/7 I THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, | f Princeton, N. J. i RUDIMENTS HEBREW GRAMMAR, ''*S^i RUDIMENTS HEBREW GRAMMAR IN TWO PARTS. PART I. CONTAINING A TABLE OF ROOTS ; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE FORMATION, INFLECTION, AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. PART II. TREATING OF THE VERB REGULAR, AND IRREGULAR J WITH A VOCABULARY OF NOUNS, VERBS, AND PARTICLES: AND AN INTRODUCTION TO READING WITH POINTS. THIRD EDITION. GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FOR RICHARD PRIESTLEY, BOOKSELLER, LONDON. 1825. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://www.archive.org/details/rudimentsofhebreOOglas ADVERTISEMENT. The use of the following pages is to imprint the Hebrew Primitives, or roots, on the memory of the learner, and to show him by what acces- sions of the formative letters the derivative words are formed from the roots, and by what prefixes, and affixes, complex terms are com- pounded. The Hebrew Primitives are about 2000, and may be soon committed to memory. For this purpose the learner should first read the Table fluently, thus : 22i^» "rnK. nit^. nn^^ ll^<. ^i^^, ]l^^, oih?, pl^^> UN- He should then transcribe all the primitives in columns. and afterwards add to each root its leading meaji- ifig in English, from Robertson's Compendious Hebrew Dictionary. This triple exercise will fix the roots indelibly in his memory. When the learner is in possession of the Roots, he will easily see how the derivative nouns are formed, and the verbs ififlected, and other words compounded. The few pages from 29 to 37? will show him the process of such formation, in- flection, and composition. The derivative forms, which should also be committed to memory, are, together with the primitives, 5642, and may be conveniently tran- scribed fi-om Buxtorf's Lexicon. With this acqui- sition of the primitives and derivatives of the lan- guage, and the general principles of formation, inflection, and composition contained in these Ru- diments, confirmed by the perusal of some portions of Scripture ; * the learner may proceed with great advantage to the critical, or Masoretic, study * Leusden's Compendium Biblicum, which contains all the words of the Bible, both Chaldee and Hebrew, is divided into seventy-two lessons, each lesson consisting of two duodecimo pages and a half, and may be easily read through in 72 days or with a little more diligence in 56. vu of the language in Israel Lyons's, or Yeates*s, or Frey's Introductions, and afterwards in the more elaborate grammars of James Robertson, or Star- kius, or, above all, of Schroeder. T. ST. DAVID'S. Jbergmlli/, Aug. 1815. CONTENTS. PART I. PAGE Rules for the analysis of Hebrew words . xi Alphabet 2 Table of Hebrew primitives ... 5 Of the formation and inflection of words . 29 Tables and examples .... 38 Examples of verbs with prefixes and affixes 48 A summary of the uses of the servile letters 50 Words similar in form, but different in signification 5S PART n. Of the regular verb .... 63 An abstract of the regular verb . . 66 The first conjugation in Qel, the rule of all the rest 6? An abstract of Qel ..... 68 Sk^eton of Qel 69 Paradigm of Qel . . . . . 7 1 Of the conjugations of the regular verb . 73 Of the paragogic letters in the regular verb 87 A synopsis of the regular verb in three lines 89 A synopsis of the regular verb in all its conjuga- tions, tenses, and persons . . . 9^ Roots of the regular verb for exercise . 91 Of the irregular verb .... 92 A general abstract of the irregular verb . 93 Species of the irregular verb . . . 94s Examples of the irregular verb . . 1 03 Paradigm of the irregular verb in Qel, compared with the regular form . . . .105 A vocabulary of Hebrew nouns . .107 A vocabulary of Hebrew verbs . . 131 A vocabulary of Hebrew particles . .143 A short introduction to the reading of Hebrew with the points 1 49 XI RULES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HEBREW WORDS. 1 . Have the Vocabulary of primitives perfectly by heart. 2. Learn to compound, and you will have no difficulty in decompounding. 3. Be well acquainted with the accidents of grammar, denoting time, person, gender, number, and other accessions to the root. 4. Remember which letters of the Alphabet are called radical, and which servile ; 5. and that, if any of the eleven radical letters are in the word, which is to be analysed, they be- long (with very few exceptions) to the root ; and if there are three radical letters, they constitute the root. But 6. be perfect in the Primitives, and every thing else will follow of course. RUDIMENTS HEBREW GRAMMAR. PART I. OF THE NAMES AKD PRONUNCIATION OF THE HEBREW LETTERS. There are two and twenty letters in the Hebrew alphabet : Aleph, Beth, Gimel, Dalet/i, He, Vau, Zain, Heth, Teth, Jod, Kaph, Lamed^ Mem, Nun, SamecJi, Oin, Pe, Tsade, Koph, Res/i, Shi?i, Tan.* * These letters are all considered as consonants by those ■who follow the Masoretic method of reading Hebrew ; and are expressed by the aid of artificial points, equivalent to the vowels in other languages. These points are of great anti- quity, and their use ought to be familiar to the reader of the Hebrew scriptures ; but they add greatly to the difficulty of first acquiring a knowledge of the Hebrew language. To lessen this difficulty, various methods have been devised of reading Hebrew without them. For this purpose the letters ^} M, Tj S I?» have been adopted by many as vowels. In this introduction to Hebrew ,1 retains its ancient name and power, because its proposed use, as a vowel, is sufficiently answered by the supplemental sound of e between the consonants ;— and its corresponding use and figure in the Greek and Roman alphabets, and its own Hebrew name, oppose its admission as a vowel. The sounds th for a. h for 3, s for D, for jr, p for s, q for p, t for n, are sufficiently countenanced, for our present purpose, by their corresponding place or figure in the alphabet of the Greeks, who derived their letters from the Hebrews^ and may be supposed to have followed their pronunciation, as A HEBREW LETTERS. Name. Fig. Power. Remark*. Aleph « A, at they did anciently their mode Beth n B, b of writing from right to left. Gimel -:i 7> go "0 has the aspirated sound Daleth 1 A, d in the first letter of its Greek He n H, h name S^ras from rr-lO. Vail 1 OO, V " is rendered in Greek by n Zain r n I, z in S»Ta from n-U, and /3>! ^^n ::d ^ Kaph 3 1 : Lamed b S Mem Nun D 1 ^ DD "1 Dentals. Samech D ; Oin y ^VP D Pe 9 ^ :i Tsade ii X i:^ Palatines. Koph P :i Resh "1 •> Shin w 3 Tau n r-\ P radicals ; 3. one radical and one servile ; 4. Jou?- serviles and four radicals; 5. two radicals and two serviles. A 2 HEBREW PRIMITIVES IN OF THE FOLLOWING TABLE. DDK priK tJIN* 7JK d:in pK D7K pK TABLE HEBREW PRIMITIVES. K n I Ji 2 n 3 n 4< 1 5 1 6 r 7 r 8 n 9 n 10 to 11 *) 12 ^ 13 1 14. D 15 s 16 s 17 D 18 A 3 H i^-ifjSi n P in n ippron D 19 \ 20 ^ 21 D 22 2^ 23 n 245 *3 25 ^ 26 P 27 n 28 t:^ 29 tr 30 n 31 n 32 N 1 n 2 :i 3 :i 4 1 5 1 6 n 7 1 8 nprnK in nnStonn DnpD-inniN* r 9 n 10 D 11 1 12 •) 13 14. 15 16 ^ 17 D 18 r 19 ^ 20 p 21 1 22 c^ 23 n 24. npS n 25 Jl 3 npoSr njn %■ n 6 n 7 1 8 1 9 r 10 n 11 12 13 D 14 D 15 : 16 V 17 D 18 n 19 :r 20 rv 21 n 1 7 ■1D3 n 8 pfjlSn 1 9 n 10 "> 11 p-\r\ 1 12 1 13 7 15 D 16 yjcn f2 17 I IS ji : 19 1 i; 20 P^ Q 21 -^P p 22 1 23 cij^D-jjinN' 1 24. t'^ t:^ 25 n 26 n K 1 ^b n 2 ?- 10 n 1'^ n n I :i 3 •7 4. n 5 1 6 r 7 •^ 8 *! 9 2 10 11 D 12 ;d 13 I U D 15 D 16 ■iS 17 n 18 n 19 1 1 N* 11 pr\i:i D 2 :i 3 n 4 n 5 1 6 n 7 npin ^ 8 D 9 S 10 -IjD ^ 11 I 12 pnna npfin-i n i 13 y 14 D 15 mpj^Dnna p 16 ■1 17 n ntrnpfScon!}^ ntrnpSm nprn D 1 :i 2 n 3 1 4 r 5 nqoriK D 6 12 n prhn ntrnppDStonTN* -i^jjD7i"n npn ni:^npf^DD*7-]torn7:iD trip^iiS^nnn 7 9 ;:: lo : 11 D P tr 17 n 18 12 13 14 15 16 to IN* n n f2 : 10 13 D i^ 11 5 12 tlDnn'7 n 13 1 nt^nSnn N 1 ^th:i D 2 ^i;n:i :i 3 n 4 rnn n 5 n 6 1:1 n 7 P 1 8 yjD r 9 trn^D^T n 10 a to 11 , I ^ 12 M D 13 P^^V D 15 1 16 pnn i 17 j^nT D 18 nj'fij'^torn'T :; 19 14 n;^jnn fi 2a rr\p^m< ^ 21 t^'^Y^vm:! p 22 trp;?"]DnnnK 1 23 trnr|i?IDDnn:3 tr 24 n 25 nDi:} n 26 3 nf)DDSn N 1 2 2 n 3 n 4 n 5 1 6 r 7 n 8 •) 9 1 10 1 ^ 11 12 13 ^ 14 I 15 l& ti^nt^rDp 3 16 n^DD^nnN D 17 o\ jr 18 ntinqojSn D 19 n 20 ty 21 r\\i;^i]]rh:i r\ 22 h K 1 D^tonn N 2 trJDnK n 3 pptDm:! n 4 1 5 ni:^|^yjSt:nrnji 1 6 t '7 ti^fjD'^nn 1 1 n 8 trK to 9 t^h ^ 10 n D 11 •7 12 pr;i:3 j; IS m fl u ts^pon p 15 B2 16 b _p nDpnn nn pfTjDHK fnn*7K tr 16 n 17 K 1 :i 2 y 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 •1 7 *) 8 r 9 n 10 tD 11 •) 12 1 13 S 14. 15 1 16 3 17 D 18 :^ 19 -^ 20 fc 17 ppnm npDSm npoSnn nnD7nn7 n nnpi^Dnnnji ntt^pp^n B3 p 21 n 22 t:^ 23 n 24 K 1 ^ 2 n 3 :i 4 n 5 n 6 1 7 r 8 n 9 D 10 1 11 ? 12 13 D li D 15 r 16 £3 17 r 18 18 tinptT^TDtonnnD p 20 n n 21 nnptiDS^n;i:3^ t^ 22 tnpfonnn n 23 rn N 1 n7^!iK !i 2 1 4 n n 6 nn^Dnm:! "t 7 trn^n:i n s pj ^ 9 nn|ST D 10 npfij;|D7nn*7K 7 u D 12 nt^jS^ 13 n 1 14 D 15 ^pi^wh'nnii^ 13 17 19 nnpDDSn D p 18 n 19 n 20 n 1 Ji 2 n 3 1 4f r 5 r 6 D 7 D 8 •) 9 10 11 D 12 :) 13 D 14? i^ 15 £3 16 r 17 ^ 18 p 19 20 n^npfiDSinji pjm ntr^npf^DD'^tonrnnK "1 20 tr 21 n 22 K 1 :i 2 1 3 n 4. 1 5 r 6 n 7 to 8 ^ 9 ? 10 11 :i 12 D 13 r 14 ^ 15 p 16 n 17 n 18 tl' 19 21 nn;L?JSn^^^ n 20 1^ prn npin yobnn mpomN nptirion ipflim P ttnop N 1 :: 2 n 3 n 4 1 5 n 6 1 b 7 8 9 i 10 ;? 11 d 12 P 13 n 14- :3 1 1 2 n 3 *! 4 D 5 •^ 6 S 7 8 : 9 D 10 y 11 D 12 ■ii 13 n 14 tr 15 1 tron ^^ 1 prnT7^ D 2 :i 3 n 4 n 5 e?fv^Dnn7Di< 1 6 ? '7 fDnn r 8 n 9 to 10 np;;n "> 11 in nDDH W n\:;'ipY:;ohyDnn^ nnpf^DtStonnn iv^jDonn D 12 13 : U D 15 J^ 16 J^ 17 a 18 ^ 19 P 20 ty 21 n 22 K 1 :j 2 :i 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 1 8 ? 9 n 10 D 11 24 ]i; npDH PIdSh n npn *) 12 1 13 ? 14 15 D 16 17 :i 18 D 19 V 20 D 21 ^ 22 P P 1 2S 24. 25 tr 26 t:^ 27 n 28 n 29 i< 1 K 2 :i 3 n 4 25 n on n 5 n'^nn 1 6 r r 7 n^rn n 8 ,^ •< 9 .t^-i D 10 ni?D7n:i S 11 D 12 nnS^ni 13 npn : 14 inn i; 15 ntnt^Sn D 16 W^ p 1^ ni^r 1 18 i^ U 19 n n 20 26 The following words of four or more letters, are also called Roots, though sometimes resolvable into three lettered Roots to be found in the pre- ceding Table. a n Sna horn :i tTOTH nan:i n^nn iD?Ji 1 ptrn P^OI D mnl IDSJD n D nnnn nm^ K!D]D r 27 D y Sdid ait^^Dy DDHD ?Vi^ DiD"lD 7fin;; niTD nntri; D ^ n^So trJiS^d -^rs^D^ 3 nniD Ntrn::^ Dnna nnd D Sn^ nn^D t^7"^D ni^D pt:^nD Id:id nnt^isD p'^^IlD rtrnD 7!}nD DnisD D^D DJinsD n«Dr ^> r\'y and the other eleven, radical. The servile are so called, because they are used in the inflection and composition of words. Of the other eleven none are so employed, except in a very few cases, which will be better noticed in their proper place. There are two kinds of radical letters ; the radical letters in the alphabet, and the radicals of a word. The former are called radical, 1st. Not because the roots of words always co??- sist of these radical letters ; 2d. Nor because they always make part of the root : — but because, if they do occur m a word, they always necessarily belong to the root, except as before mentioned. There are some words, in which there is not one of the eleven radical let- ters, as 'tp^'2, and its derivatives; some, in which there is only one radical letter, as -]?^^ ; and some with only two, as "^2^. Other roots have all three letters radical, as ip^. 82 The letters js}, ^, ^, )2) ^^^ serviles, only when prefixed. In the middle and end of words they are always* radicals. ,-f, ^, q, ^, are servile at the beginning and end of words, but radical* ^in the middle. § 4. MEMORIAL WORDS OF THE SERVILE LET- TERS ACCORDING TO THEIR RESPECTIVE USES. The servile letters are comprised in the three memorial words, Itafi, Mesheh, Vekleb. The appropriate uses of the servile letters are denoted by the following words ; prefixed, 1. Hamentive,-|- 2. Mesheh, 3. Vekleb, 4. Beklem, 5. Itan, rji^DKn inserted, affixed. prefixed, * Except H when it is paragogic and epenthetic; and 3, when it is epenthetic. f These letters are sometimes called Hamentic, sometimes Eamentic, in both cases to the exclusion of i, a formative of frequent use. As a. formative letter it is inserted, and so dif- fers from its other uses in Vekleb, in which it is prefixed ; and in luneh, &c. in which it is affixed. In one instance (ibT) T prefixed is formative. 33 6. luneh, Hi^'J 7. Hetimenu, 13J:5Tin V affixed. 8. Ahevinet, ni'^lHi^-^ 1. The Hamentive letters comprise the letters used in the Jbrmation or inflection of verbs, parti- ciples, and nouns, at the beginning, middle, and end of words ; 2, 3. Mesheh, Vekleb, the letters of inseparable particles, prefixed to words ; 4. Beklerriy the gerundive particles ; 5. Itan, the initial formatives of the future ; 6. luneh, the Jinal formatives of the future ; 7. Hetimenu, the formatives of the preterite. It has no initial formatives. 