£ibrarjp of Che theological ^eminarip PRINCETON • NEW JERSEY PRESENTED BY David B Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/manualofchaldeel00rigg_1 MANUAL OF THE CIIALDEE LANGUAGE; CONTAINING A CHALDEE GRAMMAR, CHIEFLY FROM THE GERMAN OF PROFESSOR G. B. WINER ; CHRESTOMATHY, CONSISTING OF SELECTIONS FROM THE TARGUMS, AND INCLUDING NOTES ON THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE ; AND A VOCABULARY, ADAPTED TO THE CHRESTOMATHY. WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE RABBINIC AND SAMARITAN DIALECTS. BY ELIAS RIGGS, D.D. FOURTH EDITION, REVISED. NEW YORK: ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH & CO., 900 BROADWAY, COR. 2Qth STREET. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tne year 1858, by ELIAS RICOS, . In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. CONTENTS, PREFACE »•••«••••«•• 5 Introduction. Chaldee Language and Literature .... 9 GRAMMAR, PAGE PART I. — Orthography and Orthoepy. Consonants . Vowels Daghesh Mappiq Accents . . . Tone-syllable Of reading unpointed text . 17 17 19 20 20 20 21 PAET II. — Etymology. Derivation and inflection of words gen¬ erally ..... 22 Mutations of consonants . . .23 Vowel changes .... 25 PRONOUNS ; personal and possessive . 27 Suffix pronouns .... 28 Demonstrative pronouns . . . • 29 Relative and interrogative • . 29 VEEBS ; derivation and inflection . 30 Conjugations .... 30 Moods and tenses . . . .82 Inflection of the Regular V erb . 33 Notes on the Par. of the Regular Verb . 34 Personal inflection of the participles . 36 Unfrequent Conjugations . . .37 Quadrilateral Verbs ... 37 Verbs with Gutturals . . .37 Regular Verbs with Suffix-pronouns . 39 IRREGULAR VERBS . . .40 Verbs Pe Nun . . . . 41 - Ayin doubled . . .41 - Pe Yodh . ... 42 - Pe Aleph . . • .44 - Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh . 44 ■ - Lamedh Aleph . . .45 - doubly anomalous . . 47 Verbs defective, and mixed forms - irregular, with suffix pronouns NOUNS; derivation - gender and number - states ; emphatic - - Declension . Dec. I. Dec. II. III. .... Dec. IV. V. Dec. VI. VII. Dec. VIII. IX. . Irregular nouns ... ADJECTIVES . Numerals .... PARTICLES ; adverbs Prepositions .... Conjunctions . Interjections .... PAGE 48 49 50 . 51 52 . 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 59 59 60 61 61 . 62 PART III. — Syntax. PRONOUNS; personal . - relative ... - interrogative - reflexive, how designated . - indefinite - - demonstrative - - VEEBS ; use of the tenses Peculiar mode of designating certain tenses Use of the Imperative . - Infinitive .... - Participles Optative mood .... Agreement of the verb with its subject Impersonal verbs ; how designated Regimen of verbs . . . Verbs used for adverbs . 63 64 64 64 64 64 64 65 66 66 66 67 67 67 63 63 4 CONTENTS Constructio praegnans . , PAGE 68 Ellipsis 00 SO • • NOUNS ; designation of cases 69 Use of the cases . 70 - plural 70 Repetition of nouns . . . 70 ADJECTIVES . . 70 PASS Adjectives ; comparison of . . .71 NUMERALS .... 71 PARTICLES ; adverbs . . .72 Negatives .... 7° Interrogative particles . ' . PARADIGMS of verbs, nouns, &c. . 7 CHRESTOMATHY. PART I— Select sentences from the Targum op Onkelos . . 92 PART II. — Extracts from the Tar- gums. I. History of the fall, Gen. 3. Onkelos . 97 II. The same, Gen. 3. Pseudo-Jonathan 100 III. The same, Gen. 8. Jerusalem Targum 105 IY. Story of a dispute between Cain and Abel, Gen. 4: 8. Jerusalem Targum . 108 Y. Marriage of Samson, Judg. 14. Jona¬ than ..... 109 YI. Prediction of Messiah’s kingdom, Ps. 2. Author of the Targum uncer¬ tain . . . . .111 VOCABULARY APPENDIX A. Rabbinical D’alect “ B. Samaritan Dialect YII. The praises of Jehovah, Ps. 8 . 112 VIII. Parable of the vineyard, Isa. 5 : 1 — 7. Jonathan .... 112 IX. Extract from Isaiah’s prediction of the Messiah, Isa. 52 : 13 — 53 : 2. Jona¬ than ..... 114 X. Aphorisms of Solomon, Prov. 10 : 1 — 12. Targumist unknown . . 115 PART III.— Notes on the Biblical Chaldee. I. Jeremiah 10:11 . • . 117 II. Daniel 2 : 4—7 : 28 118 III. Ezra 4 : 8 — 6 : 18 . 122 IY. Ezra 7 : 12—23 122 . 123 146 151 4 PREFACE. The first edition of this work was published in 1832. The preface to that edition, kindly furnished by my respected instructor, the Rev. Moses Stuart, then Professor of Biblical Literature in the Theological Seminary at Andover, so well sets forth the advantages of studying the Chaldee dialect, that I retain the principal portion of it here. Prof. Stuart says : “ The study of the Chaldee language is worthy of commendation, on various grounds. “ (1) A knowledge of it is highly important, in aiding the student more fully to understand the Hebrew. The basis of Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Samaritan, is well known, by every good oriental scholar, to be one and the same. Hence it may be truly said, that he who has a solid and fundamental knowledge of the genius of one of these languages, possesses a real knowledge of them all. The meaning is, that the genius, structure, idiom, peculiarities of syntax, and a mul¬ titude of the words, are substantially the same in all; so that he who has acquired a radical acquaintance with any one of them, is prepared to make very rapid and easy progress in them all. The student who un¬ derstands the Hebrew, has only to read through the pages of the Gram¬ mar in the following sheets, in order to be fully satisfied of the correct¬ ness of this statement. And if correct, then is it obvious, that in every step of his progress in the study of the Chaldee, he is gaining additional light and satisfaction and confirmation, in regard to the meaning, forms, and structure of the Hebrew. Who will say that the study of Greek, Latin, French (specially the Norman), and Saxon, does not cast light upon the English language ? Indeed, how can it ever be radically un¬ derstood, without sonle knowledge of these languages ? But the Chal¬ dee is much nearer to the Hebrew, than any of these languages to the English. “ (2) The most important ancient helps extant, for illustrating the 6 PREFACE. meaning of Hebrew words, are in the Chaldee language. The two Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan (which extend over the most con¬ siderable portion of the Old Testament) are more to be depended on in difficult cases, than any other aid to which we can resort, in all the store-houses of antiquity. In all probability they are older than the Christian era (excepting a few later adscititious passages that have been mingled with them) ; and inasmuch as they are substantially of the same idiom with the Hebrew, so they often give us the exact shape, as well as meaning of the Hebrew, better than any or all other ancient ver¬ sions. Let the attentive student note the use which Rosenmueller has, with so manifest advantage to his commentaries, often made of the Tar¬ gums. We may reasonably have a confidence in such ancient Chaldee translators, that they, at least for the most part, rightly understood their original. u (3) Several chapters in Ezra and Daniel, as exhibited in our He¬ brew Bibles, are in the Chaldee language. The student, then, who de¬ signs to acquire the power of consulting all the original Scriptures, must make himself acquainted with the Chaldee language. “ (4) Whoever designs to pursue Talmudic and Rabbinic literature, or to be able to judge of quotations from the Talmud or the Rabbins, must have some acquaintance with the Chaldee. The Gremara of the Talmud is Chaldaic in its idiom ; and so are nearly all of the older Rabbinical writings. All the works of this class are, indeed, of a cor¬ rupt dialect and mixed nature ; but they all Clialdaize. “ (5) The Chaldee is a very easy conquest to the well-grounded He¬ brew student. A few weeks devoted to it will enable him to read it with as much facility as he does the Hebrew. Buxtorf’s Lexicon Chald. Talmud. Labbinicum , is a complete store-house of these dia¬ lects, and is a book which may be procured for a trifle. It is an “ opus triginta annorum / ” and truly a paragon in this species of lexicography. Every biblical student should possess it. A Polyglott Bible will pre¬ sent the student with all the Targums; and Buxtorf’s Liblia Labbinica will not only give these, but all the distinguished Rabbinic commenta¬ ries, such as those of Kimchi, Jarchi, Aben Ezra, etc.” After some remarks respecting the publication of such a work as the Chaldee Manual in this country, he adds : “ As to the work itself, the plan and the execution are throughout such as Lean commend. The grammar is brief; but quite copious enough for the student who is well versed in Hebrew. In the text, notes, and lexicon of the Chrestomathy, will be found all that is needful PREFACE. 7 « in an introduction to the Chaldee language. With Buxtorf’s Lexicon and the Targums, one can easily make his own way, after reading this Chrestomathy.” A second edition of Prof. Winer’s Chaldee Grammar appeared at Leipzig in 1842, revised and considerably enlarged. This was translated into English by the Bev. Hor. B. Ilackett, D.D., Professor of Bibl. Lit. in Newton Theol. Institution, and published at Andover in 1845. Bevisiting my native land, after an absence of twenty-four years in the foreign missionary service in Greece and Turkey, it seemed to me due to the cause of Biblical literature that I should revise and re-edit the Chaldee Manual. This, with the full concurrence and approbation of Prof. Ilackett, I have undertaken, availing myself of whatever seemed to be improvements in Prof. Winer's second edition, and incor¬ porating numerous manuscript notes of my own. To the brief view of the Babbinic dialect in the Appendix has been added a similar view of the Samaritan. The former is a Chaldaizing Hebrew, the latter a Hebraizing Chaldee. I trust it will be found that the work has been decidedly enhanced in value, although somewhat diminished in size, by the omission from the Chrestomathy of the text of the Biblical Chaldee. The notes are preserved, and in the first edition the text also was printed for conven¬ ience of reference ; but as every student has it already in his Hebrew Bible, it was thought that his interest would be best consulted by omit¬ ting it here, and thus diminishing the size of the book, and consequently its price. This edition will be issued simultaneously in this country and in Great Britain. It is offered to the lovers of biblical and oriental study in both countries, with a prayer to the Author of the Scriptures, that He would condescend to employ it as a means of furthering in these highly favored lands the critical study of the Sacred Volume. ELIAS BIGGS. New York, January, 1858. In the tables of pronouns and numerals, and generally in the grammar, unusual forms are included in parentheses. In references to the Scriptures, where the name of the Targum is not given, that of Onkelos is to be understood, when the passages cited are from the Pentateuch, and that of Jonathan, when they are taken from the prophets. Distinct meanings of words are separated, in the vocabulary, by semicolons. Where two or more words are employed to express or illustrate the same definition, they are separated by commas. INTRODUCTION. CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The Aramean, one of the three grand divisions* of the Shemitish or Oriental languages, comprises two principal subdivisions ; viz. the Syriac, sometimes called, by way of distinction, West Aramean , and the Chaldee, or East Aramean, The appropriate region of the latter was the province of Babylonia, between the Euphrates and Tigris, the original inhabitants of which (related in respect of their origin to the Hebrews and Syrians, and who should not be confounded with the Chaldeans , a tribe which occupied that region much later) cultivated this language as a distinct dialect, and communicated it to the Jews during the Babylonian exile. The Chaldeans [XaASaioi, d^bd] originated, as is evident from a comparison of the statements of Greek authors, (particularly Xenophon.) with those of the Bible, in the mountains of Armenia. Partly overcome by the Assyrians, they removed to the plains of Mesopotamia, and espe¬ cially of Babylonia, in the seventh century B. C. They afterwards not only gained their own independence, but rose to universal dominion on the ruins of the great Assyrian Monarchy. The name Babylonians (Ezra 4 : 9) we apply, on the other hand, to the original inhabitants of Babylonia, who were of a Shemitish (Aramean) stock. To them belonged the lan¬ guage of which we are treating ; and it may therefore not inappropriately * Aramean, Hebrew, and Arabic. 10 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. be termed Babylonish. For, that the Chaldeans did not speak the same language as the descendants of Abraham who settled in Palestine did, nor even a kindred dialect, is clear from the Chaldaic names of gods, kings, and offices, which appear in the Old Testament after the time of Nebuchadnezzar, and which are connected with the Medo-Persian lan¬ guage, (see Gesenius’ Geschichte der Hebr. Sprach. p. 62 seq). but which admit no adequate explanation from the Shemitish dialects. The appellation Aramean (language) is derived from 2 Kings 18 : 26, Isa. 36 : 11, Ez. 4 : 7, and Daniel 2 : 4. In the first two passages the name rprnx is applied to the dialect through which the Assyrian and Chaldean officers made themselves understood in conversation with Hebrews [Jews] ; i. e. the universal language of the inhabitants of the Assyrian [Chaldean] kingdom on this side the Tigris. See Gesenius Com. zu Jes. Vol. I. p. 956 seq. In the last case, on the other hand, the Chaldean magians address Nebuchadnezzar in Aramean ; which is indeed remarkable. It is manifest however that the same dialect is meant from the sequel, in which the speech of the magians is inserted in the Chaldee dialect, now so called. In ‘the Greek and Latin languages the term Aramean is not wholly wanting, (comp. Strabo I. p. 212. ed. Siebenkees,) although Syriac is very extensively used in respect to Syria, Mesopotamia, and Babylonia, and specially of the languages of these countries. Comp. Xen. Cyrop. 7, 5. 31. Jerome on Dan. 2 : 4. Strabo II. p. 58. — On the name applied to the Chaldee by the Talmudists, see Lightfoot Hor. Heb. on John 4 : 2, and below No. 2. Chaldaic. [c’1'nb3 *jV23b] in the Old Testament, signifies the language of the inhabitants of Chaldea proper, which, according to Dan. 1 : 4. was the court-language under Nebuchadnezzar. On the other hand. Philo uses XaXSatVrt of the Babylonian also, and even of the ancient Hebrew. To what extent the Babyloneo-Aramean was cultivated, as a separate dialect, and whether it ever became the language of books, history does not inform us. That it continued in Babylonia, in connection with the proper Chaldee, as the language of ordinary intercourse, is evident, partly from the above-quoted Scripture passages and from several pas¬ sages in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, but especially from the well known circumstance, that the exiled Jews found the Babylonish, as a living language, in the provinces to which they were carried. It appears also, from the remains of the Pehlvi dialect , that the Babylonish produced a very great influence upon the ancient language of the Chaldeans, (i. e. the Median.) See Gesenius Com. uber Jes. Vol. I. p. 947. 2. By means of tlie Jews the Clialdee was transplant¬ ed into Palestine, where it became the vernacular tongue, and was employed by them, as it had been in Babylonia, as the language of books. Though the Aramean as spoken by Jews partook somewhat of the Hebrew char- CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND . LITERATURE. 11 acter, no entire or very important corruption of it took place ; and to this circumstance alone the Babylonians are indebted for the survival, or at least the partial pre¬ servation, of their language, which, even in the mother country, has, since the spread of Islamism, become ex¬ tinct. The Jews however did not, immediately after their return, adopt the Chaldee exclusively. It was not until the time of the Maccabees, that this language completely displaced the Old Hebrew, as Gesenius has de¬ monstrated. Gescli. d. Heb. Spr. p. 44. Concerning the Chaldee as the language of books among the Jews, see No. 3. It is clear from Ezra 4: 7, 8, that it. was also the government-language of the western provinces of the Persian empire. The Samaritans also spoke a dialect very nearly resembling the Chaldee. In later times, the name Hebrew (expats, ij3paiibap . 4. The violation of the rule of Qamets Hhatuph, in such cases as is only apparent. The i is only a superfluous mater lectionis and is by no means to be regarded as quiescing in Q,amets Hhatuph, or as a con¬ sonant [Ilhavchma] since it is written without Sheva. In general, how¬ ever, Qamets Hhatuph seldom occurs in Chaldee words. 2. punctuation; daghesh. 19 DAGHESH. » 5. Daghesh lene is subject to tlie same general rules as in Hebrew. a. The pron. suff. p's and *J3 never receive it. b. In some editions, in the middle of a word is treated as a diph¬ thong, and the next letter does not receive Daghesh lene ; as TV2 baithi. Generally however n is regarded as a proper consonant, and we find "'FVs FPba bay-tl, geldy-ta. c. Nouns of the form (Heb. Tjbtt) are treated as though the ground- form was , and Daghesh is inserted in the 3 where a mixed syllable precedes; as . 6. Daghesh forte compensative a. Is inserted in the first radical of verbs S&j e. g. for pp^iSS, Aphel from pp^ . b. In n of the passive prefix it compensates for the omission of X the characteristic prefix of Aphel, e. g. for bppxpx . Note. The peculiarity of the Chaldee in both these cases is, that the letter for which compensation is made would, if the word were fully writ¬ ten, have succeeded the letter in which Daghesh forte is inserted. In He¬ brew this is unusual, and where it occurs might perhaps be denominated Chaldaism. c. Sometimes, especially in the later Chaldee, it compensates for the omission of quiescents and consequent shortening of the vowel preceding the letter in which Daghesh forte is inserted; as instead of Gen. 3 : 2, Pseud. Jon. The converse of this also takes place ; § 7. a. (2.) 7. Forms which regularly exhibit Daghesh forte, but sometimes appear with a different orthography. a. The letter 3 sometimes takes the place of Daghesh forte, even where the radical form does not exhibit a 5; e. g. Dan. 2 : 25, instead of or from This may have arisen from an imperfect ac¬ quaintance with Chaldee. A Jew, on perceiving that 3 was expressed in Chaldee in many cases where his own language required Daghesh forte or a long vowel compensating for it, would perhaps be liable to employ it even where it was not required by good Chaldee usage. See below § 6. a. note. Gesenius, Lehrg. § 33. 3. b. Very frequently no compensation is made for the exclusion of Da¬ ghesh forte from gutturals; e. g. pSTipn Gen. 3 : 3, TTI13 2 K. 21 : 6. c. As in Hebrew, Daghesh forte is sometimes dropped when the letter in which it would regularly be inserted has Sheva. 20 3. TONE-SYLLABLE MAPPIQ. 8. Mappiq is inserted, as in Hebrew, in n where it is not quiescent. a. In the Pronominal suffixes ft— and ft—, comp. § 8. b. In ft when it occurs as the last radical of a verb or noun and is not quiescent; e. g. ftna Ps. 131 : 1, ftbx Dan. 2 : 28. ACCENTS. 9. a. In tlie Chaldee portions of the original Scrip¬ tures, the same accents are employed, and subject to the same rules, as in Hebrew, only that the half-accent Metheg is much less regularly and less frequently inserted than in Hebrew. b. In the Targum of Onkelos, the train of accents is substantially the same as in the original text. See Chres- tomathy Part I. Note on No. 1. c. To the text of the other Targums no accents have been appended. Tone- Syllable, The tone falls in Chaldee, (as in Hebrew,) usually on the last syllable. The following forms are exceptions, and are accented on the penultimate. 1. Segholate nouns which follow the Plebrew form; as SfVa, D?t3 , p:n, which however occur almost exclu¬ sively in the biblical Chaldee. 2. Verbal forms terminating in m and *1; O T T T • 7 as nbbp , abtofp, awbbjj, sibtjjy. 3. The suffixes “0— as— — vvr e. g. ansbtt TT TT * T *7 O T T J - , wrvin , &c. T T , / • • / The German and Polish Jews place the tone in Chaldee (as they also do in Hebrew) on the penult. Whether this was the ancient. Babylonish accentuation, cannot be decided from the accentuation prevalent in Syriac; since two closely related dialects may differ widely in this respect. Were 4. OF READING UNPOINTED TEXT. 21 the vowels of the Chaldee, as we have them, entirely conformed to the old Babylonish pronunciation, we should have, in them, a clew to the ancient accentuation. § 4. Of reading unpointed text. As points have not been attached to all the Chaldee text, and since the unpointed, (besides the use of the mot¬ ives lectionis , 1 , 41 , which obtains likewise in Heb.) pre¬ sents some peculiarities, it may be well here to notice, as an assistance in reading without vowels, one usage at least, which obtains in the Targums, viz. that a double *1 or * is sometimes employed, (a) In the middle of a word, either to indicate that these letters are moveable ; as tfMYisna i. e. anjstta , i. e. ; or that they are to be pronounced double ; as nrrmna i. e. nrmpa , pn^n i. e. pn?n . (V) In the end of a word, especially when it is neces¬ sary to distinguish between the pronouns and ‘’—j as ^bm i. e. ■ton . Note. Only one abbreviation occurs in the Targums, viz. ^ for The Talmud abounds with them. See J. Buxtorf De Abbreviat. Hebr. Basil. 1640. Svd. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES WHICH REGULATE THE DERIVATION AND INFLECTION OF WORDS. § 5. The subject generally . 1. Before entering upon the derivation and modifica¬ tions of the various parts of speech, it will he necessary to notice briefly the general principles according to which these changes take place. In Chaldee, as in every other language, these changes respect partly consonants, and partly vowels, which will naturally divide this subject into two parts. 2. It is proper to distinguish, among the changes of consonants and vowels with which we meet in the inflec¬ tions of the parts of speech, between those which are necessary , and those which are the result of euphony. The former class includes those changes which are essen¬ tial to permanent forms, — those which run through the language, and which form, so to speak, its substratum. Such are the terminations of the persons in verbs, and of the numbers in nouns. Those changes, on the other hand, may be reckoned euphonical , which are not essential to the form, but result simply from facility of utterance ; 6. MUTATIONS OF CONSONANTS. 23 as ■phtpjj instead of pbpp , ‘H«:n instead of “p^n , nnnctf instead of *inDntf . So in Latin we have imminutus for inminutus , mi for mihi, hodie for hoc die , &c. It is plainly with this latter class of changes that we are at present chiefly concerned. 4 § 6. Mutations of Consonants. The derivation and inflection of words, so far as they depend on the consonants, are effected by other letters (beside those which compose the root) being prefixed, inserted, or suffixed ; or by the radicals themselves being omitted, doubled, or commuted with other letters ; e. g. bi:p*a , brjp , tfpbttp , bDp from bttp ; Dtj from a*)T3 ; “'ba from aba . For these purposes the Chaldee employs the let¬ ters tt, 5,m. It belongs to the details of ety¬ mology to exhibit the manner in which these servile letters are employed in each particular case. Those changes only will be noticed in this place, which, in the formation and inflection of words, are the results of eu¬ phony. Such are the assimilation , transposition , omis¬ sion, commutation , and insertion of consonants. a. Assimilation takes place regularly, (1) Of the letter 2, when it occurs as the final consonant of a mixed syllable and immediately precedes another consonant. Thus instead of p22? is commonly written p5p , nnpp in¬ stead of sropa . Comp. § 18. — (2) Of ri in the passive prefix with a succeeding tt or *1, more rarely with any other letter. See § 10. 5. Note. The converse of this takes place, when, instead of doubling a consonant, the letter 3 is inserted; e. g. ‘12£3j3 for “’Sip ; tn33Ji for ttsx Job 31 : 12, Dan. 4 .9. (This takes place however in only a few words which must be learned by practice.) — n also is so used in the later Tar- gums ; e. g. TV"|pnK instead of ynpx Gen. 38 : 9. Pseudo-Jon. in¬ stead of "’feE Eccl. 10 : 12. 1). Transposition . The n of the passive preformative 24 6. MUTATIONS OF CONSONANTS. rtf regularly changes places with the first radical, when that happens to be a sibilant (T, or E) ; e. g. rornjtf , "tnnotf , . c. The following letters are dropped. (1) h and 3 in some forms in which they would stand in the beginning of a word without a vowel ; e. g. Pp instead of ppi , [Imp.] for 3H? . — (2) Consonants destitute of vowels, by contraction ; e. g. instead of nipantf , wnn instead of *102 . Here belong also instead of , anno instead of anppo Ex. 9:31, Jon. — (3) 5 without a vowel and in the end of a syllable, of participles changed into tenses ; e. g. *pmbi2 2 for pnpbpp. — (4) Very frequently the quiescents ; e. g. IppP instead of praa? , wn instead of — (5) n in the end of words, con¬ stantly in the absolute state of feminine forms like msbtt ; — also in the later Targums ^ for ms Gen. 22 : 19, Jon. d. Commutation takes place, especially of quiescents ; ( 1 ) When one quiescent letter is exchanged for another capable of quiescing in the same vowel ; as instead of nna’p , (which is merely an orthographical change ;) — (2) When a quiescent, homogeneous with the character¬ istic vowel of a particular form, is substituted for one which would be heterogeneous ; as D^pa for Dlpa (nipa). But those numerous eases of verbs do not belong here, in which 11 appears instead of it ; nor such instances as instead of ; for in these cases the ^ is only the original consonant (which had been dis¬ placed by another) restored. See above. e. Insertion, a prosthetic is sometimes inserted in cases where other- wise a syllable would commence with two consonants ; e. g. T^a , ‘yna . Here belong also such cases as osna instead of naana , bopna instead of bppana . For DagJiesJi forte is here euphonic , being pri¬ marily designed to shorten the pronunciation, (see Gese- nius. Lehrgeb. p. 860,) though it constantly indicates the 7. VOWEL-CHANGES. 25 doubling of the consonant; and for this purpose the vowel of the falls back to the n of the prefix. § 7. Vowel-changes. The derivation and inflections of words are effected, in the second place, by vowels , when forms of words de¬ rived from the same ground-form are characterized by different vowels ; ex. Sfbft from rjbtt ? bp£ from bppp , brio from bnp . It is impossible to decide, in each particular case, why such and such vowels have been selected as characteristic of the form. We can distinctly ascertain, however, what are the characteristics of particular forms ; and this again must be referred to the details of ety¬ mology. Only some variations from the general prin¬ ciples which regulate these forms, and some other modifi¬ cations of vowels which result from facility of pronuncia¬ tion, will be noticed here. Vowels, in the course of for¬ mation and inflection, are commuted , transposed , dropped , or inserted. a. Commutation of vowels; (1) Short for long, when a mixed syllable loses the tone ; as pnb? from bb ? run from , ipp const, state of . In these cases i pure generally becomes — ; and — , — . When the long vowel remains unchanged, either that is impure, or the last con¬ sonant of the ground-form is thrown forward and pro¬ nounced with the suffix; e. g. pD'abrc Dan. 3 : 31. So con¬ stantly in Hebrew ; as Tpin . See above § 2. 