INTOXICANTS AND OPIUM IN ALL LANDS AND TIMES Dr.andMrs.WilburF.Crafts u n d Mary andMargarctWLeitcli RTUGAJ, J $WEDE tihraxy of t:he t:heoIogical ^eminarjp PRINCETON . NEW JERSEY FROM THE LIBRARY OF ROBERT ELLIOTT SPEER .cad Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Princeton Tiieological Seminary Library littp://www.arcliive.org/details/intoxicantsopiumOOcraf INTOXICANTS ^ OPIUM IN ALL LANDS AND TIMES President William McKinley, in Message. Dec. S, 1900:— We have been urgently solicited by Belgium to ratify the international conven- tion of June, 1898, amendatory of the previous convention of 1800 in respect to the regulation of the liquor trade in Africa. Compliance was necessarily withheld, in the absence of the advice and consent of the Senate thereto. The principle involved has the cordial sympathy of this Government, which in the revisionary negotiations advocated more drastic measures, and I would gladly see its extension, by international a<^reement, to the restriction of the liquor traffic with all uncivilized peoples, especially in the western Pacific. [Treaty ratified December 14, 1900. See document, Executive B. 56th Congress, 1st Session.'] Lodge Resolution, Adopted by U. S. Senate, Jan. i, 1901, also af- proved by President Roosevelt: Resolved, That in the opinion of this body the time has come when the principle, twice affirmed in inter- national treaties for Central Africa, that native races should be pro- tected j.gainst the destructive traffic in intoxicants should be extended to all uncivilized peoples by the enactment of such laws and the making of such treaties as will effectually prohibit the sale by the Signatory Powers to aboriginal tribes and uncivilized races of opium and intoxi- cating beverages. President Theodore Roosevelt, in Message, Dec. 2, 1901: In dealing with the aboriginal races few things are more important than to pre- serve them from the terrific physical and moral degradation resulting from the liquor traffic. We are doing all we can to save our own Indian tribes from this evil. Whenever by international agreement this same end can be attained as regards races where we do not possess exclusive control, every effort should be made to bring it about. Secretary John Hay, U. S. State Department (in letter of Deo. 11, 1901, replying to Chairman of Native Races Deputation) : Your sug- gestion that I call the attention of the nations concerned to the Reso- lution of the Senate, adopted Jan. 4. 1901, as likely to have influence by indicating the concurrent opinion of the two branches of the treaty making power, the Senate and the Executive, has my cordial acquies- cence. In view of the circumstance that the former representations to the other powers were made by the British Government as well as by our own, I shall initiate renewed overtures in the proposed sense by communicating the Senate Resolution to the British Government, with the suggestion that it be made the basis of concurrently reopening the question with the powers having influence on commerce in the Western Pacific, or in any other uncivilized quarter where the salutary principle of liquor restriction could be practically applied through the general enactment of similar laws by the several countries or through a con- ventional agreement between them. (5 I HE men who, like Paul, have gone to heathen ^1 lands with the message, "We seek not yours, but you," have been hindered by those who, coming after, have reversed the mes' sage. Rum and other corrupting agencies come in with our boasted civilization, and the feeble races wither before the hot breath of the white man's vices. The great nations have combined to suppress the slave trade. Is it too much to ask that they shall combine to pre^ vent the sale of spirits to men who, less than our children, have acquired the habits of self-restraint? If we must have "consumers," let us give them an innocent diet. — From opening address of ex-'Pres-' ident Benjamin Harrison as Honorary President Ecumenical Missionary Conference of J900. It does seem to me as if the Christian nations of the world ought to be able to make their contact with the weaker peoples of the earth, beneficent and not destructive, and I give to your efforts to secure helpful legislation my warmest sympathy. l,etter to Rev. W. F. Crafts, Jan. 1, 1901. Intoxicants & Opium IN ALL LANDS AND TIMES A TWENTIETH- CENTURY SURVEY INTEMPERANCE, BASED ON A SYMPOSIUM OF TESTIMONY FROM ONE HUNDRED MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELERS / By dr. & MRS. WILBUR F. CRAFTS MISSES MARY & MARGARET W. LEITCH REVISED SIXTH EDITION, 1904, OK ■• i'KO'lKC riON OK NA'IIVE RACES AGAINST INTOXICANTS AND OPIUM." By the general concurrence of opinion of every civilized and Christian community, there are few sources of crime and misery to society equal to the dram shop, where intoxicating liquors, in small quantities, to be drunk at the time, are sold indiscriminately to all parties applying. The statis- tics of every State show a greater amount of crime and misery attrihut- ahle to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source. — U. S. Supreme Court. 137 U. S.. Qo. p/. Intemperance, largely through foreign introduction, is rapidly on the increase throughout the earth, and Christianity owes it to herself and to the honor of Christendom to support and encourage every effort of mis- sions and every agency of reform for saving the world from its ravages. — Rev. Jas. S. ' Denn.s, D.D., Christian M.ssions and Social Progress, Vol. 1., pp. 79, 80. The International Reform Bureau 206 Pennsylvania Ave., S. E. Washington, D. C. Copyrighted, 1900, by The Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C. PRES. GROVER CLEVELAND, who urged legislation to forbid exportation of rum to Africa, p 31. PRES. WILLIAM M'KINLEY, who endorsed Gillett- Lodge bill and pro- posed universal treaty, p. i. PRES. THEO. ROOSEVELT, whosigned Gillett-Lodge act and joined Sena*e in proposing universal treaty, p. i. SEC. JOHN HAY, EX. SEC. JOHN D.LONG. SEC. W H MOODY, who by letter has aided na- who restored prohibition who reaflfirnit-d pi ohibition tive races crusade, p. 15. to Tutuila, p. 213. f(ir Tutuila. LORD SALISBURY, LOUD LANSDoWNK, LORD HAMILTON, who as Premier forwarded who as British Secretary who as British Secretary letters favorable to pro- of War, sent letter in aid for India sent letter in tecting uncivilized races of native races cru- aid of native races against rum. sade, p. 31 (Cham- crusade, p. 93. berlin, p. 40.) [Copyright photos; Cleveland and McKinley, Bell; Roosevelt, Rockwood, Moody, Purdy.] Author's Preface to Sixth Revised Edition, 1904. When the War is Over. When Japan has delivered China from the paw of the bear, we may expect her to deliver China from the more deadly paw of the lion — that is. from British opium, forced on China by the wicked- est of wars, and continued by the wickedest of treaties, against the protest of the best citizens of the British Empire. This forced opium traffic has done Cliina more harm than Russia's land hunger. Shortly before Japan went to war with Russia, the Japanese pre- mier, through the Japanese Lega- tion at Washington, requested the International Reform Bureau to send him all literature bearing on its crusade against the sale of intoxicants and opium to native races. And statesman missionaries, at the Bureau's prompting, had favorable interviews with the member of the Japanese cabinet to whose department this matter naturally belonged. War broke off these negotiations, but when Japan had concluded, with greatly The Mikado. increased prestige, a war whose victories were partly due to her own successful prohibition of opium sales except for well-guarded medical prescriptions, and partly due to the kindred prohibition of tobacco for all persons under twenty years, and partly due to her people's general abstinence from the use of intoxi- cants, there is little doubt she will seize the opportunity, when all interna- tional questions about China are reopened in a conference of nations, to press her friend. Great Britain, to withdraw her most dishonorable treaty, by which China has been hindered not only from prohibiting, but so late as 1904. even from restricting the opium traffic, which to China has proved worse than war, pestilence and famine. (See pp. 105-135.) Secretary Hay. the Golden Rule diplomatist, unexcelled, perhaps unequalled in inter- national influence, may be expected to second the proposal in the name of the American people, whose missionary societies of all denominations (see pp. 225-6) have asked him to present the same proposal to the British Government. It was hoped he would do so when Chinese ques- tions were internationally reopened at the close of the Boxer outbreak, 5 6 Preface. but the Boer war made it seem inopportune to press this matter upon troubled England at that time. The International Reform Bureau has appointed a strong committee to ask Secretary Hay to present that matter when Chinese questions come up at the close of the war on her soil, and he has granted a hearing to this and other bodies for Nov. 10 at 11 A.M. It is hoped he will lead the movement. Not only Japan but Russia also might be expected to co-operate. Before the war, Dan- ish missionaries wrote to the Reform Bureau that they were able to work more successfully in Manchuria than in other parts of China be- cause Russia repressed the sale of opium, while its forced sale by the British in other parts of China debauched one-fourth of the families and prejudiced all against Christianity. (See pp. 112-3, footnote.) The Japanese Minister in Washington, fir. Kogoro Takahira, in5eptem=- ber sent the foregoing statement, with other related papers, to the Jap- anese Government. Public sentiment in the United States, in the Brit- ish Empire, and in Japan should at once express itself to the govern- ment — and to the great missionary societies also — by resolution-peti- tions of conferences and public meetings, by personal letters, and by deputations and personal interviews, for the righting of this greatest of the wrongs done by white and professedly Christian nations to the tinted races. Let no one doubt that China would again prohibit the opium traffic, as formerly, if allowed to do so, though her own people are now extensively raising the drug since they must have it of Eng- land otherwise. Mr. Wu Ting fang, when Chinese Minister to the United States, assured the writer that the domestic production would not pre- vent prohibition, which is desired by all the viceroys to save the nation from its greatest peril. China should in any case be as free to deal with this evil as is Japan, whose successful prohibition she would doubt- less adopt. The people of the British Empire especially should press their govern- ment to release China honorably before it is constrained to do so by the Powers, and before the rapidly diminishing revenue from the opium traffic in China takes away the last chance to remove this blot from Britain's honor. And there is a larger matter, closely related to this, before the British Government, on which British people should speak out. The Australian Government, through its Lieutenant Governor and Premier, early in 1904 urged the Imperial Government to respond favorably to the request of the American government (p. 1), that it should join America in submitting a treaty to all civilized nations Jo prohibit the sale of all intoxicants and opium among all the uncivilized races of the world (pp. 287-8). Many cities in Canada, by resolution-petitions at public meetings held by the Reform Bureau, have made the same request. But the infamous bill introduced in Parliament in 1004 by the British Government for "compensating" liquor dealers, who would be instantly bankrupt if first required to render compensation for the financial (not to mention moral) damage they have done, shows that temperance sentiment in the British Empire, Hindoo, Buddhist, Mohammedan and Christian, must more strongly express itself through the mail box ballot, in which every British subject might vote, before we can expect the British Government to withdraw the Chinese treaty or take up the world treaty. Preface. 7 There is only one wrong to the weaker races in sight that threatens to match England's opium sin in India and China, and that is the unparalleled exportation of American beer to countries in which intem- perance had previously been very rare. In 1904 the American Consul General at Berlin reported that Germany had yielded the first place in the production of beer to this country, her output last year being 132,085,230 gallons less than that of American breweries. As the people of America consume but half as much beer per capita as the people of Germany, and the population of the two countries is nearly equal, this increase means that German brewers in America for some reason find greater facilities for exporting their harmful product, perhaps because American consuls are acting as beer drummers, devoting much of the time for which all the people pay to ingenious efforts to induce the Spanish nations, the most temperate of all white races, and such abstinent nations as China, to adopt this alleged "temperance drink." In twenty- five years American beer will be doing China as great harm as British opium, unless the Christian people interpose. The following is a .sample of wliat abounds in consular reports published by the American State Department, which might be headed: ANOTHER WAR WITH SPAIN. (From Consular Reports No. 358, U. S. State Department.) Mr. Mertens, in charge of the United States consular agency at Grao, Spain, writes under date of January 27, 1899: "The consumption of beer in this country is vearly increasing, and our American brewers, who can well hold their 'own against any beer niakers in the world, should try to secure this country for a market, introducing the kind that will suit the Spanish taste. I would sugeest that for an easy introduction, a Spanish brand or label in tlie Spanish language, with an appropriate sign to attract attention, might be chosen. Nothing can be said against the enterprising American way of adver- tising the articles of home industry in different languages and by illus- trations the world over; but in countries like this it requires a more imposing means to attract the attention of the public, and the style which several European countries have successfully adopted should be tried by our American manufacturers, viz.: exhibitions on a small scale, of sample deposits, either in a certain important commercial place or on steamers touching from port to port and soliciting orders on their exhibits." Brewers are a mighty factor in the American government, and it will take a great effort to stay their beer invasions of other lands or their deadly work in our own. So long as the Christian citizens of America vote to license as a legal business what a statesman rightly called "the crime of crimes," the government is bound to treat it as well as any other business, and so we get back to prohibition as the only conclusive solution of the drink problem. For each nation this means national prohibition, but as all local problems in America are becoming national, so all national problems are becoming international, and the most impressive fact shown by this collection of temperance testimony from all over the world is, that the only country where the consumption of liquors was not increasing at the dawn of the 20th Christian century was where seventeen nations had united to write in the heart of .'Africa, "ZONE DE PROHIBITION." Washington, D. C, Nov. 1, 1904. King Oscar, of Sweden. Progress of Native Races Crusade, 1901-4. What has been gained in Native Races Crusade since this book was issued in 1900? [See pp. 9, 8, for summary of previous steps.] 1. President Roosevelt, in response to 461 petitions, gathered by the International Reform Bu- reau from 36 States, that were presented on Dec. 6, 1901, through Secretary Hay of the State Depart- ment, by the Native Races Deputation (p. 269), has joined in the Senate's invitation (p. 1) to all nations to unite in a treaty to protect native races against all into.ti- cants and opium; and Secretary Hay has since, in his behalf, asked the British Government to act with us in submitting such a treaty to other great Powers as a step toward the result desired (p. 1). 2. Congress has passed the Gillett-Lodge act forbidding American traders to sell intoxi- cants, opium or firearms in any Pacific island hav- ing no civilized govern- ment- the bill Dr. John G. Paton so long de- sired. 3. Dr. F. E. Clark, Chairman of the Native Races Deputation (p. 269), has visited King Oscar, of Sweden, and elicited from him such a cord:al endorsement of the proposed treaty as many governments would doubtless duplicate if provision could be made to send some of the Deputation to see them. 4. The British Government has enacted prohibition for native races in its new Transvaal possessions, in accord with the long-established British policy of protecting its new markets. 5. The Japanese Governnient, before the war, through its American Minister, asked the International Reform Bureau for all of the literature of this movement, and the matter was taken up with the appropriate cabinet officer by leading mission- aries. 6. Wholly apart from the movement to protect uncivilized races, thirty-three American Missionary societies have asked the United States Government to initiate efforts to release China from compulsory sales of opium. The close of the Japanese war will present a new opportunity to press this case. 7. The Bureau, on appeal of missionaries in Manila, has prevented the passage of an opium monopoly hill for the Philippines (pp. 2r)9f.). 8. Dr. F. E. Clark, already mentioned, has secured pledges of active co-operation in this crusade from the federal govern- ment of Australia (p. 9). 9. In September, 1904, an advance copy of the foregoing "Preface" was sent, with other related papers, to the Japanese Governnient, by its Minister at Washington. 10. The same papers were in the same months submitted to the Archbishop of Canter- bury, then on a visit to Washington, and he expressed "great interest" in the proposal that the British Government should be asked to recall the opium treaty. 11. Secretary Hay granted a hearing on Nov. 10, at 11 A.M., to the International Reform Bureau and mission- ary and temperance societies on the proposal that he will use diplomatic pressure for the release of China from the British opium treaty "in the name of conscience and of commerce." This hearing should be fol- lowed by a supporting volley of letters and resolutions in all lands to enlist all governments in this crusade. ["12" should be a strict anti- opium law, enacted by Congress, not only for the Philippines, but for the whole federal jurisdiction. "l.'J" should be the universal treaty called for by Senate resolution on p. 1.] 8 Australian Government Enlisted in Native Races Crusade. [Dr. F. E. Clark, Endeavor President, who is also Chairman of the Native Races Deputation organized by the International Reform Bureau, was in Australia in a round the world tour in 1904, as will be seen from the following important news item from an Australian paper. The suc- cessful deputation was prompted by his efforts.] On March 15 a depu- tation, representing nine missionary societies in Melbourne, waited upon the Prime Minister (Mr. Ueakin), with the request that he would con- sider in what way the Commonwealth could promote the treaty suggested by America, to unite all nations in prohibiting intoxicants and opium to all uncivilised races. The Rev. Joseph King, in introducing the deputation, presented the following statement to Mr. Deakin: There are present with this deputation, representatives of the following mis- sionary organizations: Baptist Missionary Society, London Missionary Society, British and Foreign Bible Society, Church Missionary Society, Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia, Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, Melanesian Mission, Anglican Mission of New Guinea, China Inland Mission. In explaining the circumstances which led us to ask for this interview which you have so considerately granted, I may remind you of the legislative enactments of recent years, through which the Powers have sought to stop the sale of strong drinks to primitive races. At an International Convention in 1890, a recom- mendation was agreed upon to stop the introduction of spirituous liquors in the newly-opened Congo country. During the two years suc- ceeding this Convention, the suggested treaty was ratified by seventeen Powers, and a prohibition zone extending over a wide area of African territory became an accomplished fact. Again, in 1899, a Temperance Convention of nations was held at Brussels, the object of which was to protect other African races against drink, by making its price to them prohibitive. A treaty along these lines was subsequently ratified in the following order: Germany, Belgium, Spain, Congo Free State, France, Great Britain, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Prussia, Sweden, Norway, Den- mark, and Turkey. Although a party to the Convention, the ITnited States were the last to ratify. An earnest effort to educate public opinion resulted in the ratification being passed by the Senate as the closing act of the nineteenth century. And the Senate at Washington not only closed the old century with an act of grace, but opened the new century with an equally gracious act, inviting, through a Senate reso- lution, all nations to join in a further treaty, that would prohibit the sale of intoxicants and opium to all uncivilised races. Before the first year of the century had closed, a committee in America, known as the Native Races Deputation, had, through Secretary Hay, presented petitions from twenty-six States to President Roosevelt, who promptly joined in the Senate's proposal for a world treaty, and directed Secretary Hay to ask the British Government to join America in submitting such a treaty to the nations. So far, Britain has taken no decisive action. Our object in waiting upon you is to ask you to take such action as may seem to you wise, with a view to further legislation, either by the Imperial Government or the Government of the Commonwealth, in respect to a universal treaty between all civilised powers, to protect the child races of the world. When in Sweden, Dr. (F. E.) Clark brought the matter before King Oscar, and received from him a hearty endorsement of the proposed treaty. I need not remind you, sir, of the Commonwealth's close relation to native races. Grouped around our Eastern and Northern coasts are many of the most interesting infantile races of the world. Nor need I remind you, in justification of this missionary deputation to you to-day, of the history of missionary effort amongst these races. Know- ing, as"" we do, the disastrous effect of spirituous and alcoholic liquors and opium upon primitive races, we are here to ask if you can see your way to further such legislation as will bind together all pov/ers in an effort to stop the nefarious traffic." Mr. Deakin said the proposal had his cordial sympathy, and he prom- ised, as far as he was able, to further such legislation. Not alone the Premier, but the Lieutenant Governor also has promised active co- operation, which will first of all be directed to bettering the situation in the South Sea islands. See also pp. 1, 4, 5-8, 289. INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS. Aiken, Rev. E. E., 112. Alexander, Dr. J. R., 73. Ang;ell, Pres. J. B., 19. Antisdell, Rev. C. B., 43. Archibald, Mrs. I. C, 91. Ashmore, Rev. Wm., jr., 115. Baer, John Willis, 266. Baldwin, Rev. C. C, 120. Barclay, Rev. T., 113. Baskerville, Miss A. E., 84. Beard, Dr. A. F., 2ir^. Beiler, Mrs. A. P., 168. Bishop, Mrs. T. F., 127. Blair, Hon. H. VV., 261. Brown, Rev. J. C, 79. Bruce, Rev. H. J., 85. Capen, Hon. S. B., 11. Carey, Rev. Otis, 145. Chamberlain, Rev. J., 56, 154. Cochrane, Rev. VV. W., 97. Coe, Rev. C. P., 167. Cook, Dr. Jos., 53, 72, 126. Cook, Mrs. Joseph, 87. Corser, Rev. H. P., 171. Cova, Rev. T. V., 223. Crafts, Dr. W. F., 13, 247, 248. Crafts, Mrs. W. F., 71, 218. Crozier, Rev. W. N., 114. Cuyler, Dr. T. L., 149. Davis, Dr. John W., 117. Dearing, Rev. J. L., 138. Dodson, Rev. W. P., 45. Edwards, Hon. O. E., 187. Ellis, Mrs. M. D., 186, 257. Fearn, Rev. and Mrs. J. B., 121. Galpin. Rev. F., 116. Grins, Rev. A. D., 137. Guinness, Dr. H. G., 35, 66. Gnlick, Rev. O. H., 175. Gulick, Rev. T. L., 177. Hagsjard. Rev. F. P., 99. Hallam, Rev. E. B. C, 82. Hamlin, Dr. Cyrus, 67. Harford-Battersby, Dr. C. F., 159. Harrison, Ex-Pres. Penj., 2, 58, 59. Hart, Dr. E. H., 117. Hartzell, Bishop J. C, 34.- Hascall, Rev. W. H. S., 92. Headlands, Rev. I. T., 119. Holbrook, Dr. Mary A., 117. Hotchkiss, Rev. W. R., 47. Hunt, Mrs. M. H., 103, 136. Tessvip, Rev. Wm., 169. Johnson, Rev. T. S., 90. Johnson, Mr. W. E., 196, 201, 208, 247. Kennan. Mr. Geo., 220. Kingsburv, Rev. F. L., 7.5. Kupfer, "Rev. C. F., 109. Leitch, Misses Mary and Margaret W., 101, 270. Loegstrip, Rev. T., 112. Macallnm, Rev. F. W., 68. McAllister, Miss Agnes, 36. McKibbin, Rev. W. K., 110. Menkel, Mrs. P., 37. Miller, Miss T., IIS. Morgan, Rev. F. H., 203. Morris, Rev. C. S., 38. Paton, Dr. John G., 8, 22, 52, 151, 160, 179. Pearce, Rev. T. W., 120. Pierson, Dr. A. T., 11. Polhemus, Rev. A., 37. Preston, Miss E. A., 143. Proctor, Miss Myra A., 68. Richards, Rev. H., 40. Riggs, Rev. Edw., 69. Rouse, Rev. G. H., 91. Schweinitz. Rev. P., 168. Shattuck, Miss C, 69. Soothill, Rev. W. E., 111. Strong, Mrs. Isobel, 214. Taylor, Mrs. Howard, 122. Taylor, Dr. J. Hudson, 107. Taylor, Joseph, 89. Taylor, Bishop Wm., 32. Thoburn, Bishop J. M., 77, 153. Thompson, Dr. C. L., 172. Whytock, Rev. Peter, 43. Winchester, Rev. A. B., 119. Wood, Mr. Tno. W., 169. Woodbury, Rev. F. E., 170. Wu Ting fang. Minister, 5, 20. Young, Rev. W. M., 94. GOVERNMENT OFFICERS QUOTED AND CITED. Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Jos., 40, 56. Long, Hon. J. D., 4, 213. Cleveland, Ex-Pres. Grover, 4, 31, McKinley, Pres. Wm., 1, 4, 50, 62, >8. Gillett, Hon F.. H., 51, 209. Hamilton, Lord George, 4, 93. Hay, Hon. John, 1, 5. T.andsdowne, Lord, 4, 31. Littkfield, Hon. C. E., 51, 180. Lodge, Hon. IL C, 1, 8, 51, 65. 153, 253. O.scar, King, 8. Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, 1, 4, 8, 12, ISO, 2.59. .Schurman, Pres. J. G., 186. Taft, Hon. W. H., 186. Wu Ting fang. Minister, 5, 20. Hon. Samuel B. Capen, LL.D. PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOR- EIGN MISSIONS, ON TAKING THE CHAIR AT SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING ON OPIUM AND LIQUORS IN MISSION FIELDS, DURING ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, igOO. We know what the curse of this abominable liquor traffic is in our own country, and it is the same elsewhere. It is a curse to the individual and a curse to the home; it fills our jails and our alms- houses; it is opposed to everything that is good in America. The saloon is no different or better anywhere else. It does not improve by exportation. Prayer of Rev. Arthur T. PiERSON, D. D., Editor of THE Missionary Review, at Supplemental Meet- ing, Ecumenical Conference of Missions, 1900. Almighty God, the God of the nations of the eailh, the God of the Ten Commandments, the God of all righteousness in dealing with our fellow men, as well as of all godliness in our relations to Thy- self, preside over this meeting, and may there go out from it a trumpet remonstrance against alcoholic HON. S. B. CAPEN, LL.D. 12 Introductory Remarks. drinks and opium and all else of a kindred character, which is not only destructive to human bodies and human souls, but is bringing the very Gospel of Jesus Christ into disrepute as connected with nations which themselves are called Christian. We do entreat Thee that every word that is spoken this afternoon may be a bugle blast ; that it may be the word of God, that Thou, who didst make choice of Peter that out of his mouth the Gentiles might hear the word of grace, wilt Thou be pleased this afternoon to make choice of every mouth that shall speak that it may speak not the word of man but the word of God in the power of the Spirit, which shall echo round the world, that everywhere may be heard this remonstrance against gigantic and ter- rible evils, which we pray that, either through mercy or through judgment, Thou wilt speedily sweep away off the face of the earth, that Thy kingdom may come and Thy will may be done in earth as it is in heaven, through our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. Petitions of the American Peace Society to the Massachusetts Legis- lature in favor of a regular international congress, and other petitions in favor of a world legislature, resulted in the passage of the following resolution in 1903: "Resolved, that the Congress of the United States be requested to authorize the President of the United States to invite the governments of the world to join in establishing, in what- ever way they may judge expedient, a regular international congress, to meet at stated periods, to deliberate upon the various questions of common interest to the nations and to make recommendations thereon to the governments." President Roosevelt, without waiting for Con- gress, decided in September, 1904, to call an international conference looking to the above end. Not only the native races crusade, but the battle against the international traffic in girls, and especially interna- tional arbitration would be advanced by such a "Parliament of the World." GENERAL SURVEY of the PROBLEM. ADDRESS BY REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, Ph. D. AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING, ECUMENICAL MIS- SIONARY CONFERENCE, 1900. On Sabbath morn- ing, on our ships of war, as the hour of worship approach- es, the stars and stripes are tempo- rarily lowered, and there is raised to the peak a pennant containing a blue cross, symbol of the Kingship of Christ, in a white field, em. blem of nationa righteousness. Then "Old Glory" is drawn up under the cross, in token of the nation's subordination to Christ as its King; proclaiming in the language of flags what the United States Supreme Couit declared in a unanimous opinion in 1892, "This is a Christian nation"; proclaiming also that nothing has a right to have our flag float over it in token of protection that is inconsistent with the cross of a Christian civilization. 13 REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, PH.D. 14 Protection of Native Races. The cross in the many flags of Christian nations proclaims that the purpose — the ideal at least — of "Christendom," which is but an abridgment of Christ's Kingdom, is to make the law of Christ the law of the world. Our object — and the object of a book or an address is more important than its subject — is to promote that ideal by securing the active aid of all to whom these words may come, in behalf of pending and progress- ing legislation, national and international, looking toward the removal of the greatest hindrance to missions, the greatest shame of Christian nations, the traffic in liquors and opium on the frontiers of civilization. A worth ceie- ^^ Christian celebration of the com- brationofthe plctiou of nineteen Christian centuries new century. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ arranged. Could there be a fitter one than the general adoption, by sep- arate and joint action of the great nations of the world, of the new policy of civilization, in which Great Britain is leading, the policy of prohibition for native races, in the interest of commerce as well as conscience, since the liquor traffic among child races, even more manifestly than in civilized lands, injures all other trades by producing poverty, disease and death. Our object, more profoundly viewed, A better . . , , . environment IS to CTcatc a iHorc favoraole environment for children ^qj. fj^g child taccs that civUized nations and child races. . • -r- i /^i ■ • are essaying to civilize and Christianize. Science has made too much of environment, but the church has made too little. Science, in the sophomoric era of evolution, spoke of environment as almost omnipotent; but the church makes a greater mistake in almost ignoring it as if it were General Survey of the Problem. 15 impotent. Imagine a farmer giving his labor exclusively to planting seeds, making no effort to create a favorable eiivnronment for his plants by fencing out the cattle that will otherwise trample them under foot, and ignoiing the weeds that will overshadow them, and then calling conventions after harvest to solve the mystery, why his plants are so few and small. City missionary In this age of cities it is to be expected "^ork. |.]^^j- conversions will decrease if we allow needless temptations about our youth to increase, such as foul pictures, corrupt literature, leprous shows, gambling slot machines, saloons, and Sabbath breaking. Instead of putting around our boys and girls a fence of favorable environment, we allow the devil to put about them a circle of fire ; and then we wonder that they wither. We' are try- ing to raise saints in hell. While the churches are anxiously asking why conversions are decreasing we would like to write on the sky, as the message for the hour at home and abroad, "Environment AFFECTS CONVERSION BEFORE AND AFTER." This warning is needed alike in city missions, home missions and foreign missions. Home mission- In what Other way could home mission- ary methods, g^j-y forccs, in Montana, for example, so rapidly build up their churches, in some of which the only man in attendance is the preacher, as by devoting their chief energies unitedly, for a whole year, if necessary, to securing the adoption of the American Sabbath in place of the holiday, work-a- day Sunday.? Environment in And surely, whcn missionaries tell us mission fields. |-|-jaj- "Christian nations are making ten drunkards to one Christian,'' and when they also say i6 Protection of Native Races. that 1UC could viultiply' conversions by ten if we could first subtract the saloon, it would seem hardly less than a self-evident mathematical axiom that mis- sionary and temperance societies ought to unite actively in this country, as they have in England, to marshal Christian citizenship for the swift over- throw of the liquor traffic among native races. To create a more favorable moral Law as well as gospel environment is the supreme mission of needed. government, at home and abroad. In the words of Gladstone, "The purpose of law is to make it as hard as possible to do wrong, and as easy as possible to do right." Ex-President Harrison, in opening this Ecumenical Missionary Conference, declared that the child races, "even less than our children, have acquired the habits of self-restraint." They should therefore be treated as the wards of civilized nations, as, theoretically at least, we have treated our minors and Indians. We are the In a heathen country, like Turkey, government. missionary work must be chiefly the planting of Christian life in individual souls. But when in any country individuals have been con- verted in such numbers that Christian convictions have become a Christian nation, then in the home land and in all its colonies, the Christian citizens, who can control the acts of government if they will, are responsible if these acts are so unchristian as to hinder the work of civilization and Christianization. In all missionary lands that are controlled by Chris- tian popular governments the very citizens who send the missionaries are responsible for permitting the sending of the opium and intoxicants which are the greatest hindrance to their work.' > Considerably more than half the world's surface is under General Survey of the Problem. 17 Miss Marie A. Bowling, a missionary to China, tells in a letter how a Chinaman asked her and other missionaries standing by, why they were in China, to which they replied, "To preach the true doc- trine." The Chinaman said, with bitterness in his voice, and contempt in his manner, "You cannot be true, for in one hand you bring opium to curse China, and in the other you bring your religion. " The missionaries replied that they were from Amer- ica, not from England, which forced opium upon the Chinese. "But," the letter continues, "what if we had been in Africa?" Let the missionaries cease their vain effort to separate the Christians that sent them from the citizens that permit the rum and opium to be sent, and in prophetic indignation awake Christian citizenship to prohibit this slaughter of native races. Christian citizenship can certainly dictate the pol- icies of Great Britain and the United States, whose united leadership in such a case would almost cer- tainly be followed by all others of the sixteen great nations that dominate the world, and that have already twice adopted in treaties the principle that the native races should be protected against the vices of civilization.^ To secure extensions of these treaties made for Africa to all like cases the world over, by way of providing a favorable environment for child races in the process of civilization, is our sublime object. Christian governments, and the remainder largely under their control, and if we had really Christianized our politics the world might soon be Christianized, but the Christian govern- ment back of the missionary is often his chief obstacle rather than his best ally, because of its attitude toward the liquor and opium traffics. -' 2 See page 6. 1 8 Protection of Native Races. The supreme ^^^^^ ^^^^ objcct clcarly in mind, let us crime of politics examine without flinching tlie great commerce. ^^.^ ^^ scck to curc, the slaughter of native races, body and soul, through the white man's vices, a crime done by commerce, with the co-oper- ation of politics, of IV hick no one of 21s is innocent ivJio has not done his utmost to prevent it. Total absti- At the foundation of this part of our nence religions, gtudy we must placc the fact that when this debauching of the native races began half the world was under total abstinence religions, Hindu, Buddhist and Mohammedan. There are seven hundred millions of arguments against the shallow sophistry, invented by tipplers but often echoed by Christians, that the desire for intoxicants is "a universal human instinct that will be gratified one way or another." Wherever in heathen lands Christian nations have not "made ten drunkards to one Christian," it is usually due to the fact that we have encountered a total abstinence religion. In their simplicity Persians suppose white men and Christians are one and the same, and that drunken- ness is a fruit of Christianity. Mohammedans say on seeing one of their number drunk, "He has left Mohammed and gone to Jesus." Here are some ingenuous expressions in a description of drinking usages in Morocco, from a Mohammedan point of view: "Drunkenness is considered a Christian sin." "All the grog shops are kept by Christians." "There is no license system because the Sultan can- not derive a profit from sin." "No efforts are made to check the manufacture, importation or sale of intoxicants because the Moors consider it a Christian habit which they must tolerate." This "Christian habit" is the chief obstacle, say the missionaries, to General Survey of the Problem. 19 PRES. J. B. ANGELL. the conversion of Moham- medans, in Africa and Asia alike. The testimony is abundant that even now the adherents of the total ab- stinence religfions, except the classes that are intimate with Europeans and have been affected by their evil exam- ple," general!}' observe this best of all the provisions of heathen religions. «*• .. .^i. Even those other heathen -^ ^ ^ races light heathen who drinkers. i. -l 1 j j. are not held to abstinence by religious vows are most of them very temperate.* President James B. Angell, through whom, when American Minister to China, a treaty was negotiated that stopped the •^ The following is a representative statement. It came to the National Temperance Society from a Hindu. "With the spread of the English education in India, we notice the more extensive use of liquors. We are strictly and religiously pro- hibited from touching liquors, but many of our youths privately drink the English and the country wines and liquors. A small band of preachers are doing their best by giving lectures against the use." — 7?. S. Rana, L. C. S., Raj Kof, India, 14-j-igoo. It is a suggestive fact that the only place in our new islands where prohibition is now in force, so far as we have heard, is in Su]u, where liquor selling inside and outside the army has been forbidden by Col. Jas. F. Pettit, chiefly because he is surrounded by fierce Mohammedans, who are abstainers by religion. * The Aims of Japan are the only race of heathen drunkards known to us who were not made so by civilization. Drunken- ness is with them, as with ancient worshipers^ of Bacchus, a religious ecstasy. 20 Protection of Native Races. importation of opium by American merchants into that country, told me that when resident in Pekin he did not see two drunken Chinamen a year. In the year 459 of our era a Chinese emperor made a prohibitory liquor law with the effective penalty of behead- ing.^ And I need not remind you that the opium vice is there only because a Chinese emperor's pro- hibition of it was repealed by British cannon in the wickedest of all wars. When I have spoken of the liquor traffic in India to mis- sionaries from that country, I have repeatedly received the reply, even in these days when Great Britain has so long fostered it for revenue, that "intemperance is not nearly so much of a problem in India as in England or the United States. " The fouy of Tropical races generally, before the whisky drinking coming of the white man, had learned e tropics, ^y instinct and the survival of the fit- test to drink only mild intoxicants and those very 5 In response to an inquiry, the Chinese Minister at Wash- ington, Wu Ting fang, sends us this statement: "Imperial edicts against liquors have been so common in China from the remotest times that I need to mention only a few of them. Emperor Yu, of the Hsia dynasty, had a particular distaste for wines of a delicious flavor owing to their insidious nature. Emperor Cheng, of the Chow dynasty, issued a strong edict against the use of wine, which has remained to the present day a classic of the Chinese language, much admired by scholars. The laws of the Han dynasty prohibited the use of wines and liquors except upon occasions of national rejoicing and festiv- ities. Emperor Chao-lieh, of the Han dynasty, made it unlaw- ful even to make wine." MINISTER WU. Copyright Guiekunst, Phil. General Survey of the Problem. 21 moderately. European and American merchants look down iipon such races as intellectual inferiors, but they at least have "more sense" than to invite insanity and early death by whisky drinking in the tropics. Hon. Ogden E. Edwards, who lived long as consul and merchant in Asia, declares it is hardly less than idiocy for a civilized nation to allow whisky to be sold in tropical colonies. The excess- ive death rate of Europeans who go to the tropics is conveniently laid to malaria, which has no doubt slain its thousands, but tropical drinking has slain its ten thousands.® It is often claimed that civilized drinks Native drinks less harmful displace worsc native ones, but there than those of ^^^g ^^|- i^iHq "strong drink" in heathen civilization. lands before they came m contact with civilization,^ and when such a distilled native drink is found, as in the case of arak, it is commonly used by the natives in very small quantities. Was it native drink that wrought the wholesale slaughter of the American Indians, and of the Africans? There is no escape for the sure indictment of his- tory, that in the nineteenth century the so-called Christian nations, largely because Christian citizens failed to protest effectively at the polls, have made ^ The American Board has recently stated that its mission- aries, though a majority of the mission fields are tropical, show a death rate in the last decade of 8.6 per thousand, which is 4.9 per thousand less than the death rate of the select insured lives of twenty-eight American life insurance com- panies. These missionaries are total abstainers. 'One missionary says: "In the matter of the rum traffic America and England are more heathen than the Africans. The palm wine will make the native over-merry, but it is only the imported rum that makes him a beast complete." 22 Protection of Native Races. the savages they essayed to civilize more intem- perate than they found them. Civilization, '^^^ vices of civilization have done such with all its deadly work that many are saying that au ts. a ga n. ^^^ might better have left the heathen in their simplicity.^ They object to sending a lone missionary in the cabin with enough New England rum in the hold 'lo pervert ten times as many as he will convert. But they forget that the rum would go even if the missionary did not. "Trade follows the flag," says one. "Trade follows the missionary," says another. But oftener trade outruns both, as in Hawaii. And with all its faults civilization has carried more blessings than curses to new lands. For instance, in India, where England's cour:L-e has sub- jected her to much just criticism, one hundred cruel customs, such as throwing the children into the Ganges and burning widows with their husbands, have been abolished by the British government, moving forward slowly as missionaries created pub- lic sentiment to support these humane reforms. But let tis remember also that India might have had the blessings without the curses of civilization if the Christian citizenship of Great Britain had unitedly so ordained at the ballot box." ^ Dr. John G. Paton, being asked what he thought of leaving the heathen in their innocence, replied with gentle irony: "If there are such peoples I don't know of them. All heathen whom I have seen have been unhappy in their heathendom, abominable in their habits. The man who does not know Christ may write a pretty tale filled with dialect and the romance of undisturbed children of nature. Such a writer misses much and does harm for art's s:ikc." * The rapid increase of intemperance in recent years in the world at large is declared and described in "Christian Missions General Survey of the Problem. 23 Our new Shall wc Condemn the sins of other policy, nations and condone our own? We allowed the stalwart American Indians, children of nature claiming^ our special protection, to be slaughtered wholesale by the drink traffic pushed by white savages through a "Century of Dis- honor," and then repented and made them wards of the nation, protected, as we protect minors, against the liquor seller. In the Indian Territory and in Alaska for a generation we forbade the sale of intoxicants even to the whites as the only practicable way to protect the reds, and when, in 1899, prohibition in Alaska was hastily repealed, so far as it applied to the whites, it was retained for all native races, even for those that are civilized and live in villages, members of the Greek church. Whisky Is It is Self -evident that the full prohibi- ^•"s- tion of the Indian Territory, or at least the Alaskan prohibition for all native races should have been extended to the similarly populated islands of Hawaii and the Philippines. There was yet another national precedent point- ing the same way, the international treaty of 1892, by which sixteen of the foremost nations of the world covenanted to suppress in a certain defined part of Africa — the larger part of the Congo Free State — the traffics in slaves, firearms and spirituous liquors. Our country, I blush to say, was the last, save Portugal, to sign the treaty, and even jeopard- and Social Progress," by Jas. S. Dennis, D.D. (Revel!) , vol. I, pp. 76, 84, with numerous references to the literature of the subject. See also Gustafson's "Foundation of Death," pp. 351-356 (Funk & Wagnalls Co., N. Y.). For a fuller world survey of the drink curse, see "Temperance in All Nations," National Temperance Society, N. Y. 24 Protection of Native Races. ized its success by yea:^3 of delay. ^^ The Moslems and the i/ionarehies tvent in before ns, reminding us of a fact that ive must face, that the liqnor traffic, in the very nature of the case, has more pozver in a republic than nnder any other form of government. But we joined the treaty at last, accepting tliis neiv policy of civiliaatioji, namely, that civilized nations are bound to restrain their oivn merchants in ^o Treaty made July 2, 1890, ratified by U. S. Senate January II, 1892. The portions of the treaty that relate to liquors are: "Article XC. — Being justly anxious concerning the moral and material consequences to which the abuse of spirituous liquors subjects the native population, the signatory powers have agreed to enforce the provisions of Articles XCI, XCII, and XCIII within a zone extending from the 20th degree of north latitude to the 22d degree of south latitude, and bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by the Indian Ocean and its dependencies, including the islands adjacent to the mainland within 100 nautical miles from the coast. "Article XCI, — In the districts of this zone where it shall be ascertained that, either on account of religious belief or from some other causes, the use of distilled liquors does not exist or has not been developed, the powers shall prohibit their impor- tation. The manufacture of distilled liquors shall also be pro- hibited there. "Each power shall determine the limits of the zone of pro- hibition of alcoholic liquors in its possessions or protectorates, and shall be bound to make known the limits thereof to the other powers within the space of six months. "The above prohibition can only be suspended in the case of limited quantities intended for the consumption of the non- native population and imported imder the regime and condi- tions determined by each government." Article XCII provides for a progressively increasing tax on distilled liquors for six years in all parts of the zone to which the above prohibition does not apply, as an experiment on which to determine a minimum tax that will be prohibitory to natives, which by treaty of 1899 was iixed at 52 cents a gallon. On this treaty, ratified by U. S. Senate. Dec. 14, 1900, see pp. I, 30, 50. General Survey of the Problem. 25 defending the child races of the zvorld as their tvards, especially in tiewly-adopted countries not already hope- lessly debauched by the vices of civilization. The Philippines were precisely such a case, but to them we gave not even protection for the native races against rum. That the rum tragedy of Manila is being repeated in our other new islands we have abundant evidence. For all of them missionary work should begin with an attack on the American saloon. Later, see pp. i, 8, 51. victories ai- '^^ many people it seems a chimerical ready achieved, dream to talk of uprooting the traffics in liquors and opium among native races. But in fact the crusade has already marched three success- ful stages toward victory. The first stage is the treaty already referred to, made by sixteen leading nations in 1892 for the suppression of the traffics in liquors, firearms and slaves in the Congo region. Although it is extremely difficult to enforce such a law in such a country, the general testimony of missionaries is that it has been of great benefit, and that the part of Africa so protected presents a most favorable contrast to adjacent portions not under prohibition." That treaty has taken us over the most " Mods. A. J. Wauters, a well-known traveler in the Congo Free State, and author of several works on the Congo, and one of the chief officials of the Congo Railway, makes the following statement: "In 1890, immediately after the passing of the Brussels Act, the importation of spirits into the greater part of the Free State was absolutely prohibited. The area of prohi- bition was further increased in March, 1S96, and again in April, i8g8, so that spirits cannot be carried beyond the river of Mpozo on the southern bank, and as the railway is entirely within the zone of prohibition, liquor cannot be conveyed by railway." — Tivelfth Annual Report, United Committee for the Prei'eniion of the Demoralization of the Native Races by the Liquor Traffic, p 24. 26 Protection of Native Races. difficult stage of all — the first step that costs. In that action the principle is admitted, the precedent established, whose logical expansion will save from these curses all the native races of the world. It has already been expanded somewhat in a treaty made in 1899. That is the second stage. We shall carry petitions, now being gathered ^^ — let every one lend a hand — to those sixteen nations, asking for a woildwide expansion of that treaty. The recent abolition of the Siberian exile system is a fresh proof that a nation may be shamed out of a wrong course by the general disapproval of mankind. Great Britain's ThaT THIS REFORM IS NOT TO STOP WITH new policy. THESE CRUDE INTRODUCTORY STAGES IS EVIDENCED BY THE FACT THAT GrEAT BrITAIN, WITH- OUT WAIITNG FOR THE CONCURRENCE OF OTHER POW- ERS, IS ADOPTING PROHIBITION, IN THE NAME OF CONSCIENCE AND COMMERCE, AS TO OPIUM, IN BURMA, ^^ AS TO INTOXICANTS, IN MANY PARTS OF AfRICa" AND THE South Sea Islands. ^^ This is the third stage. '2 See p. 6. '^ See p. 94. " Dr. Alfred Hillier, for many j'ears resident in South Africa, in his paper before the Roj'al Colonial Institute, 1S98, makes the following statements: "For the prevention of this evil there is one remedy, and only one; it is the total prohibition of the liquor traffic among the natives. In Rhodesia this prohibition obtains and is enforced. In Bechuanaland the native Christian chief, Khama, has steadfastly forbidden the importation of liquor among his people, and in this attitude he has, in the recent annexation of Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony, been supported by Her Majesty's Government. Natal, Basutoland and the Orange Free State enforce prohibi- tion."— 7'?f'^//'/'// Annual Report, United Committee for the Prevention of the Demoralization of the Native Races by the liquor Traffic. 1^ See p. 53. General Survey of the Problem. 27 Temperance Let HO One think wc are neglecting work at home, galoons On our own shores in this crusade for the defense of native races at a distance. The beginning of the end of slavery in the United States was the battle against its extension to new territories. Many who had accepted it as a necessary evil for the old South, stoutly opposed its extension into the new West. The outcome was a fresh study of the evil, resulting in its suppression in the old States as well as in the new Territories, There are signs that this history is about to repeat itself in the long war with the saloon. Many who have cea:>ed to fight the liquor traffic in civilized lands are shocked at the idea of Christian nations carrying its horrors into new countries, where the frontiersmen of civilization confront the child races, to whom it has proved so deadly. We are putting our old story on a fresh background and giving it a new audience, interesting missionary people in temperance as well as tem- perance people in missions. Our merchants, recon- ciled to saloons at their doors, on the devil's theory of "necessary evils" and because they have been too busy to see that trade as well as morals are damaged thereby, will perhaps see in the rapid destruction of buying power wrought by rum among the child races, an intensified picture of what is going on more slowly in their own town. The trade is an Arab, its hand against every other trade, and every other trade should be against it. Merchants, and especially farmers and other workingmen, should learn that it makes a great difference whether money is "put into circulation" in a saloon or in some useful mart. Of a dollar put into whisky but two cents goes to labor, and in the case of beer it is but one. Of a dollar put into hats and caps, 28 Protection of Native Races. thirty-seven cents goes to labor. And in other useful trades the percentage is similar. The large meaning of this is that if the billion dollars worse than wasted for drink in the United States every year were used to purchase the twenty chief com- forts of life, the farmer would get four hundred millions of dollars more for raw material, and there would be additional employment in handling these comforts for one and a third millions of bread-win- ners, besides those turned out of the liquor business. IN THE NAME OF CONSCIENCE AND COMMERCE, then, will we lift up the banners of our hopeful cru- sade, believing that American Christian merchants, if they come to know these facts, because they are Christians and because they are merchants, will demand of the Congress that is to meet at the cross- ing of the centuries, that the policy which England has learned from her errors shall be adopted as at once the right and wise policy for our own country. Let the Gillett bill and Bowersock bill ^® both be passed. This ten-word letter or telegram to Con- gressmen will be a vote for both : WE URGE ABOLITION OF SALOONS IN OUR ARMY AND ISLANDS. Let the mail box become the ballot box for a POPULAR referendum IN BEHALF OF THIS NEW ABOLI- TION. If one million of the twenty-seven millions of ■* What is said in this world book about petitioning Congress is in substance and in general suggestive of like action in all other nations, such as appeals to parliaments, to colonial secretaries, etc. Write me for up-to-date petitions. General Survey of the Problem. 29 church members in this land will cast that vote, we cannot fail. We may sum up, in the words of a poem by Coletta Ryan," these profound problems that confront us at the crossing of the century. "The Coming Age, Dec, 1899. "God is trying to speak with me, and I am trying to hear. 'Away with the gold that is won by death Of mind and body.' (O Nazareth! O living, breathing tear !) Away, away with the realist's hand, Away with the tyrants that slave the land, For the heart must sing and the stars command. (Great God is near.) And soothe and comfort the voice of pain, Man's Eden must return again, And the Christ that suffered must live and reign. (Great God is near. ) And hush and silence the battle's din — And lift forever the mists of sin That veil the wealth of the God within. (Great God is near.) And strive, oh, strive to be brave and true; The world is dying of me and you, Of the deeds undone that we both might do I (Great God is near.)" INTERNATIONAL TREATIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIVE RACES. MAP BELOW SHOWS ON A SMALLER SCALE THE MUCH GREATER RANGE OF TREATY OF iSgg, 20 DEG. N. LAT. TO 22 DEG. S. LAT. CSAJJ JUul. M.T»^T1) 1 Co. Mohaiiuiiedan p'-ohibilion protects native races in the parts of Africa north of porticin covered by Treaty uf iSf;g, ;;nd British prohibition protects most of the natives in the regions south of it. On Treaty of iSgo-2, see pp. 6, 23, 156, 160. On Treaty of 1899, see pp. 26, 50, 51, 161. 