* JAN M 7 1911 *) 
 
 Wonderful Discovery 
 The Book of Job. 
 
 BEHEMOTH ^ LEVIATHAN 
 
 Found to Refer to 
 
 The Stationary and Self-propelling 
 
 Steam Engines 
 
 OF OUR DAYS, 
 
 
 BY 
 
 
 V 
 
 SAMUEL 
 
 O. TRIJDELL. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 AVIt P^IMTWO Co. 
 
 , 3941-43-45 Mamit St., 
 
 
 1890. 
 
CoPYRICxHT, 1890. 
 
 Alt Rio-hts Resr;rved. 
 
TO 
 
 Our Railroad -and Steamship Companies 
 
 This Book 
 
 [S respectfully dedicated. 
 
PRKKACE^. 
 
 In this age of wonderful discoveries when the 
 impossible seems to be a thing of the past, and 
 the unknowable but a word which is daily losing 
 its meaning, I hope I will not be considered 
 presumptuous for claiming to have discovered, 
 in the Holy Bible, a most extraordinary and 
 exact description of our modern steam engine, 
 with details of its various parts and of many of 
 its peculiar characteristics. 
 
 The description I allude to is, that of the be- 
 hemoth and leviathan^ found in the latter part of 
 that most ancient book called The Book of 
 Job. 
 
 Job, is said to have been a descendant of Esau, 
 and to have lived in the land of Uz, near the 
 borders of Arabia. 
 
 Chronologists do not agree as to the exact 
 time in which he lived, but it may be safely 
 computed to have been about 3500 years ago. 
 He is represented as having been a most right- 
 eous and learned man ; and to have experienced 
 many severe trials and acute sufferings, with an 
 unparalleled patience and resignation to the will 
 of God. 
 
 Towards the last of his trials, when even his 
 
 (5) 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 friends had become his persecutors, the Lord Him- 
 self appears unto Job and consoles him by rebuking 
 his enemies, and, as a vindication of his words 
 and conduct, shows him many of the wondrous 
 works of creation, and, among other things, calls 
 his special attention to two most • wonderful and 
 powerfully built monsters called, Behemoth, and 
 Leviathan. 
 
 Up to the present the name, as well as the 
 individuality of these supposed animals^ has been 
 problematical. 
 
 Our greatest exegetists, after having written 
 volumes on this subject, have been forced to 
 acknowledge that, after all their careful investi- 
 gations, they entertained serious doubts as to 
 what behemoth or leviathan was. 
 
 The book of Job, and especially the description 
 of these monsters, is conceded to be the most diffi- 
 cult and mysterious of any in the Hebrew Bible. 
 
 Many have supposed Job to be but a fictitious 
 personage, and have taken special advantage of 
 the many extraordinary assertions concerning 
 these monsters, to prove that they were fabulous, 
 and could have had no possible existence except 
 in the mind of the superstitious and ignorant. 
 
 To this I would say that, I am confident of 
 having found the key to this most aticient and 
 most extraordinary prophecy, and of being able 
 to show that, far from being fabulous, these 
 fiery monsters are in our very midst this day, 
 full of life and power, and faithfully administer- 
 ing to our pleasures and daily wants. 
 
PRRFACE. 7 
 
 In order to afford the reader a ready means, of 
 investigating for himself, and at the same time 
 to avoid, as much as possible, too frequent quo- 
 tations in the body of the work, I thought it 
 well to place at the beginning of my review of 
 each verse, the full text in Hebrew and Latin, 
 then the English version. Opposite, each He- 
 brew word will be found my own literal ren- 
 dering of it, followed by that given to the same 
 word by the Vulgate. Thus the student will 
 have prominently before him, a ready means of 
 comparing my own translation with the original, 
 and with the Latin and English versions. 
 
 I will occasionally refer to important passages 
 in the Greek version of the Septuagint, and 
 quote from well-known authors on the subject, 
 as the case may require. 
 
 I have avoided, as far as the scope of this work 
 would allow, all lengthy expositions or discus- 
 sions which are not of absolute importance to a 
 fair elucidation of the point in question, and of 
 all such grammatical explanations as would be of 
 no interest to the general reader. 
 
 As none of our versions of the original text 
 are considered to have been inspired, the reader 
 will understand that, the remarks and criticisms 
 which I have found it necessary to make, con- 
 cerning the renderings of certain difficult pas- 
 sages in old and time-honored versions, are not 
 intended to cast the least shadow of a doubt upon 
 the inspiration of the original text, nor to be con- 
 sidered as a want of respect either for these vn - 
 
8 PREFACE. 
 
 uable works or their authors, to whom I feel 
 much indebted for the elucidati'on of many diffi- 
 cult points. 
 
 In order to make my translations and com- 
 ments harmonize better with the reading of the 
 original and with that of various .versions of it, 
 I have found it necessary to adopt the masculine 
 gender, instead of the feminine, which is generally 
 made use of in speaking of >the locomotive or 
 engine. 
 
 I trust that my humble efforts will add to the 
 joy of all who believe in the inspired word of 
 God and of His Prophets. 
 
 May the ancient Sons of Israel be proud that 
 their ancestors have handed down to us, so in- 
 tact, such an extraordinary document. 
 
A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 IN 
 
 THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 During leisure hours, some twelve years past, 
 while searching for a key to the mysteries of the 
 revelations of St. John, I came to the great " Sea 
 Dragon," with many heads and horns. 
 
 I had followed up, throughout the Bible, a num- 
 ber of passages in which mention was made of some 
 such monster, when ^ came to the description, in 
 the Book of Job, of the mysterious Behemoth and 
 Leviathan. 
 
 The more I pondered over the singular descrip- 
 tion of these monsters, the more I became con- 
 vinced that it applied to some creatures with far 
 greater power and qualities than flesh and blood 
 are generally heir to. 
 
 I was astonished to find that the bones of the 
 behemoth were said to be tubes of brass and ba7's 
 of iron; and that, contrary to all other animals, 
 his strength depended on the firmness of his 
 flanks. I wondered that it should be said of an 
 animal that "his breath kindles coals of fire;" 
 and, "through his nostrils goes forth smoke as 
 from a pot of water heated and boiling." 
 
 This direct reference to steam struck me at 
 
 '0) 
 
lO A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 once as the probable solution of the mystery. I 
 pursued this idea throughout the description, and 
 was greatly surprised at the many points of simi- 
 larity existing between these monsters and our 
 modern steam engine, specially when it is said of 
 the leviathan that ''through his mouth leap forth 
 flames and sparks of fire," and further on, where 
 the same monster is represented as causing the 
 deep sea to boil like a pot. 
 
 The reference of these passages respectively to 
 the steam locomotive and to the steamship seemed 
 quite evident to me. 
 
 I subsequentl}'- read over the works of several 
 commentators on this description; but, to my sur- 
 prise and dismay, I did not find a single word in 
 their learned and elaborate works which might 
 corroborate my views or encQurage me to pursue 
 any further my new ideas. 
 
 Later on I procured the Greek version of the 
 Septuagint, and found that their interpretation of 
 several difficult passages greatly favored my views, 
 specially where they mention that the leviathan 
 turns ^ or propels himself, (xli. 25.) 
 
 But in order to decide for myself between a va- 
 riety of opinions and translations which could 
 not be otherwise than biased by the preconceived 
 ideas of the various authors, I found it absolutely 
 necessary to acquire some knowledge of the He- 
 brew, being the original language in which this 
 description was written. 
 
 After having carefully read over the original, 
 and closely investigated the meaning of each word, 
 
IN THE BOOK OK JOB. H 
 
 I became convinced that both descriptions referred 
 to our modem steam power in its various applica- 
 tions. 
 
 That the reader may have an idea of the un- 
 certainty which has, up to the present, existed as 
 to the nature of the so-called behemoth, I will 
 quote a variety of conjectures concerning the indi- 
 viduality of this monster. 
 
 Albert Barnes, in his notes (Vol. II. p. 267 ^ 
 says : " A variety of opinions has been entertained 
 in regard to the animal referred to here, though 
 the main inquiry has related to the question 
 whether the elephant or the hippopotamus is de- 
 noted. Since the times of Bochart, who has gone 
 into an extended examination of the subject (Pli- 
 eroz. P. ii. L. ii. c. xv.), the common opinion has 
 been that the latter is here referred to. As a 
 specime7i of the method of interpreting the Bible 
 which has prevailed, and as a proof of the slow pro- 
 gress which has been made towards settling the 
 meaning of a difficult passage, we may refer to 
 some of the opinions which have been entertained 
 in regard to this animal. They are chiefly taken 
 from the collection of opinions made by Schultens, 
 in loco. Among them are the following: 
 
 "i. That wild animals in general are denoted. 
 This appears to have been the opinion of the 
 translators of the Septuagint. 
 
 "2. Some of the Rabbins suppose that a huge 
 monster was referred to, that ate every day ' the 
 grass of a thousand mountains.' 
 
 "3. It has been held by some that the wild bull 
 
12 A WONDERFUL , DISCOVERY 
 
 was here meant. Sanctius, particularly, eutertained 
 this view. 
 
 "4. The common opinion, until the times of 
 Bochart, has been that the elephant was meant. 
 See the particular authors who have held this 
 opinion enumerated in Schultens.. 
 