8. Ahevinet, the paragogic letters. II. § 1. FORMATIVES OF NOUNS. Nouns are inflected by the formatives, ;^, pi, q. Feminine terms are formed in ,-7, j-*,, p), or j^t. Plural masculines end in q>; sometimes in q, or t ; plural feminines in p) ; sometimes in _p| by con- traction. For examples of nouns formed from verbs, see the Vocabulari/ of Nouns, p. 103. 34 § 2. THE FORMATIVE LETTERS, AS THEY DE- NOTE TIME, PERSON, GENDER, AND NUMBER IN VERBS AND PARTICIPLES. n n ^ i> on 3 -fj2^ 3 sing. masc. fS sing. fem. 2 sing. c. 1 sing. c. 3 pi. c. 2 pi. mas. 2 pi. fem. .1 pi. c. 7-2 s. f. Final letters of the \ ^ 2, 3, pi. m. Imp. and Fut. § , ^ ^ 1 2 pi. f. Final letters of the preterite Initial letters of the Fut. Inserted letter of the Imp. Fut. Infin. and Part. fs s. and pi. m. I 2 s. and pi. and 3 s. and I 1 s. c. [pi. f. (_lpl. ^Imp. 2 s. m. 2 pi. f. Fut. every per. but 2 f. s. and 2 and 3 m. pi. Infinitive. ^Participle. n n Final letters of Participles. 35 ^s. f. pres. and past. s. f. pres. pi. m. ^pl. fern. § 3. FORMATIVE LETTERS DENOTING THE SPECIES OF VERBS. In the method of reading Hebrew with points, the verbs are reducible to Jour species, the active, intensive, causative, and reflective. The intensive differs in little or nothing from the active, but in the points. Without the points the species are only three ; — 1. Active, He taught. 2. Causative, He caused to teach. 3. Reflective, He taught himself The first two species having each their passive forms, the three species contain ^ve forms, or con- jugations. 1. The active has no characteristic letter. 2. 2> initial, denotes the passive form of the active species. 3. pf, initial^ distinguishes the causative spe- 36 72 . The participle has 7^ prefixed instead ofn. *ij inserted, distinguishes the active form of the causative. 4. The passive form of the causative is with- out 1. 5. j-\p|, initial, distinguishes the reflective species. Q. The participle has ^ prefixed instead of,T 5 4. PARAGOGIC LETTERS. The pai'agogic letters included in the memo- rial word Ahevinet, y^y^r^^, are sometimes added to the ends of words to improve the sound, or in- crease the emphasis. j,^ is added to the persons of verbs ending inv -J — to the 2d m. s. Pret. and Imp. — to the first sing, and pi. Fut. —to Infinitives : — to names of places, in which it means /o- wards : — and to other nouns. 1 is added to nouns in regimine. —to participles and particles. 37 1 — to the persons of verbs ending in > and v p^* — to the infinitives of some irregular verbs. § 5. EPENTHETIC LETTERS. i<5 V ''j ^> ^^'6 sometimes inserted in verbs and nouns ; but most commonly before )^, ^, >;], "|, when affixes of the future tense. § 6. LETTERS SUBJECT TO APOCOPE. n is frequently dropped at the end of the 3d s. fut. and pret. of imperfect verbs in ^; — and from some imperatives. q is dropped at the end of plural nouns and participles in regimi- ne ; and •) sometimes from the 3d person pi. of verbs in ,-j. § 7. CONVERTIBLE LETTERS. ^> ,1, )} S are frequently interchanged ; also all letters of the same organ ; especially ^ and ^. (See p. 3.) * As niir, nba, nu?2, &c — n is not placed amongst the paragogic letters by Starkius and Schrceder : but is by Avena- rius, Buxtorf, Bythner, "VVasmuth, Opitius, Siraonis, &c, D 38 III. A TABLE OF THE REGULAR VERB IN gEL. I. Preterite. Sing. rr . .. rn • • • PI. on-- 3 m. Sf. 2 c. 1 c. 3 c. 2 m. 2f. ] c. } He learned. She learned. Thou learnedst. I learned. They learned. Ye learned. We learned. 2. Future.* Sing. IID^J^ 1 c. I will learn. 2 m. 2f. I Thou wilt learn. nnV 3 m. He will learn. TDSn Sf. She will learn. The future is often expresced without the inserted ^. 39 PL nTDDbn 1 c. 2 m. 2f. 3 m. 3f. We will learn. Ye will learn. They will learn. 3. Imperative. Sing. 2 m. 2f. learn thou. PI. 2 m. 2 f. learn ye. Tin'7 4. Infinitive. to learn. Ill that case the following table will mark its initial and final formatives :— Sing. PL . .n 1 . . n n: . . » 1 . . . n rrs D2 40 Sing. >. Participl e present. iD-h m. r\iD)by f. learning. PI. ra. learning. 6. Participle past. Sing. m. f. learned. PI. m. learned. 41 IV. 1. Masculine nouns. Sing • PI. - 1:1 a son n^n sons nn a word Dnn words jr^r an old man D-'iiDr old men □Dn a wise man D^DDH wise men :h^ a river D"':ib2 rivers 2. Femini ue nouns. r\^v counsel nw counsels n^p an end nnp ends HD.^^D work r\)Di6D works nyi:i a hill ir)V2:\ hiUs 3. Masc. nouns wit h fem. termin. plu. ihj a father r\)i^ fathers n^ a name r\M2w names Kn^ a host D)^2)i hosts 4. Fern, nouns witl 1 mas. termin. plu. n'?^ an oak D^^^* oaks n:v a dove D":ir doves nteD an ant D^^^3 ants D3 42 5. Nouns with both masculine and feminine ter- minations in the plural. Sing. I PI. ^:3^n a temple nfo^H D^'^D^H 2T> a heart nna^ D^nn^ DV a day mn^ D'D' 6. Nouns in regimine. absol. nnm in regim nni n:iy m:; Pron Duns. ^j:k '^:^ I iDn> i3n^j^ we nr\t^ thou, m. □iiN^ ye, m. r\t^ thou,/ jnN 7^>f' ^^1^ he Drr they, m- t^NI she r they,/ ni c this ir c this rsn ^ this ^s^ these n^N^ these n^'fc^ who, which •5D who? n?D what ? 43 PRONOMINAL FRAGMENTS, OR AFFIXES. me, my thee, thjr him, his her 12 us, our ^^ m. you, your p f. you, your Q, ]2T\ ^- them, their », 1^ f. them, their 1. With j^i^ the sign of the accusative case. ^r\)^ me i^m^ ws in)i^ thee DDni^ ^- yo^ imi^ him nm>? her pms^ f- you Dnriih? 1^- them ]nJlV^ f- them 2. With the pr efixes ^ and 2- s^ to me •)3^ to us •^S to thee DD^ to you "1^ to him p^ to you j7^ to her □n^ m. to them jpl^ f- to them Q21 hi them * With ^erb3 "3, 44 3. With nouns. i^t*^ my father 12Th? our enemy *]''l^ thy father DDr\^:i youi' house '^12^ thy name pShJ your mother lin his word □l>2"7 their blood ?)^'^^'7 his words Dn*^i!l their children nJi^'^J^ her husband »^1p their voice ^D^^ her mother in^Tll their houses 4. With verbs. ^i^n have mercy upon me T:m^' we have forsaken thee vn^j^n I have seen him r\md? they taught her )W^ he hath made us nDnri;^? I will desert you \::i^T he will separate you D:y^5 I will hear them \n'^n^ he will frighten them 5, With participles. ^i^}^ he that hates me ^nm^5 he that loves him iMmt^ they that love him TVT they that know thee mn they that spoil us nnvD they that spoil them 45 6'. With particles- with me without thee thou art not he he is with her all we ye are not they where they VI. PREPOSITIONAL FRAGMENTS, OR PREFIXES. ^ from, after, without, before, to, near t^ who, whom, which, until that, because ,*7 this, the, a, which, her, towards ) and, or, even, yea, yet, therefore ^ as, about, according to, when, like ^ to, unto, in, on, at, by, about, for 2 in, by, unto, on, with, near, about 1. With nouns. D*>n::^D from heaven ^J^U whom God ^2in this thing n^:D2t:^Di and judgments 46 ^p3 as the sound r\^Dh to the house b^2. in all 2. With nouns and affixes. ny^D from my youtli T^^WD) and his judgments '>pi)i:2 according to my righteousness ^r\^2'7 to his house 11^1 in thy heart 3. With verbs. mil in flying ^i')b to pursue m^ii after making an end nw^ since appointing \n^i and it was 4. With verbs and affixes. innii when he fled ^n^ii after I made an end isn-)*? to pursue thee "•Dltt^D since I appointed in^Dnpi and he hallowed it 47 5. With participles. D^1?i1t2^^ *o them that keep N^^^ to him that hates D^'i^^ti^^ to them that hate Q">'y-fi^ to them that know D^ni^ to them that spoil O'^i^^iiD'? to them that find 6. With participles and affixes. 'ti'^^b to him that hates me ^>^wb to him that hates him Vi^wb to them that hate him i^yi*^^ to them that know thee to them that spoil us to them that find them f J. With particles. ^b^ in vain to not that and not, nor nnJiD from above from beneath which is 48 EXAMPLES OF VERBS WITH THEIR AFFIXES. Root. "THJ^ ly until thou perish 11?!^ miKl when they perish 12^ ')'2ri'2'ni^ thou hast loved us 2nii *'T)nt^ has seized me |p|j^ in^^i^*' they will consume him ^^^ ^"^D^^n when I say -)f2^ •^"^j^jsj *^y because thou saidst 1f2i^ 1Dt27 1^6 ^^s put him -q)^ )pi^\^ thou hast put him ^)']^ ViT'i^l I have seen him PI Ml ''D'^D'^DT t^°^ ^^^^ deceived me ili^DI ^j^-H3"i she instructed him -n^i □ni^J^^D she found them ^^^f^ irUDrr ^he inclined him ^^'^ OrilDD thou hast written them ^jlD ^ijrtprf t^o^ ^^st despised me ^^p liT'jlJli thou hast given him jp^ CJHi^ti^^ thou hast borne them ^^^ (T'rinJ^ I have cursed her 11 h5 ''illTy they have forsaken me ^VJ )^r\*^bvn y^ have brought us up ,-f^J; "Tl^n^tt^ we have forgot thee H^V 49 Root. DiriD write them ini )n^r) give him jn3 l^np take him npb *>^^n ^3,ve mercy upon me ]m "^ybii'd; ask ye me bi^^ ^2^*)«» he will pursue him ^T-l ^'^J2V ^® will sing of thee ^r2\ n"n^"» he will destroy them ii\i; Q^^) let us destroy them (Ps. 74. 8-) ,-T3^ HDIi^^J^'^ they shall find her ^^:iD ^]")j.$*)t they shall see me n^^-i inn 11 when he fled ml *f21*lb to pursue thee «=)"rT •>nriSl when I open nna On^^Jl when they drew near lyja □Dm when they grew hot r\t:in nr^lbl when she brought forth •Tb> l^niill when thou buildedst nil "ID^ini when he prepared n^ ^teni when he was circumcised b)^ □IT^I'ltnl when ye shall be dispersed nnr ■j^j^lp they that rise against thee Dip Qpf^^y they that do them nw lOy/!0 they that afflict thee HDy 50 VIIL A SUMMARY OF THE USES OF THE SERVILE LETTERS. 1. With verbs. ^ init. Forms 1st s. fut. in all conjugat. mid. Is epenthetic, and fin. Paragogic. "y init. A pref. to infin. i?i, ht/, rvhen, &c. PTI init. 1. Is characteristic of the imp. and infin. of Nepqed. 2. Forms all the pers. of Hepqid and Hepqed, except the future and parti- ciple. 3. With j^, forms the third conj. Hetpe- qed, except the partic. and 1st and 3d pers. fut. 4. Prefixed to verbs and partic. signifies who, which. fin. 1. Forms the 3d s. f. pret. and the fem. s participle. 2. With >, the 2d pi. f. imper. and the 2d and 3d pi. f. future. 51 3. Affixed: her. 4. It is also paragogic ; and 5. Subject to apocope. •) init. 1. A conj. and, or, but, tvJten, Sec. 2. Converts the future into the pret. and vice versa, mid. 1. Forms the infin. imper. partlc. and fut. of Qel; and 2. Is epenthetic, fin. 1. Forms the Sd pi. pret. — 2d pi. imper. —and 2d and 3d pi. m, fut. 2. With ^ forms the 1st pi. pret. 3. Affixed : Mm, it. ^ init. Is formative of the Sd s. and pi. f. mid. 1. In Hepqid forms Sd s. m. and f. pret. Sd pi. pret. and all the persons of the partic. and also of the fut. except the 2d and 3d f. plural. 2. Is epenthetic, fin. 1. Forms 2d s. f imper. and fut. and with j^, J St s. pret. and is 2. Paragogic. 3. Affixed : me. 5 init. Is prefixed to infinitives, and signifies he^ fore, after, when, &c. fin. Affixed : thee. • £2 52 ^ init. Is prefixed to infinitives, and signifies to, until, &c. ^ init. 1. Forms all participles, except in Qel and Nepqed. 2. Is prefixed to infin. and signifies froruy after, &c. fin. 1. Is dropped in plural m. in participles in regim. 2. Distinguishes the m. plural of verbs from the fern. 3. Affixed : them, masc. ) init. Forms the pret. and participle of Nepqed ; and 1st plural fut. of all conjugations, mid. Is epenthetic, fin. 1. Paragogic. 2. Distinguishes the feminine plural of verbs. 3. Affixed: them, fern. ^ init. Prefixed to verbs, signifies rvho, whichy be- cause, until, &c. r\ init. Forms in the future the 2d person of both numbers and genders; and 3d s. and pi.f. fin. Forms 2d s. pret. — f s. participle, — and w ith 1 before it, f. plural participle. Is also paragogic. 53 2. With nouns, j^init. Is formative of verbal nouns, as ^2"^^ from ^^\ fin. 1. Is sometimes added to the end of words instead of pf ; and 2. Is paragogic. 2 init. Is prefixed to nouns and particles, and signifies 1)2/, in, &c. 17 init. 1. prefixed to nouns with emphasis sig- nifying the, this. 2. Sometimes without emphasis, as ^^WH from '^2\i;. 3. Expresses admiration, and is interro- gative. ^n. 1. Forms femin. nouns, as ntZ?^} from yj*'^- 2. Is a pronominal affix signifying Aer, and sometimes his. 3. Is paragogic. Added to names of places signifying towards. •) init. 1. A conjunction signifying and, or^ but, for, &c. 2. Is formative in •j'^^ and perhaps in -^i^. lin. 1. Is the pronominal affix signifying his, he, it, and (with 2) our. •5 init. Is formative of proper names and appel- lative nouns. £ 54 mid. Is formative of appellative nouns, fin. Forms the names of countries and num- bers, and is the pronominal affix for my. '2 init. Adverb : as, like as, according, &c. fin. Is the pronominal affix for thy. ^ init. Praepos. to, for, of, &c. 12 init. Praepos. y)-ow, more, than, &c. Is formative of nouns, fin. Is the pronominal affix masc. for them, their, &c. 3 init. Is formative of proper names, fin. Forms appellative nouns. Is the pronominal affix fem. for them, their, &c. ^ init. Is the relative pron. and eonj. tvho. which, also, until, &c. ^ init. Is formative of nouns. fin. Forms the plurals of fem. nouns and participles. 