30 Rum Tragedies in Africa. Livingstone: All I can say in my solitude is, May Heaven's richest blessing come upon every one — English, American, or Turk — who shall help to heal this open sore of the world. President Grover Cleveland, in message, December 4, 1893: By Article XII of the general act of Brussels, signed July 2, 1890, for the suppression of the slave trade and the restriction of certain injurious commerce in the independent State of the Congo and in the adjacent zone of Central Africa, the United States and the other signatory powers agreed to adopt the appropriate means for the punishment of persons selHng arms and ammunition to the natives and for the confiscation of the inhibited articles. It being the plain duty of this government to aid in suppressing the nefarious traffic, impairing as it does the praiseworthy and civilizing efforts now in progress in that region, I recommend that AN ACT be passed PROHIBITING THE SALE OF ARMS AND INTOXICANTS TO NATIVES IN THE REGULATED ZONE BY OUR CITIZENS. [Let US repeat for Africa law made ior Pacific Islands, p. 52.] T. H. Sanderson, in letter to W. F. Crafts, Dec. 10, 1900: "I am directed by the Marquis of Lansdowne to inform you that Lord Cromer states that Lord Kitchener, when Governor-General of the Sudan, in- structed the moodirs to see that no liquor was sold to natives. . Startling statistics of the liquor traffic in Africa are given by Rev. Jas. S. Dennis, D.D., in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," pp. 78, 79. One of the strongest articles on this subject is by Arch- deacon Farrar in Contemporary Review, 1888. He shows, what un- happily was no news, that the same country which at the beginning of the century made so noble a self-sacrifice to strike down African slavery, toward the close of the same century had identified herself with a so-called commercial movement which had already brought conditions worse than those of slavery to the Dark Continent, and which threatened to plunge the entire population of that vast area into hopeless ruin and decay. The Congo Free State, of whose protection against distilled liquors the following pages speak — see also p. 8 — has fallen into the hands of white men worse than cannibals in their cruelties prompted by greed (send to The International Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C, for docu- ments), but the prohibition of liquors abides, probably only because it is seen to be best for the other trades (see p. 40). At the 1904 meeting of the International Missionary Union in Clifton Springs, N. Y., the following memorandum, prepared by Rev. k. H. Nassau, M.D., for more than forty years a resident in Africa, v.as unanimously adopted : 'Protests against Traffic in Intoxicating Liquors among aboriginal populations come from various sources. 1. From the lips of rnis- sionaries in charge of native churches, where a careful estimate claims t 'at the membership would be ten-fold the present number were ic not for the temptations set by the drink habit. If there be such a thing as 'moderate drinking' possible to the colder blooded and stronger willed Anglo-Saxon, it is not possible to the enervated popula- tion of tropical countries. 2. It is not true of those countries that t i^ir own native drinks, and not the foreign liquors, are responsible for t!i^ir drunkenness, and that they would be equally drunken even if the foreigner had not introduced his rum. Native palm-wine, and plaintain- beer are not as intoxicating, do not so sodden the mind or destroy physical organs as the poisonous compounds of the rum trade (p. 50). 31 32 Protection of Native Races. REV. WILLIAM TAYLOR, D.D. MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR AFRICA METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1884-1896, THIRTY-THREE YEARS OF MISSIONARY SERV- ICE IN AFRICA. On my first voyage down the west coast of Africa the K r o o boys who handled the cargo on a three months' cruise down and up the coast were paid in gin of the wretched quality used in commerce on that coast. If they succeeded in obtaining a small portion before they left the ship the result was temporary insanity involving the necessity of imprisonment in the brig. On our way up the Coanza River our little steamer made its first land- ing at a "factory" which was the export point of the plantation, a distillery which did business under the BISHOP TAYLOR.' * In the giving of testimony the face is a pari of the evi- dence, and so we have inserted portraits of many of our witnesses, that they may seem to speak from the very lips. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 33 name of Bon Jesu — Good Jesus. Many thousands of the Ambundu had never heard the sacred name except in connection with this agency of the devil. Rum as a means At Malaugc, our iumost mission of cheating. station in Angola, we found the following method of trading: Caravans arriving from the interior with ivory, dye woods and rubber were invited to deposit their loads in the compound of the trader. They were then debauched with rum for several days, when they were told what price would be paid for their products. If they expostu- lated they were informed that the trader now had possession of them and they must take his price. When forced to do so, they were paid in rum, also at his price. We opened a trading post, putting it in charge of a merchant from Lynn, Mass. Because of his square dealing with the natives and the payment of a fair price for their product in cloth, needles and thread, or Portuguese currency if they preferred, our missionaries became wel- come heralds in the caravansaries, and the natives returned to their homes with the message of sal- vation from the new people they had met, "the God-men." At that time there were two hundred steamships in the rum trade of Africa. Since then the coast steamers have ceased to pay their Kroo boys in rum, and it has been excluded from large sections of Africa. Among others, that large territory called Zambesia has excluded the rum traffic. Like the river of the same name, it is called after N'Zambe, the God of the Heavens; and if it succeeds in main- taining the strict prohibition enjoined by many African chiefs it will be worthy of its title, "God's Country. " 34 Protection of Native Races. BISHOP HARTZELL. Rev. Joseph C. Hartzell, D.D. (Missionary Bishop for Africa Methodist - Episcopal Church, 1896 — , four years' service in Africa). — Bishop Tugwell, of the English Church, whose diocese is on the west coast of Africa, said a few months ago that seventy-five per cent of the deaths among the European traders and other white inhab- itants of Lagos were due to the excessive use of intoxicat- ing drinks, and I believe that he did not overstate the facts. As to the natives, not only on Africa, but also in all Africa in touch with European com- I believe the west coast of wherever they are mercial relations and the traffic is allowed that fully seventy-five per cent of their demoraliza- tion in home life and in personal character comes from the same source. The abominable and wicked habit of "treating," so common among the Europeans, is, as a rule, extended to the natives whose trade is desired. I have seen many caravans come from the interior to the coast towns with rubber or other native prod- ucts. The European traders would at once invite the "captains" of the caravans to their places, and, getting them half drunk, would dress them up and start them out as illustrations of their great kind- ness and liberality. As a result, the traders would buy the rubber at a very low price, and in turn sell to the caravans through their half-inebriated "cap- tains" what they needed, at enormously large prices. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 35 It is encouraging that England and other nations having vast possessions and responsibilities in Africa, are seriously considering this question. There are large sections where the sale of intox- icants to the natives is forbidden, and wherever possible attempts are made to lessen the sale by- increasing the per cent of taxation. What a sad thing it is that there could not have been a consensus of national conscience and policy, on the part of the three or four great nations of Europe who control the destinies of Africa, to ex- clude intoxicants from the millions of that continent ! Henry Qrattan Guinness, M.D., F.R.Q.S. (Secre- tary "Regions Beyond" Missionary Union, London). — It is infinitely sad that the contact of civilization with the native races of West Africa should have been characterized in the first place by slavery, and later on by the traffic in ardent spirits. It is well that our steamers should carry missionaries to the Dark Conti- nent, but is it well that the car- go of many a vessel should mainly consist of gin and gun- powder? This was the case with the old steamship Adrian, on which I sailed for the Congo in 1 89 1. In due time we safely reached Banana, at the mouth of the Congo River, and I com- menced to see the abominable effects of the firewater, which in those days was so freely sold. Night was made hideous in the wooden hotel by scenes and sounds of revelry. A dozen bottles of gin could be h. g. guinness, m.d. 36 Protection of Native Races. Wages paid in gin. bought for sixty cents. The already- degraded natives were in part paid for their labor in gin, and they were thus further degraded, demoralized, decimated and damned. To-day the strength of the spirits sbld is greatly diluted, as its poisonous and destructive power was even for trade purposes too serious. When the artificial taste was created, palm wine, which is very slightly intoxicating, could no longer suffice the natives, who were prepared to barter all their pos- sessions for the accursed "firewater." I have often seen the graves of these poor heathen decorated with the gin bottles they owned during life. It is a matter of profound gratitude that a restrict- ive tariff is in some degree lessening the sale on the Lower Congo ; but still more are we rejoiced that com- bined Europe, too tardily kind, has drawn a cord of protection around Equatorial Africa, forbidding the sale of spirits beyond a certain clearly defined sphere. Miss Agnes McAllister (Gar- raway, Liberia, Methodist- Episcopal Board, 1888 — ). — I would rather face heathenism in any other form than the liquor traffic in Africa. I have gone many times into the native heathen towns to preach the gospel, and found the whole town, men, women and children, in excitement over a barrel of rum that had been opened to be drank by the town people. I have seen them drinking it out of buck. MISS AGNES MCALLISTER, cts, brass kcttles, iron pots, Classified Testimonies — Africa. 37 earthen pots, tins, gourds, cocoanut shells; and a mother who could not get anything in which to put it would fill her own mouth with rum and then feed it to her babe from her own lips. And when I have reproved them they have replied: "What do you white people make rum and bring it to us for if you don't want us to drink it?" Mrs. P. Menkel (Batanga, West Africa, Presby- terian Board, 1892 — ). — The rum traffic in West Africa is the curse of the country. It both hinders and counteracts our missionary efforts. As a rule, our native Christian men cannot find employment with the white traders unless they are willing to accept rum in part payment for their services. Christian natives engaged in the rubber and ivory trade are required to take rum to the interior tribes in exchange for these articles, making the evil nature of the heathen much worse than before. It is sad to see the increased degradation of the natives in their villages caused by the white man's rum. When I speak to natives about not drinking rum, I invariably receive the answer, "We do not want rum in our country, and we wish you ministers or mis- sionaries would send a letter over the big sea and tell them not to send us any more." Rev. A. Polhemus, M.D. (West Drink more ^ deadly than Africa). — "Bisliof was condemned for malaria. saying that seventy-five per cent of the Europeans who die on the west coast of Africa die of drink; but I can safely say that fully ninety per cent die from that cause." Thus spoke an English army officer to me about a month ago, as we both sailed away from the west coast. The gospel has no greater enemy on the west coast of Africa than rum. 38 Protection of Native Races. Rev. Charles Satchell Morris (Traveler in South and West Africa, now special agent National Bap- tist Convention and American Baptist Missionary- Union) . — As I have witnessed the unutterable hor- rors of the rum traffic on the west coast, as well as in South Africa, I shall gladly embrace the oppor- tunity to let the civilized world know something of the sickening details of a traffic of which it might be truly said, Slavery slew its thousands, but the rum traffic is slaying its millions.* I traveled up and down the coast on boats that were simply wholesale liquor houses — rum in hogsheads, rum in casks, rum in barrels, rum in kegs, rum in demijohns, rum in stone jugs; and the vilest rum that ever burnt its way down human throats. What an awful many-sided charge the vast cloud of butchered African witnesses zvill have against the civilized world iti the day of judgment ! Africa^ robbed of her children, rifled of her treasures, lies prostrate before the rapine and greed of the CJiristian nations of the zvor Id. A slave pen and battle field for ages. Christian nations, instead of binding up her wounds, like the good Samaritan; instead of passing * Rev. James Johnson, the native pastor of the island of Lagos, who was sent by the Christians of that place to plead their cause before the English Parliament in 1887, closed his testimony before a committee of the House of Commons with these words: "The slave trade has been to Africa a great evil, but the evils of the rum trade are far worse. I would rather my countrymen were in slavery and being worked hard, and kept away from drink, than that the drink should be let loose upon them. Negroes have proved themselves able to survive the evils of the slave trade, cruel as they were, but they show that they have no power whatever to withstand the terrible evils of the drink. Surely you must see that the death of the negro race is simply a matter of time. " Classified Testimonies — Africa. 39 by and leaving her alone, like Levite and priest; have C07ne to her with ten thousand shiploads of hell's mas- terpiece of damnation, rum, that is turning her chil- dren into human cinders; that has turned the ENTIRE WEST COAST INTO ONE LONG BARROOM, FROM WHICH NO FEWER THAN TWO MILLION SAVAGES GO FORTH TO DIE EVERY YEAR AS A RESULT OF THE TRAFFIC.^ "Gin, gin," is the cry all along the west coast, and, says Joseph Thompson, "Underneath that cry for gin I seem to hear the reproach, You see what Christian nations have made ns. " Africa sends to Europe fiber, palm oil, palm kernels, rub- ber and coffee. Europe sends to Africa powder and balls to slaughter the body, and rum to slay the soul.® ^ Italics and capitals in all parts of the book are editorial emphasis. ^ Rev. David A. Day, for twenty-four years a missionary in Liberia of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in United States, once wrote as follows: "In a few decades more, if the rum traffic continues, there will be noth- ing left on the west coast of Africa for God to save. The vile rum in this tropical climate is depopulating the country more rapidly than famine, pestilence and war. Africa, with the simple Gospel of Jesus, is saved, but Africa with rum is eternally lost, for the few missionaries that can survive there cannot overcome the effect of the river of strong drink that is being poured into the country." The lamented Dr. Albert Bushnell, for thirty-five years a missionary of the Presbyterian Board in the Gaboon Mission, made the following statement a short time before his death: "Alcohol is the burning curse of Africa, and the traders, with scarcely an exception, are remorseless as the grave. Some people wonder why the coast tribes of Africa waste and disappear. It is no wonder to one who lives there with his eyes open. If I were an Apollo or Chrysostom, I should like to go through all the churches of the land, persuading and entreating every member for Christ's sake to abandon the intoxicating cup and prohibit its manufac- ture and sale. I would call aloud to all friends of missions. If you love the Church of God, help, help to dethrone the demon 40 Protection of Native Races. REV. HENRY RICHARDS. Rev. Henry Richards (Ban- za Manteke, Congo, Baptist Missionary Union, 1879 — ). — The importance of the liquor question with regard to Central Africa can hardly be over-stated. Its introduc- tion means destruction of the moral character and will power of the native who comes under its awful influ- ence, and seems almost to put him beyond the reach of salvation. When the ex- tra heavy tax was imposed on foreign spirits imported into West Africa, the region recently purchased by the English government from the Royal Niger Company, the traders complained that these heavy dues interfered with the trade. The Colonial Secretary [the Rt. Hon. Jo- seph Chamberlain] replied THAT IT WAS THE INTENTION OF THE Government to dis- courage THE DRINK TRAFFIC, AS IT ULTIMATELY DESTROYED ALL TRADE BY DESTROYING THE POPULATION.'' When the Afri- JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN. of intemperance— our reproach before the heathen, the bHght of our churches!" 'A deputation of the Native Races and Liquor T7-affic United Committee, on April 14, 1899, memorialized the British Classified Testimonies — Africa. 41 can becomes a drinker of foreign spirits he rap- idly degenerates and sinks lower and lower. The natives on the coast misrepresent the natives of the interior, and travelers who have only visited the coasts have wrong impressions of the proper native character. Missionaries alwavs prefer to Colonial Secretary regarding the protection of Mohammedan races in the Soudan and in the Niger Territories, and regard- ing the prohibition of Trade Spirits for the whole of West Africa, or, if this could not be arranged, they urged, as the best alternative, that: — i. A definite line should be marked out, beyond which no liquor should be imported, so as to effectually protect the Mohammedan districts before mentioned. 2. The carriage of spirits by railway, should be absolutely prohibited. 3. A minimum duty of not less than 100 francs per hectoliter at 5 centigrades should be established, which should be carried out by all the Powers having possessions in West Africa. Mr. Chamberlain replied to the deputation in part as follows: "I hold, as a matter of deep conviction, that the Liquor Traffic in West Africa among native races, is not only discreditable to the British name, not only derogatory to that true Imperialism — the sentiment which I desire to inculcate in my countrymen — but it is also disastrous to British trade." Then, after a careful survey of the present position of tariffs, and a declaration that Great Britain would seek for the impo- sition of a minimum liquor import duty on spirits in the coast districts, of four shillings a gallon, to be carried out in the West African possessions of all the Powers, he added: "But ^I will go one step further and I will say even if the Brussels Conference should fail to produce the satisfactory results which we desire, I shall not be content to remain where we are, I agree with those that think that a special responsi- bility falls on Great Britain, and although I admit there is great difficulty in the way of foreign competition in dealing with this subject, still I do not think the difficulty is altogether insurmountable." — Twelfth Annual Report, United Commit- tee for the Preventioti of the Demoralizatioft of the Native Races by the Liquor Traffic. 42 Protection of Native Races. work in the interior, as they know the work is far more hopeful among those natives who have not been degraded by the drink. christian work has had small success among the coast people. Missionaries have worked and organized churches ONLY TO see them BECOME CORRUPTED AND BROKEN UP. Even those who profess to accept salvation and give up the drink and heathenism for a time seem almost unable to resist the temptation to drink again the spirits that once enslaved them. When the heathen, untouched by the fire- water, RECEIVE Christ, they appear to have little difficulty in giving up the native palm wine and OTHER native DRINKS, AND HEATHENISM. SaTAN HAS NO BETTER AGENT TO DESTROY THE AFRICAN THAN THE FOREIGN LIQUOR. The government of the Congo Free Slate decided to prohibit the drink trade beyond the region where it had not been introduced, but no boundary line was defined until quite, recently, and the law was practically a dead letter. Now the boundary line is the Nkisi River, about 230 miles from the coast, beyond which the drink must not pass according to law, but to enforce this and prevent the native from crossing the line with drink will be very difficult, as they are born traders and have many markets. The only proper and successful way is to prohibit its sale entirely. Many of the white assistant traders dislike to sell the drink and acknowledge that it is vile stuff and poison to the people, but say that they have to do it as their commercial houses command them to sell it. The chief white traders say that "the natives demand it," and the demand must be met, but in ORDER TO GIVE THE NATIVES A LIKING FOR THIS FIRE- WATER, LARGE QUANTITIES HAVE BEEN GIVEN AWAY Classified Testimonies — Africa. 43 TO NATIVES WHEN A NEW DISTRICT HAS BEEN OPENED, IN ORDER TO CREATE A CRAVING FOR IT. Biessin s of ^®^* ^^^^^ Whytock (Congo, "Regions International Beyond'' Missionary Union). — In the prohibition. gpi^ere of our Congo Balolo Mission, inside the area of the Great Bend of the Upper River, happily we are protected by the Treaty of Brussels from the European drink curse. Eleven years ago, when we arrived at the mouth of the Congo, some natives paddled off to us with fruit for sale. In a short time I saw one of them lying helpless in the bottom of his canoe. He had imbibed gin, which was a part of our cargo from Rotterdam. A young Belgian who returned with me to Europe, told me that the natives who were employed in the factories got a large part of their remuneration in trade spirits, and that for days each week they were drunk. The price of palm oil and palm kernels was in greater part paid in this awful drink. Rev. C. B. Antisdel (Mukimvika, Congo, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1892 — ). — The greatest hindrance to our work is rum. There are five trad- ing stations within two hours of my mission. Their chief article of barter is rum. One house sells each week a hogshead of this death-dealing drink. It is killing the people very, very rapidly. The captain of one of the steamers of the Etat Independant du Congo told me that when he gave rum to his work- men as part of their rations (as was formerly the custom) six out of thirty of his men were each week so ill as to require the services of a physician ; but after a law was inade prohibiting rationing with rum, even an entire month often passed without a single individual requiring medical attendance. 44 Protection of Native Races. The Etat Ind^pendant du Congo will not allow alcoholic drinks to pass the Kpozo River, which is a few miles beyond Matadi, thus prohibiting intox- icants from all of this vast Congo State, which is nearly half the size of the United States, except a narrow strip bordering on Portuguese territory. In this section my station is located ; hence the rum traffic is in full operation all about us. In going towards Sumba, where the trading houses are located, it always makes my heart ache as I meet the people returning from there, nine out of ten having nothing but rum, for which they have exchanged their produce, palm-kernels, palm-oil, Drink depopu- rubber, pcanuts and beans. Unless latins: great Something is done to stay this iniqui- reg ons. ^^^g traffic, this people will soon become extinct. This section is being depopulated rapidly. When I remonstrate with these Africans, urging them not to drink rum, they say: "But you white people sell us the rum; it is made by your own people. We have not the power to resist the temptation, although we know it is killing us." Again and again they have said to me, "We do not wish to drink. Summon a gunboat and drive these traders away with their rum, and remove the temptation from us!" Rev. W. P. Dodson (Angola, Southwest Africa, Methodist-Episcopal Board, fifteen years' service in Africa, 1885 — ). — The native intoxicants in Portu- guese Angola are palm wine and corn beer; strength of each sufficient to intoxicate, about like that of lager beer; used universally. The native narcotic is Indian hemp, smoked very generally and pro- ducing lung decay and heart trouble. The native religions do not forbid but rather favor the use of Classified Testimonies — Africa. 45 these liquors and drugs. The imported liquors are Holland gin and a vile brandy for which English, German and Portuguese traders are alike respon- sible. A better quality of liquors and wines is used freely by a majority of the foreign residents, wine at meals, brandy after meals, and beer as a refreshment. When once introduced by the Europeans the great profit of the liquor traffic becomes evi- dent to the more cunning of the natives, and the conse- quence is not only large deal- ing in rum but the purchase of a small rum still by every native smart enough to use it and favorably situated, the still being fed by his cane plantation, worked by house- hold slaves. The covenant of the sixteen great nations in 1892 to suppress the trafBc been carried out in Angola, p. DODSON. in slaves has never which is to-day the field of local, foreign and domestic slavery as of old, though met by terms and arrangements with masters called "contracts," which are nothing less than a vile evasion of the law, and call for investi- gation. sample of ^ot loug before my return to my wholesale rob- native land [the United States], I witnessed in the town of Dondo, Angola, at the head of navigation of the Quanza River, the process by which trade with the native is made a farce, and his life forfeited as well as his produce. It was an unusually fine season for the 46 Protection of Native Races. rubber trade, and large baskets were brought down from the interior by thousands of natives arriving in large companies entering the town in single file, singing as they came. The first act of the trader was to get as many of these as he could into his large yard, and give them rum and a present of some sort. Drinking was followed by drunkenness and drunk- enness by frenzy, and in this state the poor wretches were allowed to march in companies, dressed in flashing colors, carrying guns and brandishing knives along the street in wild mock fights. Then came the weighing of their valuable rubber with a falsified balance, their payment partly in rum, and their dismissal — each stage lubricated with lum. I went back to the interior from that town, and having shortly to return to the coast, I saw the narrow trail lined on either side with many shallow graves covered over with brush and marked by a stick from which floated a rag from the clothes of the poor wretch who laid his drunken and exhausted body down to rise no more. And this was the return for that rich product which might have fur- nished means for developing many a happy, sober, native Christian village, a consummation made impossible by rum.^ * To these African tragedies should be added, if only for contrast to Great Britain's new policy, previously mentioned, the story of Madagascar. When Mauritius became a sugar colony the rum made there was unfit for exportation to England. So it was sent to Madagascar; and when the fright- ful results in crime and disease led the Malagassy king to pro- hibit the importation, the Mauritius merchants complained, the English government interfered, and free rum was forced upon the island. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 47 Rev. W. R. liotchkiss (Kangundo, England's new . ._ . . , iprohibitory Ukamba Province, British East Africa, poiioyin Africa Inland Mission, iSocr-iSoo, and East Africa. . . r ■, -^- / \t- now missionary of the Friends Mis- sionary Society). — To my mind the most convincing proof of the absolute unreasonableness of the liquor traffic in mission fields, not to say its unmitigated wickedness, is found in the action of the English government with respect to its East African pos- sessions.® In this, the latest British acquisition IN THE DARK CONTINENT, STRINGENT REGULATIONS HAVE BEEN ISSUED, AND SO FAR AS I HAVE NOTICED, HAVE BEEN ENFORCED, PROHIBITING THE SALE OF EITHER LIQUOR OR FIREARMS TO THE NATIVES. When wc Con- sider this action in connection with her policy on 3 The following is a copy of the Regulations made by Her Majest3''s Commissioner and Consul-General for the East Africa Protectorate, with the approval of the Secretary of State. "i. Alcoholic liquor, whether manufactured in the Protec- torate or imported, shall not be sold or given, otherwise than for medicinal purposes, by any person to any native. "For the purposes of these Regulations 'native' means any person of African race or parentage, not being a British sub- ject. "2. Any person who commits a breach of these Regulations shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding 1,000 rupees, or to imprisonment for a period which may extend to six months, or to both, and any alcoholic liquor found in his pos.session shall be liable to forfeiture. "3. Any alcoholic liquor found in the possession of any such native as aforesaid shall be liable to confiscation, and may be seized by any Protectorate officer and disposed of as the Sub- Commissioner of the province may direct. "4. These Regulations maybe cited as 'The Liquor Regu- lations, 1900.' " Great Britain has also given us a peculiarly timely precedent in establishing prohibition in the Soudan, conquered by Kitch- ener's army of abstainers. See Appendix, 48 Protection of Native Races. the West Coast, where liquor has been poured in without stint, and where the result has been seen in rebellious uprisings and massacres innumerable, we have the testimony of one of the greatest nations, and certainly the most experienced colonizing power, that liquor for revenue does not pay, that as a simple commercial transaction it is ruinous, expensive, criminal.'" Resolution on the "Drink Traffic" unanimously adopted at the supplemental meeting of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, held in Exeter Hall, London, June 2oth, 1888. "That this International Conference, comprising delegates from most of the Protestant missionary societies in the world, is of opinion that the traffic in strong drink, as now carried on by merchants belonging to Christian nations ctmong native races, especially in Africa, has become the source of terrible and wholesale demoralization and riiin^ and is proving a tnost serious stumbling-block to tJie prog- ress of the Gospel. The Conference is of opinion that all Christian nations should take steps to sup- press the traffic in all native territories under their influence or government, especially in those inter- nationally enrolled, and that a mutual agreement to this effect should be made without delay, as the 10 W. P. Dodson, previously quoted, declares that the rum traffic, as introduced by civilized nations into Africa, "turns the whole tide of industry into lazy, besotted indigence." See also p. 64. Both these utterances, and especially the declara- tion of the Hon. Joseph Chamberlain on p. 40, are commended to the consideration of chambers of commerce, which in defense of commerce, if for no other reason, should ask Congress to adopt the new policy of Great Britain in our new islands. . Classified Testimonies — Africa. 49 evil, already gigantic, is rapidly growing,'' — Report of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, pp. 47^, 476. "What is essential is co-operation. The example of what has been effected in the way of preserving the North Sea fisheries from the drink traffic by co-operation is encouraging. Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, and Holland came to an agreement by which it has been stopped. Our object should therefore be so to awaken the conscience of Eiirope and the United States as to lead to a joint prohibition of the deadly traffic among all native races. — TJic late Rev. H. Grattan Guinness, in same. One of the countless African graves of native rum victims, with the customary decoration of empty rum bottles and demijohns. From photograph taken by Wm. A. Raff, missionary on Congo. Exports of Rum from the port of Boston for year ending June 30, 1899: Countries to which exported — Gallons. Value. Turkey in Europe .... 25,097 $ 34,162 England 26,210 35,595 British Africa 790,550 1,099,743 Total 841,857 $1,169,500 — Memorandum supplied to The Reform Bureau by the Boston Custom House, Sept. 77, /900. 5© Protection of Native Races. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR AFRICA." Make Efforts to Stop the Exportation to Africa of New England Rum. Work for More Adequate Prohibitory Legislation. '* Treaties of 1890 and 1899/'* though encouraging, are both inadequate in that both relate only to "spirituous," that is, distilled liquors. The second allows these to be sold among natives, and even to them if they can pay the high price. Let us work for treaty on p. 58, made universal, see p. i, and for such laws for Africa as are cited on p. 174 or pp. 51, 52, 56, 57- "These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. Joseph C. Hartzell, D.D., Missionary Bishop, Methodist-Episcopal Church. ^-The International Missionary Union, at Clifton Springs, N. Y., in 1904, adopted the following appeal for international prohibition in all ATrica: "Native chiefs, such as the Christian King Khama of .South Africa and the Mohammedan chiefs of the Niger Delta, have petitioned, almost in vain, that the trader be not allowed to bring in his liquor. Some of the very men who are trading in liquor would be glad to have it abolished. To it is largely due the loss of white life in countries like Africa. And the onlv pecuniary gain in its use is during initial stages of the trade. Even when there exists prohibition by the government of some one country, the law is evaded, and smuggling is carried on over the border of an adjacent country. Were there uni- formity and universality in tariff duties of an amount practically pro- hibitive, the evil could soon be extinguished. 13 In a letter to The Reform Bureau from Department of Foreign Affairs, Congo Free State, dated October 20, 1900, the following were named as the governments that had ratified the treaty of 1899: Germany, Belgium, Spain, Congo Free State. French Republic, Great Britain, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and Norwa3', Turkey. Our own government was the only one of first rank that had not ratified. As in 1890-1893, the Mos- lems and the Monarchies had gone in before us. Since foregoing suggestions were printed and partly because they have been printed also in The Reform Bureau's Twentieth Century Quarterly — a special issue on opium and liquors in mission fields — and have also been urged in many of its public meetings, the movement forthe ratification of this treaty and related legislation has made several stages of progress to which others will have been added before this book reaches our readers, who will nevertheless be interested to see the plan from the beginning, and will find much left to do. (!) On Dec. 3, President McKinley, in his message (p. 1), recom- mended three things: (I) Ratification of treaty of 1899 as to Africa; (2) world-wide application of its principle for the protection of uncivilized peoples' (.3) special action in 'Western Pacific," having reference to the Progress of Native Races Crusade 51 New Hebrides, without doubt, which the International Reform Bureau and Dr. Paton and the people had pressed upon his attention. 2. On Dec. 5, 1900, the second day of Congress, the Reform Bureau secured a hearing on the treaty of 1800 before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, which at once voted to advise ratification. 3. On Dec. 14 Senate ratified the treaty, see p. 24. 4. On Jan. 1, 1001, in the Philippines, a new license law forbade selling intoxicants to natives except in native shops, where drunken- ness was almost unknown, see p. 188. 5. A Senate resolution, introduced by Senator H. C. Lodge inviting all nations to unite by treaty in protecting native races against intoxi- cants and opium, passed the Senate unanimously on Jan. 4, 1001, see p. 1. 6. As a further step in this protection of native races, pending the long negotiations required to secure a treaty. Senator Lodge and Hon. C. E. Littlefield, M.C., introduced a bill to forbid the sale of intoxicants, opium and firearms in all Pacific islands, so far as the authority of the United States extends, on which a hearing was secured by the Reform Bureau on Dec. 6, 1900, before the House Committee on Insular Affairs. 7. The foregoing bill being one not likely to be passed without a long struggle, on Dec. 10, 1900, Hon. F. H. Gillett, M.C., introduced a bill dealing only with "islands not in the possession nor under the protection of any civilized Power," with special reference to the New Hebrides, see p. 52. 8. On Dec. 7 and 8, 1900, the Reform Bureau secured Senate hear- ings on liquor selling "canteens," which being mostly located in our new islands endangered natives as well as soldiers. By co-operation of Anti-Saloon League, W. C. T. U. and the Reform Bureau, at Washing- ton, and many helpers all over the land, the following act finally passed Congress on Jan. 9, 1901: "The sale or the dealing in beer, wine, or any intoxicating liquors by any person in any post exchange or canteen or army transport or upon any premises used for military purposes by the United States is hereby prohibited. The Secretary of War is herebv directed to carry the provisions of this section into full force and effect." In 1902-3 this anti-canteen law was fortified by increasing the ration of soldiers to five cents a day, making it the best ration in the world, and by the appropriation of a million dollars (since increased) to provide reading rooms, gymnasiums, and other amusements at armv posts — all this at the promptiuf^ of societies above named. The brewers' literary bureau at Washington, with the aid of the War Department, have persistently sent out reports that the aboli- tion of the army beer saloon has increased drunkenness and its conse- quences, but these reports, on investigation, have always proved false, as it is also false to represent that the weight of military authority is on that side. The more experienced generals are on the other side, see p. 237, and common sense should have taught the many Christians that the brewers' articles have fooled, that a beer saloon as a pre- ventive of intemperance has no more right in the army than in a college, a factory, or a Y. M. C. A. See p. 8 for progress of crusade since 1901. PATUN, D.D. The Law for which he pleads. — Any person subject to the authority of the United States, who shall give, sell, or otherwise supply, any arms, ammunition, explosive substance, intoxicat- ing liquor, or opium to any aboriginal native in the New Heb- rides or any other of the Pacific Islands lying within 20 deg. north latitude and 40 deg. south latitude, and the 120th merid- ian of longitude west, and the 120th meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, not being in the possession of or under the pro- tection of any civilized power, shall be punishable by imprison- ment not exceeding 3 months, with or without hard labor, or a fine not exceeding $50, or both. And in addition to such pun- ishment all articles of a similar nature to those in respect to which an offense has been committed found in the possession of the offender, may be declared forfeited. If it .shall appear to the Court that such opium, wine or .spirits have been given bona fide for medical purposes it shall be lawful for the Court to dismiss the charge. (See p. 65.) 52 The New Hebrides.' AN APPEAL TO AMERICA TO KEEP STEP WITH ENGLAND IN PROTECTION OF ISLAND PEOPLES. ADDRESS BY REV. JOHN Q. PATON, D.D. (Australian Presbyterian Board, 42 years' service) AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING REPEATED IN SUB- STANCE AT REGULAR MEETING ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE, ipOO.^ I am very glad to see so many assembled here to-day on a matter which is of such vital importance to the progress of God's work in every mission field. After we gave the Gospel to the heathen, and life and property were safe, trade followed lis, not to uphold the work of God, but to give the natives rum ' The New Hebrides consists of thirty islands, with about 80,000 population, of whom 18,000, on twenty-two islands, are Christianized. The others are still cannibal savages, who are being made yet more savage by American rum, and more dan- gerous by American guns and dynamite. The time is ripe, in view of recent events in China, to guard the sale of all these dangerous articles in all uncivilized lands by international agreement. See p. 59. ''Dr. Joseph Cook writes us: "The venerable and heroic John G. Paton's appeal to the American government to join England in prohibiting the liquor traffic with the natives of the New Hebrides, is the most overwhelmingly reasonable, pathetic and urgent call ever heard from missionary fields since the hour when the man of Macedonia stood in a vision at the side of the Apostle Paul and said, 'Come over and help us.' " 53 54 Protection of Native Races. and brandy, which ruin both their bodies and their souls. I have been sent to remonstrate with the American American traders' agent not to give to traders sellinsr .1 .•. .. .-■ . -, cannibals rum ^hc young men, the natives, this mad- and guns. dcuing liquor, and he would stop it for a short time, and then again return to it. At last we sent a deputation to him, and he said he could not stop the business; to do so would ruin him and his wife and children. Instead of the drink saving him and his family, it nearly proved the death of them all. Natives maddened with his own rum, and in some way offended, would have shot him with rifles he had sold them had not the missionary's helper stood between him and them, pleading in his behalf. Meantime his wife and children escaped by flight. These natives eagerly desire to embrace Chris- tianity, but when they are under the influence of liquor they shoot each other, and they shoot them- selves. Even a white man sometimes shoots his friend, and not a few of them have fallen victims to their own madness. In West Tanna my son was placed as a mission- ary three years ago. At that time he did not know a word of the language, but he labored hard, and he succeeded, by God's grace, in con- verting many of the people, including the war chief of four thousand cannibals. This war chief came to the missionary one morning and said: "Missi, will you go with me to the American traders living on the shore and help me to plead with them A converted ^^^ ^° ^®^^ ^° ^^^Y ^^^u the whitc iiian's chief pleads for firewater, for when their reason is prohibition. dethroned by it they commit shocking crimes, and I have no power to control them. It's Classified Testimonies — The New Hebrides. 55 making havoc of my people. I have wept over it. When you come to give us the Gospel, why do your countrymen come with the white man's firewater to destroy our people?" A savage, drunk on traders* rum, and armed with a trader's musket, is a thing of horror. My son would have been killed by a bullet from an Ameri- can gun, sold by an American trader to a native, if the noble chief before mentioned had not thrown himself between the half-drunk native and the mis- sionary, only to fall dying with the bullet in his own body. Natives maddened by American rum have Rum-maddened tumcd American rifles against the little •avages shoot- j^^^^^g orphan girls of the mission who inn: mission ^ ^ children. wcre sporting in the tops of trees, and shot them down with as little compunction as if they had been monkeys. American rum and guns have wrought many other tragedies, including the case of a trader on Tanna who wrought as a lay missionary and was shot while he knelt in prayer. A letter by the last mail from Australia and the islands reports how an American missionary named American rum Fielding, and Gillcy, another mission- causes shooting: ary, went inland to conduct worship at of missionaries. ^ heathen village, when a ball was shot at Gilley, who escaped it, and another went through Fielding, who fell, and when Gilley ran to lift him up, a savage struck Gilley with a club and dragged him aside, when they shot another of the party and compelled Gilley, under a guard, to remain and see them cook and devour the bodies of the two like so many rabid dog3. Next morning at the pleading of the other men, for fear of punishment, Gilley and his party were let go. 56 Protection of Native Races. As there is no other trader there from whom they could get the ammunition for all these murders, they must have got it from the American trader living there on the shore. The Australian churches support the New Heb- rides Mission, and the mission sent me to America Dr. Paton'8 eight ycars ago to appeal to the Amer- A^erica*n ' ^ ^^^^ public and to the President of the goTernment. United States and to the Congress of the United States to place the American traders under the same prohibition that England has placed her traders under in regard to the sale of intoxicating liquors, and ammunition and opium. ^ At that time, when I came here, I spent several months in America pleading with God's people, and thousands sent in petitions to the President and to Congress, beseech- ing that this foul stain upon America's honor should be wiped off, and that the traders of the United States government should be placed under the same 3 We have received through the courtesy of the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, British Colonial Secretary, a package of British prohibitory laws for the protection of Pacific islanders, mostly of the same tenor as the one given herewith in fac- simile, which we hope may aid some legislator to draw a cor- responding law forbidding any American citizen to sell or give or otherwise supply to any aboriginal native of any island in the Pacific ocean, any wine, spirits, or aiiy other intoxicating liquors, etc. These laws apply to British sub- jects, not alone in British islands and others under a British protectorate, but also, as will presently be shown in the case of the New Hebrides, for example, in islands where she has no governmental control of any but her own traders. The United States found a way to prohibit American merchants from selling opium in China, and surely can find a way, by separate action, while an international agreement is delayed, to prevent them from selling opium, intoxicants and firearms among the natives of the islands. {^Svpplement to the Royal Gazette. Published by Aut1u>rity. No. 29, Vol. 7] WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 31. [1879. No, h 1879, VICTORIA, BY THE GRACE OF GOD, OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, QUEEN, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c., &c. A REGULATION (Made in tfie name and on behalf of Her Majesty under tlie provisions of tlie Western Pacific Order in Council, 1879.^ TO PROHIBIT THE SUPPLY OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS TO NATIVES OF TONGA, AND OTHERS RESIDENT IN THE FRIENDLY ISLANDS. tL.S. AETHUR GORDON, H.O. I. If any British subject, in -Tonga, sells or gives, or otherwise snpplies to any native Tongan, or any native of any island in the Pacific Ocean resident in Tonga, any wine, spirits, or any other intoxicating liquor, he shall, on conviction thereof before the Coiu't of Her Majesty's High Commissioner, be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten pounds, and in default of payment shall be liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one month. II. K it shall appear to the Court that such wine or spirits have been given bond Me for medicinal purposes, or other cause which shall, in the judgment of the Court, be reasonable and sufficient, it shall be lawful for the Court to dismiss the charge. Done at Nasova, Fiji, this twenty-ninth day of December, in the year of our Loid one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine. By Sis Excellency'' a Command, John B. Thukston; Secretary to the Uigh Commienmtr* ^7 5^ Protection of Native Races. prohibition that Great Britain has placed hers under by act of Parliament in response to our petition; but somehow, though President Harrison was eager to join the prohibition, and President Cleveland, fol- lowing him, was equally eager, the documents were not sent out, and the object I had in view was not accomplished.* We have suffered a great deal during * The correspondence of Secretary of State Hon. John W. Foster, during President Harrison's administration, we learned from him, may be seen in "Papers Relating to Foreign Rela- tions," House of Representatives, Ex. Doc. I, Part I, pp. 198, 2S7, 320. From an examination of this correspondence we have ascertained that Great Britain's first proposals on the subject of protecting the Pacific islanders against drink and firearms, made in 1884, were welcomed by Secretary of State Frelinghuysen on behalf of this country, but that no inter- national agreement was consummated then or in 1892, when Mr. Foster took up the matter. Great Britain sent the pro- posed international agreement to France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia and Hawaii, as well as the United States. In all these countries Christian citizens should urge the renewal and consummation of this noble endeavor. In order to do this we subjoin the proposed "international agree- ment in full: "Draft international declaration for the protection of natives in the islands of the Pacific Ocean. "A declaration respecting arms, ammunition, explosive substances, and intoxicating liquor, and prohibiting the supply of these articles to natives of the Pacific islands. "i. In this declaration the following words and expressions shall have the meanings here assigned to them, that is to say: " 'Subject of the contracting powers' includes a citizen of the French Republic or of the Republic of the United States of America. " 'Pacific islands' means and includes any islands lying within the twentieth parallel of north latitude and the fortieth parallel of south latitude and the one-hundred and twentieth meridian of longitude west and the one-hundred and twentieth meridian of longitude east of Greenwich and not being in the possession or under the protection of any civilized power. Classified Testimonies — The New Hebrides. 59 these eight years by the influence of intoxicating drink, and now I am sent again to America to renew the plea that Christian America will do what Chris- " 'Native' means any person who is or appears to be a native, not of European or American descent, of some island or place within the limits of this declaration. " 'Arms' means every kind of firearm and any part or parts of firearms. " 'Ammunition' means [every kind of ammunition for fire- arms and any material for the preparation thereof. " 'Explosive substances' means gunpowder, nitroglycerin, dynamite, gun cotton, blasting powder, and every other sub- stance used or manufactured with a view to produce a practical effect bj' explosion. " 'Intoxicating liquor' includes all spirituous compounds and all fermented liquors, and any mixture part whereof is spir- ituous or which contains fermented liquors, and any mixture or preparation containing any drug capable of producing intoxication. " 'Offense' means offense against this declaration. "2. Any subject of the contracting powers who shall give, sell, or otherwise supplj^ or shall aid or abet the giving, selling, or otherwise supplying to any native any arms, ammunition, explosive substance, or intoxicating liquor [Qy., except under special license from one of the contracting powers] shall be guilty of an offense against this declaration. [The query in paragraph 2, which is not a part of the decla- ration, Great Britain no doubt suggested to cover the case where a native servant is sent by a white master for drink, which in British colonies is covered by requiring a written order, with heavy penalties for evasion, and to provide especially for licensing certain trustworthy natives, in rare cases, to carry firearms. But we are informed that President Harrison and Secretary Foster objected to such an exception as likely to vitiate the law. Let statesmen who would do something truly great perfect the details of this great proposal and carry it to victory- as a greeting to the twentieth Christian Century.] "3. An offense against this declaration shall be punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three months, with or without hard labor, or a fine not exceeding £10, or both. 6o Protection of Native Races. tian Britain has done in the interests of humanity, to prevent] the mischiefs that have taken place and are taking place every nov^^ and then through men "In addition to such punishment all articles of a similar nature to those in respect of which an offense has been com- mitted found in the possession of the defender, may be declared forfeited to the contracting power to whose nation the offender belongs. "4. A person charged with an offense may be apprehended by any commissioned officer of a ship of war of any of the con- tracting powers, and may be brought for trial before any of the persons hereinafter mentioned. "5. Every person so charged, if difficulty or delay is likely to arise in delivering him over for trial by the authorities of his own country in the Pacific islands, may be tried summarily, either before a magistrate or other judicial officer of any of the contracting powers having jurisdiction to try crimes or offenses in a summary manner, or before the commander of a ship of war of any of the contracting powers. "Any such commander may, if he think fit, associate with himself as assessors any one or more fit persons, being com- missioned officers of a ship of war of one of the contracting powers, or other reputable persons, not being natives, who are subjects or citizens of one of the contracting powers, and, either with or without assessors, may hear and determine the case, and if satisfied of the guilt of the person charged, may sentence him to the punishment hereinbefore prescribed. *'6. Sentences of imprisonment shall be carried into effect in a government prison in Fiji or New Caledonia, or in any other place in the Pacific Ocean or in America or Australasia in which a government prison is maintained by one of the con- tracting powers. "7. All fines, forfeitures, and pecuniary penalties received in respect of this declaration shall be paid over by the person receiving the same to [Qy., H. B. M. high commissioner for the western Pacific] for the benefit of the contracting power from whose subject or citizen the same was received. "8. Each contracting power shall defray the cost of the imprisonment of any of its subjects or citizens, which cost shall be calculated upon the actual cost of maintaining the prisoner with an addition of [/wen/^y] per cent as a contribution to the Classified Testimonies — The New Hebrides. 6i under the influence of intoxicating liquors. I have appealed to the President and I have appealed to Congress through the President, but it all seems of salaries and other expenses of the prison. A certificate under the hand of the governor of the colony, or other chief authority of the place where the prison is situated, shall be conclusive as to the amount to be paid. ' 'An offender shall not be taken to any British colony in Australasia for imprisonment unless the government thereof shall have consented to receive such offenders. "9. It shall not be an offense against this declaration to supply without recompense or remuneration intoxicating liquor to any native upon any urgent necessity and solely for medicinal pur- poses, but if the person giving such liquor shall be charged with an offense against this declaration it shall rest upon the accused to prove that such urgent necessity existed, and that the liquor was given for medicinal purposes. ' ' 10. This declaration shall cease to apply to any of the Pacific islands which may hereafter become part of the dominions or come under the protection of any civilized power; nor shall it apply to the Navigator's or Friendly islands, in both of which groups a government exists which has been recognized as such by more than one of the contracting powers in the negotiation of formal treaties; nor shall it be held to affect any powers conferred upon its own officers by any instrument issued by any of the contracting powers. "11. The contracting powers will severally take measures to procure such legislation as may be necessary to give full effect to this declaration. "12. The present declaration shall be put into force three months after the deposit of the ratifications, and shall remain in force for an indefinite period until the termination of a year from the day upon which it may have been denounced. Such denunciation shall only be effective as regards the country making it, the declaration remaining in full force and effect as regards the other contracting parties. "13. The present declaration shall be ratified, and the ratifi- cations deposited at London as soon as possible. "In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms." 62 Protection of Native Races. no avail — at least it has not accomplished anything •up to this time. A week before last I went to Washington and had an interview with President McKinley. He received me very graciously and promised that he would do what he could. I also had an interview with the Secretary of State [Hon. John Hay]. They both heard what I had to say, and they seemed to sympathize with me, and they said: "We will look into this question, and we will try if possible to do what you wish. " Since then I have received a letter from the Secretary of State saying that they cannot interfere without an act of Congress. Certainly we never expected they could interfere without an act of Con- gress. We appealed to Congress through the Presi- dent. Now, however, the Secretary of State tells us that they cannot do anything for us unless there is an act of Congress passed.