 " 5. Bochart, maintained, and since his time the 
 opinion has been generally acquiesced in, that the 
 river-horse of the Nile, or the hippopotamus, was 
 the one intended. This opinion he has defended at 
 length in Hieroz. P. ii. L. v. c. xv. 
 
 *'6. Others have held that some ' hieroglj'-phic 
 monster' was represented, or that the whole de- 
 scription was an emblematic representation, though 
 without any living original. 
 
 " Amoiig those who held this sentiment, some have 
 supposed that it is designed to be emblematic of the 
 old serpent ; others, of the corrupt and fallen nature 
 of man ; others, that the proud, the cruel, and the 
 bloody are denoted ; some of the ' Fathers ' supposed 
 that the devil was here emblematically represented 
 by the behemoth and leviathan; and one writer 
 has maintained that it had reference to Christ." 
 
 To these may be added the more recent 
 opinion, that the behemoth here described is at 
 present a genus altogether extinct, like the mam- 
 moth, and other animals that have been discov- 
 ered in fossil remains. 
 
 It is evident, from the conflicting views of these 
 learned doctors, that there must be something very 
 mysterious and extraordinary about the behemoth 
 of Job. 
 
IN THE IJOOK OF JOB. 1 3 
 
 Even later commentators do not seem to have 
 made any progress towards solving this most an- 
 cient problem. 
 
 Adam Clarke, in his well known commentary 
 (Vol. II. p. io8), alluding to the name and indi^ 
 viduality of behemoth, remarks that " from the 
 name^ or the understanding had of it by the an- 
 cient versions, we can derive no assistance relative 
 to the individuality of the animal in question ; and 
 can only hope to find what it is by the characteris- 
 tics it bears in the description here given of it. 
 
 "These having been carefully considered, and 
 deeply investigated, both critics and naturalists 
 have been led to the conclusion that either the 
 elephant^ or the hippopotamus or river-horse^ is the 
 animal in question ; and, on comparing the charac- 
 teristics between these two, the balance is consid- 
 erably in favor of the hippopotamus. But even 
 here there are still some difficulties, as there are 
 some parts of the description which do not well 
 suit even the hippopotamus ; and, therefore, I have 
 my doubts whether either of the animals above 
 is that in question, or whether any animal now 
 in existence be that described by the Almighty." 
 
 The great objection to the above animals being 
 the ones alluded to, is, that their tails are remark- 
 abl}'' short, only about a foot long, whilst that of 
 the behemoth is said to be enormous, resembling a 
 tall cedar tree. 
 
 In its proper place I will show to what this 
 enormous tail refers, and how natural and neces- 
 sary it is to our modem behemoth. 
 
14 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 As to the leviathan^ there has been no less con- 
 jecture, concerning its name and identity^ than ^ 
 those of behemoth. 
 
 As its name was never satisfactorily explained, 
 most versions retained the original Hebrew word. 
 The Septuagiut, though, rendered it dragon. It 
 might be well to remark here that_, in almost all 
 languages^ the word dragon means a fiery monster. 
 
 It is certainly a name that would suit well the 
 characteristics of the one here described. As to 
 its personal identity, some have supposed it to be 
 a huge serpeut, described in ancient fables, whose 
 head would meet its tail around the earth. 
 
 I can now see a great deal of probability in 
 this supposed fable, if it be but interpreted of 
 steam. For the steamships and the steam rail- 
 roads have_, in cieed^ girdled the earth. 
 
 Others look upon the leviathan as some monster 
 whale, or some ferocious creature of the deep. 
 Even monsters of wickedness have been supposed 
 to be alluded to here. 
 
 Up to the present, the crocodile has been looked 
 upon as the one most probably referred to, on ac- 
 count of possessing more of the required charac- 
 teristics. 
 
 Adam Clarke, after a serious and impartial con- 
 sideration of the subject, says: "After all, what 
 is leviatJiaii ? I have strong doubts whether either 
 whale or crocodile be ijieant. 
 
 " I think even the crocodile overrated by this de- 
 scription. He is too great, two powerful, too im- 
 portant in this description. - No beast, terrestrial 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I5 
 
 or aquatic, deserves the high character here given ; 
 though that character considers him as uncon- 
 querably strong, ferociously cruel, and wonderfully 
 made. 
 
 " Perhaps leviathan was some extinct niaminoth 
 of the waters^ as behemoth was of the land. How- 
 ever I have followed the general opinion by treat- 
 ing him as the crocodile throughout these notes ; 
 but could not finish without stating ni}^ doubts 
 on this subject; though I have nothing better to 
 offer in the place of the animal in behalf of which 
 almost all learned men and critics argue, and con- 
 cerning which they generally agree. As to its 
 being an emblem either of PharcLoh^ or' the devil^ 
 I can say little more than, I doubt. 
 
 " The description is extremely dignified ; and, 
 were we sure of the animal, I have no doubt we 
 should find it in every instance correct. 
 
 " But after all that has been said, we have yet 
 to to learn what leviathan is." 
 
 According, then, to the opinion of this learned 
 commentator, we have yet to leant WHAT leviathan is. 
 
 Moreover it would be well to take particular no- 
 tice of his important conclusion, that, were we 
 sure of the anijnal, we should find the description 
 in every instance correct. 
 
 It is upon this very point of exact correspondence 
 to the original description, that I base the exclu- 
 sive right of the steam engine to the claim of be- 
 ing the behemoth and leviathan therein referred to. 
 
i6 
 
 A WONDERFUl, DISCOVERY 
 
 BEHEMOTH CONSUMES FOOD AS WELL AS 
 CATTLE DO. 
 
 Job xl. 16 
 
 ^^T^^^^^ 
 
 Behold now one 
 
 Ecce 
 
 (...f73) niDD^ 
 
 with ragings — great heat, 
 
 behemoth 
 
 'O^'^^C^m 
 
 which I made io be 
 
 quem feci 
 
 W 
 
 with thee ; 
 
 tecum ; 
 
 yiin 
 
 hay, fodder 
 
 fcenum 
 
 T.?^ 
 
 as well as cattle 
 
 quasi bos 
 
 :':'?N» 
 
 he, or it, will consume, — eat. 
 
 comedet. 
 
 Behold now behemoth, which I have made with thee 
 he eateth grass as an ox." 
 
 This verse, in the present Hebrew Bible, is 
 numbered the fifteenth, but the same enumeration 
 has not been adopted by all versions. 
 
 The entire description, relating to behemoth and 
 leviathan^ is <:ontained in forty-four consecutive 
 verses, and is the most extraordinary and elaborate 
 one of the kind to be found in the Bible ; and, up 
 to the present, has proved the most difficult as well 
 as the most incomprehensible of inspired writings. 
 
 Most of its difficulties, though, will be found to 
 be due to the forced construction which had to be 
 adopted in order to make the words of the original 
 suit the animals supposed to be referred to. 
 
• - IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 7 
 
 In our English translations, the word beheynotji 
 stands as it does in the original Hebrew ; but there 
 is no good reason for this other than a means of 
 evading the responsibility of translating it cattle ; 
 this, expositors have readily noticed, would not 
 agree with the wording of this verse, nor with what 
 is said in subsequent verses concerning the nature 
 and extraordinary powers of the one therein de- 
 scribed. Neither have they ventured to render the 
 word (nlOri?) belmnoth^ by a great beast ^ as a phi- 
 ralis excellenticB^ for the reason that the Lord 
 would certainly not give such a wonderful descrip- 
 tion of an animal without calling it by its proper 
 name, as He had all others to which He had re 
 ferred in the verses immediately preceding this. 
 Moreover, by giving to this powerful creature the 
 common appellation of beast^ it would virtually be 
 leaving this most extraordinary one without a 
 name ; for nowhere else in this description can a 
 word be found which might be indicative of its 
 name. Therefore, the shortest way out of this 
 dilemma was to retain, as the name of this sup- 
 posed creature, a word which seemed intended to 
 indicate the species to which he belonged, but 
 which, evidently, had no intelligible meaning to 
 expositors. 
 
 The same reasons, undoubtedly, led them to> 
 retain the original Hebrew word leviatlian (chap. 
 xli. i), as its real meaning — one coupled together — 
 seemed to them inapplicable. Therefore, they 
 made this verse the beginning of a new description, 
 and supposed that it referred to a different animal., 
 
1 8 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 although there is certainly nothing more to war- 
 rant it than the difficulty of the word, which is a 
 compound one. 
 
 It is evident that the names of these two extra- 
 ordinary monsters have been, up to the present, as 
 much of a mystery as the nature of the creatures 
 themselves. 
 
 With one or two exceptions, exegetists agree that 
 what is here said under the head of behemoth refers 
 to but one animal or species of animals. Never- 
 theless, some have endeavored to show that it must 
 refer to several species of animals ; but this is only 
 on account of the difficulty they have experienced 
 in finding any one animal which could have pos- 
 sessed at once such various and wonderful attri- 
 butes. 
 
 Most translators have retained the original word 
 behemoth, such as the Syriac, Arabic, Vulgate; but 
 the Septuagint translate it by {^w^n) theria, which 
 denotes generally a wild beast. The Chaldee has 
 creature or beast, in general. Prof. Lee renders it 
 beasts. Umbreit supposes that it means Nile-horse. 
 In the marginal reading of certain manuscripts the 
 word elephant is added by way of interpretation. 
 
