no 
 man had time to flee or to save his garment. In a moment 
 hundreds of people were struggling with the raging billows. 
 Some were dashed upon the shore ; some were drawn out by- 
 friends who came to their relief; some were carried out to sea 
 by the retiring current ; and some sank to rise no more till the 
 call to judgment wakes them." There was no sleep that night. 
 " To the people it seemed to be as the voice of Almighty God 
 when He speaketh." The next day the meetings went on with 
 renewed power ; and through all the week, as the sea gave up, 
 one after another, its dead, and the people bore them with 
 funeral rites to their resting-places, the Spirit sent home this 
 new sermon with divine effect. 
 
 6. Secrets of Blessing. — In the year 1838 the waves of sal- 
 vation rolled deep and broad over the whole field, and the con- 
 verts were numbered by thousands. We may well ask, in view 
 of so slender a missionary force. By what aids and means were 
 such results wrought and secured in permanency ? There was 
 a marvellous outpouring of the Spirit. The batde-cry was, 
 *<The sword of the Lord." But it was also the "sword of 
 Gideon." The human means were adapted to produce the re- 
 sults. Mr. Lyman was a true yoke-fellow, preaching in addi- 
 tion to teaching. The missionaries' wives, besides caring for 
 their own little children, held daily meetings with the women, 
 the audiences sometimes numbering thousands. The method 
 of Mr. Coan was wise ; his energy and zeal were indefatigable. 
 
 7. As we turn over his letters, written at that time, the wis- 
 dom to plan and the strength to execute which were given him 
 of the Lord seem marvellous. *' On these tours," he says, '' I 
 usually spend from two to five weeks, visiting all the church 
 members in their respective villages, calling all their names, 
 holding personal interviews with them, inquiring into their 
 states, their hearts, prayers, and manner of living ; counselling, 
 reproving and encouraging, as the case may require, and often 
 * breaking bread ' from place to place, besides preaching twenty 
 or thirty times a week." The physical labor of these tours was 
 great. The northern part of his parish was crossed by sixty- 
 three ravines from twenty to a thousand feet in depth, difficult 
 of passage, and, in times of rain, perilous. And then the 
 rivers, leaping and foaming along the old fire-channels, must be 
 crossed. ''Some of them I succeeded in fording; some I 
 swam, by the help of a rope to prevent me from being swept 
 away ; and over some I was carried passively on the broad 
 shoulders of a native, while a company of strong men locked 
 
38 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 hands and stretched themselves across the stream just below me 
 and just above a near cataract, to save me from going over it if 
 my bearer should fall." This experience was often repeated 
 three or four times a day. 
 
 V. Parish Work. — i. Overtaking His Parish. — It was 
 only by an exact system that Mr. Coan was able to ''overtake " 
 his parish of 15,000 souls. Neither St. Francis nor Dr. Chal- 
 mers knew his people better than he. When his church num- 
 bered more than 5,000 he could say, '' My knowledge of the 
 religious experiences and daily habits of the individuals of my 
 flock at the present time is more minute and thorough than it 
 was when the church numbered only fifty or a hundred mem- 
 bers. By drawing lines in my parish, by dividing the people 
 into sections and classes, by attending to each class separately, 
 systematically, and at a given time, and by a careful examina- 
 tion and a frequent review of every individual in each respective 
 class, by keeping a notebook always in my pocket to refresh 
 my memory, by the help of many faithful church members, and 
 by various collateral helps I am enabled, through the grace of 
 God, to gain tenfold more knowledge of the individuals of my 
 flock, and of the candidates for church-membership, than I 
 once thought it possible to obtain in such circumstances." 
 
 2. The children did not escape his care. From his earliest 
 ministry he had believed in childhood conversions. Besides 
 Sabbath-school instruction, a regular weekly lecture was main- 
 tained for them throughout the year. There were also numer- 
 ous occasional meetings for different classes of children — for 
 those in church-fellowship, for the children of church members, 
 and for the anxious. During the protracted meetings there was 
 usually a sermon each day for them at eight o'clock in the 
 morning. As the result of this faithfulness there were, in 1838, 
 about 400 children, between the ages of five and fifteen years, 
 connected with his church. 
 
 3. Syste7natic, Universal Evangelization. — It was Mr. 
 Coan's purpose that there should be no one in all Puna or Hilo 
 upon whom the claims of the gospel had not been pressed. No 
 village was so remote or insignificant that it did not receive 
 frequent visits. Families were tracked into mountain fastnesses 
 and plied with the invitations of mercy. In order to do this 
 "many of the more discreet, prayerful, and intelligent of the 
 members were stationed at important posts, with instructions to 
 hold conference and prayer-meetings, conduct Sabbath-schools, 
 and watch over the people. Some of these native helpers were 
 men full of faith and the Holy Ghost, and succeeded admirably. 
 
TITUS CO AN 39 
 
 Otiier active members were selected and sent forth, two and 
 two, into every village and place of the people. They went 
 everywhere preaching the Word. They visited the villages, 
 climbed the mountains, traversed the forests, and explored the 
 glens in search of the wandering and the dying sons of 
 Hawaii." 
 
 On one occasion Mr. Coan sent out about forty church mem- 
 bers to visit from house to house and in all the ' ' highways and 
 hedges " within five miles of the station. They were instructed 
 to pray in every house, to look after all the sick, the wretched, 
 and the friendless, to stir up the minds of the converts, and to 
 gather the children. Two days were spent in this way. Every 
 cottage was entered, every fastness of Satan scoured. ''The 
 immediate result was that several back-loads of tobacco, awa^ 
 and pipes were brought in and burned, and about 500 hitherto 
 careless and hardened ones were gathered into the house of 
 God to hear the words of life. The Spirit of the Lord fell 
 upon them, and it is believed that many of them were born 
 again." 
 
 To the heart of otir missionary the ingatherings of the souls 
 over whom he had brooded with such intense solicitude were 
 occasions of rare delight. They were also times of great solici- 
 tude. 
 
 4. Preparing and Sifting Candidates. — The great harvest 
 years v/ere 1838 and 1839. Seven or eight thousand natives had 
 professed conversion, but very few had thus far been received 
 to the church. The utmost care was taken in selecting, examin- 
 ing, watching, and teaching the candidates. The ever-faithful 
 notebook was constantly in hand. People from the distant 
 villages came in and spent several months at the station previ- 
 ous to their union with the church. Day by day they were 
 watched over and instructed with unceasing labor. Together 
 with those on the ground, they were examined personally many 
 times, sifted and resifted with scrutiny, and every effort was 
 made to discriminate the precious from the vile. Many of 
 them were converts of two years' standing. A still larger class 
 had been on the list for more than one year, and a smaller 
 number for a less period. The accepted ones stood propounded 
 for several weeks, and the church and the world, friends and 
 enemies, were called upon and solemnly charged to testify if 
 they knew aught against any of them. 
 
 5, The communion season was held quarterly, and at these 
 times the converts, thus accepted, were added to the church. 
 The fi.rst Sunday of January, 1838, 104 were received. After- 
 
40 310 BERN APOSTLES OF BIISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 ward, at different times, 502, 450, 786, 357, and on one occa- 
 sion a much larger number. The station report for the mission 
 year ending June, 1839, gives the number of accessions for that 
 twelve months at 5,244. A large number of these never came 
 to the central station. The sick, the aged, and the infirm were 
 baptized and received into fellowship at their own villages. 
 Some believers were thus accepted who could neither walk nor 
 be carried, and who lived far up in the mountains. 
 
 VI. A Memorable Day. — i. The first Simday of July, 
 i8j8, was a memorable one in the history of missions. It was 
 the day of the greatest accession. On that afternoon 1,705 
 men, women and children, v/ho aforetime had been heathen, 
 were baptized and took upon them the vows of God, and about 
 2,400 communicants sat down together at the table of the 
 Lord. 
 
 2. Baptism of Candidates. — We look in upon that scene 
 with wonder and awe. The great crush of people at the morn- 
 ing sermon has been dismissed, and the house is cleared. 
 Down through the middle are seated first the original members 
 of the church, perhaps fifty in number. Mr. Coan then calls 
 upon the head man of each village to bring forward his people. 
 With notebook in hand, he carefully selects the converts who 
 have been previously accepted. They have been for many 
 weeks at the station. No pains have been spared, no test left 
 unused, with each individual to ascertain if he be truly a child 
 of God. The multitude of candidates is then seated upon the 
 earth floor, in close rows, with space enough between for one to 
 walk. There is prayer and singing, and an explanation — al- 
 ready made many times, that none may trust in the external 
 rite — is given of the baptism they are now to receive ; the seal- 
 ing ordinance is reverently administered. *'I never witnessed 
 such a scene before," said Mr. Coan, looking back through the 
 lapse of thirty years. '* There was a hush upon the vast crowd 
 without, who pressed about the doors and windows. The can- 
 didates and the church were all in tears, and the overshadow- 
 ing presence of God was felt in every heart." 
 
 3. Then followed the Lord's Supper, And who are these 
 that take into their hands the emblems of the Lord's death ? 
 Let Him tell who broke the bread and gave the cup. **Not 
 only the young and strong were there ; but also the old and 
 decrepit, the lame, the blind, the maimed, the withered, the 
 paralytic, and those afflicted with divers diseases and torments ; 
 those with eyes, noses, lips, and limbs consumed with the fire of 
 their own or their parents' lusts, with features distorted and 
 
TITUS COAN 41 
 
 figures the most deformed and loathsome; these came hob- 
 bling upon their staves, and led or borne by their friends, they 
 sat down at the table of the Lord. Among this throng you 
 could see the hoary priest of idolatry with hands but recently, 
 as it were, washed from the blood of human victims, together 
 with the thief, the adulterer, the unclean, the sorcerer, the high- 
 way robber, the blood-stained murderer, and the mother — no, 
 the monster — whose hands have reeked in the blood of her own 
 children. All these met together before the cross of Christ, 
 with their enmity slain and themselves v/ashed, sanctified, and 
 justified in the name of the Lord Jesus and by the Spirit of our 
 God." Has Jesus come again? Is this one of the crowds 
 which He has gathered, upon whom He has pronounced the 
 words of healing ? Surely it is. In very deed He is there. 
 These are the lost whom the Son of man came to seek and to 
 save. And the rejoicing angels are there ; they leave behind 
 the pomp of cathedrals, and fly with eager wing to this lowly 
 island tabernacle. With holy wonder they hover over the 
 bowed heads of these weeping redeemed sinners. <<The 
 bright seraphim in burning row" ring out anew the praises of 
 the Highest as they hear recounted these triumphs of almighty 
 grace. 
 
 VII. Abiding Results. — It sometimes happens that men 
 who have had remarkable success in winning souls to Christ 
 fail in the after-training of their converts. And the question 
 will naturally arise, Do these results abide ? Tried by any fit- 
 ting standard, we can safely say. They do abide. 
 
 I. The care and painstaking of the pastor were not less re- 
 markable than the success of the preacher. There were reac- 
 tiofts. But what revival in America — where the people have 
 garnered into themselves the growth and moral stamina of a 
 thousand Christian years — is not followed by reaction ? There 
 were apostasies ; but we are constrained to say, after careful 
 examination, that the permanence of the results seems to us 
 almost as marvellous as the revival itself. During the five years 
 ending June, 1841, 7,557 persons were received into the church 
 at Hilo. They were about three-fourths of the adult popula- 
 tion of the parish. About one in sixty came under discipline 
 — a discipline stricter than ours at home, and that among babes 
 in Christ. The greater part of these were restored, and few 
 were finally cut off. *'I never administered the quarterly 
 sacrament without receiving from ten to twenty persons. No 
 year has the number gone below fifty. It did not prove a 
 great excitement, to die out. When I left for a brief visit to 
 
42 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 the United States, in April, 1870, I had received into the 
 church, and myself baptized, 11,960 persons." 
 
 2. Under this training the people became more and more 
 settled m faith a?id morals. An irruption of Catholic priests 
 drew away but few of them. There never was a grog-shop in 
 the entire parish. Probably to-day the ratio of people in New 
 England who cannot read and write is greater than among the 
 Hawaiians in Hilo and Puna. Not in New England is the 
 Sabbath better observed ; and the industries of civilization have 
 now largely taken the place of the old savage indolence. 
 
 3. In 1867 the grand old church was divided mto seven local 
 churches, six of them v/ith native pastors. Three of these are 
 on the lava-fields of the south, and three among the ravines of 
 the north. The remaining one is at Plilo, where also is an 
 American church for the foreign population. To accommodate 
 the widely-scattered people, these churches have built fifteen 
 places of worship, seating from 500 to 3,000 people each. 
 Five of them have bells, and the church building at Hilo cost 
 about ^14,000. This has been done with the Hawaiians' own 
 money and by their own labor. 
 
 4. Another fruit of the faithful training of Mr. Coan is the 
 growth of beneficence in the churches. The Monthly Concert 
 was held from the beginning, and a contribution was always 
 taken. They *' first gave their own selves to the Lord," and 
 then it was '^according to that a man hath " — a fish, a fowl, a 
 cocoanut, and later, money, but in all sacrifice and worship. 
 Each month, on the first Sunday morning, a sermon was 
 preached on some department or interest of Christ's kingdom 
 in the broad world. They never even heard that miserable 
 sentence of a narrow faith, '•'■ There is so much to do at home ! " 
 Their lips never uttered the miserly falsehood, ''It takes a dol- 
 lar to send a dollar to the heathen." They were instructed in 
 all causes, and gave to all. More than ^10,000 have come to 
 the United States from the Hilo church ; ^200 went to a 
 Chinese mission, and ^100 to Syria at the time of the massacre 
 and famine. The appeal of Father Chiniquy, in Kankakee, 
 Illinois, reached them ; and when the letter which brought him 
 $200 from these poor islanders was read his whole congrega- 
 tion bowed down weeping ! Their monthly collections have 
 averaged from the beginning about ^100, the highest reaching 
 ^265, and the grand aggregate for all religious purposes amounts 
 to above ^100,000. 
 
 5. Missionary Enterprises. — One of the legitimate fruits of 
 a true Christian training is a desire to carry the gospel to "the 
 
TITUS COAN 43 
 
 regions beyond." The faithful pastor was not slow to perceive 
 this, and he was among the first to advocate a native mission 
 to Micro?iesia. 
 
 The idea of a missionary packet, and an appeal to the chil- 
 dren of the United States to build it, seems to have sprung 
 from his fertile brain. 
 
 As a delegate of the Hawaiian Missionary Society he made 
 two voyages in the ^^ Morning Star'' to the Marquesas Islands. 
 After the wreck of the second ship he became an earnest advo- 
 cate of steam as an auxiliary motor to help the little vessel in 
 its errands of mercy. He had the satisfaction of seeing nearly 
 a score of persons, wholly sustained by his church, go out on 
 the ''Morning Star" as foreign missionaries to the dark islands 
 of Micronesia. 
 
 VIII. Mrs. Coan. — i. Mrs. Coan's work was not less 
 constant and tireless. For several years she taught a school for 
 young girls. This she was finally forced to relinquish by the 
 growing cares of her family, cares that were doubly exhausting 
 in that land of untrained servants and wholly unorganized 
 social life. A great labor of entertaining also fell unavoidably 
 upon her. The traveller may now find excellent boarding- 
 houses in the beautiful and flourishing town of Hilo ; but dur- 
 ing all of Mrs. Coan's life both friends and strangers came to 
 the missionaries for unrequited entertainment. The most 
 serious trial of the early days has not been mentioned. One by 
 one her children left her to continue their education and to seek 
 their home in the United States. It was the most cruel trial of 
 the parent's heart, for these partings were often final. 
 
 2. Her Death and Character. — On the occasion of their 
 visit to the United States in 1870, Mr. and Mrs. Coan renewed 
 many old ties and formed many new ones. But Mrs. Coan's 
 strength was already spent in the service. She died at Hilo 
 on the 29th of September, 1872. A woman of tender frame 
 and of high social and intellectual cultivation, this missionary 
 work was for her a sacrificial consecration. Through her 
 whole island life she was an invalid. But she was her hus- 
 band's faithful helpmeet during thirty-eight years of married 
 life; she was the patient, intelligent, unselfish, and loving 
 spirit to whom a great part of Mr. Coan's large success was 
 due — a greater part indeed than the world will ever know. 
 Mrs. Coan was his guide, counsellor, friend, and fellow-worker. 
 Accepting a task which her deep and sure intelligence told her 
 from the first was too severe for her, she never flagged until her 
 strength and life were spent, until she fell, a Christian martyi*. 
 
44 MODERN APOSTLES OF 3IISSI0NABY BYWAYS 
 
 IX. Characteristics and Final Years. — i. While Mr. 
 Coan was intent upon his great work as a missionary, he was no/ 
 insensible to the scenes of natural beauty and grandeur around 
 him. His two volumes, ''Adventures in Patagonia," and 
 <*Life in Hawaii," are written with a graphic pen, and reveal 
 not only keen observation, but a fine poetic sense. The great- 
 est volcano on the globe was in his parish. He was the ardent 
 and frequent observer of grand phenomena — the shudder of 
 earthquakes, the inflowing of great volcanic waves, the red 
 glow of lava streams marching seaward, the leaping of fire 
 cataracts into deep-lying pools, sending off the water in steam 
 and burning them dry in a night. There were few days when 
 the smoke of subterranean furnaces was out of his sight. 
 
 Once a river of lava, burrowing its way toward the sea 1,500 
 feet below the surface, broke over the shore cliff and leaped 
 into the hissing waves, waking a tumultuous fury among the 
 contending elements that was perfectly indescribable. At an- 
 other time, from Mauna Loa, one of the loftiest mountains of 
 the island, a pillar of fire, 200 feet in diameter, lifted itself for 
 three weeks 1,000 feet in the air, making darkness day for a 
 hundred miles around, and leaving as its monument a vast lava 
 cone a mile in circumference. 
 
 2. Contributions to Science. — The scientific world is fortu- 
 nate in having had upon the ground for nearly fifty years, 
 where such titanic forces were at play, one whose courage and 
 love of adventure were equalled only by his faithfulness and 
 graphic skill in portraying the most imposing of phenomena. 
 
 3. The evening of Mr. Coan's days was spent as pastor of 
 the large church at Hilo, and in apostolic supervision of the 
 diocese which had sprung up under his care. A happy second 
 marriage cheered his later years, and the loving wife that min- 
 istered tenderly at his dying bed survives to mourn his loss. 
 
 4. Last Days. — In the latter part of 1882, during a revival 
 into which he threw himself with unceasing ardor as of old, he 
 was suddenly smitten down with a paralytic shock. For several 
 weeks he lay "helpless, with only love, joy, peace in his soul, 
 his beautiful patience and submission completing the lesson 
 that his life had given of obedience to his Lord." He re- 
 covered in part, so that the day before his death he was car- 
 ried through the streets looking natural and well. Almost the 
 entire village flocked out to greet him, and all were glad to 
 have had that last look. The next day at noon he was stand- 
 ing among the redeemed throng on high. And thus passed out 
 of toil into rest, Dec. i, 1882, at the ripe age of eighty-two 
 
TITUS COAN 45 
 
 years, the Rev. Titus Coan, missionary to the Hawaiian 
 Island. 
 
 5. We can think of no more beaiitifully-ordered depai'ture 
 than his. It was meet that a life which had witnessed such 
 scenes of revival should have given its last labors in ardent 
 eiforts for lost souls, and that in the midst of the toils of a sea- 
 son of refresliing from the Most High the tense bow should 
 have broken. There was a divine and delightful fitness that 
 the spirit of the aged warrior should ascend to its reward 
 from the battlefield where the gracious conflict w^as still rag- 
 ing, and where such amazing triumphs of infinite love had been 
 achieved. 
 
James Gilmour 
 
 "Brave" Missionary to the Mongols 
 1843-1891 
 
 BY REV. HARLAN P. BEACH 
 
 Although it was the writer's privilege to know the subject of 
 this sketch, James Gilmour had unusual powers of description 
 — a De Foe, the Spectator called him — and hence he has been 
 allowed, so far as was possible, to speak for himself in these 
 pages. A great life, however, cannot be compressed into small 
 compass, and the reader will need to look elsewhere for details 
 of Gilmour' s remarkable career. 
 
 I. His Forebears and Parents. — Those who knew Gil- 
 mour on the field see in his ancestry and parentage the root 
 from which many of his most striking characteristics may have 
 sprung. 
 
 1 . Thus his paternal grandparents, Matthew Gilmour, mason 
 and wright, and his practical wife, whose love for the Lord's 
 House led them to walk regularly five miles to church, return- 
 ing by lantern-light, may have had much to do with his strict 
 observance of the Sabbath. So, too, the later successes of the 
 Mongol lay physician remind us of his father's 7nother, who 
 was an amateur doctor and nurse of great local reputation, and 
 who, " in order to obtain the lymph pure for the vaccination of 
 children, would take it herself direct from the cow." 
 
 The story told of John Pettigrew, his maternal grandfather y 
 narrating how this scrupulously honest farmer-miller compelled 
 the minister to retract his charge of scant measure, besides 
 bearing back in triumph the surplus oatmeal, is only another 
 form of anecdotes that might be told of his equally blunt and 
 honest grandson. 
 
