LIBRARY Sluoloflifitf Jn'minanj, PRINCETON. N J No. Case, P-!M* No. Shell, Se€*km-;- No. Book, _ •___ ■PJ30ZI I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/elementsofchalde00palf_0 » * •/ - v ELEMEN T S OF CHALDEE, SYRIAC, SAMARITAN, AND RABBINICAL GRAMMAR. BY JOHN G. PALFREY, D. D., Professor of Biblical Literature in the University of Cambridge, BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER. GOULD AND NEWMAN, PRINTERS. 1835. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1835, by CROCKER AND BREWSTER, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts, PREFACE. The bases of the following manual are Vater’s grammar, in Ger¬ man, of the Chaldee and Syriac, and Otho’s, in Latin, of the Sa¬ maritan and Rabbinical. While, in translating, I have greatly abridged both works, especially the former, I have at the same time made additions, particularly, in the Chaldee, from Winer’s grammar ; in the Syriac, from Uhlemann’s ; in the Samaritan, from the preface to Castell’s Lexicon; and, in the Rabbinical, from the Rabbinismus Enucleatus of Danz. My object was, to afford to the students of our Divinity College, an opportunity to become acquainted with languages, so useful in their relations to the study of the Old and New Testaments. I do not know that there is any grammar, in English, of either of them, except the Chaldee. I would willingly have treated them more in detail. Particular¬ ly, I could have desired to furnish paradigms of all the forms of verbs, for the greater facility in consultation. But, even if there had been any probability of remuneration for such an expense, there are not types enough in New England, (I suppose not in the coun¬ try,) to print so much as a paradigm of the Syriac perfect verb. As the best compensation for this want, of which the case admitted, I have taken great pains in the arrangement of rules, describing the deviations in Syriac verbs, and in the irregular classes of the Chal¬ dee, from the paradigm on pages 26, 27. And if, in such a con- * PREFACE. densed form, those varieties are discerned with less convenience than if they were spread before the eye, I hope that this is the greatest fault which the student will remark, and even that he will be rewarded for the severer attention required, by finding that, in this generalized statement of separate facts, the leading principles of construction will sooner fix themselves in his mind. The difference in the sizes of English type, in the several parts of the work, was made necessary by that of the Oriental letters, which were to be composed with English in the same line. The doctrine of the Chaldee tone, on page 7, which is that of Vater, l have not seen reason so to alter, as to admit further ex¬ ceptions to the general rule. Exceptions are, of course, departures from the Chaldee analogy ; and Hebrew analogy is, in such a case, not of equal authority. Again; I have preserved Vater’s arrange¬ ment of the conjugations Ithpeel and Ittaphal in verbs Gnain Vau, instead of transposing them, with Winer. The analogy of forms does not clearly determine either disposition ; but its evidence seems to me rather to incline to the former authority. I have taken no notice of the diacritical points in Syriac ; as they are not used in the best modern printing ; in books which use them, but which are at the same time fully pointed, I think they are best neglected by the learner ; and books without a full vowel punctuation are unfit for a learner’s use. I have given no Syntax ; and this not merely because of the brevity which it was necessary for me to study, but because I con¬ ceive, that, in this class of languages, facts commonly arranged un¬ der that head, are, for the most part, best learned by practice. A few such facts I have introduced in other connexions. Should this little work obtain a favourable reception, 1 may, be¬ fore long, complete the survey, (such as it is,) of this family of lan¬ guages, by a manual of Arabic grammar ; which 1 think admits of PREFACE. being much simplified, for the purposes of a Biblical scholar. Meanwhile, such occasion for the undertaking, as gave rise to the present essay, does not exist, as, in the University library, we have several grammars of that tongue. Divinity College , Cambridge ; 17 th June, 1835. ERRATA. The following list would have been shorter, had not the author’s dis¬ tance from the press precluded the advantage of repeated revision. Page 6, tenth line from foot, for it read o ♦ “ like, “ u nth. after feminine insert, singular and , “ 6, ninth “ “ 9, seventh “ a u u 12, fourth “ top, for praet. read such. il 17, fourteenth “ foot, “ most, u mostly. u 20, thirteenth “ a • -T- u V . x (( 25, eighth “ top “ sufformative , u form. CHALDEE AND SYRIAC. i > y' IHJ \ Throughout the following treatise, a previous knowledge of Hebrew, on the part of the student, is supposed. PART I WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION. § 1. CONSONANTS. Chaldee. Syriac. Fin. do. Names of do. Samaritan. Rabbinical. Olaph A n t-a Beth a y a Gomal i > ? r • Dolath T 7 n 01 He 1 0 o Vau 5r 1 T 1 Zain y n Oi Heth n D 4 Teth p a Yud or s Koph a Lomad l b D, 53 >0 Mim 0, P J ^ V Nun > b 3 D £D *.£0 Semkath D ? E •*" ^ V 1> P|. B Pe Id D Y’ 2 Tsode •m hi £ «-D Quoph p P • ’ r Rish a to, to JO Shin JUW c n A Z fl Tau A p V denotes Lomad Olaph, ^ final Lomad Olaph; Olaph Lomad; and final double Lomad. 2 6 §§ 2. 