 From the above, one can j udge of the difficulty 
 which has been experienced in comprehending this 
 word, and rendering it suitably to the context. 
 ' The word (nlQnS) behemoth, taken as the 
 plural of iH-^n^) beiiemah, is a collective noun. 
 It is often met with in the scriptures, and denotes 
 domestic cattle, such as the ox, the horse, the ass. 
 It is sometimes poetically used in connection with 
 
IX THE liOOK OV JOH. I9 
 
 ({'"l^H) liaarcts, and then refers to beasts of the 
 fields wild beasts ; but there is nothing to show 
 that^iu this instance^it might have been intended 
 in this sense. 
 
 If this word br he moth be derived from behemah^ 
 it becomes difficult to understand why a collective 
 name of such wide application should be used here, 
 when the entire description is evidently of some 
 peculiar and powerful monster. Then again this 
 word never occurs elsewhere as a proper noun. 
 Even if it be taken as a pluralis excelletitics^ it is 
 still objectionable, for it leaves this creature with- 
 out a name, whilst this is the only word which 
 all versions seem to look to. as intended to indi- 
 cate the species or name of this supposed animal. 
 
 It is thought b}'- some that, under the form 
 behemoth^ there lies concealed some Egyptian name 
 for the hippopotamus, so modified as to put on the 
 appearance of a Semitic word. Thus P-ehe-mout 
 would signify the water-ox. 
 
 Undoubtedly the word must have some appro- 
 priate meaning, but we can derive no benefit from 
 such mere conjectures. 
 
 As to the word behemoth referring but to one 
 animal, may be strongly inferred from the verb to 
 eat^ being in the third person singular, Jie will 
 eat. In subsequent verses the pronouns are also 
 in the singular. 
 
 Neither can a plurality of animals be satisfac- 
 torily established from any expression which occurs 
 in any of the forty-four verses of this description. 
 That he is represented, now among the wild beasts 
 
20 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of the field, then as ploughing the deep, does not 
 prove conclusively that two distinct animals are 
 meant ; neither will the wording of the context 
 favor any such a supposition, but rather that some 
 amphibious monster is referred to. I have refer- 
 ence here to both behemoth and leviathan. There 
 are passages, in the description of the one as well 
 as of tlie other, that prove beyond a doubt, accord- 
 ing to their present interpretation, that both were 
 aquatic, and that both went on land. For instance, 
 the twenty-third verse of the present chapter reads, 
 " Behold, he drinketh a river, and hasteth not ; he 
 trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his 
 mouth." This verse, taken in the same sense as 
 the majority of expositors have, viz. : that he would 
 not be moved though an impetuous torrent rushed 
 over his mouth, is good evidence that this monster 
 did not fear the water, not even an impetuous 
 torrent. 
 
 The following verse may be quoted to show that 
 he roams about on land also: "Surely the moun- 
 tains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of 
 the field play (xl. 20)." 
 
 Numerous passages could be quoted from the 
 forty-first chapter to prove that leviathan also is 
 aquatic, but it will be sufficient to refer to the thirty- 
 first verse ; " He maketh the, deep ta boil like a 
 pbt ; he maketh the sea like a pot of ointment" 
 
 As a land animal i^is said of him, in the thirty- 
 third verse : " Upon earth there is not his like, who 
 is made without fear." From this it would appear 
 that he was more formidable "on the earth (lit upon 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 21 
 
 the dust), than in the sea, as it is asserted that 
 '' upon the em'th there is not his like," whilst noth- 
 ing-is said of his being the most formidable in the sea. 
 
 From these few passages it would seem evident, 
 then, that both behemoth and leviathan were amphi- 
 bious ; a rather strange coincidence, that the two 
 greatest and strongest creatures should be amphi- 
 bious. 
 
 But a stranger fact still, and a further proof of 
 the oneness of this description is, that there does 
 not occur one single word^in either of these (sup- 
 posed) two descriptions, which would tend to show 
 that these creatures were dissimilar in any of their 
 main featuves. For instance, it is said that behe- 
 moth consumes hay or fodder as well as cattle do, 
 whilst it is not affirmed that the leviathan feeds on 
 anything different, as fish, or flesh, for instance. 
 
 The bones of the behemoth are said to be bai'S 
 of iron ; and tubes like copper ; and his tail is 
 likened to a tall cedar tree. But nothing is said 
 to the contrary of the bones nor of the tail of the 
 leviathan. If he were a separate and distinct ani- 
 mal, we would undoubtedly find some of his corre- 
 sponding parts also described, that his superiority 
 in beauty or strength might be known. As the 
 description stands, it would be difficult for an}'- one 
 to show in what the one differed from the other. 
 
 Under the supposition that two distinct animals 
 are meant, it would also be hard to reconcile what 
 is said of behemoth (xl. 19) : "He is chief of the 
 ways of God," — with what is asserted of leviathan, 
 that "upon earth there is not his like." (xli. 33). 
 
2 2 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 These mysteries, however, are easily solved when 
 we look upon the so-called behemoth and leviathan 
 as referring to but one powerful monster, such as 
 our modern steam engine, which is also capable of 
 running on land as well as in the deep sea ; and 
 that the word leviathan does not designate a differ- 
 ent creature, but is simply a compound word mean- 
 ing (as all writers on the subject explain), one 
 linked or coupled together^ and denoting one of the 
 many characteristics of the behemoth, or the same 
 steam engine in the shape of a locomotive or self- 
 propelling machine capable of being linked or 
 coupled to other parts. 
 
 These points will be elucidated at length as I 
 proceed with the exposition of each verse. 
 
 Having thus given a brief insight as to the ref- 
 erence of this entire description, I will proceed with 
 a closer investigation into the difBculties of each 
 verse. 
 
 As to the proper meaning of the word behemoth^ 
 I have reasoned thus. If it be the name of the 
 monster referred to in this description, and if the 
 Lord Himself gave it this name, then, according to 
 all precedents in similar cases, it must be a name 
 which indicates some of its prominent characteris- 
 tics, or the purposes to which it was adapted. That 
 it is intended to designate the monster referred to 
 ill this description, there can hardly be any doubt ; 
 all expository, without any exception, having so 
 decided. 
 
 That this name — as well as this entire descrip- 
 tion — has been crivcn by the^Lord Himself, we can 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. SJ 
 
 find no reasonable grounds for a supposition to the 
 contrary, whilst we possess strong evidence in its 
 favor, viz., (i) The statement of the writer of the 
 book of Job, who says that the Lord spoke unto Job 
 out of the whirlwind. (2) The fact that in the words 
 attributed to the Lord occur numerous and extra- 
 ordinary revelations which, in those days, could not 
 possibly have been known to Job or his ancestors, 
 without a direct revelation from God, such as the 
 suspension of our globe in space without a foun- 
 dation, which fact can be reasonably inferred from 
 chapter xxxviii. 6. 
 
 In the same chapter, verse fourteenth, the rota- 
 tion of the earth . and its garment of clouds are 
 clearly indicated as being like a seal of clay rotat- 
 ing on itself; and they (the noxious vapors, men- 
 tioned in the previous verse), standing as a gar 
 ment. 
 
 (3.) This extraordinary revelation itself, concern- 
 a most modern and most extraordinary piece of 
 mechanism, the steam engine, which, when its 
 identity has been established, will constitute suffi- 
 cient proof in itself that such a thing could not 
 have been known to men in those days without a 
 direct revelation from God. 
 
 As to precedents in similar cases, where the Lord 
 has given names indicating some prominent charac- 
 teristic of the person or thing He named, I would 
 refer to the Bible, which is full of such instances. 
 Adam is so called on account of his color being red 
 or ruddy. Eve's name designates her as " the mothei 
 of the living." Abraham is so called because ht 
 
24 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 was destined to be " the father of a multitude," 
 and Israel^ because " he prevails with God," And 
 as an example of the prevalence of calling animals 
 by names which indicate some of their characteris- 
 tics, I would mention the name of the ox, which, 
 in Hebrew is, collectively, bakar ("^j^^) meaning, 
 primarily, to plough^ as in those days the ox was 
 used to plough. 
 
 Even the Indians in America name, not only 
 animals, but also their children, from certain per- 
 sonal peculiarities, or from incidents of their birth 
 or youth. 
 
 Thus, from this most ancient rule with the Lord 
 and with men, I would conclude that the God- 
 given name behemoth^ must carry within itself in- 
 dications of some of the most prominent character- 
 istics of the monster intended. 
 
 As we have before us a most complete - descrip- 
 tion of the extraordinary powers and peculiar 
 habits of this wonderful creature, it will not be hard 
 to decide what its most prominent characteristics 
 are ; then we will be better able to see whether 
 some of the meanings of the word behemoth can 
 be found to correspond to any ol them. 
 