^ Surely there ^ Later the Secretary of State gave to the press, as a reason why the United States government could not do what Dr. Paton had asked, a statement that Great Britain and France had a joint protectorate over the New Hebrides. This, Dr. Paton has assured the authors of this book, as he has also i^ssured President McKinley and Secretary Hay, is a mistake. There is a crude arrangement that when an English trader is killed by the natives the English man-of-war may punish the offense, and likewise a French man-of-war when a French trader is killed, but "the islands and natives," Dr. Paton declares, "are under the protectorate of no civilized nation. " "If Britain," he continues, "had a protectorate over them Queen Victoria's High Commissioner, the Governor of Fiji, would not have advised our mission and churches supporting it to send a deputy to America to plead with the President, the Congress and the people of the United States to place their traders on those islands under a prohibition as to paying for native produce in liquors and firearms, similar to that under which Great Britain has had her traders placed in the interest of humanity." To prove that Secretary Hay is laboring under Classified Testimonies — The New Hebrides 63 Dr. paton are some Congressmen in America appeals to Con- ^^q f^^j^ ^J^gij- l^^.g ^f QqJ ^^q ^.j^^ gress and the American responsibility of their positions, will people. ^Q^Q ^p ^jjjg matter and get the act passed. Surely, surely, America will unite and try to break up and drive out from the Philippine Islands, and for every other island where it has a misapprehension as to the alleged protectorate Dr. Paton has recently secured the following letter from Lord Salisburj-, through S. Smith, Esq., M.P., which has been sent to Pres- ident McKinJey, without any known result at this writing two months later: "Foreign Office, May 29, 1900. "Sir: — With reference to the letter which you addressed to Sir Thomas Sanderson on the 23d instant, enclosing a com- munication from Mr. Landridge respecting the New Hebrides, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to state that the only formal convention in regard to the islands is that concluded between this country and France on the i6th of November, 1887, supplemented by a Declaration signed at Paris on the 29th of January, 1S88. "I am to enclose a copy of the paper presented to Parlia- ment on the subject in 1S88. The convention provides for the constitution of a joint naval commission charged with the duty of maintaining order and protecting the lives and property of British subjects and French citizens in the New Hebrides. "You will obsers^e from Lord Salisbury's dispatch to Mr. Egerton of the 21st of October, 1887, that previous to that date the French government had given assurances on several occa- sions that they entertained no projects of annexation. I am. Sir, "Your most obedient and humble servant, "(d) F. H. VILLIERS. "S. Smith, Esq., M.P., 11 Delahay Street." Dr. Paton saj-s: "The naval commission has no power to interfere with American traders." He also says in regard to the proposed American prohibition of intoxicants, opium, ammunition and dynamite: "It need not be any expense to An:erica, for, as English men-of-war are visiting Fiji and Samoa, offenders who are American subjects could be handed over to the American consul at Fiji or sent to American author- ities in Tutuila." Dr. Paton says in several of his letters to us that the New Hebrides, having no protectorate, are "the common hunting 64 Protection of Native Races. acquired possession, the influence of this terrible curse. We appeal to every Christian in America and to every association in America, to try if possible to bring this about. France has said she will enact the prohibition if the United States will do so, and Germany would almost surely follow. Then we would get this terrible hindrance to the work of God forever removed. I return to the islands in a short time, and I shall be exceedingly grieved if I have to go home and report that we came again to America and appealed to get American traders put under the same pro- hibition as English traders, and failed. MAP SHOWING SCOPE OK TREATY, P. 58, AND BILL, P. 52. establishment in the New Hebrides of such a government as that of the Congo Free State to safeguard all right interests. England and France are each unwilling the other should annex these islands, about which there is a long story, V)ut surely the nations that are protecting the native races in neutral zones of Africa, in the interest of trade as well as in the name of humanity, are called to a like service in neutral islands. Classified Testimonies — The New Hebrides 65 Senator H. C. Lodge. who has introduced three ^ [Letters of thanks from Dr. John G. Paton to The International Reform Bureau for securing the passage of the Gillett-Lodge bill to prohibit American traders selling liquor, opium and firearms in the independent islands of the Pacific, — especially the New Hebrides Islands.] 74 Princess St., Kew, Victoria, Australia, 12 March, 1902. The Rev. Wilbur Ckafts. My Dear Sir: In tears of joyful grati- tude I read your letter, and cordially thank you for all you have so devotedly done, with and by your Reform Bureau, and helpers to get the Gillett-Lodge bill passed, and now all friends of our mission will rejoice and praise the Lord for the evils likely to be prevented .by it, and also the good and far felt moral influence for good sure to be felt by it. I have written and post /' , ( "X ■" 7^F^'1M>iA ^'■'^'^ '^'^'^ ^ note of cordial thanks to Presi- /ii ' ""^ \ '^^^rfm 11 '^'^"^ Roosevelt, Secretary John Hay, and ' MW ffiiiiili jQ others who write rejoicing to inform me that the bill has passed, is now law, and will - I ^ ,W/b V / ' ' when put in force prevent many murders y^ ^ /"^ ^ and much miserv and crime among our from C/ rn^ «^>-/Z 40,000 to eO.OOO savage cannibals yet in the New Hebrides — And I pray that your Sect'y of State extciiding efforts with Britain may be used of God to lead France, Germany, and Russia to also unite in this prohibition, next to the U. S. and Britain successful liureau measures being the nations most concerned and repre- in Congress for protection sented by traders on our group. O that of uncivilized races, p. 1,51. the U. S. and Britain were more and more closely united in all that is for good. Then they could dictate peace to the world, I believe — The spiritual work of our mission prospers wonderfully, and will no doubt prosper yet more when the U. S. prohibition is put into operation on our islands. Thanks to our dear Lord Jesus, you and all our dear friends and helpers with you for the passing of this bill by your U. States. May He abundantly reward and bless you all w ith increasing success and every blessing in His service. My wife and I sail to the islands in about a fortnight, where in the work we hope to remain till about the end of this year. I will write you another note before I go, after meeting with our Church committee. Meantime a thousand thanks to you and to all your helpers in this bill, and in all your work for Jesus and humanity. Specially thank the Senators Gillett and Lodge, and Miss M. VV. Leitch. I have written twice to her, but got no reply. May God bless and reward them all — I have been very unwell ever since my return from my last American tour, but feel a little better now, and if Jesus will, even at 78 years of age, hope to be spared a few years longer for our Master's blessed work. In deepest gratitude, and with best wishes to all, I remain, yours in Jesus, JOHN G. PATON. 74 Princess St., Kew, \'ictoria, Australia, 27 March, 1902. Dear Dr. Crafts- A thousand thanks for all your kind and able help in getting the Gillett-Lodge bill passed. It greatly strengthens Britain's hands, and will be far-reaching in its moral influences, and we hope and pray that the proposed effort in conjun'-tion with Britain to get other powers to also unite in this international prohibition will have great success, in the interests of humanity, and for the honor of the United States, and its good President and Secretary of State, Senate and Congress. I have written thanking both, and if possible I would heartily thank all our helpers. The Lord reward and bless you all abundantly. * » * Yours in our Master, JOHN G. PATON. 66 Protection of Native Races. Rev. H. Qrattan Guinness, in an address before the Centenary Missionary Conference, London, 1888: "The merchants of Christian nations, especially those of Great Britain, Holland, Germany and the United States have been for many years practically forcing on the weak and ignorant races of Africa and the South Seas, of Madagascar and Australia, of India and Burma, the rum, gin, brandy, which are to them not only the degrading curse they are in this country, but a maddening and deadly poison. This they have done for the sake of the enormous profits arising from the sale of cheap and bad spirits, profits amounting in many cases to seven hundred per ce?it. They are doing it every year to a larger extent. Enormous capital is invested in the trade, every opportunity for extending it is eagerly sought and the right to spread this blighting curse in the earth is claimed in the name of Free Trade. "These uncivilized people have neither the strength of mind to avoid the snare, nor the physical stamina to withstand the poison. They are often painfully conscious of the fact, and entreat the Government in pity to remove from them the awful and irresistible temptation whose dire results they dread, but whose fascinating attractions they cannot resist. "There is no question whatever that this accursed drink traffic has been one of the greatest hindrances to the spread of civilization and Christianity in heathe^t lands. "The Rev. Thomas Evans (of India) says, 'I am at my wits' end to find out the reason why our rulers introduced into this country a system which kills us, body and soul, and gives them in return but a paltry sum for a license tax.' "Every municipality in India would suppress the use of strong drink if the government would allow them. We are doing in India with the drink what we did in China with opium, forcing it upon an unwilling people, until they become demoral- ized enough to desire it. And this for the sake of a revenue. Prayer and cooperation alone can meet the case. Prayer to God, persevering, unanimous, believing prayer; and co- operation — the co-operation of Christian governments in the prohibition of a traffic producing more misery and destruction among native races than slavery with all its horrors." Turkish Empire. REV. CYRUS HAMLIN, D.D. CONSTANTINOPLE, AMERICAN BOARD, 1837-1877, FOUNDER OF ROBERT COLLEGE.^ The English and American govern- ments are equally guilty in spreading free intoxicants through all lands subject to their con- trol. The one vir- tue of the Turkish government — pro- hibition — has been entirely overcome, by England chiefly. The alcoholiza- tion of Viine is un- restrained ; and it is more infernal and deleterious to health. An English consul in Asia Minor told me that no one who desired pure wine could obtain it except from the press, and making the wine himself. Governments know that, in promoting saloons, they promote murders, thefts, falsehood, poverty, iDied at 89 in 1900, since giving this testimony, probably his last published utterance. 67 REV. CYRUS HAMLIN, D.D. 68 Protection of Native Races. cruelty to women and children. And yet they go on doing it, because they want money; and they fear no avenging power. This makes the mission- ary work in heathen lands look dark. Saloons and the Gospel cannot go together! Governments have taken the side of the saloons ; and we appeal to a righteous God against them unless they repent, and do works meet for repentance. Rev. F. W. Macallum (Mar- ash, American Board, 1890). — In Turkey drunkenness is con- [ 1 sidered a Christian sin, and is, 1 JSK^- ^^ I ^o f^^> ^ hindrance to the ac- ceptance of Christianity by the Moslems.* Drinking habits have been acquired by a great many of the official classes, both civil and military, and the usual blighting effects fol- low. The total abstinence principles of the raissionaries now in Turkey commend them, perhaps as much as anything else, to the respect of all right-thinking Turks. Miss Myra A. Proctor (Aintab, American Board, 1859-1883, twenty-four years). — At one time I resided nearly opposite a dramshop in Aintab. Our steward reported seeing a Moslem drunk on the sidewalk in front of this shop when a governrrient officer came by and exclaimed, "You, a Moslem! Let the Christian doirs drink." REV. F. W. MACALLUM. *The Turks, though abstainers by religious rule, use to great excess two harmful drugs, tobacco and hasheesh, on which last see Topical Index at end of the book. Classified Testimonies — Turkish Empire. 69 So far as my observation extended, the Protestant churches maintained total abstinence. Rev. Edward Riggo (Marsovan, American Board, 1869 — ). — The inhabitants of the rural parts of Tur- key raise grapes and turn many of them into wine. There is not much drunkenness, though there is a good deal of intemperance, that is, many who do not drink to the total loss of self-control, do drink enough to harm themselves. The drinking by One point In Mohammcdans, both in civil life and in which Moham- (-j^g army, is mostly confined to the niedan excel .„.,, ,.,, , . „ Christian Official class, which has been influ- nations. euccd by the example of the Euro- peans. The common soldiers and the common people generally obey the prohibition in the Koran, both in letter and spirit. They are in sobriety superior to the people of Christian lands, and know it and boast of it. A common name for Christians, because of the drinking habits of nominal Christians, is "hogs." Rev. William Jessup (Zahleh, Syria, Presbyterian Board, 1890 — ). — In my mission station the evil of intemperance is growing. Arab whisky, made from _. , . the grape and called "arak," is terrible The saloons a.t o f ' home hinder in its cffccts. One great argument missions ahroad.^^gg^ against US whcu wc prcach tem- perance and purity in the family and conversation is: "You must have more saloons than anybody else in the world. Divorce is easier with you than in Zahleh, and polygamy is practiced among thousands of your citizens." This refers to the United States. Miss Corinna Shattuck (Oorfa, Central Turkey, American Board, 1873 — , twenty-seven years), — The drink curse is the greatest we have to contend against, especially in the coast towns that come most 70 Protection of Native Races. under the influence of foreigners, so-called Christian foreigners included. The general facts in Turkey are briefly these: i. The use of opium and alcoholic liquors is on the increase. 2. This increase has largely come about through the influence of European traders and res- idents. 3. The fact of the widespread manufacture and use of these intoxicants and narcotics by Christian nations is urged as an argument against the acceptance of Christianity by the Turks. 4. All this takes place in a country where the native mind, through the influ- ence of its own religion, is dis- posed to discountenance the use of intoxicants. 5. The grow- ing use of intoxicants among Christian communities (Arme- nian, Greek and Syrian) is low- ering the estimate of the Chris- tian religion in the eyes of the Moslems to the extent of delaying the time when these Christian communi- ties should be, as we have all hoped they would be, the missionary force for the evangelization of the Turk. MISS CORINNA SHATTUCK. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR TURKEY.^ I. The facts in regard to the use of intoxicating liquors in the Empire should be carefully collated and widely published. 3 These suggestions have been revised and approved by- Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., Corresponding Secretarj- of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreigu Missions. Classified Testimonies — Turkish Empire. 71 2. Friends of temperance in so-called Christian lands should use their influence to prevent the exportation of this evil to a land already afflicted be)'^ond its portion. 3. The data collected showing the evil strong- drink is bringing upon the country and the subjects of the empire, should be brought in some wise man- ner to the attention of the Sultan and his advisers, urging that he take measures to correct the evil. It could be shown to him that Mohammedanism and Christianity are one in their condemnation of intem- perance and that in any effort he may put forth to drive this evil from his country he will have the sympathy of the best Christian people of the world. 4. The truth regarding the evils of intemperance should be taught in all the Christian schools of the Empire; the Sultan might be persuaded to have the same taught to all Mohammedan youths. Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts, Sunday School Superintendent of the World's W. C. T. U.. speaking on temperance at the World's Sunday School Convention in Jerusalem in 1904, used her two hands to illustrate the drink evil with its death grip on the throat of the world and the forces that together can and should unloose it. The several fin- gers of the left hand were taken to represent the drinks of different countries in the world, as : wine of France, beer of Germany, vodka of Russia, sake of Japan, and "mixed drinks" of United States and England. Mrs. Crafts then closed this hand tightly to represent the grip which strong drink has upon all nations. She then raised her right hand and named the fingers to represent the great re- ligious bodies, and gave incidents showing how they were already undoing the grip of intemperance. She took one finger to represent the Moslems, through whose influence millions of people have never known anything else but to be total abstainers. The Mayor of Jerusalem and other Moslems were present in the convention, and expressed themselves glad not to have been left out in the record of this great battle against wrong. 72 Protection of Native Races. WEBS AND FLIES. BY JOSEPH COOK, LL.D. Whisky spiders, great and greedy, Weave their webs from sea to sea ; They grow fat and men grow needy, Shall our robbers rulers be? "Ambushed poison, fools' elation! Teach what peril in them lies : Sweep the webs away!" the Nation In its wrath and wisdom cries. Teach and sweep ! Less now is blunder. Let the schools bring noontide near ; Let the church sound seven-fold thundei But the webs must disappear. Treacherous architects of plunder. While the spiders ply their loom. Light and lightning never sunder; Both we use as torch and broom : Loops that timid statesmen strangle, Politician's lasso dread — Harlot's lure and gambler's tangle Weave the spiders with their thread. Widows, orphans, paupers, taxes, Hang enmeshed within the net ; Madmen, riots, battle-axes. Souls whose sun of hope has set. Up! the webs are full of slaughter; Fiends infest the spiders' lair; Up! wife, husband, son and daughter, Make the vexed earth clean and fair. Where now red-fanged murder burrows, Let glad harvests wave sublime; Sink the webs beneath new furrows. In the fateful fields of Time. Egypt. REV. J. R. ALEXANDER, D.D. PRESIDENT OF TRAINING COLLEGE, UNITED PRESBYTE- RIAN BOARD, 1875 , TWENTY-FIVE years' SERVICE. I am sorry to have to say that the use Use of Intoxi. . . ■' cants increasing of nitoxicatiiig drmks and drugs is on through Euro- ^he rapid increase in Egypt. Espe- pean influence. . , . - . 0^1 r cially is drinking prevalent among the official classes and the young men who have come into contact with Europeans, and who are anxious to imitate what they think are Western civilized habits and customs. Wherever Europeans are found in Egypt, there drinking places are opened at an increasing rate year by year. Nearly every grocery (bakkal) is a drinking place. The native drink is arak, made from the date. The Europeans' drinks are villainous compounds. The upper classes, through the presence and example of Europeans, who nearly all drink in public and in private, are using wines at table, and thus drinking habits are being formed in our best families, and with the drinking go swearing, gambling, betting and licen- tiousness. The missionaries, of course, throw all their influ- ence against these habits and their evils. A local W. C. T. U. has been organized in Cairo composed of the mission ladies and a few European ladies. Temperance societies have been formed in our largest schools, and hundreds of our pupils have signed the pledge. The sentiment and general practice of the native evangelical church is against intemperance in every form. 73 74 Protection of Native Races. The Egyptian government has prohibited the importation and manufacture of "hasheesh." It has prohibited the growing of tobacco and placed an enormous duty on all that is imported. It could if it desired control the drink traffic. The religion of the people forbids the use of wines and intoxicating drinks. Strong measui"es on the part of the gov- ernment to hinder or prevent their use would not be opposed by the native people on religious grounds. The use of these drinks is a great stumbling block to all the people of Egypt in the acceptance of Christianity. Christians who are accustomed to use liquors, even without excess, never show any zeal or spirituality in the life of faith. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR EGYPT.' 1. As Great Britain really controls Egypt through a protectorate all missionaries in Egypt and friends of missions in the British Empire should unite their forces to secure from that power the same prohibi- tion which the British government has recently given to the Soudan. As the natives are mostly Mohammedans, prohibition of the public traffic in liquors would not only not be opposed by them, but it would even create a favorable feeling toward England in all her Mohammedan subjects. 2. Christians may well form a union temperance society, in which, as in India, native abstainers shall be enlisted not only in an effort to secure govern- mental prohibition but also in systematic work to maintain and increase personal abstinence. ' These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. W. W. Barr, D.D. , Philadelphia, Corresponding Secre- tary of the United Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. Bulgaria. REV. F. L. KINQSBURY, M.D. SAMOKOV, AMERICAN BOARD, 1881 . „^ , , , Stronef drink is the bane of Samokov. The land ilevas- o tated by New I know of one Street in that city nearly England rum. ^^^^.^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^j^-^j^ -^ ^ ^^^ ^-^^^ Casks of rum reported to be from America are everywhere. Let Christians in America do every- thing that can be done to put a stop to the sending of intoxicants into mission lands. They oppose Christian work at every turn. In my tours in the villages I find in almost every village barrels which are reported to have contained Medford rum.^ It is not only tempting to the poor, it is destroying some of the most promising and educated young men of the country. For example, I know a young lawyer, a graduate of Robert College, who had studied also in one of the universities of Great Britain, a man of brilliant intellect, who ruined his career through becoming addicted to the use of brandy. It is not enough for America to send out mission- aries. The Christians of America must help to stop this soul-destroying flood of intoxicants that is pour- ing out of America into missionary lands. The work of evangelization will not prosper so long as this liquor traffic is allowed to flourish, pushed with all the selfish energy of liquor dealers for the sake of gain. Rev. H. P. Page (Samokov, American Board, 1868-1876). — We found the use of intoxicating liquors in Bulgaria quite extensive and drunkenness common even among the Bulgarian priests. If the 1 See p. 49, footnote 12. 75 T^ Protection of Native Races. export of liquors from this country to mission fields could be in any way stopped, I think it should be done for many reasons. It tends to shake the faith of the natives in Christianity; it is a curse to the natives physically, mentally and socially; it is a disgrace to our nation to thus corrupt those whom the missionaries are endeavoring to uplift and lead to higher and nobler life, to say nothing of the eternal ruin that may be the result to many who may purchase and use American liquors. It is a teriible thing to be responsible for so much ruin, and I think if those who manufacture and export the liquors could be made to see a millionth part of the mischief they are working they would shrink from the terrible responsibility they are incurring, both for humanity's sake and to escape the sure wrath of the Almighty. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR BULGARIA.^ 1. Robert College, at Constantinople (in which many Bulgarian leaders are educated) and all kin- dred institutions like tne Collegiate and Theological Institute at Samokov, Bulgaria, should impress upon their students the peril drunkenness brings to a state, to society and to individuals, urging them to exert their influence against the manufacture, sale and use of all intoxicants in their country. 2. The effort should be continued by missionaries and all friends of Bulgaria until the Bulgarian gov- ernment, realizing its danger, shall enact meas- ures prohibiting the importation and sale of intoxicating liquors. 2 These suggestions approved by Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., Boston, Corresponding vSecretary American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. India. REV. J. M. THOBURN, D.D. MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR INDIA AND MALAYSIA, METH- ODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. During a residence of furty-one years in India and Malay- sia I have had many opportunities for observing the dead- ly effects of alco- holic drinks among the lower classes, and especially among those known as aboriginal natives. I have also had opportunities, I am thankful to say, for seeing what can be done by a Chris- tian government to restrict, and in fact wholly pre- vent, the sale of intoxicants to the people. The impression prevails very widely in the United States, that the government of India has no conscience in reference to questions of this kind, but this is a great mistake. The well-known complicity of that government with the opium traffic has, no doubt, been the chief cause of creating this mistaken notion ; 77 BISHOP J. M. THOBURN, D.D. yS Protection of Native Races. but in several instances I have known government officers in remote districts to use their authority to prevent the sale of intoxicating drinks among the people, with the very best results. I recall one instance in which Sir William Muir, when governor of the Northwest Provinces, having learned that intemperance was spreading rapidly among a tribe of aborigines in the hills near Mirza- pore, issued a summary order abolishing the traffic. The result was so satisfactory as to make it clearly evident that a similar course could be safely pursued by all Christian governments if an honest attempt were made to do so. I remember also, when I lived in the province of Garhwal among the Himalayas, when the late Sir Henry Ramsay was Commissioner of the district, the sale of intoxicants was so restricted that there was only one place in the whole province in which such drinks could be procured, and that was a mar- ket town of some size and importance. During a residence of two y^rs in that province, I never heard a complaint against the exclusion of liquor shops, and so far as I now remember, I scarcely ever saw an intoxicated man. Among the simple and very ignorant crTmzaUon "' peoplc fouud in many parts of the trop- swiftiy fatal to ical world, no kind of intoxicants can all aboriginal ^^ ^^^^j placed withiu rcach without races. -' '■ the most deplorable results. I am pro- foundly convinced that there is no hope of elevating such people while the wretched drinks which are usually sold to. them are tolerated in any shape whatever. The rum exported from the United States can not but work moral and physical ruin among the tribes of Africa, and the various kinds of Classified Testimonies — India. 79 drink sold under Government license in many parts of India are simply a curse to the poor creatures who in their ignorance spend their last penny in pur- chasing them. The rum traffic is a disgrace to the United States, and our nation will not soon erase the reproach from her history that, when Europe was willing to join in an agreement to abolish the expoit of intoxicating drinks to a part of Africa, America re- fused for years to give assent to the proposal. The whole tropical WORLD is RAPIDLY COMING under the control of na- tions which profess to be Christian, in a high accep- tance OF THAT WORD. It IS, IN MY opinion, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT QUES- TIONS OF THE DAY, WHETHER THE MILLIONS OF THE EASTERN TROPICS ARE TO BE RECEIVED AS HELPLESS WARDS, AND ELE- VATED IN CIVILIZATION AND ENLIGHTENMENT, OR DEBAUCHED AND CRUSHED BY A TRAFFIC WHICH REC- OGNIZES NO CONSCIENCE, SHOWS NO MERCY, AND IS AMENABLE ONLY TO A GOSPEL OF FINANCIAL GREED. Rev. J. 0. Brown (formerly Missionary in Vuy- yora, Kistra District, Telugu field, now Secretary Baptist Board of Ontario and Quebec). — As one who saw missionary service for over seven years in India, I want to bear my testimony to the unspeak- able evils of the liquor and opium traffics. The liquor traffic is largely confined to the lower classes and castes, though, sad to say, even the higher REV. J. G. BROWN. 8o Protection of Native Races. castes of the Hindus and the Mohammedans, whose Christian religions make them total abstainers, nations break- ^j-g beginning to leam the use of strong abstinence drink. The example of the Indian reugions. Government officials and other Euro- pean residents in the country is largely responsible for this. The opium habit, alas! is common to all castes. These two traffics are responsible for very much of the poverty, the crime and the degradation of the people.^ They constitute an awful barrier to the progress of the Gospel among the heathen, and a dreadful temptation to very many of our native ' If all the vast fields of India that are devoted to raising opium were instead devoted to rice, and the energy destroyed by opium were available for cultivating them, and the money worse than wasted upon opium were used to buy their product, the frequent famines would be at least less widespread and less deadly. It is computed that in about a century, 1 770-1879, India suffered twenty-one famines, costing twenty-seven mil- lions of lives. Rev. Jas. S. Dennis, D.D., in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," declares that the consumption of opium in India is "an evil that is growing with alarming rapidity. Testimonies from all parts of India," he adds, "leave no doubt upon that point." Vol. I, pp. 83, 84. The following facts are taken from the Blue Books, East India, (Progress and Conditions.) "Area under Poppy cultivation in British India, 1S99, 564,000 acres. "Opium, net receipts, 1898-99, ^2,230,308. "Opium distributed and consumed in India, 1897-98, 4,500 chests. "Opium, number of chests exported and their destination: 1898-99, Hong Kong, 31,406; China, Treaty Ports, 18,817; Straits Settlements, 14,577; Other Ports, 2,328; Total chests exported, 67,128. "The totals of the net excise and customs revenues on liquors Classified Testimonies — India. 8i Christians. The Indian Government, while nom- inally discouraging and restricting the use of liquor and opium, really encourages it. In fact one of the strongest arguments made by government officials against the abolition of the traffic is that the government cannot get on without the revenue drawn from it. I am thankful, however, to be able to testify that in some districts a strong sentiment, .especially against the drink traffic, is being aroused. At a meeting in London a few years ago Baboo Chunder Sen said: "What was India thirty or forty years ago, and what is she to-day? The whole atmos- "phere of India seems to be rending with the cries of helpless widows and orphans, who often go to the length of cursing the British government for having introduced intoxicating drink." At the Parliament of Religions at Chicago, Narasima Charya, a Brahmin of Madras, said, with an outburst of feeling: "Our friends of the Brahmo- Somaj have been picturing to you Christianity stand- ing with a Bible in one hand and the wizard's wand of civilization in the other; but there is another side, and that is the goddess of civilization with a bottle of rum in her hand. I know of a hundred people in my native land who are addicted to the drink habit. Of course we have ourselves to blame ; but remember that to ape the conqueror is one of the vices of the conquered, and that the fashionable and drugs consumed in India during the past 24 years compare thus: 1874-75, iTi, 755,000. i8q4-95, i"3,965,ooo, 1898-99, ^4,127.000." These figures reveal the startling fact that the revenue from intoxicants sold by a Christian government, to people whose religious and social habits are opposed to the use of liqour and drugs altogether, has more than doubled itself during the last twenty-four years. 82 Protection of Native Races. REV, E. C. B. HALLAM. habit of drinking is bor- rowed by the Hindus from the English. Rev. E. C. B. Hallam (Mid- napur, Bengal, Freewill Bap- tist Board, 185 7- 189 7, forty- years' service). — My testi- mony refers to Orissa, South- ern Bengal and the North- west Provinces in India. The intoxicants used by the natives prior to the introduction of English in- toxicants were chiefly the fermented juice of the date palm and a fermented liquor made from rice. These are still in use among the low caste people of limited means. Only the wealthier classes are able to indulge in foreign or imported liquors. Forty years ago comparatively few used these last named beverages, Liicense system ^ . , ■? greatly in- and a drunkcn man was very seldom seen. Since these drinks have been taken under the protecting wing of the government, by the license system, places where they are to be had have become very much more numerous, and in like proportion the use of them has increased; so that now a drunken man is no rarity. Besides these drinks various preparations of ganja (the hemp plant) and opium are used by many, and I believe the use of these is also on the increase. Beer, brandy and the like have been introduced for the iise of Europeans in India, nearly all of whom drink, except the missionaries. These drinks are not creases liquor traffic. Classified Testimonies — India. 83 found in the ordinary grog shop in rustic villages. They may be had, however, in such places in the larger towns all through the country. It is not through these, however, that the drinking habits of the common people are being increased, but rather through the liquors of home manufacture which have been greatly multiplied by the abomi- Government 8 b J sr j "out-stiu" nable "out-still" system introduced by system fosters ^^^ otherwise patcmal government. home manufac- *^ ° ture of strong The highest bidder in a certain district **^'°''' is permitted to open a still and manufac- ture to his heart's content. Certain available statis- tics go to show that in eight years (up to i8S8) the increase of the liquor traffic in Bengal was 135 per cent. In the Central Provinces it was 100 per cent in ten years. "In Ceylon the revenue from drink is almost 14 per cent of the total revenue." Mr, Caine, ex-member of the British Parliament, says: "All moral considerations are swamped in the effort to obtain revenue. The worst and rottenest excise system in the civilized world is that of India." The diink habit is demoralizing everywhere, par- ticularly so in India, and especially in high life. In good society in that country the habit must be indulged secretly, and lying and deception must be used to conceal the habit. Temperance organizations have been instituted in many places, especially among the higher class natives; indeed, some of these natives have taken Church Disci- the initiative in such work, notably pune and civil members of the Brahmo Somaj. Not prohibition as -' remedies. a fcw cliurchcs, especially the Free Baptist and Methodist-Episcopal, make the tamper- ing with either liquors or narcotic drugs a matter of discipline. In this regard other churches, in other 84 Protection of Native Races. missions, are advancing, both missionaries and their converts practicing total abstinence from all these things. I see no hope for very marked improvement, so far as the spread of this evil among the common people is concerned, unless influence can in some v^^ay be brought to bear upon the government so as to compel it to relinquish its wicked and shameless license policy whereby the use of these things is encouraged. Much has been done in the British army on temperance lines,^ but there is room for a very great deal more. Miss Agnes E. Baskerville (Cocanada, Godavery District, Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario and Quebec, 1888 — ). — The use of opium is alarmingly prevalent in the Godavery District. It is given medicinally for many ailments by the native . _ quacks, and its use grows on those who indulge in it until the habit cannot be broken. It is given to babies to keep them from crying, and In- dian nurses admini.^ter it secretly to the children of their European employers. One form of revenue from the diink traffic is obtained from the tax on toddy made from the juice of the Palmyra tree. When the revenue from this source f;ills below the mark, officers of the MISS A. E. uASKicRviLLE. govemmcnt order more * See p. 227. Classified Testimonies — India. 85 toddy shops to be opened.' Both these evil things let loose all the evil passions in human nature. Rev. H. J. Bruce (Satara, American Board, 1889 — thir- ty-seven years' service). — In 1893 the British govern- ment sent out a royal com- mission to examine into the great opium traffic in India. I called one of my best native agents, a very shreAvd man, and said to him: "Go to a certain village and see what is done with the opium." I had known before that there was a large amount of opium used in the district, but I did not know how it was used. He investigated and reported. I was astounded. I said: "I cannot receive that testimony second-hand ; I must go there and examine and see for myself. Go again to that village and tell the people that on a certain day I will be there to inquire about the use of opium." I met the Patiel, the chief of the village, a very stalwart man, dressed in spotless white, with a big turban on his head. The pith of what he Infants fed Said was that the great majority of the with opium. babcs in that community were fed with opium by their mothers, and with what result? It REV. H. J. BRUCE. ^ The government forbids the natives to draw toddy from their own trees where it would often be only slightly fermented, and compels them to go for it to the toddy shop, where it is sure to have reached a considerable degree of fermentation, which is like discouraging the use of sweet cider for the very purpose of drawing those accustomed to it to buy hard cider. 86 Protection of Native Races. worked very well for the infants up to the age of two or three years. Then when the children were old enough to eat solid food they began to break off giving them opium, but when they attempted to stop the opium diet there came on disease and death. That Patiel sitting before me there in the presence of his people confessed that 25 per ^Sj^'^^k, cent of all their babes were mKT ^m thus killed by opium. 4V tS* 0l Mrs. H. D. Hume (Bom- bay, India, American Board, 1835 - 1854). — Intoxicating drink in our early experience in India was one of Satan's most effective agents for hindering the progress of gospel. In the eyes of the natives, white men were all "Christians." The Moham- medans, Hindus and Jews, by their religious beliefs and by their social customs were, with few exceptions, total abstainers. Every ship that entered the Bombay harbor brought rum, ale, wine, and other intoxicants, and the European Most roropeans (jQQ^Qj.g usiug thcsc bcvcragcs them- in India use ' ** * intoxicants. sclvcs, rccommcnded them to all Euro- peans, saying that in that hot countiy these stimulants were needed, and that it was dangerous to drink the water. Under these circumstances missionaries found it difficult to influence foreigners to be total abstainers. The poorer class of foreign- ers began to drink the fermented juice of the cocoa- nut palm, and the better class used imported drinks. Slowly the almost universal drinking habits of the MRS. H. D. HUME. Classified Testimonies — India. 87 Europeans began to influence the better class of natives, until now the drink traffic, which ought to have been flipped in the bud, has become one of the devil's bulwarks. If India's people are to be saved from this curse, and the stain on Great Britain's flag- wiped out, national measures of repression should be undertaken. Mrs. Joseph Cook (Boston, Observations in India as a Traveler). — In the Gujerathi country in western India the women have a plaintive song which asks why their parents did not kill them at birth instead of marrying them to men who take opium. It is no consolation to these wronged women and their starving children that the British government in India propagates the opium vice for the sake of rev- enue and helps to fill the Indian exchequer at the cost _ . . „ of their ruined Opium trafflc increased by homCS and bro- llcense system. ^^^ hearts. The government regulations for the opium traffic in India oblige the man who takes out a license to sell this drug to make a certain return to the government. Consequently he takes the most active measures to ensure the rev- enue, and sends his emissaries out into untainted districts, and gets his victims among the younger men, with the full knowledge that, "He who hesitates is lost," for the habit once formed is harder to break than the alcohol habit. Several seasons ago there was a strong an ti -opium J^ k 1 1 , ll jK ^ 1 '1 MRS. JOSEPH COOK. 88 Protection of Native Races. agitation in Great Britain, which the London Times sneeringly spoke of as "one of the periodic out- bursts of cheap Puritanism." At the great meet- ings in Exeter Hall, an eloquent Christian Hindu woman, Soonderbai Powar by name, brought most pathetic appeals from both Hindu and Mohammedan women. One of these messages from a mass meet- ing of Mohammedan women in Lucknow was: "We will thank the 'government to take the sword and kill the wives and children of opium smokers, so as to rid us of the agony we suffer!" When these bitter cries from outraged heathen women were repeated to Christian England the verdict of "shame! shame!" was heard again, and again, but will public sentiment be strong enough to induce the British government to forego this blood money which swells her revenues? Christian England sends Bibles to India and China, and comuiC7'ciat England forces upon them the deadly narcotic, opium. Is it strange that the natives, who consider all who wear European dress as representatives of the Christian religion, cry out in despair, "Is this yoViX J estis wayf Then we want none of it." Rev. David Downie, D.D. (Nellore, Madras Presi- dency, Baptist Missionary Union, 1873 — ). — In South India, among the lower classes, many are addicted to the use of a powerful native distilled liquor called arak. Government seeks to control its use by license, but even with the tax the stuff is still so cheap that it is a question how far the licens- ing restrains the production or use. As the licenses Drink habit are sold by miction^ the tendency is to spreading:. incrcuse rather than to diminish the sale. Among the higher classes, the cheaper Euro- pean liquors are preferred to the native liquors. Classified Testimonies — India. Though both Hindus and Mohammedans are forbid- den by their reUgions to use these liquors, the habit is all too common, and I fear is on the increase. Opium is not extensively used in South India, but is used to some extent. There is also a drug called bhang or gunga which is used to a consider- able degree. It is a powerful intoxicant, and some- times its intemperate use leads to insanity.* As a mission we have not suffered seriously from in- temperance among our na- tive Christians. We teach total abstinence; have tem- perance societies among our people, especially the young; use unfermented wine at communion, and discounte- nance the use of intoxicants in ever}'- possible way. Joseph Taylor (Hoshanga- bad, Central provinces, Friends' Foreign Missionary Association of Great Britain, 1889 — ). — One of the great moral questions, which appears to me to most seriously affect the future internal welfare of the India Church and its missionary influence on the sur- rounding populations, is intemperance. In consider- ing this question we have to sorrowfully acknowledge JOSEPH TAYIOR. ■*This dried Indian hemp-i)lant (^Cannabis Sativa), from which the resinous juice has not been removed, is smoked in India for its narcotic eifects. It is called gunja in some parts of India, and is the same as the hasheesh used by the Turks. Many young men are led to moral ruin through its use, as it stimulates the sensual passions. 90 Protection of Native Races. that the example of the European community has had a damaging influence on the more educated Indian Christians, by familiarizing them with indulgence in intoxicating liquors, which, as Hindus of good position, most of them would not have been tempted to partake of, and in lending countenance to the former drinking habits of many converts drawn from the lower social strata. Our own and some other of the societies working in the northern and central districts of India have long made it a rtile that total abstinence Total absti- . ° neiice required ^^ expcctcd froni evcYy viemocr of the of church chjiTch, thus rcmoviug one grave source members. , , - . - of temptation and general hindrance to the spread of the gospel, with very great benefit to the communities affected; but it is to be feared that in many districts Indian Christians are more and more acquiring social drinking habits (from which they would have been freed as Hindus), which must necessarily affect the welfare and growth of the Church in the future. Rev. T, S. Johnson, M.D. (Bombay, Methodist- Episcopal Board, 1862 — ). — Some of the lower castes and many of the aborigines are noted for their Intemperance drinking habits. Of late years intem- Increasing:. PERANCE IS GREATLY ON THE INCREASE AMONG ALMOST ALL CLASSES. Thc poor Can afford only cheap native intoxicants, out the better classes use imported drinks. The native seldom remains a MODERATE DRINKER, AND HENCE SHOULD THE DRINK HABIT BECOME GENERAL THE OUTLOOK FOR THE COUN- TRY WOULD BECOME APPALLING. Missionaries gen- erally regard the present condition as a very grave one, and are anxious to curtail or prohibit the liquor traffic. Classified Testimonies — India. 91 Mrs. I. C. Archibalds (Madras, Foreign Mission Board Maritime Baptist Convention, 1878 — , Presi- dent Madras W. C T. U ).— To supply the national exchequer the government of India, otherwise the best government India could have, sanctions, fos- . ,^ .^ ters and legalizes the manufacture and Another wit- . ° ness to increase Sale of liquors, thus filling the country of drink ^ijjj taverns, before whose doors the traffic. already faltering feet of the countless hosts are constantly tripping. It cannot de denied THAT THIS TRAFFIC IN HUMAN SOULS IS LARGELY OX TH1£ INCREASE. Rev. G. H. Rouse (Calcutta, English Baptist Mis- sion, 1862-1898). — The use of intoxicants is ^rczczVz^. Formerly only certain lower classes used to drink intoxicants, now a large number of men of respec- table grades of society indulge in the evil. I think it may be truly said that natives never drink in Prohibition moderation. Strong drink is altogether for India and entirely unneeded by them, and pr.*otieinc/ti from raw opium ; and (c) By non-Burmans, in localities in which the cultivation of the poppy is permitted (see preceding paragraj h). Classified Testimonies — Burma. 95 „ ^ , „ the chief cause of crime, he would have Parts 01 Rarma ' Btiu under covcred the situation. There is nothing- opium blight, ^^^j. gQ debauches the Shans as the use of opium. In not a few of the homes more than half of all the money received is paid out for opium. In 82. (i) Burmans in Upper Burma may not possess opium except for medical purposes. (ii) Burmans in Lower Burma who have not been registered may not possess opium except for medical purposes. (iii) Non-Burmans may possess opium for private consump- tion. (iv) Travelers of distinction entering Burma and heads of caravans entering the Myitkyina and Bhamo districts by land may possess opium produced in the Shan States or out of India which they have brought with them for their consumption, and (v) Persons to whom special licenses have been granted (medical practitioners and others) may possess opium in accord- ance with those licenses. The ordinary limit of private possession is that prescribed for retail sale, viz., three tolas of opium and its permitted preparations (other than those used for medical purposes) ; six tolas of medical preparations ; and five seers of poppy-heads. The system of registering Burmans was introduced in the beginning of 1893. It was then decided to extend the prohibi- tion of the use of opium (except for medicinal purposes) by Burmans, which had always been enforced in Upper Burma, to Lower Burma. In order to avoid inflicting hardship on Burmans who had become habituated to the use of the drug, notices were issued in March, 1893, to the effect that, after the new system had been introduced, no Burmans except such as had registered themselves would be permitted to possess opium, except for medicinal purposes; that all Burmans of 25 years and upwards who desired to continue the use of opium must register themselves; and that Burmans under 25 years of age were not permitted to register themselves. The Rules provide that the names of registered consumers shall be entered in township registers, and that extracts from these registers con- taining the names of registered consumers from each village cr ward shall be given to the headman concerned. Every head- man is thus acquainted with the names of registered consumers g6 Protection of Native Races. our hospital, in the three years I was there, I think fully 75 per cent of all the deaths were due to opium. Bowel troubles are among the most deadly diseases, and the opium victim always succumbs to the disease. In the local jail, with an average of sixty prisoners, 75 per cent were opium victims, A new in his jurisdiction. A combined register for the whole of each district is also kept by the Deputy Commissioner. Each regis- tered consumer is furnished with a certificate of registration and is required to produce it when buying opium as a proof that he maj' legally possess it. The Rules further provide for the removal from the register of the names of consumers who desire to have their names removed or who have died, and for the transfer from one register to another of consumers who change their place of residence. In order to secure that the registers are kept up to date, District Officers are required to verify them every six months. 83. The Bengal Excise opium, which is procured by Govern- ment and stored in the district treasuries, is issued thence to licensed vendors at Rs. 29 per seer in Arakan, and at Rs. 33 per seer in the rest of the province. Deducting Rs. 8)4 per seer, which is credited to "Opium" revenue as the cost of pro- duction, the resultant rates of duty are Rs. 20^ and Rs. 24^ per seer, respectively. Opium imported from the Shan States or Yunnau, for sale in Upper Burma pays a duty of Rs. 17 per viss of 3.65 lbs., or about Rs. 93/5 per seer. But the illicit con- sumption of Chinese, Shan, and Upper Burma grown opium in 1898-99 amounted together to only 9 maunds against 720 maunds of Bengal opium. These figures exclude some 42 maunds of contraband opium which, after confiscation, were disposed of to licensed vendors for sale. 84. Licenses for retail sale are ordinarily disposed of by auction, and the licensees are permitted to open shops in selected places and to sell opium retail to persons permitted to possess it, namely, medical practitioners, pharmacists, doctors, tattooers, non-Burmans, and registered Burmans in Lower Burma. The localities at which shops are opened are fixed by Government and have varied little during the last few years. The principle followed in licensing shops is to license them in places in which there is a considerable population of persons Classified Testimonies — Burma. 97 license system is fastening this evil on some of the Shan States. In one of them, with 100,000 popula- tion, the first year the license sold for 5,000 rupees, the second year for 8,000, the third year for 15,000, and the fourth year for 17,800. There is some drunkenness, but the Buddhist commandment prohibiting the use of intoxicants is fairly well enforced. Rev. W. W. Cochrane (Thibaw, Shan States, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1890). — The B-^itish India government, it is fair to say, does not aim to introduce opium into Burma, but to regulate and restrict an article that had already been intro- duced from the Chinese side, and largely by the Chinese before English rule. The heavy license on opium and the strict enforcement of the law lifts the price far out of the reach of many of the people. addicted to the consumption of opium. There were fifty-three licensed shops in 1898-99. The principle of prohibition applied to the Burmese and Karens in Burma, has been adopted by the Japanese Govern- ment in Formosa, but with some manifest improvements. See P- 139- Success of Prohibition in Burma. — Joseph G. Alexander, LL.B., Honorary Secretary of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade (London), makes the following in his annual report for 1896: "The beneficial effect of the law is shown by the following figures, showing the quantity of opium sold in Burma before and after the new regulations came into operation : Average of three years, 1890-91 to 1892-3 . 58,259 seers Year 1894-5 19,275 " (One seer equals 2.1 pounds.) For our own society it is highly satisfactory that the protec- tion measures which we so long urged in the interests of the Burma people, and which the Indian Government so obsti- nately opposed in the interest of its opium revenue, have been attended with these beneficial results. 98 Protection of Native Races. The control of the sale of opium tinder English law is better than the open and comparatively unre- stricted freedom that one sees in Western China ^ ^. and the Shan States. The next step. Further i^' restrictions doubtlcss, should be to rcducc to a min- suggested. imum the amount to be sold under the licenses granted, reducing also the number of those licenses, and making even more stringent the reg- ulation against selling to minors. The next, to exclude the article altogether, except for medicinal and other necessary purposes, with laws as strin- gent as those of the United States and other civilized countries. Classified Testimonies — Assam. 99 Assam. REV. F. p. HAGQARD. IMPUR, NAGA HILLS, AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY UNION, 1892 — . Theoretically the Hindus and Mohammedans of the plains of Assam are suppoc-cd not to use intoxicating liquor, but the temptations have been too great, so that the government- licensed rum shops do a big business. In the hills the aboriginal people among whom I have been living, have always used their native rice beer; and as they themselves now acknowledge, greatly to their detriment; but it must be admitted that the effect of this beer in no wise compares with the dreadful results of the use of distilled liquor, of which our people originally knew noth- ing; but for the use of which, as introduced by Europeans and natives from the plains, they are now thoroughly prepared. They consider it a great treat to get a taste — or more — of the Sahib's liquor, I am sorry to say also that my obser- vation has been that most of the British officers of whom I have known anything, have encouraged rather than discouraged the use of both opium and liquor among the people; and in some cases this influence has been a positive detriment to our work; REV. F. P. HAGGARD Native drinks g^iving place to more deadly liquors of civilized nations. lOO Protection of Native Races. indeed, aside from the distinctively religious RITES OF HEATHENISM WE HAVE FOUND NOTHING SO HARD TO MEET AS THE APPETITE FOR THESE TWO ARTI- CLES AND NOTHING SO DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME AS THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF BOTH OF THEM. I shall never forget the first true picture I had of the effects of the opium traffic. I was touring among the villages on the mountain tops of South- eastern Assam. I was on the mountain of joy that morning, for I had just left the last of three Chris- tian villages in which I had been spending several days in the midst of scenes which were pentecostal in their character — villages but recently wholly heathen now furnishing many candidates for bap- tism, building churches, calling for teachers and preachers, and giving many other and remarkable evidences of the presence of the Spirit and the great transformation which He had wrought among them. An opium The next village visited was one to village. which I had never before gone. The path was new to me, so that I was surprised when they told me that we were at the village ; and, as we entered, I was immediately struck with the strange appearance of things. The usual numbers of cattle, pigs and chickens were wanting; the granaries were small and in decay. Going still further into the village I was led to ask my com- panions if this really were a village. I saw not one new house; not one in first-class repair; most of them were dilapidated, and many were almost down, the posts inclining at various angles from perpendicular. I said, "Do people live in those houses?" "Yes." "Can it be; what is the mat- ter?" "Why, it is an opium village." The entire village was a ruin, morally and physically, through Classified Testimonies — Ceylon. loi opium ; and the testimony of the people themselves, with whom I afterwards talked, was worth more than the verdict of a thousand commissions. They testified, "This is our curse." Ceylon. MISSES MARY AND MARGARET W. LEITCH. JAFFNA, AMERICAN BOARD, 1879-189I. We found the liquor traffic, authorized and licensed by the British government, a great foe to Christian work in Ceylon. The government cer- tainly does not dream of the bitterness, of the sor- row and despair with which many of the natives look upon this absolutely ruinous traffic, thrust upon them against their wishes for the sake of a revenue. In Ceylon the liquor traffic is purely a government monopoly. The right to sell liquor „ ,. in a district is, in many districts, How license ' -' ^•-•j, Jncrpases sold at public auctiou to the high- rather than ^g^ bidder. When ouc has bought the restrains drink. o ».»i-^ right he does not wish to be a loser by the transaction, so he opens as many liquor shops as possible in the district. These are located in the towns and villages near the tea and cinchona estates, in the mining districts and the roadsides along which there is most travel, and by means of THESE MULTIPLIED PLACES OF TEMPTATION MANY WHO WERE FORMERLY ABSTAINERS ARE FAST BECOMING DRUNKARDS. The rcHgions of the Hindus, Moham- medans and Buddhists forbid the use of strong drink, and formerly the people of Ceylon were 102 Protection of Native Races. for the most part total abstainers. Spirits were high - priced and hard to get, and drunkenness was uncommon because there was little temptation to drink. But in any country, if the facilities for OBTAINING STRONG DRINK ARE INCREASED, THE CON- SUMPTION IS INCREASED ; if the facilities for obtaining strong drink are diminished, the consumption is diminished. In Ceylon the facilities for obtain- ing STRONG DRINK HAVE BEEN ABNORMALLY INCREASED. The British government, for the sake of a revenue, has made strong drink to be cheap and plentiful. It has been said by Mr. Gladstone in the House of Commons that "the combined evils of war and pestilence and famine are not so great as those evils which flow from strong drink." If this be so, has not Ceylon crime enough of its own, sorrow and poverty enough of its own, without having this, the curse of Great Britain, imported into it and fostered there against the wishes of the people for the sake of revenue? Mr. Gladstone said on another occasion: "Gentlemen, I refuse to con- sider a question of revenue alongside of a ques- tion of morals. Give me sober and industrious people, and I will soon show you where to get a revenue." The quantity of opium imported into Ceylon in 1897 was 18,285 pounds. As the result of an anti- opium agitation by the Ceylon Anti-Opium Com- mittee, some restrictions have been secured from government, but as the Ceylon Observer says, these proposals "touch but the fringe of the true evil, namely, the selling of this drug, opium, by native licenses in thoroughfares of our cities, attracting new customers and so spreading the opium habit among an effeminate people like the Sinhalese." Classified Testimonies — Ceylon. 103 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR INDIA, BURMA, ASSAM AND CEYLON.i I. EFFORTS BY MISSIONARIES ON THE FIELD. 1. Make total abstinence a condition of church membership, as a number of leading missions have already done. 2. Use unfermented wine at the communion serv- ice. Many natives break away from their principle of total abstinence for the iirst time by tasting fer- mented wine at the Lord's table. ^ 3. Have scientific temperance teaching in all mis- sion schools of the higher grade. Sample books, suitable for the different grades, can be had from Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, 23 Trull Street, Boston, Mass., Superintendent of Scientific Temperance for the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, from which translations can be made adapted to the needs of each country. The higher educational institutions should aim to develop leaders in tem- perance work. 4. Hold temperance mass meetings. Form tem- perance societies, securing the co-operation of those of all creeds and classes who are favorable to total abstinence. Many will gladly join in such a move- ment, and thus the missionaries will find a way to 1 These suggestions have been revised and approved by- Bishop Thoburn. 