3. VOWELS - PECULIAR SOUND OF CONSONANTS. In Chaldee, consonants have the same names and force with the corresponding Hebrew. The numerical power of the corresponding Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac letters is the same. § 2. VOWELS. The Chaldee vowels are the same with the Hebrew. The Syriac vowels are five. They are expressed by two different classes of characters, of which the first, given below, is used in the more recent printing, while the more ancient, as the London Polyglott, and Gutbir’s New Testament, employ both indiscriminately. Pethocho 7 ♦ • — or — • a in father. Revotzo 'h — or — • • • a in fame . Chevotzo X • • e in he. Zekofo 0 • • o in bone. Etzotzo •A • • u in rural. Etzotzo is always followed by the consonant o in two words, viz. and In proper names and other words of foreign origin is often to be sounded like Zekofo, as «_£dq.jo%Z ; ♦ Most of the points are found placed sometimes below, sometimes above, their consonants; and etymology must often decide to which of two adjoining consonants a vowel belongs. The Syriac diphthongs are o_I oiv ; qj_ , li ; . . 7 , ai; 0 ** oi ; and o,_ , yu. § 3. Peculiar sounds of some Consonants. ] between two vowels is sounded like as $7f] o-yar. § 4. 5. QU1ESCENTS, ETC. - LINEA OCCULTANS, ETC. 7 j at the beginning of a word is pronounced e. When ] and occur without a vowel at the beginning of a word, the former is sounded as if it had 1 or _, the latter as if it had _ , , beginning a word, is to be read a: — as if pointed with _ , § 4. Quiescent and Otiant Letters. o and when they have no vowel of their own, either, 1. make diphthongs, (as in § 2.); or, 2. when, at the end of a word, they follow a letter also without a vowel, are otiant ; or, 3. they, and ], following a con¬ sonant, which has a vowel, quiesce in the latter. § 5. Linea Occultans, Ribbui , and Epenthetic Nun. Linea occultans is a horizontal line under a letter, signify¬ ing that it is not to be sounded; as bath . Two points, placed horizontally over nouns and verbs in the plural number, are called Ribbui; e. g. . *T\ Ribbui excludes the point of $ 1 Nun, besides its common form of epenthesis, is some¬ times used in Chaldee instead of Daghesh forte. § 6. Tone syllable. In Chaldee the tone is always on the last syllable, ex¬ cept in the few Segholate forms, and the dual number, of nouns, and in the first and third persons plural preterite of verbs. Regularly the tone, in Syriac, is on the last syllable, when the word ends with a sounded consonant ; otherwise, on the penult. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. § 7. Gender and Number of Nouns. The Chaldee forms the feminine by adding Jl-.? *1, or , to the masculine. The Syriac forms it by ad¬ ding ]1 , o- , , or 2.1 , or changing ] into . x The Chaldee forms the dual with and . The Syriac has no dual except in four words, where it ends in ; viz. three numerals and the name of Egypt. Masculme -plurals in Chaldee end in ; in Syriac, in x ^ To form the plural feminine , the Chaldee changes into ^ into “jl, and into *p. The Syriac changes into <1, O— - and zl into , and into ^ 4 Syriac plurals are often formed from words similar to their singulars, but now obsolete, particularly such as had oi ; o 7 or o final ; as |vo| ^ ^l^d] ♦ Syriac compound nouns , in becoming plural, give the plural form to the first noun in composition, or to the second , or to both. § 8. Cases. A noun is thrown into the genitive case , either, 1. by receiving the prefix ‘l, 5, or being preceded, (in Chal- dee,) by the word ^ ; or, 2. as in Hebrew, by* the § 9. EMPHASIS. 9 construct state of the preceding noun. The construct state is formed by the change, in the masculine 'plural , of *p_ , , into and of into ; in the femi¬ nine singular , of \Z, into n_ , Z— ; __ into n1-? Z»_ , and % into HI, ZoJ; and in the feminine plural , of ] , v, into n , Z . The dative is made by the prefix 7 , ^ , The accusative is, 1. the same with the nominative; or, it is indicated, 2. by the prefix 7, V,; or, 3. by the particle fP, Aj? preceding. The latter form occurs in Syriac very rarely. § 9. Emphasis. The Article, instead of being a prefixed syllable, as in Hebrew, is expressed in Chaldee and Syriac by a change in the termination of the noun, forming what is called the emphatic state. The emphatic state is formed, in the masc . singular by the addition of f"I-, ]Z ; in the masc. plural by the change of ^ , ^Z of the construct to , ^ •• 5 ' • • *T ' ♦ • 1 ? ; in the feminine singular by the change of D— , zZ of the construct to tfn , |A ; and in the feminine ^plural s»l by the addition to the construct of | „ T In assuming the emphatic state, as also in receiving some pronominal suffixes and forming the masculine plural, the following vowels of the final syllable fall out; viz. in Chaldee, and occasionally _ and ~; and in Syriac and in some feminines, Final V, i, 1, 10 §. 10. CHALDEE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. ___ , Z , and o J , are retained. The penult vowel sustains ac no change; but the falling away of the final vowel often gives occasion to the insertion of a new vowel, to prevent the accumulation of contiguous consonants. § 10. CHALDEE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Nominative Case. Oblique Cases. Singular. 1st pers. , or fijN com. 1 T "• -r- •• T ' T • 2d do. riDJtf com. • • 3d do. jttin masc. fc^iTI fern. (a) ( b ) (with the prepositions V, 3, SB) • ( a ) TJ_ ; (6) 1] masc. («) (i) 1! fem. (a) •>»■>; (4)hn- (a) n_; (b) n, NH. Plural. 1st pers 4UH3 T * or c. t : — : (a) 1_; (6) M. T T 'T T 2d do. ■pirn masc. 113 • ■jnDN fem. ft- (with , 3d do. or pan m. (a) p3_; (6) 113; 3) lift; (as a separate word,) pa& . (with 5? , or “Jpfl fem. (a) D) 3H ; (as a separate word,) pN. The letters (a) and (6) in this table have the same force as in the table of Syriac pronouns below. A few irregular forms occur, which the lexicons will shew. §11. SYRIAC PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 11 § 11. SYRIAC PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Nominative Case. Oblique Cases. Singular. 