 The most striking peculiarities of this creature, 
 such as would make an immediate impression 
 upon the mind of an unprejudiced reader of the 
 original, would be the repeated description oi fire 
 2A\^ flames emanating fcom him. For instance in 
 chapter xli. i8 to 2 ad verse we read: "With his 
 neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like 
 the eyelids of the morning." -" From his mouth 
 
■ - IN. THE BOOK OF JOB- 25 
 
 flames will leap forth, and sparks of fire wijl 
 escape." " Out of his nostrils will issue forth 
 smoke, as out of a boiling pot or caldron." " His 
 inhaling kindleth coals, and a flame goeth out of 
 his mouth." He is also repeatedl}^ represented 
 as being full of ragings and internal commotions. 
 Then his various parts, which are said to be 
 tubes of brass ^ bars of iron and impenetrable shields^ 
 closely unitedthe one to the other; all of which 
 should have secured for it, from the Lord, a name 
 far more appropriate than the common appella- 
 tion of cattle or beasts. 
 
 Reasoning on the strength of the above, I feel 
 convinced that the word behemothrnMsX. have some 
 mysterious signification ; or that possibly the ori- 
 ginal word, either from inadvertency, or from the 
 doubtful or obliterated form of some of its char- 
 acters, may have been changed to its present read- 
 ing. 
 
 I would suppose, as the most plausible solu- 
 tion of this difficult problem, that here the letter 
 (fl) cketh^ was mistaken for the letter (n) he; 
 and that the original reading of this word was, 
 (niDnS) be-chemoth. 
 
 I would take beth here as the prefix preposi- 
 tion, with ; and chemoth as the plural of cheniah^ 
 meaning heat^ attger^ rage or wrath. 
 
 According to this the original would have 
 meant; Behold now one with ragings, or, one full 
 of violent ragings, full of great heat or warmtJi. 
 
 Here the plural form of the word would seem 
 intended to indicate either the intensity or the va- 
 
26 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 riety of this heat, or wrath ; so that the sense may 
 be, either that he was filled with intense heat, or 
 with various kinds of heat ; or, with violent wrath, 
 or with a variety of ragings. 
 
 Either or all these meanings of the word, as you 
 will recognize, correspond in a wonderful manner 
 with some of the most prominent characteristics of 
 this monster as shown above, and corroborates so 
 fully the proposition which I have advanced, that 
 names given by the Lord himself are always found 
 to designate some prominent characteristics of the 
 person or thing named, that it almost amounts to 
 a proof that the correction which I propose restores, 
 indeed, the word behemoth to its original form and 
 meaning, viz., bechemoth^ one having within it vio- 
 lent ragings, intense heat. These same ragings 
 seem to be clearly referred to in the verse just 
 quoted above, where, speaking of his rage as mani- 
 fested through his nostrils, he says : " Out of his 
 nostrils will issue forth smoke, as out of a boiling 
 pot or caldron." This may be taken as a clear 
 manifestation of both great heat and great anger. 
 
 Let us now see how these various meanings of 
 the word bechemoth would apply to our modern 
 steaming monster. 
 
 No one will deny that he is full of terrific rag- 
 ings, and intense heat. His. pent-up. forces escape 
 With fearful rage ; and, at times, he roars most ter- 
 rifically. Surely th»re is also enough heat in him 
 to account for the Hebrew word being in the plural, 
 (chemolh). It is heated steam that issues from his 
 nostrils ; his flanks are filled with heated water ; 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. ^'J 
 
 his whole body is burning Iwt^ and his very food, is 
 burning coals of fire fanned by his own breath. 
 
 Thus it would seem that the meaning of the 
 word bechejuoth^ not only suits the main character- 
 istics of the monster of Job, but corresponds in an 
 extraordinary manner with those of our modern 
 monster of power. 
 
 The next difficulty which occurs in this verse, 
 is the phrase " which I made with thee." It 
 has given rise to many conjectures, and almost 
 every exponent of the passage has had a diffferent 
 view of its meaning. 
 
 The Vulgate renders it "quern feci tecum," the 
 same as above. The Septuagirit leave out the 
 verb, and render the entire passage by " ttc/w <to/ " 
 — near thee. It is possible that the Septua- 
 gint had some objections to the verb and pre- 
 ferred not to express it, as it does not mean to 
 create^ but simply to ?nakc^ to construct^ which 
 might not have been consistent with their views, 
 which probably v/ere that this monster had been 
 created as well as all animals. As it stands in the 
 Greek it leaves a wider range to the translator, 
 and would suit my views better than some of 
 our late translations. Barnes translates — " which 
 I have made as well as thyself" — that is, either 
 " I have made him as well as 3^ou, have formed 
 him to be a fellow creature with thee," or " I have 
 made him near thee;" to, wit, in Egypt. 
 
 Prof. Lee, viewing this description as refer- 
 ring to various species of animals distributiveU', 
 translates ; " Behold now the beasts which I have 
 
28 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 made are with thee, . . ." In subsequent re- 
 marks on the expression " with thee," he says : 
 " The phrase (T]D^ ^H^t?^^) asithi irmnake, will not 
 bear the sense ascribed to it by Bochart ; First, 
 because y^^/ /^<^^7;2, in that sense, cannot be shown 
 to be Hebrew ; and, secondly, because none of 
 the passages adduced .... either exhibits that 
 phraseology, or anything like it. For, to make 
 or create anything with another^ must mean 
 one of these two things; (i) Either to do this 
 in society with another so that he be present 
 with the action ; ^y^ich is impossible here ; or 
 (2) to make, or create anything so that it may 
 be or remain with another ; and this I take to be 
 the sense intended. In that sense, to create with, 
 would supply no sense adequate to that intended 
 by the original. It is, consequently, , a false tran- 
 lation. I have therefore translated the' passage 
 '.are with thee ;' i. e., in thy neighborhood, and 
 familiar to thy sight. In this sense I have no 
 objection to adopt the 'prope' or'juxta' of 
 Bochart, in rendering it ; although I claim the privi- 
 lege of separating '^VS^VVcisithiixoxQ. '^V. immake by 
 the term ' are ' by which a regular phraseology is 
 restored. In this case, too, we are not compelled 
 to recur to the Nile exclusively to find the hippo- 
 potamus, but may take in the- horse, the mule, the 
 as's, the wild ass or horse, the hippopotamus, and, 
 indeed, every other animal which is graminivorous, 
 and answers the descriptions severally given." 
 I have referred to the above author "because I con- 
 cur with him in his views of the meaning of the 
 
IN TPIE BOOK OF JOB. 29 
 
 expression " with thee ;" for this passage could not 
 certainly be intended to mean that God had made 
 this monster with Job, that is, either at the same 
 time or in company with him; but made it to be 
 with him as a companion or helpmate. We can- 
 not interpret this, though, as meaning that he 
 was made to be exclusively with Job, but with 
 mankind in general. One of the primary mean- 
 ings of the word is help or aid to any one. 
 
 This view of the meaning of this passage is cer- 
 tainly quite applicable to the steam engine; for 
 it is undisputedly one of the greatest and most 
 powerful helpmates ever made for man. 
 
 Undoubtedly the. chief reason- which deterred 
 expositors from interpreting the word in the 
 sense of a helpmate " for thee," was the drift of 
 the description which proves this monster to be 
 of a most terrible and fiery character. 
 
 But this, otherwise reasonable objection, is found 
 to disappear when we look upon our modern mon- 
 ster of power as this terrible one. Moreover 
 this view of it is just what is required to fully 
 illustrate the difficulty of this passage ; for, other- 
 wise, why should the Lord have said that He had 
 made this creature with Job, or with man, any more 
 than the other animals he had made ? 
 
 Ferocious monsters, such as are supposed to be 
 referred to here, cannot be said to have been made 
 for man, nor made to be with him. 
 
 Surely the good man Job would not have ap- 
 preciated the compliment had he known that the 
 most hideous of all monsters — the hippopotamus — 
 
30 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 was, of all others, the one that the Lord had more 
 specially created with him, according to Bochart. 
 
 Although the Lord seems to address Himself to 
 Job throughout this description, yet it cannot be 
 supposed that he is exclusively meant, but rather 
 all mankind, of which he here stood as a representa- 
 tive. In proof of this I would refer to the evident 
 meaning of the word just explained, and also to 
 chap. xli. 5, where the Lord, addressing Job, says : 
 " Wilt thou bind (harness) him for thy maidens ? " 
 whilst Job's maidens were then all dead. Evidently 
 the meaning of this passage is : ' Will man bind 
 him for his maidens ? ' or, is he such a reliable 
 creature that man will harness him up as a play- 
 thing for his children ? It is not necessary, there- 
 fore, to suppose that Job was well acquainted with 
 the behemoth, or with the leviathan, as some 
 writers suppose. I look on it as probable, though, 
 that Job saw the behemoth at the moment the 
 Lord said to him : " Behold now the behemoth which 
 I made to be with thee;" and that the vision 
 remained before him during the entire description. 
 
 Before dismissing the passage under considera- 
 tion, viz: "which I made with thee;" I wish 
 the reader to take particular notice, in this case, of 
 the verb to make. Gesenius in his lexicon, says : 
 "Often asaJi (Hb^^), is so put as to express the 
 simple idea of a verb of action, to do^ to act., rendered 
 definite only by the cantext or the circumstances." 
 The Vulgate translates this word by facere, and 
 most translators render it by the verb to make., to 
 do. Umbreit, however, takes the liberty of render- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 3 1 
 
 iiig it by the verb to create^ and translates; " which 
 I created as well as thee." To this translation I 
 object on the grounds that, had it been one of the 
 animals created by God at the beginning, the same 
 word bara (^^7?) which is used in Gen. i. i. would 
 have been used in this instance also. The use of 
 the expression to make^ to construct, instead of to 
 create, specially when the creating of an animal is 
 concerned, is, to say the least, very remarkable, 
 when one takes into consideration that it is the 
 Creator Himself who makes use of the word. 
 Therefore the strong presumption in my favor 
 that this monster was not one of the created 
 animals. 
 
