-«*IBP' 
 
 TKeologicai.1 Seminawry 
 
 R.eformed Ch\irch in AinericaL 
 
 The Rev. Archibatld LaLidlie, D.D., Me- 
 morisvl Fund P\iblicoLtions ^ ^ ^ No. 4. 
 
 
 * MA* 
 
 09 *, 
 
 AN OUTLINE 
 OF CHURCH 
 HISTORY 
 
 BR 
 149 
 .D45 
 1905 
 
> PRINCETON. N. J. *^ 
 
 BR 149 .D45 1905 
 
 Demarest, William H. S. 186. 
 
 -1956. 
 An outline of church histor 
 
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 05snrw#cf 
 
 AN OUTLINE OF (* MAY 20 1909 
 
 CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM H. s/dEMAREST, D.D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY AND CHURCH 
 
 GOVERNMENT IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF 
 
 THE REFORMED CHURCH AT NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 EKINTED FOR THE SEMINARY BY 
 THE REV. ARCHIBALD LAIDLIE, D.D., MEMORIAL FUND 
 
 190S 
 
c 
 
This Outline is printed for the aid of students in pre- 
 paring for the class room. The first and largest group 
 of topics is arranged with reference to the text-book in 
 use, Professor Henry C. Sheldon's History of the 
 'Qiristian Church, five volumes, and is in efTect an 
 analysis of that work. The second group is of more 
 general titles, calling for summary statement of chief 
 subjects in the field of Church History. The topics in 
 the third group introduce to more particular study of 
 the Reformed Church in the Netherlands and of the 
 Reformed Church in America, especially important to 
 students in this Seminary. 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J. 
 
 October ist, 1904. 
 
THE EARLY CHURCH. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The nature of the Christian Church defined by "life" and "organism." 
 
 The Christian Church and the Jewish: resemblance and contrast. 
 
 Two aspects of the Christian Church, as visible and invisible. 
 
 Relation of the life of the Church to church dogma. 
 
 Relation of the organism of the Church to church government. 
 
 Three main divisions of Church History and the subdivisions. 
 
 The Roman Empire related to beginning Christianity: its extent and glory. 
 
 The unifying of the world by Rome: the various aspects. 
 
 Effect of Roman jurisprudence: type of Roman citizenship. 
 
 Greek culture related to Christianity: three contributions. 
 
 The state of morals: contrast with moralism: historic tendency. 
 
 Manner of life of Emperors and Court: of the nobility. 
 
 Manner of life of untitled freemen: of freedmen: of slaves. 
 
 Domestic life in the empire: marriage, divorce and degeneracy.. 
 
 Amusements: their character, patronage, varieties, cruelties. 
 
 Extent of Roman profligacy: resistance to and readiness for Christianity. 
 
 The state of pagan religion: two tendencies and their sources. 
 
 Unbelief of the age: rise in political changes and religious diversities. 
 
 The unbelief of the age in philosophic circles: among the people. 
 
 Superstition of the age: its rise, progress and eccentricities. 
 
 Sources of religious desire and expectation: Christianity's aptness. 
 
 The Jews: their dispersion, world-position, religious influence. 
 
 First Period. 30-313 a. d. 
 chapter i. 
 
 Credibility of Apostolic History: Renan's absolute rule: answer. 
 Reconstruction of Apostolic History by Baur: its answer. 
 Two historical difficulties in Acts of Apostles: the explanation. 
 Pentecost as the start of the Church's communal life. 
 Three stages of development in the Apostolic age. 
 
Peter: his character, and Christ's address to him. 
 
 P'our assumptions by Romanism touching Peter and the papacy. 
 
 Arguments for regarding Peter's Babylon as Rome: counter arguments. 
 
 Testimony arguing Peter's presence in Rome. 
 
 Considerations against long residence by Peter at Rome. 
 
 Office of Peter, if at Rome: tradition as to his death: his epistles. 
 
 Paul: his character, education, religious zeal. 
 
 Paul's conversion and Christian training. 
 
 Paul's first missionary journey: the second: the third. 
 
 Grounds for assuming a fourth missionary journey. 
 
 Paul's epistles: his spirit: his type of Christian teaching. 
 
 James the Just: suggestions as to his identity. 
 
 James' character: and estimate of his epistle. 
 
 John: his character, and special Christian conceptions. 
 
 Evidence as to John's later residence: his stand against error. 
 
 The genuineness of John's gospel: of his epistles: of the apocalypse. 
 
 Charisms: the gift of tongues: the gift of miracles. 
 
 Two principles in Apostolic church government. 
 
 Officers or ministers in the Apostolic Church. 
 
 The qualifications and the number of Apostles. 
 
 Position of elders: evidences for identity with bishops. 
 
 Origin, duties and later usages of the diaconate. 
 
 Church office or ministry filled by women. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Evidences of Christianity's early growth. 
 
 Early Christianity in Asia, in Egypt, in Europe, in Britain. 
 Attitude of Rome toward religions; toward Christianity. 
 Causes or sources of Roman persecution. 
 Persecution under Nero, and under Domitian. 
 Trajan and his persecution: distinguished martyrs. 
 Persecution under Hadrian: under Antoninus Pius. 
 Marcus Aurelius: his character and persecution. 
 Persecution under Septimvis Severus, Decius Trajan, Valerian. 
 Diocletian: his policy and persecuting edicts: the issue for Christianity. 
 Five causes assigned by Gibbon for Christianity's success: criticism. 
 Estimate of first three centuries as a martyr-age. 
 
 6 
 
Estimates of Christianity by heathen writers: leading critics. 
 Lucian's treatment of Christianity, Celsus', Porphyry's. 
 Early Apologists: variant attitudes toward heathen culture. 
 Defects and values of early Apology: lines of defence presented. 
 Apologists' answer as to the State. 
 Apologists' answer as to culture and morality. 
 Apologists' answer as to heathenism's folly and degradation. 
 Apologists' answer as to Christianity's fourfold positive evidence. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Origin and aspect of heresy: three classes of early heresy. 
 Judaistic heresies: their general characteristics. 
 Ebionism: system of Cerinthus: Pseudo-Clementine system. 
 Gnostic heresies: three especial cavises: materials employed. 
 Features generally found in Gnosticism: differences: era and influence. 
 Leaders and classes of Gnostics. 
 
 The system of Basilides: of Valentinus: of Saturninus: of Marcion. 
 Manichaeism: its founder: its ideas: its organization: its extent. 
 Monarchianism: its characteristic idea: two classes — their leaders. 
 Paul of Samosata and his teaching: Sabellius and his teaching. 
 Theology against heresy: classes of early writers. 
 Apostolic Fathers: their names and writings. 
 Writers of the Alexandrian School: writers of the West. 
 Three sources of evidence used against heresy. 
 Philosophy as a factor in early theology. . 
 
 Content of the Catholic theology in the early church. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The ministerial idea in the early Church. 
 
 Rise of distinction between clergy and laity: its earliest aspect. 
 Five stages in the growth of the episcopal system. 
 Rise of distinction between bishop amd presbyter. 
 Growth of the ecclesiastical importance of the bishop. 
 Rise of the archbishop: and of the patriarch. 
 Conflict of episcopates: tendency toward uaiversal primacy. 
 Early assumpfions of the Roman bishop: witness of Irenaeus and Cyprian. 
 Nature and source of any Roman primacy in first three centuries. 
 Early occurrence of church synods: their membership: their occasions. 
 
The Council of Elvira: its records. 
 
 Apostolic Constitutions: and Apostolic Canons. 
 
 Church discipline as committed to Apostles: as passed on to the Church. 
 
 Offences and penalties and penitential stages in the early Church. 
 
 Rigid and lax discipline as a controversy in the early Church. 
 
 Confession of sins and absolution as regarded in the early Church. 
 
 Schisms rising from question of discipline in the early Church. 
 
 Montanism: origin, extent, principles, practices: ideas in the later Church. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Early observance of Sunday: its relation to the Sabbath: its services. 
 
 Three yearly festivals in the early Church: variant practice as to Easter. 
 
 Significance of baptism in the early Church: explanation, and results. 
 
 Early form of baptism: evidences for sprinkling; and for immersion. 
 
 Evidences that immersion was not regarded essential in the early Church. 
 
 Infant baptism in the early Church. 
 
 Re-baptism and time of baptism in the early Church. 
 
 Earliest and later observance of confirmation. 
 
 Earliest customs in observing the Eucharist: earliest ideas. 
 
 Aspects of early Christian life as contemporaneously described. 
 
 Early Christianity as related to heathen diversions. 
 
 Early Christianity in its view of individual and of the race. 
 
 Early Christianity's attitude toward slavery, poverty, pestilence. 
 
 Early Christianity applied to marriage and domestic life. 
 
 Early Christianity's view of labor: its general life-spirit. 
 
 The Catacombs: their origin, description, and later record. 
 
 Objects and inscriptions found in the Catacombs. 
 
 Seven items of Christian evidence in the Catacombs. 
 
 Tertullian: his life, character, accomplishment. 
 
 Origan: his early record, church experience, character, and work. 
 
 Second Period, 313-590 a. d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Changed conditions and distinguishing facts in the second period. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Ccnstantine: his rise to imperial throne: his motives as a Christian. 
 Tradition as to Constantine's sign from heaven: estimate of it, 
 
 8 
 
Constantine's methods related to Christianity and heathenism. 
 Kelation of Constantine and Licinius: war and its issue. 
 Constantine's later edicts as to sacrifice: his patronage of Christianity. 
 Attitude of Constantine toward heresy: his baptism. 
 Estimates of Constantine, eulogistic and the reverse. 
 Successors of Constantine and their religious policy. 
 Julian the Apostate: his early record: encouragements to apostacy. 
 Julian's imperial aim: two chief means: detail procedure. 
 Secret of Julian's failure: his writing: his relation to the Jews. 
 Julian's last undertaking: his death: estimate of his character. 
 Successors of Julian and their policy: Thecdosius and his course. 
 Successors of Theodosius and their policy: Justinian and heathenism. 
 Heathen apology in this period: its new position: its writers. 
 Christian apology in this period: its position and chief writers. 
 Construction and general scope of Augustine's "City of God." 
 Relation of Church and State, negative and positive, after Constantine. 
 Four chief results to the Church from alliance with the State. 
 Two chief results to the State from alliance with the Church. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Christian beginnings in Arabia. 
 
 Christian beginnings in Armenia: and among the Iberians. 
 Characteristics of early Christianity in Persia. 
 Traditions as to Christianity early in India. 
 Start of Christianity in Abyssinia. 
 
 Entrance of Christianity among the Goths: the chief missionary. 
 Earliest missions in Ireland: Patrick's record and character. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Causes, good and ill, of theological controversy after Constantine. 
 Phases of the polemical spirit among people and rulers. 
 Aspects of the Arian controversy: the Arian view: Arius. 
 The Council of Nicaea: its members, procedure, three parties. 
 Decision of the Council of Nicaea: Arius and Athanasius after the Council. 
 Arianism and semi-Arianism until the Council of Constantinople. 
 Christological controversy: doctrine of Apollinaris. 
 
 The Antiochian and Alexandrian Schools: Nestorius' and Cyril's doctrines. 
 The Council of Ephesus; and later Nestorianism, 
 
The doctrine of Eutyches: the Council of Chalcedon: the Monophysites. 
 
 Origenistic controversies and their treatment. 
 
 Controversies in anthropology: ideas of Pelagianism: and its record. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Two principles in filling ecclesiastical positions: practice East and West. 
 Two tendencies as to education of clergy: early theological schools. 
 The question of clerical celibacy: action of early councils. 
 T,egislation in the Greek Church as to clerical celibacy: in Latin Church. 
 The office of deacon in this period: of archdeacon: of deaconess. 
 The bishop in this period: the archbishop. 
 
