\All rights reserved, 
 
 SHORT MANUAL 
 
 (WITH VOCABULARY) 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMHARIC LANGUAGE, 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE GENERAL STAFF 
 
 Major J. P. ALONE (West India Regiment), 
 
 1909. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 
 
 BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN’S LAND, 
 Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty. 
 
 _ 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 WYMAN AND SONS, Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.C., or 
 OLIVER AND BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh j or 
 E. P0NS0NBY r 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. 
 
 Vice Five Shillings. 
 
Division 
 
 PT92II 
 .A 45 
 
 Section 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2019 with funding from 
 Princeton Theological Seminary Library 
 
 https://archive.org/details/shortmanualwithvOOalon 
 
[All rights reserved. 
 
 SHORT MANUAL 
 
 (WITH VOCABULARY) 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMHARIC LANGUAGE, 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE GENERAL STAFF 
 
 BY 
 
 Major J. P. ALONE (West India Regiment). 
 
 Printed 
 
 TE8 14 1911 
 
 LONDON: $£tf.V A 
 
 for His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 
 
 BT HARRISON AND SONS, ST MARTIN’S LANE, 
 
 Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty. 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 WYMAN AND SONS, Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.C., or 
 OLIVER AND BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh } or 
 E. P0NS0NBY, 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. 
 
 Price Five Shillings . 
 
(8166) Wt. 12179 500 2/10 H & S 
 
 i 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This Manual of the Amharic Language has been 
 prepared for the General Staff by Major J. P. H. M. 
 Alone, the West India Regiment, who has studied 
 the language in Abyssinia. 
 
 The object of the book is to enable an officer 
 on a visit to the country to understand, and make 
 himself understood by, all classes of Abyssinians, 
 and for that reason only words in common use 
 have been employed. 
 
 General Staff, 
 
 Octobei 1909 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Amharic Alphabet and System of Transliteration 
 
 The Article 
 
 . 3 
 
 The Noun 
 
 . 4 
 
 The Adjective 
 
 . 5 
 
 Numerals ... 
 
 . 8 
 
 Ordinals 
 
 . IO 
 
 The Pronoun 
 
 . n 
 
 The Verb. 
 
 . 17 
 
 The Adverb 
 
 . 29 
 
 The Preposition ... 
 
 . 3 i 
 
 The Conjunction 
 
 . 33 
 
 The Interjection 
 
 . 35 
 
 Affirmatives and Negatives 
 
 . 36 
 
 Formation of Sentences ... 
 
 . 37 
 
 Abyssinian Greetings 
 
 . 40 
 
 Years, Months, and Days... 
 
 . . 42 
 
 Money, Exchange, etc. 
 
 . 44 
 
 Short Sentences 
 
 . 45 
 
 Questions and Answers 
 
 . 48 
 
 Amharic Letters and Documents... 
 
 . 60 
 
 Translation of Amharic into English 
 
 . 68 
 
 English-Amharic Vocabulary 
 
 . 75 
 
 Amharic-English Vocabulary . 
 
 .146 
 
AMHARIC HANDBOOK. 
 
 Amharic is a language of Semitic origin and is akin to the 
 Bega language of the Ifadendoa. 
 
 Although it has no present connection with Arabic, it has* 
 nevertheless, some of the Semitic features of that language 
 and the Arabic scholar will discover further points of 
 resemblance. 
 
 As far as the writing goes, Amharic may be termed a 
 syllabic language, that is to say, that the alphabet consists of 
 247 characters, each of which represents a syllable, not 
 a letter. These characters are not all intrinsically different, 
 but consist of 37 consonantal characters, each of seven 
 variations, orders, or shapes (for exceptions vide alphabet at 
 end), the character being slightly varied in shape according 
 to the syllable required. 
 
 Thus the seven shapes of what corresponds, for example* 
 to our “ m ” sound are :— 
 
 1. CJO, ma. 
 
 2. Ill], ma. 
 
 3. OT£, me. 
 
 4- uq, mi. 
 
 5. qu, mo. 
 
 6. (JO 1 ) mu. 
 
 7 90, either terminal (i.e ., a simple “ m,” either at- 
 
 the end or sometimes in the body of a 
 word); or pronounced with an “ e ” mute 
 sound, as in the French me (or English 
 meridian ). 
 
 Amharic is written in the ordinary way, i.e ., from left to 
 right. Words are separated by colons, and the only 
 punctuation is a double colon, representing a full stop. 
 
 (8166) A 
 
2 
 
 As this book is intended as a practical guide to the language, 
 and not a scientific grammar, the Amharic alphabet and 
 characters are left over to the end of book. By consulting 
 these in connection with the vocabulary, etc., it will be 
 possible to spell out the' meaning of an Amharic document; 
 but it is‘not considered necessary at’ this point to burden the 
 learner’s mind with the shades of different pronunciations of 
 different sounds as evidenced by the Amharic characters. 
 
 In the pronunciation of Amharic words given in the Latin 
 character hereafter, the system of the Royal Geographical 
 Society has been followed : which is, broadly, that consonants 
 are pronounced as in English, and vowels as in Italian. The 
 following must be noted :— 
 
 1. c is abolished (except in “ ch ” as in English), and 
 
 is replaced by “k” or “s’’ according to sound. 
 
 2 . ch a cross between “ch” and “ty”: e.g., “ Chexchex” 
 
 might almost be pronounced “ t’yert’yer.” 
 
 3. g always hard. 
 
 4. k’ a “ k ” followed by a slight aspirate. 
 
 5. kh guttural, as in “loch.” 
 
 6. k a softly-clicked guttural “k,” often left out by 
 
 uneducated people; cf. the Egyptian “ Kaf.” 
 
 7. n nearly the equivalent of the Spanish “n” or 
 
 French “gn.” 
 
 8. ph as in loophole , not as in phoenix. 
 
 9. t hard, with tongue against base of upper front 
 
 teeth. 
 
 10. th not the English sound, but a soft “t” followed 
 
 by the separate sound of a soft “th” (asin this ): 
 
 e.g ., a t the. .... 
 
 11. y always a consonant. 
 
 12. zh the French “ j,” or as “ s ” in pleasure. 
 
 13. A terminal “w” is pronounced as such: e.g. , the 
 
 Amharic “saw ” (a man) is pronounced almost 
 
 as “ sao,” not as the English saw. 
 
 Except as given above,, all consonants and their 
 combinations are pronounced as in English. 
 
 The Abyssinians pronounce their vowels very indistinctly, 
 and it is often difficult to distinguish an “a ” from an “ e ” 
 mute (as in English “ er ”) or an “i.” The sound written 
 
3 
 
 hereafter as “a” is pronounced varyingly as “ah,” or as 
 short “ a” {e.g., as in cat); “ a,” as in father, France. 
 
 e is pronounced as in medal ; 
 i j > >> pin ; 
 
 o ,, ,, chromatic, 
 
 u ,, ,5 puli', 
 
 e as in whey. 
 
 I ,, marine. 
 6 ,, pole. 
 
 u ,, rule. 
 
 If the above rules are carefully followed, and each letter 
 given its proper value, there should be no difficulty about 
 pronunciation. 
 
 PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 The Article. 
 
 There is no indefinite article. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 saw, (a) man. 
 
 faras, (a) horse. 
 
 When it is wished to emphasize the “a,” the word “and” 
 {one) is used. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 thenanth and ba/£lo ayyahu ijig malk’am nabbar, 
 yesterday one mule I saw very fine {he) was. 
 
 The definite article is represented by the suffix “u” for 
 
 for the feminine, singular. For 
 
 “ wa ” 
 
 the masculine, and 
 she plural of both genders 
 
 Example:— 
 
 “ u ” is used. 
 
 beth, 
 
 bethiij 
 
 ( a ) house. 
 
 the house. 
 
 seth, 
 
 {a) woman. 
 
 sethwa, 
 
 the woman. 
 
 bethoch, 
 
 houses. 
 
 bethochu, 
 
 the houses. 
 
 sethoch, 
 
 women. 
 
 sethochu, 
 
 the women. 
 
 Note.—“ u” and 
 
 “wa” are also 
 
 pronominal suffixes, see page 13. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 used 
 
 as possessive 
 
 A 2 
 
4 
 
 Nouns. 
 
 Nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, The latter 
 is formed by adding “ och ” to the singular. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 lij, (a) child. lijoch, children. 
 
 ask’ar, (a) servant. ask’aroch, servants. 
 
 Sometimes the last syllable of a noun is dropped or 
 changed when forming the plural. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 barya, (a) slave. baroch, slaves. 
 
 wusha, (a) dog. wushoch, dogs. 
 
 This generally happens when the noun ends in a vowel 
 sound. 
 
 Nouns may be either of masculine or feminine gender ; 
 there is no neuter, but neither their termination nor declension 
 is affected by their gender. 
 
 Masculine are God, angels, stars, names of men and 
 male animals, occupations, offices, and titles held by men. 
 
 Feminine are names of women and female animals, the 
 moon, earth, countries, towns, plants, and occupations and 
 offices held by women. 
 
 The gender of generic nouns is distinguished by using 
 the word “wand” {male) or “seth” ( female) to human 
 beings or animals ; or “awra” {male) or “inisth” ( female ) 
 to animals only. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 lij, {a) child. wand lij, boy. seth lijoch, girls. 
 
 doro, fowl. awra doro, {a) cock. inisth doroch, hens. 
 
 But when “wand” and “seth” are used as substantives 
 they are declinable. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 wanddchn na sethochn hullun gaddala 
 males and females all he killed, 
 
 he killed all , both males and females. 
 
 The declension of nouns is extremely simple. There i; 
 only one declension, and cases are formed as follows :— 
 
5 
 
 The accusative is formed by the suffix “n,” and the 
 remainder by prefixing the necessary prepositions, which are 
 as follows :—• 
 
 ya, of. 
 
 la, to or for. 
 
 k’a, from, with. 
 
 ba, by, at, in, with, on. 
 
 Plural. 
 sawoch, men. 
 sawochn, men. 
 yasawoch, of men. 
 lasawoch, to, for men. 
 k’asaw6ch,y}-0///, with 
 men. 
 
 basawoch, at, in, on, 
 by, with men. 
 
 When “ k’a ” is intended to mean together with. in 
 eompany with, the noun to which it is prefixed is always 
 followed by the word “gara. ” 
 
 Example :— 
 
 farasoch k’a-ba^loch gara hedu 
 horses with mules went 
 
 the horses went with the mules. 
 
 “Ba” also means with in the sense by means of, with 
 the aid of. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 ba-birath thasarthoal or thasarthwai 
 
 with iron he [it) is built 
 
 it is built of iron. 
 
 ba-bathir matha-in 
 
 with stick he hit-me 
 
 he hit me with a stick. 
 
 Nominative. 
 
 Accusative. 
 
 Genitive. 
 
 Dative. 
 
 Ablative. 
 
 ( 
 
 l 
 
 Singular. 
 saw, man. 
 sawn, man. 
 yasaw, of man. 
 lasaw, to, for man. 
 k’asaw,/h?w, with 
 man. 
 
 basaw, at, in, on, 
 by, with man. 
 
 The Adjective. 
 
 Adjectives are in the masculine or feminine, singular or 
 plural, according to the words they qualify. They are, 
 
6 
 
 however, only used in the plural in the following sense,. 
 i.e ., as nouns of number. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 baggoch na k’iffoch hullu imtu 
 good [people] and bad [people) all M them come 
 
 all may come , both the good and the bad. 
 
 Most adjectives form their feminine by adding “Itu” to the 
 masculine, but it is only necessary to put an adjective into 
 the feminine form when the noun it qualifies does not of 
 itself show to what gender it belongs, as in the case of 
 generic nouns. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 malk’am lij, a fine child. 
 
 This might mean a fine boy or a 
 fine girl; therefore, in order to> 
 leave no doubt, when speaking of a 
 girl one would say— 
 malk’amitu lij, a fine girl. 
 
 Adjectives are declined in the same way as nouns, i.e., by 
 adding “n” for the accusative, and prefixing the necessary 
 prepositions for the other cases. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 ya-thilli/£ anbasa falag naw 
 of large lion track [it] is 
 
 it is the track of a large lion. 
 
 la-rajjim shimagille and bir sattahu 
 to long old man one dollar I gave 
 I gave the tall old man a dollar. 
 
 ba-birthu /’itath i^attal 
 
 with strong punishment he will be punished 
 he will be severely punished. 
 
 ba-dahna mangad wassadhuachaw 
 by good road I took them 
 
 I took them by a good road. 
 
 k’a - beth wisth siwata 
 
 from house inside when he comes out 
 
 when he comes out of the house. 
 
7 
 
 Intensification. 
 
 Adjectives are intensified in two ways : ( a ) by inserting an 
 extra syllable; (b) as in English, by using the word ‘‘ijig,” 
 very. 
 
 Examples 
 
 :— 
 
 
 
 (a) thilli/f’, 
 
 large , great. 
 
 thililli/’, 
 
 very large, very 
 great. 
 
 thinnish, 
 
 small. 
 
 thininnish, 
 
 very small. 
 
 malk’am, 
 
 good, fine. 
 
 malk’ak’am, 
 
 very good, very 
 fine. 
 
 rajjim, 
 
 long, tall. 
 
 rajajjim, 
 
 very long, very 
 tall. 
 
 (b) k’ifu, 
 
 bad , wicked. 
 
 ijig k’ifu, 
 
 very bad, very 
 wicked. 
 
 ru/y 
 
 far , distant. 
 
 ijig ™k, 
 
 very far. 
 
 saffi, 
 
 wide, exten¬ 
 sive. 
 
 ijig saffi, 
 
 very wide, very 
 extensive. 
 
 Hcfiin, 
 
 narrow. 
 
 ijig Hchin, 
 
 very narrow. 
 
 There is 
 
 no rule as to 
 
 when to use 
 
 (a) or when (b); 
 
 ordinarily the second form is used, except in “ thillL£,” 
 “thinnish,” and suchlike adjectives in frequent use, where 
 the reduplication is easily pronounced. 
 
 Comparison. 
 
 Comparison is effected merely by using “k’a,” equivalent 
 to the English than ; the adjective does not alter its form, 
 and the “k’a” comes first. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 birthu inchoth birthu shambuHo 
 
 strong wood. strong. reed. 
 
 k’a - shambuH ’5 inchoth birthu naw 
 
 than reed wood strong is 
 
 wood is stronger than reeds. 
 
 k’a - faras ba/’lo thank’ara naw 
 
 than horse mule strong is 
 
 mules are stronger than horses. 
 
8 
 
 The Superlative is formed by means of the words “k’a- 
 hullii,” than all. 
 
 Example:—* 
 thank’ara 
 
 faras 
 
 ba/£lo 
 
 zohon 
 
 "'j (horse. 
 
 b strong -J mule. 
 
 ) b elephant. 
 
 nagar gin k’a-hullu zohon thank’ara naw 
 
 but than all elephant strong is 
 
 but the elephant is stronger than all; or, but the elephant is 
 
 the strongest. 
 
 One can also say :— 
 
 nagar gin k’a-hullu zohon ibaltal,* 
 
 but than all elephant is greater 
 
 but the elephant is greater than all. 
 
 or nagar gin k’a-hullu yamibalt* zohon naw 
 but than all he who is great elephant is 
 
 but the greatest is the elephant. 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 The Cardinal numerals are as follows :— 
 
 I 
 
 and 
 
 A 
 
 2 
 
 hulath 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 sosth 
 
 P 
 
 4 
 
 arath 
 
 ii 
 
 5 
 
 ammisth 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 siddisth 
 
 % 
 
 7 
 
 sabbath 
 
 % 
 
 8 
 
 simminth 
 
 S 
 
 * From the verb “ ballata,” meaning he is greater, he 
 exceeds, in any way whatever; this is frequently used in 
 comparison. 
 
9 
 
 N umerals— continued. 
 
 9 
 
 zatain 
 
 H 
 
 10 
 
 asar 
 
 x 
 
 11 
 
 asra and 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 asra hulath 
 
 11 
 
 i3 
 
 asra s 5 sth 
 
 in 
 
 14 
 
 asra arath 
 
 To 
 
 IS 
 
 asra ammisth 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 asra siddist h 
 
 IT. 
 
 17 
 
 asra sabbath 
 
 Vj. 
 
 18 
 
 asra simminth 
 
 IW 
 
 19 
 
 asra zatain 
 
 in 
 
 20 
 
 heya 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 heya and 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 heya hulath 
 
 11 
 
 2 3 
 
 heya sosth, etc. 
 
 in 
 
 30 
 
 salasa 
 
 in 
 
 3 i 
 
 salasa and 
 
 m5 
 
 32 
 
 salasa hulath 
 
 Oil 
 
 33 
 
 salasa sosth, etc. 
 
 i/ir 
 
 40 
 
 arba 
 
 W 
 
 50 
 
 amsa 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 sidsa 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 saba 
 
 fl 
 
ro 
 
 N umerals— contimted. 
 
 So 
 
 simanya 
 
 ji; 
 
 90 
 
 zatana 
 
 
 100 
 
 matho 
 
 p 
 
 200 
 
 hulath matho 
 
 kp 
 
 300 
 
 sosth matho, etc. 
 
 CE 
 
 1,000 
 
 shi 
 
 IE 
 
 2,000 
 
 hulath shi, etc. 
 
 f/; if 
 
 Numbers between the hundreds are formed'with the aid of 
 the prefix “ k’a.” 
 
 [The European system of writing figures is also sometimes 
 adopted, using the Amharic digits i to 9, and a European, 
 zero (o) ]. - 
 
 Example :—■ 
 
 matho, k’a-siddisth 
 a hundred and six 
 
 I 
 
 one hundred ana six. 
 
 Sin k’a-hulath matho ^ 
 thousand and two hundred J 
 
 one thousand two hundred. 
 
 asar shi k’a-siddisth matho k’a-zatana simminth 
 
 ten thousand six hundred and ninety eight. 
 
 In writing, figures are generally used, except for very small 
 numbers not exceeding one hundred. 
 
 In dates the “shi,” thousand , is sometimes written and the 
 remainder put in figures, or the whole is put in figures or 
 words. 
 
 Ordinals are formed by adding “ aina ” to the cardinal 
 or to the last of a string of cardinal numbers.’ 
 
Example :— 
 
 hulathaina, 
 
 sosthaina, 
 
 arathaina, 
 
 matho k’a-sosthaina, 
 asar shi k’a- siddisth matho 
 k’a- zatana simminthaina, 
 
 second. 
 
 third. 
 
 fourth. 
 
 one hundred and third, 
 ten thousand six hundred 
 and ninety-eighth. 
 
 “ Fithaina ” and “ majmarya ” are also used for first. 
 
 In an historic sense, “ ^adami first, “dagmawl,” second. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 Dagmawl Minilik’, Minilik ’ the Second. 
 
 Distribution is generally expressed by repeating the 
 number. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 and and hedii, 
 
 one one they went 
 they went one by one , or one at a time. 
 
 sosth sosth sitachaw 
 three three give them 
 
 give them three each. 
 
 The prefix “iya” is also used for this purpose. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 iya sosth tha^ammatu, they sat down in threes. 
 lya sosth sitachaw, give them by threes , or three 
 
 at a time , 
 
 Fractions are:—• 
 
 half , ek’k’ul, gamis. 
 
 one-third , sosthaina k’effel, i. e ., third part; the word 
 “ k’effel ” meaning, a part , portion, 
 one fourth, arathaina k’effel, or rub, (Arabic) etc. 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 Personal pronouns are (a) separable , or {b) inseparable. 
 The former are used independently, and the latter as prefixes 
 or suffixes to verbs. 
 
12 
 
 The following are the personal pronouns :—- 
 
 Separable. 
 
 Prefixes. 
 
 Ine, 
 
 /. 
 
 e, !/• 
 
 anth, 
 
 ihou{ m). 
 
 th, thou (m). 
 
 anchl, 
 
 thou (f). 
 
 th, thou (f). 
 
 irsu, 
 
 he. 
 
 i, he. 
 
 irswa, 
 
 she. 
 
 th, she. 
 
 iiria, 
 
 zve. 
 
 en, we. 
 
 inanth ' 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 * you. 
 
 th, you. 
 
 ilanth, 
 
 
 
 ivsachaw, they. 
 
 i, they. 
 
 Inseparable. 
 
 
 hu, 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 I. 
 
 in, 
 
 me. or to me. 
 
 k’ (m). 
 
 thee or to thee. 
 
 sh (f). 
 
 thee or to thee. 
 
 w or th. 
 
 him or to him. 
 
 ach or ath. 
 
 her or to her. 
 
 na. 
 
 we, us, or to us. 
 
 achihu. 
 
 you or to you. 
 
 achaw. 
 
 them or to them. 
 
 A form, “ irsw 5 ,” is used to show respect when speaking 
 to any one of superior rank ; the 3rd person plural “ irsachau ” 
 is used when speaking about any one of higher rank. 
 
 Personal separable pronouns are seldom used in conver¬ 
 sation except for purposes of emphasis. The inseparable 
 personal prefix indicates the person the verb is in. 
 
 The personal prefixes are so intimately connected with 
 verbs, that it is considered better to explain their use in the 
 chapter on verbs (page 23). 
 
 The inseparable suffixes are attached to verbs in the 
 accusative and dative cases. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 Accusative case. 
 
 { in, me. 
 
 | k’ or h, thee (masculine), 
 -j na, us. 
 achihu, you. 
 
 .achaw, them. 
 
 He took me, thee , etc., to Ankobar. 
 
 Wada Ank’obar wassada- 
 towards Ankobar he took 
 
 f th, him. 
 
 ba - guradi gaddalhu—J ath, her. 
 zvith sword / killed J achaw, them, or 
 
 l gaddalhwachaw. 
 
 I killed him, her, etc., zvith a szvord. 
 
13 
 
 Dative case:— 
 
 dehna ba/Ho sattahu- 
 good mule I gave 
 
 kh or h, lo thee (masculine), 
 sh, to thee (feminine), 
 
 th, to him. 
 
 -{ ath, to her. 
 
 achihu, to you. 
 
 achaw, to them, 
 
 or sattahwachaw. 
 
 I gave thee, him, her, etc., a good mule. 
 
 { in, for me. 
 
 malk’am beth sarrakb- | w, for him. 
 
 fate house thou buildest \ ath, for her. 
 
 | an, for us. 
 
 I achaw, for them. 
 
 Thou didst build me, him, her, etc., a fate house. 
 
 When speaking of a person of position, the 3rd person 
 plural is used, i.e ., “irsachaw,” they ; not “irsu/’ he. 
 
 When speaking to a person of position “ irswo,” you 
 (plural) is used instead of “ anth,” thou. 
 
 The possessive pronominal prefixes are :— 
 
 e, 
 
 my. 
 
 achen, 
 
 our. 
 
 kh or h, 
 sh, 
 
 thy (masculine) 
 thy (feminine) 
 
 j achihu. 
 
 your. 
 
 h, 
 
 wa, 
 
 his. 
 
 hers. 
 
 j- achaw, 
 
 their. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 far as, 
 
 farase, 
 
 farasekh 
 
 or faraseh 
 
 farasesh, 
 
 farasu, 
 
 faraswa, 
 
 a horse. farasachen, our horse, 
 my horse, farasachihii,. your horse. 
 
 J- thy horse, farasachaw, their horse. 
 
 thy ( woman's ) horse, 
 his horse, 
 her horse. 
 
 Similarly when the noun is in the plural number, e.g ., 
 farasoche, my horses. 
 farasochachen, our horses, etc. 
 
H 
 
 Demonstrative pronouns are 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 English. 
 
 Plural. 1 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Common. 
 
 Nora. 
 
 yeh 
 
 yich 
 
 this 
 
 elazlh, or ellh. 
 
 Accus. 
 
 yehn or 
 yehnan 
 
 yichin 
 
 this 
 
 elazlhin, or ellhin. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 yazlh 
 
 yazlch 
 
 of this 
 
 yalazlh, or yalih. 
 
 Dative. 
 
 lazih 
 
 lazlch 
 
 to or for 
 this 
 
 lalazih, <?rlallh. 
 
 Abla. | 
 
 k’azih 
 
 k’azlch 
 
 from this 
 
 k ’alazi h, or kaallh. 
 
 bazlh 
 
 bazich 
 
 by, at, 
 or in 
 this 
 
 balazlh, or ballh. 
 
 1 There is also a form “ enazih,” “ enazihin,” etc. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 English. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 English. 
 
 . 
 
 
 Alas. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Common 
 
 gender. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ya 
 
 yach 
 
 that 
 
 elazlya 
 
 those. 
 
 Accus. 
 
 yanan 
 
 yachn 
 
 that 
 
 elazlyan 
 
 those. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 yazlya 
 
 -yaziyach 
 
 of that 
 
 y a lazlya 
 
 of those. 
 
 Dative. 
 
 lazlya 
 
 laziyach 
 
 to or for 
 that 
 
 lalaziya 
 
 to or for 
 those. 
 
 Abla. \ 
 
 k’aziya 
 
 k’aziyach 
 
 from 
 
 that 
 
 k’alazlya 
 
 from those. 
 
 1 
 
 baziya 
 
 baziyach 
 
 by, with, 
 at, in, 
 on that 
 
 balazlya 
 
 by, with at, 
 in, on 
 those. 
 
i5 
 
 Interrogative pronouns are :— 
 
 Singular. 
 
 man, 
 
 min or mindir, 
 yath, yat-hu, 
 manachaw, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 elaman, 
 (no plural) 
 
 55 55 
 
 >3 33 
 
 English, 
 who , which, 
 what , which, 
 which , what, which one. 
 which of them. 
 
 Examples:— 
 
 man naw yamatha lijen ? 
 who he is who hit my child l 
 who struck my child ? 
 man naw ersu ? 
 who he is hei 
 
 who is he ? 
 
 manachaw ba£lo liyaz ? 
 which of them mule is to be caught ? 
 which of the mules is to be caught ? 
 min naw or mindir naw ? 
 what he is ? 
 
 what is it ? what do you want ? what is the matter ? 
 
 The two latter expressions are also used in asking a 
 question as to the reason why something was done or not 
 done. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 min naw ashk’arii almattam ? 
 
 what he is (the reason) the servant came not! 
 
 why has the servant not come ? 
 min naw dunk’wan althahak’k’alain ? 
 
 what he is {the reason) tent not been pitched ■ 
 
 why has the tent not been pit cheat 
 
 Relative pronouns. There are two, viz :— 
 
 ya, who , or he who ; which, when used, is prefixed 
 
 to the past tense, indicative mood, 
 yam, who , or he who ; used with other tenses. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 thenanth ya - matta saw 
 
 yesterday zvho he came man 
 
 the man who came yesterday. 
 
i6 
 
 larsu ya - sattahu ba^lo 
 to him which I gave mule 
 the mule which I gave to him . 
 zare yam - Ihed saw 
 
 to-day who he goes (or will go) or he going man 
 
 the man who goes (or will go) to-day. 
 
 naga yam - enshagar wanz 
 
 to-morrow which we cross (or will cross) river 
 the river zvhich zve cross (or will cross) to-morrozv. 
 
 Reflexive pronouns. There is only one reflexive 
 pronoun, viz. , “ras-,” meaning head or self. When used, 
 possessive personal suffixes are attached to it to denote the 
 person to which it refers. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 ras - e, 
 
 ras - ek’h or ras 
 ras - esh, 
 ras - u, 
 ras - wa, 
 ras - achen, 
 ras - achihu, 
 ras - achaw, 
 
 myself. 
 
 eh, thyself (masculine). 
 thyself feminine) 
 himself, 
 herself, 
 ourselves, 
 yourselves, 
 themselves. 
 
 The above may also mean my head, thy head , etc., but the 
 context will show which meaning is to be given. 
 
 Another form is 
 
 ers barsachen, among ourselves, ox one another. 
 ers barsachihu, among yourselves, or each other. 
 ers barsachaw, among themselves, or one another, each 
 
 other. 
 
 This appears to be a contracted form of— 
 
 irsii ba - ras - achen. 
 he zvilh ourselves. 
 irsii ba - ras - achihu. 
 he zvith yourselves. 
 irsii ba - ras - achaw. 
 he with themselves. 
 
17 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Amharic verbs are divided into classes according to the 
 number of syllables (or letters) the root verb contains. The 
 greater number of verbs consist of from two to four syllables, 
 the most numerous being those which have three syllables. 
 
 There is only one verb of one syllable, viz., “ sha,” he 
 desired, wanted, wishedfor. 
 
 Besides the above there are a few verbs of more than four 
 syllables, but these are as a rule avoided by the Abyssinians 
 in conversation. 
 
 The root of the Amharic verb is the 3rd person, masculine, 
 singular, of the past tense, indicative mood. 
 
 (All verbs in the Vocabulary are in the above form.) 
 
 For purposes of conjugation each class of verbs is sub¬ 
 divided -5 follows:— 
 
 Two-syllable verbs :— 
 
 (a) those which have both syllables of equal value, as— 
 .shashsha, he fled. 
 
 satta, he gave. 
 
 tatta, he drank. 
 
 (*) 
 
 the first syllable long, as— 
 
 lak’a. 
 
 he sent. 
 
 saba, 
 
 he drew, pulled. 
 
 chala, 
 
 he was able , he could. 
 
 wata, 
 
 he swallowed. 
 
 heda, 
 
 he went. 
 
 nor a, 
 
 he lived. 
 
 V) 
 
 The second syllable 
 gabba, 
 tarra, 
 watta, 
 matta, 
 
 long, as— 
 
 he entered, 
 he called. 
 
 he went out , ascended, climbea. 
 he came. 
 
 Three-syllable verbs:— 
 
 ( a ) All three syllables different, as— 
 sabbara (trans.), he broke. 
 
 dabba/t’a ,, he hid. 
 
 wassada ,, he took. 
 
 arrafa (intrans.), he rested. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 B 
 
i8 
 
 (/;) The last two syllables the same, as— 
 
 waddacla (trans.), he loved , he wanted, liked. 
 
 k’abbaba ,, he surrounded, encircled, 
 
 lakkaka ,, he let go. 
 
 barrara (intrans.), he flew. 
 
 This class of verb drops the last syllable in certain moods 
 and tenses. (See Table of Verbs.) 
 
 There are also three-syllable verbs in which the first two 
 syllables are the same, but they are conjugated in the same 
 way as those in which all three syllables are different, e.g.: 
 
 ka.kka.la. (trans.), he cooked. 
 
 shashshaga, he hid himself. 
 
 Four-syllable verbs : 
 
 (a) All four syllables different, as 
 
 Masak’k’ara, he gave witness. 
 
 Sanatta/’a, he split. 
 
 Anak’k’asa, he was lame, le limped. 
 
 Galabbata (trans.), he upset, he turned upside down. 
 
 (b) Those in which the first and the third and the 
 second and fourth syllables are the same 
 
 marammara, he inquired into, discussed, investigated. 
 
 dabaddaba, he beat. 
 
 k’alak’k’ala, he forbade, disallowed, prohibited, prevented. 
 
 There are also some verbs of more than four syllables ; 
 but there are not many and they can be disregarded here. 
 
 By means of the prefixes “a” or “as,” and by certain 
 changes in the spelling, verbs become causative, frequen¬ 
 tative, or intensitive. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 Root verb 
 
 Causative j- 
 
 l. 
 
 2. Frequentative') 
 
 ~ 1 
 
 or 
 
 intensitive 
 
 3. Causative f 
 frequentative - 
 or intensitive J 
 
 sabbara (trans.) he broke. 
 
 , , \he catlsed (someone) 
 
 a-sabbaia j break (something) 
 
 ( he broke (something) 
 sababara [ to bits, or he broke 
 I several times. 
 
 C he catised (someone) 
 a-sababara 4 to break (something) 
 I to bits ox frequently. 
 
I 9 
 
 By prefixing “ tha ” to the root verb and in addition 
 making the above-mentioned changes, verbs become passive 
 or intransitive causative, frequentative, etc. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 1. Simple pass 
 or intrans 
 
 'J 
 
 J* 
 
 Passive 
 causative 
 
 Passive 
 frequentativ 
 
 4. Passive 
 causative, 
 frequentative 
 or intensitive ! 
 
 lSS ' j~ tha- sabbara 
 
 ■ } . 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 as- tha- sabbara 
 
 tha- sababara 
 
 as- tha- sababara 
 
 J 
 
 Further examples :—• 
 
 finjal- n j sabbara 
 cup (acc.)J he broke. 
 
 finjal- u- n 
 aip the (acc.) 
 
 a- sabbara 
 he caused 
 (someone) 
 to break 
 
 finjal- n j sababara 
 cup (acc.) J he broke to bits. 
 
 a- sababara 
 finjal- u- n I he caused 
 cup the (acc.) j (someone) 
 
 J to break to bits. 
 
 finjal 
 
 cup 
 
 tha- sabbara 
 xvas broken or 
 broke. 
 
 njal- n 
 cup (acc.) 
 
 (8166) 
 
 'i as- tha- sabbara 
 
 J- he caused to be 
 j broken ox to break 
 
 f he was broken , or 
 \ broke (intrans.). 
 
 (he caused (some- 
 [ thing) to break or 
 I be broken. 
 
 j he was broken or 
 \ broke to bits. 
 
 (he caused (some¬ 
 thing) to be broken 
 to bits or f requently 
 | or to break to bits , 
 l etc. 
 
 t 
 
 he broke a cup. 
 
 Che made (someone) 
 J break the cup , or he 
 j caused (someone) to 
 b break the cup. 
 
 he broke a cup to bits. 
 
 J he made (someone) 
 
 | break the cup to bits. 
 
 J 
 
 l 
 
 a cup was broken or 
 broke. 
 
 he caused a cup to be 
 broken or to break. 
 
 B 2 
 
20 
 
 finjal- ft 
 cup the 
 
 finjal- u- n 
 cup the (acc.) 
 
 j tha- sababara (the cup was broken 
 • was broken or l or 
 
 broke to bits. ( broke to bits. 
 
 \ as- tha- sababara 
 \ he caused to be 
 broken or break 
 to bits. 
 
 he caused the cup to 
 be broken or to break 
 to bits. 
 
 Moods and Tenses. 
 
 For the purposes of this book it is sufficient to consider the 
 lollowing moods :—• 
 
 Indicative mood. —It has two tenses, viz. :— 
 
 1. The present tense; this is also used for the future tense. 
 
 2. The past tense. 
 
 Subjunctive mood. —This mood is used to express 
 desire, request, or consent. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 imtu, let them come, they may come. 
 
 ihun, let it be so, may it be so. 
 
 igba, let him come in, he may come in. 
 
 ihid, let him go, he may go. 
 
 Constructive mood. —The way in which this mood is 
 used is best explained by the following examples. It has 
 only one tense, and implies some action the result of which 
 continues or still exists. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 faras gaziche ba<£lo la-ashk’ar-e satlahu 
 
 horse I having bought mule to servant my I gave 
 or buying 
 
 having bought a horse I gave the mule to my servant. 
 
 Here “gaziche” is the constructive mood of the verb 
 “ gazza,” he bought. 
 
 tor izo rota - ba - in 
 
 spear he having seized or seizing he ran at me 
 seizing a spear he ran at me. 
 
 “Izo” is in the constructive mood, root verb “yaza,” 
 
 he seized. 
 
21 
 
 With the auxiliary verb “alia,” he is, he exists, etc., the 
 constructive mood is used instead of the present tense of the 
 indicative mood. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 hedo - al 
 
 he having gone he is (away still hut is expected to come hack') 
 
 he has gone. 
 mat-tho - al 
 
 he having come he is (here still and will remain) 
 
 he has come. 
 
 shashtho - al 
 
 he having pled he is (still at large) 
 he has fled. 
 
 gabtho - al 
 
 he having entered he is (still inside) 
 he has entered, or gone in. 
 
 With the auxiliary verb “nabbar,” he was, the construc¬ 
 tive mood is used in the following sense :— 
 
 Example:— 
 
 mattho nabbar nagar gin dagmo heda 
 having come he zvas (here) but again he went 
 
 he came hut he has gone away again. 
 
 shashtho nabbar nagar gin thayaza 
 
 havingfled he was (at large) but he has been caught, 
 
 or he was caught. 
 
 he fled, but he has been, or zvas, caught. 
 
 gabtho nabbar nagar gin ba - tarrahu - th 
 
 having entered he zvas (inside) but at I called him 
 
 gize watta 
 
 time he came out 
 
 he had gone in, or he went in, but when I called him 
 
 he came out. 
 
 In the above examples, “hedo,” “mattho,” “ gabtho/ f 
 “shashtho,” etc., are the constructive mood of the verbs 
 “heda,” he went, “ matta,” he came, “ shashsha,” he fled, 
 “ gabba,” he entered. The auxiliary verbs “alia” and 
 “nabbara” are used in their usual contracted forms “al” 
 and “ nabbar.” 
 
22 
 
 Imperative mood has nothing peculiar to note as to> 
 its use. 
 
 Infinitive mood. —This mood expreses the act itself, 
 and may be a verbal noun. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 matta, he came. 
 heda, he went. 
 
 thak’k’usa, he fired (with fire¬ 
 arms or a brand , 
 hot iron , etc.) 
 gaddala he killed. 
 
 rnatha he hit , struck. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 mamtath, the coming. 
 mahed, the going. 
 mathak’kus, the firing. 
 
 magdal, the killings 
 slaughter. 
 mamthath, the hitting\ 
 striking. 
 
 k’a - mamtath - u asar >£an 
 
 ba - hwala 
 
 from coming his ten days at after 
 ten days after he came , or ten days after his arrival. 
 
 magzath yallarn mashet yallam mayath bichcha naw 
 buying is not, selling is not , looking only it is. 
 there is no buying or selling going on, people are only looking 
 (at the things exposedfor sale). 
 
 It will be seen from the examples that a verb in the 
 infinitive mood really becomes a noun. 
 
 This mood invariably begins with the letter “m.” 
 
 Each class of verb is conjugated differently according to- 
 the number of syllables it contains and the nature of each 
 syllable, as described in pages 17 and 18. 
 
 The following are the general rules governing the use of 
 pronominal prefixes and suffixes, and of the auxiliary verbs:— 
 
 Pronominal prefixes are used with the present and 
 future tense of the indicative mood, and with the subjunctive 
 mood. 
 
 Pronominal suffixes are used with the past tense of the 
 indicative mood except with the 3rd person, singular, mascu¬ 
 line, and with the constructive mood, 1st and 2nd persons, 
 both singular and plural. 
 
23 
 
 The Auxiliary verb “alia” is used with the present 
 and future tense, indicative mood, and with the constructive 
 mood. 
 
 “Nabbar,” the past tense of the verb “naw,” is used 
 with constructive mood. 
 
 Example : — 
 
 Root verb “ waddaka,” he fell. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present or Future Tense. 
 
 Pronom. Prefix. 
 
 Verbal Part. 
 
 Auxiliary Verb. 
 
 (/) 
 
 e- 
 
 
 
 
 ( -allahu, 
 
 [am). 
 
 [thou) 
 
 th- (m.) 
 
 
 
 
 -allah, 
 
 [art, m.) 
 
 [thou) 
 
 th- (f.) 
 
 
 
 
 -allash, 
 
 [art, f.) 
 
 [he) 
 
 i- 
 
 
 -wadZ’- 
 
 < 
 
 -al, 
 
 [is, m.) 
 
 [she) 
 
 th- (f.) 
 
 r 
 
 [falling) 
 
 -allach, 
 
 (is, f.) 
 
 [we) 
 
 en- 
 
 
 
 
 -alien, 
 
 (are). 
 
 [you) 
 
 th- 
 
 
 
 
 -alachihu, 
 
 (are). 
 
 [they) 
 
 i- J 
 
 
 
 
 L-alu, 
 
 (are). 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Pronom. Suffix, 
 
 waddak- 
 
 (fell) 
 
 f -hu, /. 
 
 -eh, thou. 
 
 | -esh, thou. (f.) 
 
 \ -ach, she. 
 
 -ena, we. 
 
 -achihu, yott. 
 l-u, they. 
 
24 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present or Ftiture Tense. 
 
 Pronom. Prefix. 
 
 Verbal Fart. 
 
 Auxiliary Verb . 
 
 e- 
 
 / 
 
 
 th- 
 
 thou (m.) 
 
 
 th- 
 
 thou (f.) 
 
 
 i- 
 
 he 
 
 r 
 
 th- 
 
 she 
 
 
 en- 
 
 we 
 
 
 th- 
 
 you 
 
 \ 
 
 i- 
 
 they 
 
 j 
 
 -wida/’, 
 
 -widaZ’u, 
 
 f may fall, or let me fall. 
 j mayest fall. 
 
 } mayest fall, or fall thou. 
 j may fall, or let him fall. 
 
 | may fall, or let her fall, 
 [.may fall, or let us fall. 
 
 ( may fall, or let you fall. 
 
 \ may fall, or let them fall. 
 
 Constructive Mood. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Pron. 
 
 suffix. 
 
 
 Aux. verb. 
 
 
 r e, 
 
 /. 
 
 allahu, lam. 
 
 wadlc 
 
 1 h, 
 
 thoit (m). 
 
 al, 
 
 thou art. 
 
 having 
 
 J esh, 
 
 | en ’. 
 achihu, 
 
 thou (f). 
 
 al, 
 
 thou art. 
 
 fallen or 
 
 we. 
 
 al, 
 
 we are. 
 
 falling. 
 
 you. 
 
 al, 
 
 you are. 
 
 l aw, 
 
 they. 
 
 al, 
 
 they are. 
 
 The third person masculine = “ wad/fo-al,” or “wad/hval.” 
 
 Verb with suffix. 
 
 Aux. verb. 
 
 wad^e, 
 
 wad/'ah, 
 
 wad/’ash, 
 
 wadZ’6, 
 
 I having fallen, 
 or I falling, 
 thou having 
 fallen, or 
 falling, 
 thou having 
 fallen, or 
 falling, 
 he having 
 fallen, or 
 falling. 
 
 nabbarhu, 
 nabbareh, 
 
 nabbaresh, 
 
 nabbar, 
 
 I was, ldidfall, 
 or had fallen, 
 thou wast, thou 
 didst fall, or 
 hadfallen, 
 thou wast (f.) 
 thou didst fall, 
 or had fallen, 
 he was, he did 
 fall, or had 
 fallen. 
 
25 
 
 Verb with suffix. 
 
 Aux. verb. 
 
 wad/’a, she having 
 
 fallen, or 
 falling. 
 
 wad/’en, we having 
 
 fallen, or 
 falling. 
 
 wad/’achihii, you having 
 fallen, or 
 falling. 
 
 wad/’aw, they having 
 
 fallen, or 
 falling were. 
 
 nabbarach, she was, she did 
 
 fall, or had 
 fallen. 
 
 nabbaren, we were, we did 
 
 fall, or had 
 fallen. 
 
 nabbarachihii, you were, you 
 did fall, or 
 had fallen. 
 
 nabbaru, they were, they 
 
 did fall, or 
 had fallen. 
 
 Whenever the relative pronominal prefixes “ya” and 
 “ yam ” are used, and also when the verb is in the negative 
 form, the auxiliary verb is dropped, but the personal prefixes 
 remain. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 Simple 
 e * wad£ 
 
 / falling 
 or will fall. 
 
 I am falling, or I will fall. 
 
 allahu. 
 
 1 am | 
 
 i » wad/£ - al. 
 he falling is. 
 he is falling, or he will fall. 
 
 Relative. 
 
 yam - e - wad/’. 
 
 who I falling. 
 
 I who am falling , or 
 I who will fall. 
 
 yam - I - wad/’. 
 
 who he falling, 
 
 he who is falling, or 
 he who willfall. 
 
 Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 The verb “to be” is represented in Amharic by three 
 verbs; viz., 
 
 “ alia,” he is, or exists. This verb has only one tense, 
 i.e. , the present. 
 
26 
 
 “naw,” he is , with a past tense, “nabbar,” he was. 
 No other tenses. 
 
 “ hona,” he was, he became, he happened to be. This 
 verb is conjugated as a regular verb through 
 all tenses and moods. 
 
 The contracted form of “alia,” i.e. “ al,” is frequently 
 used in conjugation. (See Table of Verbs). 
 
 “ Naw ” is not used as an auxiliary verb in its present 
 tense, but its past tense “nabbar,” is so used. 
 
 “Hona” being a regular verb, there is nothing peculiar 
 in the way it is used, except that in the subjunctive mood it 
 is used to signify consent; as 
 
 i - hun, let it be so, may it be so. 
 
 There is no verb “to have” in Amharic. Possession is 
 expressed by means of the verb “alia” and the pronominal 
 suffixes. 
 
 Examples 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 alia 
 
 he is 
 
 * n \ / have, 
 
 to me J 
 
 
 alia 
 he is 
 
 ' to\ec }^«^( m.)j 
 
 f alia - en ) 
 
 ( he is to us J 
 
 alia 
 he is 
 
 'toPhee(i.)\ thou 1 
 
 f alia - achihii j 
 [ he is to you J 
 
 alia 
 
 he is 
 
 . y. \ he has. \ 
 
 to him ) 
 
 f alia - achaw \ 
 ( he is to them j 
 
 alia 
 
 he is 
 
 . 1 she has. 
 
 to her J 
 
 
 
 Past. 
 
 
 > 
 
 nabbara - in 1 T 7 7 
 
 7 , Y l had. 
 
 he was to me 
 
 nabbaraen 
 
 we have. 
 
 | they 
 
 have. 
 
[ To face p. 26. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 
 
 (The verb itself is printed in thick type, the prefixes and suffixes are in lighter type.) 
 
 
 <v 
 
 hi 
 
 G 
 
 "rt 
 
 G . 
 
 *G X 
 
 G <-G 
 
 O <U 
 
 Two-syllable Verbs. 
 
 Three-syllable V, 
 
 rbs. 
 
 Four-syllable Verbs. 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 IS) 
 
 w 
 
 a> 
 
 CL, 
 
 G ^ 
 
 O CL 
 
 V 4 
 
 Ph 
 
 Both of 
 equal value. 
 
 First syllable 
 long. 
 
 Second syllable long. 
 
 All syllables 
 different. 
 
 See 
 
 third 
 
 nd and 
 die same. 
 
 All four syllables 
 different. 
 
 First and third, and 
 second and fourth alike. 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 3 
 
 G° 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 e 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 <U 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 sat 
 
 lik’ 
 
 mata 
 
 hed 
 
 nor 
 
 wadA 
 
 barr 2 
 
 
 masak ir 
 
 witnessing 
 
 dabadib 
 
 beating 
 
 
 <U 
 
 M 
 
 CL, 
 
 
 I 
 
 en 
 
 'giving 
 
 sending 
 
 coming 
 
 going 
 
 living 
 
 falling 
 
 flying 
 
 
 w 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 
 d 
 
 hH 
 
 ^3 
 
 E 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 the 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 Z 
 
 
 G 
 
 rt 
 
 1 
 
 q 3 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 
 sattahu 
 
 lak’hu 
 
 mattahu 
 
 hedhu 
 
 norhu 
 
 waddaAhu 
 
 barrarhu 
 
 masak’arhu 
 
 dabaddabhu 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 bD 
 
 2 
 
 
 sattah 
 
 lak’eh 
 
 mattah 
 
 hedeh 
 
 noreh 
 
 waddaAeh 
 
 barrarefi 
 
 masak’areh 
 
 dabaddabeh 
 
 
 in 
 
 CO 
 
 •j 
 
 j 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 satta 
 
 lal? a 
 
 natta 
 
 heda 
 
 iiora 
 
 waddaka 
 
 barrara 
 
 masah’ara 
 
 dabaddaba 
 
 
 Dh 
 
 
 1 
 
 nj 
 
 CD 
 
 sattana 1 
 
 laka’na 1 
 
 mattana 1 
 
 hedana 1 
 
 norana 1 
 
 waddaAana 1 
 
 barrarana 1 
 
 masak’arana 1 
 
 dabaddabana 1 
 
 
 
 J 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 sattachihu 
 
 lak’achihu 
 
 mattachihu 
 
 hedachihu 
 
 norachihu 
 
 wadda/rachihu 
 
 barrarachihu 
 
 masak’arachihu 
 
 dabaddabachihu 
 
 
 
 P-l 
 
 3 
 
 S 5 
 
 satt'u 
 
 lak’u 
 
 matt’u 
 
 hed’u 
 
 nor’u 
 
 waddaA’u 
 
 barra 
 
 ’u 
 
 masak’aru 
 
 dabaddab’u 
 
 w 
 
 
 G 
 
 rt 
 
 *3 
 
 b/) 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 e 
 
 the 
 
 'I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 U 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 f sit 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 mta 
 
 hid 
 
 nur 
 
 widaA 
 
 birar 
 
 
 mask’ar 
 
 dabdib 
 
 £> 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 en 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 the 
 
 situ 
 
 — 
 
 mtu 
 
 hidu 
 
 nuru 
 
 widaAu 
 
 biraru 
 
 
 mask’aru 
 
 dabdibu 
 
 | 
 
 
 pq 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 situ 
 
 — 
 
 mtu 
 
 hidu 
 
 nuru 
 
 widaAu 
 
 biraru 
 
 
 mask’aru 
 
 dabdibu 
 
 
 
 G 1 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 
 satche 3 
 
 lik’e 3 
 
 matche 3 
 
 hije 3 
 
 nure 3 
 
 wadAe 3 
 
 bire 3 
 
 
 masak’re 3 
 
 dabdibe 3 
 
 a 
 
 > i 
 
 
 ti 3 
 
 2 
 
 in 
 
 X 
 
 satthah 
 
 lik’ah 
 
 matthah 
 
 hidah 
 
 nurah 
 
 wadAah 
 
 bir’ah 
 
 
 masak’rah 
 
 dabdibah 
 
 H 
 
 U 
 
 G> 
 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 G 
 
 sattho 4 5 
 
 lik’o 4 
 
 mattho 4 
 
 hid’ 6 4 
 
 nuro 4 
 
 wadAo 4 
 
 biro 4 
 
 
 masak’ro 4 
 
 dadibo 4 
 
 V 
 
 H 
 
 IS) 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 <v 
 
 X 
 
 satthan 
 
 lik’an 
 
 matthan 
 
 hidan 
 
 nuran 
 
 wadAan 
 
 biran 
 
 
 masak’ran 
 
 dabdiban 
 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 
 hH 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 .3 
 
 satthachihu 
 
 lik'achihu 
 
 rr.atthachihu 
 
 hidachihu 
 
 nurachihu 
 
 wadAachihu 
 
 birachihu 
 
 masak’rachihu 
 
 dabdib’achihu 
 
 
 1 
 
 * i 
 
 3 
 
 CJ 
 
 C /2 
 
 satthaw 
 
 lik’aw 
 
 rratthaw 
 
 hidaw 
 
 nuraw 
 
 wadAaw 
 
 biraw 
 
 
 masak’raw 
 
 dabdibaw 
 
 IMPERA- f Singular 
 
 O 
 
 sit, or sat 
 
 lak’ 
 
 nal 
 
 hid 
 
 nur 
 
 widaA 
 
 birar 
 
 
 mask’ar 
 
 dadib 
 
 TIVE. t Plural 
 
 
 situ or satu 
 
 lak’u 
 
 m 
 
 hidu 
 
 nuru 
 
 widaAu 
 
 biraru 
 
 
 maskaru 
 
 dabdibu 
 
 INFINITE.| 
 
 1 
 
 mastath 
 
 malak’ 
 
 mamtath 
 
 mahed 
 
 manor 
 
 9 
 
 mawdaA 
 
 mabrar 
 
 mamask’ar 
 
 madabdab 
 
 With pronominal 
 suffixes. 
 
 £ 
 
 rt 
 
 X 
 
 X, ^ 
 £ L. 
 
 X ro 
 
 rt « 
 
 d S 
 
 * 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 3 ^ 
 X ^ 
 
 d co 
 £j to 
 d » 
 c/> «o 
 
 b/5 
 
 4 -> *S b O 
 
 in ’s>i ^ 
 
 tU bq 
 
 ,_, s 
 
 .d S £ 
 
 K 
 
 % 
 
 1 bo 
 
 d .<>> 
 
 ®0 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ■<5 
 
 ^ X 
 
 ? .3 
 
 With preposition prefixed 
 to the 
 
 pronoun it qualifies. 
 
 With further 
 pronominal 
 suffixes. 
 
 rt 
 
 - ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 •d 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 i: a; 
 
 9 > X 
 to ■*-* 
 
 * 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 K x 
 
 d 
 
 X 
 
 § 
 
 s > 
 b o 
 
 <2 *>» 
 
 
 d 
 
 T 3 
 
 d 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 •I 
 
 x 
 
 w X 
 o - 
 C W 
 
 <L> 
 
 .2 0 
 
 5 a> 
 -o X 
 
 6 r 
 
 * ■: 
 d 2: 
 
 rC S 
 
 11 3 
 
 •d *v, 
 
 fe> 
 
 X 
 
 d 
 
 _c 0 
 
 ■5 c 
 
 tj ^ 
 
 5 c 
 
 X ci 
 
 &-£ 1 
 
 n. r* < 
 
 r 
 
 
 •§ 
 
 rt 
 
 
 c* g > 
 
 rt 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 > 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 .s 
 
 % 
 
 .*0 
 
 
 '-O 
 
 JO x 
 
 ■rt 
 
 V. 
 