 Had the Lord said '' which I have created," it 
 would have had a strong tendency to prove that 
 this one had been created from the beginning, in 
 the same way as animals, and that he was an 
 animal. But it happens here, as you will notice it 
 to often occur throughout this wonderful prophecy, 
 that the very word which might be looked to as 
 proving beyond a doubt that this monster was an 
 animal, is wanting in strength ; and that a word 
 of very doubtful meaning is made use of, to the 
 great embarrassment of those who suppose that 
 some animal is here meant. 
 
 That the Lord, in this instance, should express 
 Himself as though he had already made this ciea- 
 ture at the time, has no further meaning than 
 that He had already provided all the things 
 necessary to its construction, and that, in its 
 proper time, He would cause it to appear. 
 
32 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 He had so designed it from the beginning, and 
 then spoke of it as an accomplished fact with Him. 
 Here I would quote Romans iv. 17: "God . . . 
 who calleth those things which be not as though 
 they were." " Qui . . . vocat ea quae non sunt, 
 t'anquam ea quae sunt." So that this mode of 
 expression with God was well understood long ago. 
 
 From this exposition the reader will readily sec 
 that this passage cannot be relied on to prove that 
 the so-called behemoth was a created animal, 
 nor that he was already in existence upon the 
 earth at the time the Lord addressed Job. 
 
 Moreover I am confident that the elucidation 
 of the whole will soon dissipate the doubts which 
 may arise as to the reference of dijB&cult and 
 isolated passages. 
 
 The second hemistich of this verse seems to 
 refer to the food of this extraordinary creature, 
 .and, in our ordinary English translations, reads 
 as follows: "he eateth grass as an ox." A more 
 literal rendering would be " he .will eat." The 
 verb to eat seems to have, in all languages, the 
 same various meanings of to eat^ to consume^ to de- 
 7'oiir ; and can be applied to animate as well as 
 inanimate things. I prefer here the expression 
 to consume. 
 
 But taking the word chatzir in its jnost common 
 'acceptation, we find it to mean primarily an enclose 
 lire ; then grass^ h&rbagr. The same connection 
 of ideas can be found under the Greek word xop^o(,^ 
 by which the Septuagint translate in this instance. 
 The Vulgate renders the ^ word by foenum^ hay^ 
 
• . IN THE BOOK OK JOB. 33 
 
 strazv. Most of our English commentaries trans- 
 late grass. I would prefer here the word fodder^ 
 then herbage., as answering all the requirements 
 of the case. So far I consider this part of the 
 verse to mean "he will consume herbage or fodder, 
 as well as the ox;" but here instead of the word 
 ox, I would prefer the word cattle., and for these 
 reasons. 
 
 The original word ("^j^?) bakar^ rendered ox, 
 means in its primary sense to cleave^ to plough^ and 
 is generally used collectively for oxen., cattle ; as in 
 Job i. 3, "five hundred yoke of oxen," which, says 
 Barnes in loco., "would be quite as appropriately 
 rendered cattle.'''' 
 
 The same word is used in the same sense in 
 V. 14. "The oxen were ploughing," which Barnes 
 remarks should be rendered cattle as including 
 not merely oxen., but probably also coivs. The 
 same reasons prevail here, for the comparison is 
 evidently intended to be general ; there is nothing 
 in the fact of eating or consuming straw or food 
 which is more peculiarly the attribute of the ox., 
 than of cattle in general. Moreover there is 
 nothing in the context which goes to show that 
 the ox is particularly intended, but everything 
 rather tends to show that the expression is 
 general. Consequently I render this passage ; 
 He (or it) will consume herbage, or fodder as well 
 as cattle do. 
 
 The above, as will be seen, has a much wider 
 range of application than the bare assertion that 
 "he eateth grass like an ox." Yet it is perfectly 
 
34 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 consistent with the meaning of the original words. 
 Now, why should it be related as a strange and 
 remarkable thing, that this one cojtsicmes (or eateth) 
 grass, or straiv, etc., as zvell as cattle do? Have 
 we not here an insight into the problem ? We 
 certainly cannot help inferring, from the wording 
 of this passage, that this creature is of an entirely 
 different nature from cattle in general; otherwise 
 it could not be related as a strange thing that he 
 should consume fodder as well as cattle do. 
 Evidently, were he to be found among cattle, it 
 would be quite absurd to say that he eats grass, 
 fodder, etc., as zvell as cattle do. We can^ there- 
 fore, safely infer from this that the behemoth is 
 not to be found among any species of cattle. 
 
 It would also be well to take notice that it 
 cannot be inferred from this passage that the 
 behemoth consumed these things in the same 
 manner as cattle, but simply that he did so as 
 well as cattle ; which leaves in my favor the possi- 
 bility that he consumed straw, hay, fodder, in a 
 different manner from cattle, although he did it 
 as well as they. 
 
 Let us now see how the meaning of this pas- 
 sage would agree with the well-known habits of 
 our modern creature of power, the steam engine. 
 
 It must be acknowledged as a singular coinci- 
 dence that he also consumes food, such as wood, 
 coal, peat; which constitutes his life-giving ele- 
 ments, as well as straw and fodder are those of 
 cattle. Even the expression to consume is technical 
 with our firemen, who can be daily heard to say — 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOH. 35 
 
 M}' engiue consumes so many tons of coal, so 
 many cords of wood. 
 
 Then again, for the benefit of those who maj' 
 wish to hold me to the very letter of the original, 
 and wish me to account for the straw, or fodder, 
 which is specially mentioned as an article he 
 consumes, I would say that our modern engine 
 of power does literally consume strait^ hay, peat 
 and the like, and that several valuable patents 
 have been recently granted for an apparatus by 
 means of which the furnace of a boiler \s fed 
 with straiv, hay, or any kind of dried vegetable 
 fodder, and such an apparatus is called a feede?'. 
 It is a well-known fact that even corn has been fed to 
 our voracious monster. So that our modern behe- 
 moth does literal 1}^ consmne straiu, and liay^ and 
 €orn^ as well as cattle do, and fulfills to the very 
 letter the words of this prophec}-. 
 
 It is supposed, by many, that the behemoth and 
 leviathan were beasts well known to Job and to 
 the inhabitants of the Jordan. In reference to 
 this I would say, that there is neither history nor 
 tradition to prove that such creatures were ever 
 known to mankind ; or that there ever existed in 
 any part of the world, any beast or beasts \\hich 
 bore the name of beheynoth, or le<'ia/han. Surely, 
 if such powerful and indestructible monsters ex- 
 isted in the times of Job, they would have sur- 
 vived long enough to have been at least recognized 
 by the ancient Egyptians and carved on some of 
 those imperishable monuments, the same as the 
 hippopotamus, the crocodile and -the elephant, 
 
36 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 faithful representations of which have thus reached 
 down to us. But in vain has the naturalist 
 searched for them among the extinct mastodons and 
 reptiles ; and the commentator labored to prove, from 
 the unyielding words of the original, their possible 
 identity with the hippopotamus, or the alligator. 
 
 This description, or rather prophec}'-, as will be 
 seen, is, throughout, highly poetical and allegor- 
 ical. The various parts and capacities of the so- 
 called behenwtli and leviathan^ are described under 
 the simile of corresponding parts and capacities 
 in animals. 
 
 For instance, as we have just seen, the consump- 
 tion of straw and coal, are likened to the con- 
 sumption of food by cattle. Further on we will see 
 that the draft of air which enlivens the coals of 
 fire in the furnace, is likened to the inhaling or 
 breathing of an animal, which is a very poetic 
 and proper comparison. In a similar way we 
 will find described the various parts and capaci- 
 ties of these monsters. 
 
 As we proceed, many doubts, as to the proper 
 meaning of difficult passages, will vanish, and many 
 doubtful expressions will become intelligible and 
 easily applied, when viewed as referring to our 
 modern creatures of power. 
 
 Having thus explained the meaning -and reference 
 of a passage which has perplexed many, I would 
 now offer the foUowhig rendering as its solution : 
 
 " Behold now one with violent ragings which I 
 made to be with thee ; he will consume fodder as 
 well as cattle do." 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 37 
 
 THE POWER AND STRENGTH OF BEHEMOTH. 
 
 Nrn.jn 
 
 Behold also 
 
 Fortitude 
 
 ifi:) 
 
 his strength 
 
 ejus 
 
 vinpn 
 
 is in, depends on, his loins ; 
 
 in lumbis ejus 
 
 1J1NT 
 
 and his power, ability, is 
 
 et virtus illius 
 
 'y^^'r^ 
 
 within the encircling parts 
 
 in umbilico 
 
 I i^pa 
 
 of his belly. 
 
 ventris ejus. 
 
 " Lo now, his strength ts in his loins, and his force is in 
 the navel of his bellv." 
 