1st pers. com. gender. 2d do. Aj] masc. •» _Aj| femin. 3d do. ogi , octi masc. ^ci , _cn fern. («) 5 and ; ( b ) ; (c) 1 ; (with the pre¬ positions a ,) SJi-, («) ; (6) ^ ♦ («) ; (6) ; (c) ♦ 'a («) oi—5 x_*cjiqj — 5 and \ 'A - or - jc (6) ^_»oi 5 and _,aio j (r) •> 9 (a") rn. . . . Plural. 1st pers. com. 2d do. voAj| masc. _jA j) fem. ^ * - 3d do. . qjoi , or Q j] masc. \ % _ajoi , or . j| fem. ^ *A sing. fem. “ ? *|in, plural common, ▼ T , ^ * ** • ## 99 9 s' 44 9 In Syriac; sing. masc. ,oi, Jjoi; sing. fem. IjCI, ]?01; plur. masc. ojcn, fem. Ajcn ? com. .i^cn, 4 \ > , ]Ji>; plural common HYitf , afa, aTfl, aTTJ, ▼ .. -T J — T •* -r ; “ \ CHAPTER II. VERBS. § 14. Conjugations. The common conjugations are Jive in number; viz. 1. Pea/, to which belongs the root; 2. Ith - ( Eth -) pee/, its passive ; 3. Pael, causative of Peal ; 4. Ith- ( Eth -) paa/, its passive; 5. Aphel , causative of Peal. Less common are, 6. //- ( £/ -) taphal , passive of Aphel; 7. Shaphel, another causative; and, 8. Ish-(Esh-) taphal, its passive. The additions and changes, by which these are com¬ monly formed from the root, are sufficiently indicated by their hames. But in the Chaldee derived Conjugations, instead of _ , sometimes appears __ , or or in Pael _ ; in Aphel and in the first syllable of Pael and Aphel _ for _ . In Chaldee and Syriac, in the last syllable of the derived conjugations are found in¬ stead of __ , __ . In Chaldee T\ occurs instead of a in ## 'TV the praeformative of Aphel, and is even retained in the future and participles; and in Ithpeel and Ith — paal the formative H is assimilated, by a Daghesh forte, with *1 and beginning the root. In Chaldee and Syriac it is transposed with sibilants ; and before T ? 1 > is §15. GROUND FORMS AND DECLENSIONS. 15 changed into *1 , ? ; before S , , into 13 , . In Chaldee, the Hebrew Hiphil occurs instead of Aphel, and Hophal instead of Ittaphal. The Conjugations Poel, Poal, Polel, Polal, and their pas¬ sives, occur, where the second radical quiesces or is doubled. More unusual forms are presented bj the prefixing of Si, I, to Peal; by the insertion of o, after the first radi¬ cal; and (in Syriac) by the affixing of a paragogic __ „ x § 15. Ground forms and declensions. The third person singular praeter masculine (as in Hebrew) is the root , except in verbs Gnain Vau and Gnain Yod. The ground form of the future tense in all the conjugations is the second person singular masculine imperative. In Peal of the perfect verb, in both these forms, the first radical letter is without a vowel. The second com¬ monly has, in the praeter, J ; and in the imperative _ , oJi • But in Chaldee, , and 1 occur instead of _ •• • — in the praeter, and 1 , _, _ , instead of in the im¬ perative. And in Syriac, many verbs have _ instead of f in the root, and Z instead of o„ in the imperative; and some have , in the latter case, M . The infinitive Peal, in Chaldee, prefixes 53 , in Syriac va, to the root. TV The infinitives of all the active conjugations (except Peal) and of all the passive end in _ , oZ • All Syriac infinitives have vo prefixed; the Chaldee present 53 only in Peal. All the active conjugations have two participles, an I 16 §15. GROUND FORMS AND DECLENSIONS. active and a passive. In Peal the active is ^ftp , ^!o ; , ... * . the passive "^Dp , ♦ Other participles begin with ft , • n The following are the Sufformatives and Preformatives used in declension, pointed as they occur in Peal of the perfect verb. Preterite tense. Future tense. Singular. / 3d masc. ^.p ^°P.P 3d fem. V L- n_ bvp • 7i • • • • • 2d masc. L,,. • • • • 2d fem. n • WP. • • T-. ^.P 1st com. L- n_ • * bup • 1 • • 'h ac Wjj? • Plural. 3d masc. o *i Vop. • •A V°- V> ^.P • • 3d fem. o N- f • • • p VT K • • • m 2d masc. A voZ ■jin • • • •A v°- • • • • 2d fem. n • • • p V- 1- • • • • 1 «x 1st com. V. SO T • • • VoBj? • In Chaldee praeters the following varieties occ n n n a j z 'h z z 'Ts } h n n 3 j J Z z J *> In the singular third person feminine, the vowel of the root is retained ; _ instead of _ is the vowel of the first syllable; and instead of fL.— final, appear n _ , 3TI— — , and n_. In the second masculine instead of n appear D , 51ft , and Nil . In the first, instead of H _ , fP _ , t t t •• ; •• ; IV-, and n_. In the plural third person, _ for _ under the second radical in the masculine; and 51- for T N_ final in the feminine. T In Sy riae the plural praeter third person feminine § 16. GROUND FORMS AND DECLENSIONS. 17 sometimes ends in the third masculine in and ^ 'Tt ^ the first person in ,_j . In the singular future the third person feminine sometimes omits the otiant and the second feminine sometimes receives it. In Chaldee the passive Participle sometimes receives the sufformatives of the praeter to form a praeter passive. The present is sometimes expressed by a union of the participle with the personal pronoun in one word, the latter being placed last. In Syriac, the participle, con¬ nected with the substantive verb ]ocn in the praeter, de¬ notes the imperfect and sometimes the imperative; and the praeterite and future, connected with the same verb, respectively indicate the pluperfect and the subjunctive. The imperative second person masculine in the de¬ rived conjugations is most^the same with the third person praeter masculine. All imperatives add to the masculine singular , ^ , to form the feminine singular; 1, o, to form the masculine plural; and ND, to form the **■ ^ 'n feminine plural. § 16. Changes of Verbal forms to receive Suffix Pronouns. In Chaldee, The praet. sing. 3dpers. masc. throws back its vowel except before P> 15- 3d „ fern, omits the first vowel , and throws back the second. 