 
 <2 
 
 
 
 
 tl i 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ .9 i 
 
 X 
 
 r: 
 
 v» 
 
 O 
 
 & 
 
 
 v, 
 
 s 
 
 _ „ „ a 
 
 S ^ C 3 ? 
 
 1 This “ a ” is very indistinctly sounded. 
 
 2 The double “ r ” must be distinctly pronounced, so as to distinguish this verb from the same tense of the verb “ bara,” to be light , bright. 
 
 :i This “ e ” is dropped when this tense is written as one word, together with auxiliary verb “ alia,” and “y ” is inserted. Examile—wadke allahu, or wadkyallahu. 
 
 4 With “alia,” this may be written “ hido al,” in two words, or “ hidwal,” the “ o ” being omitted and “ w ” inserted. 
 
 5 The 2nd and 3rd person, singular number, have feminine forms, which are formed by the suffixes “ sh ” for the 2nd person and “ ch ” for the 3rd person. 
 
 Auxiliary Verb. 
 
 allahu 
 
 allah 
 
 al 
 
 allana 1 
 
 allachihu 
 
 allu 
 
 
 allahu or nabbarhu 
 al or nabbareh 
 al or nabbar 
 al or nabbarena 1 
 al or nabbarachihtt 
 al or nabbaru 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
f To face p. 26. 
 
 Table of some of the most useful verbs which are difficult for the beginner to conjugate, owing to difficulty in 
 pronunciation, or irregularity in their conjugation: “aya,” he saw; “yaza,” he seized, took hold of; " atta” he 
 
 wanted, he was deficient of, he had not; “ thawa,” he left off\ abandoned; “ala,” he said; “sha,” he desired, sought 
 after, wanted. 
 
 
 <u 
 
 a> 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 G 
 
 s 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 aya-alhu, I see 
 
 iza-alahu, I seize 
 
 atta-alahu, I am wanting 
 
 ethaw-alahu, I leave alone 
 
 el-alahu, I am saying 
 
 esha-alahu, I want 
 
 qj 
 
 3 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 2 
 
 thaya-aleh 
 
 thiza-aleh 
 
 thata-aleh 
 
 thithaw-aleh 
 
 ihil-aleh 
 
 thisha-aleh 
 
 H 
 
 
 4_» 
 
 G 
 
 <u 
 
 m 
 
 C/5 
 
 3 
 
 iaya-al 
 
 iza-al 
 
 iatta-al 
 
 ithaw-al 
 
 il-al 
 
 isha-al 
 
 .S 
 
 <u 
 
 
 M 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 I 
 
 en-aya-allan 
 
 eniza-alan 
 
 enatta-alena 
 
 enthaw-alen 
 
 enil-alen 
 
 ensha-alen 
 
 <U 
 
 N 
 
 Oh 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 thaya-alachihu 
 
 thiza-alachihu 
 
 thatta-alachihu 
 
 thithaw-alachihu 
 
 thil-alachihu 
 
 thisha-alchihu 
 
 a> 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 
 P-t 
 
 3 
 
 iaya-alu 
 
 iza-alu 
 
 iatta-alu 
 
 ithaw-alu 
 
 il-alu 
 
 isha-alu 
 
 g 
 
 o x 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 aya-hu 
 
 yazhu 
 
 
 
 
 
 r d 
 > £ 
 
 Q 
 
 z, 
 
 
 Vh 
 
 I 
 
 atta’hu 
 
 thawhu 
 
 alahu 
 
 shahu 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ayeh 
 
 yazeh 
 
 attah 
 
 thaweh 
 
 aleh 
 
 shah 
 
 m G 
 
 
 
 c/5 
 
 3 
 
 aya 
 
 yaza 
 
 atta 
 
 thawa 
 
 ala 
 
 sha 
 
 >-H 
 
 
 m 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a *g 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 d ^ 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ayana 
 
 yazena 
 
 atta'na 
 
 thawen 
 
 alena 
 
 shanaa 
 
 g a 
 
 0 0 
 
 
 
 J3 
 
 2 
 
 ayachihu 
 
 yazachihu 
 
 attachihu 
 
 thawachihu 
 
 alachihu 
 
 shachihu 
 
 g d 
 
 § M 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 3 
 
 ayu 
 
 yazu 
 
 attu 
 
 thawu 
 
 alu 
 
 shu 
 
 “ -g. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
 eyi 
 
 eyaz 
 
 eta 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 m •*-» 
 
 e4 
 
 > 
 
 
 bX) 
 
 2 
 
 thiyi 
 
 thiyaz 
 
 thita 
 
 
 
 
 ■2 .2 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 
 • S 
 c/5 
 
 3 
 
 iyi 
 
 iaz 
 
 ita 
 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 Sf 'a 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u => 
 
 D 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 enyi 
 
 enyaz 
 
 enta 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 0 
 
 G 
 
 O ^ 
 
 C/) 
 
 
 »-H 
 
 2 
 
 thiyu 
 
 thiyazu 
 
 thitu 
 
 
 
 
 *S -2 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 3 
 
 thiyu 
 
 thiyazu 
 
 thitu 
 
 
 
 
 Ifi > 
 g b 
 
 W 
 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
 aiche 
 
 izhe 
 
 atche 
 
 thiche 
 
 >iye 
 
 shiche 
 
 d 
 
 rO 3 
 
 ^ x 
 
 
 G 
 
 2 
 
 aithah 
 
 izah 
 
 atthah 
 
 thithah 
 
 )ilah 
 
 shithah 
 
 2 ? 
 
 H 
 
 U 
 
 P 
 
 P4 
 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 aitho 
 
 izo 
 
 attho 
 
 thitho 
 
 )ilo 
 
 shitho 
 
 § H 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •1h 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 aithan 
 
 izan 
 
 atthan 
 
 thithan 
 
 >ilan 
 
 shithan 
 
 O 
 
 Oh 
 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 aithachihu 
 
 izachihu 
 
 atthachihu 
 
 thithachihu 
 
 lilachihu 
 
 shithachihu 
 
 0) 
 
 M 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 3 
 
 aithaw 
 
 izaw 
 
 atthaw 
 
 thithaw 
 
 >ilaw 
 
 shithaw 
 
 T3 
 
 G 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 eyi 
 
 yaz 
 
 eta 
 
 thaw 
 
 bal 
 
 esha 
 
 in 
 
 | 
 
 IMPERA-J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 TIVE. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 eyu 
 
 yazu 
 
 etu 
 
 thawu 
 
 lalu 
 
 eshu 
 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 mayath 
 
 mayaz 
 
 matath 
 
 mathawwath 
 
 nalath 
 
 mashath 
 
 
 [See notes on previous table.] 
 
2 7 
 
 nabbara - eh \ thou hadst (m.) nabbara - 
 he was to thee J achihu, you haa. 
 
 nabbaia - sh \ thou hast (f.) nabbara-achaw, they haa, 
 
 he was to thee J ' 
 
 in, } 
 
 nabbara • w 
 he was to him 
 
 he had. 
 
 Future. 
 
 i - hon 
 
 he being 
 
 - in - al \ / shall have, 
 to me is, or will be J 
 
 - eh . al \ thou shall have (m.) 
 
 to thee is, or will be ) v f 
 
 ^ . ., X thou shalt have (f.) 
 thee is, or will be j ' ' 
 
 - esh 
 to 
 
 ’ ; aw :' ai •/; / 1" he will, shall have, 
 to him is, or will be J ’ 
 
 al \ 
 
 
 * ath 
 
 al 
 
 to her is, or will be 
 
 } 
 
 she shall have. 
 
 - en - al \ W e shall have, 
 
 to us is, or will be J 
 
 - achihu al \you shall have, 
 
 to you is, or shall be J 
 
 - achaw - al 
 to them is, or will be 
 
 ( j- they 
 
 shall have. 
 
 Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 allahu nain 
 
 allah nah 
 
 alia naw 
 
 allana nanna 
 
 allachihu nachihu 
 allu nachaw 
 
 lam 
 thou art 
 he is 
 we are 
 you are 
 they are 
 
 nabbarhu 
 
 nabbareh 
 
 nabbara 
 
 nabbarana 
 
 nabbarachihu 
 
 nabbaru 
 
 I was 
 thou wasZ. 
 he was 
 we were 
 you were 
 they were 
 
28 
 
 Verbs in the Negative. 
 
 Verbs are put into the negative by means of the negative 
 articles “al” (prefixed) and “ m ” (suffixed). 
 
 matta, he came. Negative 
 
 heda, he went. ,, 
 
 motha, he died. ,, 
 
 gabbahu, I went in. ,, 
 
 wattahu, I ascended. ,, 
 
 rotii, they ran. ,, 
 
 al - matta - m, he came not. 
 al * heda - m, he went not. 
 al - motha - m, he died not. 
 al - gabbahu - m, 7 went not in. 
 al - wattahu - m, I ascended not. 
 al - rotii - m, they ran not. 
 
 Before the personal prefixes “ i ” and u th ” the “ 1 ” of the 
 negative particle is dropped, as: — 
 
 i - matta 
 
 - al 
 
 Negative 
 
 a - i - matta - m, he is not 
 
 he coming 
 
 is 
 
 
 coming or will not come. 
 
 he is coming, 
 
 or he 
 
 
 
 will come. 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 th - heda 
 
 - al 
 
 JS 
 
 a - th - heda - m, thou shall 
 
 thou going 
 
 art 
 
 
 not go, or thou goest not. 
 
 thou art going. 
 
 It will be seen from the last two examples that the 
 auxiliary verb is also dropped when the verb is used in a 
 negative form. 
 
 Negative Verbs. 
 
 There is one permanently negative verb, viz., “aidollam,” 
 he is not. It has only the present tense. 
 
 This verb is frequently used to express denial, e.g., 
 “ aidollam,” no, that is not so ; that is not the case. 
 
 Conjugation of the Negative Verb “ aidollam.” 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 f aidollahum 
 « g ; j aidollehm 
 
 J2 § J aidollam 
 
 3 g ] aidollanam 
 
 & « j aidollachihum 
 
 laidollum 
 
 7 am not , or am I not. 
 thou art not , or art thou not. 
 he is not, or is he not. 
 we are not, or are we not. 
 you are not. 
 they are not. 
 
With relative 
 
 29 
 
 f yaidollahu 
 c I yaidollah 
 ox! yaidol 
 p " yaidollan 
 2 - cu yaidollachihu 
 _yaidollu. 
 
 1 who am not. 
 thou who art not. 
 he who is not. 
 we who are not. 
 yon who are not 
 they who are not. 
 
 Negation is also expressed by means of the 
 and “ nabbar ” in the negative forms, e.g .:— 
 
 verbs “ alia ,7 
 
 yallum, he is not, does not exist. 
 
 al- nabarra- m he was net, did not exist. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Adverbs are either simple or compound. The simple 
 adverbs are :— 
 
 mache, when. * 
 
 sinth, how many ? hozv much ? 
 
 bichcha, only, simply, alone. 
 
 With the possessive personal pronoun this adverb is used 
 thus:— 
 
 bichcha - ye - n, ) T , T , u - 
 
 only / (accusative) J ’ J 
 
 (The “y” in “ye ” is euphonic.) 
 
 tholo, 
 
 quickly. 
 
 gana, 
 
 yet, not yet. 
 
 ahun, 
 
 now. 
 
 ink’wa, 
 
 sink’wa, 
 
 j- even, indeed. 
 
 inji, 
 
 but, except, not including. 
 
 wathro, 
 
 always. 
 
 diro, 
 
 long ago, in former times. 
 
 * “At the time when” is translated thus :— 
 
 si - en-had ^ 
 when we shall go J 
 
 ba thanasthan gize \ 
 at we had started time J 
 
 when zue go (future). 
 when zee started. 
 
30 
 
 Compound adverbs are formed by a combination of: — 
 (a) Prepositions and nouns or adjectives, as :— 
 
 ba - 
 with 
 
 dastha 
 
 joy 
 
 l 
 
 J 
 
 joyfully. 
 
 ba - 
 with 
 
 charnath 
 
 kindness 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 
 kindly , mercifully 
 
 ba - 
 with 
 
 dahna 
 
 good 
 
 } 
 
 well. 
 
 ba - 
 with 
 
 lik’ 
 
 measure 
 
 l 
 
 J 
 
 according to. 
 
 (b ) Prepositions and pronouns :— 
 
 ba - 
 
 at - 
 
 zih 
 
 this (place) 
 
 v 
 
 I 
 
 here. 
 
 k’a - 
 
 from 
 
 zih 
 
 this (place) 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 hence. 
 
 wada - 
 towards 
 
 zih 
 
 this (place) 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 hither. 
 
 <enda 
 
 as 
 
 zih, 
 
 this, 
 
 thus. 
 
 wadeth, 
 
 
 where, 
 
 composed of 
 
 wada yath 
 towards which 
 (place). 
 
 cndeth, 
 
 
 hozu, 
 
 55 
 
 5 5 
 
 enda - yath 
 as which. 
 
 lamin, 
 
 
 zvhy , 
 
 5 5 
 
 55 
 
 la - min 
 for what. 
 
 silamin, 
 
 
 wherefore, 
 
 5 5 
 
 55 
 
 sila - min. 
 
 la mindir, 
 
 1 
 
 on zvhat 
 
 5 5 
 
 55 
 
 la mindar. 
 
 sila min, 
 
 / 
 
 account. 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 sila - mindir. 
 
 (r) Prepositions, nouns and particles ; as 
 
 ba 
 
 - ras - 
 
 ge 
 
 at 
 
 head 
 
 side 
 
 ba 
 
 - igir 
 
 - ge 
 
 at 
 
 foot 
 
 side 
 
 j- by the side of the head , near the head. 
 - near the feet , by the feet. 
 
3 1 
 
 Compound adverbs are also formed by particles which are 
 intended to represent certain sounds followed by the verbs 
 “ala,” he said; “adarraga,” he did; and “asaina,” 7 /£ 
 caused. These however, really become verbs, as will be 
 seen from the following examples :— 
 
 Particle. Instance. 
 
 mar, 
 
 leaping, jumping. 
 
 mar ilal, 
 
 he jumps. 
 
 sitit, 
 
 splitting, cracking. 
 
 sitit ala, 
 
 it cracked, it split. 
 
 £as, 
 
 caution. 
 
 >£as bal, 
 
 be caref ul. 
 
 ef, 
 
 blowing, puffing. 
 
 ef bal, 
 
 blow, puff. 
 
 k’af, 
 
 elevation. 
 
 k’af adarraga, he raised. 
 
 zik, 
 
 lowness. 
 
 zik bal, 
 
 lower, depress. 
 
 zim, 
 
 silence. 
 
 zim bal, 
 
 be quiet, be silent. 
 
 das, 
 
 joy, pleasure. 
 
 das asaina- 
 
 ■w, he rejoiced. 
 
 /Kich, 
 
 sitting. 
 
 X’tich bal, 
 
 sit doivn, crouch. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 Prepositions are either separable or inseparable. 
 The separable prepositions are :— 
 
 sila, for the sake, for, on account of. 
 wada, towards, in the direction of. 
 yala, without. 
 
 enda, as, like as, according to. 
 esk’a, up to, until. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 sila wan dim - u 
 on account of brother his 
 
 wada 
 
 to 
 
 wada 
 
 towards 
 
 Addis Ababa 
 Addis Ababa 
 
 wanz 
 
 river 
 
 matta 
 he came 
 
 enhid 
 let us go 
 
 rota 
 he ran 
 
 | he came on account of 
 J his brother. 
 
 I let us go to Addis 
 j Ababa. 
 
 \ he ran towards the 
 j river. 
 
 -i c 7.- a ii 'l one cannot go 
 
 yala fa/tad - achaw mahed yallam ( ... . , f 
 
 without permission their going is not. I . - • • 
 
 t 6 * J permission.. 
 

 
 32 
 
 enda 
 
 awri 
 
 u^ok’al 
 
 like as 
 
 wild animal he yells 
 
 esk’a 
 
 enmatta 
 
 athid 
 
 till 
 
 zee come 
 
 do not go 
 
 esk’a 
 
 enmallas 
 
 itab/f’al 
 
 till 
 
 zve return 
 
 he will watch 
 
 } 
 
 } 
 
 } 
 
 he yells like a wild 
 animal. 
 
 do not go till we 
 come. 
 
 he will keep watch 
 until we return. 
 
 Inseparable prepositions are those which are chiefly used 
 in the declension of nouns, pronouns, etc., viz.: — 
 
 ya, of. 
 la, to or for. 
 
 ba, at, in, on, by, with , through. 
 k’a, from , cut of, zvith. 
 
 Of the 
 
 above, “ ba ” and “ 
 
 k’a ” are 
 
 also used with—- 
 
 wisth, 
 
 inside. 
 
 wichi, 
 
 outside. 
 
 flth, 
 
 before, in front. 
 
 hwala, 
 
 behind. 
 
 lai, 
 
 above. 
 
 thach, 
 
 below. 
 
 zurya, 
 
 around. 
 
 atagab, 
 
 alongside. 
 
 zand, 
 
 chez (as in French). 
 
 gara, 
 
 zvith, in company 
 zvith. 
 
 diras, 
 
 as far as, up to. 
 
 fantha, 
 
 instead of. 
 
 When so used and the word qualified is a noun, the 
 inseparable preposition is prefixed to the noun and the 
 above particles follow the noun. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 ba - dunk’wan 
 in tent 
 
 wisth 
 
 inside 
 
 j- inside the tent. 
 
 ba - zaf lai tha/’amtoal 
 on tree above he is sitting 
 
 ba - alaga thach as^amtaw 
 in bed tinder make it sit 
 
 ba - bethe atngab 
 at house my alongside 
 
 \ 
 
 ) 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 he is sitting on a tree. 
 
 O 
 
 put it under the bed. 
 alongside my heuse. 
 
 k’a 
 
 with 
 
 wadaje 
 friend my 
 
 gara \ 
 zvith J 
 
 nth my frier. 
 
 d. 
 
33 
 
 “esk’a” and “diras” are always used to indicate duration 
 or extent, as— 
 
 esk’a Ank’obar diras abro hedan \ we went together 
 as far as Ankobar up to together we went) asfar as A nkobar* 
 
 k’a - matha esk’a twath diras \from evening till 
 
 from evening till morning tip to / the morning. 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 
 gin 
 
 daro gin 
 nagar gin 
 
 j- but, hozvever. 
 
 Example:— 
 ahun yallam 
 
 (gin ) 
 
 -j nagar gin kbak’aramth* a-1- taffam. 
 (daro gin J 
 
 at present there is not but in zvintcr it will not be' 
 
 wanting. 
 
 there is none at present but in the winter there zvill be plenty. 
 
 enji, but. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 almotham thamaththo nabbar injl 
 
 he died not wounded he was but 
 
 he was wounded but he did not die. 
 
 wai 'j 
 
 waim ! or, either or. 
 wayis J 
 
 Example:— 
 
 wais and ba/Ho wais hulath ahiyoch end 
 
 either one mule or two donkeys that 
 
 thamatta ihun 
 thou bring let it be 
 
 you must bring either a mule or two donkeys 
 
 * K’aramth is really the rainy season, in general conver¬ 
 sation, i.e., from the end of June to the beginning of October. 
 (8166) c 
 
34 
 
 m 
 
 na 
 
 } 
 
 and. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 farasochachenn- na ba^lochachenn ganzabachenn- m hulliin 
 our horses and our mules our goods and all 
 
 enwasdallan 
 we shall take. 
 
 we shall take all, our horses, our mules, and our goods. 
 
 farasn - m ballon - m hullum wassada 
 horse and mule all . he took, 
 
 he took all, my horse and my mule, he took both, etc. 
 
 bi, if. ' '\ 
 
 si, when, while. 
 
 sa, ere, before, without. 
 
 I that, in order that. 
 
 li, nearly, almost. 
 
 ^ are prefixed to verbs when used. 
 
 Example: — 
 
 bir bi - gain beth egazalahu 
 
 money if it is forthcoming house I shall buy 
 if 1 can get the money I shall buy a house. 
 
 mesachen- si - enballa dunk’wanu wadda/’a 
 our food while we were eating the tent it fell 
 
 while we were eating our food the tent fell. 
 
 wada wanz si - enhed 
 
 towards river when we shall go 
 
 when we go to the river. 
 
 sa - imatta aihedm 
 
 without he comes he will not go 
 he will not go without coming here first. 
 
 sa - ihed yanigus fa/£ad warakath end - thamatta 
 before he goes of emperor will letter that thou bring 
 
 ihun 
 
 let it be. 
 
 Before he goes you must bring me the Emperor*s permit 
 (allowing him to go). 
 
35 
 
 end • itrag wassadaw 
 
 In order that it may be cleaned he took it 
 he took it for the purpose of cleaning it. 
 
 li - itarag naw 
 nearly it clean is 
 it is nearly clean. 
 
 7 This may also mean, it must be cleaned, 
 ! or it is to be cleaned. The context 
 j will show which meaning is to be 
 J given. 
 
 li - igdalaiii matta 
 
 In order that he kill me he came 
 he came to kill me. 
 
 “ na f for, because, as, is suffixed to verbs when used. 
 
 Thammoal • 
 he is ill or I 
 
 na almattam 
 
 because he did not come 
 
 he being ill J 
 
 as he was ill, he did not come. 
 
 “s” I 
 
 u sa >5 h but, as for, as to, is suffixed to nouns and pronouns. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 antha - sa? \ but thou l (meaning zuhat didyou do? how did 
 thou but f you get on ? etc.). 
 
 ine - s dahna nabbar 
 I oh well I was 
 
 j- oh, I was all right. 
 
 sai/ffir, notzvithstanding. 
 
 yanagarhuth - n sai/£ar k’arsacnaw gara heda 
 
 that which I told him notwithstanding with them he went 
 notwithstanding what I told him he zvent with them. 
 
 Interjections. 
 
 ereg, 
 wayu, 
 wayu gud, 
 
 ek’o, 
 
 ayi, 
 
 expression of surprise. 
 
 expressions of great surprise, astonishment, etc. 
 
 of course, just so. 
 
 Oh, in the sense:—Q. What is the matter ?—A. 
 Oh, nothing; I just came to see what was 
 going on. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 c 2 
 
J 
 
 6 
 
 abeth, in anszver to a call; means yes, si?'; hilloa. 
 
 i , f here, litre take this, hold this, (while handing 
 
 11 c a ’ \ something to the person addressed). 
 
 ... ... / repeated several times is used as an expression 
 
 abeth, abeth, 0 f great wonder or surprise. 
 
 Affirmatives and Negatives. 
 
 a wan, yes. ink’wan, no. 
 
 In answering questions of which the answer is a simple 
 negative or affirmative, the above are seldom used by them¬ 
 selves, the verb is generally repeated, as:—• 
 
 Q. asar bir alsattahiithm 
 
 ten dollars did I not give to him? 
 
 Did I not give him te?i dollars ? 
 
 A. a wan sattwoth I 
 
 / /• i yes, you did. 
 yes you gave to him )•' y 
 
 or alsattwothm 
 
 you gave him not 
 
 thenanth yamatta saw aidollam 
 
 no, you did not (vide p. 28). 
 
 ? \ Is he not the man 
 
 , r 7 - , .7 /or w h° came yester- 
 
 yestei'day he who came man is he not ? J ? 
 
 ba/frs 
 in pocket 
 
 bir 
 
 money 
 
 naw 1 r • 
 
 he is P®> he "• 
 
 )- no, he is not. 
 
 alia wayi* j_ Is there any money in the 
 
 aidollam 
 he is not 
 
 there is ? ) pocket ? 
 alia, there is. 
 yallam, no, there is not . 
 
 * Wayi is nearly always put at the end of a sentence in 
 “ shoa ” when a question is asked. 
 
37 
 
 ** Inja,” 1 do not , is not often used by educated people, as 
 it implies a certain amount of disrespect, as much as to say, 
 / do not know and / don't care , who knows ? how am I to 
 know? It is much better to say: “al - awa/hii - m,” I do not 
 know , the negative of the verb “ awwaka,” he kneiv. 
 
 imbi, expresses unwillingness , refusal. 
 ishshi, ,, willingness , consent , compliance . 
 
 THE FORMATION OF SENTENCES. 
 
 The formation of Amharic sentences is awkward, but the 
 correct order of the parts must be observed, or serious 
 misunderstandings may be the consequence. As some slight 
 compensation for this difficulty, it is considered of little 
 importance whether number, gender, and case of nouns and 
 adjectives be correctly stated or not, as long as the sense is 
 obvious. Verbs must, however, always be correctly stated. 
 
 ( a ) The verb is generally placed at the end of the sentence, 
 (or at the end of that part of that sentence to which it refers). 
 
 Example :— 
 
 ashk’aru 
 the servant 
 
 heda \ ^ servant went . 
 went ) 
 
 anbasa gaddalhu 1 7k/// d ,. 
 a lion 1 killed ) 
 
 zare ibardal 1 .. . , , , , 
 
 . , ... ij\tt is cold to-day. 
 
 to-day it is cold) J 
 
 [h) Adjectival, qualificatory, or explanatory words or 
 sentences precede the words qualified. 
 
 V fdfof' } t ^ e mu ^ s l° a d.fell °ff' 
 
 Example:— 
 
 yabaX’lo r^inath 
 of the mule load 
 
 (here “ yabaT’lo ” is qualificatory.) 
 
 ten three days he stayed )>te stayed thsrteen days. 
 (here “ asra sSsth ” is adjectival.) 
 
38 
 
 batwath yaheda saw bamatha igibal 
 this morning who went the man this evening wilt arrive 
 the man who went this morning will arrive in the evening. 
 
 (here “ yaheda ” is explanatory of “ saw.”) 
 
 yalafa/£ade wada k’athama yamihed 
 
 without my permission to town he who shall go 
 
 saw and bir ik’afatal \“ny manwko soes U town 
 
 man one dollar he shall be fined I 
 
 (here “ yalafa^ade wada k’athama yamihed” is explanatory 
 
 of “ saw.”) 
 
 without my permission 
 shall be fined one dollar. 
 
 {c) The attribute always follows the subject. 
 
 Example :— 
 
 yeh baklo birthu naw 1 , 7 . , . . 
 
 this mule strong he is j A 
 
 (here “ birthu ” is the attribute of “ baklo.”) 
 
 (d) The relative positions of adjectives and nouns is much 
 the same as in English. 
 
 Example:— 
 
 (<z) As to position- 
 birthu inchoth 
 
 | strong 
 
 strong 
 
 wood 
 
 birthu 
 
 inchoth 
 
 naw \ 
 
 strong 
 
 wood 
 
 it is / 
 
 but inchothu 
 
 birthu 
 
 naw \ 
 
 the wood 
 
 strong 
 
 it is / 
 
 a strong sticky or it is 
 
 strong wood. 
 
 | the wood, or the stick is strong. 
 (meaning some particular wood or stick.) 
 
 {b) As to number— 
 
 daha 
 
 poor 
 
 saw 
 
 man 
 
 man , 
 
 daha sawoch 
 poor men 
 
39 
 
 yailak’amma baX-lo 
 tired or worn out mule 
 
 yadak’amma bailoch 
 tired or worn out mules 
 
 j- a tired or worn-out mule. 
 j- tired or worn out mules. 
 
 (e) In a collective sense— 
 
 thank’arochna yadak’ammu hullu endihedu ihun 
 the strong and the worn out all that they go let it be 
 the strong and the tired let them all go, or they must all go. 
 
 ( e ) The relative positions of subject and object are best 
 explained by the following example—- 
 
 anbasa gaddalhu j r , ,. 
 
 / • t u >77 j r / killed a lion, 
 
 a lion I killed ) 
 
 The verb “gaddalhu” being in the first person, singular, 
 there can be no doubt as to the meaning of this sentence, but 
 in the next sentence, unless the object is put in the accusative 
 case, there will be ambiguity :— 
 
 anbasan gaddala j , , 
 
 7 . f / •/7 he killed a lion, 
 
 a lion he killed j 
 
 If one wrote “anbasa gaddala,” the verb being in the 
 third person singular, it would not be clear whether the lion 
 had killed something or whether someone had killed a lion. 
 
 Anbasa bariun gaddala 
 a lion the ox he killed 
 
 j- a lion killed the ox. 
 
 Here again to avoid ambiguity the object must be put in 
 the accusative form ; if not, it might be taken to mean that 
 the ox had killed a lion. 
 
 But in a sentence with a relative pronoun the order is— 
 object, relative pronoun, verb, subject : Thus— 
 
 bariun yagaddala anbasa \ a lion which 
 
 the ox which (acc :) killed a lion (nom :) j killed the ox. 
 
 In this last sentence it is better to put “ bariu,” the ox, in 
 the accusative form ; it is not, however, absolutely necessary, 
 because the relative positions of “ bariu” and “anbasa” in 
 
40 
 
 the sentence denote which is the object. If it was intended to 
 imply that an ox had killed a lion, one would say “ anbasa 
 yagaddala bariu,” 
 
 Address. 
 
 When talking among themselves, men of equal position 
 or rank always address each other in the 2nd person singular. 
 When addressing anyone of superior rank, the verb is still used 
 in the 2nd person, but not in the ordinary form ; a form reading 
 in “ wo” is used, showing respect. (Vide page 13.) 
 
 In speaking about a man of superior rank the verb is used 
 in the 3rd person plural. 
 
 Greetings. 
 
 In the morning :—> 
 
 endeth addareh 
 
 how didst thou pass the night ? or 
 
 endeth addarachihu 
 
 how did you pass the night ? 
 
 dahna adarachihu 
 
 well have you passed the night ? 
 
 how do you do, 
 how are you, 
 have you had 
 a good night ? 
 
 During the morning and the afternoon :— 
 
 endeth 
 
 how 
 
 endeth 
 
 how 
 
 waleh 
 
 didst thou pass the forenoon l 
 
 or }- 
 
 walachihu 
 
 did you pass the forenoon ? 
 
 how have you 
 passed the 
 forenoon ? 
 
 dahna waleh 
 
 tv ell thou passedst the forenoon ? or 
 
 dahna walachihu 
 
 well have you passed the forenoon l 
 
 have you passed 
 the forenoon 
 well l 
 
 At parting in the afternoon or at night :— 
 
 badahna addar ' 
 
 well may*st thou spend the night! or may you have a 
 badahna addaru g°°d flight! 
 
 well may you pass the night! 
 
41 
 
 At meeting after some time :— 
 
 endeth sanabbatheh ? 
 
 how hast thou passed the time ? 
 
 endeth sanabba' hachihu ? 
 
 how have you passed the time ? 
 
 endeth sanbathhal ? 
 
 how hast thou passed the time ? 
 
 endeth sanbathwal ( singular) ? 
 
 how have you passed the time ? 
 
 endeth sanbathachihual {plural) ? 
 how have you passed the time ? 
 
 On going away for some time :— 
 
 badahna sanbath 
 
 well may'st thou pass the time ! 
 
 badahna sanbathu 
 
 well may you pass time the time 
 
 The above are the forms most commonly used, but there 
 are numerous other forms which are occasionally used. 
 
 The plural forms are used either when addressing several 
 people or when addressing a man of position. 
 
 The invariable answer is — 
 
 Egziabher imasgan \ may God be 
 
 God may he be praised J praised . 
 
 followed immediately by similar greetings, and answers to 
 them, repeated over and over again at intervals. 
 
 A servant saying good night to his master would not use 
 the form given above ; he would say— 
 
 tena istwolain 
 
 hea ? th may he give thee for me 
 
 which means may God give thee health in answer to my 
 prayer. 
 
 The word “Egziabher,” God , is very seldom used in its 
 complete form, a contracted form, “ ezgihar” or “ egzihar ,y 
 being generally used in conversation. 
 
 how have you 
 been (since I 
 last saw you) ? 
 
 I 
 
 ;J 
 
 good-bye. 
 
42 
 
 Years, Months, and Days. 
 
 The Abyssinian year consists of 12 months of 30 days each, 
 to which are added 6 days at the end of each leap year and 5 
 days at the end of each non-leap-year so as to make up the 
 366 or 365 days. These extra days are called Pagwime, 
 and are generally treated as holidays. 
 
 Each year is named after one of the four Evangelists. 
 The Abyssinian year 1896 (“ Lucas’ ) began on our 12th of 
 September, 1903 ; thus the calendar for that year was— 
 
 English 
 
 year. English month. 
 
 1903. 12th September to \ 
 nth October J 
 
 12th October to ) 
 
 10th November f 
 
 Abyssinian 
 
 month. 
 
 Mask’aram 
 
 TL£imth 
 
 Abyssinian year. 
 
 1896 Lu-^as. 
 
 nth November to \ 
 
 ; loth December J nicar 
 
 1904. nth December to 
 9th January 
 loth January to 
 8th February 
 9th February to 
 loth March 
 nth March to 
 9th April 
 
 loth April to 
 9th May 
 10th May to 
 8th June 
 9th June to 
 8th July 
 9th July to 
 7th August 
 
 8th August to 
 6th September 
 
 l 
 
 J 
 
 } 
 
 } 
 
 l 
 
 J 
 
 } 
 
 } 
 
 J 
 
 } 
 
 } 
 
 Tahsas 
 
 Tir 
 
 Ek’atlth 
 
 Magabith 
 
 Miyazya 
 
 Gimboth 
 
 Sanne 
 
 Hamle 
 
 Nahasi 
 
 [Vide, the Sudan Almanac, published annually by the 
 Intelligence Department, Cairo, for up-to-date Amharic 
 Calendar .] 
 
43 
 
 The order of the names is :— 
 
 Luke (Lu/’as). 7 
 
 Mark (Marcos). 
 
 Matthew (Matheos). 
 
 John (Yuhannis). 
 
 The Abyssinian year is divided into four seasons which 
 are :— 
 
 1st. “ Tsadai,” from the 25th “ Mask’aram” to the 
 26th of “ Tahsas.” 
 
 2nd. “ K’aramth,” from 26th “ Tahsas” to the 26th of 
 “ Magablth,” 
 
 3rd. “ Matsau,” or “ Matau,” from 26th “ Magablth ” 
 to the 26th of “ Sanne.” 
 
 4th. “Hagai,” from 26th “Sanne” to the 25th of 
 “ Mask’aram.” 
 
 Ordinarily, however, only two seasons are taken into 
 account, viz., K’aramth, which lasts from June to September 
 and is the rainy season, and Baga, which takes in the 
 remainder of the year and is the dry season. 
 
 Days of the 
 
 week :— 
 
 Ehud, 
 
 Saino, 
 
 Mak’hsaino, 
 
 Rob, 
 
 Amus, 
 
 Arb, 
 
 K idami, 
 
 Bal, 
 
 Tom, 
 
 Sunday. 
 
 Monday. 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 Friday. 
 
 Saturday. 
 
 a feast day. 
 days of fasting. 
 
 Abyssinians are forbidden to work on feast days and 
 saints’ days, as well as Saturdays. There are two to four 
 saints’ or feast days in each week. In large towns and their 
 neighbourhoods this ordinance is not enforced, but in the 
 villages it is more or less strictly observed. 
 
44 
 
 Money, Exchange, Currency, etc. 
 
 The silver coins in circulation in Abyssinia are :—• 
 
 “ bir,” dollar , value about two shillings. 
 
 “ yabir ek’k’ul,” half-dollar , value about one shilling. 
 
 “ rub,” quarter-dollar, value about sixpence. 
 
 “ mahalla/’,” one eighth of a dollar , value about three 
 pence. 
 
 The silver coins used are the Menelik series, one lot of 
 which were coined in Italy and the other in France. On one 
 » side of these is a portrait of Menelik_ with the words 
 “ Dagmawl Menelik’ Nigusa Nagasth za-Ithyopia ; ” and on 
 the other the crowned lion of Judah, with the value of the 
 coin below it, and the words ‘' Moa Anbasa Zaim Nagad 
 Yahiida” over the lion. 
 
 There are no copper or other metal coins used. 
 
 Maria Theresa dollars are also largely in circulation ; 
 these have a portrait of Maria Theresa on one side and the 
 double eagle of Austria on the other. 
 
 In the vicinity of towns these coins are fairly numerous, 
 but in the country districts bars of rock salt, about twelve 
 inches long (called chaw or chiw), and the cartridges of the 
 Gras rifle form the chief currency. 
 
 The marketable value of these varies from time to time ; 
 on an average a “chiw” is equal to about a quarter of a 
 dollar, and twelve to fourteen cartridges go to a dollar. 
 
 Merchandise is also exchanged for produce, native-made 
 cloth, sheep, cattle, etc. 
 
 In bartering, certain articles have a more or less fixed 
 value as compared with others, but as a rule it is a matter of 
 agreement between the parties. Cloth is invariably sold by 
 the k’end, or cubit. Small quantities of grain or flour are 
 sold by the “ /hmnah ” = about a quart and a half; large 
 quantities are sold by the dawalla = a sack. Cotton thread 
 and the more valuable articles of merchandise are sold by the 
 woldth = one ounce : to represent which the dollar coins are 
 generally used. Liquids, e.g., tej and taba (an intoxicating 
 drink and a weak beer, respectively), are sold by the gombo, 
 an earthen vessel holding about three gallons. 
 
 Fairs are held once or twice a week in most districts, 
 where goods are sold, bought, or bartered. 
 
45 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Camp Life. 
 
 Master — 
 
 enanth 
 
 you 
 
 thik’alu 
 
 pitch 
 
 dajju 
 the door 
 
 awora 
 
 dust 
 
 lijoch 
 
 boys 
 
 dunk’wanun 
 the tent 
 
 wadih 
 
 towards here 
 
 ihun 
 let it be 
 
 endaigaba 
 f in order that it ) 
 
 may not enter J 
 
 Servant — 
 
 dunk’wanu thathak’wal ika 
 the tent is pitched furniture 
 
 igaba 
 
 may it go in ? 
 
 Master — 
 
 awan tholo balu 
 
 yes tholo say (be quick) 
 
 alga wada k’abarobeth 
 
 bed towards the back 
 
 k-Y\\\ 
 
 ihun 
 let it be 
 
 satannu 
 the box 
 
 wada 
 
 to 
 
 right 
 
 as/’amtu 
 
 put 
 
 darswaln or darsoal wayi 
 is it ready ? 
 
 lidars naw thinnish 
 
 about to be ready it is little 
 
 i-arra 
 
 is left , or remains 
 
 You boys, pitch the 
 tent . 
 
 Let the door face this 
 way, so that the 
 dust will not get 
 in. 
 
 The tent is pitched, is 
 the furniture to be 
 put in ? 
 
 Yes, be quick about it. 
 
 Pttt the bed at the 
 back , and the box 
 to the right (as you 
 go in). 
 
 Is it ready ? 
 
 Lt is nearly ready, 
 there is a little 
 more to do. 
 
4 6 
 
 Master — 
 
 wathbeth wadeth heda 
 cook where he has gone 
 
 Servant — 
 
 mesa ikakled 
 dinner he is cooking 
 
 Master — 
 
 fith wiha ifala balaw 
 first water let it boil tell him 
 
 Servant -— 
 
 ishshi or ihun 
 very well or may it be so 
 
 Servant — 
 
 shae darswal or darsoal getha 
 tea is ready master 
 
 Master — 
 
 dag bagabatha layi as^amtaw 
 good 07 i table top put it 
 
 finjal wadeth nachaw 
 clips where they are ? 
 
 Servant — 
 
 yamattal itarragalu 
 
 he will bring f they are being 1 
 \ cleaned f 
 
 Master — 
 
 fanusoch abaru Bahama 
 lamps light (plural) darkness 
 
 matta 
 is come 
 
 k’asmoch badahna 
 
 pegs well 
 
 thamathawaln 
 di'iven in are ? 
 
 Where has the cook 
 gone to, or, what 
 has become ofi the 
 cook ? 
 
 He is cooking the 
 dinner. 
 
 Tell him to boil the 
 water first. 
 
 Very well. 
 
 Tea is ready , sir. 
 
 Good, put it on the 
 table. 
 
 Where ai-e the cups ? 
 
 He will bring them, 
 they are being 
 washed, or cleaned. 
 
 Light the lamps, it is 
 gettiiig dai’k. 
 
 Are the pegs well 
 driven in ? 
 
47 
 
 Servant — 
 
 awan getha, nagar gin 
 yes master but 
 
 dammo enmathachawalen 
 again we will drive them in 
 
 Master — 
 
 arag, fasas yallam, zinab 
 
 hulloa trench is not rain 
 
 bimatta wiha 
 
 if it comes water 
 
 aigabam 
 
 will it not enter l 
 Servant — 
 
 fasas k’wifaru biye 
 
 trench dig you saying 
 
 alahuachaw ersachaw gin 
 
 I said to them, they but 
 
 rassawal imaslain 
 
 have forgotten, it appears to me. 
 
 Master — 
 
 dajju izaga 
 
 the door let it be shut 
 
 batwathm asnasain 
 
 and in the morning wake me. 
 
 Servant — 
 
 basinth saat 
 
 at how much hour 
 
 Master — 
 
 sinaga 
 
 when the day dawns, 
 
 enanth lijjoch. 
 you boys 
 
 Servant — 
 
 abeth, 
 
 sir 
 
 Yes, sir, but we wile 
 drive them in more. 
 
 Hullo! there is no 
 trench ; if it i-ains, 
 will the water not 
 get in l 
 
 I told them to dig a 
 trench, but it seems 
 that they have for¬ 
 gotten to do so. 
 
 Shut the door and 
 wake me in the 
 morning. 
 
 At what ti 7 ne ? 
 
 At dawn. 
 You boys! 
 
48 
 
 Master — 
 
 k’abthochun balalith badahna 
 the horses, etc . at night well 
 
 endathatab/6u ihun, 
 
 that you guard let it be, 
 
 awri endaias- 
 
 wild animals so that they 
 
 farachaw. 
 
 do not frighten them . 
 
 Servant — 
 ihun 
 
 so may it be 
 
 zabainoch 
 
 watchmen 
 
 getha 
 
 master 
 
 alia 
 
 there are 
 
 sosth 
 
 three 
 
 You must guard the 
 horses, etc , well at 
 night so that the 
 zvild aiiimals do 
 not frighten than. 
 
 Very well, sir, there 
 are three men on 
 watch. 
 
 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 
 
 A Traveller and a Guide, 
 
 BaHarrarge 
 by Harrar 
 
 Dildesa 
 
 Jildesa 
 
 mangad binhed 
 
 road if we go 
 
 basinth ka.n 
 
 in how many days 
 
 engaballen 
 we shall reach l 
 
 K’Addis Ababa 
 from Addis Ababa 
 
 baShSa mangad 
 
 by Shoa road 
 
 thanasthan 
 
 starting 
 
 adargan 
 
 doing 
 
 Dildesa basinth Z’an 
 
 Jildesa in hozv many days 
 
 endarsallen 
 we shall reach ? 
 
 manachaw mangad ishalanal 
 
 7 . , r.j , f zvill be the "I 
 
 which of them read \ hslfor m j 
 
 If zve go by zuay of 
 Harrar, in how 
 many days shall zve 
 reach Jildesa ? 
 
 Starting from Addis 
 Ababa and going 
 by the Shoa road in 
 how many days 
 shall zve reach 
 Jildesa ? 
 
 Which road will it be 
 best foe us to take t 
 
49 
 
 semakh min ibalal 
 
 your name what is called ? 
 
 seme Gabru naw 
 my name Gabru is 
 
 k’awadethainaw agar naw 
 from wherabouts country it is 
 
 yamattah 
 
 that you have come ? 
 
 k’aShoa mattahu 
 from Shoa I came 
 
 k’athama naw way is 
 
 town it is or 
 
 gizath 
 
 province 
 
 naw 
 
 it is ? 
 
 gizath naw 
 
 province it is 
 
 k’abetheh atagab 
 
 by your house alongside 
 
 yalla k’athama semu 
 that which is town its name 
 
 min ibalal 
 zvhat is called ? 
 
 gazhu man ibalal 
 
 the mler of it who he is called ? 
 
 yak’athama shiimii man naw 
 of the town the chief who he is ? 
 
 yak’athama shumii-naw 
 
 of town the chief he is, 
 
 gazhum-ibalalu 
 
 and the rider he is called 
 
 shumathu mindir naw 
 his rank what is ? 
 
 dajjazmach nachaw 
 dajjazmdch they are 
 (8166) 
 
 What is your name t 
 
 My name is Gabru. 
 
 i 
 
 What part of the 
 country do you 
 come ? or where¬ 
 abouts do you come 
 from ? 
 
 I come from Shoa, or 
 I came from Shoa. 
 
 Is it a town or a 
 province l 
 
 It is a province. 
 
 What is the name of 
 the iozvn near your 
 house ? 
 
 What is the name of 
 the ruler of it ? 
 
 Who is the chief of 
 the town ? 
 
 The chief of the town 
 
 is -, and the 
 
 ruler is called -. 
 
 What is his rank ? 
 
 He is a Dajjazmach. 
 
 D 
 
50 
 
 endamin bazih sefra 
 
 how at this place 
 
 thagainah 
 
 have you found yourself? 
 
 laguddai mattahu 
 
 on business I came 
 
 sirah ba/’anthoh 
 
 your work rightly for you 
 
 r/zarrassak’n 
 has it finished for you ? 
 
 ijigm aUanainim 
 
 much it has not been right for me. 
 
 bawadethaifiaw mangad mattah 
 by whereabouts road came you ? 
 
 bakaki mangad mattahu 
 by Akaki road I came 
 
 or 
 
 esk’a tadecha malk’a diras 
 
 as far Tadecha Mali*?a as 
 
 ba-mangad mattahu 
 
 by - road / came, 
 
 k’azlya bawra mangad 
 from there by main road 
 mattahu 
 I came. 
 
 bamanachaw k’athama 
 
 by which of the 77 i town . 
 
 alfah naw mattah 
 having passed it is came you l 
 
 K’addis Ababa thanasche 
 
 from Addis Ababa 1 having started 
 Akaki gabbahuin, dammo 
 Akaki / etitered agai)i 
 
 k’azlya thanasche 
 
 fro 77 i there I having started 
 
 Ank’obar gabbahu 
 A nkvbar I entei-ed. 
 
 What did you co 7 tie 
 for? 
 
 / came on business. 
 
 Have you been success¬ 
 ful in your work ? 
 (or business). 
 
 / have not bee 7 i very 
 successful. 
 
 Which road did you 
 co 77 ie by ? 
 
 I ca 77 ie by the road 
 through Akaki. 
 
 As far as Tadecha 
 A/alk'a I ca 77 ie by 
 
 - road y fro 77 i 
 
 there I ca 77 ie by the 
 7 nain road. 
 
 What tow 7 is did you 
 pass through on 
 your way here ? 
 
 Starting fro 77 i Addis 
 Ababa I went to 
 Akaki, and from 
 there I went to 
 Ankobar. 
 
basinth £an gabbahn 
 in how many days did you enter ? 
 
 basra simminth /£an mattahu 
 in ten eight days I came 
 
 yalt yalt thagwazahn 
 
 daily did you march ? 
 
 a wan, k’ahud ba£ar and 
 
 yes, Sim day except one 
 
 Z’an bamissar midir 
 
 day at Missar Midir 
 
 walahu 
 
 / spent the forenoon . 
 
 lalt sinth sinth yahil 
 
 daily about hozv much equal 
 
 thagwazahn 
 did you travel.? 
 
 tahai sithanasa 
 
 sun from when it rose 
 
 esk’ 
 as long 
 
 ek’k’ul 
 
 /£an 
 
 diras 
 
 
 eqtial 
 
 day 
 
 as 
 
 
 mangadu 
 
 ' dagg 
 
 nawn 
 
 wayis 
 
 the road 
 
 good 
 
 is it 
 
 or 
 
 k’ifu 
 
 
 
 
 bad? 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 andu 
 
 sefra 
 
 dagg 
 
 one 
 
 one 
 
 place 
 
 good 
 
 nabbar 
 
 and 
 
 andu 
 
 gin 
 
 it was. 
 
 one 
 
 one 
 
 but 
 
 ijig k’ifu nabbar 
 very bad it was. 
 
 bawadethainaw sefra bak’k’ul naw 
 
 at about where place about is it 
 
 k’ifu yanabbar 
 bad that it was ? 
 
 (8166) 
 
 How long did it take 
 you ? or how many 
 days did it take 
 you ? 
 
 I came in eighteen 
 days, or I got here 
 in eighteen days. 
 
 Did you travel every 
 day ? 
 
 Yes, except on Sun¬ 
 day, I spent the 
 forenoon at Missar 
 Midir. 
 
 About how far did 
 you travel each day ? 
 
 From sunrise till mid¬ 
 day. 
 
 Is the road good or 
 bad? 
 
 In some places it was 
 good, but in others 
 it was very bad. 
 
 Whereabouts was it 
 that it was bad? 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 ba-na ba-sefra bak’k’ul 
 
 at and at place about 
 
 naw 
 it is. 
 
 bizu Z’uU'ulath allabathn 
 
 much steepness is there in it? 
 
 a wan or allu 
 yes there are 
 
 sila mandgadii k’ifathu 
 on account the road the badness 
 
 ba/£lochun maragaf asfallagahn 
 the mules unloading was it necessary 
 
 for you? 
 
 ayl maragaf alasfallagainm 
 oh unloading it was not necessary 
 
 for me. 
 
 k’a - esk’a - mangadu 
 
 from up to the road 
 
 thawa/£allahn? 
 do you know ? 
 
 awaX’allahu 
 I know it. 
 
 sinth gize ihonal mangadun 
 how many times would it be the road 
 or is it 
 
 yathamalallasek’aw 
 that you have been along it? 
 
 bizu gize 
 many times 
 
 larAana k’abth ima^aln 
 for laden animals is it ft? 
 
 imar^al 
 it is ft 
 
 At - and - it 
 
 is bad. 
 
 Are there many steep 
 places in it ? 
 
 There are. 
 
 Did you find it neces¬ 
 sary to unload the 
 mules on account of 
 the badness of the 
 road ? 
 
 Oh no, I did not find 
 it necessary to tin- 
 load. 
 
 Do you know the road 
 from - to - ? 
 
 Yes, I do. 
 
 A bout how many 
 times have you been 
 along the road? 
 
 Alany times. 
 
 Is it ft for laden 
 animals ? 
 
 Yes, it is. 
 
53 
 
 ahun bahwala mache naw mangadun 
 now after when it is the road 
 
 yahedak’aw 
 that you have gone it 
 
 When was the last 
 time you travelled 
 by the road before 
 this ? 
 
 hulath war ihonal 
 
 two months it will be 
 
 It is about tzvo months 
 ago. 
 
 mangadun endamin againak’aw 
 the road how like did you find it? 
 
 What did you find 
 the road zvas like ? 
 
 imbizam k’ifu alnabbaram 
 not very bad it was not 
 
 It zvas not very bad. 
 
 ijig yamlyachaggar sefra 
 
 very which distressing is place 
 
 bizu allabathn 
 
 many is there in it ? 
 
 Are there many very 
 trying places in it? 
 
 hulath sefra k’abbad <r/nnath 
 
 two places heavy load 
 
 lar^ana k’abth k’ifu naw 
 
 for laden animals bad is 
 
 In two places it is bad 
 for heavily laden 
 animals. 
 
 k’azlh thanasthah basinth 
 
 from here having started in how many 
 
 £an thegabballah 
 
 days will you enter 
 
 Startingfrom here in 
 how many days 
 will you arrive 
 there ? 
 
 lafatana saw zatain lean ' idarsal 
 for a fast man nine days he will 
 
 arri ve 
 
 lalfatana saw hiya arath 
 
 for not a fast man twenty four 
 
 kan ifalgal 
 
 days it wants. 
 
 A man travelling fast 
 will arrive in nine 
 days, but a man 
 not travelling fast 
 will want twenty- 
 four days. 
 
 lalth sinth yahil naw maftan 
 
 daily hozv much equal is it hastening 
 
 yamibal 
 
 that which is called? 
 
 How long a march 
 every day would 
 you call hastening? 
 
54 
 
 tahai sithawatta esk’a arath 
 sun when it rises till four 
 
 saath diras naw maftan 
 hours till it is hastening 
 
 malath k’asimminth saath 
 
 means, from eight hours 
 
 esk’a ek’k’ul k an diras naw 
 
 till equal clay till it is 
 
 zigg yalu mangad. 
 
 slew they road. 
 
 bamangad wiha bizu igainaln 
 
 on road water plenty will it be 
 
 found ? 
 
 aitafam or, yallarn 
 
 it will not be wanting, or there is not 
 
 wiha 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 
 
 k’andu 
 
 wiha esk’a 
 
 lela 
 
 from one 
 
 water till 
 
 other 
 
 wiha 
 
 sinth 
 
 yahil 
 
 water 
 
 hozv much 
 
 equal 
 
 iask’edal ? 
 does it make go ? 
 
 k’andu wiha 
 from one water 
 
 sinthanas 
 when we start 
 
 £an 
 day 
 
 enagainallan 
 zve shallfind. 
 
 bak’k’ul lelith 
 at equal night 
 
 bahulathaina 
 on the second 
 
 lela wiha 
 other zvater 
 
 Travelling from sun¬ 
 rise till four o'clock 
 is called hastening, 
 but going from 
 eight o'clock till 
 midday is travel¬ 
 ling slowly . 
 