 Rise of the patriarch: the patriarchate cities: the chief patriarchates. 
 The papacy as developed or original: centralizing tendencies. 
 Reasons for dominant centralization at Rome: for its increase. 
 Three sources of evidence against a real papacy in this period. 
 Testimony of Fathers and historians as to Roman See in this period. 
 Testimony of Emperors as to Roman See in this period. 
 Threefold testimony of Councils as to Roman See in this period. 
 Rise of title "Pope": early eminent Roman prelates: Leo I. 
 Tendencies as to discipline in this period. 
 
 Confession in this period: understanding of it: extent of its requiring. 
 Schisms connected with discipline in this period. 
 The Donatist schism: its rise, progress, ideas: answer by Augustine. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Law of Constantine as to Sunday: conception of Sunday at this time. 
 Sacred days other than Sunday: establishing of Christmas and its date. 
 Yearly festivals added: three in honor of the Virgin. 
 Sacramental tendency as to baptism: as to the eucharist. 
 Tendencies as to edifices and services. 
 
 Early reverence for martyrs: customs of veneration resulting. 
 Honors rendered to relics: the cross of Christ in legend and veneration. 
 Regard for sacred places: and veneration of images. 
 Asserted miracles in this period: six off-setting considerations. 
 Diverse aspects of Christian life in this period. 
 
 Monasticism: extra-Christian basis: seven explanations in Christianity. 
 Five stages in the history of Monasticism. 
 Paul of Thebes: Anthony — his record, character, influence. 
 
 10 
 
^riie society and rules of Pachomius. 
 
 Monastic eccentricities in the East: Monasticism in the West, 
 
 Benedict of Nursia: his record, monastic rule, and influence. 
 
 Contemporary estimates of Monasticism, unfavorable and favorable. 
 
 Contributions of Monasticism to Christendom: and ill results. 
 
 Distinguished men in the Church of this era. 
 
 Athanasius: his character, ability, service, romantic career. 
 
 Basil: Gregory of Nazianzen: Gregory of Nyssa. 
 
 Chrysostom: his record: doctrinal position: chief distinction. 
 
 Theodoret: Ambrose: Jerome. 
 
 Augustine: his eminence, character, early and later record. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Place and significance of hymns: their characteristic classes. 
 Greek hymns: their models, three eras, and chief writers. 
 Latin hymns: their development, chief writers, and character. 
 Liturgy: its earlier and later meaning: its earliest appearings. 
 Groups and families of liturgies: contrast of western and eastern. 
 Architecture: Christianity's relation: five stages before the Reformation. 
 The Basilican Church architecture: interior and exterior form. 
 Earliest Church buildings known by ruins or historic notice. 
 Byzantine Church architecture: characteristics and chief examples. 
 Sculpture and painting in Christian use: earliest subjects. 
 Later realism in Christian painting: mosaic work and its influence. 
 
 THE MEDIAEVAL CHURCH. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 The new age contrasted with the earlier. 
 
 First Period, 590-1073 a. d. 
 chapter i. 
 
 The Barbarians: their government, occupation, character, religion. 
 Chief tribes and movements and leaders of the barbarians. 
 The Alemanni: Franks: Saxons: Goths: Vandals: Huns. 
 Fall of the Roman Empire: the Exarchate of Ravenna. 
 Barbarian success related to Christianity: evil and good aspects. 
 
 II 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 Missions: the movement and its chief source from sixth century. 
 Columba: his character and work: his mission-house: the Culdees. 
 Mission to the Anglo-Saxons: its start, earliest fields and success. 
 Christianity in Kent: in Northumberland: later record in England. 
 Differences between Anglo-Saxon and British Churches: the issue. 
 Columbanus: his character and record. 
 
 Earliest missionary to Switzerland: to Germany: to the Netherlands. 
 Winfrid (Boniface) : his origin, record as missionary and organizer, death. 
 Christianity among the Saxons: its difficulty and progress. 
 Scandinavia: patrons of Christianity and chief missionary. 
 Anschar: his record in Denmark and Sweden. 
 Christian beginnings in Norway: in Iceland: in Greenland. 
 Christian movement among Slavonians, Bulgarians, Russians, Hungarians. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Mohammedanism: its founder's spirit and record: the Hegira. 
 The Koran: its sources, religious teachings and social system. 
 Mohammedanism's method of conquest, and its extent. 
 Effect of Mohammedan rul^ on Christianity: its gift of learning. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Rise of the Carlovingian dynasty: Charles Martel: Pepin. 
 Charlemagne's ideal and success: his work for civilization: his character. 
 
 Alfred the Great: his character and rule: work for learning and religion. 
 
 Illustrious sovereigns in Germany of this period. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The age as related to doctrine: chief scholars: two chief controversies. 
 The Monothelite doctrine: occasion, course of dispute, condemnation. 
 The Monothelite controversy as bearing on papal infallibility. 
 The Iconoclastic controversy: proportions, origin, opposing arguments. 
 I,eo the Isaurian and his successors in iconoclastic controversy. 
 The Council of 754, and of 787: final issue of the controversy. 
 Imperial and papal attitude, west, toward iconoclasm: Libri Carolini. 
 Divergences of Greek and Latin Church: "filioque" dispute: separation. 
 Three disputes within the Latin Church: thesis of transubstantiation. 
 Heretical sects of this period: the Paulicians. 
 
 12 
 
CHAPTER Vt. 
 Church and State as mutually encroaching and conceding. 
 Rights claimed by the Church: dignities conceded it: the results. 
 The State's trespass on the domain of the Church: the effect. 
 State of clerical education: conditions as to celibacy: synodal action. 
 Conditions as to the episcopate: episcopate in Scotland and Ireland. 
 Trend toward papal theocracy: resistances and hindrances. 
 General character of the popes: the two worthiest of the period. 
 Gregory the Great: his time, character, influence, eminence. 
 Nicholas I: his conflict with Photius: with Lothaire: with Hincmar. 
 Papal promoting by society's confusion: by patronage: by appeals. 
 The pope's acquisition of temporal sovereignty. 
 The False Decretals: their origin: their claims: their contents. 
 The manner of electing the pope: his confirming of episcopal elections. 
 Views and practices as to confession: severity and laxity in discipline. 
 Principal acts of discipline: the interdict: the excommunication. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Usage as to Sunday in this period: and as to preaching. 
 Customs as to baptism: views and customs as to the Eucharist. 
 Worship of saints and relics: pilgrimages: flagellations. 
 Monasticism: two aspects of it: notable representatives: Beda. 
 The Ordeal — its ideas and forms: the Truce of God. 
 
 Second Period. 1073-1294 a. d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 Characteristics of the period: developments and climaxes. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Course of political affairs in Italy. 
 
 Conditions of political life in Germany: noted rulers. 
 Political developments in France: noted kings: Louis IX. 
 Norman conquest of England: feudal system: Church tendencies. 
 Spain: the new conflict of Mohammedanism and Christianity. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The papal theocracy in ideal and in fact: its great representatives. 
 Gregory VII: his prior position: his character: his election. 
 
 13 
 
Gregory Vil*s papal claims: his legate system: three items of reform. 
 
 Gregory VII's conflict with Henry IV: its origin, course, issue. 
 
 Estimate of Gregory VII's pontificate: events thereafter. 
 
 The Concordat of Worms and papal difficulties thereafter. 
 
 Arnold of Brescia: Pope Adrian IV. 
 
 Alexander III: his conflict with rival popes: with Emperor Frederic. 
 
 Thomas Becket: his ecclesiastical and civil record. 
 
 Becket's dispute with Henry II: its cause and issue. 
 
 Innocent III: imperial conditions in his time: reach of the papacy. 
 
 Innocent III: his character, learning, papal theory and practice. 
 
 Conflicts of Innocent III: his political course in Germany. 
 
 Conflict of Innocent III in France: occasion and outcome. 
 
 Conflict of Innocent III with John of England: its issue. 
 
 Innocent III related to Spain and Portugal: to Crusade. 
 
 Course of Innocent III as to heresy, as a persecutor. 
 
 The Albigenses: their history, doctrine, customs. 
 
 The Cathari: their record, beliefs, customs. 
 
 Estimate of Innocent III and his reign. 
 
 Course of papal decline after Innocent III. 
 
 Continuance of persecution of heresy: restriction of laity. 
 
 Conflict of Frederic II with successive popes: effect on the papacy. 
 
 Money exactions of the popes: their evil representatives: nepotism. 
 
 Interchange of jurisdictions by Church and State. 
 
 Abuses in clerical character and ofiice. 
 
 Developed views of confession and absolution: Fourth Lateran Council. 
 
 Decrees as to heresy: and legislation as to detail of life. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Crusades: their extent: four principal factors inspiring. 
 Peter the Hermit: organization and record of First Crusade. 
 The Second Crusade: the Third: the Fourth: the Fifth. 
 The Children's Crusade: the Sixth: the Seventh: the Eighth. 
 The Military Orders surviving the Crusades. 
 Direct and indirect results of the Crusades. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Two monastic fraternities born in eleventh century: their founders. 
 Bernard of Clairveaux: his time, early life, monastic experience. 
 
 14 
 
Bernard's influence in religious and political world. 
 
 Bernard and Abelard: their view points: the controversy. 
 
 Bernard and the Second Crusade: his death: estimate of him. 
 
 Early mendicant orders: the two greatest: spirit of them. 
 
 Francis of Assisi: his character, principles, record. 
 
 Dominic: his spirit, special work, manner of life, founding of order. 
 
 System of the Franciscans and Dominicans: their design and methods. 
 
 Influence of the mendicant orders: conflicts involved. 
 
 Laxness as to mendicant standard: divergent societies. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Scholasticism: its golden age: its definition: its work. 
 
 Successive leaders of the scholastic learning. 
 
 Mysticism: its principle, relation to scholasticism, and to orthodoxy. 
 
 Heterodox mysticism: its general tenets and its leaders. 
 
 Orthodox mysticism: its leaders: the teachings of Bernard. 
 
 Teaching of Hugo of St. Victor: of Richard of St. Victor. 
 
 Life and teaching of Bonaventura: Albertus Magnus. 
 
 Third Period, 1294-1517 a. d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 General aspects of the period in the line of development. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Political conditions in Italy: Rienzi: Ghibelline movement. 
 The imperial idea in Germany. 
 Political events in France: Joan of Arc. 
 Two developments in English political history. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The several eras in the state of the papacy. 
 
 Boniface VIII: his policy and its opposition: way of his election. 
 Boniface in Italian affairs: as to Sicily: with the Colonnas. 
 Boniface in German affairs: and in the English-French hostility. 
 Boniface in further relations with Edward of England. 
 Boniface in further relations with Philip the Fair of France. 
 Boniface's papal claims: the climax: his death: the issues. 
 
 15 
 
The succession to Boniface: the "Babylonish Captivity." 
 
 The downfall of the Templars: the cause: accusations and answers. 
 
 The Avignon Popes in political relations: their personal character. 
 
 The "Great Schism": its origin, its continuance, its result. 
 
 The "Reforming Councils": Council of Pisa — its action, and issue. 
 
 The Council of Constance: its character, and dealing with the schism. 
 
 Significant assertion of prerogative at Council of Constance. 
 
 Other actions of Council of Constance: after-pontificate of Martin V. 
 
 Council of Basle: its occasion, struggle with papacy, and end. 
 
 Distinction of Nicholas V: of Calixtus III: of Pius II. 
 
 Period of papacy's worst infamy: names and characteristics. 
 
 Sixtus IV: Innocent VIII: Alexander VI — the Borgias. 
 