55 EXAMPLES OF HEBREW ANALOGY IN THE FORMATION OF NOUNS FROM THE ROOT. Roots. Derivatives. iDN, niDk^^, mnN*, piDK, pDN* JD^no, pN3, poj^, pkV, n:3>Di^?, qOiV, t^^DN, HDDK, ^D^DDK -iDK, niDK, n^Di<, nnoD n:j, hn**:}, kido, kdio, HNirin nD:i, nnoa, j^noD, hcddd Roots. nn nin n:in hm nrn 56 Derivatives. n-i^sD, jn^a, n-iiDD, m^DO nKJi, ni^, |k:i, pNJi, niKJi, mj^^ pSi:i, mS:j, nv7:i 7:1, Si^ \)h:\, hhy, rh^o ^n, nn, nn;:: mn, Ji'^jin, jvjn, ni:in nin, nnin, nnn, {nn, pnn Dnn, nionn nnn, nninn, nniinnn, m'^no, S^n, nSin, nSnSn nrn, jvn, pw, mm, nrn^ nm, Kim, nim, nmo, m, D^m 5T Nouns are either unaugmented, that is, are the jame with the root, or are augmented in the be- ginning, middle, or end. Nouns unaugmented. n:iN, niN, Sdn, noK, ^d^, noN* Augmented in the beginning. niKn, niKD, Sdkd, no^ p^n T^ Din p-\^ DH^ ti^nn DDD n^S ni:^n tr:3D m^ n^n Shd r]n!2 ^Lrn Shd nno pirn niD ino nicD niD nriD nvo D^D nro n-iLD triD n^D nnD hSd V^ HK'^ n^D pp!2 HK^ D3D v^ 1(T t^*3D pbo in-^ HDD n^o HD"^ HDD n:iD np"! ntio HDD nr Sdd nt^'O nj'i S^D *^DD ^0*1 t^DD ^^'!2 ^tr^ ^It^D n^D no"^ DDD n^t2 mo -|tro p^o n:i: m:3 nn3 nm ^i Dm Dn:) nm hd: np:i id: ip^ ni3 60 nD3 n^: no: no: id: pD: psD3 pra nno ino Sdd SpD n^D nSo n^D no;; npr pnr T^ piD HDi) nD£) pltD nnD nnQ ^1^i nnn nil nn nn n;::ii nn ppi n:^ D3n n£3^5 t^Dn n^D-is nOT nip non mp DOT Dip rOT trip nhp DsDl npn n^p npn r^ip n^a nip Dnp trnp mtr nop mt:^ ntrp nw pnn pw 61 ntD'^ ^i7^ nsst:^ m^ niDi^ nyt:; natr n-w^ r\y^ rht^ ^Dtr pn HD^ HDtr pD::^ ipn h'D^:; n^i:; END or P.\RT I. RUDIMENTS HEBREW GRAMMAR. PART IT. OF THE REGULAR VERB. There are three parts of speech. Verb, Noun> and Particle, the last term comprehending all words, which are not verbs or nouns. Verbs have two tenses. Preterite and Future ; three moods. Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive ; a Participle of present and past time ; two Numbers, three Persons, and three Genders. The present time is expressed sometimes by the participle ; sometimes by the preterite or future. Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect time is ex- pressed by the preterite tense. The preterite tense is sometimes used for the future ; and the future for the preterite, especially after certain particles, as \^, D'ltDj "1117 N- But this change of meaning in these tenses always takes place, when ") is prefixed to them, except F2 64 (1) they follow another verb of the same tense* in the same sentence ; — or (2) be in the impera- tive mood ; — or (3) in the future tense preceded by an imperative mood, in the same sentence, or by an interrogation ; in which cases the vauated verb retains its common meaning, and Vau is merely copulative.-|- The Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, and Po- tential moods are comprehended under one form. There is, properly speaking, only one Conjuga- tion, the several species, or forms so called, being all inflected by the aid of the same formatives in their respective moods, tenses, and persons. But custom has assigned to the verb several conjuga- * The same, vel re vel conversione ; e. g. a preterite after aiiother preterite without Vau prefixed, or after a future idth Vau prefixed, retains its usual signification. f To this subject of the conversive Vau, very imperfectly taught in almost all grammars in English, Mr. Sharp has lately excited the attention of the public with great exactness of observation, and very advantageously to the study of the Hebrew Scriptures. See Mr. Sharp's First and Second " Tracts on the Hebrew Syntax." The doctrine of the con- versive Vau is learnedly and acutely treated by Koolhaas, in his Dissertations and Observations on the subject, (Amstelae- daini, 1748 and 1751). 65 tions, differing both in number and names accord- ing as they are read with or without points. Without points they may be called Qel, Nepqed, Hepqid, Hepqed, Hetpeqed.* The first has no characteristic. The initial letters of the others are their characteristics of conjugation : 5, p|, p], jp^y^. The third form is distinguished from the fourth by a Yod in the second syllable ; . •» . . |-j helmid. • These forms are denoted by the abbreviations Q,. N. Hi. H. Het. 66 AN ABSTRACT OF THE REGULAR VERB IN ITS SEVERAL CONJUGATIONS AND THIRD* PERSONS. I. In the order of the conjugations. Pret. Fut. Imp. Inf. Part. pres. Part. past. Q. N. Hi. H. Het. IQ^ :: . > . . n n nn iM2b^ > o . . ^ •i n-' iM2b n n n nn i)d7 n • ^ • • n n nn la^b i .1..^ D no i^d? ~ " " " " ~ " " " " " " Lemed fyelmud leraud lemud lumed lemud Nelmed yelmed helmed helmed nelmed Helmid yelmid helmed helmid raelmid Helmed yelmed helmed helmed melmed Hetlemed yetlemed hetlemed hetlemed metlemed IJ In the order of the Tenses. Pret. Fut. Imp, Inf. Par. pres Lemed yelmud lemud lemud lumed Nelmed yelmed helmed helmed ■nelmed Helmid yelmid helmed helmid melmid Helmed yelmed helmed helmed melmed Hetlemed yetlemed hetlemed hetlemed metlemed Part . past in Qe lemud. only. * The Imperative has only the second persons singular and plura'. f Pronounced yelmood. T as a vowel sounds like oo, and ■"like ee. 67 THE FIRST CONJUGATION, QEL,* THE RULE OF ALL THE REST. The several Conjugations are inflected by the aid of the same formatives in their respective moods, tenses, and persons ; that is, all the first persons sing. pret. in all conjugations end in' "^p,, all second persons sing. pret. end in ji, all third persons s. fern. pret. end in ,"7. The third person sing. masc. pret. is the primary form, from which the other persons are derived, and from which they are distinguished by their several termina- tions. So the initial and final formatives of the future in Qel, are the initial and final formatives of the same tense in other conjugations. Such also is the analogy of their Imperative, Infinitive, and Participle. Whoever therefore can conjugate Qel, has no other difficulty in forming the other conjugations, than to omit the middle Vau, wher- ever used in Qel, and to add to each conjugation its respective characteristic, as may be seen in the Abstract of the regular verb in the preceding page, and more at large in the Syfwpsis, pages 89 and 90. * bp G'-/, not Quel, p has the sound of Q, not Qu. 68 AN ABSTRACT OF QEL. -f2b Pret. He learned ir-^^ Fut. He will learn "IVD'^ Imp. Learn thou i)Db Inf. To learn TQl'? Par. pres. Learning iiQ'? Par. past. Learned 1. The first conjugation is called Qel from ^p, lights on account of its simplicity both in form and signification, the other conjugations being aug- mented and, as it were, loaded with their charac- teristic letters, and more complex meanings. 2. In forming the Preterite sing, add to -fj^)'? the formatives ,-7, _p, ij^ ; and for the plural add, 3. So in forming the future, &c. add the initial, middle, and final formatives, as in the next two pages. 4. The initial formatives s, p, ^5, ^, are charac- teristics of the future tense. 5. The Imperative is an abridgement of the Future, being the second persons of the Future without the characteristic p\. 6. The Infinitive of Qel, Hepqid, and Hetpe- qed has two genders, masc. and fem. 69 A SKELETON OF QEL,'' EXHIBITING THE FORMATIVES OF THE TENSES AND PERSONS IN QEL. Sing. Preterite ID"? lemed, n lemdeh ; n lemdet ; ^ji lemedti PL 1 lemdu ; nn lemedtem. \^ lemedten; 13 leraednu Sing. Future t. 1 • • •I yelmud. r. telmud; T) telmud, > n telmedi ; PL . 1 • • ^^ almud 1 •) yelmedu^ .13 n telmudneh ; 1 n telmedu. n: . 1 . . n telmudneh ; . ■) . . 3 nelmud * In the table the three dots represent the three letters of the root, nnb. f The middle Vau is very frequently omitted in the future, &c. of Qel. 70 Imperative Sing. . 1 . . lemud. ^ PI. lemdi . . . lemdu. . 1 . . lemudrieh Infinitive • 1 • • lemud n lemdeli, lemdet Participle oresent Sing. . . I • 1 limed. »n • • 1 • PL lumedeh or lumedet D"* • • 1 • lum.edim. r,*) . . "I . lumedut Participle past Sing. • 1 • • lemud. n • 1 • • PL lemudeh D"* • 1 • • lemudim ri . T . . lemudut 71 PARADIGM OF QEL. Preterite, He learned. Sing. ir^b Ae lemed. nin^ 67/{? lemdeh ; ryiDb thou lemdet ; ''nid? I Plur. lemedti IID^ they lemdu ; Qni,!:^ yem. lemedtem. ]nir!)^ ye f. lemedten ; 1:-^^^ we lemednu Fu ture, He /oiV/ lea rn. Sing. -IID^^ he yelmud. mbn she telmud ; ■7iQ!?n thou m. telmud, nn^n thou f. telmedi ; T.^bii / Plur. almud Md-A they m. yelmedu. n^D^bn /%f. telmudneh ; Md^n 5^6 m. telmedu. rriTirj^n ^ef. telmudneh ; "IlDbi ive nelmud 72 Imperative, Learn thou. Sing. Tin^ //iOM m. lemud, -^id? thou f. Plur. lemdi n?2^ ^em. lemdu, rr:3"nn'7 yet 1 lemudneh Infinitive, To learji. Masc. "7^^ / lemud Fern, fi, niJ^b lemdeh, lemdet Participle present, Learning, Sing. 'it2)b he lumed. 4% nir^'h she Plur. lumedeh or lumedet n'n^^b they m. lumedim, ^\^lr:^^b they f. lumedut Participle past t. Learned. Sing. i^^b he lemud. nDDb she Plur. lemudeh omi^^ they m. lemudim, r^M^r^ib they f. lemudut 73 REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS. Verbs in Qel simply denote action^ or the do- ing of any thing of which Nepqed is the passive form. Verbs in Hepqid denote the causing of an action, of which Hepqed is the passive form. Hetpeqed has a reflex signification, and includes both action and passion, and therefore has no pas- sive form. And in general the signification of verbs cor- responds with the characteristics of their conju- gation. But all verbs have not every conjugation ; nor has every conjugation always the signification which its characteristic requires. Verbs in Qel are not only active, as "^^^t h^ learned, but also neuter, as 1t!iyj» he stood ; and frequently are both active and passive, as ^^^, he Jllled, and was filled; frequently both active and causative : as ly^^ «^ hurved, and he set fire to; j^'lt^, lie departed, and he removed; jinJ^ ^^ descended, and he let down. Verbs in Nepqed have often an active or reflec- tive signification, as J^c^tl^^^j, he judged ; '^'2,W1i ^^ swore; Qn'?^ he fought ; ^i^f^, he spoke; 'i^^t^r^* he took care. G Verbs in Hepqid are sometimes simply active, or neuter ; as ^''^IpH:' ^^^ approached; p|^^^» ^^ listened; ^^^T\'r\} he 7v as silent. Sometimes they lose their characteristic Yod, and sometimes, after the prefixes :iO^ S D' their characteristic n Verbs in Hetpeqed sometimes have no reflex action; but are simply active, or neuter: as t^H^rin? ^'^ prophesied ; "]'7nnn> ^^^ walked ; ^^SAI^ he prayed ; or passive; as ip^nSj^rij ^^^^V were broken. But these varieties of meaning, and differences of the signification from the form, in verbs, are common to all languages.* In forming the several conjugations it must be remembered, that the characteristic of the tense excludes the characteristic of the conjuga- tion. * In Greek ayu is to lead, and to go ; ^aca to live, and to make live ; a-rxXXarru to be rescued; fji,a.y^o(jia,i io Jight ; ott- rouui to see^ &c. In Latin : vapulat he is beaten ; dominatur he governs , utitur he uses^ &c. In English : to dnk, and to hrealc, are neuter and active ; to grow, and iofeed, axe neuter and causative ; to turn, is active, neuter, and reflective; (to turn a river ; it turned red} he turned from ;) &c. 75 AN ABSTRACT OF NEPgED. id?2 Pret. He was learned "TD^> Fut. He will be learned TObn Imp. ^qSi Inf. To be learned TD'?^ Par. pres. Learned 1. ^ is the characteristic of this conjugation. 2. The final formatives are the same as in Qel n» n> ^n i* on? ]n> "i> TO' D^ m- 3. The middle Vau of Qel is dropped in Nep- qed. 4. ^ the characteristic of the Conjugation is ex- cluded in the future by *< and the other charac- teristics of the tense ; and by 17 the characteristic of the mood, in the Imperative and Infinitive.* 5. The passive forms have no Imperative ex- cept in a reflective or reciprocal sense. • As the infinitive of Nepqed has, in some words, a double ch'aracteristic, rr and 3 ; thus mb^n and mb33 from nb3, DTibn and cnba from cnb, &c; n may, perhaps, more pro- perly be said to be used instead of 3, than to exclude it. G2 76 NEPQED. THIS AND THE FOLLOWING CONJUGATIONS TO BE TRANSCRIBED IN HEBREW LETTERS. , Preterite, He was learned. S. Nelmed, nelmedeh ; nelmedet ; nelmedti. PI, Nelmedu ; nelmedtera, nelmedten; nelmednu, Future, He will be learned. S. Yelmed, telmed ; telmed, telmedi ; aimed. PI. Yelmedu, telmedneh ; telmedu, telmedneh ; nelmed. Imperative. S. Helmed, helmedi. PI. Helmedu, helmedneh. Infinitive, To be learned. Helmed. Participle, Learned. S. Nelmed, nelmedeh or nelmedet. PI. Nelmedim, nelmedut. 