2. — • (2) Long vowels take the place of short ; — in pause ; as> Sps Dan. 2:32, Dan. 4:6, na Gen. 4:11, nbra Ex. 4 : 13, (though this is not universally the case ; comp. Dan. 2:9, 17) ; — before a guttural which would regularly be doubled ; as instead of tpntt , instead of awns1}?, (although this likewise is not without exceptions, especially if the guttural be n or n, Dan. 4 : 16, 24) ; — - 26 7. TOWEL-CHANGES. before other consonants, less frequently ; as ‘ptp^ instead of phptf Gen. 38:9. Ps. Jon. see § 6. a. ; — when a quies¬ cent which would regularly have a composite Sheva, drops it and quiesces in the preceding vowel ; as p^b instead of p*i2*b . — (3) It is for the sake of euphony that, in final syllables which terminate in a guttural, Pattahh is usually found before it, instead of the usual characteristic vowel ; as nbirn instead of fib©1?, nn© instead of ns© ; also that when a syllable terminates in a quiescent preceded by a heterogeneous vowel, that vowel becomes homogeneous 5 e. g. Spoia instead of CpoiK . The case of simple syllables, in which long vowels have displaced the short ones, does not belong here. In most of these instances, the punc¬ tuators probably employed the short vowels; and such forms as *12230 , *ni?a occur only in particular editions. b. Transposition of vowels takes place in some mono¬ syllabic forms of verbs, the vowel of which is between the last two radicals, when they receive a pronominal suffix ; as nbpp from bpp ; — also in some contracted forms of verbs ; as pn? for ppp? ; — and finally, in cases like D^ip for D}p , ‘'ft© for ‘’Pitf © ? when the moveable or 1 , etc. throws back to the preceding consonant its own vowel, for the sake of quiescing in it. c. Vowels are dropped , in the final syllable of ground- forms, only when formative syllables are added, and then much less frequently than in Heb. ; e. g. s©b? from obp ? pbtpp from bpp ? abns from bna , pbipp? from btjp? . The vowels most frequently omitted are Pattahh, Tseri and Hhireq. d. Finally, vowels are inserted ; (1) When two con¬ sonants would otherwise stand together without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable ; as bpp? from btpp ? pbpb from pb© . The vowel most commonly employed in such cases to facilitate pronunciation is Hhireq. But when 8. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 27 the following consonant is a guttural, and has a compo¬ site Sheva, the preceding consonant takes the short vowel corresponding with this Sheva ; as tfpsp > • — (2) In cases like Ez. 7:18, ttn^nn Ez. 4 : 15, instead of ; where three consonants would come to¬ gether, in the beginning of a syllable, without a vowel. Note. In case (1) the inserted vowel regularly belongs to the first of the two consonants which would have been without vowels. In the later Targums, a practice somewhat different prevails to considerable extent Instead of a short vowel under the first consonant, a long vowel appears under the second ; e. g. instead of *vaxi Gen. 3 : 1. Ps. Jon. et passim, fctbnna'n instead of fctbTvai Gen. 3 : 24. Ps. Jon. t • •• 5 ▼ • : • CHAPTER II. PRONOUNS. § 8. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. 1. Personal pronouns are divided, as in Hebrew, into two classes, separate and suffixed. The former exjoress, with some exceptions, the nominative case, and the latter the oblique cases. TABLE OF THE SEPARATE PRONOUNS OR GROUND-FORM . Singular. 1 . C. !!05t,(nDN) I 2. c. tnx, nsx (rinss) thou 3. m. Mn sinas, sin Prov. 25 : 20, like the Syr.) he 3. f. fiOft (kivk, ‘'rvx,) she 1. c. 2. m. 2. f. 3. m. 3. f. Plural. 03«) we Hn:«, ■jsnx j I'nix , Tnx f ye W> (ran) 1 linn , ian v they (rsr* , ) 2. The suffix (or inseparable) pronouns are appended to verbs, to the signs of cases (§60) and prepositions, or to nouns. In the last case they are usually translated by possessive pronouns, though the genitive of personal pro¬ nouns would more exactly express them ; precisely as in 28 8. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Greek, n ccr/jg [xou, &c. The following are the suffixes at¬ tacked to verbs. 1. c. 2. m. 2. f. 3. m. 3. f. *'3— ’ . (“13) me T ’ ^ i thee v- d- T- f rt-, ft'— ('ft, *ini>) him («*,) her (It. s3“) P= 1? Pb P*- i5 , rs , is — us you them Which of the forms is to be used in each particular case, is explained in § 16, where also will be found an explanation of the so-called Nun epen¬ thetic , which is frequently inserted between the verbal form and its suffix. 3. The suffixes of nouns are divided, again, into two classes, viz. those attacked to nouns singular, and tkose attacked to nouns plural. Tke latter are expressed by somewkat lengthened forms, in which tke ^ of tke plural termination commonly appears. They are gene¬ rally tke following : I. SUFFIXES TO NOUNS SINGULAE. Singular suffixes. 1. C. 2. m. -- 1 2-f- | 3. m. n — 3. f. ft— . (in bibl. Ch. ft— -) my thy his her Plural suffixes. 3*3—2 pD, DID ) 1? S pn, (Din) ) rrb n j our your their Note 1. Twice, instead of n— appears X— Dan. 4 : 15, 5:8; the Tar- gumists wrote likewise *,ni Gen. 1 : 12, 21, or with the full orthography ft'—. Appended to the words DJ< , Hi* and DH which before suff. take the forms 1DX , etc., the suff. of the 2d and 3d per. sing, take the forms ” , 'ft , 3 ft' i , nl my thy his 3. f 3, ■jisTna . See § 44. 2. So also do mx [=Heb. izpj mb its negative, and , as ; e. g. “’mx, ini mb, •jimos , and the suffix must be rendered in the nominative case. 9. Other Pronouns. 1. Tlie Demonstrative Pronouns are, sing. masc. -ft (■OT Gen. 37 : 19, W Job 9 : 24,) pi, H (HP Jer. 26:9 ;) fem. 1ft , ; com. H , (nn ,) fyj (Ps. 24 : 6, 52 : 8,) this , that / plur. com. pbtf, n!b«, ba ? ^jbis: these, those. Note. With the Hebrew article, X^nn, pbxn (Ex. 20: 1) are equiva¬ lent to our expressions this very , precisely this. So also are the forms xmx, x^mx, xmx (Ruth 1 : 16. Lam. 1:4.) • ’ • • t • v • du, Lb** 2. The Relative Pronoun is p (as a prefix), or ^ * (as a separate word), of both genders and both numbers. It designates regularly the Nominative or Accusative. How the other oblique cases are indicated, see in Syntax § 60. 3. The Interrogative Pronouns are expressed, some¬ times, according to the Hebrew analogy, by ‘jft who ? of e, * In the Egyptian Aramean inscriptions ’’t and nt . Comp. the Heb. nt . 4 30 1 0. VERBS ; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. persons, (whence ’latt for ps Prov. 20:6, 27:4,) and (he) what f of things : sometimes, by prefixing the interrogative particle to the demonstrative pronoun : pT» m. f. (“’To5, The latter mode is rather more expressive, who indeed t who then f On the mode of designating the reflexive and recipro¬ cal sense of pronouns, compare Syntax, § 49. 1. ' CHAPTER III. I VERBS. § 10. Derivation and inflection of verbs generally. 1. Verbs, as in Hebrew, are generally primitive. A few are formed from nouns, and are called denominatives / e. g. tnij to eradicate , thnESi to take root , from tint) a root / V’nan to pitch a tent , from tfbfitf a tent / to be acquainted , from an acquaintance. 2. The roots of verbs consist, generally, of three con¬ sonants which are pronounced in one syllable with the vowel — under the middle radical. A few consist of four consonants [quadriliterals], and are pronounced with — — ; as bsno to cover. The root is the third person singular masculine Praeter, and from this are derived, not only the other parts of the active voice, but a passive consisting of the same moods and tenses. Derivative Conjugations. 3. As in Hebrew, other forms, derived from the root and analogous to it, are employed to express various modifications of the original sense. These also are con¬ jugated through an active and a passive voice. They are generally two, bap and baps . These, as well as the 10. VERBS ; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. 31 ground-form, are called conjugations / so that we may reckon in Chaldee three usual conjugations, each in¬ cluding an active and a passive voice. For the unusual conjugations, Shapliel, Poel, &c., see § 14. 4. Characteristics and signification of the conjuga¬ tions. (1) The 2d conjugation or Pael is characterized, like the Hebrew Piel, by Daghesh forte in the 2d radi¬ cal. (a) Its signification is usually causative , when Peal is intransitive ; as con to be wise , Dpn to malce wise / T,n to be white , to malm white , to wash, (b) Frequently Pael has merely the sense of exhibiting , regarding , or treat¬ ing a person as being or doing what is expressed in Peal ; e. g. -T3 to lie , to regard one as a liar , to convict one of falsehood, (c) Sometimes it is privative / as to remove ashes ; bpc to clear out stones. (2) The characteristic of the 3d conjugation or Apliel is x (sometimes n) prefixed to the root, and the vowel - (or — ) in the last syllable. In signification it is usually (a) causative of Peal (especially in verbs whick want Pael, though both are sometimes found; e. g. pftp7 ppp). Thus ttab to put on , ©aba to cause [ another ] to put on , to clothe , tfpn to sin , witf to seduce or entice to sin. Some¬ times, ( b ) like Pael, it has merely the sense of exhibiting , &c., e. g. pp2x to to be righteous , to treat as righteous , to acquit. Note. The same conjugations are not in use in all verbs. A large number appear only in Peal, others in Pael only; tor examples of the latter compare "iet , nnn, qao, nbo . Where the same verb has both Pael and Aphel. these two conjugations, for the mo.st part, have different senses; e. g. to advise , Tjbtas* to constitute a. king. 5. The Passives of all the conjugations are character¬ ized. by the preformative syllable nx . The n of this pre¬ fix is sometimes assimilated to the succeeding letter, or transposed with it, as follows. 32 § 10. VERBS ; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. (a) When the active form commences with 1 or n , the n of the passive prefix is assimilated, and expressed by JDaghesh forte in the following letter ; e. g. “Ops , , • *innx , from W and *inn . Less frequently, and only in the later Targums, does the same assimilation take place before other letters ; e. g. a^nssi it is written , for mnpritf , Eccl. 12:10. (b) If the ground-form commences with a sibilant [T , D, a, to or to], the n is inserted after that letter; e. g. pnntox . But after T , it is changed into "I ; as from •pat ; and after a into tt ; as ■Hipsfc* from rns . The signification of these forms is not merely passive, but sometimes reflexive or reciprocal ; as to consult together ; frequently, even in the sense of the Greek mid¬ dle voice ; e. g. fnnc:* to get an advantage . Moods and Tenses. 6. All these conjugations have, in both active and passive voices, the Praeter and Future tenses, the Infini¬ tive and Imperative moods, and the Participle. The ac¬ tives have two participles throughout. All these arise out of the ground-form, mediately or immediately, by the insertion of formative letters, or by a different pro¬ nunciation of the radicals, or by both together. The dif¬ ferent persons of the Praeter and Imperative are formed, as in Hebrew, by suffixes, and the Future by prefixes and suffixes, originally fragments of personal pronouns. 7. Verbs are either regular or irregular . The former class includes all those verbs, the radicals of which remain unchanged throughout all their inflections; the latter, those which suffer a change or omission of one or two radicals. 11. REGULAR VERBS J INFLECTION. 33 § 11. Inflection of the Regular 'Verb. 1. Most nearly connected with the Praeter stands, the Imperative , from which the Future is derived. The Im¬ perative of Peal is characterized by the vowel — ; those of Pael and Apliel are like the Praeter of the same conju¬ gation. 2. The Future is derived from the Imperative by pre¬ fixing which is pronounced in Peal with — , in Pael with — , in Aphel (where the suffers elision) with — , and in all the Passives with — ["!]• 3. The Infinitive is formed from the Praeter in two ways, (a) In Peal by the prefix £ . (5) In the other conjugations and in all the Passives, by the sufformative syllables . 4. The Participles are also derived from the Praeter, and are formed, (a) In Peal, by merely changing the vowels, bttjj , ; (fi) In all the other conjugations and in the Passives, by prefixing which is pronounced in Pael with — , in Aphel with — and in the Passives with — , m . Of the two Participles in the Active forms, the first has — constantly in the last syllable, and is active ; the second has — in the ultimate, with a passive significa¬ tion. 5. The formation of the persons is more simple in the Praeter and Imperative, in the Future more complex. The following table exhibits the letters and syllables era- i ployed in forming the different persons. Sing. 3. m. 3. f. 2. m. 2. f. 1. c. PI. 3. m. 3. f. 2. m. 2. t 1. c. Praeter. — n— Pi — • rn — n— *1 — N— l^lPl — v— N3 — T Imperat. — i _ S|— N3 — T Future — * — Pi — Pi y-Pi — X l5—' ’ V1 l’-n !-n — 3 6. When suffer matives are added which take the tone, 3 / 31 12. REGULAR VERBS ; NOTES ON THE PARADIGM. (a) The vowels — , — and — (the latter only in the Fut. Peal) of the final syllable Qf the ground-form, are dropped, provided the sufformative commences with a vowel. Those which precede *i and of the 3d person plural Praeter, and the termination of the Imp., since these sufformatives do not take the tone, are retained. (b) In the 3d pers. fern, and 1st pers. com. sing. Praet. in Peal and Ithpeel, where two consonants would, accord¬ ing to the above rule, come together without a vowel, Hhireq is introduced to facilitate pronunciation. Note. The principal variations of the Chaldee, from the mode of form¬ ing the persons in Hebrew, are, that, in the former, the 2d p. sing. Praet. has, generally, no distinction of gender, while the 3d p. plur. has; and that the 3. plur. fem. Fut. takes 11 instead of n for its preformative. The suf¬ formatives of the Future (e. g. 1—) are capable of an easier explanation than in Hebrew. § 12. JVotes on the paradigm of the Regular Verbs. I. Generally. 1. Forms with — are often written fully (*1— ) or even with ~, e. g. a. 1 sing, and 2. f plur. Praeter; as rPS®® Gen. 3 : 10, (rv^E’iD Pseudo- Jonathan,) prnas Ex. 1 : 18. Ps. Jon. b. Pael and Aphel ; e. g. ’pjsnx 2 K. 6 : 23, Ps. 16 : 2. c. The Part. act. in Pe. e. g. rP)3 Dan. 4 : 10, 20, ri'CS Gen. 3 : 15. Jeru. Targ. “GO Gen. 3 : 9. Pseudo-Jon. should doubtless be read “CO . d. The Participle Peil sometimes, though seldom, appears in a con¬ tracted form ; as bpn Dan. 5:27. 2. Praeter. The 2. p. sing. masc. sometimes as Xfibop? Prov. 23 : 8. 2 Sam. 14:13. The 1st pers. sing. m. sometimes appears in the form Gen. 3:10, 13, Pseud. Jon.; or even like the 2d person; e. g. 5 Gen. 3:22, Pseud. Jon. The 3. p. pi. m. sometimes in the later Targums takes a paragogic 1 ; e. g. p“G? Gen. 3 : 7, prcd Ps. 148:7. The fem. sometimes appears ending in *]— ; as *p£X Ruth 1 : 10, ynox 1 : 19. 3. Future. Instead of the formative the Targum of Proverbs, in ac¬ cordance with the Syriac, exhibits also 3 ; e. g. Prov. 16:10, etc. Compare Dathe, de ratione consensus version. Chald. et Syr. Prov. Leip¬ zig, 1764. pp. 16. — Instead of p , appears *1 as termination of the 3d p. pi. m. Ez. 4 : 12. fiun1’ . ' • r 4. Infinitive. The biblical Chaldee has H— sometimes instead of X— termination of all the Inf. excepting Peal. Dan. 2:12. 14. Ez. 7:14. Dan. 6:4. In the Targums sometimes appears n* (without suffixes) Esth. 1 : 5. Ps. 102 : 23. Sometimes the characteristic ending x — is 0 T T 12. REGULAR VERBS ; NOTES ON THE PARADIGM. 35 omitted ; as 1 Sam. 26 : 25, 30 : 8. Pael, Aphel and the Passives have sometimes a 12 prefixed to the Inf e. g. JObpp Sol. S. 1 : 7, Xizjxpp Deut. 32 : 23. Jerusalem Targ. Forms like ‘oibn Lev. 13 : 7. Jon. ‘’binnx Job 1 : 13, “'piopx Deut. 18 : 10. Jer. T., with paragogic , are more rare. 5. Passives. Instead of the preformative PX the biblical Chaldee fre¬ quently exhibits rp (Ez. 6:2, &c.); the later Targums in the 1st. conj. P3 ; e. g. Pppn3 1 Sam. 23 : 7 ; (agreeing with the Rabbinical conj. Nith- pael) ; and in the Inf. of all the conj. np ; as xppDpp Ex. 21 : 20, Jer. T. xphnoia Deut. 32 : 1, Jer. T. On the other hand Prof. Winer in the second ed. of his grammar remarks that the Participles sometimes drop their ini¬ tial E, and cites as examples XPptjpX Job 28 : 21, and pppipnnx Gen. 31 : 15. J. T. ; but Walton’s Polyglott has in these passages fiOppp and XjQtsnnat . II. Notes on the several conjugations. 1. Peal. a. Some verbs, especially such as are intransitive, take — (“'— ) and a few i as the characteristic vowel of the Praeter; e. g. 1^X2 to be evil. to be good , 33rp to sit, ZPptU to lie {recline), ppn to be strong , TpEn to sleep, Gen. 2:21, 33*hn to be dry. These vowels remain in those persons where — is usually retained; e. g. nbxtp Prov. 30 : 7, Xjbxpj Ez. 5 : 9. >ipbq 4 : 12, Jer. 49 : 4. The 3d p. sing. fem. also retains iis vowel; as rbpp Ez. 4:24, r.aiiPl Ezek. 26:2. — Such verbs in — or ~ UJpb 1 K. 22 : 30, btx Gen. 22 : 2, npp form the Imp. in — , — or — ; as Job 2:5; the Future in — , — or i ; as \Uppp Dan. 5:16, Deut. 28 : 30, fpprn Gen. 31 : 35. When two forms of the Future, as — and — , or - and i coexist in the same verb, they have different significations; e. g. 13 "ip"] 5: in 19. si let [it] ap- e. g. r^v. Num. 1:51, [who] will approach, (Future.) 2“p? Isa. proach, (Optative.) etc. But verbs in i form the Fut. Ps. 121 : 4. b. The Infinitive, in the later Targums, has sometimes the termination K-; e. g. is'TPpp Ps. 118:7. Sometimes it has the form bppp , Job 29 : 6. Ruth 4:6; less frequently like the Heb. biEjS or bitip ; e. g. Gen. 49 : 6. Ruth 2:1. Ps. 105 : 14, (even with suff.,) or as Inf absol. ‘’biap Lev. 13 : 7, Pseud. Jon. c. The Imperative exhibits, in a few instances, the full orthography bsitip , 2 Sam. 13:20. Ps. 31 : 24. It sometimes occurs with Hholem in accordance with Hebrew analogy ; as “pnp Ps. 26 : 2; especially with suf¬ fixes ; e. g. ‘pbiap 1 Sam. 20 : 8. 2. Ithpeel. The last syllable sometimes takes — (*1— ); e. g. ppPipFi Dan. 2 : 44, comp. 2 K. 7 : 4. Prov. 3 : 5. Gen. 9 : 7, Eccl. 12 : 11. Sometimes —] as 3bpnx Gen. 14: 15. — Preformative sometimes rx, Dan. 7:15. 3. Pael. X preformative of 1. sing. Fut. has sometimes — ; e. g. Isa. 42 : 9, opbpx 63:3; and even ; as b^p^X Deut. 32 : 1, Jon., where the Jer. T. has b^bpx . — As in Hebrew, Daghesh forte is sometimes omitted when the middle radical has Sheva. 4. Ithpaal. Final vowel sometimes — or — 7; e. g. Epanx Hos. 4:11, 36 § 13. PARTICIPLES ; PERSONAL INFLECTION. TpsrtPX: Ps. 105 : 25, Gen. 3 : 15, Jer. T. Heb. Pual forms occa¬ sionally appear instead of this conjugation; as Isa. 53:5, “p}r^ Gen. 28 : 17, Jon. Gen. 37 : 3, Jon. X 5. Aphel. In the biblical Chaldee, and occasionally in the Targums n appears, as the prelormative of this conj. (bppft ), and even in the Fut. and Part, after the characteristic prefixes; e. g. Ez. 5 : 12, Dan. 5 : 29, bsprp 7 : 24, p-'pnfi Ez. 4: 13, 6 : 10. — Hiphil some¬ times takes the place of Aphel in the biblical Chaldee; e. g. Dan. 5 : 20, 7 : 22. 6. Ittaphal. For this conjugation, which indeed elsewhere is seldom found, the biblical Chaldee constantly exhibits Hophal ; e. g. Ez. 4: 15, Dan. j : 33, 7 : 11, (with Q,amets Hhatuph or Shweq.) § 13. Personal mflection of the Participles. 1. The Participles of all the conjugations, in order to supply the want of a Present tense, are, as in Hebrew, construed with the separate Personal Pronouns of the first and second persons ; e. g. a; a bpp I Mil. Beside this mode, the Chaldee has one peculiar to itself, viz., to infiect the Participle by the addition of pronominal fragments, thus forming in fact a new tense. The two Participles Peal are, after this mode, inflected as follows. First Participle. Second Participle. 2 m. Sing. nb-jp * Plur. •pjmbpjj Sing. nb">pp Plur. prv’^pp 2 f. *>nbpp ^nb^pp 1 m. T : •• tr ^ TVi# xpypp ipb^pp 1 f. tfStfb Bp T t : *T l*“i? arab-ra T T • V, 2. In the biblical Chaldee a kind of passive preterite tense is in use, formed by appending the sufformatives of the Praeter to the Part. Peil. It takes the place of Ith- peel. 1. c. 2. f. 2. m. 8. f. 3. m. nb*»pp nb^pp an- nb^np nbvjp b">pp Sing. ajb^pp ‘jnb^pp pinb^pp ab^pp ^pp Plur. * QaUldth , not qotldth , § 2. 9. a. The learner should bear in mind that a knowledge of forms alone can enable him to distinguish Qamets Hhatuph from Qamets. 14. 15. VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. 37 Comp. Dan. 5:27, 28, 30, 7:4, 6, 11. Ezra 5:14. That these are not to be considered forms of Praeter Peal with — is plain, partly from their passive signification, and partly from the fact that other forms of the same are usually employed in the Praeter in an active sense. § 14. TJnfrequent Conjugations and Quadriliterals. 1. As in Hebrew, certain unfrequent conjugations occur, some of which are confined to particular classes of irregular verbs. a. Poel and Ithpoal , characteristics, same as in He¬ brew ; e. g. psio Hos. 13:5, ISTum. 11 : 12 ; especially in verbs Hi ; as DttiD , D’ainiptf . b. Polel and Ithpolal , in verbs JH ; e. g. Dfcin Ps. 75:8. Han. 4:34, DDiina Han. 5:23. Ps. 107 : 25. c. Polel and Ithpalel / as dds>d , . d . Palpel , formed by repeating the first and third radicals, and ItJipalpal / e. g. bsba Gen. 11:9, , (from did) Judg. 3 : 22, pw (from tpn) Ps. 143 : 3. Comp. §§ 19, 22. v ^ e. SlidpfielvfaidL Islitaplial / e. g. bbp© Ez. 4:12. Gen. 49 : 10, Gen. 49 : 10, bbpnsh Ez. 4 : 13. Ez. 6 : 15, is Shaphel from . Gen. 2 : 2, without X, ^ta ; Pa ssive ‘^"’niax to procure the completion of a thing , lofnish. 2. Quadriliteral verbs follow usually the form of Pael ; e. g. iHDg (Syr. i. q. xarrjyoQelv) Job 37 : 20, bnpD 20 : 15, D5pr) to interpret. The origin of these verbs is to be explained, for the most part, as in Hebrew. See Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 861, seq. Note. Altogether peculiar is the verb a^nia (Tvntd) Dan. 3: 28. Fut. Isa. 53:11. Inf. rnrta Dan. 3:15. Part. Santas Dan. 6 : 28. Pass. Gen. 32:30. Syr. This Chaldee form should however be regarded rather as a kind of Poel than as a quadriliteral. § 15. Verbs with Gutturals. . ' 1. The gutturals (» , n , n , * , and to some extent also, present the same peculiarities as in Hebrew. It will 38 15. VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. be sufficient therefore to give examples of the most im¬ portant forms. 2. Verbs Pe guttural. Peal , Praet. "73? f. rrro 2. m. ito? 1. c. rvro, Imp. "73?, to?, to, bT», (b^T»), TOtf Ex. 4: 4, fern. to?,-(vto Gen. 12 : 13), Plur. TO3? Ex. 5:16, vynx Dan. 2 : 9, Inf. TOtt, “Vito, Fut. TOP, TOP, top , pTO , Participles TO , to? . — Ithpeel , *n?]n8 , tops . — PacZ, Praet. na? , Fut. TO? . — Ithpaal , TOna . — Aphel , Praet. "D?a , jcna , 3TOS , Fut. rpbrn , csn? , Part, pbra . 3. Verbs Ayin guttural. Peal , Praet. *jn3 f. n?rp, 1. C. top? ; Imp. ^3 ; (*jina) ; Inf. pro ; Fut. pro ; Part. 713 , pro . — Itlvpeel , proa , prana . — P&eZ, unr? , Inf. . — Aphel, inn». 4. Verbs Lameclh guttural. Peal, Praet. ft3i? fern. nTO ; Imp. riDUD , tot? ; Fut. top , nbi?? (?iEi??) ; Part. row , tot? . — Ithpeel , rpr\i?2$ , fern, tronica . — AWZ Praet. row , Fut. TO? ; Part. act. iTOtt Dan. 4 : 34. — Ithpaal , nsrTO . — Aphel , TOa , TOi?a , 1st. pers. nTOa . Note 1. When the first radical of a verb Pe guttural happens to be X, this letter is frequently dropped in Ithpeel when it would be without a vowel (i. e. would have a composite Sheva), and by way of compensation, r of the prefix takes Daghesh forte; e. g. ^nnN instead of nnxrN Num. 15: 13, 35: 33. Note 2. Verbs Lamedh guttural have the Praet. 3. sing. fem. some¬ times terminating in — — or — — (the latter only in verbs “i b) with the tone on the penult; e. g. rHEN Gen. 30:16, PHBN Dan. 5: 10, rpa-j Gen. 16 : 3. Note 3. When the 1st radical takes a comp. Sheva. verbs NS and rfs usually have — , Dan. 2:9. Sol. S. 5:3.; verbs rib and SB, gene¬ rally — . Note 4. Forms like *pbnn Dan. 7: 22, belong not to Aphel but to Hi- phil, and are Hebraisms. Note 5. Occasionally verbs with N for their second radical, exhibit *• instead of that letter in Pael ; as from bxd , from “iNd. See § 6. d. 16. REGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIX PRONOUNS. 39 § 16. Regular Verbs with suffix Pronouns. 1. Of the suffixes given above in the table, § 8, 2. those which begin with a vowel, are generally appended to verbal forms terminating in a consonant; and vice versa , those which begin with a consonant, to verbal forms terminating in a vowel. The Imperative and Par¬ ticiples must be excepted, as they frequently take those suffixes (of the 1st pers. sing, and plur.) which have no union- vowel ; as "'pbtjp , tfjbup . 2. The changes which verbs undergo in consequence of the accession of pronominal suffixes, respect chiefly the vowels, which are sometimes dropped, sometimes transposed. See Paradigm II. ( a ) Peal , Praeter. Before suffixes which have a union-vowel the 3d pers. sing. masc. has the form bpp ; as tjbtpp he hilled thee , fcttbtip he hilled us , pabtpg he hilled them [ those men]. Before pD and p the original form remains. The 3d pers. plur. masc. becomes ^btpp , (before pb and p , pbipp ?) the fern, which is rare, btp ; as pbt>g , ^nbtp , the 2d masc. The 2d pers. sing, remains unchanged, though in a few cases we have for the fern, ? Jer. 15:10. The 1st pers. sing, takes the form pbttp, (rarely ^nbtDjp, as Num. 23:11, Jer. 30 : 14, or pbpp Gen. 3 : 22, Pseudo-Jon.) The 1st pers. plur. has the form 'jbttjp and takes suffixes for the most part with the union-vowel — ; e. g. ^njbtop we hilled him. In the Venice Polyglott, and occasionally in Walton, the 3d p. sing, masc. Praet. retains its vowel under the second radical ; as finb’ij for Pifibtfj. (5) Future. The 3d fern., 2d masc., and 1st pers. sing, receive suffixes precisely like the 3d pers. masc., and that, for the most part, with Nun epenthetic. The 2d and 3d persons plural fern, take the form of the masculine, 40 17. IRREGULAR VERBS GENERALLY. i. e. with suff. these forms are common . See Job 19 : 15. Gen. 30 : 13. Ex. 1:16. (c) Imperative. Forms with — in the 2d pers. plur. masc. throw this vowel back to the first radical before suffixes; e. g. “’rnboa Ex. 16 : 25. ( d ) The Inf. and Part. Peal, having the form of nouns, may take the suffixes either of verbs or of nouns ; as and . (e) In all those persons of Pael and Afiliel , which ter¬ minate in the third radical, — is dropped before suffixes which have a union vowel. The same takes place, (on account of the tone being thrown forward,) in the forms *)bts£ , tejpa . The 2d pers. sing, fern., the 2d pers. plur. masc., and the 1st pers. plur. in the Praeter receive suf¬ fixes as in Peal. (f) The Infinitives of all the conjugations except Peal take before suffixes the termination m ; e. g. iiprnbtap , mrnbt:pa. (Sometimes, though rarely, this ending ap¬ pears out of the suffix state. Ps. 102 : 32. Num. 9:17. Est. 1:5.) Note 1. An epenthetic 5 is frequently inserted between the verb and the suffix. This is most common in the Fut. and Imp. ; rare in the Praet. (ex. Ps. 16:7. Isa. 63:9. Gen. 6:2. Jud. 13:23. 2 K. 20:13;) and still less frequent in the Inf. (Prov. 22 : 21. Sol. S. 6:11.) Note 2. In the Targum on Prov. appears an epenthetic *» ; e. g. 4 : 6, 8. § 17. Irregular Verbs generally. 1. Of these there are, as in Hebrew, two general divisions, defective and quiescent. The irregularity gen¬ erally respects but one letter. Verbs which exhibit irre¬ gularity in two of their radicals are called doubly anoma¬ lous, , § 24. 2. The first general division comprehends twro classes, viz. fb, and VJ ; the second, four, viz. tfb, *>b (lb), lb (*'b), 19. IRREGULAR VERBS J AYIN DOUBLED. 41 and Kb . Tlie last include also such verbs as in Hebrew belong to the class nb . Note. The division of irregular verbs into defective and quiescent , is not of special importance, and is neglected by the most recent grammarians. Verbs Pe Nun. The irregularity in these verbs results from the same cause, and is almost throughout the same as in Hebrew. 1. The letter 3, where it would otherwise terminate a mixed syllable, is assimilated to the succeeding consonant ; e. g. for ps3ft . 