 Julius II and Leo X: general state of clerical life. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Early representatives of criticism and reform: general teachings. 
 Aegidius of Rome; John of Paris: their teachings. 
 Marsilius of Padua — contents of Defensor Pacis: William Occam. 
 Clemangis: Gerson: d'Ailly: Valla. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Origin of the Waldenses: Peter Waldo: account of Reinerus. 
 Tradition as to earlier origin of Waldenses and as to their character. 
 Relation of Waldenses to Roman Church: doctrinal divergences. 
 Spread of the Waldenses: their war of defense. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 John Wycliffe: his Reformation eminence: aspect of his life, 
 Wyckliffe as a man of the University: his philosophy. 
 Wyckliffe as a man of the State: his activity, his theory, the opposition. 
 Wyckliffe as a man of the Church: his relation to Reformation principles. 
 Wyckliffe's ideas as to indulgences, confession, supererogation, saints. 
 Wyckliffe's teaching as to papal claims, sacraments, monasticism, war. 
 Three practical expedients in Wyckliffe's reforming work. 
 Translation of the Bible by Wyckliffe: its predecessors, its succession. 
 The personal fortunes of Wyckliffe: his death: estimate by the Church, 
 The Lollards: the name, the party, the persecution: Lord Cobham. 
 
 i6 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 Bohemia as a soil for Reformation spirit: the University of Prague. 
 Three early Reformers in Bohemia: distinctive work of each. 
 Influence of Bohemian reformers on Huss: his chief source of preparing. 
 John Huss: his early life: his preaching: three causes of attack. 
 Papal attack upon Huss: his attitude: the judgment: his De Ecclesia. 
 Council of Constance and John Huss: "safe-conduct," trial, martyrdom. 
 Jerome of Prague: his character and work; at Constance — his recantation. 
 Jerome before the Council of Constance: his eloquence: his martyrdom. 
 Reasons for arraignment of reformers by "Reforming Council." 
 The Council of Constance and the Bohemian people. 
 Two parties of the Hussites: characteristics of each. 
 The Bohemian movement related to the crown: the issue. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Climax and character of mysticism: chief representatives. 
 Eckhart: his life and his philosophic system. 
 Tauler: his life, his association, his teachings. 
 Suso; his life and thought: Ruysbroek's place and spirit. 
 Gerhard Groot: Brethren of the Common Life — their character and work. 
 Thomas a Kempis: his life, teaching, and relation to the Church. 
 John Wessel: his life, and relation to the Reformation. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Savonarola: his times, his character, his early record. 
 
 Savonarola at Florence in Church and in State. 
 
 Savonarola opposed by people and Pope: martyrdom. 
 
 Savonarola related to the Reformation: his spirit: estimate by the Church. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 The Greek Church: eastern dynasties and state of the empire. 
 Latin rule in the east: Greek restoration: conquest by the Turks. 
 Church Union schemes: Michael Palaeologus: John VII. 
 The Greek Church in theology, in scholarship: under the Turks. 
 The Russian Church: its organization, ceremonial, state of life. 
 The Tartar conquest: restoration under Ivan III and Sophia. 
 
 17 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Greek hymns: celebrated writers and productions. 
 
 Latin hymns and hymn writers from 6th to loth centuries. 
 
 Latin hymns and hymn writers in nth and 12th centuries. 
 
 Latin hymns and hymn writers in 13th century. 
 
 Better and lower aspects of mediaeval hymnology: degrees of "worship." 
 
 Architecture: the Romanesque — its details and specimens: the Norman. 
 
 Gothic architecture: its period, its eminence, its characteristics. 
 
 Noted specimens of Gothic architecture: transition to Renaissance. 
 
 Painting: new movement in Italy: its pioneers: its two schools. 
 
 Giotto and his successors: Fra Angelico and his predecessors. 
 
 Schools of painting in Germany: chief painters in the Netherlands. 
 
 The great era of Italian art: noted names: the three preeminent. 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci and his work: Michael Angelo and his work. 
 
 Raphael: his characteristics, greatest creations, influence. 
 
 THE MODERN CHURCH. 
 Part i. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 The world's new outlook at the sixteenth century. 
 Reformation: relation to the Roman Church: to the early Church. 
 Reformation principles on the positive side: on the negative side. 
 Good and ill aspects of the Reformation: its period and turning point. 
 
 First Period, 1517-1 648 a. d. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Humanism: its character: its twofold relation to the Reformation. 
 
 Humanism in Italy: its favoring conditions, period, representatives. 
 
 Italian Humanists related to Christianity. 
 
 Humanism in Spain: Humanism in France. 
 
 Distinguished Humanists in England: John Colet: Thomas More. 
 
 John Reuchlin: his life, scholarship, relation to the Reformation. 
 
 Ulrich von Hutten: his life, spirit, literary productions. 
 
 Erasmus: his life, abilities, four contributions to the Reformation. 
 
 Erasmus as apart from the Reformation: intellectual and personal reasons. 
 
 18 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 The Empire in theory and in fact: the reign of Maximilian. 
 Charles V: extent of empire, real resources, revolt of nobles. 
 The Peasant Revolt: its causes and its complications. 
 Rulers related to Roman Church: Maximilian: Charles: Elector Frederic. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Martin Luther: his early life, course of study, religious experience. 
 I,uther at Erfurt and at Wittenberg: as professor, as preacher. 
 Luther's visit to Rome: to the cloisters of Germany: developing ideas. 
 The sale of indulgences: its manner: three graces sold: John Tetzel, 
 Luther's theses: time and place and general contents. 
 Luther's spirit in his theses: their reception by people: and by Pope. 
 Start of conflict between Rome and Luther: legates, Cajetan and Miltitz. 
 The Leipzig Disputation: the result for Luther. 
 Three important writings of Luther appearing in 1520. 
 The papal bull (1520): Luther's reception of it: the Diet of Worms. 
 Luther before the Diet of Worms: decree of the Diet: Luther's rescue. 
 Progress of Reformation after Diet of Worms: Luther at Wartburg. 
 The Anabaptist rising and Luther's relation to it. 
 The peasant revolt and Luther's relation to it. 
 Luther's personal controversy with Henry VIII: with Erasmus. 
 Earliest organizing of Protestant churches in Germany. 
 Protestant alliances: the name — Protestant: the eucharistic question. 
 The Diet of Augsburg (1530) : Augsburg Confession: the answer: the issue. 
 Protestant conditions after Diet of Augsburg: two notable hindrances. 
 Luther's death: his character: his influence. 
 
 Charles V in later relation to Protestants, and as related to the Pope. 
 The Augsburg Interim: the Augsburg Peace. 
 
 Philip Melancthon: his relation to Luther: his three lines of life-work. 
 Reformation in Denmark: its conditions and patrons. 
 Reformation in Norway: and in Sweden. 
 Gustavus Vasa: his record: his Reformation-influence: the reaction. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Switzerland: political form: moral condition: attitude of Roman Church. 
 Swiss and German Reforination compared as to time and conditions. 
 Zwingli and Luther compared in character, activity, doctrine. 
 
 19 
 
Ulrich Zwingli: his early life and early ministry. 
 
 Zwingli as preacher at Zurich: relation to papal and civil government. 
 
 Other Reformation movements in German Switzerland: Oecolampadius. 
 
 Conflict between Roman and Reformed Cantons: Zwingli's relation to it. 
 
 Swiss Reformation after Zwingli: BuUinger's character and influence. 
 
 French Switzerland — its extent: Geneva — its political history. 
 
 \\'illiam Farel: Peter Viret: Geneva and the Reformed preaching. 
 
 John Calvin: his coming to Geneva: his earlier life, studies, eminence. 
 
 John Calvin's personal qualities and prevailing spirit. 
 
 Calvin's intellectual abilities and accomplishments. 
 
 Calvin's theology: its immediate and enduring influence. 
 
 Calvin's church government: its relation to the State, and to the people. 
 
 Geneva's civil government under Calvin: Genevan life under it. 
 
 Opposition to Calvin: Libertines: Castellio: Bolsec. 
 
 Michael Servetus: his character, life, theology, arrests, execution. 
 
 Calvin and Servetus' execution: three considerations: evil and good effects. 
 
 Geneva's service for the Reformation: reasons for Calvin's influence. 
 
 Separateness of Reformed and Lutheran Churches: union of the Reformed. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Aspect of the Reformation movement in France: sources of opposition. 
 Francis I: character, culture, and early attitude toward the Reformation. 
 Start of Reformation in France: Le Fevre and other leaders: Margaret. 
 Beginnings of persecution: early martyrs: experience of De Berquin. 
 Final attitude of Francis I toward the Reformation: noted massacres. 
 Henry II; his character: the House of Guise; its influence. 
 Distinguished converts to Protestantism: Louis of Conde: Coligny. 
 Persecuting tribunal and edicts: martyrdoms: the Spanish alliance. 
 Growth of French Protestantism: organization: character and customs. 
 Francis II: Catharine de Medici: Michel de 1' Hospital. 
 The Tumult of Amboise and its issues. 
 
 Charles IX: edicts of toleration: Romanist activity: massacre at Vassy. 
 Era of civil wars: number: chief battles: noted slain: peace of 1570. 
 Jeanne D' Albret: the marriage of Henry of Navarre. 
 Massacre of St. Bartholomew: manner: extent: estimate of it by Rome. 
 Henry III: his relation to the Protestants: "The League" and its influence. 
 Henry of Navarre: Henry II's alienation from Romanists: his death. 
 
 20 
 
Henry IV: character: defection to Rome: immediate and remote results. 
 The Edict of Nantes: its provisions: the after state of Protestantism. 
 Death of Henry IV: the Huguenots under Louis XIII and Richelieu. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Reformation in Italy: class first reached: channels of entrance. 
 Eminent Romanist Italians of Reformation ideas and life. 
 Cities and leaders and teaching of a positive Italian Protestantism. 
 The Inquisition at Rome: its powers, activities, effects: noted martyrs. 
 Protestantism in Spain: way of entrance: record: class of early adherents. 
 The Inquisition in Spain: its early work and noted victims. 
 Later edicts and atrocities of the Inquisition: auto da fe — noted occasions. 
 Philip II: his character: his ruling principle, and its naturalness. 
 The Netherlands: political organizing, material prosperity, culture. 
 Reformation start in the Netherlands: Charles V's edicts and persecutions. 
 Philip II and his course: leaders of the national spirit: William of Orange. 
 The League (The Beggars): object: members: the iconoclastic outlook. 
 The Duke of Alva: his character and policy: Council of Tumults. 
 The Prince of Orange: his religious and military movement: recall of Alva. 
 Separation of provinces: Union of Utrecht: William's rule, and death. 
 The Arminian controversy: James Arminius — his career and teachings. 
 Extent of Arminianism: action by the Church: the Remonstrants. 
 Political relations of the controversy: Maurice and Barneveldt: Grotius. 
 The Synod of Dort: its constituency, actions, and consequences. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Reformation in England: attitude of sovereigns and people: Henry VIII. 
 Counter-tendencies in the Church: character of ecclesiastics: Wolsey. 
 Three factors in early English Reformation: the Lollards: the learned. 
 William Tyndale: his life, and great accomplishment. 
 
 Henry VIII as supporter of papacy: occasion of conflict: fall of Wolsey. 
 Separation of English Church from Rome: Act of Supremacy: Thomas More. 
 Henry VIII's Church ideal: counsellors: four ecclesiastical measures. 
 Ten Articles: ruin of monasteries: circulation of the Bible: Six Articles. 
 Persecution of Papists and Protestants: estimate of Henry VIII. 
 Edward VI: his counsellors: Protestant organization and conditions. 
 Book of Common Prayer: revision: Forty-two (39) Articles: the people. 
 Mary: way to the throne: relation to Spain and to Rome; Cardinal Pole. 
 