 2. Naturally our hero owed most to the home of the village 
 wright of Cathkin, distant five miles from Glasgow, where 
 
 46 
 
JA3IES GILMOUR 47 
 
 James was born on June 12, 1843, being the third in a family 
 consisting of six sons, all but one of whom reached maturity. 
 The father, James Gilmour, Sr., and his wife, Elizabeth Petti- 
 grew, were parents of the best Scottish type, whose chief con- 
 cern was to live godly lives themselves and to rear their chil- 
 dren for usefulness through instilling the life and precepts found 
 in the Scriptures. 
 
 ^^ Family worship, morning and evening," his brother John 
 \vrites, << was a most regular and sacred observance in our house, 
 and consisted of first, asking a blessing ; second, singing twelve 
 lines of a psalm or paraphrase, or a hymn from VVardlaw's 
 Hymn-book ; third, reading a chapter from the Old Testament 
 in the mornings, and from the New in the evenings; and 
 fourth, prayer. The chapters read v.-ere taken day by day in 
 succession, and at the evening worship we read two verses each 
 all round. This proved rather a trying ordeal for some of the 
 apprentices, one or more of whom we usually had boarding 
 with us, or to a new servant girl, as their education in many 
 cases had not been of too liberal a description. But they scon 
 got more proficient, and if it led them to nothing higher, it was 
 a good educational help. These devotional exercises were not 
 common in the district in the mornings and were apt to be 
 broken in upon by callers at the wright's shop ; but that was 
 never entertained as an excuse for curtailing them. I suppose 
 people in the district got to know of the custom, and avoided 
 making their calls at a time when they would have to wait some 
 little while for attention. Our parents, however, never allowed 
 this practice or their religious inclinations to obtrude on their 
 neighbors ; all was done most unassumingly and humbly, as a 
 matter of everyday course." 
 
 Sundays were red-letter occasions, as the mother read to the 
 boys, gathered about her knee, the most impressive children's 
 stories of the day, accomxpanying the reading with serious com- 
 ments and frequently with the words, ''Wouldn't it be fine, if 
 some of you, when you grow up, should be able to write such 
 nice little stories as these for children, and do some good in 
 the world in that way ! " His Robinson Crusoe of missionary 
 literature, "Among the Mongols," and the scarcely less de- 
 lightful ''James Gilmour and His Boys" were the realization 
 of her prophecy in the optative mode. Fitly closing the well- 
 spent Sabbath, came the second group, this time gathered 
 about the father, who read aloud from the " big " Bible — Scott 
 and Henry's — comments upon a selected portion of Scripture. 
 
 II. Preparation for His Life-work. — Aside from the 
 
48 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 helpful influences of a godly Scotch home, so fruitful in mold- 
 ing some of the world's greatest missionaries — men like Alex- 
 ander Duff, David Livingstone, and John G. Paton — Gilmour's 
 boyhood was spent under very favorable intellectual conditions, 
 as his father's comfortable circumstances permitted the boy to 
 enjoy good educational advantages. 
 
 1. Attending from his eighth year until he was about twelve 
 the Subscription School at Bushyhill, Cambuslang, James was 
 then sent to Gorbals Youths' School in Glasgow. His dili- 
 gence and ambition kept him at the head of his classes and 
 made his father willing to enter him at the Glasgow High 
 School, where his many prizes showed that he would make 
 good use of collegiate privileges ; hence we find him matricu- 
 lating at Glasgow University in his twentieth year — November, 
 1862. 
 
 Describing these earlier days, he afterward wrote: *'I was 
 very nervous and much afraid, and wrought so hard and was 
 so ably superintended by my mother, that I made rapid prog- 
 ress, and was put from one class to another with delightful 
 rapidity. I was dreadfully jealous of any one who was a good 
 scholar like myself, and to have any one above me in class an- 
 noyed me to such a degree that I could not play cheerfully 
 with him." 
 
 Outside of school he was anything but a plodding student. 
 Poking and joking those in the workshop and mill ; devising 
 plans for mechanically increasing his power of stroke in swim- 
 ming; tramping alone among mountains and glens to secure 
 geological specimens ; rowing and pluckily dragging over the 
 shallows a skiff as far up the Clyde as Hamilton, where his 
 father then resided — a feat accomplished rarely before ; 
 awed by the gruesome stories and pictures of Bunyan's Giant 
 Despair and Doubting Castle ; held by the fascination and in- 
 dignation awakened by ''Uncle Tom's Cabin," — these are 
 other lineaments of Gilmour the boy. 
 
 2. University life. — This picture, as it has been depicted by 
 his own pen and by that of his closest university friend, reveals 
 these features : An ambition that sought and gained proficiency 
 and prizes in Greek, Latin, and English literature ; a studious- 
 ness which knew no summer relaxation, but sent him back and 
 forth between his home and the college library laden with 
 books ; a sense of injustice which made him participate in the 
 rebellion againsf*his moral philosophy professor, Dr. Fleming ; 
 and, above all, his conversion, concerning wliich he writes, 
 ** After I became satisfied that I had found the way of life, I 
 
JA3IES GILMOUR 49 
 
 decided to tell others of that way, and felt that I lay under re- 
 sponsibility to do what I could to extend Christ's Kingdom." 
 
 Rev. John Paterson, his friend, thus testifies : ''Throughout 
 his college career Gilmour was a very hard-working student ; 
 his patience, perseverance, and powers of application were 
 marvellous ; and yet as a rule, he was bright and cheerful, able 
 in a twinkling to throw off the cares of work, and enter with 
 zest into the topics of the day. He had a keen appreciation of 
 the humorous side of things, and his merry laugh did one good. 
 Altogether he was a delightful companion, and was held in uni- 
 versal esteem. One of Gilmour's leading thoughts was un- 
 questionably the unspeakable value of time, and this intensified 
 with years. There was not a shred of indolence in his nature 3 
 it may be truthfully said that he never v/illfuUy lost an hour. 
 Even when college work was uncongenial, he never scamped 
 it, but mastered the subject. He could not brook the idea of 
 skimming a subject merely to pass an examination, and there 
 were few men of his time Avith such wide and accurate knowl- 
 edge." 
 
 This same friend also bears witness to the effect of his religious 
 life upon others : "He always shrank from speaking about 
 himself, and in these days was not in the habit of obtruding 
 sacred things on his fellow-students. His views on personal 
 dealing then were changing, and became very decided in after 
 years. Earnest, honest, faithful to his convictions, as a student 
 he endeavored to influence others for good more by the silent 
 eloquence of a holy life than by definite exhortations, and I 
 feel sure his power over some of us was all the greater on that 
 account." 
 
 3. The Life Decision. — During the last session of his col- 
 lege course, and the summer session, spent immediately there- 
 after in the Congregational Tlieological Hall at Edinburgli, 
 Gilmour made his choice of a life-work. Let him tell the 
 story. 
 
 "After prayerful consideration and mature deliberation, I 
 thought it my duty to offer myself as a candidate for the minis- 
 try. Having decided as to the capacity in which I should labor 
 in Christ's Kingdom, the next thing which occupied my serious 
 attention was the locality where I should labor. Occasionally 
 before I had thought of the relative claims of the home and 
 foreign fields, but during the summer session in Edinburgh I 
 thought the matter out, and decided for the mission field ; even 
 on the low grotmd of common sense, I seemed to be called to 
 be a missionary. Is the Kingdom a harvest field ? Then I 
 
50 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 thought it reasonable that I should seek to work where the work 
 was most abundant and the workers fewest. Laborers say they 
 are overtaxed at home ; v/hat then must be the case abroad, 
 where there are wide-stretching plains already white to harvest 
 with scarcely here and there a solitary reaper ? To me the soul 
 of an Indian seemed as precious as the soul of an Englishman, 
 and the Gospel as much for the Chinese as for the European ; 
 and as the band of missionaries was fev/ compared with the 
 company of home ministers, it seemed to me clearly to be my 
 duty to go abroad. 
 
 **But I go out as a missionary, not that I may follow the 
 dictates of common sense, but that I may obey that cGmmatid of 
 Christ, < Go into all the v/orld and preach.' He who said 
 'preach,' said also, 'Go ye into and preach,' and *what Christ 
 hath joined together let not man put asunder.' This command 
 seems to me to be strictly a missionary injunction, and, as far 
 as I can see, those to whom it was first delivered regarded it in 
 that light; so that, apart altogether from choice and other 
 lower reasons, my going forth is a matter of obedience to a 
 plain command ; and in place of seeking to assign a reason for 
 going abroad, I would prefer to say that I have failed to find 
 any reason why I should stay at home." 
 
 Mr. Paterson states that ''when it became known that Gil- 
 mour intended to be a foreign missionary, there was not a litde 
 surprise expressed, especially among rival fellow-students — men 
 who had competed with him to their cost. The moral effect of 
 such a distinguished scholar giving his life for Christ among the 
 heathen was very great indeed." 
 
 4. Gilmour^s Theological Preparation, iSdy-dg. — With his 
 Master's degree won at Glasgow, he next entered for his theo- 
 logical course Cheshunt College, fourteen miles north of Lon- 
 don, where he remained two years. This v/as in consequence 
 of negotiations, previously entered into, vv^ith the London Mis- 
 sionary Society. Resident college life, so different from that of 
 the Glasgow non-dormitory system., was a new experience, the 
 value of which he doubted. 
 
 Some of his stro?igest impulses date from this time, as he 
 came under the spell of those old but powerful works, James' 
 "Earnest Ministry," Baxter's "Reformed Pastor," and some 
 of Bunyan's writings. Even more helpful was the victory 
 which he gained over his lust for primacy, after he had won 
 the Soper prize. "In my first session I had got the second 
 only, and now I had an opportunity of trying for the first. It 
 was a temptation indeed, but God triumphed. I looked back 
 
JAMES GILMOUR 51 
 
 on my life and saw how often I had been tempted on from one 
 thing to another, after I had resolved that I would leave my 
 time more free and at my disposal for God, but always was I 
 tempted on. So nov/ I made a stand, threw ambition to the 
 winds, and set to reading my Bible in good earnest. I made it 
 my chief study during the last three months of my residence at 
 Cheshunt, and I look back upon that period of my stay there 
 as the most profitable I had." 
 
 Fellow-students at the college recall his practical jokes, his 
 racy, pointed speeches and his pov/ers as an elocutionist and 
 debater. One senior who came to welcome the newcomer 
 was met by the brusque questions, ** Who are you? What do 
 you want?" and when a hand was offered, Gilmour said, 
 ** Time eno' to shake hands when we have quarrelled. But 
 where do you live? " " Immediately over your head." '' Then 
 look here, don't make a row." Going out in the evening, 
 mostly alone, he would conduct open air services near the rail- 
 way station. When special m^eetings were being held, Gilmour 
 might be seen approaching '< bare-headed every passer by with 
 some piquant, vigorous inquiry, or message or warning. 
 . . . The entire population in the thoroughfare was stirred, 
 and uncomplimentary jeers mingled with some awe-struck im- 
 pressions that were there produced." 
 
 Nor were Gilmour's activities confined to Cheshunt. His 
 heart was in bonny Scotland, and he would impress others 
 into the fellowship of prayer for unconverted friends at home 
 with whom he was in correspondence. And further afield than 
 this he went. *' When he knew what was to be his field of 
 labor after his college course was over, how solicitous he was 
 to go out fully prepared and fitted in spiritual equipment ! 
 The needs of the perishing heathen were very real and weighed 
 heavily upon his heart, and he was very anxious to win volun- 
 teers among his college friends for this all-important work. 
 How he longed and prayed for China's perishing millions, only 
 his most intimate friends know." 
 
 5. Final Training at Highgate, i86g-'jo. — In this northern 
 suburb of London he entered in September, 1869, a practical 
 finishing institution, whither he was sent by the London Mis- 
 sionary Society's directors. Admirable in theory, but sadly 
 wanting in fact, Gilmour thought it a waste of time, and, owing 
 to the agitation in which he had a prominent share, it soon 
 ceased to exist. Though the required work of this institution 
 and his study of Chinese under Professor Summers of London 
 seemed of little worth, these months were momentous ones in 
 
52 3I0DERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 Gilmour's soul history. As he stood upon the verge, dreading 
 the imminent plunge into the chilling waters of heathenism, he 
 writes, full of the blessedness of those months of communion 
 with God : *' Companions I can scarcely hope to meet, and 
 the feeling of being alone comes over me till I think of Christ 
 and His blessed promise, ' Lo, I am with you alway, even to 
 the end of the world.' No one who does not go away, leaving 
 all and going alone, can feel the force of this promise ; and 
 when I begin to feel my heart threatening to go down, I betake 
 myself to this companionship, and, thank God, I have felt the 
 blessedness of this promise rushing over me repeatedly when I 
 knelt down and spoke to Jesus as a present companion, from 
 whom I am sure to find sympathy. ... I have once or 
 twice lately felt a melting sweetness in the name of Jesus, as I 
 spoke to Him and told Him my trouble. Yes, and the trouble 
 went away, and I arose all right." Having learned the secret 
 of the abiding life, the young apostle to the Mongols had fin- 
 ished his preparation and was ready to exchange the blessings 
 and beauties of Britain for the dust and stenches of Peking and 
 the treeless and comparatively barren Mongolian plateau. 
 
 III. Gilmour's Missionary Apprenticeship. — i. The 
 Voyage. — Bidding his father adieu, he sailed from Liverpool on 
 P'ebruary 22, 1870, being then in his twenty-seventh year. His 
 time on board the steamship Diomed was largely spent in doing 
 personal work among the men and in preparing for public 
 services on Sunday. Seeking out the crew singly in the silent 
 night watches, or listening in the prow to ghost stories by the 
 hour that his testimony for Jesus might be accepted, he was 
 practicing a lesson that he must often repeat among his chosen 
 people. 
 
 2. At Peking. — On May i8th, 1870, Gilmour passed through 
 the cavernous portals of the Chinese capital, which was to be 
 the headquarters of his future work, so far away over the Great 
 Wall on the Mongolian highlands. He had arrived at the 
 critical time when an anti-foreign storm was on the eve of 
 breaking in the sanguinary massacre of foreigners at Tientsin, 
 eighty-three miles away. His diary naturally reveals to us a 
 man who expects death. But his prayer was answered, '* Keep 
 me, O God, in perfect peace. O God, let me cast all my care 
 upon Thee, and commit my soul to Thy safe keeping." Prayer, 
 moreover, might avail for multitudes. " While others are writ- 
 ing to the papers and trying to stir up the feelings of the peo- 
 ple, so that they may take action in the matter, perhaps I may 
 do some good moving heaven. My creed leads me to think 
 
JAMES GIL3I0UR 53 
 
 that prayer is efficacious, and surely a day's asking God to 
 overrule all these events for good is not lost." Verily a vigor- 
 ous apprenticeship this to the king of Terrors, but Gilmour 
 came off more than conqueror, even though some twenty for- 
 eigners yielded up their lives to mob violence, and eight Prot- 
 estant chapels were destroyed. 
 
 3. On to Mofigolia. — In the midst of the fears of that time 
 and with but the most meagre start in Chinese, our young mis- 
 sionary, less than three months after his arrival, turns his back 
 upon powerful legations and many disapproving missionaries, 
 and speeds over the plain, up through the famous Nan K<ou or 
 South Pass, toward the frontier city of Kalgan, where he arrived 
 after a four days' journey. While he is spending eighteen days 
 with the American missionaries there, making final preparations 
 for his first Mongolian journey, and looking wistfully northward 
 through the pass, made famous by traditions of the great 
 Genghis Khan and his even more illustrious grandson, Kublai, 
 we may turn aside to consider Gilmour's future field and the 
 missionary work that had already been done for its inhabitants. 
 
 IV. The Mongolian Field. — Standing as a buffer state 
 between Siberia and China proper, with an area more than 
 one-third as large as the United States, are the highland pas- 
 tures and deserts of Mongolia. 
 
 1. Its Place in History. — This plateau, girdled on every 
 side with mountain chains, has been the cradle of chieftains and 
 tribes that at one time threatened to occupy all Asia and engulf 
 Europe with their bloodthirsty hordes. Indeed, under Kublai 
 Khan and his predecessors, warriors had *' sharpened their bat- 
 tle-axes, and, sparing neither man, woman, nor child, they ex- 
 terminated the unhappy people," in accordance with their old 
 proverb, ''Stone-dead hath no fellow." Kublai's sway, dur- 
 ing the latter half of the thirteenth century, actually extended 
 '* from the Arctic Ocean to the Strait of Malacca, and from 
 Korea to Asia Minor and the confines of Hungary — an extent 
 of territory, the like of which had never before, and has never 
 L^ince, been governed by any one monarch in Asia." 
 
 2. Land of the IVojJiad Mongols. — Of those people to whom 
 Gilrnour ministered, there are two somewhat diflering types. 
 His work at first was among the pastoral nomads roaming north 
 of Kalgan, toward Lake Baikal. As one climbs the pass be- 
 yond that city amid caravans of tea-laden camels, or queer ox- 
 drawn soda carts, and emerges upon the plateau, the difference 
 between the scene and those characteristic of the vast and pop- 
 ulous plain behind is most striking. One walks on real grass 
 
54 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 and looks out upon rolling prairies blue with millions of forget- 
 me-nots, while the air is vocal with countless skylarks that have 
 leaped from their grassy coverts so far up toward heaven that 
 they are lost to sight, though not to the ravished ear. Scat- 
 tered here and there over the upland prairie, are clusters of cir- 
 cular felt tents surrounded with the inevitable stacks of argol — 
 dried dung used as fuel — and swarms of children and fierce 
 Mongol wolf-dogs. Prayer-flags fluttering over the encamp- 
 ment, horsemen watching the widely scattered flocks and herds, 
 lazy lamas on pilgrimage, possibly a group of mounted soldiers 
 of mediaeval appearance pricking over the plain, and above all 
 a sky of fleckless blue, are the common sights of an August 
 day, like that which ushered Gilmour into his new field. 
 
 3. The Agricultural Mongols. — Much of his missionary life 
 was spent among the agricultural tribes in southeastern Mon- 
 golia. The Chinese have so greatly encroached upon their 
 territory here, that the Mongols have setded down in towns and 
 villages, devoting themselves mainly to agriculture, and speak 
 Chinese, as well as their own native tongue. His surroundings 
 in these towns were so similar to those well known in China, 
 that description is needless. His home in straggling inn quad- 
 rangles, a life spent mainly on the streets among the gaping 
 crowds of Chinese fairs, and the sometimes vain attempts to be 
 alone in the uninviting country outside, are the common lot of 
 hundreds of other missionaries also, and our present aim is to 
 enlarge only upon those elements which are peculiar to the life 
 of our hero. 
 
 V. Gilmour's Parishioners. — One would hardly imagine 
 that the apparently peaceable and unenterprising men, some 
 2,000,000 in all, who to-day inhabit Mongolia, were of the 
 same stock as those hardy warriors who penetrated to the very 
 heart of Europe a few centuries ago, and whose national name, 
 Mongol, signifies Brave. The differences between the work 
 and appearance of the two sexes are less than those between the 
 lamas and blackmen, as the lay members of the community are 
 called ; hence these two divisions of Mongolian society alone 
 need description. 
 
 I. The lamas are priests of Lamaism, the Mongolian form 
 of Buddhism, so closely related to that of Tibet. They consti- 
 tute more than half of the male population, and while they can 
 read or rather pronounce the Tibetan words of their sacred 
 books, less than five per cent, of them can read a word of their 
 own language. Their red coats and shaven pates are omniprec- 
 ent, and as they are prevented by their vows from formal mar- 
 
JAMES GILMOUR 55 
 
 riage, they everywhere find victims for their lust. Gilmour 
 truly says that ** the great sinners in Mongolia are the lamas; the 
 great centres of v/ickedness are the temples. ' ' Their oppression 
 of the laymen is well-nigh unbearable. Is a person sick ? The 
 lama is the physician and the sick man nuij-:t endure heroic 
 treatment, as well as pay for days of prayer, since ** work with- 
 out prayer is of no avail." Does the patient finally succumb 
 under such conditions? "So much the worse for him and so 
 much the better for the lamas. . . . Prayers must be said, 
 and services held for the benefit of the departed soul. More 
 gifts must be made, more money must be spent. When sick- 
 ness and death enter a Mongol's tent, they come not alone ; 
 they often come with poverty and ruin in their train." 
 
 2. The blachnenj or laity, are naturally afi'ected by such 
 priestly corruption. Gilmour thus testifies : " The influence of 
 the wickedness of the lamas is most hurtful. It is well known. 
 The lamas sin, not only among themselves, but sow their evil 
 among the people. The people look upon the lamas as sacred, 
 and of course think they may do what the lamas do. Thus the 
 corrupting influence spreads, and the state of Mongolia to-day, 
 as regards uprightness and morality, is such as makes the heart 
 more sick the more one knows of it." 
 
 Despite the dark picture thus drawn, Gilmom' found among 
 these people an apparent religiousness that is the antipodes of 
 the religious apathy of their Chinese neighbors. He writes : 
 <* One of the first things the missionary notices in coming in 
 contact with the Mongols, is the completeness of the sway exer- 
 cised over them by their religion. Meet a ISIongol on the road, 
 and the probability is that he is saying his prayers and count- 
 ing his beads as he rides along. Ask him where he is going and 
 on what errand, as the custom is, and likely he will tell you he 
 is going to some shrine to worship. Follow him to the temple, 
 and there you will find him one of a company with dust- 
 marked foreheads, moving lips and the never absent beads, 
 going the rounds of the sacred place, prostrating himself at 
 every shrine, bowing before every idol and striking pious atti- 
 tudes at every new object of reverence that meets his eye. Go 
 to the quarters where Mongols congregate in towns, and you 
 will find that quite a number of the shops and a large part of 
 the trade there are dependent upon images, pictures and otlier 
 articles used in worship. . . . 
 