2. In the Imper. Peal, where 3 would regularly stand without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable, that let¬ ter is ordinarily dropped; e. g. ps for pp3, (bs3 , Jer. 25 : 27.) Beside these, which are common to Hebrew, 3. Some forms have, usually, a different characteristic vowel from that of regular verbs: thus the Future is generally like ps^ or pis? ; Apliel p^SK . In the Imp. the forms p^s , pis and pS are about equally common, though not ordinarily found in the same verb. 4. Ithpeel, Pael, and Ithpaal present no irregularity. Note 1. From No. 1. there are many exceptions, chiefly in verbs which have a guttural for the second radical ; e. g. Din$? Isa. 5 : 9, ■vnsp Prov. 29:13. (But is inflected according to the rule above ; as Fut. nirn [instead of Hi ft?], Aphel rV’n&t .) Also in some others; e. g. *riD^ Dan. 2 : 16, *jP)3 n Ez. 7 : 20, pp? Ps. 91 : 7, p53H Ez. 5 : 14. Note 2. The verb }ri3 takes — in the Fut. as its characteristic vowel; e. g- Ex. 25 : 16, “jnn Deut. 21 : 8. Once — , "(Pis? Dan. 2 ; 16. § 19. Verbs Ay in doubled. The anomalies of these verbs, which accord only in part with the same class in Hebrew, are particularly the following. (a) The root is a monosyllable, with its vowel be¬ tween the first and second radicals, in Peal, (excepting the participles,) and in Aphel ; and so, either 42 § 20. IRREGULAR VERBS ; PE YODH. (1) No trace of tlie doubling of the second radical remains ; as is the case in Peal Praet. 3d pers. sing. masc.. 2d masc. and fern., and in the 1st and 2d persons plur., in the Imp. masc. sing, and fern, plur., and more rarely in the 1st Part.; e. g. p- t, pti, nfjn ; or (2) It is indicated "by Daghesh forte in the 2d radical in those, persons of the Praet. and Imp. Peal, the sufform- atives of which commence with a vowel ; as np^ , tfp^ , ^ ; or, finally, (3) It is compensated by Daghesh forte in the first radical in the Fut. and Inf. Peal, and throughout Aphel ; as , pVP ; or even sometimes, in Ithpeel, in fi of the preformative syllable rna ; e. g. plina . (7>) Instead of Pael and Ithpaal , which are regularly formed, (see Dan. 4:10, 7 : 20. Ps. 35 : 15, 42 : 6,) Pal- pel and Itlipalpal are generally used ; as ppp^ , ppp^x , Job 9 : 17, 30 : 14. Isa. 21:9; or Poel and Ithpoal ; e. g. Dan. 4:15. Job 9 : 6, p&i-ira. The Participles of Peal are usually regular. The second, or Peil , ap¬ pears once in the form p*’|5'n Ex. 32 : 20. An example of Ithpeel regularly formed, is manx Am. 7 : 1. Jer. 50 : 27. The following from the Biblical Chaldee are Hebraistic forms. Aph. Dan. 2 : 24, *l 6 : 25, p^pE 2:40; Hoph. b'Jf} , s&yn Dan. 5:13, 15. For such forms as hbsan Dan. 4 : 3, and Gen. 19 :10, Jon. ; see § 2, 7. a. § 20. Verbs Pe Yodh (Pe Vav). 1. There are three classes of verbs which, in the ground form, have ^ for their first radical, viz. (1) Verbs originally lEb; (2) Verbs properly *& ; and (3) Those in which the ^ is not treated as a quiescent, but is assimi¬ lated like the 3 of verbs jz . 2. Verbs originally lib , which constitute the most numerous class. (a) In the Imp. Peal, which is generally pronounced 20. IRREGULAR VERBS ; PE TODH. 43 witli — , drop the first radical ; e. g. T\ from V*]*} , nn from srr ? mn from iw . (Z») In the Future Peal retain it quiescent in — , in consequence of which the last syllable takes — or as its characteristic vowel ; e. g. “rbl1 , £pb‘>? . In accordance with the remark § 6. c. (4), the quiescent 1 is, in these forms, frequently dropped ; e. g. Prov. 11:25. Ps. 104 : 4. J ob. 3 : 4. (c) Resume their original 1 , which quiesces in Hlio- lem, throughout Aphel and Ittaphal ; e. g. *|oii , CpOT> , qoinx . Comp. Hoph. Job 33 : 19. Ithpeel and the whole of the 2d conj. are for the most part regular. In the latter, some verbs retain 1 as their first radical ; e. g. Ps. 88 : 13, fctnsinN Eccl. 9 •- 3. In Aphel forms with Fi, after the prelormatives of the Fut. and Part., are not uncommon: e. g. *l3Fp!"ttn Dan. 2:5, 5:17. Ps. 55:14. 3. The first radical of verbs originally 4 quiesces, (a) In Fut. Pe, ordinarily in — ; e. g. “ i p? 2 Kings 1 : 14, toy''} Ps. 102 : 12. But compare Isa. 7 : 18. ( b ) In Aphel, in — ; e. g. 2'u'? Ps. 49: 19. Jer. 10 : 5. Mic. 1 : 8. But compare b^a Zech. 11:2. The difference between these two classes of verbs is not, however, so great as to prevent their forms being frequently interchanged, especially in Aphel. Thus we have, at the same time, and SBl'x Gen. 17 : 16, and b ^ ri , Ps. 66:6, and , p|P, (in Heb. “'b) becomes in Aphel . 4. A class of verbs 4 assimilate their first radical to the following letter, in the Inf. and Fut. Peal, and in Aphel ; so that they are in these forms entirely analo¬ gous to verbs )t> , To this class belong , Aphel rnstf ; 3^, Aphel Deut. 34:6, Jon.; Aphel ; also in some of their forms, ^ , 2^ and bD^ ; e. g. Inf. Gen. 15 : 13, nwa Ps. 133 : 1, bsp Num. 13 : 31. .Fut. 1 Sam. 20 : 30, (even Is. 4 : 15. Dan. 2 : 9,) also ; nrp 2 Sam. 16:18, bs? Ezek. 7:19. 4:4 21, 22. IRREGULAR VERBS ; PE 'ALEPH ; ATIN VAV. § 21. Verbs Pe Aleph . A few verbs fcfe are treated not only as gutturals, but at the same time as quiescents ; viz. (a) ^ies; , bp:* ? ana , . The of these verbs, in the Future and Inf. Peal quiesces in — ; e. g. tea?, and sometimes is even exchanged for n ; as W? , WE . Throughout Aphel it becomes i ; as bpia , witf . (bp^x Deut. 32:13, is altogether peculiar.) An instance of Hophal , wn , occurs Dan. 7:11. “pax in its third conjugation takes the Hebraizing form , (as if by contraction from ,) Gen. 15 : 6. Job 4 : 18, 15 : 22. Pass. Gen. 42 : 20. — For xrx see § 24. 2. (i) IQtf, 5]ba and frequently take in the Fut. and Part. Pael, the contracted form pbstf ? pbtfE , in consequence of which is frequently dropped. (o 5 nnp? , rnipD , etc. Gen. 27 : 1. Prov. 23: 22. 1 Sam. 12 : 2 ; Imp. , ‘WD , Ez. 4 : 41 ; Fut. Deut. 15 : 6. (5) pin in Ithpeel , fully, pDptf , or contracted, inns > Job 28 : 23, 11 : 12, 37 : 14. Ps. 73 : 17. / Note. Those verbs which have l moveable for their middle radical, (as "nn, 503 etc.), do not belong here, but are regular. The number of such verbs is greater in Chaldee than in Hebrew. Some verbs with the same radicals exist in both forms, and in that case have different significa¬ tions; *vn to look at, Tn to be white ; ivd to smk down, rnd to sprout. § 23. Verbs Lamedh Aleph. This class includes all those verbs which are compre¬ hended in Heb. under the two classes nb (including verbs originally 4b and b'b ,) and rfb , the difference between the two classes being entirely lost in Chaldee. Rarely, (and almost exclusively in the biblical Chaldee), the radical form of these verbs terminates in n_ ; e. g. Dan. 2:16, 4:8, 6:3. Num. 5:26. Frequently, and in the later Targums, uniformly, they end in or . Their chief anomalies are the following. 46 § 23. IRREGULAR VERBS ; LAMEDH ALEPH. 1. In those forms which terminate in the 3d radical, (a) In Peal Praeter, and Inf., as well as in the Fut, Imp. and 1st Part, of all the conjugations, that radical is almost indifferently or n ; as ttba or “ba ? tfba or ^ba , tfba^ or ‘’bp . (&) In the Praet. and 2d Part, of the other conjugar tions and in the Imp. Peal, 11 ; as “’banx , “’ba , ‘’ba , iba^ . . 2. This N quiesces in the Praeter Peal in — , in the Inf., Fut. and Part, in — ; the h in the Praeter of Ithpeel and Aphel usually in — , in the Imp. and Part, in — ; in the passive Part, of Pael and Aphel only, is moveable ; *>batf, •'broa . Note. For examples of the Praet. Peal with *1— see Gen. 2 : 1&, Jon. Dent. 30:9; of the Praet. Aphel with *1— , Ps. 78 : 11. 2 K. 8 : 8 ; of the Futures with Is. 30 : 26. Jer. 51 : 8. 3. In the course of inflection the 3d radical is (a) Dropped, before the sufformative ft— of 3d fern, sing. Praeter Peal, before fi and p— in the Fut. of all the conjugations ; before the sufformatives of the Imp. (in which i generally occurs instead of *i) ; and in the 3d pers. plur. masc. Praet. Peal before i , which, in these verbs, takes the place of the regular *1 ; e. g. fiba , iba , pban , pbp ; (b) Exchanged, for moveable, before the sufformatives ft— and — , 3d fern. sing, and plur. Praeter of all the conjugations except Peal, also before *}— of the 2d and 3d pers. fern. plur. Fut. ; e. g. rpba ? rpbaa , pbp ; for quiescent, (quiescing sometimes in — , sometimes in — ) be¬ fore all the sufformatives which begin with 3 or n? and before a of the 3 d plur. Praeter (which is here moveable) in all the conjugations except Peal ; e. g, mba , pmba , »rta , V’ba , t •• : 7 • “ 24. VERBS DOUBLY ANOMALOUS. 47 Notes on the Paradigm of verbs it'b . 1. Praeter. The 3d per. sing. fem. Peal sometimes appears with the full orthography; as nxVia , Dan. 2 : 35. Sometimes it follows the analogy of the other conjs. ; thus n*n3 Job. 17 : 7, (or like niORX Is. 1 : 7, or nba Dan. 2 : 35, 4 : 19). The 2d per. sing. m. is sometimes written fully, terminating in S— . The 3d per. pi. m. follows, in some copies, the Hebrew iorm; as *nj3 Lam. 1 : 3. Sol. S. 3 : 1, *lba Num. 26 : 64, or the analogy of the other conjs. ; as van Dan. 3 : 21. The 3d per. pi. f. occurs in the lorm *br» Deut. 2 : 11, or “jxba Ruth 4 : 17. Finally a few instances occur of the Praet. Pe. with X prosthetic; e. g. Prov. 20 : 12, Y'niax Dan. 5:4. In the other conjugations the 3d per. pi. instead of V1— sometimes takes ; Ezek. 23:10. Is. 11:4. Jer. 6 : 14. 2. Future. The 3d per. m. sing, terminates indifferently in ‘1— or K— . It sometimes appears even with Q,amets; e. g. &<3RrH Is- 53:2, Ninn1? Zech. 6 : 12, (according to Buxtorf ) The 3d per. pi. sometimes takes the termination p instead of p . Comp. Dan. 7 : 26. Is. 65 : 23. Ex. 22 : 31. 3. Imperative. The 2d f. sing, ends sometimes in X— ; as Gen. 19: 32. The form Join , Gen. 24 : 60, is anomalous. ^ 4. Infinitive. In Peal it sometimes takes a paragogic K ; e. g. fiTSM Prov. 25 : 17. Esth. 5 : 14. Ez. 5 : 9. The regular form is employed as Inf. absolute Is. 61 : 10. Am. 5: 5. Gen. 26: 28. The Inff. of the other conjugations, in the biblical Chaldee, terminate in rn— ; e. g. Dan. 2: 10, 5:2, 6:8, more rarely, in the Targums in pp ; e. g. “'pSPiTlix Num. 12 : 8, Jon. For the Participles of verbs frtb, see below, § 34. Note. Apocopate Futures and Imperatives are less frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. The following are examples. Fat. apoc. pain Hab. 2 : 16, ’’PH (irn Eccl. 11:3, like the Heb. inna^), hnn, pnn Ex. 22: 31, from Xin, (elsewhere fully, &on^ . spnn Gen. 17: 4, 24 : 14) ; , Tin , , “jinn, «no , from son , Deut. 4 : 1.’ " Prov. 15 : 27. Gen. 20:7. 2 K. 1 : 2, 8:10. These forms have generally an optative signification. Imp. apoc. , with N prosth., Gen. 24 : 14. Pael, id Gen. 44 : 1, in Gen. 37 : 16. Aphel, *inx . An apocopate participle , Aphel, is “’tpa instead of p'Ra Deut. 32 : 39. § 24. Verbs doubly anomalous. 1. is and sb (rib). These unite the irregularities of both classes ; e. g. , Aphel, . 2. A and aft . E. g. ans* , ans , m , aoa . Peal Fut. Deut. 29 : 20, W? Gen. 33 : 14. Inf. KTtt (fccrtt) Dan. 3 : 19, wg Dan. 3 : 2. — Ithpeel , Lev. 13:18. Fut. 48 25. DEFECTIVE VERBS AND MIXED FORMS. Lev. 13:2. — Pael, Part. ^ 2 Kings 20:5. Ithpaal 2 Kings 5 : 13. Apliel , Gen. 4:4. Part, Gen. 6:17. Imp. Peal in one case, by Aphae- resis, T>n (Lond. ed. come ye, Prov. 9 : 5. Elsewhere irw , Dan. 3:26. 3. 4 and tfb . E. g. (rrr), ^ • Peal, Fut. ^ Ps. 50:16. Aphel, Ps. 75:2. Inf. nania Ex. 12 : 33. Part. Prov. 28 : 13. Imp. Tiia Gen. 19:22. W’a Judg. 5:2. Note. Those verbs db which have *1 for their middle radical are regular, so far as l is concerned, i. e. the 1 is always a consonant ; as X}'? , fiOn . § 25. Defective verbs and mixed forms. 1. But few verbs actually exhibit all, or nearly all, the moods and tenses. So far as this deficiency is occa¬ sioned by the fewness of those remains of the Chaldee which have reached our time, it does not belong to a grammatical treatise. Those verbs only must be noticed here which, though cases frequently occur where certain forms would naturally be employed, constantly supply their places by forms borrowed from different themes. The following are examples ; nrn and *jnj, to give, the former occurring in Peal Praet. and Imp. and in Ithpeel ; the latter chiefly in Peal Fut. and Inf. — pbo and pDD to ascend, the former being used in Praet. Peal, in Pael, and the Passives of the first and second conjugations ; the latter in the Inf. and Imp. Peal, and in Aphel. Deut. 9:9, 10:1, 2 Kings 17 : 4, — a™ and tfpft to drink j antj in Peal, tfpft in Aphel. — pbn and tp.n to go / tl^e former chiefly in Pael, the latter in Inf. and Fut. Peal. An example of double inflection in the same word is SH*1 . The Future is commonly like verbs *jS . The 1st per. sing, only follows the analogy of verbs ">2 , 3HK Ps. 39 : 5, 101 : 4, though SH3X also occurs, Dan. 2 : 9. 26. IRREGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 49 2. Tlie following, wliicli have been called 'nixed forms, are improperly so designated, twana Dan 7:15, and tranks Dan. 4:16, are but Syriac pointings of the Prae¬ tor ; and the Future 1st sing, snana Jud. 15 : 7, (Yen. ed.) for ynana is not destitute of all analogy ; comp, in Hebrew Anna , Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 312. Ipp Hos. 4 : 2, can hardly be called a mixture of Fut. and Part. ; for, (as the Future of this verb has the form nap), fip!? may be considered 3d plur. fern, analogous with “jbsn Jer. 3 : 19. § 26. Irregular verbs with suffixes. 1. The forms of most irregular verbs before suffixes do not differ essentially from those of the regular verbs ; and, so far as verbs “jfe , , lb , and *& are concerned, may be learned from § 16. The following examples will illus¬ trate this remark ; (a) p , Peal; psnlp Judg. 20:32, tjpbtp Ps. 91:12, ^btpn Ps. 28 : 3. — Aphel; papas Ex. 32 : 12, pnpaa Job 10:18, apnpaa Yum. 20 : 5. (b) iv , Peal; pSPS? Jer. 20:5. — Aphel; Jnsppn with epenthetic 5 , Dan. 7:23, ajnpaa Ps. 44 : 20, pb?n Dan. 2 : 24, nn Jud. 19:3. (c) ft , Peal ; -prato Gen. 50 : 26, npto Ez. 5:14, naumn Dan. 7 : 23. — Pael ; nppp Ps. 105 : 10. — Aphel; nppsa Dan. 3 : 2, ajatt^pj Hos. 6 : 2, aawnn Ez. 5 : 11. (d) h'b, Peal; Ez. 28 : 19, nprp Deut, 22 : 2. — Aphel, npnin&s Dan. 5 : 7, pnipin Dan. 2:13, prpninb Dan. 2:26. 2. The forms of verbs sb before suffixes differ more widely from those of the regular verbs. Thus (a) $ and 1 final quiescent are commonly dropped be¬ fore suffixes in the Praeter and Future ; while the former takes suffixes with the union vowel — or — , and the latter with 3 epenthetic ; e. g. pin he saiv me, 2 Sam. 1 : 7, nnin 4 50 27. NOUNS , DERIVATION OF NOUNS. he said him , Jud. 19:3, psbn Is. 42 : 5, ftaTn? Lev. 13:21, ^stn; Ex. 33 : 20. Sometimes they are retained ; e. g. Prov. 8 : 22, ftajn Gen, 38 : 15. Aph. Deut. 4 : 36, Obad. 3, waa Gen. 3:13, Pseudo-Jon. (5) final quiescent in the Imp. of all the conjuga¬ tions is retained ; e. g. ‘’•vw Ex. 4 : 3, tfpTna Ex. 33 : 18. (But Jer. 36 : 15, arnp for airnp). (c) The i of the 3d pers. plur. Praet. Peal, and of the Imp. is generally changed into V. V>_ into ^ ; e. g. Jon. 1 : 12, anim Lam. 1 : 7, Is. 3 : 12. ( d ) The persons of the Praeter in and n"1— remain unchanged ; e. g. “’ptyw Jon. 2 : 4. (0) n_ of the 3d pers. sing. fem. Praet. is changed into rp; e. g. Hos. 4:12. On the Inf. Peal and the Participles, see below, § 35. r | r CHAPTER IV. i NOUNS. § 27. Derivation of Nouns. 1. Nouns, in Chaldee as in Hebrew, are either primi¬ tive or derivative. The former are, for the most part, the same as in Hebrew, and are regarded as primitive for similar reasons. Comp. Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 478. seq. Stuart’s Heb. Gram. § 316. The derivatives, constitu¬ ting the great majority of nouns, are formed either from verbs, (which is generally the fact), and these are termed verbal / or from other nouns, and then they are called denominative . 2. Verbals derived from the Infinitive are generally abstract in signification, i. e. they express the action, and 28. NOUNS ; GENDER AND NUMBER. 51 have the forms bpp , bpp , bpp , bpp , bpp , b^pp , b^pp , bitsp , b^itsp , bppp , etc. ; those derived from Participles are gen¬ erally concrete , i. e. express the actor, and have the forms ^Pl? , ^1? , , ^Pj? , ^Pi? , *®P , etc. 3. Denominatives are generally formed by adding the termination ‘1— (h— ), fern. (if—) ; or 1— . They are generally adjectives, especially ordinal numerals, or patro¬ nymic or gentile nouns ; e. g. “Hp? a foreigner , fpp an Egyptian , pnpp a rebel. Many feminine nouns in rr>- and m are also denominative ; e. g. msbp a kingdom , from •jbp # fifpbtf widowhood , from pahs? a widow ; tfp“np a rooting out, extirpation , from unto $ § 28. Gender and number of nouns. 1. The genders are two, masculine and feminine. The latter generally terminate in (n_), 1 (if), *>_ (if_ ), or if . It should be noticed however that — is also the termination of the emphatic state in masculines. Conse quently, in ascertaining the gender of nouns, the analogy of the other dialects and the sense are more certain guides than the mere form of a noun. Note 1. The termination •"!— is generally to be considered a Hebraism. It is regular in Chaldee, only in feminines derived from masculines in ‘1— ; as ntia“jp from nx?anp . 4. Before suffixes [in the suffix state] , nouns exbibit tbe following modifications. a. Derivative masc. nouns in change this ending into X— before suffi ; as ttxtapp from nppp ; those in X— (from verbs xbj change this ter¬ mination into moveable ; as fvbs from xba. b. All masc. plur. nouns drop the ending p— (p— ) and then take the suff. of nouns plural. c. Feminines in X — change X into n in the sing.; as nnsbri from xxb’c; 54 30, 31. NOUNS ; FIRST DECLENSION. those in 1 and *- take the construct form before suffixes ; as ttpiiabB ; those in JV ( radical ) change this ending to rp— - ; and those in HN— (from masc in “l— ) resume their original * ; e. g. nrpanp . cl. In the fern, pi., suffixes are appended to the construct state; e. g Yinna'HE , lirtniSibB . § 30. Declension of Nouns.* Since no vowels are chopped, except those of the final syllable of ground-forms, (comp. § 7. tions ; e. g. itrP2 Ez. 5 : 3, Sol. S. 4 : 8. d. Nouns of the forms 7$) 9 and tap in the course of inflection, generally take — or — under their first radical, according to the paradigm. 1TH, “pD cbn , “ip:? dbd some others take — . Comp. Dan. 4:6, 5:12. Gen. 32 : 16 Isa. 53 : 2. Nouns having; gutturals for their first or second radical, natu- rally take — ; as nr'j , xpsa ; 122 . Knps . e. Participles Ithpeel. with a few mouns. not properly Segholates, fol¬ low the analogy of this declension ; e. g. bpjpnp, inflected precisely like • § 34. Fourth Declension, Tlie fourth declension includes all nouns which double the final consonant when they receive accession. They are mostly monosyllables derived from verbs The long vowels, — , i and (for the most part) *i, are exchanged in the course of inflection for the corresponding short vowels. In some nouns — becomes — ; as rip, Kps; T2 , xyx Ex. 19:23, baba , pbaba Dan. 7 : 9. b’3 has in the emph. st. etc. with the tone on the penultimate ; but with suff. which draw the tone forward, ‘jinbs Dan. 2 : 38, 7 : 19. § 35. Fifth Declension. The fifth declension includes nouns, participles, and infinitives, derived from verbs tfb and terminating in , yy-or1-; as aba , tfba , ■oa , ^bya ? ^bara . The ^ gene¬ rally appears, in the course of declension, as the third radical, displacing the substituted in forms like tfba . The termination p— of the plural absolute is sometimes contracted into )— . More rarely it follows the Hebrew analogy, and terminates in p— ; as Job 1 : 13. Lam. 1 : 3. Sometimes, perhaps by mistake of transcribers, it is pointed p— ; as pate Dan. 7 : 3, pma Gen. 3 : 15, Jeru. Targum, where the connection decides that these forms are masculine. In the const, and emph. plural, no trace of the radical n remains. 36, 37. nouns; sixth and seventh declensions. 57 Note 1. Peculiar forms of this declension. PI. with suff. ■j'irVHSJ Is. 10 : 2.— ’’as Plur. Lev. 19 : 10. — ">j?3 PI. “|*p3 Deut. 6 : 3, Jer. Targ.— ‘,2“i PI. w\*m Ruth 2 : 21. Note 2. Infinitives Peal of verbs xb are sometimes regularly inflected in this declension. Comp. Dan. 4 : 23. 2 Sam. 13 : 6. Ez. 5 : 9. But sometimes the X is dropped; as 1 K. 18:16, Tjtn^ 2 Sam. 13:5, Josh. 3 : 3, Gen. 23 : 2. \ § 36. Sixth Declension . Here belong the derivative nouns terminating in the formative syllable ta|— ,) compare § 27. 3. They are mostly gentile or patronymic nouns , or ordinal numerals . a. These nouns, when they receive accession, change their final 11 into 2* , which is likewise moveable, and commences a new syllable. As a con¬ sequence, — is here changed into — . b. The plur. emph. terminates in “1— , agreeing in form with the con¬ struct, as has been remarked above § 29. 3. c. Exc. from b. Dan. 2 : 5, JOfiSn Dan. 3 : 2, 3, Dan. 3 : 8. Ez. 4 : 12, 23, 5 : 1, 5. This declension includes also some derivatives from verbs £ , pi. “’ttbs Gen. 1 : 6, Jer. T. Ps. 104 : 13, *’31 , emph. iUSST . pi. *p^3T Jer. 19 : 4. § 37. Seventh Declension. The seventh declension includes all invariable femi¬ nines, i. e. all nouns with the feminine endings — , ‘1— and *1 , the final syllable of which commences with only one consonant ; as height , KS? counsel , strength , fcOlys a roll , too goodness , “’ana a nurse. Whatever vowels precede this termination are immu¬ table ; so that the paradigm exhibits all the changes of these nouns in accordance with the principles stated in §§ 28, 29. Note. In forms like a , if the penultimate be a simple syllable, the Sheva which takes the place of the final Garnets in the emphatic and suffix states singular is silent; e. g. mgdhlna , emph. niedhmta: if the penultimate be a mixed syllable, that Sheva is vocal; as msgilla, emph. megillstha. 58 38, 39. nouns; eighth and ninth declensions. § 38. Eighth Declension. The eighth declension includes all those feminines, the final syllable of which commences with two consonants ; e. g. a Up , ■’btpiK (i. q. oTob'i) a robe , *DT purity. a. Nouns in fci— of this declension must evidently supply a vowel in the emph. and suff. states; for otherwise they would exhibit the impossible forms NPSb , Nnbmtt , etc., viz. with two vocal Shevas in immediate sue- cession. This supplied vowel is Hhireq or Pattahh, (the latter with gut¬ turals ;) more rarely Seghol; e. g. asb, ansb, xrx. Ntyatf, NEn, Niman. belongs here, and is treated as if written xbbjs? ; e. g. emph. st. : but the vowel of the first syllable is dropped for the sake of - euphony. b. The paradigm b. comprises all feminines in iO , derived from verbs N?, which have a consonant without a vowel, immediately preceding this termination. The supplied, vowel is Hhireq, in which quiesces. c. Those in “1— and are regular in the sing, like Dec. VII. In the plur., as becomes necessary, they also take a supplied vowel, Hhireq or Pattahh. § 39. Ninth Declension. Here belong feminines in derived from mascu¬ lines in of Dec. YI. Com]}. § 28. 1. Note 1. In the emphatic state and before suffixes, a is exchanged for “» moveable , though ordinal numerals, for the most part, take or or entirely drop it ; e. g. Lev. 25:22, Deut. 15:9, y. 12. (but comp, arrjron , Dan. 7 : 19.) The same substitution of 1 for occasionally appears even in the absolute and construct plural; as lyM Gien. 13 : 15. Note 1. As in Hebrew, the fern, forms are sometimes so mixed that the singular is of one declension and the plural of another; e. g. pi. as if from ; mVa'na , pi. and • Note 2. When feminine nouns are formed from masculines by adding the terminations a— , and “1— , the changes in the ground-form are pre¬ cisely the same which appear in the emph. st. of masculines. Note 3. Segholates in n— — are rare. They are inflected precisely as in Hebrew. g§ 40 — 42. IRR. NOUNS - ADJECTIVES - NUMERALS. 59 # § 40. Irregular and Defective Nouns . These are doubtless such as were in most frequent use. The following are the principal, is , na , , ©aa , 'ox 5 ? ana , rpa , ip , np ? on , ^bp ? , arpa , op , ■’T'S, ^p, Eyi and Dp or Dii3 . Their anomalies are given in the vocabulary. § 41. Adjectives. The most frequent forms of adjectives are bp]j5 bipp and b^pp ; less usual are bpp and bpnp . They are in¬ flected like nouns. For the comparison of adjectives see § 64. Note. Adjectives of the first,, third, and fourth declensions have thei) feminines generally declined according to the seventh ; those of the sec ond and fifth, according to the eighth ; and those of the sixth, accord ing to the ninth. 42. Numerals. 1. Cardinals, a. These, from 3 to 10, present the same anomaly as in Hebrew, the masculines being indicated by fem. forms, and the feminines by masc. forms. See Par. XI. Note. inn sometimes takes suffixes, and then appears in the form inn ; e. g. yirninn both of them , Gen. 2 : 25, *)13‘\inn both of you, Gen. 27 : 45. b. From 11 to 19. The units are prefixed to no? for the masc., and to inq? for the fem. It must be remarked however, (1) That the units appear somewhat different from the regular form, (comp, the paradigm,) and (2) That, in the later Targums, the units and no? or ■''no? are contracted into one word. These forms are presented in the paradigm in parentheses. c. The tens from 30 to 90 are, as in Hebrew, simple plurals of the units 3 — 9 ; e. g. pnbn thirty , p?anx forty , etc. Eighty is somewhat ir¬ regular. viz. pon [i. e. pDon] or pqn, Jer. 41 : 5. Ex. 7 : 7. Twenty is expressed by the plural of ten, pno? or pnp?. Though masc. in form, these are all of the common gender. d. The intermediate numbers 21 — 29, 31 — 39, etc. are expressed by simply placing the smaller number after the larger, connected by l ; e. g. masc. nni pnq? , fem. xnrn pno? twenty-one , etc. e. One hundred n&ua , 200 pnxo , ",nso , 300 nxo nbn , 400 nxo Sana , 60 43. ADVERBS. etc. the prefixed units being feminine; 1000 pba?:, 2000 *pE&&P ‘pnFi, 300C “pabsK xnbn, etc. the prefixed units being masculine; 10,000 i20,000 ■prn ‘nos xmn, Jon. 4 : 11. 2. Ordinals. The first two have peculiar forms, viz .first “>app , second ■j^an, (comp. Heb. D^aia). a. From third to tenth they are formed from the cardinals, and ter¬ minate in (’’at—,) emph. Hit— for the masc., and fiat— , emph. xn— or atn"1 lor the fem. t • b. From eleventh to nineteenth the units are prefixed to “n^px , but contracted into one word ; e. g. “’X'no'nrt eleventh , Num. 25 : 8, *1Xpp*nn twelfth, etc. In designations of time (as the fourteenth year , &c.) the car¬ dinal numbers are generally employed. c. Above 20, as in Heb., cardinals and ordinals are the same. For the mode of designating distributives and numeral adverbs see § 65. 4, 5. CHAPTER V. PARTICLES. § 43. Adverbs. 1. The following are primitive • where? ‘’TO when? also, rrari there , tfb not. 2. Derivatives with characteristic ending / un^ by day , ajw to-day , carefully , mana m Aramean QAqcc- {ucugti), if anrriofc hastily , if rori again. 3. Other parts of speech used adverbially ; а. Substantives, either with prepositions ; as isis*’p3 in short, shortly XpUppp in truth , truly , "p5? immediately ; or without them ; as bbs wholly , xnnn below. T • “ б. Verbal forms, viz. Inf. and Part. ; as Spsp backwards , again, once more. c. Adjectives, numerals, and pronouns; e. g. ‘3 [jirm] frn/i/, lAns, etc. [ as onej together , fnap [Zi&e u7ia7 ?] Aon?/ /iou> very ! 4. Compound adverbs ; Aow ? *,np*'X irAen ? fip-ns ]fo A^re] hitherto. <“i3p [/rom here ] hence , ai3‘1!"i3 whence ? crip thence , mb [mx xb] there is not. For the mode in which the last, as well as mx, takes pro¬ nominal suffixes, see 5 8. 3. II. Note 4. 44, 45. prepositions ; conjunctions. 61 5. A simple question is expressed by the prefix ft, (before a conso¬ nant with Sheva, simple or composite, !n). Pronouns or adverbs express an interrogative sense by prefixing “’X ; e. g. "JSE ix whence ? ^bx ‘’X who ? Comp. § 9. 3. Before interrogative adverbs iX is intensive ; as “'X , to which I believe our language has nothing precisely equivalent, unless it be the colloquial phrase, where in the world ? § 44. Prepositions. - 1. Tlie following are originally prepositions : ( a ) The inseparable 3, s, and b prefixed to nouns and pointed with — before simple Sheva ; as ; be¬ fore a word, the first letter of which has a composite Sheva, with a corresponding short vowel ; as TMajs , wb In the latter case, contraction sometimes takes place ; as anbab Dan. 5 : *23. T T (b) The separable monosyllables nib ? ms ? rns ? which before nouns, appear as separate words. They take pronominal suffixes without change ; as ‘'nib with me . Instead of 3 prefix, appears the separate form ^3, Sol. S. 1 : 9, 13. 