 21 
 
Persecution under Mary: its grounds: four parties responsible. 
 Number of martyrs under Mary: distinguished names. 
 Latimer: Ridley: Cranmer: last days of Mary, and of Pole. 
 Elizabeth: way to the throne: spirit in religion: relation to Rome. 
 Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity: results: other enactments. 
 Earlier and later treatment of Romanists: Jesuit movement and outcome. 
 Religious transition of the English people and English scholars. 
 Puritanism: its rise: its principles as to worship and governmenj:. 
 Non-conformity and separation: persecution of Puritans. 
 The High Church idea, episcopal and presbyterial : early exponents. 
 Reformation in Scotland: general aspects: three incentives: early leaders. 
 John Knox: his record and personal qualities: Protestant establishment. 
 Mary Stuart: her character, controversy with Knox, religious purpose. 
 Mary Stuart's intrigues and troubles: her abdication and death. 
 Polity of Scotch Church: Presbyterian plan: Episcopal trend: symbols. 
 James I (VI) : his character, religious tendency, relation to Romanists. 
 Puritanism: its progress, its classes, its characteristic life and spirit 
 Puritan grievances: political, ecclesiastical, doctrinal, practical. 
 Anglican innovations in Scottish Church: resistance: Parliament of 1640. 
 Westminster Assembly: parties and doctrines: Presbyterian Establishment. 
 Representatives of religious liberty among Puritans and Anglicans. 
 Ireland: its state of learning, politics, religion in Reformation time. 
 Church in Ireland: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth, the Stuarts. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Popes after the Reformation: transition spirit: the question of Councils. 
 The Council of Trent: its time, attendance, discussions, decrees. 
 Spirit of the Council of Trent: relation to pope: reception by people. 
 Romanist reaction in countries of the continent: Borromeo: de Sales. 
 The Inquisition: its origin, its organizing, its countries and periods. 
 Lines of papal responsibility for the Inquisition: relation of the State. 
 Methods of the Inquisition: of courts, trial, torture, punishment. 
 The Inquisition: against the Jews: in Spain: in Portugal: in France. 
 Inquisition against Bruno: against Galileo: papal position as to Galileo. 
 Molinos: his character, teachings, condemnation: the Inquisition spirit. 
 The Jesuits: their complex qualities and experiences: preeminent aspect. 
 Ignatius Loyola: his spirit, career, religious devotion, select group. 
 
 22 
 
Papal sanction of Jesuit Order: its design, customs, personnel. 
 
 Organization of the Jesuits: officers: grades of membership. 
 
 Early success of the Jesuits: expansion and influence: schools and missions. 
 
 Francis Xavier: his work in India: in Japan: estimate of him. 
 
 Successors of Xavier in India: and in China. 
 
 Jesuit missions in South America: in North America — names and record. 
 
 Reverses of the Jesuits: banishments: papal action: literary attacks. 
 
 Supreme principle of the Jesuits: its relation to conscience and morals. 
 
 Jesuit casuistry: probabilism: mental reservation: end justifies means. 
 
 The Jesuits in theology: in politics: in European diplomacy. 
 
 The Jesuits as confessors; as zealots; as Christians. 
 
 Clerical celibacy: state of morals: official enactments. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Thirty Years War: causes: religious conditions: reactionary movement. 
 
 The incident at Donauwerth: the movement in Bohemia. 
 
 Defeat and distress of Protestants: two causes: Edict of Restitution, 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus: his position, his motives, his power. 
 
 The fall of Magdeburg: the battle of Leipzig: the battle of Liitzen. 
 
 Closing stages of the war: effect on land, population, education, morals. 
 
 The Peace of Westphalia: its terms: its force for Protestantism. 
 
 Estimate of the Reformation: justifications: defects: glories. 
 
 SeccND Period, i648-i720 a. o. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 France: character of the era: Louis XIV — his personality and court. 
 Morals at the French court: Madame de Maintenon: learning of the era. 
 The Galilean Church: in philanthropy, moralism, sacred eloquence. 
 Bossuet — his spirit, ideas, sermons: Bourdaloue: Masillon. 
 Gallicanism versus Ultramontanism: subjects and course of conflict. 
 Bossuet as an apologist: his doctrines and defects: his further work. 
 Fenelon — his spirit and ideas: Madame Guyon — her spirit and ideas. 
 Attacks on Madame Guyon: on Fenelon: Fenelon's defence: his mysticism. 
 A pioneer in Biblical criticism — Simon: in general criticism — Bayle. 
 The Jansenists: their characteristics: their supporters. 
 Origin of Jansenism; its propositions and their condemnation, 
 
 23 
 
Persecution of the Jansenists: the Port Royalists. 
 
 Blaise Pascal: his genius and his writings. 
 
 Pascal's arraignment of the Jesuits: its propriety: its effects. 
 
 The Bull Unigenitus: its nature and its effects. 
 
 State of the Huguenots: the two incentives to persecution. 
 
 Perversion of the Edict of Nantes: tyrannical measures: and effects. 
 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: consequent orders and persecutions. 
 
 The Dragonnades: seeming Romish triumph: exiles, and loss to France. 
 
 The Cevennese: their assemblies, and conflict: the edict of 171 5. 
 
 Spain in the 17th century: the auto de fe: the sale of indulgences. 
 
 Italy in the 17th century: status of the popes: ecclesiastical events. 
 
 Leopold I: his rule and his religious policy: Protestantism in Poland. 
 
 The Socinians: their success and oppression: the Palatinate. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The execution of Charles I: continental opinion: English: Scotch. 
 Cromwell: his spirit: estimate of his period of rule. 
 Church parties under the Protectorate: Church Establishment. 
 The Quakers: their character: their founder: their experience. 
 The Church in Scotland and Ireland: Cromwell and Christendom. 
 The weakness of Cromwell's rule: his greatness: moral character. 
 Richard Cromwell: Restoration of Charles: fruits of the struggle. 
 Charles II: his character and life: popular reaction from Puritan morals. 
 Reaction from Puritan politics: new royalism: new Anglicanism. 
 Presbyterian efforts for compromise: Episcopal Establishment. 
 The Act of Uniformity: Corporation Act: Conventicle Act: Test Act. 
 Church readjustment in Scotland: in Ireland: its results. 
 The king as related to Church parties: the state of the clergy. 
 James II: his character: his religion: his despotic policies. 
 The advisers of James: his Romish propaganda: Declaration of Indulgence. 
 Enactments against Scotch Dissenters: against Huguenots. 
 Official preferment of Roman Catholics: the High Commission. 
 The downfall of James: the accession of William and Mary. 
 Eminent Puritans of the period: Milton: Owen: Baxter. 
 Other eminent Nonconformists: Goodwin: Bunyan. 
 Eminent Anglicans: South: Barrow: Buel: Taylor. 
 The Cambridge Platonists: names, position, noted productions. 
 
 24 
 
General character of the era as to learning: and in Scotland. 
 
 Sovereignty of William: his motive in accession: religious attitude. 
 
 The Toleration Act related to Romanists: service of John Locke. 
 
 High Church and Low Church in clergy and episcopate. 
 
 Parties in the State related to Church parties: Jacobite sentiment. 
 
 Queen Anne: High Church rising: Sacheverell crisis. 
 
 Occasional Conformity Bill: Schism Act: Swift: and the general clergy. 
 
 Effect of Revolution of 1688 in Church in Scotland: in Ireland. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Theology in Germany: Protestant dogmatism: its fruits. 
 
 The Mystics: their names, classes, types of thought. 
 
 George Calixtus: his syncretist ideas: the opposition: the difficulty. 
 
 Syncretism in its effect on three classes: later movement. 
 
 The Pietists: Spener — his spirit, ministry. Collegia Pietatis. 
 
 Teachings of Spener: opposition to him: as to asceticism. 
 
 Francke and Anton at Leipzig: the University of Halle: Orphan House. 
 
 Pietism in its later aspects: its benefit to Germany and Christendom. 
 
 Zinzendorf: his life, and spirit, and union with the Moravians. 
 
 The Moravians: their origin, community at Herrnhut, growth. 
 
 Zinzendorf 's peculiar views: Moravian peculiar usages. 
 
 Scandinavia: its civil and religious status in this period. 
 
 The Dutch Republic: its religious tolerance, theological activity. 
 
 The Mennonites: the Labadists: and other parties. 
 
 Switzerland: its religious state, and theological trend. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Rome in negotiation with Russian Church: with Coptic Church. 
 The Greek Church related to Protestantism: record of Cyril Lucar. 
 Two constitutional changes in the Russian Church. 
 Monasticism in Russia: general state of religion. 
 Reform effects of Nicon: schismatics: policy of Peter the Great. 
 
 25 
 
THE MODERN CHURCH. 
 
 Part II. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ecclesiastical headship in England in eighteenth century and after. 
 The Nonjurors: their origin, record, eminent representatives. 
 William Law: his record, writings, spirit and influence. 
 
 II. 
 English Deism: Lord Herbert's five articles of religion: his spirit. 
 Chief representatives of English Deism: their classes and methods. 
 Hobbes: Blount: Toland: Shaftesbury: Collins: Woolston. 
 Tindal: Morgan: Chubb: Bolingbroke: — Hume. 
 Noteworthy opponents and replies to Deism: values and defects. 
 Butler: Pearce: Foster: Leland: Conybeare: Law. 
 
 III. 
 English Church in early i8th century: state of thought and of religion. 
 Advantages and disadvantages in the bias of the age. 
 Morals in England among the clergy, the court, the learned, the people. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Places and leaders of revival in middle eighteenth century. 
 
 John Wesley: his antecedents, education, spirit, early work. 
 
 The Oxford Club: its origin, methods, spirit and influence. 
 
 Later record of members of the Oxford Club. 
 
 John Wesley as tending to and from mysticism. 
 
 Wesley in America: his course, his experience, the results. 
 
 Wesley under Moravian influence, and the result. 
 
 Occasion of Wesley's start in -irregular preaching: his immediate record. 
 
 Subjects of Wesley's preaching: extraordinary effects — how accounted for. 
 
 Opposition to Wesley and co-laborers: violence of the mob: of the pen. 
 
 George Whitefield: antecedents, education, personal experience, record. 
 
 Whitefield's character, attainments, preeminent power. 
 
 Whitefield's type of doctrine: difference with Wesley: final relations. 
 
 Calvinistic Methodism: its organizing: its record in England: in Wales. 
 
 Charles Wesley: his record, temperament, great accomplishment. 
 
 John Wesley and organized Methodism: the start: the Moravian relation. 
 
 26 
 
The Chapel system: the Class system: the Lay preachers. 
 Wesley's relation to lay preachers, Chapel services, Established Church. 
 Wesley's earliest ordinations: his theory: the office of superintendent. 
 Wesley's provision for permanent Methodism: his essence of religion. 
 Wesley's theology — as to justification, good works, assurance, perfection. 
 Wesley's attitude toward Calvinism: Minutes of 1770: the controversy. 
 Wesley's representative disputants: spirit, record, writings of Fletcher. 
 Six points of criticism brought against John Wesley. 
 John Wesley's distinguishing traits: his capacity for work. 
 Wesley as related to science, and to philanthropy: his last days. 
 Growth of Methodist societies: independence from Established Church. 
 Results of the revival — to all churches, for humanity, against infidelity. 
 
 V. 
 
 Advance of Dissenters to legal equality with Anglicans: of Romanists. 
 English Presbyterianism in i8th century: numbers: Unitarian tendency. 
 The Salter's Hall meeting: varieties and fortunes of Unitarianism. 
 English Congregationalism, i8th century: Bradbury, Watts, Doddridge. 
 The Baptists: doctrinal tendencies and divisions: Hall: Carey. 
 The Quakers: their status and activities. 
 
 vr. 
 Church of Scotland: origin of trouble: secession bodies: the Sandemanians. 
 Parties in the Scotch Established Church: their spirit and leaders. 
 Church writers in Scotland: Scotch philosophy: general church status. 
 