2 The juice of boiled raisins is used in some places U'hen unfermented vs^ine is not at hand. We realize that some may- have conscientious objections to the use, for sacramental pur- poses, of other than fermented -wine, but while respecting their convictions, we would remind them that in the case of tens of thousands of the Christians of India living in extreme poverty and very far from Europeans, it is impossible to procure fer- mented wine. 104 Protection of Native Races. co-operate for the moral betterment of the com- munity with large numbers who will not attend an ordinary preaching service. Have resolutions passed at these naeetings, voicing the wish of the people for protection through the closing of the licensed liquor shops in the district, and urging that the sale of opium and Indian hemp shall also be pro- hibited except for medicinal purposes, with laws as strict as those in force in England and other civilized countries. Send a copy of the petition to the proper Government official of the District, and a duplicate copy to the Honorary Secretary of the Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Commit- tee, Dr. Harford-Battersby, 139, Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, Westminster, London, England. 5. Prepare and print in the native language peti- tions of similar import, and have them widely cir- culated for signatures among the educated classes. Arrange for a deputation of influential citizens to present this petition to the proper government offi- cials. Report this effort in the local papers in order to educate public opinion. 6. Put into circulation among Europeans, Eura- sians and educated natives the best temperance lit- erature in English. Translate from this literature into the native languages, adapt to local conditions and needs, and circulate widely, and in this effort secure the co-operation of the great tract societies in India. Prepare, from time to time, articles for the English and native papers. 7. Secure the appointment by each mission of a temperance committee as one of its fieruiaiiciit com- mittees to have the general oversight of this work, and a temperance secretary in connection with each native missionary society. Classified Testimonies^Ceylon. 105 8. Secure the appointment of a temperance com- mittee in each interdenominational missionary organization which exists in the large cities. 9. Secure the adequate presentation of this sub- ject at all great conventions ; for example, those of the Y. M. C. A., the Sunday -School Union, the Indian National Congress, the Decennial Missionary Conference, etc. 10. Help to arouse a public sentiment at home with regard to these evils by letters to the mission boards, to friends and to the press. 11. When at home on furlough refer to this sub- ject in public addresses. Who but the missionary can portray these evils to Christians at home and arouse them to prayer and effort for their removal? 12. Let all missionaries in India of whatever nationality unite in bringing pressure to bear on the British people, with a view to the total separa- tion of the government from the traffic. 2. EFFORTS BY FRIENDS OF MISSIONS AT HOME. 1. Supply the missionaries with temperance literature. 2. Let tourists use their opportunities for conver- sations and public addresses on this subject. 3. Let special efforts be made in Great Britain to influence those who are contemplating civil service in the East. The testimonies following on the opium curse in China should be carefully studied by Americans with a view to making proper laws on this subject, not only for the Philippines but also for the United States in which the practically unrestricted and increasing sale of the drug is doing great harm and threatening more (p. I35)- THESE TESTIMONIES SHOULD ALSO PROMPT EVERY READER IN EVERY LAND TO ASK HIS OWN GOVERNMENT TO JOIN THE MOVE- MENT TO INDUCE GREAT BRITAIN TO RELEASE CHINA FROM TREATY COMPULSION TO ALLOW THE OPIUM TRAFFIC. io6 Protection of Native Races, Rev. T. Q. Selby (Twelve years a missionary in South China). — The ill-omened opium traffic is an injur}' to every form of legitimate commerce and predisposes the Chinese to The opinm dislike even the science and civilization we rep- trafflc injurious resent. Not only does the trade impoverish the to legritimate Chinese in many ways, and disqualify them commerce. from becoming our customers on any adequate scale, but the tradition of the past leads them to oppose the extension of a trade of which this evil is the most conspicuous item. Sentiment plays a much more important part in our international commerce than some people suppose. The feel- ing engendered amongst all right-minded people of the eighteen provinces, is one of unanimous and unappeasable bitterness against Great Britain. The purest patriots of the country are against us. It is this, too, which is the chief obstacle to the spread of the Christian faith. The Chinese bring it as their grand argument against the missionaries. They have little to object to in our The greatest theoretical ethics. Attacks upon idolatry do hindrince to not provoke any verj' serious reply. The one the spread of taunt heard day by day in the preaching room Christianity. is "How about the opium trade?" A religion that leads its professors to deal after this fashion with a friendly nation, it is assumed, cannot have much moral virtue in it. Our consecration of life, property, strength, to the conversion of the Chinese millions is largely neutralized by this unrepented national crime. "Leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift." Wipe out this cruel, long-fretting, virulent offense, and your missionary offerings shall have upon them the sign of a gracious acceptance they have hitherto lacked. How can we expect our witness to the blood sprinkling that speaketh better things to be heard, whilst the blood of the daily- slaughtered Abel cries daily against us from the ground? — The Poppy Harvest, p. 32. The temptation to the poor native Christian to grow opium is a severe one, but connection with opium debars from membership in the Christian Church. Some time ago a Chinaman applied for church membership, but he had 15 acres of poppies. He was therefore told that he could not be admitted to church fellowship. The next day he came covered with mud and dirt. He had destroyed the whole crop, and held out his hands, saying eagerly, "NcA' it is all right. I shall be poor and have dirty hands, but I have a clean soul." China. J. HUDSON TAYLOR. SUPERINTENDENT CHINA INLAND MISSION. [Extract from addresses delivered at the Centenary Confer- ence of the Protestant Missions of the World, held in Exeter Hall, London, 1888. See report of same (Revell), vol. I. pp. 75 and 132. Rev. J. Hudson Taylor has granted permission to use this extract, and states that it expresses his present views.] When we look back to eighty years of mission- ary labor (in China) and com- pare it with the results of eighty years of commer- cial labor, I am afraid our brows must be covered with shame and our hearts filled with sorrow. Aft- er eighty years of missionary labor we are thankful for thirty-two thousand communicants; after eighty years of commercial labor there are one hundred and fifty millions of the Chinese who are either per- sonally smokers of the opium or sufferers from the opium vice of husband or wife, father or mother, or some relative. You may go through China, and you will find thousands — I can safely say, tens of thou- 107 REV. J. HUDSON TAYLOR. io8 Protection of Native Races. sands — of towns and villages in which there are but small traces of the Bible or of Christian influence. You will scarcely find a hamlet in which the opium pipe does not reign. Ah! we have given China something besides the gospel, something that is doing more harm in a week than the united efforts of all our Christian missionaries are doing good in a year. Oh, the evils of opium! The slave trade was bad; the drink is bad; the licensing of vice is bad; but the opium traffic is the sum of all I?premrc*urse. villainies. It dcbauchcs more families than drink; it makes more slaves directl)' than the slave trade; and it demoralizes more sad lives than all the licensing systems in the world. Will you not ptay, my friends? — I entreat you to pray to the mighty God that He will bring this great evil to an end. . . . This is a profoundly important question, and one that must be dealt with in the sight of God. The common defense brought forward is this: "England cannot afford to do right." Now I would say, Eng- land cannot afford to do wrong. Nay, you must not do one wrong thing to escape another. It is said you must not starve India in order to deliver China. My dear friends, it is always right to do right, and the God in heaven, who is the great Governor of the universe, never created this world on such lines that the only way to properly govern India was to curse China. There is no curse in God's government. What is to be done? We do not — I Let Government Speak for mysclf, but I think there are go out of the rnany more for whom I am speaking — opium business. . _ -. ask the government of India to prevent these native states from producing their opium. I do not suppose we could do it. We do not ask that Classified Testimonies — China. 109 the opium should not be allowed to pass through Indian territory, and it can get out through no other way without paying a heavy duty. But we do ask that the queen and government of England shall not be the producers of opium. The Indian govern- ment has taken this ground: that it has the right to prevent the production of opium except at the gov- ernment factories. Let it add to that that it shall not be produced at the government factories, and we ask no more. Rev. C. F. Kupfer, Ph.D. (Chinkiang, Central China, Methodist-Episcopal Board, 1881 — ). — It has been our sad privilege to live for more than eighteen years among a people where the use of opium has become, beyond all doubt, one of the most destruc- tive national vices that has ever blighted the human race. During our travels in central China, whether upon large river steamers, upon small junks and boats, or in overland conveyances, we have freely moved among all grades of society, and to our astonishment found that among all classes this per- nicious evil has made great inroads. Through it we have seen high officials incapacitated; business men bankrupt; artisans and coolies depleted of all their energy and strength; families broken up and homes destroyed. No words can describe the misery of an opium smoker when once reduced to such a condition that he cannot buy both his drug and nourishing food. No surer method could be found to sap the life from a sturdy nation with the temperament of the Chinese, than the introduction of opium. May the cry of the suffering millions reach the ears of those in high places who are responsible for the presence of this dire calamity in the Middle Kingdom. iio Protection of Native Races. Rev. W. K. McKibbin (Swatow, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1875 — ). — Tiie saddest thing rhina'8 noble about this wholc Sad opium business is fight against ^/^^ debaiichmeut of the Chinese con- opium followed . . r^ • by decay of sctcnce. Time was when a Chmese conscience. emperor — Tao Kwang, who was em- peror at the time of the Opium War, 1840-1842 — confiscated the whole stock of the odious drug and burned it with fire, and paid to the last penny the bill which the English government presented for collection.^ Time was Avhen, being importuned to legalize the trade and thereby receive large money, he replied that he would be driven from his throne before taking money to poison his poor people. China went into a hopeless war rather than accept the drug, yielding only when prostrate before England's overwhelming force. But those brave days are past. Having accepted the hideous revenue thrust upon her, China finally went on to the growing of the hated drug herself. "It is your country that sent us the opium," is still the greeting China gives the English-speaking missionary. But the thing she hates she has now made native in her own bosom. The red flag of the poppy-blossom flaunting over her fertile rice-lands is the token that her resistance has ^ "Fifty years ago it was submitted to the general sentiment of the mandarinate of China whether they would legalize opium, and the expression of their opinion was then given by His Majesty Tao Kwang in the remarkable words: 'I cannot receive any revenue from that which causes misery and suffer- ing to my people.' The evils [of opium in China] are so great that if we would act effectively in the matter we must seek to devise strong and efficient measures to influence public opinion in Europe and America as well as in China." — Rev. A. P. Ilapper, D.D., in Records of the Missionary Conference, Shanghai, i8go, p. jOi, Classified Testimonies — China. 1 1 1 been overborne, her outcries stifled, her conscience debauched, and her degradation made complete; until such time as the new life of Christianity shall overcome the sin which a Christian nation has poured into her veins.^ Rev. W. E. Soothill (Wouchow, English Methodist Free Church Board, 1882 — ). — I hold that the opium vice is the most colossal in its pernicious effects that the world has ever known. And I would urge every Avierican citizen to set his face as a flint against the introduction of the drug into the United States even amongst the Chinese comninnities here. I would beseech every Christian man and woman to use heart, voice, and pocket to rid the world of this hor- rible habit, which kills hundreds of thousands every year, and blights millions of homes. ^ *Rev. Jas. S. Dennis, D.D.. in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," vol. I, p. 81, gives $15,000,000 in round numbers as the revenue derived by the government of India in the year ending 1895 from opium, about half as much as ten years before, due to the fact that while China is using it increasingly it is raising six-sevenths of its supply on its own soil. The number of Chinese victims Dr. Dennis estimates at TWENTY MILLIONS, the quantity consumed annually in China at between fifty and sixty millions of pounds avoirdupois, and the direct cash cost of the drug to China at one hundred mil- lions OF DOLLARS. He declares that prior to the introduction of the drug by foreigners the Chinese knew of its medicinal properties, but, he adds, "there is not a particle of evidence to show that it was smoked or abused in any other way in those days. ' ' This is the word of the greatest missionary cyclopedist. ^The status of the anti-opium crusade in 1896 is given in the Missionary Review of the World for April of that year. China and India are the chief sufferers from opium, but Persia is increasingly cursed by it. One-third of its inhabitants use opium immoderately, and many more to some extent, not less than 1)4, million in all, says Dr. J. S. Dennis in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," vol. I, p. 84. In civilised coua- 112 Protection of Native Races. Rev. E. E. Aiken (Tientsin, American Board, 1885 — ). — The opium habit has spread widely among officials, literati and wealthy men, and is one of the greatest obstacles with which missions have to con- REV. E. E. AIKEN. rf;v. t. loegstrip. tend.* There is perhaps no vice which so saps the natural strength of will and so vitiates the moral Opium nature. The present official corrup- one cause of tION AND MILITARY WEAKNESS OF ChINA China's Political MAY, IN NO INCONSIDERABLE DEGREE, BE Weakness. TRACED TO THIS SOURCE. Opium TCf- uges in connection with missions and mission hospi- tries its use is probably increasing. Some one might well make a special study of this aspect of the curse. * Rev. T. Loegstrip, Secretary of the Danish Missionary Society, writes us that his society is conducting missions in two districts in China, one of them a distiict about Port Arthur, which is controlled by Russia, whose authority is used to restrict the opium traffic to the utmost ; the other a district under the Chinese government, in which opium is sold as usual in that country, with the result, so far as missionary work is Classified Testimonies — China. 113 tals, and anti-opium societies, show that missionaries are seeking not only to stop the evil at its fountain- head, but also to save those who may already have become its victims. Rev. Thomas Barclay, M.A. (Tainanfu, Formosa, English Presbyterian Board, 1874 — -, twenty - six years' service). — Whatever may be said by interested advocates of the opium traffic as to the harmlessness of the drug, there can be no doubt that amongst the Chinese opium smoking is regarded as a hurtful vice.^ That a nation should take the position which our nation occu- pies in regard to the supply of opium is a certain indication to a Chinaman that we pay more regard to material gain than to righteousness and benevolence, and therefore fall far below the teachingsof their own sages. In the life of such a nation any talk of ^^l"t^^ . kindness and good will towards China anti-foreign ° feeling largely is regarded as mere hypocrisy. For o"ium War ^^^ samc pcoplc to bfiug opium and the gospel seems to them a manifest contradiction; and when a Chinaman attempts to solve the contradiction, he naturally does it by sus- concerned, that there is much greater success in the former field. It may be added that official Russian papers are prone to remind the Chinese of the opium war whenever both Russia and England are seeking favors. ^ Rev. J. N. Hays, of Foochow, a missionary of the Presby- terian Board, writes: "The Chinese class opium smoking with gambling and fornication," REV. T. BARCLAY, M.A. 114 Protection of Native Races. pccting the motive of our missionary work. I believe THAT OUR INSISTENCE UPON THE CONTINUANCE OF THIS TRAFFIC HAS DONE MUCH TO INTENSIFY THE ChINAMAN's DISTRUST OF FOREIGNERS and to Confirm him in his national exclusiveness." . And in this way, I believe, even from a commercial and material point of view, we have lost more through THIS TRAFFIC THAN WE EVER GAINED BY IT. LuT THIS IS A SMALL MATTER COMPARED WITH THE MCRAL AND SPIRITUAL IN- JURY WROUGHT BY IT UPON BOTH NATIONS. Rev. W. N. Crozier (Nankin, Presbyterian Board, 1891 — ). — For about eight ycar^^ I observed the ravages of opium in China, and can bear testimony that wherever I traveled in that country there were abundant evidences that it is a most awful curse. Opium is bring- ing multitudes of Chinese families to beggary. Even beggars go without food in order to buy Opium opium. Opium raising is a factor one cause of - ^ IN PRODUCING THE FREQUENTLY RE- frequent famine. CURRING FAMINES. Land, God-given to produce food, is used to produce poison. Opium- using destroys its victims, soul and body. Moral REV. W. N. CROZIER. ^Rev. Richard Lovett, M.A., Secretary of the Religious Tract Society, London, and Historian of the London Mission- ary Society, says: " To this day Great Britain has to fear the reproach that, as a great power, she compelled China to con- tinue the opium traffic when the Chinese government were willing to suppress it." Classified Testimonies — China. 115 fiber is rotted out. Will power to resist evil and obey conscience is lost. Opium users are slaves, and, as a rule, self-confessed slaves. "We are help- less to break it oif," they say. "Oh, help us!' The opium traffic does much to demoralize the foreigners in the districts where it is handled. It has shut many a door to our gospel message. We preach, and in answer often hear the retort, "But did not you for- eigners send us opium?" China needs help. Is it not time to keep opium from entering her gates, and help her to suppress its production in her own prov- inces? Rev. Wm. Ash more, Jr. (Swatow, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1879 — , twenty years' service). — It is a safe rule to put no dependence on a user of opium. It ruins not only the moral sense, but also the intellect and physical health, and it brings whole families to beggary. Many opium smokers come to missionary hospitals, coming of their own accord or at the urgent entreaty of members of their families, for the cure of this habit, recognizing it as a slavery that they wish to be rid of. So far as I know Christian churches will not receive opium users into membership, but require first a breaking off of the habit. And if a church member takes to its use after admission to the church, he becomes thereby a subject of church discipline. REV. WM. ASHMORE, JR. Ii6 Protection of Native Races. The responsibility for the present state of the opium traffic in China lies, in large measure, at the door of a Christian nation, Great Britain. The his- tory of the forcing of opium on an unwilling gov- ernment is too familiar to need repetition. But the recent justifying of the traffic, on the part of the Commission appointed by the British government to inquire into the subject, is the deliberate con- firming of a great v^rong that must sooner or later react on those responsible for it. „. . ,. In recent years the cultivation of the Chinese culture .' of opium poppy has been introduced into the increasing. Swatow district, and the crop is so profitable that the area cultivated appears to be spreading. It is to be feared that unless the Chi- nese government shall show itself both able and disposed to check this growing evil, it will continue to spread until it proves the utter ruin of the Chinese people. But what can the Chinese government do, even though it should prove to be able and willing to check native growth, in the face of the fact that it must admit the opium that comes in from India protected by treaty with the British govern- inent. A first and most important thing is to encourage and strengthen the hands of those who in Great Britain are carrying on the struggle against the present policy of their own government. That they will finally win the fight I strongly believe. Rev. Frederick Qalpin (United Free Methodist Church Mission Board, twenty-five years' service). — I have seen the evil of opium smoking in China. I have no language at my command adequate to express the injury wrought upon men, women and children by the use of this dru^. Innocent children Classified Testimonies — China. 117 suffer their whole lifetime because their father is „ . reduced to poverty by the costliness of How opium ^ ■' ■' blights the vicious habit. Girls are sold to a childhood. ^j^^ ^£ shame, and their suffering and misery, and moral and physical destruction, is the price paid by the father who loves his opium more than his children, It is time that the power of Christendom should awake and arise to stop this great evil. Edgerton H. Hart, M.D. (Wuhu, Methodist-Epis- copal Board, 1S93 — ). — The Chinese have native liquors made from rice and fruits, but use them in moderation, chiefly on holidays. Their wine cups are hardly more than thimbles. The opium curses body, mind and soul, and its use and the direful consequences are both increasing. The use of morphine is also increasing, an anti-opium pill con- taining morphine, intended to cure one evil having instead stimulated another. Another danger threat- ening China is the introduction of American beer and the American saloon. In many of the large cities of China, Schlitz beer has made Milwaukee famous. Rev. John W. Davis, D.D. (Soochow, Presbyterian Board, twenty - six years' service). — The worst results of opium are the poverty and degradation inflicted upon the opium sot's wife and children. An opium smoker will, when all else is gone, take the clothes of his baby girl, and even in winter pawn them for the price of opium. Opium smokers often sell wives and daughters into a life a thousand times worse than death. Mary A. Holbrook, M.D. (formerly Foochow, American Board, now in charge of Scientific Department Kobe College, Japan, twenty-one years* IiS Protection of Native Races. Three service) . — At one time I had in my dis- generatious of pensary in North China four genera- vpium s aves. ^jgjjg f j-Qm the Same family who came to be cured of the opium habit — great-grandmother, grandmother, mother and child of two years — all bound by the same chains, for the child, they explained to me, would go into convulsions unless they puffed the smoke from the opium pipe in its face every six hours. The great - grandmother I sent back to a relative; she was too old and feeble to endure the ordeal. The mother and child pre- sented no special difficulties; but the grandmother, en being deprived of opium, grew frantic and lashed about the room, throwing herself upon the locked door and barred windows. Her eyes grew glassy and she foamed at the mouth, tore her hair and her clothes, dug her nails into the flesh, and then became unconscious. After a little she was partially restored. She begged me to save her life by giv- ing her just the least little bit of opium. She begged and implored all night when she was con- scious; and when she was not I sat beside her with my finger on her pulse, wondering how much longer it was safe to hold out. For me it seemed a mental struggle between my will and Satan himself. Nearly all night I stayed, administering medicine and men- tal stimulus, and the morning light brought victory and peace. And yet an eminent English barrister says that the opium habit is "as innocent as twirling the thumbs." Miss Theresa Miller (Kien-P'ing, Auhuei, China Inland Mission, 1890 — ). — I have seen manhood degraded physically and morally, the sufferings of women and children immeasurably increased, and homes broken up through the opium habit. Wives Classified Testimonies — China. 119 and children are sold to satisfy the craving. I have seen many brought from wealth to extreme pov- erty; men unable to work until the daily portion had been obtained; a dying beggar asking opium instead of offered food. The Chinese all condemn its use. Without Christ, they who use ^aved! ^**'"'"* it have no hope in this life or the next. But Christ can save from this evil habit. Mr. Chin, pale, sallow, emaciated, received Christ, gave up opium. When taunted by his friends that he was half a foreign devil, he replied: "I am much better than I was, for I was a whole opium devil." Many of the women have said tome: "Opium is ruining our country. Why did Britain send it?" I am British, but was compelled to say: "There are men in Britain as well as China who love gold better than they love their God or their neighbors." Let us pray the living God that this stain shall be lifted from the British flag. Rev. Isaac Taylor Headlands (member Faculty of Pekin University, Methodist-Episcopal Board, 1890 — ). — One of our native evangelists had seventy-five baptisms his first year, and one hundred and thirty- five joined on probation, in connection with which he received from these members a cupboard full of abandoned pipes and wine cups as trophies of his temperance work. Rev. A. B. Winchester (Pou-ting fu and T'ung Cho, American Board, 1887-1889, now Superintend- ent of Chinese Missions in British Columbia of the Presbyterian Church in Canada). — I have traveled in different parts of China, north, south and middle, and solemnly state that I have seen enough of the physical suffering and want, social degradation and confusion, moral depravity and loss, occasioned I20 Protection of Native Races. directly and indirectly by opium, to make the stout- est heart sick and to stagger the conscience with the contemplation of the blood-guiltiness which rests on whosoever is responsible for the perpetration and continuation of the opium curse in China. A more reprehensible traffic never engaged the energies or stirred the soulless cupidity of men. Rev. T. W. Pearce (Canton and Hongkong, Lon- don Missionary Society, 1879 — , twenty-one years' REV. T. W. PKARCE. REV. C. C. BALDWIN. service). — I have seen with my own eyes during many years the evils resulting from the use of opium in the cities, towns and villages of South China, where the practice of opium-smoking is widespread. Its consequences are poverty, suffering and crime and everything that makes against righteousness and the coming of God's kingdom on earth. Rev. Caleb C. Baldwin, D.D. (Foochow, American Board, 1848-1895, forty-seven years' service). — i. Continue efforts to influence western governments Classified Testimonies — China. 121 to stay the commercial crime of bartering in deadly- drinks. 2. Let no mission in any part of the world fail to make prominent and urge on natives the duty of abstinence. Rev. J. B. Fearn, M.D. (Soochow, Methodist- Episcopal Church, South, 1894 — ). — Opium smokers take up the habit either to relieve pain or as a diversion for idle lives. From whatever cause they begin the use of the drug, it is not long before they REV. J. B. FEARN, M.D. MRS. J. B. FEARN, M.D. have to largely increase the amount used or be denied the pleasure or relief sought for. In the case of the poor, the whole family is made to suffer beyond one's power to describe or one's imagination to realize. Mrs. J. B. Fearn, M.D. — Were you to ask me the cause of China's mental, moral and physical degra- dation, there could be but one answer, Opium. The cause of her lethargic indifference to the spread of 122 Protection of Native Races. the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ is also opium. May God speed the day when nations may be AROUSED TO WORK TOGETHER THAT CHINA MAY BE SAVED FROM OPIUM AND RUIN. Mrs. Howard Taylor (nee Geraldine Guinness, Ch'en Cheo, Ho-nan, China Inland Mission, 1888 — ). — ^One of the most formidable obstacles we have to deal with in this missionary work is the terrible vice of opium smoking. Society is permeated with it. Its victims are found among all classes of the population. Opium dens abound on every hand, and the poisonous drug is smoked without disguise in the homes of the people. Men and women alike are enslaved by the habit, and untold suffer- ing and misery are the result. Opium smokers part with all they possess, run deeply into debt, and then even sell their wives and children without compunction in order to sat- isfy their degrading appetite for the drug. One sad case may stand as an instance of many. In one of the great cities on that plain I was deeply interested, some years ago, in a young woman who came regularly to our meetings. She was a tall, well-developed, intelligent girl, about twenty-four years of age, thoroughly respectable and holding a good situation in the city. Her husband was an opium smoker and unable to support her. He had consented to her going into service in order to earn a living for herself and her little girl, who was about MRS. HOWARD TAYLOR. Classified Testimonies — China. 12$ six years old. She was employed as a nurse by a well-to-do family in the city, and was in the habit of coming to our house with the children of her mistress to learn all we could teach her of the Gospel. One morning she spent some hours with us learn- ing to read, and drinking in the truth. She left about midday. Towards afternoon I was suddenly summoned to go out to an opium case. A woman had swallowed a large quantity of the poison, and Lhey begged that I would come at once to save her life. Such calls were of frequent occurrence. In that city I have been sent for as many as four times in one day to different houses in which young women have taken opium to poison themselves because of the misery of their lives. I went, of course, at once, taking with me the necessary medicines. The messenger led us out of the city to a wayside temple, where a large crowd of men had assembled to witness the dying agonies of the poor victim. They made way for me, and I passed rapidly through the crowd and knelt down beside the pros- trate form on the floor of the temple to see what condition the poor woman was in. Imagine the siirprise and horror with which I discovered that the patient was none other than the girl who had been at our house that very morning. There she lay, unconscious and disheveled, breath- ing heavily, surrounded by that contemptuous and scoffing crowd. To mix medicines and raise her from the ground was the work of a few moments, and then came the more difficult task — to get her to swallow the rem- edies prepared. When I had at last succeeded in 124 Protection of Native Races. arousing her, I shall never forget the . look with which she understood. "Oh," she cried imploringly, "do not ask me to take it. You are my friend. Let me die. I can- not live. You do not understand. I cannot pos- sibly take the medicine. I cannot possibly live. Oh, let me alone. Let me die quickly." Of course I had no time to argue or persuade her, but was obliged to make her take the medicine with- out delay. It was a terrible scene for several hours. At last the poison was thrown up and her life was saved. Then it was that my woman (a servant), who had accompanied me, drew me aside and said in an undertone, "Do you know why she took that opium?" "No," I said, surprised, "what was the reason?" "Look over there," she answered, point- ing to a corner of the temple: "do 3^ou see that man?" I looked and saw a wretched degraded- looking object, a man crouching in the corner of the temple, his face buried in his hands. I knew at a glance that he v/as an opium smoker, far gone in his downward course. Thin and haggard, and clothed in rags, he presented a miserable appear- ance. "That," she cried, with a look of horror, "is this young woman's husband. When she left our house this morning to go back to her mistress' home she foirnd that he had come in from the country and was waiting for her. He told her that she must go with him at once. Greatly alarmed, she inquired the reason, but he would give no explanation. She managed, however, to discover from the other servants in the house the facts that some of them had got out of him during her absence." For some time he had been rapidly going from bad to worse. Classified Testimonies — China. 125 The opium craving was strong upon him. He had sold everything and his luck at gambling had failed. Deeply in debt, he knew not where to turn. With an opium smoker's utter callousness to the suffer- ings of others, he had determined to make money out of his wife and little daughter. He had delib- erately sold them both to a man in a neighboring city to a life compared with which death were noth- ing. When the poor girl discovered this she was not long in making up her mind. She gathered together what little money she had, slipped out unobserved, ran to a neighboring shop and bought a large quantity of opium. This she hastily swal- lowed, determined never to reach the end of that journey alive. She knew that there was no help for her in any other way. Of course they had not gone far outside the city before she was unable to proceed, and lay down in that wayside temple to die. And there she would have died unpitied — as so many hundreds of women do die in China every year — had it not been that missionaries were within reach who were able to save her life. But, oh! for what a life had we saved her! I almost felt when I heard it — stricken with grief and horror — that it would have been better to have let her die, even the opium suicide's awful death. In this particular instance the girl was rescued; for when the people in the city heard what we had done they were moved to some compassion and made a contribution from door to door to buy her back from her husband so that the miserable man was sent away \vith money enough to pay his debts. This, however, was simply the outcome of our pres- ence and action in the matter. Had we not been there she would have died unpitied and unbe- 126 Protection of Native Races. friended, as many hundreds do in China every year. ^ Such is one solitary instance of the unutterable suffering wrought directly and indirectly through the fearful curse. Countless other facts of the same kind might be added did time permit. "//" tlioii forbear to deliver thei/i that are drawn luito death, and tJiern that arc ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold, we knezv it not, doth not lie that ponder- eth the heart consider it? And he that keepeth the sotif doth not he knoiv it? and shall not he render to every man according to his zvorks?" Rev. Joseph Cook, D.D., LL.D. (Boston, "Observa- tions as a Traveler"). — At Canton and Shanghai, in JOSEPH COOK, LL. D. j^^^^ ^^^^^^ mcetiugs of mis- sionaries, I have put w^ritten, elaborate questions and noted very carefully the replies, on the ravages of the opium habit in China. The testimony was unani- mous, detailed, conscientious, convincing, and its general effect was to produce, first, intense moral in- dignation against the promoters of the traffic, wlieth- er British or Chinese; and next, consternation at the c t; K ' I believe the deaths in the whole of China from opium poisoning (suicidal) number fully two hundred thousajtd a year. — Williatn Hector Park, M.D., surgeon in charge of the Soochow Hospital, surgeon to the Imperial Marititne Customs, etc., in "■Opinions of over One Hundred Physicians on thi' Use of Opium in China, ' ' p. ^j. Classified Testimonies — China. 127 ravages themselves, their fatal breadth and virulence, personal, social, national. My study of the question through missionaries prepares me to endorse every word of Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop's recent testi- mony on the subject on the ground of testimony from others than missionaries. She regards the information to be obtained in mission circles as the bei,t to be obtained anywhere. But, as there is a prejudice among certain poorly - in- formed classes of readers against this evidence, she draws her opinions wholly from other sources.* Her chapter in her recent volume on "The Yangtse Valley and Beyond" is the most authori- tative and appalling revela- tion of the horrors of the opium habit and of the in- iquity of the opium trade that I have yet seen after abundant search for the truth and the whole truth as to this cancer on the fair bosoms of China and India, and also as to the cancer-planters in England and elsewhere. Mrs. J. F. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird), F. R. G. 5. — Eight years ago it was rather exceptional for women and children ' smoke opium, but the Chi- nese estimate that in Sze Chuan and other opium- producing regions from forty to sixty per cent are now smokers. Where opium is not grown the habit is chiefly confined to the cities, but it is rapidly MRS. J. F. BISHOP. 8"The Yangtse Valley and Beyond," by Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, Vol. ii., pp. 28o-29g. 128 Protection of Native Races. spreading. Its existence is obvious among the lower classes from the exceeding poverty which it entails. Millions of the working classes earn barely enough to provide them with what, even to their limited notions, are the necessaries of life, and the money spent on opium is withdrawn from these. It is admitted by the natives of Sze Chuan that one great reason for the deficient food supply which led to the famine and distress in the eastern part of the province in 1897, was the giving of so much ground to the poppy that there was no longer a margin left on which to feed the population in years of a poor harvest. From all that I have seen and heard among the Chinese themselves, I have come to believe that even moderate opium smoking involves enormous risks, and that excessive smoking brings in its train commercial, industrial, and moral ruin and physical deterioriation, and this on a scale so large as to threaten the national well-being and the physical future of the race. At the close of 1898, a book was published by H. E. CJiang Chih-tung, who is described by foreigners long resident in China as having been for many years one of the most influential statesmen in the country, and as standing second to no official in the empire for ability, honesty, disinterestedness, and patriotism. He has filled in succession three of the most important vice - royalties in the empire. He writes of the opium evil as follows: "The injury done by opium is that of a stream of poison flowing on for more than a hundred years, and diffusing itself in twenty-two provinces. The sufferers from this injury amount to untold millions. Its consequences are insidious and seductive and the limit has not yet been reached. . . . The injury is worse than any waste of wealth. Men's wills are Classified Testimonies — China. 129 weakened, their physical strength is reduced. In the man- agement of business they lack industry, they cannot journey any distance, their expenditure becomes extravagant, their children are few. After a few tens of years it will result in China's becoming altogether the laughing-stock of the world. ... If Confucius and Mencius were to live again, and were to teach the Empire . . . they would certainly begin by [teach- ing men] to break off opium." How is Cliina to emancipate herself from this rapidly-increasing habit, which is threatening to sap the hitherto remarkable energy of the race?" A Chinese ^^' S'®" Licii - Li, a Chinese govern- view of the mcnt official, Soochow, Foochow, question. Wuhu, in his introduction to ''''Opinions of Over One Hundred Physicians on the Use of Opium in China," ^^ writes as follows: "From ancient times to the present day there has never been such a stream of evil and misery as has come down upon China in her receiving the curse of opium. . . . The use has become so common that it is freely used throughout the Empire, and its victims num- ber tens of thousands. The slaves of the habit ^"The Yangtse Valley and Beyond," pp. 2S1, 285, 293, 297. ^^'' Opinions of over One Hundred Physicians on the Use of Opium in China,'" a book of 100 octavo pages, soM by Pres- byterian Mission Press, Shanghai, at 30 cents, and can be ordered in the United States of The Reform Bureau, 210 Dela- ware Avenue, N. E., Washington, D. C, at 40 cents. Besides dealing with medical aspects of the subject the book intimates, in many testimonies, that England has lost in the sale of other and better goods more than she has made out of her Chinese opium trade, which has hurt her also politically through its effect upon the public opinion of the world. This book is the first broadside of a new "Anti - Opium League," recently organized by missionaries of many denominations in China. The League suggests "an Anti-Opium Anglo-Amer- ican Alliance." 130 Protection of Native Races. become old, infinned and incapacitated before their time, and all finances are exhausted. This condi- tion is pitiable, but it is not the worst— for those who hold office on their part become greedy and grasping, those who are soldiers become nerveless, and the number of depraved population is increasing daily^ while the wealth of the country steadily decreases. Doctors Du Bois and Park, having determined to invite expressions of opinion from all the foreign physicians residing and practicing med- »««*!!°*?^ ** icine in China, have sent out circulars 100 doctors ' that the opium for the purposc of obtaining their and'oni ^evu observations and experience on the subject of the advantages and disad- vantages of opium using. At this time there have been received about a hundred replies in all of which it distinctly stated that there is no advantage but only injury from the habit. Such a consensus OF opinion certainly should be considered suffi- cient REASON FOR THE PROHIBITION OF IT. Dr. Park proposes to file these replies and have England and , - America might them presented to tlie governments of save China England and A merica, so that the proper from opium. , , 1 , , 1 influence may be brought to bear to prevent the cultivation of the poppy in India, as that country is the main source of the supply — for when the fountain is cleansed the stream will be pure. Yet there are those who argue that the production of opium is one of the chief industries of India, and that upon this source of revenue the government is largely dependent, and thus it is scarcely probable that such action could easily be taken. But is there any country the soil of which is incapable of pro- duction? If there are such places then of course no Classified Testimonies — China. 131 revenue may be obtained. Now if the cultivation of other crops be substituted, without doubt there will be an equal revenue. The continued produc- tion OF THAT WHICH IS AN EVIL TO MEN AND AN INJURY TO NEIGHBORING KINGDOMS, ENTAILS A RE- PROACH AMONG ALL GENERATIONS, AND DESTROYS THE country's reputation for ENLIGHTENMENT. ThuS as to which is better, advantage or disadvantage, it is not necessary to enquire of the wise. Yet again there are those who say, "Suppose such a scheme be tried and opium cultivation be prohibited in India; already throughout China its production has been established, and thus to pro- hibit in India and permit in China only cuts off a source of income, and the trouble is still not rem- edied." This may be true, but yet tJic whole matter really depends upon the British and American gov- ernments. If there is a desire to proJiibit opium they should communicate zvith the Tsung-li Yamen and in concert come to an agreement concerning restric- tion OF poppy cultivation. The woe that comes to China through opium is not only recognized by the government but every one that uses it is aware of its hurtfulness; thus when both rulers and people are of one mind it could most easily be accomplished. Now in China there are very many root* of riots, among the upper classes who seem to be in ignorance concerning the true state of affairs, and are not willing to blame the Chinese for their fault in using opium, but ascribe the real cause of the zvhole troitble to the avaricious- ness of foreigners and thus look iipon them with hatred. Also., the ignorajit masses, having even intenser antipathy toivard them, zve continually see on every hand anti-missionary outbreaks and riots, by 132 Protection of Native Races. which is caused much trouble and perplexity^ as such affairs are most difficult to settle. If this plan that is being tried proves successful, and this evil to mankind is made to cease, then tJie real intention of Christianity would be plainly exem- plified. Would that it might be so ; my eyes long for the sight. Resolution on the "Opium Traffic" unanimously adopted at the supplemental meeting of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, held in Exeter Hall, London, June 2oth, 1888. "That this Conference, representing most of the Protestant missionary societies of the Christian world, desires to put on record its sense of the incal- culable evils, physical, moral, and social, which continue to be wrought in China through the opium trade — a trade which has strongly prejudiced the people of China against all missionary effort. That it deeply deplores the position occupied by Great Britain, through its Indian administration, in the manufacture of the drug, and in the promotion of a trade which is one huge ministry to vice. That it recognizes clearly that nothing short of the entire suppression of the trade, so far as it is in the power of the government to suppress it, can meet the claims of the case. And that it now makes its earnest appeal to the Christians of Great Britain and Ireland to plead earnestly with God, and to give themselves no rest, rmtil this great evil is entirely removed. And, farther, that copies of this resolu- tion be forwarded to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of State for India." — Report of the Classified Testimonies — China. 133 Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the IJ^or/d, p. ^ji. "Let every missionary and every lay agent, and every woman, and ever child, refrain from being silent upon that question [the opium question]. The opium traffic is the greatest of modern abom- inations, and I believe that, unless it is corrected, it will bring upon this country of England one of the fiercest judgments that we have ever known." — The late Earl of Shaftesbury. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR CHINA." EFFORTS BY MISSIONARIES ON THE FIELD HOW TO HELP. 1. By inserting in the reports you send home for publication or for the perusal of your committees, facts with regard to the opium habit calculated to interest the readers, showing how degrading a vice it really is, and how greatly the connection of the British government with the trade hampers your efforts to make known the Gospel to the people of China. 2. By promoting the formation of anti-opium associations in China, and sending particulars of the work of such associations to the Society for the Sup- pression of the Opium Trade, Hon. Secretary J. G. Alexander, Esq., LL.B., Finsbury House, Bloom- field Street, E. C, London, England. 3. By prayer, both united and individual, for the following definite objects: a. That the rulers of Great Britain and of India may be made willing to put away the national sin of complicity in the opium trade. '^ These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. C. A. Stanley, D.D., Tientsin, American Board, 1862 — . 134 Protection of Native Races. b. That a blessing may rest upon the efforts of those who are seeking to enlighten the minds and consciences of the Christian public of Great Britain with regard to this question. c. That the Chinese authorities may be encouraged to deal vigorously with the native growth of the poppy. d. That they may renew their remonstrance against the importation of Indian Opium, in such a way as to show clearly that they still desire to rid China of this curse, notwithstanding the large rev- enue they now obtain from the drug. Prayer meetings of missionaries and native con- verts for these objects inight, in some places, be possible, and would, doubtless, be attended with much blessing. [The above are, in substance, the suggestions made by the Society for the vSuppression of the Opium Trade, to the Decennial Missionary Confer- ence in China, 1890, to which the editors would add the following:] EFFORTS BY MEN AND WOMEN EVERYWHERE. 4. Continue the effort to arouse such a public sentiment as will influence the British government to discontinue the culture of the poppy in India. Also influence that government to seize the present opportunity to stop the importation of opium into China, and to press the Chinese government to pro- hibit its home growth, and thus cut off the main source of supply. 5. Strive to induce Great Britain, the United States and the other Christian powers to assure the Chinese government that no obstacles will be placed Classified Testimonials — China. 135 in the way of a renewal of her former prohibitions concerning opium. See p. 5-7, 8, 225-6. 6. Missionaries and all friends of humanity should urge China to renew her former prohibition regard- ing intoxicants (p. 20). This law should be brought up to date, and include in the prohibited list lager beer,with which so many begin their slavery to alcohol. 7. Let China herself officially request Great Britain to withdraw opium treaty, and at same time ask the United States, Japan, Russia, France and Germany to second her request. In the presence of the greatest of tragedies, the inflic- tion of the worst of plagues upon one-fourth of China's homes by a Christian nation, for greed and revenue, our policy in the Philippines should be the severest possible, that of Japan, see p. 259, with absolutely no consideration of revenue. And our national and state governments are also called to repeat that law by facts in table below: IMPORTATION OF OPIUM BY UNITED STATES. From U. S. Bureau of Statistics. Opium— crude or un- manufactured — free. Opium — crude or un man uf actured —dutiable. Prepared for smok- ing, and other con- taining less than 9 per cent of mor- phia—dutiable. Lbs. Dollars. Lbs. Dollars. Lbs. Dollars. 1890. . 473,095 77.057 1,183,712 220,743 34,465 74.462 79,466 62,222 50,102 139,765 98,745 157,061 100,258 124,214 142,479 269,586 567.035 547,528 446,422 310,771 920,006 735,134 1,132,861 652,341 820,203 1,065,965 IS9I. . 1892. . 1893.. 389,497 587,118 615,957 716,881 358,455 365,514 1,072,914 14,414 981,632 1,029,20^ 1,186,824 1,691,914 730,669 683,347 2,184,727 32,340 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. 1898.. 1899 109,431 513,499 544,928 233,267 1,223,951 1,123,756 1900. . 136 Protection of Native Races. A WORLD SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE EDUCATION. BY MRS. MARY H. HUNT, Superintendent of Scientific Temperance Instruction, World's W. C. T. U, The first law in the United States and in the world making temperance education a part of the course in the public schools was passed in 1882. By 1900 all States, save Georgia and Utah, had similar laws while the national Con- gress in 1886 made such education mandatory in the District of Colum- bia and in territorial, military and naval schools. Temperance education is now legally compulsory in Scandinavia, Iceland, and several provinces in Canada and Australia. In Great Britain and Ireland temperance lec- tures are given in the schools under the auspices of the Band of Hope. Belgium and Switzerland, through their educational authorities require systematic instruction and the ques- tion of doing this is being considered in some parts of France. Germany does not yet require this study, but has a growing organization of total abstinence teachers who recognize the importance of rightly training their pupils, and are standing loyally for their principles, ably supported by an organization of well- known scientists who are also total abstainers. Many educa- tional boards in Finland have put this study into their schools, while the mission schools of Spain, Bulgaria, and Turkey teach it more or less regularly. India, China, and Burma, Egj^pt and South Africa also report scientific temperance instruction in many of the mission schools. Japan is making definite progress in the introduction of this subject with very encouraging results. In the Latin- American countries little has been accomplished yet, but seed is being sown by the missionaries in Mexico, Brazil, Uraguay, Argentina, and Chili. The text-books on this subject carefully prepared for the use of pupils in the United States have withstood every effort of the opponents of the movement to prove them inaccurate. They have been translated into many different languages, and may be found in almost every corner of the earth. Thus from America to Japan and from Iceland to South Africa may be traced the growing influence of education as to the truth against alcohol and other narcotics, an education which, if faithfully carried out, will sooner or later redeem the nations from the bondage of strong drink and kindred evils. MRS. MARY H. HUNT. JAPAN'S RIGHTEOUS LAW: "Opium shall be sold by the Government only, and only for medical purposes." Let President and Congress say the same, not alone for the Philippines but for their entire jurisdiction. Japan. REV. A. D. GRINQ. KYOTO, PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF AMERICA, 1879. There can be no shadow of doubt that since the gates of the Island Empire of the Pacific were thrown wide open to Western civilization much that has already been and will continue to be of signal and lasting inj ury has poured in. Of those evils none can compare with intoxicants, which have been sent to Japan in large quantities and of every conceiv- able variety. Later, manufactories of American -' ' Breweries liquors, of bccr principally, were Multiplying. erected in Yokohama and near Osaka. These breweries are doing a large and flourishing business. About a year ago it was reported in the Japan Mail that another American brewery was to be erected north of Tokyo with a capital of three million yen, which is equivalent to about $1,500,000. American wines and liquors are also used through- out Japan. Only recently large quantities of alcohol and whisky were shipped to Japan and an attempt was made to smuggle it into the country. The smugglers were discovered, and a duty of 250 per cent was placed upon the "white whisky," as it was called. Throughout the length and breadth of beautiful Japan, in all larger and smaller cities and villages, foreign drinks are easily obtainable, to the great 137 138 Protection of Native Races. injury of the people. The Japanese have an intox- icant of their own, sake, which has ruined its mil- lions. Our foreign drinks will add millions more, unless the Japanese government set this and other Christian governments the example of forbidding their manufacture and sale. The Christian people of this and other lands should exhaust all possible and proper methods to arrest and control this evil traffic which has assumed such enormous proportions everywhere. We are not prepared to say how this is to be done. We don't know. But of this we are sure, that this great evil has assumed such proportions and daring as to alarm the sober-minded and thinking people of the , . ^- , world. Some- International prohibition thing mUSt bc for the world. i ^ done now by m- dividuals, but soon the gov- ernments of the world must take it up and deal with it as they would deal with the black plague, the cholera and the famine. These have slain their millions, but drink has slain its tens of millions. May God grant that those who have long suffered from their terrible affliction may be speedilj'- relieved. Rev. John L. Dearing (Yokohama, Baptist Mis- sionary Union, 1889 — ). — No country in the world suffers less from the opium traffic than Japan. The laws forbidding its importation are most strict. Japan has not lived as a neighbor to China without REV. J. L. DEARING. Classified Testimonies^Japan. 139 learning- the lesson which that opium-cursed empire so sadly teaches the world. Chinamen living in Japan do smuggle the drug into the country and its curse is felt in a measure among the Chinese res- idents. I have never known of a Japanese being addicted to its use. Every Chinaman coming to Japan is thoroughly examined to see if he has opium about his person before he is permitted to land. The Japanese Government has taken a noble stand — one tvortJiy of imitation by our Government in the Phil- ippines — in prohibiting the opium traffic in Formosa.