 In this verse, as yon will notice, Job's atten- 
 tion is called particularly to the strength and 
 power of the behemoth ; yet, after a short reflec- 
 tion, one will perceive that it is not so much 
 his extraordinar}' strength and power which he 
 is called to notice, as their particular locality. 
 
 Undoubtedly there must have been something 
 peculiar in this to be noticed, something differ- 
 ent from other animals, otherwise there would 
 have been no special necessity for calling atten- 
 tion to it. 
 
 The Septuagint, the Vulgate, and commenta- 
 tors generally, render " His strength is in his 
 loins." The original must, evidently, be in- 
 tended to mean that this monster's strength de- 
 
38 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 pe)ided on the strength of his loins, or flanks. 
 I consider that it should be thus expressed, as 
 all writers on this subject agree that the strength 
 or thickness of these parts must be meant. 
 
 Some suppose that the thickness or impene- 
 trability of the skin of the hippopotamus, is 
 alluded to. This cannot be, for the skin of his 
 loins is not any thicker than it is in any other 
 part of his body ; neither can it be said to be 
 impenetrable. 
 
 All the parts of the behemoth seem to have 
 been strong and firm even to an extraordinary 
 degree. This is evident from what is said in 
 verse eighteenth : " His hollow bones are tubes, 
 of brass ; his solid bones are of iron as if ham- 
 mered out." As I consider the behemoth to be 
 the same as the leviathan, — as far at least as his 
 main features are concerned — I would also refer 
 to chapted xli. 15-17 ; " His excellence depends 
 on courses of shields closed up tightly with a 
 seal." These are the parts which I consider to 
 be referred to here as constituting his strength, 
 and as forming or protecting his loins. 
 
 Had this verse been written as explanatory of 
 the one under consideration, it could not have 
 been more complete and explicit ; as it points 
 out directly to that which constitutes the strength 
 or excellence of the bodj^ of this monster, and, 
 consequently, of his loins. 
 
 That the reader may obtain a clear insight into 
 the nature of these loins and shields, I will also 
 quote, according to the original Hebrew, the 
 
• . IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 39 
 
 second verse referred to above, " One will cleave 
 fast to another ; they will be caught together 
 that they cannot be sundered." 
 
 These passages confirm and elucidate the pre- 
 vious one, and are a strong proof that that which 
 constituted the strength of the loins or flanks of 
 this monster must have been a covering made of 
 courses of shields ; that they were tightly sealed 
 together ; that they were firm and strongly 
 united the one to the other. This being the 
 case, then it is not the potential energy or power 
 of the behemoth, as some suppose, which is 
 alluded to here, but the material strength of 
 those parts forming his loins or' flanks. In fact 
 most commentators have interpreted this passage 
 as referring to the strength and toughness of 
 the muscles of the belly, or to the impenetra- 
 bility of the parts which covered his loins. This 
 passage would suit our modern monster of power 
 very well. Indeed his strength depends on the 
 tensile strength or firmness of his loins or flanks. 
 The stronger the boiler-plates — which really con- 
 stitute both his loins and his flanks — the more 
 pressure he can bear, consequently the more power 
 he can exert. 
 
 This again depends on the strength of the 
 various parts of the engine ; the stronger they 
 are the greater the strain which they can bear. 
 In fact the strength of a steam boiler and engine 
 is limited only by the strength of the material 
 composing them. Surely this passage could not 
 apply with more force and truth to any known 
 
40 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 animal thau our iiioderu behemoth, for " behold 
 indeed, his strength depends on the firmness of 
 his loins." 
 
 The ordinary English rendering of the second 
 part of this verse is ; " And his force is in the 
 navel of his belly." 
 
 What is meant by saying that the force of 
 this creature is in the navel of hi? belly, is dif- 
 ficult to understand. To decide this it will be 
 necessary to ascertain, first, what is meant by 
 the original Hebrew word (pt<) on^ rendered 
 here force^ and by some energy. Its meaning, 
 according to the lexicons, is, faculty of doings 
 iibility. It is quite different from the word (IRD) 
 which occurs in the first part of the verse, and 
 means strength, and shown to refer to the ma- 
 terial strength of his loins, or flanks. From this 
 difference of expressions must be inferred a dif- 
 ference also in the nature of the things alluded 
 to. Consequently these two words should not be 
 confounded here the one with the other. 
 
 The Septuagint render it by dunamis, which has 
 a variety of meanings, such as abilily^ force ^ vir- 
 lue, energy^ etc. The Vulgate has virtus^ vigor., 
 strength. Barnes and Prof. Lee render it b}^ vigor. 
 
 From the primary meaning of the word it 
 would seem that the faculty of doing or perfor^n- 
 ing work was here meant, but not his vigor or 
 oiergy., as understoo"d by Prof. Lee and others ; 
 nor the strength or firmness of any special part 
 of his structure, as we will more clearly under- 
 stand by what follows in ^ the balance of this 
 
• - IX THK BOOK OF JOB. 4I 
 
 verse, and by the gradual unfolding of tlii.s 
 description. 
 
 The intrinsic value and bearing of the original 
 words must be admitted to be of vast importance 
 in the present case ; and it is only in adhering 
 closely to their true meaning that we may ex- 
 pect to discover their true reference. 
 
 Before explaining to what this mysterious 
 force or faculty of doing ivork refers, it will be 
 necessary, in order to realize its full bearing, to 
 investigate also the meaning of the words which 
 are immediately connected with it. 
 
 We find, in most versions, that this force is 
 said to be "in the. navel of his belly." 
 
 It is also the rendering of the Vulgate. Strange 
 to say, it does not appear that the original word, 
 as it occurs in this passage, has ever been used 
 before in the sense of navel. 
 
 The Septuagint render it by (o//^a/.or), omphalos^ 
 which, besides meaning navel ^ is also used to 
 mean a bosse^ and the centre of a round body. 
 
 Barnes, in his Notes, says : " It is not used to 
 denote the navel in any place in the Bible, and 
 should not have been so rendered here." 
 
 Prof. Lee translates it by firmness, and adds : 
 " Bochart assumes here, after the Rabbins, that 
 the word signifies tlie navel, which is altogether 
 groundless ; and then argues that the elephant 
 cannot be meant, because the skin of his belly 
 is soft, while that of the hippopotamus is hard 
 and impenetrable. He ought to have seen that 
 there is no ground for supposing that the word 
 
42 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 signifies navel ; and even if it had, that it is ab- 
 surd to suppose that the strength of any animal 
 consists in its navel ; and, further, allowing even 
 this to be true, that the hardness or softness of 
 the skin, in any case, can have anything to do 
 with the question. On my view, it will apply 
 just as well to the horse, the ass, the wild horse 
 and ass, to the elephant, etc., as it will to the 
 hippopotamus. I take the technical term viscera — 
 bowels with us — as exactly expressing the force 
 of ( |t??) beien., in such passages as this, and the 
 meaning to be, that his internal texture is so firm 
 and powerful, that hence the great strength visible 
 in the action of his loins is accounted for." 
 
 Contrary to these views I would say, that this 
 passage evidently refers to some mysterious power 
 or force located inside of this monster's flank^^and 
 that there is no good reason for the supposition 
 that it had anything to do with his bowels, or 
 the strength of his internal structure. 
 
 To say, as Prof. Lee remarks, that the strength 
 of any animal consists in its navel, is, indeed, 
 absurd. But, possibly, it is not an animal which 
 is here referred to, and that it is only on account 
 of the similarity of some part of this monster's 
 body to the navel that it is here so called. In 
 such a case it might be the seat of. some unsus- 
 pected power. But I cannot agree that the word 
 here means the visc>era, nor the possible firm and 
 powerful texture of these ; but rather some inde- 
 pendent ability of acting which was located inside 
 of this monster's flanks ; or possibly within some 
 
IN THE BOOK OK JOK. 43 
 
 Other part which, from its position and appear- 
 ance, resembled the naveh It might apply here, 
 with great propriety, to the steam dome of our 
 boilers which, from its form and position in the 
 centre of the boiler, and its long connecting brass 
 tube — quite typical of the navel string — would 
 fulfill all the requirements of the case, specially 
 wdien we take notice that it does contain within 
 it the actual force^ or faculty of doing zvork^ of 
 this monster, viz., dry steam. It has still a more 
 direct reference to the boiler itself and to the great 
 force of steam which is within it, as I will more 
 fully explain hereafter. The strength of the 
 behemoth w^as spoken of in the first part of this 
 verse, consequently it would be a useless and 
 improbable repetition here. Therefore, I conclude 
 that no reference can be had here to the strength 
 or firm texture of any of his internal or external 
 parts. 
 
 Barnes, commenting on this passage, says : " The 
 reference is to the muscles and tendons of this 
 part of the body (the belly), and perhaps par- 
 ticularly to the fact that the hippopotamus, by 
 crawling so much on his belly among the stones 
 of the stream or on land, acquires a peculiar 
 hardness or strength in those parts of the body. 
 This clearly proves that the elephant is not in- 
 tended. In that animal, this is the most tender 
 part of the body." 
 
 Really, this supposition, that the hippopotamus, 
 by crawling on his belly, might perhaps acquire 
 a peculiar hardness and strength in those parts 
 
44 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERi' 
 
 of the bod}', is a very gratuitous one. Even so, 
 what remarkable power or strength could ther^ 
 be in such callous and unnatural formations, 
 which, after all, would only cover a very insig- 
 nificant portion of his body? 
 