2. Words employed as prepositions but originally nouns or other parts of speech; viz. xb3 without , (compounded of the adv. xb and 3,) “ta [ part ] from , of bija and onpp before , ps between . rpbn instead of ninn under , blEE and b^iBEX on account of These, (with the exception of the first,) and some others, are originally nouns, and conform to the analogy of nouns, in receiving suffixes ; sometimes, a. Having feminine forms ; e. g. . But bias retains the masc. form before yin and p's ; or b. Having plural forms ; e. g. Ipbs , , inPns , etc. 3. Compound prepositions; onpa pa, bsjsb , psba. § 45. Conjunctions. 1. Primitive conjunctions are ) and , 3 as , b that (before Fut.), *,n if *13 since , inx. because , ix or. Borrowed, from other parts of speech D“i3 but. *nb so, “p that. Compounded xb *p or x^abn that not , p ij until, n pbn and n bins because , pn bs therefore, n p"3 after. . 2. The inseparable conjunctions 3, " , and b are prefixed like the prepositions, § 44. 1. a. Vav, before consonants with Sheva, also before 3, a, and S, is pointed *1 . When b is prefixed to the Fut. the preforma- 62 46. INTERJECTIONS. tive of the latter is dropped ; e. g. instead of low § 50. 2. § 46. Interjections. ' \ 1. These are for the most part primitive ; e. g. xn lo ! “‘Jib that! oh that ! ^ wo! (comp. Lat. vae.) 2. Some are bomywed from other parts of speech ; e. g on! (Imp. from 3n?), *1533 I pray ! [Jit. in entreaty ], bton b'zn to destroy.) i . See be- would . ton come wo ! (from PART III. SYNTAX. CHAPTER I. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. § 47. Personal' Pronouns. 1. The separate pronouns sometimes supply the place of the substantive verb, or at least render the use of that verb unnecessary ; e. g. ian awnSK we are [lit. we they\ Ez. 5:11; tfptn tfptf I [am] the seer , 1 Sam. 9:19. Most frequently is the verb omitted when the pronoun is joined to a participle. • ✓ The reason of this omission of the substantive verb, in such cases, seems to be this.. These pronouns have a certain strength, an inherent emphasis, (so to speak), unattainable in English, on account of the fre^ quency with which we are compelled to use them in the ordinary inflec¬ tion of verbs. 2. The suffixes are used in Chaldee as in Hebrew. Compare Stuart’s Heb. Gram. §§ 470 — 472, Conant’s Gesenius § 121. The pleonastic use of suffixes, where the noun to which they relate immediately follows, is more frequent here than in Hebrew. Thus ttbx iJii-nS servants of God , Ez. 5 : 11, biOUa in Daniel . Dan. 5:12. Note. Even the separate pronouns are sometimes used in the same manner. 3. Anomalies likewise are the same as in Hebrew ; e. g. masc. for fem. Ruth 1:8,9, T’3533>, (referring to the daughters-in-law of Naomi;) suff. of pi. nouns appended to sing, nouns, as in Num. 24: 7, his kingdom , the latter probably a result of the full orthography, n being only a mater lectionis. t l 64 48 - 50. SYNTAX OF VERBS ; TENSES. § 48. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. 1. The relative pronoun ^ , (as a prefix 'n.) corresponds to the Hebrew F12X: ; e. g. with noun suff. forming a Gen., Satan xb , whose lan¬ guage thou shalt not understand ; with the adverb of place, ]an . ... ‘i , sometimes iani = Hebrew Dta . . . . “HEX, where. 2. The interrogative appears as a Genitive , where a noun immediately precedes it in the construct state; e. g. Fix “(a r2 whose daughter art thou ? Gen. 24 : 23. 3. In respect to the compound possessive pronouns ■’bn‘n my , Fib"1^ his, &c. see § 8. 3. note 3. §49. Mode of designating pronouns for ivhich specific forms do not occur in Chaldee. 1. Reflexive and reciprocal. These senses are indicated, a. Simply by passive verbs ; b. By the personal pronouns; e. g. Judg. 20:40. The Benjamites looked ‘jirrnrs behind them [i. e. behind themselves, the English usage being analogous]. c. By tasa , 2b or FiFa ; e. g. ‘’1T23 myself, “3b>2 upon thyself Ex. 9:14; Xin2a2 Gen. 18 : 12, Sarah laughed within herself. So ST1} a “’a himself Ruth. 3 : 8. 2. Indefinite. Some one ttJSX, something cans , xaana ( = Hebrew ^2F) and os'na . So no one 12J3X xb , nn xb , nothing aarna xb , also ^pa xb Job. 6 : 6. 3. Demonstrative. Sometimes by X^Fi , X^Ft , or with the Hebrew arti¬ cle X^iFin , x^nn . — A peculiar mode of designating the same idea is to at¬ tach a suffix to the preceding word ; e. g. X3at Fi2 Dan. 3:8 , at that time , (lit. in it, the time), comp. X^at X^Ft “>2 Sol. S. 1 : 13. Other forms might be mentioned, but they will occasion no difficulty which the analogy of the Hebrew will not readily solve. CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OF VERBS. § 50. Use of the Tenses. 1. The same variety of signification exists here as in Hebrew. Thus the Praeter sometimes, (especially in verbs of existence or condition,) corresponds to our Pres- 51. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 65 ent, sometimes to our Pluperfect; and tire Future to the Optative, Subjunctive, or Imperative mood. It some- tunes expresses even past time. See Dan. 4:9, 33. 2. When the Future is used in an Optative, Impera¬ tive, or Subjunctive sense, it not unfrequently takes the prefix b that, ut , and the preformative ^ falls out ; e. g. IJinb pb thy presents he to thyself , Dan. 5:17. *nnb rft'ta , with the beasts of the field shall he thy dwelling , Dan. 5:22. Though in the latter case Gesenius (Lehrgeb., p. 787,) considers tfinb as Inf. instead of tflijab, and com¬ pares the frequent use of the Infinitive for finite tenses in Hebrew. Comp. Stuart’s Heb. Gram. § 543. To this use of b with the Fut., corresponds entirely the Arabic J " ) Rosenmuller’s Inst, ad fundam. Ling. Arab. p. 331. Compare also the French que. Prof. Winer in his 2d ed. abandons this explanation, on the ground that this use of b is found nowhere else in Chaldee, and prefers, with Beer, to consider the b as an unusual preformative of the Future tense, (not unfre¬ quent in the Talmud) instead of*1. He quotes two passages from the Targums to which he considers this explanation suited; viz. Ex. 10:28, Jer. T. 7\2"0 b SE123 “Hlib xb^ ME^b *15S£ , ( Pharaoh ) desires to die . and not to be listening to your words ; and Ex. 22 : 24, Jon. •ynb'-i “'lbs> ■jsiinsn xb F'lhG *'ib 2, ye shall not impose upon him that there should be witnesses against him. But the old explanation seems to me preferable. Is not this very idiom the basis of the Talmudical use of b as a preformative of the Future ? § 51. Peculiar mode of designating certain finite tenses. 1. A Pluperfect is formed, in tlie later Targums, by prefixing sort to the Praeter ; e. g. ann he had gone out. The Arabic has a similar usage. 2. A kind of Paulo-post-future, to he about to do any thing , is expressed by prefixing “pny [ready] to the Inf. with b ; e. g. snsnxb y Tny ? Jehovah is about to punish , i. e. will speedily punish ; by tfjin ; e. g. byrib see® nirn Gen. 15 : 12, the sun was just about setting. In the lat¬ ter construction, the sense of tke Inf. active sometimes 5 66 52, 53. USE OF PARTICIPLES. becomes passive ; e. g. Dent. 31 : 17, b^ttb prrq they shah speedily be destroyed. § 52. Use of the Imperative arid Infinitive. 1. Of two Imperatives connected by 1 , tbe second must often be rendered by the Future, being a promise, of which the first was the condition. So in English we say Do and live , i. e. If ye will do, ye shall live. 2. The use of the Inf. governed by verbs indicating desire, purpose, &c. and sometimes by nouns, with (or without) b , is more frequent than in Hebrew ; e. g. Ex. 2 : 15, bqppb xyz he sought to hill; Gen. 29 : 7, itottb pya ab it is not time to collect, b is sometimes omitted, espe¬ cially when the Infinitive is governed by a noun ; as Josh. 10:27, bsp'a pt?, the time of sunset. In other respects these moods are employed as in Hebrew § 53. Use of Participles. 1. Participles joined (a,") To the substantive verb , in¬ dicate generally the Imperfect ; as rirn Dan. 2 : 31, Thou sawest [or, wast looking /] also with the Future, pinn “f&np ab Ruth 1:20, Ye shall not call [ be in the habit of calling ] me Naomi. The same indefiniteness seems to be given to the sense, as in the corresjjonding construc¬ tion in English. This usage is more frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. ( b ) Joined to the personal pronouns and iTtf, they designate generally the Present tense; some¬ times others ; e. g. b^nn Gen. 32:11, I was afraid, , p*ns prys Judg. 6:36, if thou wilt save. Note. Sometimes the subst. verb is omitted in this construction ; e. g. Job 1:13. "pbsx •'■foa his sons (were) eating and drinking. 2. Participles govern nouns ; either, ( a ) In the Geni tive, the participle being in the construct state ; as “’bpaj 1 K. 2 : 7, those who eat at thy table ; or, (b) In the 54 - 56. SYNTAX OF VERBS J OPTATIVE, ETC. 67 case governed by tbe verb from which they are derived ; as prpsna Ex. 25:20, stretching out their wings . § 54. Optative mood . This is indicated in Chaldee, either, a. By the simple future (compare § 50 ;) or, b. By questions expressing desire; e. g. Judg. 9:29, fctES 77 t"iO?2i "ft who will deliver this people to me ? i. e. would that this people were under my control. Especially is the formula ‘]n“l *]73 (comp. Heb. ‘jt-p ■'E) em¬ ployed in this optative sense ; e. g. Deut. 2S : 67, 1PP “je , Oh that it were evening , lit. who will give evening ? c. By "'lb with the Future, when the wish respects future time ; as 7^*1^ vb . may he stand before thee! Gen. 17 : 18. — With the Prae- ter when the wish regards time past; e. g. Num. 20 : 3, *7b , Ok that we had died ! § 55. Agreement of the verb with its subject. 1. The general principles, as well as most anomalies, are the same here as in Hebrew. See Stuart’s Heb. Gram. § 479, seq. Conant’s Gesenius, §§ 146-148. 2. AVhen a verb has several predicates it is generally put in the plural. Sometimes however, especially when the verb precedes the predicates, it is singular ; so Gen. 8 : 16. Num. 20 : 11. § 56. Impersonal verbs and verbs with indefinite Nominatives. 1. Impersonal verbs are, as in Hebrew, simply the third person singular of personal verbs without any Nominative. They also take a Dative ; e. g. 1 Sam. 30:6, nP? , David was distressed. 2. To express the idea of a verb with an indefinite Nominative ; ( a ) Tbe 3d person singular is sometimes employed exactly as in impersonal verbs ; e. g. &lpi“6 said (some one) to Joseph / ( b ) The 3d pers. plur, ; which frequently must be 68 57 - 59. SYNTAX OF VERBS ; REGIMEN, ETC. rendered by the passive ; e. g. Dan. 4:13, [English Ver¬ sion 4:16,] ttnnb let his heart be changed , lit. let them change his heart . (6) The 2d per. sing, sometimes expresses the same idea, Is. 41:12. (d) Also the plur. Part. ; as ■p'TQfc* Dan. 3 : 4, it is spoken. § 57. Regimen of Verbs. The use of the simple Accusative or Dative, of two accusatives, and of verbs with prepositions, may be learned from the Hebrew analogy. Comp. Stuart’s Heb. Gr. §§ 508 — 513. Conant’s Gesenius, §§ 138 — 140. § 58. Verbs Used for Adverbs. In Chaldee, as in Hebrew, two verbs are often so connected that one of them may be best translated by an adverb. The verbs most commonly so employed are Spoil* to add , for again , more / to make good, for well / nnp to precede, for before ; to return, for again • Tiis to hasten, for quickly ; e. g. STS rn noni nn , Isaac digged again (lit. returned and digged) the wells, Gen. 26:18. So in English we say, make haste and come , for come quickly . § 59. Constructio praegnans and jEUipsis. 1. Constructio praegnans. Comp. Stuart’s Heb. Gr. § 566. Conant’s Gesenius, 8 141. fcW'inias anb ^ mb 13th , and Jehovah changed (his heart and gave) to him another heart. I Sam. 10:9. 2. Ellipsis is not frequent, except of the substantive verb. Ps. 120 : 7, anpjpb pan obuj apa ? I (desire) peace% tJiey (are) for war. 69 SYNTAX OF NOUNS; CASES. CHAPTER III. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. i \ § 60. Designation of Cases. 1. The Genitive is indicated, (a) As in Hebrew, by the const, state of the preceding noun ; e. g. ‘’btt the words of the king. (b) By the prefix 'n (or ^ ,) in which case the preced¬ ing word is ordinarily in the emphatic state ; e. g. tfsn&n the king of the earth , the king's cap¬ tain, Dan. 2:15. (c) In designations of time, by b ; e. g. arrcb Gen. 8:5, the day of the month ; 2 Kings 12 : 1, 30® ni«a 8TPb in the seventh year of Jehu . Note 1. The case b. may be compared with the Hebrew b TtiiS. , and ^ be regarded as a real relative; thus Nsbtt *'‘1 Nwbbd might be rendered the captain who (belonged to) the king. N5bE might be regarded as a Da¬ tive (b being omitted by ellipsis), or as a Genitive governed by ^ in the construct state. Note 2. In the later Targums the characteristic prefix of the Genitive is sometimes omitted ; e. g. Esth. 1 : 9, itndtt banquet of the womens In some instances, on the other hand, the characteristic of the Genitive case C?) is inserted after a noun in the construct state. Note 3. The form of the construct, especially of the const, pi.. some¬ times appears in the Targums instead of the absolute ; e. g. Gen. 1 : 10, the collections of water X'lfc , he called seas. 2. As in Hebrew, b prefixed forms the Dative. 8. The Accusative takes either b , (like the Syriac, — and this is almost universal in the Targum on Proverbs;) or FP (i. q. Heb. fix ;) or it has the simple form of the Nominative. 4. The Vocative is generally expressed by the form of the emphatic state. 70 61, 62. SYNTAX OF NOUNS ; USE OF CASES, ETC. § 61. Peculiar use of the cases. 1. The Genitive is often employed instead of an adjective qualifying, the preceding noun; e. g. Dan. 3: 5, an image of gold , i. e. a golden image. Note 1. Sometimes the first noun qualifies the second; e. g. T? pipns with a strong hand — lit. with strength of hand. Note 2. The Hebrew student will not be disappointed to meet in Chal¬ dee with phrases like N’pbn ■na Gen. 37 : 19, lit. master of dreams , i. e. interpreter of dreams; stntzj “>3 son of a year , i. e. a year old. 2. The Accusative of place answers the question, where ? and must consequently be translated by at or in. The simple Accusative is also sometimes employed, by synecdoche where we must render, in respect of; e. g. ^TH sipijaG ruddy in respect to complexion , or of a ruddy complexion , Lam. 4 : 7. This construction is legs frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. Instead of it the Targums sometimes employ 2. 3. The case absolute, either the Nom. (which is most frequent), the Acc., or even sometimes the Dat. (with b signifying quoad^j is employed as in Hebrew. Comp. Stuart’s Heb. Gr. §§ 415 — 417. § 62. TJse of the plural and repetition qf nouns. 1. The plural is sometimes employed where only one of the things des- ignated is meant. Judg. 12 : 7, Jephthah was buried, "iinpa , in one of the cities of Gilead ; Gen. 8 : 4, The ark rested on one of the moun¬ tains ■, etc. 2. “ppp and ‘psisip are employed as plurals of excellence or respect. On the other hand ‘pnb $ has always a plural sense. In the biblical Chal¬ dee only, occurs •pi'Pbfi* , the Most High , as a name of God, Dan. 7 : 15. 3. The double members, etc., which in Hebrew require the dual, are designated in Chaldee by the plural. When the dual in Hebrew is em¬ ployed to designate definitely two persons or things, it is rendered in Chaldee by the plural with “p'npi . 4. The immediate repetition of a noun indicates, a. Multitude. Gen. 14 : 10, “PT? many wells. b. Partition or separation, expressed by each , etc. ; as Gen. 32 : 16, each particular herd ; Esth. 3 : 4, every day. - — § 63. Construction of Adjectives. 1. Exceptions from the general principle u that adjectives agree with the substantives which they qualify in gender and number” are the same as in Hebrew. Comp. Stuart’s Heb. Gr. § 449. 2. When an adjective is the predicate of the sentence, it stands gen¬ erally after the noun. Rarely, and only when the substantive verb is omitted, it precedes. 64, 65. SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES, ETC. 71 3. Adjectives used as simple epithets , follow their nouns. 4. The neuter gender is usually expressed by feminine adjectives; Ps. 27 : 4, “Tpra xan one thing have I desired. 5. An adjective is put in the construct state before a noun expressing the thing in respect to which the quality is affirmed; e. g. Prov. 16: 19, mi bad of a humble spirit , lit. humble of spirit. § 64. Comparison of Adjectives. 1. The comparative is formed, either (a) By XQ simply, as in Hebrew ; or (b) By inserting "W or TW ( abundant , but here in the sense of more ) before ; e. g. Ps. 119:103. IP tpp sweeter than honey , lit. sweet more than etc. 2. The superlative is designated as in Hebrew. Thus b&p Dan. 4 : 14, the basest of men / Lev. 24:9, the highest heaven / etc. § 65. Numerals. 1. Numerals from 1 to 10 are placed either before or after nouns. Gen. 8 : 10. pap xaad . Dan. 3 : 25, xsaax paaa . 2. From 11 to 100 the numerals precede the substantive in the ploral. Jud. 11:33, p'jap pads . But the tens sometimes follow their substan¬ tives. Gen. 32 : 14. Note 1. In a few instances the substantive appears in the construct state before its numeral. 1 K. 8 : 63, Xian pndap pfinn *nin 220,000 oxen. Comp. § 60. 1. note 3. Note 2. When rn precedes the numeral, the noun is in the emph. st. ; e. g. Gen. 1 : 16, X*nirn pain rp the two great lights. Note 3. In designations of weights and measures the noun expressing the weight, etc. is often, though not so frequently as in Hebrew, omitted. Thus Gen. 37 : 28, C)&a pniasa for 20 (shekels) of silver. So in designa¬ tions of time, XEV> is still more frequently omitted. Comp. Gen. 8 : 13, Lev. 23 : 32. 3. Instead of the ordinals from 1 to 10 the cardinals are not unfrequently employed. Gen. 8 : 13, XJVpb ana , on the first of the month. 2 K. 12 : 1, Mrnb rad roda in the seventh year of Jehu — lit. in the year VII. of Jehu. 4. Distributives are expressed by a simple repetition of the cardinals without V, as xsad xrad by sevens, pan pan two and two, by pairs. Gen. 7 : 2, 9. 72 66, 67. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES J ADVERBS, ETC. 5. Numeral adverbs are of two kinds. a. Those of degree or intensity. These are expressed in Chaldee by prefixing "in to the cardinals ; e. g. Dan. 3 : 19, fcC’Otlj , seven fold. b. Those of repetition. These are expressed, precisely as in English, by times , *Jn3at ; as Josh. 6 : 3, one time , once. Ex. 34 : 23, *p3at nbn three times , etc. t ; ' CHAPTER IV. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES. § 66. Adverbs generally. 1. The repetition of an adverb expresses a. Intensity. Deut. 28 : 43. very low ; b. Repetition or continuation. Ex. 23 : 30, “PS I “PSt by little and little . 2. Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed before them as nouns in the construct state. Gen. 18 : 4, “PSt a little water. 3. Adverbs sometimes take prepositions before them; e. g. TXO instead of TX simply. Comp. Gesenius5 Lehrgeb. p. 82§. Note. In the last three cases, 1. 6, 2 and 3, these adverbs maybe re¬ garded as real nouns. Thus “PSt a small quantity of water, 7X3 at that time. And so of many other cases. 4. Many adverbs are expressed by periphrasis of verbs. See § 58. § 67. Negatives. 1. The same distinction exists between xb and ITPb , as in Hebrew be¬ tween xb and l*1^ ; the latter , in both languages, implying the substantive verb. 2. bb. . . xb none , nobody , nothing. So in Hebrew. Compare Gesenius’ Heb. Lex. word X'b . 3. In oaths or strong declarations, ‘JX or EX , \f) takes the place of a di¬ rect negative. Thus Is. 62 : 8. ‘P1X OX I will not give , lit. if I will give. So xb ox affirmatively , Josh. 14 : 9. 4. “ That — not ” is sometimes expressed by b^ before the Inf. e. g. Lev. 26 : 19. I will make the heavens strong as iron above you XPD?a xnnxba, that they may not send down rain , (lit. from that they should , etc.) For the signification of b alone prefixed to the Infinitive, see § 50. 2. 73 / / 68. INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES. § 68. Interrogative Particles. 1. The direct question is indicated by , or has no peculiar designa¬ tion. 2. The double interrogation is generally expressed by ox .... ft ; e. g. Num. 13 : 20, Xttj-’O ox xoooft , whether good or had. 1 K. 22 : 15, . . . . b*\I3ft Sjiana ox, shall we go up to Ramoth Gilead to battle, or shall we for¬ bear ? 3. The question with xbft , being employed simply to excite attention, is frequently better rendered by behold ! Comp. X’Vi under the word x'bin Gesenius’ Heb. Lex. Thus Deut. 11 : 30, Xpn^ x8nsa psx xbft behold they are on the other side Jordan , lit. are they not , etc. So also the fre¬ quent expression, ‘pax xbft. behold they are written. PARADIGMS. Paradigms of verbs, nouns, and numeral adjectives are here subjoined, accompanied by references to the corresponding sections in the Grammar 74 Par. I. Regular Verbs. §§ 11 — 13. Peal. Ithpeel. Pael • Praet. 3 m. ^P ba or bapns bap 3 f. rtop nbapns nbap 2 m. sn or nbap nbapns sn or nbap ?•••!• • • t • • •• »— 2 f. nbap nb^pna • •••!• • • nbap 1 c. nbap nbap ns nbap Pl. 3 m. nbap nbapns nbap 3 f. sbap sbapns Nbap 2 m. ■jnnbop ■jnnbapns nnnbap • •• 1— 2 f. l^bpp • IPibapns 1 c. x:bap t : — s;baans t : : • s-bap Inf. 'PPP abftpna r tI; : • sbap r t Imp. 2 m. bap bapns ^p 2 f . -bapns • •* » : : • ■Pp>p PI. 2 m. *ap nbapns nbap 2 f. s;bap t : v : s:bapns T * •• 1 • • • • • • • s:bap Fnt. 3 in. bap- V: • bap i" mm*i : • bap- 3 f. bapn bapnn bapn 2 m. bapn bapnn bapn 2 f. l^pn ■j-bapnn ■pbapn 1 c. baps bapns baps PI. 3 m. 1*pp: ■j'fcppp: -nbap- 3 f. ■ftoprv * t : I— : * nbap-1 It : I— : 2 m. ■jnbapn ■jnbapnn -(nbapn 2 f. ibapn i^P™ *'-P~ 1 c. ^p? bapn; bap? 1 Part. m. ^Pp bapa £ sbap t : MT sbapa 2 Part. m. p‘pp bapna bap a £ sb-ap t • *; sbapna T ; 1— ; . sbapa 75 Par. I. Regular Verbs. §§ 11 — 13. Ithpaal. Aphel. Ittaphal. btipna baps bapps rbtapps nbcps nbppr^ pbepns SF or pbapS rtep™ Fibers; PbapS pbapps nbtapna fibtm •• ; — nbapps iibtbpna •.bits ttpFS sbapps r — : • ships t •• f ; — SbipFS t — — • ■ppbapps ■jlFbops ■ppbapps ■jFbapns ■pbaps ■(pbapFs t : — i— : • s:bips s:bipps sbupns abapx r t * : — sbapps T T 1 ; — • bapns baps bapps -biprs • — f— ; • hbips* • • > ; — • “bapFS ' ^ibtbpntf ' *rbt?ptf SbipFS sibiprs s;baps r : •• i : — NDb&pm t ; — *: — • btsprr bapp . btpprr baprp bapF boppp btoppp bapF bappp ■j'brapnn 1'bapF ■pbappp bapns (bapnx) btSpfcS bapps — v ■pbQprr l*ap: ■pbappr twr. IrTO ■jJibapnp ■j^bapF ■pbappp ■jbappp baprp bapra i®l?a sbapa bapra *^P"“ Sy^C.. ' bappa abtsprva t ; • sbapa sbapp-j t : - • 76 Par. II. Regular Verbs with suffixes. § 16. Suffixes. Sing. 1 com. 2 masc. 2 fem. 3 masc. 3 fbio nbap nr, bap not take .TFibap nnbap m bap t : pij^nbap K“bap tt : — f; Pe. Pr. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 c. PL 3 m. 1 2 iu. 1 c. typ. arbap tjnbap tjnbap afibap &c. Same as 3 £ excej nbap nnbap >t that it dots Trnbop nnbap Vfibap “33Flbdp •• : — •: '“bap »T • mmf • • • r • 4 <'1* if tptbap M T?-i? 'ttbap spbap -J •— • : — b7,*iV'7Ain ^S> I? Inf,. Inf, with ) 3 epenth. j *3— 'bapa tjbapa asbapa Tjsbapa T- tPTi’P 'ni mbap a rabapa “bapa robapa Fuf. 3 m. 8 m. with ) 3 epenth. f PI. 3 m. T^i?r • •• • ]•• • • ^ ‘rptep^ • •• j •• j j j * ribap' •« • 1 • • * ' • F»2bt2ph •• • • i • • • r • ro^ibap' • • • 1 • • • • •::bap- Tabap’1 “’pinbtppp t{|iibtapp piibap^ “3Jibap- r : > : • Imp. 2 m. '5— a- 'bap - “bap sr i- fibfcp t : t v: 2 m. with ) 3 epenth. j asbap - fisbpp rebap 2 f. a'bap - . . ..1; rrbap xrrbap PL 2 m. 33 a>lbap - Vfibap srrtbap t v: 2 f. "I33bt3p - •t : v : '“bap •t : v : arabap Pa. Praet. ^be h'vp fibap ttbap Inf. ■'Mbap sjMbap ^Mbap fiwbap »• J rip-bap ) Par. II. Regular Verbs with suffixes. § 16. 77 Plur. 1 com. 2 masc. 2 fem. 3 masc. 3 fem. Mbttp ■pbbap l^Pp l^PP SOPlbtip t t : — ■pbr&tap ■psribap isnbtsp suffixes of the second person. WFibap • — ; - - t • : — pTibap FP*PP lisnb^p p~'r-P l^iSPibtpjp ■pnbup It • : —>: ■jj swbpp ftonbtsg l^bpp T3*i?E xjinbap r t t : — 1; T=*<3? l^inbtop l^pbEp PrPP SDbtspa t t : f : * •|iPb^p7j ■jpbppT? linbupa in^pa sosbop-j t t • ; t : • Tbsbqpa 1 • • ' * pDbtipy xjsbtjp1 liMbtjp1' i=?^p: l^btppr "b::p" It • : > : • S35lbt3p-' r t : > : • ■pD^bppi Ipp^ibapi ' iis^bppi ■?*pp' CSJv UJ> p’ppp i?^p srbtsp l^irbap ir^p ambap ■jwbap Mjbup ■p^p ■psbap Itt : v 2 swbiap liPbc?g ■$PP l^bbtpp T$«P aDrfibtDp t t r»- prfibap T5«?*?P linrvfeyp irirobisg 78 Par. III. Verbs Pe Nun. 8 18. Peal. Aphel. Ittaphal. Praet. 3 m. P|? pea pana 3 f. rpana 2 m. an or npss t : b npena 2 f. ~P?? npaa npena 1 c. *T?s? npaa rpana PL 3 m. ^pl? pea pana 3 f. aps: 't — : apena 2 m. finpS? < ■pnpea •pnpena 2 f. "P?? •npaa ■npena 1 c. ape: a:pena Inf. pan apaa apana lr t — • Imp. 2 m. ps, ps paa pana 2 f . paa pi. 2 m. pa pea pana 2 f. a:pa t 1 : \ a;paa apena Put. 3 m. pi:, pp: pap PIP? 3 f. pan pen pann 2 m. pan pen pann 2 f. Vpsri TP*® Tpsnn 1 c. ps« paa pana pi. 3 m. l^ps: ■jpsr l^PPP? 3 f. VX }PX IPP^r 2 m. ■ppan Ipen ■parn 2 f. IP an Ipsn pern 1 c. PP? pap pep? 1 Part. m. pSD 1 •*T paa f. ape: ape a 2 Part. m. P'S? f. ap's? ' t ; — apena >t ; — • Par. IV. Verbs Ayin doubled. § 19. Peal. Aphel. Ittaphal. Praet. 3 m. PP P® ppp.x 3 f. n]3i nppx nppnx 2 m. pi rp^ ripens 2 f. rp>5 nppx • ' . ** nppm 1 c. np^ np'ns npprx PI. 3 m. pi 3p|x >ip|nx 3 f. JT •• — xp^nx 2 ro. ■pmp5 ■jwp'ns Top®*? 2 f. ■jnp5 ■jFiPpX ■jnp^nx 1 c. x3p|x xdp^fix Inf. P® XplX »T T — xpprn Imp. 2 m. pP pps pprx 2 f. T5® ■pirn PL 2 m. *lp|» Tipfnx 2 f . xjptf x:p^x t • : — X3p?IFX Fut. 3 m. p't pp: p®: 3 f. P® ppn P~nri * • 2 m. p® PPP! p“nn 2 f. TP® TP® ■pp^nri 1 c. P® P® pppx PI. 3 m. TP?: TPPP Tppir 3 f. IP T IP?: ip®: 2 m. TPPH TPpn Tpprm 2 f. IP® IPP? ■pprnn 1 c. P'T P!= ppP3 1 Part. m. PP? ppa f. xpp^i >t > : it •t : — 2 Part. m. p'pp prq P5P7J f. «BT?7 xpTO *t : — Xp^ITO lT . — • Par. V. 79 Verbs is. § 20. Peal. Pr. &c. r eg. Inf. “brs Imp. “b (soli nn) Fut. "b^ 1 Part. •*T 2 Part, Tb* • : Itbpeel. ibpntf Pael. Pr. *ib^ Fut. ~b“ Itbpaal. i’l'T)# Apbel. Tbitf Fut. Tb*1 Par. VI. Verbs §20. Peal. Pr. nir Fut. Pael. Pr. Fut. • Apb. Pr. • •• Inf. xntrx T T Fut. "1 80 Par. VII. Verbs Ayin Vav. § 22. Peal. Ithpeel. Pael. Ithpaal. Praet. 3 m. DP Dpns Dsp • • D'pns 3 f. m nagps nasg ra-pns 2 m. n nag nap ns nasP nappns 2 f. nap napns nasp nappns 1 c. nap or nap • •It V napns *1PSP na-pns Pl. 3 m. lapns idyp ia?gns 3 f. sap T sapns tIt : • sa?p sa»pns t —i— : • 2 m. ■pnag ■jinapns |1F1P?P ■pnaipns 2 f. ■nap ■napns ■nasp ■jnasgns 1 c. siao t : — siagns t : Inf. (Dipa) Dga sapns T• Na'jjm Naaip aE&ipritf ■ppapN "JiPa'pPN ■ppgaip ]ipaaipnN •(PapN ■jiw'pris ■jpaaip ■jpaaipna saa'pPN Npaaip Npaaipnx flapH r »t -: xaprx saaip NaaipnN B'pN d*ppx aaip aaipPN • \ • ; • 'aaip 'aaipnN Pa'pN ild'pPa iaaip iaaiptpN SMpS iOa'DPN t : >• : • Niaaip waaipnN oi?r d'prp aaip' atfiprf* D‘PF d’ppp aaipp • mipnn d'pp >• : d'ppp aaipp aaipnp ■pBT?*? ■j'arpPP ■j'aiaipp ■paaiprp d'pm aaips aaipnN T*naT?: pa'ppp ■paaipr ^laaiptr ft?: tvtm?: rff'pr Vra'pF ■pa'ppp ■paaipn p*aa'p~p TTO TO*? TO1? •jaaipnn QT» d'ppp aaipp aaipnp d'pp aaipa N<3'pa saaipa Op* d'ppa aaipa aaipna aapa r b'a T • — 2 m. ■^rrba ’jirv’bstis; ft) T»fta 2 f. ■jtrb ft) irft? 1 c. xrba t •• : wbama t : : • ft) sjftft Inf. x-_ xbaa t : r • nab ana t t : ; • nab a T T — Imp. 2 m. S- 'ba a_ hbana a_ 'ba • • • — 2 f. aba aba a? a aba PL 2 m. ib$ •ibana • • 2 f. V- a:b"a aabana r t : : • aaba T T — Fut. 3 m. abah • !• • • sharp • •• ; ; • '.^_aba? 3 f. aban • • • • abann aban 2 m. aban abann aban 2 f. ■pbann 1 c. abaa •• : v abana abaa PL 3 m. ■jib?? ■pb?ra? 1*5“ 3 f. rbr It : : • ]?ban? ll5? 2 m. ■ i*?1? ■p'bann ■j?bann ■jiban 2 f. ■pban It:— : • 1 c. abai • • • • • abana • • • • • • • abaa • • — • • 1 Part. m. aba aba~a f. a^ba t : t a-ba- t : — : 2 Part. m. aba • •• • aban'a • • • • • • • 'fea £ a'ba a’bantj a'baa Par. VIII. Verbs Lamedh Aleph. § 23. 83 Ithpaal. Aphel. Ittaphal. 