^ 1 Prohibition of Opium in Formosa. — The Japanese Gov- ernment has adopted a similar but more complete measure of prohibition in Formosa, than that adopted by the Indian Gov- ernment in Burma. That island appears to have been the first part of the Chinese Empire to acquire the vice of opium smoking. Dr. Dudgeon states that the first Chinese Imperial edict against opium smoking, that of 1729, applied in the first instance only to Formosa, though shortly afterwards extended to the whole empire. The vice has continued to be very widely practiced by the Chinese inhabitants of Formosa to the present time. When the Japanese first obtained possession of the island they issued strict orders to their own troops prohibiting them from indulging in the habit, and warning them that any Jap- anese found doing so would be as strictly punished as in their own country. Later, a proclamation was issued, denouncing under penalty of death, the supply of opium and opium pipes to the Japanese. There was some natural hesitation in apply- ing to the inhabitants of the newly-conquered island, the stringent prohibition of the drug which is enforced in Japan itself. Finding, however, that it would be impossible to pre- vent their own people from acquiring the pernicious habit, unless the prohibition were extended to the entire population, they resolved on this measure, and accepted the recommenda- tion of their medical adviser that provision should be made by a government officer for the wants of confirmed opium-smok- ers, to whom the total stoppage of their supply might involve great sufifering, or even death. A decree was accordingly 140 Protection of Native Races. Wherever the ships of war of the Western nations congregate there will be liquor saloons. The open ports of Japan, notably Yokohama, Kobe and Naga- saki, where the various ships of war of America and European nations assemble, and where the mer- chant ships of the world come in large numbers, are attractive ground for saloons and poor liquor. This has but little effect upon the Japanese so far as encouraging drinking is concerned. The Japanese have their own liquor and do not like the foreign distilled liquors. These rum shops where sailors and other foreigners drink are not much frequented by the Japanese. Their effect upon the natives is to European and Ameri e> Philippine problem (laughter) in any of its political aspects. But whatever the future rela- tions of our country may be to the millions of those immortal beings, we are now before God and before Christendom responsible for their moral condition as much as any mother in that gallery is responsible for the child she kissed to-night in the crib. There is the flag. That means authority, oppor- 152 Protection of Native RacciS. tnnity, responsibiliLy. If there is anything that a true American adores next to his Bible it is the blessed old Stars and Stripes. (Applause ) But, mark you, it is a most terrible truth that that flag — "Old Glory," as they call her — floats to-night over about four hundred American drinking dens and American slaughter houses of body and soul in the town of Manila. (Voices — "Shame!") Shame! shame! shame! (Applause.) If the flag means the protection of those drinking holes, then, for heav- en's sake, hang it at half-mast. The highest authority with reference to the nati\'e races there is my friend President Schurman, of Cornell, who was President of the Philippine Com- mission. President Schurman says: "I regret that the Americans allowed the saloon to get a foothold in the islands. That has hurt us more than anything else. We suppressed the cockfight, and then per- mitted saloons and dramshops to flourish. The one emphasized the Filipino frailty and the other revealed the American vice." And he adds: "It was most unfortunate that we introduced and established the saloons there, for they will not only corrupt the natives, but exhibit to the world the vices of our own race." Schurman says: "We found them a sober people when we went." And he observes in another place: "They are catching our vices, and coming under the thraldom of those drinking houses. One of them said to me, 'You brought the blessings of civilization, and have lined our most splendid avenues with five hundred dram- shops.' " ^ 2 Rev. W. K. McKibbin, Missionary in China of the Ameri- can Baptist Missionary Union, writes us on the shame of our island saloons as follows: "The difference between the burden Discussion of the Evil and Its Remedies. 153 I am not going to weary you to-night with any more sickening statistics. We liave heard enough from the chaplains of our gallant army there, and the workers of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion there, and from Bishop Thoburn — all confirm- ing the story of the terrible debasement and demoralization of those beautiful islands. What is to be done? Abraham Lincoln once by a single stroke of his pen swept away the darkest The President blot ou our national escutcheon. (Ap- appeaied to. plause.) And if the same pen can be found, and our honored President with the same dashing stroke will extinguish this most terrible stigma on our character and our Christianity, I tell you we will give him a shout that will make the ovation he got on this platform last Saturday night appear but the murmur of a zephyr. (Applause.) I must not devote too much time to a description of the stigma that we are praying may be lifted from our beloved land — and I have talked very freely about my native country on the same principle as that of Randolph of Roanoke, who said; "I never let anybody abuse Virginia but myself." Let this of the islands and the burden at home is that here we are our- selves the sole sufferers and the sole witnesses to our shame; whereas on the islands we are forcing the leprosy of our cor- ruption upon the wards of the nation, and are doing it on the house-tops, in the face of the nations of the earth. Our island dependencies will be to us a savor of live unto life or of death unto death. If we sweep the saloons of Manila into the sea and rule the islands in truth and righteousness, we may save not only them, but, by the reflex influence, save ourselves also. If we sell out our island wards to the saloon keepers, and to a carpet-bagging administration of their confreres, we both pub- lish to the world our national impotence and we deaden the national conscience, our only hope for better things at home.'" 154 Protection of Native Races. great Conference send a protest to all Christian peo- ples imploring them to prohibit the introduction of alcoholic intoxicants among those temptable native races of the earth. Eight years ago sixteen nations — our own among them, I am happy to say — enacted a treaty forbid- ding the introduction of alcoholic drink lueTHeip. into the Congo country Of Africa. That establishes the principle. (Applause). Now, what we want is an enlargement. This Con- ference asks — na)% implores — the Christian nations of the earth, in the name of a common humanity, out of pity for the weak races that God has bidden us treat as our brethren, for the credit of Christian- ity and for the glory of God, to pass such legislation as shall sweep out of existence this terrible curse of humanity, this destruction of God's children. I implore you all to use all your in- fluence, with pen, with press and tongue, to cany out this great proposal that has been presented. (Prolonged ap- plause.) Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, M.D , D. D. (Ma- danapalli, A rcot, India, Dutch Re- formed Board, 1859 — forty years' RKV. JACOB CHAMBERLAIN, M.D., D. D. SCrviCC). OuC of Discussion of the Evil and Its Remedies. 155 the most persistent, all- pervading- and boldest obsta- cles to the Christianizing- of the lands of the Orient and the islands of the sea is the opium and the liquor traffic. For the 'opiurr.. Iraflfic in China Christian America is not, thank God, responsible. But in those lands where there is no moral stamina to stand up against the drinking habit, how are we put to the blush to see branded on the empty whisky, rum, beer, barrels and kegs that roll about the streets, "Made in America"! ShajJie, sJiamc! if wc cannot put doivn or prevent the liquor traffic at least in the neiv possessions that have come tinder our sway, for it sends thousands to destruction for every one saved by the labors of the missionary! God will call our nation to account if it thus damns those it has professed to rescue from oppression. The U. S. Congress has in nine years passed eight laws drawn by this Bureau on divorce, the Sabbath and temperance, and has also defeated a gambling bill, making nine large governmental victories for the nine years, besides 116 lesser ones. But the supreme reform is to enlist the churches officially in reform. See how the Anti-Mormon fight has pro- gressed because the women's home missionary societies have recognized that in Utah at least reform is a branch of missions! See what a broad- side many denominational conferences have been firing at divorce because a battle against it has been undertaken officially by a union committee of fourteen denominations! Are not the protection of the Sabbath, the promotion of "peace on earth," the protection of mission fields against rum and opium, the battles against impurity and intem- perance, also parts of the work that devolves on the Church in its suc- cession to the work of Him who was "manifested to destroy the works of the devil"? As one hundred years ago foreign missions, long neg- lected, were taken up by the churches, so must moral reforms be given a regular place in the churches' schedules of work and benevolence. Nothing less than the main army of the Church of God can carry moral reforms to decisive victories. And in the temperance fight we can learn from the Orient, where total abstinence and prohibition have been for centuries enjoined by religion and law. This is the one point in which Orientals have been wiser than Occidentals, tinted races than white, heathen religions than the Christian Church. India and Arabia were both alarmingly given to drink, like ancient Briton, but Briton cried "Moderation" and tried license in every form all in vain for centuries. In India and Arabia the leaders said with all the united power of religion and law, "Stop drinking and stop selling," and it was so, and half the world has no alcoholic heredity. I 56 Protection of Native Races. Mr. Chester Holcombe, in his book, "The Real Chinese Question," says : "Great Britain herself has been the most seri- ous foe to the increase of foreign commerce with China and the development of her enormous natural resources. She has been the enemy to the honest trade of every nation with that empire, for foreign commerce must depend mainly upon internal prosperity. And the question how much in- crease in foreign traffic may be expected with any nation whose people are from year to year more hopelessly stupefied, besotted and impoverished by opium is a question which answers itself. No growing demand for foreign cotton goods OR woollens may be expected from men — MERE WRETCHED BUNDLES OF BONES — WHO, BECAUSE OF OPIUM, ARE UNABLE TO' BUY ENOUGH OF THE MEANEST NATIVE RAGS TO COVER THEIR* NAKEDNESS. ThE CONVENIENCES AND LUXURIES OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION FURNISH NO ATTRACTION TO THE MAN WHOSE ONLY CONVENIENCE IS AN OPIUM LAMP AND WHOSE ONLY IDEAI OF LUXURY IS THE OPIUM PIPE. — (See "Conuiierce," in Index.) "I protest against this traffic (the liquor tfamc) because of its demoralizing effect upon the native races. We know some- thing of what it is at home, but these natives are simply grown-up children, — they are in the position of minors or infants here among us; and if 3'ou insist and rightly insist by law that they who sell liquor to children — minors — shall be punished, will you force this traffic upon nations who are all minors together? "I protest against this traffic because of its destructive influence on all legitimate commerce. I appeal here to the selfishness, if you will, of the trading community as a whole, — and I ask them in the name of common sense and righteous- ness if they are going to allow this traffic to deprive them of all honest gain in those countries which in so wonderful a way have been opened up to trade in modern times. If you can force rum upon them you cannot give them cotton goods, for if they buy rum they will have nothing to buy the cotton with. Therefore, for the sake of those who are engaged in legitimate commerce, I ask that this should be prohibited, "I protest against this detestable traffic because of its neu- tralizing effect upon the efforts of our Christian missions. Why should we go to the heathen world handicapped and hampered by these men, who have no care but to make money, and who have yoked the car of appetite to the car of mammon that they might ride all the more surely over men?" — Win. M. Taylor, D.D., at Centenary Missionary Conference, London, 1888. An International Native Races Com= mittee Proposed. ADDRESS BY C. F. HARFORD=BATTERSBY, M.D. Principal of Livingstone College, London, Honorary Secretary Native Races and the Liquor Traffic United Committee. AT ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, ipOO.^ "^ "' We have heard much of the un- fortunate divisions among Christian people and of the need of comity and co-operation. In the British Com- mittee for the Pro- tection of Native Races every great missionary socie- ty of Great Britain and nearly all the great temperance societies are feder= ated, and with what result? The Committee was formed in 1887 with the Duke of Westminster as President and the C. F. HARFORD-BATTERSBY, M.D. ' Dr. Harford-Battersby not only presented this subject in a regular meeting of the Conference, but also in the Supplemen- tal Meeting, from a stenographic report of which last we have added some important paragraphs not included in the regular address, which is taken from the official stenographer's notes. 157 158 Protection of Native Races. Archbishop of Canterbury as Chairman. In 1889- 1890 the subject of the liquor trafBc was brought before a great conference of the powers of Europe in Brussels. That conference was called to deal with the slave trade, but at the suggestion of the Biitish government, acting under the influence of this Committee, the sale of liquors to native races was also considered, and most important legislation was enacted, namely, that in the territories of Africa where traffic in alcoholic spirits had not pen- etrated, it should be prohibited, and in other parts where it could not be entirely prohibited theie should be some small duty put upon fxTen°ionsof the traffic.'^ That gave us the general prohibition for principle that it was right for nations to native races. ,. -i-> ■.•,., • combme to deal with this question. As a result of that the trade in alcoholic spirits has been kept out of the greater part of the Congo Free State, that part which is not contiguous to the French Congo and the Portuguese Congo. At the mouth of the Congo the status in this matter is very far from satisfactory. These destroyers have since been prohibited in a great territory in the central part of Africa, about the upper waters of the Niger. ^ And in that recent conquest of Great Britain, the Egyptian Sou- dan, Lord Kitchener declared that liquor should not be sold or given to the native races. 2 Germany defeated, at an international conference in Berlin in 1884-1885, a movement to have the powers unite in the pro- hibition of the liquor traffic in certain parts of West Africa, although the traffic was doing fearful mischief. ^ The more intelligent natives of the Tomab country, on the Niger, heathen and Mohammedan as well as Christian, are earnest supporters of a strong temperance- policy. An International Committee Proposed. 159 In 1899 a conference of the Powers of Europe was held to consider this one question alone, the sale of liquors to native races. As one has said, it was the most remarkable temperance meeting ever held in the history of the world. They met in Brussels, and although they did not do all that we could have wished, they took one more step in the right direc- tion, raising the duty on liquors in the Congo region outside of the prohibition district from the too low minimum agreed on in 1892, which was about 10 cents a gallon in American money, to about 52 cents a gallon, which was thought to be prohibitory for the poor natives. We must not be satisfied until these and better regulations are established among all the weak races of the world. I will give you a few instances of the kind of thing that is being carried on in connection with this traffic in West Africa, where I have Pictures or . - the rum curse had a great deal of experience m four In Africa. ^j^-^^ ^-^^^ j ^^^^ ^^^q there, three times as a missionary, and once on a special visit. The missionaries all say that one of the greatest obstructions in the way of spreading the Gospel is the traffic in liquors. A few years ago it was not to be compared to what it is now. Not long since, one of the missionaries told me, a bottle of liquor would satisfy all the people in town, but she writes, "Now I see men standing around a barrel of whisky with brass kettles waiting to get them filled, and little children drinking what may be left in any vessel." Gin and whisky are being brought into West Africa in great quantities. In their pure state they surely are bad enough, but in Africa they are made even more deadly by vilest adulterants, i6o Protection of Native Races. and in many parts of West Africa this sort of gin is at present practically the currency of the country. That is, if a person wishes to buy the necessaries of life they will often use spirits as currency. This is a very serious evil because many of the natives who desire to have nothing to do with drink say that it is impossible for them to do their trading without it. I am thankful to say that the Christian people of Africa are realizing the awful wrong of employing alcoholic spirits in connection with trade. Now what about the United States? I have come to plead with you to join in this great movement. In the Coeur de Lion, where I have many times been, I remember there was one factory alone which did not sell strong drink, and the reason was that the ladies of America had prevailed upon the man- agers of that American factory not to sell such drinks in connection witli their trade. I trust we shall have your co-operation in this greater matter of the protection of all native races. It is one of the most distressing things iTperation ^ ^vcr heard, that the venerable Dr. needed to Patou Came here some years ago and worid^crusade. ^skcd the United vStates to prohibit its traders to sell liquors and firearms to the natives of the New Hebrides, and that he failed to accomplish anything, and had to return to the islands disheartened. The United States has stood against the action of other Christian nations on that subject, as Dr. Paton told us. This is a very great responsibility. I lay it tipon you who are citizens of the United States to see to it that your govern- ment does something in this matter. I propose that there shall be formed in this coun- try just such a committee as has been formed in An International Committee Proposed. i6i England on this subject. It has representatives in Belgium and in France and in Germany. We desire to make a great International Native Races Committee, containing representatives from all Christian Nations. I appeal to the temperance workers in the United States to take the matter up and deal with it with real common sense, because we can do harm if we do not deal with this ques- tion in a common sense way. I believe this question should be dealt with by itself. You should get people of both political parties interested in this question. If this is done all right thinking people must come to feel that it is imperative that any country calling itself a Christian country should deal promptly with this matter. It is a significant thing that we are put here to speak with the Bible resting on the Stars and Stripes. Is this flag of yours to be stained by helping to prolong that awful evil? For the honor of the flag, if for nothing else, it is imperative that the United States should co-operate with other nations in this great inter- national reform. ^ ^ ^. I appeal to the statesman of this coun- native races try. This is SL matter in the interest of bad for trade, ^ommerce, because a people that are demoralized by rum are not a commercial people. Sir George Goldey, when Governor of a chartered company in the Niger Country, strongly supported a prohibition policy on commercial grounds. Get your statesmen to realize that it is the most suicidal policy, from a commercial standpoint, to ship to the natives of these countries this killing, pauperizing drink.which destroys buying power and the very buyers themselves. Gently Awake Your Denominational Missionary Society. Hardly less than governments do missionary societies need appeals from the people in order that they may do their part in the crusade against the two chief obstacles to mis- ~] sions, the liquor and opium traffic. .J Only in England (p. 157) and in Aus- ' tralia (p. 287) have missionary socie- ' ties yet pressed government strongly for protection of native races. In the •j original program of the Ecumenical Conference of all Protestant evan- 1 gelical missionary societies of the world, held in New York in 1000, there was nothing about either opium or intoxicants, the chief hindrances to missions, and the letter files of the International Reform Bvireau will show that it was largely because of its protest, seconded very earnestly by the Misses Leitch, joint authors of this book — the National Temperance Society also made an independent appeal — that the subject was introduced at all — for a twenty-minute address by Dr. T. L. Cuyler; to which Dr. John G. Paton's address was added after it had been given at a small independent meeting, sparsely attended, at which most of the addresses in this book were made be- cause not even the unoilicial Sunday afternoon meeting, used for the opium question at the preceding convention in London, could be obtained for a similar purpose in New York. In examining books in preparation for this volume almost nothing was found on opium, even in the recent books on missionary work in India and China, and scarcely a mention of liquors in other missionary literature, except Dr. Dennis' great work, quoted on title page. We asked the Missionary Secretaries to give us any important references to opium and liquors in letters from missionaries, but only one Secretary found "anything to speak of," though all were friendly. The impression made was that the good missionaries had generally accepted opium and liquors as fixtures of the landscape, like the volcanoes that focus attention in japan and Hawaii. Even when our Government was taking this matter up so aggressively in IJIOO and 1!»01 (pp. 1 and 57), mis- sionary oeriodicals did not recognize their great opportunity to press the crusade to victory, chiefly, no doubt, because so unused to any but individualistic denominational work. The chief secretary of one of the largest missionary societies asked his board to appropriate about fightv dollars to send this book at cost to five hundred preachers of the denomination, that they might be aroused to co-operate in this hopeful crusade, but the board, iorgetting that wise planting is always supplemented by weeding and fencing, said they "could not so use missionary funds." Most surprising of all, in a woman s convention of all woman's foreign missionary societies of North America, a motion prompted by the International Reform Rureau, that all woman's foreign missionary societies should have a "temperance secretary to co- operate in this progressing crusade to remove the chief obstacles of missions, was oppo.sed with much heat by both American and Canadian Christian women, and voted down by a big majority on the ground that "temperance has nothing to do with missions." The movement for temperance secretaries has. nevertheless, made considerable headway through the persistency of Mrs. Ellen M. Watson, Murdoch Street, Pittsburg, Pa., to whom all interested should write. 103 Mrs. Ellen M. Watson. who is getting Women's Mission- ary Societies to appoint temper- ance secretaries. MISSION FIELDS UNDER AMERICAN FLAG. THE Alaska. When Russia, in 1867, sold to the United States the vast district of Alas- ka, as it was chiefly popu- lated by In- dians and sim- ilar native races the pro- hibitory policy as to liquor selling that had previously been in force in the Indian Territory was extended to that district, i. e., the total prohibition of the traffic among Indians and whites alike. After allowing the Indian to be slaughtered wholesale for a century by white savages armed with firewater, the nation had settled down to the policy of pro- hibition for districts inhabited chiefly by native races.* "THIS IS A CHRISTIAN NATION." ■^HE form of oath universally prevailing, concluding with an appeal to the Almighty; the custom of opening sessions of all deliberative bodies and most conventions with prayer; the prefatory words of all wills: "In the name or God, Amen"; the laws respect- ing the observance of the Sabbath, with the general cessation of all secular business, and the closing of courts, legislatures, and other similar assemblies on that day; the churches and church organizations which abound in every city, town and hamlet; the multitude of charitable organizations existing every- where under Christian auspices; the gigantic mis- sionary associations with general support and aiming to establish Christian missions in every quarter of the globe — these and many other matters which might be noticed, add a volume of unofficial declarations to the mass of organic utterances that THIS IS A CHRISTIAN NATION.— Unanimous opinion of United States Supreme Court, Feb.29, 1892. ' Those who desire to study our "Century of Dishonor" in dealing with the Indians should consult not only Helen Hunt's book of that name, but also references to the effect of liquors 163 164 Protection of Native Races. For twenty-nine years this policy had prevailed in Alaska, when, in the Spring of 1898, a bill was introduced by a Senator from the Pacific Coast to legalize the liquor traffic in Alaska, on the plea that prohibition was not enforced. The law was by no Why Alaska nicaus such a dead letter as this plea prohibition would sccm to imply. Columns of was attacked, ^^-^^f^y tabulated lists of seized liquors appeared about that time in an Alaskan paper. It was partly because the law was not a "dead letter" but more like a "live wire" that a special effort was made just then to repeal it. Governor John G. Brady had said in his report for 1897, "During the last term of court the judge made a strenuous effort to enforce the law against this large class of offend- ers, and a number of convictions were secured. It was a demonstration that the law could be upheld if the officers of the court were determined to do it." Governor Brady had also said that the law could be effectively enforced if the judge, district attorney and collector would heartily co-operate, especially if the government would provide a steam launch to run down the smugglers. The collector upon the Indian problem in the annual reports of the Board of Indian Commissioners. See also Eugene Stock's History of the Church Missionary Society on this point. The Youth's Companion, of May 10, 1900, has representative pictures from life of an Alaskan Indian village on St. Lawrence Island, far beyond the reach of law, where Mr. and Airs. V. C. Gamble went to teach. First we are shown the peaceful simplicity of this Christianized Indian village without liquors; then the same quickly changed into a place of crime and disorder on the introduction of whisky ; and then the same again restored to industry'- and brotherly kindness by the banishment of the drink, whose effects are seen to be the same as in civilized communities only more quickly and more intensely developed. American Mission Fields — Alaska. 165 and also ex-Governor Knaop had expressed concur- rence in these views. There was no question but that there was much nullification of the law, the manifest remedy for which would have been to have the incompetent officers dismissed, and efficient, brave and incor- ruptible officers put in their places. Re eai of '^^® proposcd repeal of prohibition prohibition was for the time prevented by Senator prevente . Hansbrough, who made the point of order against the license law proposed in its place, that it was a revenue measure and inust therefore originate in the House, to which it was then too late to transfer it during that Congress. As this bill was sure to come up in the next Con- gress, letters were sent by The Reform Bureau to pastors in every town and cit)'' where a Senator or Congressman resided, urging that deputations of Christian citizens, in defense of prohibition in Alaska, should be organized to call upon these public servants while they were at home. It is to be feared that this suggestion was not carried out. Another In December of 1898 a National Chris- victory, ^ian Citizenship Convention, arranged for by The Reform Bureau, was held in Washington. During this Convention, which had been called in part to avert the repeal of prohibition in Alaska, a score of its leading speakers — men and women of national reputation — appeared before the House Committee on Territories and gave reasons why prohibition should not be repealed, and, with the volley of letters that followed up the hearing, the Committee was carried, and repeal, so far as that Committee was concerned, was killed. But, just at that time, the Committee on Revi- 1 66 Protection of Native Races. Prohibition ^^^^ °^ Laws, which had been ordered by repealed Congress to codify existing laws, offered the twice-defeated license law in place of the existing prohibitory law. This license law, while forbidding the sale of liquor to natives per- mitted its sale to whites. Such a law in such a country would involve the natives in the traffic and its consequences in many ways. Speaker Reed ruled that it was a revenue feature and could not be included in the pending bill, and under that ruling it could not even be considered except by unanimous consent. Had Christian citizens during the previous summer endeavored, in defense at once of the Indians, of the nation's honor, and of Chris- tian missions, to influence their representatives and senators to uphold prohibition in Alaska, the prob- ability is that at least one of them would have been found at that critical hour to champion prohibition. ^^ Had even one in the House been ready the last battle and wUHng to hisist on the point of order was est. ^j^^ ^^^ could not have passed the House, nor could it have passed the Senate if any one Senator had insisted thai it should not pass zvithout sucJi full consideration as should precede action on a proposal to adopt such a reactionary proceeding and policy at the gates of our new expansion era. When this fight was about to end in the fatal vote there were not enough Christian lobbyists at hand to make Congress understand that it was not the prohibition versus high license issue as it would stand in a civilized community, but a question w lie titer IV c sJiould repudiate the new policy of civi- lization as to protecting districts inhabited cJiiefly by native races against the sale of intoxicants. If there had been Christian lobbyists enough at hand to American Mission Fields — Alaska. 167 explain that it was not an ordinary liquor bill, and enough letters and telegrams coming in from Chris- tian constituents to make congressmen feel that they would displease many voters by repealing prohibi- tion — a thing the national Government never did before — the result would probably have been different. Lest any one should draw wrong inferences it ought to be said that within twenty-four hours from that repeal of Alaskan prohibition for whites, those same legislators enacted prohibition in the anti-can- teen law for a larger number of white people in the army and navy and soldiers' home. IV^" lost pro- hibition in Alaska by the indifference of Christian citizenship. We won the anti-canteen law, so far as Congress was concerned, as we may win it again and almost any other reasonable reform measure, by a long pull and a strong pull and a pull all together. Rev. C. P. Coe (Wood Island, Kodiak, Woman's American Baptist Home Missionary Society). — For the first time we have a legalized drinking place at Kodiak. There may be no more drinking, but what there is is protected by law. Few families in the Re eai of country have money to buy sufficient prohibition flour or Other supplies, but a good condemned. many find cash to spen d at the saloon Our opinion is, as it has ever been concerning this law, the government has taken a long step back- ward, and has confessed that the law-breakers are more powerful than the government. With all due regard for Governor Brady, we believe that the law is a grave and irreparable evil.^ 2 Extract, by kind permission, from a letter from Mr. Coe, dated November ig, 1899, which appeared in Hojue Mission Echoes, February, 1900. l68 Protection of Native Races. Editorial in Home Mission Echoes, organ of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, referring to the above letter: "We are glad that our missionary, v^ho represents us at this very important outpost on our vv^estern frontier, has so vigorously, and, as we believe, truthfully, con- demned the legalized liquor - selling in Alaska, because of which his heroic efforts against the evils that existed before must now be greatly increased if he is to be victorious for the truth and right." Mrs. Anna F. Beiler (formerly missionary in Saloons mui- Alaska, and now Secretary, Bureau tipiying In for Alaska, Womau's Home Missionary ages. Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church). — Dr. and Mrs. A. W. Newhall, our mis- sionaries in Unalaska, Alaska, write me that there are now, since the repeal of prohibition, four saloons in the village of Unalaska where none had existed when I was there in 1897. The Aleutian Islands will suffer as they are so near the high- water ways of travel. (Sept. 3, 1900.) Rev. Paul de 5chweinitz (Secretary of Missions, American Moravian Church, North). — Our mis- sionaries on the Nushagak River, on account of the proximity of the canneries, complain of the liquor evil, but those on the Kuskowwin, being more remote from civilization, have less to say about liquor. There can be no question but that the introduction of liquor makes inissionary work immensely more difficult and results disastrously to the natives. (August 28, 1900.) Mrs. Eugene 5. Willard (Juneau, Alaska, Presby- terian Board of Home Missions, 1881 — ). — "We have proved v^^hat education and Christianity can do American Mission Fields — Alaska. 169 Alaska natives for these people, as individuals, even progress {^ |;|^jg f^j-gf; generation. Some of our free from first pnpils have been holding positions drink. ^f trust in the different missions for years, and they are among the most refined and eflficient of our teachers. They are especially gifted as mechanics, and have been employed as engineers and as tradesmen for at least ten years. They are by nature unusually intelligent and industrious people, kind and tractable, easily yield- ing to those whom they regard as superiors, and not able always to discriminate between the good and the evil of civilization. The greatest obstacle of their progress as a people, the greatest curse to them and to us, is liquor." — Extract from a protest against the repeal of prohibition^ in the Union Signal, March p, i88g. Mr. John W. Wood (Corresponding Secretary, Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society, Protes- tant Episcopal Church). — It is well understood that intercourse with the whites is, owing to the facil- ities for obtaining liquor, fraught with fearful men- ace to the native population. Speaking of the mission station of our church at Ketch- When liquor U x-.'-i -i-. • i ' sold to whites, ikan. Bishop Rowe m his report for the Indians yga,r i8q8-qq says: "There is a native easily get it. "' ^ . ,. population at this point, and its condi- tion is deplorable. They seem to get liquor with- out any trouble. Women and men alike drink, and often the little children seek the shelter of the mis- sion house when their parents are drunk. Even the mothers openly offer their daughters, though but children of thirteen years or so, to the white men for money or whisky." While this is the only instance of this nature mentioned by the bishop in his report, 170 Protection of Native Races. it is undoubtedly true that there are to-day in Alaska many places where the same deplorable conditions exist. (September 12, 1900.) Rev. F. P. Woodbury, D.D. (Corresponding Sec- retary American Missionary Association). — Our mission among the Eskimos is at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the extreme western point of North America, only about forty miles distant from Siberia. Our work there is religious, educational and philan- thropic. There is a stringent law against selling spirits to the Eskimos; but in defiance of its pro- visions great quantities of the vilest and most poi- sonous liquors are traded to them. Avarice is at the root of this iniquitous traffic, which brings in a profit of from 200 to 1,000 per cent. The Eskimos are ignorant as to the value of their furs, ivory, whalebone, etc., and are easily drawn to part with them for whisky, instead of trading them for flour, cloth and other useful articles. One of our mission- aries writes: "The shame and the crime will ulti- mately rest upon the American people if we do not insist that these fellow citizens and wards of ours, solemnly guaranteed protection upon the purchase of Alaska, shall have all the possible protection from Missionaries the Tavagcs of intemperance." This kuie.i by j| Hquor trade has been the cause of natives. somc outragcous murders, and drunken natives have shot at or sought to stab the mission- ai ies themselves. Several of the natives were lamed and disfigured in drunken sprees before the estab- lishment of the mission. The assassination of one of our first missionaries there, Mr. Thornton, was due largely to intemperance. Mrs. Thornton, in giving the facts of the dreadful night of the mur- der, says: "We did not fear the people when they American Mission Fields — Alaska, l/i were sober, but feared them when they were in whisky, for when they were drunk they had shot at us. A great deal of whisky had been brought over, and at last Mr. Thornton so felt the danger that he had decided we had better not stay for the winter. On the very Saturday night on which he was shot he had said that if more whisky were brought we would let that be a sign to us that we must go; and two barrels had just been brought over from Siberia." In the midst of that night Mr. Thornton was sum- moned to the door of his house, and went, supposing that some one was sick, and he was shot down by two drunken desperados. The fight against whisky introduced by the white man is perhaps the hardest fight of the missionaries among those poor Eskimos.^ Rev. H. P. Corser (Fort Wrangel, Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 1899 — ) — The effect of liquor upon the natives of Fort Wrangel has been something horrible. The population is not one- fourth what it was twenty years ago, and I think that I can safely say that there is not a score of per- fectly healthy natives — young men and women — in the town. The present license law is very defective. It 3 People often say, "Of course a man must have whisky in a cold country like Alaska," but those who know anything of Arctic exploration know that is just the place of all places where men should let it alone. Joaquin Miller, since the repeal of prohibition, had this to say on his return from Alaska in 1900: "To use intoxicants in Alaska is fatal. No one can USG stimulants without serious results. Even coffee is not necessary to the habitual coffee drinker. Tea is the proper beverage there, and that is the popular drink. Whisky is a deadly thing to the Indians, and they are perishing in Alaska very rapidly." 172 Protection of Native Races. practically places the regulation and control in the hands of those who care nothing for the Indian. In the town of Fort Wrangel there ai'e six saloons to a white population of about Jjo, and petitions for license have again and again received the signatures from a majority of the white people when the sign- ers had every reason to believe that the petitioner expected to make a business of selling liquor to the Indians, indirectly if not directly. With the present law any Indian can get liquor who wants it. If we must have license the number of saloons should be restricted so that there should not be more than one to every 200 white people, and those who run the saloons should be compelled to furnish a fairly clean character, and women should be excluded entirely from saloons, and from any room that opens into the saloon. Indians should be excluded and the saloonkeeper should be under heavy bonds to keep the law. Rev. C. L. Thompson, D.D. (Secretary Board of Home Missions, Presbyterian Church). — The tes- timony of all our missionaries in Alaska is to the same effect, viz., that the liquor traffic is extremely detrimental to the best interests of our work in that country. The liquor traffic is a great evil every- where, but especially so in Alaska on account of the appetite of the people for strong drink. It is, of course, very difficult to enforce liquor laws in the territory of Alaska, much more so than in the States; but it is none the less important that such laws should be enforced, and toward their enforcement all Christian churches having work in Alaska should steadily set their faces. American Mission Fields — Alaska. 173 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR ALASKA.* 1. Let missionaries in Alaska strive to lay right ethical foundations in that most difficult field which is one day to be the largest State in our Union. With earnest and imited effort, prohibition might perhaps be recovered for the whole Territory — in any case for many districts — by taking advantage of the local option feature of the present law and other restrictive features secured as concessions through the fight made at the doors of Congress. 2. Let the people of Alaska also make much of the law which requires scientific temperance educa- tion in all its public schools, and let there be an "extension" of this education to the general public by temperance lectures and literature. 3. That the people may have all the benefits that would come from faithful enforcement of these laws, let friends of civil service, and of the Indian, and all good citizens, oppose the "spoils system" and secure instead the adoption of the strict civil service rules of the most successful colonizing power. Great Britain, for Alaska and all our New Possessions. SUGGESTED RESOLUTION-PETITION. Resolved, that this meeting hereby authorizes its presiding officer to petition Congress, in behalf of this body, to provide for the continuance of prohibition in the Indian Territory when it shall be granted statehood, whether in union with Oklahoma or othewise, and to restore prohibition to Alaska or at least amend the liquor law so that no license can be granted at any place except where the majority of the residents within two miles are white people. Adopted by of on . Attest Presiding. 174 Protection of Native Races. THE PROHIBITORY LAW OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY. That any person, whether an Indian or otherwise, who shall in said Territory, manufacture, sell, give away, or in any manner, or by any means furnish to any one, either for himself or another, any vinous, malt or fermented liquors, or any other intoxicating drinks of any kind whatsoever, whether medicated or not, or who shall carry, or in any manner have carried, into said Territory any such liquors or drinks, or who shall be interested in such manu- facture, sale, giving away, furnishing to any one, or carrying into said Territory any of such liquors or drinks, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and by imprisonment for not less than one month nor more than five years. (Approved March i, 1895.) Nothing in this Act shall authorize or permit the sale, or exposure for sale, of any intoxicating liquor in said Territory, or the introduction thereof into said Territory; and it shall be the duty of the dis- trict attorneys in said Territory and the officers of such municipalities to prosecute all violations of the laws of the United States relating to the introduc- tion of intoxicating liquors into said Territory, or to their sale, or expopure for sale, therein. (Approved June 28, 1898.) Hawaii.* REV. O. H. GULICK. Honolulu, 187 1, thirty years' service. ADDRESS AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING, ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE OF MISSIONS, 1 9OO, The feature of the age is consolidation, concentration. Great trusts are swallowing up the smaller tradesmen; great lines of steamships are absorbing the business of the ocean; great nations, like great fishes, are swallowing the little ones; but the United States showed no eagerness to swallow Hawaii. For five years the leaders of that peo- ple knocked at the doors of Congress, asking to be ad- mitted. At last, under the pressure perhaps of the war with Spain and the fact that Hawaii was the only- stopping place on the road to the Philippines, we were admitted, to C'ur great joy and happiness. Now we are asking, What is annexation to bring us? --^ ^ 1^ i REV. O. H. GULICK. '"Civilization" was introduced into these Sandwich Islands by Captain Cook in 1778. The people had been barbarians, but never cannibals. In 18 19 the native priests burned their idols at the command of the two queens, Keopuolani and Kaahumanu. This was a year before the coming of the mis- 1/6 Protection of Native Races. Free rum? A godless Sabbath? Free opium? Are these the blessings that are to come? These childlike people of the islands look to Amer- ica as infants look to kindergarten teachers. I have the highest respect for the kindergarten teacher. The kindergarten teacher must have much gracious- ness and patience and love. If they have that they can do everything v^ith the little ones. Our great land, this Columbia, seems destined now to be a kindergarten teacher to the little islands of the sea. There is Cuba asking for the sympathy of this great republic. There is little Porto Rico, with its confid- ing people, waiting to be taught. There is little Hawaii, blessed by America for the past eighty years through the missionaries it has sent there, and proud to become a little territory of this great republic. There are the Philippine islanders, poor and deluded in some respects, but a bright people, many of them the brightest kind of people, and they are waiting to see what America is to bring to them. Shall their union with America be but the beginning of grog shops and the coming of evil of all sorts? This cannot be ; this must not be ; this shall not be. These poor people, in their hope for what is better, look to you. We sent petitions fr©m the islands to Congress sionaries for whom the way was thus providentially prepared, and the Christianizing of the islands was consequently rapid. The result in part was that the monarchy became a constitu- tional one, and for many years maintained prohibitory liquor laws for the natives. On July 4, 1894, Hawaii was proclaimed a republic. In 1896 the population was 109,020, divided as fol- lows: Hawaiians, 39,504; Americans, 3,086; British, 2,250; Germans, 1,432; French, loi; Norwegians, 378; Portuguese, 15. 191; Japanese, 24,407 ; Chinese, 21,616; South Sea Island- ers, 455; others, 600. American Mission Fields — Hawaii. 77 asking that in the bill that should constitute Hawaii a territory there should be prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, and of opium and of gambling. These questions were all laid before Congress. Congress prohibited opium and gambling, the sale of liquors also, but with permission to our Territorial legislature to substitute license if they chose. We must now look to our own legislature for protection. Rev. T. L. Guiick (Santan- der, Spain, American Board, 1873 - 1883 ; Pastor Foreign Church of Mani, H. I., 1886- 1893 ; Address at Supplemen- tal Meeting, Ecumenical Mis- sionary Conference, 1900). — Let me add a further word about the Sandwich Islands, where I was born. Before the missionaries went to those islands the people had been in contact with the white men for more than forty years, and they had become largely a drunken people, as well as a gam- bling people. We know that the greatest hindrances to missionary work in heathen lands, especially in savage and semi-civilized lands, are the vices of Christian lands, and that among those great hin- drances are the firewater, the firearms and opium. It is a burning shame that the same ship that carries the missionary in the cabin should carry in its hold what will nullify and largely destroy not only the work of the missionary, but all the REV. T. L. GULICK. 178 Protection of Native Races. good influences which come from so-called Chris- tian lands. Now, what are we going to do about it? In the Sandwich Islands the people are, to a large extent, Hawaii long a ^ sobcr people, made so by the mis- prohibition sionaries. When the missionaries country. came they listened to the Gospel, and they enacted laws to drive out the liquor traffic. They voted for absolute prohibition — the votes were chiefly of Hawaiians — with no pressure brought to bear upon them except the influence of the Chris- tian teachers. I do not remember ever to have seen a staggering, drunken man in Hawaii while I lived there as a boy. They made for themselves an abso- lutely prohibitory law against the manufacture and sale of liquor to Hawaiians. They found that they could not enforce such a law against the whites, and the whites were allowed to have a few places licensed in Honolulu. France actually came and took possession of the islands on the ground that they were putting too high a tax upon their liquors, and France carried off twenty thousand dollars which some twenty years afterwards they had to pay back. A liquor seller in Honolulu recently went from there to the Philippine Islands and established a grog shop in Manila, because he thought he could make more money out there. Does not the United States Government say who shall be licensed and who shall not be licensed in the Philip- *J^J"°J^^'^° pine Islands to-day? The absolute con- tect our new 1 -' uianders as we trol is with the Executivc at Washing- indrans? ^^^- ^^ ^^® Philippine Islands they are selling liquor not only to the sol- diers, but to the natives as well. It is a burning American Mission Fields — Hawaii. 179 shame, and it is our duty to do exactly what we have tried to do in some cases for the Indians in America. You know there is a prohibitory law against selling liquor to the Indians on the reserva- tions. Canada has done so on her reservations in the Northwest. Why should not the United States listen to the voice of all Christian citizens and pro- hibit the sale of firearms and firewater, in the New Hebrides, where our venerable friend. Dr. Paton, is trying to stand up for righteousness, and where American rum and American firearms are destroy- ing much of the good work? Why should not America do the same for Guam and for the Philip- pines ; for Porto Rico ; for all the savage and semi- civilized people with whom it has relations and over whom it has control, and whom it is bound to pro- tect? Did we not say, when we went into this war with Spain, that we went into it with no selfish ends in view; that we went into it to help these people who were oppressed? Now shall we put them under a worse oppression still — an oppression of body and soul that will drag them down worse than Spanish oppression ever did? I say it is the duty of every church and of every Christian indi- vidual, and especially of this Conference, to speak with a loud and earnest and constant voice to our government, urging it to act in this matter for right- eousness' sake. i8o Protection of Native Races. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR HAWAII .3 TheReform Bureau, with the aid of the W. C. T. U. and Anti-Saloon League on the out- side, and of Hon. F. H. Gillett, M. C. and Hon. C. E. Littlefield, M. C, on the inside,* se- cured two favor- able votes in the House of Repre- sentatives on an anti-saloon amend- ment to the Hawai- i a n bill. This amendment was passed in the weaker form of absolute prohibition subject to the option of the Hawaiian lesfislature to enact license instead. HON. C. E. LITTLEFIELD, M.C. 3 These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. J. L. Barton, D.D., Secretary American Board of Commission- ers for Foreign Missions, also by Rev. T. L. Gulick and Hon. C. E. Littlefield, M.C. * The following extracts from an argument for the Hawaiian anti-saloon amendment by Hon. C. E. Littlefield, M.C, suc- cessor to Hon. Nelson Dingley, is of value for use in Hawaii or wherever else prohibition needs advocacy or defense: "I do not understand that there is anj^ great difference of opinion upon the proposition that the liquor traffic is productive of great and manifold evils. As to the propriety of restraining and restricting the sale of intoxicating liquor upon both moral and economic ground, there does not appear to be any serious question. The onlj^ question is as to the most effective method. No reasonable person contends that prohibitory liquor laws can American Mission Fields — Hawaii. i8i As native Hawaiians, who formerly had prohibi- tion of the sale of liquor to the natives, are in the majority, the temperance forces, if well led, should be able to hold the prohibition thus secured. In view of the fact that Christian citizens in this country had sent very few petitions in sup- port of the two Hawaiian petitions that had asked for prohibition,^ the favorable votes in the House absolutely eliminate the traffic, any more than laws prohibiting and punishing the commission of crimes are expected to entirely eliminate the crimes prohibited and punished. The object sought to be accomplished is to reduce to the narrowest possible limit the commission of crimes. Legislation against the liquor traffic has the same end in view. Personally I believe in the prohibitory plan as the most effective, and the best calculated to accomplish this desirable result. The amendment to the Hawaiian bill is a very conservative propo- sition. What advantageous purpose in the development of our civilization a saloon for the sale of intoxicating liquor can sub- serve, it is difficult to imagine. The use of distilled liquors, at least by all native tribes, has by common experience been demontsrated to be very injurious to them. Contact with civilization appears in this particular to distribute vice faster than it disseminates virtue. To prohibit the sale of liquors to native races seems to be the settled policy of civilization. Under these circumstances it could hardly be thought improper for the United States to declare a similar policj^ in regard to its new possessions, especially in those lands where the native tribes very largely predominate. It has for a long time been deemed both wise and prudent to prohibit the sale of intoxicat- ing liquor to the Indians, the wards of the nation. While the amendment does not absolutely prohibit the sale of intoxicat- ing liquors, it is thought that an effort to eliminate the saloon will be a long step in the right direction. ^Hawaiian Petition. — To the Honorable, the Congress of the United States Assembled, Gieetings: Whereas, A Constitution for the government of the Hawai- ian Islands is being prepared by A^our Honorable Body; and. Whereas, We, your humble petitioners, believe you to be supremely interested in the welfare of all our population ; and. 1 82 Protection of Native Races. are an encouragement to make another effort to secure prohibition for all our new islands at once by the passage of the pending Gillett bill, with Whereas, Should there be any extension of the franchise such would materially weaken the power of the conservative element in the community, and might lead to grave questions and issues pertaining to the wellbeing of certain elements in our population ; and, Whereas, The traffic in intoxicating liquors has been and is the bane of every class in our country, one which has received the attention of the Hawaiian Government, now trying to regulate it ; and. Whereas, Gaming for money is another pernicious evil, espe- cially dangerous to our population, and one which has been prohibited by the Hawaiian Government; and, Whereas, The sale of opium is another evil now prohibited by the Hawaiian Government ; We therefore petition your Honorable Body, in the interest of over 39,000 Hawaiians and part Hawaiians, and over 15,000 Portuguese, over 24,000 Japanese, over 21,000 Chinese (as per census report of 1896, and thus including over 90 per cent of total population of 109,020), To enact and place in the Constitution, now being formed for this Territory, the following provisions: First— That the importation, manufacture and sale of intoxi- cating liquors be prohibited; Second— That the importation and sale of opium be pro- hibited; and. Third— That gaming be prohibited. And your petitioners will ever pray. [Signed by many influential American and European resi- dents.] . , 1 ,1 1, [In addition to the above the following, signed wholly by native Hawaiians, was sent to Congress;] To the Honorable Congress of the United States of America Assembled, Greeting: Inasmuch as a Constitution for the government of the Hawaiian Islands is now being framed by you, We native, Hawaiian (male) citizens having at heart the interests of this country, and having particular regard for our American Mission Fields — Hawaii. 183 amendments making it prohibit the sale of all intox:- icants in all our islands, at least sales to all aborig- inal natives, which is the status of the law in Alaska. (In its original form the bill aimed only to keep dis- tilled liquors out of the Philippines.) This amended bill and the two anti-canteen bills will all be helped by every petition or letter or telegram sent to one's Congressman or Senator containing these ten words: "We urge suppression of saloons in our army and ISLANDS." Lest the Gillett bill fail, we should also help the Hawaiians to maintain the prohibition enacted by Congress, subject to their approval. Let all Ameri- can temperance societies unite to send lecturers to Hawaii to re-enforce the workers their, and let the testimony in this book as to the effect of liquors upon native races, and Mr. E. J. Wheeler's "Prohi- bition," with other temperance literature, be sent at once for circulation among English-speaking resi- dents, and money also for their translation into the own people, earnestly request you to consider the following statement and to grant the following petition: Indulgence in intoxicating liquors, harmful in everj- land, is especially bane- ful in tropical countries. Its evils have been painfully felt by our people at certain periods in the past. Its ravages to-day are alarming. The ruin of many homes and the decline in the number of our people is very largely due to it. Were the sale of liquors prohibited in these islands a great evil and danger would be removed. The use of opium and gambling for money are two evils which have been particularly dangerous to our people. Indulgence in these is now prohibited and should be continued. We therefore most earnestly petition you to place in the Constitution which shall be made for these islands declarations prohibiting: (i) The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors; (2) the importation and sale of opium, and (3) gambling. 1 84 Protection of Native Races. Hawaiian language.' It should be remembered that Hawaiians are civilized and many of them vi^ell educated — indeed, the people of the Island Republic when they came into our Union had to give up such progressive features as postal savings banks, parcels post and restricted suffrage. Now that no outside nation can interfere with their liquor laws, let them vote a renewal of prohibition. * Temperance literature may be sent to Y.M.C.A., Honolulu. Resolution=Petition. [This Resolution can be adopted by churches or meetings, or can be signed by one or more individuals. J To UNITED STATES SENATE (Care of Hon ) Resolved. That we set up as our ultimate aim the annihilation of the traffics in intoxicating beverages and opium in the world at large, in which aim we are encouraged by repeated action of sixteen leading nations in defense of native races in Central Africa against distilled liquors; and we hereby authorize the officers of this body to petition Congress to protect the tinted races under our own flag against both intoxicants and opium by laws not less stringent than those of any other nation. Resolved. That in our national temperance efforts we will set up as our purpose nothing less than the separation of our government from all complicity with the liquor traffic, toward which Congress has commend- ably advanced by banishing liquors from the Army, from immigrant stations, and from the Capitol; and we hereby authorize petitions for the McCumber-Sperry bill, to forbid liquor selling in all government buildings, especially soldiers' homes (voted by the Senate in 1!)