 Is there plenty of 
 water along the 
 road? or can 07 ie 
 get plenty of water 
 along the road ? 
 
 Oh yes,there is plenty, 
 or there is no 
 zvater. 
 
 How far is it from 
 one water to the 
 next ? 
 
 If we start at mid¬ 
 night from one 
 water we shall 
 reach the next on 
 the second day to¬ 
 wards the evening. 
 
 wada matha 
 towards evening 
 
55 
 
 bamangadu hullu lak’abth mano 
 on the roaa all for animals fodder 
 
 igaifialn 
 
 will it be found? 
 
 bak’athama gabsna sar hullu 
 in town barley and grass all 
 
 aitafam bamangadu 
 
 will not be wanting, on the road 
 
 gin bawiha atagab 
 
 but at water beside 
 
 yalaw sar injl 
 
 that which is grass except 
 
 lela aigainm 
 
 other will not be found 
 
 wihausa yagudgwad nawn 
 as to the water, of well is it 
 
 wayis fasash ? 
 
 or stream ? 
 
 bandu sefra fasash maw, balela 
 at one place stream it is, at other 
 
 dammo gudgwad nachaw 
 
 again well there are. 
 
 agarusa meda nawn wayis 
 as to the country, plain is it or 
 
 thartharam 
 mountainous ? 
 
 esk’a — diras meda naw k’athlo 
 as far as plain it is, following 
 
 gin thartharam (or guranguram) 
 but hilly 
 
 naw 
 it is 
 
 Can one get fodder 
 for the animals all 
 along the road ? 
 
 In the towns barley 
 and grass will be 
 plentiful, but along 
 the road there is 
 nothing except the 
 grass which grows 
 near the water. 
 
 About the water, are 
 there wells or 
 streams ? 
 
 In so?)ie places there 
 are streams, in 
 others there are 
 wells. 
 
 What is the country 
 like ? is it plain or 
 mountainous ? 
 
 As far as - it is 
 
 fat, after that it is 
 hilly. 
 
56 
 
 bamangadii girana /£ain dur 
 on the road left and right forest 
 
 nawn wayis galata 
 is it or ofen ? 
 
 durim naw galatam naw. 
 
 forests there are and there is open 
 
 country. 
 
 bagalata sefra yathun yahil 
 
 in the open places what equal 
 
 girana £ain ithayal 
 left and right is it seen ? 
 
 esk’a ru/C’ diras ithayal 
 
 as far far as it is seen 
 
 yamik’alak’il nagar yallam. 
 that which prohibits thing is not. 
 
 It is open on either 
 side of the road or 
 are there forests ? 
 
 There are forests and 
 also open country. 
 
 How far can one see 
 in the ofen country? 
 
 One can see a long 
 distance, there is 
 nothing to obstruct 
 the view. 
 
 sarusa bamangad rajjim nawn 
 and the grass on the road long is it ? 
 
 thaX’atalwal 
 it has been burnt. 
 
 thararam k’amangadu min 
 
 and the hills from the road zvhat 
 
 yahil yask’edal 
 eqtial must one go ? 
 
 .thararoch xwk nachaw gin 
 
 hills far they are, but 
 
 girana Z’ain tharara 
 
 left and right mountains 
 
 huno mangadu bagudgwada 
 there being the road in valley 
 
 wisth naw 
 inside is. 
 
 How about the grass, 
 along the road, is 
 it long ? 
 
 It has been burnt. 
 
 And how far from 
 the road are the 
 hills (or moun¬ 
 tains) ? 
 
 The hills are far 
 away, but as there 
 are hills on the 
 right and left, the 
 road runs along a 
 valley. 
 
 mangadu gurangur nawn 
 the road stony is it ? 
 
 7 s the road stony ? 
 
57 
 
 ayl ashwa naw 
 oh no, sand it is. 
 
 bamangadu wanz allabathn 
 
 on the road river is there on it? 
 
 allu wanz 
 
 there are rivers 
 
 endeth ishagaralu 
 how are they crossed? 
 
 malk’a allu dildi allu 
 
 fords there are, bridges there are. 
 
 dildlus thank’ara nawn 
 
 and the bridge strong is it ? 
 
 naw 
 it is 
 
 bamin thasarthwal 
 with what made it is? 
 
 or 
 
 bamindir naw yathasarraw 
 with what it is that which made it? 
 
 babirathna bainchoth thasarthwal 
 with iron and with wood it is made. 
 
 bawanz darna daru ijig 
 at river bank and bank very 
 
 kulkul irZ’aln 
 steep is it far? 
 
 bawadihlainaw bak’k’ul ijig ru/£ naw 
 towards there at very par it is 
 
 bawadiyainaw bak’klul ka,rb naw 
 towards there at near it is. 
 
 bamalk’aw wiha talli/C’ nawn 
 at the ford water deep is it ? 
 
 Oh no , it is sandy . 
 
 Are there any rivers 
 on the road ? 
 
 Yes, there are. 
 
 How does one cross 
 than ? 
 
 There are both fords 
 and bridges. 
 
 And are the bridges 
 strong ? 
 
 Yes. 
 
 What is it made of? 
 
 It is made of iron 
 and wood. 
 
 Are the banks very 
 steep ? 
 
 The near bank is 
 very steep, but the 
 farther bank is not 
 
 so. 
 
 Is the water deep at 
 the ford ? 
 
53 
 
 ijig tallL£ aidollam esk’a 
 
 very deep it is not, up to 
 
 gulbath diras bicha naw 
 
 knee up to only it is. 
 
 fasashu hailaina naw wayi 
 
 the stream strong is it ? 
 
 bak’aramth saw iwasdal ba/Ho 
 in the rains man it takes, mule 
 iwasdal ahun gin dahna 
 
 it takes now but good 
 
 ' naw 
 it is. 
 
 bawiha wisth dingiyam nawn 
 in water inside stony is it 
 
 wayis ashwa 
 or sand ? 
 
 ashwa naw 
 sand it is. 
 
 It is not very deep , it 
 comes up to the 
 knees. 
 
 Is the stream strong ? 
 
 In the rains men and 
 nudes are sometimes 
 carried away by it, 
 but at present it is 
 all right. 
 
 Is the bottom stony or 
 sandy ? 
 
 It is sandy. 
 
 LOCAL INFORMATION. 
 
 i. (a) K’a-esk’a- diras 
 
 From to as far as 
 
 min yahil mangad naw 
 
 ■ what equal road is ? 
 
 (b) K’azih thanasthan la 
 From here we having started to 
 
 - basinth saath 
 
 - in hozv many hours 
 
 engabalan 
 we shall reach ? 
 
 or, 
 
 K’azih - sinth 
 
 From here - how many 
 
 saath mangad naw 
 hours road it is ? 
 
 (e) nigaraifl ebakeh 
 
 tell me I beseech you 
 
 i. (a) How far is it 
 from here to - ? 
 
 (b) In how many 
 hours can one 
 reach - ? 
 
 (c) Please tell me. 
 
59 
 
 2 . yazih agar semu min 
 of this district the name what ? 
 
 ibalal yaziya mandar 
 
 is called ? of that village ? 
 
 yaziyah tharara 
 of that mountain ? 
 
 3. yamandar ala/’au wadeth 
 
 of village the chief where- 
 
 bak’kul naw 
 abouts is ? 
 
 2. What is the name 
 of this district? that 
 village ? that hill ? 
 
 3. Where is the chief 
 man of the village ? 
 
 4. Semu 
 his name 
 
 min ibalal 
 
 what is called ? 
 
 4. What is his 
 name ? 
 
 5. and saw ihid na balaw 
 one man go come say to him 
 
 5. Send some one to 
 fetch him. 
 
 6. Hidna na balaw 
 
 go and come say to him 
 
 7. K’azih sefra bahwala wadeth 
 
 this place after zvhere- 
 
 bak’kul wiha iganal 
 abouts water zvill be found? 
 
 6 . Go andfetch him. 
 
 7. Where is the next 
 water ? 
 
 8. rnh naw wayi 
 
 far it is ? 
 
 8. Is it far on ? 
 
 bizu 
 
 naw ; 
 
 wiha 
 
 much 
 
 there is 
 
 zvater ? 
 
 malk’am 
 
 nawn 
 
 
 good 
 
 is it ? 
 
 
 9. Is there there 
 much of it ? Is it 
 good ? 
 
 10. sila sawoche 
 
 for my men 
 
 efalgallehu 
 / require 
 
 sin£ 
 
 supplies 
 
 IO. / want supplies 
 for my party. 
 
6 o 
 
 II. Injera na bagg, tej, talla, 
 breads and sheep, tej, talla, 
 
 far!, athak’elth, mar, Zibe 
 fruit, vegetables , honey, butter , 
 
 wathatham 
 milk, and 
 
 magab 
 
 forage 
 
 ebaZeh 
 
 please 
 
 12 . Mangadu 
 the road 
 
 bamangadu 
 on the road 
 
 alia wayi 
 there is ? 
 
 dirZ nawa 
 d?y it is ? 
 
 sila k’abthoch 
 for animals 
 
 amattalin \ 
 or, endathamatta / 
 bring me 
 
 dehna 
 
 naw 
 
 good 
 
 it is ? 
 
 bizu 
 
 chiko. 
 
 much 
 
 mud 
 
 s iwalZal 
 
 wayi 
 
 man slips ? 
 
 1 1. Please bring 
 breads, sheeps tej, 
 talla, fruit , vege¬ 
 tables, honey , but¬ 
 ter, milk , corn, 
 
 forage. 
 
 12. Zr road good 
 for travelling ? 
 muddy ? slippery ? 
 dry ? 
 
 AMHARIC LETTERS AND DOCUMENTS. 
 
 I. 
 
 yathalak’a k’aDajazmach gabra sillasi 
 
 That which is sent from Dajazmach slave of Trinity 
 
 yathak’k’aze yawar milash , gazh idiras 
 
 .of ThaPPaze of War turning ruler, may it reach 
 
 k’awadaje ‘ WaldS Yasus endeth sanabbathu ine 
 
 with my friend Walda Yasus how have you been ? I 
 
 dahna nain Egziabher imasgan esk’a zare 
 
 well I am God may be praised. till to-day 
 
 almalak’e k’azih manorwun bala- 
 
 my not having sent from here your dwelling without 
 
6i 
 
 wa/ naw yan zatain satun Adwa yanabbara 
 
 knowing it is, those nine boxes Adua which were v 
 
 bak’irai adirge sadjihvo nabbar 
 
 by hire having done having sent to you it was-. 
 
 madirasun almadirasun endiasthawa/uin. 
 
 their arrival their non arrival that you let me know 
 
 (,let it be). 
 
 yichin yarswon r/ira balagar bamangadu againtho- 
 this your fiy whisk farmer on road having found 
 
 amattalin k’arswo aichath nabbara yik’awu 
 
 brought me, with you I having seen it it was this 
 
 sadjilwo allahu 
 
 / having sent to you I am. 
 
 dam mom wadeth 
 and also where 
 
 hidaw 
 
 you having gone 
 
 bahiya /’an 
 
 on 20th day 
 
 Addis Ababa 
 Addis Ababa. 
 
 naw k’azlh yarsum 
 
 you are here of you 
 
 sammahii 
 I heard. 
 
 gimboth thatafa 
 
 Ginboth that zvhich is zvritten. 
 
 Free Translation. —From Dajazmach Gabra Sillasi, 
 Governor of the district between the Thakkaze and the War, 
 to my f riend Walda Yasus. How have you been ? I, thank 
 the Lord, am well. Up to now I have not written to you as 
 I did not know where you were. 1 hired transport and sent 
 on those nine boxes zvhich were at Adua. Let 7 ne know whether 
 they arrived or not. I send you yotir fly-whisk, which was 
 found on the road by a fawner and brought to me. I knew it 
 zvas yours because L had seen you with it. Lt was only on 
 my arrival here that L heard where you zvere. Written at 
 Addis Ababa on the 20 th day of Gimboth. 
 
 2 . 
 
 malek’ith 
 
 Message 
 
 zamangesth 
 of kingdom 
 
 zafanawa Petros li/a papasatlt 
 
 sent by Petros Chief Bishop 
 
 Ithybpya gabru wahawaryahu la Yasus 
 Ethiopia slave and Apostle for fesus 
 
62 
 
 Christos waldii la^addusa Mark’ds Wangelawi 
 Christ born to the Saint Mark Evangelist, 
 
 idiras k’alije k’Atho Mik’ael endeth 
 
 may it reach to my son to At ho Mikael; how 
 
 adrahal ine Egziabher imasgan 
 
 have you passed the night, I God may He be praised, 
 
 dahna 
 
 nain 
 
 yadabdabewiin nagar 
 
 yalijun 
 
 well 
 
 / am 
 
 of my letter subject, 
 
 of the boy, 
 
 anth 
 
 aswasalain 
 
 semu Basta Abid 
 
 thoti 
 
 keep in mindfor me. 
 
 his name Basta Abid 
 
 Elgaddus naw 
 
 inem 
 
 wada Managasha 
 
 mahede 
 
 Elgaddus it is. 
 
 / myselj 
 
 to Afanagasha 
 
 my going 
 
 naw 
 
 yamark’osn bal 
 
 k’awandime gara 
 
 lamawal 
 
 it is, 
 
 of Mark 
 
 feast 
 
 with my brother 
 
 to spend, 
 
 /ddame 
 
 emalsallahu 
 
 Miyazya asra 
 
 siddisth 
 
 Sattirday I shall return. 
 
 Miyazya ten 
 
 six 
 
 £an 
 
 shl 
 
 simminth 
 
 matho zatana 
 
 ammisth 
 
 day 
 
 thozisand 
 
 eight 
 
 hundred ninety 
 
 five 
 
 amafh 
 
 meherath 
 
 thatafa 
 
 Addis Ababa 
 
 
 year 
 
 grace 
 
 written. 
 
 Addis Ababa. 
 
 
 The message of Petros, Archbishop of the kingdom of 
 Ethiopia, slave and Apostle of Jesus Christ, born of Saint 
 Mark the Evangelist, may it reach my son Atlio Mikael. 
 How are you ? I am well, may God be praised. Please keep 
 in mind the subject of my letter, the young man, his name is 
 Basta A bid Elgaddus. I myself am going to Managasha to 
 spend the feast of Saint Mark zuith my brother. I shall be 
 back on Saturday. Written at Addis Ababa on the 16th day 
 of Miyazya, in the year of grace, one thousand eight hundred 
 and ninety-five. 
 
 idiras 
 
 may it reach 
 
 3 - 
 
 k’a Wohni Azzazh 
 to Wuhni Azzazh 
 
 Wald a 
 Walda 
 
 k’abizu salamtha bahwala wada Addis 
 -many salutations after. To Addis 
 
 Tadi/£ 
 
 Tadik 
 
 Ababa 
 
 Ababa 
 
Iijoch : lik’e . allahu 
 boys having sent I am 
 
 thamalsaw imattalu 
 
 having returned they will come, 
 
 ya/f’idame simminth 
 
 of Saturday eight 
 
 r ( 
 
 yafi/fedin wara/fethna 
 of will letter and 
 
 sin/’im 
 
 provisions and 
 
 ya^arrawin 
 that which remains 
 
 guddai 
 
 necessaries 
 
 izawlin imattalu esk'imattu diras 
 
 having got for me they "will come. Till they come, 
 
 simminth yahil gimal “ biyasbulin tirade 
 
 eight equal camels if you think of for me, my desire 
 
 nabbar yalijdchu magbath bahwala tholo lamansath 
 it was, of the boys entrance after soon for starting 
 
 basab naw dammon bahararge yarnfalgawin 
 in thought it is. Also at Harrar that which 1 want 
 
 guddai adarge thasanadiche end/^oi 
 
 necessaries I having done I having collected that I zvait 
 
 blye naw 
 
 / having said, it is. 
 
 May it reach the Wuhni Azzazh Walda Tadik, zuith 
 many salutations. I have sent boys to Addis Ababa for the 
 Emperor’s permit, as well as for provisions and other 
 necessaries, and they will return on Saturday week. I 
 would be obliged if, by the time they come back, you would be 
 so kind as to get about eight camels for me, as I want to start 
 very soon after their return. My idea is to get what may be 
 necessary and make all arrangements and zvait at Harrar. 
 
 4 - 
 
 Reply to the above letter. 
 
 PTAln : VUDUi, : A HU I - : (DAY. : 
 : YYV’.tl : Yimj.SC : A AT : 
 : iVi-nTVA : : H.A 
 
64 
 
 •n<h,C : .eno^n : K'Jf : ft : P^ow 
 
 A'} ; n,ir^ : >»il : : P™ 
 
 l i.K'l : n : : YUDE^IUJE : PQ. 
 
 : (I) 4 'T , 'I‘ : : £IK 1 : 
 
 nH.lP : nYl A : ?M,R : PO’W : iprofl 
 
 Yl«i9 n : I1ES <Fi : T8<i. : 
 
 (I)(2) (3)* 
 
 yathalak’a k’aWohni Azzazh Walda Tadi/r 
 
 that which is sent from Wuhni Azzazh Walda Tadik y 
 
 idiras K’amajir Alon endeth sanbithahal 
 
 may it reach to Major Alone how have you been 
 
 ine egziabher imasgan dahna nain 
 
 I God may He be praised well I am. 
 
 yagimalun bihon ishshi efalgallahu yamahedun 
 of camels if it is, very well, I shall search, of going 
 
 gin bihon k’awada Janhoe yafi/’ad wara/’ath 
 but if it is, from toxvards Janhoe of will letter 
 
 endathamatta ihun 
 that you bring let it be, 
 
 yamil baMask’aram 
 %vhieh says. In Mask'aram 
 
 bazlhii bak’k’ul ihid 
 
 at here about he may go 
 
 baheya siddisth /’an thatafa. 
 on twenty six day written. 
 
 From the Wuhni Azzazh Walda Tadik may it reach 
 Major Alone, How have you been ? I, thank God, am well. 
 As to the camels, all right, I shall look for some, but about 
 your going away, you must get a permit from the Emperor 
 authorising you to leave this neighbourhood. Written on the 
 2(sth day of Maskaranu 
 
 * (i) baheya (2) siddisth (3) /’an. 
 
65 
 
 5 - 
 
 The Emperor’s Permit. 
 
 qn«4 : ATflft : H>»9«*V1R : £U-R : 
 
 R«iaq«E . qoi.Aft : B 00 : 
 
 ■n<h.C : I'l'UI : VI : HA/fP-*\P :: 
 ytm : R-nsn. •. p.ph : '"jy.c. : 
 
 A A'} : Poq.1A : PA'i'/A.'l I : ‘"'Tl 
 .ii’T : fl(1). : YnV«nC : IIARA : 00 i 
 iy: : ARCi : ®K : rhRO. : RH-RAT : 
 APi'i r-TU- : flRR, ; AtTnAftA- :: 
 <ni flYl/// 11 ; m ‘|>'j ; XwEiz - 
 
 Mask’aram 30 day (i)(2)(3)(4)(5)* amath 
 
 year 
 
 : TX6. : : 
 
 moa anba c a zaimnagad yahuda dagmawl Minilik* 
 conquering lion of the tribe of Juda second Minilik 
 
 siyum Egziabher nigusa nagasth zalthyopya 
 grace God king of kings of Ethiopia. 
 
 yehnan 
 
 dabdabi 
 
 yayaza 
 
 Major Alon 
 
 This 
 
 letter 
 
 he who holds Major Alone 
 
 yamlbal 
 
 yaingllz 
 
 mangesth 
 
 saw k’Ank’obar 
 
 who is called , 
 
 of English 
 
 kingdom 
 
 man, from Ankobar t 
 
 * (1} 1000 'i 
 
 
 
 (2) Fig. 8 | 
 
 
 
 ( 3 ) » 
 
 100 ]- — 
 
 1000 + (8 
 
 X 100) + 90 + 6 
 
 ( 4 ) ,, 
 
 90 | 
 
 
 
 ( 5 ) >> 
 
 6 J 
 
 
 
 (8166) 
 
 
 
 E 
 
66 
 
 Adal mangad adirgo wada Hararge ihedalna 
 A dal road he having done, to Harar he is going as, 
 
 iyashainachihu 
 you having seen off 
 
 sidadu athk’alk’ilu 
 
 send him do you not forbid him 
 {on his way) 
 
 Mask’aram salasa /£an ski simminth matho 
 
 ■Jllasfcaram thirty day one thousand eight hundred 
 
 zatana siddisth • amath meherath thatafa 
 ninety six year grace written. 
 
 The conquering lion of the tribe of Juda, the second 
 MiniliE, by the grace of God king of kings of Ethiopia. 
 
 The bearer of this letter, one Major Alone, a British 
 Officer, is going from Ankobar to Harrar by way of the 
 Adal country. Assist him on his way, and do not prohibit 
 him from going. Written on the yoth day of Mask'aram, in 
 the year of Grace one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six. 
 
 6 . 
 
 Preamble to the Treaty made by the Emperor 
 Minilik and Sir Rennell Rodd, signed at Addis 
 Ababa on the 14TH of May, 1897. 
 
 Janhoe dagmawi Minilik’ ba Egziabher tsagga 
 
 fanhoe second Minilik by God - grace 
 
 yalthyopya nigusa nagasth yahonuna nigesth 
 
 of Ethiopia king of kings he who being and Queen 
 
 Bik’thorya 
 
 Victoria 
 
 baEgziabher 
 . by God 
 
 tsagga 
 
 grace 
 
 yathilli/’wa 
 
 of the great 
 
 Birthanyana yalrland nigesth 
 Britain and of Ireland Queen 
 
 yaHindim yanigesthath 
 of India and of kings 
 
 nigesth yahonu bahulathu nagasthath mangasth 
 
 Queen she who being, in the tzvo kings kingdoms 
 
 yanabbarawin fi/Hrachawin ti/dm yalaw 
 
 which was friendship useful which is to them. 
 
67 
 
 yatana yathagallata 
 
 that which is that which is manifest, 
 
 endihon 
 
 so that it may be, 
 
 k’alawaddadu 
 from the beloved 
 
 yathaZ’abbala 
 who has received, 
 
 nigesth bithorya niulu saltan 
 
 Queen Victoria full pozvers 
 
 yathak’ak’ala ba/£addus Mik’ael 
 he who follows, with Saint Michael 
 
 ba/’addus Giyorgis 
 
 ■with Saint George 
 
 nishan thashalmo 
 
 order having been adorned, 
 
 yak’abbara Jems Rennel Rod 
 
 who is honoured, fames Kennell Rodd, 
 
 yamibal endarasachawin lik’aw 
 
 who is called, as herself having sent, 
 
 Esk’ayar 
 Esquire, 
 
 Janhoe 
 
 Janhoe 
 
 yalthyopya nigusa nagasth hunaw thawaddaw 
 of Ethiopia king of kings he being, having wanted. 
 
 thasmamthaw larasachawim lawarashochachawim 
 .having agreed for themselves and for their heirs 
 
 lathak’athaiochachawim endihon k’athlb 
 
 andfor their successors, that it may be, following 
 
 yamitafawin 
 that which is written 
 
 yawiil 
 of treaty 
 
 k’fil 
 
 parts 
 
 hullu 
 
 all 
 
 thawawalu 
 they have agreed to. 
 
 His Majesty Minilik the Second, king of kings of Ethiopia 
 by the Grace of God, and Her Alajesty Victoria, by the Grace 
 of God Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of 
 India, being desirous of strengthening and rendering more 
 useful and profitable the ancient friendship which has existed 
 between their respective kingdoms; Her Majesty Victoria 
 having appointed as Her special Envoy and rep?'esenlative to 
 His Majesty the Emperor Minilik II, James Rennell 
 Rodd, Esq., Compa 7 iio 7 i of the Most Disthiguished Order of 
 Savit Michael a 7 id Samt George, whose full pozvers have bee 7 i 
 fotmd in due andpi-oper form, and his Majesty the E 7 npe 7 'or 
 Minilik II, negotiating in his own na 7 ne as king of kings of 
 Ethiopia, they have agreed tipon and do conclude the 
 following articles, which shall be binding on themselves, their 
 heirs, a/id successors. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 E 2 
 
68 
 
 TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH INTO AMHARIC. 
 
 (Extract from pages 248-9 of Major Powell Cotton’s. 
 
 “Shooting Trip through Abyssinia.”) 
 
 English. 
 
 Major Cotton’s Servant speaks :—After starting- 
 from here, I let the mule graze at some water that I came to, 
 and after a while 1 went on and passed the night at a village 
 near Angevera. Next morning as I sat on the bank of the 
 Futtem river to drink, with my rife across my knees and the 
 nmle beside me, ten men suddenly ran upon me from behind, 
 took away my rifle, the mule, and the letters which were in 
 my waistband . I know that they were Fas Warge's soldiers-. 
 They accused me of having been in the Italian service and 
 having fought against them, and of now being in the service 
 of an Englishman ; they beat me and left me tied up for two 
 hours. They then released me, and gave me back my rifle 
 and my mule, and told me to go back to my master and tell 
 him that they had taken the letters. 1 returned to the place 
 where I had slept the night before, and the owner of the house 
 in which I had slept showed me a road zvhich avoided Bure, 
 Fas Warge's town. I waited till nightfall and started in 
 the dark. The man guided me till midnight when we fottnd 
 a road that I knew, and then he returned. At daybreak I 
 hid myself in some bush near some water. For three nights 
 I went on thus, at times on the mule, and at times zvalking, 
 avoiding all large villages, but on the fourth night, when 
 going down a steep place, the mule fell, and both of us rolled 
 down into the valley. When / got zip Ifound that the mule 
 had been injured, but I led it along till we reached the Abbai 
 {Blue Nile) the second night. Here, after drinking some 
 water, the mule fell dozvn dead, so 1 took off the saddle and 
 bridle and crossed the river. Having gained the farther 
 bank / said to myself now 1 am safe. 
 
 Three days after crossing the river I arrived at Addis 
 Ababa, but when I got there, / found Mr. Birru had gone 
 out, and that Air. Alakelvie zvas sick. The next day 
 Mr. Birru took me to the Emperor's house, and after the 
 Emperor had heard Captain Harrington's letter {read out to 
 
69 
 
 him), 1 was taken before him . He asked me whether I was 
 the man from whom they had taken the letters, and also asked 
 me how my ??iaster had been received at Debra Markos. 1 told 
 him that when we arrived at his town, King Theklcc 
 Haimanoth and the Queen were in the country, but that 
 the Fithawraries had given us plenty of food and had also 
 given us a guide to take us to Ras Warge, and that Ras 
 IVarge had also received my master well, and had given us 
 plenty of provisions. The guide, who was a Basha, 
 continually told us that there zvas plenty of game ahead, but 
 not finding any game anywhere, my master zvas very angry, 
 and said that he had not come to this country to listen to lies. 
 They said that he was only permitted to shoot in Simien and 
 nowhere else. Hear mg this my master said he would not go 
 on, he zvould wait where he was, and ordered letters to be 
 written and gave them to me and told me to go quickly to the' 
 Emperor. The Emperor asked me how it was that his orders 
 zvhich the letters contained had not been obeyed. I anszvered 
 that the Basha had said that the permits only allowed my 
 master to shoot in Simien and on the road, but not off the 
 road on either side. On hearing this the Emperor zvas very 
 angry and asked me about many matters. Then he ordered 
 other letters to be written, and told me that 1 must start the 
 next morning. 1 told the Emperor that as they had beaten 
 me once and robbed me, I zvas afraid. He said: “ Don't you 
 fear, I shall give you a letter saying that zvhoever obstructs 
 you or does not assist you on your way, shall be punished.” 
 The next day Mr. Birru bought a nude for me and gave me 
 three letters, and I started on my journey. It is eight days 
 to-day since I left Addis Ababa. 
 
 As Translated into Amharic. 
 
 k’aziya thanasche bagainahu wiha tU’ith 
 From here having started at 1 found zvater a little 
 
 sar liballa h&k\o faththahii ti^ithm <&oiche 
 grass to eat mule 1 let go, and little having waited 
 
 rnangad izhe hedhii bAngevera atagab yalla 
 
 road taking I went. At Angevera side zvhich is 
 
?o 
 
 band 
 
 mandar 
 
 addarhu 
 
 banaga 
 
 baFuttem 
 
 at one 
 
 village 
 
 Ipassed the night. In morning 
 
 at Futtem 
 
 wanz 
 
 dar 
 
 thamanja bagire 
 
 adarge 
 
 ba/dom . 
 
 river 
 
 bank 
 
 gun on my leg 
 
 having put 
 
 and mule 
 
 batgabe huno wiha 
 
 lematat 
 
 se^ammath 
 
 at my 
 
 side being, water 
 
 to drink 
 
 as I sat, 
 
 k’ahwalae 
 
 asar sawoch 
 
 badangath 
 
 rotubin 
 
 from behind me 
 
 ten men 
 
 suddenly ran upon mc r 
 
 thamanjana ba/£lo bama/b£annathem yanabbar dabdaboch 
 gun and mule in my waistband which were letters 
 
 wassadubin yaRas Warge wathadaroch nachaw 
 
 they took from me. Of Has Warge soldiers they are 
 
 awaZ’allahuachaw anth flth yatalyan ashk’ar hunabt 
 
 I know them. Yon first of Italians servant being 
 
 k’aina gara talahal ahunm 
 
 yon fought against us, and nozv 
 
 yangllz 
 
 Englishman's 
 
 ashk’ar 
 
 servant 
 
 nakli endlh bilaw 
 
 you are, thus having said, 
 
 dabaddabuinna 
 they beat me 
 
 hulath saath thasare as^arruin hwala 
 
 and tivo hours I tied up they made me stay. Afterwards 
 
 faththuinna thamanja 
 they released me and gun 
 
 hid bilaw wada 
 
 go they saymg to 
 
 dabdaboch wassadubin 
 letters they took from me 
 
 ba^lom mallasuin 
 and mule they returned to me 
 
 gethah thamallas 
 
 your master return, 
 
 nigaraw aluin 
 
 tell him they said to me * 
 
 balelith wada thainahiibath botha thamallashu 
 At night towards in zvhich I slept place I returned. 
 
 yathainahubath beth bal beth yaRas Warge yalla 
 In which I slept house the owner of Ras Warge zvhich is 
 
 Bure yamibal k’athama band ga ^artho 
 Bure zvhich is called tozvn at one side leaving 
 
7i 
 
 yamihed mangad asayain esk’a lelith Z’Siche 
 which goes road he showed me. Till night having waited 
 
 baf^alama 
 in darkness 
 
 yawa/’huth 
 which I knew 
 
 thanassahu 
 / started', 
 
 mangad 
 
 road 
 
 sawu esk’a ek’k’ul lelith 
 the man till midnight 
 
 esk’a againana diras 
 
 o 
 
 till rue found till 
 
 marainna 
 
 thamallasa . 
 
 kwa slnaga 
 
 bawiha 
 
 he guided 
 
 and returned. Day when it broke 
 
 at zvater 
 
 atagab 
 
 yanabbar 
 
 badan 
 
 shashaghuin 
 
 tikith 
 
 side 
 
 which was 
 
 in bush 
 
 i hid myself. 
 
 A little 
 
 baba/ 51 o 
 
 thaZ’amche 
 
 , ti/i’ith 
 
 bagir, thilli/& 
 
 mandar 
 
 on mule 
 
 1 sitting, 
 
 little 
 
 on feet, large 
 
 villages 
 
 hullu 
 
 ara he 
 
 sosth lelith hedhu barathaina 
 
 all leaving far, three flights I went. On the fourth 
 
 lelith gin ba/£aU’ulath seward sallahu ba/i’lo 
 
 night but on steep place zvhile descending I was, mule 
 
 wadda^a, wad/&o inena ba/do hulathachen 
 
 fell, he falling I and mule both of us 
 
 galbat bilan bagudgwada wadda/C’ana bathanassahu 
 rolled saying into valley we fell. When I got up 
 
 gize baZdo yathagwoda endahona ayyahu. nagar gin 
 time mule injured that it was I saw But 
 
 esk’a hulathaina 
 
 lelith 
 
 wada 
 
 Abba! 
 
 esk’a 
 
 till 
 
 second 
 
 night 
 
 to 
 
 Abbai 
 
 till 
 
 darrassana 
 
 diras 
 
 baZ’loun 
 
 sabahu 
 
 bazih 
 
 wiha 
 
 zve reached 
 
 till 
 
 the mule 
 
 I led. 
 
 Here 
 
 water 
 
 tattho 
 
 mothana 
 
 waddaAi 
 
 inem k’oricha 
 
 having drunk, having died he fell, and / saddle 
 
 lagwamm awatchebath wanzu thashagarhu 
 
 and bridle taking off, the river I crossed 
 
 wadlya --yalla dar againche ahun 
 
 towards there which is bank having gained now 
 
 dahna naw alahiiin 
 
 well it is I said to myself. 
 
72 
 
 Abbal k’athashagarhii sosth /can bahwala bak’k’ul /can 
 Abbai from I crossed three days after at mid-day 
 
 b Add is Ababa gabbahu. bagabbahu gize 
 
 at Addis Ababa I entered. At time I entered 
 
 gin Atho Birru watthawna ath 5 mak’ilwl 
 
 but Mr, Birru having gone out and Mr. Mackelvie 
 
 thammaw againahiiachaw banaga Atho Birru wada 
 being sick I found them. In morning Mr. Birru to the 
 
 Janhoe gibbl wassadiiin Janhoem yaK’apthan 
 
 EmperoBs house took me, and the Emperor of Captain 
 
 Harrington dabdabl k’asammu 
 
 Harrington letter when he heard 
 
 bahwala 
 
 after 
 
 wadarsachaw 
 to him 
 
 a^arbuin 
 
 made me approach , 
 
 dabdaboch 
 
 letters 
 
 yawassadubath saw anth nakh ? baDebra Mark os 
 
 who they took from man are you l at Debra Markos 
 
 gethahn badahna 
 your master 
 
 thaganainu 
 
 well did they 
 
 wayi bilaw 
 
 receive saying 
 
 tayyaKiin inia bak’athamachaw badarrasana gize 
 he asked me we at their town at we arrived time 
 % 
 
 nigus Thak’la Haimanothna nigesth wada saw agar 
 king Thecla Haimanoth and queen to country 
 
 hidaw althaganainanam Flthawraroch gin 
 
 having gone we did not meet them Fithawraries but 
 
 bizu magab sattiina wada Ras Warge lamahed 
 much food they gave. To Ras Warge to go 
 
 yamangad marl sattu Ras Warge 
 of road guide they gave. Ras Warge 
 
 dammo 
 
 also 
 
 gethachenen badahna thaganainuna bizu sin/’ 
 our master well treated much provisions 
 
 sattu endlh biye mallashuachaw yamangad 
 he gave, thus saying 1 answered him. Of road 
 
73 
 
 
 marlu Basha nabbar flth 
 
 the guide Basha was , ahead 
 
 bamangad hullu 
 in road all 
 
 bizu awri igainal ala 
 
 much game will be found he said, 
 
 awrlus bainor 
 game not living 
 
 huno 
 
 being, 
 
 getha ijig /£wotii asath 
 master very angry xvas, lies 
 
 endesama 
 to hear 
 
 bazih agar almattahum alii hwala 
 
 to this country I came not he said. Afterwards 
 
 baSamln agar bichcha naw adan balela 
 in Si mien country only it is shooting in other 
 
 agar aklollam ala Bashau yehnan malathachaw 
 
 country it is not said the Basha. this their saying 
 
 samthaw alhedm bazih U’oyalhu alu 
 
 having heard 1 xvill not go on, here, I will wait said 
 
 getha dabdabochm thatafaw tholo wada 
 
 master, letters having been written, quickly to 
 
 Janhoe endthahid ihun bilaw 
 
 the Emperor that you go be it having said 
 
 sattuachawin 
 he gave them to me. 
 
 endamin 
 
 How 
 
 naw 
 is it 
 
 badabdaboche 
 in my letters 
 
 wisth yanabbar 
 in xuInch was 
 
 fa/rade allhazzazam tayyaKiin. 
 my xuish was not obeyed ? asked me 
 
 Janhoe basamlnna 
 
 the Emperor, in Simien and 
 
 bamangad 
 on road 
 
 bichcha naw 
 only is 
 
 adan wada girana /foin malaf yallam 
 shooting to left and right crossing is not 
 
 yamilu 
 
 nachaw 
 
 yaj anhoe 
 
 fa^ad 
 
 wara/’ath 
 
 which say 
 
 are 
 
 of Emperor' 1 s 
 
 permit 
 
 papers 
 
 endih ala 
 
 Bashau 
 
 alahuachaw 
 
 yehnen 
 
 samthaw 
 
 so said the 
 
 Basha 
 
 I said to him, 
 
 this 
 
 having heard 
 
 Janhoe 
 
 ijig 
 
 X’wotu 
 
 bizu 
 
 nagarm 
 
 the Emperor 
 
 very 
 
 angry xvas, 
 
 and 
 
 many things 
 
74 
 
 tayyaTmin hwala lela dabdaboch itafa 
 
 he asked me. Afterzvards other letters let them be written 
 
 alii antham banaga endlhamallas 
 
 he said, and you in morning that yon return 
 
 ihun alum ine mallashuachaw Janhoe and 
 
 let it be he said to me / answered him , Emperor , one 
 
 gize dabaddabuinna ganzabe wassadubin 
 
 time they beat me and my belongings they took from me, 
 
 ahunm dammo iyaschagralluin blye 
 
 and now again they will trouble me, saying (to myself ) 
 
 efaralahu athfara yamik’alk’ilehna 
 
 / am afraid. Don't you fear who obstructs you 
 
 yamaishaineh e^attalhu yamil 
 
 and who assists you not on the zvay, I shall punish zvhich say 
 
 waraZ’ath esatalhuh banaga Atho Birrit 
 
 letter 1 shall give you. In the morning Mr. Birru 
 
 ba/’lo gazzulin sosth dabdabochm sattuin inem 
 a mule bought me three letters and he gave me, and I 
 
 mangade yazahu zare k’Addis Ababa k’athanasche 
 
 my road 
 
 took. 
 
 To-day from Addis Ababa since I starting 
 
 simminth 
 
 Z’an 
 
 naw. 
 
 eight 
 
 days 
 
 it is. 
 
75 
 
 ENGLISH-AMHARIC vocabulary. 
 
 (The Amkaric verbs given belozu are in the 3rd person 
 singular, past tense). 
 
 a or an, 
 abaft, 
 
 abandon , v.a., 
 abate, v.a., 
 abduct, v.a., 
 abide , v.n., 
 ability, 
 
 able, v. (/0 be), 
 able, adj., 
 able bodied, 
 abode, 
 
 abolish, v.a., 
 
 above, 
 
 abroad, 
 
 he went abroad, 
 
 he came from abroad, 
 abrupt, 
 abruptly, 
 abscess, 
 abscond, v.n., 
 absence, 
 absent, 
 absolute, 
 absolutely, 
 absolve, v. a., 
 absorb, v.a., 
 abstain, v.n., 
 abstract, v.a., 
 abundance, 
 abundant , 
 
 masc., and ; fern., anditu. 
 bahwala. 
 thawa, as^arra. 
 asanasa, agwodala. 
 bagidd wassada. 
 nora, tha/C’ammata. 
 hayil, bilhath. 
 chala. 
 
 bilhathaina. 
 gwobaz, hayilaina. 
 yaminorabath sefra, beth, 
 manorya. 
 shara, ataffa. 
 layi. 
 
 engida agar, saw agar, 
 wada engida {or saw agar) 
 heda. 
 
 k’angida agar matta. 
 
 X’wirt. 
 
 Z’wirt adargo. 
 thillL£ k’wisal. 
 thashashshaga. 
 almanor. 
 
 yamainor, bainor. 
 
 fitim. 
 
 fatmo. 
 
 fatha. 
 
 tatta, wata. 
 
 thawa, hana, Hear ala. 
 
 aswatta. 
 
 bizath, milath. 
 
 yamaitaffa, moltho. 
 
76 
 
 abuse, 
 abiise, v.a., 
 abyss, 
 acacia , 
 accede, v. n., 
 accelerate, v.a., 
 accent, 
 accept, v.a., 
 acceptable, 
 acceptably, 
 acceptance, 
 access, 
 
 accident ( misfortune ), 
 accidentally, 
 accompany, v.a., 
 accomplice, 
 accomplish, v.a., 
 according to, 
 account, tale, 
 accounts, 
 accumulate, v.n., 
 accurate, 
 accurately, 
 accusation , 
 accuse, v.a., 
 accuser, 
 
 accustom, get . . . to, v. refl., 
 
 accustom, v.a., 
 
 ache, s., 
 
 ache, v.a., 
 
 acid, 
 
 acquaint, 
 
 acquaintance, 
 
 acquiesce, v.n., 
 
 acquit , v.a., 
 
 acquittal, 
 
 act , s., 
 
 act, v.a., 
 
 action, 
 
 active, 
 
 add, v.a., 
 
 sidib. 
 
 saddala. 
 
 dagath. 
 
 girar. 
 
 ishshi ala. 
 
 asfatana. 
 
 yanagar wada/’i. 
 
 tha/tabbala, wassada. 
 
 das yasain. 
 
 das asainlho. 
 
 ma^abbal. 
 
 magbath. 
 
 mak’ara. 
 
 endiyao. 
 
 kha.. . gara heda, abro heda. 
 
 balinjera. 
 
 fattama. 
 
 enda .... 
 
 tawarlk’, tank’. 
 
 X’wutar. 
 
 sabassaba. 
 
 lik’, gitim. 
 
 gitim bilo. 
 
 mak’sas. 
 
 k’assasa. 
 
 k’asash. 
 
 lammada. 
 
 aslammada. 
 
 vvigath. 
 
 ainmama, waga. 
 matata. 
 asthawa/’a. 
 ewu/^ath. 
 ishshi ala. 
 arnath satta. 
 arnath mastath. 
 sira. 
 
 adarraga. 
 madrag, sira. 
 chak’k’ulaina. 
 r^ammara. 
 
77 
 
 addition to (in addition to), 
 
 additional, 
 
 adequate, 
 
 adjust, v.a., 
 
 admire, v.a., 
 
 admit {let in), 
 
 admittance, 
 
 adopt (a child), 
 
 adorn, v.a., 
 
 advance, v.a., 
 
 advancement, 
 
 advantage, 
 
 advantageous , 
 
 adversity, 
 
 advice, 
 
 advise, v.a., 
 
 adviser, 
 
 affliction, 
 
 afraid {to be), 
 
 afraid {one who is), 
 
 after, 
 
 afternoon, 
 
 afterthought, 
 
 afterwards, 
 
 against, 
 
 age, 
 
 age {historic), 
 again, 
 agent, 
 aggressor, 
 agree, v., 
 agreement, s., 
 ahead, 
 aid, s., 
 aid, v., 
 air, 
 
 air, v.a., 
 alarm, 
 alike {to be), 
 alive, 
 all, 
 
 k’a.... balayi. 
 yatha^ammara. 
 yamiba/’a, multi, 
 lik’ adarraga. 
 waddada, ak’abbara. 
 asgabba. 
 mag bath. 
 
 enda lijj tha/£abbala. 
 shallama. 
 
 wada flth heda, /faddama. 
 
 ma/’dam. 
 
 rabb, ti 7 ’im. 
 
 yamiraba, ti&m yatnT). 
 
 chigar, mak’ara, k’ifalh. 
 
 mik’ir. 
 
 themak’ara. 
 
 mak’ari. 
 
 mak’ara. 
 
 farra. 
 
 farri. 
 
 bahwala. 
 
 matha. 
 
 hwalaina nagar. 
 
 bahwala. 
 
 ba . . . (prefix). 
 
 adme. 
 
 zaman. 
 
 dagmo, dammo. 
 
 wak’Il. 
 
 badai. 
 
 thasamama, ishshi ala. 
 
 Will. 
 
 wada flth, flth. 
 
 radath. 
 
 rada. 
 
 nefas, ayar. 
 tharaggafa. 
 huk’ath. 
 
 and hona, massala. 
 
 hiyao. 
 
 hullu. 
 
78 
 
 alliance, 
 
 wadajnath. 
 
 ally, 
 
 wadaj. 
 
 alone, 
 
 bichcha. 
 
 aloud, 
 
 bathilli/£ awaj, bathilli/£ af. 
 
 
 dammo, dagmo. 
 
 allot, v.a., 
 
 k’affala, satta. 
 
 allow, v.a., 
 
 fa/b&ada. 
 
 almost, 
 
 tikit ^artfao, Ildars. 
 
 although, 
 
 sayi/tar. 
 
 ambush, v.a., 
 
 shammaga. 
 
 alter, v.a., 
 
 lawwata. 
 
 ameliorate, 
 
 a/^allala. 
 
 amnesty, 
 
 iZ’ar malath. 
 
 among, 
 
 k’a .... gara. 
 
 ample, 
 
 yamiba^a, moltho. 
 
 amuse, v.a., 
 
 das asaina. 
 
 amusement, 
 
 ch&watha. 
 
 ancestor, 
 
 abbatb. 
 
 and. 
 
 . . . m, . . . na, (suffixes). 
 
 anger, 
 
 /’wutta. 
 
 angle, 
 
 rnazan. 
 
 animal, 
 
 ensisa, awrl. 
 
 animals {domestic). 
 
 k’abth. 
 
 animosity, 
 
 til. 
 
 ankle, 
 
 k wi xchimch im mith. 
 
 annex, v.a., 
 
 dammar a. 
 
 annihilate, v.a., 
 
 afarrasa, shara. 
 
 announce, v.a., 
 
 awara, awaj naggara. 
 
 announcement, 
 
 ware. 
 
 annoy v.a., 
 
 aschaggara. 
 
 anoint, v. a., 
 
 >£aba. 
 
 another, 
 
 lela, dammo and. 
 
 answer, s., 
 
 milash. 
 
 answer, v.a., 
 
 mallasa. 
 
 ant {large), 
 
 gondan. 
 
 ant {small), 
 
 knchach. 
 
 ant {white), 
 
 misth. 
 
 anvil, 
 
 madosha. 
 
 anxiety, 
 
 thak’aze, chigar. 
 
 any, 
 
 manim, minim, andach. 
 
 apparatus, 
 
 idea. 
 
79 
 
 appeal, v.a., 
 
 appear, v. {to seem), 
 
 appear, v. {to show oneself), 
 
 apprentice, 
 
 approach, v.a., 
 
 appropriate, aclj., 
 
 approval, 
 
 approve, v.a., 
 
 approximately, 
 
 arbitrator, 
 
 arch, 
 
 arduous, 
 
 arise, v.n., 
 
 arm, s., 
 
 arms, s., 
 
 army, 
 
 around, 
 
 arouse, v.a., 
 
 arrive, v.a., 
 
 arrow, s., 
 
 artful, 
 
 article, 
 
 artillery , 
 
 as, 
 
 ascend, v., 
 ascent, 
 
 ascertain, v.a., 
 ashes, 
 ask, v.a., 
 asleep, 
 
 assemble , v.a., 
 assent, v.n., 
 assist, v.a., 
 assistance, 
 assistant , v.n., 
 astonish, v.a., 
 
 at, 
 
 atone, 
 attach, 
 attain , 
 
 attempt, v.a., 
 
 thamatana. 
 
 massala. 
 
 thaya. 
 
 thamarl. 
 
 <£arraba. 
 
 yamigaba. 
 
 ishslii malath. 
 
 ishshi ala, dagg ala. 
 
 k’a . . , bak’k’ul, yahil. 
 
 daina. 
 
 distil. 
 
 yamiyaschaggar. 
 
 thanasa. 
 
 >jj- 
 
 yator ika. 
 sara wit. 
 bazurya. 
 asnasa. 
 
 darrasa, gabba. 
 filat. 
 
 bilhathaina. 
 
 nagar. 
 
 madaf. 
 
 enda. 
 
 watta. 
 
 mawtath. 
 
 tayya/’a. 
 
 amad. 
 
 tayya/’a. 
 
 thaintho. 
 
 asabassaba . . 
 
 ishshi ala. 
 
 rada. 
 
 radath. 
 
 radayi. 
 
 asdannaZ’a. 
 
 ba . . . (prefix). 
 
 beza adarraga. 
 
 gattama, z/zammara. 
 
 againa, darrasa. 
 
 mok’ara, marammara. 
 
8o 
 
 attendant , 
 
 ashk’ar, lijj. 
 
 attention, 
 
 matabba^. 
 
 attract , v. a., 
 
 saba. 
 
 audible , 
 
 yamlsamma. 
 
 aunt, 
 
 ak’isth. 
 
 authentic , 
 
 irgit, ewunathaina* na 
 
 authority, 
 
 saltan. 
 
 authorize , v.a., 
 
 salattana, saltan satta. 
 
 avert, v.a., 
 
 k’alak’k’ala. 
 
 avoid, v.a., 
 
 as/forra. 
 
 await, v.a., 
 
 tabhaka. 
 
 awake, v.a. r 
 
 asnasa. 
 
 awake, v.n., 
 
 thanasa. 
 
 s., 
 
 matarabya. 
 
 back. 
 
 jarba. 
 
 backwards. 
 
 wada hwala. 
 
 bad, 
 
 k’ifu. 
 
 badge. 
 
 malik’ath. 
 
 badness. 
 
 k’ifath. 
 
 bag. 
 
 k’aratith, dawalla. 
 
 baggage, 
 
 ika, ganzab. 
 
 bail , s., 
 
 was, mawasha. 
 
 <foz 7 , v.a. 
 
 wasa. 
 
 v., 
 
 gagara. 
 
 baking pan. 
 
 mitad. 
 
 balance ( remainder ), 
 
 /tiretha. 
 
 bald, adjt., 
 
 ras malata. 
 
 &?//, s., 
 
 £was. 
 
 ba?nboo {hollow), 
 
 karkaha. 
 
 bamboo {male). 
 
 shimal. 
 
 banana. 
 
 muz. 
 
 bandage, s., 
 
 matamtamya. 
 
 banish, v.a., 
 
 k’agarii saddada. 
 
 banner. 
 
 bandera. 
 
 baptise, v., 
 
 tamma/ta. 
 
 baptism. 
 
 timiath. 
 
 bar, s., 
 
 mashagworya. 
 
 bar, v.a., 
 
 ashagwora. 
 
 Pronounced Unathaina. 
 
Si 
 
 bare (barren), 
 barely, 
 
 bargain, v.a., 
 
 £ar/r (i?/ - a /mO, 
 
 barley, 
 
 bam, 
 
 barrel, 
 
 barren, 
 
 barrier, 
 
 barter, v.a., 
 
 /-’aim (washing-), 
 
 basket, 
 
 bath, 
 
 bathe, v., 
 
 battle, 
 
 be, v., 
 
 beach, 
 
 beak, 
 
 beam, 
 
 beans (broad), 
 bear (toput up zuith), 
 beard, 
 
 bearer (of a letter), 
 
 bearer (of a load), 
 
 beat, v., 
 
 beautiful, 
 
 because, 
 
 beckon, v., 
 
 become, v., 
 
 bedding, 
 
 bedstead, 
 
 bee, 
 
 beef, 
 
 before, 
 
 beg, v., 
 
 beggar, 
 
 begin, v.a., 
 
 beginning, s., 
 
 beguile, v.a., 
 
 behind, 
 
 belief, 
 
 bado. 
 bichcha. 
 gamaggama. 
 lit, ^irfath. 
 gabs. 
 
 yaehel mak’thaclia. 
 
 barmil. 
 
 bado. 
 
 atar. 
 
 lawwata. 
 
 maththatabya. 
 
 masob. 
 
 yagala maththatabya. 
 gala attaba. 
 wigath. 
 hona. 
 
 yabahir dar. 
 af. 
 
 masaso. 
 
 ba/’ela. 
 
 thagasa. 
 
 tim. 
 
 dabdabi yayaza saw. 
 
 shak’k’ami. 
 
 dabaddaba. 
 
 amro, ijig malk’am. 
 
 sila min. 
 
 ta.kka.sa. 
 
 hona. 
 
 mintaf. 
 
 alga. 
 
 nibb. 
 
 yabari siga. 
 
 baflth, fith. 
 
 lammana. 
 
 lammain. 
 
 jammara. 
 
 majmarya. 
 
 thathank ? w6la, athalala. 
 
 bahwala. 
 
 mathamen. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 F 
 
82 
 
 belief (relig ious ), 
 
 hayimanoth. 
 
 bell , s., 
 
 dawwal, kar/zil. 
 
 belly, 
 
 hod. 
 
 below, 
 
 thach. 
 
 bell, 
 
 mathata/£ya. 
 
 bench, 
 
 ma/’amma^a. 
 
 bend, v.a., 
 benefit, 
 
 agwobata. 
 
 tiZ’ame, rabb. 
 
 bent, 
 
 gwobata. 
 
 bequeath, v.a., 
 
 awarasa. 
 
 beside, 
 
 atagab. 
 
 best, 
 
 k’ahulu yamisha. 
 
 bet, 
 
 wird. 
 
 bet, v.n., 
 betray, v., 
 
 wararada. 
 
 asalfo satta. 
 
 betroth, v.a., 
 
 acha. 
 
 betrothal, 
 
 macha. 
 
 better (to be). 
 
 thashala. 
 
 beyond, 
 
 k’a.wadiya. 
 
 big, 
 
 thilli^, thalaA. 
 
 bile, 
 
 amoth. 
 
 bind, v.a., 
 
 tamatama,* asara. 
 
 bird, 
 
 waf. 
 
 birth, 
 
 liddath. 
 
 bishop. 
 
 abiina. 
 
 bit, 
 
 bit (of a bridle), 
 
 kworach, /£immash. 
 
 lag warn, 
 nak’k’asa. 
 
 bite, v., 
 
 bitter, 
 
 marara. 
 
 bivouac, 
 
 safar. 
 
 black. 
 
 tnknr. 
 
 blacksmith, 
 
 yabirath sari. 
 
 bladder. 
 
 fina. 
 
 blade, 
 
 silath. 
 
 blame, s., 
 
 tiyafe. 
 
 blatyie, v.a., 
 
 tayafa. 
 
 blanket, n., 
 
 bird-libs. 
 
 bleed, v.a., 
 
 dam aswatta (make bleed). 
 