'bas 'bars • • — • trbarift rritftf. ns'— n'bans n'bans • — • n'_ n'l n'bas • t •• t • ; — rrbam tY'banat • — • • n'bas » • — » n'bans rrbans ■n- n'bas • •• «• • — . n'bans Tbans • — : • W’V vbas Phans • • — « ns'bans t • — : • arbaa s'bans t • : — • ■^n'bans ■pnbas ■pn'bans Itvbans •in'bas ■p'bans arbars r • — : • srbas t • : — sa'bans t * : — • nsbans t t - : • nsbas r t : — nsbans t t : — • •• • — • • is_ 'bas • • • • — s_ 'bans sbans i — : sbas t : — sbans t : — o ■fern:* ibas •bans : — * sabans r r — : • srbas T •• • — srbors t •• : — • star;1 h_ abrr abarr • 90 ..•—»« sbann shan sbann sbann sban • • * MM sbann ybann r^n 1'bann sbans sbas sbans ■pbarr A: ■pbarr ■^barr T&: "ban? ■pbann ■pban ■]ibann ]T'bann ■pbann sbana sba: sban? ■'_ sba a s'baa r : : — sbarro 'baa sbana s'bana s'baa s'bana 84 Par. IX. Declension of Nouns masculine. Sing. Abs. Const. Emph. Suff. 3 s. m. Suff. 2 pi. m. Dec. I. Singular. § ; 31. 0) TO to a“fia T nnsa ■pvia (0 P* T b'S or jra aab'a T T • n;b-a •* T -p‘:b-a Dec. II. Singular. § 32. (a) nb? — T Dbs — T sabs t ; it nab? •• : it ■pah? (0 ID? ID? Mm3 T -2 T nsra •• t Tbsra ! : •• t Dec. III. Singular. § 33. («) C~P > mP ssba t : — roba • • • — • psba («) H SMT t ; • nsat poaT (0 obn • • •• • obn V •• sabn T • •• nabn • « • •• • • pabn P) P r? ar? T *• nr? • • •• pr? («;:?) fa?’?) 00 pP Pp a®T]5 nuhp •• : It PPp (or XttPp etc.) (/) bapna bapna abapna t : i— : : nbnpna pbajsna Dec. IY. Singular. § 34. 00 23 ass T — nss PP (^) IV • • IV •• T * w? • • • Pf? 00 QX aaa T naa •• \ paa Dec. Y. Singular. § 35. 00 aba •• T abs •• T ahbs t : r n’bs •• : t PP 0 “bra ■baa 2 •• : >t s'aba t — : it Triab? • : it ■rio'jobo ) : it T?a? '3“3 •• t sans t— t Triara • t •pD'ano Dec. III. Plural. 'oba • "" iraba T— ; — vrioba lio'obio ra? '3707 • • • • • t— : • '“13707 • • • liO'3707 1'abn I • : v 'iobn • • • • • • • s'abn T — . • •* Triabn • : v lio'7pbn r?;? '3'3> •• •• St'3'? T— •• 'nia'p • •• liO'3'37 (■pa^n?) to tWOTja 'rnaip liO'tinp TOra 'boptvo •• j 1— • • N'bopna t— : : • '“ibapna . : »— : • 1*b'bppna Dec. IV. Plural. 1*2 •'M T - 'ftiaa 1*io'pa ■fl? '•T2> • • • K'T3> T - - Trip? • • ■fto'W 'SX “ \ ssas T - \ Trias • lio'as Dec. V. Plural. 1*2 •• T s'ba r — t Triba • T TO TO 'baa s'baa t— ; — Tribaa • • — • • T>TO Dec. VI. Plural. rro 'tCO"ip •• t : '«a~p •• t ; '“iS70“p • t : i— ■p'O'saTja 86 Par. X. Declension of Xouns feminine. Abs. Const. Emph. Suff. 3 s. m. Suff. 2 pi. m. Dec. VII. I Singular, i 5 37. O) nria t • : nano - • : sriria t : • : nmma • • • • • • • rfcnrTj 1 • « (0 • MB • rrnizja arr “iTijE t • : — ttrrTd/J t* • • — • • pbrmina 0) ifiba msba amaba r : — Finifiba pansba Plural. 0) ■jjna nma T • : xnma rr • ; Trircna • t • : riartna 1 :t • : (0 yntia It : : — murj t : : — amtia tt : : — ■'fiimiaa • t : : — ■pbn'iaa 1 :t : ; - (0 ppba ni3ba t : : — xnisba tt : : — Trimsba • T * • — riamsba 1 :t : : — Dec. YIII. Singular. § 38- (a) aba^x t : : — nbaix srba_x t : — : — riFibaps ■j'tonbaia (0 s"ba t : t n'ba - : t an'ba T • T wvba .. • T riatvba I : • t 0) tot may snttT t : nn^T • • • • fiantoT Plural. (a) ibaFx It : : — nbaia t : : — anbaia T T : : - hfiinba"tf • T ; ; — ■pbnbapK (0 IW? trbs t : t srrba tt : t ■rr'r-ba • t : t ■riarrba ' : t : t (0 773T ’t : — IVST t : — xr-" tt : - vriniaT • t : — pan ip7 Dec. IX. Singular. § 39. nxaip naapp xrv'anp r : r : i- nwaip Plural. F97E nsaip t t : sttvaip TT t ; Tiirl,£np • t t : *“■ Par. XI. Numerals. 8T Par. XI. Numerals. A. Cardinals from 1 to 10. Masculine. Feminine. No. Abs. Const. Abs. Const. 1 in in snn T "• nin 2 "T ■pirn Tin 8 nmbn t r : nnbn — t : nbn t : "nbn •• r : 4 n?ans t : : — n?ons ?pns "n?ons 5 si? on t : — nizjgn ■ran hnni?jn •• r : — 6 snizi T • ns™ niii "nniD •• T i ronirS t : • r?oo — • • ?DID "n?DiD *• r : • 8 soon t : — : noon •• • — 'noon ••r : — : 9 n?iDn t : • r#uin — : • ?‘dn Wife .. r ; • 10 SID? mo? IDS? "mo? 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 JB. Cardinals from 1 1 Masculine. id ? "in ("©■'“in) "ID? "in \ — •• • / •• j "©"bn -ip'nbn ("©"©"IS) "ID? n?”S ID? SfflHn "©tub "©? snbn t t : -©" pit "id? snir no? TODTD (■mm) j “ V — : t: — : "id? n?ion to 19. Feminine. "np? xnn (""©"nnn) ■no? snnn \ •* » •• • m. / •• • mm • • • • F . _ ("no "bn) *np? nbn (■no^sm) ^ios> jsh* \ •• • •• • — / .. . — _ * __ • • • • (■nonan) •’"id? iron \ • •• — • / •• * — •• — • v • • • • piomti) ^ids mz5 ("npoip) "no? ?Dia j ^P1™ I l '"Pn f "id? "*rn "ID? ?1Z5F1 88 Par. XI. Numerals. C. Ordinals from 1 to 10. Masculine. Feminine. No. Abs. Emph. Abs. Emph. 1 non £ nxanp naanp inn 'Hip 2 nn It: • warn tt : • N3'3n tt : • xnnn t •• ; • 3 (hnbFi) Trbn nxn'bn t t • : an 'bn t • : Krrrrbn t •• • : 4 _)*w,an T / T T • : *w:r i t t • : t : t • : 5 "&m/2n — • — • nairan T T • "I nsffl’an t t • annonai T • • -j 6 ('ctd) hrrna narmiD t t • ; nairna t t • : an'n'rn: s t •• • : 7 •'yam — • : ntfrau: t t • : •wots t t • : atrs'aizj t •• • ; (anapar) 8 ■anon nwram tt • : ns3-ar. tt • : swan i" • • • 9 • nxyncn t r • : rmncn t t • : xr-rcn t •• • : 10 hTD2 •*> • r>$r\T? T T • -2 HiO'D? T T • "J sn'Tts T •• • -2 A CHALDEE CHRESTOMATHY; CONSISTING OF EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS, ACCOMPANIED BY NOTES ON THEM, AND ON THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE, WITH A YOCABULARY. There are ten Targums* or Chaldee translations of the Scriptures ex¬ tant. No one of them, however, includes the whole of the Old Testament, and some only a single book or a few books. Daniel, Ezra, and Nehe- miah have never been translated into Chaldee. At least, no Targums of these books are now extant. The Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch, from which the sen¬ tences in Part I. are extracted, is the most esteemed of all the Targums, both for its faithfulness, and for the purity of the language employed. It is so literal that, being set to the same musical notes as the Hebrew text, it was read or cantilated in the synagogues on the Sabbath, in con¬ nection with the Hebrew lesson appointed for the day. See Prideaux, Conn. Yol. IY. p. 623. Respecting Onkelos little is known. Prideaux places him before or about the time of our Saviour. Horne (Introd. Yol. II. p. 158,) gives the same as the generally received opinion. Jahn (Introd. p. 65 of the English transl.) supposes him to have written in the second century. The same is Prof. Winer’s opinion. Compare his dissertation De Onkeloso, etc. § 1. But Gesenius maintains very satisfactorily the former opinion, Einl. zu Jesa. §11. The Targum next in value, and probably also in time, is that of Jonathan the son of Uzziel, who translated the books of Joshua, Judges, I. and II. Samuel, I. and II. Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets. He is ge?ierally thought to have been earlier than Onkelos. Prideaux assigns him a later date, for the very probable reason, that he would not have commenced his translation at Joshua, unless the books of Moses had been already extant in Chaldee. There are two other Targums of the Pentateuch, both of a late date. * The word is Chaldee, , (from to interpret ), lit. an interpretation , a paraphrase. Its use is limited however to the Chaldee versions of the Scriptures. 90 CHALDEE CHRESTOMATHY. To the unknown author of one of these the name Pseudo- Jonathan has been applied, because it was long supposed to have been written by J on- athan Ben-Uzziel. The following literal translation of Num. 24 : 24, as it stands in this Targum,* shows how little care the author took to give the simple sense of the Hebrew text ; while the mention of Constanti¬ nople and the Lombards makes it certain that this Targum was not the work of Jonathan Ben-Uzziel. It was probably composed in the ninth century. “ And wings (ships ?) shall come with instruments of war, and shall go forth with great multitudes from Lombardy and from the land of Italy, and shall be joined with the legions which shall come from Constantinople ; and they shall afflict the Assyrians and enslave all the sons of Eber ; but the end of these, as well as of those, shall be to fall by the hand of king Messiah ; and they shall be destroyed forever.” The Jerusalem Targum, so called from the dialect in which it was composed, is the other of the two mentioned above. It belongs proba¬ bly to an age still later than the preceding. It is very imperfect, omit¬ ting many verses, and so loosely rendering the rest, that it hardly deserves the name even of a paraphrase. It abounds, much more fhan the Tar¬ gum of the Pseudo- Jonathan, with digressions and fables, which may be traditions of some antiquity. No IV. of Part II. may serve as a specimen. Both these Targums abound in Greek and other foreign words. In the above extract, the word translated multitudes is plainly nothing but a Chaldee plural of the Greek o^Aos, and the word rendered legions ■pYiV, . These four are the longest and most valuable of all the Targums. The first two are esteemed most highly as affording critical aid to the student of the Hebrew Scriptures, and (especially that of Onkelos) in¬ troducing us to a pure Chaldee, nearly resembling the style of Daniel and Ezra. Being extremely literal, they also serve to vindicate the He¬ brew text, as it has come down to us, against those who charge the Jews with having corrupted it for the sake of evading the arguments of Christians. The other two mentioned above, and indeed all the Tar¬ gums, are valuable as affording many expositions, particularly of passages relating to the Messiah, which agree with those given in the New Testa¬ ment. These passages many of the modern Jews attempt to explain away, so as to get rid of the evidence that Jesus was the Messiah. Several examples of this kind are given by Prideaux (Conn. Pt. II. B. VIII. p. 639, seq.) One instance will suffice here. * The English translation of this passage, which is literal, is as follows : “ And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish forever.” REMARKS ON THE TARGUMS. 91 11 Micali 5 : 2. And thou Bethlehem JEphratah . out of thee shall come forth unto me he that is to be rider in Israel. This is the true translation of the Hebrew text, and this all Christians understand of the Messiah ; and so anciently did the chief priests and scribes of the people of the Jews, when consulted by Herod. But since that time, in opposition to the gospel, Jewish writers have endeav¬ ored to give this text another meaning, some interpreting it of Hezekiah, some of Zerubbabel, and some otherwise. But Jonathan, who per¬ chance was one among those scribes whom Herod consulted, gives the true meaning of it by interpreting it of the Messiah, in the same man¬ ner as Christians do : for his version of the text is : Out of thee shall come forth before me the Messiah , who shall exercise sovereign ruU over Israeli (Id. p. 612.) In another place (p. 635) Prideaux remarks, that “ the Targums of Jonathan and Onkelos are in so great esteem among the Jews, that they hold them to be of the same authority with the original sacred text.” The other Targums are, one on the Hagiographa; one on the Megil- loth or five books of Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Buth and Esther; three on Esther alone; and one on the two books of Chron¬ icles. The first has been ascribed to Babbi Joseph the blind, who lived in the third century. But neither the dates nor authors of these Targums are known with certainty. The barbarous style in which they are written, is considered as affording sufficient proof that they are com¬ paratively modern ; though they appear to have been compiled from * more ancient materials. For a full account of the Targums, see Prideaux, Conn. Yol. IV. pp. 618 — 645. Horne’s Introd. Yol. II. pp. 157 — 163. Walton, Pro¬ leg. XII. §§ 4 — 20, and Winer, De Onkeloso ejusque paraphrasi Chal- daica Dissertatio. Compare also Stackhouse’s Hist, of the Bible, pre¬ lim. discourse p. 90, seq. Calmet’s Diet, of the Bible, articles Jonathan, Onkelos, and Targum. Father Simon’s Crit. Hist. B. II. Ch. 18. Eich- horn’s Einleitung §§ 213 — 245. De Wette, Einl. §§ 57 — 62. Wolffii Bibliotheca Hebraea Yol. II. pp. 1*135 — 1189. Allix, Judgment of the ancient Jewish Church, etc. Ch. YII. Carpzov. Critica Sacra, Part II. Ch. I. Gresenius, Comm, liber Jesa. Einl. § 11, and Jahn’s Introd. to the 0. T. pp. 64 — 68 of the English translation. i iJ A R T 1. SELECT SENTENCES FOR GRAMMATICAL EXERCISE. : asns m k*bo it *r& raipa it; — /-: t - : 7- at: jt ; I i- : NOTES. The sentences of this Part are all taken from the Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch. They stand in the order of their selection, as it was thought that any of them would be sufficiently simple for grammatical analysis by those already familiar with Hebrew. The reader will observe, on comparing the translation with the He¬ brew text, that the same train of accents appears in both. § 2. 9. b. This agreement is not perfect throughout. Where however the train of accents in the Targum is different from that of the Hebrew text, the accents are still similar. For the sake of comparison with the Hebrew, the accents are inserted in these sentences. 1. Gen. 1 : 1, “pEpp , plur. of Dpp Deck III. a. comp. § 33. a. S prep, is prefixed regularly with -7 as in Hebrew. Lit. in principiis. — p, § 4. note. This is strictly an abbreviation, and must not be read ysyd, as though it were a distinct name. It is said by some to have been formed by prefixing th e first letter of nirn to the last of , thus combining the Q,«ri with the Kgthib and saving the trouble of marginal notes. Others affirm that its original form, which indeed appears in some editions, was , i. e. the initial of fiirp repeated three times ‘to express Trinity ; and that later Jews, rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity, have preferred the other form, and given it the other explanation. It is pronounced Adho-nay. As here, it is generally employed in the Targums to render , when the latter stands alone (i. e. without any other name of God) and signifies the true God. — rp , i. q. Heb. rx . — , emphatic state from pBTD 3 not used in the abs. form. See § 29. 3. c. The term emphatic seems to imply more than it really means ; and the reader of Chaldee naturally inquires how strong SELECT SENTENCES. 93 : Tb*nra Tb^sra?1 2 3 4 5! mizy h2rp"rr an »b»*i 2 rail nara-pn c^p nab '■’“M 's:»a rpnir ■wapT'’ 3 : ana it ; - sw waa vri Dsn mati/aa STPaaizs ■nor ns^b tis1' 4 rt : — !-\- : >•• • a- : J“ : : — : /••: • : >••:-: v v: t: : Tinb I I : : sabri? psabi worn tib. in nsr^ ansrba "s 5 it : — — Kr : • : at • : v Ijt r if- • -n : — t 5- that, emphasis can be, which falls upon three-fourths of the nouns with which he meets. Perhaps the term definite would be preferable, if the other were not in use. A noun in the emphatic state expresses usually the same idea which would be expressed in Hebrew by the noun with the article. — , emph. state. See 3HX in the vocabulary. 2. Gen. 9:9, § 7. d. 1. — D*f?D , do establish , 1st Part. Pael from Dip, § 22. 3. — from “in2, § 8. 3. II. Note 4. — The first two accents in this sentence differ from those of the corresponding Hebrew words. In stead of Rebhia the Hebrew has Zaqeph Ghadhol, and instead of Merka, Darga. The two former are both large disjunctives, and the two latter both conjunctives, and of course might easily be interchanged. Perhaps however the accents were originally transferred to the Targum from a Hebrew MS. which had Rebhia and Merka. The remaining accents in this sentence are the same as in the Hebrew. Similar remarks miorht be repeated on the other sentences ; but it will be unnecessary. 3. Gen. 9: 13, *,Pw5p , with suff. 1. p. sing, from rriip , Dec. III. a. — , 1. sing. Pr. Peal from , I do set , § 50. 1. The Hebrew likewise has the Praeter ‘’Pins . — ‘\pn apoc. for JO ft ft 2 f. sing. Fut. from jnn . See the note at ihe close of § 23. — , const, state, — being immutable. — , pronounced mem-ri. § 2. 3. In sense it is precisely equivalent to the He¬ brew •»©B3 , myself or me. See in the vocabulary. 4. Gen. 9 : 27, ipS?, 3 sing. m. Fut. Aphel from Jins, § 6. d. 1. — b , sign of the Accusative case, § 60. 3. — And shall cause his glory to dwell , i. e. and he [God] shall dwell. — rb nntim antraa, wni 6 : jc-st ioitsai K»Hsh xbtaa Tib -,rn 7 Trrrinbsi Kim mb ninK-nK rtoH? '“a nin-Kb 8 : “iKfTOK i- t : • : D‘isab hm iirosn riiinK nci-1 sbs nbsi 9 mbamaa ktsdi mim mara tabus m? sb 10 ■prams’ mbi sihttba am mb’-n Kntaa mm-is scab r ! j : — : • t : — j* j~ • : t • : <••••: — : — : scaas it — : — : Trb nasi win -rasa -raso I it It: ;•: • : at 11 ftp— with 3 epenthetic, i. q. ft— ; § 16. note 1. — 7}3nb , to thy sons. See 12. * 6. Gen. 15 : 6, 'pJpft , Aphel from = p2S< , (see the latter word in. the lexicon). § 20. 3. b and § 12. II. 5. — pft atla*^ } the Lord , i. q. "Ofts*. , § 49. 1. c. But this expression, which occurs frequently in the Targums as a translation of the Hebrew ftift"; , is considered by some critics as desig¬ nating that Word which was afterwards £< made flesh and dwelt among us.” — ftadft , He (the Lord) reckoned it , § 16. 2. a . — ^Dtb, § 7. d. 7. Gen. 27 : 28, ft, sign of the Gen. case, § 60. 1. 8. Gen. 42 : 38, n*irp , Fut. of ftfti , Tseri compensating for Daghesh forte, omitted on account of the guttural. — iaftt2fc< , § 6. b. 9. Gen. 45 : 4, Tp pft32fft , § 48. 1. *'rp , pleonastic. 10. Gen. 49: 10, “’ftSp, for 30??, § 6. d. 1. — 132 , one exercising sovereignty , a ruler. — *'33, irreg. see 12. — ft^boi , (=Hebrew .... ITTN *). to whom , § 8. 3. II. n. 3. — &Oft, the pron. used for the substantive verb in the present tense. See § 47. 1. — p2afttip, Ithpe. from 2eu3, § 6. b. — DpBE? , irreg. see 02 . One bearing ride shall not depart from (be want¬ ing to) the house of Judah , nor a scribe from the posterity of his sons for¬ ever ; until Messiah shall come, whose is the kingdom ; and to him shall the people hearken , or, him shall they obey. 11. Ex. 33: 14, ‘* 1 11ft3Dl2, my glory, doubtless equivalent to the Hebrew "’SQ , my presence , i. e. a mere periphrasis for /, used of course only in rela¬ tion to God. Comp. nos. 4 and 13. — TjftPi , § 22. 1. — ftp:*, Aph. Fut. 1st pers. sing, from rft3 , I will provide a resting place , T|b ,for thee. SELECT SENTENCES. 95 rbrn rhn rvab*i ■p'nt on -r- a^iirw-rr ]2 vt -: J -»• I j : i*:*: — ;••: I : • -j* • jt — •• - ♦ h*i ♦ it; pnp ■ Tinn flnsi rtbab Tbb “'ins'i riiwn Wjpia •nmi 13 : DJ-'b it : wsbx rni:rnba_p"p“i"ntzj '' aw “tas •’“iioaa^ 14 : bSTa'T i" t : • ; : birr- Tiara tra ipr psns satswa : wa-ia rnix nba pb -Tr-ab 16 :ti a:nba baoizr to® 17 it /t: t vt t v: /t: a-t : • v- : : pa:rb:a' paarbaa* pab-baa pnbx -- n- dfnrvi is : anaa"! ansa ppf^wri rTTrx sr-"-r- womm 19 • it : • : jt : — : ! v. •• I i*t — •• *t • - 1 i. : 12. Lev. 26 : 2, , § 8. 3. II. note 3. — ‘pbn'i ; 1st Part. Pe. from bn1?. — ■pbfH p'nn , treat the house of my sanctuary with habitual reverence. Such appears to be the force of this combination. See § 51. 1. 13. Lev. 26 : 12, "nnx, 1st pers. sing. fut. Pe. from K?n, instead of the usual form 50HX , § 23. 1. b. note. For the plural suff. of *p3 and D^j? see § 8. 3. II. note 4. 14. Num. 10 : 36, *ini’H2:?3, a plural, with suffix of the third person sing., formed from the inf Pe. of 50d , § 35. note 2. In its restings , i. e. when¬ ever it rested. — The frequent repetition of Maqqeph in this sentence is not occasioned by any special intimacy of connection between the words thus joined. Its cause exists in the train of accents, which is the same as in the Hebrew. Three words are introduced into the Targum which do not appear in the original — “ Dwell in thy glory, in the midst of ” — but for these there is no accent. It is for this reason that they are joined by Maqqeph to the next word. The four words are, in cantillation, theoretically one. 15. Num. 24 : 5, , thy valley , if we derive it from “nr? . But perhaps -nr-’E should be regarded as a verbal from n*vr, and then we may translate it dwelling , habitation. 16. Dent. 5:7. 17. Deut. 6:4. 18. Deut. 6 : 5. 19. Deut. 10 : 19. 96 CHKESTOMATHY. PAIiT I. rnpnn rrnbmbi rfen Tiww bmn 'nPiba mm-pr 2o : Dflpn : to™ xrbx-;-b*E sppnic anTOns ptoto xs'prmbrn 21 : linsica 'p^na too to ‘birca siarsn tes 22 rrspTO 7p™z NTOin ptfosot biCfoTOsttibiO xnbx rrb 2% : ami 5 20. Deut. 10 : 20, bmn, § 15. 3. — nbsn, Q,amets for Pattahh on account of a pause-accent. 21. Deut. 32 : 18, rbn'n, plur. const, from fctbp'n . Lit. the terrors of the Mighty One who created thee, ihou hast forgotten; i. e. the terrible and mighty One , § 61. 1. note 1. — § 26. 2. a. — , § 23. note 1. — § 12. I. note 2. — , § 16. 2. a. — tpjrfi, strong , mighty , occurs likewise in vs. 30, 31, as a rendering of the Heb. *1*1 £ . 22. Deut. 32 : 29, “plnsio, plural from t|iO with suff. 3. pi. m. defectively written, § 6. c. (4.) 23. Deut. 33 : 26, Npbx , an instance in which the emphatic state , (as is sometimes the case with the Hebrew article), corresponds to our indefinite article, a or an. — FPPpSttj'n ( scriptio plena), § 8. 3, I. note 1. Lit. who, his glory, i. e. whose glory, § 48, 1. ) PART II. A v. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. I. History of the Fall. Gen. 3. — Onkelos. Iasi s-nba las ■'i ana run bba on? mb s-im 1 — -7— • v; T : — • T T — •• • • T T ”2 T 2 • ; : xn;s ib’8 bb-j nbm xb ■' nas-ns atMftpa snnsb •n'BHii C31 : birr: xP3"ib‘N 'Tea K“"ifib xrrx maxi 2 xbk, R”‘3 wbs’n xb •" tax xro-rnanaxn ^ x:b'x r : •• • I ; t t : - : t : • • : • • t t • was xb xnrxb x*in -iexi : fimam sab- n-a rnnpn 4 innsm naa ribaw kata “nx "-Dip 'ba —s : rirflan 5 1 t : — ; • : •• • I : : t : t : r »r; •• : •• ) : .A/ 1. .*£ D"n2 , comparative, § 64. 1. a. more cunning than. — Va, every. — ^ . So the London Polyglott, which has been followed in the text of the Chrestomathy. Also Buxtorf Bibl. Heb. Basil. 1665. The Paris and Ant¬ werp Polyglotts read ^ . The title page of Munster’s Bibl. Heb. Basil. 1546 exhibits the form ^ ? . Compare the note on Part I. No. I. — D^nfbx . Here likewise the Polyglotts differ, Buxtorf and the London edition giving constantly the Hebrew form, and the other two mentioned above, t • • •• • • — — • — — v • • • • I •••/• • • • . r:a ribn -~2a te^nten mus 'sds nsacs us I • • I ♦ • •• — • • • • — • • • • — — • — • • • — I • I • • • • •• • T T ; — "i as msbn : Ts-abm snm i-nansn mn Tba-a~nnbn n imps ‘i sbb'STa nbssn irrs imab nbap “s rebmn bara ib'ia sms strb pits bns'n sb uiab T • 2 T T : 1 r • 2 T 2 — T •• • •• T — 2 sacmrp bna'rn ib naan mpsn ransn : tpn ■'an-1 bs is smsb annm u> snmb bnsTi issi sma : sbpm 19 ms sipn : annn s-mbn ms sssmis srmotns rnsai 20 T 2 — lam : saisma bm sax nn --J- TT v: •• 2 T 2 T • T Pi ST! 'IS — • • •• — • n-ii 1 T — PiTiFlS PIS 21 •• 2 * piumyamby ipT-yonab n-rmsbn • • • • • • • msb T T 2 mnbs - • v: t 2 -sabs itt m ms sn r 2“ 2 • *2 T -2 TT T a mbs " • v: t 2 usn : nnsmbsn 22 * • • • rs ami pit mizjr'S'abl j — — • • ••• • T • • • • • 1 • ;ysn man ao T 'JTlb rTT2 — • 2 •* * 15. 1st Part. Peal, from ‘■op § 12. I. 1. c. He will remember against thee what thou hast done to him. — i. q. ■papj? “1 “ofrom the beginn ing — and ently. 16. !"!N3t3X, Inf. Aphel. See the paradigm. — “p^n , Fat. 2d sing, fem. from “ftp . — Tp3 . prep. 3 with suff. 2d sing. fern. See the table. 17. Fut. 2d sing. masc. from box with fem. suff. 3d sing, and 3 epenthetic. 19. Knst, defectively written. SeeXSfT. — ns^p , from which. 21. “pt^ob , etc. garments of honor for the skin of their flesh. 22. 3‘pob , Inf. Peal from 3H1? , § 20. 4. — fT'20 , of himself independently. “ Adam has become the only [being] in the world [able] of himself to distin¬ guish good and evil .” Onkelos seems to have considered the Hebrew !)2ro singular, as indeed it is capable of being; and this probably led him to render “inX5. {as one,) by “H^rn o?ily. The other Targumist.s agree with, or perhaps rather follow , Onkelos. Nearly all the ancient versions, 100 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. crttba mrfeiDi s Db?b m btohhi aw ib^- 2 23 diM-re ?pm : rand -nanOT MhdiMTr nbsdb rm 24 Md-n we rei Mraiirarre *1151 Mn::b raTpbd : M,sr: ib'M miM_re ntsdb MPEntran t - It — - — • : t : — ; • : II. The same. Gen. 3. — Pseudo-Jonathan. nm'bK *ns“i M~d ni*n bad izrdb drai mn mth T T baa vibpTi Mb dTibM *' “cmi Mdwpij Mdmb “idMi -b*M 'tb “sdd Mdnb MnriM mdMi : unwa ib-s 2 reirsd s:bx *~*Ed!i : barab nun ib n*M Mndtra 3 Mdbn red -.Udipn Mb* read nba*n Mb ** ids mkw t : • ••? : » — : t : •••!;•• r t : — t t • rend by nnobn M*3*n idM Mnyo m'“ ra : -preidFi 4 ra *:d M3d!iM_ba dra nnran read Mb MnmMb ndMi — r ; however, give the sense expressed in the English translation. — 3&?1 Fut. of 30D . 23. *]fiwq . . . . “i , whence , § 48. 1. 24. ^""]Pi , Praeter Pael, merely a full orthography for Tptt • — NSBnnp; Part. Ithpe. fem. sing, agreeing with N3in . — its a, Inf. from “23 . 1. 1331 , for the pointing see below, No. III. (7) and (9). It will be un¬ necessary to notice such cases in future. — 1 ficattjiipn, is it true that , etc.? rt interrogative with Daghesli forte euphonic. So in Hebrew sometimes. Stuart’s Heb. Gram. § 152. a. 2. rn?sx , § 15. note 2. The Qamets is probably the result of a pause in pronunciation, though no accents have been appended to this Targum. , contraction for N3b . 3. Njbx, § 2. 6. c. — 'O’n, see *’3 in vocab, — Hhireq is short, the 11 being a mere mater lectionis , § 2. 1. 4. iax, etc., the serpent spake , calumniating his Maker, and said. — 13, (comp, the Heb. yaizj *3 yip. , a fruitful hill , etc.) the thing made , the result of labor. Every workman hates the work of his own hands. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 101 Ft-sa iiba-m sai-a Dins mp hba ors : rrnaaix : a-ab an ra yr:ab raann ranan raxbaa iiinni . : — J •• — : • : I • : — : 1 • : J • t : — : I v : di~s nym nb-mi xnia nxba bxao rr xnnx nani — : - ; — • : t J — ; — •• t — - t : • — t: y-nai rrrn sninib sin ics omxi ba-ab x:b-x an - : ! • : — : t : • t — •• : t t • — ns ran" nbaxi Fra-xa ra-::i Fra xbarc-xb x:b-x I— — t • — t . — •• tt — : • : tt • oms irri rinmn -nr rrenxi : baxi nay “by ab t • I •• : — .... ] T — t : r • t — : wa ix-rarsn xnain 'Diab in ibnnynxn in-s rsbnny •• • : : • : t : : I • ) • J . t • : — mayi r:n hsnnn rinb m-nm rintitira ran riim t t : i . .. •• ; — • ) : • — : J : - : 1- : — ! b-sna DTibs "i siara bp tr lymci s imap rinb Dip ]a n-nn:xi dix nan-xi xar roab snai-aa 8 T »1\2 D-nbx " xnpi : smirn nb-s niy-aaa D-nbx - 9 sarin -n-p -by man xaby bb xbn n-b nasi n-xb xbn -a-p ra xnatrxb naba nan fix rrrr xninia : Tjrn-psn snips m ixi nan x;x Fra nana nisi ms -sbieny Dnx rrbmi xti-nsra n-yauj rnaro bp rn nasi 10 : sslc-a ra rmna-xi ana r — ays annpsn xr-uai x:b\x -n-s ra sabn rx -xb-tsny Dins nb -in in nas^ n xrrx dis nasi : nbas Finn ba-ab sbn rnn-pan i2 nasi : n-baxi x:b-x -n-s ra a nan- s-n -as nan-n 13 — — • j — • _ J 7 • •••• I • • — — • mm « • J — ■ y - 5. •pa'ia'i •psxba, superior angels . — ’pEarrn , who know. See above No. I. (5). — , lo discern , discriminate. For the form, see § 20. 4. Comp. § 2. 7. a. 6. rvann , Praet. Pe. 3. s. f. § 23. Note 1. on Par. — nb^rn , ^ 13. 2. 7. snB*ia irsnb , garments of the color of the ista , i. e. purple. — ;*|^n , for 5 see ^ 35, and below on v. 15. — ‘jinnnfis see . 8. , Ithpe. from , § 7. a. (2). — PT^r.tnSX , ^ 6. a. note. 9. *^70, ^ 12. I. 1. c. and the parallel passage in the Jer. Targum. 10. rv|S*ri'^ , § 12. I. 1. a. and 2. — rvnaJX, Aph. 1. s. Praet. from } $ 12. I. 2.— ya ,/or shame, i. e. because I was ashamed. 12. =*125, §4. b. 102 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. ann anm rra&o may an he annab dnba* ^ t : • t : • — r t : — t t — t : • : • v: t: Wtfl : rrbaao irrwizm *ryD&0 FriTja^ra 14 T« « — • | f — . M •» • « • • • — • — • •••• • • — * — A ■* • •• I •«••• ••• • trb an rray armb “152*0 amb rirrnbn trKba • t t : — t -: t : • : — t : t • : ! •• t : • v: r;c” mn w-a by x-r. nvn b2-2T ntss b'» ns •• — : •• : !— •• — r t — •• t • t • : t • : — so’isi r:i2 snn nbwa snn ^ssprr tibmi -mx : tpn -ai- bs bi;-n snssi Tiasa mrn 15 -m xnrs n-yiT ri:a r— ;-t ra sms rai Tina ... tt : it : t : • I •• it ■•nra fiTm sn — fix- srraa vita sms- sr:a '.in' -2 -m srrn'si xrvsa npaia -21 pa-- by Tin- r-ria* 1! pn ‘as sn- -inb am -in-ap^a linn- man r^na -ai*a sapaa srnsa payab nns ■p-n?i tcs sn- sb npsa p-2!|j'c -res sres -ax snn:sb : sn-aa srba i6 Tj-ina -nn ybya rnbp --;a --ibn nyaa Ty-myi "bina 13. , probably an incorrect reading for ■'D‘i * *a'A'X . — “OFF1 ** , seduced me, Aphel from fi3?Z3 with suffix. § 26. 