()4 in an amendment that failed in conference) and we ask an amendment to include all ships owned and used by the United States Government, since the anti-canteen position of the Navy rests only on the order of an ex-Secretary and should be made law, as in the Army. The above was adopted by vote by a meeting of on and the undersigned was authorized to so ATTEST Individually endorsed by: of of [Modify above as crusade progresses.] [When signed, deliver or send to one of your own Senators, and a duplicate addressed to '"U. S. House of Representatives," to your own Congressman.] Petitions are mail box ballots, needed for the expression of public sentiment on all questions, except the one or two on which the ballot box has spoken. Patterns for Backing Two Petitions. U. S. SENATE. Petition from U. S. HOUSE OF REPRE- SENTATIVES. Petition from of. State of , for the passage of a bill that shall give to the native races in our Pacific islands the same protection against intoxicants that is accorded to native races in the Indian Territory, or at least such protection as is giv- en in Alaska ; and also for a bill to forbid any American citizen to sell intoxicants and firearms to Pacific islanders. Please refer to Committee on the Philippines. Senator please present and promote this petition. of. State of. for the passage of a bill that shall give to the native races in our Pacific islands the same protection against intoxicants that is accorded to nativo races in the Indian Territory, or at least such protection as is giv- en in Alaska ; and also for a bill to forbid any American citizen to sell intoxicants and firearms to Pacific islanders. Please refer to Committee on Insular Affairs. Congressman. 185 please present and promote this petition. 1 86 Protection of Native Races. President J. G. Schurman, Chairman First Philippine Commission, in The Independent, Dec. IM",)!*, and address at Liberal Club, Buffalo: I regret that the Americans allowed the saloon to get a foothold on the islands. That has hurt the Americans more- than anything else, and the spectacle of Amer- icans drunk awakens dis- gust in the Filipinos. We suppressed the cock-fights there, and permitted the taverns to flourish. One emphasized the Filipino frailty, and the other the American vice. I have never seen a Filipino drunkard. The Filipinos have some excellent vir- tues. They are exceedingly cleanly, and also exceed- ingly temperate. Even the members of this Liberal Club would shock them by the amount of wine most of you have consumed this evening. United States Philip- pine Commission, Manila, October 30, 1900. My Dear Sir: — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th of September in virhich you call attention to the new policy of Great Britain, the most experienced of colon- izing powers, which is of late that of prohibiting her merchants in her own is- lands and others to sell intoxicants to native races. The question which you propose is a most difficult and important one for our consideration here, and I shall have great pleasure in sub- mitting your letter and its enclosures to the Commission for their information and studj'. I am. verv sincerelv yours, WM." 11. TAFT. President. Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Washington, D. C. Later telegrams report that the commis- sion took up the matter; that President Taft pronounced the American liquor traffic on the Escolta "disgraceful"; that it was ordered to leave this principal street in the spring; and that saloons were also forbid- den to sell to soldiers or natives after Jan. 1, ]!t()L In 10()'>, in response to a mighty protest of the W . C. T. U. and other bodies, led by Mrs. M. I). Ellis, the certifying of prostitutes by army officers was forbidden "by direction of the President," in an order of which these great words, needed all over the world, are the key note: "The only really efficient way in which to control the diseases due to immoral- ity is to diminish the vice which is Judge W. H. Taft. the cause of these diseases." PRESIDENT SCHURMAN. The Philippines. ROBERT E. SPEER, M.A. Secretary of Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. AT SUPPLEMENT MEETING ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, 19OO. Is it a fair thing to hit the heathen world when it is down? I do not ask whether men can excuse themselves to God for any want of sympathy for those for whom Christ died, but whether they can excuse themselves to themselves for such treachery alike to God and to men as to hit the heathen world when it is down. I was reading just the other day a paper published from an American press in the city of Manila, the most conspicuous portions of which — and they seemed to fill the paper from begin- ning to end — were the advertisements of American whisky and beer. Men say that the Filipinos drank before we went there. Perhaps they did, but we did not sell it to them. And I say it is not a fair thing, even if we wished to withhold the gospel from the world, to strike it in the midst of its woe and its weariness and its sin. Hon. Ogden E. Edwards (U. S. Consul in Manila, 1855-1856, afterwards resident there thirty years as an American merchant and Danish Consul, 36 years in all).* — I must premise that I am not a prohibition- 1 Mr. Edwards has been much consulted by the President and Cabinet and both Phihppine commissions. This testimony was given in a letter to The Reform Bureau, dated Bowling Rock, N. C, April 21, 1900. 187 1 88 Protection of Native Races. ist, nor a total abstainer. I abhor drunkenness, and feel deeply the disgrace brought on the Ameri- can name by the manifestation of this vice in the Philippines. During my long residence in the Philippines I rarely saw a drunken native or Span- iard. Certainly not more than two or three in a year. In crowds of ten thousand people, not one would be seen or heard. To call a Spaniard a drunkard was a much greater insult than to call him a liar. The natives drank ' ' tuba, ' ' the juice extracted from the cocoa palm, which Mr. Dean C. Wor- cester, of the two Philippine Commissions, thus describes: "The unfermented 'tuba dulce' is a pleasant and nourishing drink, often recommended for those who are recovering from severe illness, on account of its flesh-producing properties. The fer- mented product is a mild intoxicant."^ The principal drink was "tuba," and the "gin shaks" mentioned by Chaplain Pierce (up to 1888, when I last saw Manila) sold little else Drunkenness ^-^an this harmless beverage. The nnknovpn before oar advent. great pomt IS that from 1852 to 1888, the range of my personal knowledge of the islands, drunkenness was practically unknown among the natives or Spaniards. The Spanish cafes sold mostly Spanish wines, and men would sit an hour chatting over a glass or two of wine, and smoking in front of or in them, with never a sign of intoxication. Nothing like the American saloon was ever known in Manila while I lived there; and I heartily indorse the remark of President Schurman, the Chairman of the Philip- pine Commission, as quoted by you from the Inde. 2 See p. 227 of "The Philippine Islands," by Dean C. Wor- cester. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 189 pendent, December 28, 1899, and in his address to the Liberal Club of Buffalo. rir. H. Irving Hancock (Manila Correspondent of Leslie's Weekly'). — Of all the problems that confront us in the reconstruction of the Philippines the grav- est and wickedest is one of our own importation. The Manila saloons, taken collectively, are the worst possible kind of a blot on Uncle Sam's fair name. The city's air reeks with the odor of the worst of English liquors. And all this has come to pass since the 13th of August, 1898! With the van- guard of American troops entering Manila rode the newly appointed Philippine agent of a concern that had shiploads of drink on the way. He secured offices, warehouses, options on desirable locations for saloons, and opened business. Some of the proud- est and best youth of the land marched into Manila to proclaim the dawn of a new era of honesty, lib- erty and light. It was a day of rare import to the downtrod- den East. But the saloon- keeper sneaked in under the folds of Old Glory ! Almost by the time the American soldier had stacked arms in the city a score of American saloons were open. Swiftly other scores were added to them. The number grew and grew. At the outbreak of the insurrection there were hundreds of Amer- ican saloons in Manila. To-day there is no thoroughfare of any length in Manila that has not its long line of saloons. The H. IRVING HANCOCK. 190 Protection of Native Races. Our coming Street cars carry flaunting advertise- muitipiied ments of this brand of whisky and that sa oons. kind of gin. The local papers derive their main revenue from the displayed advertise- ments of firms and companies eager for their share of Manila's drink money. The city presents to the new-comer a saturnalia of alcoholism. The Filipinos of Manila are rather slow to take to drink. They have always heretofore been an abstemious people. Yet slowly but Filipinos slowly gyj.g|y. ^j^g uativcs are veering around learning Baloon , ^ habits. to the temptations to be found in the saloon. Five years more of the pres- ent saloon reign in Manila will see a sad demoraliza- tion of the natives. At present the non-drinking majority of the Filipinos feel only contempt for the Americans whom they see lurchingly walking the streets or crouching in silly semi-stupor in the cabs on their way to office, home, or barracks. I do not mean this as a tirade against all saloons. It is only a much-needed protest against the worst features of the American saloon that have crept into Manila arm in arm with our boasted progress. There is nowhere in the world such an excessive amount of drinking, per capita, as among the few thousand Americans at present living in Manila. Nor does this mean that we have sent the worst dregs of Americans there. Far from debanchech"" ^^5 some of the best American blood is represented in Manila, men of brains and attainment, who would nobly hold up our name, were not the saloon at every step. Gamblers and de- praved women — in both classes the very dregs of this and other countries — have followed, and work hand in hand with their natural ally. These people are fast American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 191 teaching the natives the depths of Caucasian wickedness, and the natives imagine this is Ameri- canism. So far as my observation went, I found that the military authorities of Manila were not on record as having done anything to abate this crying disgrace. Indeed, one American officer, fairly high in the councils at the palace, is the putative head of the concern that is doing the most to encourage and supply the thirst of Manila. We tried to civilize the Indian, and incidentally wiped him off the earth by permitting disreputable white traders to supply him with ardent liquors. Are we to repeat this disgrace, tenfold, as we at present seem fair to do in the Philippines? — Leslie's Weekly^ January 27, igoo. Captain Everard E. Hatch (i8th U. S. Infantry). — The great source of evil has come from the liquor interests. The first followers of an army are the Beer drummers saloons, with disreputable womeu a at the head of closc sccoud. To reprcss their per- earmy. nicious influence taxes the efforts of those in authority. One shipload of liquor was in Manila harbor before the city was taken by the Americans. The agent of the company was with the army, wearing a military uniform under the guise of a "volunteer aid." TJie city taken, the *'' volunteer aid" cast aside his uniform, located a depot and proceeded to establish saloons. In a few weeks the principal streets were transformed. The one brand of whisky and beer handled by the firm received a great boom, and in a way got a great start of competitors. It was not for long. In a few weeks every brand of beer and whisky in America was represented, and the different agents vied for 192 Protection of Native Races. First troubles 'with natives due to drink. business and supremacy. The saloons WERE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE OF THE FRICTION, DISTURBANCES AND ES- TRANGEMENTS WITH THE NATIVES THAN i.LL OTHER CAUSES COMBINED. — Spriugficld Republican. >ut VWork are now .'.h-westera >inte resting Ye formed 1 Colamn. I to An- lily en - \ 'y jj-inking they believe the whole Amer- our representa- c> -' tives In Manila, icau pcoplc to bc ou a par with the drunken element of our present army of occupation. They don't like us, and decline American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 199 to give us the benefit of the doubt. A temper- ate people themselves, they have a deep contempt for drunkenness. I do not believe our advent to the Philippines has yet caused any appreciable increase of drinking among the islanders; this effect may possibly come later. We have brought our own vices to this land, and up to the present time we alone indulge in in- temperance. When the Filipinos consider the mat- ter at all, they say our men are fools not to realize their excesses will eventually kill them, and they marvel at the American lack of self-control in the matter of drinking as exemplified by our army.® •> "The American reading public may well thank Mr. Harold Martin for his most enlightening article on the saloon in Manila. It lacks just one thing-, the cu torn house statistics of the amount of liquor, wines and beer imported into Manila since American occupation, as compared with the amount imported under Spanish occupation. Mr. Martin asked for these figures, and the custom house authorities were ready to give them, but the military governor refused to allow them to be given on the plea that it would take too much time to compile them. We do not believe the plea ingenuous. The evil is a sad one, hardly less serious than has been represented by those who ms.ke it their chief business to fight the liquor traffic; and its existence is no one's fault but that of the governor-general, who has full power to suppress the American saloon in Manila, in the interest of the American soldiers and of American reputa- tion, if he chooses. General Otis made a sad mistake in allowing the saloon free course. We presume that his suc- cessor is waiting for the Civil Commission to take charge, and the latter should be held to a strict accountability for this evil. The licensed saloon may have some excuse in free civil life; it can have none as the amusement and ruin of the army in the Philippines." — Editorial in The Independent, June 28, igoo. The statistics of liquors imported from other countries have been secured in spite of obstacles, and remove the last straw that was vainly clutched by the defenders of our saloon policy ^oo Protection of Native Races. Bishop J. n. Thoburn, D.D. (Bishop M. E. Church for India and Malaysia). — Every alternate place of business seems to be a liquor shop of some kind, and the soldier has temptation before his eyes whichever way he may turn. . . , Drunken soldiers meet me everywhere, and it is painful in the extreme to remember that many of them have come from Christian homes, and that they have been thrust into the very jaws of temptation from which only a strong man can be expected to escape. — Extract from letter written frovi Manila and published in The Indian Witness^ Calcutta, April 21, i8gg. in the Philippines, namely, that "perhaps the imports from other countries have decreased as much as ours have increased. ' ' "From the appendix to General Otis' Report and in the Bulletin of Philippine Commerce issued at Washington in 1900 reasonably complete information is obtained of the imports from all countries for the years 1893, 1894, the last of 1898 and the first six months of the year 1900. From these sources I compile the table below, giving the total importations of the various sorts of liquors from all countries for the years 1893, 1894 and the period from August 22, 1898, to July i, 1899, being the first ten months of the American occupation. "From this official report it appears that, during the first ten months of the American occupation, about twice as much liquor was imported into the Philippines as in the other two years combined. The following is the table: "Importations of liquor into the Philippines from all sources in three years: Aug. 22. 189S to 1893. 1894. July 31. 1899. Kind — Litres. Litres. Litres. Wines 758,589 835,681 1,424,490 Malt liquors .... 104,712 75,066 1,877,623 Distilled Liquors . . 53,200 67,335 185,423 Various 76,896 Total 916,501 978,082 3,564,432 "I compile from the same authority the following table, giving the sources from which this Noah's flood of alcoholic American Mission Fields— The Philippines. 201 Edward W. Hearne (formerly First Lieu- tenant Co. F, 51st Iowa Volunteers, in Manila, now General Secretary of Y. M. C. A. work in the Philippine Islands). — The Filipinos, while pagan and sem i - civilized, are moral and sober. They first learn of Christianity from the profane sailor, and when ihey see im- mense numbers of drunken, profane and immoral soldiers representing liquors was poured into these islands during their first ten months of 'civilization,' and the amount which each of these civilized nations contributed: "Liquors imported into the Philippines first ten months of the American occupation : EDWARD W. HEARNE. From — United States . Great Britain . Germany . . Spain . . . France . . . China . . English colonies Holland . . . Beer. 1,522,681 22,926 72,703 67,194 32 218,287 3.840 Wines. 117.995 24,193 9.514 1,139.157 32,098 ,23,459 Spirits. 76,986 32,597 19.493 34,818 1,640 20,883 25 Other. 6.678 6,572 1,687 53.932 3,380 4.647 Total . . . 1,877,623 1,424-490 185,423 "There is one more significant fact in this connection. 76,896 Prior to the American occupation there was but little beer used in these islands. During the year 1893 there was only about one-eighteenth as much consumed as during the first ten months of the American occupation, that is, of imported beer." — JV. E. Johnson, in New Voice, August jo, igoo. 202 Protection of Native Races. this country they have little respect for the religion they profess. "If that is your religion," they say, "we prefer our own. ' '—Extract from an address deliv- ered in tJie cJiapel of the Fifth Avemie Presbyterian Church, as reported in the Neiv York Press, fan- tcary, 22, igoo? T\r. John Foreman.^ — The conduct of the boister- ous, undisciplined individuals who formed a large percentage of the first volunteer contingent sent to Manila has had an ineffaceably demoralizing effect on the proletariat, and has inspired a feeling of horror and loathful contempt in the affluent and educated classes who guide Philippine public opin- ion.® I would point out that the Philippine Christian ^ The Ministers' Alliance of Manila has sent to The Reform Bureau an official expression of its hearty sympathy with the Bureau's efforts to secure the supression of the traffic in intoxi- cating liquors in the Philippines. The Alliance is compiling a statement concerning former and present conditions and their relation to missionary work among the Filipinos, which they will give to the public through The Reform Bureau. ^ "Mr. John Foreman is conceded to be the foremost authority on the Philippine Islands. A resident in the archipelago for eleven years; continuously acquainted with the natives for twenty; a frequent visitor to various islands of the group; pos- sessed of a more intimate knowledge of the Filipino character and a larger circle of friends and correspondents among the inhabitants than any foreigner living ; the historian par excel- lence of land and people, he is a qualified expert to whom we are bound to listen. Professor Worcester, of both Philippine commissions, constantly bows in his book to the authority of Foreman. He was especially summoned to Paris by our Peace Commissioners as the very man to guide their uncertain steps aright." — New York Evening Post. "^ The first annual report of Maj. John A. Hull, judge advo- cate of the militar)' department, shows that out of an enlist- ment of 21,078 men, there were 12,481 cases of court martial of various sorts, during the brief period of ten and one-half months. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 203 population includes not only those of pure Malay descent, but a large admixture of sagacious Spanish and Chinese half-castes educated in the university and colleges of Manila, in Hongkong, Europe and other places. Within a fortnight after the capitulation of Manila the drinking-saloons had increased fourfold. Accord- ing to the latest advices there are at least twenty to one existing in the time of the Spaniards. Drunken- ness, with its consequent evils, is rife all over the city among the new white population. The orgies of the new-comers, the incessant street brawls, the insults offered with impunity to natives of both sexes, the entry with violence into private houses by the soldiery, who maltreat the inmates and lay hands on what they choose, were hardly calculated to arouse in the natives admiration for their new masters. Brothels were absolutely prohibited under Spanish rule, but since the evacuation there has been a great influx of women of ill fame, while native women have been pursued by lustful tor- mentors. During a certain period after the capitu- lation there was indiscriminate shooting, and no peaceable native's life was safe in the suburbs.^" Adventurers of all sorts and conditions have flocked to this center of vice, where the sober native is not even spoken of as a man by many of the armed rank and file, but, by way of con tempt, is called a" yuyu." " Rev. F. H. riorgan (Singapore, Straits Settlements, Methodist-Episcopal Board, 1893 — , in a letter to '" Gen. MacArthur reports for May to September, 1900, 268 killed, 750 wounded, of Americans; 3,227 killed, 694 wounded, of Filipinos. If there was ever before a war in which soldiers pretending to be civilized killed more than they wounded we have not heard of it. " London National Review, for September, 1900. 204 Protection of Native Races. The Reform Bureau, dated June i, 1900). — The colonial expansion v:hich has taken Iilcenged profS- . , i . • • titation under placc in our country has brought m its oar flag In the train Certain evils which we have never Philippines. , . , ^ -r-, • • 1^1 met hitherto. Great Britain and the Continental Powers have set the pace in many- things which are not altogether acceptable to Christian sentiment at home or abroad, and one of the evils which they have fostered, but from which we have hitherto been free, is the pandering to the vice of soldiers. It is a fact that is not probably known at home that the iniquitous "Contagious Diseases Acts," formerly openly, and at the present time, it is claimed, secretly enforced in the canton- ments of India, are now in effect in our new pos- sessions. The subject was brought to my attention a few weeks ago, but unwilling to jump at con- clusions I have waited until I could confirm the statements then made, that in Sulu, and if there, doubtless in other places, ^'-^ there is a quarter set off by the commanding officer, General Kobbie, as the recognized resort of prostitutes; that these women, mostly Japanese, are brought there with the knowledge and consent, if not the approval of the authorities; that they are segregated, and only sol- diers allowed to consort with them; that sentries are posted at the entrance to keep peace and order and prevent the entrance of natives or the escape OF THE WOMEN, and that it is a recognized institution of our military occupation. The officers have full knowledge of it, but have yielded to the soph- istry so common among military men that you '2 Facsimiles of similar licenses granted in Manila are given in New Voice exposures referred to below. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 205 •'can't prevent the men doing such things, hence it is better to safeguard them as much as pos- sible. "i=* Do our Christian people at home realize what this means? That their sons are taken from Christian homes in Christian America and brought to the tropics, with all the seductive influences prevalent there, and under the sanction of their Making it as n2 n j , i • -i hard as othccrs find everythmg made as easy as possible for possiblc for them to liv^e lives of im- eoldier boys •, -. . , ^. . . to do right. purity and vice; that our Christian government, through its represent- atives, provides every facility for such sin, and says, by actions, if not by words, that it is necessary and that a young man cannot be continent and pure away, from home and mother? The canteen is evil, but this is infinitely worse. Ought not the matter to be investigated and the seal of disapproval set upon it by the united Christian sentiment of our land? We want pure men to guard these outposts and to set the native races an example." The " T/ie New Voice declares that separate licensed brothels are kept for army officers only. Lord Curzon recently endeared himself to the people of India by degrading high army officers who were implicated in an offense committed against the person of one Indian woman. If the President of the United States were to degrade the offi- cers connected with these outrages committed against defense- less native women (if, after full investigation, these charges were substantiated) he would endear himself to the people of our new islands, and to Christians everywhere. " Fuller accounts, botn of the Evil here referred to and of the liquor and opium traffics in Manila, can be found in articles in the Neiu Voice, August 2, 9, 16, 23 and September 6, 1900, by its special commissioner in the Philippines, Mr. W. E. Johnson. See also letter of William Lloyd Garrison in Springfield 2o6 Protection of Native Races. reports which came to my ears were confirmed by the Sultan of Suhi himself in an interview which I recently had with him.^^ Republican, May ii, 1900, which declares, on the authority of an army officer, that when we arrived in Manila its inhabitants were "a chaste and temperate people," and its few "houses l i ill fame" had "less than a score of total occupants." On the arrival of our forces he declares that hundreds of these traffick- ers in vice flocked to the port of Manila and were admitted. '^ Memorial against State Regulation of Vice in Manila. — The General Officers of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association, at their business meeting held in Rochester, N. Y. , on September i, 1900, adopted by a unanimous vote the following memorial to President McKinley: Whereas, The European system of State regulation of vice has been introduced into Manila by the U. S. army authorities, therefore Resolved, That we earnestly protest against this action, for the following reasons: 1. To issue permits to houses of ill-fame is contrary to good morals, and must impress both our soldiers and the natives as giving official sanction to vice. 2. It is a violation of justice to apply to vicious women com- pulsory medical measures which are not applied to vicious men, 3. Official regulation of vice, while it lowers the moral tone of the community, everywhere fails to protect the public health. In Paris, the head center of the system, rigid regulation has prevailed for more than a century, yet that city is scourged to a notorious degree by the class of maladies against which regu- lation is designed to guard, and the Municipal Council of Paris has repeatedly recommended its abolition. England tried it in her garrison towns, for the benefit of her soldiers and sailors, and repealed it by a heavy Parliamentary majority, after seventeen j^ears' experience had proved it to be a complete sanitar}^ failure, as well as a fruitful source of demoralization. It has been repealed throughout Switzerland, except in Geneva, and is the object of a strong and growing opposition in every country where it still prevails. State-licensed and State-super- American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 207 E. Spencer Pratt, late U. S. Consul-General, Singapore. — There is a condition of almost utter demoralization in Manila, with gambling, prostitu- tion and bar-rooms everywhere. — Interview in Pitts- burg Post. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR THE PHILIPPINES. By petitions, letters, personal interviews and deputations urge that Congress by law, or the Presi- dent by military order, shall extend to the Philip- pines the laws recently enacted for the protection of native races, minors and drunkards in Alaska, also the prohibition generally in force in this country as vised brothels are contrary to the spirit of American institu- tions, and in St. Louis, the only city of the United States that has ever tried the system, it was abolished at the end of four years, with only one dissenting vote in the city council. The United States should not adopt a method that Europe is dis- carding, nor introduce in our foreign dependencies a system that would not be tolerated at home. We protest in the name of American womanhood; and we believe that this protest represents also the opinion of the best American manhood. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT, Pres. SUSAN B. ANTHONY, Hon. Pres. ANNA H. SHAW, Vice-Pres. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL, Rec. Sec'y. RACHEL FOSTER AVERY. Cor. Sec'y. HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON, Treas. LAURA CLAY, Auditor. CATHERINE WAUGH McCULLOCH. Auditor. In response to many protests, but chiefly through the fearless and persistent efforts of Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis, Legislative Superintendent at Washington of the N. W. C. T. U., President Rooosevelt, through the Secretary of War, ordered the official certification of prostitutes discontinued. The order declared that no way had been found to dimin- ish the consequences of vice except by diminishing the vice itself. Send to War Department for copy. 2o8 Protection of Native Races. to opium," and the anti-saloon provision recently voted by the House of Representatives for Hawaii, ^^ W. E. Johnson, Commissioner of The New Voice in the Philippines, writes as follows (Manila, June 23, 1900): ''Since the American occupation ijo,sj4 pounds of opiutn have Passed through the United States custom house here for use in these [opium] dives — rather, those are the figures up to October 31, 1899, or for practically the _;?rj/j'tVTr of American rule. On this opium the government collects a tariff of $2.80 per kilo (2.20 pounds). "I visited the proprietors of a dozen opium joints, and asked to see their licenses. In every case, without exception, they told me that they no longer paid a 'license,' but that since the American occupation they paid so much, at stated intervals, to Palanca [who, by paying a 'duty' on all the opium imported, has practically a 'monopoly of the opium business'], and that he 'squared things with the authorities.' They, moreover, told me that the 'margaritas topsede' (prostitute slaves upstairs) paid a license. I found that this was a license for selling beer and wine, a scheme of licensing the houses of prostitution indi- rectly, an invention of the American officials. Opium dens which do not buy their opium of Palanca are prosecuted by the shoulder-strapped representatives of the American govern- ment, but the five or six hundred dives which buy their drug in the proper place are not disturbed. With one or two excep- tions, the proprietors of these opium hells have slave girls upstairs whom they rent out for immoral purposes." — The New Voice, August 16, igoo. The Friend of China, the organ of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, in an editorial (April, 1897), referring to the regulations looking to the abolition of the opium traffic, instituted by the British in Burma and the Japanese in Formosa, makes the following suggestion: "No system can be really satisfactory which continues the sale of opium to existing victims of the vice during the remainder of their lives, as any such system must inevitably afford means of evasion, and will thus, in all probability, perpetuate the evil. A measure abolishing the sale altogether after a brief delay, and in the meantime providing medical treatment for curing opium victims, is the only right solution of the difficulty." American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 209 which Hon. F. H. Gillett, of Springfield, Massa- chusetts, has agreed to combine in a bill worded as follows : "A bill to protect native races in the Philippines against intoxicants, and for other purposes. '''' Be it enacted, etc., That no intoxicating liquors shall be sold, given, or in any way disposed of to any minor, aborig- inal native or in- toxicated person or to an habitual drunkard; nor shall saloons for the sale of intox- icating liquors to be drunk on the ^ p r e m i s e s be al- ': lowed ; nor shall opium be sold ex- cept on a doctor's prescription. " Sec. 2. Any one who shall . 1 . r ii- HON, F. H. GILLETT, M.C Violate any of the foregoing provisions shall, upon conviction, be fined not less that fifty dollars nor more than two hun- dred dollars, and upon a subsequent conviction of Buch violation shall pay a fine increased by 25 per cent, and forfeit his license and be declared inelig- ible to receive another, and in case of non-payment of the fine imposed shall be imprisoned for six months or till the same is paid. ' ' Pending the enactment of the foregoing bill by Congress, which may be delayed, petitions should be sent to the President of the United States, and 210 Protection of Native Races. to the Philippine Commission (address Hon, William H. Taft, Chairman, Manila, P. I ), as powers that can act immediately, asking that an "order" cor- responding to this bill shall be at once put in force. (See note, p. i86, and ask further reforms.) And let the President and the Philippine Com- mission both be strongly urged to investigate the definite and corroborated charges of missionaries and others that prostitution, never hitherto licensed under our flag, has been legalized as a part of our military establishment in the Philippines, and to right this great wrong." Guam. The first military governor of Guam, Capt, Rich- ard P. Leary, U. S. N., made an enviable record by casting out saloon keepers and friars, promoting marriages instead of the usual unhallowed imions, and calling for civil helpers rather than soldiers. He has been relieved, and the present governor is Commander Seaton Schroeder, U. S. N. In response to an inquiry addressed to the Navy Department, as to whether the prohibition of saloons is to be con- tinued under his successor, we are assured that the Department "intends not to vary from its policy of '^ In a letter dated Oct. 28, 1900, Dr. Alice B. Condict, Metho' dist Episcopal Missionary in Manila, says: ''Our U. S. Govern- ment officers have established here regular houses for prostitute women examining them every week and giving each a certifi- cate with her own photograph on it, to securely identify the girl who holds it. The reports are that after election is over in the United States the military authorities think of having this sys- tem, 'for prevention of disease' more systematically carried out here. ' ' American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 2 1 1 a strict regulation," which certainly does not mean prohibition. What a promise of "strict regulation" means, all opponents of license laws have learned with sorrow. It means permission, not prohi- bition. Tutulla. Commander Benjamin F.Tilley, U.S. N. , in charge of the United States naval station in the Samoan Islands, reports that the chiefs of the island of Tu- tuilahave ceded to the United States sovereignty, in accordance with the treaty dividing the islands, and that the flag has been raised at Pago Pago. Local control, under United States law, is assured to the chiefs ; tJie importation of firearms and explosives is forbidden; and wines, beers, and liqnors are to be admitted only by permission of the commandant . The majority of the people are missionary converts, which accounts for Commandant Tilley's surprised remark that, while the natives are not to be allowed to obtain liquors, ^'the encouraging fact has devel- oped tJiat apparently they do not care for them.'" — Editorial Christian Endeavor World, Aug. i6, igoo. When the Samoan Islands were under the joint government of Great Britain, Germany and the United States, the policy of the first-named country, which forbids its merchants to sell liquors to native races in the Pacific Islands, prevailed. The Navy Department, in the letter already quoted, says: "The subject of liquor has also been made a matter of regulation in Tutuila. " We are promised, not prohibition but "reasonable provisions strictly enforced." The aim is only to "regulate," so as to prevent a too "free use," in short, for foreign resi- 212 Protection of Native Races. dents the old license system, with constant peril that the natives, as elsewhere, will at last imitate the vices of their masters. Rev. Charles Phillips, for more than eight years a missionary of the London Missionary Society in the Samoan Islands, states that the natives in those islands have, for a wonder, been protected from that worst of vices, intemperance, which usually accom- panies the white man on his entrance into tropical countries. About twenty years ago Sir Arthur Gor- don issued an order prohibiting intoxicating liquors to British subjects in the islands. Though he had no authority over the natives in this matter, they thought he had, and the order became operative on all classes. Now there is no drunkenness in the islands. The people in their poverty have built their own churches and schoolhouses, and to a con- siderable extent these are served by native pastors and teachers. It is earnestly to be hoped that our Government will protect its new possession, Tutuila, against the incoming of intoxicating drink, and that it will follow this British example in all the new regions over which its authority is extending. — Editorial in the Congregationalist. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR GUAM AND TUTUILA.'s I. We should see to it that through petitions, let- ters, personal interviews and deputations, not alone the New Hebrides but these little islands of our '^ These suggestions have been approved by Hon. F. H. Gillett, M. C. ; Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, Superintendent of Depart- ment of Scientific Temperance Instruction, World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union; and Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis, Legislative Superintendent National W. C. T. U. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 213 own shall by laxv and treaty have the same protec- tion which Great Britain has provided for the Pacific islands generally in forbidding her merchants to sell them intoxicants and firearms. 2. Till such a law is passed appeals should be made to the President, who has the ability, and so the responsibility, to protect these islands through the Navy Department, of which they are coaling stations. Though they are small the principles involved are great. 3. Send temperance literature to the military governor and to the missionaries." ^^ Rev. Ebenezer V. Cooper, an English missionary at Tutuila, in a letter to the Navy Department, says: "Of the six thousand population,! have intimate dealings with over five thou- sand, and am in close touch with their ideas. The natives are more than satisfied to find themselves under the beneficent pro- tection of your Government. More than five-sixths of these islanders now under your flag are Protestant Christians. We have given to these islanders not only a religious literature, but we have also an educational literature, at a great cost of time and expenditure. "We have a system of education extending from village schools to a fairly high class school, and it will be our endeavor to develop and foster this educational work as far as we are able. All we ask from your Government is a kindly consideration for all that we have tried to do hitherto, and for our continuing labors to make of these islanders an enlightened Christian people. — Christian Herald, Sept. 5, 1900. After the first edition of this book was issued the Reform Bureau presented the facts stated in the letter on page 214 to Secretary John D. Long, of the Navy Department, and he quietly cancelled the license that had been granted to our vice-consul in Tutuila. Great political pressure was later brought to bear for the restoration of the license when Hon. Chas. H. Darling was Acting Secretary of the Navy, but he firmly resisted the appeal. Prohibition for Tutuila and Guam ought to be a law of Congress, rather than a mere order which any Secretary of the Navy can change in a moment. 214 Protection of Native Races. Mrs. Isobel Strong, a stepdaughter of Robert Louis Stev- enson, and for many years his amanuensis, sends the following letter, dated December i, 1900, to the President of the N. W. C. T. U. Mrs. Strong has resided in Samoa and is familiar with the language. I would like to draw your attention to something that is going on in our new possessions in Samoa. The natives, as you know, have never taken to the white man's vice of drink- ing. There has always been careful legislation on the subject by the kings themselves and by the various powers who have helped to rule that distracting little group. Tutuila, America's share of Samoa, has been singularly free from dissensions, native wars and troubles. It is a peaceful, attractive spot, won- derfully beautiful, with its high mountains covered, and the peaks with luxuriant vegetation and dense forests. The natives are increasing in population. Their fine physique, good looks and excellent health they owe to their out-of-door life and cleanly habits. Do you know that a saloon is being built at Tutuila (called by courtesy a hotel) and a license to sell liquor has been granted the proprietors? I am not a member of a temperance union nor do I believe in total abstinence, but when it is the greater question of a race of singularly attractive and kindly people put absolutely into the power of the Americans, it is a different matter, and one that should be looked into by wiser people than the writer. The drinking habits of Europeans in remote hot climates has often been commented on by travelers, but few people realize the swift and terrible consequences of intemperance in such places. The men-of-war running to Pago Pago will surely carry enough liquor for their own need. Though Tutuila has been a refuge for whaling fleets in the old days, and for ten years a coaling station for American ships, there has never before been any saloon tolerated there or any liquor sold on the island. Why should we be the first to introduce it here? Drink has done terrib'.e damage to Hawaii; and as the Samoans are a much hardier race than the Hawaiian s, with more moral stamina and strength of mind as well as body, it seems a great pity that we should be the people to tempt them to their ruin. Will you kindly lnok into this niattcM- for the hunor of our country and the welfare of a people wholly in our hands? I have lived nine years in Samoa and eight years in Hawaii, and I know whereof I speak. Porto Rico. REV. A. F. BEARD, D.D. NEW YORK, CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE AMERI- CAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. I certainly hope that you will be able to se- cure sufficient influence to restrict, or better yet, to put an end to the sale of spirituous liquors in the saloons introduced in our new possessions. In two visits to Porto Rico I have been shamed by the fact that drunkenness in that island has been almost entirely introduced by people from the United States since Porto Rico became a member of our Drunkenness national family. So far as I observed mostly of jj^ Ponce all saloons which dispensed Americana or . . '■ through distilled liquors were carried on by Americans. people fi'om the United States. The example of those whom the natives called "Ameri- cans" was such as to bring grief to those who wished well for Porto Rico. In San Juan the first great sign that met the eye of all passengers land- ing from the wharf was "American Bar." "Amer- ican" saloons were very common. At the times of my visits about all of the drunkenness and rioting manifest in San Juan came through the saloons and over the bars of those who were from the States. In twice traveling through the island from one end to the other, I saw no drunkenness except where the conditions for it had been introduced by my own countrymen. I earnestly hope that influence can be brought to bear to prevent the increase of demoralization among the people of our new pos- 215 2l6 Protection of Native Races. sessions. The great majority of the inhabitants of Porto Rico need help upward and not downward. From Americans resident in Porto Rico we get the following facts as to increase of drinking since our occupation. Before the American occu- pation the natives drank little save light wines, which were used universally but sparingly. Life here in every phase moves leis- urely. Ten-minute dinners and prompt appointments are not indigenous to tropical climes, A party of ladies and gentle- men, wishing to Sobriety spend an hour to- "' natives. gether pleasantly, visit an open cafe. One may order soda, another wine, another cream. Quiet conversation, rather than partaking of the refreshments, occupies their attention. They may talk and sip for hours, no one disturbs them, very likely soft music courses away, finally the fare- wells are said and the company disperses. The Amer- ican habit of making it a business to enter drink shops solely to gulp down huge quantities of liquor till beastly intoxicated, was unknown to this people, until introduced by Americans. Whatever else is chargeable to the native population, they do not become beastly drunken. We have been here four- teen months and have yet to see a Porto Rican well under the influence of liquor. We have seen instances almost innumerable of Americans, both soldiers and civilians, so debauched that common // cannot be said that 7nissionary ivork is one thing and temperance work another. They are only two aspects of the same cause, and the at- tempt to divide them is to weaken, if no.t fatally to cripple, the strength of both. As the mission- ary workers assist and pray for the success of the cause of tc'tnperance, they help forward in a direct and stibstajitial manner their own spe- cial work.—WRS,. H. O. HiLDEBRAND. American Mission Fields — Porto Rico. 217 decency would debar a public description of their condition. Drinking to excess is so common among Americans here that the natives must conclude that ours is a nation drunken from center Canteens ^^ reopened to circumferencc. The canteen, and baneful. ^^^^^ being closcd bccausc of a great reduction of the troops, has reopened, adding an- other temptation to the saloons and brothels, and conditions are growing constantly worse. It is awful to contemplate the judgment that must await officials who consign a country's youthful manhood to such holes of iniquity, and refuse all appeals to make it less easy to do wrong. The effects of American occupation in changing native habits as to drink are already appearing. The beer Stftce the zvar "■American beer" is the Invasion. ^^^ offered upon every possible occasion by poor and rich alike. Not long since, while mak- ing a tour of the schools in this district during their annual examinations, the yellow beverage was offered by each teacher to every visitor in presence of the pupils. The importations of malt liquors, which in value were in 1897 only $2,354, had risen in 1899 to $924,656; while distilled liquors, of which barely $15 worth was imported in 1897, had risen in 1899 to $19,213. The larger part of this, alas, is for our soldiers, but the natives, as in other colonies that come under Anglo-Saxon rule, will be drawn into the bad habits of the dominant race. The bill enacted for the government of Porto Rico contained no provisions for remedying these grow- con ress ^^^ ^^^^^ cxccpt that its general appli- ignored cation of laws applying to Territories, uquorevii. makcs scientific temperance education 2l8 Protection of Native Races. compulsory in all its public schools. But the enforce- ment of the law is yet to be accomplished.^ Even Christian people have shown more interest in achieving free trade with Porto Rico than in preventing the supreme wrong we have put upon its people, the trade in American intoxicants. If there was a single petition sent to Congress during its long debate of the Porto Rico government bill, asking that it should include any- moral legislation, The Reform Bureau has failed to hear of it. Congress was less in- different to the moral issues involved than the people, for a strict divorce law was made, doubtless as a concession to Roman Catholic influence. Nothing was done in behalf of a better Sabbath, though De- Tocqucville considered the British-American type of Sab- bath, as contrasted with the type found in all Latin coun- tries, a prime cause of American greatness. Ameri- cans in Porto Rico, with a very few exceptions, are adopting the holiday Sunday instead of introducing and commending the American Sabbath, the most in- fluential of American institutions, which promotes ' In all our islands our hope is in teaching the children. One effective way to do that is by Mrs. Crafts' "Temperance Brownies' Tour of the World." Send 25 cents to the Reform Bureau, 206 Pennsylvania Avenue, S. E., Washington, D. C, for book and sewing card pictures. The tour is also presented by stereopticon at a rental of 5 cents a slide. GEN. GUY V. HEXRY. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR PORTO RICO.2 1. All its teachers, public and private, should be abundantly supplied with temperance literature, especially as to beer, on which the best thing is "Scientific Testimony on Beer," a leaflet supplied by the publishers of this book, at 35 cts. per 100. Being the reprint of a government document, it can be sent at that price to individual names in the United States and its islands. 2. Some good temperance speaker who can talk Spanish should be found to reinforce the W. C. T. U. and the Y. M. C. A. workers who are already holding successful pledge-taking temperance meet- ings for soldiers. 3. As Porto Rico has a measure of self-govern- ment, and its temperate people have at present a profound disgust for drunkenness, a movement should be undertaken to prohibit or curtail the trafhc before they have yielded to that tendency that has always inclined subject races to imitate the vices of their conquerors. Congress also has power to do this. 2 These suggestions have been approved by Hon. F. H. Gil- lett, M.C. ; Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, Superintendent of Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction, World's Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union; and Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis, Legislative Superintendent N. W. C. T. U. ; also those on p. 213. Cubans very temperate. Cuba. MR. GEORGE KENNAN. SPECIAL COMMISSIONER OF THE OUTLOOK TO CUBA.* I had been on the island [Cuba] about six months be- fore I saw a Cuban percep- tibly under the influence of intoxicating liquor; and yet there was hard- ly a day in that whole time that I did not see Cubans by the dozen talking, smoking and drinking in the restaurants and caf6s of Santiago, Bara- coa, Havana, Matanzas, Car- denas, Santa Clara, or Cien- fuegos. Almost all Cubans drink, but they are the most temperate people, nevertheless, that I have ever known. Even in hours of triumph and periods of great emotional excitement, when over-indulgence might be expected if not excused, the Cuban seldom loses his head to such an extent as to become noisy, disorderly, or offensive. I witnessed in Santa Clara, Cienfuegos, and Havana three great popular demonstrations in honor of General Gomez, when there were reunions of old army comrades, celebra- MR. GEORGE KENNAN. ' Extract, made by kind permission, from an article entitled 'Cuban Character," in The Outlook, December 23, 1899. American Mission Fields — Cuba. 221 tions of victories won by Cuban arms, and scenes of almost unparalleled excitement and passion; but I did not notice in the crowded cafes or in the surging throngs on the streets a single intoxicated Cuban soldier or civilian. About the middle of last January the people of Matanzas had a triumphal celebration, lasting four days, of their deliverance from Spanish rule. Nearly a thousand Cuban soldiers came into the city from neighboring camps; five hundred negro men and women formed in a solid column at night, and danced half a mile down one of the principal streets, to the accompaniment of delirious shouts and cries and the frenzied beating of tom-toms and drums; and the whole city went literally wild with patriotic enthusiasm and excitement. Although the caf^s and drinking-saloons were all open, as usual, the Cuban population remained perfectly sober, and General Sanger, who was then Governor of the city, told me that, so far as he could remember, there was not a single arrest for drunkenness or disorder in the whole four days. Is there a city or town in the United States of which as much could be said at the end of an annual Fourth of July celebration of Dranken American independence? Drunken soldiers. American soldiers I have seen in Cuba, by the score if not by the hundred, but all the drunken Cuban soldiers I have ever seen might be counted on my thumbs. In many parts of the island, and at many different times, my national and racial pride was deeply wounded, not to say humbled, by the glaring con- trast between American intemperance and Cuban sobriety. In Baracoa one afternoon I happened to see three or four drunken American soldiers stag- 222 Protection 0*1 Native Races, gering down the street toward the postoffice, under the eyes of a dozen or more sober and observant Cubans." In the faces of the latter was a half-pity- ing, half-contemptuous expression which seemed to say, "How is it possible for human beings to make such beasts of themselves?" There was justification enough, perhaps, for the expression, but it irritated Americans ^^ nevertheless. In courage, in hon- otherwise csty, in Capacity, and in all that goes to superior. make true manhood, those American soldiers were immeasurably superior to the Cubans who stood, clear-eyed and sober, on the sidewalks and looked after them with disgust and contempt. I had no doubt whatever that three-fourths of those very Cubans would lie without scruple, steal if they had a good opportunity, and go contentedly for three months at a time without a bath ; but drunken- ness did not happen to be their vice. Exactly why the Cubans can drink moderately for an indefinite length of time without increasing the quantity or the frequency of their potations, and without becoming victims of an enslaving habit, I will not undertake to say. Perhaps their modera- „ . tion in the use of intoxicants is an Cuban methods of inherited racial characteristic. If you drinking. compare their method of drinking with that of Americans in the same saloon or cafd, you will probably notice that they spend half an hour in smoking, talking, and sipping at intervals one small glass of Baccardi rum, and then go quietly about their business; while the American soldier.-; at the next table swallow six drinks of the same liquor in '^ General Ludlow has, as Military Governor of Havana, made an enviable record, which includes an admirable anti- canteen order for that province. American Mission Fields — Cuba. 223 the same time, and then go somewhere else to make a day or a night of it. With the Cuban, conversa- tion is the main thing, and the drink merely acces- sory and incidental; while with the American inebriation seems to be the chief object, with con- versation as an incidental stop-gap between drinks. That the average Cuban has more self-control than the average American in the presence of intoxicating liquor is an indisputable fact; but in defense of the American it may at least be said that when he is sober he has his senses; while the Cuban often loses his senses without being drunk. What effect American example will ultimately have upon drinking methods and habits of the Cubans I am unable even to conjecture ; but I sincerely hope that they will not adopt an imported American vice without at least learning a few of the compensating American virtues. While sobriety — or, to speak with greater pre- cision, moderation in the use of intoxicants — is one of the Cuban's best characteristics, he Good qualities -^ , ^^ mcaus without other note- of Cubans. . ■' worthy and commendable qualities. In the first place, he is manageable. General Wood, General Sanger, General Ludlow, Lieutenant- Colonel Wylly, of Baracoa, and many other American officers whose administrative duties have necessarily brought them into close relations with the Cubans, unanimously declare that the latter, if treated with justice and tact, are kindly, tractable, well disposed, and easily governed. Rev. J. V. Cova (Matanzas, Cuba, Home Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1892 — , form- erly in Havana). — The saloon sprang up with the military occupation. There are above forty Ameri- 224 Protection of Native Races. can beer and whisky houses in this single city, which are open on Sundays, as well as on every other day of the week, till late in the night. ^ Quarrels between Cuban policemen and intoxicated American soldiers are an every-day matter. The Cubans are as a rule a very temperate people. But what will be the result of such deplorable examples in those who assume to be fraadsand teachers of proper government and American republican virtucs? Gamblers and drinks. . , , , immoral women have also come to co-operate with their natural ally, drink. Add to this the scandalous frauds of American employes and you may have an approximated idea of the hin- drances to Christian missions in this country. It is difhcult to make this people discriminate between the American intemperance they are witnessing and the noble spirit of those who are trying to send them the Gospel of the Son of God. 3 This country has, during the past year, unloaded upon those countries which have come under the protection of our flag, beer, the wholesale price of which was more than a million dollars, not to mention other intoxicants, which are not particularized in the summary of commerce. Official Figures. — The increase in our exports of liquor from 1897, when Spain was in charge, to 1899, is shown by the following figures. Cuba — 1897. 1899. Malt liquors 327,549 $924,654 Distilled liquors Porto Rico — Malt liquors . . Distilled liquors Philippines — Malt liquors . . Distilled liquors 495 65,271 2.354 176.510 15 19,213 663 154-448 106,843 Total $31,036 $1,446,979 — Official Report, United States Treasury's Bureau of Sta- tistics, Mr. O. F. Austin, Chief, February j, igoo. British Opium in China. 