 * As with a bandage 
 and round. 
 
 or lapping, i.e., by winding round 
 
blina (to be), 
 
 block, v.a., 
 
 blood, 
 
 blossom, 
 
 blossom, v.n., 
 
 blow, v. (as the zvind), 
 
 blow, v. (to puff), 
 
 blue, 
 
 blunder, 
 
 blunder, v.n., 
 
 blunt (to be), 
 
 board, s., 
 
 boat , 
 
 body, 
 
 boil, v.a., 
 
 boil, v.n., 
 
 bold, 
 
 bolt (oj a door), 
 
 bone, 
 
 book, 
 
 boots, 
 
 booty, 
 
 border, 
 
 bore, v.a. (a hole), 
 
 borrow, 
 
 both, 
 
 bottle, 
 
 boundary, 
 
 bow, s. (a weapon), 
 
 bow, v., 
 bozuels, 
 
 box, s., 
 
 boy, 
 brain, 
 
 branch (of a tree), 
 brand, v.a., 
 brass, 
 brave, 
 
 bread(thick cakes or loaves), 
 bread (thin cakes), 
 break, v.a., 
 
 (8166) 
 
 83 
 
 fazzaza. 
 k’alak’k’ala. 
 dam. 
 ababa. 
 abbaba. 
 naffasa, nafa. 
 ef ala. 
 tuiur. 
 
 thagidfith, sihthath. 
 
 gadafa, thasasa. 
 
 dannaza. 
 
 yan^oth san/’a. 
 
 jalaba. 
 
 gala. 
 
 afala. 
 
 fala. 
 
 dafari, gwobaz. 
 yadaj mashagworya. 
 atinth. 
 mataf. 
 
 ma^^amya. 
 
 /’iniya, mirk’o. 
 wazan, dar, daricha. 
 basa, naddala. 
 thabaddara. 
 hulathachaw. 
 tarmuz. 
 
 wazan, dambar, 
 >^isth. 
 saggada. 
 hod, anjith. 
 satan. 
 
 lijj, wand lijj. 
 chmkHaXh, 
 
 thak’k’usa. 
 
 madab. 
 
 , gwobaz. 
 dabbo. 
 injera. 
 sabbara. 
 
 F 
 
84 
 
 break, v.n., 
 
 break loose, v., 
 
 breast, 
 
 breath , 
 
 breathe , v., 
 
 breed {give birth to) 
 
 bridge, 
 
 bridle, 
 
 brigand, 
 
 bright, 
 
 bring, v.a., 
 
 bring {near fo one), 
 
 broad, 
 
 broil, 
 
 br 00171, 
 
 broth, 
 
 brother, 
 
 brow {of a hill), 
 
 brush, s., 
 
 brush, v.a., 
 
 bubble, v., 
 
 bucket, 
 
 buckle, 
 
 bud, s., 
 
 bud, v.n., 
 
 buffalo, 
 
 bug, 
 
 bugle, 
 
 build, v.a., 
 
 bull, 
 
 bullet, 
 
 bunch, 
 
 burden, 
 
 burden, v.a., 
 
 burn, v.n., 
 
 burst, v.n., 
 
 bury, v., 
 
 business, 
 
 busy {he is), 
 
 busy {to be), 
 
 but. 
 
 thasabbara. 
 natta/£a. 
 darath, 
 isthanfas. 
 
 thanaffasa, asthanaffasa. 
 
 vvallada. 
 
 dildi. 
 
 yalugwam gat. 
 
 shaftaina. 
 
 yabarra. 
 
 amatta. 
 
 a/ferraba. 
 
 saffl. 
 
 tabbasa. 
 
 matragya. 
 
 niara k. 
 
 wandim. 
 
 a^bath. 
 
 matragya. 
 
 tarraga. 
 
 fala. 
 
 yawiha ma/£ajja. 
 
 zalabath. 
 
 chihchih. 
 
 chabachchaba. 
 
 gosh. 
 
 thok’an. 
 
 malak’at. 
 
 sarra. 
 
 bare. 
 
 ersas. 
 
 zalala. 
 
 shik’im. 
 
 ashak’k’ama. 
 
 Z’atala. 
 
 thasabbara. 
 
 /•abbara. 
 guddayi, sira. 
 sira izoal, or izawal. 
 sira yaza. 
 
 gin, daro gin, nagar gin 
 
butler, 
 
 butt , v.a., 
 butter, 
 buy, v.a., 
 by, 
 
 i cabbage, 
 calamity, 
 calculate, v.a., 
 calculation, 
 calf, s., 
 calf {of leg), 
 calico, 
 
 call, v.a., 
 
 calm, v.a., 
 camel, 
 camp, s., 
 camp, v., 
 campaign, 
 camping ground, 
 canal, 
 
 cancel, v., 
 candle, 
 cannon, 
 canvas, 
 cap, 
 
 cap {of a cartridge ), 
 
 capability, 
 
 captive, 
 
 capture, s., 
 capture, v., 
 caravan, 
 carcase, 
 
 care {to take care of), 
 
 careful {to be), 
 
 carefully, 
 
 carpenter, 
 
 carpet, 
 
 carrier, 
 
 carry, v., 
 
 asalafl. 
 
 waga. 
 
 Z’ibe. 
 
 gazza. 
 
 ba . . 
 
 guman. 
 
 mak’ara. 
 
 ^wotara. 
 
 X’wutar. 
 
 tijja. 
 
 bath. 
 
 baftha, abujidi. 
 
 tarra, asmatta. 
 
 asarrafa. 
 
 gimal. 
 
 safar. 
 
 saffara. 
 
 zamcha. 
 
 masafarya. 
 
 masno. 
 
 shara. 
 
 shama. 
 
 madaf. 
 
 shara. 
 
 Pob. 
 
 dibba. 
 
 chiloth, hail, bilhath. 
 mirk’o, yathasara saw 
 yathamarak’a saw. 
 rnayaz. 
 yaza. 
 gwazh. 
 timb. 
 tabba/’a. 
 
 Z’as ala. 
 
 y£as bilo. 
 
 anati. 
 
 siggaja. 
 
 shak’k’ami. 
 
 shak’k’ama. 
 
86 
 
 cartridge, 
 cartridge-belt, 
 cask, 
 
 cast, v.a., 
 cat, 
 
 catch, v., 
 cattle, 
 cause, s., 
 caution, 
 cavalry , 
 cave, s., 
 centre, 
 certain , 
 
 chaff [ from grain, ), 
 
 chaff {joke), s., 
 
 chain , s., 
 
 chair, 
 
 chairman , 
 
 change , v.a., 
 
 change, v.n., 
 
 channel ( artificial, T ), 
 
 charcoal , 
 
 charge {entrust), 
 
 charity, 
 
 charm {in superstition), 
 
 chart , 
 
 chase, v.a., 
 
 chastisement, 
 
 chat, v.n., 
 
 cheap, 
 
 cheap, v., (/<? 3 <f), 
 cheek, s., 
 cheek bone , 
 cheerfulness, 
 cheese, 
 cherish, v., 
 chest , 
 chief, s., 
 chief, adj., 
 child, 
 chin, 
 
 teyyath, iyar. 
 
 zinnar. 
 
 barmil. 
 
 tala. 
 
 dimmat. 
 
 yaza. 
 
 k’ablh. 
 
 mak’anyath. 
 
 /&as malath. 
 
 farsainoch. 
 
 washa. 
 
 mak’ak’al. 
 
 irgit, unathaina. 
 
 thibiya, gafag. 
 
 waza. 
 
 sansalath. 
 
 wambar. 
 
 wambar. 
 
 lawwata. 
 
 thalawwata. 
 
 masno. 
 
 k’asal. 
 
 adara as/£ammata satta. 
 
 charnath. 
 
 asmath. 
 
 k’artha. 
 
 iya rota thak’aththala. 
 
 girfath. 
 
 tha<r/zawatha. 
 
 rak’ka’sh. 
 
 rak’k’asa. 
 
 gwonc/£. 
 
 aga <0$. 
 
 dastha, das malath. 
 
 rigo, irgo. 
 
 aggaza. 
 
 darath. 
 
 ala/£a. 
 
 wana. 
 
 lijj- 
 
 shangobath. 
 
§7 
 
 chip , v.a., 
 
 tarraba. 
 
 choke, v.n., 
 
 thagafa. 
 
 choose, v.a., 
 
 marrata. 
 
 chop, v.a., 
 
 r^afa^c^afa. 
 
 christen , v.a., 
 
 atamma/bi. 
 
 church, 
 
 betha k’iristhiyan. 
 
 cinder, 
 
 sufin. 
 
 circle. 
 
 mak’bab. 
 
 circular , 
 
 k’ib. 
 
 citadel , 
 
 k’athama, amba* 
 
 citron, 
 
 turungo. 
 
 clamour , 
 
 r/zok’ath, huk’ath* 
 
 clan, 
 
 wagan. 
 
 clarify, v.a., 
 
 atarraga. 
 
 r/aji/, v.a., 
 
 yaza. 
 
 z/aw, s., 
 
 tifir. 
 
 claw, v., 
 
 bwatata. 
 
 clay, 
 
 shehela, r/d^a. 
 
 clean, v., 
 
 tarraga. 
 
 clear , 
 
 tiru. 
 
 clearly, 
 
 bagaltho, bagilt. 
 
 cleave, v.a., 
 
 fallata, 
 
 clemency. 
 
 mehrath, charnath„ 
 
 clerk. 
 
 tahafi. 
 
 clever, 
 
 awa/’i, bilhathaina. 
 
 cleverness. 
 
 bilhath. 
 
 cliff, 
 
 dagalh, Z’ul/bilath 
 
 climb, v.n., 
 
 layi watta, watta ba . 
 
 cloak, s., 
 
 barnus. 
 
 cloak (soldier’s), 
 
 lamad. 
 
 clock. 
 
 saat. 
 
 cloth, 
 
 libs. 
 
 clothe, v. (dress). 
 
 labbasa. 
 
 clothes, 
 
 libs. 
 
 cloud, 
 
 dammana. 
 
 cloves. 
 
 ^urunful. 
 
 cluster. 
 
 zalala. 
 
 coal, 
 
 yadingiya k’asal. 
 
 coalition. 
 
 andnath, masmamath* 
 
 coast. 
 
 yabahir dar. 
 
 cock, 
 
 awra doro. 
 
88 
 
 coffee, 
 
 coincide, v., 
 cold, 
 
 cold {in the head), 
 
 collect, v.a., 
 
 colony, 
 
 colour, 
 
 come, v., 
 
 come ( imperative), 
 command, 
 commander, 
 commerce, 
 compact, 
 companion, 
 compel, v.a., 
 
 complete, v.n., 
 
 compliments, 
 
 comply, 
 
 compromise, s., 
 compromise, v. n., 
 comrade, 
 conceal, v.a., 
 conciliate, 
 conclude, v.a., 
 
 concord, 
 concur, v., 
 concussion, 
 condition, 
 conduct, s., 
 conduct, v.a., 
 confess, v., 
 confide, 
 confidence, 
 confine, v., 
 confirm, v., 
 confiscate, v.a., 
 confront, 
 congeal, 
 cotigress , 
 
 bun, bunna. 
 gattama. 
 bird, 
 gimfan. 
 
 asabassaba, asanada. 
 ya/’aina agar, /fcaifitha. 
 
 />alam. 
 matt a. 
 
 mas. na ,fem. ne, plu. nil. 
 
 taezaz. 
 
 shum, ala/’a. 
 
 nigid. 
 
 wul. 
 
 bal injera. 
 
 bagid asadarraga, gid 
 adarraga. 
 c^arrasa. 
 salamtha. 
 thazaza. 
 mathara/ya. 
 thara/’a. 
 balinjera. 
 
 shashshaga, dabba/’a. 
 ast.hara/’a. 
 
 chavrasa, nagaren Z’worata or 
 awatta. 
 masmamath. 
 thasamama. 
 madfath. 
 nibrath. 
 
 ak’ahed, madarag. 
 
 mara. 
 
 nazaza. 
 
 adara satta. 
 
 mathamen. 
 
 wazzana. 
 
 atsana, tana. 
 
 asdanna/’a, asafara. 
 
 bafithu aX’oma. 
 
 tharaga. 
 
 gubae. 
 
S 9 
 
 connect, v., 
 connection, 
 connive, 
 conquer, v., 
 
 conqueror, 
 conquest, 
 consecrate, v., 
 consent, s., 
 consent, v«, 
 consider, v., 
 consult, v., 
 contact, 
 contagions, 
 contemplate, v., 
 contents, 
 continually, 
 contract, s., 
 control, v.a., 
 convict, v.a., 
 conversation, 
 converse, v., 
 s., 
 v., 
 
 cookhoufe, 
 cooking utensils, 
 cool, 
 copper, 
 copse, 
 cord, 
 cork, 
 corn, 
 corner, 
 corpse, 
 correct, 
 correct, v.a., 
 s., 
 cotton, 
 count, v.a,, 
 country, 
 countryman, 
 
 agattama. 
 gitim, magatam. 
 ta/^so i/’ir ala. 
 
 ashannafa, dil nasa, ashanfo 
 wassada. 
 ashanafi. 
 
 dilmansath, mashnaf. 
 £addasa. 
 ishshi malath. 
 ishshi ala. 
 marammara. 
 thamak’ara. 
 maganainath. 
 bamadas yalaf. 
 assaba, basab hona. 
 yallabath nagar. 
 wathro, hulgize. 
 wid, masmamath. 
 saltan hona. 
 k’wonana. 
 c/zawtha. 
 
 <r/zawatha. 
 wath beth. 
 kakkcla. 
 wath beth. 
 disth. 
 bird, 
 nahas. 
 dan. 
 
 rnasarya, gamad. 
 
 mazgiya. 
 
 ehel. 
 
 mazan. 
 
 resa. 
 
 ya/tanna. 
 
 a/’anna. 
 
 waga. 
 
 tit. 
 
 £wotara. 
 
 agar. 
 
 balagar. 
 
90 
 
 c our age. 
 
 gulbath. 
 
 mak’daina. 
 
 cover, s.. 
 
 cover, v., 
 
 k’addana. 
 
 cow. 
 
 lam. 
 
 ccnvard. 
 
 farri. 
 
 crack, v.n., 
 
 sanatta/ja, sabbar; 
 
 crafty. 
 
 thank’wilaina. 
 
 cram, v.a., 
 
 agafa. 
 
 creak. 
 
 sitit ala. 
 
 cream. 
 
 aib. 
 
 create, 
 
 fattara. 
 
 creator, 
 
 fatari. 
 
 credence. 
 
 mathamen. 
 
 creditor. 
 
 balada. 
 
 creed. 
 
 hayimanoth. 
 
 crier. 
 
 awaj nagari. 
 
 crime. 
 
 badal. 
 
 cripple, s., 
 
 ank’asa. 
 
 crocodile. 
 
 azo. 
 
 crooked. 
 
 gwobata. 
 
 crop. 
 
 ehel. 
 
 cross, s., 
 
 mas/^al. 
 
 cross, v. ( some obstacle, river, 
 etc. ), 
 
 thashaggara. 
 
 cross pole of tent. 
 
 gadim tharada. 
 
 crossi?ig, s., 
 
 mashagarya. 
 
 crouch, v., 
 
 z\k ala. 
 
 crowbar, 
 
 dijano. 
 
 crown, s., 
 
 zawwad. 
 
 cruel, 
 
 meherath yalelaw. 
 
 crumb, 
 
 Punish. 
 
 crupper, 
 
 amuna zalab. 
 
 crush, v.. 
 
 dak’wosa. 
 
 crust, 
 
 /Hrfath. 
 
 cry, v., 
 
 r/zok’a. 
 
 cunning. 
 
 thank’wilaina. 
 
 CUp, a.. 
 
 finjal. 
 
 curdle, v.n., 
 
 tharaga. 
 
 cure, v. a., 
 
 adana. 
 
 curse, v., 
 
 saddaba, raggama. 
 
 curtain, s.. 
 
 maggarija. 
 
9i 
 
 custody, 
 custom, 
 customary, 
 customs (duty), 
 customs house, 
 cut, v.a., 
 
 daily, 
 
 damage, v.a., 
 damp, adj., 
 damp, v., 
 dampness, 
 danger, 
 darkness, 
 dash, v., 
 daughter, 
 dawn, s., 
 dawn, v., 
 day, 
 deaf, 
 
 dear, v. (to he or become), 
 
 death, 
 
 debt, 
 
 decay, v., 
 
 deceitful, 
 
 deceive, v.a., 
 
 decide, v.a., 
 
 decision, 
 
 decisive, 
 
 declare, v., 
 
 declaration, 
 
 decline (not to accept), 
 
 decorate, v., 
 
 decrease, s., 
 
 decrease, v.a., 
 
 decrease, v.n., 
 
 deed, 
 
 deep, 
 
 defeat, v., 
 defend, v., 
 
 tib-£ath. 
 
 limad. 
 
 enda limad, enda wathro. 
 gibar, karat. 
 gibar beth, karat beth. 
 /£worata. 
 
 alth alth. 
 
 gwoda, balasha. 
 
 irtib. 
 
 rattaba. 
 
 ritbath. 
 
 firhath. 
 
 chalama. 
 
 dafa, tala. 
 
 seth lijj. 
 
 nagath, tewath. 
 
 naga. 
 
 kan. 
 
 doniworo. 
 
 thawaddada. 
 
 moth. 
 
 ada. 
 
 balasha, shaggatha. 
 
 thank’wilaina. 
 
 anshathatha, shanaggala, 
 
 nagarun >§w6rata. 
 
 yanagar maX’worath. 
 
 nagarun yamuvfcaras. 
 
 gallata, ala. 
 
 maglat, malath. 
 
 imbi ala. 
 
 shallama. 
 
 magwodath. 
 
 agwodala, annasa. 
 
 gwodala. 
 
 sira. 
 
 rajjim, ta\ak. 
 
 dil adarraga, dil asaina, 
 
 tabba^a. 
 
92 
 
 defer, v.a., 
 defile, s., 
 defraud, v.a., 
 defy , v.a., 
 degrade, v.a., 
 delay, v., 
 delegate, s., 
 delegate, v., 
 delight, s., 
 demolish, v.a., 
 demur, v., 
 denounce, v., 
 v., 
 
 depart, v., 
 departure, 
 deport, v.a., 
 depose, v., 
 
 depress, v. (m spirits), 
 
 depth, 
 
 deride, v., 
 
 descend, v., 
 
 descent, 
 
 descent {ancestry), 
 
 descent {steep), 
 
 describe, v., 
 
 desert, v.a., 
 
 deserve, v.n., 
 
 desire, v., 
 
 despise, v.a., 
 
 dessert, 
 
 destitute, 
 
 destroy, v., 
 
 detain, 
 
 detect, v.a., 
 
 detection, 
 
 devastate, v., 
 
 dew, 
 
 die, v., 
 
 difper, v.n., 
 
 difference, 
 
 different, 
 
 as/’oya. 
 
 i£uL£ul. 
 
 shanaggala, athalala. 
 
 thamak’a. 
 
 awarada. 
 
 zagaya. 
 
 wak’Il, malak’thaina. 
 
 wak’k’ala. 
 
 das malath. 
 
 afarrasa, ataffa. 
 
 thataratara. 
 
 tha/^ayama. 
 
 k’ada. 
 
 heda. 
 
 mahed. 
 
 k’agar awatta <?/' aswatla. 
 awarada, shiimath awarada. 
 as^anna/i’a, aschaggara. 
 tiU 7 , rizmath. 
 
 saXra ba. 
 
 warrada. 
 
 mawaraja. 
 
 thewild. 
 
 /’uU’ullath. 
 
 asaya, asthawa/’a. 
 
 as^arra, thawa. 
 
 thagaba. 
 
 sha, fallaga. 
 
 na/’a. 
 
 baraha. 
 
 daha. 
 
 afarrasa, atafa, balasha. 
 
 as/£oya, azagaya. 
 
 againa, agallata. 
 
 magilt. 
 
 warrara. 
 
 tab 
 
 motha. 
 
 thalaya. 
 
 liyunath, malayath, 
 lela, liyu. 
 
93 
 
 difficulty 
 
 yamiyaschaggar. 
 
 difficulty y 
 
 chigar, clhnkaih. 
 
 dig , v., 
 
 kwofara, dadda&i. 
 
 diminish, v.a., 
 
 agwodala, asanasa. 
 
 diminishy v.n.. 
 
 gwodala, nasa. 
 
 dinner, 
 
 mesa. 
 
 dip, v.a., 
 
 tamma/’a. 
 
 dirty, 
 
 idif, yathaddafa. 
 
 disadvantage , 
 
 magwodath, k’ilk’ai. 
 
 disclose, v.a.. 
 
 gallata. 
 
 discontent, 
 
 girgirtha. 
 
 discover , v.a.. 
 
 againa. 
 
 disease. 
 
 bashitha. 
 
 diseased, 
 
 bashithaina,, 
 
 disgrace, s.. 
 
 nawir. 
 
 disgust, 
 
 mas/’a/ya. 
 
 disgust, v.a.. 
 
 a&akkaka. 
 
 dishonest. 
 
 shangai. 
 
 disinherit, v. a., 
 
 k’aristhu awatta. 
 
 dismount, v.n.. 
 
 warrada. 
 
 disobliging, 
 
 mi/C’aina. 
 
 disown, v.a.. 
 
 k’ada. 
 
 dispute, s., 
 
 til. 
 
 dispute, v.. 
 
 tala. 
 
 distant, 
 
 ru£. 
 
 distress. 
 
 chigar, mak’ara, chinkccXh. 
 
 disturbance , 
 
 huk’ath. 
 
 ditch, 
 
 gudgwad. 
 
 divide, v., 
 
 k’affala. 
 
 division. 
 
 k’ifil. 
 
 dizziness, 
 
 yaras mazawwar. 
 
 do, v.a., 
 
 adarraga. 
 
 doctor, 
 
 balamedhanith, hakim. 
 
 document , 
 
 dabdabi, wara^ath. 
 
 dog, 
 
 wusha. 
 
 dollar. 
 
 bir. 
 
 donkey. 
 
 ahiya. 
 
 door, 
 
 dajj. 
 
 doorposts, 
 
 gutan. 
 
 doorway, 
 
 yadajj af. 
 
 double, 
 
 yathadaggama. 
 
94 
 
 double ( cloth, etc.), 
 
 double, v.a. [cloth, etc.), 
 
 dough, 
 
 down, 
 
 drag, v.a., 
 
 drain, s., 
 
 draw, v.a. [pull), 
 
 draw, v.a. [water), 
 
 draw, v.a. [pictures), 
 
 dream, s., 
 
 dream, v., 
 
 dress, v.n., 
 
 dress [garment), 
 
 drill [bore), v.a., 
 
 drink , v., 
 
 drive, v.a., 
 
 drop, v.a., 
 
 drop, v.n., 
 
 drown, v.n., 
 
 dr tun, s., 
 
 drunk [intoxicated ), v., 
 
 dry, adj., 
 
 dry, v.a., 
 
 dry, v.n., 
 
 duck, s., 
 
 dumb, 
 
 dust, s., 
 
 duty, 
 
 dwell, v.n., 
 dwelling , 
 dy;?, s., 
 
 •dy^, v.a., 
 
 each, 
 
 eagle, 
 
 ear, 
 
 early, 
 
 earth, 
 
 ease, 
 
 easily, 
 
 east, 
 
 yathadarraba. 
 
 darraba. 
 
 beho. 
 
 wada thach, zi/\ 
 
 gwothatha. 
 
 fasas. 
 
 saba. 
 
 kada. 
 
 sala. 
 
 hilm. 
 
 allama. 
 
 labbasa. 
 
 libs. 
 
 basa, naddala. 
 
 tatta. 
 
 nada. 
 
 tala. 
 
 wadda/a. 
 
 sattama. 
 
 k’abaro, naggarlth. 
 
 sak’k’ara. 
 
 dirk. 
 
 adarra/’a, 
 
 darraba. 
 
 zei. 
 
 dida. 
 
 awora. 
 
 sira. 
 
 nora. 
 
 manorya, beth, madarya. 
 /^alam. 
 
 /’allama. 
 
 iyandand. 
 
 nisir. 
 
 joro. 
 
 bamalada. 
 
 midar. 
 
 arfath. 
 
 saichagir. 
 
 misra/”. 
 
95 
 
 Easter, 
 easy, 
 eat, v., 
 edge, 
 edible , 
 edict, 
 
 educate, v., 
 either, 
 
 elder [old man), 
 elder {comp.), 
 elect, v., 
 elephant, 
 elevate, v., 
 elongate, v.a., 
 else, 
 
 elsewhere, 
 embarrass, v., 
 emblem, 
 emergency, 
 emperor, 
 empire, 
 empower, v.a., 
 empty, 
 enable, v., 
 encamp, v., 
 encampment, 
 encircle, v., 
 encourage , v.n., 
 encroach, v.n., 
 encroachment, 
 end, s., 
 v.n., 
 
 endorse, v., 
 endure, v.n., 
 endurance, 
 enemy, 
 enmity, 
 
 enough {to be), v., 
 enough, 
 
 it is enough, 
 
 faslk’a. 
 
 vtalil, yamaichagir. 
 
 balla. 
 
 dar. 
 
 yamlbala. 
 
 yawaj nagar, taizaz, fa/£ad 
 
 asaddaga. 
 
 an/hilal. 
 
 wayis. 
 
 shimagille. 
 
 wana. 
 
 marrata. 
 
 zohon. 
 
 k’af adarraga. 
 asrazzama. 
 wayis, baihon. 
 balela sefra. 
 
 as<r/zanna,£a, aschaggara. 
 
 nishan. 
 
 guddai. 
 
 nigus. 
 
 mangasth. 
 
 saltan satta, asalattana. 
 
 bado. 
 
 aschala. 
 
 saffara. 
 
 safar. 
 
 lc’abbaba. 
 
 lib adarraga, adaffara. 
 thalallafa. 
 
 wazann thalalfo maX’amat. 
 
 nw/zarrasha. 
 
 z7zarrasa, alla/^a. 
 
 aththama. 
 
 thagasa. 
 
 mathagas. 
 
 talath. 
 
 talathnath. 
 
 bakha, 
 
 yamibaia. 
 
 ibaX’ab bakka. 
 
96 
 
 ensign, 
 enter, v., 
 entirely, 
 entrails, 
 
 entrance [by which to enter), 
 entry, 
 
 envelop, v.a., 
 envoy, 
 
 equal [to be), v., 
 
 equal, adj., 
 
 equalize, v.a., 
 
 equivalent [to be), v., 
 
 erase, v.a., 
 
 erect, v.a., 
 
 err, v., 
 
 errand, 
 
 error, 
 
 escape, v., 
 
 escort, v., 
 
 eternity, 
 
 even, adj., 
 
 evening, 
 
 every, 
 
 everywhere, 
 
 evident, 
 
 ewer, 
 
 exact, adj., 
 exceed, v., 
 
 exceed [be too much), 
 except, 
 exclude, v., 
 exhausted [to be), v., 
 exile, s., 
 exist, v., 
 exit, s., 
 expand, v.a., 
 expect, v., 
 
 expedition [military), 
 expend, v.a., 
 explain, v.a., 
 expose, v.a , 
 
 bandera. 
 
 gabba. 
 
 fatmo, batam. 
 
 anjath. 
 
 magblya. 
 
 magbath. 
 
 shaffana. 
 
 malak’thaina. 
 
 thak’ak’k’ala. 
 
 ek’k’ul. 
 
 asthak’ak’ala. 
 
 ek’k’ul hona. 
 
 fa£a. 
 
 thak’k’ala, a^oma. 
 
 satha. 
 
 malik’ith. 
 
 sihithath. 
 
 shashsha. 
 
 shaina, abro heda. 
 
 zalalam. 
 
 lik’. 
 
 matha. 
 
 hullu. 
 
 bahullu sefra. 
 
 yathagallata. 
 
 gombo. 
 
 lik’. 
 
 ballata. 
 
 bazza. 
 
 k’a. . . . ba^ar. 
 
 ayasgabba, as/^arra. 
 
 raffa^a, dak’k’ama. 
 
 sidathaina. 
 
 hona. 
 
 mawatath. 
 
 zarraga. 
 
 tabba^a. 
 
 zamcha. 
 
 fajja. 
 
 asgabba, asawa^a, agallata. 
 gallata. 
 
97 
 
 extend, v., 
 extinguish, v.a., 
 extort, v.a., 
 extortion, 
 extract, v.a., 
 eye, 
 
 eyeball, 
 eyebrow, 
 eyelid, 
 
 zaraga. 
 
 atafa. 
 
 bagif awatta. 
 
 gi f - 
 
 aswatta, awatta. 
 ayin. 
 
 yaaln balen. 
 shifshifith. 
 
 /’indib. 
 
 face, s., 
 facilitate, 
 facsimile, 
 fair {market), 
 faithful, 
 fall, v., 
 false, 
 falsely, 
 fame, 
 
 familiarity, 
 family, 
 famine, 
 fan, s., 
 fan, v.a., 
 far {to be), v., 
 far, 
 fare, 
 farmer, 
 fast, s., 
 fast, v.n., 
 fast {quick), 
 fat, adj., 
 fat, s., 
 
 fat {to become), 
 fat {to be), 
 father, 
 fatigue, 
 fault, 
 fear, s., 
 fear, v., 
 feast, s., 
 
 (8166) 
 
 flth. 
 
 aX’allala, 
 
 misale. 
 
 gabiya. 
 
 yathamana. 
 
 wadda^a. 
 
 asathaina. 
 
 basath. 
 
 sem, ware. 
 
 wadajnath, balinjeranath. 
 
 zamad. 
 
 rab. 
 
 manafya, manafasha. 
 
 nafa. 
 
 ra/’a. 
 
 \y\k. 
 
 k’araya, wag a. 
 balagar, arash. 
 tom. 
 toma. 
 
 tholo bilo, fatmo. 
 
 wafram. 
 
 sibb. 
 
 thawaffara, 
 
 waffara 
 
 abbath. 
 
 dik’k’am, chigar, chink. 
 
 sehethath. 
 
 firhath, mafrath. 
 
 farra. 
 
 baal. 
 
 G 
 
98 
 
 feather, 
 feature, 
 feed , v.a., 
 
 feed (to give food to), v., 
 feel (to touch), 
 female (of animals), 
 fence, s., 
 fence, v., 
 ferment, v.n., 
 ferry, s., 
 fertile, 
 fester, v., 
 festival, 
 fetid, 
 feud, 
 fever, 
 few, 
 field, 
 
 fig , 
 
 s., 
 
 v., 
 
 figure (appearance), 
 file, s., 
 fill, v.a. 
 v.a., 
 
 fine (delicate), 
 fine, v.a., 
 finger, 
 finish, v.a., 
 
 finished (to be), expended, 
 
 fire, s., 
 
 fire (fo light), 
 
 first, 
 
 at first, 
 fish, s., 
 fish-hook, 
 
 fit , 
 
 fit, v.a., 
 
 fi a g> 
 
 flame, 
 
 laba. 
 
 fith, malik 5 . 
 
 /’allaba. 
 
 mablath satta, maggala. 
 
 dasa. 
 
 inisth. 
 
 atar. 
 
 attara. 
 
 bak’a, zafazzafa. 
 
 mashagarya. 
 
 faryam. 
 
 maggala. 
 
 baal. 
 
 gim. 
 
 tib, til. 
 
 woba. 
 
 thinnish, and and. 
 ersha, mareth. 
 shola. 
 til. 
 
 thawaga, thatala. 
 
 malik’. 
 
 murad. 
 
 mala. 
 
 againa. 
 
 X7sk\k. 
 
 k’affala. 
 
 tath. 
 
 f/zarrasa. 
 
 alla/’a. 
 
 isath. 
 
 isath anaddada. 
 fithaina, majmarya, 
 /(’admaina. 
 fith, /(’addim. 
 asa. 
 
 ma/’athin. 
 
 gattama. 
 
 abajja, agattama. 
 
 bandera. 
 
 nabalbal. 
 
99 
 
 flash, s., 
 flash, v., 
 flesh, 
 float, v.n., 
 flog, v.a., 
 floor, 
 flour, 
 flow, V., 
 flower, s., 
 flower, v., 
 fly, s., 
 fly, v., 
 
 fly [outer fly of a tent), 
 fodder, 
 
 fog, 
 
 fold, v., 
 folk, 
 
 follozv, v., 
 food, 
 foolish, 
 foot, 
 for, 
 
 forage, s., 
 forbid, v., 
 force , s., 
 ford, s., 
 v.a., 
 fore-arm, 
 forehead, 
 foreign, 
 forenoon, 
 forest, 
 forfeit, s., 
 forfeit, v.a.., 
 forget, v., 
 forgive, v., 
 forgiveness, 
 fork, 
 form, s., 
 former, 
 formerly, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 maflaZ’ya. 
 
 fallai’a. 
 
 siga. 
 
 waina. 
 
 garrafa, 
 
 mareth. 
 
 doX’eth. 
 
 fassasa. 
 
 ababa. 
 
 abbaba. 
 
 zimb. 
 
 barrara. 
 
 madarabya. 
 
 ialab. 
 
 gum. 
 
 attafa. 
 
 hizb, sawoch. 
 
 thak’aththala. 
 
 mablatli. 
 
 don/’woro. 
 
 igir. 
 
 la ... , sila. 
 
 X’alab. 
 
 k’alak’k’ala. 
 
 hayil, gidd. 
 
 malk’a, mashagarya. 
 
 thashaggara. 
 
 k’end. 
 
 gimbar. 
 
 yangida. 
 
 rafad. 
 
 dan, dur. 
 
 tifath. 
 
 atafa. 
 
 rasa. 
 
 i/’ar ala. 
 
 U’artha. 
 
 mawgiya, shawk’a. 
 malik’, misale. 
 yadiro. 
 
 diro, ba&iddim, fith. 
 
 G 2 
 
IOO 
 
 fort, 
 
 fortunate, 
 fortunately, 
 forty, 
 foul, 
 
 found, v.a., 
 fourfold, 
 four, 
 fourteen, 
 fowl, 
 
 fracture, s., 
 
 fragment, 
 
 frankly, 
 
 fraud, 
 
 freedom, 
 
 frequency, 
 
 fresh, 
 
 Friday, 
 friend, 
 friendship, 
 from, 
 front, 
 in front, 
 frontier, 
 frost, 
 fruit, 
 fruitful, 
 full, adv., 
 fully, 
 funeral, 
 furniture, 
 fusty, adj., 
 
 amba. 
 dahna. 
 dahna huno. 
 arba. 
 
 k’ifu, gim. 
 
 sarra, asXammata. 
 
 arath ijj. 
 
 arath. 
 
 asra arath. 
 
 doro. 
 
 sibrath. 
 
 X’wirash. 
 
 bagalt. 
 
 shingila. 
 
 arnath. 
 
 bizaih. 
 
 addis. 
 
 arb. 
 
 wadaj. 
 
 wadaj nath. 
 
 k’a. 
 
 fith. 
 
 wada fith. 
 dimbir, wasan. 
 wir ch. 
 fare, 
 faryatn. 
 
 moltho, milo, muhu 
 batam, fatmo. 
 ganzath. 
 
 eX.’a. 
 
 shaggatha. 
 
 gaily, 
 gain, 
 gain, v , 
 
 badastha. 
 
 rabb, tiX’ame, thirf. 
 
 raba, thataX’^ama, atharrafa. 
 
 gall, 
 
 game, s., 
 garden, 
 garner, 
 
 againa. 
 amoth. 
 z'/zawatha. 
 athak’ilth. 
 yahel mak’thacha. 
 
gate, 
 
 gather, v., 
 
 gather (harvest), 
 
 geld, v., 
 
 generosity, 
 
 gently, 
 
 genuine, 
 
 genus, 
 
 germinate, v.n., 
 get, v., 
 giddiness, 
 
 gift, 
 
 gild, v.a., 
 gimlet, 
 
 ginge >, 
 
 gird, v., 
 
 girdle, 
 
 gift, 
 
 give, v., 
 giver, 
 
 glad (to be), v. 
 gladly, 
 gladness, 
 glass, 
 
 glorify, v., ,., 
 glue, 
 gnaw, v., 
 v., 
 
 God, 
 gold, 
 good, 
 goods, 
 gospel, 
 gossip, s. } 
 govern, v., 
 governor, 
 gourd, 
 
 grace (goodness), 
 
 grain, 
 
 granary, 
 
 bar. 
 
 asabassaba. 
 
 k’aththatha. 
 
 gwonaddala. 
 
 charnath. 
 
 Zas bilo. 
 tiru. 
 
 wagan, ayinath. 
 
 ba/Zala, 
 
 againa. 
 
 yaras mazawwar. 
 habth. 
 
 bawarZ labbata. 
 wasfo. 
 zinjibar. 
 atta/a. 
 
 mathata/ya, ma/annath. 
 
 seth lijj. 
 
 satta. 
 
 sack. 
 
 das ala. 
 
 bad as th a. 
 
 dastha. 
 
 birr/iZZo. 
 
 ak’abbara, masaggana. 
 
 mu/’. 
 
 nac/a. 
 
 lieda. 
 
 fiyyal. 
 
 egziabher, amlak’. 
 war/. 
 
 dahna, malk’am, dagg. 
 
 ganzab, i/a. 
 
 wangel. 
 
 c/awatha. 
 
 gaza. 
 
 gazh, gazli. 
 duba, k’il. 
 tagga, mogas. 
 ehel, Zintath. 
 yahel mak’thacha. 
 
102 
 
 grape, 
 grasp, v., 
 grass, 
 grateful, 
 gratitude, 
 grave {tomb), 
 gravy, 
 
 graze {as cattle), v.n., 
 
 grease, 
 
 great, 
 
 greatness, 
 
 greediness, 
 
 $reen, 
 
 green {offoliage), 
 
 greeting, 
 
 grief 
 
 grind, v.a., 
 grindstone, 
 groan, v., 
 grope, v., 
 ground, 
 grow, v., 
 growth, 
 grudge, v., 
 grumble, v., 
 grumbling, 
 guard, v., 
 guardian, 
 guess, s., 
 guess, v., 
 guide, s., 
 guide, v., 
 guilt, 
 guilty, 
 
 gum, 
 gums, 
 
 gun, 
 
 gunpowder, 
 gush, v., 
 
 guy ropes, 
 
 wayln. 
 
 ^abbatha, yaza. 
 
 sar. 
 
 yamara. 
 misgana. 
 ma/’abar. 
 mara k. 
 samara. 
 
 /£ibath. 
 
 thillL£, thala£. 
 
 thala/£nath. 
 
 sisth. 
 
 arangwadi. 
 
 limlame. 
 
 salamtha. 
 
 azan. 
 
 i&chcha., afachchn. 
 wafc'/^o. 
 
 ^ok’a. 
 
 dasa. 
 
 midir. 
 
 addaga. 
 
 madag. 
 
 naffaga. 
 
 agworamarrama. 
 
 girgirtha. 
 
 tabba/ta. 
 
 tabba^i. 
 
 asab. 
 
 asbo fallaga. 
 
 marl. 
 
 mara. 
 
 badal. 
 
 at fa. 
 
 mucha. 
 
 yatirs siga. 
 
 thamanja, naft. 
 
 barud. 
 
 bagidd fassasa, bahayil 
 fassasa. 
 marl. 
 
103 
 
 habit, 
 
 limad, wagg. 
 
 habitation, 
 
 manorya, madarya. 
 
 habitually, 
 
 wathro. 
 
 habituate, v., 
 
 aslammada. 
 
 hail, 
 
 barado. 
 
 hair, 
 
 tugur. 
 
 hairless, 
 
 malata. 
 
 half, 
 
 ek’k’ul. 
 
 half-way. 
 
 bak’k’ul mangad. 
 
 hall, 
 
 adarash. 
 
 halt (stop), 
 
 thaw. 
 
 halter. 
 
 libab. 
 
 hammer, s., 
 
 madwosha, mamcha. 
 
 hammer, v.a., 
 
 matha. 
 
 hand, 
 
 ijj; 
 
 handful, 
 
 chi bt. 
 
 handkerchief, 
 
 mahramya. 
 
 handle, s., 
 
 mayazha. 
 
 hang, v.a., 
 
 sa&£ala. 
 
 happen, v., 
 
 hona. 
 
 happily, 
 
 dahna hiino. 
 
 happiness, 
 
 dastha. 
 
 happy, v. ( 4 ? A?), 
 
 das ala. 
 
 harass, 
 
 aschaggara, warrara. 
 
 harbour, v., 
 
 dabab. 
 
 hard, 
 
 birthu, dirk. 
 
 harden, v., 
 
 atana, abarratha. 
 
 hardly. 
 
 bagidd. 
 
 hardship, 
 
 mak’ara. 
 
 harm. 
 
 k’ifath. 
 
 harness, s., 
 
 yafaras ikH. 
 
 harp. 
 
 masan/^o. 
 
 haste, 
 
 machak’k’wil, maftan. 
 
 hasten, v., 
 
 chak’k’wola, fattana. 
 
 hastily. 
 
 fatno. 
 
 hat, 
 
 barnetha. 
 
 hatchet, 
 
 matrabya, misar. 
 
 haunch. 
 
 chin. 
 
 hay, 
 
 sar. 
 
 haze, 
 
 glim. 
 
 he, 
 
 ersu. 
 
104 
 
 he threw a sp, cir at ine, 
 
 head, 
 
 heal , v.a., 
 
 heal, v.n., 
 
 health, 
 
 healthy (person), 
 heap, s., 
 heap, v.a., 
 hear, v., 
 hearing, 
 heart, 
 heat, 
 
 heat, v.a., 
 heathen, 
 heaven, 
 heavy, adj., 
 heavy, v. (/0 <fe), 
 heavy (it is very), 
 
 hedge, 
 heel, 
 height, 
 heir, 
 
 help, v.a., 
 help, s., 
 hemp, 
 hen, 
 
 henceforth, 
 
 her, 
 herald, 
 herb, 
 
 herdsman, 
 here, 
 heritage, 
 herself, 
 hesitate, v., 
 hesitation , 
 hide, v.a., 
 
 ///o-//, v. (/<? $*?), 
 
 tor warawarabain. 
 ras. 
 
 adana, fawwasa. 
 
 dana. 
 
 tena. 
 
 baltena. 
 
 k’imir. 
 
 k’ammara. 
 
 samma. 
 
 masmath. 
 
 libb. 
 
 thik’wusath. 
 
 amo/fe. 
 
 arami, aramawi. 
 samayi. 
 k’abbad. 
 k’abbada. 
 
 ijig ik’abdal or ijig k’abbad 
 naw. 
 
 atar, /f’itar. 
 
 sak’wona. 
 
 k’aftha, /’umath. 
 
 warash. 
 
 rad a. 
 
 radath. 
 
 k’anabls. 
 
 doro. 
 
 k’azih wadiya, k’angidlh 
 wadiya. 
 
 ...ath (suffix), 
 awaj nagari. 
 
 X’ital. 
 
 irraina, yak’abth tabba/fi. 
 
 bazih. 
 
 risth. 
 
 raswa. 
 
 thataratara. 
 
 mataratar. 
 
 shashshaga, sawwara, dab- 
 ba/’a. 
 k’af ala. 
 
10 = 
 
 highway , 
 hill, 
 hilly , 
 him , 
 call him , 
 hit him, 
 hinder, adj., 
 hinder, v.a., 
 hint, v., 
 hip , 
 
 hippopotamus, 
 hire, s., 
 hire, v.a,, 
 history , 
 
 /*//, v a., 
 hither, 
 hitherto, 
 hoe, s., 
 
 v.a., 
 /Wrt 7 , v.a., 
 hole , s., 
 hollow , adj., 
 holy, 
 home, 
 honest , 
 honesty , 
 honey , 
 honour , s., 
 honour , v., 
 honourable, 
 hood, 
 hook , s., 
 hope , s., 
 hope , v., 
 hopeful , 
 horn , 
 horse,* 
 
 awra mangad. 
 
 tharara. 
 
 thartharam. 
 
 ...th, ...w (suffixes). 
 
 tarraw. 
 
 balaw. 
 
 hwalaina. 
 
 k’alak’k’ala. 
 
 ta/’/’asa, ta/’so amalak’k’atha. 
 
 chin. 
 
 gumari. 
 
 k’irayi. 
 
 bak’irayi adarraga. 
 
 tank’. 
 
 matha. 
 
 wadih, wada zlh. 
 esk’a zare. 
 doma, misar. 
 k’af adarraga. 
 yaza. 
 
 ^adada, gudgwad. 
 bade, k’ifth. 
 
 /’iddiis. 
 
 beth. 
 
 libu ya/’anna. 
 
 yalib /’innath. 
 
 mar. 
 
 k’ibir. 
 
 ak’abbara. 
 
 k’ibur. 
 
 /’ob. 
 
 mayaz. 
 
 thasfa. 
 
 thasfa adarraga. 
 bal thasfa. 
 
 /•and. 
 
 faras. 
 
 * The different colours by which horses are known are :— 
 white , ambalai. g^y, bora. cream, bula. 
 
 roan, gulo. black, duri. magal. 
 
horseman, 
 
 host ( entertainer), 
 
 hostage, 
 
 hot, adj., 
 
 hour, 
 
 house, 
 
 how, 
 
 however, 
 
 howl, Vr, 
 
 humble, 
 
 humid, 
 
 hundred, 
 
 hunger, 
 
 hungry (/ am ), 
 
 hunter, 
 
 hurl, v.a., 
 
 hurry, v., 
 
 hurry up, 
 
 husband, 
 
 hush, 
 
 hut, 
 
 hyena, 
 
 106 
 
 farsaifia. 
 bal beth. 
 was. 
 
 thik’k’wis, mu£. 
 
 saath. 
 
 beth. 
 
 endeth, endamin. 
 
 dar 5 gin, nagar gin. 
 
 f^ok’a, 
 
 theheth. 
 
 irtib. 
 
 matho. 
 
 rab. 
 
 rab allain. 
 adaina. 
 
 bagidd tala, warawwarra. 
 fattana, chak’k’wola. 
 tholo bal. 
 bal. 
 
 zim bal. 
 
 gojjb- 
 
 jibb. 
 
 % 
 
 /, 
 
 idea, 
 idiot, 
 
 idle [one who is), 
 idle, v., 
 ill, v. (/<? &?), 
 he is ill, 
 illiterate, 
 illness, 
 image, 
 
 imitate, v.a., 
 
 imitation, 
 
 immediately, 
 
 immense, 
 
 impair, x., 
 
 impartial, 
 
 impede, v., 
 
 ine. 
 
 asab. 
 
 don/lrworo, muifi. 
 ligmaina, thak’ach. 
 laggama. 
 thammama. 
 thammoal. 
 yalthamara. 
 himam, bashitha. 
 misale. 
 
 thak’ak’k’ala, massala. 
 mamasal, mak’aththul. 
 ahun ahun. 
 ijig thilliZ’. 
 
 ,gwoda, asanasa. 
 
 yamaidila. 
 
 k’alak’k’ala, 
 
io7 
 
 impediment, 
 impertinence, 
 impertinent, 
 implement, 
 implore, v., 
 important, 
 impose, v., 
 impostor, 
 imprison, v.a., 
 imprisoned, v. (/<? &?), 
 improper, adj., 
 improve, v.a., 
 improvement, 
 impure, 
 in, 
 
 incapable , 
 incessantly, 
 include, v.a., 
 income, s., 
 incomplete, 
 increase , s., 
 increase, v.a., 
 increase, v.n., 
 incredible, 
 indemnity, 
 indicate, v., 
 indignity, 
 indolence, 
 indolent, 
 induce, v.a., 
 
 he induced me to come 
 
 infantry, 
 
 infect (with disease), 
 infectious {disease), 
 infirm, v. (to be), 
 infirmary, 
 infirmity, 
 inflate, v., 
 inform, v., 
 information, 
 
 k’ilk’il. 
 
 difrath. 
 
 dafari. 
 
 i£a. 
 
 lammana. 
 
 k’abbad, thala^. 
 
 (T^ana. 
 
 asathaina. 
 
 asara, basar beth asgabba. 
 
 thasara. 
 
 yamayigaba. 
 
 astaH’ama, ashala. 
 
 ti/^im. 
 
 rak’uis. 
 
 ba.(prefix). 
 
 yamaichil. 
 
 wathro. 
 
 asgabba. 
 
 thirf, dammawaz, ganzab. 
 yalmala, yalfattama. 
 mabzath. 
 
 abazza, r//ammara. 
 bazza. 
 
 yamaithamam. 
 
 k’asa. 
 
 asaya. 
 
 mana/’. 
 
 hak’eth. 
 
 hak’ethaina. 
 
 ishshi asaina. 
 
 imta zand ishshi asainain, or 
 na bilo ishshi asainain. 
 igiraina wathaddar. 
 bashitha alfo yaza. 
 alfo yamiyaz bashitha. 
 dak’k’ama. 
 dik’k’am. 
 dik’am. 
 anafa. 
 
 asthawa^a, awara. 
 ware, awa^ath. 
 

 108 
 
 infringe, v., 
 ingenious, 
 ingenuity, 
 inhabit, v., 
 inherit, v., 
 inheritance, 
 inheritor, 
 injure, v., 
 injury, 
 injustice, 
 ink, 
 
 inquire, v., 
 inquire into, v., 
 insert, v.a., 
 inside, 
 insolent, 
 instead of, 
 
 afarrasa, thalalafa. 
 
 bilhathaina. 
 
 bilhath. 
 
 nora. 
 
 warrasa. 
 
 risth. 
 
 warash. 
 
 gwoda. 
 
 magwodath. 
 
 giff. 
 
 /’alam. 
 
 tayya/ t 'a. 
 
 marammara. 
 
 wist asgabba. 
 
 wisth. 
 
 dafari. 
 
 ba . . . . fantha, ba . . . . 
 si fra. 
 
 instigate, v., 
 instigator, 
 
 instruct, v.a. {teach), 
 
 instruct, v.a. {order), 
 
 instructions, 
 
 instrument, 
 
 insult, v., 
 
 insult, 
 
 insurrection, 
 
 intelligence, 
 
 intend, v., 
 
 intention, 
 
 intercede, v., 
 
 interchange, v., 
 
 interpret, v., 
 
 interpreter, 
 
 interview, 
 
 intestine, 
 
 intoxicate, v. a., 
 
 intrigue, v.n., 
 
 intrigue, 
 
 intrust, 
 
 invert, v.a., 
 
 ana/’a, asnasa. 
 
 ana/i. 
 
 asthamara. 
 
 azzaza. 
 
 thaizaz. 
 
 i/’a. 
 
 saddaba. 
 sidib, badal. 
 shift. 
 
 aw/’ath, masthawal, bilhath 
 
 assaba, fa.kka.da. 
 
 asab, fakad, malath. 
 
 raidhan hona, asmara. 
 
 thalawata. 
 
 astharragwoma. 
 
 asthargwami. 
 
 maganainath. 
 
 anjath. 
 
 asak’k’ara. 
 
 ashSkhshokha. 
 
 mashokhshokh. 
 
 adara satta. 
 
 galabbata. 
 
investigate, v.a., 
 
 109 
 
 marammara. 
 
 involve, v.a., 
 
 ta/do agabba. 
 
 inward , 
 
 wada wist. 
 
 iron, 
 
 birath. 
 
 irrigate, v., 
 
 raz 7 *a. 
 
 irritate, 
 
 as/C’wota. 
 
 island. 
 
 doseth. 
 
 itch, s., 
 
 ik’ak’. 
 
 itch, v., 
 
 ak’ak’a. 
 
 
 irsu. 
 
 itself, 
 
 rasu. 
 
 jackal, 
 
 /fabaro. 
 
 jam, v.n., 
 
 thagafa. 
 