2. a. 14. ■'n^X , Aph. from XPX . For the pointing see § 4. a. and § 2. 5. b. — xfiri , § 53. 1. — X'ln , adverbially, once. — xnio'n XO^-ix deadly poison, §61. 1. 15. “1^'2‘1X , 1 sing. Fut. Pa. from . The lorra is perfectly anomalous. Compare iwx instead of “lEX . — rPSnf , plur. const, from F"! . — F*F? 3 1 Part, from -its 3 . See above No. II. (7). — F5*T? 3 I Part. plur. from xno . This also appears to be a masculine form like F*!7? 3 § 35. Schaaf (Opus Aramaeum p. 308,) points it FD^ • FFI p. q. FF- j so Schaaf ibid.J is understood, making it future, § 53. 1. “ Operam dabunt, ut percutiant.” They shall make efforts and shall bruise thy head, i. e. they shall do it in¬ tently, and with all their power : — or, they shall be established, etc. taking the act. Part, in an intransitive sense. Comp. F.FrF below, and above No. II. (15). — FI-Fn? 3 § 32. note 2. — F.FF? Kit!1!} , thou shalt be es¬ tablished, or, perhaps, thou shalt be intent upon injuring them. — r^D3*i should probably be pointed rP^F . See No. III. v. 15. — ^3270, this use of Hha- teph Pattahh after Seghol, which is not unfrequent in this Targum, is probably the result of mere negligence in transcription. — xnp?F i* q- ^PF . 16. TFBW’p , for ^B*iap ; and , for Tf'FF • For the pointing of EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGTTMS. 103 dna ma&i : wab Tra, trbir mrr am n • I _ — • — . •••••• •• • • I • • X •• I • . I I # ••• • • • * 1 • • pmn-psn s:b-s -ts ra nbasi prims na-ab nbap pb rsnn sbn raa sws sr-b n-sa bwn sb narab naan rnosi raw : p-m -ai- ba n-ba-n bars pain is nas' ons -a sra -as ban sr-Py r- bia-ni pb-na -am- hiaw sn-yaa aPnra sbn - panp ra ranna iyaa bia-r — t niy-ba -ybr -a Dip-3 s-a -ssn sac? • • • - • •• • •• • * • I — • I •• t T •• — * T * • • • • • • I • T •» • I • -:a ra panp pa pnasr- pan synsn sfra ra fra ny sr'ra bia-m p~- ca niy-ba : sn-ya -:a rap sfrs 19 snaybi rn:s s-®? Dins rs-pans nrap snsyb ninn-rn ssaPini srn -,n-ab Dip-ab n-ny ms sw ran ainn dip Dns snpi : san srn Di-a masn na ba by 20 nayi : sPs -:a ban sa-s r-n s-rn dps “in n-nres 21 — x* — r * •• • x* T • — — • • — • x • • • • • ** I* I • • I • I • • I •• srn pPa ra -p-n rpiab n-nmsbi onsb D-fnbs - inbmPsn frrrsiP Dbn fn-nPa pPa by naa nbPsn fanp rPaPa -n s-asbab o-nbs - nasi : frP-absi 22 -aPa -n-n- s;sn saa-.n synsa -n-n- mn Dns sn t • : r r ; t ; t : — : — • : t tt t aa ra sPnsab ryn-n naa Dip-ab rn-nan saina -b-sa D-pi -n sin n-s n-nn-pa sniSD naa ibs P-ab )- • ; -1— : — • tt : • — ; • • : these and similar forms, see § 7. a. (2). — Tpina, contracted from , and so Buxtorf points it, , § 12. I. 1. c. — 13*1 , an obscure passage. Lit. he shall rule over thee, to do justice and to commit sin , i. e. as I understand the Targumist, whether he does right or wrong. 17. nbnp, § 12. II. 1. 19. , for , § 6. a. note. 21. nb’iix'n, which he (the serpent) put off, FTS 'O from himself. 22. ■htt? , for “’XT’rn ' nu3 if he had kept. — frrrrpQ , 1 s. Pr. Pe. with suff. 3 m. s. § 16. 2. a. — , § 12. I. 2. — , for behold. — , Praeter in a future sense; or rather both this and the participle are to 104 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. “m:o xrvrpsi rra “ita xbi by wot ■rab yb iy xti D;ir xb TJ Dip itn XD22 ID (TWiOT Tiiby ti “'in ma sa rrx rx s~ x™ ib’x •'■rs p dp-i b;x‘ -{tj- xn saa DPbx " n-oim : rabsb iy d'OT 23 — T * !••••• *f* • • •» • T • •• • — • I 1 • - • __ _ ^ 1 • I • • *• •• | • • r » : prp ^Drxn xnaix ir nbsab rwria "add doti -'It—- t : : — - • : t • : *t : ■e lru/t‘4^ cmL" U' rf ,QArt*»-u|N- A^- (U4u cw HJbJdkA y\ ya yaipb wn»« ng** ■nicxp ya dix n; tot 24 HjOMC^ Olrt'Jb hiA, ti^.1 ' Unfcl^ xr-2 rppx xr— x x~d xaby x*o xb -y dip x-d-pp lEtStiJP- . W'"’ T * * * « .1 — £ * • f. T • ■ . ; «• "™ . • • * Lr^- y'v 4 y CMi" <* ■*''• - . OW*- i*(£« yjbuX-^ n° - I •• • J •• 1 •• J— • ••••• > — j •• • • I • j -jr , ■ — • ctix-Ctt- ‘":rr kaMC' OidaM^ oaJ - LivulWc (Uu- rap? *nn *6 \(t. t_; ! f twUX^uJ . ^ ' ■ . 2r,bs 'i bp x:b*x tb p "ppretri pD^p x‘p"kb -pyi 1 C«/Vw>«JX. &jr**AXAf- k \ ipj w|cs *(pnx xaboo. xtvPn xnpsa na xb^ bo snxi xabob rinsa t : — : t:— : tt : • — : t: — •• t : t : — : | :• xaboo nb ^a:n bo xrriix xti x,am ib'X nrx pn “nbsb xrvnix x-n xoa x:b-xo Dpi 7“ pn : ‘nxi xobob xs,m ib-x -■■© t“ pn xabya •• t ; t : — : t : |t • ; ! ) •• t t : — : 24. The glory of his presence , i. e. his glorious presence. — ‘p ■p^ppb , these two expressions are doubtless synonymous, the second being explanatory of the first, which sometimes has a different sense. On the east, towards the sun-rising. This I think is better in the present instance than to consider “pp^ipb ip as relating to time; although it is evident, from other places, that both the author of this Targum and the Pseudo-Jona¬ than supposed the garden of Eden to have been planted before the crea¬ tion of the world. See the next clause. Also Gen. 2: 15, Jeru. T. Gen. 2 : 8, Pseudo-Jon. — i:n xb *1$ □‘ijs , two thousand years b'fore the world was created , he made the law, etc. See above (22). — inpD'n by , because they kept. — JOppp , 1st Part. Pa. fem. sing, from . § 12. 1. 3. — , plural, contracted for ; ttppp plpp xbsx , lit. a sword , destroying from both sides, i. e. a two-edged sword. — 'p’nsi'a , 1st Part. Pa. from “i32. — ■’PiO , (Part, from xrx) the world which is coming, or, as we more commonly say. the world to come. — XT} , § 47. 1. the tree of life is, i. e. represents the law. — pn , a form of the Praeter (§ 23. 2. note,) here used in the sense of a present tense, or as expressing a general affirmation. — cp£ , § 4. a. This double 11 originated with an unpointed text, and should not have been retained when the points were affixed, ttlbsb for innbsb, see above (7) to him who obeys it. 108 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. IV. Story of a dispute between Cain and Abel. Gen. 4 : 8. — Jerusalem Targum. toe: -d nvn x“o 'sxb pissi xnx 'ins bn“b rp “tax'! ■p rrb 'ins bnnb Taxi rp '3? x-z 'exb rim-T! x'p'izb nts -os -jnab xbv rrrix oby rrbi p rrbi xbi xaby “nanx rams xbr swish ia y~srxb xbi t : — ana tpa ipznp bapnx na bbya ia “ana swn rama rrxi p rrx rpb naxi ban ay xiyna bap ns xb aai nsnxbi x'p'izb au pax ma r*xi prix oby n*xi an a-Q nana xn ramai xaby 'nans rar-ai x^ripa — : - : ! • : t : — • ; : ■ I : t — • — •• ■ja ]apn *naiy ;i;tj by nana xin yaa paly •psa sa~a bapns sb tpai siyna aa aa-p bapns -n-n bap} pix ban by yp Dpi s-a *asa rasa iirrrr iim , Inf. for Fut. “ no reward shall be given to the righteous nor ven¬ geance taken of the wicked. The world was not created in mercy, neither in mercy is it governed. Why was your offering accepted from you with favor, but [mine] was not accepted from me with favor? Abel answered and said to Cain ; There is a judgment, and there is a Judge, and there is a future world, and a reward shall be bestowed upon the righteous [lit. there is the giving of a good reward to the righteous.] and vengeance shall be taken upon the wicked; and the world was created in mercy, and in mercy it is governed. But it is governed according to ihe fruit of good works. Because my works were more upright than yours, my offering was accepted with favor, but yours was not accepted with favor. And they were both contending in the open field; and Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and killed him.” EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 109 f V. Marriage of Samson. Judg*. 14. — Jonathan. : 'snabs naa rears snns STm reanb Tiaaa nn;i i reana wn snns nasi n'asbi vnasb 'im p'bci 2 T* I • • •• T * • — • • • • • — • — • •• • | • w • • ■ « • • • • •• ■ni~s n'b nasi : insb 'b nr- 120 ispi 'snabs reaa 3 b'TS rsn snns 'as baai Tins reaa reb sn (nasi •• t ; — ; T : • • — t : It-; tj* •• t •• • j nr- -nasi litiaiD nasi st-s 'smibsa snns asab tt • — 1 : • - t— •• t : • : • t : • - • ; rsT sb n'asi 'ffiasi : ana nnap s'n 'is 'b 20 4 ? • :t t •• * : • t •• : v v : • •• — nsnansb 'sa sin sspcin 'ns sin " Dip ia 'ns mu : bsnizra "aba 'snabs s'nn sinsai 'snabsa 5 s'ns sni nan 'anp ns insi reanb n'asi masi viaaa t : — t t ; • r : • : •• • : • - ! : • ia smap nin 'nibs nnai : n-nianpb D'ni Tins ^2 a sbi Pi'Ta n'b osnai sna rannan sap nnanni " anp mri'DH annau b^'Jrt n ra : nh rrtea b^i b 7 T* • • • • — » • x — • — •» • • • • • — • — • • — * • ••• • • • • re 'jnab noi napab raT laib are iriaaia apa s : saain real s-nsn snpsa s; — ann ssp sni s*_sn sres t*' t: r 2 - 2 r : • tt : - nibi 'nias rib bjsi b'Psi bra bisi rerea renrei 9 s*nsn sn;ea 'ns ilnb 'in sbi lips' rinb an" reas • t ; • • •• -2 1 : • — t : - I : — • •• • t : — : ■(an nasi snns pcs bs *nias rn;i : saain rro? 10 n'r' in np re re s snpbis rnas p 'ns Sanaa liaaa u •• t — t t — ! • : t | v r ; ; • | : • 1. ran, see ra in Lex. 1 : > 2. p^D, § 12. I. 1. and II. 1. — *120 , Imp. from 253 , § 12. II. 1. a. — iiPX, see Xfix . 3. rvnttjs , 3 sing. fern, from *^2, § 15. note 2. 5. IPX, 3 m. pi. Pr. from XPX . — Pn^ppb , Buxtorf gives the pointing nsiE'ip, which analogy demands. 6. , •pianha, Pael forms without Daghesh, § 12. II. 3. 8. , Inf. from 2D3 with prefix and suffix. 9. Vra , § 21. a. no CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. ■pirgir ]inb : rrw ii ni ■p?n "j^snbn *nsT. 12 n^nizS hb nrr n^n arrwi "ri-b 73 irra ■(*nbm ronbs rnbn vbb inxi -prosm xTraa rat1 pnx lannl 'b nxmb pbpin xb dxi : xaiabn pbaax 13 tt — : pi* ICS mn mb maxi xa'"b~ pbazx mnbni mcnbs nrbn 'b kstbpeii xbma psa xbaxa tinb nasi : nsrrtfr inrn 14 mm : pat1 xnbn xnmin nxmb ib-m xbi x'brni psa 15 mbsa m 'bmiti rraftwj mxb maxi nxraiD xaim i • — - • • — I :• — • : - : - t t • : t ; x*nz max rrs m pn' mpi: xabi xmmn m x:b 'mi •nib? TiioaiD nnx real : x:bn xarr prrm x:m t : T : — T T T cabin 16 srm xmrni anam xbi nrxrizi ainb maxi • • • • T * ~ T * • •— • •• • T * • — •• • — — -■ — • I • ■ • • • • Trim xb xaxbi xnxb xr nb naxi xmn xb *bi 'ay • •• — t t • : t — ; t t — “i - t •• — t • ; • — ■jinb mm x*ai' xyni 5 Tiiby roni : pnx pnpx ipb) 17 nx'im mnpm mx nb pm nxyaio xara mm xTira — • — : •• •: t • — : tt*: t : t - t : : • s fixyans xarn xmp max mb maxi : nay nab xmmn is naxi x'^xa trpn mm xizhma 'bn na xaaa bya xb ny t ; — 19 mail : -min iinnstix xb tfxz pnpna risbibx ii'nb lima bapi ilbpaxb nnm " trip. ia xrnna nm miby ixpmb xmazx ami limm n' mcr x™ rnbn 12. ‘Jibtaxx ; Buxtorf points it “pbuxx . 13. (HSISOiaa . Fut.. 1 pi. with suff. 15. ta|VvniH , Imperative Pael. § 12. I. 1. — that he may tell. — T’pia , Aphel from . — xansiasDTsbn , is it to try (perplex) as ? For the ending n*i see § 16. 2. c. and for the prefix 73 , § 12. I. 4. 16. X7PITJ } while , etc. 17. f^npnii , 3. sing. fern. Praet., with suffix, from pn^i . IS. Nrnj5, see in Lex. — bra Inf. from bbs? . 19. ‘j'irp’nt , contrary to the analogy of Chaldee, but according to that of Hebrew. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. Ill liirria nrs nra : 'ton rrnb p-bp^ rmri pj'prri xrryin 20 : rrrnaiia rrm mamb t -: — VI. Prediction of Messiah's kingdom. Ps. 2. ■j'22-p (2) : sMp’nc paia K^aa? y'OSina nab i •’Slab!) '■ Dip anab Nina tt-snrr xaiDbizr, xy-s "aba : Tinnibiobid sssa pfetsyi lirrmox tr mro : srrrtfc by 3 bba- ri'p] (5) : rinb wrr "i snarg ihv s-aaa a-n-? 4 •aba 'tvai asi : res bna* rrjjrai trspw*? rinb 6 ids a-an ~as "i xa'p -yrax : 'uiipa “fits by nraa* 7 msi aa 'ra : Tima ri aar texa nssT rax -b xaxb 8 i •• v : • • : 4 1 t •• : J •• t • ; t t- ; : — • t — : Vfiisnn : xr~x '5*0 aiabis irmnxi iraonx x-aar a:: 9 jvaba ris^i ; rsyinn irsi 1a irn xbnsi xitnna ten 10 xbnia *• Dip ribs : xyix hTj“ snffa iib'ap “barax u riiainm ra-r xabi x:sb7X 7b-ap : xnavo ibn 12 ■paci bsb rrnva man Ty-s lirrr bwa xmix I • 1 • • • • • • • • T • 20. srnairib, to the person who was his companion. 2. *pg*?p, 1st Part. plur. from Dip. See the Par. — X'rna, Inf. Pa. — ^dtq , Inf. Pe. from x:£3, § 18. note 1, 4. by ellipsis of the pers. pron., he who sittelh. 7. , Vocative; O thou beloved, etc. — i”iX3T , emph. masc. “ Tu mihi purus es Buxtorf. 9. ‘i’9 . see 1X72 in the vocabulary. 11. i^SE Imp. Pa. 2. pi. from . 12. xnpx “j'HDinril , “ et amiltatis viamf Walton. Bnt, the words are certainly susceptible of the sense expressed in Hebrew. Buxtorf, (Lex. under the word 'idx), cites several examples in which Tpiri has evidently the intransitive sense to perish. — lin-H , Fut. from -nil. — fT>3lB5 suffix pleonastic, § 47. 2. Comp. Heb. "HUTX . 112 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. VII. The praises of Jehovah. Ps. 8. xnnattisin ras antes by arnsnsb •TJ TJ-J * • •• 5 - S T • - TT-; xyx xbisa naira*! wjts b-bn nas xssiai xnbx “ 2 SFiDPiES xmim xpabw ffisa : tom to b'p pit sr_r-p 3 b*iaa : aaiwi t«3P bpn xbmb Tpm bb:.a xa tetiw 4 : xro-prix m toasbi torro pnsasx *nai? Tara ransp “iron bwra twi3 *2>i 'rai? -bin bwa xra] ^2 na — : • : tt — r : • • : tt — — tnirnrai top-to tosxbaa b'bp rrim xmsm : mb s rrinn xnmra xbis pt maim wnabrax s rrsbban : t • - t It: •• t ; •••:: — xmm mas (9) : xbpn mpm tinbi rinbm mirm tx? : mb:n 8 srtn x.mbx ■■ : xa-1 ms srbrrc Ttrmbi xa- aai 10 tt • tt v: t : t- •• t : • I •• t : ! tt: • : t- •• : : xsnx xbwa pm raraai b'bn naa T2— t : ir; — — : •: t; VIII. Parable of the vineyard. Isa. 5 : 1 — 7. — Jonathan. prrrt xa*ob bxmr* "‘an •• t : • • • b-nap bxmzrb wa rrnarax bra: “ax 1 • • • •« T * • * I •* • •• • — — • x • * — - • 4 • • • • f • •» 1 • • 'as sra-ob am nrarain pan ormaxp t Title. ‘Y'Vpb , b auetoris, as in Hebrew. The mode of writing this name with 11 , which belongs in Hebrew to the later writings, is in Chaldee the usual orthography. 2. Tjte , for the ordinary form !p'T , § 2. 6. c. 3. . Part. Aph. from £*13? , enemies. 4. ’n b^'Q , probably this rendering originated in the false supposition that the Hebrew *>S is necessarily a causal conjunction. It should evi¬ dently be considered here as an adverb of time, when. 8. nin, const, for emph. § 60. 1. note 3. Instead of the fine poetical allegory of Isaiah, we are here presented with an interpretation. The Targumist has not simply translated the words of the prophet into Chaldee, as he has generally done, but has trans- ■EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 113 acnasi D~i n^n arena rinb rrnrr rirrm "ohpa xmai x-ma isa asaa ■psna-pi iwtj" frari maxi Tirrxuri by xnsab rrnrr Taia &xi “iax x-z: : Timmy iimxax rexi imp raa Tim'y znab pa xbi xmix ia vna bx-r- n-a xn rinb ia imp xi'i pa m ifflfi' raxi Dbiaim urr pa rinb may xbi ^ayb n'y layab max xza na : ray ! : •• — : t ; • — : — : v : - - : t t — • — : Timaiy imxax iisxi rau p-ap inayii max -m xa •• t • : — I • : 1 • t I • t I : : - : - - : I •• — 2 lated the allegory into plain language Still, the extract is curious, and worthy of a perusal. As it differs so considerably from the original, I sub¬ join the Latin translation of the London Polyglott. 11 Dixit propheta • Cantabo nunc Israeli, qui comparatus est vineae, semini Abrahae dilecti mei, canticum dilecti mei, vineae suae. Populus meus, dilectus meus Israel, dedi eis haereditatem in monte excelso, in terra pingui. 2. Et sanctificavi eos, et honorificavi eos, et sustentavi eos, sicut plantationem vitis electae; etaedificavi sanctuarium ineum in medio eorum, Altare quoque meum dedi ad propitiandum super peccata eorum : et pree- cepi eis ut. facerent opera bona in conspectu meo, et ipsi inique egerunt in operibus suis. 3. Propheta, die eis : Ecce domus Israel recesserunt a lege et nolunt converti. Nunc habitatores Hierusalem et viri Juda, judicate nunc judicium inter me et populum meum. 4. Q,uod bonum dixi utfacerem populo meo quod non fecerim eis? et cum praeciperem eis ut facerent ope ra bona, quare ipsi fecerunt opera mala ? 5. Nunc autem annunciabo vobis quod ego facturus sum populo meo. Tollam majestatem meam ab eis, et erunt in direptionem : conteram domum sanctuarii eorum, et erunt in con- culcationem. 6. Et ponam eos derelictos: non erit eis sustentaculum nec fulcimentum ; et erunt transmigrantes et derelicti. Prophetis quoque man- dabo, ne prophetizent super eos prophetiam. 7. Quia populus Domini ex- ercituum Israel est, et viri Juda plantatio laetitiae ejus. Et dixi ut face- rent judicium et ecce facti sunt calumniatores ; dixi ut facerent justitiam, et ecce ipsi multiplicant peccata.” 1. Fpnauix and pleonastic suffixes, §47.2. — "’Elnn , my beloved , 1st Part, from on*y. 3. . contracted form of the act. part. m. pi. from , § 35. — SHE Inf from U*n. 8 114 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. -’235b 'is&xb tw mot rr rtob 753 'T>& wssi • • ••• I • I • • I • : iir-ib pirn •rimc’ipa n-z nnx izzb pirn Tinsa ti»® ■j-babza 'p'rr'. pano? sbi -jSnzrios sb -piiptn ■jsejKjsn -s : rs-z: p-'bz pa:rr sbi -pss x~z: bzi pp'otzP srrvnm xzz: mrr zar bsrz- n-z nisza maz ••: : v : t : • t : t v:v **t : • •• t : t : — — pizzn : — ax peas was sm iiw rmaxi : "pain “japE arn 6 7 IX. Extract from Isaiah’s prediction of the Messiah. Isa. 52 : 13. — 53 : 2. — Jonathan. »»? (M) : snnb dipnp nop m-r smcia nzz nbz^ an 13 T # \ y T !“ I " • * • **•*• • T * • * • - z-z t]sn nvn , rxzc pav bx-r- rrz ~-b -.-zzz pxzc razz -raz1' iz : xAx zza pnvn rinpn x-zaz 15 abn px ‘irate bz finpr pzbz ppnzr 'nibz I'a-ri “z : sibsrca vao ab-ri iin -pnb sia'rntia 1 : ra-bsna r- vra "" xrrfiari zm ciipni a*r armfcob — ! :t:— t: : — : M : t tt: :• 5. Inf. from 7T3. See the Par. It is treated as a noun, plunder , and the corresponding word in the parallel passage, is a noun. 6. ■pbttbuE , Pass. Part. Palpel from . 7. '|wDt3, Aph. 1st Part. plur. from Sr • — : r r v: 1 — t : rinb sinsa siissi sin s'ai sraab s::aa snaaca 1 : t : — : t •• r : t • t:— t;-: t : — ; t sa sisna Irani sin s:nbsio s” sa'pn rrbsi t: t : - : l •• t : tt:: t: t : : — •• t : 1 3 4 5 2. xn-in-1, § 23. Note 2. — , § 33. h. — in the land which was in need of him , i. e. of the mentioned above, the Messiah. But the passage is quite obscure, and the more so as there is nothing in the origi¬ nal corresponding to this phrase. — bD’n , so that every one who sees him shall attentively consider him. In the remainder of this chapter, so beautiful in the original, we are presented by the Targumist rather with his own views than with a trans¬ lation of Isaiah, and those too, expressed, for the most part, in a dull and sometimes quite obscure manner. Title, ‘’ibnp , pleonastic suffix, § 47. 2. 1. “inns , instead of ‘HH1! , Fut. Aph. from fcOH , § 12. I. 3. — 53“ip sib?!K,lit. ate or devoured the pieces of them , of the Jews. The sense unquestionably is, calumniated, or accused the Jews. The Sy¬ riac usage is the same. The Arabians also employ the phrase to eat th fiesh of a person, in the same sense. 12. , this word is connected with snob , and the phrase signifies, as explained in the vocabulary, (see under D5I3 ,) to show regard. 13. P?r?Pb , Inf. Aph. from fctn&t! . — iprpn , a kind of irregular Hophal or passive of Aphel. See ipn, Praet. Pass. 2. sing. m. § 13. 2. 28. no*HQ and , Praeters Passive 3. sing. f. 30. ip id 3, according to the pointing, and to the marginal reading, thia word is an adjective in the emph. sing, agreeing with K3b?3 . Ch. VI. 1. ■pnan, fem. of *piPi, see Par. XI. 2. *p>ib ^l , who were to he, should he, § 50. 2. 3. pi 3 , 1 Part. Pe. § 12. I. 1. c. 14. ini bK*3l “p , as "’1 occurs so frequently, its several uses should be carefully distinguished. It occurs four times in this verse. In the first in stance it is a conjunction, equivalent to the Greek on, and, like that parti¬ cle, in the beginning of a speech, need not be translated into English ; in the third it is the preposition of, or a sign of the Genitive case ; and in the second and fourth, it is a relative pronoun, in the former case Nominative, in the latter, Objective. 15. “’nibs?, the suffix is reflexive, § 49. 1. h. — Lit. the king was displeas¬ ing to himself better in English, was displeased with himself 18. riril , an irregular Hophal 3. sing. fem. Pr. from KPK . — P33d , Pr. pass. 3. sing. fem. from UW , § 22. 1. note, and § 13. 2. 19. ‘’pibs;, so in Latin, verbs of taking away are construed with a Da¬ tive of the person. 24.*bx*:ib, Accusative, § 60. 3. It is governed by fipostib . Ch. VII. 3. *p3d, 1 Part. pi. fem. from K3d. 4. Praet. pass, from 131-33 . 5. it3dbl, 113d, the Keri, is doubtless the true reading. The Targuma employ iup . 122 CHRESTOMATHY. PART III. \ 15. rv^anx, § 12. II. 2. 20. , § 12. I. 1. — ■)£ '2'~\ , comparative, as in Heb. § 64. 1. a. No. III. Ezra 4 : 8 — 6 : 18. Chap. IV. v. 10. FI33>!3!I, according to Gesenius, equivalent to the com¬ mon expression and so forth. His different etymologies do not however appear entirely satisfactory. 12. these forms are both feminines in the emphatic state from ‘Tift and 125*1X3 . § 41. note. 14. Nanba , prob. lit. “ we eat our salt from the palacef i. e. we derive our sustenance from the royal bounty. If the sense proposed by Buxtorf and some others be admissible, xbaif] must be taken as referring to the temple. Seenb’a. 18. *njD , Praet. pass. The composite Sheva is occasioned by the *i . Ch. V. 1. , in this and similar forms of the same word, N, with the pointing of the text, must be considered otiant. It might be treated as a consonant, and receive the pointing ttfcOas , K*i<‘ia3, etc. See K'OS in the vocabulary. 3. nns, const, st. from nna . — ftbbsiBb , Shaph. from bba No. I. 8. , Part. Ithpe. from . — fYiaanE , Part. Ithpe. fem. sing, of the same form with the absol. masc. Dec. Ill.y. 11. vua, § 26. 2. a. 13. fctsab, § 50. 2. The pointing of the Keri, (without Daghesh,) is doubtless the correct one. 15. xia , Imp. of xa3 , § 18. 2. Ch. VI. 5. Fut. of . 15. , Pass. Part. Shaph. or Praet. Passive from . No. IV. Ezra 7 : 12 — 26. 12. ‘■PBS, perfect (peace), according to the common Eng. version. Ge¬ senius explains it as a term of respect applied to the person addressed, and renders it learned,. 14. '’fibs? , for , pi. Part, from I33n . The frequent substitution of Pattahh for Garnets has been mentioned before . 24. , strictly 2d Part. pi. from "jn3 , consecrated persons, hence, those devoted to the service of the sanctuary, Nethmim. VOCABULARY. • » * SX , nX m. a father , irreg. emph. X3X , with suff. it takes the form SQX ; e. g. 7p2X thy father , ‘Wax , "»siax his father , xrnax her father , XM3X. our father , ■)13*I3N your (masc.) father , ‘jasiax yozzr (fem.) father , etc. Instead of ‘’EX my father ., which occurs only Dan. 5 : 13, the emph. X3X is elsewhere universally employed. Plur. “inax const. nnax, emph. xnnax with T T -S 3 X T T T -I suff. “’nnax or ■’nnax my fathers, etc. with the suff. of either sing, or plur. nouns. nx emph. xnx . xn-’X and X33X m. Dec. IV. b. fruit. nnx to 'perish. — Aph. “nix and ‘lain to destroy; also intrans. to perish. — Hoph. “inin to be destroyed. ■jax and “|nx c. g. Dec. III. a. a stone. nsx m. Dec. III. a. a reward. X“iax f. Dec. VIII. a. and r j * rnax Dec. III. a. an epistle, a letter. “,PX adv. then. With a prefixed, “pTX2 , idem. cnx m. pr. .n. Adam. Dpx m. Dec. III. a. also o^x and ct-'X Dec. II. a. also cnx and D'PX Dec. I. b. i. q. E'n blood. XEpx f. Dec. VII. a. the ground , the earth. “nx m. Dec. I. a. the month Adar , part of February and March. “nx m. Dec. II. a. a threshing-floor. m- (l'ourid only in the plu¬ ral), chief judges, senat ors. X^n'iX adv. (i. q. aSpacrra) carefully , exactly. snnx c. g. Dec. II. a. (i. q. Heb. Sint with X prosthetic.) an arm. “jnnix adj. Dec. I. a. other, another. ■|Sb‘X m. Dec. I. b. doctrine, instruc¬ tion. *|E?ix m. Dec. I. b. an artificer , work¬ man; a maker. ^SE^X and WEix f. Dec. VII. c. the T T making or doing any thing ; the thing made or done. "isix m. Dec. I. b. treasure; place of deposit. rnix m. Dec. III. d. a way , access. XPix f. Dec. VII. a. law. XtX and HTX , 2d Part, xtx , to light , kindle. “nx i- q. btx . btX; Fut. b^P^, Imp. btx , b^PX and Ippx , to go ; to depart. nx m. a brother , irreg. emph. xnx, with suff. “’nx or nf]X my brother ; Tpnx. thy brother, irnnx (PHX Gen. 4 : 8, Jer. T.) his brother , etc. Plur. with suff. ’’nx my brothers , Tpnx and Tjnx thy broth¬ er s, "'ninx his brothers. This form is distinguished from the sing, by Hholem while the latter has Shu- req. “pn^nx , etc. "inx to lay hold of take, take posses¬ sion of Ithpe. pass. 124 lbs X'Tinx and X*nnx f. Dec. VII. a r t • -: taking possession , possession. iTnnx f. Dec. VII. a. (verbal from ffln to announce , to explain ), e.z> planation. f-Hviit f Dec. VII. a. an enigma. x:onx f. Dec. VII. a. possession ; in¬ heritance. prep, after. ‘’inx Dec. VIII. c. and *pnx Dec. I. * t: t »t t:it b. adj. other , another. ^inx f Dec. VIII. c. that which is last; extremity, end. ynn&$ adv. pinx ‘is at last. ‘piBi'nirnx m. pi. Dec. II. (from the o ^-° Persian a satrap , perhaps with the prefix excellence ,) p rinc ipal governors. 1I3X m. (in the sing, like Dec. I. pi. pHBX) brier ; especially the haw¬ thorn. adv. how? ■p‘i3'1X [idem. •J^x m. Dec. I. b. a tree. X3^x f. Dec. VII. a. terror ; fear. pX conj. = Heb. ex if. i£?X and i. q. q. v. nnX or ’’rpx adv. of affirmation ( = Heb. 123^ .) there is, there are ; there exists, nr‘1x I have. It takes the suffixes of plural nouns. Dan. 2:11, 3: 14. pH=X i. q. TpX q. V. 53X to eat ; to consume. ^X adv. not , especially before the fu¬ ture tense, expressing a prohibi¬ tion, etc. i*(K eri Ez. 5 : 15,) and nibx dem. pron. these. ttbx m. Dec. I. a. God. PL excel. ▼ vs sometimes as in Hebrew D^fpbx . *l>X interj. i. q. *PX , behold ! ^X conj. if; interj. oh that, utinam! *&X3 as if. •b&x and pis*^>&X or psbifex unless , comp, of *&X , xb , and the enclitic syllable pS ; i. q. , if. and *]^X , or fully written ppibx and p£>X , dem. pron. plur. masc. these ; those. f]^X and P)bx m. Dec. III. a. a thou¬ sand. DX f. irreg. emph. XEX ; with suff. “EX , etc. ; plur. 'jfi'QX ; with suff. ■jinnnax, (and with masc. form pimax .) a mother. DX conj. if. X?3X; f. irreg. (in the sing, like Dec. VIII. a. but in pause *in73X ; in the plur. piEX , rfniax, etc.) a nurse; a maid. X53X and ruax fern. Dec. VII. a. in T - T - sing. ; plur. pax Dec. IV. a. a cubit. X33X f. plur. pEX , a people, nation. *jEX; Aph. pE"p 1° believe ; with 3 to confde in, trust in. Pass. part. ■jtprjE certain , true ; faithful. *1EX to speak, say ; to command. Tax m. Dec. II. a. a lamb. "'DPWX adj. Dec. VII. b. strong. “X adv. where ? whither ? “jaa whence ? X3X , less frequently «13X and "'2XJ pers. pron. com. gen. I. — PI. X3H3X we. p3X pers. pron. 3d pi. m. they ; them. Disx and W3X adj. and sub. Dec. I. a. violent ; a violent person ; a robber. D3X to constrain, compel ; to oppress the mind, occasion anxiety. 5]3X m. Dec. III. a. i. q. C)X , face , countenance. Dual and Plural idem. 1233X, (iT3X, and by Aphaeresis 1233) m. irreg. emph. XT233X , X123 Gen. 3:20, Pseudo-Jon.; plur. p!233X and p!223 ; const. ‘'133X ; man. — 123 3X 13 idem. Pi3X. , (in Bibl. Chal. !"tp3X , pointed like the other form which is em¬ ployed in the Targums, with n in otio. The writers doubtless pronounced it, in analogy with the 125 Heb rew, nrqx .) pers. pron. com. gen. tfiou. frpX , i. q. fPX , ye. nox and nDX f. Dec. VII. c. a medi- T - cine, something salutary. inox m. Dec. I. a. band, fetter. “IDX m. irreg. emph. X^DX; pi. fax, XiVtpX , etc. ; a physician. 133DX m. pi. n. Asnapper , perhaps the same with Esarhaddon, or an officer under him. He collected the Samaritans from different na¬ tions and settled them in the land of the ten tribes. Ez. 4 : 10. Comp. v. 2. X3“Qdx (milel) adv. speedily. ipx m. Dec. 1. a. prohibition ; obli¬ gation. xiDx f. Dec. VII. a. chain, band. T T Vi ' ■pin — ipx m. pi. n. Esarhaddon , son of Sennacherib and king of Assyria. Diox m. Dec. I. b. (from the Latin strata ,) street , way , path. SX (by a double commutation i. q. Heb. VS .) m. Dec. I. a. wood. I. C]X conj. also. II. D|X (contr. from £]3X) m. Dec. IV. a. face , countenance. — Xip ipx surface of the field, i. e. simply the field. XiplSX m. pi. pr. n. of a people set¬ tled in Samaria and subject to the Assyrians, perhaps the Parrhasii. XippiSX m. pi. and xipnoisx m. pi. proper names of nations, now unknown, settled in Samaria and subject to the Assy¬ rians. Ez. 4 : 9. Dnsx (only Ez. 4 13,) according to Buxtorf, treasury. So modern critics generally. Aben Ezra ex¬ plains it by PixsiP, expenses ; R. Sol. Jarchi by Dp, tribute. S32X f. Dec. II. a. (PI. *j— and J— -) finger ; with , toe. •’bppx f. Dec. VIII. c. (Greek c rroXf) pi. ‘(ibppx, robe , garment. S21X f. PS31X m. num. adj. Dec. II. a. four. ■)ly“iX adj. Dec. I. b. purple. Heb. “jO-HX, Syriac Arabic M ' , * nix interj. lo ! behold, ! □mx conj. because ; that; i. q. ilX . nix f. Dec. III. d. (pi. generally “]nix.) journey ; way, path. iix and rnix m. irreg. emph. XilX ; plur. fnix , emph. xrvix , a lion. ilX conj. because; that. TplX adj. Dec. I. a .fit, suitable, pro¬ per, verbal from “IX. to be pro¬ longed, to be long; in Talm. to pre¬ pare, adapt. nsix f. Dec. VII. a. prolongation , continuation. nansix f. Dec. VII. a. knee. t • — XD1X and XOilX f. Dec. VII. a. t : t • •• poison. SIX c. g. Dec. III. a. the earth , i. q. Heb. fix , Gr. Introd. 