 " Approach tents, and the prominent object is a flag-staff 
 with prayer-flags fluttering at the top. Enter a tenf, and there 
 right opposite you as you put your head in at the door, is the 
 
56 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 family altar with its gods, its hangings, its offerings and its 
 brass cups. Let them make tea for you, and before you are 
 asked to drink it a portion is thrown out by a hole in the roof 
 of the tent by way of offering. Have them make dinner for 
 you, and you will see a portion of it offered to the god of the 
 fire, and after that perhaps you may be asked to eat. Wait till 
 evening, and then you will see the little butter lamp lighted 
 and set upon the altar as a pure offering. When bedtime 
 c omes, you will notice as they disrobe that each and all wear 
 at their breast charms sewn up in cloth, or pictures of gods in 
 metal cases with glass fronts. In the act of disrobing, prayers 
 are said most industriously, and not till all are stretched on 
 their felts does the sound of devotion cease. Among the first 
 things in the morning, you will hear them at their prayers 
 again, and when your host comes out with you to set you on 
 your way, he will most likely give you as your landmark some 
 cairn, sacred for the threefold reason that its every stone was 
 gathered and laid v/ith prayer, that prayer-flags flutter over the 
 sacred pile, and that it is the supposed residence of the deity 
 that presides over the neighborhood." 
 
 Besides this supreme characteristic of religiosity, the laymen 
 are less illiterate than the lamas, are hospitable, addicted to 
 cattle-stealing and strong drink, good-hearted, lacking in fore- 
 sight, and abounding in laziness and dirt. Their characteristics 
 have been dwelt upon at length that the reader might realize 
 the Herculean task to which James Gilmour single-handed ad- 
 dressed himself, and that the fact that he never baptized even 
 one of the nomad Mongols might be better understood. 
 
 VI. Other Men's Foundations. — Protestantism had al- 
 ready made a beginning in Mongolia, though the work had 
 been so long interrupted that few survivals of it remained. 
 
 I. The Pioneers. — Gilmour's first tour was in order to even- 
 tually visit in the remote north the stations of Selinginsk and 
 Onagen Dom.e, where Messrs. Stallybrass and Swan, with two 
 or three coadjutors and their wives, had wrought, until death 
 or exile caused their labors to cease. This was between the 
 years 1818 and 1841 — at which latter date ^' the Emperor 
 Nicholas broke up the mission, and the missionaries retired 
 from the field." This is the brief record of the London Mis- 
 sionary Society; yet in this region, bleak and desolate, abound- 
 ing in gloomy forests, they had left, besides the graves of some 
 of their number, a Mongol translation of the Bible, twenty 
 living epistles v/ho proved v/orthy of their confession, though 
 required to enter the Greek Church, and they had so stirred 
 
J ABIES GILMOUR 57 
 
 that ancient organization that it began mission work among the 
 Buriat Mongols. 
 
 2. Those laborious cultivators of barren fields, the Mora- 
 vians, made repeated attempts between 1768 and 1823 to 
 Christianize the Kalmuck Mongols, far to the westward of 
 Gilmour's field ; and again in 1855 they essayed to enter 
 Chinese Mongolia, but were prevented by the extreme jealousy 
 of the government. Apart from gaining a very few converts, 
 vv^ho endured much for Christ's sake, nothing of permanent 
 value marked their work. 
 
 3. Something had been done by missionaries of the American 
 Board, stationed at Kalgan on the Great Wall. Rev. John T. 
 Gulick, who welcomed Gilmour to his home, and whose mas- 
 tery of the theory of evolution and strong Christian faith first 
 captivated and later led to the conversion of the famous natu- 
 ralist and Darwinian, G. J. Romanes, had done some touring 
 among the nomads in that vicinity. 
 
 4. Save for a few carefully preserved copies of the Scrip- 
 tures, found here and there by Gilmour, there was practically 
 nothing for him to build upon beyond a" few helpful elements in 
 Buddhism, which were stepping-stones to higher things. These 
 he states to be the doctrine of the immortality of the soul ; 
 Buddhism's list of ten black sins, punishable in a horrible pur- 
 gatory, and five far worse sins to be followed by a hell of in- 
 tense and unending suffering ; its doctrine of rewards and of 
 heaven that accounts so largely for its votaries' religiosity ; its 
 teachings as to humanity, so pronounced that ''perhaps no- 
 where will you find less cruelty than in Mongolia ; ' ' belief in 
 the all-prevailing power of prayer ; doctrines and speculations 
 whose depth and magnitude surpass the grasp of the greatest 
 minds, and yet satisfy the most stupid woman with the six 
 syllables, Oni mani padme hiim — Ah, the jewel is in the lotus, 
 /. e., self-creative force is in the Kosmos — the sum and sub- 
 stance of them all ; and analogous Buddhist teachings that 
 v^elcomed the account of the flood, the stories of Abraham, 
 Joseph and David who are hailed ''almost as heroes of their 
 own religion," and the parables of the Prodigal Son and the 
 Good Samaritan. 
 
 Over against such favoring features, he felt it necessary to 
 place these greater evils of Buddhism: Its swarms of lazy, de- 
 pendent lamas; its arrogant self-sufficiency; its discourage- 
 ment of useful learning by the emphasis of the study of Tib- 
 etan, a dead tongue to Mongols ; the oppression of the lamas, 
 already mentioned ; the absence of intelligent worship in Mon- 
 
58 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 golian Buddhism, and the presence in it cf debasing features ; 
 the tendency of its good works to produce harm rather than 
 good ; Lamaism's teachings that make men sin in actions 
 which are really indifferent, thus tending to sear their con- 
 sciences ; its failure to produce holiness ; and its usurping the 
 place that belongs to God alone. 
 
 As a result of his balancing its good and evil, Gilmcur writes : 
 " Let us pray for the speedy destruction of this religion, which 
 haughtily robs God, and remorselessly pollutes and crushes 
 man." 
 
 VII. First Lessons in Mongolia. — i. The Language. — 
 Armed with a road-map containing some supposedly useful 
 traveller's phrases on the margin, but which from faulty pro- 
 nunciation were not readily understood by the people, and also 
 with a sentence given him by a Kalgan teacher, understood to 
 mean, *' 1 don't speak Mongolian ; I am learning it," but which 
 actually meant, "I know and speak Mongolian," Gilmour en- 
 tered his chosen field. Going soon to the Siberian border, he 
 lived in a Russian house and sought to gain the language by 
 the aid of a teacher and by going about among the people, note- 
 book in hand. This latter method created so much suspicion 
 that it was a broken reed for public use. After wasting much 
 time in this way and in reading the Mongol Bible, the taunt of 
 a Scotch merchant as to his slowness drove him forth to live 
 with a lama teacher in a Mongol tent. Of this experience, 
 Gilmour wrote : 
 
 " He was only temporarily located there, and had no dog, so 
 I could go out and in as I liked. He was rich, so could afford 
 to keep a good fire burning, a luxury which could not have 
 been enjoyed in the tent of a poor man. His business required 
 him to keep two or three menservants about him ; and as a 
 man of his position could not but have good tea always on 
 hand — a great attraction in the desert — the tent was seldom 
 v/ithout conversation going on in it between two or three Mon- 
 gols. This last — conversation carried on by Mongols, just as 
 if no one had been listening — was exactly what I wanted, and 
 I used to sit, pencil and notebook in hand, and take down 
 such phrases as I could catch. Exclamations and salutations 
 made by and to persons entering and leaving the tent ; remarks 
 made about and to neighbors and visitors ; directions given to 
 servants about herding, cooking and mending the fire, were 
 caught in their native freshness and transferred to my note- 
 book. In the quiet intervals of the day or evening, I would 
 con over again and again what I had caught. 
 
JAMES GILMGUR 59 
 
 ** Learning the language in this way, I soon could speak a 
 good deal more than I could understand, or my teacher explain 
 to me. Though I could not parse the phrases, nor even sepa- 
 rate out the words of which they were composed, much less 
 understand the meaning of what I said, I knew when and how 
 to use them, and could hardly help having the accent correct, 
 and could not avoid learning first those words and phrases 
 which were in most common use. Thus, with only a fraction 
 of the labor I had spent over books, I soon began to feel that I 
 was making progress. 
 
 *' A slight drawback to learning a language by repeating 
 everything that any one happens to say, is that some of the 
 phrases so picked up are not very choice. As the language 
 begins to be understood, any impropriety in a phrase soon be- 
 comes apparent and can be avoided." 
 
 2. Learning the Ways of the People. — One of Gilmour's 
 early lessons was that of learning to ride, Mongol fashion, both 
 horses and camels. This he became expert in during a journey 
 of 600 miles across the desert of Gobi. He learned, too, how 
 to endure the long-continued, fierce, burning thirst of the des- 
 ert ; how to make sufficiently definite bargains ; the unwisdom 
 of being too obliging to menials ; the proper way in which to 
 camp out on the wilds ; the valuable accomplishment of secur- 
 ing and enduring Mongol hospitality ; and a subterfuge that a 
 missionary without a revolver may use when questioned on the 
 subject by suspicious characters — ''Supposing I have, what 
 then ? supposing I have not, what then ? " 
 
 3. Until the missionary enters into the habits of thought of 
 his people, he cannot be very useful. But during his first year 
 Gilmour had made great strides in that direction, as witness 
 this diary entry: "I gave the lama a book on Saturday, and 
 when I came back on Tuesday, I found he had read it through 
 twice. He set upon me with questions, getting me to admit 
 premises and then reasoned from them. Christ being at the 
 right hand of God was a great point with him. If God has no 
 form, how can any one be at His right hand ? Then, again, if 
 God is everywhere, Christ is everywhere right and left of God, 
 and how can that be? The omnipresence was a staggerer. 
 Was God in that pot, in the tent, in his boot ? Did he tread 
 upon God ? Then was God inside the kettle ? Did the hot 
 tea not scald Him? Again, if God was inside the ketde, theketde 
 was living ! And so he held it up to the laughing circle as a 
 new species of animal. I asked him if a fly were inside the 
 kettle, would the kettle be alive? ' No,' he said ; 'but a fly 
 
60 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 does not fill the space as God must do.' * Well, then,' said I, 
 * is my coat alive because I fill it ? * This settled the question." 
 Contrast this treatment of a difficulty with his probable way of 
 meeting it while at Cheshunt College ! He had learned to 
 think as a Mongol that he might convince a Mongol. 
 
 4. Gilmour also learned personal lessons which were equally 
 valuable, one of these being the danger of living alone during 
 t(re first months. Early in this year, while at Kiachta and 
 surrounded by almost overwhelming difficulties, he wrote: 
 " To-day I felt a good deal like Elijah in the wilderness, when 
 the reaction came on after his slaughter of the priests of Baal ; 
 he prayed that he might die. I wonder if I am telling the 
 truth when I say that I felt drawn toward suicide. I take this 
 opportunity of declaring strongly that on all occasions two mis- 
 sionaries should go together. I was not of this opinion a few 
 weeks ago, but I had no idea how weak an individual I am. 
 My eyes have filled with tears frequently these last few days in 
 spite of myself, and I do not wonder in the least that Grant's 
 [his Scotch trader host] brother shot himself. Oh ! the intense 
 loneliness of Christ's life ; not a single one understood Him ! 
 He bore it. O Jesus, let me follow in Thy steps and have in 
 me the same spirit that Thou hadst ! " This conviction as to 
 the desirability of sending missionaries out with at least one 
 companion is often reiterated in later years. 
 
 A very precious lesson learned during this apprentice year 
 was the practical value of prayer as a metJiod of work. He 
 recounts that, as the fruitage of prayer during that period, five 
 most critical difficulties were overcome. 
 
 5. According to Gilmour' s own testimony, of all the lessons 
 to be learned, " waiting has been that which proved most 
 difficult. When performing hard journeys, when baffled in 
 attempts at mastering the language, when poorly lodged and 
 badly fed on native fare, when treated with suspicion and even 
 when openly opposed, there is comfort and stimulus in knowing 
 that perseverance will end the journey and conquer the lan- 
 guage, that endurance will make up for deficiencies in board 
 and lodging, and that openness and efi'ort will overcome un- 
 friendliness and hostility. But to have to sit down and simply 
 wait the coming of a day or a man whose advent no effort can 
 hasten, this to me has always proved the hardest task that 
 could be set, and it is one that has often fallen to my lot in 
 Mongolia." 
 
 VIII. The Itinerant Evangelist. — While a greater part 
 of Gilmour' s winters were passed at his Peking headquarters. 
 
JAMES GILMOUR 61 
 
 where he spent a large part of the time in working among the 
 1,500 Mongols attracted to the capital by necessities of business 
 and devotion, his main work, especially until he turned his 
 attention to the agricultural Mongols, was that of itinerant. 
 
 I. Getting about wz-s no small problem. At times he tries 
 the slow, but comparatively luxurious, camel-cart or the more 
 plebeian ox-cart ; again we see him making his journeys astride 
 horse or camel ; and for a short time he itinerates on foot with 
 all his belongings on his back. How serious this latter method 
 of travel was may be judged from diary entries, '< Terrible 
 feet," and from the fact that coming to the writer, he said : 
 *' I wish you would take my large print Bible that I have used 
 for years, and remove the text, leaving me the helps. My 
 small print Revised Version is better, and when a man carries 
 his possessions on his shoulders, every ounce counts." 
 
 Of all these methods he most coynmends the horse. ** Horse- 
 back travelling does away with the tedium as far as possible. 
 . . . Night and day you hurry on ; sunrise and sunset have 
 their glories much like those seen at sea ; the stars and moon 
 have a charm on the lovely plain. Ever and anon you come 
 upon tents, indicated at night by the barking of dogs, — in the 
 daytime seen gleaming from afar, vague and indistinct through 
 the glowing mirage. As you sweep round the base of a hill, 
 you come upon a herd of startled deer and give chase, to show 
 their powers of running ; then a temple with its red walls and 
 ornamented roof looms up and glides past. Hillsides here and 
 there are patched with sheep ; in the plains below mounted 
 Mongols are dashing right and left through a large drove of 
 horses, pursuing those they wish to catch, with a noosed pole 
 that looks like a fishing-rod. On some lovely stretch of road 
 you come upon an encampment of two or three hundred ox- 
 carts, the oxen grazing and the drivers mending the wooden 
 wheels, or meet a long train of tea-laden, silent camels. When 
 the time for a meal approaches and a tent heaves in sight, you 
 leave the road and make for it. However tired the horses may 
 be, they will freshen up at this. They know what is coming 
 and hurry on to rest." 
 
 2. A Mongol Interior. — Gilmour tried the experiment of 
 carrying his own tent, and of improving on the native style. 
 This he did by adding a fringe at the bottom and a cloth door, 
 by using three tent-poles and by putting on a double roof to 
 diminish the excessive heat of summer. This tent he soon 
 gave up ; as the people *' seemed to think that any one who 
 took trouble to make a travelling tent comfortable, must be 
 
62 MODERN APOSTLES OF 3fISSI0NABY BYWAYS 
 
 very careful of himself. . . . One would almost rather 
 broil in the sun and shiver in the wind, than be considered 
 effeminate by a Mongol." 
 
 Accordingly he lived usually with the people in their tenfs, 
 since there are very few inns among the nomadic tribes. We 
 see him approaching an encampment from the front, halting at 
 a short distance and shouting nohoi (dog), thus bringing to his 
 relief women and children, who hold back the fierce beasts or 
 sit on the more refractory ones. Having left his dog sticks or 
 whip outside the low door, he says mendu to the people within 
 and takes a position on the left of the fireplace in the centre, 
 half-way between the door and back of the tent. He sits cross- 
 legged, interchanges snuff-bottles with the host, meanwhile 
 making and answering inquiries about his host's and his own 
 health. During these formalities, the women have been warm- 
 ing tea which he receives with both hands, as he does later the 
 plate of white food, a mere crumb of which is to be eaten. 
 
 Mongol fare of the better sort consisted in the morning and 
 at noonday of meal-tea made of meal fried in cracklings with 
 tea poured over it, and at sunset of beef, mutton, or tripe 
 boiled and then fished out with fire-tongs and put in a basin 
 or on a board, to be eaten by taking it between the teeth, and 
 cutting off each mouthful close to the lips. Millet boiled in 
 soup was the second and very palatable course. 
 
 Ordinarily Mongols retire in winter immediately after this 
 evening meal, the host, if wealthy, having his servant snugly 
 tuck him in, "indicating in Mongol fashion, by the points of 
 the compass, the places where the tucking in was deficient." 
 Gilmour adds: *' After the master had been properly tucked 
 and I had drawn on sheepskin boots, buttoned up my great- 
 coat to the chin, tied down the ear-flaps of my fur cap, and 
 been covered up with a couple of Scotch plaids, the last act of 
 the day was performed. The tent was closed above, the door 
 v/as made fast and a large jar filled with charcoal was produced, 
 and . . . the whole contents were piled in one heap on 
 the fire. In a few minutes there was a splendid glow, and for 
 the only time perhaps in the twenty-four hours, the atmosphere 
 of the tent was really hot. Every one used to lie and look at 
 it with a glow of satisfaction and gradually drop off to sleep." 
 
 3. But Gilmour was there for the purpose of witnessing for 
 Jesus. Usually after halting and dissipating the native reserve 
 by tea-drinking, he produced and exhibited a case of Scripture 
 pictures, the main doctrines of Christianity being stated in con- 
 nection with them ; thus even stupid ones Avere enabled to 
 
JA3IKS GIL3I0UB 63 
 
 apprehend clearly the teaching, and to remember it as well. 
 After the pictures, came the books — illustrated tracts, a cate- 
 chism, and a Gospel of St. Matthew. The Gospel always 
 proved the most difficult to understand. "The difficulty 
 seems to arise from the want of acquaintance, on the part of the 
 reader, with Gospel truths and doctrines, from a slight indefi- 
 niteness inherent in Mongol writing, and perhaps mainly from 
 proper names. Old Testament references and Jewish customs 
 occurring or referred to in this Gospel." Hence Gilmour 
 writes : ** One is forced, rather unwillingly it must be con- 
 fessed, to the opinion, that in propagating Christianity among 
 the heathen, tracts and other books of elementary Christian 
 teaching are, in the initial stages at least, a necessary intro- 
 duction to the Bible itself. Of course, after a man has been 
 taught somewhat of the doctrines and facts of Christianity, 
 the most useful book that can be put into his hands is the 
 Bible." 
 
 When a Mongol understands that Christianity makes per- 
 sonal claims upon him and means the rejection of Buddhism, 
 he is staggered dX the smallness of our Bible, as compared with 
 the enormous size of the Buddhist collection, which requires a 
 string of camels to carry. His own Canon contains good 
 doctrines also, and as for miracles, he can quote many from his 
 ovvn Scriptures. An inquirer, moreover, must face the bigoted 
 enthusiasm of his countrymen and even Gilmour's ''conviction 
 that any one Mongol coming out of Buddhism and entering 
 Christianity would lead a very precarious existence on the 
 plain, if in fact he could exist there at all." 
 
 Here are so?ne questions asked Gilmour by the Mongol, 
 Toobshing, one Sunday afternoon : Is hell eternal ? Are all 
 the heathen v/ho have not heard the Gospel damned? If a 
 man lives v/ithout sin, is he damned? If a man disregards 
 Christ, but worships a supreme God in an indefinite way, is he 
 saved or not ? Hov/ can Christ save a man ? If a man prays 
 to Christ to save him morn and even, but goes on sinning 
 meantime, how about him ? If a man prays for a thing, does 
 he get it ? Do your unbelieving countrymen in England all go 
 to hell ? Are there prophets now ? Is a newborn child a 
 sinner? Is one man, then, punished for another man's fault? 
 Has anybody died, gone to heaven or hell, and come back to 
 report? Did Buddha live? [Answer, He lived, but did not 
 do what is now said of him.] If so, how do you know that the 
 account of Christ is not made up in the same way ? Could not 
 the disciples conspire to make the Gospel ? Chapter xvii. of 
 
64 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 *' Among the Mongols," gives a fine summary of the questions 
 and difficulties met in this work. 
 
 4. The perfected fruitage of such evangelistic efforts, it was 
 not permitted Gilmour to see. Rev. W. P. Sprague, of the 
 American Board Mission at Kalgan, having baptized his only 
 convert among the nomad Mongols, Boyinto Jaugge of Shab- 
 berti : The story of this man's brave confession in the midst 
 of the dense smoke of a lama's tent, and Gilmour's twenty- 
 three mile walk with Boyinto, when his feet caused him ex- 
 cruciating pain, that he might have the privilege, well-nigh 
 unknown in Mongolia, of private conversation and prayer with 
 the young confessor, is one of the most pathetic that Gilmour 
 ever penned. (See Lovett's <' James Gilmour of Mongolia," 
 pp. 158-168.) 
 