 Let us see if the original words themselves 
 could not lead us to a more satisfactory solution 
 of this difficult problem. 
 
 In deciding the meaning of words occurring 
 in very ancient manuscripts, it is essential to 
 study well their primary meaning, as , their appli- 
 cation and meaning are apt to change with suc- 
 ceeding generations. Fot- instance, the word 
 (TIC^) sJiarir^ which is here rendered navel^ is 
 derived from 0")^) sharar, meaning primarily to 
 tiuist^ to twist together^ to go in a cirxle ; kindred 
 with roots ("ilt^) shour^ to go round ; (TlD) tour^ 
 to sunoiDui; (*in) dour^ a circle. All of which 
 contain the primary idea of turning about, g^^^^g 
 in a circle, in various modifications, hence navel. 
 (Gesenius, lex.) 
 
 According to this, (T")^) sharir ought to have 
 here a meaning in keeping with the idea which 
 the root of the word — as well as that of many 
 kindred roots — conveys. As the word is here in 
 the plural form, it should refer to parts twisted 
 togftlier, bent in a circle. Or, according to kin- 
 dred roots, to parts that went round,' surrounded, 
 encircled this monster's belly. Therefore, in this 
 instance, being justifie'cl by the context and the evi- 
 dent form of this monster's body, I look upon this 
 word as referring to certain parts which zvent 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 45 
 
 around diwdi completely rfici/r/rd this monster's body 
 as well as ///s belly ^ within which this mj'sterions 
 force ^ ox faculty of performing luork^ was located. 
 
 According to this, the entire verse would mean : 
 "Behold, also, his strength depends on his loins; 
 and his faculty of performing w^ork is within the 
 encircling parts of his belly." The question now 
 arises, to what can be applied the meaning of 
 these encirclmg parts^2i\\di of that mysterious force 
 which is located within them ? 
 
 I believe that this difficult point can be solved 
 from the very words of this description. In the 
 first place, it is evident, from the words of this 
 and other passages already quoted, that these 
 encircling parts formed some sort of a covering 
 for this creature's bod}-, and that this encircled 
 him round about. Some waiters believe that his 
 thick hide is here meant. Others, his scales. 
 If the reference be to some similar parts, — of 
 which I have no doubt — then I am confident 
 that we have a full description of them in the 
 forty-first chapter, verses 13, 15, 16. 
 
 Further, this identity of parts between the so- 
 called behemoth and leviathan will be strong 
 evidence of the probabilit\' of wdiat I have claimed 
 from the beginning, viz., that these supposed 
 different animals refer, in fact, to the on"fe and the 
 same power, but described under its different forms 
 and capacities. 
 
 My application, therefore, to behemoth, of verses 
 generally applied to the leviathan, will be under- 
 stood. 
 
46 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 According to the original Hebrew, the first 
 verse referred to above reads: "Who can strip 
 off the facings of his covering?" According to 
 this it is evident that this monster was covered 
 with some sort of a jacket, or armor, made of 
 various parts or facings. This is rendered still 
 more evident from the verse which follows : 
 " His excellence depends on courses of shields 
 closed up tightly with a seal." 
 
 Surely this sounds very much like some piece 
 of manufactured work. Further, it goes to show 
 that his excellence, or strength, depended on 
 numerous shields, which seem to have completely 
 covered his body, just as must be inferred from 
 those encircling parts of the belly of the behe- 
 moth. But listen to what the sixteenth verse 
 reveals to us in reference to the nature of these 
 same shields, or encircling parts, of this monster's 
 body. The Hebrew has : " They will drive (or 
 join) one upon another." Can such expressions 
 apply in the case of the crocodile or the hippo- 
 potamus ? Are w^e not clearly justified in infer- 
 ring from these expressions that these were iron 
 shields ; that they were driven and hammered 
 together as are iron boiler-plates ? We are even 
 told, as seen above, that these courses of shields 
 were "closed up tightly with a seal;" exactly 
 wl;at is done with every boiler that is' made, viz.: 
 calked. 
 
 Having thus gained an insight into the nature 
 and form of these encircling parts of the behe- 
 moth, let us see what could have been the nature 
 
IN THE HOOK OF JOB. 47 
 
 of his other great capacity called (1^"iJ<) oho ^ force, 
 pozuer, energy ; and described as being located 
 inside of these encircling parts of his body. 
 
 That there must have been some strange force, 
 or power, located also within the flanks of the 
 leviathan, is evident from the second part of verse 
 sixteenth, just quoted; where it is said of his 
 shields, " They will drive (join) one upon- another, 
 that a hiss of air shall not escape from between 
 them." And what does this indicate, if not that 
 there was some great pressure of air, or vapor, 
 or some force confined within him, and not allowed 
 to escape ? Taking these supposed two monsters 
 as being identical, we have clearly revealed to us 
 the nature of this m3^sterious force or faculty of 
 performing work, which was, singularly enough, 
 also located inside the strange encircling armor of 
 the behemoth. 
 
 This same force, or power, is evidently in- 
 dicated in the eighth verse, same chapter, which 
 reads : " Place thy hand upon him ; be mindful 
 of the battling forces (rage), and thou wilt ven- 
 ture no further." 
 
 This is sufficient to prove, to the most incredu- 
 lous, that there was some mighty raging force, 
 or power, confined within the leviathan; and that, 
 to all appearances, it was the same mysterious 
 force represented as being within the encircling 
 shields of the behemoth; a further evidence of 
 the similarity of the body of these monsters, and 
 of the identity of their nature. 
 
 There remains now the more difficult task of 
 
48 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 finding out an animal, or rather a monster, which 
 can be shown to possess such strange and extra- 
 ordinar}' qualities and powers. 
 
 Assuredly, the hippopotamus, looked upon by 
 most expositors of the present day as the one 
 here alluded to, does not come up to these re- 
 quirements. First, he has not within his belly 
 that force or ability so distinctly and separately 
 indicated here, nor anything like what would 
 suit the context. 
 
 Secondly, there are no parts about him which 
 might be called the encircling parts of his belly, 
 unless it be his hide, and that is not in parts, but 
 of one piece. 
 
 Thirdly, if the energy, or force, referred to 
 here be the same as the pent-up air, or might}' 
 rage not allowed to escape, — which seems quite 
 evident — then there is nothing in the well-known 
 internal forces and capacities of the hippoptamus, 
 nor in those of any known animal, which re- 
 sembles this in the least. ' 
 
 Let us now see if our modern monster of 
 strength and power possesses any of these essen- 
 tial requisites. 
 
 His main feature is an elongated tubular-shaped 
 boiler, which, poetically or figuratively speaking, 
 can very appropriately be called his body, or 
 belly ; because, like an animal — untcr which he is 
 here likened — this part contains his vital power 
 or energy, and to it are also made fast his various 
 members. In like manner, his rounded sides ^ can 
 very poetically be called his flanks. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 49 
 
 This boiler is formed of numerous iron plates^ 
 or shields, firmly bolted and hammered the one to 
 the other, and tightly sealed together. As these 
 shields cover his body round about, they neces- 
 sarily form also the encircling parts of his belly. 
 Now within these iron bound flanks, or, inside of 
 these encircling parts, is generated an enormous 
 force^ or capacity of doing work^ called the motive 
 power of this monster, his potential energy. 
 
 If we now compare this pent-up force of our 
 iron-shielded monster with that mysterious energy, 
 or power of the behemoth, which is said to be 
 " within the encircling parts of his belly," we 
 cannot help being convinced of their identity, as 
 well as of that of the other parts here mentioned. 
 
 This mysterious power which is within the 
 behemoth is not, according to the original 
 Hebrew, said to be his strength^ but a force ^ a 
 capacity of performing work., some potential energy. 
 And this is exactly the case with our steam engine 
 and boiler; it is its motive power vjhioh. is within 
 it; but its strength depends on the firmness of 
 its flanks. Therefore our iron-bound monster 
 not only fulfills the requirements of this singular 
 and diflEcult verse, but it enables us to fully 
 realize the wisdom of the selection of each of its 
 words, and to appreciate the extraordinary beauty 
 of the comparison. 
 
 To it, undoubtedly, can be applied these words 
 of Job : " Behold also, his strength depends on 
 his loins, and his power (ability) is within the 
 encircling parts of his belly." 
 
50 
 
 A WONDERFUI* DISCOVERY 
 
 HIS TAIIv IS LIKE A CEDAR. 
 
 QBrv) f 3n! 
 
 It will set upright 
 
 Stringit 
 
 ^Vjt 
 
 his tail 
 
 caudam suatn 
 
 PK-ioi) 
 
 like a cedar ; 
 
 quasi cedrum 
 
 'I '7^. 
 
 the ligaments, couplings of 
 
 - nervi testicu- 
 
 V^P 
 
 his leaping parts, thighs 
 
 lorum ejus 
 
 I ^Jinc^! 
 
 will be clamped together. 
 
 perplexi sunt. 
 
 " He moveth his tail like a cedar ; the sinews of his 
 thighs are wrapped together." 
 