4. note 2. SIX adv. below; with “|P , inferior , Dan. 2 : 39. Hence 1S1X f. Dec. VII. b. what is lowest , bottom. pix c. g. Dec. III. a. (i. q. SIX.) earth. In the biblical Chaldee only Jer. 10 : 11, but frequent in the Targums. ttix , X1SX m. Dec. IV. b. and X125X f. Dec. VII. a .fire. ttix m. Dec. IV. c. foundation. plpx m. Dec. I. a. and ptbx m. Dec. II. a. astrologer. He¬ brew and Syriac idem. ‘ilSX m. Dec. III. a. a wall. XPpX with prosthetic X, i. q. XPttj to drink. ininpx m. Dec. I. a. rebellion. nx m. Dec. I. a. a sign. PX pers. pron. 2d p. sing. m. thou. xnx Fut. ipii , *pip , etc. to come. Aph. ipix and in the bibl. Chal¬ dee "'rnn to cause to come , bring. 126 Pass, of a peculiar form, (a kind of Hophal,) *’n“P to be brought , Dan. 3:13, 6: 18.' XPX f. (In sing. Dec. VII. a. but in pause IPX ; PL *pd3 Dec. H. a.) a woman ; a wife. I. pnx pers. pron. 2 pi. m. ye ; you. II. 1*IPX c. g. Dec. I. a. furnace, oven . “inx m. Dec. III. a. a place. — ip PPX. where. n 5 prep, in; by ; with. adj. Dec. I. a. fem. xdlX5 Dec. VII. a. evil, wicked. dxa to be bad. ba dxa to displease. Aph. to do in a bad or disagree¬ able manner. ppxa prep. i. q. PPa after. "pi a prep, on account of. ‘n ■pia conj. because. bbna idem, P bbria 15 because; so that, n? a bb:a 173 why? bpa idem, P bpa so that ; that, ut. P55 to inquire, investigate. PPa Pa. to scatter, disperse. Siberia f. Dec. VII. c. haste, quickness. Jibipaa quickly. I. bpa Pa. to terrify. Ithpa. pass. II. bpa Pa. to hasten. Ithpe. Inf. pbparp , as a noun, haste. xrPa f. Dec. VIII. a. and ▼ *! “ XPPa f. Dec. VII. a. shame ; modesty. n*3 to lodge , pass a night. 1T3 to spoil , plunder ; to depopulate. “PH a adj. Dec. I. a. choice , excellent. boa to cease. Pa. to cause to cease. ■’S sep. prep. i. q. a in, etc. See also under rpa . *pa and p3na prep, between, among. It takes the suffixes of both sinmi- lar and plural nouns. Ppa f. Dec. VII. a. understanding, intelligence. X'pa f. Dec. VII. a. palace. d^a adj. Dec. I. a. bad, evil. rpa m. irreg. Emph. xrpa , Xlpa (•’a Ex. 7 : 21, Pseudo-Jon.); const, rna ; plur. "pna etc. like Dec. IV. a house; the place in which any thing is contained or kept ; e. g. x*T3a ma treasury, X^PSp PPa ar chives. xaa to weep. ba m. Dec. I. a. heart. xba to wear out ; met. to afflict, op¬ press. Pa. idem. iba verbal from xba , excise, tax on articles consumed. 15 (In the Targums found only in the plural), see “ia . P35 to build ; to rebuild, restore. Ith¬ pe. pass. “p?a m. Dec. I. a. building , structure , verbal from P33 . t : 033 to be angry. XPioa f. Dec. VII. a. message, annun¬ ciation. PS5 to seek ; to ask, request. w a f. D ec. VII. c. request, petition. sisaa is taken as an adv. or interj. I entreat , quaes o ; often followed by *ja ; as Ipa ^saa , I beseech thee. ■V'Sa m. Dec. I. a. a brute ; cattle ; beasts of burden. bsa or baa m. Dec. III. a. lord, mas - ter ; husband. “IS a and Pa. isa to burn ; to consume. PSpa f. Dec. VII. a. valley. ipa Pa. to seek, search. Ithpa. idem. na or ^a m. a son, irreg. emph. X’na , with suff. T|P3 , P*na ; plur. “psa (from 15), emph. X*:a , (with pros¬ thetic X, XD3X ,) const. *’35; with suff. \3a, rpsa or T|3a, I'ia-'pa. In various combinations it has the force of the Heb. *,a q. v. in Lex Heb. pa, XP3 without, (/oras, = He b. pip); 15 P5 prep, besides , except , as a subst. that which is without the field. XP3 to create. Ithpe. pass. 127 a*n nr 3 Tp2 kneel. Pa. 1T12 £o bless , praise. 7p2 and 7p.? f. Dec. III. b. knee. Kob2 and K312 f. Dec. VII. a. bless- t ▼ • r j • ing, benediction. tna adv. certainly ; indeed ; also , moreover ; conj. yet , but. *1122 m. Dec. III. b. flesh. H2 m. Dec. IV. a. bath , a liquid measure, equal to seven and a half gallons. in a f. a daughter , irreg. Emph. 7 (comp. Syr. Zra) , const. rn2, with suff. qnna ; pi. 132 , (from N32 ;) const. n32 ; emph. xn32 . •pbwz pi. m. Dec. I. a. virginity. nn2 prep, after. With suff. it takes a plur. form ; as *Hna . J 2a m. Dec. IV. a. back ; surface. ba> 2a and n2S b'S upon. 2a and ■’aa , (with suff. "’aa, ”2a) prep, ivilh; subject to. penes. 2a m. Dec. IV. c. pit, den ; pit for water , cistern. Nn^aa f. Dec. VII. a. courage ; strength ; power. naa m. Dec. III. a. (PI. I’nsa and “pnaa as if from nia.) a man; a male. “pnana (with the flat pronunciation), i. q. ynata . nna to cut off ; to cut down a tree. “,na c. g. Dec. III. a. PI. yna and V"ia, a kid. “a or la m. irreg. const, ia ; with suff '^a, rm-, midst, “iaa among ; in. ,‘nt , m. Dec. III. a. and 3n7 Dec. I. a. an arm. r • m f Dec. I. law ; decree ; purpose ; xnbtt rvn religion, Dan. 6 : 6. xni m. Dec. III. b. young tender herb. •nnrvn m. pi. , juris consultus, a person skilled in law , judge, a Persian word. n H interrogative prefix, as in Hebrew, xn and xn interj. behold ! -p-ja-nn m. pi. minister of state , a Per¬ sian word. BVnn (Gr. ISuurrjs,) m. Dec. I. a. a low person , plebeian. — As an adj. low, vulgar. nnn Pa. to tear in pieces ; to divide. cnn m. Dec. I. a. piece, fragment. pin i. q. *,7 ; adv. then. ■Yin Pa. “ttn to honor. xin , rnn and pti, to be. Fut. xttr;, apoc. w , ^nn , ■'nx . etc. Fut. with b prefixed drops its prefbrmative and is employed in an optative or subjunctive sense; e. g. pnb , that they might be, Dan. 6 : 2, 3. See Gram. § 23, note, and § 50. 2. X^n pron. pers. and demonst. m. he ; this; that. Tpn fut. 7|ro to go. ion pron. pers. and demonst. f. she ; it ; this ; that. *j“H*in dem. pron. i. q. -in ; adv. then. adv. and con], as; as if. XEHOn and K3:on id. byn m. Dec. II. a. temple ; palace. , see -pax. Tjbn to walk. Pael and Ithpaal, id. 9 ))21 T^n m. Dec. I. a. toll paid by passen¬ gers, verbal from Tjbn . XsbTi and xrbn adv. hither. t • - t : r ian and pan m. pi. pers. pron. 3d pers. they. rp^n or Tpsatt m. Dec. I. a. chain for the neck or arm. Syr. idem. ■jn adv. i. q. *]X where ? “|H conj. and adv. if; sign of a ques¬ tion (= n) an, num ; ‘jn . . . . *jfi whether . ... or. 7(3 n to turn. Ithpe. refl. Srnfi m. Dec. I. a. thought , musing, cogitation. mnionn, see ma . 1 ) conj. and; but ; &c. as in Hebrew. But Vav conversive does not ap¬ pear in Chaldee. T •jnt to buy; to gain ; Pa. "|St to sell ; Ithpa. ]27lx to be sold; to be bought. “Opl adj. Dec. I. a. prudent, cautious. Lit. enlightened , 2d part. Peal from “iHT to shine. pT to feed, to nourish. Ittaph. pass. 2pT to tremble , be afraid. "OT Aph. Y’tft to be proud, to act proudly. OT m. Dec. I. a. splendor , brightness. ■'niot Dan. 5:6, 9, lit. his splen¬ dors, i. e. the bright and cheerful appearance of his countenance, nst to be clean, pure ; to be just, inno¬ cent. f. Dec. VII. c. and *13T Dec. VIII. T • c. purity ; justice ; righteousness. “OT , ‘1X3T adj. Dec. VI. pure, inno¬ cent. Kyi f Dec. VII. a. sweat. r •• jwi m. Dec. III. b. time, period of time. r.in 130 “J /3t Pa. to appoint , prepare. Ithpa. to concert , agree together. Apli. ‘jETn idem , Dan. 2 : 9, Kethib. “i 'Of m. Dec. I. a. music. r : “i32T m. Dec. I. a. singer , musician. *]t m. Dec. II. a. species . sor£. “nsf adj. Dec. I. a. and adv. little , a little. pST to cry out. m. Dec. I. a. a spark. PPA to elevate ; to suspend , as a mal¬ efactor on a gallows or cross, fit m. Dec. III. a. a girdle ; a girded apron. Snt m. Dec. III. a. and n2"iT f. Dec. VII. b. seed ; posterity ; famil y ; pi u v. families. n nbiun f. Dec. VII. a. injury , hurt. anpn and adj. Dec. I. beloved. ban Pa. to injure ; to destroy , waste , overthrow. Ithpa. to be destroyed, . ban m. pr. n. Abel. ban m. Dec. I. a. and t : ban m. Dec. III. a. hurt , injury. nan arid “Cn m. Dec. III. a. a com¬ panion. nan to associate , unite ; to put to¬ gether, compose. Ithpa. to associate themselves, join together. nnan f. Dec. VII. a. fern, of nan . fe¬ male companion. nn , in pause nn, fern, Jtnn i, num. adj. one; first; before numerals, time , times ; e. g. ba naaia nn , seven times more than , lit. seven times above, Dan. 3:19. I. xnn adv. once, xnna together, xnnb very much, exceedingly. II. 53n to be wise ; to understand. xoon or (pron. hhukhma,) f. Dec. VII. a. wisdom. ■’bn and “'bn adj. Dec. III. sweet. cbn m. Dec. III. c. a dream. qbn to change ; to be changed ; to pass through ; to pass, spoken of time. qbn , qbn , (in the Jerusalem dialect qibn and qbin) prep, instead of. pbn m. Dec. I. a. part , lot. on m. a father-in-law , irreg. with suff. n*i72n , 7p73n . Xon to contemplate ; to see. and !xon f. Dec. VIII. a. heat: T ! T *.n * anger. p73n to vex ; to grieve. 2720 m. Dec. III. a. wine. V'qjn m. pi. wheat. H23n f. Dec. VII. a. dedication, conse- T \ —. > oration. pn to compassionate, show favor to. Ithpa. to pray , make supplication. ■n&n adj. Dec. I. a. defective. “ipn. and Aph. j&nx to possess, to have in possession. “jOn m. Dec. III. b. power, might. qqn m. Dec. III. a. clay ; potter's work. non to be deficient or lacking. Pa. to diminish ; to depress. *iqn; m. Dec. III. a. harvest. qqn. and Aph. to urge, hasten. Part. Aph. q^nnq urgent, hasty. bpn m. Dec. III. a. afield. 22 n to devastate. Hoph. pass. 2*in f. Dec. III. a. a sword. Tjatnn m. pi. Dec. IV. c. di¬ viners, Magians, from the Persian o ^ o a wise man ; or from Heb. 22 n , persons skilled in hie¬ roglyphics. Tpn to singe, burn. Ithpa. Pass. pqn m. Dec. III. a. loin, thigh. 22 n to burn ; to be hot. qicn m. Dec. I. a. darkness. Tp'^n and Ipttjn. adj. Dec. I. a. poor , indigent. nttin to think necessary , with b and Inf.; to be necessary. I. biqn to be thin ; to make thin or small ; to crush. Pa. idem. II. bqn to think ; to reckon to the ac¬ count of any one, to impute. Pa. to regard. Ithpa. pass. onn to seal. t5 2x2 to be glad, joyful. 22 adi. Dec. I. a. fern. N32 Dec. VII. T J T ▼ a. good ; beautiful. n22 m. Dec. I. a. executioner , armed attendant. rffla m. Dec. I. a. goodness, excellence ; h appi.ness. m. Dec. I. a. a mountain; a rock. Heb. 2*ix . rnq adj. fasting. Ar. to fast. b*2 Pa. to go out; to" walk abroad. Palpel bqbq to cast out ; to remove. *pl3 m. Dec. I. a. clay. bi: m. Dec. IV. a. dew. “•bra m. irreg. emph. fcObq ; plur. ^bi3 , pnb 2 ; emph. , iabq ; with suff. ■'i‘1bq Gen. 22 : 3, Pseudo- Jon. ; a boy, a servant. bbu to hide. Aph. to recline for rest under the shade. pbq to throw away. Tap and Pa. 2732 to hide. Ithpe. 2722X and2722*ix , and Ithpa. *TO2X to hide one's self. n22 to err, to wander. Aph. to cause to err, to seduce. 022 to taste ; to eat. Pa. to give to eat, to feed. 022 and 022 m. Dec. III. a. taste , particularly pleasant taste; wis¬ dom, Dan. 2 : 14 ; command, edict ; / 132 Tih cawse for trial, Ez. 5:5; reckon¬ ings account , Dan. 6:3; regard , respect ; by DSD D*ito , to regard , Dan. 3 : 12. DSD bsa , chancellor , lit. master of decrees. I. ibd m. Dec. III. b. wai7, of a hu¬ man finger or toe ; claw. II. ")ED m. Dec. III. emph. the blatta , a shell-fish of a purple color. "HD to expel , dri’ye ozJ. ppp m. Dec. III. a. a leaf. frpbsDD m. plur. emph. proper name of a nation settled in Samaria, origin unknown, Ez. 4 : 9. LXX. Tapcf>a\cuoL. bp7 Aph. bD^n to bring. niS27 f. Dec. III. c. the dry land. “p f. a hand, irreg. Emph. and with N prosthetic i<77^ 5 with suff. “77 , fT'77 (TPi* Prov. 21:1.) ■irrn . *jiD77 ; (dual “J777 ;) plur. XP Aph. Part. aoirra and ania praying , praising. 277 to know ; to understand. Aph. 37 in to show , declare , make known. D77 1° give ; hence to set , place. Ithpe. pass. ; to 6e given up. Prr m. Dec. I. a. the Jewish people , toe Jews. m. proper name, Judah. “Hirn m. Dec. VI. a Jew. PI. emph. sppm . •• r ; Dr m. Dec. I. a. a day. PI. const, fem. nap and masc. . t •• • P.^ m. Dec. II. a. a sucking child, suckling. D)pP m. proper name, Joseph. *7“rp Dec. 1. or TxPrn adj. Dec. VI. only, alone. DD7 Fut. DD^ to be good; to seem, good, by . to any one, to be pleas- ing. ^ an abbreviation. See Chrestoma- thy, p. 92. b:P and brp . Fut. b*!37 (and like the Heb. bDP Jud. 14 : 13.) to be able ; to prevail. nb? to bear , bring forth ; sometimes to beget. D7 m. Dec. IV. a. a sea , the sea. to add. Hoph. Heb. form, C]D*in to be added. DSP to advise, counsel. Part, a, conn - sellor. Ithpa. to consult together. DpS7 m- proper name, Jacob. rsn m. Dec. III. a. proper name, Ja- pheth. N2P Shaphel £CPtS and ’’2P125 tofnish. DIP to be certain , true. Pa. to tell the truth. D^IP adj. Dec. I. a. true , certain ; con¬ firmed, valid. PSP “jd certainly , of a truth. to burn (neut.), be consumed. Aph. to burn (act.), consume. i“i7P7 £ Dec. VII. a. burning. “p|z>7 adj. Dec. I. a. hard, dijjicult ; honored, honorable, noble. njp to be or be esteemed honorable or valuable ; i. q. Pa. to honor. Aph. idem. m- Dec. I. b. honor ; splendor; glory. Sometimes it has 5t pros¬ thetic. obdP7 and obllpP Jerusalem. rvp m. Dec. III. a. month. 7j“!7 f. Dec. III. a. pi. *777 , thigh. banizP m. proper name, Israel; the people of Israel. DUP in Peal not used. Aph. IPTTix to stretch forth, reach out. n7 , Heb. nx, sign of the Objective or Accusative case. DrP or DTP to sit; to reside , stay. Aph. D^nin to place , cause to dwell. -PIP adj. Dec. I. a. abundant , great , eminent ; adv. TIP and aPPPP * • - T * - very , exceedingly. 133 IDS 31^' to remain , be left. Pa. “iPV) to make to abound , to cause abund¬ ance. D 3 prep, and conj. ; like ; as , as though. 350. 350, 30 and 33 m. Dec. I. a. grief sorrow. 30 adj. Dec. III. b. (i. q. Heb. 3T3 ,) false. •j133, 133 and 133 adv. ( = Heb. X3) now. *}1331 now therefore. •po adv. so. thus, ynaa id. ynoi now therefore. 20 adv. now. H3 32) hitherto. ▼ r “ . bro to be able. Const, with b and Inf. 13 f. Dec. IV. a. window. “,013 (only in. pi.) m. Dec. I. a. thorns. 3313, (sometimes written 330,) m. Dec. II. a. a star. ■J13 Pa. to confirm , establish ; to make vigorous efforts. Ithpa. pass. ; also, as Pa. to endeavor earnestly. 313 m. Dec. I. a. cor , a measure for things liquid or dry, equal to the homer or to ten ephahs, supposed to contain about eight bushels. 3)100, see 3)03. 333 m. Dec. II. a. a talent. 333 Kethib Ez. 7 : 22, idem. Vs, bs, xb'o, xb3, “’bo, adj. = Heb. 33 , all , the whole , every. I. ViO Shaph. bbob to complete, fin¬ ish. Ishtaph. bbondx pass. II. bbo and Aph. bbox to crown; met. to adorn. X33. no3 and 03 conj. and adv. how ! quam ! as; 3 Xo3 like. "|3 , V? adv. rightly; thus. *j33 then ; therefore ; thus. *ji:3 m. pi. with fem. form, Dec. VII. a. colleagues. LXX. ctvvSovXol. 3123 and 333 m. Dec. I. a harp. Gr. KLvvpa, Lat. cinyra. b XOD3 adv. i. q. *|3 thus. ‘333 m. proper name, Canaan. 3233 to collect , act. Ithpe. to assemble , to m.eet. •'303 m. Dec. VI. i. q. OiiO a Chal¬ dean. X03, H03 and 03 to lie hid , to be concealed. Pa. to hide , conceal; i. q. Peal. 3)03 m. Dec. I. a. a feeling of shame ; ignominy. 3)03 m. Dec. III. a. silver. *]33 adv. now. jS3 33 until now. 3)3 c . g. Dec. IV. a. a hollow; the palm of the hand ; the sole of the foot. *,53 to hunger. Aph. to cause or suf¬ fer another to be hungry ! 353 Pa. to wash ; to purify ceremo¬ nially ; to atone , make expiation. P53 to bind. Pa. idem. X33 to be grieved. Ithpe. and Ithpa. idem. xbo33 f Dec. VIII. a. mantle , cloak. 3133 m. Dec. I. a. a cherub. TIO m. Dec. I. a. herald. T T33 to proclaim , make proclamation. Aph. idem. 033 m. Dec. III. a. a vineyard. X0*O m. Dec. V. a. a throne. Pi. •|io33 . Obs m. Dec. VI. pi. XOto3, a Chal¬ dean; as astrology flourished prin¬ cipally in Chaldea, an astrologer. 312,3 to be right; to be fit; to be agreeable , to please. 33)3 and 33)3 adj. Dec. I. a. and II. a. right ; just, upright ; fit ; legiti¬ mate. 320 to write. 320 m. Dec. I. a. writing ; prescrip¬ tion, limitation , Ez. 7 : 22. bn3 and bro m. Dec. III. e. a wall. b b prep, as in Hebrew, to ; for / of / b . . . . yo between — and. I 134 k ni2 $12 xb adv. not ; nothing , Dan. 4:32. xbfi and X'bn nonne ? also, ecce / lo ! Gram. § 68. 3. Pixb and six**b . see XS*b and I3^b . T . ... T . 0? or 005 m. the heart , irreg. Emph. xob ; with suff. iob, 712b, xsob , etc. ; plur. emph. X^oob ; with suff. yirrob. 301 ob m. Dec. I. a. clothing ; a gar¬ ment. *pobob f. plur. plants ; flowers. 30 ob to clothe one's self. Aph. to clothe. “jnb conj. therefore , with prosthetic X , 5 comp, of xb and *jfi , except (comp. Lat. nisi ;) hut. sed. Bib to curse. nb m. Dec. VI. a Levite. Plur. X“nb . • , "T : “r)“i5 m. a sea-monster, leviathan. Mb prep, to; toward; with. b^b and xbib m. irreg. emph. Xib^b ; plur. *jlbib ; night. mb a contraction for mx xb , there •• • r > is not ; there are not. Tinb adv. and prep, alone; only; also. It is strictly a noun, loneli¬ ness ; hence with 3, irminbo, in his loneliness , i. e. he alone. cnb m. Dec. III. a. bread. cnb m. a feast, Dan. 5 : 1. nsnb f. Dec. VII. a. a concubine. X32b and rnab (as a noun, nothing ,) adv. not ; lest. X32bl that not : lest. xob or nxb to labor , toil ; to be fa¬ tigued with labor. 12 ib or IX^b f. Dec. VII. c. labor ; fa¬ tigue. obob ad v. forever. “i^b m. Dec. I. b. tongue. 12 •32 and before gutturals 32 , prefix, i. q. the sep. prep. *)32 . X32 , H32 or ”n32 (with Daghesh forte euphonic in the first letter of the next word,) interrog. pron. what ? It is sometimes used adverbially, how ? also in exclamations how ! qudm ! X320 as ; how ! X32b and X3ab whither? why ? *i“i X32 that which. HX32 fem. num. a hundred. Dual t : V 32X32 . V3TX32 m. dual, scales , balance. “132 X 32 , more common orthography, 132*132 , q. V. *JX32 and “32 m. Dec. I. a. a vessel; an instrument ; a garment , ( = Heb. nb3.) *,nrtj32 adj. Dec. I. b. shameful; ashamed. 531032 m. Dec. I. a. a fountain. nb232 f. Dec. VII. a. roll , book. 1232 Pa. to throw down, destroy. no*i32 m. Dec. II. a. an altar. •TH32 f. Dec. VII. a. tax , tribute. By a resolution of Daghesh forte into Nun, it is sometimes written rn332 , Ez. 4 : 13. “1*1*132 m. Dec. I. a. residence. *1*132 m. pr. n. Dec. VI. Media; a Mede. •“13*1*132 f. Dec. VII. a. province ; land , country. Fi3*i32 or n:“i32 m. Dec. II. a. the east , (lit. the rising , viz. of the sun.) 053 -132 (found only in this form) indef. pron. any thing. “1*132 m. Dec. I. a. dwelling , residence , i. q. nra . ri32 see X32 . t r ni“ii32 f. pr. n. Moriah , a hill in Jeru¬ salem. ni32 m. Dec. I. a. death ; a. deadly pestilence. M32 or ni32 to die. “,1132, emph. X31T32 food; sustenance. Xfi32 and i“iri32 to strike; to wound. Pa. XH33 idem; also to restrain. Ithpe. to be fastened or nailed Ez. 6 : 11. 135 -in a ■ja Npbn^a f. Dec. VIII. a. course or class of the priests or Levites. 2a c. g. irreg. (with suff. Tj^a , pi. 'pra or ‘jsa .) the belly, venter. PI. idem. b$a m. Dec. I. b. (verbal from bbs to enter,) setting of the sun. PI .idem. tinsa m. Dec. II. a. distinction ; di¬ vision. nxa m. Dec. II. a. a planting. aoxa f. Dec. VII. a. a command, in- junction. *l3Hxa f. Dec. VII. c. middle , midst. Q^xa pr. n. Egypt. ttS’npa m. Dec. II. a. sanctuary , holy place. la m. Dec. I. a. and r K7a m. Dec. II. b. lord. Syr. and Arab. idem. *na to rebel, to be rebellious. *na adj. Dec. I. a. rebellious. Tnna f. Dec. VII. c. correction; in¬ struction. * 136 cirp m. Dec. I. a height , eleva¬ tion. Dr a to pluck off. rnra m. Dec. III. b. oil. rpaja m. Dec. I. a. (strictly 2d Part, from nda to anoint ,) anointed’ Messiah. m. Dec. III. a. and b. skin. 33130 m. Dec. II. a. a bed. ‘233a m. Dec. II. a. a dwelling ; a lent. xnda m. Dec. V. a. (strictly Inf! from 3bl3 f. Dec. VII. b. a dunghill. "pa m. Dec. I. a. a fish. “1*13 m. Dec. I. a. fire. pT3 to suffer injury. Aph. pT2fi< or pT3n to injure. ajns m. Dec. I. a. brass. t : nri3 to descend , go down. Aph. rns } Fut. nni , Imp. nnx , to bring down , carry down • to deposit. Hoph. Jinan to be brought down , deposed. rioa m. Dec. I. a. an observer , one who keeps (e. g. a law.) bp3 to lift up. elevate. 103 to keep , preserve ’ to observe , re¬ gard. rin*l3 m. Dec. I. a. a sweet odor , hence an acceptable sacrifice. 033, 033 in. Dec. III. b. wealth “ 1 ' • • tain3 137 2ft 22 D power', strength , of body or mind. PI. riches. ns: to bite. ns 3 m. Dec. III. b. a leopard. 2D: to take ; to receive. no: to take away , remove ; to pull asunder. Ithpe. pass. T|p? and Pa. to pour out ; to offer. “|C3 m. Dec. III. b. libation, drink-of¬ fering. pp: to ascend. Aph. p^pn to take up, cause to ascend. Hoph. ppn pass, of Aph. bp: Fut. bp? to fall ; to fall down ; to be thrown down ; to fall out, hap¬ pen. pp: to go out , to depart ; to come forth. Nps: f. Dec. VII. a. expense, cost. bp: or as: c. g. Dec. III. a. and NtPs: f. Dec. VII. a. life ; soul; self; a living being. 2S: m. Dec. III. b. a planting; a plant. Nss: f. Dec. VII. a. strength, solidity, firmness. ns: to quarrel , contend. Pa. id. ns: to conquer, surpass, prevail over, be superior to. Ithpe. Pa. and Ithpa. idem. bs: to liberate, deliver . Aph. idem. Np: and np3 adj. Dec. IV. b. pure. ap: to smite, strike. Na: to take ; to lake away. Ithpa. to rise up against, with b2 . na: to forget ; Ithpe. to forget ; to be forgotten. ■pa: irreg. PI. of NpN . Npa: f. Dec. VII. a. breath, life. na: m. Dec. III. b. an eagle. •pna: m. Dec. I. a. letter, public let¬ ter. Persian. *n: to give. Gram. § 18. note 2. in: to fall off, as leaves or fruit. Aph. to shake or strip off. 0 N22p f. Gr. aap/3vKr], sambuca, a three-cornered stringed instru¬ ment, similar to the harp, bpp to erect. Poal, to be erected. *i2p to bear . sustain ; to expect, Dan. 7:25; to consider; to suppose; with 2 , to hope in. n:o to be numerous ; to be increased. Aph. to cause to increase ; to mul¬ tiply. “Up to fall prostrate, to worship, con¬ strued with b . tpSp m. Dec. I. a. affliction. N“pp adj. Dec. I. a. much; many. “pp m. Dec. III. b. deputy, governor. “pp to shut up. n^bpJid f. i. q. Greek avjjffcovia, a bag-pipe. pio m. Dec. I. a. an end. CpO to come to an end, to be fulfilled, spoken of a prediction. Aph. to put an end to any thing. n^D to recede ; to go aside. ■jn-po m. Dec. I. b. perverseness ; a crime. pnp to drive out , expel. npD m. Dec. III. b. side ; extremity. nrpp m. Dec. II. b. the jnoon. tpp and Cpp m. Dec. I. a. i. q. pio , end, extremity. bpD to understand. Ithpa. bpnpN to look at; to reflect; to consider; const, with 2 , nib , etc. “iPp to try, prove. Ithpa. and Aph. idem. bsp adj. Dec. II. a. foolish, unwise. jp^D or *jnbD^D adj. Dec. I. b. intelli¬ gent; prudent. pbp orpbp to ascend, go up. Pa, to cause to ascend ; to take away ; to destroy. p“pp adj. Dec. I. a. perverse. bxap m. pr. n. Sammael, an evil angel, sometimes called the angel 138 of death , and sometimes, prince of the air. ?jqp to sustain. Ithpe. passive. x:q to hate. nxbq f. Dec. VII. a. hatred. ‘iso construed with b , to aid, assist. Pa. idem. ‘i?q m. Dec. III. a. and fiOSD or X'nqq f. Dec. VIII. a. sup¬ port; aid ; strength. “)?q ( = Heb. “ip&) to visit ; to in¬ spect. *iE5 and “iEO m. Dec. II. a scribe ; a learned man. The emph. form is sometimes written X35G . ▼ : ~ “isq m. Dec. III. b. a book. bqqq m. Dec. I. a. Plur. wide oriental breeches. *ip-nq f. Dec., VII. c. vanity ; vacuity. Tpp m. Dec. II. b. prefect , president. “inp Pa. “inq to hide , to conceal ; to destroy. Compare the Greek aw m. Dec. I. a. a boy; a young man. p13? to be straitened, to be in difficulty. Aph. p">?x to molest , be hostile ; to constrain. ">13? only Dan. 2 : 35, chaff. In Syr. and Ar. idem. 112313? m. Dec. II. a. firmness, strength. Xi?1?? f Dec. VII. a. ring, seal-ring. X3T? m. pr. n. Ezra. X33? f. Dec. VII. a. counsel, wisdom, i. q. Heb. HX? . b? , xb? . b?b and b?bq adv. and prep, above. "(q h*1? idem. “p? c. g. Dec. III. d. an eye ; a foun¬ tain. In the latter sense the plu¬ ral is 112*?? . 15? Pa. denom. to look at; to exam¬ ine with care, comp. Eng. to eye. “?■'? m. Dec. I. a. watcher, a name of angels, or of an order of angels, Dan. 4 : 10, 14, 20. b? prep, upon ; above; concerning; besides; before; against; some¬ times for bx, to, toward, etc. — it b 3? because. xb? adv. over, above , followed by iq . fib? f. Dec. VIII. a. burnt-offering. Plur. V.b? . • T T • fib? f. Dec. VII. a. occasion; pretext. *'lb?; and “\lbi? or “'lb? , forms of b? . *’1? adj. Dec. VI. upper ; highest ; emph. fixb? the Most High. I^b? m. Dec. I. a. the Most High. Plur. excel. VWb? idem. ^b? f Dec. VII. b. an upper chamber , a lodging chamber. . 139 1*1* \ bb? to go in , enter ; (of the sun) £o set. Aph. baip and baian to bring in. Hoph. bain pass. cbj> m. Dec. II. a. and — T obai m. Dec. III. a. an age ; eternity ; the world. Xob:r“ is> or ▼ : it ” t : - for ever. m. Dec. VI. PI. aoobsi, an Elamite. 3?b?. m. Dec. III. b. i. q. Heb. 3ibp , a rib. 02 c. g. a people , irreg. sing, like Dec. IV. a. plur. “papa?, emph. 5013 2335 . 02 prep, with ; in. Betore suff. the □ takes Daghesh 1'orte ; as ni32 . piia? and p"|i32 adj. Dec. I. a. deep , unsearchable. ba2 m. Dec. I. a. and b/32 Dec. III. a. T r — labor , toil. 102 m. Dec. III. a. i. q. Heb. “las, wool. na2 to answer ; to speak in conversa¬ tion. to begin to speak. “,337 m. Dec. I. a. a cloud. 5]D2 m. Dec. III. a. a bough , branch. ba2 in. Dec. I. a. mulct, fine. r:2 m. D ec. III. b. time. V V 602 see 0b2 . pp2 ra. Dec. II. a. or pp2 Dec III. b. affair ; business. *1S2 m. Dec. III. -with suff. PP22, branches , foliage. 1E2 rn. Dec. III. a. dust. rrpsi part. adj. Dec. I. a. troubled , sad. 0p2 m. Dec. III. a. and b. the heel , Heb. op2 ; an end ; a reward , Heb. 0p2 to be crooked ; to be perverse. Pa. to make crooked ; to pervert. “P> to root out. pluckup. Ithpe. pass. “p3? ra. Dec. I. b. stock , root. ra. Dec. I. a. enemy. ““T and Pa. 012 to mix. Ithpa. pass. in. Dec. I. b. wild ass. onager. r*~: f. Dec. VII. a. nakedness ; hence dishonor. boi2 , Ithpa. bpi2n2rt to be stripped , rendered naked. ■'Kbpl? adj. Dec. VI. naked. The forms b->i3-i37 , “>^b“»C3^i3> , and lab^aiS are less frequent. 0*112 or n_'“)3? adj. Dec. I. cunning. bi2 and bi2 Dec. I. a. and “>bi2 Dec. •• t •• * • “ VI. adj. uncircumcised. Ob 2 , 0b2 or 002. m. Dec. III. b. an herb ; coll, herbs. ib2 f. 5tib2 m. num. adj. ten. Plur. *plb2 twenty. nb2 and rib 2 to think , purpose. P2 ra. Dec. IV. b. i. q. P32 , time. "OPS adj. Dec. I. a. prepared , ready ; about to, futurus. Prefixed to the Inf. it forms a kind of Future tense. pipp adj. Dec. I. a. ancient , old. “ins to be rich. Pa. to enrich. 3 “i 35) , 136 m. Dec. III. b. a corpse. “in?!)6 ra. Dec. I. b. verbal from nbo, service. D*!D m. Dec. IV. c. the mouth. *,lp^6 m. Dec. I. b. a command, pre¬ cept. nno m. irreg. const, nnp , pi. *]ins , governor of a province, ins m. Dec. III. a. (i ns Dan. 2 : 41.) a potter. bps m. Dec. III. a. an under-gar¬ ment, perhaps breeches. Kethib Dan. 3 : 21. b^DS , idem. *n^3 (**i6 Gen. 3:24, Jer. T.) c. g. fruit, irreg. Plur. yn^B . rriiB , with suff. *plS Prov. 8 : 19. abs to divide. abs m. Dec. III. a. half. 5*abs f Dec. VII. a. division or class T \ • of the priests. 0126 m. Dec. I. b. linen ; a piece of linen. nbs to serve ; to worship ; to culti¬ vate (the ground) ; to observe or 'na 140 Dip ♦ keep (a law.) Compare in Latin colo , which has all these significa¬ tions. “.nbQ m. Dec. I. b. service , worship of God. •’Wtjbs m. Dec. VI. a Philistine. pTDD and Pa. p23 to afford delight. Ithpa. to enjoy ; to feast upon. OQ m. Dec. IV. a. and b. a part ; in relation to the hand, the palm. “ioiiob and irqpQ m. Dec. I. a. xj/aXrrjp, the psaltery , a stringed instrument. Hengstenberg considers it a kettle¬ shaped instrument ; see his Authen¬ ticity of Daniel , article Greek words. iOEQ and Pa. *1SfQ to deliver ; to make free. Pa. to command. ^pQ m. Dec. I. a. statute , command¬ ment. bps m. Dec. II. (Gr. § 32, note 3.) iron. JTiQ to fourish ; to blossom. 0~3 to divide. Ops pr. n. Persia ; the Persians. ',Op3 m. Dec. VI. emph. eOOpB Ke- thib. Dan. 6 : 29, a Persian. 