77 AN ABSTllACT OF HEPQID. "i'n'?n Pret. He caused to learn -T^D^^ Fut. He will cause to learn • i-^n Imp. Cause thou to learn i^d7n> iDbn Inf. To cause to learn TO^D Par. pres. Causing to learn 1. PI and > are the characteristics of this con- jugation, and j^ of the participle. In the preterite •t is used only in the third persons. 2. The final formatives are the same as in Qel. 3. The middle Vau of Qel is dropped in Hep- qid. 4. n the characteristic of the conjugation is excluded in the future by the characteristics of the tense; and in i^r^H^^ by |^ the characteristic of the participle. 5. The infinitive has both forms iq'';?^ and 6. In the imperative and infinitive the same letter ,-] is characteristic both of the conjugation and the mood. 7. In the 2d sing. masc. of the imperative the characteristic "^ is commonly omitted. But when it is augmented by the paragogic pj, it always resumes the characteristic, as ni'^'oSl* G3 78 HEPQID. Preterite, He caused to learn. S. Helmid, helmideh ; helmedet ; helmedti. PI. Helmidu ; helmedtem, helmedten ; helmednu Future, He ivill cause to learn. S. Yelmid, telmid ; telmid, telraidi ; almid. PI. Yelmidu, teimedneh ; telmidu, telmedneh ; nelmid. • Imperative, Cause thou to learn. S. Helmed, helmidi. PI. Helmidu, helmedneh. Infinitive, To cause to learn. M. Helmed, helmid. F. Helmedeh, helmedet, helmedut.* Participle, Causing to learn. S. Melmid, melmideh or melmidet. PL Melmidim, melmidut. * So Schultens, Schrceder, and J. Robertson, (Gram. Edinb. 1783.) 79 AN ABSTRACT OF HEPQED. TD^n Pret. TD^^ Flit. iDbn Imp. i!±>n Inf. IDte Par. pres He was caused to learn He will be caused to learn _* To be caused to learn Caused to learn 1. p^ is the characteristic of the conjugation, and f2 of the participle. 2. The final formatives are the same as in Qel. The middle Vau is dropped. S. Hepqed drops i the second characteristic of ts active form. 4-. pf the characteristic of the conjugation is ex- cluded in the future by the characteristics of the tense ; and in '^f2^f2 ^7 D the 'characteristic of the participle. 5. In the imperative and infinitive the conjuga- on and the mood have the same characteristic. * Of passive imperatives, see p. 75, no. 5. " Quidam in conjugatione Hophal (Hepqed) imperativum occurrere tra- dunt adducfis exemplis. Jer. 49. 8. Ezech. 32. 19. Job. '21, 5" SnioNis, Introd. p. 196. 80 HEPQED. Preterite, He was caused to learn. S. Helmed, helmedeh ; helmedet; helmedti. PI. Helmedu ; helmedtem, helmedten ; helmednu Future, He will he caused to learn. S, Yelmed, telmed ; telmed, telmedi ; aimed. PI. Yelmedu, telmedneh, telmedu, telmedneh ; nel- med. Imperative." S. Helmed, helmedi. P]. Helmedu, helmedneh. Infinitive, To be caused to lean?. Helmed. Participle, Caused to learn. S. Melmed, melmedeh or melmedet. PI. Melmedim, melmedut. 81 AM ABSTRACT OF HETPEgED. id^nn Pret. He taught himself id7iy> Fut. He will teach himself mbnn Imp. Teach thou thyself id7Dn Inf. To teach himself iDbm Par. pres. Teaching himself 1. f^,,-f is the characteristic of this conjugation ; and J^Q of the participle. 2. The final formatives are the same as in Qel. 3. In the future, pf the first characteristic of the conjugation is excluded by the characteristics of the tense ; and in -f,^^r,Q by the characteristic of the participle. 4. In this conjugation the latter of the two characteristic letters, /^j and the first letter of the root are transposed in verbs beginning with |, ^, *», ^, as inriu;n ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ f^^' ^Dt^rn ^^om "in^^ "P^TlDn ^'^ burdened himself, for ^:iDJin from h^Q. After |, the characteristic j-^ is not only transposed, but changed into -y ; and after n^ into "^ ; that is, a servile into two radicals. 82 HETPEQED. Preterite, He taught himself. S. Hetlemedj hetlemdeh ; hetlemdet, hetlemedti. PI. Hetlemdu; hetlemedtem, hetlemedten; hetle- mednu. Future, He will teach himself. S. Yetlemed, tetlemed ; tetlemed, tetlemdi ; atle* med. PI. Yetlemdu, tetlemedneh; tetlemdu, tetlemed- neh; netlemed. Imperative, Teach thou thyself. S. Hetlemed, hetlemdi. PI. Hetlemdu, hetlemedneh. Infinitive, jTi teach himself, M. Hetlemed. F. Hetlemdeh, hetlemdet, hetlemdut* Participle, Teaching. S. Metlemed, metlemdeh or metlemdet. PI. Metlemdim, metlemdut. • See Schultens, Schrceder, and J. Robertson. 83 OF THE CONJUGATION OF HEBREW VERBS. The conjugation of verbs respects their external form. In Greek and Latin the conjugations are denominated from differences in ihejinal letters of verbs; in Hebrew from differences in the initial letters, as they are commonly classed in grammars. Greek and Latin verbs are distinguished further into species, or voices, both by their external form and internal character. This distinction might be applied to the Hebrew verb without any derange- ment of the received forms and materials of gram- mar, and with manifest advantage to the first im- pressions of learners. For this purpose we might divide the Hebrew verbs into hvo kinds, regular and irregular; ^ve species, or voices, active with its passive, causative with its passive, and reflective ; Ofie conjugation ; three moods ; &c. taking the root of the verb as the ground of these distinctions. Thus verbs would be distinguished into regular and irregular by the character of their primitive form, the root ; into voices and conjugation by accessions to the root : namely into voices by their initial characteristics ; into conjugation by their final formatives, which being the same in the several species constitute them one in conjugation. 84 OF THE DERIVATION OF THE HEBREW TENSES. The third person masc. of the preterite tense has been usually called the root, or primitive form of the verb. But some learned men* consider the in- Jinitive, as the root, from which they think the other moods and tenses may most easily be dedu- ced ; at the same time calling the infinitive a noun substantive, and the participle a noun adjective. The verb in its original form and use was probably indefinite, and applied not only to all circumstances of the time past, but of the future and the present, the distinguishing formatives * Inf.nidvus est nomen substantivum, earn- actionem, vel passionem, vel notionem intransitivam, quam verbum finitura ad tempus, numcrum, personam, et genus, restringit, in ab- stracto, et sine ulla restrictione ad aliquod subjectum, expri- mens." ScHRfEOERi, Institut. p. 36. " Participium est nomen adjectivum, significans agentem vel patientem, sive rem sive personam." Idem, p, 37. •' Forma verb! raaxime simplex et primigenia est in Infini- tivo masculino speciei Kal, p. 42. '* In omnibus speciebus nulla forma p:Ior et antiquior est infinitive masculino." p. 43. " Tempora et modi cujusnue speci°i ob infinitivo facillima ratione derivantur." p. 45. 85 being the result of long usage, and gradual im- provement. And so far the infinitive or indefinite verb may be said to be the root, or, as the Jewish grammarians call it, II^D* the fountain or source of the other forms. It might have become definite first by its appropriation to time past, and then to tlmejidure. But the future rather than the infinitive, seems to be the natural and immediate source of the im- perative, with which the future has so near a con- nection. Whatever is imperative is in its object Juture- The Hebrew future, in its present form, is, ill most cases, used for the imperative.* The impe- rative form is an abridgement of the future, its persons being the same with the second persons of the future, omitting the initial formative j-^. In this process there seems to be more reason than may, at first sight, be obvious. For if the forma- tive p be the representative of the personal pro- noun nriJ^j ^s is commonly understood, and seems probable, the omission of the personal sign, (the * The future is always used for the imperative in prohibi- tion, dehortation, and deprecation : often in precept, exhorta- ion, and advice; and ulways for the 3d sing, imperative of other languages. H 86 symbol both of person and of time,) by shortening the expression converts a direction into a com- mand, that is, a future into an imperative: "71;^^/^ tliou shalt learn ; -^^f^^ learji, or learn thou. There seems to be some incorrectness in dejiiiing the infinitive to be a noun suhsta^itive, though it may, like the Greek infinitive, be often used in- stead of the noun fc;ubstantive. For, if, by the genius of the Hebrew language, its nouns be uni- formly derived from verbs, (in M^hich opinion most learned men are agreed,*) and if the infinitive were the primary form of the verb, then verbs would be derived from nouns, contrary to the uni- form law of the language. It seems therefore more just to say, not that the infinitive is a noun * Potissimiim autein doclrinae nominum alius locus assig- nandus fuit. Earn cum antiquiores plerique grammatici ver- horum pertractalioni pr«miserint, SchuJtensius, quod, ob certas, illi tempori peculiares, lationes, numeris regularum CI. Altingii se alligasset, nihil quidem potuit mutare, parum tameri banc methodum sibi placere, cum alibi, turn in ipsa praefatione, Institutionibus praemissa, non obscure significavit. Enimvero praeposterum hunc ordinem esse indubio argumento est, quod, ex perpelua lingua: HebneeB lege, nomina a verbis deriventur.^^ Schrcedek, Inst. Prsefat. p. vii. 87 substantive, but that nouns substantive* in their first origin were verbs in an indefinite, or partici- pial state ; and that the participle is not a noun adjective, but the noun adjective a latent par- ticiple. OF THE PARAGOGIC LETTERS IN THE REGULAR VERB. As the addition of the paragogic letters some- times alters the form of the verb so far as to oc- casion some degree of ambiguity, their use should be well attended to. j^ is sometimes added to the persons of verbs end- ing in •), as ^JI^Sl ^^^^iJ went, for l^^n from "T^n* pf, to the third sing. masc. pret. as n"1l^t27 ^^ kept, for *)Qi^ ; to the second sing. pret. as nnUl» tJiou hast dealt treacherously, for J1T;i1 from "^^^ ; to the sing, imper. nSDN^ gather thou, for p^^} ; to the first sing, and pi. fut. as ^'^L3^'^^ ^ will keep, for nO^hJ ^^om "1^^ ; n2i"1U?rj ^^ ^^^^ lmr7i, for ^-)W2> from r]^^'-f * Except such simple terms as nx a father, Dx a mother, &c. which are the almost inarticulate cries of nature. f " Vim et potestatem ha^c He paragogica non semper eandem hahet, sed variam. 1. demonstrativam, przesertim in H 2 88 % to participles in the sing. n. as '^^T^^, binding together, and sometimes to the 2d sing. pret. as Tn/!D% ^^'^" ^'^*^ taught, for pr]f2ib 5 '^P^'^'^Il'''' ^^^'"' hast heard, for jiyi^D^i; ; •»riD'?n> ^^^'-^ wentest, for 1, to the persons of verbs ending in •) and s as IIX^lD*^* ^^'^i/ willbefotmd; py^^j-^,^e5/m//Aear y pp^"7j-^, /Z(o?t j/«flZ/ abide. j-^, to the infinitives of some verbs.* pronominibug. 2. asseverntivam, in verbis, ut nna, recubuit vmnino ; mDB'N, cusiodiam omnino ; ^7y•'^^^^, serve utique. 5. optativam, in futuris ; ut rryb^KT rrnnu'X, Iceter et exultem, Ps. ix. 3. npnaa, disrumpamus ; riD-biyJ, projiciamus, Ps. ii. 3. Htt^^nS acceleret, nxinn, veniat, et nytD, cognoscamus, les. V. 19. 4. intensivnm, tam in verbis, quam nominibus, ut nnxbSS, mira/uU admodum ; FTISJ^, ardens vehem enter ; rT*73p> exitium grave ; rrnDTQ, scelus atrox. 5. localem, in nominibus, atque particulis. 6. ad solam elegantiam interdum addi vide* tUr. SCHRCEDER, p. 182. * See note p. 57. To which add : That Schultens places n amongst the paragogic letters in the text of his •' Institu- tions," in which he follows Altingiiis ; but in his remarks decidedly pronounces n to be one of the feminine forms of the infinitive. ♦' n paragogicum, quod vulgo vocant, absque uUo dubio est terminatio altera feminina in n. Ita DNan, mb3. Talia sunt niyn\ arescere ; nbas po^e ; nptS, justificare." Schultens, Jnstit. p. 454. 89 THE WHOLE OF THE REGULAR VERB REDUCED TO A SYNOPSIS OF THREE LINES. (See p. 65. and 67.) PRETERITE. Characteristics of Persons. Root. Characteristics of Conjugation. Plur. Sing. Q. N. Hi. H. Ht "13- •• p..- □n • •• -) . . . ,r\... n--- n- •• iDb • • -2 . «... if • • • n •••rn Sing. PI. 3 m. Lemed 3 f. lemdeh 2 c. lemdet 1 c. lemedti 3 m. lemdu 2 m. lemedtem 2 f. lemedten 1 c. lemednu N. Hi. Nelmed Helmid Helmed nelmedeh helmideh helmedeh nelmedet helmedet helmedet nelmedti helmedti helmedti nehnedu helmidu helmedu nelmedtem helmedtera helmedtem nelmedten helmedten helmedten nelmednu helmednu helmednu H. Ht. Hetlemed hetlemdeh hetlemdet hetlemedti hetlemdu hetlemedtem hetlemedten hetlemednu From the third sing. mas,c. are formed the other persons of the preterite by the addition of the final formatives n> n» &c. thus loS niD"?. md7, *c- The conjugations N. Hi. &c. are formed from Qel by prefixing their characteristics : thus— lDb> ID'73' T'f:hil> &c- ^'" retains its characteristic i only in the third persons of the preterite. Final Formatives. Initial Formatives. 