 IX. Gilmour as Lay Physician. — *' Doctoring the 
 Mongols " is one of the best chapters in his most widely known 
 book. In its most systematic form, this sort of work was done 
 among the agricultural Mongols and others who came to him 
 at his street-tent dispensary in the towns of Ch'ao Yang, Ta 
 Ch'eng-tzu and T*a Ssu K'ou, 270 miles northeast by east of 
 Peking, in which places he spent most of his time after 1885. 
 Striking out his simple medical tent, the picture is the same of 
 his medical work among the nomads during the preceding 
 fifteen years of his missionary life. 
 
 1. Once known that a foreigner with a medicine chest is 
 among them and the news spreads far and wide, the story of 
 his renown and of the potency of his medicines growing as it 
 passes from mouth to mouth. Persons apply for relief who are 
 afflicted with all sorts of diseases , the most comm.on of which 
 are itch, rheumatism, eye difficulties, spring diseases due to the 
 damp of the thaw, ague, narry — occasioned by whisky which 
 burns the stomach so that numbers die from it — and the chronic 
 maladies of women, affecting nearly every one of these beyond 
 girlhood. 
 
 2. In curing disease Gilmour was far more than a match for 
 the lamas, who depend largely on prayer, the crude quackery 
 of China, and water-cures, — despite the ordinary fear of the 
 Mongol, that if water is freely used on the body he will become 
 a fish after death. Indeed, so great was his reputation that he 
 was asked " to perform absurd, laughable or impossible cures. 
 One man wants to be made clever, another to be made fat, an- 
 other to be cured of insanity, another of tobacco, another of 
 whisky, another of tea, another wants to be made strong so as 
 to conquer in gymnastic exercises, most men want medicines to 
 
JA3IES GILMOUB 65 
 
 make their beards grow, while almost every man, woman and 
 child want to have his or her skin made as white as that of the 
 foreigner." 
 
 3. In the chapter above referred to, Gilmour states some of 
 the limitations imposed upon the missionary. '* To have any 
 prospect of success among the Mongols, the missionary must 
 avoid raising suspicions; and, if he is to avoid raising 
 suspicions, he must cUmb no hill, pick up no pebble, never go 
 for a walk, and never manifest any pleasure in the scenery. If 
 he does any of these things, stories and rumors are at once cir- 
 culated which effectually close the minds of the inhabitants 
 against his teaching." He must be even more careful about 
 writing and should avoid shooting beast or birds. 
 
 4. Gilmour' s Views as to the Value of Medicine in Mon- 
 golia. — While acknowledging that the sparsity of the popula- 
 tion is an argument against sending physicians there, he adds 
 that '' it must not be forgotten that when at length you do meet 
 an inhabitant, he or she is almost sure to be suffering from some 
 disease or other." And again: *' The seeming interest and 
 apparent friendliness with which many of them have listened to 
 the Gospel message, has, under God, been mainly owing to the 
 fact that I tried to heal their diseases, while I said that the 
 Kingdom of God had come nigh to them." Letters to his two 
 sons repeatedly express the hope that they may become medical 
 missionaries and come to Mongolia's relief. 
 
 As to *'the dangerous knowledge" of the lay physician^ 
 Gilmour's testimony is also of value. *' No one has more de- 
 testation than I have for the quack that patters in the presence 
 of trained skill ; but from what I have known and seen of mis- 
 sion life, both in myself and others, since coming to Nortli 
 China, I think it is little less than culpable homicide to deny a 
 little hospital training to men who may have to pass weeks and 
 months of their lives in places where they themselves, or those 
 about them, may sicken and die from curable diseases before the 
 doctor could be summoned, even supiX)sing he could leave his 
 part and come." 
 
 X. Gilmour in Other Relations. — Some details of his life 
 outside its directly missionary phases, must be given, if the 
 picture is to be symmetrical. 
 
 I. His courtship a7id marriage on December 8, 1874, to 
 Emily Prankard, of London, who came out to him at Peking, 
 was characteristic of him and supplied a greatly needed and 
 appreciated factor in his lonely life. This is his account of tlie 
 affair : " About my wife : as I want you to know her, I in- 
 
66 310DERN APOSTLES OF BIISSIONAEY BYWAYS 
 
 troduce you to her. She is a jolly girl, as much, perhaps more, 
 of a Christian and a Christian missionary than I am. I pro- 
 posed first to a Scotch girl, but found I was too late. I then 
 put myself in the direction of this affair — I mean the finding 
 of a wife — into God's hands, asking Him to look me out one, 
 a good one too, and very soon I found myself in a position to 
 propose to Miss Prankard with all reasonable evidence that she 
 was the right sort of a girl, and with some hope that she would 
 not disdain the offer. We had never seen each other, and had 
 never corresponded ; but she had heard much about me from 
 people in England who knew me, and I had heard a good deal 
 of her and seen her letters, written to her sister and to her sis- 
 ter's husband [Gilmour's colleague. Rev. S. E. Meech]. The 
 first letter I wrote to her was to propose, and the first letter she 
 wrote to me was to accept — romantic enough ! " 
 
 Mrs. Gilmour was a genuine help-meet to her husband and 
 shared in his Mongolian experiences. She made rapid advance 
 in the language, though she paid the price by having to live 
 without privacy and by contracting, or at least aggravating, the 
 disease which bereft him of her on September 19, 1885. "■ He 
 himself bears testimony to the unerring skill which she possessed 
 in gauging the moral qualities of the Chinese. She gave much 
 time and labor to Christian work among the women and girls in 
 Peking ; and her husband was greatly helped in his work dur- 
 ing the nearly eleven years of married life by her sound judg- 
 ment, her strong affection, her loving Christian character, and 
 her entire consecration to the Lord Jesus Christ." 
 
 2. His love for, and care of, the three boys, who survived 
 the mother's death, — baby Alick, Willie, who was then six, and 
 James, aged eight — were almost ideal. As one sees the father 
 mending their garments and reads the equally charming and 
 pathetic pages of "James Gilmour and His Boys," one comes 
 to realize the depths of his father love and the intense reality of 
 the better world, where his wife and little Alick — who died in 
 December, 1887 — awaited him. Separation from his two eldest 
 bairns when they returned to Scotland, was almost like another 
 death, but he met it like a Christian, in spite of an agonized 
 ''Oh ! the parting." 
 
 3. Relation to Fellow Missionaries. — Besides making Peking 
 his winter headquarters, he was obliged to spend much time 
 there in Chinese work, owing to the absence on furlough of his 
 colleagues. He likewise aided somewhat in the work at 
 Tientsin and in Shan-tung. This brought him into contact 
 with other missionaries, whose opinions did not always coincide 
 
JAMES GILMOUR 67 
 
 with his own. Owing to his strong views on matters mentioned 
 in the following paragraph, there was some friction ; yet the 
 Christian always dominated the partisan, except as regarded his 
 own unique work in Mongolia, concerning which he felt that 
 he must have Hberty. In his later years, his fellowship with 
 those who, like Dr. Mackenzie, were spiritually-minded, was 
 most tender and sweet. How he longed — though in vain save 
 for the companionship for a brief time of Drs. Roberts and 
 Smith and Mr. Parker — to have such communion and coopera- 
 tion in lonely Mongolia ! 
 
 4. Divergence from Commofi Views and Practices. — The 
 differences above referred to had to do with what many called 
 his ascetic and extreme views. Thus he strove to be to the 
 Mongolian as a Mongol — donned their clothes and ate their food, 
 even becoming a vegetarian for a time, for the sake of influence 
 mainly. The advantages thereby gained and the great saving 
 in expense made him feel that others should profit by his ex- 
 perience and imitate it. 
 
 Again, from college days he was an ardent teetotaler, and 
 his intimate acquaintance with the evils of tobacco, whisky 
 and opium in his field, together with the effect on the native 
 church of admitting persons subject to these habits, made him 
 urge that no one be received v/ho had them. While he finally 
 yielded to the will of the Mission in this matter, it was with the 
 greatest reluctance. 
 
 For some years previous to his second furlough home in 
 1889, he gave up all reading except the Bible, and this position 
 prevented close fellowship with some others. After this stay in 
 the home-land, he passed beyond that view and greatly enjoyed 
 books and periodicals, though he studied the Bible with all his 
 old eagerness and gave the preference to writings bearing on 
 the culture of the soul. 
 
 In his prayer life he also differed from many others, setting 
 them a worthy example. In addition to entire days devoted to 
 prayer and fasting, ''morning, noon and night, at least, he 
 talked with God. He took everything to God, and asked His 
 advice about everything. His prayers were very simple, just 
 like a child talking to mother or father, or friend talking famil- 
 iarly with friend." Moments were likewise improved. When 
 writing, he would stop at the bottom of the page, and instead 
 of blotting it, he would engage in prayer while the ink was 
 drying. 
 
 XI. " Through the Gates Into the City."— Leaving un- 
 said many things of great interest, particularly the thrilling 
 
68 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 stories of adventure and peril, we cannot but pause to note the 
 passing of the hero of Mongolia. 
 
 1. The Last Annual Meeting. — Mr. Gilmour had not been 
 present for some years at the Annual Meeting of the London 
 Mission at Tientsin. Deciding not to miss the gathering of 
 1891, he prepared for it by prolonged prayer and by writing 
 many letters urging that everything be done to make the native 
 workers, who came up that year for the first time to the con- 
 ference, enjoy the occasion and profit from its exercises. He 
 was anxious that as many of them as possible might sit at table 
 with the missionaries. 
 
 Gilmour enjoyed the journey down, especially that part of it 
 over the newly constructed railway. His unusual good health 
 he attributed to more nourishing food, vegetarianism having 
 been abandoned, to abstinence from fasting and to the fact 
 that, instead of carrying burdens, he had at last learned to roll 
 them off upon the Lord. In the meetings, over which he pre- 
 sided as chairman with great tact and humor, his friends noted 
 his great deference to the views of others, and in the gatherings 
 held every evening for the deepening of the spiritual life, which 
 he also conducted, his spiritual growth and fervor were like- 
 wise marked. Swan songs that gave him deepest satisfaction 
 and which were repeatedly sung during those days, were the 
 hymns beginning with **0 Christ, in Thee my soul hath 
 found," " In the shadow of His wings there is rest, sweet rest," 
 ** God holds the key of all unknown," and " Some one at last 
 will his cross lay down." 
 
 His latest lines were written to a Kalgan missionary less than 
 a fortnight before the end, when he was just entering his fatal 
 illness. The next to the last paragraph of the letter reads : 
 "Lately I am being more and more impressed with the idea 
 that what is wanted in China is not new < lightning ' methods, 
 so much as good, honest, quiet, earnest, persistent work, in old 
 lines and ways," 
 
 2. The Golden Bowl Broken. — The unusual burdens, added 
 to by preaching and a daily Bible-class, with the native helpers, 
 and made more serious because of heart weakness, finally ter- 
 minated in an eleven days' siege of typhus fever. Its fierce fires 
 and more or less delirium prevented a normal end. Part of 
 the time he was once more on the Mongolian plateau, living out 
 the old heroic role ; once he was addressing an audience with 
 energetic gesticulations : '* We are not spending the time as we 
 should ; we ought to be waiting on God in prayer for blessing 
 upon the work He has given us to do. I would like to make a 
 
JAiUES GILMOUB 69 
 
 rattling speech — but I cannot — I am very ill — and can only say 
 these few words," and he waved a farewell to his listeners. 
 That same evening the struggle ceased, and in quietness his 
 spirit passed away — on Thursday, May 21, 1891. 
 
 XII. Funeral and Tribute. — i. The burial occmrtdi to- 
 ward evening of the following Saturday. A lovely afternoon ; 
 a hymn-sheet with Bunyan's words printed upon it, '' The pil- 
 grim they laid in an upper chamber whose window opened to- 
 ward the sunrising ; " the coffin borne by relays of bearers, 
 both foreigners and natives ; the final resting-place adjoining 
 that of his dear friend, Dr. Mackenzie ; the appropriate funeral 
 service, including the hymn, "Sleep on, beloved, sleep, and 
 take thy rest ; " singing by the Chinese of their version of " In 
 the Christian's home in glory," while little Chinese boys who 
 had loved Gilmour came forward and threw flowers into the 
 grave — these were the last scenes in a life of heroic dimensions. 
 
 Less than a year before, he had written : '* There remains a 
 rest. Somewhere ahead. Not very far at the longest. Per- 
 fect, quiet, full, without solitude, isolation, or inability to ac- 
 complish ; when the days of our youth will be more than re- 
 stored to us ; where, should mysteries remain, there will be no 
 torment in them. And the reunions there ! " He had reached 
 this rest remaining. 
 
 2. The strength of that life, Gilmour's dear friend and biog- 
 rapher, Richard Lovett, thus points out: ''Love, self-cruci- 
 fixion, Jesus Christ followed in adversity, in loneliness, in mani- 
 fold perils, under almost every form of trial and hindrance and 
 resistance, both active and passive — these are the seeds James 
 Gilmour has sown so richly on the hard Mongolian plain, and 
 over its eastern mountains and valleys. * In due time we shall 
 reap, if we faint not.' His work goes on. He is now doing 
 the Master's bidding in the higher service. There, we must 
 fain believe, he is finding full scope for those altogether ex- 
 ceptional spiritual affinities and powers and capacities, which 
 stand out so conspicuously all through the story of his inner 
 life." 
 
Miss Eliza Agnew 
 
 Ceylon's " Mother of a Thousand Daughters " 
 1807-1883 
 
 BY MISS ABBIE B. CHILD. 
 
 1. Early Life. — i. The Decisio7i. — In the early days of 
 this century, about the year 181 5, a faithful teacher in a day- 
 school in New York City was giving a lesson in Geography to 
 his pupils. As he pointed out the Isle of France on the map, 
 he spoke of it as a place to be remembered as containing the 
 grave of Harriet Newell who, years before, had been one of his 
 favorite pupils. He gave an account of her beautiful life and 
 early death, and portrayed to the class the condition of heathen 
 people and her object in going to them. Among his scholars 
 was a little girl of eight years with a serious, earnest face, 
 named Eliza Agnew. Her sensitive nature was so stirred by 
 the story of a great need, that, with a maturity beyond her 
 years, she decided, then and there, that if it were God's will 
 when she should grov/ to be a woman, she "would be a mis- 
 sionary to tell tlie heathen about Jesus." So was added one 
 more consecrated life to the many which sprang from the in- 
 fluence of Harriet Newell, and thus did the seed thought of 
 the present Student Volunteer Declaration find an early lodg- 
 ment in her young heart. 
 
 2. Co7iversio7i and Service. — As she grew to womanhood, 
 duty to her parents and family friends kept her in New York 
 City until her thirty-third year, but she never forgot the resolve 
 of her childhood. At seventeen, in the midst of stirring re- 
 vival scenes, she gave her heart to her Lord in whole-souled 
 surrender, and a few weeks later united with the Presbyterian 
 Church, under the pastoral care of the Rev. Dr. McCartee. 
 Year after year went by filled with quiet home duties, and the 
 only outside religious work open to women at that time — in 
 the Sabbath-school and in tract distribution. 
 
3IISS ELIZA AG NEW 71 
 
 II. Entrance Into Missionary Life. — In 1839 the death 
 of her parents and the severance of other home ties had made 
 it possible for her to fulfill her long-cherished purpose, and in 
 April of that year, she made application for appointment as a 
 missionary of the American Board. 
 
 1. Reasons for Going. — Her letter of application contains 
 these words : ''It was not till my seventeenth year that I v/as 
 brought to a knowledge of the truth as it is in Jesus, and the 
 desire that sympathy had enkindled in childhood was increased 
 when I viewed them as immortal beings, possessed of spirits 
 capable of enjoying God, ignorant of their true state and char- 
 acter, and the way of salvation through a crucified Saviour. 
 These impressions, with a due sense of my obligations to Him 
 who loved me and gave Himself for me, as well as the duties I 
 owe to my dying fellow-creatures, and the blessing I have al- 
 ways enjoyed of uninterrupted health, constrain me to say, 
 ' Here am I, Lord, send me.' " 
 
 2. Testimonials from her pastor and intimate friends ^ at 
 that time, speak of her as possessed of "decision and firmness 
 of character, of patience and perseverance; " as "modest, un- 
 assuming, obliging, kind, forbearing, cautious in speech, watch- 
 ful to improve opportunities to speak for her Master ; " of " an 
 unwavering desire to spend and be spent in His service among 
 the heathen." 
 
 3. Voyage and Arrival. — Rejoicing "that the Lord had 
 condescended to prosper my way," she set sail on the thirtieth 
 of July, 1839, with the Rev. Phineas Hunt and his wife, and 
 two other " Female teachers," Miss Sarah F. Brown, and Miss 
 Jane E. Lathrop. (Miss Brown was soon obliged to return be- 
 cause of failing health, and Miss Lathrop afterward married 
 Rev. Henry Cherry of the Madura Mission.) 
 
 They sailed on the bark Black Warrior, a vessel with 
 rather a redoubtable name for such quiet people, on so peace- 
 ful a mission. To go half-way around the world in 1899 in 
 luxurious steamers is a pleasant holiday excursion, but this 
 little company in their cramped, uncomfortable quarters were 
 five months at sea, arriving in Jaffna, Ceylon, in January, 1840. 
 They went expecting never to return. They left their native 
 land to remain till they should go to that land from whence 
 they would go no more out forever. 
 
 III. "Ceylon's Isle." — i. The country to which Miss 
 Agnew went is one where every prospect pleases. It was a 
 delight for sea-tired eyes to rest on the gorgeous vegetation of 
 the tropics ; the flambo just ready to burst into a glory of scar- 
 
72 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 let blossoms; the cork tree with its white clusters of sweet- 
 smelling flowers which cover the ground like snow ; the 
 tamarind with its acid fruit-pods. There are mahogany, olive, 
 margosa, teak, iron-wood, ebony, mango, jack-wood, apple and 
 many other kinds of trees. Shooting up were the cocoanut 
 and Palmyra palms, with their magnificent, tall trunks and 
 great tufted heads, and around them were the rice fields, like 
 lakes of living green, and the broad patches of tea plants 
 creeping up the hillsides. 
 
 2. The women and girls among whom our missionary was 
 to work were many of them, especially among the higher classes, 
 very attractive, — gentle, shy, affectionate, and very pretty, 
 with their rich dark skins, and soft black eyes. These v/ere en- 
 hanced by their dress, the brilliant, graceful engadi, and by 
 the jewelry, with which the Tamil woman loves to deck herself, 
 — head ornaments, earrings, nose-rings, necklaces, bangles, an- 
 klets and toe rings. Others, in the lower classes, were hard- 
 featured, rough, unkempt, filthy, degraded ; — yet nearly all had 
 sad, dull faces, reflecting their vacant, miserable lives. 
 
 IV. Uduville Seminary. — Miss Agnew's life-work was to 
 be in a boarding school for girls in Uduville, one of the prin- 
 cipal cities in the Jaffna Province. 
 
 1. Interest in Her Coming. — No single lady had been sent 
 before to Ceylon, and the people could not at first understand 
 that a woman actually unmarried should come so far. Miss 
 Agnew was fond of relating how on the day that she arrived, 
 while busy in her room, two bright black eyes peered up at her 
 through a convenient hole in the hedge, and a small voice 
 anxiously asked, "Please, where is Mr. Agnew?" The 
 curiosity, however, soon changed to love and admiration, as 
 she threw herself into her work. 
 
 2. Miss Agnew Its First Special Teacher. — The school had 
 been started thirteen years before, and cared for hitherto by the 
 wives of missionaries, but now demanded the full time of a 
 special teacher. It was surely no accident that the need had 
 become imperative on one side of the world just as the teacher 
 was made ready to meet the demand on the other. As the life of 
 the school and the life of Miss Agnew were almost inseparable, 
 we give space to a brief history of the school. 
 
 3. Desirability and Difficulty of Establishing Boarding 
 Schools. — In the early history of the mission it was compara- 
 tively easy to persuade children, more especially boys, to at- 
 tend day-schools taught by a native teacher ; but it was soon 
 decided that for an effective Christian education, it would be 
 
3fISS ELIZA AGNEW 73 
 
 necessary to take them away from their homes, and place them 
 entirely mider the care of the missionaries. This was a diffi- 
 cult thing to do, and it was some time before any could be in- 
 duced to brave the ridicule sure to be brought upon them by 
 living in a Christian family. 
 
 4. The siory of the first girls who were induced to learn to 
 read is as follows : Two little girls were in the habit of lingering 
 around Mrs. Winslow's house, sometimes peeping in at a door 
 or a window, but running away with fright if Mrs. Winslow 
 attempted to speak to them. Gradually they ventured nearer, 
 sitting on the doorstep for a few minutes at a time, receiving 
 some fruit when offered, and at length they were induced to 
 take a needle and learn to sew, by the promise of a jacket 
 when they should learn to make one. After six months, a 
 storm drove one of these girls into the house for shelter and as 
 the rain continued, she stayed all night and ate her supper in 
 the mission-house. When she went home to her father the 
 next morning, he said : ** You need not come here ; you have 
 eaten the missionaries' rice. Go back to them ; be their child 
 hereafter." She did go back, and was gladly received by the 
 missionaries. She was named Betsey Pomeroy, was the first 
 convert in the school, and became a Christian wife and 
 mother. 
 