1st „ com. does the same. Plur. 3d „ masc. throws back the vowel of the second radical. 18 § 16. CHANGES TO RECEIVE SUFFIXES. The praet. plur. 3d „ fern, takes the masc. form. 1st „ com. omits N final. Fut. sing. Sdpers. masc. 3d „ fern. 2d „ masc. Plur. 3d „ masc. 2d „ masc. 1st „ com. In the Infinitive, is changed before a suffix to n*). In Syriac, The praet. sing. 3d pers. masc. throws back its vowel, except before ? ^ ♦ 3d „ fern, omits the first vowel and throws back the second. 2d „ fern, places before final ^ . 1st „ com. removes both vowels, and places 1 after the second radical. Plur. 3d „ masc. throws back the vowel, and places 1 after the third radical. >• take an epenthetic D. 3d „ fern, throws back the vowel. Fut. sing. 3d „ masc. 3d fern. 2d „ masc, Plur. 1st „ com. omit o^? except before The Imperative 2d person singular feminine receives _ before its last consonant; the second plur. masculine changes q^q^.d 'into ; and the second plur. fem. some¬ times rejects its final ^ * §§ 17, 18. PECULIAR FORMS - IRREGULAR VERBS. 19 § 17. Peculiar forms of Regular Verbs. In Chaldee the presence of the gutturals and Resh af¬ fects the vowels as In Hebrew. In Syriac before a final guttural or Rish, _I takes the place of o— or__ . T\ Verbs, consisting of four radicals, are declined like Pael and Ith- (Eth-) paal. § 18. IRREGULAR VERBS. These are divided into seven Classes ; viz. 1. Pe Aleph; 2. Pe Yod ; 3. Pe JYun ; 4. Gnain Aleph ; 5. Gnain Van; 6. Gnain doubled; 7, Lamed Aleph . 1. Verbs Pe Aleph. Where the first radical in the regular verb is without a vowel, ] at the beginning of a syllable, takes _ or 1 Ti f but throws its vowel back when preceded by a letter which has no vowel. At the end of a compound syllable, N, ) quiesce in the preceding vowel. Hence in the future and infinitive Peal the vowel of the preformative is lengthened in Chaldee, and often (always in the first person singular,) is changed into ^ ; and in Aphel, 1 in Chaldee, and o 1 in Syriac is the vowel of the first syllable. i# , I falls away in the first person singular future of Pael, and in the imperative of* , fz] ; also, in Syriac, in the first person singular future of Peal. Often it falls away in the whole of Pael, and in the Chal¬ dee infinitive of Peal. Sometimes also in Ith- (Eth-) Pael and -Paal, which then double n, Z, preformative. 20 § 18. VERBS PE YOD, PE NUN, GNAIN ALEPH. 2. Verbs Pe Yod. In Syriac, where the first radical of the regular verb, beginning a syllable, is without a vowel, in this class of verbs takes (But has J.) In Eth-Peel, x - as also when _ follows •> , 0? o? the _ is thrown back. In Syriac and Chaldee, ^ quiesces or makes a diph¬ thong with the preceding vowel, when it occurs at the end of a compound syllable. In the future and infinitive Peal, (except in the 1st pers. sing.) in Syriac, is changed into 1; and in Chaldee __ appears instead of _ But in Chaldee, in place of this change, the 11 is often assimilated by a Daghesh forte, or its place is supplied by 3 . In the Chaldee impera¬ tive Peal the first radical commonly falls away, and the same takes place in three Syriac verbs ; .. , t Qy. *x ^ x • J In Aphel, Ittaphal, Shaphel, 1, o, take the place of ^ , to form in Chaldee i, in Syriac o— . 3. Verbs Pe Nun. In the imperative of Peal, the first radical falls away. In the future and infinitive Peal, and throughout Aphel and Ittaphal, the first radical, where, having no vowel, it follows the preformative, falls away in Syriac; and, in Chaldee, is assimilated by a daghesh forte. 4. Verbs Gnain Aleph. No irregularities occur in this class of verbs in Chal¬ dee except in a very small number of single instances. In Syriac, in Peel, Ethpeel, and Aphel, their vowel is <5 18. VERBS GNAIN VAU. 21 placed after the first radical, and ] is quiescent In Pael and Ethpaal, ] is commonly changed to ^ . 5. Verbs Gnaiti Vau, In Peal, (except the active participle,) Ith- (Eth-) peel, Aphel, and It- (Et-) taphal, the regular middle radical falls out, and between the first and third radicals a long vowel is introduced, which remains before sufformatives and suffixes. In Peal praeter and infinitive, this is _ , ; in the imperative and future, *1,0-; in the passive participle, , . . The Chaldee first person singular praeter shortens ar the vowel of the sufformative to _ . In the active parti¬ ciple of Peal, 1 , o , is changed to , ] ; but into ^ _ when there is a syllabic accession. In Ith- (Eth-) peel, the vowel is . The n , l , of the preformatives is doubled. ' In Aphel, the vowel is , __ ; but in some persons of the praeterite it is commonly, in others sometimes, _ . In the passive participle it is __ , 1 . In Ittaphal, the vowel is commonly _ . In the infinitives of Ith- (Eth-) peel, Aphel, and Ittaphal, — , — , stand between the first and third radical. T The preformatives of Peal and Aphel have no vowel. But this remark does not hold good of I, nor always of other preformatives, in Syriac; nor always, in Chaldee, of the infinitive Peal, and the future and participle Aphel. In Ittaphal, _ of the preformative falls away. 4 22 §18. VERBS GNAIN DOUBLED. In Pael and Ith-(Eth-) paal, *, take the place of In this class of verbs occur, in Chaldee, the conjugations formed by doubling the third radical , corresponding to the Hebrew Polel and Polal; and, in Syriac and Chaldee, those formed by doubling the first and third , corre¬ sponding to the Hebrew Pilpel and Pol pal. 