1 c. 2f. 2 m. 3f. 3 m. 1 c. 2 f. 2 m. 3f. s™. . 1 . • • • n "• 3f. n: • • • n n 2 m. 1 . "> . • • . n n 2f. n3 . "1 . • • • n • • • n n 3 1 c. . > . Singular. 2 m. . . . n • n • • • n • ■ ■ nn r 2f. • • • n . ^ . • n • • • n • • • nn ! Plural. 2 m. T . . . n . 1 . • n • • • n • • . nn p 2f. .12 • • • n • n • • • n • • • nn m. f. n n • • • n • '' • • n . . . n • • • nn 5^ s. f. r\ n pi. m. D^ • • 1 • ... 3 . ^ . • !2 ... • • • nD pl.f. 711 ? s. f. n s pi. m. D> . 1 . . 1 pl.f. nT •,* These tables are meant to exhibit the formation of the whole regular verb, and to mark the accession of the final, middle, and initial formalives to the root, in a more convenient way than by hollow or red letters. The three dots represent the letters of the root in"j. 91 ROOTS OF REGULAR VERBS FOR EXERCISE IN THE CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS. VC^W he heard nb\r' he sent l"ii he blessed my he passed over iw he stood 1p2 he visited XOlp was set apart nip he approached -ir^m he kept iDt he remembered 12^ was heavy niy he served iirjti? he lay down U?pl he sought D^D was ashamea •^tTD he stumbled •7D^ he took n^D he sold 1^0 he reigned ^^D he governed ID2U? he judged H.3 92 IV. OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS.* The regular verb retains its radical letters through its conjugations and inflections. Other verbs are irregular chiefly in proportion as they deviate from this rule. There are three classes of irregular verbs; 1. such as have ^ or *) for their first letter ; 2. such as have •) or 1 for their second letter, or have the second and third the same ; and 3. such as have p|, ^ or ]^ for their last. From the three letters of the verb Syej, words beginning with 3, s are compendiously called Pe Nun, Pe Yod; words having '], > for their second letter, or which have the second and third letter the same, are called Oin Van, Oin Yod, Oin gemi- naltim; and words ending with ,-7, ^ jn, are called Lamed He, &c. The irregularities of the Hebrew verb consist in the omission or change of the letters of the root; as ^;i for ti^Di ; T^rhy ^^^ Xirh^ y ^^ *^^ insertion ot other letters, as in ij-j^^D ^^^ ^DUDj n^^O ^^^ JlillD' Irregular verbs are often found in a regular state, even in those forms that are commonly irregular. * The variation of the irregular verbs from their own root and from the regular form, may be distinctly seen in the Pararligm of the Irregular Verbs, &c. p. 105. Most of the difficult forms of the irregular verbs, are to be found in the Vocabulary of billlfrat words in the Hebrew Elements. 93 A GENERAL ABSTRACT OF THE IRREGULAR* VERBS COMPARED WITH THE REGULAR FORM. Part. L Inf. Imp. Put. Pret. ID")^ i)r±> Di^b nn^"» i^b ^:n3 n^i^j W} :i^:i^ W2:i :iv)' mty 2m !!:;•• 2W^ Q. ni^D niD 2^D no'' 2D PP mp Dip d;p Dp r\m ni n^jj r\b} n^:^ nS:i ID*?: i^Sn ir)ir\ ID'?"' iD^5 w;}^ t:^JDn w:i^n i:^^:)'' ^L'JI^ 2w^:i njLn.i 2w)n ^mr Itt^l^ N. 1D3 non ID.I no'' no:) Dip3 D^pn Dipn Dip> OipD J n%3 n^j.-T n^:n n^j** n^:j3 rnb^ TD^I idSi ■l'»D!r^ I^dS"! w^^o ::^^jn t:^:in W'^Ji'^ ti^Oii 2''W)D n^::^in nti^in I'mv 2''W)n Hi. IDD 2Dn no.-T nD"» non D/P^ D;pn Dpn D'-p"' D:>pn n7JD n'^nn nb:i.-T n^j"* n'r'jn iDbra in^n iDbn id?'^ in^n m^ w:in w::ir\ ^ua** mn :i^)D iti^in n:i;in iti^i'' 2w^n H.^ 2V)D noin noin aov 201 n DplD Dpn Dpi.-T DpT» □pin rh:iD ni nb:in n^:in nb^^ nb^n ^bj I Dip I Part. 2. Qel. I i:''):ii I TDb ♦ See Hi. ill the several Abstracts. 94 AN ABSTRACT OF PE NUN. Ht. H. Hi. N. Q. t^:i3nn t:>-3n w'^:\n W2^ ^^^ Pret. tr:]n^ id:\^ ^^j^ ^35^ ^:i^ Fut. 5i:^j:nn t^^DH w^n t^:!3n ^;i Imp. . W2:nn w^n w^r \Lo:n^ r)w:i i^^^- w::i2nD mD w^rj m:)i2 V2)^ Par.]. tylJ3 Par. 2, Pe Nun is regular in 1. the preterite and participles of Q. 2. the future, imperative, and infinitive, of N, and 3. the whole of Ht. Its irregularity consists first in the omission of the first radical in 1. the fut. imp. and inf. of Q. 2. the pret. and particip. of N. and in S. the whole of Hi. and H. secondly in the addition of n to the infinitive.* pfp^ also loses its first radical in the fut. imp. and inf. of Q. It is regular in the rest of Q. and in the whole of N. and Ht. It is not extant in Hi. or H. * Perhaps that should not be called irregular, ^^hich con- stitutes one of the feminine forms of the rei2;ular iufliu'tive. 95 AN ABSTRACT OF PE YOD. Ht. H. Hi. N. n^in 2''W)n nri3 IW)^ yw^> 2^V nc^in n^in OTin atr^^n 2'w^n 3iLin ^W^D :i'^U71D 3li^-|3 Q. ^^^ Pret. 2^^ Fut 2^ Imp. nnu; inf. 3;:?V Par. 1: 2^W> Par. 2. Pe Yod is regular in 1 . the preterite and participles of Q. 2. in the whole of Ht. Its irregularity consists in 1. the omission of ^ the first radical in the future, imperative, and infinitive of Q. 2. the change of •) in •) in the whole of N. Hi. andiJ. 3. the addition of j^ to the infin. of Q. Pe Yod differs from Pe Nun in this, that where the first radical is omitted in N. Hi. and H. of Pe Nun, it is changed into i in Pe Yod* Verbs beginning with ^^^ follow the rule of Pe Nun, except j^r^s, which follows Pe Yod. 96 AN ABSTRACT OF OIN GEMINATUM. Ht. H. Hi. N. Q. *anjnDrT nDin aon noD 2TJ Pret. imriD^ nov 2D^ nD"" mO^ Fut. amriD.-T noin non non niD Inip. innon :iDin 2Dn IIDH a ID Inf. nnriDD noiD 2VD no:) nn^D Par. 1 anO Par. 2 Oin geminatum is regular in both the participles of Q. and the first participle of Het. In all other respects it is irregular : 1. Omitting the 2d radical in all persons and conjugations, except in the participles of Q. and in the whole of Ht. 2. Omitting also the second characteristic of Hi. throughout. 3. Inserting i before the final formatives of the 1st and 2d pers. in pret. Q. N. Hi. and H. ; and before the second radical in the fut. imp. and inf. of Q. and throughout Hi. ; and before the first radicd in H. 4. Inserting i before the final formatives in the 2d persons fem. pi. of the fut. and imp. of all conjugations. * The transposition in nmncrt for rmionrr takes place as was observed p, 81. The following examples may be adopted without such transposition : Vb^a, bba, IDn, &c. 97 AN ABSTRACT OF OIN VAU. Ht. H. Hi. N, D?^ipnn Dp"i,-T n^pn Dip3 a<::ipn'' □pi^ □''p^ Dip' D,:Dipnn Dpin DpiT nipn D-^ipn,-r Dpin D^':3.-r Dipn Dr^ipnD DpiD n^pr^ Dip:: Q. □p Pret. n)p^ Flit. mp Imp. nip Inf. DP Par. 1. Q^p Par. 2. Oin Vau is regular in 1 . the fut. imp. and inf. of Q. 2. the whole of N. except the 2d and 1st per- sons of the preterite in both numbers. It is irregular in 1. omitting the 2d radical in the pret. of Q. the 2d radical and the formative •) in par. 1. the 2d. radical in par. 2. and throughout Hi. 2. omitting also the 2d characteristic of Hi. in tho imperative. 3. inserting •) before the final foriHatives in the 2d and 1st persons pret. of N. Hi. and before the first radical throughout H. 4. doubling the last radical in Hf. Verbs in Oin Yod generally follow the rule of Oin Vau. But some of these verbs never lose their middle radical. 98 AN ABSTRACT OF LAMED HE. Ht. H. Hi. N. n'^Dnn T^'^^'n n'^^n n^53 rpiin^ nS'" .-T^:i> nSi^ rh^ ^n n^yr\ nS:in nSDH nSDn.i nb:i.i n^DH .i-^Dn nb:in'2 n'^JD ri'7:n nb:i3 n^j Pret. n^r Fut. nb: Imp. m n^: i"f- n'?^: Par. 1. 1^S;j Par. 2. Lamed He* is regular in Q. pret. 3 m. s. imp 2 m. s. fut. in all its persons sing, (except 2 f.) and in 1 pi. and in par. 1 m. s. It is irregular in the following tenses and per- sons : Q. pret. 3 s. f. and inf p| is changed into j^. Pret. 2 and 1 s. and pi. Fut. 2 f s. 2. and 3 f. pi. Imp. 2 f. s. and pi. Par. 2. Pret. 3 m. pi. Fut. 2 m. pi. and 2 m. Imp. 2 m. pi. Hi. throughout omits the second characteristic. Verbs in Lamed ^ and Lamed j-; lose their final radicals before the formatives beginning with 3 or n- A J7 is changed into *i. ,-y is dropped. • This termination, though it gives name to this species of irregular verb, is not considered by Schultens and Schrceder as a radical part of the verb, but substituted for T or *• 99 PARADIGM OF LAMED HE IN QEL,* TO BE TRANSCRIBED IN HEBREW. Preterite;, He revealed, S. Geleh, gelteh; gelit; geliti. P. Gelu; gelitem, geliten; gelinu. Future, He will reveal. S. Yeglehjt tegleh ; tegleh, tegli ; agleh. P, Yeglu, teglineh ; teglu, teglineh ; negleh. Imperative, Reveal thou. S. Geleh, geli. P. Gelu, gelineh. Infinitive, To reveal. M. Geleh, gelu, gelveh, F. Gelut. Participle, 1. Revealing. S. Guleh, gulet. P. Gulim, gulut. Participle, 2. Revealed, S. Gelvi, gelvieh. P. Gelviim, gelviut. * The other conjugations of Lamed He differ from Qel only in the addition of the initial characteristics. f The final n is often dropped in the imper. of Q. and Ht. and in the fut. of all conj. ^)i, bn, 15n, DiT, bin", bjS SI", &c. I 100 PARADIGM OF HNI HE WAS, AS IT OCCURS IN THE BIBLE. QEL. 1 c. 2f. •'^nn ^Tr Preterite. 2 m. St 3 m. jn'^Ni nn'-n hnt sing. on^^n m PI. Future. n\nn nNin n^i^ sing. vnn nr^nn rn"' p^- Imperative. ^^1 Sing. vn PI. Infinitive. 1^1 n^n M. nvn F. Participle. n^)r\ Sing. NEPQED. w»n:) Preterite. Participle. n\n3 Sing. 101 PARADIGM OF H"*]! HE LIVED, AS IT OCCURS IN THE BIBLE. QEL. Preterite. 1 c. 2 f. 2 m. 3 f. 3 m. n^-'H nn"^n n^n^ing. nn^^n vn PI. Future. n^n.s^ ^■''nn n''nn n''nn mn-^ sing. n'm r\T^r\r\ i^nn Imperative. ^^n n'ln Sing. rn PI. '. Infinitive. nvn F- HEPQED. Preterite. Ji^'^nrr n'»nn n^nn Sing. DD'^nn PI. Infinitive. rrpnn n^nn e. Participle. iSHD Sing. I 12 102 the relative form of nip]^ occurs only in the par- ticiple ;^^^ existing, in the imperative niH and •i*,,-» he thou. This infrequency of use was perhaps owing to its resemblance, especially in the future, to the unutterable name of God, niH'':' which is a derivative from the future. The Chaldee is found in the pret. ^'n, j^in^ jn^in^ VlH' i^^ the fut. s^^n^ ^^^n^\> i» the infinitive, j^^in> ]in' Y^r^> and in the imperative, *)');-]. is of both numbers, and is used for is and are. It is frequently joined with the inseparable particles, *]^ 1? DD ; thus -['^1 thou art, y^'^^i^ (with ^ epenth.) he is, p'^"'^*^ »/e are. ' §2- The species of irregular verbs already noticed are defective in only one of their radical letters- There are others that are defective in two, namely, verbs beginning with Nun and ending with He ; and such as begin with Yod and end with He. These follow the rule of the letters in which they are defective. To the former class belong fourteen verbs, nvS^3' HD^ ni> HH^ m^ n?> nn> .TlDD. HD^ n^:^ nD> n)i2> np^y nV> To the latter cla&s belong seven verbs, HJ^'^j H^^) mT^ ilV> nT> ^s^ nnv 103 EXAMPLES IN PE NUN. 133 I'^gs Is. iii. 2.5. ntD'^in Ps. xiii. 3. ^^> Is. ii. 4. Z0'*!3^^ Is. Ixiii. 5. ID in I ^' xviii. 43. T3n I S. X. 16. U?33 tz;33 j-|j^;i Ez. xliv. 13. j^?;i> G. xviii. 23. p|^;i Is. xHx. 20. •jj^jj-j 1 S. xiv. 34, TlW^ri ^- xxvii. 25. Dnil?3n Am. V. 25. r\\L^^:nr\ 2 r. iv. 6. EXAMPLES IN PE YOD. :^D'> "iSJ^Din Is- i- 5. 1^^ 1^^ Is. ii. 5. by '?D^^« Is. i. 13. aW^ lli^n Is- iii- 26. -in' mm: Is. i. 8. VT ^^Ti:! Ex. ii. 14. nn^ 13nV Is. ii. 3. VT yiNH 2 S. xix. SO i^^li'' ii:in Is- "• 3. EXAMPLES IN OIN GEM. mo i3tn Is. i. 16. )2^*> Job xvi. 13. 11 D Ps. Ixxxviii. 18. n^'^non G. xxxvii. 7. 11D3 G- xix. 4. DID ^D'» Ex. xiii. 18. innDH I R- xviii. 37. 2DD N' xxxvi. 7. *^D2D I S. xxii. 22. 13 104 EXAMPLES IN OIN VAU. cn ''jinnn Is. i. 2. jn-i pi I^nnnis- i- ^• in ^ir nn Is. i. 4. P^ t^n iN^nn Is. i. 12. iv^ HU N^^nn Is- i- J 3. niD y-in Is. i. 16. Il'i-l Is. i. 17. p^i Is. i. 21. ny^i;^ is. i. 25. nTD.^ Is. i. 25. EXAMPLES IN LAMED HE. .TH i;j^^n Is- i- 9. HNn nn-Ti Is. i. 21. nm l^iQ-f Is. i. 9. r^\i v.-rn Is. i. so. HK"! ri\^n Is. i. 12. ni^ry It^^ Is. ii. 8. ^l^? •ll^^n Is. i. 19. nn^d} n^t Is. ii. 17 n^Lj DnnD Is. i. 20. nin nnn is. iii..8. EXAMPLES IN VERBS DOUBLY DEFECTIVE. niD im Is. i. 5. ''IDil Gen. xxiv. 14. ^j-| Num. xxii. 23. to*. Jud. ix. 3. Viil Num. xxvi. p. Timn 1 C^^* ^^^' S- lllinn I^^V' xxvi. 40. p':ir\ Job xix. 1. )2r\ J^J** xxii. 3. _P^^p| Ez. xlvi. 18. ''ilD Is. xlix. 26. ■•^li Zeph. iii. 18. ^:nQ Is. li- 23. *^T\)T1 Job XXX. 19. j-^1*^")p] Gen. xlvi. 28. "l^irr Num. xxvi. 9" )y 2 R. xi. 12. p 2 R. ix. 33. 105 A PARADIGM OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS IN QEL COMPARED WITH THE REGULAR FORM. 11 I 1^3 Lamed He. Oin gem. Oin Vau. Pe Yod. Pe Nun. Regular. 1 Sing. ? Plur. p: n":)j 21D D>p 2W' ?yj3 id'? n n ]n3 ^3 ID ID no no DP DP DP DP 2W> {yj3 tt;j3 iyj3 ty:3 IDb ID"? id':' 12 3^3 n3 n3 ID UD UD UD DP DP op DP 2W^ 2W' W22 lt2b iDb mb ID"? ^ 1^ in mo no 11D Dip Dip Dip Dip Dip 2W 2W 2\D IID^ iin"? n Sing. 1 Plur. 1 Hi ) TO 2n >b^ mo >1D IID Dip nip Dip nip Dip 2W 2W 2W iin^ in^ iin"? IID^ n r» 3 > niD no Dip Dip 2W iid':' in^ Sing. 1 Plur. 1 3n no >nD Dip Dip W} m id":) -IIDb m. n 1^3 11D Dip Dip 2W 2^ W2 iid'? in^ ' A VOCABULARY HEBREW NOUNS.