 January, 
 
 tir. 
 
 jar. 
 
 gumbo. 
 
 jaw, 
 
 mangaga. 
 
 jealous, 
 
 /’inathaina. 
 
 jealousy, 
 
 /’inath. 
 
 join, v a., 
 
 agattama. 
 
 join, v.n., 
 
 gattama. 
 
 joints [of the body). 
 
 jimath. 
 
 joke, v., 
 
 thacMwatha, waza» 
 
 journey, 
 
 mangad, guzo. 
 
 joy, 
 
 joyfully, 
 
 dastba, das malath. 
 
 badastha, das bilo. 
 
 judge, v.a., 
 
 farrada, k’won ana. 
 
 jjdg e > s., 
 
 faraj, daina, mak’wonan. 
 
 judgment. 
 
 fird. 
 
 July, 
 
 hamle. 
 
 jump, v.a , 
 
 zallala, mar ala. 
 
 June, 
 
 sanne. 
 
 just, adj., 
 
 /’in, ya/’anna. 
 
 justice , 
 
 kin. 
 
 keep, v., 
 
 tabba/’a. 
 
 keeper, 
 
 tabba/’i. 
 
 key, 
 
 mak’facha. 
 
 kick, a., 
 
 margath. 
 
 /foVZ’, v.a., 
 
 raggata. 
 
 kidneys, 
 
 /nvilabth. 
 
no 
 
 kill, v.a., 
 kind, adj., 
 kind (sort), 
 kindle, v.a. (afire), 
 
 have they lighted the fire l 
 kindness, 
 king, 
 kingdom, 
 kit chin, 
 knead, v., 
 knee, 
 ktiife, 
 
 knock, v.a., 
 knot, s., 
 knot, v.a., 
 know, v., 
 knowingly , 
 knuckles, 
 
 ladder, 
 lade, v.a., 
 
 lag* 
 
 lake, 
 
 lame, adj., 
 
 lamp, 
 
 land, s.j 
 
 landlord, 
 
 language, 
 
 lantern, 
 
 lap, v.a. (wind round), 
 
 large, 
 
 last, 
 
 last, v., 
 
 latch, s., 
 
 late, v. (to be), 
 
 lately, 
 
 laugh, v.n., 
 
 laughter, 
 
 law, 
 
 layer, 
 
 gaddala. 
 
 char. 
 
 ayinath. 
 
 anaddada. 
 
 isath anaddawal. 
 
 charnath. 
 
 nigus. 
 
 mangasth. 
 
 yawath beth or wath beth. 
 
 lawwasa. 
 
 gwilbath. 
 
 billawa. 
 
 matha. 
 
 ^witar, ^utar. 
 
 /fcwitar asara. 
 awwa/’a. 
 awX’o, baw/uth. 
 yatath jimath. 
 
 masalel. 
 
 choxva. 
 
 zaggama. 
 
 bahir. 
 
 ank’asa. 
 
 mabrath, fanus. 
 
 midir, mareth. 
 
 bala beth, or bal beth. 
 
 /’wan^wa, af. 
 
 fanus. 
 
 tamattama. 
 
 thillL£, thala/\ 
 
 hwalaina. 
 
 nora. 
 
 /’wilf. 
 zaggaya. 
 karb /’an. 
 sa/’a. 
 sa£. 
 
 higg- 
 
 dirb. 
 
Ill 
 
 laziness, 
 lazy, 
 lead , v., 
 lead {metal ), 
 leaf\ 
 
 leap year, 
 learn^ v., 
 learning , s., 
 leather , 
 leave , v., 
 
 /<?/? to direction ), 
 leg, 
 lemon , 
 v., 
 
 length , 
 
 lengthen , v.a., 
 lentils, 
 leopard , 
 lessen , v.a., 
 lesson, 
 letter, s., 
 level , adj., 
 liar^ 
 liberty , 
 v.a., 
 lid) 
 lie, s., 
 
 lie (/<? ‘lie down), 
 
 life) 
 
 lift, v.a., 
 
 light {as to weight), 
 light , 
 
 /z «■///, v., 
 
 lightning) 
 
 like {to resemble ), 
 
 like) v., 
 
 limb, 
 
 lime) 
 
 limit) 
 
 limp , v.n., 
 
 hak’eth, ligim. 
 hak’ethaina, ligmaifia 
 mara. 
 irsas, 
 
 ^ital. 
 
 yashigir amath. 
 thamara. 
 mamar. 
 y^worbath. 
 
 thawa, la.kka.ka.) as/£arra. 
 
 gira. 
 
 igir. 
 
 lomln. 
 
 abaddara. 
 
 rizmath. 
 
 asrazzama. 
 
 misir. 
 
 nibar, nabar. 
 asanasa, agwodala 
 thiinhirth. 
 
 wara/’ath, dabdabbi. 
 lik’, ek’k’ul. 
 asathaina, asach. 
 arnath. 
 lasa. 
 
 mak’daina. 
 
 asath. 
 
 thaina. 
 
 hiyiwath {prononncea 
 hiyoth). 
 anasa. 
 fallal. 
 
 birhan, mabrath. 
 
 abara. 
 
 mabra/% 
 
 massala. 
 
 waddada. 
 
 bilth. 
 
 nora. 
 
 wasan, dimbir, dambar. 
 anak’k’asa. 
 
I 12 
 
 linseed’, 
 
 thalba. 
 
 lion, 
 
 anbasa. 
 
 Up, 
 
 k’anfar. 
 
 listen, v., 
 
 samma. 
 
 little, 
 
 tikith. 
 
 live, v., 
 
 nora. 
 
 liver, 
 
 gubath. 
 
 load, s., 
 
 <r/rinath, shik’im. 
 
 V., 
 
 chwcvz., ashak’k’ama. 
 
 lock, s., 
 
 kvtitf. 
 
 lock, v , 
 
 ^’wolafa. 
 
 locust, 
 
 anbata. 
 
 log, 
 
 gind. 
 
 long, 
 
 rajjim. 
 
 long {to be), 
 
 razzama. 
 
 look, s., 
 
 mayath. 
 
 look, V. , 
 
 aya. 
 
 looking glass. 
 
 masthawath. 
 
 loose, v.a., 
 
 fatha. 
 
 lose, v., 
 
 atafa. 
 
 loss, 
 
 tifath, gud. 
 
 loudly, 
 
 bathalaX’ dimt, bathillU a f. 
 
 love, v., 
 
 waddada. 
 
 love, 
 
 wid. 
 
 low, 
 
 z\k yala. 
 
 low {to be), 
 
 z\k ala. 
 
 luckily, 
 
 dahna hiino. 
 
 lucrative, 
 
 rab, yamiyatharf, yamlraba 
 
 luggage. 
 
 ika, ganzab. 
 
 lunatic, 
 
 ebid. 
 
 lungs, 
 
 sambo. 
 
 lurk, v., 
 
 thashammaia. 
 
 mad, 
 
 ibid, ibd. 
 
 midden, v., 
 
 asabadda. 
 
 madness, 
 
 ibdnath. 
 
 magic, 
 
 asmath. 
 
 maintain { feed), 
 
 maggaba, X-allaba. 
 
 maize, 
 
 mashilla. 
 
 make, v., 
 
 sarra, abajja. 
 
 maker, 
 
 sari. 
 
malady , 
 male, 
 yyiallet, 
 man, 
 manhood, 
 manifest, 
 many, 
 map, 
 
 march, v., 
 
 March {month), 
 
 mare, 
 
 mark, s., 
 
 mark, v. (/<?point out), 
 
 market, 
 
 marriage, 
 
 marry, v., 
 
 marsh, s., 
 
 martingale, 
 
 mason, 
 
 master, 
 
 master, v., 
 
 match, v,n., 
 
 matches, 
 
 mature, ripe {to be), 
 
 May {month), 
 ffieal, s., 
 meal, flour, 
 mean, v., 
 
 what does it mean ? or 
 what w ?Vi' meaning ? 
 meaning, 
 measure, s., 
 measure, v., 
 measurement, 
 meat, 
 
 mediate, v.n., 
 medicine, 
 meek, 
 meet, v., 
 meeting, 
 melon, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 bashitha. ^ 
 
 wand. 
 
 mamcha. 
 
 saw. 
 
 sawnath. 
 
 yathagallata. 
 
 bizii. 
 
 k’artha. 
 
 guzo, gwaz. 
 
 magablth. 
 
 bazro. 
 
 milik’ith. 
 
 amalak’k’atha. 
 
 gabiya. 
 
 magabath. 
 
 agaba. 
 
 wiha yami^omabath sefr 
 
 imbiyagus. 
 
 naddai’I, 
 
 getha. 
 
 ashannafa. 
 
 gattama. 
 
 k’abrith. 
 
 bassala. 
 
 gimboth. 
 
 mesa. 
 
 do^eth. 
 
 ala. 
 
 malathu mindir naw. 
 
 malath. 
 
 malak’iya. 
 
 lak’a. 
 
 malk’ath. 
 
 siga. 
 
 asthara/^a. 
 
 medhanith. 
 
 gar. 
 
 thaganaina. 
 
 maganaifiath. 
 
 dubba. 
 
 H 
 
melt, v.ui, 
 
 memoir, 
 
 memory, 
 
 mend, v., 
 
 merchandise, 
 
 merchant, 
 
 merciful, 
 
 mercy, 
 
 merely, 
 
 message, 
 
 messenger, 
 
 mid-day, 
 
 middle, 
 
 midnight, 
 
 mid-way, 
 
 mildew, 
 
 milk, 
 
 milk, v., 
 
 millstone, 
 
 ■mind, 
 
 what he has in his m 
 mine (belonging to me), 
 miser, 
 miserable, 
 misery, 
 mislead, v., 
 mist, 
 
 mistake, v., 
 mistress, 
 
 ■mix, v. {solids), 
 mix, v. {fluids), 
 mixture, 
 moist, 
 moisture, 
 molest, v., 
 
 Monday, 
 
 money, 
 
 monkey, 
 
 month, 
 
 moon, 
 
 morass, 
 
 /£allata. 
 zik’ir, thank 5 , 
 asab. 
 ta/^ama. 
 shiya<r^. 
 
 naggadl, shammach. 
 
 mehrathaina. 
 
 mehrath. 
 
 bichcha. 
 
 malek’ith. 
 
 malak’thaina. 
 
 ek’k’ul k an. 
 
 mak’ak’al. 
 
 ek’k’ul lelith. 
 
 ek’k’ul mangad. 
 
 katana. 
 
 wathath. 
 
 allaba. 
 
 wafchd. 
 
 asab, hod. 
 
 bahodu yalla nagar. 
 
 yane, lane, 
 
 nifug. 
 
 chigaraina. 
 
 chiggar. 
 
 asatha. 
 
 gum. 
 
 thasasa. 
 
 embeth. 
 
 daballaia. 
 
 ka\aka\a. 
 
 dibli/£. 
 
 irtib. 
 
 ritbath. 
 
 aschaggara. 
 
 saino. 
 
 bir. 
 
 tota. 
 
 war. 
 
 chaxaka. 
 
 rigrig. 
 
“5 
 
 more, 
 
 yabaza, dagmo. 
 
 moreover, 
 
 dammo. 
 
 morning, 
 
 tiwath. 
 
 morrow, 
 
 naga. 
 
 k’ahulu yamlbaza. 
 
 most, 
 mother, 
 
 ennath. 
 
 mould, s., 
 
 Z’allb. r> 
 
 mouldy, to be, 
 
 shaggatha. 
 
 mount, V.. 
 
 watta. 
 
 mountain, 
 
 tharara. 
 
 mouse, 
 
 ayit. 
 
 mouth, 
 
 af. 
 
 mow, v.a., 
 
 achc/iada. 
 
 much, 
 
 ijig, bizu. 
 
 mud, 
 
 chika,. 
 
 mule,* 
 
 ba/do. 
 
 multiply, v.a., 
 
 daggama. 
 
 muslin, 
 
 shash. 
 
 mustard, 
 
 sinaficha. 
 
 mutineer, 
 
 shaftaina, shifta. 
 
 mutiny , s., 
 
 shift. 
 
 mutiny, v., 
 
 shaffata. 
 
 myself, 
 
 rase. 
 
 nail, s., 
 
 chank’ar. 
 
 nail, v.a., 
 
 chanak’k’ara. 
 
 name, 
 
 sem. 
 
 narrow, 
 
 tabbab, Sachin. 
 
 nation, 
 
 hezeb, wagan. 
 
 nausea, 
 
 mas/’a/h 
 
 near, 
 
 /’arb. 
 
 near, to be, 
 
 ^arraba. 
 
 necessaries, 
 
 guddayi. 
 
 necessarily, 
 
 bagidd. 
 
 * Colours of mules :— 
 
 black, 
 
 warda. 
 
 grey, 
 
 girak//a. 
 
 bay, 
 
 shahela. 
 
 white, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 r^abai. 
 
 H 2 
 
116 
 
 necessary (to be), 
 
 it is not necessary to go, 
 necessity, 
 neck, 
 needle, 
 neglect, 
 neglect, v., 
 negotiate, v.n., 
 negotiation, 
 negro, 
 neighbour, 
 neither,* 
 net, s., 
 never, 
 
 nevertheless, 
 
 new, 
 
 news, 
 
 night, 
 
 nine, 
 
 ninety, 
 
 no, 
 
 nobody, 
 
 noise, 
 
 noon, 
 
 nor, 
 
 north, 
 
 nose, 
 
 nostril, 
 
 not,f 
 
 note, v. (make a note of), 
 
 asfallaga. 
 
 mahed ayasfalgim. 
 
 gidd. 
 
 angath. 
 
 marfe, raarfi. 
 
 chal malath. 
 
 chal ala. 
 
 gamaggama. 
 
 magamgam. 
 
 shank’alla. 
 
 gworabeth. 
 
 wayis. * 
 
 marbab. 
 
 k’atho. 
 
 yeh sayi^ar. 
 
 addis. 
 
 ware. 
 
 lelith. 
 
 zatain. 
 
 zatana. 
 
 ink’wan, imbi. 
 
 manim. 
 
 r/mk’ath. 
 
 /’athir, ek’k’ul ^an. 
 
 (see footnote *). 
 
 samen. 
 
 afinr//a. 
 
 anf. 
 
 (expressed by the verb in 
 the negative. See foot 
 note t.) 
 lib adarraga. 
 
 * Wayis = either, with the word in the negative form 
 expresses neither, nor. Example—wayis ersii wayis anth 
 baziya alnabbaracliihum : Neither he nor you were there . 
 
 t Not is expressed by means of the prefix “a” or “at,’’ 
 and the suffix “m,” which puts the verb into the negative. 
 Example—Aihedim : He %vill not go. Athmatta : Do thoic 
 not come ; do7i't von come. 
 
117 
 
 nothing, 
 
 there is nothing there, 
 notice ( news), 
 notify, v., 
 
 November, 
 nourish, 
 nourishment, 
 now, 
 
 nowadays, 
 number, v., 
 number, 
 nurse, v.a., 
 nurse, 
 
 oar, 
 
 obedience, 
 obey, v., 
 
 oblige, v. (A? force), 
 obstacle, 
 obstinate, 
 obstruct, v., 
 obtain, v., 
 obvious, 
 obviously, 
 occasion, s., 
 on that occasion, 
 occur, v.j 
 o'clock — 
 
 what o'clock is it l 
 
 at what o'clock, or a/ what 
 time ? 
 
 October, 
 
 offence, 
 
 offend, v., 
 
 offender, 
 
 offer, y., 
 
 office, 
 
 officer, 
 
 often, 
 
 oil, 
 
 minim. 
 
 minim yallam. 
 ware, nagar. 
 asthawa/fe. 
 hidar. 
 
 rnaggaba, /fellaba. 
 magab, /felab. 
 ahun. 
 zare. 
 
 /rwotara. 
 
 /hvitir. 
 
 asthamama. 
 
 asthamamT. 
 
 ma/feaf. 
 
 mathazaz. 
 
 thazaza. 
 
 bagid asadarraga. 
 
 k’ilk’ayi. 
 
 dandana. 
 
 k’alak’k’ala. 
 
 againa. 
 
 yathagallata. 
 
 bagilt. 
 
 gize. 
 
 baziyan gize. 
 hona, thagaina. 
 
 sinth saath hona. 
 how many hours is if ? 
 
 basinth saath. 
 at hozo much hours f 
 tU’imth. 
 badal. 
 baddala. 
 badayl. 
 
 satta, a/ferraba. 
 
 shiimath. 
 
 shum. 
 
 bizu gize. 
 
 zayith. 
 
ii 8 
 
 ointment, 
 old, 
 
 old [olden), 
 olive tree, 
 omit, v., 
 on, 
 once, 
 one, 
 onion, 
 only, 
 
 open, v.a., 
 
 openly, 
 
 opinion, 
 
 opinion [lam of), 
 opium, 
 opportune, 
 opposite, 
 oppress, v., 
 or, 
 
 order, v., 
 order [command), 
 order [put in order) 
 order [ succession), 
 ordered ?ne to go [he), 
 ordinary, 
 organisation, 
 organise, v.a., 
 origin, 
 
 originate, v.n. 
 
 ornament, s., 
 
 ornament, v.a., 
 
 ostrich, 
 
 other, 
 
 oven, 
 
 over, 
 
 overcast, aaj., 
 overcloud, v.n 
 
 /’ibe. 
 
 aroge. 
 
 yadiro. 
 
 waira. 
 
 as/forra, thawa, 
 ba. 
 
 and gize. 
 and. 
 
 shingwirth. 
 
 bicha. 
 
 k’affatha- 
 
 bagilt. 
 
 asab. 
 
 imaslainal. 
 
 afyun. 
 
 dahna, baj yamll gize. 
 
 fith laflth. 
 
 aschaggara. 
 
 wayis. 
 
 azzaza. 
 
 taezaz. 
 
 sirath adarraga. 
 sirath. 
 
 hid bilo alain. 
 
 yawathro. 
 
 sirath. 
 
 sarra.* 
 
 min<r^. 
 
 mannar/?a. 
 
 shillim. 
 
 shallama. 
 
 sagon. 
 
 lela. 
 
 ithon. 
 
 balayi. 
 
 walls. 
 
 wallasa. 
 
 * This verb is distinct from the verb “sarra:” lo do, 
 to make : the two are spelt with a different u s J ’ in Amharic 
 characters. 
 
U9 
 
 overcome, v.a., 
 overflow, v.n., 
 overthrow, overturn, v., 
 our, 
 
 ourselves, 
 out, outside, 
 outlet, 
 outwardly, 
 owner, 
 ox, 
 
 pacify, v.a., 
 pail, 
 pain, 
 paint, v., 
 painter, 
 pair, 
 pair, v., 
 
 palm {of the liana), 
 palm tree, 
 paper, 
 parch, v.a., 
 parchment, 
 pardon, 
 pardon, v., 
 pardonable, 
 
 -parent, 
 parentage, 
 part {portion), 
 partiality, 
 participate, v., 
 partner, 
 partridge, 
 party, 
 pass, v.a., 
 
 /ajj, v.n., 
 
 passable, 
 
 passage, 
 
 passenger, 
 
 passport, 
 
 ashannafa, dil nasa. 
 
 rak’a, fassasa. 
 
 gallabata. 
 
 yaina. 
 
 rasachen. 
 
 wk/n. 
 
 mawk/za. 
 
 bawk/^i. 
 
 balabeth.. 
 
 bare. 
 
 asthara^a. 
 
 yawiha ma/’ajja. 
 
 wigath, himam. 
 
 sala. 
 
 sayi. 
 
 timd. 
 
 tammada. 
 
 madaf. 
 
 salen. 
 
 waraX’ath. 
 
 arrara. 
 
 barana. 
 
 sarayat, yi/£artha. 
 saraya, yi^ar ala. 
 
 L£ar yamibal. 
 
 walaj. 
 
 thiwild. 
 
 k’ifil. 
 
 madalath. 
 
 thak’afala. 
 
 balinjera. 
 
 k'W&k 
 
 wagan. 
 
 asallafa. 
 
 allafa. 
 
 yamlyask’ed, yamthalalaf. 
 mangad, mash agar ya, 
 malafya. 
 mangadaina. 
 yafa/£ad wara/£ath. 
 
120 
 
 past, 
 
 paste, 
 
 patch, v.a., 
 
 path, 
 
 patience, 
 
 patient, 
 
 pattern, 
 
 pay, 
 
 pay, v., 
 
 pea, 
 
 peace, 
 
 peak, 
 
 pear!, 
 
 pebble, 
 
 peck, v.a., 
 
 peel, v.a., 
 
 peel, 
 
 peg, s., 
 
 pen, 
 
 pencil, 
 
 people, 
 
 pepper, black or white, 
 
 pepper, red, 
 
 perfectly, 
 
 perhaps, 
 
 period, 
 
 perish, v., 
 
 permission, 
 
 permit, v., 
 
 perplex, v., 
 
 perplexity, 
 
 persecute, v.a., 
 
 persecutor, 
 
 perspiration, 
 
 persuade, v., 
 
 petition, 
 
 petitioner, 
 
 picture, s., 
 
 piece, 
 
 pigeon, 
 
 yallafa. 
 
 mu/\ 
 
 ta.kka.ma. 
 
 mangad. 
 
 ma/C’oyath, thigisth. 
 
 thagash. 
 
 misale. 
 
 dammawaz. 
 
 dammawaz sattn. 
 
 athar. 
 
 ir k. 
 
 a/’bath, shulath. 
 
 lul. 
 
 chinrha. 
 
 nak’k’asa. 
 
 lata. 
 
 lit, /c’irfith. 
 k’asma, chik’al. 
 
 /’alam. 
 
 yarsas X’alam, ersas. 
 sawoch, hezb. 
 
 /’undo barbani. 
 
 barbarrl. 
 
 fatm5, batam. 
 
 menalbath. 
 
 zaman. 
 
 tafa. 
 
 fa/’ad. 
 
 fj/W’ada. 
 
 aschaggara. 
 
 chigar. 
 
 aschaggara, asadada. 
 aschaggari, asadaj. 
 wazh. 
 
 asamana, ishshi asaina. 
 
 lemna 
 
 lammain. 
 
 sill 
 
 k’ifil. 
 
 erya. 
 
 vvani. 
 
121 
 
 pile, s., 
 pile, v.a., 
 pillage, v.a., 
 pillar, 
 pillow, 
 pistol, 
 pit, 
 
 pitch, v.a. (# &»/), 
 
 pitcher, 
 
 pity, v., 
 
 place, 
 
 place, v., 
 
 plain, 
 
 plaintiff, 
 
 plank, s., 
 
 plant, v., 
 
 plaster, v. (a vuall, etc.), 
 
 plate, 
 
 play, s., 
 
 play, v., 
 
 please, 
 
 please, v., 
 pleasure, 
 pledge, 
 plenty, 
 plough, s., 
 plough, v., 
 pluck, v., 
 plunder, v., 
 plunderer, 
 pocket, 
 point, s., 
 point out, v., 
 pointed, 
 poison, 
 pollute, v., 
 pomp, 
 pond, 
 
 poor, 
 
 k’imir. 
 
 k’ammara. 
 
 warrara, barabbara. 
 
 amd. 
 
 tharas. 
 
 shugguth. 
 
 gudgwad. 
 
 thak’k’ala. 
 
 yawiha ma/ajja. 
 
 azzana. 
 
 sefra. 
 
 anora, as/ammata. 
 
 meda. 
 
 k’assash. 
 
 san/a. 
 
 thak’k’ala. 
 
 marraga. 
 
 sahan. 
 
 zVzawatha. 
 
 thar/zawatha. 
 
 aba/ah (defective verb in 
 first person only), 
 das asaina. 
 dastha. 
 imnath. 
 
 bizu, yamayitafa, milu. 
 
 marasha. 
 
 arrasa. 
 
 natta/a. 
 
 warrara, zarrafa, barabara. 
 barbarl. 
 
 /'is. 
 
 na/wita, nu/ita. 
 
 amalak’k atha, asaya. 
 
 shul, yathasala. 
 
 marz. 
 
 asaddafa. 
 
 shilm. 
 
 wiha yallabath gudgwad, 
 yawiha masabsabya. 
 deha. 
 
122 
 
 porter (carrier), 
 porter (door keeper), 
 portion, 
 possession, 
 possessor, 
 
 possible (that which is), 
 
 potatoe, 
 
 poverty, 
 
 pound, v., 
 
 poivder (gun), 
 
 power, 
 
 powerful, 
 
 praise, v., 
 
 pray, v., 
 
 precede, v., 
 
 precipice, 
 
 prefer (Iprefer this one), 
 
 preferable (v. to be), 
 Preliminary, 
 prepare, v., 
 
 present, v.a. (introduce), 
 
 preserve, v.a., 
 
 press, v.a., 
 
 press (printing), 
 
 price, 
 
 prick, v., 
 
 pressure, 
 
 pretence, 
 
 pretend, v.n., 
 
 prevent, v.a., 
 
 prevention, 
 
 pride, 
 
 priest, 
 
 print, v., 
 
 prison, 
 
 prisoner, 
 
 privately. 
 
 thashak’ami. 
 barraina. * 
 k’efil. 
 ganzab. 
 bal. 
 
 yamichal. 
 
 dinnich. 
 
 dehath, chiggar. 
 
 waZ’/’ata. 
 
 bariid. 
 
 hayil, chiloth. 
 hayilaina. 
 amasaggana. 
 saggada. 
 
 /eaddama. 
 gadal, dagath. 
 
 ersu (pointing at the object) 
 ishalainal. 
 thashala. 
 yamajmarya. 
 azagaja, abajja. 
 aganaina, a/^arraba. 
 tabba/^a. 
 agafa. 
 
 mahthamya. 
 
 waga. 
 
 waga. 
 
 magafath. 
 
 gibs nagar, 
 
 gabbaza. 
 
 k’aiak’k’ala. 
 
 mak’alk’al. 
 
 tabith. 
 
 kes. 
 
 aththama. 
 asarbeth. 
 yathasara saw. 
 bagil. 
 
 * The man who stands at the door of a chiefs house and 
 introduces visitors to the chief is called “ aggafari” ; usher. 
 
123 
 
 proclaim, v.a., 
 proclamation, 
 produce, s., 
 productive, 
 profit, 
 profitable, 
 progress, 
 prolong, v., 
 promise, y., 
 promote, v., 
 prong, 
 proof, 
 prop, v., 
 proper, 
 property, 
 prophecy, 
 prophet, 
 propitiate, v., 
 proportion, 
 proposal, 
 trosecute, v., 
 prosperity, 
 protect, v., 
 protector, 
 province, 
 provision, 
 provoke, v., 
 proxy, 
 puddle, 
 puff, v.a., 
 pull, v., 
 punish, 
 punishment, 
 pupil, 
 pure, 
 purport, 
 pursue, v., 
 
 pus, 
 
 push, v., 
 
 put, plat e, v., 
 
 awaj naggara. 
 
 yawaj nagar. 
 
 fari. 
 
 faryam. 
 
 rabb, ti£im. 
 
 raba, ta^ama. 
 
 mablat. 
 
 asrazzama. 
 
 thasfa asdarraga. 
 
 aballata. 
 
 mawgiya. 
 
 magillarZ/a. 
 
 daggafa. 
 
 yamlgaba. 
 
 ganzab. 
 
 thinbith. 
 
 nabiyi. 
 
 astharaz&a. 
 
 lik\ 
 
 mik’ir. 
 
 asadada, k’assasa. 
 
 dahinnath. 
 
 tabba/^a. 
 
 tabba/ft. 
 
 gizath. 
 
 -£alab, sin/1% 
 
 as/lwota. 
 
 was. 
 
 regreg. 
 
 nafa, ef ala. 
 
 saba. 
 
 /^ata, /’assafa. 
 
 /Htath. 
 
 thamari. 
 
 tiru. 
 
 malath. 
 
 thak’aththala. 
 
 magil. 
 
 daffa. 
 
 as/’ammata, anora. 
 
124 
 
 quail , s. 
 quality, 
 quarrel, s., 
 quarrel, v., 
 quarter, 
 queen, 
 question, s., 
 quick (to be), 
 quickly, 
 
 quiet, v. (to be), 
 quiet (be), 
 quietly, 
 
 dirr/ith. 
 bahiri. 
 tibb, til. 
 thatala. 
 rub. 
 nigesth. 
 tiyaZ’e. 
 tholo ala. 
 
 tholo bilo, fatno. • 
 zim ala. 
 zim bal. 
 zim bilo. 
 
 rabbit, 
 
 rag, s., 
 
 rain, s., 
 
 rain, v., 
 
 raise, v.a., 
 
 ram, v.a., 
 
 rank, 
 
 ransom, 
 
 rapid, 
 
 rapidity, 
 
 rasp, 
 
 rat, 
 
 raw, 
 
 razor, 
 
 reach, v., 
 
 read, v., 
 
 ready, v. (to be), 
 
 really, 
 
 ■reap, v.a., 
 reason (cause), 
 reasonable, 
 rebel, v., 
 rebel, 
 rebellion, 
 rebuke, v.a., 
 receive, v., 
 recent, 
 recently, 
 
 tinchal. 
 
 chwck. 
 
 zinab. 
 
 zannaba. 
 
 anasa, k’af adarraga. 
 
 da/’adda/’a. 
 
 shumath. 
 
 beza. 
 
 chik’k’ul. 
 
 machak’k’wil. 
 
 murad. 
 
 ayit. 
 
 tire, yaltha^a^alai 
 
 malar//, 
 
 darrasa. 
 
 anabbaba. 
 
 darrasa. 
 
 baunath. 
 
 ar//r//ada. 
 
 mak’anyath. 
 
 endaimro yalla, yamigaba. 
 
 shaffata. 
 
 shaftaina. 
 
 shift. 
 
 zallafa. 
 
 tha/’abbala, wassada. 
 
 /■arb /’an yahona. 
 
 /arb /an. 
 
125 
 
 recommend, v.a., 
 reconcile, v.a., 
 reconciliation, 
 recover, v. {health), 
 rectify, v.a., 
 red, 
 
 reduce, v.a., 
 reed, 
 
 refine, v.a., 
 refuge, 
 refuse, v., 
 regret, v., 
 regularly, 
 reign, v., 
 rein, s., 
 rejoice, v., 
 relative, 
 release, v.a., 
 relief, 
 relieve, v., 
 rely, v.n., 
 remain, v., 
 
 remain, v. (A? left over), 
 
 remainder, 
 
 remedy, 
 
 remember, v., 
 
 remind, v.a., 
 
 remove, v.a., 
 
 renown, s., 
 
 rent, 
 
 repair, v.a., 
 
 repeal, s., 
 
 repeal, v.a., 
 
 repeat, v. {do again), 
 
 reply, s., 
 
 reply, v., 
 
 report, v.a., 
 
 report, 
 
 request, s., 
 
 request, v.a., 
 
 require, v.a., 
 
 adara satta. 
 
 asthara/&a. 
 
 mathara-£. 
 
 dana. 
 
 a/’anna. 
 
 kaf\. 
 
 asanasa, agwodala, 
 
 shambui/£o. 
 
 arahkaka. 
 
 mashashaggiya. 
 
 irnbi ala. 
 
 azzana. 
 
 basirath. 
 
 naggasa. 
 
 lagwam. 
 
 das ala. 
 
 zamad. 
 
 fatha, arnath satta, lahhaha. 
 arfath. 
 
 aX’allala, asarafa. 
 thamana, taga. 
 nora. 
 
 kaxxa, tharrafa. 
 thirf, /’iretha. 
 medhanlth. 
 assaba. 
 asasaba. 
 ax aka. 
 
 thala/£nath, sem. 
 
 k’irayi, moya. 
 
 abajja. 
 
 shirath. 
 
 shara. 
 
 daggama. 
 
 milash. 
 
 mallasa. 
 
 awara. 
 
 ware. 
 
 mashath, lemna. 
 fallaga, lammana. 
 fallaga, esha. 
 
126 
 
 rescue, s ., 
 rescue, v.a., 
 resemble, v., 
 respect , s., 
 respect, v., 
 rest, v., 
 restrict, v.a., 
 return, v.a., 
 return, v.n., 
 revenge, 
 revenge, v.a., 
 reverse, v.a., 
 revile, v., 
 revolve, v.n., 
 rheumatism, 
 rhinoceros, 
 rib, 
 rice, 
 rich, 
 
 ride, v. (<?« # horse), 
 ride, v. (<?» a mule), 
 ridge {of a hill), 
 rife, 
 
 right {not authority ), 
 
 right {as to direction ), 
 
 righteous, 
 
 rigour, 
 
 rim, 
 
 rind, 
 
 ring, s., 
 
 ring, v.a., 
 
 riot, 
 
 rip, v., 
 
 ripe, v. (/<? be), 
 rise, v.a. (£<?/ ///>), 
 rise, v.n. {mount ub), 
 river, 
 
 hozv do you cross the river ? 
 
 is the current strong ? 
 
 is the river deep ? 
 
 is there a bridge ova the 
 river ? 
 
 madan. 
 
 nat/’o adana. 
 
 massala. 
 
 k’ibir. 
 
 ak’abbara. 
 
 arrafa. 
 
 wazzana. 
 
 mallasa. 
 
 thamallasa. 
 
 baial. 
 
 thaba/’^ala. 
 
 galabbata, shara. 
 
 saddaba. 
 
 zawwara. 
 
 /hvirtmath, 
 
 awraris. 
 
 gwodin. 
 
 ruz. 
 
 balatagga, habtham. 
 bafaras tha/&ammata. 
 baba/Hd tha/femmata. 
 afaf. 
 
 shuU’ith. 
 ya/^anna, dahna. 
 
 /t’ain. 
 
 tadi£. 
 
 birthath. 
 
 zarf. 
 
 /’irfath. 
 zalabath. 
 adawwala. 
 til, huk’ath. 
 
 Z’addada. 
 
 bassala. 
 
 thanasa. 
 
 watta. 
 
 wanz, fasash. 
 wanzii endeth ishagaral ? 
 fisashu hailaina nawn ? 
 wanzu talla/£ nawn ? 
 bawanz dildi nawn? 
 
127 
 
 road, 
 
 is the road good? 
 where does this road go to ? 
 
 roast, s., 
 roast, v.a., 
 rob , v.a., 
 robbery, 
 robust, 
 rock, s., 
 rod, 
 rogue, 
 
 roll, v.a. (wind round), 
 
 roof, 
 
 root, 
 
 rope, 
 
 rot, v.a., 
 
 rot, v.n., 
 
 rotten, 
 
 round [around), 
 round, 
 
 rozv, v.a. (as a boat), 
 
 row (a line), 
 
 rub, v.a., 
 
 rudder, 
 
 ruin, v., 
 
 ruin, 
 
 rule, v. (to govern), 
 
 ruler, 
 
 rumour, 
 
 run, v., 
 
 runner (swift messenger), 
 rust, 
 
 sack, 
 
 sacking (coarse cloth), 
 
 sacred, 
 
 saddle, s., 
 
 saddle, v.a., 
 
 saddle (the mule), 
 
 saddle-tree, 
 
 mangad. 
 
 mangadu dahna nawn ? 
 yeh mangad wadeth ihedal 
 or yaskhedal ? 
 tibs. 
 tabbasa. 
 sarra/£a. 
 siri\ 
 
 gwobaz, gulbatham. 
 
 thilli/& dingiya. 
 
 bathir, zang. 
 
 shangai, muin. 
 
 tamattama. 
 
 saganath. 
 
 sir. 
 
 gam ad. 
 
 ashallacha. 
 
 shallacha. 
 
 shalacha. 
 
 bazurya. 
 
 k’ib. 
 
 X’azzafa. 
 
 thartha. 
 
 {■esc helm. 
 ma^zaf. 
 
 attafa, afarrasa. 
 
 tifat'n. 
 
 gaza. 
 
 gazh. 
 
 ware. 
 
 rota. 
 
 barart. 
 
 zag. 
 
 k’aratlth. 
 
 ma/’. 
 
 /addus. 
 k’oricha. 
 fMna. 
 ba/’lo chzx\. 
 tim. 
 
128 
 
 safe, 
 safely, 
 said {he), 
 sail, s., 
 ja/7, v., 
 saint, 
 sale, 
 salt, 
 
 salutation, 
 salute, v.a., 
 jaW£ (/a /;<?), 
 sameness, 
 sample, s., 
 sanction, v.a., 
 sanction, 
 sand, 
 sandal, 
 satisfy, v., 
 
 Saturday, 
 sauce, 
 savage , 
 jaw, v., 
 
 Jaw, s., 
 
 Jaj, v., 
 
 scales {weighing), 
 
 scarify, v., 
 
 scatter, v., 
 
 scent, 
 
 school, 
 
 scissors, 
 
 scorn, s., 
 
 scorn, v.a., 
 
 scoundrel, 
 
 scout, 
 
 scratch, v. (aj animals with 
 claws), 
 
 scratch, v. {itch), 
 scream, v., 
 screw, s., 
 sea, 
 
 seal, s., 
 
 dahna. 
 
 badahna. 
 
 ala. 
 
 maggarija. 
 
 sarrara, ba mark’ab heda. 
 
 7’iddus. 
 
 mashet. 
 
 r/ziw. 
 
 salamtha. 
 
 thasalama. 
 
 and hona. 
 
 andnath. 
 
 misale. 
 
 fa/bbida. 
 
 faX’ad. 
 
 ashwa. 
 
 f/zama. 
 
 ataggaba. 
 
 /{’idame. 
 
 wath. 
 
 arwi. 
 
 adana. 
 
 magaz. 
 
 ala. 
 
 mezan {Arabic). 
 bata. 
 
 baththana. 
 
 shiththa. 
 
 thamari beth. 
 
 rna/’as. 
 
 waza. 
 
 waza. 
 
 muifi. 
 
 gwobaina. 
 
 bwatata. 
 
 ak’k’ak’a. 
 
 chok’a.. 
 
 mazawwar. 
 
 bahir. 
 
 mahtham. 
 
129 
 
 seal, v., 
 
 aththama. 
 
 seam, 
 
 zarf, safeth. 
 
 season. 
 
 zaman, waralh. 
 
 seat, s., 
 
 ma/’amma^a. 
 
 seat, v.a., 
 
 as/’ammata. 
 
 second. 
 
 hulathaina, dagmawl. 
 
 secret, s., 
 
 shishig. 
 
 secrete , v.a., 
 
 shashshaga, dabba/£a. 
 
 secretly, 
 
 bashishig. 
 
 security {bail), 
 
 was. 
 
 who will stand security foi 
 
 wasu man ihonal ? 
 
 him ? 
 
 have you any one as security 
 
 was allehn ? 
 
 for you ? 
 
 sediment. 
 
 rigo. 
 
 see, v., 
 
 ay a. 
 
 seed. 
 
 zar. 
 
 seem, v., 
 
 massala. 
 
 seize, v., 
 
 yaza. 
 
 seizure. 
 
 mayaz. 
 
 seldom, 
 
 and and gize. 
 
 select, v.a., 
 
 marrata. 
 
 self, 
 
 ras. 
 
 sell, v., 
 
 sheta. 
 
 seller, 
 
 shayar/:. 
 
 sale {things offeredfor), 
 
 shiyar/z. 
 
 senate, 
 
 shangb. 
 
 lak’a. 
 
 send, v., 
 
 senior, 
 
 wana. 
 
 sense. 
 
 bilhath, hewas. 
 
 sentence, v. {to find guilty 
 
 farrada ba... 
 
 and award punish ment ), 
 
 separate, v., 
 
 laya. 
 
 separate, 
 
 liyu. 
 
 September, 
 
 mask’aram. 
 
 series. 
 
 thartha. 
 
 serious. 
 
 k’abbad, birthu. 
 
 servant. 
 
 ashk’ar. 
 
 settle, v. {a matter), 
 
 /nvbrata. 
 
 settle {in a country), 
 
 tha/zammata. 
 
 settle {of sediment), 
 
 raga. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 I 
 
130 
 
 seven, 
 seventeen, 
 seventy, 
 severe, 
 sew, v., 
 shade, shadow, 
 shade, v.a., 
 shake, v., 
 shame, 
 shape, 
 
 share, s. {part), 
 sharp, 
 
 sharp {to be), 
 sharpen, v., 
 shave, v., 
 she, 
 sheaf, 
 
 shear, v.a., 
 
 shearer, 
 
 shears, 
 
 sheep, 
 
 sheet, s., 
 
 shell, 
 
 shell {sea shell), 
 shelter, s., 
 shield, s., 
 shine, v.n., 
 ship, 
 shirt, 
 
 shiver, v.n., 
 shock, s., 
 shoe, v.a., 
 shoe, 
 
 shoot , v. (i.e., to kill), 
 
 sh oot {imperative), 
 
 shoot {tofire), 
 
 shop, 
 
 shore, 
 
 short, 
 
 shot {the pellets), 
 shoulder, 
 
 sabbath. 
 
 asara sabbath. 
 
 saba. 
 
 birthii. 
 
 safa. 
 
 tila. 
 
 tila adarraga. 
 
 na/£anna/£a. 
 
 nawir. 
 
 malik’, /£umath. 
 
 k’ifil. 
 
 yasala. 
 
 sala. 
 
 asala. 
 
 la<r^a. 
 
 erswa. 
 
 nado. 
 
 shallatha. 
 
 shallach. 
 
 maias. 
 
 bagg. 
 
 shamma. 
 
 ^irfith. 
 
 zagol. 
 
 matajja. 
 
 gasha. 
 
 bi \ch ala, taddala. 
 mark’ab. 
 
 /£amis. 
 
 thana/^atta/’ata. 
 
 madfath. 
 
 a^ama. 
 
 ^ama. 
 
 gaddala. 
 
 bal bathamanja, gidalaw. 
 
 thak’k’wosa, gaddala. 
 
 nigid beth, shayac-6 beth. 
 
 dar. 
 
 a.chvc. 
 
 rash. 
 
 ch&nkz.. 
 
shottt, v., 
 show, v., 
 v., 
 
 jvfcy, 
 
 sick, 
 
 sick (he is), 
 
 sickle, s., 
 
 sickness, 
 
 side, 
 
 sieve, 
 
 sight, 
 
 sights (of a rifle), 
 
 sign, signal, 
 
 silence, 
 
 silent, 
 
 silently, 
 
 silk, 
 
 silver, 
 
 since, 
 
 sing, v., 
 
 single (alone), 
 
 single (of material), 
 
 sink, v.n., 
 
 sip, v.a., 
 
 sister, 
 
 sister-in-law, 
 
 sit, v., 
 
 six, 
 
 sixty, 
 
 size, 
 
 skill, 
 
 skilful, 
 
 skin, 
 
 sky, 
 
 slack, 
 
 slacken, v.a., 
 slave, s., 
 sleep, 
 sleep, v., 
 sleeve, 
 slime, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 chok’a. 
 
 asaya. 
 
 zaga. 
 
 afari. 
 
 yathammama. 
 thammoal, thammwal. 
 mac hid. 
 
 himam, bashitha. 
 
 atagab. 
 
 wamfith. 
 
 mayath. 
 
 manatartarya. 
 
 milik’ith. 
 
 zim malath, zemtha. 
 
 zim yamll. 
 
 zim bilo. 
 
 har. 
 
 bir. 
 
 k’a . . . . jamro. 
 zammara. 
 bichchawon. 
 natala. 
 
 warrada, wadda/£a. 
 maga, ^ammasa. 
 ith. 
 
 goban. 
 
 tha^ammata, £uch ala. 
 
 siddisth. 
 
 sidsa, sisa. 
 
 /himath. 
 
 bilhath. 
 
 bilhathaina. 
 
 /’orbath, /k>dda. 
 
 samayi. 
 
 lala. 
 
 alala. 
 
 barya. 
 
 in/ldlif. 
 
 thaina. 
 
 ij tabbab. 
 
 mara/£, chika. 
 
 1 2 
 
132 
 
 slip, v.n., 
 slow (to be), 
 slow, adj., 
 
 he is very sloiv, 
 slowly, 
 small, 
 smallpox, 
 smear, 
 smell, s., 
 
 smoke, v. {of fire), 
 smoke, 
 smooth, 
 smother, v.a., 
 snake, 
 
 snake {very large), 
 snap, v., 
 snare, s., 
 snatch, v., 
 sneeze, v., 
 snuff, 
 so, 
 
 soak, v.a., 
 soap, 
 
 soap-berries, 
 socks, 
 soft, 
 softly, 
 soil, 
 soldier, 
 some, a few, 
 so and so, 
 
 such and such a 
 something, 
 sometimes, 
 son, 
 
 son-in-law, 
 soon, 
 sore, s., 
 sorrow, 
 soul, 
 
 walla/’a. 
 
 zaggama. 
 
 zigmaina. 
 
 ijig izagmal. 
 
 k as bilo, zagayitho. 
 
 thinnish, thanash. 
 
 k’uffin, fantata. 
 
 labbata. 
 
 shiththa. 
 
 tesa. 
 
 o£is. 
 
 lezib. 
 
 ana/’a. 
 
 ibab. 
 
 zando. 
 
 fanaththara. 
 
 wathmad. 
 
 natta/’a. 
 
 anattasa. 
 
 sink’an. 
 
 endih. 
 
 anak’k’ara, bawiha wist 
 as/’ammata. 
 samuna. 
 ended, 
 shurrab. 
 lizib. 
 
 /’as bilo. 
 mareth. 
 
 wathaddar, naftaina. 
 ayale, andand. 
 egale, ek’ale saw. 
 thing, enthin. 
 
 andach nagar. 
 and and gize. 
 lijj. 
 
 ammach. 
 
 tholo, la/’ith /’oyitho. 
 
 /’wisal. 
 
 azan. 
 
 nafs. 
 
*33 
 
 sound {noise), 
 
 soup, 
 
 sour, 
 
 source {of a spring), 
 
 South, 
 
 soxv, v., 
 
 spacious, 
 
 span, s., 
 
 spare, v. {be merciful), 
 
 speak, v., 
 
 speaker, 
 
 spear, s., 
 
 spend, v.a., 
 
 spider, 
 
 spill, v.a., 
 
 spin, v., 
 
 spirit, 
 
 spit, v., 
 
 spleen, 
 
 splinter, s., 
 
 split, v.a., 
 
 spoil, v., 
 
 spoon, 
 
 spread out, v., 
 spring {of water), 
 sprinkle, v.a., 
 spy, 
 
 squeeze, v.a., 
 stab, v., 
 stable, 
 staff, 
 
 stagger, v.n., 
 stale, 
 stalk , s., 
 stallion, 
 
 stamp, v. {seal), 
 stamp or seal, 
 stand, v., 
 star, s., 
 
 start, v. {on a journey), 
 startle, v.a., 
 
 dimls. 
 
 shorba. 
 
 matata. 
 
 min ch. 
 
 dabub. 
 
 zarra. 
 
 saffi. 
 
 sinzir. 
 
 mara. 
 
 thanagara. 
 
 thanagari, naggari. 
 
 tor. 
 
 fajja, asala/£a. 
 
 shararith. 
 
 afassasa. 
 
 faththala. 
 
 manfas. 
 
 thafa, thif ala. 
 
 tafya. 
 
 sinta^i. 
 
 sanatta/bi. 
 
 balasha. 
 
 man/’a. 
 
 anattafa. 
 
 minc/n 
 
 ra^a, alala. 
 
 barbari, gwobaina. 
 
 agafa. 
 
 waga. 
 
 yafaras beth. 
 
 dulla, bathir. 
 
 thasanak’ala. 
 
 aroge. 
 
 agada. 
 
 k’orina. 
 
 aththama. 
 
 mahtham. 
 
 ^oma. 
 
 k’ok’ab. 
 
 thanasa. 
 
 adanaggata. 
 
134 
 
 starve, v.a., 
 state [being), 
 stature, 
 
 stead [in place of), 
 
 steal, v., 
 
 steps, 
 
 stick, s., 
 
 stiff, v., 
 
 still [even now), 
 still, v. [to be), 
 sting, v., 
 
 stink [offensive smell), 
 stink, v.n., 
 stir, v., 
 stirrup, 
 
 stock [of a gun, includes all 
 the wooden part), 
 stocking, 
 stomach, 
 stone, 
 
 stop, v. [wait), 
 
 stop [cease doing), 
 
 stop, v.a., 
 
 stores, 
 
 storm, s., 
 
 story [anecdote), 
 
 straight, 
 
 straighten, v., 
 
 stranger, 
 
 strap, s., 
 
 straw [teff), 
 
 straw [wheat or barley), 
 
 stray, v.n., 
 
 stream, s., 
 
 strength, 
 
 stretch , v., 
 
 strike, v.a., 
 
 strike [imperative), 
 
 strike, v.a. [a tent), 
 
 striker [of a gun), 
 
 string, 
 
 asraba. 
 
 nibrath. 
 
 /C’umath. 
 sefra, fantha. 
 sarra^a. 
 
 argagat, margi<r/za. 
 
 bathir. 
 
 danazzaza. 
 
 dagmo. 
 
 arrafa. 
 
 naddafa. 
 
 gim. 
 
 gama. 
 
 awwak’a. 
 
 rak’ab. 
 
 sadaf. 
 
 shurab. 
 
 °h^ ggwara. 
 
 dangiya (pron : dinga). 
 
 /’ey a. 
 
 thawa. 
 
 k’alak’k’ala. 
 
 mazgab. 
 
 awilo nifas. 
 
 tharik’. 
 
 ya-^anna. 
 
 aX’anna. 
 
 engida. 
 
 tafar. 
 
 r/zidd. 
 
 galaba. 
 
 satha. 
 
 fisash. 
 
 hayil, birthath. 
 
 zaraga. 
 
 matha. 
 
 bal. 
 
 naMala. 
 mawagya. 
 gamad, masarya. 
 
i3S 
 
 strip, v.a., 
 strong, adj., 
 study, s., 
 stuff, v.a., 
 stupid, adj., 
 subdue , v.a., 
 subside, v.n., 
 subtilty, 
 subtle, 
 
 succeed, v. {follow), 
 succeed, v., 
 successor, 
 such, 
 
 suck, v.a., 
 
 suddenly, 
 
 suffice, v., 
 
 sufficient, 
 
 sugar, 
 
 suggestion, 
 
 suit, v., 
 
 suitable, 
 
 sulphur, 
 
 sun, s., 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 superior, v. {to be), 
 supper, 
 support , v.a., 
 support, 
 suppose, v., 
 Silppurate, v., 
 surety, 
 surly, 
 surpass, 
 surprise, v., 
 surrender, v.a., 
 swallow, v.a., 
 swamp, s., 
 swear {an oath), 
 sweat, v., 
 sweep, v.a., 
 swell, v., 
 
 lata, lattata. 
 
 birthu, thank’ara, hayilaina. 
 
 mamar. 
 
 agaffa. 
 
 donX’woro. 
 
 ashannafa. 
 
 gwSdala. 
 
 thank’wil. 
 
 thank’wilaina. 
 
 thak’aththala. 
 
 <£anna. 
 thak’athayl. 
 enda zlh, endih. 
 taba. 
 
 badangath. 
 
 ba&£a. 
 
 yamlbaMa, ba&£a. 
 
 suk’k’ar. 
 
 raik’ir. 
 
 gattama, gabba, hona. 
 
 yamigaba, yamlgatam. 
 
 din. 
 
 tahayi. 
 
 ehud. 
 
 ballata. 
 
 irath. 
 
 rada. 
 
 radath. 
 
 assaba, massala, 
 
 maggala. 
 
 was. 
 
 ma/£aina. 
 
 ballata. 
 
 adannaX’a. 
 
 asalfo satta. 
 
 wata. 
 
 rigrig. 
 
 mala. 
 
 waza. 
 
 tarraga. 
 
 abbata, waffara. 
 
swim, v.a., 
 sword, 
 symbol, 
 
 table, 
 
 tack, v.a. (sew lightly), 
 
 tail, 
 
 tailor, 
 
 take, v.a., 
 
 talk, v., 
 
 tall, 
 tame, 
 
 tame, v.a., 
 tan, v.a., 
 tank, 
 tanner, 
 taste, s., 
 taste, v., 
 taunt, s., 
 taunt, v.a., 
 
 /ax, s., 
 tea, 
 
 teach, v.a., 
 teacher, 
 tear, s., 
 tear, v.a., 
 telescope, 
 tell, v., 
 temple, 
 tempt, v., 
 ten, 
 tender, 
 tent, 
 
 tent (to pitch), 
 tent rope, 
 test , s., 
 
 /<«•/, v.a., 
 testator , 
 than, 
 thank you, 
 that (pron.), 
 
 waina. 
 
 goradi, say if. 
 milik’ith. 
 
 gabatha. 
 
 shallala. 
 
 clma. 
 
 safatha, safi. 
 
 wassada, tha/abbala. 
 
 thac/awatha, nagaggara. 
 
 rajjim, zalag yala. 
 
 yalammada. 
 
 alammada. 
 
 fa/a. 
 
 yawiha masabsabya. 
 
 faki. 
 
 magmas, /imsha. 
 
 /fammasa. 
 
 zalafa. 
 
 zallafa. 
 
 gibir. 
 
 shai. 
 
 asthamara. 
 
 asthamari. 
 
 enib. 
 
 /’ad dad a. 
 
 manattar. 
 
 naggara, ala. 
 
 ma/das, masgijja. 
 
 fathtbana. 
 
 asir. 
 
 lihid. 
 
 dunk’wan. 
 
 thak’k’ala. 
 
 awthar. 
 
 mik’ir. 
 
 mok’ara. 
 
 awarash. 
 
 k’a. 
 
 egziabher yistehlin. 
 ersfi, ya. 
 