 5. '' Central Boarding SchooT^ Established. — Similar be- 
 ginnings were made in other stations, and in 1824 it was thought 
 best to collect all the girls who were under the care of the mis- 
 sionaries in different villages in one '< Central Boarding School " 
 at Uduville. This girl's school opened with twenty-nine pupils 
 in a bungalow, a mere shelter, consisting of a thatched-roof, 
 supported on six or eight posts, having a hard floor of earth, 
 on which the children sat cross-legged, writing in the sand, or 
 using palm-leaves for slates, and stiles for pencils. The num- 
 ber of pupils gradually increased to fifty and seventy-five, till 
 in 1838 there were a hundred in the school. The bungalow 
 was soon outgrown, and a brick schoolroom with a wide ve- 
 randa was erected, with a separate building for dormitories. In 
 the latter building there were little rooms for private devotion, 
 called "prayer closets," which have always been sacred places 
 in the school, and a source of great spiritual power. On ac- 
 count of the great increase in attendance, it was absolutely 
 necessary that a single lady should be secured to give her whole 
 time to it, and in 1839, as we have seen. Miss Agnew was sent 
 put to take up the work which she never laid down, except for 
 a brief visit to the '' Hills," for more than forty years. 
 
74 3I0DEIIN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 6. Through her influence the religious history of the school 
 has been very remarkable. From the first, the very act of join- 
 ing the school has seemed to be attended in many cases with the 
 expectation of becoming a Christian, and they were constantly 
 admitted to the church in companies of six, eight and ten. 
 
 There have been frequent and powerful revivals from its 
 very commencement. An account of one follows as an illus- 
 tration of all. At the missionary meeting in the autumn, it 
 was a general remark, that there never had been known to 
 exist a greater degree of coldness in the churches than at that 
 time. A few days after this, the missionary living at Uduville 
 was awakened from sleep about eleven o'clock in the evening 
 by the voice of a person in distress and on going to the ve- 
 randa, heard the voice of prayer and weeping. A few moments 
 afterward one of the girls came to the house saying, *' We want 
 some one to come and talk to and pray with us." The voice 
 of weeping, prayer and singing did not cease till one or two 
 o'clock in the morning, and some had little or no sleep during 
 the night. For several days meetings were held with them, 
 when some of them led in prayer. At the close of one of 
 these meetings, an assistant remarked that it seemed to him 
 when the last girl prayed that it was not her prayer, but the 
 prayer of the Holy Spirit, as if some other person were speak- 
 ing. " More deep feeling and m.ore fervent, wrestling prayer," 
 says a missionary, *'I never witnessed. The last thing I heard 
 at night and the first thing in the morning was the voice of 
 prayer and praise. At the end of one week after the com- 
 mencement of this awakening, one of the older girls who is a 
 church member, being asked how many of the girls in the 
 school cared for their souls replied, * There is not one girl who 
 does not care for her soul.' " 
 
 The following letter from the oldest girl in the school will be 
 read with interest, in connection with the account of this re- 
 vival. " We agreed about one year ago to hold a meeting 
 every Tuesday evening to pray for our parents, and accordingly 
 last Tuesday we held a meeting ; and after two or three had 
 prayed we were about to close the meeting, when another girl 
 prayed. And when we heard how she, as it were, wrestled 
 with God in her prayer, we were unable to close the meeting, 
 having a strong desire to continue all night, because her prayer 
 was as when a miserable beggar pleads with a rich man, or as 
 when a child entreats a favor of a parent, or as when a person 
 agonizes for a friend who is about to be hung. When she had 
 closed her prayer, some of us were exceedingly agitated, and 
 
3nSS ELIZA AGNEW 75 
 
 were unable to speak, for we saw all our sins and defects. 
 Then some of us had a thought, viz., that we could not expect 
 peace of mind till we had called some of the older girls who 
 did not seriously seek Jesus Christ with all their hearts and 
 talked with them. We, however, concluded that we must first 
 acknowledge our own faults and ask forgiveness of God and 
 then call the girls and speak with them. After we had done 
 according to this, our determination, we called up those who 
 were asleep and conversed with them. At that time they 
 were aroused to anxiety about their souls. For this we praise 
 the Lord. From that day to this they lift up their voices in 
 prayer to God day and night. We do not believe there is one 
 girl in the school who does not pray." 
 
 7. In June, 1874, the school celebrated its semi-centennial 
 by a large jubilee meeting, which was an occasion of very great 
 interest. Invitations had been sent to those pupils who were 
 living, as far as known, to be present with their children, and a 
 large number came, nearly filling the spacious church in which 
 the exercises were held. Many of their husbands and fathers 
 were present, sitting at the farther end of the church, while 
 the women and children, closely seated on mats, filled the 
 greater part of the space in front. Among them, creeping 
 slowly and painfully in, leaning upon her granddaughter, was 
 the first pupil, Betsey Pomeroy, who had been matron in the 
 school for many years, and had always borne the character of 
 an earnest, trustworthy Christian helper. Interesting addresses 
 were made by former native teachers, Pastor Hunt, a native 
 minister of the Church Mission, and a lawyer from Jaffna, whose 
 . wives were all educated in the school. 
 
 When the interest reached its height, it seemed very ap- 
 propriate that there should be some practical expression of it. 
 A teacher in the college rose, spoke earnestly for a few minutes, 
 and in closing, referring to the fact that he had no rings in his 
 ears or on his fingers, turned to his wife and sister who were 
 present, and asked them to make an offering of some of their 
 jewelry, to be kept as a memorial of the day. They cheerfully 
 responded by sending up five gold finger rings and his little 
 daughter added a silver toe ring. As he took his seat, a doc- 
 tor, who was in charge of the '< Friend in Need Society," came 
 forward and made a brief, earnest speech, alluding to the col- 
 lege which had been established for the young men, and ex- 
 pressing a wish that the Uduville school should become an 
 endowed college for the young women, where English as well 
 as Tamil should be taught. He then laid upon the table a pair 
 
76 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 of diamond earrings as a pledge of five pounds toward the en- 
 dowment of the future college. He was followed by others 
 till quite a sura was raised for an endowment fund. 
 
 Before closing, an address prepared in behalf of graduates 
 and students to Miss Agnew, was read in both English and 
 Tamil, and a check for $825, contributed as a memorial of the 
 Jubilee, was presented to her in recognition of her own long 
 services and those of Mr. and Mrs. Spaulding. This sum con- 
 stitutes what is called the ''Spaulding a?id Agnew Fund,'' the 
 interest of which is to be applied for the education of girls in 
 the school. This fund gradually increased till with its interest 
 and the native fees, the school became self-supporting in 1883, 
 the very year that Miss Agnew, after her long life of self-sacri- 
 fice, " fell on sleep." 
 
 8. Her Long and Fruitful Service. — Miss Agnew remained 
 at the head of the school for forty years, without once return- 
 ing to her native land. She was blessed with remarkable 
 health, and although it was often suggested to her to take a 
 vacation, she was always **too busy " to do so. Her long serv- 
 ice gave her great influence. Age is honored in the Orient, 
 and she was known and loved throughout all Jaffna. During 
 the forty years, more than a thousand pupils came under her 
 care, who loved her as a mother. She lived to teach the chil- 
 dren and the grandchildren of her first pupils and the people 
 called her ''the mother of a thousand daughters." Most of 
 the girls came from heathen homes, and more than six hun- 
 dred of them went out from her care as earnest Christians. It 
 is thought that no girl who remained through the whole of the 
 school course graduated as a heathen. 
 
 V. Last years. — i. Visiting Her Old Pupils. — Most of Miss 
 Agnew' s school vacations were spent in visiting her old pupils 
 in their homes. It is related that one vacation she reserved for 
 rest at a little thatched bungalow on the northern coast of Cey- 
 lon, — an event in her life ; the others she gave to her girls. 
 
 An associate writes : " She visited each station in the mis- 
 sion, and it was understood by all that she had come to see the 
 former Uduville scholars. * Chennamma (little lady) writes 
 that she is coming this week,' a missionary lady would say to 
 the Christian women at her station. Their bright, black eyes 
 would light up, and then they would look at each other shyly 
 and laugh, and one more bold than the others would say, 
 ' We are glad. Now we must go home and see that the chil- 
 dren's clothes are mended, and the yard swept and everything 
 made neat.' During the week she would go to see some 
 
MISS ELIZA AG NEW 77 
 
 woman, married and settled years before. She would praise 
 the yard, the fruit trees, the neatness of the cooking utensils, 
 and the clean faces of the children. But perhaps the cloth of 
 one little one had an unsightly rent. *0h, my Anarche,' she 
 would say, * is this the way you learned to take care of clothes? 
 You have not lost your needles and thread down the well, have 
 you ? Now, the next time I come, you must have the clothes 
 all as nice and neat as are the pretty little ones that wear them.' 
 So, with loving praise and kindly reproof, all the little matters 
 of the household were noted. The women grew old and their 
 grandchildren took the place of their children ; but they were 
 still her girls to Miss Agnew, and she still kept the same loving 
 watch over them, as in the first years when they went from the 
 school to their own homes. Is it surprising that her name is in 
 the most literal sense still a household word in all that part of 
 Ceylon?" 
 
 2. At the time she resigned her positiofi in the school it was 
 once more suggested that she should make a visit to America. She 
 replied, ** My work for the women of Jaffna is not yet finished. 
 Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah, is my daily prayer. In 
 that hope will I rest." 
 
 3. Soon afterward she removed to Manepy, wishing to spend 
 her old age with the native Christians there. She gave her 
 days to her old graduates, visiting them in their homes, and 
 receiving them in her own room. She was especially anxious 
 over those of her pupils who had gone astray, visiting them 
 again and again, praying with them and exhorting them to re- 
 turn to the fold. 
 
 4. During the last two years of her life, she was in the home 
 of the Misses Leitch who felt her presence to be a daily bless- 
 ing. In June, 1883, Miss Agnew was attacked with paralysis 
 and was more or less confined to her room till the end came. 
 Miss Leitch writes in her '< Seven years in Ceylon" : ''Near 
 the close of her brief illness when we knew that she had not 
 many hours to live, one of the missionaries present asked her if 
 he should ofter prayer. She eagerly assented. He asked 'Is 
 there anything for which you would like me especially to pray? ' 
 She replied, * Pray for the women of Jaffna that they may come 
 to Christ.' She had no thought about herself; her thought 
 was for the women of Jaffna that they might know Christ. 
 
 . At the very time she was asking prayers for the women 
 of Jaffna, every room in our house was filled with native Chris- 
 tian women, who, when girls, had been her pupils, and they 
 were praying for her, — that if it were the Lord's will to take 
 
78 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 her then to Himself, He would save her from suffering. God 
 heard their prayer and she passed away like one going into a 
 sweet sleep." 
 
 5. The fu?ieral service \Y2iS diWond^rivX gdlh^rmg. Govern- 
 ment officials, missionary families, wives of native pastors, 
 teachers, catechists, a large concourse of people gathered 
 around one worn old face, and wept as though they had lost 
 a mother. ''As we looked over that large audience and saw 
 everywhere faces full of love and eyes full of tears, and knew 
 that to hundreds of homes she had brought the light and hope 
 and joy of the gospel, we could not help thinking how precious 
 a life consecrated to Christ may be." 
 
 VI. Her Character. — i. Wherein lay her power ? In the 
 sterling integrity of character, her sense of justice, and her 
 whole-souled, straightforward devotion to her work. Natives 
 in non-Christian lands are quick to detect any little inconsis- 
 tencies or lapses from the straight path of duty in those who 
 are to them the epitome of Christianity; but they found few 
 flaws here, and her daily walk and conversation accomplished 
 almost as much as her direct teaching. 
 
 2. Her Guiding Star. — There was no doubt about the guid- 
 ing power of her life, — it was Christ. In times of anxiety or 
 exasperating perplexity, she would give a little sigh, and "I'll 
 tell the Master" was all she said. Although engaged so long 
 in one absorbing work, she did not "hold down the gospel" 
 to her own ideas. Methods changed and new thoughts pre- 
 vailed in America, and later missionaries brought "new-fangled 
 notions," but she took an interest in them all. That the gen- 
 tler, more sympathetic side of her nature was very strong is 
 shown by the love she inspired in all about her, both mission- 
 aries and natives. 
 
 3. An evidence of this is a letter of tvelcotne which she sent 
 to the Misses Leitch on their arrival in Ceylon in 1880. 
 
 "My dear Missionary Sisters: 
 
 " With a warm heart and inexpressible delight do I give 
 you Eliezer's welcome, ' Come in, thou blessed of the Lord.' 
 
 " For two years past have we sent the Macedonian cry, 
 * Come over and help us.' Though I was so anxious for two, 
 yet my stinted faith would not allow me to revel in the antici- 
 pation that more than one would be added to our mission circle. 
 
 "I do rejoice that our heavenly Father has sent you to this 
 Eden of the East, and that you are allied in the ties of nature, 
 and that you have a brother to aid and counsel you. This 
 
SIISS ELIZA AG NEW 79 
 
 society may prevent loneliness from usurping even a small cor- 
 ner of your hearts. Every day prayer was offered for your safety 
 while journeying on the sea and on the land. 
 
 ''You are coming to a goodly country, 'where every pros- 
 pect pleases,' — no Anakims to fear. Your necessary weapons 
 Avill be the living coals from the altar of the Lord in your hearts 
 and upon your lips, and the sword of the Spirit in your right 
 hands. Fear not : let timidity have no place : press forward ; 
 and in the spirit and with the language of the chief apostle to 
 the Gentiles, say, in strong faith, ' I can do all things through 
 Christ which strengtheneth me.' Necessity is laid upon every 
 missionary to inscribe upon his breastplate, ' Look unto Jesus,' 
 and to follow the example of the disciples of John the Baptist, 
 who, after the burial, 'went and told Jesus.' The blood- 
 bought mercy-seat will appear to you a more precious place in 
 a heathen than in a Christian land. Deprived of so m.any of 
 your spiritual aids, you will be more inclined to enter the holy 
 of holies, where Jesus answers prayer. 
 
 " I hope that you are as highly favored as Heman's three 
 daughters, who could sing in the house of the Lord. And 
 though you may not understand how to strike the cymbal, or 
 make melody on the harp, I trust you can handle the organ, 
 and thus enhance the sweetness of our music whenever we 
 frequent the gates of Zion. 
 
 " I know of no other individual in any mission who has, like 
 myself, remained at one station forty years. In relation to my 
 work, in spirit I know no change, but physically I am weary, 
 weary, weary, and need, as Jesus did, to ' turn aside and rest 
 awhile.' Yours, affectionately, 
 
 Eliza Agnew." 
 
 VII. Conclusion. — Such is a meagre sketch of a pioneer in 
 work by single women for women and girls. Eliza Agnew was 
 a clever woman, and her strong personality-would have made her 
 a power in any community, but she was not a genius. She was 
 neither beautiful nor brilliant, but she was a wise, noble, con- 
 secrated Christian woman. Every talent she possessed, every 
 faculty was devoted to the service of her Lord in simple, or- 
 dinary duties day after day for forty-three years. She had His 
 blessing and the results were such as angels might envy. 
 
 There are pta;iy such workers through the mission-fields. 
 Their names are little known — as was Miss Agnew 's — in 
 America in the hurry and rush of this nineteenth century. At 
 rare intervals a flash-light reveals them, standing calmly and 
 
80 3I0DERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 bravely at their posts amid the horrors of war, and massacre, 
 of plague and famine, and behold, they are heroines, known 
 and admired from one end of the world to the other. Yet, 
 after all, is there less heroism in patient, plodding, brave and 
 cheerful lives like Miss Agnew's, in the appalling darkness of 
 heathenism, in the midst of surroundings and discouragements 
 that must be seen to be appreciated ? Results are sometimes 
 few, and long in coming, but they have the Master's approval — 
 the saving of immortal souls as their reward, and they are con- 
 tent. 
 
The Hon. Ion Keith-Falconer 
 
 Pioneer in Arabia 
 1856-1887 
 
 BY REV. ARTHUR T. PIERSON. D.D * 
 
 I. Introductory. — History is ''philosophy teaching by ex- 
 amples ; " precept reduced to practice ; the Book of Life pre- 
 sented in an illustrated, sometimes an illuminated, edition. 
 
 1. The heroic young man whose brief biography is now to 
 be recorded represented the very flower of British civilization ; 
 and the lesson of his short but beautiful career may be com- 
 prehended in one sentence : The best is not too good for God's 
 work, and the length of life is not the measure of its service. 
 
 2. It is now forty-three years since Ion Keith-Falconer was 
 born in Edinburgh, Scotland ; and just then began an eventful 
 era in missions, when more new doors were suddenly thrown 
 open for missionary labor than in any previous decade of years 
 since Christ's last command was given to His Church. Born 
 in 1856, he died in 1887 — his brief life-story on earth covering 
 only about thirty years. Yet, if " that life is long which an- 
 swers life's great end," we must count these thirty years as 
 spanning eternity, for they v/rought out God's eternal purpose, 
 and left a lasting legacy of blessing to the young men of all 
 generations, the true wealth and worth of which only eternity 
 can compute. 
 
 II. Keith-Falconer's Ancestry. — Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 quaintly but profoundly said that the training of the child begins 
 a hundred years before its birth. In other words, character has 
 its law of heredity; it transmits, at least, its aptitudes. There 
 is something in blood, in breeding, literally construed; and 
 young Keith-Falconer might well be proud of his lineage, for 
 in more senses than one it was noble. He could trace the 
 
 * From " The Picket Line of Missions," by permission of Eaton & 
 Mains; copyrighted, 1897. 
 
 81 
 
82 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 stream of his family life back through eight centuries. In the 
 year loio, when Malcolm II. was King of Scotland, Robert 
 Keith, his remote ancestor, by his valor and prowess in the 
 battle with the Danish invaders, won the title of Hereditary 
 Great Mareschal of Scotland ; and what Robert Keith did in 
 battle for the Scottish crown his descendant, long after, did for 
 the crown and covenant of the King of kings — he became a 
 standard-bearer on the battlefield where the Moslem and the 
 Christian powers meet, to contend for the victory of the ages ; 
 and he won a higher honor and title than can be conferred by 
 human sovereigns as one of the Knights of the Cross. 
 
 III. His Boyhood. — This biography may perhaps best be 
 studied from four points of view : his boyhood, his college life, 
 his home work, and his pioneer enterprise on the shores of the 
 Red Sea. 
 
 1. The Athlete. — The first period we may rapidly sketch, as 
 the materials are not abundant. He was marked, as a boy, by 
 four conspicuous qualities : a certain manliness, magnanimity, 
 piety, and unselfishness — rare traits indeed in a lad. He loved 
 outdoor sports and excelled in athletics. Six feet and three 
 inches in height, and well formed, his physical presence, when 
 he attained full stature, was like that of Saul, the first king of 
 Israel, and made him conspicuous among his fellows. No 
 wonder that he was a favorite with the modern advocates of 
 muscular Christianity, since at twenty he was President of the 
 London Bicycle Club and at twenty- two the champion racer of 
 Britain, distancing in a five-mile race, in 1878, even John 
 Keen himself. Four years later he was the first to go on his 
 wheel from Land's End to John O'Groat's House — very nearly 
 one thousand miles ; and he triumphantly accomplished that 
 feat in thirteen days — an average of nearly eighty miles a day. 
 
 2. If his stalwart manhood won applause, much more his 
 sterling worth as a man of iftward strength a7id symmetry . 
 Let us not forget that this champion in the race for muscular 
 superiority was too strong and brave in soul to be overcome of 
 his own lusts, or enticed. He loved truth in the inward parts, 
 and had no patience with shams or frauds ; and he recalls to 
 our thought the famous statue which represents Veracity, stand- 
 ing with open face, the mask of dissimulation lying at his feet, 
 cleft with the sword of Sincerity. He was not ashamed to 
 make the Bible the one book he loved and studied ; and from 
 the earliest dawn of his intelligence he was a faithful and loyal 
 student of God's Holy Word, and sought by obedience to get 
 ever-increasing knowledge of its true spirit and meaning. 
 
THE HON. ION KEITH-FALCONER 83 
 
 3. Better than all, yet by no means independent of the rest, 
 were his tmselfish piety and charity. To impart is the highest 
 blessedness, though most of us do not learn the bliss of giving, 
 if at all, until late in life. A true benevolence is the ripest 
 fruit, and grows on the topmost branch of holy living. Yet 
 this lad early showed a deep sympathy with sorrow and suffer- 
 ing, and his boyhood's days are even yet remembered for his 
 simple ministries to those who needed help. His old nurse has 
 told how he went about, a boy of seven, reading and, in his 
 way, explaining the Bible in the cottages of poor peasants ; and 
 how, having on one occasion spent his pocket money for some 
 baker's choicest cakes, he bestowed them all, untasted, upon a 
 hungry boy. What a prophecy all this of the man who was to 
 give his short life to teaching the ignorant, and himself to be- 
 come one of God's barley loaves to feed dying souls ! 
 