^ lOT ••i^ an island T^^ destruction w>i^ a man Wi^ fire 11 linen nn a pit n-'i a house ni a son j:i a roof ^i:i a nation i<''3 a valley T7 a teat in a friend n sufficiency Q-y blood _p)-f the law -^"Ipl honour pp^ riches p(^1 an olive 21 n ^ debtor nipt a thorn ''^)^f^ virtue ^'*^ clay "-)>j;3 a palace ■^"^ a hand Q1S a day pi wine D12 a cup * Of the derivation of Hebrew nouns, see before p. 53 -51. 108 D^D a purse •i^v a city b^ night Vi? a tree '^^b an old lion HB the mouth HD what 12 a bullock X)n chafF ]S^^J sheep '•D who Tii a hinge U'n water b^p a voice ]'^ the kind i^p a wall V^n pressure u?^n a head ID a drop 1^ a breast IID a secret n'^ small cattle :i^D dross •»tr7 a gift n^D a pot DtI7 a name TV a she-goat pU a sack m a pen ty^n a he-goat ry an eye NOUNS DERIVED FROM REGULAR VERBS. ni^^ will, desire D"TK a man V)2^ a crib PIK a lord ^"^2^ strong n^iK magnificent b2^ mourning b^^^ a tabernacle ]2^ a stone l'^1}»5 an enemy 12^ a member ^•^1.^ a fool pl^i dust ")2^1S^ a treasure m^ a nut nni^ a Iyer in wait 109 REGULAR NOUNS UNAUGMENTED.* "Ih51 a well "ID 2 ^ garment ^^^ an ear "^J^^> shut ^^^ strength Q^ij^ a porch p5^i^ blackness p^^ an oath nii^ God P)1^S^ a guide q'^jj^ dumb VDi^ powerful \^)^^ a man QOJ^ a barn 1DJ*5 ^ bond ^^^ darkness •^cjj^ ashes ^-|{^ a snare n^^ a path p*^{v} an ark pj^ a cedar -|*)j^ length Y"^j^ the earth Wi^ guilt "TJH a transgressor pm ^ watch tower *1in^ a young man jf^^ confidence y^2 the belly "ID^ first-born n^l old myn terror ^^1 a lord -^*i\j2 vintage V'^l gain ^p2 the morning m hail r\'^1'2 ^ covenant pm lightning D*^n spice -^^;2 flesh ni} J^eight * By the augment here, are meant the mitial and Jinal ibrmatives, n, ", 3, n. 110 REGULAR NOUNS 11 2J powerful '^'^2^ ^ master ni:i a man ^^^2 a lot ^rj rapine ^p;i a live coal 2*7 ;i an embryo 22} a thief ;2:i a vine Q-);i a threshing floor Qi;^;^ a shower ■^21 a word ^j"j a standard p-^ corn j-j-)*] faint HDT ^orn /^^-| a door ini away j^j^-y tender grass mn fat ^2n vanity ^2*7 ,"7 a foot-stool UNAUGMENTED. byr\ a temple 2^] a wolf miT a fly ^*\2'{ a habitation p^l sacrifice nnr gold -j|-y| brightness •^21 a male -)2| memory pf time □yl indignation ^pl a beard •pi an old man y-)f seed p")^]r7 an embrace ^yn a mast "^m pain *?in a rope lln a companion *y\r\ a chamber t^-rn new ^"ypi a month ^^Ipj a mariner Qjlin a seal pflpl the breast Ill REGULAR NOUNS UNAUGMENTED. ntn provision p^^ri strong -^^jf^ a swine {^^pl a sinner D3n wise i^n fat Ql'^j-j a dream p'^pj a portion -jlj^n an ass j^l^n violence Von leaven VDH vinegar IDn pitch IDn clay p:n gracious p|5;^ a hypocrite ion niercy pOn strong non void VSn delight "liin a court ^"^pl a sword ^1-)^ a nettle V1")n fi^e gold ^mn plowing Q*^n a cursed thing h-^pT winter {^^-)n a smith lij^in deaf "-^^Df] darkness m;^ a son (or father) in law n")nrD pure Qyj^ taste nitO labour P]1:D a prey •^"){.^i a brook ^)y^ increase Wy> dry •7^-11 beloved p^'^'^ a suckling pj-^l'i rain ^pl')'^ excellency ^i^n*" genealogy •7^1 a boy ^"^j^i the right hand -)")pi instruction •^yi a wood na*! fair 112 REGULAR NOUNS •^^^^^ a member ^pi a wine-press '-)p> precious np'' pi'ice j^-^1 fearing HT^ the moon ]^^') salvation •^t^^*| upright '^^'^ uprightness Q")/^^ fatherless •T)j^'» excellent ^p^> excellent It^D grief -j;^3 heavy inD glory T'U strong ^12 the stocks ^^'2 a sheep ]mD a priest 131D ^ star ID a lye t^HD a liar li^HD leanness ibD a dog -lIDD a harp UNAUGMENTED. c^;]^ a wing 5^}DD a throne HDD a festival ^""DD a fool '^DD hope S^2] a fool e]D2 silver J3)y^ indignation -ji^D a young lion U'l'D a vineyard ^*i:] gluttony ^W^ a lamb '7^J^2 a hatchet n:iO right ^nD a writing 1J1D a crown 22b a heart ^1^^ cloathing ^^±^ a lion p';) white ^n^ flame j^')^ a foreigner □ n^ bread "71 D'? learned -J*) 2^ a torch 113 REGULAR NOUNS \V2)b ^ tongue -1\1D quick n^nn price I'OD rain S^^D full p]^^^ a mariner nbf2 salt l^D a king mn a pound 1*1 D rebellion n^"tZ?Q anointed bWD a proverb pin^ sweet ^)ii2 adultery ^^21 a pi'ophet ^^3 a fool H-^D brightness yj3 a stroke H'^li a prince "^P7;3 a river Qlj an earring ■^jj hair, a crown mn^ comfort n33 smitten UNAUGMENTED. -^23 a stranger -|03 a drink-offering Qiy] pleasant ^y] a shoe ny] a boy n^3 eternity •^j^^ an eagle n^riD a path IIJID an enclosure -)"ID order •^nijj a merchant ^)-fQ merchandise n^D a pardoner Q^I3 a ladder tj'lJD perverseness •^fjD a numbering "ISD a book 01"-]^ a eunuch "iriD a lurking place l^y a servant mnv a rope ^jiy a calf py pleasure "^"7^ a flock n:ny an organ 114 REGULAR NOUNS ^^V^ unjust ^^117 a babe Ub)V an age -Tiy blind ^'I'ly a raven iry help P|«»y weary ;iSy stammeri']ig pT^y a leaf O^y a young man Dn^V a pillar ^Q^ labour -^,"^y a bundle 2TJ a grape J3y delight py a cloud p^y a chain C^iy punishment "^^y dust n^^y grief Ql^^y strong '^^y a sluggard D3fc>? a bone ;2py the heel tipy perverse UNAUGMENTED. '2'°)'J evenmg nny naked in^-jy violent •^i^^y uncircumcised ^-]\j a neck ^•-)^ a couch n'(L?y an herb plti^y an oppressor -)^j^y rich my smoke -^j^y wealth "l^fiy ready ^^2 glory b)^^ abomination •^;i2 a carcase -|nS fear nn2 a prince □ HE) a coal r^'HB a ditch ^*ij2i) a hammer ^^^ wonderful ;j^2 a rivulet nD3 lame nD2 passover *?D2 graven image 115 REGULAR NOUNS UNAUGMENTED. ^]j^ a work 1^^ necessity 1?^2 a wound P^> a pot-herb TpS ^ prefect i^np holy -j-^C) a mule Dip the east n*)S a flower t?np holiness V'^S) ^ robber bnp congregation njl2 a door DDip a diviner ^^JlS a thread ]^:^P little Kn:i a host irop incense ini: aheap tOl^p lacking ]^2^ colour l^bp a sling P'iDi just l^lDp a thistle P^^i justice «3p jealous 1TO iJght niip a reed ^It^l^ the neck mp an end 0^^ an image ♦Tip the end ySn^ a rib • ^^P wrath KDIJ thirst i:ip short lf2)i a yoke T)P near HD^i a bud lip a battle -)Q'^ wool inp inward part -^1^^ a water-pipe anp near "ly^ a step PP a horn ]l2!i t^® north "^Wp a binding *T)S^ a bird DWp a bow K 2 116 REGULAR NOUNS UNAUGMENTED. T)Wp ^^ archer nj^i sight yy^ a resting place ^J") afoot yj«^ a moment ,"7^-) watered nn lean 2m a street 2 PI"-) breadth pinn far Qp["7 the womb Qpf-) compassion pn-l far n")X^> leaven "IJ^tZ? a remainder J321I^ a rod ^y^ a path -)3^ corn nnty rest ^jlJiT a wife 12W young niizr field ilKlti^ destruction DQl::^ a judge "121 ti^ a trumpet mntI7 a letting down b'^^l a tale-bearer ^Q1 a creeping thing ^']'nw hlack ^y-^ hungry ^^p;^ a sore 25;-^ hunger -yy-) fear pyy-) a friend Qy-) thunder J7^**) wickedness yii^l wicked tj^"-) a live coal ^•^^ a net •^IN^ the grave nni:^ corruption ^l^j^ bereaved *11Dt2^ a drunkard 1''^1Z? a hireling ^^t^ understanding '^j:]^ a fool Q^j^ a shoulder -l^jj^ hire ■)3tir strong drink 117 REGULAR NOUNS ;jy^ snow ')^^y a quail iy\bw peace to ■^^"117 a governor ^^jiT spoil a'pj^ a reward nn::? glad pt:r oil n:ilir a year *^y{^ hair -)^j^ a gate ntiU? a lip '^cj?^ humble Vpt^ abomination .nipV a lye UNAUGMENTED. *f^\^ service y*l^^ superfluous n'^~l\I7 a branch p'-^]^) a vine 1^-)^ a root n^^n beauty nnn »« ark 'p^fl the round world ]in chafF Qinn the deep U'^'OD perfect ^t2ir\ a palm-tree "lIDn a furnace nisn an apple c^pn strength REGULAR NOUNS AUGMENTED* IN THE BEGINNING. With ^J. yi'^Yj^ an arm n"lii>^ a native 1?D^^ deceitful "I?DN^ cruel 171^ ^^ a finger [grapes ^D\1^^} a bunch of * See before p. 5.'?— 57. K3 118 REGULAR NOUNS AUGMENTED IN THE BEGINNING. \f2Wi^ fatness ^^^i^ a window bnn^ of yesterday With Q. "iniD ^ chosen thing niSin^ a cutting off "fti^nQ a darkening iN^bn a legate p7^j^2J3 sweetness ]"TVD dainty n^VQ an answer niL'y?^ a work ^npJ^ a congregation n3pD possession !1D1D a chariot riD'lD deceit l^^D a tower nn"ll^?j destructioTJ IHWD a w^atch DS^^tt judgment bpW!2 a weight With ri. T'D'^n a scholar pnDn a cleansing nipn tope n?:iin deceit With -. j^*)pS> a scrip n.TK^ oil REGULAR NOUNS AUGMENTED IN THE END. With rr- -|-T2t^ a lost thing nnli^ the point of a pj^pl^ love [^weapon n^^Jt^ food 119 REGULAR NOUNS AUGMENTED IN THE END. nD\^ a sheaf n;:2tt^3 the soul [sure HDHl beast n'7^D a peculiar trea- HDni blessing n^^yO whirlwind ii7^n2 a virgin mny servitude n"n 1:1 power TOiy pleasure n^;;;i i*ebuke n'DV iniquity n^lJin a girdle HD"?!^ a maid HDDn wisdom n'pny fore-skin np'^n apart HD-^y subtilty ns^nn butter ninD fear TODn fermentation npi:^ justice nann reproach n'^np congregation .IDS^n darkness n.^3p jealousy pfy^j^S health Pfb^^^ a petition ntI7l2 a lamb Tir:hw a garment nD'7D shame nyiDtZ; report n:)2^ a brick nn^^ gladness n^^b the moon nnS^ a maid-servant nrhn saltness n:^P, a fig-tree nn^D unction niiJin abomination n71i folly ni>:i] a song With r,.. ntl^ini brass im^^ glory n'7D: an ant nblN^ folly n"1i;^ a girl nnns^ the end 120 REGULAR NOUNS AUGMENTED IN THE END. ii-in:! a mistress With V nn2:i brimstone n-i'D an Egyptian nDnm a seal ''n^D a stranger r\nT a brother's wife •'"iiy a Hebrew niVoD folly 'K^D wonderful r\T\r\D a coat niD'7D a kingdom With > niz7im brass ]iins^ last nnoy a crown p^^T memory n^ipy barren p^p a gift niirpy perverseness ]v^'^$^ first ITDlDp incense inyn hunger n'^w^-y the beginning py^ green m.^E3n health ]nyj a table nn^'?::; the remainder riybin a worm With 1^. D^ra adv. suddenly REGULAR NOUNS AUGMENTED BOTH IN THE BEGINNING AND ENDING. mnO.^ cruelty nnu;nD a device n:^^br) work nm"?r:i war n^Si^QD dominion nnSli'n a family Tl'DI 2 mi fro wardn ess pfy,^nn a wise counsel n2^:]:n delight nQT)n drowsiness 121 NOUNS FROM IMPERFECT OR IRREGULAR VERBS. I. From verbs ending in n» by throwing it away. *2i^ a father ^j,^ desire nt^ ii brother 1J a body "JH a living creature Qp a father in law ■7^ an age T)y the skin •)^^ a precept •5^^ a ship 1p a line By changing p into •> or ). ^-|J«^ a lion "^Dl weeping i-fjl a kid •iQ-f silence s'^)-y an ornament i2^)-j half ^*^^ wrath •^^i beauty '^^^ a vessel *^D rebellion •sp;) innocent ")j^^ winter ^-|y an ornament •^^y meek "n^y afSiction ^^y afflicted ij^&j simple >:i2 glory "»")£)n^ a covering *^y^ captivity '^)p^ moisture • SK and DH are commonly derived from verb?, but they ar« probably primitive words. See before, p. 86. 122 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. With n- With j^.. rr^D"? silence niriK^ a sister j-)y^:2 the reins n^ra weeping pf)^j; meekness j^')-)^ a covenant n*liy nakedness pi)^^ excellency .T"^p a city n^b:^ captivity r^^f^") f^eceit il'-lin a spear ,-71^5^ prosperity j^-^^y an ornament ni^ri ^ boundary rS)^^ a female friend With J. JI'il^D a multitude JTiD^D imagination p^n^^ poor J^'>'73_n perfection p;]2 a building miin a multitude ^)f2n a multitude n>inn usury jljn vision p-in fury |');i> sorrow II. From verbs beginning with Nun. piy wickedness ^^^ excellency p^^y high y-^ a following p';)p shame Y^p possession T)^]D excellency |1|«^ leanness ' p2i*1 good-will p'^ri^ a chamber ]VJiW a song niDD ^ t)ed 123 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. niDD ^ staff ytOD a planting n3*D ^ stroke HDD a pulling up yDD a journey n^Q strife ^W\2 ^ burden ]nn a gift r\r\D a gift ni3 separation n'l*tD^ a prison n2D(^ a molten image n"??}*^ ruin, a fall Ti^t^^tD deceit III. From verbs begin- ning with Yod. y-j knowledge {,^>i excrement «1i: filthy yi1?5 a" acquaintance 1D1D a foundation "IDID instruction "TV ID a solemn time nSID a prodigy i^ii"lD g^'^^g out -jpy^ a fire ^p12D a snare N^mn fear ^-^'j,^ an inheritance 2W^D a seat *^JT1Q excellency ItO^tS t^e best ntZ?'^ equity n:nn sorrow min confession ^■^^r) outgoing Uti^in ai^ inhabitant l^^n the south Ei^TT^n "ew wine piy-j knowledge HDn wrath pl"7y congregation pliJ); counsel 124 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. n:^ sleep r\l'7^t::i nativity il^yitS counsel nJi^lTO inheritance n^mn ^^ope nr\^)r\ reproof riTOin reproof pp^^lj^ substance IV. From verbs with the second radical doubled. QJ^} a mother '^2 clean '^2 corn ")1 purity 2^ gibbous n a garden Pi^ a wine-press 2"^ a bear •^pf a mountain -|t pure jjpl a festival "in ^^6 palate on ^ot □n heat ^n grace Y)7 an arrow ppj a statute ^^ dew ?|J3 a little one Qt the sea ^2 ^11 [hand C^5 the hollow of thtt 2^ a heart -^Q bitter D^ a standard t^^ a threshold j^ strength Qy people T^y a season 12 fine gold j^C) a morsel 1\^ a side f])^ white ^^^ a shadow ip a nest yp the end np cold 125 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. -J-) soft r]t2W desolation \^ a tooth 1 -)^ the navel n^JD a volume bn aheap n^??