137 
 
 that (rel. pron.), 
 that (in order that), 
 
 that you may know, 
 that (expressing obligation, 
 it is necessary that he 
 should go, 
 
 thee, 
 
 theft, 
 
 their, 
 
 themselves, 
 
 then, 
 
 thence, 
 
 thenceforth, 
 
 there {thatplace), 
 
 therefore, 
 
 these, 
 
 they, 
 
 thick, adj., 
 thief, 
 
 thief catcher, 
 
 thigh, 
 
 thin, 
 
 thing, 
 
 think, v., 
 
 third, 
 
 thirst, 
 
 thirsty {to be), 
 thirsty {we are), 
 thirty, 
 this, 
 thither, 
 thong, s, 
 
 thorn , 
 thorough, 
 those, 
 thou, 
 
 though {notwithstanding), 
 
 ya, yam {see page 15). 
 end . . . {prefix to subjunctive 
 • mood). 
 endthaw/Ki. 
 li, end. 
 
 ersu lihid yasfalgal, or lihid 
 yasfalgal. 
 
 masc., anth ; fern., anchi. 
 ser/£. 
 
 yarsachaw,.achaw. 
 
 rasachaw. 
 baziyan gize. 
 k’azlya. 
 k’ziya wadiya. 
 baziya. 
 silazih. 
 
 elih, elazlh, enazih. 
 
 ersachaw. 
 
 wafram. 
 
 leba. 
 
 lebazh, lebasheh. 
 
 chin. 
 
 kachin. 
 
 nagar. 
 
 assaba. 
 
 sosthaina. 
 
 timath. 
 
 thatama. 
 
 wiha entammallan. 
 
 salasa. 
 
 yeh. 
 
 wadziya, wadiya. 
 machchamya., also ma ch- 
 
 chanya {a razv hide strip 
 used for tying loads on to 
 animals). 
 eshokh. 
 batam, fatmo. 
 eliya, elaziya, enziya. 
 masc., anth ; fern., anchi. 
 sayi/£ar. 
 
133 
 
 thought, 
 thousand, 
 
 thrash, v.a. {corn, etc.), 
 thrash {to beat), 
 thread, 
 
 thread {sewing), 
 threaten, v., 
 threat, 
 three, 
 throat, 
 
 through {prep.), 
 
 the river goes through the 
 mountain, 
 throw, 
 thrust, 
 thunder, 
 
 Thursday, 
 thus, 
 tick, s., 
 tie, v., 
 tighten, v., 
 till, until, 
 till, v.a., 
 timber, 
 time, 
 tin, 
 tip, 
 title, 
 to, 
 
 tobacco, 
 
 toes, 
 
 together, 
 
 token, 
 
 tolerate, v., 
 
 tomb, 
 
 tongue, 
 
 too {also), 
 
 tool, 
 
 tooth, 
 
 toothache, 
 
 toothbrush, 
 
 asab, masab. 
 
 shih. 
 
 wa£a. 
 
 dabaddaba, garrafa. 
 
 fathil. 
 
 k’ir. 
 
 thaHyama. 
 
 ^iyame. 
 sosth. 
 gororo. 
 ba, alfo. 
 
 wanzu ba-tharara wist alfo 
 ihedal. 
 tala, 
 waga. 
 
 nagodgwad. 
 
 amus. 
 
 endih. 
 
 mazgar. 
 
 asara. 
 
 tabba/’a. 
 
 esk’a.diras. 
 
 arrasa. 
 
 inr/zoth. 
 
 gize, zaman. 
 
 thanik’a. 
 
 shulath. 
 
 shumath. 
 
 la, wada. 
 
 thombak’o. 
 
 yaigir tath. 
 
 band, abro. 
 
 milik’ith. 
 
 thagasa. 
 
 ma^’abar. 
 
 malas. 
 
 dagmo. 
 
 \kk, masarya ika. 
 tirs. 
 
 yatirs wigath. 
 yatirs matragya. 
 

 139 
 
 top , 
 
 touch, v., 
 tough, 
 toward , 
 tower, 
 tow 71, 
 
 track (as of atii/nals), 
 
 track, v., 
 
 trade, v., 
 
 trade, s., 
 
 trader, 
 
 train, v.a. (bring up), 
 
 ras. 
 
 dasa. 
 
 dandana, dir/’. 
 
 wada. 
 
 gimb. 
 
 k’athama. 
 
 falag. 
 
 falag yizo heda. 
 naggada, shammatha. 
 nigid, mashayat. 
 shaya ch, shammach, naggadl. 
 asthamara, aslammada, 
 
 addaga. 
 
 trample, v.a., 
 tra7isfer, 
 translate, v., 
 translation, 
 translator, 
 trap, s., 
 travel, v.n., 
 traveller, 
 treachery , 
 tread, v., 
 treadle, 
 treasure, 
 treaty, 
 tree, 
 
 tremble, v., 
 trespass, v.n., 
 
 Trinity, 
 
 triumph, v., 
 
 trouble (to cause), 
 
 trouble, 
 
 trousers, 
 
 true, 
 
 trumpet, 
 
 trunk (of a tree), 
 
 trust, V., 
 
 trusty, 
 
 tTgdh, 
 
 try, v. ( atte7npt ), 
 
 raggata, afar/^r/za. 
 
 asallafa. 
 
 astharagwoma. 
 
 thargwame. 
 
 asthargwaml. 
 
 vvatmad. 
 
 bagar zora. 
 
 mangadaina. 
 
 shingila. 
 
 raggata. 
 
 marga^/za. 
 
 mazgab. 
 
 will, erk. 
 
 zaf. 
 
 than/v-ataMata. 
 
 thalallafa. 
 
 sillase. 
 
 shannafa, dil adarraga. 
 aschaggara. 
 chiggar, mak’ara. 
 surri. 
 
 ewunath (pronounced unath). 
 
 malak’at. 
 
 gind. 
 
 ammana. 
 
 yathamana. 
 
 ewunath (pronounced unath). 
 mok’ara, marammara. 
 
140 
 
 lube, 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 turn, v. (cause to go back), 
 
 turn (cause to go round), 
 
 turn (to go round, revolve), 
 
 turn, or return, 
 
 turns (to take by turns), 
 
 tweezers, 
 
 twelve, 
 
 Twenty, 
 
 tzvice, 
 
 tivine, v.n., 
 tzvine (cord), 
 twist, v., 
 
 umbrella (European), 
 
 umbrella (native), 
 
 umpire, 
 
 unawares, 
 
 uncle, 
 
 ■unclean, 
 
 under, 
 
 understand, 
 
 undo, v., 
 
 union, 
 
 unite, v.a., 
 
 unity, unanimity, 
 
 unload, v. a., 
 
 unlock, v.a., 
 
 zintie, v.a., 
 
 until, 
 
 uplands, 
 
 uppermost, 
 
 upset, v.a, 
 
 upwards, 
 
 useful, adj., 
 
 useful, v.n., 
 
 urinate, 
 
 urine, 
 
 usher, 
 
 usual, 
 
 agada. 
 
 ma/^saino. 
 
 mallasa. 
 
 azora. 
 
 zora, 
 
 thamallasa. 
 thar. 
 gutath. 
 asara hulath. 
 hiya. 
 
 hulath gize. 
 tamattama. 
 masarya. 
 k’arrara. 
 
 jan tila. 
 
 tila. 
 
 daina. 
 
 sayilaw. 
 
 agwoth. 
 
 rik’wes. 
 
 thach, bathach. 
 awwa/a, gabba. 
 shara. 
 
 andnath, magananiath. 
 
 and adarraga, agattama. 
 
 andnath. 
 
 araggafa. 
 
 k’affata. 
 
 fatha. 
 
 esk’a .... diras. 
 
 daga. 
 
 layina. 
 
 galabbata. 
 
 wada layi. 
 
 yamiraba, yamiti^im. 
 
 raba, ta^ama. 
 
 shena. 
 
 shinth. 
 
 aggafari. 
 
 enda limad, enda wathro. 
 
usurer, 
 
 arrack. 
 
 utility, 
 
 rabb, tiZ’im, ti/C’ame. 
 
 utterly, 
 
 batam, fatmo. 
 
 vain {in), 
 
 ba’kanthu. 
 
 valid, 
 
 yatana. 
 
 valley, 
 
 gudgwada. 
 
 value, 
 
 waga. 
 
 vary, v. n., 
 
 thalaya. 
 
 vault , 
 
 washa. 
 
 vegetable. 
 
 athak’ilth. 
 
 venerate, v., 
 
 ak’abbara. 
 
 vengeance, 
 
 ba/Cal. 
 
 verdict. 
 
 fird. 
 
 vermine. 
 
 /Carnal. 
 
 very, 
 
 ijig- 
 
 veteran, 
 
 sh imagille. 
 
 vex, v.a., 
 
 as/C’wota. 
 
 viceroy, 
 
 yanigus enda rase. 
 
 victory. 
 
 dil. 
 
 viezv, 
 
 mayath. 
 
 vigilance, 
 
 tib/C’ath. 
 
 village. 
 
 mandar. 
 
 vine. 
 
 yawayin gind. 
 
 vinegar, 
 
 matata. 
 
 violence. 
 
 gif, gid. 
 
 visit, v., 
 
 aganaina. 
 
 voice, 
 
 dimt. 
 
 vomit, v., 
 
 thafa. 
 
 vote, v., 
 
 marrata. 
 
 WW, s., 
 
 sillath. 
 
 ZV/Zf, v., 
 
 thasala. 
 
 vulture. 
 
 amora. 
 
 wager, 
 
 wild. 
 
 wages. 
 
 dammawaz. 
 
 wait, v., 
 
 kbya, tabba/C’a. 
 
 wake j v.a.. 
 
 asnasa, ana/’a. 
 
 wake, v.n., 
 
 thanasa, na/C’a. 
 
 walk, v., 
 
 heda, bagar htda. 
 
 wall {mud), 
 
 gidgidda. 
 
142 
 
 wall ( stone ), 
 want, v., 
 want, 
 war, 
 warm , 
 warm, v., 
 warm , v.a., 
 warmth , 
 waniy v., 
 warningy s., 
 zvarrior, 
 washy v.a., 
 wastey v.a., 
 watchy s., 
 watchy v., 
 watchmaiiy 
 water, 
 
 water (/ some), 
 
 wave, s., 
 
 wax, 
 
 waylay, v., 
 weak, 
 
 he is very weak , 
 
 weakness, 
 
 wealth, 
 
 wealthy, 
 
 weapon, 
 
 zvear, v.a., 
 
 zvear (to last), v.n., 
 
 zveather, 
 
 the zveather being rainy, 
 
 weaver, 
 wedding, 
 zvedge, s., 
 
 Wednesday, 
 zveed, v.a., 
 zveek, 
 weep, v., 
 
 gimb. 
 
 esha, fallaga. 
 
 guddayi. 
 
 tor. 
 
 muA 
 
 moia. 
 
 amo-£a. 
 
 mu^ath. 
 
 mak’k’ara. 
 
 mik’ir. 
 
 azmach. 
 
 attaba. 
 
 abalasha, fajja. 
 
 saath. 
 
 tabbaia. 
 
 tabbaii, zabaina. 
 wiha. 
 
 wiha efalgallahu. 
 
 mogad. 
 
 sam. 
 
 shamma^a. 
 
 eina. 
 
 yadak’k’ama, dak’ama. 
 ijig dak’moal, or ijig 
 dak’mwal. 
 
 dak’k’am, yadak’k’ama. 
 
 habth. 
 
 habtham. 
 
 yator masarya i/£a. 
 
 labbasa. 
 
 nora. 
 
 gize. 
 
 gizeu walis hiino, or bagizeu 
 zanab huno. 
 shammanl. 
 magabath. 
 mada^’daZ’ya. 
 rob. 
 
 arrama. 
 
 saminth, simon. 
 ala^asa. 
 
143 
 
 weigh, v.a., 
 weight, 
 welfare, 
 adv., 
 w^//, s., 
 west, 
 wet , v.a., 
 zvet, 
 what ? 
 
 zvhat{ rel.pron. = that which), 
 what I told you was true, 
 
 I have told you what they 
 said to me, 
 zvheat, 
 wheel, s., 
 when ? 
 when, adv.,* 
 
 when zve arrived, 
 when they go, 
 where ? 
 
 zvhere [whither), 
 
 where you go we also shall go, 
 
 zvhich ? 
 
 which, rel. pron. 
 
 ivhile, 
 
 zvhile zve were walking about, 
 
 whip, s., 
 
 zvhip, v.a., 
 
 whistle, v., 
 
 white, 
 
 w hit her, 
 
 zvho, rel. pron., 
 
 the ox he killed yesterday, 
 the men who are going 
 to-morrow, 
 
 mazzana. 
 mlzan, k’ibd. 
 dahinnath. 
 baggo, dahna. 
 gudgwad. 
 miarab. 
 nak’k’ara. 
 irtib, yanak’k’ara. 
 min, mindir. 
 ya, yam. 
 
 yanagarhuk 5 nagar iinath 
 nabbar. 
 
 yaluin nagar nagarhukb 
 
 sinde. 
 
 mazawwar. 
 
 mache. 
 
 (i) ba . . , gize, ( 2 ) si . . . 
 
 [prefix). 
 
 badarrasana gize. 
 sihedu. 
 wadeth. 
 wada . . . 
 
 erswo wadmihedwo sefra 
 inia dammo enhedallan. 
 min, man. 
 ya, yam [see above), 
 si . . . [prefix to verb). 
 sinmalallas sallan. 
 alanga. 
 garrafa. 
 afwa^a. 
 na^. 
 
 wadeth, wada. 
 ya. . . , yam . . . [prefixes). 
 thenanth yagaddala bari. 
 naga yamihedu sawoch. 
 
 * ( 1 ) Is used with the past tense, ( 2 ) with the future; but 
 uneducated people frequently use ( 2 ) for both tenses. 
 
144 
 
 why ? 
 wide, adj., 
 widow, 
 width, 
 wife, 
 
 wilderness, 
 will, s. (wish), 
 will, v., 
 win, v., 
 wind, s. (azr), 
 wind, v.a., 
 window, 
 wing, s., 
 wink, v.a., 
 winter, 
 
 wipe, v.a., 
 wire, 
 wisdom, 
 wish, v., 
 witch, 
 witchcraft, 
 without, 
 witness, s., 
 
 witness, v. (/e> evidence ) 
 
 woman, 
 
 wonder, v., 
 
 wonderful, 
 
 wood, 
 
 wool, 
 
 word, 
 
 work, s., „ 
 
 work, v.a., 
 
 world, 
 
 worm, 
 
 worry, v., 
 
 wound, 
 
 wound, v.a., 
 
 wring, v.a., 
 
 sila min, mindir naw. 
 
 saffl. 
 
 baltheth. 
 
 sifath. 
 
 mishth. 
 
 baraha, midir bado. 
 
 fa/’ad. 
 
 fa/'/’ada. 
 
 againa. 
 
 nifas. 
 
 tamattama. 
 
 mask’oth. 
 
 k’anf. 
 
 taMasa. 
 
 k’aramth, or k’iramth (this 
 really applies to the rainy 
 months, i.e., June to Octo¬ 
 ber). 
 abbasa. 
 shibo. 
 bilhath. 
 
 fa/btada, waddada, fallaga. 
 
 buda. 
 
 asmath. 
 
 yala . . . ., ala. 
 
 mask’ir. 
 
 masak’k’ara. 
 
 seth. 
 
 danna/’a. 
 
 din/b 
 
 inr/^oth. 
 
 yabagg tugur. 
 
 nagar, ka\. 
 
 sira. 
 
 sarra. 
 
 alarm 
 
 thil. 
 
 aschaggara, 
 
 /^wisal. 
 
 waga. 
 
 tamazzaza. 
 
145 
 
 write, v., 
 writer, 
 writing, 
 wrong, s., 
 
 tafa, tsafa. 
 tahafi. 
 
 dabdabi, tifath, mataf. 
 badal. 
 
 year, 
 yellow , 
 yes, 
 
 amath. 
 
 bichchtx. 
 
 a won (open pronounced 
 “ ao ”). 
 
 yesterday, 
 yet (notyet), 
 yoke, s., 
 you, 
 
 yoimg (man), 
 young (of animals), 
 
 thenanth, thelanth. 
 gana. 
 
 £ambar. 
 
 sing., erswb ; pin., elanth. 
 
 . __ .gwobaz. 
 gilgil* 
 
 zebra, 
 
 yameda ahiya. 
 
 (8i66) 
 
 K 
 
146 
 
 AMHARIC-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 (The Amharic verbs are in the 3 rd person, singular, 
 
 past tense.) 
 
 ababa, 
 
 abaddara, v.a., 
 abajja, v.a., 
 aba/’a, v., 
 
 abalasha, v., 
 aballata, v.a., 
 abara, v.a., 
 abbaba, v.n., 
 abbada, v.n., 
 abbara, v ., 
 
 abbasa, v.a., 
 abbata, v.n., 
 abbath, 
 abazza, v.a ., 
 abeth, 
 
 abro heda, 
 abujidi, 
 abvina, 
 acha, v.a., 
 achabbacha, v.a., 
 achama, v.a., 
 ar^r/^ada, v.a ., 
 
 a flower, a blossom, 
 to lend. 
 
 to make, to mend, to prepare, 
 to beseech, to entreat (eba^eh 
 — please), 
 to waste, to spoil, 
 to promote, 
 to light. 
 
 to flower, to bloom, 
 to be or become mad. 
 to club together, to form a 
 conspiracy, to plot, 
 to wipe. 
 
 to swell, be inflamed, 
 father, 
 to increase. 
 
 sir (the usual answer to a 
 call). 
 
 to go together , to accompany. 
 
 calico. 
 
 a bishop. 
 
 to betroth. 
 
 to clap the hands. 
 
 to shoe. 
 
 to reap, to mow. 
 
147 
 
 zachcfai), 
 dichchix, adj., 
 ada, 
 
 adaffara, z/.a., 
 adaina, 
 adala, v., 
 adan, 
 ad ana, v., 
 
 adana, v.a., 
 adanagatta, v.a., 
 adanna^a, , 
 adara, 
 
 adara satta or as/v-ammata, 
 
 adarash, 
 adarraga, v.a., 
 adarra&z, v.a., 
 adawwala, v.a., 
 addafa, v., 
 addaga, v., 
 addara, v., 
 addasa, v.a., 
 addis, adj., 
 adme, 
 af, 
 
 afa muz, 
 
 afaf, 
 
 afaf, 
 
 a.fa.ckc/isL, v.a., 
 afala, v.a., 
 afar, 
 afari, 
 
 afarrasa, v.a., 
 afassasa, v.a., 
 affara, v., 
 afinc^a, 
 afletha, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 a reaper. 
 
 short. 
 
 debt. 
 
 to encourage, 
 a fainter. 
 
 to be partial, to favour, 
 shooting, hunting, 
 to shoot, to hunt, go out 
 shooting, 
 to cure, 
 to startle. 
 
 to astonish, to surprise, 
 a trust, anything entrusted 
 to one's care. 
 
 to entrust, place under one's 
 protection or care, 
 a hall, large room, 
 to do, to perform, 
 to dry. 
 to ring, 
 to soil, 
 to groru up. 
 to pass the night, 
 to renew, 
 nezu. 
 age. 
 
 the mouth , beak (at times “af” 
 is used to mean language, 
 instead of “ £wan/hva ”). 
 the barrel of a rifle, 
 the face of a cliff, 
 verbally, personally, 
 to grind, 
 to boil, 
 dust, earth. 
 
 one zvho is modest, shy. 
 to destroy, demolish, ruin, 
 to spill. 
 
 to be modest, shy. 
 the nose, 
 a zvater-bottle. 
 
 k 2 
 
afoth, 
 
 a sheath, scabbard. 
 
 afri/’ya, 
 
 Africa. 
 
 aftha, 
 
 gallop. 
 
 afvva<r/za, v. a., 
 
 to whistle. 
 
 afyun, 
 
 opium. 
 
 agaba, v., 
 
 to marry. 
 
 agar-£, 
 
 the cheekbone. 
 
 agada, 
 
 a tube , pipe, a hollow stalk. 
 
 agaffa, 
 
 press in, to stuff, to cram, 
 to find, to recover, obtain, to 
 meet, to win. 
 
 againa, z/., 
 
 agallata, 
 
 to detect, explain. 
 
 aganaina, 
 
 tovisit, to meet. 
 
 agar, 
 
 country. 
 
 agattama, z'.a., 
 
 to connect, to join, to fit. 
 
 agazen, 
 
 kudu; as a ride any large 
 antelope is called agazen. 
 
 aggafari, 
 
 an usher. 
 
 aggama, v.a ., 
 
 to cup. 
 
 agwobata, z'.a., 
 
 to bend. 
 
 agwodala, z\#., 
 
 to decrease. 
 
 agworamarrama, z’.w., 
 
 to grumble. 
 
 agworamrami, 
 
 a grumbler, one who is dis¬ 
 contented. 
 
 agwoth, 
 
 uncle. 
 
 ahiya, 
 
 a donkey. 
 
 ahun, 
 
 now. 
 
 ahun ahun, 
 
 at once, immediately 
 
 ai'b, 
 
 cream. 
 
 ak’ahed, 
 
 conduct. 
 
 a/’allala, v.a., 
 
 to lighten, to relieve. 
 
 a/C\anna, v.a., 
 
 to straighten, make prosper, 
 to colonise. 
 
 a/bhifa, v., 
 
 to embrace, keep close to. 
 
 ak’k’ak’a, v.n., 
 
 to itch, to scratch. 
 
 ak’k’ala, v.n.. 
 
 to equal, be level with. 
 
 ak’ammara, v.a.. 
 
 to heap or pile up, to make a 
 heap. 
 
 ak’ark’ari, 
 
 the spine, backbone. 
 
 ak’isth, 
 
 aunt. 
 
 ala, v., 
 
 to say, to tell. 
 
149 
 
 ala/’a, 
 
 a chief, headman 
 
 ala^asa, v., 
 
 to weep, mourn. 
 
 alala, v.a., 
 
 sprinkle. 
 
 alala, v.a., 
 
 slacken. 
 
 alam, 
 
 the ivorld. 
 
 alammada, v.a., 
 
 tame. 
 
 alanga, 
 
 a whip. 
 
 alfo, 
 
 through. 
 
 alfo yamiyaz bashitha, 
 
 infectious disease. 
 
 alga, 
 
 a bedstead. 
 
 alia, v., 
 
 to be, to exist, to have, to 
 possess. 
 
 allaba, v.a., 
 
 to milk. 
 
 allafa, v., 
 
 to pass by. 
 
 allaba, v.n., 
 
 to be spent, expended,finished, 
 done with. 
 
 allama, v., 
 
 to dream. 
 
 almanor, 
 
 absence. 
 
 alth alth, 
 
 daily. 
 
 amad, 
 
 ashes. 
 
 amalak’k’atha, v.a., 
 
 to point out, to show. 
 
 amasaggana, v.a., 
 
 to worship, praise, glorify. 
 
 amath, 
 
 a year. 
 
 amatta, v.a., 
 
 to bring. 
 
 amba, 
 
 a fort, citadel. 
 
 ambalai, 
 
 a white horse. 
 
 amlak’ . . . 
 
 God. 
 
 ammach, 
 
 son-in-law. 
 
 amraama, v., 
 
 to ache, give pain. 
 
 aramana, 
 
 to believe. 
 
 ammara, v.n., 
 
 to be pleasing, pleasant, nice. 
 
 ammath, 
 
 father or mother-in-law. 
 
 ammisth, 
 
 five. 
 
 amna, 
 
 last year. 
 
 arao^a, v.a., 
 
 heat, warm. 
 
 amole, 
 
 a bar of salt used for barter, 
 value about i dollar. 
 
 am ora, 
 
 a vulture or any large bird. 
 
 amoth, 
 
 gall, bile, 
 beautiful. 
 
 amro, 
 
 amsa, 
 
 fifty. 
 
amuna zalab, 
 amus, 
 
 anabbaba, v.a., 
 anaddada, v.a., 
 
 anafa, v., 
 ana/’a, ?>.a., 
 ana/’a, v.a., 
 anak’k’ara, v.a., 
 anak’k’asa, v.n., 
 
 anasa, 7J.a., 
 anatl, 
 
 anattafa, v.a., 
 
 anattasa, v., 
 
 anbasa, 
 
 anbata, 
 
 anchi, 
 
 and, 
 
 andach, 
 
 and adarraga, v.a ., 
 
 and and, 
 
 and and gize, 
 
 and gize, 
 
 and hona, 
 
 anditu, 
 
 andnath, 
 
 anf, 
 
 angath, 
 
 angwodgwad, 
 
 anjath, 
 
 ank’asa., ad/., 
 
 an^nlal, 
 
 annasa, v.a., 
 
 anora, v.a., 
 
 anshathatha, v.a., 
 
 antallatta, v.n., 
 
 anth, 
 
 arb, 
 
 arafath, 
 
 a crupper. 
 
 Thursday, 
 to read. 
 
 to light a fire, to make a fire 
 burn up. 
 infiate. 
 
 to strangle, to suffocate, 
 to stir up, to investigate, 
 soak. 
 
 to be or become lame, to 
 limp. 
 
 to lift up, to take up. 
 a carpenter. 
 
 to spread out anything, like a 
 carpet or bedding, 
 sneeze, 
 a lion, 
 locust. 
 
 thou {fern, pronounced anchi). 
 
 one. 
 
 some. 
 
 unite. 
 
 a few, some, 
 seldom, sometimes, 
 once. 
 
 alike, (to be), same. 
 
 a or an (fem.). 
 
 unity. 
 
 the nostrils. 
 
 the neck. 
 
 thunder. 
 
 the entrails, the bowels. 
 
 lame. 
 
 an egg. 
 
 decrease. 
 
 to place, to station, 
 deceive. 
 
 to hang, to dangle, 
 thee, them (masc.). 
 
 Friday. 
 
 foam, froth, scum. 
 
araffada, v., 
 
 to pass the forenoon. 
 
 araffaX’a, v.n., 
 
 to be exhausted. 
 
 arag, 
 
 araggafa, v.a., 
 
 the shoot or sprout of a plant . 
 
 to unload beasts of burden. 
 
 araX’a, v.a., 
 
 remove. 
 
 ara^I, 
 
 spirits of any kind, liquor. 
 
 ara/’/'a/’a, , 
 
 to refine. 
 
 araml, 
 
 a heathen. 
 
 arangwadi, 
 
 green. 
 
 arath, 
 
 four. 
 
 arath ijj, 
 
 fourfold. 
 
 arb, 
 
 Friday. 
 
 arba, 
 
 forty. 
 
 arfath, 
 
 rest. 
 
 argagat, 
 
 a step, tread. 
 
 arnath, 
 
 freedom. 
 
 arnath awatta, v.a., 
 
 to set free, give freedom. 
 
 arnath mastath, 
 
 acquittal. 
 
 arnath satta, v.a., 
 
 release, acqziit. 
 
 aroge, 
 
 old. 
 
 arra ch, 
 
 a usurer. 
 
 arrada, v.a., 
 
 to slaughter, to butcher. 
 
 arrafa, v.. 
 
 to rest (also used to indicate a 
 bird settling after a flight). 
 
 arraj, 
 
 a hitcher. 
 
 arraja, v., 
 
 to become old. 
 
 arrama, 
 
 to weed. 
 
 arrara, v.a., 
 
 to parch. 
 
 arrasa, 
 
 to plough. 
 
 asa, 
 
 a fish. 
 
 asab, 
 
 an intention, thought, idea. 
 
 asabada, 
 
 to madden. 
 
 asabassaba, v.a., 
 
 collect, gather. 
 
 asach, 
 
 one who beguiles, deceives. 
 
 asaddada, 
 
 to prosecute, to exile. 
 
 asaddafa, v.a.. 
 
 to pollute. 
 
 asadagga, v., 
 
 educate. 
 
 asadaj, 
 
 persecutor. 
 
 asala, v.a.. 
 
 to sharpen. 
 
 asa^a/^a, v.a., 
 
 disgust. 
 
 asak’k’ara, v.a., 
 
 intoxicate. 
 
*52 
 
 asaina, v.a., 
 asalafi, 
 asala/^a, v.a., 
 asalattana, v.a., 
 asalfo satta, z'.a., 
 asallafa, v.a., 
 asamma, z/.a., 
 asanada, z/.a., 
 asanasa, z/.a., 
 asara, z^.a., 
 asara hulath, 
 asara sabbath, 
 asar beth, 
 
 asarraffa, v.a., 
 asasaba, v., 
 asath, 
 asathaina, 
 asawa-£a, z/., 
 asaya, z'.a., 
 asbo fallaga, v.a., 
 aschaggara, v.a., 
 
 aschaggarl, 
 
 aso$anna£a, v., 
 asdanna^a, v., 
 asfallaga, 
 asfathana, v., 
 asgabba, v., 
 ashaggara, z/.a., 
 
 ashagwora, v.a., 
 ashak’k’ama, v.a., 
 ashala, v.a., 
 ashallacha, v.a., 
 ashanafi, 
 
 ashanfo wassada, v.a., 
 ashannafa, v., 
 asbk’ar, 
 
 ashokhshokha, v.n., 
 
 to do, to cause, to exhibit, 
 butler. 
 
 spend, to use up, expend. 
 
 empower. 
 
 surrender. 
 
 pass. 
 
 to persuade. 
 
 to prepare, to make ready. 
 
 abate, diminish. 
 
 tie, bind, imprison. 
 
 twelve. 
 
 seventeen. 
 
 a prison, room in which 
 prisoners are kept, 
 calm, relieve, cause to rest, 
 remind, 
 a falsehood, 
 a liar, 
 explain, 
 to show, 
 to guess. 
 
 to oppress, to worry, to 
 distress. 
 
 one who oppresses, worries, 
 annoys, 
 embarrass, 
 astonish, 
 necessary (to be), 
 accelerate. 
 
 admit (let in), explain, 
 to lead or carry across (any 
 obstacle, a river, etc.), 
 bar. 
 
 load, to make carry. 
 
 to improve. 
 
 rot. 
 
 a conqueror . 
 to conquer. 
 
 to be victorious, to overcome. 
 a servant, 
 intrigue » 
 
153 
 
 ashwa, 
 
 sand. 
 
 asir, 
 
 ten. 
 
 as/£arra, v.a., 
 
 to omit. 
 
 as/&admo, 
 
 at first,previously, originally. 
 
 as/^ammata, v.a. 9 
 
 to place, to put, to station. 
 
 as/t’oya, v.a., 
 
 defer, detain. 
 
 ask’wal, 
 
 the yolk of an egg. 
 
 as/£w6ta, v.a., 
 
 to vex, to annoy, to enrage. 
 
 aslammada, v., 
 
 accustom. 
 
 asmara, v.. 
 
 intercede. 
 
 asmath, 
 
 magic, witchcraft. 
 
 asmatta, v.a., 
 
 call, to cause, to come. 
 
 asnasa, v.a., 
 
 wake, to arouse. 
 
 asraba, v.a., 
 
 starve. 
 
 asrazzama, v.a.. 
 
 lengthen, prolong. 
 
 assaba, v.a.. 
 
 to think, to remember, to 
 intend. 
 
 asta/v&amma, v.. 
 
 improve. 
 
 asthak’ak’ala, v.a., 
 
 equalise. 
 
 asthamami, 
 
 a nurse. 
 
 asthamara, v.a., 
 
 to teach. 
 
 asthamari, 
 
 a teacher. 
 
 asthamama, v.a., 
 
 to nurse (a sick person). 
 
 asthannaffasa, 
 
 to breathe. 
 
 astharaggwoma, v.a., 
 
 to translate. 
 
 asthara^a, v.a.. 
 
 to intercede, propitiate. 
 
 asthargwami, 
 
 an interpreter, translator. 
 
 asthawa/^a, v.. 
 
 acquaint, to make known, 
 inform, notify, describe. 
 
 asthawala, 
 
 to understand, to comprehend. 
 
 asyazh, 
 
 a traitor, a betrayer. 
 
 atafta, v.a.. 
 
 to destroy, to extinguish (a 
 fire). 
 
 atagab, 
 
 beside, alongside'of. 
 
 ataggaba, v.a., 
 
 to satisfy. 
 
 atana, v.a., 
 
 confirm, harden. 
 
 . . . . ath. 
 
 her ( suffix). 
 
 atar, 
 
 a fence of thorns, a zariba. 
 
 atarra, v.a., 
 
 to clarify. 
 
 atfa, 
 
 guilty. 
 
 athak’ilth, 
 
 vegetables, a garden. 
 
*54 
 
 athar, 
 
 peas. 
 
 atharrafa, v.a., 
 
 to gain, make a profit. 
 
 aththama, v.a., 
 
 to seal, endorse, stamp, print. 
 
 atinth, 
 
 a bone. 
 
 atta, v., 
 
 not to have, not to find, to be 
 deficient of. 
 
 attaba, v.a., 
 
 to wash. 
 
 attafa, v.a., 
 
 fold. 
 
 attaba, v.a., 
 
 gird. 
 
 attara, v.a., 
 
 to make or surround with a 
 fence . 
 
 awaj nagari, 
 
 a crier, herald. 
 
 awa/C’i, 
 
 clever, well-informed. 
 
 awara, v.a., 
 awarada, v.a., 
 
 to make public, to proclaim. 
 
 to degrade. 
 
 awarasa, v., 
 
 beq 2 ieath. 
 
 awarash, 
 
 testator. 
 
 awatta, v.a., 
 
 cone hide, extract. 
 
 awilo nifas, 
 
 a storm, hurricane, whirl¬ 
 wind. 
 
 aw^ath, 
 
 knowledge. 
 
 aw/C’o, 
 
 knowingly. 
 
 a won, 
 
 yes. 
 
 awora, 
 
 dust. 
 
 awra doro, 
 
 cock. 
 
 awra mangad, 
 
 main road, high road. 
 
 awraris, 
 
 rhinoceros. 
 
 awri, 
 
 wild animals. 
 
 awthar, 
 
 a tent rope. 
 
 awwa/t’a, 
 
 to know, remember, under¬ 
 stand. 
 
 awwak’a, 
 
 to knead, to stir. 
 
 aya, 
 
 to see. 
 
 ay ale, 
 
 some, several. 
 
 ayar, 
 
 ayasgabba, 
 
 air. 
 
 to exclude, not to let enter. 
 
 ayi, 
 
 ayidollam, 
 
 oh! ah ! 
 
 he or it is not, there is not, 
 that is not the case. 
 
 ay in, 
 
 an eye. 
 
 ayln, 
 
 the eyes. 
 
155 
 
 ayinath, 
 
 kind, variety, description. 
 
 ayit, 
 
 a mouse, rat. 
 
 ayitafam, 
 
 there are plenty, there is no 
 scarcity. 
 
 ayizeh, 
 
 don't fear, there is no fear. 
 
 azab, 
 
 the reins. 
 
 azagaja, 
 
 to prepare, make ready. 
 
 azan, 
 
 azmach, 
 
 sorrow, sadness, grief. 
 
 a warrior. 
 
 az5, 
 
 a crocodile. 
 
 azora, v.a., 
 
 turn. 
 
 azzana, 
 
 to he sorry, sad, to pity. 
 
 azzaza, 
 azzazh, 
 
 to order, command. 
 
 a title denoting chief, ruler, 
 superintendent. 
 
 ba, prep., 
 
 on, in, at, by, with (is used 
 as a prefix to nouns, pro¬ 
 nouns, adjectives, and 
 verbs). 
 
 baal, 
 
 a feast, festival, saint's day. 
 
 badahna, 
 
 safely. 
 
 badal, 
 
 fault, crime. 
 
 badangath, 
 
 suddenly. 
 
 badastha, 
 
 gaily, gladly. 
 
 badayi, 
 
 an offender. 
 
 baddala, 
 
 to offend, to wrong. 
 
 bado, 
 
 empty, barren. 
 
 ba . . . . fantha, 
 
 instead of. 
 
 bafith, 
 
 before. 
 
 baflthu a^’oraa, v.a., 
 
 confront. 
 
 baftha, 
 
 calico. 
 
 baga, 
 
 stimmer. 
 
 bagg, 
 
 sheep. 
 
 baggo, 
 
 well, in good health. 
 
 bagid, 
 
 necessarily. 
 
 bagid asadarraga, v.a. 
 
 compel. 
 
 bagid fassasa, v., 
 
 gush. 
 
 bagid tala, v.a., 
 
 hurl. 
 
 bagif awatta, v.a., 
 
 extort. 
 
 bagil, 
 
 privately, secretly. 
 
^6 
 
 bagilt, 
 
 ba . . . . gize, adv., 
 bagizeii zanab huno, 
 ba’nayil fassasa, v., 
 bahir, 
 bahirl, 
 
 bahodu wist yalla nagar k’ifu 
 naw, 
 
 bahwala, 
 
 baihon, 
 bajj, 
 bajj a, 
 
 bajj ayilam, 
 
 bajj yamil gize, 
 bajj yilai, 
 bajrondl, 
 bak’a, v.n., 
 ba/^al, 
 bak’anthu, 
 ba/^ar, 
 ba^ela, 
 
 bak’irayi adarraga, 
 
 ba/vta, 
 
 ba.kka.la., 
 
 bak’k’ul, 
 
 bak’k’ul mangad, 
 
 bak\d, 
 
 bal, 
 
 bala beth, 
 
 balada, 
 
 balagar, 
 
 bala medhanith, 
 balasha, 
 balatagga, adj., 
 bala tena, 
 
 balaw, 
 
 openly, publicly,frankly. 
 when. 
 
 the weather bring rain, 
 gush. 
 
 the sea, a lake, 
 the quality of any article, 
 ivhat he has in his mind is 
 wicked, i.e., his intentions 
 are bad. 
 
 after, behind, later on, sub¬ 
 sequently, 
 else, absent. 
 
 that's all right, that will do. 
 to be suitable, convenient, 
 it will not do, it does not 
 suit. 
 
 opportune, 
 that will suit. 
 
 a representative, also a title. 
 ferment. 
 
 revenge, vengeance. 
 
 vainly, for no object. 
 
 except, with the exception of. 
 
 broad beans. 
 
 to hire, charter. 
 
 to be sufficient, ample enough. 
 
 to germinate, grow. 
 
 approximately. 
 
 half-way. 
 
 a mule. 
 
 owner, possessor, husband, 
 proprietor, owner, 
 a debtor or creditor, 
 a farmer, farm labourer, 
 countryman, 
 a physician, 
 to be spoiled, damaged, 
 rich. 
 
 one who is in good healthy 
 robust, 
 hit him. 
 
157 
 
 balayi, 
 
 bal bathamanja, 
 
 over. 
 
 shoot ( imperative ) 
 
 balinjera, 
 
 a companion. 
 
 balinjeranath, 
 
 familiarity. 
 
 balla, 
 
 to eat. 
 
 ballata, 
 
 to exceed , be greater than , 
 more powerful , more 7Ja!li¬ 
 able. 
 
 baltheth, 
 
 a 7vidow. 
 
 bamadas yalaf, 
 
 contagious. 
 
 bamalada, 
 
 early in the morning. 
 
 ba mark’ab heda, 
 
 to go by sea. 
 
 banana, 
 
 to start up in one's sleep. 
 
 band, 
 
 together. 
 
 bandera, 
 
 a standard, flag, ensign. 
 
 bar, 
 
 a gate. 
 
 bara, 
 
 to be or become light (not as 
 to weight ). 
 
 barabbara, 
 
 to examine, spy out, pillage , 
 plunder. 
 
 barado, 
 
 hail. 
 
 baraha, 
 
 wilderness. 
 
 barak’ath, 
 
 a blessing, a present. 
 
 barana, 
 
 parchment. 
 
 barari, 
 
 an express messenger, a swift 
 runner or walker. 
 
 barath, 
 
 a thorn enclosure in which 
 cattle are kept, a zariba. 
 
 barbarl, 
 
 a spy, plunderer. 
 
 barbarri, 
 
 chillies, red pepper. 
 
 bardo, 
 
 hail. 
 
 bari, 
 
 an ox. 
 
 barmil, 
 
 a barrel. 
 
 barnath, 
 
 slavery. 
 
 barnetha, 
 
 a sun-hat or helmet. 
 
 barnus, 
 
 a cloak. 
 
 barrada, 
 
 to be or become cold. 
 
 barraina, 
 
 porter, doorkeeper. 
 
 barra/’a, 
 
 to flash [as lightning). 
 
 barrara, 
 
 to fly, run or walk rapidly. 
 
 barratha, 
 
 to be strong, firm , hard. 
 
iS8 
 
 barud, 
 
 barya, 
 
 basa, 
 
 • 
 
 basab hona, v., 
 
 basar beth asgabba, v.a., 
 
 basath, 
 
 basha, 
 
 bashishig, 
 
 bashitha, 
 
 bashitha alfo yaza, v ., 
 bashithaina, 
 
 ba.sifra, 
 
 basinth, 
 
 basirath, 
 
 bassala, 
 
 bata, v.a., 
 
 batam, 
 
 bath, 
 
 bathach, 
 
 bathilli/t’ af, 
 
 bathir, 
 
 baththana, v.a ., 
 battasa, v.a., 
 bau n at h, 
 
 bawanz dildi nawn, 
 
 bawari labbata, 
 bawi^i, 
 
 bawiha wist as^ammata, v.a., 
 
 baw/’ath, 
 
 bazabbaza, 
 
 bazih, 
 baziya, 
 baziyan gize, 
 bazro, or bazra, 
 bazurya, 
 bazza, 
 
 gunpowder, 
 a slave. 
 
 to bore, to drill, to per¬ 
 forate, 
 contemplate, 
 imprison, 
 wisely. 
 
 a title of a subchief in the 
 army, 
 secretly. 
 
 disease, sickness, 
 infect 7vith disease, 
 diseased, 
 instead of. 
 at how much, 
 in order, regularly, 
 to ripen, be ready, 
 scarify. 
 
 completely, entirely, 
 the calf of the leg. 
 under. 
 
 aloud, loudly. 
 
 a stick staff, walking stick, 
 to scatter, 
 to snap off, break, 
 really. 
 
 is there a bridge ove> the 
 river ? 
 gild. 
 
 outwardly. 
 
 soak. 
 
 knowingly. 
 
 to plunder or take by force, 
 to confiscate, 
 here, 
 there. 
 
 on that occasion, then, 
 a mare, 
 around, round, 
 to be plenty, many, to be too 
 much, too many. 
 
i59 
 
 beho, 
 
 dough. 
 
 beth, 
 
 a house. 
 
 betha k’iristhiyan, 
 
 a church. 
 
 beth sarra, 
 
 he built a house. 
 
 bethwaddad, 
 
 a title denoting a trusted 
 minister. 
 
 beza, 
 
 a ransom. 
 
 bichcha, 
 
 only, alone , solely. 
 
 bichcha won, 
 
 single , alone. 
 
 bichcha., 
 
 yellow. 
 
 bidig yilal, 
 
 it is high up , very high. 
 
 bWcha, 
 
 advantage , privilege. 
 
 bilhath, 
 
 wisdom , capability , inge¬ 
 
 nuity. 
 
 bilhathaina, 
 
 one who is clever , wise , 
 ingenious. 
 
 billowa, 
 
 a knife. 
 
 bilth, 
 
 limb {of the body). 
 
 bir, 
 
 silver ; also a dollar , money , 
 coins. 
 
 birale, 
 
 a carafe , decanter or glass 
 bottle. 
 
 birath, 
 
 iron. 
 
 birbirra, 
 
 a tree , the seeds of which, 
 zvhen ground and thrown 
 into the water , have an 
 intoxicating effect on fish , jv? 
 that they float on the sur¬ 
 face of the water. This is 
 the usual method of catch- 
 ingfish in Abyssinia. 
 
 birchikko, 
 
 glass , a glass. 
 
 bird, 
 
 cold. 
 
 bird libs, 
 
 a blanket. 
 
 birhan, 
 
 light, brightness. 
 
 birthath, 
 
 strength, firmness, hardness, 
 severity. 
 
 birthu, 
 
 strong, firm, hard, severe. 
 
 birundo, 
 
 raw flesh, eaten with great 
 relish by Abyssinians. 
 
 bizath, 
 
 abundance, frequency. 
 

 160 
 
 bizu, 
 
 much, ?nany, plenty, a great 
 quantity. 
 
 bizu gize, 
 
 bohor, 
 
 bora, 
 
 borsa, 
 
 botha, 
 
 buda, 
 
 bula, 
 
 bunn, or bunna, 
 
 burak’e, 
 
 bwatata, 
 
 often, 
 reedbuck. 
 a grey horse, 
 wallets, haversack, 
 place, abode, 
 a witch, evil spirit, 
 a cream horse, 
 coffee, 
 a blessing. 
 
 to scratch or claw, as an 
 animal. 
 
 z-/zaba<r/zr/zaba, 
 
 to sprout, shoot out new 
 leaves. 
 
 r/zabai, 
 
 z^/zabbata, 
 
 r/zaf, 
 
 <r/zafa<r/z^afa, v.a ., 
 chaggara, 
 
 a white mule, 
 to take in one's hand, 
 a branch, 
 chop. 
 
 to be distressed , worried , 
 needy, poor. 
 
 zv^aggwara or mazrath, 
 
 r/zakVana, 
 
 chak’k’ulaina, 
 
 chak’k’wola, v., 
 
 chala, 
 
 chal ala, 
 
 z7zalama, 
 
 r/zallama, 
 
 chal malath, 
 
 r/zamma, 
 
 r/zammara, 
 
 z-^ammatha, 
 
 the stomach. 
 
 to be brave , manly. 
 
 active. 
 
 hasten, hurry, 
 to be able. 
 
 to neglect, despise, slight, 
 darkness. 
 
 to be or become dark, 
 neglect. 
 
 the sole of the foot. 
 
 to add to, to augment. 
 
 to be calm, even minded. 
 
 ch ana, 
 
 composed. 
 
 to load up, to saddle up, to 
 impose. 
 
 chanak’k’ara, 
 r/zan/’a, 
 chank’ar, s., 
 char, 
 
 to trail, 
 the shoulder, 
 nail, 
 kind. 
 
i6i 
 
 char aka, 
 chaxk, 
 
 charnath, 
 
 chaxxasa, 
 
 ^awatha, 
 
 r^awwatha, 
 chibchib, s., 
 chibt, 
 chid, 
 chigar, 
 
 chi ka, 
 
 chik’al or kibkab, 
 
 chik’k’ulj 
 
 chiloth, 
 
 chimix, 
 
 chin, 
 
 c/zinath, 
 
 climcha, 
 
 chinh, 
 
 chinkath, 
 
 t/zinX’ilath, 
 
 chi ra, 
 
 <r/zirosh, 
 
 chis, 
 
 chiw, 
 
 chok’a, 
 
 c/zok’ath, 
 
 dabab, 
 
 dabaddaba, 
 
 daballa/’a, v.a 
 
 dabbaka, zz.a., 
 
 dabbo, 
 
 dabdabi, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 the moon. 
 
 rags, tatters, torn or old 
 garments, 
 kindness, charity, 
 to complete, to terminate, 
 play, a game, /a//’, conver¬ 
 sation. 
 
 to play, to joke, talk, con verse, 
 btid. 
 
 a handful, 
 tef straw. 
 
 distress, woz’ry, wretchedness, 
 need, 
 slush. 
 
 a peg, for tethering or picket - 
 mg. 
 rapid. 
 
 power, ability, 
 addition, 
 the thigh, 
 a load, burden, 
 pebble, 
 fatigue, 
 difficulty, 
 brain. 
 
 the tail, also a fly-whisk, 
 shallow wells or holes in 
 river beds where the water 
 is near the surface, in 
 which the zvater collects, 
 smoke, 
 salt. 
 
 to shout, cry out, to scream. 
 
 a noise, shouting, crying. 
 
 harbour. 
 
 to beat, thrash. 
 
 to mix (solids). 
 
 to hide, conceal by burying, etc. 
 
 (something), 
 a thick cake of bread, 
 a letter, writing. 
 
 L 
 
dabdabi yayaza saw, 
 dabthara, 
 
 da bub, 
 daddaka, v., 
 dafa, v., 
 dafari, 
 daffa, 
 
 daffana, 
 
 daffara, 
 
 daga, 
 
 dagath, 
 
 dagg, 
 
 daggafa, 
 dagg ala, v., 
 daggama, 
 dagmawl, 
 dagmo, dammo, 
 
 daha, 
 
 dahinnath, 
 
 dahna, 
 
 dahna huno, 
 
 daina, 
 
 dajj, 
 
 dajjazmach, 
 
 da^adda/l’a, v.a ., 
 dak’k’ama, 
 
 da.kka.ka., 
 
 dak’k’am, 
 
 dak’k’wosa, 
 
 dam, 
 
 bearer of a letter, 
 a learned man , a clerk, 
 writer, 
 the South, 
 dig. 
 
 dash , to push, 
 impertinent , insolent , ^/<y. 
 to knock out , out as with 
 a drift , to push , shove, 
 to stop up a hole, to ckoke, to 
 conceal one's actions, 
 to be bold, insolent, to ven¬ 
 ture. 
 
 the highlands, 
 a steep place, a cliff, 
 good, that’s good, Pm glad of 
 that. 
 
 to support , uphold, to refresh, 
 approve. 
 
 to do again, to repeat, 
 second (in a historical sense), 
 also, again, notwithstanding, 
 ?nore. 
 poor, 
 goodness, 
 good, well. 
 
 fortunately, happily, luckily, 
 an arbitrator, umpire, judge, 
 door. 
 
 a title denoting the office.r who 
 commands what is equiva¬ 
 lent to our main body of 
 an army, 
 ram. 
 
 to be or become tired, worn 
 out, infirm, feeble, 
 to be fine, tender, 
 weariness, fatigue, tired, 
 weary, infirm, feeble, 
 to pound, bruise, 
 blood. 
 
dam aswatta, v.a., 
 
 bleed , make bleed. 
 
 dam bar, 
 
 boundary, limit. 
 
 dammana, 
 
 cloud. 
 
 dammo and, 
 
 another. 
 
 dammawaz, 
 
 income , pay. 
 
 dammawaz satta, v., 
 
 pay. 
 
 dan, 
 
 copse, forest. 
 
 dana, 
 
 to be well, safe. 
 
 danaggata, 
 
 to be astonished, surprised. 
 
 danaggaza, 
 
 to be short sighted, dim 
 sighted. 
 
 danak’k’wora, 
 
 to be deaf, dull, stupid. 
 
 danazzaza, 
 
 to be stiff, obstinate, pedantic. 
 
 dandana, 
 
 headstrong, wilful. 
 
 dangath, 
 
 suddenness, surprise. 
 
 dangiya, 
 
 a stone (generally pronounced 
 
 / 
 
 dinga). 
 
 dannafa, 
 
 to drill troops, exercise at 
 arms. 
 
 danna/£a, 
 
 to be surp 7 ‘ised, wonder at. 
 
 dannaza, 
 
 to be blunt. 
 
 dar, 
 
 shore, bank, edge. 
 
 darath, 
 
 the chest. 
 
 darichcha, 
 
 the end, extremity of any¬ 
 thing. 
 
 dar£, 
 
 dry. 
 
 dark’osh, or dirk’osh, 
 
 (1) hay, (2) dried andpounded 
 bread ca 7 -ried by soldiers 
 and t 7 -avellers on expedi- 
 tio 7 is, etc. 
 
 btit, however, nevertheless. 
 
 daro gin, 
 
 darraba, 
 
 to double, to line (as with 
 cloth). 
 
 darra^a, 
 
 to be or beco 77 ie dry or 
 hard. 
 
 darrasa, 
 
 to arrive, to reach, to be 
 ready. 
 
 das ala, das asaina, 
 
 to be pleashig, give pleasure 
 or satisfaction. 
 
 dasa, 
 
 to touch, to feel. 
 
 dassasa, 
 
 to grope, feel about. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 L 2 
 
164 
 
 das malath, dastha, 
 
 delight , pleasure , gladness. 
 
 das yasain, 
 
 acceptable, pleasing. 
 
 dawalla, 
 
 a large leather bag or sack. 
 
 dawwal, 
 
 a large bell or gong y as used 
 in churches. 
 
 dawwala, v.n., 
 
 to ring. 
 
 dibba or k’amsur, 
 
 the cap (of a cartridge). 
 
 dibdab, 
 
 a pad or numdah put on 
 animals under the saddle 
 or load. 
 
 dibli<£, 
 
 a mixture . 
 
 didda, 
 
 dumb. 
 
 dihath, 
 
 poverty. 
 
 dijano, 
 
 crowbar. 
 
 dik’am, 
 
 feebleness , fatigue, infirmity. 
 
 dil, 
 
 victory. 
 
 dil adarraga, dil nasa, 
 
 to be victorious. 
 
 dildi, 
 
 a bridge. 
 
 dilmansath, 
 
 conquest, victory. 
 
 dimbir, dambar, 
 
 a frontier, boundary. 
 
 dimmat, 
 
 a cat. 
 
 dimt, 
 
 the voice. 
 
 din, 
 
 stilphtir. 
 
 din/£, 
 
 wonderful. 
 
 dinnich, 
 
 potatoes. 
 
 dirb, 
 
 layer. 
 
 dirc/^ith, 
 
 a quail. 
 
 dirgo, 
 
 a present oj bread and wine 
 sent to strangers by chiefs. 
 
 dir/&, 
 
 dryness, drought. 
 
 diro, 
 
 formerly , long ago, originally. 
 
 disth, 
 
 cooking utensils. 
 
 d5/ceth, 
 
 flour. 
 
 doma, 
 
 a hoe. 
 
 don^woro, 
 
 a fool , dullard, stupid, idiot. 
 
 doro, . 
 
 a fowl. 
 
 doseth, 
 
 an island. 
 
 dubba, 
 
 a gourd. 
 
 dulla, 
 
 staff, stick. 
 
 dunk’wan, 
 
 a tent. 
 
 dunk’wanin na/Wala, 
 
 he stmck a tent. 
 
dunk’wanin thak’k’ala, 
 
 he pitched a tent . 
 
 dur, 
 
 a forest , jungle. 
 
 ibab. 
 
 a snake. 
 
 ibd, 
 
 mad, a lunatic. 
 
 ibtath, 
 
 a swelling. 
 
 eclngge, 
 
 the chief priest and head oj 
 all the monasteries in 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 id if, 
 
 dirty, soiled, polluted, tin- 
 clean. 
 
 ef ala, v.a.. 
 
 to blow or puff'. 
 
 ef bal, 
 
 bloiv, puff. 
 
 egale or ek’ale, 
 
 so and so, a certain person, 
 the leg (including foot). 
 
 igir, _ 
 
 igiraina, 
 
 a footman, infantryman. 
 
 egziabher, 
 
 God. 
 
 egziabher yistehlin, 
 
 thanks, thank you (when 
 addressing a person of 
 equal or inferior rank). 
 
 egziabher yistwolin, 
 
 thanks, thank yoti ( when- 
 addressing a person of 
 superior rank). 
 
 ehel, 
 
 ‘corn, grain, crops. 
 