6. Verbs Gnain doubled . Irregularities, in Peal and Aphel, are as follows; viz. In Chaldee, the second radical falls away in cases, where there is no preformative, and the third radical is without a vowel ; i. e. in Peal praet. singular, third person masculine, second common; plural, second masculine and feminine, first common; imperative, singular second mas¬ culine, plural second feminine. The second and third radicals are combined by a Daghesh forte, and the vowel which stood between them is thrown back, in cases where the third radical has a vowel, and there is no preformative; that is, in Peal praet. singular, third person feminine, first common; plural, third masculine and feminine ; imperative singular, second feminine ; plural, second masculine. The second radical is assimilated with the first by a Daghesh forte, in cases where there is a preformative ; that is, in the infinitive and future of Peal, and the whole of Aphel. In Syriac, the second radical (except in the participles of Peal,) falls away ; and its vowel is attached to the first. §18. VERBS LAMED ALEPH. 23 The active participle Peal changes the second radical for i. In this class of verbs occur, both in Chaldee and Syriac, the conjugations, formed by doubling the first and third radicals. 7. Verbs Lamed Aleph. In this class of verbs, the forms, which have no suf- formative, terminate as follows; viz. Praeter Peal in j^_, ]1; sometimes __ . Other Praeterites in h__, the Chaldee Aphel also X in . •• Futures in V ; also or . *« • • • Imperative Peal in ‘1_ or n__ , . x „ Ith-(Eth-)peel in 11 or „ Pael, Ith- (Eth-) paal in ^ , „ Aphel in h__ , ]1 . Infinitive Peal in 6*- or , ] 1 . • • • • ' Other Infinitives in , !"P_ , . T T *r T Passive Participle Pael and Aphel in ^ Other Participles in N , or , or or •7* Before sufformatives, the ^ , ] , of the root is changed into ** , oi , or else y«//s away. The change occurs, ( without quiescence or diphthong,) in both languages, in the second and third persons fem. plural future, in infinitives of the derived conjugations, and in several forms of the participles; also, in Chaldee, in one form of the second feminine singular and third feminine 24 §18. VERBS LAMED ALEPH. singular and plural praeter; and, in Syriac, in the third person feminine singular praeter of derived conjugations, in one form of the third person feminine plural, and in the imperative second person feminine plural. The change occurs in the praeter of all the conjugations; in Chaldee, with quiescence of the vowel in _, but in Peal and Ith- peel more commonly in and, in Syriac, with quies¬ cence in __ ? except that, in Peal, the vowel more com- monly is J, forming a diphthong . In the Chaldee Peal also, occurs. The falling away occurs in Peal, in the third person feminine singular and third masculine plural praeter; the former ending in 371— , Z— 1 9 the latter in *7, o_I; and, in all the conjugations, in the second person feminine sin¬ gular, (where the Syriac has . for . ,) and second and third masculine plural future, (where the Chaldee has ‘ji for *p,) in the masculine plural of participles, in the se¬ cond person feminine singular and second masculine plural of the imperative, and in one form of the Syriac third person feminine plural praeter. In receiving suffixes, verbs of this class experience some peculiar changes. The principal are as follows ; viz. In Chaldee, in the praeter, and ^ commonly fall away in the third person masculine singular; com¬ monly terminates the verb in the third person feminine singular; in the first and second person sing, generally, and plural always, the verb remains unaltered ; and in the third masculine plural 1 commonly takes the place of i, <§, 18. VERBS LAMED ALEPH. 25 and of . In those persons of the future, which have no sufformative, the third radical falls away, and D epenthetic is interposed between the verb and the suffix pronoun (a). The imperative forms, which end with a vowel, receive suffixes of the (b) class, without alteration, except ’1 , , which become . The Infinitive Peal either drops final & or changes it to 1,1 . In Syriac, when the sufformative ends with ]_P , | falls away, and 1 becomes the union vowel to a suffix of the class (6). Forms, ending with either remain un- 3C changed, receiving a suffix of the class (a) or (6), or lose the final vowel. The third person feminine, first common, and second masculine singular praeter, remain unaltered, the first two receiving a suffix (a), the last a suffix (c). In forms, ending with otiant o, oj- stands before a suffix ( b ) instead ofo-I, and cu instead of qj_ . Forms, ending zc with change it to and take a suffix (6). Feminine 'n sr\ imperatives __ and or become or jJ ^ x i aT- with a suffix (6), and .»_ with a suffix (c). In Peal in- finitive, _ takes the place of % 19. PARADIGM OF THE PERFECT VERB. The following is a specimen of the changes, by con¬ jugation and declension, of the Chaldee Perfect Verb. 26 § 19. PARADIGM OF THE PERFECT VERB. Peal. Ithpeel. Pael. Ithpaal. Praet. 