225 For International Emancipation of China from Opium. [This appeal of thirty-three American Missionary Societies, originated during the Boxer uprising of 1902, still waits for Christian public senti- ment to carry it to victory (see pp. 5-7.) Let all who favor send letter or resolution.] To THE President of the United States. , ,,. . c- ■ ■ Sir- The undersigned, official representatives of Missionary Societies engaged in work in China, and representatives of other religious, philan- thropic commercial, and educational institutions, are deeply impressed that the negotiations to be carried on between the Allied Powers and the Chinese Government present an opportune time for our Government to assist in bringing to an end the opium traffic in that Empire. Ihis traffic has been a terrible curse among all classes of the Chinese people, has brouo-ht desolation and sorrow into many thousands of homes, and its victims are multiplying with every added year. The position of our Government is most favorable for taking the initiative in this matter. Our own treaty concluded with China in 1SS4, absolutely prohibiting all American citizens from engaging in the traffic, and all American vessels from carrying opium to or between the ports of China, express- ing as it does the sentiment of the American people, and oiir cordial good will toward China in helping to relieve her of this traffic, gives us strong vantage ground for asking the other nations to join in this commendable purpose. As foreign nations will be urging a great exten- sion of commercial privileges at this time, including the abolition of internal duties, and these privileges are necessarily for the increase ot commerce, they can most happily reciprocate what may be granted by China in this respect, by giving her their powerful help in delivering her from the multiplied evils of the opium traffic. While objections will doubtless be made by some interested parties to the great decrease of trade which will be occasioned by the interdiction of traffic in opium, it ought to be borne in mind that this traffic is one of the greatest obstacles to all legitimate trade, absorbing, as it does, more than the whole am.ount of the value of the export trade in tea. and impoverishing the people so that they cannot expend, as they otherwise would, large sums for the products and legitimate manufactures of other countries. The Chinese Government has repeatedly declared its willingness and desire to sternly prohibit the cultivation of the poppy as soon as foreign countries consent to the prohibition of the traffic. Such an act ot humanity and justice on the part of our Government at this time will greatly tend to increase good feeling among the Chinese officials and the vast multitudes of Chinese people. No one thing could .have greater effect in overcoming the revengeful feelings aroused especially in those regions of the countrv which have suffered most during the late troubles, and its whole influence throughout the land would be most beneficial, it would be a most happy inauguration of the first new treaties of the twentieth century between western nations and China to carry out so humane and beneficial a purpose in the revision of treaties with that empire. We therefore respectfully and earnestly urge upon our Govern- ment to take the initiative in this important matter, and use its influence with the other nations concerned to bring about so desirable a result. The foregoing Memorial has been signed by the following: representatives of mission boards. For the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church: H K Carroll, First Assistant Corresponding Secretary. S. L. Baldwin, Acting Assistant Corresponding Secretary. _ For the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America: Henry N. Cobb, Corresponding Secretary; James L. Ammer- ran, Financial Secretary. . ^, . tt c a For the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. b. A.: Frank Ellinwood, Corresponding Secretary; Robert E. bpeer, Corresponding Secretary. For the American Baptist Home Mission Society: ^^ ^ ^, , T. J. Morgan, Corresponding Secretary; H. L. Moorehouse, Field Secretary. ,,. . r •. r> r j For the Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States: . S. N. Callender, Secretary, Mechanicsburg, Pa. !26 Protection of Native Races. For the Foreign Mission Board of the Mennonite Church of North America : A. B. Shelly, Secretary. For the Board of Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, General Synod: George SchoU, Secretary. For the Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection: A. \V. Hall, Financial Secretary; A. F. Jennings, President of the same. For the H. F. & F. M. Society (Missionary Society United Brethren in Christ) : M. M. Bell, Corresponding Secretary. L. G. Jordan, Secretary National Baptist Foreign Mission, Louisville, Ky. (Miss) N. H. Burroughs, Woman's Auxiliary of the National Baptist Convention, Louisville, Ky. J. H. Miller, Secretary Cumberland Presbyterian Board of Missions and Church Erection, St. Louis. Mo. A. B. Simpson, President Christian and Missionary Alliance; E. A. Funk, General Secretary of the same. J. C. Jensson Roseland, Secretary United Norwegian Lutheran Church. W. R. Lambuth. Corresponding Secretary Board of Missions Methodist Episcopal Cliurch South, Nashville. H. S. Parks, Secretary Missions of the A. M. E. Church, Bible House, New York. Prof. G. Syerdrup, Secretary Lutheran Board of Missions, Minneapolis, Minn. Charles E. Hurlburt, President Philadelphia's Missionary Council, Phila. J. G. Bishop, Corresponding Secretary Mission Board of the Christian Church. Arthur Given, Corresponding Secretary for the General Conference Free Baptists. Wm. W. R£.nd and Geo. L. Shearer, Secretaries American Tract Society. Paul de Schwinitz, Secretary Missions of the Moravian Church. W. VV. Barr, Corresponding Secretary United Presbyterian Board of h'oreign Missions. R. M. Somerville, Corresponding Secretary Board of Foreign Missions R. P. Church. A. O. Oppergaard, President, and Chr. O. Brohaugh, Secretary, China Mission of the Lutheran Synod. Benjamin W'inget, Secretary, and S. K. J. Gubro, Treasurer, General Mission lioard of the Free Methodist Church of North America. D. Nyvall, Secretary Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of America. Henry Collins Woodruff, President of the Foreign Sunday School Associ- ation of the U. S. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. William C. Doane, Vice-President and Chairman of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Arthur S. Lloyd, (ieneral Secretary of the same. For the American Board of Foreign Missions: Samuel B. Capen, President. Judson Smith, Secretary for China. Albert H. Plumb, Chairman of tlie Committee. C. H. Daniels. Secretary of the Committee. For the American Baptist Missionary Union: Henry M. King, Chairman of the Executive Committee. Henry C. Mabie, Thomas S. Barbour, Corresponding Secretaries. Rev. Paul A. Menzel, Sec. German Evangelical Mission, Wash., D. C. The American "Native Races Deputation" (see p. 269), organized by the International Reform Bureau to facilitate the co-operation of missionary and temperance societies has been unable for lack of funds to do anything save the personal work of the Chairman (p. S, 9), and Secretary. 'I'lie missionary and temperance societies should each make a small 'aiMToiiriation to send out abnntlant literature, and perhaps a small (leimtation to enlist cooperation for this crusade, which can hardly fail except by neglect of the Church to seize this opportunity. BRITISH ARMY POLICY: Total abstinence required in tinie of Tvar, encour= aged in time of peace. Important Experiments by the British Army in the Line of Total Abstinence. The fight on drink in the Brit- ish army is one of peculiar inter- est at this time, as the same men who have been leading the army temperance movement for years are the very men who are in charge of affairs in South Africa. Lord Roberts himself was for years the Presi- dent of the Army Temperance As- sociation in In- dia, When he was recalled, Gen. Sir George White, the hero of Ladysmith, became his successor, both as com- mander of the Indian army, and as President of the Army Temperance Association. 227 GENERAL LORD ROBERTS. 228 Protection of Native Races. As a result of the efforts of these two men, the Army Temperance Association of India now has more than twenty thousand members, mu'ch'frwer In onc-thiid of the entire force. Another hospital and rcsult has been a remarkable difference thrn drinkers, between the petty offenses and admis- sions to the hospitals of the abstaining soldiers and the tipplers. I compile from the official returns of the Indian army the following summary, covering the last year reported, which tells the story : THE EFFECT OF ARMY ABSTINENCE IN INDIA. Members Army Non- Year 1898 — Temp. Ass'n. Members. Number soldiers included in return 18,663* 48,842 Convictions by court martial, per 1,000 4.12 36.38 Summary punishments for insubor- dination, per 1,000 39.70 92.32 Admissions to hospital, per 1,000 . 209 302 A partial list of the British generals who are now in the public eye and who at the same time have been active in the organization of this Association in the home army comprises nearly the whole list. Among those who are actual oflficers of the Associa- tion are : Lord Wolseley, late Commander.-in-Chief. Lord Roberts, now Commander-in-Chief. Gen. Sir George White. Gen. Lord Methuen. ' These figures were for March, 1898. By October the number had been increased to 24,800. See "Lord Roberts' Testimony" following. In three regiments, the Black Watch, the Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders, and the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment, over 50 per cent of the men are total abstainers. No less than ten batteries of artillery have a membership of more than 50 per cent of their strength. Experiments by the British Army. 229 Gen. Sir Charles Warren. Gen. J. Kelly-Kenny. Gen. SirW.F. Gatacre. Gen. Sir R. H. Buller. The list of Vice-Presidents of this Association comprises seventy-three of the leading generals OF the British army. At the annual meeting in March, 1899, General White presided, and in his address said: "I would like, here from the platform, and in the presence of the Secretary of War, to thank you men for the efforts you have made in this cause, and for the ATTACKS you HAVE MADE ON THE ARMY's BESETTING SIN DRINK." On the same occasion, Lord Lansdowne, Secre- tary of State for War, made a vigorous address in behalf of the Association's work. In India the Association is as much a Temperance ^^^ ^£ ^^^ army equipment as the army canteens. ^ j ~l t- j wagons. The government furnishes tents, furniture, transportation free, and supplies at cost. LORD ROBERTS' TESTIMONY. Hon. William S. Caine, M.P., of England, on Octo- ber 20, 1898, stated that Lord Roberts, Commander- in-Chief, had said to him that one-third of the British army in India (24,800 out of 75,000), who are abstainers, furnish 2,000 more effective troops than the other two-thirds, who are not abstainers. GENERAL WHITE FAVORS TEMPERANCE CANTEENS. In May, 1900, at the anniversary of the British Army Temperance Association, in London, Gen. Sir George White, its president, declared that the 230 Protection of Native Races. temperance rooms which the army had provided in India had been an im- mense benefit to the forces. He declared himself thor- oughly in accord w^ith the suggestion that the gov- ernment should provide temperance rooms in all barracks. . . . The best weapon for fighting the ennui which contributes so largely to immoderate drinking is the provision of agreeable quarters where soldiers can have a good time without recourse to either the outside saloon or army canteen. GEN. SIR GEORGE WHITE. LORD KITCHENER IN THE SOUDAN CAMPAIGN. The British army has gathered the first experi- mental evidence bearing upon this The regimen . of the regiment null tary temperance question. Three should be that regiments were selected from each of of the athlete. . . . . . ^ . „ several brigades for tests at difterent times, partly during maneuvers. In one, every man was forbidden to drink a drop while the test lasted; in the second, malt liquor only could be purchased; in the third, a sailor's ration of whisky was given to each man. The experiment was repeated in several instances where forced marches and other work was required. The whisky drinkers showed more dash at first, but generally in about four days showed signs of lassitude and abnormal faligue. Those given malt li(]rrors displayed less dash at first, but iheir endurance lasted somewhat Experiments by the British Army. 23! longer. The abstainers, however, are said to have increased daily in alertness and staying powers. As a result of this experiment, the British War Depart- ment decided that in the recent Soudan ca^npaign not a single drop of stimulant should be allowed in camp^ save for hospital tise. The officers, including even the generals, could no longer enjoy their accustomed spirits, wines and malt liquors at their mess tables. There must have been some wry faces, especially among the Scotch laddies, when the order was pub- lished that for all hands, including even camp fol- lowers, liquid refreshment was to be limited to tea, oatmeal water, or lime juice, and Nile water. To-day it is a great feather in the headgear of the advocates of military total abstinence that Lord Kitchener's recent victo- ry w a s won for him by an army of tee- totalers, who made phe- n o m e n a 1 forced march- es through the desert, under the burning sun, and in a cli- mate famed for its power to kill or pre- maturely age the unaccli- mated. In- GENERAL LORD KITCHENER. 232 Protection of Native Races. deed, 'tis said that never has there been a British campaign occasioning so little sickness and profiting by so much endurance.^ — Washington Star. ABSTINENCE IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN. Lord Roberts in a letter regarding total absti- nence in the British army in South Africa, read, at the annual meeting of the Arm}' Temperance Asso- ciation in London, May 14, 1900, Gen. Sir George White presiding: "There never was a more tem- perate army than that which marched under my command from the Modder River to Bloemfontein. Nothing but good can result from so many soldiers being brought together in an arduous campaign when they see how splendidly our temperance men have borne up against the hardships and dangers they have had to face." — Washington Post, May 75, 1900. Lord Roberts sent from Pretoria a striking appeal to his countrymen to refrain from turning the wel- come of the homecoming troops into a drunken orgy. He expressed the sincere hope that the wel- come would not take the form of treating to stimu- lants and "thus lead to excesses that will tend to 2 Best Dkixk for Soldiers. — Now that alcohol has been tabooed in the army and navy of some of the leading nations of the world, the question has arisen, what is the best drink with which the soldier can quench his thirst? Many distinguished Indian commanders have testified in favor of tea as a thirst allayer when on a long march in equatorial lands. The men under the leadership of Gen. Sir Herbert Kitchener during the recent campaign in the Soudan, who were allowed no alcoholic stimulants whatever, performed their long journey through the desert on cold tea, and fought splendidly at the end of it. — Chicago Record. Experiments by the British Army. 233 degrade those whom the nation delights to honor, and lower the soldiers of the Queen in the eyes of the world, which has watched with undisguised admiration the grand work they have performed for their sovereign and country. I therefore beg earnestly," said Lord Roberts, "that the public will refrain from tempting my gallant comrades, but will rather aid them to uphold the splendid reputation they have won for the imperial army. I am very proud to be able to record with the most absolute truth that the conduct of this army, from first to last, has been exemplary. Not a single case of serious crime has been brought to my notice; indeed, nothing deserving the name of crime. I have trusted to the men's own soldierly feeling and good sense, and they have borne themselves like heroes on the battlefield, and like gentlemen on all other occasions." — WasJiington Star^ November j, I goo. Lord Wolseley, then commander-in-chief, had on October 13 issued an appeal, as follows: "The time draws near when we may hope to welcome home many of the gallant soldiers who have so nobly fought our battles for us in South Africa. Their reception will, I know, be cordial, and it is this assured cordiality that impels me to ask those wish- ing to do them honor to refrain, while extending to them a hearty welcome, from offering intoxicating liquor. Our soldiers are recruited from all classes of her majesty's subjects, and only differ from their brothers in civil life by the habits of discipline they have acquired in the army. Like all of us, they are open to temptation. Many of them must soon resume the occupations and positions their employ- ers have patriotically kept open for them. Others 234 Protection of Native Races. will have to seek for new situations, and will require a helping hand in doing so. It is therefore most important that all should endeavor to preserve a good name for steadiness and sobriety before enter- ing upon their civil work. I trust that our greeting to the brave soldiers returning from this war may be something better than an incitement to excessive drinking, and that all will remember that whoever encourages them in this, far from being their friend, is realh'- their worst enemy." Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, and President of the British Army Temper- ance Association said at one of its anniversaries: "There are yet some battles to be fought, some great enemies to be encountered by the United Kingdom, but the most pressing enemy at present is drink. It kills more than all our newest weapons of warfare, and not only destroys the body, but the mind and soul also." ^ TOTAL ABSTINENCE IN THE FRENCH ARHY. General Qaliflet, Ex=ninister of War, recognizing the injury of drink in the army, began reform by forbidding sales of distilled liquors in canteens — not an adequate reform, but it shows that the evil is 3 British prohibition in the army in time of war and official encouragement of total abstinence at other times are most com- mendable, but the official establishment of liquor-selling can- teens in the barracks in time of peace ought to elicit vigorous protest. The whole British Empire may well be urged to adopt the policy of Canada, which totally forbids the sale of all intoxicating liquors in its military camps. In October, i8g8, Dr. Borden, Minister of Militia, was informed that the regula- tions in this respect were not being strictly enforced, where- upon he issued strict orders that the law must be observed in its entirety. Experiments by the British Army. 235 felt.* Of the tests leading to this order the Ameri- *This battle against distilled liquors in the French army, taken with the appeals in recent years of that nation's chief medical society and other learned bodies for restrictive legisla- tion against the same, proclaim the failure of the "wine cure" in its stronghold. It has been loudly claimed that encouraging the use of wine will promote temperance by correspondingly decreasing the use of stronger drinks. The above facts sufficiently prove this to be a fallacy, but the matter is made doubly sure by a "Statement Showing the Production and Con- sumption of Alcoholic Beverages (Wine, Beer and Spirits), in the Various Countries of Europe, in the United States and in the British Colonies," presented to the British Parliament February 15, 1900, an official copy of which has been furnished us by the British government. From it we learn, as to wine, "that the total amount consumed in these three countries [United Kingdom, United States and Germany], with their 160 millions of inhabitants, averages [per year] only an eighth of what is consumed in France with its 38 millions of inhabit- ants," while the consumption of spirits is shown to be about twice as great per capita in France as in Great Britain and the United States. Lest any should turn from the "wine cure" to the "beer cure," it should be added that Germany also is in this report put with France as consuming about twice as much "spirits" as Great Britain and the United States. The report further states that in France the consumption of beer, while it is at present much less per capita than that of the other three countries now being compared with it, "shows a distinct tend- ency to gradually increase. " In short, whether 7?teasured by total gallons or in absolute alcohol the land of -wine has the largest per capita consumptiott of intoxicants. The British table reduced to American gallons is as follows: FRESH STATISTICS OF LIQUOR CONSUMPTION. (From British Parliamentary Report, February 15, 1900.) Countries— "Wine. Beer. Spirits. Total. Canada 0.10 4-32 0.78 5- 20 Australasia .... 1.26 12.72 0.91 14-89 United States . . . . 0.28 15.64 i.io 17-02 Great Britain . . , . 0.49 38-29 i-23 4o.oi Germany 0.92 32.53 2.22 35-67 France 29.58 6.60 2.48 38.66 "The United Kingdom derives a larger proportion of its 236 Protection of Native Races. can Isstie says: "Experiments carried on in thfc French army show that under all circumstances the French soldier is 40 per cent more efficient when subjected to a regime of total abstinence. Officers declare that great advance toward temperance in the French army has been made by controlling the canteens, and replacing them with refectories where coffee, tea, cocoa and other beverages are furnished, ' ' national revenue from the taxation of alcoholic liquors than any other country, the proportion [36 per cent] being twice as great as in either France [19] or Germany [18]." The United States' percentage, 28, ranks next to Great Britain, a serious obstacle to prohibition when it is considered in the concrete that the large national fund that has prompted our unprece- dented generosity in pensions has been chiefly liquor revenue. About half the liquor revenue in all four countries named comes from the distilled liquors. Let it be noted in above table that Canada consumes only one-fourth as much of intoxicants per capita as the United States, and Australasia only three-fourths as much as we do. "The tendency [of Canada] to decrease [in the consumption of all alcoholic beverages] is perhaps more remarkable in view of the directly contrary tendency in most other countries, with the exception perhaps of the United States." It is to be feared that we are harc'jy entitled to this compliment, since our consumption of intoxicants increased from four gallons per capita in 1840 to eighteen in 1892, and having fallen to sixteen in 1893, apparently through the influ- ence of "hard times," has increased again with "prosperity" to nearly the high- water mark of 1892. Testimony of American Military Lead- ers against Liquor Selling in the Army and Navy. The following military leaders are on record as opposed to the sale of liquor in the canteen: Generals Hayes/ O. O. Howard, Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, Henry, Sternberg, Wilcox, Ludlow, Rochester, Boynton, Carlin, Lee, Stanley, Castle- man, Harries, Carr, Graham, Bliss; and of the navy. Secretary Long, Rear Admirals Sampson, Barker and Kimberly, Commodore Gibbs, Captains Folger, Higginson, Crowninshield, Bradford. Lieutenant-Qeneral Nelson A. Miles, in General Order No. 87, dated Julys, 1898: The history of other armies has demonstrated that in a hot climate ' President Hayes, in the following "order" as Commander- in-Chief of the Army and Navy, prohibited liquor selling in the army : "Executive Mansion, "Washington, February 22, 1881. "The Secretary of War: In view of the well-known fact that the sale of intoxicating liquors in the army of the United States is the cause of much demoralization among both oflficers and men, and that it gives rise to a large proportion of the cases before the general and garrison courts-martial, involving great expense and serious injury to the service — "It is therefore directed that the Secretary of War take suitable steps, as far as practicable consistently with vested rights, to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage at the camps, forts and other posts of the army. ^ "R. B. HAYES." There were men in those days as now skilled in "interpret- ing" away temperance laws, and this order was "interpreted" not to refer to "beers and light wines," so that. President Hayes' term of office shortly after expiring, the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors never became effective. Beer 237 Il"^ 1 ^ ^ - J-- mk^ / - n '.«;^ Lieut. -Gen. Nelson A. Miles. Maj.-Gen. Jos. Wheeler. Sec. John D. Long. Maj.-Gen. Wm. H. Shaffer. Ex.-Pres. R. B. Hayes. Rear Ad. Wm. T. Sampson. Maj.-Gen. G. M. Ludlow. Maj.-Gen. H. V. Boynton. Rear Ad. A. S. Barker. MILITARY LEADERS WHO CONDEMN THE CANTEEN.^ 238 Testimony of American Military Leaders 239 abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks is essential to continued health and efficiency.^ Hon. John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy, Gen- eral Order No. 508, Feb. 3, 1899: "After mature deliberation, the Department has decided that it is for the best interest of the service that the sale or issue to enlisted men of malt or other alcoholic and light wine continued to have the open sanction of the military authorities, and the stronger liquors were sold, as now, with more or less pretense at concealment. Canteens were never required by law, but were pcrmiited, at the discretion of commanders, by military orders, until prohibited by Con- gress in February 27, 1 898, in a law which , even as interpreted by the Attorney General, perinits, bat does not require, com- mander's to establish them. 2 General Miles, during the Cuban war, acting no doubt for the President, to whom appeals for some executive action on canteens had been made, issued the following "order," which delegated the powers of the Commander-in-Chief and Com- manding General to control the "canteens" to lesser command- ers, who might choose to use it in their own jurisdiction. It is important as showing responsibilities and powers in this mat- ter, and because it was the only military "order" on the sub- ject during the Cuban war, and also because, especially, it cites favorably, but does not follow the example of "other armies," referring unquestionably to the British army in par- ticular. Headquarters of the Army, General Order, No. 87. Adjutant-General's Office, Washington, July 2, 1898. The army is engaged in active service under climatic con- ditions which it has not before experienced. In order that it may perform its most difficult and laborious duties with the least practicable loss from sickness, the utmost care consistent with prompt and efficient service must be exer- cised by all, especially by officers. I The history of other armies has demonstrated that in a hot climate alDstinence from the use of intoxicating drink is essential ^o continued health and efficiency. Commanding officers of all grades and officers of the medical 240 Protection of Native Races. liquors on board ships of the navy, or within the limits of naval stations, be prohibited. "Therefore, after the receipt of this order, com- manding officers and commandants are forbidden to allow any malt or other alcoholic liquor to be sold to, or issued to, enlisted men, either on ship board, or within the limits of navy yards, naval stations, or marine barracks, except in the medical depart- ment." Rear Admiral Wm. T. Sampson. — I think there is but one opinion among officers of the navy about grog, and it is that alcoholic liquors have no place in the navy of the United States except as a medicine. Intoxicating liquors of all sorts should be abolished. Rear Admiral A. S. Barker. — I am opposed to the selling of beer to our sailors and marines at any navy yard or on board any of our men-of-war. Fortunately the Secretary of the Navy has prohib- ited its sale. — In letter to The Reform Bureau from Navy Yard, N. Y. , dated Nov. 28, igoo. staff will carefully note the effect of the use of such light beverages — wines and beer — as are permitted to be sold at the post and camp exchanges, and the commanders of all inde- pendent commands are enjoined to restrict, or to entirely pro- hibit, the sale of such beverages, if the welfare of the troops or the interests of the service require such action. In this most important hour of the nation's history it is due the government from all those in its service, that they should not only render the most earnest efforts for its honor and wel- fare, but that their full physical and intellectual force should be given to their public duties, uncontaminated by any indul- gences that shall dim, stultify, weaken or impair their faculties and strength in any particular. Officers of every grade, by example as well as by authority, will contribute to the enforcement of the order. By command of Major-General Miles. H. C. CORBIN, Adjutant-General. General Corbin, who signed this order, declared, Feb. g, 1899, he was of the same opinion as in 1892, when he said in his official Testimony of American Military Leaders. 241 Maj.-Qen. O. O. Howard, in official report. — The post exchange presents the ap- pearance of a small country store or refreshment room where beer is served. The impression is irresistible that beer is easily and cheaply procured, so that it is con- stantly forced upon the atten- tion cf the enlisted man. He is always tempted to in- dulge in its use. Command- ing officers have generally agreed with me that it would be well to abolish the sale of beer entirely and to substitute for it other beverages. Under the present system soldiers appear to be more generally led to drink and to offenses that go with drinking than under the old sutler and post- MAJ.-GEN. O, O. HOWARD. report as Assistant Adjutant-General: "A cause of restlessness (in the army) is traced to the excesses of the exchange, the saloon feature of which is not productive of good, and should be done away with without further experiment. The men who drink spend the greater portion of their money for beer. The credit system brings them to the pay table with little or no money due. This takes all heart out of them, and makes them quite ready to ask their discharge and try some other calling. The service should, of all things, teach economy. The feature of the exchange under remark is in direct conflict with the sol- diers' savings. Any vocation that fails of substantial results cannot hope to thrive. . . . The argument that the soldier will get drunk elsewhere will not stand the test of reason, nor jus- tify the government in approving the scheme herein complained of. Drunkenness should be reduced to a minimum ; this can- not be done by open invitation to drink. . . . The exchange in every other way is a good thing, and should have every possi- ble encouragement. , . . The great majority of the men are 242 Protection of Native Races. frader system. I am strongly convinced by actual experiment that, while a few drunks are moderated in their application by strong beer, the remaining soldiers who fall under temptation are worse off, and that military offenses are rather increased in number. riaj.-Qen. Wm. H. Shatter. — I have always been strongly opposed to the canteen system or the sale of intoxicating drinks of any kind on military reser- vations ; and have opposed it until absolutely over- ruled and required to establish a canteen at my post.' I regard it demoralizing to the men, besides impairing seriously their efficiency. There are always, in every regiment, a number of men that will under any circumstances get and drink liquor, but the great majority are temperate, abstemious men ; and it is to those that the evil effects of the post exchange system work the greatest injury, as young men who would not think of going away from the post for liquor will, when it is placed before them and every inducement offered them to pur- sober and self-respecting, and if the temptations were reduced they would be more so, and the changes in personnel materially reduced. . . . The exchange with an open saloon would be a first-rate thing to recotnniend for adoptio?t z« the army of the enemy y In the new controversy over the canteen, prompted by the Attorney-General's interpretation, General Corbin has stood with the Secretary of War on the side of the canteen, but his opinion from 1892 to 1899, as quoted above, is still of value and significance on the anti-canteen side. ^ This was when General Shafter was a colonel. General Otis also opposed canteens when a colonel, until overruled. But for overruling, then or since, we might perhaps have had a different story from the Philippines. Note General Shafter's original order above, as our first military governor in Cuba, which, manifestly, was also overruled. Testimony of American Military Leaders. 243 chase, do so, and thus gradually acquire habits of intemperance. The plea that it furnishes a large sum, which it does, to improve the table fare of the men is, in my opinion, a very poor one, as the government of the United States is perfectly able to feed its men without any assistance from the profits of rum selling, I have absolutely prohibited the sale of liquor, or the opening of saloons in the city of Santiago, and have refused permission for cargoes of beer to come from the States here. — Letter from Santiago de Ctiba, dated July ^o, i8g8. Maj.=Gen. G. M. Ludlow (quoted in Lt.-Gen. Miles' Report, 1900, part 3, page 227). — // is a matter of general recognition that the use of intoxicating drinks of any kind in the tropics conduces effect- ively to attacks from disease. It is believed by this department that absolute prohibition is impera- tive. In almost every case of yellow fever developed thus far among American troops in Cuba, it has been found that the patient was in the habit of drinking. It is particularly import ajit^ zvhere a large portion of the troops are recruits*' that 7iothing be officially done to create in them the habit of using i7ttoxicants. To establish canteens at the posts IN THE tropics IS TO RENDER THE TEMPTATIONS OF SOCIABILITY AND COMPANIONSHIP PRACTICALLY IRRE- SISTIBLE, AND THE HABIT OF DRINKING IS READILY ACQUIRED. Surgeon-General G. M. Sternberg. — I do not think much of the beer canteen. The theory that the sol- dier needs a beer canteen to keep him from going to *Of the 100,000 men in the American army, about 75 per cent are new recruits, largely "soldier boys," 85 per cent of tbem in the tropics. 244 Protection of Native Races. outside saloons for something stronger, is all wrong. There is nothing in it. On the contrary, a great many young soldiers who are not accustomed to drink contract drinking habits at these canteens, and are ruined. There is no need whatever for intoxicating drinks at these canteens, and it will be a good thing for the army if they are abolished.^ — Voice interviezv. riaj.-Qen. Jos. Wheeler. — I am a thorough believer in temperance in all things, and am utterly opposed to soldiers being sold intoxicating liquors, and I believe that every effort should be exercised to remove the temptation of such dissipation from them. — In letter front Camp Wikoff, Montaiik Pointy L. /., dated September 20, i8g8. Major-Qeneral H. V. Boynton. — (Asked if each regiment had a sutler, General Boynton replied:) They had something worse than a sutler, each one had a canteen. He said that 372 carloads of beer had been sold in the camp under discussion. He depre- cated the fact that army regulations pennitted the canteen system. — Testimony before the War Investi- gation Committee, Neiv York Tribune report. Brig.=Gen. Guy V. Henry. — I am opposed to sales of liquors of any kind to enlisted men, and the use of the same in hot climates is injurious. A canteen puts liquor (beer and light wines) in front of a man, and induces him to drink, which, with this tempta- tion removed, he would never do. — Letter from Ponce, September /f, i8g8. Brig=Qen. E. Carr. — I have always opposed the 'Surgeon-General Sternberg, like Gen. Corbin, took the side of the War Department in the controversy over the canteen aroused by the nullification of the law, but the aljove testimony still has value. Gen, Boynton is abo reported to have changed frcnt. Testimony Against the Canteen, 245 "canteen" which encourages soldiers to drink beer when otherwise they might not be exposed to temptation. Brig.=Qen. D. 5. Stanley.— It is my deliberate opinion that our army, now entering upon a cam- paign in a hot climate, would be immensely better off if all alcoholic drinks were prohibited. Brig.-Qen. William B. Rochester (Retired). — There is no doubt that the drink habit works very great injury to the army. It has been shown over and over again that those who endure the greatest fatigue and exposure are the men who do not drink. Brig.-Qen. William R. Carlin (Retired). — It has always, since I was old enough to have an opinion, been my conviction that the public good would be enhanced by the exclusion of liquor from all circles. It does no good anywhere, and countless evils everywhere. It is useless to discriminate between the army and other people. Liquor is a nuisance and an evil, and no greater blessing to mankind could come to it than the total prohibition of its manufacture, sale and use.® 6. Major L. L. Seamons, U. S. A., returning in 1904 from observa- tions of the war in Manchuria, declared, in a congress of army surgeons at the St. Louis Fair, that the Russian defeats were largely due to "bottles and beauty," and set in contrast the wonderful health and vigor of the Japanese soldiers, whose camp beverage is tea, following which he and the congress most illogically called for a restoration of the banished army beer saloon in the United States, in doing which he and Gen. Corbin and other officers are doing the very thing they falsely charge on the temperance forces, "working with the liquor dealers." It is well known in Washington that the official lobbyists and press agents of the United States Brewers' Association and other liquor dealers' agencies prepare and peddle out to press correspondents the numerous articles appearing in the daily papers in which every army officer who favors the canteen is quoted and lauded, and its restoration is demanded of Congress, which is taunted with having been stampeded in this legislation by "fanatical women." In fact both anti-canteen laws were drawn by men, and the International Reform Bureau and National Anti-Saloon League had no less part in securing the twice- enacted law than the VV. C. T. U. Seldom has any law passed with such full consideration. It was enacted a second time, after four years' consideration, by a more than two-thirds vote, following the longest tem- perance discussion in the history of Congress, in which all the sophistries of the War Department and the liquor papers, that still deceive some good people, were fully heard and conclusively answered. In that vote there was a wider significance, as Gen. Corbin has shown, than the 246 Protection of Native Races. Eye Witnesses of the Canteen Evil. Rev. A. C. Dixon (of Brooklyn, N, Y., Army Evangelist). — I regard the "canteen" system as it is worked in the carnp as the most diabolical piece of infernalism of which the government has ever been guilty. I studied its workings while I was at Tampa, and I do not hesitate to say that parents, when they give their boys to the service of their country, have more cause to fear the "canteen" than they have to fear Spanish bullets or Cuban fever. It brings the worst tone of the regiment down to the bar - room level. Around it gather all kinds of A c. DIXON, D.D. iniquities. It is the slums of the regiment. mere condemnation of government liquor selling in the army It was a deliberate declaration that the sale of even beer and light wines (the only liquors previously allowed in "canteens"), sold under "govern- ment ownership" (which some think makes alcohol harmless), in what was practically a government m.ilitary "dispensary," are bad for health and bad for order. (ien. Carlin says, if they are bad in the army they are bad everywhere. Here then is the acorn of national prohibition. Congress cannot logically stop short of prohibiting liquor helling in its whole jurisdiction, which is very wide, for under the anti- lottery decision a Congress tliat was elected on the issue that selling liquors is as bad as selling lottery tickets could prohibit all interstate commerce in liquors, and so dam this traffic on both sides of the State line so that no State could corrupt another State, or be corrupted by another. The anti-canteen law has been fortified by appropriations of one and a half millions of dollars for gymnasiums and reading rooms, to be managed by the Y. M. C. A., and the sufficient answer in Congress and outside to all calls for repeal is Gen. Miles' great word, "'i'^^e anti-canteen law should not be repealed until it has been fairly tried." At this writing there has not been time enough for the test, and it will never have been fairly tried till those sworn to enforce the law cease to invite violation by their own disloyal and discourteous attitude in sneering at their superiors, the legislators who made the law for them to obey, not to abuse. Kven Russia is ioining the general movement to lessen army drinking. A press despatch from St. Petersburg, dated April 0th, states that Vice- roy Alcxieff has enacted a prohibitive regulation concerning the sale of spirits to soldiers campaigning in the far South. Testimony Against the Canteen. 247 Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts. — I examined a canteen, not in an extemporized volunteer camp in time of war, but in a fort, at Newport, managed by regu- lars, shortly after the Cuban war was over. The only place for eating was in the dirty kitchen. Nearly the whole establishment was occupied by a long bar, behind which a soldier, in his shirt sleeves, drenched in perspiration and beer, with the aid of a professional bartender, was selling the drink to a howling crowd of already half-drunken soldiers standing four or five deep in front of the counter. Near the end of the bar was a piece of sail cloth on which a soldier was conducting a style of gambling fitly described as a "skin game." Holding up a fistful of bills, he shouted, "Come on, boys; any man's money is good enough for me." It was simply a "bar-room" of the lowest type. There are no "worse places. " Subsequently I went the rounds of the Newport saloons, and found the canteen had by no means diminished their patronage. In every saloon soldiers were in evi- dence, drinking and gambling. In a week's time I was never on the main street when there were not drunken soldiers in sight. Besides the regulars there was a regiment of volunteers at the fort, and although the police arrested none who were not dis- orderly as well as drunk, there were nearly fifty arrests that week. A majority of the regiment deserted the camp after the pay-day drinking I had witnessed in canteen and saloons. I mingled with the soldiers freely, and found the volunteers literally "soldier boys," to whom the canteen was manifestly serving as a preparatory school for the saloons and brothels outside. Mr. W. E. Johnson, Commissioner of New Voice. 248 Protection of Native Races. W. E. JOHNSON. — During the past two years, in my newspaper work, I have visited something like a hun- dred beer canteens of the United States army, covering a terri- tory from Portland, Me., all the way to the Philippine Islands. With one or two exceptions, I have never been able to find anything of the nature of a reading room in connection with the beer saloon. For the most part, these beer canteens were II located on prohibition territory, in defiance both of the State laws and of an express law of Congress. In every case, thebeer canteen was merely a common groggery. In many cases, whisky was sold as well as beer. In one case, Jamaica ginger was openly sold for beverage purposes. In one case, the canteen was operated in connection with a brothel. As a rule, soldiers are still being detailed to act as bar- tenders in the face of the Griggs opinion. So far as my observation goes, the only "regulation" which was generally adhered to was that a soldier should pay for his liquor, either when purchased or on pay day. (Nov. 21, 1900.) Reply to General Corbin's Plea for the Canteen. On Feb. 9, 1899, General Corbin reaffirmed to Wm. E. John- son, and shortlj' after to the writer (W. F. Crafts) the anti-can- teen opinion he published in 1S92. (See p. 240.) But on May 15, 1900, he wrote a letter to the House Committee on Military Affairs (repeated' in substance in a letter published August 28, and in a Senate hearing, Dec. 12, 1900), in which he suddenly Testimony Against the Canteen. 249 reversed the position he had held for seven years. The House Committee, rejected his p'^ea in behalf of canteens and reported a bill to suppress them for two reasons ; ist, Congress intended to suppress them by the law of 1899; 2d, Government ought not to go into the business of liquor selling. This second objection to canteens had been made in a House report of the previous Congress. The concluding statement of General Cor- bin's letter of May 15 (House Report No. 1701, 56th Congress) should have discredited the whole document in the mind of every intelligent reader. That statement was as follows, refer- ring to the forces opposing the canteen: "Professional tem- perance reformers are, in this respect, allied with the aggressive saloon interests in their efforts to secure legislation to destroy it." In fact, when the anti-canteen law was nullified in 1899, the only persons or papers that defended the Griggs opinion were those officially connected with the liquor traffic, one of these, the Washington Sentinel, editorially claiming to have suggested the nullification. And when, in 1900, the House voted again to suppress the canteen this paper had two edito- rials on the canteen side on the very day (Dec. 8) when Chap- lain Miller was repeating this charge in a Senate hearing. General Corbin assumes to give statistics to prove the canteen has decreased desertions and disease, but his own statements of fact by no means prove that. It is the old familiar fallacy of logic, after, therefore because of^post hoc, ergo propter hoc. Other things happened about the same time the canteen was introduced, for one thing, a higher standard was set for recruits. The only really scientific statistics on this subject are the British, proving that army abstinence greatly decreases both disease and disorder. If canteens really decrease these evils the army with its numerous canteens should have a better record in both respects than the Navy, which has abolished them. Has it? General Corbin gives the impression that he has taken an impartial poll of our military officers, beginnirg with generals and ending with corporals. In fact he has polled less than a tithe, skipping most of the generals and chaplains, the two groups best qualified to testify. Even his one most plausible argument fails, the claim that canteens are a choice of evils. There is absolutely no proof of this in his letter, and much to the contrary outside. It should be remembered that a soldier goes out of camp only once a week or so, and would have only occasional opportunity to drink if not officially tempted every day in the idleness of the camp. They say we "slander the soldiers." Nay it is those who say, "Soldiers will drink anyway." Our Navy and the British Army prove the contrary. Anti=Canteen Law Enacted by the Fifty = Fifth Congress. No officer or private soldier shall be detailed to sell intoxicating drinks, as a bartender or other- wise, in any post exchange or canteen, nor shall any other person be required or allowed to sell such liquors in any encampment or fort or on any premises used for military purposes by the United States; and the Secretary of War is hereby directed to issue such ge^ieral order as may be necessary to carry the provisions of this section into full force and effect.* 1 Secretary of War Alger, first, and, three weeks later, At- torney-General Griggs, ruled that this law did not prohibit civilians but only soldiers from selling liquors; in other words, only ordered a change of bartenders, leaving the liquor selling otherwise unrestricted. Above law, prepared by The Reform Bureau, was intro- duced in the House by Hon. M. N. Johnson, M.C., of North Dakota, supported also by Hon. W. W. Grout, M.C., of Ver- mont, and carried by a nearly unanimous vote, Whole story ^^^ ^^^^ without division in the Senate, of canteen where it was introduced by Senator Hans- legfisiation. brough, of North Dakota. Public indignation over the nullification of this Anti-Canteen law waxes rather than wanes, and many who have been indifferent are now calling for the facts in the case. Here they are: I. March i, 1875, Congress authorized the President to "make and publish regulations for the government of the army." On July 25, the War Department, in General Order No. 46, said that the "commanding officer may ■permit beers and light wines to be sold at the canteen," if he is satisfied it will promote "temperance and discipline." Under the above law, however. President Hayes prohibited liquor selling in the army, but his order was nullified. The foregoing law and 250 Anti-Canteen Law. 25 1 The present Ncw Yofk Timcs: A correspondent contention. whosc letter we published yesterday erred in assuming that the army canteen issue, as it order were, however, both in force when the Cuban war opened. 2. The regimental saloons, known as "canteens," as they existed when the Cuban war began, rested not on any law, but on permissive orders of the War and Navy departments. These allowed an army colonel or naval captain or any higher officer to have a "canteen" or not, as he thought best, except that none could be established in any case in a prohibition town or State. This last provision was grossly violated in sev- eral camps. Some regiments were put under prohibition from the start. Long and Roosevelt, of the Navy Department, and others, tried "canteens" for a while in the sincere but vain hope that sale of beer only, under military supervision, would prove the less of two evils and displace the "worse places" outside. In fact, "canteens" proved, in army and navy and soldiers' homes alike, only preparatory schools for the outside saloons which besieged every rendezvous of soldiers. These "worse places" increased rather than diminished. Secretary Long therefore abolished canteens in the navy by an order. Of course, Secretary Alger could have done the same in the army, or the President as Commander-in-Chief in both army and navy. 3. Three reform organizations set before Congress collected testimony from ninety-seven of our generals and other military officers, showing the evil effects of the "canteens" upon health and order (Eagan alone dissenting of those who published opinions) ; also the scientific tests by which the British army had proved the great military value of total abstinence. These were supported by an unprecedented array of popular petitions for the anti-canteen law, which was passed by an almost unani- mous vote in the form of an amendment to the army bill. This law in plain terms declared that no one should be "allowed" to "sell" "intoxicating liquors" on "an}' premises used for military purposes by the United States," so enacting complete prohibition for armj' and navy, and soldiers' homes. That the Senate committee understood it to include soldiers' homes is proved by a letter of Senator Sewall in the possession 252 Protection of Native Races. exists to-day, can be settled by proving either that the canteens are good things intrinsically or that they are the less of two evils. The present of The Reform Bureau. The Washington Sentinel, liquor organ, so interpreted the law at the same time. 4. Congress having adjourned, the editor of this liquor paper, Louis Schade, hastened to the War Secretary, as he tells us in uncontradicted editorials, and suggested two ways in which the anti-canteen law might be mullified: first, by ruling that beer is not an intoxicating drink ; second, by ruling that the law might be evaded by contracting for civilians as bar- tenders in place of soldiers. The War Department took up these suggestions promptly. The legal adviser of the Depart- ment, Judge-Advocate Lieber, was asked if beer and wine might not be ^old under the new law. He replied (in an opin- ion suppressed by the War Department, which afterward came by accident into the hands of The Reform Bureau), first, that as beer and wine were the only alcoholic drinks that could be legally sold before this new law was passed, they must be the liquors prohibited; second, that Congress, in the District of Columbia liquor law, classed beer with "other intoxicating drinks." That loophole being closed, Mr. Alger gave out to the press, as a part of his Sabbath observance, on March 12, the other evasion proposed by the liquor-dealers' agent, namely, that only a change of bartenders was necessary. This was published as Mr. Alger's own interpretation of the law in leading papers March 13, one day in advance of the promulga- tion of the law it was to nullify, which should have been sent out to be applied in accordance with its plain meaning, leaving opposers of the law to raise the questions of interpretation in the courts as usual, if they chose to do so. Mr. Alger presently bethought him that such a remarkable legal evasion ought to have a lawyer rather than a layman behind it, and so got it endorsed by Attorney-General Griggs, whereupon scores of Senators and Congressmen, greater lawyers, declared that this so-called "interpretation" accorded neither with the intent of Congress nor the plain meaning of the law. The only Con- gressman that approved the Schade-Alger-Griggs' opinion was Mr. Bartholdt, Chairman of the Beer Committee. The press was also unanimous against the "interpretation," except the liquor papers. Mr. Alger, notwithstanding all this, declared Anti-Canteen Law. 253 contention is that the Congress passed a law pro- hibiting them^ and the President, through his At- torney-General, extracted from the lazv a meaning exactly contrary to that zvhich its franiers had in mind. Another point in our correspondent's letter: He wrote, "Men will drink. " Will they? Certain rail- ways and quite a number of other corporations have to a Voice reporter that he would have been glad to suppress the canteens had not the law prevented. 4. President McKinley, being petitioned to overrule the opinion, took up the plea of inability to go contrary to "the law as interpreted." In fact, the law, even interpreted by Griggs, is still only a permissive law, and does not in the least abridge the power of any officer, from colonel to commander-in-chief, to abolish canteens in his jurisdiction. When the President finally declined to suppress liquor-sell- ing in the army, the people again appealed to Congress to re-enact the anti-canteen law, and the Bowersock bill was accordingly introduced by request of Rev. E. C. Dinwiddle, National Legislative Secretary of the Anti-Saloon League, with which The Reform Bureau and the W. C. T. U. co-oper- ated at the National Capital, and other bodies at a distance, and it was favorably reported shortly before adjournment of Congress in the summer of 1900 by the House Committee on Military Affairs, despite the contrary advice of Secretary of War Root and Adjutant-General Corbin. Both of these urged that the officers of the army had been polled and were found to be 90 per cent against the bill, but an examination of the report shows that it was not a full poll at either end of the official list. It omits Lieutenant-General Miles, whose strong anti-canteen opinion we have given, also most of the other generals, and makes up in numbers by 500 corporals and sergeants, half of the whole number polled. Chaplains, next to generals, are the best witnesses, but they too were omitted. LATER. — Anti-canteen, law above described finally passed (see p. 51) and will stand, but the anti-canteen order of ex-Secretary Long for the Navy can be rescinded by any of his successors, and so McCumber bill is needed to prohibit liquor selling in all buildings and ships used by the United States Government (p. 184, 258). 254 Protection of Native Races. managed to establish a close approach to total absti- nence among their employes, and they have done it without the exercise of anything like the pressure than can be brought to bear upon the soldiers. As for the argument that the canteens are a source of little luxuries in the way of food, that, as we have said before, is unworthy of serious consideration by adults.' ^ We have quoted numerous Generals whose voices have weight, but we now quote two greater "Generals" that might have greatest weight of all, if they would insist upon due con- sideration of their words, namely, "General Assembly" and "General Conference." Their utterances are given as patterns for petitions and memorials: Letter to the President, from the Presbyterian Gen- eral Assembly. — Pittsburg, December 27, 1899 — Hon. William McKinley, President of the United States, Washington, D. C. — Mr. President: This communication is sent to j'ou in pursu- ance of the following action of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America: Resolved, That this General Assembly, having heard with pain and indignation of the unholy activity of brewers and distillers, in introducing alcoholic liquors into the territory newly acquired by this nation, instruct its Permanent Commit- tee on Temperance to investigate existing conditions, and, if it be deemed wise, to address, in the name of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, the President of our Republic, asking the exercise of his power for the prevention of the great wrong. The unfurling of our national flag should be to those peoples the pledge of the starting of influences that shall be elevating and in every way beneficent. And surely the hope of such results seems justified in view of our avowal of purely disinter- ested and philanthropic motives in entering on the recent con- flict with Spain. Sore disappointment, therefore, has come from the discovery that a vast stream of intoxicating drink from American dis- tillers and breweries is being poured into our newly acquired possessions. The official records at Washington show that the Anti-Canteen Law. 255 amount of alcoholic liquors exported to those countries has doubled in six months. The American saloon — that foul blot on our civilization — has already gone to curse those lands. In the single city of Manila are to be found more than four hundred of those breeders of poverty, vice and crime. Whatever blessings of a higher Christian civilization we may have hoped to bring to those distant communities, it is to be feared that the benefits conferred will be counter-balanced by the demoralization and ruin inflicted by the American liquor traffic. Deprecating the coming of such sad calamities on those hapless races, and with trembling apprehension of God's right- eous judgment on our beloved country, we come in the name of the million communicant members and of the other millions of adherents of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America to address you, the President of our Republic, earnestly asking that your power be exercised for the preven- tion of this great wrong. In behalf of the Permanent Committee, JOHN F. HILL. WM. C. LILLEY. O. L. MILLER. The President's Secretary acknowledged the receipt of this letter January 13, 1900, saying the President had brought it to the attention of the Secretary of War. Assembly of 1900.— We deplore the existence by official establishment of the sale of liquor in the canteens in the army of the United States, and urge its abolishment. Methodist Episcopal General Conference, 1900. Aroused and indignant at the aggressions of the liquor power, at the inexcusable miscarriage of the anti-canteen law, and at the new perils in which the nation is involving its new possessions, the church will summon and pledge all our ministers and people to a more determined struggle against the enormous evil, and urge each to contribute thereto according to his judgment, his testimony, his example and his ballot. We deeply regret that after the enactment of a law pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating beverages at army posts and in forts, camps and reservations used for military purposes, a law plainly intended to effect this result, and so understood by its 256 Protection of Native Races. friends and foes in and out of Congress, and by the Chief Mag- istrate who signed it, by construction it seems to us forced and unnatural placed upon the law by the Attorney-General, its plain intent was defeated, and the government of the United States, amid the exultation of all sympathizers with the liquor traffic, resumed the practice of selling intoxicating liquors to its soldiers. We are gratified that the House Committee on IMi'i- tary Affairs has favorably reported a bi'l so explicit in its terms that no antagonism to its object can obscure its meaning. We earnestly appeal to the President of the United States to use his powerful influence to promote its adoption, and to our min- isters and members to urge by petition and personal letters to their representatives in the House and Senate the speedy enactment of this measure of protection to our soldiers from a foe more deadly than shot or shell. We call upon the administration to make use of its tre- mendous power in the military government of the eastern islands which have come under our control, so that the people of those islands shall not be debauched by the introduction of the liquor traffic among them. Baptist National Convention, May 27, 1900. — We deplore the introduction into our new possessions where we have mii- tary authority, of vastly increased quantities of intoxicating liquors, and we demand of our government that it take every practicable means of preventing the indiscriminate and devastating sale of ardent spirits in the camps of our soldier!