 Sunday. 
 
 ehud, 
 
 ijig* 
 
 very. 
 
 ijig dak’moal, \ 
 ijig dak’mwal, / 
 
 he is very weak. 
 
 ijig ik’abdal, 
 
 {it is very) heavy. 
 
 ijig izagmal, 
 
 he is very slow. 
 
 ijig k’abbad naw, 
 
 {it is very) heavy. 
 
 ijig malk’am, 
 
 beautiful. 
 
 ijig thilli/^, 
 
 immense. 
 
 ijj. 
 
 the arm (including the hands, 
 fore and upper arm, etc.). 
 
 ijjj 
 
 the hand or arm. 
 
 ijj tabbab, 
 
 a sleeve. 
 
 e^a, or iia, 
 
 furniture, a 7’esse!, utensil, 
 tools. 
 
ik’ak’, 
 
 \kax malath, 
 i/^ar yamibal, 
 ik’athith, 
 ek’k’ul, 
 
 ek’k’ul kan, 
 ek’k’ul lelith, 
 ek’k’ul mangad, 
 elanth or enanth, 
 elazih, enzih or elih, 
 ililta, 
 
 eliya, enziya, 
 imaslainal, 
 
 embeth, 
 
 imbi, 
 
 imbi ala, 
 
 imblyagus, 
 
 imnath, 
 
 imta zand ishshi asainain, 
 
 ena, ^inia, 
 
 enazih, 
 
 mchoih, 
 
 end, 
 
 enda, 
 
 enda rase, 
 
 enda lijj tha/^aballa, v., 
 enda limad, 
 endamin, 
 enda wathro, 
 
 enda zih, 
 
 itch , itching {the sensation), 
 amnesty , pardon, 
 pardonable. 
 
 February. 
 
 the same , similar, equal, 
 level. 
 
 mid-day , noon, 
 midnight, 
 midway, 
 you {plural), 
 these. 
 
 a shout of joy. 
 those. 
 
 I am of opinion, it appears 
 to me. 
 mistress. 
 
 no! I will not! exclamation 
 of refusal. 
 
 to say no, to refuse, not to 
 agree, to be unwilling, 
 a martingal. 
 a pledge. 
 
 he induced me to come. 
 
 we. 
 
 these. 
 
 wood, a tree, sticks, 
 so that, in order that, 
 as, such as, like, 
 a representative, viceroy, one 
 who has full pozuers, an 
 attorney. 
 
 {This word is used to 
 express a plenipotentiary in 
 treaties and other official 
 documents.) 
 adopt as a child, 
 customary, as usual, 
 how. 
 
 customary, as usual, as 
 always, 
 such, thus. 
 
endeth, 
 
 endlh, 
 
 endiyao, 
 
 ended, 
 
 endthawKi, 
 
 ine, 
 
 engida, 
 
 engida agar, 
 
 enho, 
 
 enib, 
 
 inisth, 
 
 167 
 
 how. 
 
 thus , in this manner . 
 
 accidentally. 
 
 soap berries. 
 
 that you may know. 
 
 I. 
 
 stranger. 
 
 abroad. 
 
 behold. 
 
 a tear> weeping, 
 the females oj birds or 
 animals. 
 
 inja, 
 
 1 don’t blow ! Who knows f 
 How do I know ? 
 
 inji, 
 
 injera, 
 
 (This should not be used 
 in answer to persons of high 
 rank ; the negative form of 
 the verb awwaka, “to know ,” 
 should be used, i.e alawa- 
 khum, “ / do not know,” 
 or manne yawkal, “who 
 can tell,” “ who knows.”) 
 but, but only, bit also, 
 large flat cakes made from 
 teffor wheat flour. 
 
 en/^ilf, 
 
 ink’wan, 
 
 innath, 
 
 ensisa, 
 
 enthin, 
 
 sleep. 
 
 no. 
 
 mother, 
 zvild animals. 
 
 an expression equivalent to 
 our “ What’s its name,” 
 
 irath, 
 
 irgit, 
 
 supper. 
 
 certain, true, reliable, au¬ 
 thentic. 
 
 irk, 
 
 peace, a treaty of peace, 
 armistice. 
 
 irraina, 
 
 ersachaw, 
 
 ersas, 
 
 ersha, 
 
 ershath, 
 
 a herdsman, 
 they. 
 
 lead, a bullet, 
 a field. 
 
 an ear of corn. 
 
168 
 
 ersu, 
 
 erswa, 
 
 erswo, 
 
 erswo wadmihedwo sefra 
 inia dammo enhedallan . . ., 
 irtib, 
 irya, 
 isath, 
 
 isath anaddada, 
 isath anaddawal wayi, 
 isathiin atafa, 
 isathun ef bal, 
 eshokh, 
 ishshi, 
 
 ishshi ala, 
 
 ishshi asaina, v.a., 
 ishshi malath, 
 esk’a, 
 
 esk’a zare, 
 isthanfas, 
 
 Ith, 
 
 lfhegi, 
 
 ithon, 
 
 ewunathaina nagar, 
 ewunath, 
 
 iyandand, 
 
 iya rota thak’aththala, z /.a., 
 
 iyyar, 
 
 izawal, 
 
 fadal, 
 
 fachcha., 
 
 he, it. 
 she. 
 
 you ( singular ) 
 
 where you go we also shall 
 gv- 
 
 damp, moist , wet. 
 a zuildpig. 
 fire. 
 
 he lighted a fire, 
 have they lighted the fire ? 
 he ptit out the fire, 
 blow tip the fire, 
 a thorn , prickle. 
 expression of zvillingness, 
 contentment , assent, 
 to say all right , to give one's 
 consent , express willing¬ 
 ness. 
 
 induce, persuade, 
 consent. 
 
 till, until , as far as, as long 
 as, followed by diras, e.g., 
 eskha dambar diras, as f ar 
 as the frontier, 
 hitherto. 
 
 the breath, breathing. 
 
 a sister. 
 
 empress. 
 
 oven. 
 
 authentic, true. 
 
 the truth, true (pronounced 
 
 unath). 
 
 one by one, each, 
 chase. 
 
 a cartridge, 
 he is busy. 
 
 letters of the alphabet. 
 to grind, reduce to powder. 
 
169 
 
 fajja, 
 
 to burn, scald, to spend, wear 
 out. 
 
 fa/’a, 
 
 to tan, also to erase. 
 
 fa/’ad, 
 
 will, determination, desire, 
 resohition, permission, 
 
 wish, e.g., yanigus fa^ad 
 warakath allain, “ I have 
 the king's will in writing, ” 
 i.e., I have a permit from 
 the king. 
 
 fa/n, 
 
 a tanner. 
 
 faXv&ada, v., 
 
 permit, to wish. 
 
 fala, 
 
 to boil, bubble. 
 
 falag, 
 
 a foot print, track, trace. 
 
 falag yizo heda, 
 
 to track by means of foot 
 prints. 
 
 fallaga, 
 
 to seek, search, want, re¬ 
 quire. 
 
 fallaX’a, 
 
 to flash, take one by surprise, 
 like a flash. 
 
 fallata, 
 
 to split, to cleave. 
 
 fanaZ’Z’ala, 
 
 to roll away, turn upside 
 down. 
 
 fanaththara, 
 
 to snap, to shoot or fly off 
 like a spring suddenly re¬ 
 leased. 
 
 fanatta£a, 
 
 to sprinkle, squirt. 
 
 fantata, 
 
 smallpox. 
 
 fantha, 
 
 stead, in place oj. 
 
 fanus, 
 
 a lantern. 
 
 faraffara, 
 
 to crumble. 
 
 faraj, 
 
 a judge. 
 
 faranj, 
 
 a European. 
 
 faras, 
 
 a horse. 
 
 farasaina, 
 
 a horseman. 
 
 fare, or fari, 
 
 *ruit. 
 
 farra, 
 
 farrada, 
 
 to fear. 
 
 to judge, give a decision. 
 
 farri, 
 
 a coward. 
 
 ^arsainoch, 
 
 cavalry. 
 
 faryam, 
 
 fruitful, fertile, productive. 
 
170 
 
 fasas, 
 
 a drain , gutter , shallow 
 trench. 
 
 fasash, 
 
 flowing water, a river, 
 stream. 
 
 fasik’a, 
 
 fassasa, 
 
 Easter. 
 
 to flow. 
 
 fatari, 
 
 the Creator, one who makes. 
 
 fathil, 
 
 thread. 
 
 faththa, 
 
 to set free , release, to untie , 
 to loosen, liberate. 
 
 faththala, 
 
 to spin. 
 
 faththana, v ., 
 
 tempt. 
 
 fatmo, 
 
 fully, completely, 
 
 fatno, 
 
 hastily, quickly. 
 
 fattama, 
 
 to accomplish, complete, 
 
 perfect. 
 
 fattana, 
 
 to make haste, be quick. 
 
 fattara, 
 
 to create. 
 
 fawwasa, 
 
 to acre, restore to health. 
 
 fazzaza, 
 
 to be short sighted. 
 
 fi/dr, 
 
 love, affection, care, regard, 
 a splinter, a chip. 
 
 fi\a.ch, 
 
 filata, 
 
 an arrow. 
 
 fina, 
 
 the bladder. 
 
 finjal, 
 
 a cup. 
 
 fird, 
 
 judgment, verdict. 
 
 firhath, 
 
 fear. 
 
 fisash, 
 
 stream, current. 
 
 fisashu hailaina nawn, 
 
 is the current strong ? 
 
 fith, 
 
 the face, front, before (both as 
 to time and position). 
 
 flthaina, 
 
 first, foremost. 
 
 fith lafith, 
 
 opposite. 
 
 fitim, 
 
 absolute. 
 
 fiyyaij 
 
 a goat. 
 
 gabatha, 
 
 a table. 
 
 gabba, 
 
 to enter, arrive at, to under¬ 
 stand, to set (of the sun 
 or moon). 
 
 gabbara, 
 
 to pay taxes. 
 
gabbaza, v.n., 
 
 pretend. 
 
 gabiya, 
 
 a market. 
 
 gabs, 
 
 barley. 
 
 gadal. 
 
 a cliffy steep place. 
 
 gadayi, 
 
 a slayer, one who has killed 
 anything. 
 
 gaddada, 
 
 to force, oblige, necessitate , to 
 injure , produce want. 
 
 gaddafa, 
 
 to err , mistake ; to turn off 
 the subject of conversation. 
 
 gaddala, 
 
 to kill. 
 
 gaddama, 
 
 to seclude one's self. 
 
 gadim tharada, 
 
 the cross pole of a tent. 
 
 gafafo, 
 
 chaff (from grain, etc.). 
 
 gaffa, 
 
 to push , shove , press, squeeze. 
 
 gaffafa, 
 
 to pull or strip off, to skin 
 animals . 
 
 gagara, 
 
 to bake. 
 
 gaggara, 
 
 to sulk. 
 
 gajja, 
 
 oats. 
 
 gala, 
 
 to be red hot. 
 
 gala, 
 
 the body. 
 
 galaba, 
 
 galabbata, 
 
 wheat or barley straw. 
 
 to upset, invert, turn over. 
 
 galan attaba, 
 
 to bathe. 
 
 gallata, 
 
 to expose, reveal, make public. 
 
 gamad, 
 
 rope, cord. 
 
 gamaggama, 
 
 to bargain, value. 
 
 gamma, 
 
 to stink. 
 
 gammasa, 
 
 gamis, or gimmash, 
 
 to halve. 
 
 a half, a portion. 
 
 gana, 
 
 not yet. 
 
 ganaina, 
 
 to meet, to visit. 
 
 ganinath, or gannath, 
 
 Prosperity, splendour, para¬ 
 dise. 
 
 gannaza, 
 
 to perfor?)i the funeral 
 rites. 
 
 ganzab, 
 
 goods, property, estate , 
 
 wealth. 
 
 ganzath, 
 
 funeral. 
 
 gar, 
 
 meek. 
 
172 
 
 gara, 
 
 garada, 
 
 withy along with. 
 
 to veil, to cove ; with a 
 
 curtain. 
 
 garrafa, 
 
 to flog. 
 
 gasa, 
 
 to roar (like a zoild animal ), 
 also to eructate. 
 
 gasaggasa, 
 
 to move quickly, to hasten. 
 
 gasgash, 
 
 one who hastens. 
 
 gasha, 
 
 a shield. 
 
 gat, 
 
 a bridle. 
 
 gat, 
 
 a small shed adjoining a 
 
 
 house in which animals, 
 goats, sheep, etc., are 
 kept. 
 
 gata, 
 
 to rein up suddenly. 
 
 gath, 
 
 a hand's width. 
 
 gaththara, 
 
 to strain, stretch. 
 
 gattaba, 
 
 to have a sore back (as beasts 
 of burden). 
 
 gattama, v.n.. 
 
 to match, to coincide, to fit, 
 be suitable. 
 
 gaza, or gwaza, 
 
 to march, travel. 
 
 gaza, v., 
 
 govern, rule. 
 
 gazaggaza, 
 
 to stutter, stagger. 
 
 gazh, 
 
 a buyer, also a ruler, 
 governor. 
 
 gazza, 
 
 to buy. 
 
 gazzara, 
 
 to circumcise. 
 
 gazzatha, 
 
 to excommunicate. 
 
 gesho, 
 
 a plant, the leaves of which 
 are used in making talla, 
 the native beer. 
 
 getha, 
 
 master. 
 
 gibar, 
 
 rates, taxes. 
 
 gibar beth, 
 
 custom-house. 
 
 gibbi, 
 
 the inside of any enclosure or 
 house. 
 
 gibs nagar, 
 
 pretence. 
 
 gid adarraga, v.a ., 
 
 compel. 
 
 gidalaw, 
 
 shoot him, kill him (impera¬ 
 tive). 
 
173 
 
 gidd, 
 
 gidgidda, 
 
 g if > 
 
 gilgil, 
 
 gim, 
 gimal, 
 gimb, 
 gimbar, 
 gimbdth, 
 gimfan, 
 gimmash, 
 
 gin, nagar gin, daro gin, 
 gind, 
 
 gint, 
 
 gira, 
 
 girzicha, 
 
 girar, 
 
 girfatb, 
 
 girgirtha, 
 
 gisath, 
 
 gitim, 
 
 gitim bilo, 
 
 gizath, 
 
 gize, 
 
 gizeu walis hiino, 
 gizoth, 
 
 goban, 
 
 g°jjo> 
 
 gombo, 
 
 gondan, 
 
 gonfan, 
 
 goradi, 
 
 gororo, 
 
 gosh, 
 
 gubae, 
 
 necessity , obligation, force, 
 compulsion. 
 
 the wall of a house (if made 
 of mud and wattle), 
 injustice. 
 
 the young of animals, 
 foetid, stinking, 
 a camel. 
 
 a stone wall or tower, 
 the forehead. 
 
 May. 
 
 cold in the head, 
 a part, portion, half, 
 biit, however, nevertheless, 
 the trunk of a tree, a log of 
 wood, 
 a scorpion, 
 the left, 
 a grey mule, 
 an acacia tree, 
 dogging, chastisement, 
 grumbling, discontent, 
 roar , eructation, 
 coincidence, fit , a rhyme, 
 accurately. 
 
 a province, possession , domi¬ 
 nion. 
 
 occasion , weather, 
 the weather being rainy, 
 disfavour, being placed in 
 Coventry, 
 sister-in-law. 
 a grass hut or shanty, 
 a jar. 
 
 a large ant. 
 a cough, cold, 
 a sword, 
 the throat, 
 a buffalo or bison, 
 an assembly of statesmen , a 
 council, conference. 
 
174 
 
 guban, 
 
 the door posts. 
 
 gubath, 
 
 the liver. 
 
 guddai, 
 
 necessaries, business. 
 
 gudgwad, 
 
 a well , a hole, hollow, ditch. 
 
 gulalith, 
 
 the kidneys. 
 
 gulbath, 
 
 courage. 
 
 gulbatham, 
 
 courageous, brave. 
 
 gulo, 
 
 a roan horse. 
 
 gum, 
 
 fog, haze. 
 
 gum an, 
 
 cabbage. 
 
 gumari, 
 
 a hippopota7nus. 
 
 gutath, 
 
 tweezers, pincers. 
 
 guzo, 
 
 a day's inarch. 
 
 gwazh, 
 
 a caravan, baggage train, a 
 column on the march. 
 
 gwilbath, 
 
 knee. 
 
 gwilth, 
 
 a grant or fief of land. 
 
 gwobata, 
 
 to be bent, crooked. 
 
 gwobata, 
 
 bent, crooked. 
 
 gwobaz, 
 
 a young and able-bodied 
 man. 
 
 gwoda, 
 
 damage. 
 
 gwodala, 
 
 to subside (as rivers after a 
 flood), to become less. 
 
 gwodin, 
 
 rib. 
 
 gwonaddala, v., 
 
 geld. 
 
 gwon<f/£, 
 
 cheek. 
 
 gworabeth, 
 
 neighbour. 
 
 gwbthatha, v.a ., 
 
 drag. 
 
 habth, 
 
 a gift. 
 
 habtham, 
 
 rich, wealthy. 
 
 hail, 
 
 capability, strength, power. 
 
 hak’eth, 
 
 laziness. 
 
 hak’ethaina, 
 
 indolent, lazy. 
 
 ha^im, 
 
 a physician, doctor. 
 
 hameth, 
 
 slander, back biting , 
 
 hamle, 
 
 fuly. 
 
 har, 
 
 silk. 
 
 harf, 
 
 the rim or edge. 
 
 hayil, 
 
 strength, power. 
 
i75 
 
 hayilaina, 
 
 strong, powerful, mighty. 
 
 hayimanoth, 
 
 faith , belief, religion. 
 
 heda, 
 
 to go. 
 
 hidar, 
 
 November. 
 
 higg, 
 
 the law. 
 
 hilm, 
 
 a dream. 
 
 himam, 
 
 pain, illness, disease. 
 
 hirm, 
 
 prohibition. 
 
 hiwas, 
 
 sense. 
 
 hiya, 
 
 twenty. 
 
 hiyao, 
 
 alive. 
 
 hiyiwath, 
 
 life (pronounced hiyoth). 
 
 hizb, 
 
 people, populace, nation. 
 
 hod, 
 
 the belly. 
 
 hona, 
 
 to be, exist, to happen, 
 occur. 
 
 huk’ath, 
 
 alarm, disturbance. 
 
 hulath, 
 
 two. 
 
 hulathachau, 
 
 both of them. 
 
 hulathaina, 
 
 second. 
 
 hulath gize, 
 
 twice. 
 
 hullu, 
 
 all, the whole, every. 
 
 hulgize, 
 
 continually. 
 
 hwala, 
 
 after, behind, afterwards, 
 later on. 
 
 hwalaina, 
 
 hindermost, the last. 
 
 hwalaina nagar, 
 
 afterthought. 
 
 jabana, 
 
 a coffee-pot, water-flask. 
 
 jalaba, 
 
 a boat. 
 
 jamari, 
 
 a beginner. 
 
 jam bar, 
 
 the sun. 
 
 jammara, 
 
 to begin. 
 
 jandaraba, 
 
 an eunuch. 
 
 jano, 
 
 a white cloth with a broad 
 red stripe in the middle, 
 much worn in Abyssinia. 
 
 jan tila, 
 
 an umbrella of European 
 make. 
 
 jaraba, 
 
 the back. 
 
176 
 
 jib, 
 
 a hyena. 
 
 jimath, 
 
 the joints oj the limbs. 
 
 jirath, 
 
 the tail. 
 
 joro, 
 
 an ear. 
 
 juza, 
 
 a cocoanut. 
 
 k’a . . . 
 
 than, from. 
 
 /[■aba, 
 
 to anoint. 
 
 k’a .... ba/£ar, 
 
 except. 
 
 k’a .... balayi, 
 
 in addition to, besides. 
 
 k’abaro beth, 
 
 back part of tent opposite 
 the door. 
 
 X’’abaro, 
 
 a jackal. 
 
 k’abth, 
 
 domestic animals, horses, 
 
 mules, cattle. 
 
 k’abbaba, v.a., 
 
 to surround, encircle. 
 
 k’abbad, 
 
 heavy. 
 
 k’abbada, v.n., 
 
 to be heavy. 
 
 i-abbara, 
 
 to bury. 
 
 k’abbara, v.n., 
 
 to be honourable. 
 
 /fobrith, 
 
 matches. 
 
 ko.ch\\, 
 
 a small bell. 
 
 ka.clnx\, 
 
 narrow, thin. 
 
 /’ada, v.a., 
 
 to draw water, also to copy a 
 letter. 
 
 k’ada, v., 
 
 to deny, disozvn, disinherit. 
 
 /fedada, 
 
 a tear, hole, rent. 
 
 /feddada, 
 
 to tear, rend. 
 
 /’addama, 
 
 to precede. 
 
 k’addana, v.a., 
 
 to cover. 
 
 Z’addasa, 
 
 to sanctify. 
 
 /’addim, 
 
 at first, formerly. 
 
 /^admaina, 
 
 first. 
 
 k’af adarraga, 
 
 to raise, make higher. 
 
 k’af ala, 
 
 to be high, lofty. 
 
 k’affa, v.n., 
 
 to be bad, wicked, malicious. 
 
 k’affala, v.a., 
 
 to divide. 
 
 k’affatha, v.a., 
 
 to open. 
 
 k’aftha, 
 
 height , elevation. 
 
 k’a .... gara, 
 
 among, with, along with. 
 
 k’agar awatta, v.a., 
 
 deport. 
 
177 
 
 k’a .... gara heda, v ., 
 k’ahulu yamibaza, 
 k’ahulu yarvrisha, 
 
 /a in, 
 
 Zaintha, 
 
 k’a .... jamro, 
 Za/Zala, v.a ., 
 
 Zal, 
 
 /’ala, 
 
 Zalab, 
 
 Zalabbasa, 
 
 Zala/ala, 
 
 k’alak’k’ala, v.a ., 
 
 Zalam, 
 
 Zalib, 
 
 Zalik’, 
 
 k’alk’ai, 
 
 Zallaba, 
 
 Zallal, 
 
 Zallama, 
 
 Zallata, v.n., 
 
 Zambar, 
 
 /amis, 
 
 k’ammara, z^.a., 
 Zammasa, 
 
 /an, 
 
 k’anabis, 
 
 /and, 
 
 k’anf, 
 
 k’anfar, 
 
 k’angida agar malta, 
 k’angidih wadiya, 
 /anna, 
 
 k’aramth, 
 
 /arat, 
 
 /arat beth, 
 k’aratith, 
 
 (8166) 
 
 accompany, 
 most , greatest, 
 best. 
 
 the right ( direction). 
 colony, 
 since, 
 to cook, 
 word, voice, 
 to be or become red. 
 fodder, provisions, 
 to hem, to turn the edge op 
 anything as in a hem. 
 to mix (fluids only), 
 to forbid, to stop, prevent, 
 obstruct. 
 
 a dye, a pen, ink, colours, 
 a mould. 
 
 a cartridge case (empty). 
 one who forbids or obstructs: 
 
 an obstructionist, 
 to feed, to nourish, 
 light (as to weight ). 
 to dye, to colour, 
 to melt, dissolve, 
 a yoke, 
 a shirt. 
 
 to heap up, pile up. 
 
 to taste. 
 
 a day. 
 
 hemp. 
 
 a horn. 
 
 a wing. 
 
 lips. 
 
 he came from abroad, 
 henceforth. 
 
 to succeed, be straight, profit¬ 
 able, or favourable, 
 winter, rainy season, 
 customs (duty), 
 custom-house, 
 a bag, sack. 
 
 M 
 
i 7 8 
 
 ka.rb, 
 
 
 lately. 
 
 /arb /’an, 
 
 
 recently. 
 
 /arb /’an yahona, 
 
 
 recent. 
 
 Zarbo, 
 
 
 tiear, close by. 
 
 k’aristhu awatta, v.. 
 
 
 disinherit. 
 
 Zar/aha, 
 
 
 a hollow bamboo. 
 
 Zarra, 
 
 
 to remain over, be left, 
 omitted. 
 
 /’arraba, 
 
 
 to be near, to approach. 
 
 /’arrafa, 
 
 
 to peel. 
 
 k’arrama, v.n ., 
 
 
 to spend or pass the winter, 
 or the rainy season. 
 
 k’arrara, z/.a., 
 k’arswo gara ihedal, 
 
 
 to twist. 
 
 
 he will go with you. 
 
 k’artha, 
 
 
 a chart or map. 
 
 k’asa, 
 
 
 indemnity. 
 
 /as ala, 
 
 
 to be careful, slow. 
 
 k’asal, 
 
 
 charcoal. 
 
 k’asal (yadingiya), 
 
 
 coal. 
 
 /’as bilo, 
 
 
 carefully, gently. 
 
 k’asma. 
 
 
 a peg, tent peg. 
 
 /’as malath, 
 
 
 caution. 
 
 Zassafa, v.a., 
 
 
 bunish. 
 
 k’assasa, v.a., 
 
 
 to accuse, blame. 
 
 k’assash, 
 
 
 an accuser, plaintiff. 
 
 Zassata, 
 
 * 
 
 to purloin, pilfer. 
 
 Zata, v.a ., 
 
 
 punish. 
 
 /ata/’/ata, 
 
 
 to tread upon. 
 
 Zatala, 
 
 
 to burnt, set fire to. 
 
 katana, 
 
 
 mildew. 
 
 Zatha, 
 
 
 asthma , shortness of breath. 
 
 Zatha, 
 
 
 trigger and locks. 
 
 k’athama, 
 
 
 a town or citadel, generally 
 stockaded. 
 
 Zathir, 
 
 
 noon. 
 
 k’atho, 
 
 
 never, under no circum¬ 
 stances. 
 
 k’aththatha, z^.a., 
 
 
 to reap, to gather in the 
 harvest. 
 
 Zattara, 
 
 
 to enclose in or surround 
 with a fence. 
 
179 
 
 k’a .... wadiya, 
 
 beyond. 
 
 -£ayi, 
 
 k’azih wadiya, 
 
 red. 
 
 henceforth, from here. 
 
 k’azlya, 
 
 thence. 
 
 7’azzafa, 
 
 to row (as a boat). 
 
 k’eda, v.a., 
 
 to thrash corn, etc. 
 
 k’end, 
 
 the forearm, a cubit measure. 
 
 kes, 
 
 a priest. 
 
 >£ibath, 
 
 grease. 
 
 k’ibb, 
 
 a circle, round. 
 
 k’ibd, 
 
 weight. 
 
 £ibe, 
 
 butter. 
 
 k’ibir, 
 
 honour, respect. 
 
 k’ibur, 
 
 honourable, respected, 
 honoured. 
 
 /iddame, 
 
 Saturday. 
 
 Zaddiis, 
 
 holy, a saint. 
 
 k’ifath, 
 
 badness, wickedness. 
 
 k’ifil, 
 
 a part, portion, division. 
 
 k’ifth, adj., 
 
 hollow. 
 
 k’ifu, 
 
 bad, wicked, malicious. 
 
 k’il. 
 
 a gourd. 
 
 k’ilk’ayi, 
 
 one who obstructs, prevents, 
 disallows. 
 
 k’ilk’il, 
 
 an impediment, obstruction. 
 
 £imal, 
 
 vermin. 
 
 k’imir, 
 
 a heap, pile, mound. 
 
 T’immash, 
 
 a taste, a morsel. 
 
 £imsha, s., 
 
 taste. 
 
 kin, 
 
 equity. 
 
 ^inath, 
 
 iealousy. 
 
 £indib, 
 
 eyebrows, eyelid. 
 
 k’inf, 
 
 a wing. 
 
 /Hniya, 
 
 booty. 
 
 /£intath, 
 
 a grain. 
 
 k’ir, 
 
 thread. 
 
 k’iramth, or k’aramth, 
 
 the winter, the rainy season. 
 
 k’irayi, 
 
 hire, rent, fare, 
 to hire, rent. 
 
 bak’irayi adarraga, 
 
 /£iretha, 
 
 remainder, one who is dis¬ 
 appointed. 
 
 (8i66) 
 
 m i 
 
i8o 
 
 /’irfith, 
 
 peel, bark. 
 
 k’irk’irro, 
 
 a wild pig. 
 
 /fis, 
 
 a pocket. 
 
 >6isth, 
 
 a bow (a weapon). 
 
 -fital, 
 
 a leaf. 
 
 /fitar, 
 
 hedge. 
 
 /fitath, 
 
 punishment. 
 
 /fiyame, 
 
 threat. 
 
 /fob, 
 
 a cap, hood. 
 
 /fSdda, 
 
 hide, skin. 
 
 k’ok’ab, 
 
 a star. 
 
 /c’okh, 
 
 a peach. 
 
 /folia, 
 
 lowlands, valleys. 
 
 /folio, 
 
 fried grain. 
 
 /foma, 
 
 to stand, remain stationary. 
 
 /forbath, 
 
 hide. 
 
 k’oricha, 
 
 a saddle. 
 
 kbxkbxxo, 
 
 peavter. 
 
 k’orma, 
 
 stallion. 
 
 k’osso,* 
 
 kosso. * 
 
 /foya, 
 
 to wait, await, to expect. 
 
 kuchach, 
 
 small ants. 
 
 /fuch ala, s., 
 
 sit. 
 
 k’uffin, 
 
 measles. 
 
 /ful/ful, s., 
 
 defile. 
 
 /ful/fulath, 
 
 a steep descent. 
 
 ^umath, 
 
 height, stature. 
 
 /fundo barbarri, 
 
 black pepper. 
 
 /funna, 
 
 a measure for grain. 
 
 /furchamchamlth, 
 
 the ankle. 
 
 yfurash, 
 
 a crumb, morsel. 
 
 /furunful, 
 
 cloves. 
 
 fwa/’, 
 
 a partridge. 
 
 ^wamfwa, 
 
 language. 
 
 /fwas, 
 
 a ball. 
 
 /fwatara, 
 
 to tie into a knot. 
 
 * A tree from the leaves of which the Abyssinians make 
 a very strong purgative, which they take at regular intervals 
 of about a month, to keep down the tape worm, from which 
 malady most Abyssinians suffer continually. 
 
 V 
 

 181 
 
 £wiialith, 
 
 /C’wilf, 
 
 ^wirash, 
 
 /’wirt, 
 
 /hvirt adargo, 
 £wirtmath, 
 
 ^'wisal. 
 
 /hvitar, 
 
 /’vvofara, 
 
 k’wonatia, 
 
 kidneys, 
 a lock, 
 fragment, 
 abrupt, 
 abruptly, 
 rheumatism, 
 a boil, 
 a knot, 
 to dig. 
 
 to judge, to condemn, to con¬ 
 vict. 
 
 -^worata, 
 
 /£worbath, 
 
 /rwotara, 
 
 /hvutar, 
 
 / j wutta, 
 
 to cut. 
 leather. 
 
 to count, reckon up. 
 
 accounts. 
 
 anger. 
 
 la, 
 
 laba, 
 
 labbasa, v.a., 
 
 to, for ( preposition ). 
 feathers. 
 
 to put on clothes, to dress, to 
 wear. 
 
 labbata, v.a., 
 lUcka., v.a., 
 lafa, v.a., 
 laggama, v.n., 
 laggwami, 
 iaggwoma, 
 
 to overlay, to gild, 
 to shave, 
 to blot. 
 
 to be lazy, idle, to shirk, 
 a groom. 
 
 to put the bridle on a horse, 
 etc., to load a gun. 
 
 lagwam, 
 la£a, v.n., 
 lak’a, v.a., 
 lak’a, v.a., 
 
 the reins or bridle, 
 to be great, to excel, 
 to send, consign, to remit, 
 to measure, to fit, draw a 
 plan. 
 
 la.kka.ka., v.a., 
 la.kka.ma., v.a., 
 
 to let go, to dismiss, 
 to pick up, to collect, to graze 
 (as cattle ). 
 
 lala, 
 
 slack. 
 
lam, 
 
 a cow. 
 
 lama, v.n., 
 
 to be green, to flourish. 
 
 lamad, 
 
 a cape or mantle, highly 
 ornamented, worn by sol¬ 
 diers and men of rank. 
 
 lammada, v ., 
 
 accustom, get... to, also to 
 learn. 
 
 lammain, 
 
 beggar, petitioner. 
 
 lammana, v.a., 
 
 beg, implore, request. 
 
 lammata, z\a., 
 
 to set, sharpen. 
 
 lane, 
 
 mine, belonging to me. 
 
 lasa, z».a., 
 
 to lick, lap. 
 
 lassana, z;.a., 
 
 to smear, daub. 
 
 lata, lattata, v.a., 
 
 to pull or peel off anything 
 that comes off in strips, as 
 the bark of some trees. 
 
 lawwasa, z/.a., 
 
 to knead, stir, to disturb, 
 to exchange, barter. 
 
 lawwata v.a., 
 
 laya, z/.w., 
 
 to be separate. 
 
 layi, 
 
 above. 
 
 layina, 
 
 uppermost. 
 
 lazzaba, v.a., 
 
 to smoothen, soften. 
 
 leba, 
 
 a thief. 
 
 lebazh, or lebashe, 
 
 a thief catcher. 
 
 lela, 
 
 another, other. 
 
 lellth, 
 
 night. 
 
 lemna, 
 
 petitioner, request, s. 
 
 libab, 
 
 a halter, a headstall. 
 
 libb, 
 
 the heart. 
 
 libb adarraga, v.a., 
 
 to keep in one's mind, to 
 remember, make a note of. 
 cloth, clothes, clothing. 
 
 libs, 
 
 libu ya/C’anna, 
 
 honest. 
 
 lidars, 
 
 almost. 
 
 liddath, 
 
 birth. 
 
 ligmaina, 
 
 one who is lazy, idle. 
 
 ligim, 
 
 laziness. 
 
 
 a child, an attendant (in the 
 same sense as the word 
 “boy” is used in some 
 places). 
 
183 
 
 lik, 
 
 lik’, 
 
 lik’ adarraga, 
 
 limad, 
 
 limath, 
 
 limlame, 
 
 lit, 
 
 liyu, 
 
 liyunath, 
 
 lizib, lislasa, 
 
 lofisa, 
 
 lomin, 
 
 lugwam, 
 
 lul, 
 
 mablat, 
 
 mablath, 
 
 mabra/£, 
 
 mabrath, 
 
 mabzath, s ., 
 
 ma^a, 
 
 machak’k’wil 
 
 mazVzarrasha, 
 
 ma.chcha.rr.yz, 
 
 mac/^tVzanya, 
 
 mache, 
 
 maz^id, 
 
 madab, 
 
 madaf, 
 
 madag, 
 mada^da^iya 
 zang, 
 madalath, 
 madan, s., 
 madarabya, 
 
 /lead, chief, e.g., Mpapasath, 
 archbishop. 
 
 even, smooth, equal to, leve 
 flush with. 
 
 v. a., adjust. 
 
 custom, habit, 
 a basket. 
 
 green (offoliage), 
 the bark of trees, ivhich can 
 be pulled off in long strips, 
 separate, different, 
 difference, 
 soft, smooth, 
 a sheep-skin cape, 
 a lemon, lime, 
 a bit. 
 a pearl. 
 
 progress. 
 
 eatables, food, eating, 
 lightning, 
 a light, lamp, 
 increase, 
 betrothal. 
 
 , rapidity, haste. 
 
 the end, conclusion, 
 boots, sandals. 
 
 a raw hide thong, used for 
 fastening loads on to 
 mules, etc. 
 when. 
 
 a reaping hook, 
 brass. 
 
 guns, artillery , also the palm 
 of the hand, 
 growth, bringing up. 
 
 07 yathamanja a cleaning rod. 
 
 partiality. 
 
 rescue. 
 
 the outer fly. 
 
184 
 
 madarag, s., 
 
 conduct , action. 
 
 madfaina, 
 
 a gunner, artilleryman. 
 
 madfath, 
 
 concussion. 
 
 madosha, 
 
 a hammer. 
 
 maflak’ya, s., 
 
 flash. 
 
 mafrath, 
 
 fear. 
 
 maftan, 
 
 haste. 
 
 maga, v.a., 
 
 to sip. 
 
 magab, 
 
 nourishment. 
 
 magabath, 
 
 marriage. 
 
 magabi, 
 
 a steward, a title amon. 
 priests. 
 
 magablth, 
 
 March. 
 
 magamgam, 
 
 negotiation. 
 
 maganaifiath, 
 
 meeting, intervieiv. 
 
 magarija, 
 
 a curtain , a screen, a sail. 
 
 magatam, 
 
 connection. 
 
 magaz, 
 
 a saw. 
 
 magbath, 
 
 the going in, entrance. 
 
 magbiya, 
 
 an entrance. 
 
 magfath, 
 
 pressure. 
 
 maggaba, 
 
 to feed, nourish. 
 
 maggala, v.n., 
 
 to suppurate. 
 
 maggogo, 
 
 an earthen fireplace, c 
 stove. 
 
 magil, 
 
 pus. 
 
 magillac'//a, 
 
 proof, evidence. 
 
 magilt, 
 
 detection. 
 
 maglat, 
 
 a declaration, exposure. 
 
 magwodath, 
 
 injury. 
 
 mahed, 
 
 departure. 
 
 mahed ayasfalgim, 
 
 it is not necessary to go. 
 
 maliramya, 
 
 handkerchief. 
 
 mahtham, s. 
 
 stamp, seal. 
 
 mahthamya, s. 
 
 press [printing or sealing). 
 
 maintha, 
 
 a sleeping place. 
 
 majmarya, 
 
 the first, the beginning. 
 
 maX’, 
 
 a coarse cloth. 
 
 maX’abbal, 
 
 acceptance. 
 
 ma/C'abar, 
 
 a grave, tomb. 
 
 ma/’aina, 
 
 surly. 
 
mak’alk’al, 
 
 ma/’ammar/za, 
 
 maX’annacha, 
 
 ma/’annath, 
 
 mak’anyath, 
 
 ma/’as, 
 
 mak’ak’al, 
 
 mak’ara, 
 
 mak’ari, 
 
 ma/’athin, 
 
 mak’bab, 
 
 mak’daina, 
 
 ma/’dam, 
 
 ma-tdas, 
 
 mak’facha, 
 
 mak’k’ara, v.a. 
 
 magmas, s ., 
 
 ma^oyath, 
 
 ma/tsaino, 
 
 mak’sas, 
 
 mak’thacha, 
 
 mak’wonan, 
 
 ma/«af, 
 
 mala, 
 
 mala, v.n., 
 
 malar/^, 
 
 malafya, 
 
 malak’at, 
 
 malak’iya, 
 
 malak’thaifta, 
 
 malas, 
 
 malash, 
 
 malath, 
 
 malata, 
 
 malathu mindir 
 
 malayath, 
 
 malfiya, 
 
 malik’, 
 
 prevention, obstruction, 
 a seat, 
 a girth. 
 
 a waistband , cummerbund. 
 
 reason , cause. 
 
 scissors. 
 
 among, in the midst of, the 
 centre. 
 
 calamity, distress , worry. 
 
 an advisor, councillor. 
 
 fish hook. 
 
 circle. 
 
 a cover. 
 
 advancement. 
 
 consecration. 
 
 an opener, a key. 
 
 to warn , advise. 
 
 taste. 
 
 patience , waiting. 
 
 Tuesday, 
 accusation, 
 a barn. 
 
 Judgment. 
 
 an oar , also a rudder, 
 to swear, take an oath, 
 to be full, to abound, 
 a razor, 
 a passage, 
 a trumpet, 
 a measure, 
 a messenger, envoy, 
 the tongue. 
 
 one who is always ready with 
 an answer, pert, 
 a saying, meaning, 
 hairless, bald. 
 
 naw, xvhat does it mean ? or 
 
 what is its meaning, 
 difference, 
 good, nice, 
 form, appearance. 
 
186 
 
 malik’ith, 
 
 Message. 
 
 malk’a, 
 
 a ford. 
 
 malk’am, 
 
 good , nice> beautiful. 
 
 malk’ath, 
 
 Measurement. 
 
 mallasa, v.a ., 
 
 to return , to answer, to 
 turn. 
 
 mamar, 
 
 learning. 
 
 mamasal, 
 
 invitation. 
 
 mamcha, 
 
 a mallet , hammer , striker , 
 anything to strike with. 
 
 man, 
 
 xvho. 
 
 mana tatarya, 
 
 sights {of a rifle). 
 
 manafya, manaffasha, 
 
 a fan. 
 
 mana/£, 
 
 indignity. 
 
 manaknak, 
 
 shaking , trembling , an earth¬ 
 quake. 
 
 manattar, 
 
 telescope. 
 
 mandar, 
 
 a village. 
 
 manfas, 
 
 spirit. 
 
 mangacha, 
 
 a sling. 
 
 mangad, 
 
 a road. 
 
 mangadaina, 
 
 passenger , traveller. 
 
 mangadu dahna nawn, 
 
 is the road good? 
 
 mangaga, 
 
 the jazv. 
 
 mangasth, 
 
 a kingdom. 
 
 manim, 
 
 nobody. 
 
 manH, 
 
 a spoon. 
 
 mannacha, v., 
 
 originate , spring from. 
 
 mano, 
 
 provisions , supplies. 
 
 manorya, 
 
 abode. 
 
 mantha, 
 
 twins , a pair. 
 
 mar, 
 
 honey. 
 
 mar ala, v.a ., 
 
 juvip. 
 
 mara, 
 
 to be merciful, to forgive. 
 
 mara, 
 
 to guide , to lead. 
 
 marak, 
 
 gravy. 
 
 marammara, 
 
 to inquire into , to investigate , 
 /ry, attempt. 
 
 marara, 
 
 bitter. 
 
 marasha, s., 
 marbab, 
 
 plough. 
 
 a net. 
 
mareth, 
 
 land, fields, the floor. 
 
 
 marfi, 
 
 a needle. 
 
 
 margar^a, 
 
 a step, treadle. 
 
 
 margat, 
 
 a kick. 
 
 
 mari, 
 
 a guide, also the guy ropes ol 
 a tent. 
 
 mari, 
 
 a guy rope. 
 
 
 mark’ab, 
 
 a ship. 
 
 
 mark’abaina, 
 
 a sailor. 
 
 
 marraga, v.a., 
 
 to plaster, to smear. 
 
 
 marrara, v.n., 
 
 to be bitter. 
 
 
 marrata, v.a., 
 
 to choose, select, vote. 
 
 
 marraza, v.a., 
 
 to poison. 
 
 
 marz, 
 
 poison. 
 
 
 masafarya, 
 
 a camping ground. 
 
 
 masaficha, masafiya, 
 
 an awl, something to 
 with. 
 
 sew 
 
 masaggana, v., 
 masak’k’ara, 
 
 glorify. 
 
 
 to give evidence, to 
 witness. 
 
 bear 
 
 masalel, 
 
 ladder. 
 
 
 masan/^o, 
 
 a harp. 
 
 
 masaro, 
 
 a cooking pot. 
 
 
 masarya, 
 
 a rope, cord, anything 
 with. 
 
 to tie 
 
 masaso, 
 
 beam. 
 
 
 masfath, 
 
 sewing. 
 
 
 masgar, 
 
 a tick. 
 
 
 masgijja, 
 
 temple. 
 
 
 mazgiya, 
 
 a cork, stopper. 
 
 
 masha, 
 
 to be evening. 
 
 
 mashagarya, 
 
 a ford, crossing. 
 
 
 mashashaggiya, 
 
 refuge. 
 
 
 mashath, s., 
 
 request. 
 
 
 mashet, 
 
 sale. 
 
 
 mashilla, 
 
 Indian corn. 
 
 
 mashnaf, 
 
 conquest. 
 
 
 mashokhshokh, 
 
 intrigue. 
 
 
 mas/^a^, 
 
 nausea. 
 
 
 mas/£a£ya, 
 
 disgust. 
 
 
 mas^al, 
 
 a cross. 
 
 
mask’aram, 
 
 September. 
 
 mask’ir, 
 
 a zvitness. 
 
 mask’oth, 
 
 a window. 
 
 maslanni, 
 
 a representative. 
 
 masmamath, 
 
 concord\ agreement. 
 
 masmath, 
 
 hearing. 
 
 inasno, 
 
 a canal. 
 
 masob, 
 
 a basket. 
 
 masrath, 
 
 construction. 
 
 massala, v.n 
 
 to resemble, to appear to be. 
 
 masthawath, 
 
 a looking glass. 
 
 matabba/', 
 
 attention, watch. 
 
 matad, 
 
 a plat iron pan in which 
 injera is cooked. 
 
 mataf, 
 
 a book, writing. 
 
 matajja, 
 
 a shelter. 
 
 matamtamya, 
 
 a bandage , wrapper. 
 
 mataratar, 
 
 hesitation. 
 
 matata, 
 
 vinegar. 
 
 matha, 
 
 evening. 
 
 matha, 
 
 to hit , strike. 
 
 mathab, 
 
 a black cord worn round the 
 neck by all Christian 
 Abyssinians. 
 
 mathagas, 
 
 endurance. 
 
 mathamen, 
 
 belief, credence. 
 
 mathara^, 
 
 reconciliation. 
 
 mathatabya, 
 
 a basin, tub , anything to 
 wash in. 
 
 mathazaz, 
 
 obedience. 
 
 maththata/ya, 
 
 a waist-belt, girdle. 
 
 matho. 
 
 one hundred. 
 
 matrabya, 
 
 an axe, hatchet , adze. 
 
 matragya, 
 
 a broom , brush , duster , any¬ 
 thing to clean with. 
 
 matta, 
 
 to come. 
 
 mattana, 
 
 to take one's measure, form 
 an opinion of. 
 
 mawagiya, 
 
 a prong, something to prod or 
 prick with. 
 
 mawaraja, 
 
 descent. 
 
189 
 
 mawasha, s., 
 
 bail. 
 
 mawatath, 
 
 ascent. 
 
 mawic^a, 
 
 outlet. 
 
 mayath, 
 
 a view, seeing, sight. 
 
 mayaz, 
 
 capture. 
 
 mayazh, 
 
 a hook, fish-hook. 
 
 mayazha, 
 
 handle, something to hola by. 
 
 mazan, 
 
 corner. 
 
 mazgab, 
 
 a store. 
 
 mazgar, 
 
 a tick. 
 
 mazgiya or sanka, 
 
 the door itself { the part which 
 opens, etc.). 
 
 mazzana, v.a., 
 
 to weigh. 
 
 mazawwar, 
 
 a screw, wheel, machine, 
 anything that revolves. 
 
 mazzaza, v.a., 
 
 to draw, or pull out, things 
 that are deep in the ground 
 as stakes, a plant with a 
 long root, a sword from 
 the scabbard. 
 
 meda, 
 
 a plain. 
 
 medhanith, 
 
 medicine, remedy. 
 
 meherath, 
 
 mercy. 
 
 meherath yalelaw, 
 
 cruel. 
 
 mehrathaina, 
 
 merciful. 
 
 miarab, 
 
 the West. 
 
 midir, 
 
 land, ground, the earth. 
 
 midir bade, 
 
 ivilderness. 
 
 mido, 
 
 a comb. 
 
 mi/^aina. 
 
 disobliging. 
 
 mik’ir, 
 
 advice. 
 
 milash, 
 
 an answer, reply. 
 
 milath, 
 
 abundance. 
 
 milik'ith, s., 
 
 mark, symbol. 
 
 milo, adv., 
 
 full. 
 
 milu, 
 
 plenty. 
 
 minalbath, 
 
 perhaps. 
 
 min ch, 
 
 a spring, source. 
 
 min, mindir, 
 
 what. 
 
 minim, 
 
 minim yallam, 
 
 any, nothing. 
 
 there is nothing. 
 
mintaf, 
 
 bedding , a carpet or rug , 
 something to spread out. 
 
 mirk’o, 
 
 a prisoner of war. 
 
 misa, 
 
 a meal. 
 
 misale, 
 
 likeness , image, facsimile. 
 
 misar, 
 
 a hoe. 
 
 misaso, 
 
 a pole. 
 
 misgana, 
 
 gratitude. 
 
 mishth, 
 
 wife. 
 
 misir, 
 
 lentils. 
 
 misra/C’, 
 
 East. 
 
 misth, 
 
 white ants. 
 
 mitad, 
 
 a flat baking pan. 
 
 mizan, 
 
 weight. 
 
 mogad, 
 
 a wave. 
 
 mogas, 
 
 grace, favour. 
 
 moZ’a, v.n., 
 
 to be warm, hot (not as to 
 weather). 
 
 mok’ara, 
 
 to try, put to the test, attempt. 
 
 molala, 
 
 oblong. 
 
 molla, 
 
 to be full. 
 
 moltho, 
 
 full, plenty, abundant. 
 
 m5th, 
 
 death. 
 
 motha, v., 
 
 die. 
 
 moya, 
 
 a reward, grant of land for 
 services. 
 
 mur/za, 
 
 gum. 
 
 muin, 
 
 idiot. 
 
 muX% 
 
 warm, hot, also paste, glue. 
 
 muZ’ath, 
 
 warmth. 
 
 murad, 
 
 a file. 
 
 muz, 
 
 banana. 
 
 na, 
 
 and, for, inasmuch as, in 
 that ( suffix). 
 
 na, 
 
 come (the imperative mascu¬ 
 line ; the feminine is ne). 
 
 nabalbal, 
 
 flame. 
 
 nabbaba, 
 
 to pronounce, as in reading. 
 
 nabbar, 
 
 he was 
 
na bilo ishshi asainain, 
 
 nabiyi, 
 
 na<rAa, 
 
 na chch, 
 
 nada, v.a., 
 
 naddada, v.n., 
 
 naddafa, 
 
 naddaX’I, 
 
 naddala, v.a., 
 
 nado, 
 
 nafa, 
 
 naffaga, 
 naffa/'a, v.a., 
 naffasa, 
 
 nafs, 
 
 naft, 
 naftaina, 
 naga, v.n., 
 naga, 
 
 naga yamihedu sawoch, 
 
 nagaggara, 
 nagar, 
 nagar gin. 
 nagari, 
 nagar! th, 
 
 nagarun £worata, v.a., 
 nagarun yamk/^aras or yami 
 >^urat, 
 nagath, s., 
 naggada, v.a., 
 naggadi, 
 naggara, 
 naggasa, 
 
 he induced me to co?ne. 
 a prophet, 
 to gnaw, 
 white. 
 
 to drive, to urge, to judge 
 correctly, arrive at a correct 
 conclusion, 
 to burn up, light up. 
 to sting, 
 a mason. 
 
 to bore, to drill, to break open, 
 sheaf. 
 
 to blow, to fan, to sift by 
 blowing. 
 
 to grudge, be miserly, 
 to divide into halves, to halve, 
 to blow {as the wind), 
 the soul, 
 a rifle, gun. 
 a rifleman, skirmisher, 
 to be or become dawn, 
 to-morrow. 
 
 the men who are going 
 to-morrow. 
 
 to talk, to speak, converse, 
 a word, thing, matter, 
 but, however, 
 speaker. 
 
 a drum, a certain number of 
 which are beaten at the 
 head of the armies of big 
 chiefs, according to their 
 rank, 
 decide, 
 decisive. 
 
 dawn. 
 
 to trade, to travel, 
 a merchant, trader, 
 to say, to tell, 
 to reign, to rule. 
 