 VII. 
 
 The Church in Ireland: state of the people: four disabilities of Romanists. 
 Enactments against Irish Romanists, 18th century, and their effects. 
 Principles declared by Irish Romanists: by Roman Catholic Universities. 
 Irish Protestants: their status and vexations: marriage legislation. 
 Irish Episcopacy in later i8th century: eminent representatives: the Union. 
 Presbyterians in Ireland: their location, support, doctrinal status. 
 Methodist work in Ireland: its leaders: the Primitive Methodists. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 America: Bull of Alexander VI, 1493: earliest Spanish settlements. 
 
 Spaniards in North America: places and fate of colonies. 
 
 Theory and system of Spanish rule in America: modern emancipations. 
 
 27 
 
Kia and record of Portuguese occupation in America. 
 
 French in America: earliest Huguenot expeditions: the St, John's Colony. 
 
 French colonization from the north: the Huguenot part and displacement. 
 
 French scheme in Canada: phases of government: the obstacles. 
 
 The passing of Canada to the English: the life, the law, the religion. 
 
 Earliest English colonizings: Roanoke: Jamestown. 
 
 Early English settlements in New England. 
 
 The English colonies on the central Atlantic coast. 
 
 Political characteristics of English colonies: three forms of government. 
 
 Charter government in New England: type of New England life. 
 
 Proprietary government in the colonies: the royal governments. 
 
 Conditions promoting and impeding the American Republic. 
 
 Early status of the slave trade: opposition to it. 
 
 II. 
 Extent of Indian population: the more civilized peoples: polity: religion. 
 Treatment of the Indians by the Spaniards: the evil side of it. 
 Spanish efforts at converting the natives: their success: reasons for it. 
 Character of Spanish-Indian Christianity: "Missions" and their record. 
 The Portuguese in Brazil: their Christianizing efforts and success. 
 Relation of the French to the Indians: extent of missions: the method. 
 Work of the French Jesuits among the Indians: two aspects. 
 Relation of the English to the Indians: the brighter and the darker phase. 
 Reasons for comparatively small missionary enterprise by English. 
 Evangelizing of Indians in New England: Mayhew: Eliot: and others. 
 Evangelizing of Indians in the middle colonies: eminent missionaries. 
 
 III. 
 Roman Church in Spanish America: episcopal seats: classes of clergy. 
 The Inquisition in Ameiica: scenes of auto de fe: legend of Guadalupe. 
 Secular and ecclesiastical power in Romanist America: Laval's work. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Roman Catholicism in the English colonies: the laws and their execution, 
 
 Roman Catholicism in Maryland: three common assumptions. 
 
 The question of Maryland's founding as refuge for Roman Catholics. 
 
 The question of Maryland's early Roman Catholic predominance. 
 
 The question of Roman Catholic honor in Act of Tolerance, 1649. 
 
 Roman Catholicism at the Revolutionary War: the first episcopate. 
 
 28 
 
V. 
 
 Church of England in the colonies: condition: eminent representatives. 
 Episcopal Establishment in Virginia: treatment of other bodies. 
 Ecclesiastical discipline in Virginia: the code: the practical situation. 
 Episcopacy in the Carolinas: the Fundamental Constitutions: the people. 
 Episcopal Church in Maryland: New Jersey: early record in New York. 
 Episcopal Church in New Hampshire: in Massachusetts: visit of Berkeley. 
 The Episcopal Church at the Revolution: question of resident episcopate. 
 Forming of American Episcopal Church: doctrinal aspect: first bishops. 
 Type of early American Episcopate: Bishop White: Bishop Madison. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Congregational Establishments in America: two aspects of Puritanism. 
 
 Principles of the Plymouth colony: John Robinson's position. 
 
 Principle of Massachusetts Bay colony: policy as related to England. 
 
 Local Church government in New England: its composite character. 
 
 Conditions of Church membership: the Half -Way Covenant: the sequences. 
 
 Church and State in New England system: three points of connection. 
 
 Position of ministers in New England system: early eminent preachers. 
 
 Persecution of dissent in New England: principle: possible palliations. 
 
 Roger Williams: his record, character, teachings. 
 
 The Antinomian Controversy: parties: points at issue: the outcome. 
 
 Baptists in Massachusetts: representatives: persecutions. 
 
 Quakers in Massachusetts: causes and record of persecution. 
 
 The Salem Witchcraft: origin, progress, treatment, end of the matter. 
 
 Nobility of earliest Puritan spirit: changes in after generations. 
 
 The New England Revival: Edwards' work: Whitefield's work. 
 
 Jonathan Edwards: theologian: mystic: preacher of affections and morals. 
 
 Jonathan Edwards: essence of religion: record of his life and family. 
 
 vri. 
 Presbyterian Establishment in America: groups from the continent. 
 The Dutch Reformed: eminent leaders: record until independence. 
 The German Reformed: their early status: eminent leaders. 
 Presbyterians distinctively so-called: first presbytery: early progress. 
 Presbyterian theology: subscription controversy: Adopting Act, 1729. 
 The Tennents and their work: revival controversy: license question. 
 Old Side and New Side: record of the schism: New Side accomplishments. 
 
 29 
 
Scotch Presbyterian sects in America: their names, origin, changes. 
 
 The Baptists: their earliest organizings, and progress to 19th century. 
 
 Separatists, or New Lights: evangelism and persecution in the south. 
 
 Baptist theology in America: usage and polity: education. 
 
 The Quakers: their early record: status in West Jersey and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Elements of Quaker organization: of Quaker theology. 
 
 The Methodists: their early leaders: relation to Church of England. 
 
 Methodism after the Revolution: Conference of 1784: form of organization. 
 
 Methodist progress: reasons for it: leaders of it. 
 
 The Lutherans: their racial elements: early experiences: organization. 
 
 Universalism in America: its founder: its adherents: its type of teachings. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Moral conditions in the colonies: Sunday observance: theatricals: prisons. 
 The temperance question: popular habits: civil laws: religious utterances. 
 The slavery question: earliest agitators: ecclesiastical utterances. 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 The French Revolution: six causes: character of kings, attitude of people. 
 The Bull Unigenitus: its nature: its emphasis: its effects. 
 Montesquieu and his writing: Rousseau's "Social Contract." 
 The people: their hardships, restlessness and actual uprising. 
 Order of affairs under Assembly, Convention, Directory, Napoleon. 
 
 II. 
 The skeptical movement: its several causes: presentment by Montesquieu. 
 Voltaire: his mental distinction: ethical standards: best virtue. 
 The creed of Voltaire: writers of his school: Rousseau's system. 
 
 III. 
 The French Church prior to the Revolution: division on the Unigenitus. 
 The Popes and the Unigenitus: Ultramontanism and Gallicanism. 
 The Jansenists: general position: claims to miracle: Episcopate of Utrecht. 
 The Jesuits: legend of the Sacred Heart: devotion to it. 
 The Anti-Jesuit movement: its causes: its start and course in Portugal. 
 Anti-Jesuitism in France: standpoint, cause, issue: Bull of Clement XIII. 
 Jesuit banishment from Spanish dominions: from Naples and Sicily. 
 Dissolution of the Jesuit Order: their refuge places: a Gallican effect. 
 Protestants in France at this period: persecution to the Revolution. 
 
 30 
 
IV. 
 French Church in Revolutionary era: reforms and attitude of the clergy. 
 Three classes of reform measures by the Constituent Assembly. 
 Church and State: Articles in instance: the Church government implied. 
 Non-jurors: adherence to them: persecution of them: spirit shown by them. 
 Church and State from 1795: Pius VI — his spirit and his imprisonment. 
 The constitutional clergy: their way of thinking: their chief representative. 
 Infidelity in this era: the worship of Reason: Robespierre's deistic scheme. 
 The government proclamations as to Sunday, and as to celibacy of clergy. 
 Mysticism in France in this era: ideas and character of Saint Martin. 
 
 V. 
 
 Church reconstruction under Napoleon: his religion: spirit of the people. 
 The Concordat of 1801: some signifi^cant articles: the "organic articles." 
 The Church and Napoleon's imperialism: coronation: status in Italy. 
 Napoleon's Catechisme de I'Empire: Protestantism's gain and loss. 
 General effect on Roman Catholicism of events of the revolutionary era. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Austria: extent of rule: nature of State: events affecting the imperial title. 
 Maria Theresa and Joseph TI: political movement: ecclesiastical movement. 
 Gallicanism in scheme of Joseph II: Gallicanism in Germany: in Tuscany. 
 Tolerance under Joseph II: earlier position of Protestants: decree of 1781. 
 The Popes: Clement XI: Benedict XIV: Clement XIII: Clement XIV. 
 Restoring of Jesuit Order: reactionary papalism in Austria, Italy, Spain. 
 Reconstituting of the Inquisition: its view of free-masonry: final decline. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 I. 
 Germany: rise of Prussia: Frederic II — military and civil administration. 
 Religious ideas of Frederic II: his successors: Congress of Vienna. 
 Character of German Protestantism: movements of thought: union effort. 
 
 II. 
 The Wolfian era: Leibnitz — his antecedents and his ideas. 
 Ideas of Wolf: the opposition: Wolfian supernaturalists: Wolfian deists. 
 Biblical criticism in Germany: work of Ernesti: of Semler: of Eichhorn. 
 Btngel: Urlsperger: Klopstock: other representative names. 
 
 31 
 
III. 
 
 Kant to Schleiermacher: period of Kant: characteristics of his teaching. 
 Kant's views on sensation, speculation, faith: the categorical imperative. 
 Kant's teaching as to religion, revelation, sin, Christ: defects of system. 
 Fichte: his philosophy: its religious side: the excellence and defect. 
 Schelling: the aspects of his early, mediate and later philosophy. 
 Hegel: ideas as to God, as to being, as to distinctive Christian doctrines. 
 General and various trends of philosophies: anti-rationalist movement. 
 Lessing: his views of religion, revelation, the Bible. 
 Herder: his spirit: his work in the Scripture and in theology. 
 Jacobi: his teaching as to senses, faith, God, revelation: its outcome. 
 Schleiermacher: his theism or pantheism: his pietistic and churchly spirit. 
 Schleiermacher's view as to essence of religion, its central feeling, Christ. 
 Schleiermacher's views as to salvation. Scriptures, Trinity: his influence. 
 The poets of this era related to Christianity: Goethe: Schiller. 
 The Romantic School of poetry: the contemporary great musicians. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Sweden: the ability, the product, the record of Swedenborg. 
 Emanuel Swedenborg: claim of apostleship: doctrine of correspondences. 
 Swedenborg's views on the Trinity: redemption: Swedenborgian Church. 
 The Netherlands: succession of rule: status of the Church: the theology. 
 Religious movement in Lutheran Scandinavia: in Reformed Switzerland. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Russia: four eras in her history during this period. 
 Civil and religious status under Anna Ivanovna: under Elizabeth. 
 The reign of Catharine II: the reign of Alexander I. 
 Treatment of the Jesuits: state of the clergy: monasticism. 
 The Raskolniki: the Molokani: the Doukhobortzi: other sects. 
 
 THE MODERN CHURCH. 
 Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 I. 
 
 Germany: advance to constitutional government: counter movement. 
 Forming of German Empire: relation of Austria: of France: Bismarck. 
 Two present-day German disquiets: Socialism — types, leaders, treatment. 
 
 32 
 
II. 
 Relation of Church and State in Germany: sources and cases of separatism. 
 Religious associations in this period: the Synodal organization. 
 The Kulturkampf : its origin; Romanist zeal; government measures. 
 Pius IX: attitude in Kulturkampf conflict: attitude of Leo XIII; the issue. 
 Eminent leaders of benevolence in Germany: eminent modern lyrists. 
 