3 m. tep. yopnx ^BP *jBpna 3 f. n^Bpris fipupria • • ••# • • • ri^Bpria fep n^Bpria 2 c. n*5tjp • • —f • rtoafj nVisp rteap nfena riferia 1 c. PI. 3 m. ^■o>. ^Bpna ^Bp iferia 3 f. i&Bp aVopria *6 Bp rfep- a'pBpna 2 m. i • -/ • j pnferia 2 f. to ]FiVi3pn» fep- ■jriVBpnit 1 c. JO^Bp T J ao^BPiia T • • *f • • • • • • mVbp - ajferia T • *1- • * • • Inf. ^pa • nVlJPDX x x»: . . N^Bp T T f — a^Bpna T J • Imp. 2 m. ittp ^Bpna • • • • ^.P. fena 2f. ■^Bpna • • • • fe 'fena PI. 2 m. ^.p • • ^Bpna • •1 • • • fe • lfe_na 2 f. iO^Bp iopapnx «r • **l • • • • • • K&Bp 1* • “I- • aafena nr • "I*" • • • • F ut, 3 m. Vop? Vopn1' ^BP fen' 3 f. Vppri ^Bpnri bspri fenh 2 m. Voppi yoprin fe*! ferin 2 f. r^p* p^Bprin rfe* 7'fenn 1 c. Vo>'m ^Bpn’a fe« ^Bpiia I^Bpnp PI. 3 m. ^Bp1! ifen1! ife? 3 f. ton1: fe^' fen? 2 m. I^P.n p^Bpnri pPBpri 7!)fenn 2 f. fen iVfe fe*! jfenn 1 c. Sup3 • ^Dprn • •J • • t • • fe-3 fe_ru • Part. Act. Part. Pass. ••it ^Bp i* • i?Bpna • • • ^Bpa • fefc fe_nB § 19. PARADIGM OF THE PERFECT VERB. 27 Aphel. Ittaphal. Shaphel. Ishtaphal. • •J • - nVopa nVopa rftapa • • •! • — 'lVopk s6apii ^apnN yopo Vopnax • — » • »r • — — " • — • • itena — • 1 • — • nbappa rfcapna • • • 1 • — • “iVop'rix N^BpPlM •r ~r • — • pnpapN pripapna inSapa 1 •• • • — N^’Optf T • • “• • • in^Ljprt&t ! •• • ~ 9 • — • aaVapria • • Kp'opx T -T f • aVapna abapa ^apnax T T * • ~ • T T* J ~ ' T T* J *" J * • — a ■^BpK • •»/ # — !)VopN • *»*jap« T • #,l • *" • • ^Bpna isapa Vapnaa “ / • — • • •/ • — -I • • • • • • • ^Bpfia • — / • — • • ^apna wVapFia T • — 1 • — • • • ^apn ^apn • •f • — pVqj^ pyopn fc?pfl • ^apm Vapa1' ^appa' » • • • • • pttpnn -I • — • i?Djpn_ri ■p^apnri yOpDM l^prp. pyqpnn ^;jpnn Supnjj ''W ^apaa ••f • — • !?Bpnn *5tipaa ^apnan 28 § 20. PARTICLES. The above paradigm will serve also for the Syriac per¬ fect verb, attention being given to the following par¬ ticulars, in addition to those stated in § 15; viz. i In Ethpeel, third person feminine, and first common, singular praeter, the Syriac has 1 in the penult ; and in Ethpeel and Ethpaal imperative, it has after the first radical, the second radical having a linea occultans. In Pael and Ethpaal there is, in Syriac, no reduplication of the second radical. But the preformative of Ettaphal repeats the letter l. The infinitives of all the derived conjugations have for their penult vowel. CHAPTER III. PARTICLES. % 20, The Chaldee, like the Hebrew, has a prefixed inter¬ rogative , T\. The Chaldee prefix prepositions 3 , b are pointed as in Hebrew. The Syriac ^>, are pointed with 1 before a letter having no vowel. (But before j a® with _ .) Coming 'h before ), or they draw back its vowel. 3C - b ? when prefixed to the future, commonly excludes its preformative; and, often, the preformative of the infinitive Peal, when prefixed to that form. The prefix conjunctions ‘H, 1 , 3 , ?, o * follow the same laws of punctuation with 3 , b 5 a , ^ ♦ I 1 SAMARITAN. The figures enclosed, at the end of the title to each section, are references to the corresponding sections in the Chaldee and Syriac grammar. 1 PART I. WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION. $ 1. (1.2.) The names of the letters, (for which see page 5,) are as follows ; viz. Alaph, Beth, Gamal, Dalath, He, Vau, Zain, Heth,Teth, Yud, Caph, Lamad, Mim, Nun, Semkath, Gnain, Pe, Tzade, Kuph, Risch, Shin, Tau. The Samaritan having no vowel points, they must be supplied by the reader from the analogies of the Hebrew and Syriac. The matres lectionis , A> OT, and V? are often inserted to indicate the charac¬ ter of the vowel to be supplied. A horizontal line over a letter indicates, either, 1. that the word is used in a signification different from the most common; or, 2. that it is abbreviated; or, 3. that the letter, (being a quiescent,) is to be sound¬ ed ; or, 4. that the letter is substituted for another, as A for . The separation between words is marked by a point, on the upper edge of the line ; that between clauses, by two points disposed horizontally ; that between pe¬ riods, by two points, disposed vertically ; that between verses, by an asterisk; and that between larger por¬ tions, by a variety of signs, having no known difference of meaning;. If the words in a line are not sufficient o to fill the space, two letters are separated, and carried out to the left hand margin. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. § 2. Gender and Number of Nouns. (7.) The feminine is formed, by adding, in substantives or ^ ? in adjectives , to the masculine. Plurals, masculine, end in or ^07 ; feminine, in ^ . To distinguish a masculine dual, A is sometimes inserted before the plural termination. § 3. Cases and Emphasis. (8. 9.) A noun is thrown into the genitive case, either, 1. by receiving the prefix T; or, 2. by the construct state of the preceding noun. The construct state is formed, in the masculine plural, by the omission of ^ ; in the feminine singular, by the change of to A , or its omis¬ sion when A precedes it; and in the feminine plural, by the omission of ^ final from the emphatic state. The dative is made by the prefix 2, • The accusative is, 1. the same with the nominative ; or, 2. it is indicated by the particle AHT, AA> preceding. The article is sometimes expressed (particularly in Hebrew nouns) by ^ prefixed ; but, generally, by a change of the form of the noun into the emphatic state. PRONOUNS. 33 This is made, in masculines singular by the addition of % , or the change of HT to in nouns with final flTA ; in feminines singular, by the addition of % , or of 3(A tp nouns ending in % or fit , or the change of ^ to in nouns ending in q(; in masculines plural, by the change of , to or fit (sometimes preceded by A); and in feminines plural, by the change of ^1, ^3A , into ^AA , or . § 4. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. (10. 11. 12.) NOMINATIVE CASE. Singular. 1 per. c. ApA , ^3A , OT^A , OTa'pA 2 per. m. ^[AA , AA f. OTAA 3 per. m. At-^ , f- Affft, OBLIQUE CASES. rrr'p, or a anr, a, ora 3 Plural. 1 per. com. ’p'pt^A , ^1A 2 per. masc,. J4"AA fern, par AA 3 per. masc. J£\1A fern. pflTpA ^a, ^at. para , 'pa, 'parat, ^a*. poT^C ^rr, Ji. The possessive pronoun is frequently expressed by ZfifT with the appropriate suffix. Noun suffixes are appended to the construct state of masculine plurals ; and to the emphatic state, (with final ^ dropped) of singulars of both genders, and of feminine plurals. 