^ a wicked device on perfect UnnD destruction an integrity nb^^ a highway tjj^ a drum nbnn P^'aise n'^nn the beginning y<(^ a shield n^SJl prayer f DID a covering "^inD a dance V. From verbs having "IDt^ bitterness ^^^ a covering Vau for their second radical. nVD strength -n« fire Dnn a melting -11^^ light bii strong nni soap y^ hasty TO:1 a garden P2 contempt p*^jj a throat •i;i a stranger il^^r vileness ;i7 a fish not wickedness -in an age n'^n a window p-j judgment HDH the sun m rest T\^D a word 7^ proud HDD a tabernacle -^1 a stranger 126 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. b)n sand '^f^ a hook b^n pain niD good ntO goodness P right ]))^ the throat Y^ a scorner nD dead -y>^ motion -^^ a lamp "^■(^ a lamp t]*iD the end 2'^ a thick cloud ^t; a witness C)l^ a bird •^y wakeful f^£) a snare t^y^ a honeycomb •-j^j^ an ambassador Q>^ a fast "^1^ narrow -^^^ a rock ^p vomit y-jp a thorn ^^'agging niDD quiet DliD flight 127 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. pVD ^ habitation Y'»3|2 a maul •7^^^ a net DipD a place nipO a well Ql"^^ a high place pl;)^ a plain ntZ^O shame fl^*;2 shame iny^'l understanding n^:) rejoicing niD"! silence j-j]]^^ a harlot p|-j^)-y a dark saying ni'lD goodness \)]h scorn nD13 slumber j^?)3 a honey- comb HDID ^he horse n^'^l^ a whirl-wind pliy testimony HDIi; a cake DMV ^ testimony m^i "what is taken in hunting n*lli5 ^ strait nm^ sharp nyl wickedness nm:^ a ditch pii^jiT gladness nrii^ a foundation From verbs having Yod for their second radical. \W^^ black hard •^•13 tillage Y^^i a flower pi'-) emptiness p-^ vain nniKD a den nj|J;2 a door-post n^'bt2 interpretation npli^O a strait m'^ID contention niV^D a turning back L2 128 NOUNS FROM IRREGULAR VERBS. Hi^Uri increase HDlin drowsiness il^Jlin understanding nQ")*in oblation niy)Dr\ death NOUNS OF FOUR OR FIVE LETTERS ARE, 1. EITHER FROM KAL INTENSIVE BY DOUBLING ONE OR MORE OF THE RADICALS, VIZ. The first. Root bjh^ a wheel bh} Cjy^y an eye-lid nsy Iplp the scalp lip The second. ^^;|-| meditation njn ^")3| fornication n::? The third. r\r)'b:2n redness ^on pyn green \vi pt^^ quiet )^^V The first and second. yiy^^pu; delight n;;:^ yiJiyjl error nyn The second and third. DIDIJ^ J^ed Dl« 129 is^sn froward larr p'^pbn slippery pbn ^^:^^^l: offspring s^^i"" OR, 2. SUCH AS ARE OF FOREIGN DERIVATION OR COMPOUNDED. jDil'nj^ purple ^ni "-on P]Vh] a storm "1^D>7 ^ mouse DllD a garden yinS^i a frog NUMERALS ARE, 1. CARDINALS. one 0*^^^ m. n:^?'?::^ m. it^/'ti^ f. ^vln^^ m. nu7Dn m. n::?*^ m. -two - three -four ■iive ■six V2^D f-i seven f^ ^ eight mo . f. 1""' f. r^" D^'-I^^V twenty a'^j^Vi^ thirty D^ym^* forty D'^s^^on fifty U'W^ sixty U^V2W seventy Q^DDU? eighty D^y^n ninety L3 130 CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMERALS. '^^'^'^Lne hundred DTl^^D two hundred jn)^D \l^bv three hundred r|^j^ a thousand D'^Sbi^ two thousand D'^S^ii ^♦'7tt? three thousand C^hjs) U'^^^b^ thirty thousand {»^^-^ ten thousand D'^Jli^Il"! twenty thousand JllJ^ll "^bw thirty thousand 2. ORDINALS. 1V2^^i") fii'st '»\i;k; sixth *3^ second "')7"'2li^ seventh •»U;")^ttr third '>2'^!2\D eighth ^yO"1 fourth "'y'C^n ninth ^tt^^DH fi^th '>"1"'£i;y tenth The Ordinals above ten do not differ from the Cardinals. A VOCABULARY OF HEBREW VERBS. REGULAR VERBS. ilh? to perish ^i^2 to stink h2^ to lament iHi to choose Ul^ to be red f^]r^2 *o t^"s* IHK to love ^J21 to cease T^^« to lay hold of ^2 to swallow i^x to be an enemy ^^2 to wax hot ^:D^^ to eat ypl to break ^"^^ to learn mi to flee p.^ to nurse ^^2 to redeem 1D5^ to say nU to prevail 5l:)^^ to be angry ^"j;j to encrease u^^h? to be weak •^•7;! to hedge about ^,D^^ to gather ^)2 to expire -)D^^ to bind ^]2 to snatch away nii^« to go -Ijj to cut 132 REGULAR 13:1 pni nn :hi Pbi ID? p-ir inn 13n to requite to perfect to steal to lothe to lessen to cast out to cleave to to speak to leap over to burn to tread to seek to walk to turn to remember to cry to grow old to sprinkle to bind up to gird to cease to sin to change to desire to train up VERBS. ion to nsn to w^n to ^pn to i"in to itz7n to -]wn to niiD to by^ to ^2]D to ^^D^D to UytD to c)-i:o to U/2^ to bS3 to rn^ to bi^'2 to in^ to wr^:i to li^n^ to Vn*? to WVy? to i::''? to iDb to ^y'? to want be ashamed search search tremble devise be dark slay- dip sink be unclean taste tear in pieces subdue double cut off stumble write bray- clothe oppress sharpen take learn mock 133 REGULAR ^p^ to take tOp^ to gather V^D ^o despise a^!^ to be full yiD to refrain 1DQ t^ mingle "1D.!2 *^ deliver lyD ^^ slide ^^^12 to find "TlD to rebel DID to pluck out ni^^D to anoint fti^D to protract ^ti^D to govern ^20 to carry -^35 to shut ITID to traffic n'7D to pardon "TDD to sustain 12D to lament ^pD to stone "IHy to pass ^jy to forsake ^^y to help Cjj^y to cover VERBS. PjOy to clothe "ItOV ^° crown IQy to stand pQy to be deep *^^^y to shut -|-)y to dispose IDi? to beseech yjc) to meet "^12) to disperse -^^C) to let out t^^p) to escape •^yc) to work -fpf) to visit -pC) to separate C'-^cj to divide y-jS to break {^"^2 to expound ^-jC) to spread forth ^^{^2 to pull off yj^S) to transgress If j^C) to open ■)ri2 to interpret Nfn:i to fight pm to laugh n*?^ to prosper 134 REGULAR VERBS. P^y^ to cry nj^j^ to draw 6]-^>i to examine ^^1^ to be full V^P to gather togeth- '^^W to break 12,p to bury [er jni^ to rest *)'7p to mourn 2;ij^ to be exalted pp to be little l^T]^ to slay 21 p to draw near pn^* to play n"lp to smooth ntDti^ to spread forth yip to tear ^l^tu to overflow Yip to wink 2i2ti^ to lie down Hj^p to bind ^'^11) to be bereaved Vll to lie down ^^U? to prosper ]y^ to tremble 13 j^ to drink ^;i'^ to slander n^j^ to send Q51 to stone j^^t^ to rule W:\^ to rage D^j^ to be perfect 2^*^ to ride e]^j^ to draw out 2yl to hunger yj2^ to hear ^yl to be shaken 1;^^^;^^ to keep y\^1 to bore [needle js}3^ to hate Dp-^ to work with a tosji^ to judge ypl to stretch forth 12'2^ to pour out ^^{^ to draw ^?i^ to be humble Jii^W to roar 1?,^ to be fair ^i^W to request npu; to be diligent 135 IRREGULAR l^p\^ to rest C^-^\i; to burn bDW to plant IKn ^^ desire Tl^n to sustain "12/1 to sew together ti^Sn to take hold ypj-j to strike hard IRREGULAR VERBS. 1. ending in p]. p]|2 to despise p|2^ to weep ,-f^^ to wax old n'21 to build nj^:i to exalt rh^i to journey riDT to be like ^y^ to meditate mn to be p|*^n to conceive If 2f to be pure n"it to disperse nrn to see Tij-j to live VERBS. n:in to non to n^n to nycD to r^n':} to n^D to HDD to nn^ to m^ to HHD to n3D to ni^3 to n^cy to n^y to n^y to nw to ms to n^S) to nnD to nb)i to n2!i to mp to n:ip to niiP to nnp to encamp trust be enraged err darken be finished cover dig borrow blot out number forget clothe go up answer make redeem look upon be persuaded roast behold wait for possess cutoff happen 136 IRREGULAR VERBS. nsn to see W}2 to draw near nil to rule m] to drive out nn to be watered ^1^ to scatter pfDl to throw down d.t: to roar nyi to feed ^n to flow nai to be remiss in to separate ;i3il to be well pleased ^n: to possess n^ti} to wander •7:03 to take up nii^^ to be alike VID2 to plant nnii^ to swim F]Di to drop nHW to bow [or from t:^D:D to forsake nyty to look towards, •7d:3 to circumcise nriti^ to drink :!D3 to lay hold of n^fl to hang up id: to pour out nori to admire vd: to journey nyn to wander DW to be pleasant 2. beginning with > ns):i to blow to fall ^i^D to commit adul- VS3 to scatter yj^^ to despise [tery 1:^3 to keep pt^i to groan npD to bore :in5 to lead DpD to revenge b2^ to fall, or wither Itt^D to bite y;i^ to touch ^w:i to blow t^y^ to hit against pW2 to kiss 137 IRREGULAR VERBS. ]n2 to give {^7^ to inherit Yfl^ to destroy ^W*' to sit pj*l2 to tear off jj^i to sleep 'qjpi^ to extirpate 4. having the second 3. beginning with i . Radical doubled. ]^y^ to be dry -^7^ to curse y^t to be weary ?T1 to prey upon •^^t to fear ^^2 to mingle to- y'^i to know ^^^ to roll [gether 'ppl'i to hope pjl to protect Qn> to grow hot ^'^j-j to weaken 21^^ to be good DDl to be silent ^•2*1 to be able 1^1 to be pure 7^ to beget ^^)7 to be wounded -j^i to go □^n to be hot 70 "• to found pn to pity tm*! to add nnn to be broken 7j5^ to instruct "7^3 to perfect -yy^ to appoint rijn^ to beat yy^ to counsel ppb to lick -^^^^ to form -y-f?^ to measure •^p) to lay snares ^^f2 to be melted ji^7> to fear 12}\^f2 to handle n^'» to go down 7-72 to flee 138 IRREGULAR 2j.D *^ §° about •^30 to cover ^^•Q to cast up l^y to strengthen ^^"li;y to be worn away -^^\j to bind ^k*;) to be light p-) to sing ^^•^ to wander '7^j»^ to rob U^\D to waste, 5. having i for the second Radical. ^^j,} to shine j.^l^ to come p2 to understand ^12 to be ashamed ^)^ to rejoice *)']^ to sojourn 0"7 to be silent s^7 to plead, judge -^^-r to dwell v^i^-j to thresh ^1^ to bring forth VERBS. C)in to spare j^iy-f to hasten p^ to fit j^l^ to hide P^ to pass the night Y"!^ to scorn ^1^ to knead yyt^ to melt irf]'^ to shake, or nod ^1^ to circumcise WM2 to go back nD to die ITj to wander |-|");3 to be quiet Ql^ to sleep D^2 to fly yi^ to wag t|")3 to drop X\^ to go backward -j'^^ to anoint ^■)Tj to end ^ID to go back c^iy to fly -^ly to awake Y)z^ to be scattered 139 IRREGULAR VERBS. P)^ to stumble nin to search to hunt to straiten [upon Verbs in Nepqed. 11:: to straiten, press ^^l3 to prophecy .^ip to vomit ^ni: to be troubled 'Oip to loath Di: to behold Dp to rise D^li to be ashamed V? to be weary nn^] to fight lip to dig tO'^Di to be delivered in to contend nr\v^ to be darkened Vn to run b)L^ to be delivered nn to be exalted 1D^2 to couple tr?n to be poor D-?12 to be asleep aitir to return ]w: to lean upon r\w to bend ^pm to behold nw to meditate nyn: to be abominable i:iw to run up and down Verbs intensive. lOV^ to turn aside niJ^ to desire Diti; to put wp2 to seek vw to cry aloud T^l to tell ^w to bruise ^T^ to blaspheme nt^ to sing m to speak mt:^ to rule "jbn to praise \:?1ty to be glad 1!:? to sing M2 140 IRREGULAR VERBS. Y*^pj to deliver •7^1 to hope DID ^^ wash ■^£)2 to expiate IQ'? ^° teach ^^D to speak j-|-f;3 to remove QP3 to comfort ^^r^J to experience ;^rjj2 to overcome 5]^D *^ pervert j-^^y to pervert p73y to afflict iny to prepare ;i^e) to divide j^^ffj to deliver ^^2 to judge D^2 to ponder rn*i ^^ command ^2p to take □Ip to prevent •^j^p to burn incense ^;jp to envy Dm to pity ffQ-^ to deceive n^ii^ to commend "11^ to wait upon ■l^ti? to break nnti^ to corrupt Yp^ to detest VERBS OF FOUR LETTERS* By doubling the first Radicalc bjh:^ to roll "12*1D to dance bO^D to exalt ^p-lp to destroy By doubling the last, nyn *° ^® green pKli' to be quiet By repeating the first and second. y ^*y^ to take delight in 141 IRREGULAR VERBS. By repeating the second Q^^ti^n ^^ ^^^^ early and third. '7^'7t£^n ^^ ^^^t away ^n^nO to pant TDU>n to destroy npwn to give to drink By taking ^ after the manner of Oin gemi- natum. Q-^^l to overflow Wij ^^ slander CiSI^ to judge Of different Radicals ^yi^ to clothe ]'€1^ to stretch out From Verbs beginning with ]. ntorr to bow tl'DTl to smite b'^'^il to deliver Xtji;n to deceive Jtli^n to overtake p^Wn to set on fire Verbs in Hepqid. b^r'^jn to feed r?i{. tiy\Tl to afflict pT^Tin to give thanks n'^lDin to reprove b^V))! to profit ' h^"^32^n to lead forth n^lin to teach y^\yin to save 142 IRREGULAR VERBS. From Verbs having *) for the second Radical. K^in to bring "T^QJl to change ysppf to awake -)>pn to flow From Verbs having i or ") for the second Ra- dical. Viin to flower JV)^n to set on fire |7>-)pf to smell y^-),"! to sound p^nn to empty A VOCABULARY HEBREW PARTICLES. •.•):i^ alas! -l^^* after '?l^^ but ''■^^^* after nn^ alas! ]D n^^> after this IhJ or ID>^ slowly ^1^ alas! ''hJ where n^lj^ alas! T^^ how *>^^^ perhaps r\yi^ how 0^1^} certainly V^ not ^^^^ nevertheless ^^•*^? where tt< then 1^' only, but *i;j.^ then P^^ truly nj^ alas! b^^ not, to, for ")in{^ backwards i^j^ perhaps r)''31in>* backwards ^^^^ towards ^^riii Othat! -bbti alas 144 HEBREW PARTICLES. n^^ if |^^^1 then ]^^^ D^< unless rXH without J^S DJ^ but, unless C for the sake ^J ifh U^ unless ^Q>^ be it so •)-|2 on account of nzn^ truly •^^ I pi'ay U?nX lately ^s^ from, to, at |{sj whither? l')^ between {^3v^ I pray j-)«»^ within n^t^ whither ? HDl thus 6^5^ also bl ^i^ neither pi afterwards ^2 not n:i S)^^ although ^^2 not, without ^2^ where ?so,now C without, '^^^^ 1 beside C where? now, «^S« 1 therefore Tbl not P2J^ not, nothing □ N^ '^n^n unless ^]^^ at, near C most abun- "l^^ because, since ( dantly HK from, to, with -in, at, after, C how, where- ™^ ^ore from, to. 1D1 in, by 2< about, with, lUyi so. that concerning, IVl ^or, in Jo wards, by W)2 but U5 HEBREW PARTICLES □;i also •»3 DJ although 'initial, a, the, who, p7>^^ from, when ^to, from, HD not, lest, why before, at. in^ quickly b< about b)^ to, opposite against, be- in?^ to morrow fore, with. HD?