 III. 
 Chief factors in German theology of the period: the dominant tendencies. 
 Disciples of Schleiermacher: Neander's character, influence, ideas. 
 Lutheran dogmatic and Erastian party: Hengstenberg's influence. 
 Strauss' Leben Jesu; its spirit, hypothesis, effect; later modifications. 
 The answer to Strauss' original theory: the work of Baur and answer to it. 
 Three parties in German theology: Mediation School; its nature, leaders. 
 Confessional or Neo-Lutheran School; occasion, tendency, diversities. 
 Neo-Kantian or Ritschlian School; its characteristics and its vogue. 
 Ritschl's view of Scripture, person of Christ, attributes of God, the race. 
 Ritschl's views as to redemption, sacrifice, vocation, communion. 
 System of Ritschl; its values and defects; his personality and followers. 
 The course of Biblical criticism; relations of German philosophy. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Switzerland: tendencies in German cantons: events in French cantons. 
 French Church; opposing currents: Free Church: Lutheran Church. 
 Reformed Church of Holland; its tendencies: rise of Christian Reformed. 
 Schools of thought in Holland Church; leaders: State, Church, University. 
 Protestantism in Denmark, Sv/eden, Norv/ay: Scandinavian writers. 
 Protestantism of 19th century in Austria: in Spain: in Italy. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 I. 
 Chief events of nineteenth century in the Romanist Church. 
 Declaration of immaculate conception of Virgin Mary; defense; criticism. 
 Development of adoration for Virgin Mary: related exaltation of Joseph. 
 Growth of veneration for the Pope; doctrine; ceremonies; consequences. 
 
 II. 
 Papal absolutism and infallibility: decrees of Vatican Council: criticism. 
 Vatican theories in England, Ireland, United States; on the Continent. 
 
 33 
 
Ultramontanism in France— -chief writers: in Germany — chief factors. 
 Anti-Gallican activity of Rome; the Index; commended writings: claims. 
 Origin of Vatican Council; plan; commissions; rules; dominant factor. 
 Vatican Council in session; place; papal pressure — defense and criticism. 
 Doctrine of infallibility; introduction; attitude of Pope; vote of Council. 
 Criticisms of Vatican decrees: tyranny; forgery; perverted history. 
 Old Catholics: organization; extent; DoUinger's position and influence. 
 
 III. 
 Papacy in 19th century related to civil power: attitude of Pius IX; reasons. 
 Claims of the Pope as to marriage and as to control of education. 
 Roman Church and the government in Austria: Prussia: France: Spain. 
 Ihe Syllabus of 1864: its form: list of errors: principles: papal approvals. 
 Authority of the Syllabus: relation to it of the Vatican Council. 
 Papal power as exalted in the Unam Sanctam and Civilta Cattolica. 
 Leo XITI as to papal sovereignty and religious freedom: conclusion. 
 The Popes' legal domain: division of old Italy: dominance of Austria. 
 Position and influence of Piedmont: rise of Italian kingdom. 
 The Papal Guarantees: the provisions: the papal attitude. 
 Popular eff'ect of the Italian conflict: secularizing of education in France. 
 Papal attitude toward socialism: its power and its limitations. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 I. 
 Spirit and currents of religion in England in early 19th century. 
 Sources of the Broad Church movement: Tractarianism as reaction. 
 English religious legislation: Convocation: revision of English Bible. 
 Social religious work — Salvation Army: colonial Anglican establishment. 
 
 II. 
 
 Tractarianism or Ritualism: circumstances and writings precedent. 
 The Tractarian organizing: Tracts for the Times: tract No. 90. 
 Three tenets of early Tractarianism: likeness to the Non-jurors. 
 Tractarian utterances as to Apostolic succession and the sacrament. 
 Tractarian attitude toward Protestantism: as to Scripture and justification. 
 Tractarianism as received by the Church: developments from 1841. 
 Tractarian writers, and defections to Rome: Pusey's position and views. 
 Anti-Protestant trend of Ritualism: the Church, justification, authority. 
 Ritualism's tendencies as to ceremony and doctrine in worship. 
 
Six items of Ritualist ceremonial claimed in 1875: relation of the law. 
 General estimate of Ritualism pro and con: its cardinal error. 
 Ritualism as repelled by the Vatican Council: as embarrassed by it. 
 Chief Tractarians passed to Rome: Manning: Newman's spirit and writings. 
 Ritualists as related to Biblical criticism: position of Bishop Gore. 
 
 III. 
 The Broad Church: its characteristics: three of its own emphases. 
 Leaders of Broad Church movement: the views of Thomas Arnold. 
 Broad Church views of apostolic succession: leading exponents. 
 Broad Church views in theology: Coleridge, Maurice, Kingsley. 
 Broad Church views as to Bible: ideas of Maurice: other names. 
 Broad Church dogmatism: Arnold's views as to the Bible, as to Christ. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Methodism in Great Britain: Primitive Methodists: Free Methodists. 
 Thomas Coke: succeeding leaders in Methodism: present status. 
 Baptist Union— points of belief: Spurgeon's work: Baptist status. 
 The Congregational Union — characteristics of belief: eminent names. 
 Presbyterianism in England in 19th century: union and present status. 
 Unitarians in England and Wales: the changed ideas: Martineau. 
 Quakers in England: trend of belief: benevolences: Plymouth Brethren. 
 The Evangelical Alliance: object: nine doctrinal points: the Y. M. C. A. 
 Roman Catholics in England: progress: the restored Romish hierarchy. 
 
 V. 
 
 Scotland: parties in Scotch Church: occasion and start of the Free Church. 
 Thomas Chalmers: record: character: abilities: theology: ecclesiasticism. 
 Edward Irving: record: Caledonian prophetism: Catholic Apostolic Church. 
 Divergences in Scotch theology: Erskine: Campbell: later writers. 
 Thomas Carlyle: his views of faith, the supernatural, theology. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Ireland: attitude of Roman Church toward government: toward education. 
 Ultramontanism in Ireland: relation to Home Rule: Church leaders. 
 Denominations in Ireland: Episcopal Church: Presbyterian Church. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Evolution: the theory and its value: its religious bearing: three stages. 
 The sensational philosophy: John Stuart Mill: theory of morals: criticism. 
 
 35 
 
Final theological ideas of Mill: position of Sir William Hamilton. 
 Herbert Spencer: his philosophy: criticism of his hypotheses. 
 Spencer's idea of the Absolute: criticism by Caird: other philosophers. 
 Evolution, realistic or idealistic, as acting upon theology. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Church and State in America: original ideas: Constitutional provision. 
 Attitude of the United States toward religion: of the several States. 
 State of religion at and after Revolutionary War: prevalence of unbelief. 
 Revivals, 1799 to 1840: their character, extent, and ultimate effect. 
 Revival, 1857: revival, 1870: Church membership in United States. 
 Character of the Church: influence: beneficence: learning: divisions. 
 Early opinion as to slavery: political complications: new convictions. 
 Slavery estimated by Church leaders: Presbyterian action 181 5 to 1849. 
 The Methodist Church as to slavery, 1800, 1836, 1840: disruption, 1844. 
 The Church as related to the Abolitionists and to slavery's downfall. 
 Church leaders in temperance reform: order of movements: present status. 
 
 II. 
 I. 
 
 New England Unitarianism: its rise: its causes: its pioneers: its three eras. 
 Era of supernaturalism: Channing on Christianity, Christ, humanity. 
 Era of humanitarianism and transcendentalism: leaders: Theodore Parker. 
 Emerson's view of divine infiniteness and immanence, of ethics and evil. 
 Era of institutionalism: organized Unitarianism: record: present aspect. 
 Universalists: relation with Unitarians: Hosea Ballou: schism of 183T. 
 
 Congregationalists: revivals: work of Lyman Beecher: westward advance. 
 
 The Plan of Union: its occasion, provisions, issues and abolishing. 
 
 The New Haven theology: ideas of N. W. Taylor: Seminaries in protest. 
 
 Charles G. Finney: his ideas: his power as a preacher. 
 
 Horace Bushnell: his ideas, productions, enduring influence. 
 
 The Creed of 1884: Congregationalism's most recent practical movements. 
 
 Ihe Andover eschatology: the theory, the criticism, the conflict. 
 
 36 
 
3. 
 Presbyterians: conditions early in century: Cumberland Presbyterians. 
 Old School and New School — the ideas: trial of Duffield, Beecher, Barnes. 
 Assembly of 1836, 1837, 1838: exscinding of synods: the new Assembly. 
 Old School and New School related to slavery: the divisions: the reunions. 
 Basis of reunion act: work of Henry B. Smith: work of Charles Hodge. 
 Spirit of present-day Presbyterianism: Westminster Confession revision. 
 Biblical criticism controversy: leaders: actions of General Assembly. 
 The Reformed (Dutch) Church: its record in nineteenth century. 
 The Reformed (German) Church: its record: the Mercersburg theologj\ 
 
 4- 
 The Methodists: record: theological attitude: early changes in polity. 
 New agencies in Methodism: societies, colleges, theological schools. 
 The Methodist law of itineracy: the subject of lay delegation: schisms. 
 Division of Methodists on slavery: action of 1844, 1848: effect of the war. 
 Lay delegation, North and South: the question of women delegates. 
 Most recent organizings of Methodist work: Methodist leaders. 
 
 5. 
 The Baptists: conditions early in the century: founding of institutions. 
 The Baptist Church divided by slavery: position of Southern Baptists. 
 Baptist Church related to Bible Society: related to immersion argument. 
 The Disciples or Christians: their founders, customs, chief tenet, record. 
 
 6. 
 
 Episcopalians after Revolutionary War: progress of organization. 
 Evangelical and High Church parties in United States: leaders and work. 
 Diverse attitudes toward Tractarianism : memorial of 1853: action of 1874. 
 The Reformed Episcopal Church: its origin, character and record. 
 Lambeth Quadrilateral: the fourth point: episcopate of Phillips Brooks. 
 
 7- 
 Lutherans: sources of progress: their divisions: their organizations. 
 The Lutheran trend to confessionalism: predestinarian revival. 
 The trend to High Church Lutheranism: type of Lutheran polity. 
 
 8. 
 Quakers: the Hicksite division: Stephen Grellet as a Quaker type. 
 
 Z7 
 
9. 
 
 Roman Catholics: sources of progress: causes of loss. 
 
 Development of Romanist power: money, hierarchy, orders, institutions. 
 
 Anti-Romanist movements: their occasion: their criticism. 
 
 Diverse tendencies in Roman Church as to American or foreign spirit. 
 
 Controversy in Roman Church as to property: trustee or episcopate title. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church and the public schools: action of Councils. 
 
 Views of Roman hierarchy against public schools: relation of the laity. 
 
 Romanist proposal of public support for parochial schools: criticism. 
 
 Attitude of Leo XIII toward American problems: visit of SatoUi. 
 
 Roman Church in the United States related to dogma: infallibility decree. 
 
 Two propositions of Roman apology in the United States: Brownson. 
 
 ID. 
 
 Mormons: their origin: their movement: the Book of Mormon. 
 The Mormon idea of theocracy: the Mormon actual solidarity. 
 Mormon plural marriage: the teaching: the expediency: the two types. 
 Mormon conception of Deity: one-time doctrine of blood-atonement. 
 The spirit, the progress, the present position of Mormonism. 
 
 II. 
 Socialistic Communities: their classes, names, character, outcome. 
 Spiritism: its recent appearances: its influence: its character. 
 
 Denominations in United States: approximate number in leading bodies. 
 
 Church in Canada: proportion of Romanists and Protestants: developments. 
 Church of England in Canada: claims: oppositions: Clergy Reserve. 
 Methodism in Canada: its beginnings, leaders, organization, education. 
 Presbyterians in Canada: origin, leaders, organizations, union, education. 
 Congregationalists in Canada: Baptists in Canada. 
 