 IV. University Life. — i. We come now to glance rapidly 
 at his college life. Keith-Falconer was an example of concen- 
 trated powers of mind as well as of body, of a fine quality of 
 brains as well as brawn. He mastered ''shorthand," for in- 
 stance, and rivalled Pitman himself. Those who want to see 
 how a young man may distinguish himself in this difficult art 
 would do well to read his article, ''Shorthand," in the Ency- 
 clopcBdia Britamiica, which is a model of careful and compre- 
 hensive statement as to the science and art of phonography. 
 Although he might not, perhaps, have been accounted a genius, 
 he had the genius of industry, and, by "plodding," like Wil- 
 liam Carey, achieved distinction. He was conscientious in his 
 curriculum, and applied himself to hard tasks, and patiently 
 and persistently overcame obstacles, until he rose to an enviable 
 rank and won honors and prizes which the indolent and indif- 
 ferent never secure. We shall see, later on, how he was ap- 
 pointed to the professorship of Arabic at Cambridge University 
 — a fitting crown to his academic career, in Avhich he success- 
 fully mastered not only the regular and ordinary tasks, but 
 theology, Hebrew, the Semitic languages, and kindred studies, 
 and learned the Tonic Sol-fa system of music. 
 
 2. The missiofiary spirit burned in him, even in college 
 days and within college walls, though the atmosphere of a uni- 
 versity is not very stimulating to aggressive and evangelistic 
 piety. The lad who, at Harrow School, not yet fourteen years 
 old, was, by the testimony of the masters, "energetic, manly, 
 and vigorous," although "neither a prig nor a Pharisee," was, 
 during his brilliant career at Cambridge, which began in 1874, 
 not only fearless in the avowal of his Christian faith, but was 
 
84 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 moved by that passion for souls which compels unselfish utter- 
 ance and effort in behalf of others. 
 
 3. Varied Forms of Se?wice. — In temperance and mission 
 work he both used and tested his powers and adaptations as to 
 a wider field of service. He became the leader of a band of 
 Christian students who, in the old theatre at Barnwell, near 
 Cambridge, carried on ragged school work and similar Gospel 
 evangelism. From among themselves and friends, he and his 
 fellow-workers raised about eight thousand dollars to purchase 
 the building, and there a wide-reaching service began, whose 
 harvest is not yet v/holly gathered and garnered. In this 
 sphere Keith-Falconer earnestly and vigorously wrought, and 
 when he spoke uttered the clear comm^on sense which is better 
 than ambitious oratory. 
 
 V. Work Outside the University. — A field in London 
 next drew him. When yet but a lad of fifteen he had met F. 
 N. Charrington, then a young m.an of twenty-one, who, while 
 going afoot through Aberdeenshire, had paid a visit to the house 
 of his father, the Earl of Kintore. Between Keith -Falconer and 
 Charrington, notwithstanding six years' difference in their ages, 
 a very intimate friendship at once sprang up, which bore that 
 most blessed fruit, fellowship in holy work for God and man. 
 
 1. Mr. Charrington' s History. — Mr. Charrington, now so 
 conspicuously known as the founder and leader of the Tower 
 Hamlets Mission in the East End of London, had, two years 
 before meeting young Keith-Falconer, consecrated his life, at 
 the cost of surrendering a princely fortune as a brewer, to up- 
 lifting and redeeming the East End drunkards and outcasts. 
 When, late at night, he watched the wretched wives and 
 mothers anxiously v/aiting for their husbands outside the vile 
 drinkshops over which the name of '* Charrington, Head & Co." 
 shone in gold and azure, he felt a mighty impulse within him 
 to break off the yoke of the drink traffic ; and, resigning the 
 eldest son's birthright share in the business, he accepted a 
 smaller portion, and even that he laid on the altar of humanity, 
 resolved that the money, largely coined out of human woe, 
 should be dedicated to human weal, in raising out of drunken- 
 ness and vice the very classes that the beershop had dragged 
 down. Charrington began his v/ork in a hayloft; from there 
 he was crowded into a larger hall ; then a big tent, until, in 
 1877, a larger Assembly Hall v/as opened where tv/o thousand 
 people were gathered night after night for nine years. 
 
 2. Keith-Falcortcr Joins Him. — Keith-Falconer's name is 
 inseparable from the grand work of Charrington, and therefore 
 
THE EON. ION KEITH-FALCONER 85 
 
 it is no digression to give that noble enterprise ample mention. 
 Tlie two young men, moved by a similar impulse, were divinely 
 knit together, as were David and Jonathan. During his Cam- 
 bridge days Keith-Falconer often went to London to visit his 
 friend, watch his work, and give it help. Ke also took his 
 share of the opposition and persecution that made Charrington 
 its target. He accepted, with him, the "mobbing" which re- 
 warded unselfish service to the degraded slaves of drink, going 
 with him to the police office, when his friend was arrested on 
 false charges, as one that was turning the world upside down. 
 Like Charrington, also, he had his reward. He saw drunkards 
 reformed, gangs of thieves broken up, public houses deserted 
 and for sale at half their cost, and homes redeemed from the 
 curse of rum and crime. 
 
 3. During the fearful winter of 1879 the feeding of hungry 
 multitudes occupied the attention of Charrington and his help- 
 ers, and led ultimately to the erection of the 7iew hall which, at 
 a cost of ^200,000, stands with its buildings as a perpetual 
 benediction to the neighborhood, and in which for over ten 
 years untold blessing has been imparted to thousands and even 
 millions. In that larger Assembly Hall the writer has more 
 than once spoken, and in the personal acquaintance of the 
 founder and father of the enterprise he rejoices. From per- 
 sonal observation, therefore, he can testify that in that grand 
 audience room on Mile End Road five thousand people gather 
 under the sound of one voice; there, every night, a Gospel 
 service is held ; the days of mob violence are over, and Mr. 
 Charrington finds stalwart defenders in the poor victims whose 
 yoke he has been the means of breaking, and the v/hole East 
 End is gradually being redeemed from its social anathema. 
 
 4. His Sha-r-e in the Work. — In all this work Keith-Falconer 
 has an eternal share, as in its rev,"ard. It was he who, as hon- 
 orary secretary, issued the necessary appeals, himself becoming 
 a beggar for funds and a donor to the extent of $10,000. As 
 a college student he would hurry off to the metropolis for a 
 week at a time, lend a hand and a voice as needed, visit the 
 poor, teach the word, aid in administrative details, and then 
 hurry back to Cambridge and its duties. In his Memorials of 
 Ion Keith- Falconer Mr. Sinker says : 
 
 "In the summer of that year (1886) I accompanied Keith- 
 Falconer to see the building, and we were taken by Mr. Char- 
 rington to the central point of the upper gallery of the great 
 hall, to gain the best general view of the room. As we sat 
 there I could not but be struck with the similar expression on 
 
86 310DEEN APOSTLES OF BIISSIONAEY BYWAYS 
 
 the faces of the two men. It was one in which joy and keen 
 resolve and humble thankfulness were strangely blended. One 
 great work for God which Keith-Falconer had striven hard to 
 further he was allowed to see in its full completeness, carried 
 on by men working there with heartiest and purest zeal. Not 
 while any of the present generation of workers survive Avill the 
 name of Keith-Falconer fade out of loving remembrance in 
 the great building in Mile End Road." 
 
 5. All this work he did as a humble layman, who did not 
 often speak in public, but who had learned the secret of " hav- 
 ing a talk with a man," and one man at a time — as Jesus did 
 with Nicodemus and the Samaritan woman. This was his form 
 of evangelistic and missio7iary work, getting in touch with an 
 individual soul, and finding the secret key that unlocked the 
 heart — a personal, private conversation about the most impor- 
 tant matters. Such a method of service courts no publicity 
 and escapes observation, but does not fail of recognition in 
 God's book of remembrance, where a special record is kept of 
 those who think upon His name and speak often one to another. 
 For example, while on a bicycle tour with a friend in Suther- 
 landshire, in 1884, he wrote to his wife : '* We had a job to get 
 across the Kyle. It was very low water, and we had to wade some 
 distance before v/e got to the boat. We had a talk with the boat- 
 man, who said he had been praying and searching for years, but 
 couldn't find Him." This modest, unpretending sentence, 
 written to her he loved best, reveals the habit of the man. 
 
 VI. The Arabian Mission. — The fourth and last period 
 of his life is forever linked with Arabia. 
 
 I. Arabic Studies. — After he passed his last examination at 
 Cambridge, in 1880, Keith-Falconer gave himself, with all his 
 concentration of mind, to the study of the Arabic, including 
 the Koran. First he got from books what preparatory knowl- 
 edge of that difficult tongue he could, and then went to the 
 Nile, and at Assiout resided for some months with that well- 
 known missionary. Dr. H. W. Hogg, to acquire the colloquial 
 language, learn the temper of the Arabic mind, and study the 
 ]\Ioslem faith. Then he again sought the university halls, and 
 for three years longer carried on his research, translating the 
 Kalilah and Dimnah,'^ and meanwhile filling the post of 
 
 * These were the so-called " Fables of Bidpai " or Pilpai, an Indian 
 Brahman and gymnosophist, of great antiquity. Scarcely any book but 
 the Bible has been translated into so many tongues, and its history is a 
 part of the histoiy of human development. Bidpai has been called chief 
 of the philosophers of India. 
 
THE EON, ION KEITH-FALCONER 87 
 
 Hebrew Lecturer at Clare College and of Theological Ex- 
 aminer. 
 
 2. Here then is a young man, not yet thirty, married to a 
 charming woman, Miss Bevan, and in the midst of the finest 
 classical surroundings. Everything was calculated to root him 
 at Cambridge, where before him lay a future of almost un- 
 limited possibilities. He might have grown in such a soil until, 
 like the palm, he overtopped others and blossomed into a sur- 
 passing fruitfulness, as well as a scholarly symmetry. Fame 
 had her goal and laurel wreath in sight. But a higher calling 
 and a fadeless crown absorbed him. He left all behind him to 
 carry the Gospel message to distant Aden. 
 
 3. The life of Dr. John Wilson, of Bombay, had opened his 
 eyes to the possibilities of a missionary career, and about the 
 same time General Haig had called attention to Arabia as a 
 neglected field, and to the strategic importance of this particu- 
 lar station on the Red Sea as a point of approach and occupa- 
 tion. Aden as a military position controls the Red Sea, and 
 in a mercantile and nautical point of view sustains a relation to 
 Asia and Africa similar to that of Gibraltar to Europe and 
 Africa. In the year of Victoria's coronation — 1838 — the Arab 
 sultan was persuaded to cede the peninsula to England, and it 
 was made a free port. It is but five hundred miles south from 
 Mecca and six hundred and fifty from Medina. Thousands 
 from all parts of Arabia enter the British territory every year 
 and are compelled to see how the peace, order, freedom, and 
 good government, there prevalent, contrast with the tyranny 
 and anarchy elsewhere found. 
 
 4. Keith-Falconer had an interview with General Haig, and 
 in 1885, in the autumn, went to Aden to prospect. On his 
 way he began inducting his wife into the mysteries of Ara- 
 bic, and quaintly wrote ; *< Gwendolin struggling with Arabic. 
 Arabic grammars should be strongly bound, because learners 
 are so often found to dash them frantically on the ground." 
 
 The result of his prospecting tour was that he determined to 
 fix on Sheikh-Othman, near by, as his station, leaving Aden to 
 the Church Missionary Society. He explored the neighbor- 
 hood, and personally proved to the people that not all Euro- 
 peans are " clever people who get drunk and have no religion 
 to speak of." He found camel-riding not very pleasant, and 
 sa\^f one of those brutes seize and shake a man violently ; and 
 he adds, ** a camel will sometimes bite off a man's head ! " 
 
 5. In the spring of 1886 he and his wife were again in 
 England^ and on Easter Day, in the Assembly Hall at Mile 
 
88 3I0DEBN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 End, Keith-Falconer delivered, on "Temptation," the most 
 striking address of his life. Was it a reflection of the inward 
 struggle he was then experiencing, with the parting of the ways 
 before him? with nobility, wealth, distinction, on the one hand, 
 and seclusion, self-denial, and obscurity, on the other? 
 
 6. I?i Scotland. — In May he spoke before the General As- 
 sembly of the Free Church of Scotland on Mohammedan mis- 
 sions, an address equally impressive in its way, which reveals 
 his purpose and clear conception of the possible service to 
 which Arabia appealed. He said that he had been again and 
 again urged to go to Arabia and set up a school, and that one 
 day a Mohammedan, asking for a piece of paper, wrote in a 
 mysterious fashion, *' If you v/ant the people to walk in your 
 way, then set up schools.'' The man was a Hadji, returning 
 from a pilgrimage to Mecca, where he had been thoroughly 
 stripped of all his money. Keith-Falconer offered him a copy 
 of John's gospel, but he would not accept it ; and, being fur- 
 ther questioned, acknowledged that he liked the historical parts, 
 but other parts made him fearful. He pointed to the talk be- 
 tween Christ and the woman at Jacob's well, "If thou knewest 
 the gift of God," etc., "and," said the Hadji, "that verse 
 makes my heart tremble, lest I be made to follow in the way 
 of the Messiah." 
 
 7. His Mission Plans. — This young Semitic scholar, already 
 the greatest [?] living orientalist, saw the way to a great work 
 at this southern station in Arabia. He would have a school, a 
 medical mission, and a depot for distributing the Holy Scrip- 
 tures. He must study medicine himself and secure a Chris- 
 tian physician as his coworker. He would put himself under 
 the Foreign Mission . Board of the Scottish Church, but he 
 would pay all costs of the mission himself. 
 
 8. Just at this point, and greatly to his surprise, he was made 
 Professor of Arabic at Cambridge. The position was partly 
 honorary, its active teaching depending mostly on an associate ; 
 and so it was accepted, undoubtedly not because of a divided 
 purpose, but because his mind was set on Arabia, and his 
 Cambridge work would augment his power to turn attention to 
 its needs. He gave a course of three lectures on "The Pil- 
 grimage to Mecca," and on the evening after his last lecture 
 was again off for Aden with his wife and his accomplished 
 colleague. Dr. Stewart Cowen. 
 
 9. Work at Sheikh- Othman. — This was November, 1886. 
 He laid the foundation for his mission premises and work, and 
 the force of his character was already making an impression on 
 
THE HON. ION KEITH-FALCONER 89 
 
 the Moslem mind, so that, within a few months, there were but 
 few who came in touch with this ChristUke man who were 
 wiUing to admit that they were followers of Mohammed ; but 
 they were wont to say, ** There are no Moslems here ! " The 
 Gospel in Arabic found both purchasers and readers with those 
 who had read in this grand man the living epistle of God. 
 
 10. His Early Passing. — But the Aden fever proved a fatal 
 foe. Both Keith-Falconer and his wife were stricken in Feb- 
 ruary, 1887, and fresh attacks rapidly weakened his stalwart 
 constitution until, on May 11, he sank into quiet slumber and 
 could no more be awaked for service in this lower sphere. 
 His biographer, Mr. Sinker, beautifully writes : "It was indeed 
 the end. Quietly he passed away. God's finger touched him 
 and he slept. Slept ? nay, rather awakened, not in the close, 
 heated room where he had so long lain helpless — the weary 
 nurse, overcome with heat and watching, slumbering near — 
 the young wife, widowed ere she knew her loss, lying in an ad- 
 joining room, herself broken down with illness as well as anx- 
 iety — the loyal doctor, resting after his two nights' vigil — not 
 on these do Ion Keith-Falconer's eyes open. He is in the 
 presence of his Lord ; the life which is the life indeed has 
 begun." 
 
 11. After five months of labor in his chosen field the body 
 of Keith-Falconer was lovingly laid to rest in the cemetery at 
 Aden by British officers and soldiers of Her Mz^tsiy— fitting 
 burial for one of the soldiers of a greater King, who, with his 
 armor on and his courage undaunted, fell with his face to the 
 foe. The martyr of Aden had entered God's Eden. And so 
 Great Britain made her first offering — and it was a very costly 
 one — to Arabia's evangelization. 
 
 VII. The Speaking Dead. — No doubt there be those who 
 will exclaim, '*To what purpose is this waste ! " for this flask 
 of costly ointment, broken and poured out amid Arabia's arid 
 sands, might have been kept in the classic halls of Cambridge, 
 and even yet be breathing its perfume where scholars tread 
 and heroes are made. To this and all such cavils of unbelief 
 there is but one answer, and it is all-sufficient, for it is God's 
 answer: ''What I do thou knowest not nov/, but thou shalt 
 know hereafter." 
 
 I. The Free Church, whose missionary he was, declares: 
 **The falling asleep, in the first months of fervent service, of 
 the Hon. Ion Keith-Falconer, in the extreme Asian outpost in 
 South Arabia, gives solemn urgency to his last appeal to the 
 cultured, the wealthy, and the unselfish, whom that devoted vol- 
 
90 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 unteer for Christ represented when he addressed them in these 
 words : ' While vast continents are shrouded in almost utter 
 darkness, and hundreds of millions suffer the horrors of heathen- 
 ism or Islam, the burden of proof lies upon you to show that 
 the circumstances in which God has placed you were meant 
 by Him to keep you out of the foreign mission field.' " 
 
 2. God makes no mistakes, and we are ''immortal till our 
 work is done," if we are fully in His plan. We may not 
 penetrate the arcana of His secret purposes and read the final 
 issue of our disappointments, but, as Dr. J. W. Dulles used to 
 say, they are, rightly read, "His appointments." The short 
 career of Keith-Falconer is a lesson such as never has been 
 more impressively taught — that nothing is too good to be given 
 to God on the altar of missions. Keith-Falconer's death sent 
 an electric shock through the British kingdom and the wider 
 Church of Christ. But it was his distinction and accomplish- 
 ments that made it impossible for his life's lesson to remain 
 unread. His fame gave a trumpet voice to his words and 
 made his life vocal with witness. Admiration and love united 
 to draw others to follow in the steps of a heroism so divinely 
 self-oblivious. The Church asked for one volunteer to step 
 into the breach, and thirteen of the graduating class of the 
 New College at once responded \ but the response did not end 
 then or there. 
 
 The very year of Keith-Falconer's death Robert P. Wilder 
 and John N. Forman were going about among the colleges 
 and theological schools of the United States and Canada, ap- 
 pealing for volunteers, from the very best of the educated young 
 men, for the foreign field. And now, during the years that 
 have passed since this martyr spirit of Aden went up to God, 
 several thousand lives of young men and women in Britain and 
 America have been offered to God, quickened by this example 
 of consecration. 
 
 The Henry Mart}Ti Memorial Hall at Cambridge, the Han- 
 nington Memorial Hall at Oxford, and many other mommiefits 
 of the dead and living who have given themselves to God's 
 mission work are keeping alive the testimony of the Cambridge 
 orientalist. He, being dead, yet speaketh, and no voice of the 
 last half century is heard more widely by the young men of the 
 Church of Christ. 
 
 3. He sought to ** call attention to Arabia;^* he has done 
 it in a way and to an extent that he never imagined. The 
 workman fell, but the work goes on. Under Rev. W. R. W. 
 Gardner and Dr. Young new currents of influence are flowing 
 
THE EON. ION KEITH-FALCONER 91 
 
 into and through Aden. In 1888 a large number of Abys- 
 sinian children, who had been carried into Arabia from ruined 
 homes and massacred families, for enslavement, were rescued 
 by a British man-of-war and put into school in this mission for 
 Christian training, to be sent back to Abyssinia as missionaries. 
 Christian teachers, evangelists, and physicians have since gone 
 to this port on the Gulf of Aden to take up the work Keith- 
 Falconer laid down. And on both sides of the Red Sea, in 
 Africa and Asia, the mission which he began is likely to be the 
 seed of other enterprises looking to the evangelization of both 
 continents. 
 
 4. Work of the Keith- Falconer Mission. — The Keith-Fal- 
 coner Mission to Arabia has not come to its grave because its 
 founder sleeps in the dreary cemetery at Aden. On these 
 southern shores of Arabia stand the "Scots Church" and the 
 Church of England edifices, one of which latter is largely built 
 from collections made in the mail steamers that ply across those 
 waters. The Scots Church, which is now building, is partly 
 the result of the money raised by the children of the Free 
 Church of Scotland, and under the supervision of an Arab 
 contractor and workmen, some of whom are Jews. And so, 
 curiously enough. Christians, Arabs, and Jews unite to erect 
 Christ's houses of prayer in the land of Ishmael ! Dr. George 
 Smith, who recently visited Aden, testifies to the prosperity 
 and hopefulness of the congregation there worshipping in con- 
 nection with the Scots Church, and says that in the pioneering 
 stage of the Arab mission it supplies the spiritual life and 
 enthusiasm of common worship and evangelical effort. Dr. 
 Young acts as military chaplain for the British infantry and 
 artillery located at Aden, and with his colleague undertakes 
 not only to furnish two sermons a week, but to meet the de- 
 mands made on two medical missionaries for Arab and Somali, 
 Jew and Parsee; thus on one hand nourishing piety in the 
 British residents, and reaching out on the other to the various 
 foreign, Moslem, Parsee, and other populations that need Gos- 
 pel effort. 
 
 5. Aden's God's Acre. — The British camp and the native 
 town of Aden lie in the crater of an extinct volcano. What 
 a typical place in which to plant the Bible, with the tree of 
 knowledge and of life ! And the Bible is planted there. On 
 a busy corner of the main street the British and Foreign Bible 
 Society's depot stands, and Mr. and Mrs. Lethaby are its de- 
 voted workers. Near by stands the square and well-fenced 
 inclosure, with its somewhat rude entrance, which is the rest- 
 
92 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 ing place of the body of Keith-Falconer. In the middle of a 
 row of graves of British officers and men, each with a single 
 cross above it, may be seen the tomb of the first missionary 
 that Scotland gave to Arabia; who, as Dr. Smith says, "died 
 at thirty, one year younger than Henry Martyn, and was fol- 
 lowed by the aged bishop, Valpy French, on the eastern shore 
 at Muscat. A massive block of white Egyptian marble covers 
 the grave, v/hile there rises at its head an exquisitely pure slab, 
 v/ith an inscription, under a coronet which might well represent 
 the martyr's crov>^n. There Dr. Cowen, who was then his 
 medical colleague, and several officers and men of her British 
 majesty's Ninety-eighth Regiment, as the sun set, laid all that 
 was mortal of the young Scottish noble, scholar, and self-con- 
 secrated missionary of the Free Church of Scotland. The 
 sacred spot is the first iriissionary milestone into Arabia." 
 