192 
 
 naggash, 
 
 a regent. 
 
 nagwodgwad, 
 
 thunder. 
 
 nahas, 
 
 copper. 
 
 nahasi, 
 
 August. 
 
 naka, v. n., 
 
 to wake up, start up in one's 
 sleep. 
 
 naka, v., 
 
 despise. 
 
 nakannaka, v.a., 
 
 to shake. 
 
 nak’a, v.a., 
 
 to touch. 
 
 nakkaia, 
 
 to reproach. 
 
 nakkaia, 
 
 to root zip, to strike a tent. 
 
 na.kka.za., v.n., 
 
 to corrode, decay. 
 
 nak’k’ara, 
 
 to wet, make moist, or damp. 
 
 nak’k’asa, 
 
 to bite (as animals). 
 
 na/t’wita, 
 
 a point, stop. 
 
 nasa, 
 
 to rise. 
 
 nata, v.n., 
 
 to be pure, clean, 
 single {of materials only). 
 
 natala, 
 
 nat/^o adana, v.a., 
 
 rescue. 
 
 nattafa, v.n., 
 
 to lie flat or spread out as a 
 mattress or rug. 
 
 natta/£a, v.a., 
 
 to break away, break loose, to 
 snatch away. 
 
 nattara, 
 
 to examine, inspect. 
 
 nawir, 
 
 disgrace. 
 
 nawwara, 
 
 to be shameful, disgraceful. 
 
 nawwata, 
 
 to stir, shake. 
 
 nazaza, 
 
 to confess. 
 
 nibar, 
 
 a leopard. 
 
 nibb, 
 
 a bee. 
 
 nibrath, 
 
 state, condition, being. 
 
 nifas, 
 
 the wind. 
 
 nifug, 
 
 a miser, miserly. 
 
 nigesth, 
 
 a queen. 
 
 nigid, 
 
 commerce, trade. 
 
 nigid beth, 
 
 shop. 
 
 nigus, 
 
 emperor, king. 
 
 nishan, 
 
 an emblem, mark, sign, badge, 
 decoration. 
 
 nisir, 
 
 an eagle. 
 
 nitu, 
 
 clean. 
 
193 
 
 nora, 
 
 to live , inhabit , stay , ta 
 dwell. 
 
 nora, 
 
 quick lime. 
 
 nu, 
 
 come (plu. imp.). 
 
 rab, 
 
 famine, hunger. 
 
 rab allain, 
 
 1 am hungry. 
 
 raba, v.n., 
 
 to be advantageotis, profitable . 
 
 rabarraba, v.a., 
 
 to put in layers. 
 
 rabb, 
 
 rabb yamiyatharr, 
 
 advantage, gain, use. 
 
 hicrative. 
 
 r acheha, v.a., 
 
 to irrigate, sprinkle. 
 
 rad a, 
 
 to assist, help. 
 
 radath, 
 
 assistance, aid, help. 
 
 radayi, 
 
 assistant, one who helps, 
 forenoon. 
 
 rafad, 
 
 raffa^a, 
 
 to be exhausted. ■ • 
 
 raga, 
 
 to curdle, coagulate, to settle 
 {as floating substances in 
 liquid). 
 
 ragthaw thasamama, 
 
 to settle a dispute after con¬ 
 sultation. 
 
 raggama, 
 
 to curse. 
 
 raggata, 
 
 to tread upon, trample, kick. 
 
 ragrag or rigrig. 
 
 slush. 
 
 rajjim, 
 
 long, tall, deep. 
 
 rak’a, v.n., 
 
 overflow. 
 
 ra/£a, 
 
 to be far, distant. 
 
 rak’ab, 
 
 a stirrup. 
 
 rak’k’asa, 
 
 to be cheap, unclean. 
 
 rak’k’ash, 
 
 cheap. 
 
 raki/e, 
 
 fine, rare, eloquent, refined. 
 
 xakkaka, 
 
 to be fine, rare, etc. 
 
 ras, 
 
 the head. 
 
 rasa, 
 
 to forget. 
 
 rasachaw, 
 
 rasachen, 
 
 themselves. 
 
 ourselves 
 
 rase, 
 
 myself. 
 
 rash, 
 
 shot {the pellets). 
 
 ras malata, adj. 
 
 bald. 
 
 ( 8166 ) 
 
 N 
 
194 
 
 rasu, 
 
 itself, himself. 
 
 raswa, 
 
 herself. 
 
 ratha, 
 
 to be just, upright, to con¬ 
 vince, to get the better of a 
 dispute. 
 
 rattaba, v.n., 
 
 to be damp, moist. 
 
 razzama, v.n., 
 
 to be long, deep, tall. 
 
 regreg, 
 
 puddle, morass. 
 
 resa, 
 
 a corpse. 
 
 rigo or irgo. 
 
 cheese, sediment. 
 
 rik’uis, 
 
 impure. 
 
 risth, 
 
 heritage, inheritance. 
 
 ritbath, 
 
 dampness, moisture, 
 depth, length. 
 
 rizmath, 
 
 rob, 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 rota, v. 
 
 run. 
 
 rub, 
 
 a quarter, i.e., one-fourth. 
 
 xwk, 
 
 far, distant. 
 
 ruz, 
 
 rice. 
 
 saath, 
 
 a watch, clock, also an hour, 
 time of the day. 
 
 saba, v.a., 
 
 to pull, draw, lead at the end 
 of a rope. 
 
 saba, 
 
 seventy. 
 
 sabassaba, v.n., 
 
 to assemble, get together, ac¬ 
 cumulate. 
 
 sabbara, v.a., 
 
 to break. , 
 
 sabbath, 
 
 seven. ' 
 
 sack, 
 
 giver. 
 
 sadaf, 
 
 the stock of a gun, including 
 the butt. 
 
 saddaba, v.a ., 
 
 to curse, swear at. 
 to send. 
 
 saddada, 
 
 safar, 
 
 camp, encampment. 
 
 safatha, 
 
 tailor. 
 
 safeth, 
 
 seam. 
 
 saffa, v.a., 
 
 to sew. 
 
 saffa, v.n.. 
 
 to be wide, extensive. 
 
 saffafa, v.n., 
 
 to float, to soar. 
 
195 
 
 saflfara, v., 
 
 saffl, 
 
 safi, 
 
 saganath, 
 
 saggada, 
 
 sagon, 
 sahan, 
 saichagir, 
 saiflo, 
 sa£, 
 sa/’a, 
 sa/’a ba, 
 sale’a, 
 
 sa/’aya, 
 sa/b£ala, v.a., 
 sak’k’ara, v., 
 sak’wona, 
 sala, 
 
 sala, 
 
 sala, 
 
 salamtha, 
 
 salasa, 
 
 salattana, v.a., 
 
 salen, 
 
 saltan, 
 
 saltan hona, v.a.y 
 saltan satta, v.a., *, -% 
 sam, 
 
 samara, v.n., 
 
 samayl, 
 
 sambo, 
 
 samln, 
 
 saminth, 
 
 samma, v.a.y 
 
 (8166) 
 
 campy encamp, 
 widey extensive, 
 a tailor, 
 roof. 
 
 to kneel, to low, to worship, 
 pray, 
 an ostrich, 
 a plate, 
 easily. 
 
 Monday, 
 laughter, 
 to laugh. 
 
 to laugh aty deride, 
 to thread (as beads on a 
 string). 
 
 to torment , torture, 
 hang, suspend, 
 to be drunk (intoxicated), 
 the heel. 
 
 to draw, paint (spell with the 
 first “s”). 
 to succeed, prosper, 
 to be sharp, pointed (spell 
 with the second “ s”). 
 salutations, 
 thirty. 
 
 to authorize, give a power of 
 attorney, 
 a palm tree. 
 
 authority, permission, also 
 one who has authority, 
 permission, etc. 
 control. 
 
 authorise, empower, 
 wax. 
 
 graze (as cattle), 
 the sky. 
 the lungs, 
 the north, 
 a week. 
 
 hear, listen, attend. 
 
 N 2 
 
samuna, 
 
 sanaga, 
 
 sanatta^a, v.n., 
 
 sanga, 
 
 san/J’a, 
 
 sannafa, 
 
 sanne, 
 
 sansal, sansalath, 
 
 sar, 
 
 sara with, 
 saraya, v., 
 sarayath, s., 
 sari, 
 
 sarra, v.a., 
 sarra/fa. 
 sarrara, v.n., 
 
 sas, 
 sasa, 
 sasa, 
 satan, 
 satha, v.n., 
 satta, 
 sattama, 
 saw, 
 
 saw agar, 
 sawir, 
 sawnath, 
 sawwara, 
 
 sayl, 
 
 sayif, 
 
 sayi/^ar, 
 
 sayilaw, 
 
 sefra, 
 
 sehethath, 
 
 sem, 
 
 seth, 
 
 seth bijj, 
 
 sha, v.. 
 
 soap. 
 
 to geld, emasculate ( animals 
 only). 
 
 to split , crack, 
 a gelding, 
 a plank, 
 to play the fool. 
 
 June. 
 
 a chain. 
 
 grass. 
 
 an army. 
 
 pardon. 
 
 pardon. 
 
 maker. 
 
 to work , to do, to make, 
 to steal, 
 to sail. 
 
 a small antelope, 
 to be selfish, covetous, 
 to be thin, flat, 
 a box. 
 
 to err, to miss in shooting. 
 
 to give. 
 
 to be drowned. 
 
 man. 
 
 abroad. 
 
 concealment, stealth, 
 manhood, being, 
 to hide, conceal, do by 
 stealth. 
 
 a painter, artist (with the 
 first “ s ”). 
 sword. 
 
 notwithstanding, although. 
 
 unawares. 
 
 place. 
 
 fault, error, blunder, 
 name, fame, renown, 
 woman, 
 daughter, girl, 
 desire, to wish. 
 
197 
 
 to cover over, to envelope. 
 to rebel, to mutiny, 
 a rebel, mutineer, 
 to be or become mouldy, 
 fusty, 
 tea. 
 
 to see off. to assist or follow 
 for a time on a journey, 
 or a load. 
 
 shaffana, v.a., 
 shaffata, v.n., 
 shaftaina, 
 shaggatha, v.n., 
 
 shai, or shae, 
 shaina, v. 
 
 shak’am, or shik’im, 
 shak’im, 
 shak’kama, 
 shallach, 
 shallala, v.a., 
 
 shallama, v.a., 
 
 shama, 
 
 shamaggala, v.n., 
 shambu/C’X’o, 
 shame, 
 shamma, 
 shamma/’a, v.a., 
 shammana, v.a., 
 shammani, 
 shammatha, v ,, 
 shanaggala, v.a., 
 shanak’k’ara, v.n., 
 shangobath, 
 shank’alla, 
 shara, 
 
 shara or k’arathlth, 
 shara, v.a ., 
 shara, v.n., 
 
 shararith, 
 sharrara, v.a., 
 shash, 
 
 shashsha, v.n., 
 shashshaga, v.a.. 
 
 to carry, 
 shearer. 
 
 (i) to tack together, sew 
 lightly, ( 2 ) to make merry, 
 to adorn, decorate (with 
 orders or jewels). 
 a candle. 
 
 to be or become aged, 
 a reed. 
 
 gruel for cattle, etc. 
 a sheet. 
 
 to ambush, to waylay, 
 to weave, 
 weaver, 
 to trade. 
 
 to defraud, beguile, 
 to leak as if cracked, 
 the chin, 
 a negro. 
 
 canvas, also canvas water- 
 bottle, or anything made 
 of canvas. 
 canvas bag. 
 to undo. 
 
 to recover from illness, to get 
 well, 
 a spider, 
 to weave a web. 
 muslin. 
 
 to run away, to escape, 
 to hide, conceal. 
 
198 
 
 shatha, 
 
 shawk’a, 
 
 shaya^ beth, 
 
 shayi, 
 
 shehela, 
 
 shehelaina, 
 
 shemagille, 
 
 shena, v., 
 
 sheta, v.a., 
 
 shibir, 
 
 shibo, 
 
 shifshifth, 
 
 shift, 
 
 shifta, 
 
 shih, 
 
 shik’im, s., 
 
 shi/^6^0, 
 
 shilm, 
 
 shimagille, 
 
 shimal, 
 
 shimbera, 
 
 shingila, 
 
 shingwirth, or shuniurth, 
 
 shinth, 
 
 shirath, s., 
 
 shishig, 
 
 shiththa, 
 
 shiyac^, 
 
 shola, 
 
 shoma, v.a., 
 
 shorba, 
 
 shugguth, 
 
 shul, 
 shulath, 
 
 shuUith or thamanja, 
 
 shum, 
 shirni ath, 
 
 shiimath awarada, v., 
 shurrab, 
 
 diarrhoea, 
 a fork, 
 shop. 
 tea. 
 
 potters' dap, clay in general, 
 a potter. 
 
 an old man, veteran, 
 to urinate, 
 to sell. 
 
 a mob, a crowd. 
 
 zvire. 
 
 eyebrozv. 
 
 rebellion, mutiny, 
 mutineer, 
 one thousand, 
 load. 
 
 a marmot. 
 
 ornament, decoration, medal, 
 veteran, elder, old man. 
 male bamboo. 
 
 a kind of pulse (the Indian 
 “ gram ”). 
 
 deceit, fraud, treachery. 
 
 onion. 
 
 urine. 
 
 repeal. 
 
 a secret. 
 
 scent, spices. 
 
 merchandise. 
 
 a fig tree. 
 
 to put into office, to appoint 
 to an office, 
 soup. 
 
 a revolver, pistol, 
 pointed, 
 peak , tip. 
 a rifle. 
 
 a chief, official, 
 rank, office, 
 depose. 
 
 socks, stockings. 
 
199 
 
 si. 
 
 when (adv.) (prefix). 
 
 si. 
 
 while (prefix to verb). 
 
 sibb, 
 
 fat . 
 
 sibrath, 
 
 fracture. 
 
 sidathaina, 
 
 an exile. 
 
 siddisth, 
 
 six. 
 
 sidib, 
 
 insult, abuse. 
 
 sidsa, 
 
 sixty. 
 
 sifath, 
 
 width. 
 
 siga, 
 
 flesh. 
 
 siggaja, 
 
 carpet , rug. 
 
 sihedu, 
 
 when they go. 
 
 sill, s., 
 
 picture. 
 
 sila, 
 
 for , on account of, because, 
 for the pitrpose of. 
 
 sila min, 
 
 because , why, on what 
 account. 
 
 silath, 
 
 blade. 
 
 silazih, 
 
 therefore, for this reason. 
 
 sillasi, 
 
 the Trinity (with first “ s ”). 
 
 sillath, 
 
 a vow. 
 
 simon, 
 
 sinafur/za, sinafk^, 
 
 a week. 
 
 mustard. 
 
 sinde, 
 
 ivheat. 
 
 sim£, 
 
 provisions for a journey. 
 
 sink’an, 
 sin/i’in asanada, 
 
 snuff. 
 
 he collected or prepared pro- 
 
 • 
 
 vision for a journey. 
 
 sinmalallas sallan, 
 
 zvhile we were walking about . 
 
 sintiL£i, s ., 
 
 splinter. , 
 
 sinth, 
 
 how many, how much. 
 
 sinzir, 
 
 a span. 
 
 sir, 
 
 roots, root. 
 
 sira, 
 
 work, duty, act. 
 
 sira izoal, 
 
 he is busy. 
 
 sirath, 
 
 order ( succession). 
 
 sirath adarraga, v., 
 
 order (put in order). 
 
 sira yaza, v ., 
 
 busy {to be). 
 
 siristh, 
 
 eyebrows. 
 
 sir£, 
 
 theft. 
 
 sirk’osh, 
 
 the back door. 
 
200 
 
 sisa, 
 
 sixty. 
 
 sisth, 
 
 greediness , 
 
 sitit ala, v., 
 
 creak. 
 
 sosth, 
 
 three. 
 
 sosthaina, 
 
 third. 
 
 suk’k’ar, 
 
 sugar. 
 
 sum, 
 
 trousers. 
 
 taba, v.a., 
 
 suck. 
 
 tabataba, 
 
 to trot. 
 
 tabbab, 
 
 narrow. 
 
 tabbaba, v.n., 
 
 to be narrow, slight. 
 
 tabba/’a, 
 
 to watch, guard, to await, 
 expect, to tighten. 
 
 tabba^i, 
 
 a watchman, guard, keeper. 
 
 tabbasa, 
 
 to roast over an open fire. 
 
 tabith, 
 
 pride. 
 
 taddafa, 
 
 to rush violently, to charge. 
 
 tadda/’a, 
 
 to be righteous. 
 
 taddala, v.n., 
 
 shine. 
 
 tadi/’, 
 
 righteous. 
 
 taezaz, 
 
 an order, command. 
 
 tafa, v.a., 
 
 write. 
 
 tafar, 
 
 a strap. 
 
 tafifa, 
 
 to be lost, wanting, to be risk. 
 
 tafya, 
 
 spleen. 
 
 taga, v.n., 
 
 rely. 
 
 tagga, 
 
 grace, mercy. 
 
 taggaba, 
 
 to be satisfied, have one's fill, 
 have plenty. 
 
 taggana, 
 
 to bind or dress a wound. 
 
 tagwir, or tugur, 
 
 hair (generally pronounced 
 tugur). 
 
 tahafi, 
 
 a writer, clerk. 
 
 tahayi, 
 
 the sun. 
 
 ta/'/’ama, 
 
 to improve, be profitable, to 
 mend. 
 
 ta/’/'asa, 
 
 to zvink at, make a sign, give 
 a hint. 
 
 ta/Cdo agabba, v.a., 
 
 involve. 
 
201 
 
 ta£so amalak’k’atha, v., 
 takso ikir ala or ihun ala, v. a., 
 tal, 
 tala, 
 
 tala, 
 
 talath, 
 
 talla/&, 
 
 talla/L’a, v.n., 
 
 tamattama, 
 
 tamazzaza, 
 
 tammada, 
 
 tamma/^a, 
 
 tamtamya, 
 
 tara, 
 
 tara, 
 
 tarlk’, 
 
 tarmuz, 
 
 tarra, 
 
 tarraba, 
 
 tarraga, 
 
 tarraw, 
 
 tasa, 
 
 tath, 
 
 tatta, 
 
 tayafa, v.a. 
 
 tayya/’a, 
 
 tena, 
 
 tesa, 
 
 teza, 
 
 thabaddara, v.a., 
 thach, 
 
 tlwZiawatha, 
 thaffa, v.a ., 
 thagaba, v.n., 
 thagaddama, 
 
 hint. 
 
 connive. 
 
 dew. 
 
 to throw, cast, drop, also to 
 fight. 
 
 to hate, be hostile, 
 an enemy, 
 deep. 
 
 to be deep, great , to sound the 
 depth. 
 
 to bind , to wind round , to 
 lap. 
 
 to wring. 
 
 to yoke together, to pair, to 
 catch in a trap, 
 to dip, baptize, 
 a bandage, 
 the roof. 
 
 to be clean, pure, genuine, 
 history, account, tale, story, 
 a bottle, 
 to call. 
 
 to chip (as with an axe or 
 adze). 
 
 to clean, brush, sweep, 
 call him. 
 
 to push aside, push one's zvay 
 through, 
 a finger, 
 to drink, absorb, 
 blame. 
 
 to ask, inquire, 
 health. 
 
 to emit smoke. 
 
 dew or rain drops, frost. 
 
 to borrow. 
 
 below, under. 
 
 to play. 
 
 to spit. 
 
 deserve. 
 
 to hide one's self. 
 
202 
 
 thagafa, 
 thaganaina, 
 thagasa, v.n., 
 
 thagash, 
 
 thagaza, 
 
 thagidfith, 
 
 thagwazha, 
 
 thaina, 
 
 thaintho, 
 
 tha/£abbala, 
 
 thak’ach, 
 
 thak’affala, 
 
 thak’ak’ala, 
 
 tha/fommata, 
 
 thak’athayi, 
 
 thak’aththala, 
 
 tha^ayama, 
 
 thak’k’ala, 
 
 thak’k’asha, 
 
 thak’k’usa,* 
 
 thak’worak’wora, 
 
 thak’wosa,* 
 
 thala, 
 
 thalawata, v., 
 
 thala/hiath, 
 
 thalba, 
 
 thallalafa, v., 
 
 thamak’a, v.a., 
 thamak’ara, 
 thamallasa, v.pass., 
 
 to be or get jammed, 
 to meet, pay a visit, 
 endure, bear (to put up 
 with), 
 patient. 
 
 to be in disfavour, be left out 
 in the cold, 
 blunder. 
 
 to march, travel in a cara¬ 
 van. 
 
 to sleep, lie down, 
 asleep. 
 
 to receive, accept, 
 idle [one who is), 
 to participate, 
 to equal. 
 
 to sit down, to stay, 
 successor, 
 to follow, succeed, 
 to threaten, 
 to erect, pitch a tent, 
 the shoulders, 
 he branded or fired. * 
 to tickle. 
 
 to brand, fire, fire a gun. 
 to generate, produce worms, 
 become putrid, 
 interchange, 
 greatness, 
 linseed. 
 
 trespass, encroach, infringe, 
 to go beyond, 
 defy. 
 
 to consult, take advice, 
 to return , i.e., to come or go 
 back. 
 
 * A process used throughout Abyssinia as a remedy for 
 tumours, swellings, sore backs, etc. Generally done on com¬ 
 pletion of day’s journey and the animal loaded up again the 
 next day. 
 
20: 
 
 thamanja, 
 
 gun, rifle. 
 
 thamara. 
 
 to learn. 
 
 thamarl, 
 
 a student, apprentice. 
 
 thamari beth, 
 
 school. 
 
 thamatana, v.a ., 
 
 appeal. 
 
 thammama, 
 
 to be ill, unwell. . 
 
 thammoal, 
 
 sick (he is'), ill. 
 
 thanada, 
 
 to fall to ruins. 
 
 thanafifasa, 
 
 to breathe. 
 
 thanagaggara, 
 
 to talk over. 
 
 thanagara, v., 
 
 speak. 
 
 thanak’k’aza, 
 
 to be decayed, corroded. 
 
 thanak’wola, 
 
 to be crafty. 
 
 thanasa, 
 
 to arise, wake up, stand up, 
 to start on a journey. 
 
 thanbarak’k’atha, 
 
 to kneel. 
 
 thanik’a, 
 
 tin. 
 
 thank’ara, 
 
 strong, robust. 
 
 than^attaZ’/’ata, 
 
 to tremble. 
 
 thank’wil, 
 
 craftiness, subtlety. 
 
 thank’wiliana, 
 
 crafty, subtle. 
 
 thar, thara, 
 
 a turn (not a revolution, but 
 as in doing by turns, in 
 rotation). 
 
 tharada, 
 
 tent pole. 
 
 tharaga, 
 
 to settle (as muddy water), to 
 congeal, curdle. 
 
 tharaggafa, v.a., 
 
 air, to spread out. 
 
 tharaggwoma, 
 
 to be translated. 
 
 tharaka, 
 
 to become reconciled, make 
 peace. 
 
 thara/’ama, 
 
 to fill or stuff up. 
 
 tharara, 
 
 a mountain. 
 
 tharas, 
 
 a pillow. 
 
 tharatha, 
 
 to be feeble, overcome by sick¬ 
 ness. 
 
 thargwame, 
 
 a translation. 
 
 tharrafa, 
 
 to remain over, be left. 
 
 thartha, 
 
 row (a line), series. 
 
 thartharam, 
 
 hilly. 
 
 thasaba^ala, 
 
 to be tender, delicate. 
 
204 
 
 thasabarra, v. n., 
 
 break, burst. 
 
 thasala, 
 
 to be sharpened. 
 
 thasalama, v.a., 
 
 salute. 
 
 thasamama, 
 
 to agree upon, concur. 
 
 thasanabbatha, 
 
 to say good-bye, take have op, 
 to part. 
 
 thasanada", v.n., 
 
 to be got ready, prepared. 
 
 thasanak’ala, z'.//., 
 
 stagger. 
 
 thasara, 
 
 to be imprisoned, tied ut>, 
 chained. 
 
 thasasa, 
 
 ?nistake. 
 
 thasfa, s., 
 
 hope. 
 
 thasfa adarraga, 
 
 to hope. 
 
 thashaggara, 
 
 to cross over (some obstacle, 
 such as a river, ravine, 
 etc). 
 
 thashak’k’ama, v.a ., 
 
 to cany. 
 
 thashak’k’ami, 
 
 a carrier. 
 
 thashala, 
 
 to be better, more convenient, 
 more profitable, preferable. 
 
 thashammaZ’a, 
 
 to lurk. 
 
 thashashshaga, v.n 
 
 abscond. 
 
 thatala, 
 
 to fight, dispute. 
 
 thatama, 
 
 to be thirsty. 
 
 thataratara, 
 
 to hesitate. 
 
 thathank’wola, v.a., 
 
 beguile. 
 
 thawa, 
 
 to leave alone, to abandon, to 
 let be. 
 
 thawaddada, 
 
 to be dear, expensive, 
 to become fat. 
 
 thawafifara, 
 
 thawaga, 
 
 to fight. 
 
 thaya, v ., 
 
 appear (to shoiv oneself). 
 
 thazaza, 
 
 to obey. 
 
 theheth, 
 
 humble. 
 
 thibiya, 
 
 dust blown up by the wind. 
 
 thik’k’wis, 
 
 hot. 
 
 thik’wisath, 
 
 heat. 
 
 th.il. 
 
 a worm. 
 
 thilanth, thinanth, 
 
 yesterday. 
 
 thilli/£\ 
 
 large, great, big. 
 
 thimhirth, 
 
 lesson. 
 
205 
 
 thinbith, 
 
 prophecy. 
 
 thinnish, 
 
 small, little, a few. 
 
 thirf, 
 
 gain, profit, interest. 
 
 thiwild, 
 
 birth, 
 
 thok’an, 
 
 bug. 
 
 tholo, 
 
 quickly. 
 
 tholo bal, 
 
 be quick. 
 
 thombak’o, 
 
 tobacco. 
 
 tibb, 
 
 dispute, quarrel, enmity. 
 
 tib/£ath, 
 
 vigilance. 
 
 tibs, 
 
 roasted meat. 
 
 tifath, 
 
 loss, ruin. 
 
 tifir, 
 
 finger-nails, toe-nails. 
 
 tjjja, 
 
 calf. 
 
 ti^ame, tikim, 
 
 gain, benefit. 
 
 ti/Hmth, 
 
 October. 
 
 ti/^im yamil, 
 
 advantageous. 
 
 ti/^ith, 
 
 little, small, few. 
 
 ti/6it iartho, 
 
 almost. 
 
 til, 
 
 animosity, feud, quarrel, 
 dispute. 
 
 tila, 
 
 shade, shadow, an umbrella. 
 
 tila adarraga, v.a., 
 
 shade. 
 
 ti\k, 
 
 depth. 
 
 tim, 
 
 the beard. 
 
 timath, 
 
 thirst. 
 
 timb, 
 
 carcase. 
 
 tirad, 
 
 bair. 
 
 tim/£ath, 
 
 baptism, dipping. 
 
 tinc/fcal, 
 
 rabbit. 
 
 tir, 
 
 fianuary. 
 
 tire, 
 
 grain, raw hide, etc. 
 
 tirgiya, 
 
 the milky way, line of march 
 of soldiers, a route. 
 
 tirs, 
 
 the teeth. 
 
 tiru, 
 
 pure, genuine. 
 
 tit, 
 
 tiwath or twath, 
 
 cotton. 
 
 the morning, early in the 
 day. 
 
 tiyafe, s.. 
 
 blame. 
 
 tiyake, 
 
 a qxiestion. 
 
206 
 
 tiyyath or iyyar, 
 
 a cartridge . 
 
 tom, 
 
 a fast . 
 
 toma, 
 
 to keep a fast. 
 
 tor, 
 
 a spear, also war , a raid. 
 
 tota, 
 
 towal or shamma, 
 
 monkey. 
 
 a towel. 
 
 tugur, 
 
 hair. 
 
 tu/Cuir, 
 
 black or blue. 
 
 turungo, 
 
 a lemon. 
 
 tut, 
 
 the breast. 
 
 wada, 
 
 towards , to. 
 
 wada fith, 
 
 ahead. 
 
 wada fith heda, v.n 
 
 advance. 
 
 wada hwala, 
 
 backwards. 
 
 wadaj, 
 
 a friend. 
 
 wadajnath, 
 
 alliance friendsh ip,fam iliar- 
 ity. 
 
 wada layi, 
 
 upwards. 
 
 wada thach, 
 
 down. 
 
 wada wist, 
 
 inward. 
 
 wada zlh, 
 
 hither. 
 
 wada ziya, 
 
 thither. 
 
 waddada, 
 
 to want , like , love. 
 
 wadda^a, 
 
 to fall, tumble. 
 
 wadeth, 
 
 where, in which direction. 
 
 wadih, 
 
 this way, this side. 
 
 wadiya, 
 
 that way, that side. 
 
 waf, 
 
 bird. 
 
 wafr/^o, 
 
 millstone or grindstone. 
 
 waffara, 
 
 to be thick or fat. 
 
 wafram, 
 
 thick, fat. 
 
 waga, 
 
 price, value. 
 
 waga, 
 
 to pierce, to prod, to wound, 
 to throb, to t>rick. 
 
 wagab, 
 
 the hips. 
 
 wagan, 
 
 tribe. 
 
 wagg, 
 
 waggada, 
 
 habit. 
 
 to go away, be off. 
 
207 
 
 wahni, 
 
 waina, 
 
 waira, 
 
 waH, 
 
 wak’k’ala, 
 
 waMasa, 
 
 waX’X’ata, 
 
 wak’il, 
 
 wala, 
 
 walaj, 
 
 walls, ad/., 
 
 wallada, 
 
 walla/’a, v. n ., 
 
 wallasa, z'.;;., 
 
 wambar, 
 
 wamfith, 
 
 wana, 
 
 wanaf, 
 
 wanathaina, 
 
 wano^a, 
 
 wand, 
 
 wand lijj, 
 
 wandim, 
 
 wangel, 
 
 wani, 
 
 wanz, 
 
 wanzu batharara wist alfo 
 ihedal, 
 
 wanzu endeth ishagaral, 
 wanzu tallak navvn, 
 war, 
 
 wara/’ath, 
 wararada, v.n ., 
 warari, 
 
 warash, 
 
 warath, 
 
 warawwara, 
 
 warda. 
 
 chief jailer, 
 to swim, 
 olive tree, 
 to beat oat corn, 
 to establish an agent or re¬ 
 presentative. 
 
 to accuse , expostulate with, 
 to pound, bruise, 
 an agent or representative, 
 to pass the forenoon, 
 parent. 
 
 overcast, cloudy, 
 to generate, give birth, 
 to slip, slide, 
 overcloud, 
 a chair, chairman, 
 sieve. 
 
 the elder, chief, head; also 
 the act of swimming, 
 bellows. 
 
 one who can swim, 
 a drinking horn, 
 male, 
 boy. 
 
 brother. 
 
 gospel. 
 
 pigeon. 
 
 river. 
 
 the river goes through the 
 mountain. 
 
 how do you cross the river ? 
 is the river deep 1 
 a month, 
 paper, a letter, 
 to bet, lay a wager, 
 a destroyer, one who lays 
 waste (see fithawarari). 
 an heir, 
 season. 
 
 to tJi7'ow a spear, bolt the door, 
 a black mule. 
 
208 
 
 ware, 
 
 war/£, 
 
 warrada, 
 
 warraiiia, 
 
 warrara, 
 
 warrasa, 
 
 was, 
 
 was allehn, 
 
 wasa, 
 
 wasan, 
 
 wasfo, 
 
 washa, 
 
 wassada, 
 
 wassana, 
 
 wasu man ihonal, 
 
 wata, 
 
 wath, 
 
 wathad, 
 
 wathaddar, 
 
 wathath, 
 
 wath beth, 
 
 wathro, 
 
 watmad, 
 
 watta, 
 
 wayi, 
 
 wayim, way is, 
 
 wayln, 
 
 waza, 
 
 waza, 
 
 wazawaza, 
 
 wazh, 
 
 wich, 
 
 wid, 
 
 wid^ath, 
 
 wigath, 
 
 wiha, 
 
 wiha efalgallahu, 
 
 news, information . 
 gold. 
 
 to descend, dismount from a 
 horse. 
 
 one who brings news, 
 to lay waste, destroy, 
 to inherit, 
 a surety , hostage, 
 have you anyone as security 
 for you ? 
 to get a surety, 
 boundary, limit, 
 an awl. 
 a cave, 
 to take. 
 
 to limit , to confine, 
 who will stand security fot 
 him. 
 
 to swallow, 
 sauce, gravy, 
 a peg. 
 a soldier, 
 milk. 
 
 kitchen, also a cook, 
 ahvays. 
 a trap. 
 
 to ascend, come or go out, to 
 climb. 
 
 an exclamation of grief. 
 
 either, or. 
 
 grapes. 
 
 to perspire. 
 
 a joke. 
 
 to vibrate. 
 
 perspiration. 
 
 outside (pronounced uchchi). 
 love, 
 a fall. 
 
 throbbing pain, 
 water. 
 
 I want some water. 
 
209 
 
 wiha entammallan, 
 wiha /’ada, 
 
 wiha yallabath gudgwad, 
 
 wiha yamU’omabath sefra, 
 
 wirash, 
 
 wir ck, 
 
 wird, 
 
 wist, 
 
 wist asgabba, v.a ., 
 
 woba, 
 
 wuX’eth, 
 
 wul, 
 
 wusha, 
 
 ya, 
 
 ya, yam, 
 
 yaaln balen, 
 yabagg tugur, 
 yabahir dar, 
 yabari siga, 
 yabarra, 
 yabaza, 
 yabirath sari, 
 yadaj af, 
 
 yadaj mashagworya, 
 yadak’k’ama, 
 yadingiya k’asal, 
 yadiro, 
 
 yadunk’wan gidgida, 
 yaehel mak’thacha, 
 yafaZ’ad wara/'ath, 
 yafaras i/^a, 
 yafaras beth, 
 yafith matabya, 
 yagala matabya, 
 yaigir tath, 
 yahil, 
 
 we are thirsty. 
 
 he drezu zvater (out of a well 
 or vessel). 
 pond, 
 marsh, 
 inheritance, 
 frost. 
 
 a bet , zvager. 
 
 in, inside (pronounced ust). 
 insert, 
 fever. 
 
 a measure of zveight. 
 treaty , agreement, 
 a dog. 
 
 that (pron.). 
 
 zvhat , which (rel. pron. = 
 that which). 
 
 zvho (rel. pron.), {prefixes), 
 eyeball, 
 zvool. 
 
 beach , coast, 
 beef, 
 bright . 
 more. 
 
 blacksmith. 
 
 the doorzvay or entrance, 
 bolt {of a door), 
 zveak. 
 coal, 
 former. 
 
 the wall of a tent, 
 barn, garner, granary, 
 passport, permit, 
 harness, s. 
 stable. 
 
 a washstand. 
 a bath, 
 the toes. 
 
 equal, the same. 
 
 (8166) 
 
 o 
 
210 
 
 yaina, 
 
 ya/’aina agar, 
 ya/tanna, adj., 
 
 yak’asma mamcha, 
 yala, 
 
 yalammada, 
 
 yalfattama, 
 
 yalib iinath, 
 
 yallabath nagar, 
 
 yallafa, 
 
 yallam, 
 
 yalmala, 
 
 yalthamara, 
 
 yalugwam gat, 
 
 yaliiin nagar nagarhuk’, 
 
 yamaichagir, 
 
 yamaichal, 
 
 yamaidila, 
 
 yamaigaba, 
 
 yamainor, 
 
 yamaitaffa, 
 
 yamaithamam, 
 
 yamajmarya, 
 
 yamara, 
 
 yamareth mintaf, 
 yameda ahiya, 
 yamiba/6a, 
 
 yamichal, 
 yamigaba, 
 yamigatam, 
 yaminorabath sefra, 
 yamiraba, ad/., 
 
 yamisamma, 
 
 yamiti/t’im, 
 
 yamiyaschagar, 
 
 yamiyask’ed, 
 
 yamthalalaf, 
 
 our. 
 
 colony. 
 
 right (not authority ), just , 
 straight , correct, 
 a mallet, 
 without, 
 tame. 
 
 incomplete. 
 
 honesty. 
 
 contents. 
 
 past. 
 
 there is not. 
 incomplete, 
 illiterate, 
 a bridle. 
 
 / have told you what they 
 said to me. 
 easy. 
 
 incapable. 
 
 impartial. 
 
 improper. 
 
 absent. 
 
 abundant, plenty, 
 incredible, 
 preliminary. 
 grateful, 
 a ground sheet, 
 zebra. 
 
 adequate, ample, enough, 
 sufficient. 
 
 possible (that which is), 
 proper, suitable , appropriate . 
 suitable, 
 abode. 
 
 advantageous, lucrative, use¬ 
 ful. 
 
 audible. 
 
 useful. 
 
 arduous, difficult. 
 
 passable. 
 
 passable. 
 
211 
 
 yanagar hiik’ nagar unath 
 nabbar, 
 
 yanagar ma-£worath, 
 
 yanagar wada/i, 
 
 yanak’k’ara, 
 
 yancVzoth san/’a, s., 
 
 yane, 
 
 yangida, 
 
 yara/C’ab tafar, 
 
 yaras mazawwar, 
 
 yarsachaw, 
 
 yarsas ^alam, 
 
 yasala, 
 
 yashigir amath, 
 yatana, 
 yatath junath, 
 yatayyath mawagya, 
 yath, 
 
 yathar/zammara, 
 yathadaffa, 
 yathagallata, 
 yathamamma, 
 yalhamana, 
 yathamanj’a zang, 
 yathamarak’a saw, 
 yathasala, 
 yatliasara saw, 
 yatirs matragya, 
 yatirs siga, 
 yatirs wigath, 
 yator masarya i/v’a, 
 yawaj nagar, 
 yawath beth, 
 yawayln gind, 
 vawiha ma/’ajja, 
 yawiha masabsabya, 
 yaza, 
 yeh, 
 
 yeh mangad wadeth ihedal 
 or yask’hedal, 
 yeh sayi^ar, 
 
 zv hat I told you zvas true. 
 
 decision. 
 
 accent. 
 
 zvet. 
 
 board. 
 
 mine (belongs to me), 
 foreign. 
 
 stirrup leathers. 
 
 dizziness, giddiness. 
 
 their. 
 
 pencil. 
 
 sharp. 
 
 leap year. 
 
 valid. 
 
 knuckles. 
 
 the striker of a rifle, 
 zvho , which, what, where, 
 additional, 
 dirty. 
 
 evident, manifest, obvious, 
 sick. 
 
 faithful, 
 a cleaning rod. 
 captive, 
 pointed. 
 
 captive, prisoner. 
 
 a toothbrush. 
 
 gums. 
 
 toothache. 
 
 zveapon, arms. 
 
 edict, proclamation. 
 
 kitchen. 
 
 vine. 
 
 bucket, pail, pitcher, 
 tank, pond, 
 to seize, catch, hold, 
 this. 
 
 zvhere does this road go to l 
 nevertheless, notwithstanding 
 
yi/’ar, 
 
 leave it , never mind . 
 
 yi/frar ala, 
 yi/tartha, 
 
 to forgive. 
 
 forgiveness. 
 
 zabaina, 
 
 watchman. 
 
 zaf, 
 
 a tree. 
 
 zafazzafa, zaffafa, 
 
 to ferment . 
 
 zaffana, 
 
 to dance. 
 
 zag, 
 
 rust. 
 
 zaga, v., 
 
 shut. 
 
 zagaya, 
 
 to delay. 
 
 zagayitho, 
 
 slozvly, after some time. 
 
 zaggama, 
 
 to be slozu, cautious, 
 to take a handful. 
 
 zaggana, 
 
 zagol, 
 
 shell (sea shell). 
 
 zalabath, 
 
 a buckle. 
 
 zalafa, s., 
 
 taunt. 
 
 zalag yala, 
 
 tall. 
 
 zalala, s., 
 
 bunch , cluster. 
 
 zalalam, 
 
 eternity. 
 
 zallafa, v.a., 
 
 rebuke, taunt. 
 
 zalla^a, 
 
 to flash. 
 
 zallala, 
 
 to jump , leap. 
 
 zamad, 
 
 a relation , relative. * 
 
 zaman, 
 
 period. 
 
 zamcha, 
 
 campaign, expedition (mili¬ 
 tary). 
 
 zammada, 
 
 to be related to. 
 
 zammara, 
 
 zanabbala, 
 
 to sing. 
 
 to be inclined, disposed. 
 
 zando, 
 
 a large serpent. 
 
 zang, 
 
 a staff \ rod. 
 
 zanj iro, 
 
 a baboon. 
 
 zannaba, v ., 
 
 rain. 
 
 zar, 
 
 seed. 
 
 zare, 
 
 to-day. 
 
 zarf, 
 
 a seam. 
 
 zarra, 
 
 to sow. 
 
 zarrafa, v ., 
 
 plunder. 
 
 zarraga, 
 
 to extend, stretch. 
 
 zatain, 
 
 nine. 
 
213 
 
 zatana, 
 
 ninety. 
 
 zawwad, 
 
 a crown. 
 
 zawwara, 
 
 to revolve. 
 
 zayith, 
 
 oil. 
 
 zei, s., 
 
 duck. 
 
 zemtha, 
 
 silence. 
 
 zig, 
 
 slow. 
 
 zigmaina, 
 
 o?ie who is slow. 
 
 zik, 
 
 low. 
 
 zik ala, 
 
 crouch , low (to be). 
 
 zik’ir, 
 
 a tale , story. 
 
 zik yamil, 
 
 low. 
 
 zim bal, 
 
 be quiet , silent , hold your 
 tongiie. 
 
 zim bilo, 
 
 quietly, silently. 
 
 zim malath, 
 
 silence , quietness. 
 
 zim yamil, adj ., 
 
 silent , quiet. 
 
 zimb, 
 
 a fly. 
 
 zinab, 
 
 rain. 
 
 zinjibar, 
 
 ginger. 
 
 zinnar. 
 
 a cartridge belt. 
 
 zohon, 
 
 elephant. 
 
 zopi, 
 
 ebony. 
 
 zora, v.n.y 
 
 to revolve , go round , to turn 
 
 (8166) p 
 
LONDON: 
 
 Printed for His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 
 BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST MARTIN’S LANE, 
 Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty. 
 
 ( 8166 ) Wt. 12179 500 1/10 II & S 
 
[To go at the end. 
 
 THE AMHARIC ALPHABET {vide pp. i to 3). 
 
 1st shape. 
 
 2nd shape. 
 
 3rd shape. 
 
 1 
 
 4th shape 
 
 Short hh, 
 or sometimes 
 a, as in cat. 
 
 Long a 
 as in father. 
 
 Short e 
 as in medal. 
 
 i as 
 
 in pir 
 
 u 
 
 ha 
 
 4 
 
 ha 
 
 4 . 
 
 he 
 
 X 
 
 hi 
 
 A 
 
 la 
 
 A 
 
 la 
 
 A 
 
 le 
 
 A 
 
 li 
 
 rh 
 
 ha 
 
 *h 
 
 ha 
 
 rh. 
 
 he 
 
 <h. 
 
 hi 
 
 tin 
 
 ma 
 
 aq 
 
 ma 
 
 in l 
 
 me 
 
 n, t 
 
 mi 
 
 UJ 
 
 sa 
 
 
 sa 
 
 » 4 . 
 
 se 
 
 U L 
 
 si 
 
 4 
 
 ra 
 
 6 . 
 
 ra 
 
 
 re 
 
 i 
 
 ri 
 
 fi 
 
 sa 
 
 fi 
 
 sa 
 
 fi. 
 
 se 
 
 fi. 
 
 si 
 
 h 
 
 sha 
 
 fi 
 
 sha 
 
 h. 
 
 she 
 
 a 
 
 shi 
 
 
 ka 
 
 9 
 
 ka 
 
 
 he 
 
 
 ki 
 
 n 
 
 ba 
 
 n 
 
 ba 
 
 a 
 
 be 
 
 n. 
 
 bi 
 
 T 
 
 tha 
 
 X 
 
 tha 
 
 
 the 
 
 X 
 
 thi 
 
 X 
 
 cha 
 
 X 
 
 cha 
 
 7 ? 
 
 che 
 
 X 
 
 chi 
 
 7 
 
 ha 
 
 3 
 
 ha 
 
 7 , 
 
 he 
 
 X 
 
 hi 
 
 
 na 
 
 r 
 
 na 
 
 1. 
 
 ne 
 
 i. 
 
 ni 
 
 T 
 
 ifia 
 
 V 
 
 ifia 
 
 X 
 
 ifie 
 
 X 
 
 ifii 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 K 
 
 e 
 
 A. 
 
 i 
 
 Yl 
 
 k’a 
 
 fi 
 
 k’a 
 
 Yl 
 
 k’e 
 
 fi. 
 
 k’i 
 
 "h 
 
 kha 
 
 ^1 
 
 kha 
 
 Tl 
 
 lche 
 
 Tl. 
 
 khi 
 
 a) 
 
 wa 
 
 <P 
 
 wa 
 
 
 we 
 
 X 
 
 wi 
 
 0 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 7 , 
 
 e 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 za 
 
 H 
 
 za 
 
 H. 
 
 ze 
 
 fi- 
 
 zi 
 
 H 
 
 zha 
 
 •I 
 
 zha 
 
 11 . 
 
 zhe 
 
 K 
 
 zhi 
 
 P 
 
 ya 
 
 
 ya 
 
 P. 
 
 ye 
 
 P. 
 
 yi 
 
 y 
 
 da 
 
 y 
 
 da 
 
 y 
 
 de 
 
 y 
 
 di 
 
 £ 
 
 j a 
 
 
 ja 
 
 £ 
 
 je 
 
 
 ji 
 
 1 
 
 S a 
 
 7 
 
 ga 
 
 1 
 
 ge 
 
 X 
 
 gi 
 
 m 
 
 ta 
 
 ri i 
 
 ta 
 
 m. 
 
 te 
 
 cn. 
 
 ti 
 
 oc 
 
 cha 
 
 oq. 
 
 cha 
 
 Of 
 
 cht 
 
 at. 
 
 chi 
 
 X 
 
 pa 
 
 X 
 
 pa 
 
 X, 
 
 Pe 
 
 K 
 
 Pi 
 
 X 
 
 tsa 
 
 X 
 
 tsa 
 
 X. 
 
 tse 
 
 K 
 
 tsi 
 
 0 
 
 tsa 
 
 0 
 
 tsa 
 
 4 
 
 tse 
 
 X 
 
 tsi 
 
 A 
 
 fa 
 
 4 . 
 
 fa 
 
 X, 
 
 fe 
 
 6 . 
 
 ti 
 
 T 
 
 pa 
 
 T 
 
 pa 
 
 T 
 
 pe 
 
 X 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 kwo 
 
 X 
 
 kwa 
 
 # # 
 
 # . 
 
 
 kwi 
 
 Y 
 
 hwo 
 
 ■x 
 
 hwa 
 
 • • 
 
 . 
 
 
 hwi 
 
 Yl" 
 
 lc’wo 
 
 fi. 
 
 k’wa 
 
 • • 
 
 . 
 
 
 k’wi 
 
 7 " 
 
 gwo 
 
 X 
 
 gwa 
 
 * • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 gwi 
 
 5th shape. 
 
 o, usually 
 sharp, as in 
 so. 
 
 
 IT 
 
 A* 
 
 qu 
 
 M' 
 
 C 
 
 fi 
 
 <¥» 
 
 n 
 
 -f- 
 
 -r 
 
 r 
 
 F 
 
 a 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 <P 
 
 H zo 
 
 T 1 * zho 
 
 ho 
 
 lo 
 
 ho 
 
 mo 
 
 so 
 
 ro 
 
 so 
 
 sho 
 
 ho 
 
 bo 
 
 tho 
 
 cho 
 
 ho 
 
 no 
 
 ino 
 
 k’o 
 
 kho 
 
 6th shape. 
 
 u as in put. 
 
 7th shape. 
 
 Terminal, 
 vowel less or short 
 i or e as in 
 since, summer. 
 
 Remarks as to pronunciation. 
 
 
 IT 
 
 A' 
 
 rh- 
 
 OO' 
 
 UP 
 
 fi* 
 
 fr 
 
 n- 
 
 •p 
 
 Y 
 
 T- 
 
 A- 
 
 hu 
 
 lu 
 
 hu 
 
 mu 
 
 su 
 
 ru 
 
 su 
 
 shu 
 
 hi 
 
 bu 
 
 thu 
 
 chu 
 
 hu 
 
 riu 
 
 inu 
 
 me 
 
 h, hi or he 
 
 l, li or le 
 h, hi or he 
 
 m, mi or 
 s, si or se 
 
 r, ri or re 
 
 s, si or se 
 sh, shi or she 
 k, hi or kt 
 
 P' 
 
 £ 
 
 M 
 
 •i 
 
 p» 
 
 yo 
 
 do 
 
 jo 
 
 go 
 
 to 
 
 ; P*®* cho 
 po 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 p 
 
 a 
 
 T 
 
 tso 
 
 tso 
 
 fo 
 
 po 
 
 In* ku 
 Tl* khu 
 
 (D. wu 
 O* u 
 
 H- zu 
 
 TF: zhu 
 
 P: 
 
 y..: 
 
 £. 
 b 
 
 (li¬ 
 nk 
 fb 
 
 X- 
 
 th 
 
 che 
 
 yu 
 
 du 
 
 g a 
 
 tu 
 
 ch u 
 pu 
 
 tsu 
 
 U* tsu 
 fu 
 
 T pu 
 
 ti 
 A 
 rh 
 
 ya 
 
 c 
 
 fi 
 
 h 
 
 •n 
 X 
 ¥ 
 
 7 
 
 /» 
 
 fi 
 
 h 
 
 (D- 
 
 0 
 
 "H z, zi or ze 
 K zh, zhi or zhe : 
 
 £ 
 
 .tr 
 
 £- 
 
 As in English. 
 
 b, bi or be 
 
 th, thi or 
 
 ch, chi or 
 
 h, hi or he 
 
 . 
 
 n, ni or no 
 
 ... .. 
 
 in, 1111 or me 
 
 . 
 
 t or 1 
 
 k’, k’i or k’e 
 kh, khi iv-khe 
 w, wi or we 
 e or i 
 
 y, yi or ye 
 d, di or de 
 j, ji or je 
 g, gi or ge 
 t, ti or te 
 ch, chi or che 
 p, pi or pe 
 
 '{* 
 
 X 
 
 X* 
 
 ts, tsi or tse 
 
 O ts, tsi or tse 
 4.: f, fi or fe 
 T : p, pi or pe 
 
 A softly clicked guttural, often left out by 
 the uneducated. 
 
 As in English. 
 
 A soft “ t,” followed by soft “ th.” 
 
 As in English. 
 
 The “n,” as in Spanish or French “gn.” 
 As in English. 
 
 A “k,” followed by a slight aspirate. 
 Guttural, as in loch. 
 
 As in English ; but v. note on p. 2. 
 
 As in English. 
 
 3 3 33 
 
 As in azure. 
 
 As in English. 
 
 Always hard. 
 
 Hard “ t ” ; v. note on p. 2. 
 
 Almost t’ye ; v. note on p. 2. 
 
 As in English. 
 
 Replaced in Shoa by “ta,” etc. (ffl). 
 
 Rarely used. 
 
 As in English. 
 
 The foi,t,owing are Diphthongs. 
 
 .... kwi 
 
 .... "Y.: hwi 
 
 .... Yl**: k’wi 
 
 . • . . 7 **: gwi 
 
 As in English. 
 
 33 3 3 
 
 3 3 3 3 
 
 33 33 
 
 Note.—A s regards spelling, the general ignorance of their own language which prevails among Abyssinkins and their want of education tend to their 
 spelling very badly; even those who are well educated make many mistakes, and it is sometimes a question as to which really is the correct spelling 
 of any particular word. Correct spelling is a matter of indifference to the Abyssinian so long as the word is not liable to be taken for some other 
 word with a totally different meaning but somewhat similar in pronunciation. 
 
 Example 
 
 llo»Afi : <U*3 : nfinif: *TO77£* : crorrn .. 
 
 At ford 
 
 water 
 
 
 ’ j of bridge road 
 
 was much us 
 against as 
 
 Comparing the above letter by letter with the alphabet, the letters will be easily recognised to be- 
 
 B in first shape, sounded ba as in band. 
 
 we came 
 
 L , 
 
 K A 
 
 first 
 
 seventh 
 
 second 
 
 via ,, mat. 
 
 I terminal. 
 lid as ca in cask. 
 
 So the word will be bamalk’a. Each succeeding word being treated in this way, the whole sentence can be put into English characters, and 
 will read 
 
 Bamalk’a wiha bazzabanna .badildi mangad mattana 
 
 and can then be translated with the aid of the vocabulary, or through the translator’s colloquial knowledge 
 It means here : As the water was too high for us at the ford, we came by the bridge. 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 Demco, Inc. 38-293 
 

 
PJ9211.A45 
 
 Short manual (with vocabulary) of the 
 
 Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 
 
 1 1012 00079 7250