- and among the new people who are to be taught civilization by cur example Anti-Canteen Law, 257 REMARKS ON SECRETARY ROOT'S REPORT CONCERNING THE CANTEEN. Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis (N. W. C. T. U., Super- intendent of Legislation). — It is interesting to note that the requests sent out by the Secretary of War for opinions of officers relating to the canteen were not sent to general officers, aside from three de- partment commanders, but to the commanding officers of troops, batteries, companies, and regiments, and to "some- thing over 500 non-commis- sioned officers." A very good reason is apparent for not asking the opinion of the general officers instead of the subordinates. It is found in the fact that almost every general officer was already on record as opposed to the canteen, the only exception being Brigadier-General Ea- gan. To have incorporated the protests of such well- known officers as Generals Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, Surgeon-General Sternberg and others would have been to defeat the object of the investigation. It is important also to observe that the Secretary of War's report (December, 1900) contained the state- ments of thirty-five officers who declare that the canteen has been detrimental to the morality of the enlisted men; that forty declare it to be prejudi- MRS. M. I). ELl-lS. 258 Protection of the Races, McCumber=Sperry Bill, Amended. To forbid liquor selling in all Government Buildings. (See p. 184.) Be It enacted, etc. That hereafter it shall be unlawful to sell intoxi- cating liquors in any building or rhip or grounds owned or used by the United States Government. Sec. 2. That any violation of this act shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars. The bill is the same in substance as the Ellis bill, reported favorably in the Fifty-fifth Congress after a very thorough consideration. There were more petitions for it than for any other measure coming before that Congress. The House report on that bill said: "The United States Government shoui d not IN ANY sense be CONNECTED WITH THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC." This liaS unquestionably been the Weightiest consideration in all the anti-canteen legislation. The bill applies to all the buildings owned by the United States Government, whether used for military purposes or for any other purpose. It is already illegal to sell intoxicants anywhere at army posts, but the law is not fully en- forced, and this law would help by a civil penalty that any citizen could apply when army officers neglected their duty. It is also illegal to sell in United States immigrant stations .. T TJ ^"'^ '" *''^ Capitol. In the main this Joshua L. Baily. y,^\\ seeks to suppress Government Leader of the battle against bars liquor selling at National Soldiers' in National Soldiers' Homes. Homes. Instead of a beer canteen keeping the evil places away from the Soldiers' Homes, saloons and dives gather like a besieging host about them. The Home that has fewest outside dives is the one at Marion, Ind., that has no canteen. At the Homes which have no canteens the soldiers are in the best condition morally, physically, and financially. Inspector-General Rreck- enridgc, speaking of the reviews of the old soldiers on the o^'casion of his visits, gives first honors to the Marion Home, where there is no canteen, of which he says, report for igoo: "The ceremony of review was exceedingly well conducted, and was the best seen at any of the branches." There are some State Homes where they have no canteen — - one at Waupaca. Wis., another at Marshalltown, Iowa. At these Homes the benefits of the no-canteen policy are marked. Then there is the Home in the National Capital. Why does Congress permit the sale of liquors in the Soldiers' Homes of the volunteer army, when it has passed a law that there shall not be any liquor sold within a mile of the Soldiers' Home for regulars in Washington? The contrast between this Home and those having bars is a wholesome temperance lesson. THE WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY. ROBEftir C. CLOWR TWO AMERICAN CABLES FROM NEW YORK TO GREAT BRITAIN. CONNECTS '^"> ■»"•• FIVE ANCLO-AMERICAN ""> ONE DIRECT U. S. ATLANTIC CABLES. DIRECT CABLE COMMUNICATION WITH GERMANY AND FRANCE. C ABLE CONNECTION """CUBA, WEST INDIES, MEXICO »"= CENTRAL ""SOUTH AMERICA. MESSAGES SENT TO, AND RECEIV E D FRO M, ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. Mt Offlcta (22,000) of the^Western Union Telegraph Compan? and Its jfonn^tlons. a1 RECEIVED at Wyatt BEDC ffasfiin^ton DC Maya (J'o^ lOr.O NT Mil ffenlla 47 Crafts Reforin Washin/^n nicest bidder opium monopoly bill pending patternsd after Tndla legtslation opposed by evangelical union Chinese ohaoiber of com- nreroe ■wv.li greatly sMmulate oonsumptlon focus public ssritlBi<>ni on president secmerj- war bill and letter reach you within week bill bad morals and worse polities urgnnl Stunts lloSjp Shall we Follow Japan's Opium Policy in the Philipi>ines? At midnight of May ol, 1003, the International Reform Bureau's door bell rang furiously, and the cablegram above, which cost the senders abou*- $100 in gold, was handed in — a message from the Evangelical Union, embracing American missionaries of all denominations in the Philippines, signed for them all by Rev. Homer C. Stuntz, of the Metho- dist Episcopal Mission, which asked this Bureau to defeat an opium monopoly bill coming up in the Philippine Government for final passage a few days later — it proved to be a fortnight — by arousing the "Sovereign People" to influence the President to overrule not only the Philippine Government but also the War Department, which had approved the main features of the bill. It was hoped that President Roosevelt, whose instincts and familiarity with the history of the opium revenue infamy in India and China, it was thought would make him an instant enemy of any proposal to adopt such a policy, would veto the bill, as he had full power to do, without any appeal to public sentiment, and so the Legislative Committee of the Bureau waitea for his return from his western trip for a personal interview, which was asked by a telegram sent to him en route. His Secretary pleaied engagements the first night, also the next day, also the next week. The Bureau also secured the consent of Bishop James M. Thoburn, of India, to come on and give the President, out of many years' observation in the Orient, ihe' facts as to England's wicked and foolish opium revenue policy and Japan's 26o Protection of Native Races. nobler and wiser prohibition* of the curse, but this expert testimony for some reason was not eagerly welcomed. With only half a week lett before June 15 when the opium monopoly franchise was to be fastened on the Philippines for three years if the official "slate" was not 1 roken, the Bureau appealed to a few hundred leaders for a tele- grap.iic vote against opium "revenue" and for opium prohibition. The result was a snow storm of telegrams on June 13 and 15, which became a composite photograph of public sentiment in the resulting cablegram sent to Manila by the War Department: "Hold opium bill further investigation, many protests." The private monopoly was thus killed, but the President did not yield to the people's petition asking him to put in its place Japan's successful prohibition of opium e.xccpt for medical prescriptions. The old trick of an investigating commission to secure delay was allowed, and a year was used in finding out what could have been known in a week through official reports and testimony of persons in Manila who had seen the working of all the Asiatic opium laws. But it should not have taken more than a day to see that the safest thing to do was to follow Japan, greatest of Oriental powers, in its right and practicable prohi- bition of the curse. Indeed, it would seem that an hour would have assured any statesman that a professedly Christian nation must not fall below Japan in the sight of the whole world on this issue that has brought such dishonor to our motherland. The Commission at last reported in 1904 in favor of a Government monopoly of the drug, with restrictions only after three years more of open sale, to round out a cursed decade, that will be at that late day no better than England's plan in Hurma, perhaps nearly as good as Japan's law in Formosa. Here is where people are likely to be deceived into thinking we have really got Japan's law, whereas the regulation in Formosa is far below the law for Japan itself because Formosa is the most opium-curse spot in the world, an exposed island where the British opium smugglers began their evil work and where the curse has taken such deep and general hold that Japan as an alien government over unwilling subjects, of barbarous habits, feels it can there put prohibition upon minors only as yet, with very severe restrictions, however, upon opium sots who register themselves and get a limited supply vinder such enforce- ment of the laws as cannot be hoped for under American officers. It is a capital crime in Formosa to sell opium to a Japanese. See pp. 135, 137, 1S4. (Send to Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C, for documents on this subject ) Suggested Resolution=Petition. Resolved, that this body hereby authorizes its officers, in its behalf, to petition local State and national governments for such ordinances and laws as will effectually prevent in their several jurisdictions the sale of opium except on prescription of regular physicians, as is successfully done in Japan. (See petition patterns, pp. 187, 21.'0.) *The Japanese Legation in Washington, at the Bureau's request, made a copy of the Japanese law prohibiting oiiium, and it was sent to the President, and was by him referred to the Secretary of War. The important article is as follows: "Opium shall be sold by the Government in sealed cases and only for medical purposes." Other articles restrict opium manufacture to persons authorized by Government, and retail sales to carefully selected druggists who can sell only on regular medical prescriptions, which must be kept on file for ten years. China would have such a law if it had not been repealed by British cannon. If any one objects to the American cru.sade against British opium in China because of our opium sales in the I'liilippincs, two replies should be ready, first, that i)roi)osed law for the Philippines, though not ideal, is far better than British law for China, and second, that we do not atternpt to control the police regulations of countries not under our jurisdiction. But let us not accept for the Philippines any such compromise as was proposed in 1004, copied from Britain's ineffectual compromise in Burma. The 10' >4 report of tlie Society for the Suppression of Opium (London) says: "\o measure short of the total prohibition of import (except fOR MEDICAL USE) HAS EVER YET BEEN FOUND SUCCESSFUL." The Future of the Temperance Reform. ADDRESS BY HON. HENRY W. BLAIR. Ex-U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. AUTHOR OF THE PROHIBITORY AMENDMENT TO THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION, THE NATIONAL SUNDAY REST BILL, THE EDUCATION BILL, THE NATIONAL LABOR DEPARTMENT BILL, ETC. The present seems to me to be a time for con sultation among the forces which make for man in his conflict with alcohol. This conflict has been strong and deadly for a century. Alcohol is gaining upon man. What is to be done? Every great bat- tle is necessarily a close one, and turns upon some decisive thing done at a critical time. Our faith in God and belief in the ultimate triumph of His cause 26l V HON. II. W. BLAIR. 262 Protection of Native Races. even unto the ends of the earth involve the con- clusion that alcohol will be destroyed; Alcohol g-ain- ■' ing. Change Dut whcu? — and how? Evidently there of plan must be some great change in the gen- eral plan of battle, or in the handling of the forces, or in both ; and the whole future of the Temperance Reform, and all that is involved in it, must be seriously affected by what is or is not now done by us. There ought to be a council of war held, here and now. Sometimes I think that we fail to compre- hend fully what a "big job" we have undertaken. Mr. Lincoln, you know, found out gradually that he had a bigger job on his hands than he at first thought for. So did we all. So did the whole nation — both sides, for that matter. And something is accomplished when we find out just what we have got to do; for then, as Mr. Lincoln and the nation did, we will go to work and do it. Now there does not seem to me to be any right plan for the destruction of evils of alcohol but that of total abstinence for the individual and of absolute prohibition by the State, the nation and World-embrac- " The Native Races Deputation rmin : Rev, F. E, Cllrfc. D.D, Trcmoot Tetnple, Boston. Secretary t Rev. Wilbur F. Oafts, Ph.D, 206 PeaoaylVAola Ave., a. e.. Waafajogtoo. D. C IT CAN BE DONE. There is no other thing so great that can be done so quickly. If "Well begun is half done" the battle for the protection of uncivilized races against intoxicants is half won. By British laws and international treaties tho natives of Africa are already under prohibition. British traders in the islands of the sea are prohibited to sell liquors to native races. Our Congress has passed a cor- responding law, and our Philippine Commission has pro- tected the natives there. There is a treaty for the whole Pacific buried in the pigeon holes of the "Great Powers," waiting for a world wave of Christian public sentiment to call it forth to life. Britain has adopteti prohibition for opium in Burma, having learned that such traffics are bad for trade, besides hurting a nation in the court of international public opinion. American missionary societies have asked our country to initiate proceedings to release China from the treaty mandate by which England compels her to tolerate opium. Russia and Japan, both anti-opium, would help) but neither this nor other advance steps will be taken until an aroused public sentiment demands them. How busy we all are with our petty mint, anise and cummin when this weightier matter of the law claims for the time the su- preme place in Christian thought! The Christian citizens of the Chris Ian nations have the ability, and so the re- sponsibility ,' to right these great wrongs. Let us have a mail box referendum in all civilized nations, each call- ing on his own government, as the United States Senate has called on all governments, to make such laws and treaties as will protect at least the uncivilized races, the wards of Christian nations, against all intoxicants and opium. ^AJ^jC(/*>^ /I C^y^li^^^ The Opportunity of the Hour. ADDRESS BY MISS MARGARET W. LEITCH. Formerly Missionary of the American Board in Ceylon. AT SUPPLEMENT MEETING IN CALVARY BAPTIST CHURCH, NEW YORK, DURING ECUMENICAL CON- FERENCE OF MISSIONS, 1900. Those who have spoken this afternoon have brought to us the cry of our suffering brothers and sisters in far-off lands: The cry of myriads as of one, The voiceless silence of despair Is eloquent with awful prayer. Oh, by the love that loved us all. Wake heart and mind to hear their cry, Help us to help them lest we die ' What makes it possible for these great evils to go on unhindered in heathen lands, especially in lands under the control of Christian governments? The LACK OF AN AROUSED CHRISTIAN PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN CHRISTIAN LANDS MAKES IT POSSIBLE. HoW loug sliall immense quantities of rum, manufactured in this country, be poured into Africa to curse her people? How long shall American frontier saloons in our new islands disgrace us in the eyes of the natives and prove an almost irresistible temptation to our soldiers? Just so long as public sentiment in THIS country makes IT POSSIBLE, AND NOT A DAY LONGER. 270 The Opportunity of the Hour, 271 This is a government of the people. The men in the halls of the legislatures and of Congress are not Who is the masters, but the servants of the responsible? people. Thc}^ have their ears to the ground. The Christians of this country form a BALANCE OF POWER. ThEY HAVE BUT TO SPEAK THE WORD AND THEIR RULERS WILL TURN IT INTO LAW. But before they speak the word they must hear the words; they must KNOW THE FACTS. As we have list- ened to those who / have addressed us i this afternoon I am sure many of us have been wish- ing that all the delegates to the Conference could have heard those burning words ; that ministers all over this country could have heard and could tell out this story; and that newspaper editors could have heard and could give the message wings. Friends, we can make them hear. A full stenographic report will be published of all that has been and will be said on this subject in this Conference, together with the testimonies of many missionaries attending this Con- ference, who have sent in written testimonies re- garding the traffic in their respective fields. If copies of this report were placed in the hands MISS M. W. LEITCH. 272 Protection of Native Races. of preacliers, officers of all kinds of religious organi- zations, editors, statesmen, commercial leaders, such as the officers of chambers of commerce, and sent to missionaries throughout the world, far-reaching and practical results would follow, by God's bless- ing. * To us here present has come the opportunity of a lifetime. It may be possible for us to do more for God and humanity within the next few months through giving wide circulation to this report, and through helping this cause by voice and pen, than we have done in our whole lives before. God will do His part. He has, by His Spirit, moved the hearts of those who have spoken. He can, by His Spirit, move the hearts of those who read and hear. Are we willing to enter into partnership with God? Thomas Clarkson, when on his way A c»n for from Cambridge to London to deliver consecrated . .11 ^ 1 i^ j u^,,, a prize essay on the slave trade, stood a long time by the side of his horse, on a spot which is now maiked by an obelisk, meditating on the heart-rending facts contained in his essay; and at last he said within himself: "If these things are so, slavery must come to and end." Turning away from the alluring career opening up before him, he consecrated his whole life and all his 1 This material will be more impressive in book form, espe- cially for influential men, and it is our earnest hope that funds may be provided for sending not less than 10,000 presentation copies to leaders of thought in this and other lands. This book will be sold at very low rates for bona fide free distribution. Orders for this purpose should be sent to The Reform Bureau.- Portions of it have also been issued for wider distribution in a sixteen-page illustrated periodical, the Ecumenical Conference Dumber of The Twentieth Century Quarterly, published by The Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C. (210 Delaware Avenue, The Opportunity of the Hour. 273 property to the task of freeing the slaves; and, after thirty years of labor, he had the joy of seeing slavery abolished throughout the British possessions. Face to face with this greater slavery — a slavery which enslWes not the bodies merely, but the souls of men — are there not some who, turning away from the pursuit of honor, pleasure and wealth, tvill con- secrate their whole lives and all their means to the task of opposing these gigantic evils? Will not the missionary societies take A caU to , . . I musionary up this fight, making It an mtegral boards. p^^^. q£ their work? 2 The removal of these two death dealing traffics in mission lands would be equivalent to doubling the missionary FORCE IN THOSE LANDS and the victory gained would react favorably on the work at home. The hope for the removal of these fh'nrcrt^e EVILS LIES IN AROUSING THE CHRISTIAN secret of CHURCH TO USE ITS GREAT STRENGTH IN victory. OPPOSING THEM. We rejoice in the new and better policy which Great Britain has been led to adopt in restricting N. E.), price one cent a copy, post-paid to any address. Every $100 contributed for the sending out of presentation copies of this periodical to key men and women will mean 10,000 leaders informed and aroused. Every dollar will reach an hundred pulpits. All checks may be sent to The Reform Bureau, in trust for this particular object. Receipts will be returned to all donors, whose wishes as to the disposition of their gifts will be carefully carried out, and an audited cash statement will be published in due time, and copies sent to all donors. This report in both forms has been prepared as a labor of love. Any profits received by the editors will be applied to promoting the circulation of this testimony. 2 ' 'I believe the true anti-opium society is, or ought to be, the union of all the missionary societies. I believe we are making a great mistake in leaving a cause of this kind as a 274 Protection of Native Races. the sale of opium and intoxicants in her newer pos- sessions. She was led to adopt that policy largely through the efforts of the British Committee for the Protection of Native Races, in which every great missionary society of Great Britain and nearly all the great temperance societies are federated. When the Secretary of this Committee urges restrictive legisla- tion on Parliament his words have great weight. The Christians of Great Britain are giving us an example of the value of solidarity of action. Such a committee is possible in Great Britain because of an aroused Christian public sentiment. This the British mission- aries have helped to create by telling of the evils of the opium and liquor traffics when at home and in their letters from the field. They have done this because they realized that Great Britain had a large measure of responsibility for the existence of these traffics, especially in British dependencies. We have been surprised that in this country we have so seldom heard missionaries refer, in their addresses, to the evils of the opium and liquor traffics in mission lands. Perhaps the omission was due to the fact that, until recently, this country had no foreign dependencies. This reason for silence no longer exists. God has entrusted to us millions of human beings in our new possessions. The Christian church must be aroused to protect these ignorant and helpless people from the rapacity of those who are opening liquor saloons and opium dives among them for purposes of gain. specialty in the hands of certain persons outside the organiza- tions of our missionary societies." — Rim. J. F. B. Tin/ing, in Report of the Centenary Conference, London, iSSS, Vol. II, P- 553- The Opportunity of the Hour. 275 At the present time the churches in this country practically leave this great battle to the temperance organizations, which are but a thin line of skirmish- ers. These gigantic and deep-rooted evils will never BE OVERTHROWN UNTIL THE WHOLE WORKING FORCE OF THE CHURCH MOVES FORWARD TO THE FIRING LINF. It seems passing strange that the church has so long neglected to embody temperance reform as an integral part of its zvork. Perhaps it is no more strange than that a hundred years ago the Protestant churches of England and the United States had no foreign missionary organizations. The members read their Bibles, but failed to discover any call to evangelize the heathen world. We are filled with amazement to think that our ancestors, so clear- vit-ioned in other respects, could have failed to see a duty which seems to us so plain. One bundled years ficm now our descendants will be filled with equal amazement as they look back at the churches of this generation to see that they did not include among their regular departments of work, a matter so vitally related to the progress of Christ's Kingdom at home and abroad as the suppression of the traffics in intoxicants and opium. Let THE CHURCH EMBODY TEMPERANCE How can the change be REFORM AS A REGULAR ORGANIZED DE- effected? PARTMENT OF ITS WORK, WITH COMMIT- TEES APPOINTED TO PROMOTE IT AS REGULARLY AS ANY OTHER PART OF CHURCH WORK. The easiest mode of entrance in most churches for this new movement would be to secure the appointment of a Temperance Secretary or a Tem- perance Committee in the woman's missionary societies. Home and Foreign, in the young peo- ple's societies, and in the Sunday School. Also 276 Protection of Native Races. among the regular committees of the Church itself should be a permanent committee on Christian reforms, including temperance, Sabbath observ- ance, gambling, and impurity.^ The Methodist-Episcopal Church has the most thorough temperance organization of any denomina- tion in this country. The basis of it all is total abstinence in the rules of the church. "The dis- cipline provides for a permanent conference com- mittee in every annual conference auxiliary to the Committee of the General Conferences; also for a district committee in every district, with the pre- siding elder as chairman, auxiliary to the Annual Conference Committee; and for a committee in every church appointed by the Quarterly Con- ference, with the pastor as chairman, auxiliary to the District Committee. No further orgfanization is ' In enlisting the church more fully in temperance work it would be a great advantage to have one whole day in the Week of Prayer devoted to this theme. Following the precedent of the Sunday School, this subject should be entered at least four times a year in the list of prayer-meet- ing topics, alike for churches and young people's societies, including always the fourth Sunday in November, so sup- porting the "World's Temperance Sunday." A very good method of interesting young people both in temperance and missions, who would not study them directly, would be to form a " 'Round the World Reading Circle," traveling from countrj^ to country, spending from one to four weeks in each country, according to circumstances, the leader watching tactfully to bring in both the missionary and temperance problems of the countries studied. A list of the lea.st expensive books for this purpose can be had by applying with stamps to The Reform Bureau. This book should be used to furnish the temperance factt;', in connection with other books referred to in these pages, and for the freshest mission- ary material one's own mission board may be consulted. The Opportunity of the Hour. 277 needed in this denomination, but only the faithful working of the disciplinary plan." * This movement has been inaugurated in another denomination — the Presbyterian. The Perma- nent Temperance Committee of that church has recommended that every local missionary society shall appoint a Temperance Secretary to see that this neglected department of missions shall receive due attention. It is the duty of that secretary to see that the problem is studied 2ir\A publicly pre- sented in due • proportion with other aspects of the work. The Secretary in charge of this department in one synod writes: "I hope to spend at least $200 a year as long as I live in securing the appointment of temperance secretaries in missionary societies. ' ' If there were a few more such earnest souls in every denomination it would not be long before the mis- sionary societies would be permeated with temper- ance sentiment. As there are now ten in the church interested in missions to one in temperance, the enlisting of the missionary force would mean a great increase in the temperance ranks; and when the forces of temperance and missions are welded as one and mobilized for this crusade, it will not be long before the rank and file of the church is enlisted in the fight. The long-desired end will then be in sight for, as Dr. Josiah Strong has said, "There is no reform which the Christian* churches of this country will unite in demanding from our govern- ment which they cannot secure." * Extract from lette. from Rev. J. G. Evans, D.D., LL.D., Chairman of the Permanent Committee of the M. E. Church on Temperance and Prohibition. 2/8 Protection of Native Races. Should there not be a National Federation of Churches in this country having as one of its great objects the enlistment of the Christian forces of the land in a united campaign against social evils? Many reform bills brought before Congress have failed to become laws because there were only individual effort and individual con- tributions to arouse the country to demand their enactment. A well-known writer has said: "The great social evils about us that look strong enough to thrive through another himdred years might be routed in ten by a fighting federation of churches. We shall reach Christian union or at least unity sooner than by debate, sooner even than by singing 'Blest be the tie that binds,' by a practical federation of churches for reform work." The British Noncon- formist Churches have moved in this direction and the "Non-conformist Conscience" has long been a factor to be reckoned with by the British Govern- ment and has had influence in shaping her new and better policy of restricting the sale of liquor in her newer possessions. Anencourag- An example of what may be accom- ingr precedent, pushed whcu cvcu SL Small portiou of the church is aroused, may be seen in the success which attended the recent Anti-Polygamy fight. The Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Presbyteiian Church was one of the first organiza- tions to take up the fight. They did this ns a reg- ular part of their home mission work. Tliey sent out a form of petition to all their local auxiliaries and asked them to secure signature?. The Reform Bureau, the League for Social Service, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the woman's clubs The Opportunity of the Hour. 279 and other organizations joined in the effort. The Leag-ue for Social Service sent out carefully pre- pare! literature on the subject to prominent editors and to 50,000 ministers of all denominations. The ministers were requested to bring the subject before their people at one of the regular church services, secure signatures at the close to a petition, and take up a collection for the movement. Many did as requested. Broadsides were given to the press by The Reform Bureau, and many editors embodied them in editorials; mass meetings were held, depu- tations organized, resolutions passed and petitions were put into circulation, in which work the New York Journal took a leading part. There were some who said, at the beginning of the movement, that it would be time wasted to sign The power petitions, as they would simply be of petitions. thrown into the waste basket. To show the falsity of this statement, a gentleman in Washington offered a dollar each for every petition which it could be shown had been received by a Congressman and thrown away. That dollar still remains unclaimed. Public men know that a mes- sage from the people is just as sacred as a message from the President, and no public officer would dare insult the people by denying the sacred right of petition. Every petition received by a Senator or Representative must be regularly filed and printed in the Congressional Record. When from day to day numerous petitions on any subject are found appearing in the "Record" Congressmen come to understand that the country is aroused on that sub- ject. Such large numbers of petitions, letters and telegrams were sent to public men regarding the Roberts case, that it was felt by them that it was 28o Protection of Native Races. unquestionably against the will of the " Sovereign people" that a polygainis'; should secure a seat in Congress. In the fight against the saloon and the opium dive similar methods would prove equally effective. The Church If the Church of Christ has it in its responsible. power to protcct those native races which are under Christian governments from these soul-destroying traffics; and if these traffics goon unchecked in the future, as in the past, will not God call the Church to an account? As surely as there is a God in heaven He will call the Church to account. As the Church is made up of individuals He will call each individual to account. He will hold each one of us responsible not merely for what we have done but for all that we had it in our power to do. "T/* tliou forbear to deliver thejn that are drawn unto death, and those that are ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold ive kne%v it not; doth not He that ponder eth the heart consider it? and He that keepeth thy soul doth not He know it? and shall not He render to every man according to his zvorks?'' Moral Reform a Branch of Missions. The International Reform Bureau claims kinship with all missionary societies because Moral Reform is a Branch of Missions — of foreign missions, of home missions, of city missions — inasmuch as moral en- vironment influences conversion before and after, and inasmuch as it is God's plan not alone to save th.e soul in heaven, but to save the whole man and the whole community here and now. Brief History of Temperance. 281 Temperance, in the early stage of the movement to mitigate the evils arising from the use of intoxicating drinks meant, as the etymo- logical meaning of the word implies, the observance of moderation in their use, when the aim was only to prevent drunkenness by appeals to the drinker. Among its more strenuous advocates it now commonly signifies total abstinence from such liquors. There have been, indeed, in every age. some persons who practised and advocated abstinence, some also who proposed laws prohibiting wholly or in part the sale of intoxi- cating beverages; but such persons were few and far between among white peoples previous to the beginning of the 19th century. Ancient Civilizations.— Descriptions of the evils wrought by drunk- enness and efforts to cure them are as old as literature. On the tombs of Beni-Hassan in Egypt, 5,000 years old, pictures are seen of drunken men carried home by their slaves after a feast, and of women also who are manifestly intoxicated. \\'ine was offered to the gods in connection with rites of the most bestial character. There was at least one advocate of abstinence, one prohibitionist in Egypt, in 2000 B. C, Amen-em-an, a priest, who is on record, in a letter to a pupil, as commending his pledge of total abstinence, taken with an oath, and insisting on its observance: "I, thy superior, forbid thee to go to the taverns. Thou art degraded like the beasts. God regards not the breakers of pledges." Chinese literature of the same period furnishes like utterances. In 2285 the emperor banished a man for inventing an intoxicant made from rice. Mencius declares that Yao the Great was an abstainer, and that during his reign virtue pervaded the land, and crime was unknown. A few years later, 2187 B. C, a drunken ruler led the people to drunken- ness, which continued and increased for centuries. The anti-treating remedy was tried 202 B. C. in a law forbidding drinking in companies of more than three. This was unavailing, and so in 08 B. C. government ownership was tried, also without satisfaction. In 459 B. C. China adopted prohibition, with beheading as the penalty for liquor selling, and this policy has been generally followed in China since then. Whether because of this law or because of racial and climatic conditions or per- haps through all of these causes, missionaries and travelers at the open- ing of the 20th century reported so little drunkenness in China that special temperance efforts were unnecessary except in ports where Euro- pean and American beer has been introduced. President James B. Angell, former American minister to China, declared in 1900 that while at Peking he did not see two drunken Chinese a year. The opium, which may seem to some a substitute, was seldom used except as a medi- cine until introduced by Europeans shortly before the Opium war of 1840. Japan, kindred to China, has a similar story of unusual freedom from the curse of drink, to which her statesmen have added successful prohibition of opium except as a prescription medicine, and of tobacco for all under 20 years of age, and all students in elementary and middle grades, any age. Japanese sake is the root of many a sad story of drunk- enness, and at the close of the 19th century American beer halls became a popular novelty, prompting another novelty for the Japanese, temperance societies; but drunkenness has never been common in Japan. In India the gods of early times were shrewdly represented by the priests as very fond of intoxicants, and the people learned to drink with their 282 Intoxicants and Opium. gods in their temples until drunkenness became so serious a social peril that both the Hindu and Buddhist religions required total abstinence by a rule that in the union of church and state was both a religious precept and a civil law. Mohammed's prohibitory law (Koran v. 7), prompted by drunkenness in Arabia, has spread abstinence among mil- lions in both Asia and Africa. These three total abstinence religions, reinforced perhaps by the natural influence of tropical climate, produced such results that at the opening of the 19th century there was very little drunkenness among the tinted races, and the temperance problem among these races is largely how to save them from new drinking habits prompted by the white man's example and the white man's liquor traffic. Seventeen great nations have adopted two treaties to protect natives of Africa against distilled liquors, to which the United States Government has asked that a final world treaty be added to prohibit the sale of all intoxicants and opium among all the uncivilized races of the world. Modern Christian Nations.— Among the white races in the "Chris- tian nations," we find that intemperance has wrought greater havoc and has yielded less readily to remedies applied, which until recently have not been, as in the Orient, total abstinence and prohibition, applied in the name of religion and backed by civil power, but moderation offered without the imperatives of either religion or civil government. The Bible's teaching on this subject is not so clear as to be beyond contro- versy. In one passage it seems to proclaim total abstinence in the strongest terms (Prov. 23:31), but there are other passages where wine is spoken of with favor. One class of commentators hold that wherever wine is spoken of in the Bible favorably the reference is to unfermented wine, but other commentators insist that this is not proven and declare that the Bible goes no farther than condemnation of drunkenness and exhortation to moderation. Tliis was the generally accepted interpreta- tion up to the 19th century, before which preachers usually condemned only the "abuse" of distilled liquors. Greece and Rome were founded on a "basis of hostility, senti- mental and legal, to the use of intoxicating liquors," and were strongest while they held to that attitude. Plato taught that men should not drink wine at all until 30 years of age, and but sparingly from 30 to 40, when they might indulge increasingly to old age. Demosthenes was a total abstainer. Most of the Greek worthies uttered warnings against wine. But this early virtue was relaxed for the worship of Bacchus, and with it came political decay and subjection to Rome, which had adopted the earlier temperance code of Greece. Romulus is reputed to have been a most radical prohibitionist. A husband was authorized to kill his wife for drinking wine or committing adultery, and men were forbidden to drink wine before 30 years of age — this law doubtless borrowed from Greece. Libations to the gods were in that age in milk. In 319 we first hear of a libation promised to Jupiter of a "small cup of wine." The worshipper could not be expected to be more temperate than his god. And so with other arts of Greece its wines and worship of Bacchus were adopted, and wines came to be used increasingly. The end of the republic is synchronous with the beginning of drunkenness. By Pliny's time the drunkenness of men and women had become notori- ous. Drinking wagers were the entertainment of feasts. One man was Brief History of Temperance. 283 knighted as Tricongius, the three-gallon knight, for putting away that much wine at one time, and another was "celebrated" for drinking twice as much. With Bacchus came Venus, and so Rome went down the three steps to the grave of nations: moral, physical, political decay. Up to this time distilled liquors were unknown. The drunkenness thus far described was upon wine. Ancient European Tribes.— Among the rugged German tribes and the Britons drinking was common, but less excessive, and they were better able to bear it. They drank a sort of beer prepared from barley and wheat, sometimes using the skulls of their enemies for their cups. Quarrels often arose, ending in bloodshed. Drinking was en- couraged by the theory that in drink men were most sincere, throwing off disguise, and also most open to deeds of heroism. Drinking, how- ever, was by no means so general among these tribes of Germany and Britain as among the Romans. Queen Boadicea, addressing her soldiers, 61 A. D., after condemning the intemperance of her foes, said: "To us every herb and root are food, every juice our oil, and water is our wine." But the Romans brought in the art of wine-making, which led the native Britons to such increased drunkenness that the Emperor Domitian ordered half the vineyards cut down. Great Britain.— In the Roman period we find the "public house" or "tavern" developing, where drink, with games, was the centre of social converse, not alone for travelers, but for people of the vicinage also, especially in Britain. The Roman emperors from 81 A. D. to 276 A. D. made some efforts to counteract the increase of drunkenness in Britain, which the introduction of wine-making had caused, but in the last-named year the restriction of vineyards gave place to imperial permission for unrestricted production and drinking of wine. The public houses became such centres of drunkenness that they were put in charge of clergymen,* the first appearance of the theory that liquors would be harmless if sold by "persons of a good moral character." But for this or other reasons or both the drunkenness of priests increased, and they were warned by their superiors to keep away from alehouses and taverns. In 569 A. D. a church decree, said to be the only decree of the British State Church on intemperance, imposed a "penance for three days" on priests who got drunk when about to go on duty at the altar. The decree also imposed penance for 15 days on those who got drunk "through ignorance," for 40 days in case it was through "negligence," for three quarantines if "through contempt." One who "forced another to get drunk through hospitality" was to be punished as if drunk him- self, and one who got another drunk out of "hatred," or in order to "mock" him was to "do penance as a murderer of souls." Notwith- standing all this penance, drunkenness increased — every wedding, funeral and holiday being an excuse for excess, culminating in "the twelve merry days" of what came to be called, because of its debauchery, "anti-Christmas." In the 7th century the public house became the rendezvous of the Anglo-Sa.xon "guilds," a word meaning that each paid his share, in which men of the same trade, masters and men, met together to talk and drink. The Danish invasion reinforced drinking *Bishop Potter take notice. 2^4 Intoxicants and Opium. habits, for the Danes had been accustomed to drink to the gods. The Norman invasion still further reinforced drinking by introducing French and Spanish wines. Vineyards were generally attached to religious houses. Drunken revels of the nobility are often mentioned in writings of this period. In the 13th century temperance reform consisted of efforts to substitute light wines for beer and ale. In the next century the reverse policy came into favor, and "church ales" filled the place now occupied by strawberry festivals in raising religious funds. Two hundred years after, these "church ales" were denounced by church leaders, but the national drink was too strongly intrenched to be dislodged from popular favor by banishment from ecclesiastical finance. Restrictive Legislation.— Late in the 15th century Henry \'ll. of England began the license system in efforts to secure at once restriction and revenue. Henry VIII. added to these laws, and attempted to pre- vent adulteration. It was in his time that the custom of transacting business over drink originated. In his time also distilled liquors, then called "ardent spirits," were introduced into England from Ireland. During Elizabeth's reign added restrictive legislation attested the insuf- ficiency of what had preceded and the increase of drunkenness. Liquor selling became a crown monopoly, let out for fee or favor. Home con- sumption was discouraged, but exportation was promoted, and the queen herself exported liquors for profit. In this Elizabethan era the modern "club" began, in which men of high social standing were brought together for political or literary conversation, with drinking as a feature. In the reign of the Stuarts and Hanovers, the ale house came to be "the poor man's club." Restrictive liquor laws multiplied from reign to reign until in three centuries from the beginning of the 15th century there were as many as the years. But drinking and drunkenness increased. The average of British spirits distilled rose from 527,000 in 1GS4 to 3,601 ,000 in 1727 — this besides all the malt and vinous liquors. Re- tailers of gin put out signs that customers could get "drunk for a penny, dead drunk for two pence, and have straw for nothing." High license for gin was tried for a temperance measure in 1736. The protests against this law and the support of it by good men constitute the first real temperance agitation in Great Britain. From that time there have been frequent efforts to restrict, and constant pleas for moderation, and more recently for total abstinence and prohibition. About all the prohibition secured in Great Britain has been for Sun- days, on which day liquor selling is forbidden, except to bona fide travelers in Scotland, Ireland (except five cities), and in Wales, but not yet in England, though strongly demanded. Legal efforts in Great Britain are chiefly devoted to securing "local control," corresponding to "local option" in the United States. Movements for total abstinence, which v/ere given great impetus by Father Mathew and John B. Gough and have been fostered by numerous "teetotal" organizations, have been in Great Britain more successful than legislative temperance work. An increasing minority of the clergy in the State Church and the Roman Catholic Church are abstainers, and an increasing majority in the non- conformist clnirciies, but an effort in 1003 to exclude liquor sellers from Weslcyan lay offices was unsuccessful. Brief History of Temperance. 285 British Colonies, however, outrank all other commonwealths in temperance reform, Canada showing a consumption of less than five gallons per capita, Australia about 15, which are respectively about one-fourth and three-fourths of the consumption in the United States, which has the smallest liquor consumption and the largest area of pro- hibition of any Christian nation when the white population of the entire jurisdiction in each case is brought into the comparison. United StateSi. — The first settlers in the American colonies brought with them the European usages in drinking, and down to the 19th cen- tury liquors were a part of the usual entertainment at an American ordi- nation of a preacher, or dedication of a church. Elders manufactured, and deacons sold these liquors. Increasing drunkenness only prompted appeals for moderation and more restrictive lavi's. The Modern Temperance Reformation is generally traced to the pro- test against the use of distilled liquors made by Dr. Benjamin Rush, a physician of Philadelphia, in 1785. He persuaded his associates of the Philadelphia College of Physicians that the habitual use of distilled spirits was unnecessary, and they united in an appeal to Congress in 1790 to "impose such heavy duties upon all distilled spirits as shall be effective to restrain their intemperate use in the country." One year previous, in Litchfield, Conn., the first society pledged to abstain from distilled spirits was formed. No other known society down to ISliG did more than "discountenance the too free use of ardent spirits." Dr. Rush in 1811 persuaded the Presbyterian General Assem- bly to appoint a committee to act with others in devising remedies for drunkenness, which was confessed to have seriously invaded the churches. (In 1784 both the Methodists and the Quakers had enjoined their mem- bers not to sell or use "spirituous liquors.") In 1812 Dr. Lyman Beecher preached a series of temperance sermons which gave a great impetus to the new reform. In 1826 temperance societies generally pledged their members not to moderation, but to abstinence from distilled spirits. All except a few radicals regarded beer and wine as temperance drinks until in 1836, at the second National Temperance Convention, composed of delegates from temperance societies and churches, after a full discussion, it was resolved that the only effective basis for temper- ance work was total abstinence from all drinks that can intoxicate, including beer and wine and all fermented as well as distilled liquors. On that platform was organized the American Temperance Union, the first national total abstinence society. The "Washingtonian Movement," which began in Baltimore in 1840, reinforced by the eloquence of John B. Cough in 1842, led many thousands of hard drinkers to take the pledge, v.ho with others were organized in fraternal societies. The Sons of Temperance were organized in 1842. The Rechabites were introduced from England the same year. The Good Samaritans started in 1847, but have declined since the War. The Good Templars organized in 1857. Temperance societies, in the decade beginning 1850, had generally reached the conclusion that the best legal remedy for the evils of drink was Prohibition (q. v.). The movement toward that standard was checked by the War, which, with the introduction of Ger- man lager in popular saloons, that afforded social fellowship and amuse- ment and music, increased drinking, and when the War was over pledge- signing movements were renewed, especially the "ribbon clubs," in 286 Intoxicants and Opium. which all who took the pledge "showed their colors" in red or blue. In 1872 came the woman's temperance crusade, in which refined women went in companies to saloons with prayer and song, urging the pro- prietors to give up the business. Out of this grew the greatest of tem- perance organizations, which now has branches in almost every American city and in nearly all foreign lands, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, whose most influential leader was Frances E. Willard. Its first work was mostly to reform drunkards. Later it dealt more with pre- vention, especially child training and prohibition. The organization finding other vices associated with drink, broadened to include "forty departments" -of reform work, aiming to right all the social relations of men to each other. In 1865 the National Temperance Society and Publishing Hovise succeeded to the American Temperance Union. The new society was largely devoted to furnishing prohibition literature. The decade from 1880 to 1890 was characterized by efforts to secure State constitutional prohibition in many States, and although only a few of these campaigns succeeded, the total vote for prohibition was 49 per cent of all the votes cast. Another important legislative movement was that by which in thirty years preceding 1902 scientific temperance educa- tion, under the lead of Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, of the W. C. T. U., was made compulsory in all the schools of the Republic. The radical tem- perance men organized a "Prohibition Party" in 1872, the vote of which had grown in 1900 to 209,936. In 1895, railroads having generally begun to require total abstinence of employees, and many other business houses having adopted that policy, Congress ordered an investigation in all lines of business of "The Economic Aspects of the Liquor Ques- tion," the summary of which was: "More than half of the establishments reporting require in certain occupations and under certain circumstances that employees shall not use intoxicating liquors." In 1S99 Congress passed the first national prohibition law for white men, prohibiting the sale of even beer and light wines in army "canteens," which law was re-affirmed in two years, and in 1903 was followed by laws excluding liquor from United States immigrant stations and the Capitol, in further development of the policy of prohibiting liquor selling in government buildings. Then national temperance efforts turned to preventing inter- ference with State liquor laws by outsiders under protection of national powers of "interstate commerce" and "internal revenue," in order to give free scope to the growing policy of local prohibition which, with other forms of prohibition, was reported in 1904 to have extended to two-fifths of the population. -^t^. F. Crafts in Encyclopedia Americana. [The limits set to this article made it necessary to omit much that the writer would have been glad to add, but he felt that new- est facts could best be spared, and so neither the temperance work of the Reform Bureau nor that of the Anti-Saloon League nor other new and recent movements are described. A much fuller and yet brief his- tory of the temperance movement is given in my "Temperance Century," which ranges from 4000 B. C. to the present (see inside first cover), which is to be revised in 1905 as "The World Book of Temperance." It will aim to include in brief the important facts about temperance work among white peoples that have not been included in this book. A much fuller work will be the New Voice Temperance Cyclopedia.] INDEX [For index of contributors, see p. lo.l INDEX BY COUNTRIES Africa. 23, 24, 26, 30f, 136, 158, 232, 282. Alaska, 23, 163, 168, 1S3. Australia, 8, 9, 56, 136, 235, 285. Bulgaria. 75f, 136. Burma, 26. 92f, 1.36, 139, 269. Canada, 136, 234, 235, 285. Ceylon, 83, lOlf. China, 5, 8, 19, 20, 107f, 136, 139, 225, 269, 281f. Congo State, 7, 23, 25, 30, 31, 35, .36, 42, 43, 50, 154, 158. Cuba, 176, 220f, 242. Egypt, 73, 1.36, 158, 231, 281f. France. 49, 50, 51, 58, 136, 161, 178, 234. Formosa, 97, 139, 144. Germany, 7, 49, 50, 58, 136, 141, 235, 283. Great Britain, 5f, 8, 9, 21, 22, 26, 35, 40, 47, 49, 50, 53, 56f, 58, 62. 67, 74, 87, 88, 92f, 102, 106, 108, 110, 113, 116, 119. 126, 130, 133, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158, 227f, 235, 249, 269, 273, 274, 283. Guam, 179, 210, 213. Hawaii, 22, 23, 58, 175, 214. India, 19, 22, 77f, 91, 111, 127, 130, 136, 227f. Japan, 5, 8, 19, 135, 136, 137f, 245, 259, 269, 281. New Hebrides, 51f, 151, 160, 179. Pacific Islands, 26, 58. Persia, 18, 111. Philippines, 8, 23, 25, 92, 105, 1.35. 139, 151, 175, 176, 178, 183, 184, 186f, 269. (Sulu, 19.) Porto Rico, 176, 179, 215 Russia. 5, 50, 58, 112, 163, 245, 269. Samoa, 211. Soudan. 47, 158, 231. South America, 136. Sixain, 7, 50, 136, 179, 194. Turkey, 49, 50, 67f, 136. Tutuila, 4, 211f. United States, 21, 22, 23, 27, 48, 49, 56, 69, 75, 79, 105, 111, 130, 135, 136, 137, 141, 144, 150, 151f, 155, 156, 160, 163f, 221, 235, 237f, 269, 285f. TOPICAL INDEX Anti-Saloon League, 253, 286. Arctic regions, 171. Athletics, 230. Baptists, 83, 256. Beer. 7, 82, 117, 1.35, 137, 141, 142, 147, 148, 187, 217, 285. Buddhists, 18, 93, 94, 97, 101. Canteens, 51, 167, 217, 221 227f, 232, 237f. 249, 286. Catholics, Roman. 218. Children hurt and helped, 14, 37, 55, 84, 85, 87, 117, 122, 127, 136, 159. Church membership, 90, 115, 121, 282, 284. Church, Duty of, to reforms, 264, 268. 273, 275 Clubs, 283, 284. Commerce injured, 26, 27 28 48, 106, 114. 129, 152, 161.' Commissions, Opium, 92. 101 116. ' Congress, U. S., 51, 163, 164, 165f, 177, 217, 219, 250, 286. Consumption of liquors, 3, 22, 70 73, 82, 91, 141, 142, 262. Conventions and conferences, 11, 12, 21, 48, 105, 107, 132, 158, 159. Cooperation, 2, 49, 131, 138, 158, 160. 167. 262, 273, 278. Crime, 140, 164, 170. Distilled liquors (arak, bino. sake, rum, gin, etc.), 21 2'' 3'> 33, .35, ,36, 37, 38, .39', 4.3! 45, 69, 75, 78, 82, 88 138 142, 144, 146, 147,' 159' 164, 171, 187, 195, 200f, 217, 224, 285. Education, 73, 76, 136, 217, 286. Famines, 80, 114, 128, 138. Firearms. 23, 25. 35 39 47 51, 54, 55, 58, 177, 267. ' Friends, Society of, 90, 285. 288 Index. Government ownership, Hindrances to missions, 2, 14, 37, 42, 4:5, 64, 68, 140, 141, 146, 150. 155, 156, 159, 162, 168, 177, 267. Hindus, 86, 01, 09, 101. History of Temperance, 2Slf. Indians, 21, 23, 163, 170f, 179, 191. International Reform Bureau, 5, 8, 155, 165, 219, 253, 278, 286. Jews, 86. Law enforcement, 164, 172. Legislation, 1, 8, 0, 14, 17, 50, 58, 93, 120, 122, 139. 165, 209, 281 f; how secured, 28, 104, 105, 154. 165f, 267, 271, 278. See License, Pro- hibition, Petitions. License, 81, 82, 83. 84. 87, 91, 99. 101, 108, 110, 165, 177, 199, 236. 284. Literature, 23, 104, 105, 219, 286. Methodists, 83, 255, 276, 285. Minors, 156. Missionary societies T 156, 157, 162, 216, 264. 273, 277. Missions, City, 15. Missions, Home, 15, 27, 278. Mohammedans. 18. 67f. 71, 86, 01, 09, 101, 282. Narcotics (bhang, gunja, hasheesh, Indian hemp, tobacco), 5, 42, 68, 74, 82, 88,^ 89. Native drinks (arak, bino, sake, toddy, etc.). 21. 42, 82, 84, 85, 99. 117, 142, 146, 162, 188, 195. Navy, 4, 213, 237f. Opium, the evil, 16. SO. 82, 84, 87, 89, 92, 94. 99, 10(», 1((2, 105, 106f, 138, 177. 183, 184; remedies, 5f, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 122, 129, 132, 133, 135, 139, 209, 281f. Petitions, 5, 12, 28, 173, 176, 181, 184, 225, 226, 260, 279. Pledge, 145, 228, 281. Preachers, 263, 283. Presbyterians, 254, 277. Political power of liquor traffic, 7, 24. Prohibition, 5, 7, 20, 30, 33, 35, 43, 47, 78, 110, 130, 131, 132, 139, 144, 150, 163, 174, 177, 178, 180, 183, 207, 209, 213, 245, 281f. Prostitution, 12, 145, 152, 169, 186, 190, 203, 204f, 210, 224, 247, 248. Public opinion, 6, 114, 122, 131, 270. Revenue, 236, 284, Sabbath, 218, 284. Saloons. 148, 152, 188f, 196, 215, 223. Slaverv, 2, 23, 25, 27, 38, 64, ids, 272. .Suicide. 123. Supreme Court, 3, 13, 163. "Taverns," 283. Tea, 17, 232, 245. Tobacco, 5, 68, 74, 143, 144. See Narcotics. Treaties, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 45, 50, 51 ; proposed. 1, 2. 48, 50, 51. 58, 154, 158, 159. Tropics, 19, 21, 86. White men among other races, 34, 37, 67f, 73, 86, 90, 99, 140, 143, 169, 177, 215. Wine, 67, 235. See Native drinks. Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 73,. 103, 136, 145, 253, 257, 2S6. Women, 87, 146, 160, 169, 206, 281, 286. DATE DUE HIGHSM ITH #45115 HV5020.C88 „, ^ , Intoxicants & opium in all lands and Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer Library 1 1012 00072 1144