^ below until, while (who? how? i^b not (any , C alone, with- ■'^'' lout ^f2 fi'oi'fi DVf!2 a little )b if, I wish ^y;^ above ^)b not DVD fronij before p^ therefore ;-j2j:) hence, thence p^ from "•iSD from, before ty;:^^ that, so that -|^^ ^♦^} ^iS?:5 because 'from, before. *]^vj out of 2D< without, at, mpn anciently about, to. VP<:: after ^against nnp^D from •^j^j;^ very much Q^>Q thence C from that lin!D from> o^t, of 1«° ^ime ■•PD when i^''2r:> within h^:i I pi-ay *»^2^ without •y;!^ before 147 HEBREW PARTICLES. il^i from, before mS^Jia suddenly 3^10 round, about '?np before C over, on tliis ^^J' Iside C before, the °^P least Ceven to, as n^^n behold ■'^ ^yet ^-j much, very |\s} -fy without ril'n very much Ui^r^ until y^^ suddenly n:3N^ ly as long as ^W^ ly until Cwithout a Dpn j ' ccause i^b ]2 IV "ot as yet Tiy without P"^ only, perhaps 'who, whom. ^y above 112? hi ^y because li^^ which, until, when, for, so. p bV therefore ^that Dy with '^^W often ^l^y with me D^ there 2py because nnii? there ppy now, when nS here 9^ lest yt2'Q) ^ little Cwithout a ^P^^ Icause D^iS) before rinn ""^er nD"»32 within ^Wi^ nnn because C once, some- ^IDn yesterday ( times Dir^tt^ blDr^ before END OF PART II. A SHORT INTRODUCTION THE READING OF HEBREW \nTIl THE VOWEL POINTS. The Elements of Hebrew Reading, and the Rudiments of Hebrew Grammar, without points, will be followed by the publication of the same Elements and Rudiments with points. As a pre- lude to the method of reading Hebrew with points, I have subjoined this and the following pages. Though the Hebrew text of the Old Testament may be understood without the points, because persons, genders, and numbers are distinguished by the letters ; yet the use of the points gives a greater distinction in the sense, and beauty in the sound ; is indispensable to a critical knowledge of the language; and is the only authentic evidence of its ancient pronunciation. In the following page, the vowels are expressed by their Jigures and N 150 powers, and not by their Hebrew names. The Hebrew terms kamets, kibbuls, &c. are not more necessary in Hebrew grammar, especially in the co.mmencement of the study, than onoma, rhema, epirrkema, &c. in Greek grammar. THE VOWEL POINTS. Long a T b la, as a in call. e •• T > le i •» "'7 It, as ee in bee. o i i-? 15 u 1 lV lii, as 00 in food. Short a e i V b la le li o T b 16 n \ T b m Very short e : ••. le Compound a e v: "'; la le o T: 5. lo Doubled letters have the point ( • ) in them, as 2, bb. 2 is a simple syllable, ^2 is a mixed or com- pound syllable. When a vowel is followed by a 151 doubled letter, it is a mixed syllable, as ^i^^i, 5 be- T longing to each syllable. The vowel (t) has two sounds, a and 5. It is pronounced liKe o in mixed syllables ; as S3 kol, j)^-! ron-nu ;* and in simple syllables before (t.), also before (:) without an accent- The letter •) has three sounds ; it is o when pointed thus, ); and ii when thus, :^ ; and v or w when without these points. Tlie shortest e ( ; ) is not pronounced afte*" another short vowel, as in pilf^h^ a> a, e, a, T : - T lamadta, t/iou learnedst ; nor at the end of a word, as in ;ttt>2)S, a, a, S, S, lamadt, ihon learnedst (fem.). But it is pronounced at the beginin'ng of words, and after a long vowel ; also after another (:) in the middle of a word, and under a doubled letter. EXERCISE. f^S a^ a, lamad ; HT^dS ^> ^j ^, lamedah ; m?:5'7j a, a, e, a, lamad ta ; J^IJD*?* a, a, e, e, la- * If fiix; (the sound of n in calV) be not protracted, but in- tercepted quickly by the toiiguf- it takes a sound like in colled. N2 152 inadt ; •»;n"lD*?> ^» ^^ ^» h lamadtl ; HdS a e, u, lamedu; OJ^lcV e, a, e, e, lemadtem; iril^S e, a, e, e, lemadten ; ^ii;^"^, a, a, e, u, laraadnu. The vowel points are of great antiquity : how greatj is a subject of dispute among learned men ; some contending that they are coeval with the letters, and others, that they are not more ancient than the commencement of the sixth century. Whether they express the pronunciation of the remotest times, when Hebrew was a vernacular language ; or were invented to regulate the pro- nunciation^ when Hebrew ceased to be vernacular, is also a subject of dispute. There is a singular wiiformity , in one respect, in the use of the vowel points, which favours the latter opinion. For instance, all verbs, regular and irregular, in the Sd sing. pret. masc. Kal, and not having <) or i for the second radical, are dissyllables, and have the same voivels, (with very few exceptions,) either long or short, in both syllables, that is, a, a, or a, a. If they end in jsj or pf, they have generally a long a in each syllable, as j^n;^, a, a, bara, he created ; T T J^^^, a, a, abah, he was ivilVuig. If they end in T T any other letter, they have generally a long a in the first syllable, and a short a in the next, as l^J^' a, a, abad, he i^erished ; ]p;3, a, a, nathan, Improved Edition of Damm's Greek Lexicon. Just Published, Complete in One Volume Quarto, containing upwards of 1100 pages, beautifully printed, Price £4 : 4 : boards, NOVUM LEXICON GR^CUM, etymologicum et KEALE ; CUI PRO BASI SUBSTRAT.E SUNT, CONCORDAN- TliE ET ELUCIDATIONES HoMERIC^ ET PlNDARIC-S; : Auctore CHRISTIANO TOBIA DAMM, Rectore Gymnasii Coloniensis Berolini. Editio de novo in- structa ; voces nempe omnes praestans, primo, ordine literanim explicatas, deinde, familiis etymologicis dis- positas, cura Joannis M. Duncan, A. B. TO THE READER. The publishers have the pleasure of announcing the completion of this beautiful and greatly improved edition of Damm's Greek Lexicon ; a work, the pre-eminent value of which, to every person who would acquire a critical knowledge of the language of the Greek writers, has been long appreciated. " Its merits," to use the words of Mr. Dibdin, in his Introduction to the Classics, are so " universally acknowledged," that any commen- dation from the present publishers might seem altogether superfluous, were it not ti'jat the extreme scarcity of the work for some years past, and its consequent high price, have put it beyond the reach, and comparatively out oi the acquaintance of a multitude of more youthful scholars. This wonderful effort of learning and industry is en- tirely a work sid generis, and supplies the scholar with what he can no where else obtain, a complete Concor- UANCE and Clavis to the writings of Homer and Pindar. Every occurrence of each word is minutely recorded, and its meaning ascertained ; the critical scholar is thus enabled to judge for himself of the con- sistency of the interpretation which Damm has affixed to it. Every phrase also, and every peculiarity of dia- lect or flexion, are analyzed with an industry that could have been sustained only by the utmost ardour of enthusiasm, and a skill which could not have resulted but from a rare combination of talent and acquirements. In the present Reprint, the body of the Lexicon is alphabetically arranged. By this arrangement, its prin- cipal utility to young scholars, as an explanatory key to Homer and Pindar, is best promoted and displayed. Those words which our author esteemed Primitive, are, as usual, given in Capital Letters ; those to which he assigned an inferior rank, in letters of a smaller size ; and between each derivative and its explanation, is in- serted, within parentheses, the simple form to which the author referred it. In the Index of the former edition, two or more references were occasionally affixed to a single word, indicating the occurrence of additional criticism or elucidation, under other terms; these have all been carefully verified, and are subjoined to the paragraph in v/hich the word is analyzed. The Index also marked the occasional occurrence of criticism upon idiomatic phrases, and peculiarities of dialect and flexion ; all these insulated references have also been verified, and incorporated in their most natural alphabetical order. Lastly, upon this part of the work, all our author's ex- planations in the German language have been translated into English by JVIr. F. Shoberl, a native of Germany. Succeeding immediately to the bodj? of the work, is a complete Scheme of our author's Etymological Classification, exhibiting every Primitive, and its proper faviily^ exactly in the order in which they are arranged in the original work, but divested of all criticism and illustration, which the alphabetical department sup- plies. Thus his etymological Principles^ for which, as an etymologist, Damm is most to be commended, are clearly and strikingly developed. And as the supposed Primitive is specially quoted with every Derivative in the body of the Lexicon, — while the connexion between the tw6 parts is made apparent, and reference facilitated, — even where the author may have erred, the riper philology of the present day may gather many valuable hints and directions. Our author's " Pars Realis," or Vocabulary of Proper Names, follows, and the only respect in which it differs from the original is the incorporation with each article of all references found in the Index. The whole is concluded by the " Appendix nonnullo- RUM Philologicorum," and brief " Appendix Indicis ;" neither of which seemed susceptible of any improved arrangement. The work is beautifully printed, and very great care was bestowed upon it in its progress through the press. Its price {£4i. As.) must be regarded as very moderate, when the mass of expensive printing, the prodigious labour of a totally new arrangement, and the expense of translating the German passages, are taken into view ; — it is indeed greatly under the price for which a copy of the old edition was hitherto to be procured. Another edition in Two Volumes Octavo, containing the whole of the Homeric Portion of the Lexicon, with- out the Pindaric. Price £Z. Boards. LATELY PUBLISHED. L Copper plate Copies of Hebrew Letters and Words, Price, 1*. 6d. 2. The Hebrew Reader, 8vo. Part L Price, 2s. 3. Ditto, Part H. Price, 3^. N.B.— The first Part of the Hebrew Reader is published separately in three Tracts, l2mo. Price, 1^. each. 4. Motives to the Study of Hebrew, Part L Price, Is. 5. Ditto, Part H. Price, 1^. 6d. 6. Hebrew Etymology ; to which is prefixed, a Critical Examination of Exod. iii. 14. — " I am hath sent me." Price, 2s. 7. The Arabic Alphabet. Price, Is. 8. The Samaritan and Syriac Alphabets, with a Praxis to each. Price, Is. 9. Peculiar Privileges of the Christian Ministry, con- sidered in a Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of St. David's, in the year 1804. Second Edition, Price, 1^. 6d. 10. A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of St. David's, in the year 1807. Second Edition, Price, 1^. 6d. 11. Bishops and Benefactors of St. David's, vindicated from the misrepresentations of a recent publica- tion : a Charge delivered to the Chapter of St. David's, in June, 1812. Price, 5s. 153 he gave; ?|y, a, a, yalak, he went. In Latin and Greek there is an endless variety in the vowels of the third person preterite, as a, a, i, in amavit ; o, a, 1, in donavit ; o, ii, i, in docuit ; e, ii, i, in decuit ; e, i, in legit ; i, i, in bibit ; &c. These general rules of Hebrew pronunciation being known, a considerable part of the difficulty of reading with points is overcome. From these radical forms the points are changed, that is, the vowel sounds vary, by the increase of words through gender, number, affixes, regimen, and accent, as "in^, lamad, he learned ; HIDS lame- - T T :| T dah, she learned; Jjlt^S lamedu, they learned; *1Hj dabar, a word; D\1^{»i 111^ debar Elo- him, the word of God; □'^"1^1, debarim, words ; D^n^J< '^*)1'7»* dibre Elohim, the words of God. HIDS i^ it had not an accent before (:), would be pronounced lomdah, the long a (t) before an unaccented (:) taking the sound of o. The rules for the changing of the points occupy a large part of grammar, but the changes are more easily learned by paradigm and practice, than by rule. * Yod at the end of ''lIl'T* dibre, is not pronounced, it not being accompanied with its own vowel point. ^ 3 ' 154 SECOND EXERCISE. PRETEUITE. aa ■r^^ lamad aea ^T?"? lamedah T ;| T T : - T aeaa eeaa lamadta lamadt * J " T *> I e aa *'hio) lamadtl J) ' u e a ^"i?"^ lamedii :l T eeae D^ib^ lemadtem e e a e u e a a lemadten lamadnu FUTURE. ') ., oei niD>; yilmod i _ oei iSdin tilmod i \[ oei ■7iD^j[n tilmod •» leei ">l^h^ ttlmedi -.::• oee -Tin^tj elmod : V ugei 110^^ yilmedu : : • aeoei n;iiD'?i^i tilmodenah u e e 1 nn>ri tilmedu r . '' • . aeoei nniD^ri tilmodenah '1 : » oei 'liD^3 nilmod 155 IMPERATIVE. 1 •. oe T.D^ lemod * 5 * iei npS limdi 1 ... iiei lip^ limdu .^ a e e T : : lemoclenah INFINITIVE. i ^ oe li^b lemcd THE END. Andrew Sj John M. Duncan^ Printers^ GUugow •fl-.l w