 6. Dr. Smith further says — and we quote the words of this 
 distinguished correspondent as the latest available information 
 from this field : 
 
 "As the Keith-Falconer Mission, bearing its founder's name 
 and generously supported by his family, this first m.odern mis- 
 sion to the Arab may be said to have begun anew in the year 
 1889. First of all, Principal Mackichan, v/hen on his return 
 to Bombay, after furlough, carefully inspected the Sheikh-Oth- 
 rnan headquarters, and, with the local medical authorities, 
 reported in favor of continuing and extending the plans of its 
 founder. The mission is now, as a result of past experience, 
 conducted by two fully quahfied men, one of whom is married, 
 who are working in most brotherly harmony, preaching the 
 Gospel in Arabic as well as healing the sick. Its Arabic and 
 English school is taught by Alexander Aabud, a married mem- 
 ber of the Syrian Evangelical Church, from the Lebanon, but 
 trained in the American mission in Egypt. 
 
 "All over this neighborhood the medical mission founded 
 by Keith-Falconer is making for itself a name, and its doctors 
 are received, or visited at their dispensary, as the messengers 
 of God. European and native alike, natives from India and 
 Africa, as well as the Arab camel drivers and subjects of the 
 Sultan of Lahej — himself and his family patients of the Mis- 
 sion — turn to the missionaries with gratitude and hope, and 
 will do them any service. Nowhere has the influence of medi- 
 cal missions in this early stage, of course preparatory, been so 
 remarkable as in this Yemen corner of Arabia during the past 
 seven years." 
 
 VIII. Traits of Character. — It is, perhaps, proper, before 
 
THE HON. ION KEITH- FALCONER 93 
 
 we add the last touches to this imperfect sketch of one of the 
 finest, brightest, and noblest young men of the century, that 
 v/e indicate some of those special traits which shone in him 
 and provoke us to emulation. Among them we select the fol- 
 lowing as most pertinent to the particular purposes for which 
 mainly this book is prepared, and with the prayer that many 
 of those who read these pages may follow him as he followed 
 the supreme Exemplar of us all. 
 
 1. First, his shjiplicity. The childlike character, refined of 
 what is merely childish, is the divine ideal of human perfec- 
 tion. We must not outgrov/ the simple artlessness, humility, 
 docility of childhood, but rather grow backward toward it 
 perpetually. The ideal child is inseparable in our minds from 
 faith, love, truth, and trust ; and these are the cardinal virtues 
 of Christian character. To learn to doubt, to hate, to lie, to 
 suspect, is to learn the devil's lessons, and any approach to 
 these is just so much progress in Satan's school. This pioneer 
 to Arabia never lost his simple childlikeness. His manhood 
 was not an outgrowing of his boyhood, in all that makes a 
 child beautiful and attractive. He never put on airs of any 
 sort, but hated all hollow pretense and empty professions. His 
 was that highest art of concealing all art ; in his most careful 
 work he did not lose naturalness, and in his most studied per- 
 formances there was no affectation. He acted out himself — a 
 genuine, honest, sincere man, who concealed nothing and had 
 nothing to conceal. 
 
 2. Second, his eccentricity. We use this word because it 
 has forever had a new meaning by his interpretation of it. He 
 was wont to say that a true disciple must not fear to be called 
 *< eccentric." ''Eccentric," said he, "means ' out of centre' 
 and you will be out of centre with the world if you are in 
 centre with Christ." He dared to be one of God's ^^ peculiar 
 people, zealous of good works." While we are content to live 
 on the low level of the average ''professor of religion" we 
 shall exhibit no peculiarity, for there is no peculiarity about a 
 dead level. But if, like a mountain rising from a plain, we 
 dare to aspire to higher and better things, to get nearer to God, 
 to live in a loftier altitude and atmosphere, we shall, like the 
 mountain, be singular and exceptional, we cannot escape ob- 
 servation, and may not escape hostile criticism. Blessed is the 
 man who, like Caleb and Joshua, ventures to stand compara- 
 tively alone in testimony to God ; for it is such as these who 
 go over into the inheritance of peculiar privileges and rewards. 
 
 3. Third, his uitselfishness. Few of us appreciate the de- 
 
94 MODERN APOSTLES OF MISSIONARY BYWAYS 
 
 formity and enormity of the sin of simply being absorbed in 
 our own things. One may be a monster of repulsiveness in 
 God's eyes through qualities that exhibit little outward hateful- 
 ness and ugliness to the common eye. Greed, lust, ambition, 
 pride, envy and jealousy, malice and uncharity, may not be 
 forbidden in man's decalogue, but they eat away the core of 
 character like the worm in the apple's heart. Balzac, in one 
 of his stories, revives the old myth of the magic skin which 
 enabled the wearer to get his wish, but with every new gratifica- 
 tion of selfish desire shrank and held him in closer embrace, 
 until it squeezed the breath of life out of him. And the myth 
 is an open mystery, to be seen in daily life. Every time that 
 we seek something for ourselves only, without regard to God's 
 glory or man's good, our very success is defeat ; we may get 
 what we want, but we shrink, in capacity for the highest joy 
 and the noblest life. 
 
 4. Fourth, his concentration. Paul writes to the Philippians, 
 "This one thing I do." In the original it is far more terse 
 and dense with meaning. He uses two little Greek words, 
 the shortest in the language (§V b£), "But one ! " an exclama- 
 tion that no words can interpret. All his energies were directed 
 toward and converged in one. Our lives are a waste because 
 they lack unity of aim and effort. We seek too many things 
 to attain anything great or achieve anything grand. Our ener- 
 gies are divided, scattered, dissipated. Impulse is followed, 
 and impulse is variable, unsteady, and inconstant, while prin- 
 ciple is constant, like the pole star. We are too much controlled 
 by opinions which change with the hour, instead of by convic- 
 tions which, being intelligently formed, hold us, like the girdle 
 of truth in the Christian armor, instead of our merely holding 
 them. It is possible for a man or woman to gain almost any 
 goal, desirable or not, if the whole energy be concentrated. 
 How immense the importance, then, of getting a right purpose 
 to command the soul, and then making everything else bend 
 and bow before it ! 
 
 IX. Personal Lessons. — i. God speaks to the young men 
 and women of our day as in trumpet tones: "He that hath 
 ears to hear, let him hear ! " An example like that set before 
 us in this life-story is one of God's voices. In Keith-Falconer 
 "the Holy Ghost saith," '' Stop and co7isider T' What way 
 is your life-stream running ? Are you living for yourself or for 
 God and for man ? Every man is his brother's keeper, and it 
 is fitting that the first man who questioned this should have 
 been Cain, his brother's murderer ! Did it ever occur to the 
 
THE HON. ION KEITH-FALCONER 95 
 
 reader that every one of us is either his brother's keeper or 
 slayer? Every life is saving or destroying other lives. We 
 lift men up or we drag them down ; there is no escape from 
 responsibihty. 
 
 2. Keith-Falconer saw that 7w man liveth icnto himself 2>x\A 
 no man dieth unto himself. Life is bound up in a bundle with 
 all other life. We are none of us independent of the others, 
 and we cannot escape the necessity of influencing them for 
 good or evil. Eternity alone can measure the capacity for 
 such influence, for eternity alone can give the vision and the 
 revelation of what life covers in the reach and range of its 
 mighty forces. It is a solemn and august thought that, to-day, 
 each one of us is projecting lines of influence in the unending 
 hereafter. The life span is infinite. 
 
 3. This Life but a Begiiming. — So looked upon, this short 
 career of thirty years did not end at Aden ten years ago. That 
 was the laying of a basis for a building that is going on unseen 
 and silently, and whose spires will pierce the clouds. That 
 was the planting of a seed for a tree whose branches shall shake 
 like Lebanon, and wave in beauty and fertility when the moun- 
 tains are no more. That was the starting of a career which is 
 still going on, only that the cloud is between us and its hidden 
 future, and we cannot trace its onward, upward path. 
 
 4. Let us turn once more to that grave at Aden and read 
 the simple inscription : 
 
 TO 
 
 THE DEAR MEMORY OF 
 
 THE HON. ION KEITH-FALCONER, 
 
 THIRD SON OF 
 
 THE EARL AND COUNTESS OF KINTORE, 
 
 WHO ENTERED INTO REST 
 
 AT SHEIKH-OTHMAN, MAY II, 1887, 
 
 AGED 30 YEARS. 
 
 " If any man serve me, let him follow me ; and where I am, there shall 
 also my servant be : if any man serve me, him will my Father honor." 
 
Bibliography 
 
 The readings, found in this list, are chosen from many that might have 
 been suggested. It is exceedingly important that some readings at least 
 be assigned in connection with the various studies, as the sketches in the 
 book itself are too brief to permit of details. The superior numerals pre- 
 fixed to their titles are explained at the foot of the pages. 
 
 HANS EGEDE 
 
 >-s Bliss, E. M. : Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), vol. I., pp. 332, 333, 
 and article Greenland. 
 
 * Brown, W. : History of the Propagation of Christianity among the 
 
 Heathen, 3 vols. (1854), vol. I., pp. 177-197. 
 
 1 Butler, S. S. : Mission Studies (1895), ch, VHI. 
 
 3CARSTENSEN, A. R. : Two Summers in Greenland (1890), especially In- 
 troduction and ch. XI. 
 
 2CRANTZ, D. : History of Greenland, 2 vols. (1S20), especially vol. I., 
 
 pp. 257-292. 
 '-3EGEDE, H.: A Description of Greenland (1818). 
 3 General Encyclopaedias, articles Greenland. 
 
 1-2G0DBEY, J. E. and A. H. : Light in Darkness (1887), ch. XLIX. 
 iGracey, Mrs. J. T. : Eminent Missionary Women (1898), pp. 186-195. 
 1-2HASSELL, J. : From Pole to Pole (1872), ch. V. 
 
 * Hodder, E. : Conquests of the Cross, 3 vols. (1890), vol. I., pp. 60-97. 
 
 * Maccracken, H. M. and Piper, F. : Lives of the Leaders of Our 
 
 Church Universal (1879), Life XXXI. 
 ^-'i Missionary Review of the IVorld, iSSg, pp. 881-88S; /Sgj, pp. 542, 
 
 543; i8<pS, pp. 500-505, 523-525.->^ 
 3NANSEN, F. : Eskimo Life (189-^), especially chs,, I., II., X., XIII.- 
 
 XVII. 
 sNansen, F. : First Crossing of Greenland (1890), especially ch. XXVI. 
 
 * Especially recommended for biographical details. 
 'Contains an account of the missionary's life and work. 
 ^Describes the religious and missionary conditions of the country. 
 ^ An account of the country, people, etc. 
 
 07 
 
98 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 * Page, J. : Amid Greenland Snows (n. d.). 
 
 > PiERSON, A. T. : New Acts of the Apostles (1S94), pp. 81-84. 
 
 sReclus, E. : Earth and Its Inhabitants — North America (1893), ^'^^' 
 
 I., ch. 11. 
 i-» Stevenson, W. F. : Dawn of the Modern Mission (1888), pp. 1 17-135. 
 'Thompson, A. C. : Moravian Missons (1882), Lecture V. 
 1 TWEEDIE, W. K. : Heroes of the Truth (n. d.), ch. V. 
 8 Young, R. : Light in Lands of Darkness (1884), pp. 2-12. 
 
 II 
 
 ALLEN GARDINER 
 
 3AKERS, C. E. : Argentine, Patagonian and Chilian Sketches (1893), 
 
 especially chs. VII., IX., XII. 
 3 Bates, H. W. : Central America, the West Indies, and South America 
 
 (1885), ch.X. 
 
 1-2BLISS, E. M. : Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), articles Gardiner, 
 
 Captain Allen, and South American Missionary Society. 
 3 Bourne, B. F. : Captive in Patagonia (1853), especially ch. II. 
 1 Bullock, C. : The Corn of Wheat Dying (1870). 
 1-2-3 CoAN, T. : Adventures in Patagonia (1880), especially chs. XVI., 
 
 xvn. 
 
 ' Gardiner, A. F. : Narrative of a Journey to the Zooloo Country (1836), 
 in Christian Library, vol. V. 
 
 3 General Encyclopaedias, articles Argentina, Argentine Republic, Pata- 
 gonia, Fuegia. 
 
 »-2Godbey, J. E. and A. H. : Light in Darkness (1887), ch. XLVIII. 
 
 1-' Hamilton, J. : Memoir of Richard Williams (1854), especially ch. VI. 
 
 * Hodder, E. : Conquest of the Cross, 3 vols. (1890), vol. II., pp. 124- 
 
 127 ; vol. III., pp. 123-139. 
 
 * Marsh, J. W. : Allen Francis Gardiner (1857). 
 
 * Marsh, J. W. and Stirling, W. H. : Story of Commander Allen 
 
 Gardiner (n. d.). 
 1 Millard, E. C. and Guinness, L. E. : The Neglected Continent 
 (n.d.), pp. 89-93. 
 
 * Myers, S. A.: Pioneers of Fuegia (1861). 
 
 ' PlERSON, A. T. : New Acts of the Apostles (1894), pp. 110-115. 
 3RATZEL, F. : History of mankind (1898), vol. II., pp. 84-91. 
 3 Reclus, E. : Earth and Its Inhabitants — South America (1895), ^'°^' I^-* 
 chs., XVIL, XVTII. 
 
 * Especially recommended for biographical details. 
 
 ' Contains an account of the missionary's life and work. 
 
 ' Describes the religious and missionary conditions of the country. 
 
 'An account of the country, people, etc. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 99 
 
 3 Vincent, F. : Around and About South America (1S90), chs. XIV.- 
 
 XVI. 
 * YONGE, C. M. : Pioneers and Founders (1890), ch. X, 
 'Young, R. : Light in Lands of Darkness (18S4), pp. 33-70. 
 
 Ill 
 
 TITUS COAN 
 
 2-3 Alexander, J. M. : Islands of the Pacific (1895), ch. VII. 
 2-3 Anderson, R. : Hawaiian Islands (1864), especially ch. VII. 
 1-2 Anderson, R. : History of the Sandwich Islands Mission (1870), 
 chs. XVI.-XIX. 
 
 2 Banks, M. B. : Heroes of the South Seas (1896), ch. XII. 
 
 J-"^ Bingham, H. : Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich 
 Islands (1848), especially ch. XXIII. 
 
 3 Bird-Bishop, I. : Six Months in the Sandwich Islands (1894), Letter IV. 
 J-* Bliss, E. M. : Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), article Coaii, Titus; 
 
 also vol. I., pp. 73, 74. 
 1-2-3 Brain, B. M. : Transformation of Hawaii (1898), especially chs. 
 
 X.-XIII. 
 ' Brown, W. : History of the Propagation of Christianity among tlie 
 
 Heathen, 3 vols. (1854), vol. III., pp. 28-94. 
 'Butler, S. S. : Mission Studies (1895), ^^^- XIII. 
 *Coan, L. B. : Titus Coan, A Memorial (1884). 
 
 1 Coan, T. : Adventures in Patagonia (i88o). 
 *CoAN, T. : Life in Hawaii (1882). 
 
 *Creegan, C. C. : Great Missionaries of the Church (1895), ch. II. 
 2-3 Ellis, W. : Nan-ative of a Tour through Hawaii (1828). especially chs. 
 
 v., XIIL 
 3 General Encyclopedias, article Hawaiian Islands. 
 »-2 Godbey, J. E. and A. H. : Light in Darkness (1887), ch. XXIX. 
 3GowE% H. H. : The Paradise of the Pacific (1892), ch. III. 
 
 2 Hassell, J. : From Pole to Pole (1872), pp. 430-436, 
 
 2 HoDDER, E. : Conquests of the Cross, 3 vols. (1890), vol. L, pp. 400-439 
 
 3 Kalakaua, King: Legends and Myths of Hawaii (1888), especially 
 
 pp. 431-44^- 
 »-2 PiERSON, A. T. : Miracles of Missions, Second Series (1895), Nos, IL, 
 
 XIIL 
 3RECLUS, E. : Earth and Its Inhabitants— Oceanica (1892), ch, XII. 
 >-' Young, R. : Modern Missions, Their Trials and Triumphs (1S83), pp. 
 
 351-366. 
 
 * Especially recommended for biographical details. 
 ' Contains an account of the missionary's life and work. 
 "Describes the religious and missionary conditions of the country. 
 *An account of the country, people, etc. 
 
100 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 IV 
 
 JAMES GILMOUR 
 
 sBettany, G. : The World's Religion (1891), pp. 313-322, 
 2 Buss, E. M. : Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), articles Mongols, 
 Mongol Version. 
 
 2 Bryson, M. I. : Fred. C. Roberts of Tientsin (1895), ch. VII. 
 ■'^ Bryson, M. I. : Story of James Gilmour (n. d.), 
 
 1 Chinese Recorder, 1888, pp. 158-165 ; i8gi, pp. 318-327. 
 
 3 Chisholm, G. G. : The World as It Is (1884), vol. II., pp. 106-109. 
 
 2 Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Ninth Edition, article Lamaism. 
 
 3 General Encyclopaedias, articles Mongolia and Mongols. 
 
 * Gilmour, J. : Among the Mongols (n. d.). 
 
 J Gilmour, J. : More About the Mongols (n. d.). 
 
 ' HoDDER, E. : Conquests of the Cross, 3 vols. (1890), vol. I., pp. 222-227. 
 
 3 HowARTH, H. H. : History of the Mongols, 2 vols. (1876-88). 
 
 2-3 PIuc, M. : Recollections of a Journey through Tartary, Tibet, and 
 
 China (1852), especially chs. III., IV., VIII. 
 1 LovETT, R. : James Gilmour and His Boys (n. d.). 
 
 * LovETT, R. : James Gilmour of Mongolia, (n. d.). 
 
 3 Ratzel, F. : History of Mankind (1898), vol. III., pp. 313-349. 
 3RECLUS, E. : Earth and Its Inhabitants— Asia (1891), vol. II., ch. IV. 
 3 Williams, S. W. : Middle Kingdom (1882), vol. I., pp., 200-208. 
 
 ELIZA AGNEW 
 
 'Anderson, R. : History of the American Board in India (1874), chs. 
 
 VII., IX. 
 2-3 Bliss, E, M. : Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), article Ceylon. 
 3 Chisholm, G. G.: The World as It Is (1884), vol, II., pp. 35-44. " 
 3 Forbes, Major: Eleven Years in Ceylon, 2 vols. (1840), especiallv vol. 
 
 II., chs. IX., X., XII. 
 3 General Encyclopaedias, article Ceylon. 
 2G0RD0N-CuMMiNG, C. F. : Two Happy Years in Ceylon, 2 vols. (1892), 
 
 especially chs. XXVI., XXVII. 
 *Gracey, Mrs. J. T. : Eminent Missionary Women (1898), pp. 179-185. 
 2GUNDERT, H. : Die EvangeHsche Mission (1894), pp. 297-304. 
 2 Hassell, J. : From Pole to Pole (1872), pp. 337-345. 
 »-2 Historical Sketch of tlie Ceylon Mission (1865). 
 
 * Especially recommended for biographical details. 
 
 ' Contains an account of the missionary's life .-jnd work. 
 
 - Describes the religious and niissionai-y condi.tjo^is of the country. 
 
 'An account of the country, people, etc. 
 
BIBLIOGBAPHY. 101 
 
 2 Rowland, S. W. : Jaffna College (1898). 
 
 3 Hurst, J. F. : Indika (1891), chs. XXIV.-XXVI. 
 
 2 Langdon, S. : The Appeal to the Serpent (n. d.), 
 
 2-3 Leitch, M. and M. W. : Ceylon the Key to India (1898). 
 *2-3Leitch, M. and M. W. : Seven Years in Ceylon (1890), especially 
 ch. XXVIII. 
 
 3 Missionary Conference, South India and Ceylon, 2 vols. (1890), vol. I., 
 
 pp. 293-328. 
 ^•^ Missionary Review of ike World, iSgo, pp. 596-600 ;* iSgy, pp. 256- 
 
 260. 
 3RECLUS, E. : Earth and Its Inhabitants — Asia (1891), vol. III., ch. 
 
 XVI. 
 2 Student Missionary Appeal (1898), Consult Ceylon in Index. 
 2TENNENT, J. E. : Progress of Christianity in Ceylon (1850). 
 
 VI 
 
 ION KEITH-FALCONER 
 
 'Bliss, E. M. : Encyclopaedia of Missions (1891), articles Arabia, Arabic 
 
 Versions of the Bible, and Mohammedanism. 
 * Broomhall, B. : The Evangelization of the World (n. d.), pp. 172-176. 
 3CHISH0LM, G. G. : The World as It Is (1884), vol. I,, pp. 414-421. 
 3 General Encyclopeedias, article Arabia. 
 2 Harrison, Mrs. J. W. : A. M. Mackay (1890), ch. XIV. 
 » HoDDER, E. : Conquests of the Cross, 3 vols. (1890), vol. III., pp. 223- 
 
 227. 
 