 Canadian Roman Catholics: earlier aspect: growth of Ultramontanism. 
 Romanism in Canada related to politics: related to the press. 
 Romanism in Canada related to baptized Protestants: to school system. 
 Statistics of the leading religious bodies in Canada. 
 
 38 
 
IV. 
 
 Early Romanism in Spanish America: opposing parties: the issue. 
 Mexico: Constitutions related to religion: clericals at home and abroad. 
 Maximilian in Mexico: accession, papal relation, experience, execution. 
 Religiovts liberalism in Mexico: state of Catholic clergy and religion. 
 Protestants in Mexico: missionary enterprise and progress: martyrdoms. 
 Central America: religious status and tendencies: Protestant missions. 
 South America: state of religion and civilization in Ecuador: in Peru. 
 Religion and civilization in Chili: Argentine Republic: Uruguay: Paraguay. 
 Civil and religious status of Brazil: popular attitude toward Roman Church. 
 Protestantism in South America: the field, the societies, the results. 
 General religious problems in Spanish America and their source, 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Russia: Nicholas I: Alexander II: the people: the Czars and the Church. 
 The Established Church: classes and customs of clergy: their numbers. 
 Dissenters in Russia: their numbers and character. 
 Position of the Raskolniki: principles and life of the Stundists. 
 Poland and Roman Catholics under Russian rule: Lutherans in Russia. 
 Greece: ecclesiastical autonomy: the Church's doctrine, polity, life. 
 Bulgaria: religious movement and its causes: political position. 
 Armenians: the Roman Catholic relation: the evangelical movement. 
 The Nestorians: their origin, location, mission, characteristics. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Protestant missions: societies in i8th century: progress in 19th century. 
 Earliest missionary undertakings: the Dutch in the East Indies. 
 The Moravians: their spirit: their work in West Indies: in Guiana. 
 The Moravians in Greenland: in Labrador: in Africa: in Australia. 
 Early missions in India: Ziegenbalg and Plutschau: Schultz and Schwartz. 
 India as a missionary field: attitude of the East India Company. 
 Earliest English missionaries in India: earliest American: results. 
 William Carey: the Baptists in Burma: the Baptists among the Telugus. 
 Alexander Duff: his educational principle: its influence. 
 Christianity in Western India: in Northwestern provinces: in all India. 
 Measures of Christian progress in India: theistic societies — their varieties. 
 Mohammedans and missions in India: in Turkey: Robert College. 
 
 39 
 
China: its religious systems: missionaries, societies, results. 
 
 Japan: its development: its religions: missionaries, societies, results. 
 
 Africa: earliest explorers: David Livingstone: other pioneers. 
 
 South Africa: missionaries, societies, localities, results. 
 
 Western Africa: missionaries, societies, losses, accomplishments. 
 
 Central Africa: missionaries, societies, localities, results. 
 
 Principal races of pagan Africa: their religion: Mohammedanism in Africa. 
 
 American Indians: missionary activities in the 19th century. 
 
 Christianity in Terra del Fuego: in the West Indies. 
 
 Christianity in the Society Islands: Friendly Islands: Fiji Islands. 
 
 Christianity in the Sandwich Islands: in New Zealand: in other islands. 
 
 Christianity in Madagascar: attitude of successive rulers. 
 
 Protestantism in missions: Romanism in missions: native Christianity. 
 
 The "World's Parliament of Religions": its nature, values, defects. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 Aspects of Christ's ministry: contrasted aspect of the Church. 
 Good and evil in historic movements toward reconciliation. 
 Christianity's actual and supreme achievements, private and public. 
 
 40 
 
SUMMARY TOPICS 
 
 IN 
 
 GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Church: its nature and its beginning. 
 
 Church History: its field: its relation to the visible and invisible. 
 
 Periods of Church History: the turning points and explanation. 
 
 Fullness of time for Christ and the Christian era. 
 
 Preparations in pagan life for Christian beginnings. 
 
 Foundations for Christian history in Jewish life. 
 
 Credibility of historic narrative in the New Testament. 
 
 Significance of Pentecost: and charisms in the Church. 
 
 Record of the Apostles' work and influence. 
 
 Peter's position in the Church: the Rome-question. 
 
 Paul's first, second and third missionary journeys. 
 
 Manner of Church life in Apostolic times. 
 
 Church officers in the early Church: their service and authority. 
 
 IT. 
 Locality and extent of early Christian progress. 
 Early missions in France: St. Denis: Martin of Tours. 
 Rome's persecutions: the reason, the manner, the extent. 
 The chief persecuting emperors: their several types. 
 Early martyrs and their contribution to Christianity. 
 Causes for Christianity's progress stated by Gibbon: the criticism. 
 Early anti-Christian writers: nature of their writings. 
 Early Christian apologists: their answer to infidelity. 
 The Apostolic Fathers and their writings. 
 The leading schools of thought in early Christianity. 
 Classes of early heresy and celebrated leaders. 
 Judaistic heresies, their variety and general idea. 
 
 41 
 
Gnosticism, its sources, varieties and ideas. 
 
 Marcion and Marcionites: history and ideas. 
 
 Manichaeism: sources, history, ideas. 
 
 Monarchianisni: schools, leaders, history. 
 
 Apostolic Constitutions and Canons: early Synods. 
 
 Discipline in the early Church: history through later time. 
 
 Early schisms in the Church: their cause and issue. 
 
 Nature and reason of Rome's leadership in early Church. 
 
 Stages in developing office from presbyter to Pope. 
 
 Early and later doctrine and practice as to Sunday. 
 
 Earliest annual festivals of the Christian Church. 
 
 Easter: question and variation in its observance. 
 
 Baptism: its early significance, method, subjects. 
 
 Confirmation: its origin and developing observance. 
 
 The Lord's Supper: its early meaning and way of observance. 
 
 The Lord's Supper: its later meaning and observance. 
 
 The Catacombs: their origin, use. Christian testimony. 
 
 Tertullian: his life, writings, influence. 
 
 Origen: his life, writings, influence. 
 
 IIL 
 
 Constantine: his character: his relation to Christianity. 
 Julian the Apostate: his spirit and effort: the result. 
 Reciprocal effects of alliance between Church and empire. 
 Early Christianity in Arabia: in Armenia: in Persia. 
 Early and later missionaries in Europe. 
 Ulphilas and early Christianity among the Goths. 
 Patrick and early Christianity in Ireland. 
 Arius and Arianism: idea, opponent, conflict, issue. 
 The Council of Nicaea: its description and decrees. 
 The eight Ecumenical Councils: place, time, decrees. 
 Nestorianism : Eutychianism: Monophysitism. 
 The content and importance of Chalcedon's decree, 451. 
 Pelagius and Pelagianism: idea, opponent, conflict, issue. 
 Education of the clergy in early Church and later. 
 Celibacy: the question and the observance East and West. 
 The patriarchates in the early Church. 
 
 42 
 
Origin of title — Pope: earliest Pope in the modern sense. 
 Chief Popes from Leo I to the Reformation: stages of papacy. 
 The Donatists: their ideas and history. 
 Sanctuaries and services: early and later customs. 
 Veneration of saints, relics, images: rise, custom, effect. 
 Miracles in post-Apostolic Church: tradition and criticism. 
 Monasticism: its origin: stages in its development. 
 Paul of Thebes: Anthony: Pachomius. 
 Benedict of Nursia: his life: the Benedictines. 
 Monasticism's service to the Church: and its detriment. 
 Eminent writers in the early Church and their work. 
 Athanasius: Chrysostom: Ambrose: Jerome: Augustine. 
 Hymns: their importance to the Church: early and later writers. 
 Liturgy: its early and later meaning: early and later classes. 
 Architecture: earliest and developing forms related to the Church. 
 Painting: early subjects and its development related to the Church. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The barbarian movement west: effect on Christian Church. 
 
 Chief Christian missionaries of the Middle Ages. 
 
 Missionary movement in Scotland: Columba: the Culdees. 
 
 Missionary movement in Ireland: Saint Patrick. 
 
 Missionary movement in England: the Saxon and British churches. 
 
 Missionary movement in Germany: Columbanus: Boniface. 
 
 Missionary movement in Switzerland: Gallus. 
 
 Missionary movement in Netherlands: Wilfrid: Willibrord. 
 
 Missionary movement in Scandinavia: Anschar. 
 
 Mohammed — character and life: Mohammedanism — record. 
 
 Charles Martel: Charlemagne: Alfred the Great. 
 
 Monothelite controversy: Iconoclastic controversy: Filioque controversy. 
 
 The dividing of the Church — East and West. 
 
 Church and Empire: effect of union for good and ill on each. 
 
 Gregory I: Gregory VII: Innocent III: Boniface VIII. 
 
 Papacy's temporal possessions: the False Decretals. 
 
 The interdict: the ordeal: the truce of God. 
 
 Monastic orders: names, characteristics, activities, effects. 
 
 Henry IV: Thomas Becket: Arnold of Brescia. 
 
 43 
 
The Cathari: the Albigenses: the Waldenses. 
 
 Guelf and Ghibelline: Gallican and Ultramontane. 
 
 The Crusades: the Military Orders. 
 
 The Carthusians and the Cistercians: Bernard of Clairvaux. 
 
 The Mendicant Orders: Francis of Assisi: Dominic. 
 
 Scholasticism: Mysticism: Humanism. 
 
 The Babylonish Captivity: the Great Schism. 
 
 The period of papal infamy: the three Reforming Councils. 
 
 V. 
 
 Early Reformation writers, preachers, workers, societies. 
 
 John VVyckliffe: Erasmus. 
 
 John Huss: Jerome of Prague: Savonarola. 
 
 The Lollards: the Bohemians: Brethren of the Common Life. 
 
 Conditions and movements of world at Reformation time. 
 
 Principles of the Reformation, positive and negative. 
 
 Great Reformation leaders: their relation to one another. 
 
 Martin Luther: his life, his teaching, his accomplishment. 
 
 Confession of Augsburg: Augsburg Interim: Peace of Augsburg. 
 
 The name — Protestant: the Anabaptists: the Peasant revolt. 
 
 John Calvin: his life, his teaching, his accomplishments. 
 
 Melancthon and his work: Zwingli and his work. 
 
 Reformation in Scandinavia: its manner and progress. 
 
 Reformation in France: characteristics, course, issue. 
 
 Massacre of St. Bartholomew: Edict of Nantes and Revocation. 
 
 Reformation in Italy: Reformation in Spain: an auto de fe. 
 
 Reformation in the Netherlands: character and issues. 
 
 William of Orange: Charles V: Philip II: Duke of Alva. 
 
 Arminian controversy: the Synod of Dort. 
 
 John Knox and the Reformation in Scotland. 
 
 Reformation in England: distinctiveness and results. 
 
 Henry VIII: Edward VI: Mary: Elizabeth. 
 
 Tyndale: Wolsey: the English martyrs. 
 
 VI. 
 
 The Puritans: their ideas, character, experience. 
 
 Episcopacy, Presbytery, Congregationalism: the Westminster Assembly. 
 
 Church in England under Cromwell: under the Stuarts. 
 
 44 
 
The Act of Uniformity: the Test Act. 
 
 The Revolution of 1688 and the Church: the Non-Jurors. 
 
 The Quakers: their origin, character, history. 
 
 Reformation in Ireland: its movement and issue. 
 
 The Council of Trent: its record and significance. 
 
 The Inquisition: its origin, methods, extent, effects. 
 
 The Jesuits: their founding, organization, character, record. 
 
 Francis Xavier: his character, work, accomplishments. 
 
 Thirty Years War: Gustavus Adolphus: Peace of Westphalia. 
 
 Jansenism — Pascal: Port Royal School — Madame Guyon. 
 
 The Syncretists — Calixtus: the Moravians — Zinzendorf. 
 