5p3 to render (good or evil to any one) ; to reward. Ithpe. idem ; to take vengeance. pps to redeem, liberate ; hence Dan. 4 : 24. to expiate , or perhaps rather to dismiss. 10 p 3 to divide ; to distinguish. Pa. Part. pass. ispsp Ez. 4:18, dis¬ tinctly. ‘P'Ops m. Dec. III. a. copy. ods to extend, reach out. “ids to interpret , explain. Pa. idem. PlOB m. Dec. III. b. interpretation , explanation. 53ns m. Dec. I. b. delicacies, rich food. oars m. Dec. I. a. word; edict ; letter ; thing , matter, like the Heb. PB'n. nns to enlarge , extend. nns to open. Ithpeel and Ithpaal, pass. ^3 m. Dec. I. a. breadth, width. r : * 2 N32 to be willing ; to acquiesce. rVistBX (Hebrew) armies, retained in Chaldee after ^ and ■'P'bx . T • •• V! f. Dec. VIII. c. desire ; affair. 332S to wet, moisten. Ithpa. pass, “tx m. Dec. IV. b. side. — *1210 on the part of. — ^2ib against. only Dan. *3: 14. NP22P is it your purpose ? or was it your design ? p^p:: adj. or sub. masc. Dec. I. a. righteous ; a righteous man. 5tpp2J f. Dec. VII. a. justice, righteous¬ ness ; alms- giving. 1x52 m. Dec. II. a. (K in otio,) the neck. ribs , *’bs Pa. to pray , supplicate , in¬ voke. nb^ to prosper. Aph. nb^n to make prosperous , promote (a person) ; to execute prosperously ; also intrans. to prosper , be successful ; to be pro¬ moted. obs and dbs m. Dec. III. a. an image, idol ; form , appearance. to sprout , germinate. Aph. to cause to sprout , to bring forth. m. Dec. III. a. grief. "■pax m. Dec. I. a. a he-goat. "*.ss c. g. Dec. II. a. a bird / a sparrow. tpns or 7pp2£ adj. Dec. I. a. needy , construed with b , in need of. P bop and Pa. to receive , accept ; like 3010 , to listen to , comply with. Ithpa. pass. bsjp and bsp prep, before ; over against, opposite ; because of With suff. ftbop , 7|b3j3 , etc. — bopb idem. — b3p“b3 because of • conj. because } therefore ; as. onpp adj. Dec. I. a. holy ; as a noun, saint • holy being, applied to an¬ gels. cPp m. Dec. III. a. that which is be- - 1 : 141 mmm I fore ; former time , beginning ; the east. — y'P‘]p''P , (see ip) formerly ; in front ; toward the east , on the east side. STp and tnp prep, before , in relation to place, coram ; in relation to time, ante. It takes suffixes like plural nouns ; e. g. . — is? D'lp, antequam. — cn}3 often i. q. ya ; sometimes i. q. cnp. simply. riEpp f Dec. VII. a. origin , anti¬ quity. nE'ip "|33 prep, before. *l7a”}p5 f. Dec. VII. c. antiquity • meet¬ ing, coming together, occursus. “’ppp adj. Dec. VI .first. tinp Pa- t° sanctify, consecrate, set apart. USTip m. Dec. II. a, holiness, sacred¬ ness. o ip Fut. D^ipp to rise up, to stand. Pa. D*p to establish,’ to confirm by an oath ; to swear ; to sustain. Aph. c^px and D->pn, Fut. o^p? and cpprn , Part. D^pnp } to set up, e. g. a statue, an image; to appoint, e. g. a governor. Hoph. EPpp. , Q-'pp , or with the form of Aphel, cpp Dan. 7:4, to stand. ’jS'Vp m. Dec. I. b. offering, oblation • sacrifice, victim. b::p to kill. Pa. idem,, in reference to the destruction of many. So in Syriac. Ithpe. and Ithpa. pass. "iiap m. Dec. III. b. knot • joint , dif¬ ficult problem. u^p (i. q. Heb. ypp) m. Dec. III. d. summer. Dip m. Dec. I. a. a covenant : an edict, decree. Dip adj. "Dec. I. a. established, firm. VP m. pr. n. Cain. tnrrp Kethib Dan. 3 : 5, 7, etc., i. q. Gr. Kt^apts, a harp. The pointing is that of Diinp , q. v. bp m. Dec. I. a. voice. PI. ybp thun¬ ders; jbp voices. bibp adj. Dec. I. a. light ; quick f adv. a little. “ilDp and I'lDp m. Dec. I. a. a girdle , a belt. “ip m. Dec. IV. b. a nest, a hive. ipp to buy , purchase. V?P m. Dec. I. b. acquisition ; pos¬ session, substance. p^p to be angry, to be in a rage. p^p m. Dec. III. anger, wrath. ysp to cut off, amputate ; to kill. Ithpe. pass. npp f. Dec. I. b. a part ; an end. Npp to call ; to read. □np , 2pp and Pa. Dpp to approach ; to touch, construed with D , b , etc. to bring, to offer. Ithpe. to cleave to. Aph. to bring near : to offer. Dpp m. Dec. I. a. war, contest. "Vp a city, irreg. Emph. ip-jp, XFipp , arynp, xinp and :srnip ; plur. TiHPj and i^P, emph. xrmsip . “Jpp and yip f. Dec. III. a. a horn. Plur. WP) 1?7P and, wit,h Dual form, ypPP • ypp m. Dec. III. a. a piece, fragment. DiEJp m. irreg. emph. Nptplp truth. — XD12jlp2 indeed : interrocj. in- deed ? — Diiap *(p truly, certainly. npjp emph. Npipp Dec. III. a. a bow ; the rain-bow. Oinrp (Keri for 0"imp , Da n. 3 : 5, etc. The analogy of the Greek /adapts would lead us to point the latter Opn^p . The Targums have Diinp which appears to be the less an¬ cient form.) m. Dec. I. a. a harp. n and P3*n m.Dec. I. a. head ; sum amount. Plur. arid once ’plDX'n Ez. 5 : 10, chiefs, prin¬ cipal men. Dp m. Dec. IV. a. plur. •papsp Dec. II. a. a prince ; as an adj. great ; 142 i plur. proud, arrogant (speeches, or actions.) rn n to be great or numerous. Pa. i2n and Aph. “>2nN to exalt , set in an eminent station ; to increase ; to bring forth abundantly . Ithpe. and Ithpa. to be exalted , to be elevated. *Gn f. Dec. VIII. c. greatness. “isi and xi2n num. adj. ten thousand, a myriad. Plur. *^2n and *]2pn . •)i2n rn. Dec. I. a. lord , master. iripn num. adj. Dec. VI. fern. S^ripn fourth. "pnpn m. Dec. I. a. a nobleman, prince. 3pn to desire, long for. Pa. idem. T2 to be moved , excited ; to be angry. Aph. to excite to anger. T3;n m. Dec. III. b. anger. bap and ban c. g. Dec. III. a. a foot. Dual and plural “pbjn . 1135“} to be tumultuous. Ithpe. and Ithpa. idem ; to rage ; to roar. Aph. to rage ; to collect together in a rage or with tumult. ‘H m. Dec. I. a. aspect, appearance. T^in m. Dec. III. e. anger. n*n c. g. Dec. I. a. wind ; spirit. d!H to be high ; to be exalted. Palp. Dpin to exalt , praise. Aph. to lift up. Ithpal. to lift up one's self C*H m. Dec. I. a. height. 7i m. Dec. I. a. a secret. T pin"} adj. Dec. I. a. distant, remote. crn and Pael enn, to pity, compas¬ sionate ; to love. *innn f Dec. VIII. c. love ; affection , friendship. “pprn (found only in the plural) m. Dec. III. a. mercy, compassion. vnn to trust in. Ithpe. construed with br , idem. b^an adj. Dec. I. a. sent away ; de¬ serted. rnn m. Dec. I. a. scent , smell. UJin , see bxn . cn adj. Dec. I. a. high. Nen and nan to throw , cast: to set, ns to place ; to impose (a tax). Ithpe. to be cast. tan to wink significantly ; to beckon. ian adj. Dec. V. b. and Dec. VI. de¬ ceitful. pn and Pa. to sing for joy ; to speak joyfully. ^n f. Dec. VIII. c. and jopn f. Dec. VIII. a. pleasure, will ; benevolence ; delight. ■jiipn m. Dec. I. a. a, thought. ■)??.“} adj. only Dan. 4 : 1, [4 : flour¬ ishing. rpn and Pa. 3?rp to break in pieces. osn to trample upon, tread in pieces. ^bn f. Dec. VIII. c. permission ; lib¬ erty; power. p^bn adj. Dec. I. a. wicked. nbn to note, write down; to write. 3>bn m. Dec. III. b. and ^a'bn f Dec. VII. c. wickedness. Kmnn f. Dec. VII. a. verbal from t • ; nnn , trembling. to 2b m. Dec. I. a. an elder, a man of grey hairs. X22b, i. q. K220 . q. v. Nab, i. q. Nap, to be or become great. Niab adj. Dec. I. a. great; much , many ; adv. very, exceedingly. D^b to set t place ; to appoint ; to issue (a decree) ; era D!)b to show respect ; tab c*ib to give a name, to name. nab m. Dec. III. b. i. q. nap , side. Only Dan. 7 : 5, Keri. bpb Aph. bpbN to understand ; to be wise. Ithpa. const, with 2 , to con¬ sider. lanbeb f. Dec. VII. c. intelligence. r • : r <—> j understanding. Nab i. q. Nap to hate. (In Chaldee it is generally written with 0 .) Part. fcOb an enemy. nrb m. Dec. III. a. hair. nsb f. Dec. VIII. a. (PI. *)}2p Dec. VIII. c.) a lip. 143 IE bxd , bxi23 or b^d to ask , seek , re- <7wes£, with 3 of the thing asked, or with two accusatives; to in- quire, with b of the person. *3i23 m. Dec. I. a. way , path. *':r3l23 ord. adj. Dec. VI. seventh. 33123 num. adj. seven. See Par. XI. in the Gram. p3!23 to. forsake; simply to leave. Ithpe. pass. 123313' Pa. to terrify. Ithpa. pass. nr>i23 to err. Aph. to entice to sin. bat 23 f. pi. lb 2123 and “(bad } wife of a king; hence queen , Ps. 45: 10. b^id Pa. to persuade ; to entice. "ind Ithpa. to exert one’s self rd Pael, to set , place. Ithpa. to be made, to become. *13b*id m. Dec. I. b. authority, dominion. 3^123 i. q. 3d . “'£*id-m. Dec. II. a. beauty. Plur. id. “i*id m. Dec. I. a. a wall. ■ps’did m. Dec. I. a. a friend ; a . companion. *033123*1123 m. pi. inhabitants of Susa, the winter residence of the Per¬ sian kings. 3rd and rnia to free, deliver. See Gram. § 14. 2. note. adj. Dec. I. a. corrupt, wicked; as a noun wickedness , crime. rod to discover ; to attain, acquire. Aph. idem. Ithpe. to be found. 13123 to dwell , rest. Pa. 13123 to cause to dwell. Hence srsd f. Dec. VII. a. dwelling, pre¬ sence ; the divine presence and glo¬ ry as it appeared in the tabernacle, rib 123 to be secure, safe. nbd f. Dec. VII. a. and ▼ T *13123 f. Dec. VII. c. something amiss, an error, faidt ; a failure. nibd f. Dec. VII. a. rest , tranquillity. nbd to send away ; to put off; to stretch out (the hand). Pa. and Aph. idem. Ithpe. to be deprived. I. abl23 and I2bd to rule, to have power, construed with 3 or b'S . Aph. to cause to rule, to give dominion. II. 3bd const, with 3 , to fall upon, attack. 1125bi23 m. Dec. I. a. ruler , governor. "jiabd m. Dec. I. b. might , power ; do¬ minion. urbd adj. Dec. I. a. powerful, having power, const, with 3 over any thing ; const, with b and an Inf. permitted, lawful ; as a. noun, a powerful man, ruler, officer. sbd i to complete. Aph. to finish, bring to an end ; to restore, give back. nbd m. Dec. I. a. peace, prosperity. ii3'bd m. pr. n. Solomon. nbdbd f irreg. plur. -pbdbd, ibdbd, l^bdbd and nbdbd ; a chain. 3123 , 3*1123 and 3123 m. irreg. emph. N312J ; with suff. PT3123 , Iin3*il23 ; plur. 1»"!3d , const. rfi3l23 , etc. a name. 313 m. pr. n. Shem. 33123 Aph. to destroy. 1213123 names, pi. of 3123 q. v. *<13123 Plur. emph. heaven, the heav¬ ens. The sing, and the absol. plur. are wanting ; const. “'33123 . 33113 Ithpolel 33ind*< to be aston¬ ished, amazed. 13123, xr3U3 (see Gr. § 31. note 2.) adj .fat, rich. a -no 144 rmn BE'd to hear ; to obey. Ithpe. to be heard ; to show one's self obedient , to be obedient or submissive. •pppd i. q. Heb. phad , Samaria. dad c. g. Dec. III. b. the sun. dad to serve ; to minister , as a priest, etc. •jidad m. pr. n. Samson. *jd c. g. Dec. IV. b. a tooth. The dual form *pad is used for the plu¬ ral. So in Hebrew CSiii . 2<3 ti3 Fut. Tseri. to be changed , altered; to be different. Pa. to change ; to violate , transgress ; pass. Part, di¬ verse, different. Ithpa. to change ; intrans. to be altered. Aph. i. q. Pael. I. xid f. Dec. VIII. a. sleep. II. fi«d and ft Dili f irreg. const, md : ernph. Kind; plur. "pad; a year > collectively in the singular, years. p3d adj. Dec. I. a. fem. K3n3d Dec. VII. a. sharp. “DU3 m. Dec. I. b. edge ; point. N2d f] irreg. emph. &trq;d and NHpd ; plur. psd ; an hour ; a moment , any short period of time. ru'd Ithpa. "uridx to narrate , tell ; to enumerate ; to speak. E32d m. Dec. II. a. a judge. ST’S IB or VEd f Dec. VII. c. bruising , trampling under foot ; perhaps Gen. 3: 15, Pseudo-Jon. and Jer. Targ. safety , deliverance ; or rem¬ edy. bsd Aph. to bring down , humble ; to oppress , subdue. bad adj. Dec. III. low. isd to be fair ; to be agreeable. pd adj. Dec. I. a. leg. “iBnsd rn. Dec. I. a. dawn of the morning. I. and, tnd and rnd , to dwell ; to stop , rest. Aph. to cause to dwell or remain. II. x“id and md to loosen ; Part, ppd loose , at liberty ; to solve , ex¬ plain. Pa. idem; also to begin. Ithpa. to be loosed , spoken of the joints, to become powerless. d-fd m. Dec. III. e. a root. sidnd f Dec. VII. t. and ^d^d f Dec. VII. b. eradication; met. banishment. nd and nd num. adj. Dec. IV. b. six. PI. pnd sixty. xnd and nrd to drink. Construed r : ▼ : with denoting the vessel out of j o which any one drinks. Ond to found, establish , confrm. Aphel idem. pnd to be silent , keep silence. n fitasiNtn, defectively written; see xpsn f Dec. VII. a. (PI. ppNn c.g. Dec. I.) afg-tree ; afg. -paFi part. adj. Dec. I. a. fragile , weak, easy to be broken. "Op to break , to break in pieces. Pa. idem. Jthpe. and Ithpa. pass. “■an m. Dec. III. b. and loin f. Dec. VII. a. contention , strife. Jsvnn fem. Dec. VII. a. revolving in a circle ; hence, continuance. — an^pna constantly , continually. a*in to return ; to turn away, to avert. Aph. to return (act.), to restore. rnn to be astonished ; to be terrified , to tremble for fear. K'lb'in f. Dec. VIII. a. a generation ; a. nation , tribe. KSpt^n f. emph. xnEj5psin , cause , oc¬ casion. pp^tt m. Dec. II. a. strength , might. "Tin, i. q. Heb. lid , m. Dec. I. a. an ox. xnaupn f. Dec. VIII. a. praise ; a song of praise ; any song. ninn prep, under. It takes the suf- fixes of plural nouns, nnn idem. nan 145 2nn f. Dec. VII. a. desire , appe¬ tite. ‘DPI Aph. *)3ni< to prepare. ibtn m. Dec. III. a. i. q. Heb. abtii, snow. b^bPi adj. Dec. I.a. elevated ; forti¬ fied. pbn f (masc. PirbPi, const, m. nnbm, e “’pbn), nura. adj. three. Plur. •pnbn ‘thirty. *ln*1bri adj. Dec. VI. third. Once vvrirten *'Pibn Dan. 5 : 7. en (i. q. Heb. Cltt), MB n, and *)Bin adv. there ; thither. cnia , painp thence. ‘nan m. Dec. III. b. a wonder , a miracle. t; Dec. VII. c. perfection / in¬ tegrity. nsan or r,:an f pr. n. of a city of the Philistines, Timnath. Njn plur. *p3in i. q. NipJrtn , etc. q. v. num. adj. Dec. I. b. second. nsia’isn adv. a second time , again. fcO^nsn m. pi. Dan. 3:2, 3, prob. judges or lawyers , jurisconsulti. (Ar. to give counsel , to pass sentence ; hence mufti.) Pjipri m. Dec. I. a. strength - vehe¬ mence. “ppn adj. Dec. I. a. right ‘ fit, conve¬ nient / firm. Cpptn adj. Dec. I. a. strong , mighty. bpn (i. q. Heb. bplli) to weigh. Pass. Praet. to be weighed. *]pn Pa. to adapt , arrange • to pre¬ pare ’ to establish. Aph. idem. Hoph. to be reestablished , restored. ■Jpn adj. Dec. II. a. i. q. ‘ppn. SIB*? to grow . as a tree ; to become strong , powerful. Pa. to confirm , establish. C]pn and DpPi ra. Dec. I. a. power , au¬ thority. Qjnn to explain , interpret. Part, pass, cinna interpreted. ’p'ntn num. adj. two • both. See Gram. Par. XI. and § 42. I. a. note. “ip2?:",;*nn num. adj. twelve. Tpin and Pa. Tpn to expel , drive out. 3“iin and Pa. 3 “tin to break asunder , to destroy. :nrn rn. Dec. III. a. and b. door • — fiOba 3PPi the king’s palace. 3Hin m. Dec. I. a. porter , watchman at a gate. APPENDIX. A. The Rabbinic Dialect. § 1. This dialect is so called from the principal writers who have em ployed it, viz. the Jewish Rabbins. Their most important writings have generally had respect, either to the Hebrew language, the Scriptures of the Old Testament, or to the traditions which constitute the Oral Law , and which the Jews regard as of equal authority with the Scriptures. These writings have been composed in various ages, chiefly since the eleventh century of the Christian era. Among the most valuable of them are the commentaries of Solomon Jarchi, Aben Ezra and David Kimchi, which are published, with others, in the Hebrew Rabbinic Bibles of Bom- berg and Buxtorf. That of Solomon Jarchi is extant also in a Latin translation published by J. F. Breithaupt, (Gotha 1713, 3 vols. small 4to.) For a general account of Rabbinic writers, see Bartolocci’s Bibliotheca Rabbinica, Wolf’s Bibliotheca Hebraea, Vols. I. and III., and the 11 Vitae Celebrium Rabbinorum ” in Reland’s Analecta Rabbinica. § 2. The Rabbinic resembles the ancient Hebrew more nearly than it does the Chaldee, although Chaldee forms are by no means rare. The following are the principal points, in respect to which it varies from both Hebrew and Chaldee. 1. Form of the letters. These may be characterized as a sort of He¬ brew running hand. They are the following: Rabbinic. Hebrew. Rabbinic. f> i 3 3 C V a a 1 5 7 P n P y <1 5 ) 7 T * V n P p 13 *3 » t 1 ^ 1 3 P Jlebt ew. b D » *1 = O 2> r 22 p n w n THE RABBINIC DIALECT. 147 2. Vowels. The Rabbinic is entirely destitute of vowel-marks, with the exception of a few books which have been pointed for the convenience of learners. (Cellarius Inst. Rab. I. 1.) What vowels are to be supplied in reading, must be determined by a knowledge of forms, and by the sense in each particular case. Where however ambiguity would otherwise ex- st, the letters , ) and > are frequently inserted ; f> in such cases indicating the a sound (Q,amets or Pattahh), ) the o or u sound (Hholem, Shureq, Qjbbuts or Q,amets Hhatuph), and > the e or i sound (Tseri, Seghol or Hhireq.) 3. The construct state of nouns often appears instead of the abso¬ lute. 4. The prefixes 7 (Chaldee) and £ (Hebrew, for pjrf)) are employed almost indiscriminately. 5. The conjugation Piel is distinguished, by the insertion of Yodh be¬ tween the first and second radicals; e. g. 73*7 ( = “>2^); Hophal , by the insertion of Vav after the preformative He; e. g. (=“i??n or “Sill). Compare No. 2. above. 6. From Niphal and Hithpael a new conjugation is formed in Rabbinic, called Nithpael , sometimes reflexive, but generally passive in signification. It is distinguished, in the Praeter. by the formative prefix po ; elsewhere, it does not differ in form from Hithpael. 7. Many words occur in Rabbinic, which are not found in Hebrew or Chaldee. They are, for the most part, theological or philosophical terms, and are not unfrequently borrowed from foreign languages, especially the Greek ; e. g. , i. q. arj^elov. 8. Abbreviations abound. These are fully explained by Buxtorf in his treatise, De Abbreviaturis Hebraicis. Compare also Wolf’s Bibliotheca Hebraea Vol. IV. p. 251. For the means of obtaining a complete acquaintance with the Rabbi¬ nic, the reader is referred to Reland’s Analecta Rabbinica, particularly the first two works in that collection, viz. Genebrard’s Isagoge Rabbinica and Cellarius’ Institutio Rabbinismi. Danzius’ Rabbinismus Enucleatus. Opitius’ Chaldaismus. Otho’s Institutiones Linguarum Orientalium. Tychsen’s Elementa Dialecti Rabbinicae. Buxtorf’s Lexicon Chaldaico-Talmudico-Rabbinicum. § 3. The commentary of R. David Kimchi on Joel 3 : 1, 2, (Eng. Ver. 148 APPENDIX. 2 : 28, 29), may serve as a specimen of this dialect. The words of the prophet are D3T?pT combm tjrma siwXaDi nm-bp-br ‘rvn-rx ‘n’isdx mm rvinEttjrrbsi onpyrnbr cm : siatm mV'in cc-mm ma'brH nirfbn . T - t ; - - ; • t -s it - - : : • : v *.• ' - “t ; imi tx msm nann • v ’» : v t •* r COMMENTARY. ppPc ’ri p npf> pp£i ' ['3 p»rr ] p’P’P pnpfo P’Pi ipp • p »ppf> p’pi if’rppi mcp 7ir »p ppic pn7’ f>ii ir7p ppr 7Pf> ■ »pf> ifnc’ 37p »p ppr7’i fnpi 7tr ifapp f>ii ppit pr*7’ »pif> mpc jPt fo» Pn7’P pfr npf> ipf> ’:ri ip ir Tn *jircf> : [f>» p’re’] pip’ pf> pr7 pf>p r>f»ir >p ppfcc p’cpp piP’i P7PP M P”P ’il'3 ipi 13’f>1 7C3 ip 7Pf> PlpP3 7Pfo IPP if>7C’3 C17’P ’ 7C3 P3P P7P P • [ip P’rC’] 7E3 ip f>3» * [p"pp P’ip] 7C3 ip *]73’1 7Plf>1 • 1731 • p’:rppi p’injp 'ip ip 7pf>i ‘ pp’ir C7pp pn prpi p”if>7P ifnr ir it3 ip pr7 pn f»p ’pm . [£"i ’P7’] pii7J 7n ppppri *pif> m» piip »p ppfc ipp p^r pn P3’3i pppp pn »r p"pf>i p pn rir pp;i [f>"» pw] 7pfa ipp ipcpi * ifopp’C 7r 7137P PP Pp^P3 73J’ pipC “]P7J’C ’3PP1 ' PIP’ pf>7’l pr7 pn P713J1 7C3 ip ir 7pf> P17P P1P’PC31 • OP’p1331 PP’33 lf>331 f>if> lf>33p» oilP »P 7Pf> f>i »p cilP f>i DP’71P3 DP’3pf 7>pf>1 • DP’P1331 OP’33 lf>331 f>if> ip 7P^ fi pf>1333 ipf? Pfl33P D7f>i f>13p fi »P i"t j1P”P p PCP ’37 37P il7JP CPPP 3pPE *|77 ir f>1P1 if>3pp» pi33Pi O’pspi • PP’i’P pr3 r3P ii P7p *jp cf> fif’ pnpip pr '’tfa •pwvtp pIPlip 7Pf>t 1PP piipp pf>7P3 ppi p’pp pf>133Pl ^’33P lf>1PC 1PP ppn»33 rif5 pf’PPS P PPf”33 P’P’ pf> [3'’ 737P3] PPf’t 1PP ' P’f”33P 317 pf>133 PP’P |P1 7r nsrc p’f”3:3 vpc ipp pip pirpi pi piirp PP3 i*p» jpi * 13 737^ piip3 r7ip^ pnrpp ’P’ P7f>p pwc3 7cf> piirp x 7pi p:pi p'r w»37 pcpp pp3 p*p» »iif>c i2?7i p’7i i7P»i [fp '’rc’J 7Pf>c ipp * p’7:rp ir pji spirit) »P’i pnppp »p»i if7t’ pf> 173r’1 i^7C’ pf>3l7Pr’P »ri pplf> PJI PP’P71P1 pp’7pf> 7P3 ’331 PP3^ |’:rp 3ni pn PP3 p’ppc i'S pnp pip’rt ]”:n * ipcpi Pr7 pn ppi p’pp ' ' p’3i3ppi jp pn pitn’ 3cr in 717 p»3 ir ’pppci 7Pf> jp ’ pp’pcp Translation of the Commentary. ■p-nnx mm . as if he had said tnp*n nnnxa mm, (Isa. 2: 2.) And it shall come to pass in the last days. He employs the expression “jp— '7PIX, after this , because he had said, “ And ye shall know that I am in the midst of Israel.” His meaning was,2 Ye shall know now. but not with a perfect knowledge; for, as yet, ye continue to sin3 before me. But after this knowledge, the time will come when ye shall know me with a perfect knowledge, and shall no longer sin, viz. in the days of the Messiah, when it is written4 that the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord. (Isa. 11:9.) ; THE RABBINIC DIALECT. 149 i: I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh.” The meaning is, upon Is¬ rael ; as it is written5 in other places, all jlesh , when the expression does not relate to all beings that possess life, but to man alone. So it is writ¬ ten,5 “Let all flesh bless, etc.” (Ps. 145:21,) and, “All flesh shall come, etc.” (Isa. 66 : 23.) So, in a restricted sense, here, “ all flesh ” relates to Israelites fit to receive the Holy Spirit. “ All,” that is,6 great and small ; as it is written,5 “ For they shall all know me, from the least of them, qnto the greatest of them,” (Jer. 31 : 34.) “My Spirit.” that is, the spirit of knowledge and wisdom; as it is writ¬ ten.5 (Isa. 11:2.) “ The Spirit of the Lord7 shall rest upon him,” and the prophet goes on to explain,8 “ the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the Lord.” After their understanding shall have been purified, the power of speech in some of them shall be increased until they shall prophesy. For he says, not., “They shall all prophesy,” but, “Your sons and your daugh¬ ters shall prophesy.” In respect to the effusion of the Spirit , he says, “upon all flesh;” but in regard to prophecy , he says, not all, but, “'And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy.” So he says, “your old men and your young men,” not all of them. And this accords with the man¬ ner in which that wise and great man, R. Moses Ben-Maimon, of blessed memory,9 wrote. “ The gift of prophecy (he says) is not conferred upon a man, even10 with instruction, unless nature prepared it for him at the time of his birth.” The sons and the daughters shall prophesy in their youth, like Samuel the prophet. And the prophetic revelations shall be given to them in seeing dreams ; as he says, “ dreams, visions.” And such was the prophe¬ sying of most of the prophets; as it is written,6 (Num. 12: 6.) “If there be a prophet among you, I, the Lord, will make myself known to him in a vision, and will speak unto him in a dream.” So also there shall be de¬ grees among them, one more exalted than another, as there were among the prophets who have passed ; until perhaps there will be among them one equal to Moses our master, (peace be upon him.)11 And observe, he mentions three degrees which [correspond] to the ages of man, childhood, youth, and old age. “ Also upon the servants ;” as it is written,6 (Isa. 61 : 5,) “And stran¬ gers shall stand and feed your flocks, and the sons of the alien shall be your ploughmen and your vine-dressers.” And even upon them, because they dwell in the land of Israel and serve Is”ael, shall be the spirit of Knowledge and understanding. 150 APPENDIX. The expression pouring out of the Spirit, is equivalent to saying, “The Spirit shall be upon them abundantly ,” [so as to be] like a literal pouring out. Thus it is written,5 (Zech. 12 : 10), u And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications.” Notes. 1 Verse 27. 2 Lit. he said. *?pf> is used with very great latitude. See below, note 4. 3 Lit. ye return and sin. lit. concerning which it is said. £ is instead of . 5 Compare the preceding note. 6 iS, an abbreviation for “?vii that is to say. ' . abbreviation of ■ the name . i. e. Jehovah. 8 Abbreviations. Fully written they would read *p FFtV • *p is a Rabbinic particle, equivalent to the He¬ brew ‘3 . £yt> is Piel ( = tzns), comp. § 2. 5. 9 i t, abbreviation of TCToi • 10 ’EtS j abbreviation for li’pfq , which is contracted of the two particles ii’f> fjf>, even if. 11 VS i. e. CticD via? . *So the Mo¬ hammedans say whenever they repeat the name of their prophet. To the above outline, which was prepared for the first edition of this work, it gives me pleasure to add here that the student may obtain a good idea of the Rabbinical writers and their works from a volume by the Rev. Prof. Samuel H. Turner, D. D., entitled “ Biographical Notices of seme of the most distinguished J ewish Rabbies, and Translations of portions of their Commen¬ taries, &c.” New York, 1847; 12mo, pp. 245. THE SAMARITAN DIALECT. 151 B. The Samaritan Dialect. § 1. The Samaritan, like the Rabbinic, holds a place between Hebrew and Chaldee. See above, Intr. 2. note 2. A brief view of it will there¬ fore be appropriate in this Appendix. § 2. Its characters are those which, among all the oriental alphabets, most nearly resemble the letters found on ancient. Hebrew coins; and hence we may infer were essentially the same with the Hebrew letters before the Babylonish captivity. See above, Gram. § 1. They are as follows : A f B A 2 A n ■flT £ I a a D ¥ P T "T x b A "1 %' n ft 12) t 1 (*;» b j A n T D H n V V Samaritan has no peculiar forms for final letters, nor does it ex- hibit any vowel points. § 3. The following are the principal grammatical peculiarities of this dialect. 1. Nouns have, as in Chaldee and Syriac, an Emphatic State, but em¬ ploy ^ instead of in forming its termination. 2. Masculine nouns usually form the plural, as in Hebrew, by the ter¬ mination 5 although plurals ending in bin are also found. Femi¬ nines form their plurals, like the Chaldee, in an , but written bA with A as a mater lectionis. 3. The personal pronouns, both separate and suffixed, nearly all agree with the Hebrew; the demonstrative and relative with the Chaldee. 4. The conjugations of verbs are the same as in Chaldee, and the in¬ flection almost the same throughout. 5. Vav conversive is not found. 6. Their punctuation is peculiar. A single dot is placed after * This form of the letter Nun, which appears in some alphabets, seems to have been invented by the type-founders to get rid of the close resemblance between Nun and Pe. It is not sustained by MSS. or old editions. See Walton, Castell, Cellarius, &c. passim. The forms of Pe and Nun are confounded in the Samaritan alphabets gi ven in several of our Hebrew grammars. 152 APPENDIX. every word ; two dots placed horizontally^**^ are sometimes employed for a colon; and two placed perpendicularly (*) or three with or without additional lines, ( — ♦:) 0r (=♦:) or ( — <;) for a period. § 4. The first five verses of Genesis, taken from the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, may serve as a specimen of this dialect. As it is with¬ out points I will place the pronunciation in Chaldee letters at the right. Samaritan Text. * s^ZV ' 3fAZA^¥U (1) * * Am * ^za • W^At (2) : WZA'AmZ **mh?flm At^c • rnjA • zv ’ •g^rzA 'nmt *^z?a 4 (TUA * ZV * *^za *ujz!az (3) : •Am *3f3fZA (4) ••u^jaz’sv Az^r^mtb • * bma * ^za *wZ)Z (5) -hmsz *iS«filA ^mrbZ 4^ZA •stmzmz • • ^^uzt : "lAJUTl Pronunciation. Ottbt: nrmspa rrab n^ nnbs T - - T T nyptfi t wix rm t : - •: t : - - : mas© mn • It •• : T T T *. ^£2* by rotim - - - t : t : nnba mm rrainn t t -s - • : t ; ^bk by nnubft •• — - t : — : nnb^ "Ycxi : mm t t •*: t t - : nm mm nm mn m nnba ntm - t t *: t - tthpfcO nb abn mm mm ■pn nnba pyn : natpn ■prn nma mmb nnba t •• t : t t mb">b pyT nabnbi -iBsmm timnini j mn ntm X -• T Note. The first word is nn^p contracted from nntiasip beginning. The second is a quadriliteral he created , not found in the cognate dialects. The rest of these five verses may be said to be almost entirely Chaldee. § 5. For full information respecting the Samaritan dialect and version }f the Pentateuch, consult Io. Morinus, Opuscula Hebreo-Samaritana. Walton, Prolegomena to the Polyglott Bible, ch. 11. Castell, Heptaglott Lexicon, and Grammar prefixed. Chr. Cellarius, Horae Samaritanae, and Uhlemann, Institutiones Linguae Samaritanae. THE END. / I I Date Due FACULTY 0 Ho 48 m lM ■s i®* imm sr flOV 1 2 '6S *YV ^ tirr' > « 1 . . uni . n i | i ■ • ! 4 . 1 . . * 1 | i 1 E a s ! | | f> j fc