34 VERBS - CONJUGATIONS AND DECLENSIONS. § 5. Demonstrative , Relative , and Interrogative Pronouns. (13.) Demonstrative pronouns are, singular, masculine, JlT, ^<7TV^; feminine, ^[AT; plural common, 'jMiA- Relatives are T , ^^A • Interrogatives are, masculine and feminine, 5BS; neuter, . CHAPTER II. VERBS. § 6. Conjugations and Declensions. (14. 15.) Conjugations are the same with those of the Syriac and Chaldee. For want of vowels, the third and fourth are hardly distinguishable from the first and se¬ cond. The characteristic of Aphel is a prefixed A or fit is sometimes inserted in the last syllable. The characteristic of the passive conjugations is a prefixed AA or ? which generally transposes its A with a sibilant first radical. Ettaphal does not double the characteristic A • The declension of the praeter tense corresponds with the Syriac, except that nt final of the second per¬ son singular feminine is commonly omitted, and it is sometimes added to the first person singular. The infinitive Peal prefixes *£$ . Other infinitives sometimes receive, and sometimes reject it, and they end in ^ or A • But, in all the conjugations, infini¬ tives occur in the Hebrew form. Actives have two participles ; passives, but one. Out of Peal, participles prefix ^ . nT or £ is inserted IRREGULAR VERBS. 35 into the second syllable of the passive participle of Peal ; and sometimes £ into the active. Imperatives add to the masculine singular fit to form the feminine singular ; and £ for the masculine, and or ^ for the feminine, plural. The future preformatives and sufformatives are as follows ; viz., singular, third person, masculine, -fit ; feminine, -A; second, masculine, -A; feminine, fit -A , ^rr-A; first, -A ; plural, third masculine, ^ -fiT , £ —nt ; feminine, ^ -fit? ^ -A; second masculine, jKr-A, t -A; feminine, "j] -A ; first . The per¬ sons, which have no sufformative, in Peal, often have t in the last syllable. Pronouns of the first and second persons are some¬ times compounded with participles, and then an abbre¬ viation commonly takes place. § 7. Irregular Verbs. (18.) Verbs Pe Maph change A to fit in those Peal and Aphel forms, (sometimes also in their passives,) where the first radical of the perfect verb would close a com¬ pound syllable. In Pael and Ethpaal, A is often drop¬ ped. In Peal, it is sometimes changed to % , and in Aphel to • Verbs Pe Yud drop the first radical in the impera¬ tive, and the future, (generally,) of Peal. In Aphel and Ettaphal they commonly change it to ^ . Verbs Pe Nan commonly drop the first radical in the imperative, infinitive, and future, of Peal, and in the whole of Aphel. Verbs Gnain Van , in Peal, drop the middle radical in the praeterite, sometimes substituting for it V or i 36 VERBS. - PARTICLES. A 5 or fiT ; in the active participle, they change it for A, V, ^ A^f * or AOT ; in the passive, for (if ; in the imperative and future, they sometimes retain, and sometimes reject it ; in the infinitive, they sometimes receive, and sometimes omit, the preformative . In Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal, t is changed to (if ; but, for the latter conjugation, Ethpolal is oftener found. In Aphel and Ettaphal, t is changed to (if , which how¬ ever is omitted before syllabic sufformatives ; some¬ times, to A • Verbs Gnain doubled change the second radical, in the active participle of Peal, for A? which falls out in some forms of declension. In the rest of Peal, in Aphel, and in Ettaphal, the second radical falls out. The future, and (sometimes) the infinitive, of Peal, re¬ ceive (if before the first radical. Verbs having a quiescent for the third radical, viz. A ^ , or (if , are conjugated and declined like Sy¬ riac verbs Lomad Olaph. A ? before suffixes, is re¬ tained, or changed to A ; in both cases, throwing out ^ , when it is the first letter of the suffix. (if before suffixes is retained. CHAPTER III. PARTICLES. § 8. (20.) The interrogative prefix is ^ or A* Prefixed ad¬ verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are 3 , T , t , 2 , . A 5 abbreviated from AflT , the sign of the ac¬ cusative, sometimes intervenes, in the same word, be¬ tween a verb and its suffix. RABBINICAL. ♦ . ■' I . ■ 1 ' ' a PART I. WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION. § 1. The text of the Talmuds is expressed in the Hebrew and Chaldee square letter. Other writings commonly employ the characters given in the right hand column of page 5. f) and !> are often thus connected ; £ . For the name of God, the following expressions occur ; viz. ^ , , OED , 'D , D'7& , 0'p!>f> . Vowel points are rarely affixed. The matres lectionis, 'lb , are of¬ ten inserted, to indicate that the vowel supplied should be one of those, which are commonly attached to these letters respectively. The repetition of a quiescent letter often indicates, that, in that place, it is moveable ; as 7P11 for “isn . The Rabbinical dialect abounds in abbreviations. Sometimes a compound word drops part of one, or of both, of the words compounded ; as P'!> for P'b f>!> . Without such reason, letters are often dropped from the’middle and end, and sometimes from the beginning of words. Ab¬ breviations are often denoted by ' following the part remaining of the abbreviated word. The same mark, following a single letter, generally indicates, that it is used as a numeral ; as 't> , for 1. Doubled, it de¬ notes, either a union of numerical letters, as 7 for 14 ; or, that the let¬ ter or letters to which it is attached, make the subject of remark, as qV f) for the letter N ; or that they are the initials of so many different words, as fM for O’HPb £' . PART IT. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. § 2, Gender, Number , Cases, and Article-form, of Nouns. The Rabbinical dialect follows the Hebrew and the Chaldee in the forms of the feminine gender, and of the plural number. Sometimes it distinguishes a dual number by the use of a double Yod ; as . It indicates the genitive case, either by 7 or i >C prefixed, or the construct state, which takes Hebrew and Chaldee forms ; the dative by !> ; the accusative by , P' , . /It expresses the article either by a prefix, like the Hebrew, or by emphasis, like the Chaldee. § 3. Personal , Possessive, and Demonstrative Pronouns. Pronominal suffixes are the same with the Hebrew or the Chaldee, except that f) is sometimes used for ' in the first person singular, and the feminine J often for the masculine o in the third person plural, and sometimes for the first person ; ’>1 and D occur for ; and the forms of the second and third persons plural frequently lose their last letter. In the formation of possessives after the manner described on page 13, t> , as well as '7 , is used by the Rabbins. Peculiar demonstrative pronouns are ; masculine singular, 'fO , fOf) , , iro'fr , f)7'f> , jnf> ; plural, Wf> , W) , m , iron , M , li)!o , pjo , pi?') ; feminine singular, f)D , ; plural, iCW , ; neuter singular, 1) , *0 ; common singular, "p , , t> r> ; plural, *or> , po, •pr> . VERBS - CONJUGATIONS AND DECLENSIONS 41 CHAP. IT. VERBS. § 4. Conjugations and Declensions. The Rabbinical dialect uses the Hebrew and the Chaldee forms of conjugation and declension, to which it makes some additions. Pecu¬ liar to it, is the conjugation Nithpahel, which has commonly a passive, hut sometimes an active or a neuter sense. r>p and P) , preformatives of passive conjugations, often omit the P . In the praeter, adopted from the Chaldee, P of the sufformative is generally dropped in the first person, and in the third feminine, singu¬ lar, (which latter then usually receives p) ; and } in the second mascu¬ line plural. Infinitives occur, in all the conjugations, with ' paragogic, and 1 pre¬ fixed to their last radical. 1 , prefixed to the future, is never conversive. 3 , as in Chaldee, is prefixed to futures ; which then often take the place of infinitives. 5 is often, by Syriasm, the preformative of the third person in both num¬ bers. Participles are often compounded with pronouns. Their preforma¬ tive P often gives place to the preformative of the praeterite, in derived conjugations. § 5. Irregular Verbs. These follow, in general, the forms of the Hebrew and Chaldee. In verbs Pe Aleph, the first radical is thrown out in some impera¬ tives of the first conjugation ; PPli> and !oi!> occur instead of the regular infinitives ")Pp and io P ; and, in the future 6 is retained, or changed to ' . In other conjugations, particularly in Pael and Ithpaal, P is thrown out. In Aphel, it is changed to 1 or ' . ppp , one of this class of verbs, has the peculiar anomaly of substituting p for the last radical in several of its forms. Verbs Pc Yod, with few exceptions, prefix i> to the infinitive. 42 IRREGULAR VERBS. PARTICLES Verbs Gnain Aleph often omit t> , or change it to ^ , or Verbs Gnain Vau sometimes prefix \ to the infinitive. The active participle of Peal changes 1 into b or ' . The active participle of Pael sometimes makes a masculine plural in ) . The infinitive of Aphel sometimes ends in 1 , like the Syriac. Verbs Gnain doubled make the active participle of the first conjuga¬ tion by inserting ” between the first two radicals, the third being omit¬ ted. In infinitives Kal and Pael, they insert ' after the first radical. Verbs Lamed Aleph and Lamed He are, in great part, confounded in the Rabbinical forms, b being either thrown out, or changed, in the former class, and sometimes, on the other hand, inserted, in the latter. Aphel active participles sometimes make a plural in 1 . CHAPTER III. PARTICLES. § 6. The Rabbins add three to the Hebrew and Chaldee prefix particles ; viz. b in the same sense with 3 , } , !)P ; p , bp , an expletive, corres¬ ponding to the Greek yt ; and , equivalent to P . CONTENTS. Alphabets, Page. 5 CHALDEE AND SYRIAC. Vowels, ........ Peculiar sounds of some consonants, Quiescents and Otiants, ..... Linea Occultans, ....... Ribbui, ........ Nun Epenthetic, ....... Tone syllable, ....... Nouns ; forms of gender and number, “ “ cases, ..... “ “ emphasis, ..... Pronouns ; personal ; Chaldee, .... “ Syriac, . possessive ; Chaldee and Syriac, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative, Verbs ; forms of conjugations, .... “ declensions, . “ suffix state, .... peculiar forms of regular, . irregular, Pe Aleph, .... “ Yod, . “ Nun, .... Gnain Aleph, . “ Vau, .... “ doubled, . Lamed Aleph, Paradigm of the Perfect verb, Particles, ........ « a u a u a a a it a a ii fi it it u <( a u a 6 . 6 7 . 7 7 . 7 7 . 8 4 8 . 9 . 10 11 . 12 13 14, 28 15, 28 . 17 19 . 19 20 . 20 20 . 21 22 . 23 26 . 28 44 CONTENTS. SAMARITAN. Writing and Pronunciation, .... Nouns ; forms of gender and number, . “ “ cases and emphasis, Pronouns ; personal and possessive, “ demonstrative, relative, and interrogative. Verbs ; conjugations and declensions, “ irregular, ...... Particles, ........ RABBINICAL. Writing and pronunciation, .... Nouns ; forms of gender, number, case, and article, Pronouns ; personal, possessive, and demonstrative, Verbs ; conjugations and declensions, . “ irregular, . Particles, . Page. 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 39 . 40 40 . 41 41 . 42 * -,-v V '