 2 Jessup, H. H. : Kamil (1898), especially Appendix. 
 
 Keane, a. H. : Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel — Asia 
 (1896), vol. II., ch. VII. 
 
 3 Keltie, J. S. and Renwick, I. P. A. : Statesman's Year Book, consult 
 
 Index under Aden and Turkish Empire, 
 ^•^ Missionary Revie^v of the World, i8gs, pp. 747-75°; ^Sg_$, pp. 730- 
 
 737 ; J8g6, pp. 735-739 ; ^Sgy, pp. 748-753 ; ^SgS, p. 569 (picture 
 
 of Keith- Falconer Memorial Church) ; i8gg, pp. 721-737. 
 2 Mission Field (Reformed Church of America), October numbers, 
 
 1893-99. 
 3RATZEL, F. : History of Mankind (1S98), vol. III., pp. 204-222. 
 3RECLUS, E. : Earth and Its Inhabitants, — Asia (1891), vol. IV., ch. X. 
 ^«- Sinker, R. : Memorials of the Hon. Ion Keith-Falconer (1890). 
 2 Student Missionary Appeal (1898), pp. 89-93, 402-404. 
 2 Wright, T. : Early Christianity in Arabia (1856). 
 
 * Especially recommended for biographical details. 
 
 * Contains an account of the missionarj^'s life and work. 
 'Describes the religious and missionary conditions of the country. 
 'An account of the country, people, etc. 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 Besides indicating the location of important topics, this Index is also 
 intended for use in preparing the various studies. Having read over its 
 analytical outline before taking up each study, the student sees exactly 
 what ground is covered by the section to be mastered. So, too, after 
 having studied tliis section, its outline can again be used in lieu of ques- 
 tions put by a teacher, thus enabling the student to see what topics have 
 been forgotten. The numerals following each topic and sub-topic refer 
 to the pages where they may be found. 
 
 HANS EGEDE, 1686-1758 
 
 [Study I.] 
 
 I. Egede and his enterprise, 7-11. 
 
 1. Inception of the idea, 7. 
 
 2. Norway's favoring position, 7, 8. 
 
 3. Seeming impracticability of the plan, 8. 
 
 4. Egede's memorial to Bishop Krog, 8. 
 
 5. Vehement family opposition ; wife yields, 8, g. 
 
 6. Memorial to Frederick IV.; defamation of character, 9. 
 
 7. Egede resigns his pastorate, 9. 
 
 8. He is t'orced to suggest a secular scheme, 9, 10. 
 
 9. Royal order calling for investigation ; failure, 10. 
 10. Egede finally, in 1721, meets with success, 10, 11. 
 
 II. Voyage and arrival, 11. 
 
 III. The Greenlanders, 11, 12. 
 
 1. Disappointed with them, and the reasons therefor, ir. 
 
 2. Learning the vernacular ; pencil sketches, 11. 
 
 3. Difficulties encountered in teaching the Eskimos, 11, 12. 
 
 IV. Egede's trials as head of the Colony, 12-14. 
 
 1. He had to combat depres'^ion among colonists, 12. 
 
 2. Mrs. Egede's fortitude and trust, 12. 
 
 3. Failure and withdrawals, 12, 13. 
 
 4. Triumph of loyalty to his purpose, 13. 
 
 5. Efiect of colonial cares on his body and mind, 13. 
 
 6. The smallpox scourge and Egede's devotion, 13, 14. 
 
 7. Death of his wife in 1735, 14. 
 V. Egede as a missionary, 14, 15. 
 
 1. Spiritual success difficult because of secular cares, 14. 
 
 2. Mistaken theory that civilization must precede Christianity, 14. 
 
 3. Christianity the surest method of improving savage social conditions, 14, 15. 
 VI. Egede's return home and subsequent history, 15, 16. 
 
 VII. His life-work not a failure, 16-18. 
 
 X. He founded a permanent colony, 16. 
 
 2. Similar government undertakings not successful, 16. 
 
 3. Disaster has also attended other secular enterprises in the Polar regions, 16, 17. 
 
 4. Egede's life met the test of Christian fidelity, 17, 18. 
 
 (i) Faithful to the conviction that Christians are debtors to the unevangel- 
 ized, 17. (2) Proven by his fifteen years" martyrdom in Greenland, 
 17, 18. 
 
 5. He was the pioneer of later Greenland missionaries, 18. 
 
 6. His life not a failure in motive and quality, 18. 
 VIII. The present condition of Greenland, 18. 
 
 1. Christian and governmental conditions, iS. 
 
 2. Two similitudes, 18, 
 
 103 
 
104 ANALYTICAL INDEX . 
 
 II 
 
 ALLEN GAKDINER, 1704-1851 
 
 [Study II.] 
 
 I. Introductory, 19. 
 
 1. Gardiner a pioneer for sixteen years before settling in Soutli America, 19. 
 
 2. Reasons why he continued as layman, 19. 
 II. His boyhood, 19. 
 
 III. Gardiner as a naval officer, 20. 
 
 1. Distinguished as a midshipman, 20. 
 
 2. Circumstances leading to his conversion, 20. 
 
 3. Consecration to missions ; wife's death and his vow, 20. 
 
 IV. His missionary life in South Africa, 20-22, 
 
 1. Pioneer experiences, 20, 21. 
 
 2. His labors at Port Natal, 21. 
 
 3. He becomes Dingairn's plenipotentiary there, 21, 22. 
 
 4. Visits England and secures a missionary staff, 22. 
 
 5. Reasons leading to abandonment of the mission, 22. 
 V. Looking for a new field, 22, 23. 
 
 1. Gardiner for two years visits various parts of South America, 22, 23. 
 
 2. He vainly prospects in New Guinea, 23. 
 
 VI. His settlement and work in South America, 23-26. 
 
 1. Gardiner's plan as originally held, 23. 
 
 2. Leaving his family in the Falklands, he goes to Feugia, 23. 
 
 3. In Patagonia, 24. 
 
 4. Disappointments and return to England, 24. 
 
 5. Distributes Bibles in eastern South American ports, 24. 
 
 6. Again returns to England and lays foundations of the South American Mis- 
 
 sionary Society, 24. 
 
 7. New reverses in Patagonia, 25, 
 
 8. Charge of fickleness and rejoinder, 25, 
 
 9. Further efforts to locate, 25, 26. 
 
 (i) Gardiner's resolution unshaken by failure, 25, (2) Journeys in Bolivia 
 and England ; reinforcements, 25, 26. 
 10. His modified plans, 26. 
 VII. Deeds of Gardiner and his six associates, 26, 27. 
 
 1. Their personnel and character, 26. 
 
 2. Disasters leading to their death, 26, 27. 
 VIII. Reports of relief parties, 27, 28. 
 
 1. Captain Smyly's narrative, 27, 
 
 2. Report of Captain Morshead, 27, 28. 
 IX. Last days and burial, 2S-30. 
 
 I. Psalm Ixii. 5-8, 28. 
 
 a. Details from the diaries, 28, 29. 
 
 3. Last glimpse of Gardiner ; his last words, 29. 
 
 4. Account of the burial, 29. 
 
 5. Allen Gardiner's legacy, 29, 30. 
 
 (i) His suggested methods, 29. (2) The memorial ship, Allen Gardiner, 
 ^9) 3°- (3) Poem on his death, 30. 
 
 Ill 
 
 TITUS COAN, 1801-1882 
 
 [Study III.] 
 
 I. Coan's early years, 31, 32. 
 
 1. Birth and education, 31. 
 
 2. Goes to prospect in Patagonia, 31, 31. 
 
 (1) He and Mr. Arms in Gregory Bay, 31. (2) Experiences with savages ; 
 escape and return home, 31, 32. 
 
 3. Marriage and embarkation in 1834, 32. 
 
 4. Voyage and arrival in 1835, 32. 
 II. His Hawaiian parish, 32, 33. 
 
 III. At work in Hilo, 33, 34. 
 
 1. Preview of his labors, 33. 
 
 2. Earlier work and workers in Hilo, 33. 
 
 3. Doings of his first year, 33, 34. 
 
 4. Preludes to Pentecost, 34. 
 
 (1) Indications in a tour of 1835, 34. (2) The tours of 1836, 34. 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX 105 
 
 IV. Revival scenes of 1837-38, 34-38. 
 
 1. Hungering multitudes gather and are taught, 34, 35. 
 
 2. A typical assembly described, 35. 
 
 3. Coan's management of these meetings, 35. 
 
 4. Effects of his sermons, 35, 36. 
 
 (i) Physical manifestations, 35, 36. (2) Objection raised and answered, 36. 
 
 5. The volcanic wave of Nov. 7, 1837, 3^> 37- 
 
 6. Secrets of blessing, 37. 
 
 7. His wisdom and strength as revealed in his letters, 37, 38, 
 V. Coan's parish work, 38-40. 
 
 1. Methods used to keep track of his parishioners, 38. 
 
 2. His care for the children, 38. 
 
 3. Plans for systematic and general evangelization, 38, 39. 
 
 (1) His employment of church members, 38, 39. (2) Two days' work, 39. 
 (3) Coan's joy and solicitude, 39. 
 
 4. Training and sifting candidates, 39. 
 
 5. Communion seasons and ingatherings, 39, 40. 
 VI. A memorable Sunday in 1838, 40, 41. 
 
 1. Day of greatest accession ; the communion service, 40, 
 
 2. The baptism of 1,705 candidates, 40. 
 
 3. The ensuing communion scene, 40, 41. 
 [Study I V.J 
 
 VII, Abiding results of his labors, 41-43. 
 
 1. Reactions not frequent ; progress notwithstanding, 41. 42. 
 
 2. Comparison of Hilo in point of faith and morals with New England, 43. 
 
 3. Division, in 1867, of his church into seven, 42. 
 
 4. Monthly concert and beneficence in these churches, 42, 
 
 5. Missionary enterprises undertaken, 42, 43. 
 
 (i) Native mission to Micronesia, 42, 43, (2) A missionary packet, 43. 
 
 (3) Coan's two voyages on the Morning Star, 43. 
 VIII. Mrs. Coan's work and character, 43. 
 
 1. Her various activities, 43. 
 
 2, Her death and character, 43. 
 
 IX. Titus Coan's characteristics and final years, 44, 45. 
 
 1. Appreciation of the beauty and grandeur of nature, 44. 
 
 2. His contributions to Science, 44. 
 
 3. Second marriage, 44. 
 
 4. His last days, 44, 45. 
 
 5. Appropriate closing of an apostolic life, 45. 
 
 IV 
 
 JAMES GILMOUR, 1843-189I 
 
 I. Gilmour's ancestry and parents, 46, 47. 
 X. His grandparents, 46. 
 
 (i') Paternal grandparents, 46. (2) Maternal grandfather, 46. 
 ». Tne home and its influences, 46, 47. 
 
 (i) Character of his parents, 46, 47. (2) Family worship, 47. (3) Sundays, 
 47. 
 II. Preparation for his life-work, 47-52. 
 I. Description of his boyhood, 48, 
 
 (i) The schools attended, 48. (2) Gilmour's account of these early days, 
 48. (3) Outside of school, 48. 
 3. University life at Glasgow, 48, 49. 
 
 (i) Its leading features, 48, 49. (2) Mr. Paterson's account of Gilmour's 
 student days, 49. (3) Effect of his religious life upon others, 49. 
 
 3. The life decision, 49, 50. 
 
 (i) Time when it was made, 49. (2) Common sense reasons, 40, 50. (3) In- 
 fluenced by Christ's command, 50. (4) Moral effect of his decision 
 on fellow-students, 50. 
 
 4. Gilmour's theological preparation, 50, 51. 
 
 (i) Cheshunt College and its new feature, 50. (2) Strong impulses dating 
 from that point, 50, 51. (3) Pen picture of his seminary days, 51, 
 
 (4) His prayer life, 51. 
 
 5. Final training at Highgatc, 51, 52. 
 
 (i) Character of the institution, 51, (2) Feelings as he faced his lonely 
 future, 52. 
 
106 ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 [Study V.] 
 
 III. Gilmour's missionary apprenticeship, 52, 53. 
 
 1. Experiences on the voyage out, 52. 
 
 2. 'I'hree months at Peking at time of Tientsin massacre, 52, 53. 
 
 3. Goes to Kalgan on the Mongolian frontier, 53. 
 
 IV. The Mongolian field, 53. 
 
 1. Mongolia's place in history, 53. 
 
 2. Land of the Nomad Mongols, 53, 54. 
 
 3. The Agricultural Mongols, 54. 
 
 V. Account of Gilmour's chosen people, 54-56. 
 
 1, The lamas described and characterized, 54, 55. 
 
 2. The blackmen or laity, 55, 56. 
 
 (i) Corrupted by example of lamas, 55. (2) Religious away from home, 55. 
 (3) Tent religion, 55, 56. (4) Other characteristics, 56, 
 
 VI. Foundations laid before Gilmour's arrival, 56^58. 
 
 1. The London Missionary Society pioneers, 56, 57. 
 
 2. Work of the Moravians, 57. 
 
 3. Rev. J. T. Gulick's work, 57. 
 
 4. Mongolian Buddhism in its relation to missionary work, 57, 58. 
 
 (i) Its helpful features, 57. (2) Its greater evils, 57, 58. (3) The balance, 
 58. 
 
 VII. First lessons in Mongolia, 58-60, 
 I. Learning the language, 58, 59. 
 
 (i) Unprofitable beginnings, 58. (2) Learning in a lama's tent, 58. (3) 
 Advantages of this method, 59. (4) Its drawback, 59. 
 a. Learning the ways of the people, 59. 
 
 3. Entering into their thought life ; illustration, 59, 60. 
 
 4. Learning the danger of living without foreign companionship, 60. 
 
 5. Testing prayer as a mode of work, 60. 
 
 6. The hardest lesson to learn that of patience, 60. 
 VIII. Gilmour as itinerating evangelist, 60-64. 
 
 1. Modes of travel, 61. 
 
 (i) Various methods tried, 61, (2) Advantages of horseback riding, 61. 
 
 2. A Mongol interior, 61, 62. 
 
 (i) His own tent described, 61, 62. (2) Description of native tent and eti- 
 quette, 62. (3) Mongol fare, 62. (4) Retiring at night, 62. 
 
 3. The evangelist at work, 62-154. 
 
 (i) His apparatus, 62, 63. (2) Gospels not advisable at first, 63. (3) Some 
 stumbling-blocks in the Mongol's way, 63. (4) A Mongol's questions 
 as to our religion, 63, 64. 
 
 4. The perfected fruitage of this work ; Boyinto, 64. 
 
 [Study VI.] 
 IX. His work as a lay physician, 64, 65. 
 
 1. The diseases encountered, 64. 
 
 2. His success leads to odd requests, 64, 65. 
 
 3. Some limitations experienced by Mongolian missionaries, 65. 
 
 4. Gilmour's views as to value of medical missions in Mongolia, 65. 
 
 (i) Its great usefulness, 65. (2) Are /ay physicians to be tolerated? 65. 
 X, Gilmour in other relations, 65-67. 
 
 1. His married life, 65, 66. 
 
 (i) Courtship and marriage, 65, 66. (2) Mrs. Gilmour's character and 
 death, 66. 
 
 2. His love for the three boys, 66, 
 
 3. Relation to fellow-missionaries, 66, 67, 
 
 4. Divergence from common views and practices, 67. 
 
 (i) Becomes all things to the Mongol, 67. (2) His total abstinence views, 
 67. (3) Attitude toward literature, 67, (4) Prayerfulness, 67. 
 XI. " Through the Gates into the city," 67-69. 
 
 1. The last Annual Meeting, 68. 
 
 (i) Preparation therefor, 68, (a) His part in the meetings, 68. (3) Latest 
 written message, 68, 
 
 2. Illness and death, 68, 69. 
 Xll. Funeral and tribute, 69. 
 
 The burial, 60. 
 i) Details, 69. (2) " There remains a rest," 69. 
 'he strength of Gilmour's life, 69. 
 
 2. Th 
 
ANALYTICAL INDEX lO: 
 
 MISS ELIZA ag:;e\v, 1S07-1383 
 
 I. Her early life, 70. 
 
 1, Decides to be a missionary in childhood, 70. 
 
 2. Her conversion and activity, 70. 
 n. Entrance into missionary life, 71. 
 
 1. Her reasons for being a missionary, 71. 
 
 2. Testimony of intimate friends, 71. 
 
 3. Voyage and arrival, 71. 
 
 (i) Her fellow-travelers, 71. {2) Their expectations on the journey, 71. 
 HI. Ceylon and the Singhalese, 71, 72. 
 
 1. Brief description of the country, 71, 72. 
 
 2. The women and girls, 72. 
 
 IV. Uduville Seminary and Miss Agnew's work, 72-76. 
 
 1. Interest in her coming, 72, 
 
 2. Early years of the school, 72, 
 
 ■ 3. Desirability and difficulty of establishing boarding schools, 72, 73. 
 
 4. Story of the first girls to enter it, 73. 
 
 5. Established as the "Central Boarding School" ; described, 73, 
 
 6. Its remarkable religious history, 74, 75. 
 
 (i) Powerful revivals, 74. (2) Girl's letter describing one, 74, 75. 
 
 7. Its semi-centennial celebration, 75, 76. 
 
 (i) Persons present and addresses, 75. (2) Offerings made, 75, 76. (3) The 
 " Spaulding and Agnew fund," 76, 
 
 8. Her long and fruitful service in the seminary, 76. 
 [Study VII.] 
 
 V. Miss Agnew's last years, 76-78. 
 
 1. Visiting her early pupils ; an associate's description, 76, 77, 
 
 2. Her resignation does not permit her to return home, 77. 
 
 3. She removes to Manepy, 77. 
 
 4. The last two years and her death, 77, 78. 
 
 5. A remarkable funeral service, 78. 
 VI. Her character, 78, 79, 
 
 1. Secret of her power, 78. 
 
 2. Her guiding star, 78. 
 
 3. Letter of welcome to the Misses Leitch, 78, 79. 
 V'll. Conclusion, 79, 80. 
 
 I. Characterization of her life, 79. 
 
 a. Many other equally heroic missionary women, 79, 80, 
 
 VI 
 
 ION KEITH-FALCONER, 1856-1887 
 
 I, Introductory, 8i. 
 
 1. Lesson of this biography, 8i. 
 
 2. His life spent in an eventful period, 8i. 
 II. Keith-Falconer's ancestry, 8i, 82. 
 
 III. His boyhood, 82, 83. 
 
 1. Characteristics of the boy ; an athlete, 82. 
 
 2. Inward strength and symmetry, 82. 
 
 3. His unselfish piety and charity, 83. 
 
 IV. Keith-Falconer's university life, 83, 84. 
 
 1. His powers of mind and specialties, 83. 
 
 2. His missionary spirit, 83, 84. 
 
 3. Varied forms of service, 84. 
 
 V. Work outside the university, 84-86. 
 
 1. Mr. Charrington's liistory, 84. 
 
 2. Keith-Falconer's connection with his work, 84, 85. 
 
 3. Erection of the new Charrington Hall, 85. 
 
 4. Keith-Falconer's share in work of this hall, 85. 86. 
 
 5. His method of evangelistic and missionary work, 86. 
 
108 ANALYTICAL INDEX 
 
 [Study VIII.] 
 VI. The Arabian Mission, 86-S9. 
 
 1. His Arabic studies and translations, 86, 87. 
 
 2. Flattering prospects at Cambridge, 87. 
 
 3. Possibilities of a missionary career, 87. 
 
 4. Goes to Aden to prospect, 87. 
 
 (i) His wife's struggle with Arabic, 87. (2) Result of his tour, S7. 
 
 5. Again in England ; an address, 87, 83. 
 
 6. In Scotland ; before the General Assembly, 88. 
 
 7. His mission plans, 88. 
 
 8. Made Professor of Arabic at Cambridge; lectures, 88. 
 
 9. Work at Sheikh-Othman, 88, 89. 
 
 10. His early death, 89. 
 
 11. Burial at Aden, 89. 
 
 VII. The results of his work, 89-92, 
 
 1. His last appeal, 89, 90. 
 
 2. Effect produced by news of his death, 90. 
 
 (1) Nothing too good for missions, 90. (2) Succeeded in spirit by American 
 students, 90. (3) Halls at Cambridge and Oxford, 90. 
 
 3. Attention called to Arabia, 90, 91. 
 
 4. Work of the Keith-Falconer Mission, 91. 
 
 5. Aden's God's acre, 91, 92. 
 
 6. Dr. G. Smith's statement concerning the field, 92. 
 
 (i) "The force, 92. (2) Good work of medical missionaries there, 92. 
 VIII. Traits of character, 92-94. 
 
 1. His simplicity, 93. 
 
 2. His "eccentricity," 93. 
 
 3. His unselfishness, 93, 94. 
 
 4. His concentration, 94. 
 
 IX, Personal lessons from Keith-Falconer's life, 94, 95. 
 
 1. His life an appeal to stop and consider, 94, 95. 
 
 2. No man liveth unto himself, 95, 
 
 3. This life but a beginning, 95.' 
 
 4. The epitaph at Aden, 95. 
 
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 Date Due 
 
 
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