 English Deists of i8th century: Lord Herbert's five articles. 
 
 Life, morals and religion in England before Wesleyan revival. 
 
 John Wesley: his life, character, record, accomplishment. 
 
 Charles Wesley: his character, life and work. 
 
 George Whitefield: his record, power, doctrine. 
 
 The Oxford Club: its members, customs, influence. 
 
 Methodism: its organizing, characteristics and progress. 
 
 The Reformed Church of Scotland: secessions and unions. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Religious elements in the early occupying of America. 
 
 Roman Catholic establishment in the early colonies of America. 
 
 Spanish missions to the Indians: French missions. 
 
 French Huguenot colonies in the South and in the North. 
 
 The Dutch Reformed establishment in New York and New Jersey. 
 
 The Church of England in the colonies: condition and later organizing. 
 
 Relation of Roman Catholic and Protestant in Maryland. 
 
 Congregational establishments: character and influence. 
 
 Plymouth colony: Massachusetts Bay colony. 
 
 New England missions to the Indians. 
 
 Roger Williams: Mrs. Hutchinson: Witchcraft. 
 
 The Half- Way Covenant: the Great Revival. 
 
 Jonathan Edwards: his character, life and work. 
 
 Presbyterianism in America: its start, growth, influence. 
 
 Gilbert Tennent: his work and the revival controversy. 
 
 The Baptists in America: their early and later record. 
 
 45 
 
The Quakers in America: their early and later record. 
 Methodism in America: its pioneers and its progress. 
 Lutherans in America: sources, characteristics, tendencies. 
 Universalism: its origin and record in England and America. 
 Unitarianism: its origin and record in England and America. 
 The early Church of America related to social questions. 
 The later Church in America related to slavery: to temperance. 
 
 VIII. 
 The Bull Unigenitus: its occasion, content, significance. 
 The Skeptical movement in France, i8th century. 
 Voltaire: his character, ability, teaching, influence. 
 The Church and religion and the French Revolution. 
 German theological thought: Hegel, Kant, Schleiermacher. 
 Emanuel Swedenborg: his life, his ideas, his followers. 
 Ritschlianism: the ideas: the present influence. 
 Papacy in Europe in 19th century: spirit of the Popes. 
 The Vatican Council: its character and decrees. 
 The Old Catholics: their origin and record. 
 The Syllabus of 1864: its nature and contents. 
 The rise of a Free Italy: the Papal Guarantees. 
 Church in Holland in the 19th century. 
 Church in England in the 19th century. 
 Tractarianism — Oxford movement: Newman: Manning. 
 Evangelical school: its spirit and leaders. 
 The Broad Church: its principles and leaders. 
 The Free Church of Scotland: Thomas Chalmers. 
 Plymouth Brethren: Catholic Apostolic Church — Edward Irving. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Relation of Church and State in the United States. 
 State of religion at the founding of the United States. 
 Revivals in the United States in the 19th century. 
 Influence of the Civil War on various denominations. 
 Variations in New England theology. 
 The Plan of Union — Congregational and Presbyterian. 
 Cumberland Presbyterian Church: rise and record. 
 Old School and New School Presbyterians, and reunion. 
 
Recent tendencies and occurrences in Presbyterianism. 
 German Reformed Church: Mercersburg theology. 
 Methodism: its work and developments in the United States. 
 Baptists: their characteristics and schools in the United States. 
 The Disciples, or the Christian Church: origin, principles, progress. 
 Episcopal spirit and parties: Reformed Episcopal Church. 
 The Lambeth Articles: origin, contents; criticism of them. 
 Lutheran Church in the United States: sources, doctrine, polity. 
 Roman Catholic Church in the United States: progress and spirit. 
 Mormonism in the United States: history, character, influence. 
 Socialistic Communities in the United States: character and record. 
 
 X. 
 
 The Eastern Church: divisions, character, record in 19th century. 
 Earliest modern missionary societies and leaders. 
 Missionary work of the Moravians: where, when, with what success. 
 Missionary work in India: societies, workers, accomplishments. 
 Missionary work in China: societies, workers, accomplishments. 
 Missionary work in Japan: societies, workers, accomplishments. 
 Missionary work in Africa: societies, workers, accomplishments. 
 Missionary work in South America: societies, workers, accomplishments. 
 Missionary work in Islands of the Sea: societies, workers, accomplishments. 
 The Parliament of Religions. 
 
 XL 
 
 The great Auxiliary organizations of the Church. 
 
 The developing forms of the Church's practical work. 
 
 The present-day tendencies in the Church's doctrine and life. 
 
 47 
 
SPECIAL TOPICS 
 
 IN 
 
 History of the Reformed Dutch Church 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Netherlands and America. 
 I. 
 
 The Netherlands under the successive empires. 
 Government in the Netherlands in Reformation time. 
 Succession of Netherlands rule until present day. 
 Character of Netherlands people from earliest history. 
 World-position of the Netherlands in Reformation time. 
 Contributions of the Netherlands to modern history. 
 Earliest Christian missionaries in the Netherlands. 
 Wilfrid: his character, life and work. 
 Willibrord: his character, life and work. 
 
 II. 
 
 Conditions of the Dutch Church in the pre-Reformation. 
 Earliest representatives of the Reformation spirit. 
 Gerhard Groote: his spirit, teaching and record. 
 Brethren of the Common Life: the system and work. 
 Wessel Gansevoort: his life, teaching, influence. 
 Rudolf Agricola: his life and accomplishments. 
 Erasmus: his work and attitude toward the Reformation. 
 Methods and progress of the Reformation movement. 
 Charles V: his character and relation to the people. 
 Attitude and methods of Charles toward the Reformation. 
 Martyrdom of Esch and Voes: of Pistorius. 
 Philip II: his spirit and activity against the Reformation. 
 The League: its organization, purpose and work. 
 
 48 
 
Organizing of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands. 
 
 Synod of Antwerp: of Wesel: of Embden: of Middleburg. 
 
 Piesbyterian polity adopted by the Dutch Church. 
 
 BeJgic Confession: its author, characteristics, adoption. 
 
 Heidelberg Catechism: its authors, characteristics, adoption. 
 
 The Liturgy: its origin, formation and adoption. 
 
 Herman Stryker and Jan Arentsen: preaching and influence. 
 
 The Duke of Alva: Councils of Tumult (of Blood). 
 
 Count Egmont and Count Horn: their work: their execution. 
 
 Extent of distress, exile, martyrdoms. 
 
 III. 
 William of Orange: his family, early record, character. 
 Successive religious affiliations of Prince of Orange. 
 The Prince of Orange in the national leadership. 
 Successes and reverses of the national warfare. 
 The historic sieges of Harlem, Alkmaar, Leyden. 
 Triumph of Reformed faith: Rise of Dutch Republic. 
 Assembly of States, Dordrecht 1572: William, Stadholder. 
 The Union of Utrecht, 1579; seven northern provinces. 
 Fate of the Reformation in the southern provinces. 
 Assembly at the Hague, 1581: declaration of independence. 
 Acknowledgment of independence by Spain, 1648. 
 Treatment of Romanists by Protestants. 
 The Netherlands as refuge for those persecuted elsewhere. 
 The rule of William of Orange: his assassination, 1584. 
 Maurice as Stadholder: John of Barneveldt: Grotius. 
 
 IV. 
 Arminius: his record, teaching, arraignment: Episcopius. 
 Action of Church assemblies: participation by the State. 
 The Synod of Dort, 1618-19: its constituency and sessions. 
 Canons of the Synod of Dort: content, spirit, effect. 
 Post Acta of the Synod of Dort: content and importance. 
 Treatment of Arminians immediate and later. 
 
 V. 
 Coming of the Dutch to America: time and circumstance. 
 Manner and extent and importance of Dutch settlement. 
 
 49 
 
Manner and character of the Dutch colonial rule. 
 
 Displacement by the English in political possession. 
 
 Effect of the English occupation on Dutch population. 
 
 Contribution of the Dutch to American commonwealth. 
 
 Source of activity and support for Dutch Church in America. 
 
 Earliest religious officers and services in New Netherlands. 
 
 Sebastian Jansen Crol and Jan Huyck, Krankenbesoekers. 
 
 Successive worship-places in New Amsterdam. 
 
 First Dutch minister in New Amsterdam: Jonas Michaelius. 
 
 Organizing the Church in New Amsterdam, 1628: officers: congregation. 
 
 Everardus Bogardus: his work and death: Anneke Jans. 
 
 Earliest Dutch churches in America: dates of organizing. 
 
 Relation to other nationalities and other churches. 
 
 Early Dutch Church and early English Church. 
 
 Early Dutch rule related to Lutherans and Quakers. 
 
 Early Dutch relation to the Indians: missions to them. 
 
 The Huguenot colonists and the Dutch Church. 
 
 Megapolensis : Drisius: Polhemus: Selyns. 
 
 First Classis in America, 1679: ordination of Tesschenmaker. 
 
 State of the Church at the end of the 17th century. 
 
 Manner of ministerial education and ordination. 
 
 Charter of Collegiate Church, 1696: relation to Trinity. 
 
 The German Church in America related to the Dutch. 
 
 Eminent German ministers in early service of Dutch Church. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen: family, education, character. 
 Services of Frelinghuysen for religion and the Dutch Church. 
 Progress of the Church in first half of i8th century. 
 The Coetus: its origin, authority, plan, establishment 17 47- 
 The Circles, or local divisions, arranged by the Coetus. 
 Evolution of the Coetus into a Classis (for ordination) 1755- 
 The Conferentie organizing prior opposition to the Coetus, i755- 
 Character and progress and end of the controversy. 
 The Plan of Union, 1771: its origin and its contents. 
 The Convention of 1771, of 1772: approved by Amsterdam. 
 The Particular Bodies composing the General Body. 
 
 50 
 
John Henry Livingston: his family, education, character. 
 Services of Livingston to religion, education, the Dutch Church. 
 Church controversy as to a College and a Professor of Divinity. 
 Proposals of Professorship in King's College; in Princeton College. 
 Founding of Queen's (Rutgers) College, 1766, at New Brunswick: charter. 
 Founding of Theological Professorship: J. H. Livingston, 1784. 
 General and Particular Bodies called Synod and Classes, 1784. 
 Schenectady Academy (Union College) founded by Dr. Romeyn, 1785. 
 Synod adopts Constitution, Symbols and Liturgy, 1792. 
 The General Synod organized, 1794: its constituency. 
 Translation of Symbols, development of Liturgy, Explanatory Articles. 
 The character and successive places of Dr. Livingston's work. 
 Relation of Queen's (Rutgers) College and New Brunswick Seminary. 
 
 VII. 
 The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church incorporated, 18 19. 
 Progress of the Church in first half of 19th century. 
 The Secession in 1822: True Reformed Dutch Church. 
 The immigration from Holland: its occasion and leaders. 
 Van Raalte and Scholte and the western settlement. 
 Affiliation of modern Hollanders with the Church. 
 The Christian Reformed Church: its constituency and growth. 
 Hope College: its origin, work and influence. 
 The Western Seminary: its establishment and record. 
 The name — Reformed Church in America, 1867. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Progress of the Church in last half of 19th century. 
 
 Domestic Missions: the organization and history. 
 
 Leaders and localities in American extension. 
 
 Foreign Missions: the organization and history. 
 
 Eminent missionaries in the foreign field. 
 
 Borneo: China: India: Japan: Arabia. 
 
 Development of Rutgers College in the 19th century. 
 
 Development of New Brunswick Seminary in 19th century. 
 
 Status of the Church in the 20th century. 
 
 Characteristic values of the Reformed Church in America. 
 
 51 
 
Gaylord Bros. 
 
 Makers 
 
 vSyracuse, N. Y. 
 
 PAT, JAN. 21, 1908 
 
 Date Due 
 
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