 It has been found very difficult to apply, in 
 their primary sense, the words of this verse to 
 any known animal ; and, consequently, the 
 original has suffered much at the hands of ex- 
 egetists. 
 
 The tail of the behemoth, specially, has caused 
 a great deal of speculation. There must have 
 been something very remarkable about it, since 
 it is made the subject of a particular description, 
 and especially when it is compared to a cedar. 
 The difficulties of finding" an animal with such 
 a remarkable appendage have excited the sus- 
 picions of many, and given rise to varicu.5 
 renderings and comments. 
 
 The Vulgate endeavored to avoid the difficulty 
 
IN THK lUJOK Ol'^ J015. 51 
 
 by rendering : '' Striny^it candam suam quasi 
 cedrum," — "he twisteth up his tail like a cedar!*' 
 Prof. Lee renders : " He maketh his tail to bend 
 like the cedar." Barnes has : " He bendeth his 
 tail like the cedar." I cannot see how the original 
 .could have been intended in any such sense as 
 the above. For, virtually, it would make it 
 appear as though it said, " he bendeth his tail the 
 same as the cedar-tree does." Then again, what 
 is there in the twisting or bending of an}- animal's 
 tail that would render it like a mighty cedar, 
 unless it actually had some of its characteristics ? 
 And this is not made to appear in the above 
 renderings. 
 
 The peculiarity of the cedar is, that it is 
 straight, tall, and durable ; it has a large trunk 
 and yields but little to the strongest winds. It is 
 not particularly known for moving or bending any 
 more than ordinary trees. In all comparisons of 
 things to a cedar-tree, it is generally on account of 
 their possessing some of the above qualities. I am 
 not aware that an object, easily twisted or bent, 
 has been compared to a cedar. But the expres- 
 sions, as tall as a cedar^ as stro7ig and as durable as 
 a cedar ^ are often met with. Moreover the tail 
 of an animal is horizontal or drooping, is 
 generally small in proportion to the animal ; it 
 is very flexible, and generally short. Unless 
 this monster's tail possessed some of the promi- 
 nent features of the cedar-tree, there could exist 
 no proper comparison. A tail, one or two feet 
 long, could not, with propriety, be said to be 
 
c2 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 /w/s/ed or moved like a cedar. Yet this is pre- 
 cisely the case with those who would have us 
 accept the hippopotamus or elephant as the one 
 here alluded to. 
 
 Rosenmiiller supposes the meaning to be that 
 the tail of the hippopotamus is smooth^ roimdy 
 thick and firm. But all this is simply inferred, 
 for there is nothing in the original to warrant it. 
 
 Bochart, who contends that the hippopotamus 
 is the animal intended, labors hard to make this 
 passage apply to it. He interpets (X^T\\) yachephots, 
 by retorqiiet.flectit: he twisteth, bendeth; and after 
 describing the tail of the hippopotamus as short, 
 thin and like that of a pig, says that this mon- 
 ster can bend and twist it at pleasure ; and adds 
 that this may be looked upon as a proof of his 
 great strength. 
 
 Had he made out this tail to be as large and 
 . as strong as a cedar-tree, one might acknowledge 
 the propriety of supposing that the wielding 
 with f ase of such an enormous appendage was 
 proof of great strength, and that this might, 
 indeed, be intended to illustrate his size and 
 power. But, unfortunately, the tail of the hippo- 
 potamus being but a foot long, and very slim, 
 the bending or twisting of it, ever so vigorously, 
 could be no proof of the animal's great strength. 
 
 Then again it does not appear certain that 
 the comparison he4;e to a tall cedar, is intended 
 to prove the great strength of the behemoth so 
 much, perhaps, as some singular appearance or 
 position of this monster's- tail. 
 
. _ IN THK BOOK OF JOJi. 53 
 
 Barnes, alluding to the tail of the hippopotamus., 
 says: "The point of comparison is not tho 
 lengthy but the fact of its being easily bent over 
 or curved at the pleasure of the animal. Why 
 this, however, should have been mentioned as 
 remarkable, or how the power of the animal in 
 this respect differs from others, is not very 
 apparent. Some who have supposed the elephant 
 to be referred to, have understood this of the 
 proboscis. But though this would be a remarka- 
 ble proof of the power of the animal, the language 
 of the original will not admit of it. The Hebrew 
 word (DJJ) zanav^ is used only to denote the 
 tail. It is possible that there may be here an 
 allusion to the unwielding nature of every part 
 of the animal, and especially to the thickness 
 and inflexibility of the skin; and what was 
 remarkable was, that notwithstanding this, this 
 member was entirely at its command. Still, the 
 reason of the comparison is not very clear. The 
 description of the movement of the tail here 
 given would agree much better with some of 
 the extinct orders of animals whose remains 
 have been recently discovered and arranged by 
 Cuvier, than with that of the hippopotamus. 
 Particularly, it would agree with the account of 
 
 the ichthyosaurus, though the other 
 
 parts of the animal here described would not 
 accord with this." 
 
 Such are this author's views with reference to 
 the unsuitable application of this passage to the 
 hippopotamus, or tlie elephant. In the above he 
 
54 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 would seem to favor the idea that the flexibility 
 of the tail of the behemoth was referred to ; yet, 
 whilst alluding to this animal (Vol. II. p. 269), 
 he says : " He is distinguished for some peculiar 
 movement of his tail — some slow and stately 
 motion, or a certain inflexibility of the tail, like 
 a cedar." 
 
 The latter shows that Barnes, though he found 
 it difficult to make the application, believed also 
 that the comparison here to a cedar might per- 
 haps be intended to illustrate the inflexibility of 
 this tail ; and that it was in this peculiarity that 
 it resembled a cedar. 
 
 Adam Clarke, commenting on the comparison 
 of this tail to a cedar, says : " Therefore, it was 
 neither the elephant, who has a tail like that 
 of a hog, nor the hippopotamus, whose tail is 
 only about a foot long.'' 
 
 Whatever view may be taken of the meaning 
 of the first word of this verse, rendered, he 
 movetJi^ twisieth^ bendeth ; one thing is evident, 
 that this creature's tail is, in some respects, like 
 a cedar-tree. Consequently any tail which is 
 not, in any respect, like a cedar-tree^ cannot be 
 the one here alluded to. 
 
 It is also evident, that any twisting or bend- 
 ing of a short and thin tail — like that of the 
 hippopotamus, or elephant — cannot make the 
 same appear like^ a cedar ; therefore it cannot 
 entitle its possessor to the name of behemoth^ whose 
 tail is said to be like a cedar. 
 
 The next conclusion ^ to be drawn from the 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 55 
 
 above facts is, that the expression he moveth^ 
 twisteth^ or bendeth^ cannot be the proper otie 
 here, since such motions have not the power of 
 rendering a tail like a cedar^ specially when the 
 tail supposed to be referred to has none of its 
 well-known characteristics. Moreover, the only 
 possible meaning which the Latin and English 
 translations could have, under the circumstances, 
 is that this creature bends and twists his tail 
 as the cedar does, or the same as he bends and 
 twists a cedar; and, certainly, no one will ajdmit 
 that he considers this to be the meaning intended 
 here. 
 
 The solution of this difficult problem depends, 
 undoubtedly, on the proper interpretation of the 
 word (f^JH) chaphets. After pondering much 
 over this word, I have come to the conclusion 
 that it is quite possible that, at one time, it read 
 (tori; chaphaz^ which, phonetically, differs but 
 little from the above, and means to rise tip, or, 
 to start up suddenly. Here it would mean that 
 this tail will rise up suddenly, without branch- 
 ing off, or that it will be made to rise up or set 
 upright like a tall tree. 
 
 I would here refer to the Septuagint who seem 
 to have taken the word in the same sense. They 
 render this passage thus : " He setteth up his tail 
 like a cypress." 
 
 That this is the proper meaning of the original 
 Hebrew word is confirmed also by Castell, who 
 renders it by firinabit, stabiliet, eriget ; he will 
 firmly set, erect. A marginal reading, quoted by 
 
56 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 several authors, has " setteth up^^ as explanatory 
 of the meaning of the word. As I have shown, 
 this is the only meaning which can agree with 
 the context. 
 
 It will be noticed, furthermore, that it cannot 
 be argued that the original makes the act oi 
 setting up this tail as absolutely dependent on 
 behemoth, as most all versions make it appear. 
 On the contrary, I consider the proper reading 
 to be : " His tail will set upright like a cedar." 
 By this rendering the comparison of this append- 
 age to a cedar becomes natural, and at the same 
 time leaves us to infer that it was tall, strong 
 and large. Had it been short, or thin and long, 
 it would have been more natural to have com- 
 pared it to a flexible twig. All this leads us to 
 infer that this strange appendage of the so-called 
 behemoth resembled a cedar, not. from its capacity 
 to bend and twist, but from its being large, and 
 standing erect, upright. Mr. Good is quoted as 
 saying that this monster must have possessed 
 "^ rigid and enormous tail, like a cedar." 
 
 These points being settled, both from the con- 
 text and the interpretation of standard authors, 
 there now remains the still more difficult task 
 of finding to what sort of a monster such a 
 description could appl3^ 
 
 . It is evident that neither the elephant nor 
 the hippopotamus can have any claims to this 
 description ; and as, after centuries of researches, 
 n(;ne more suitable have been found, it would 
 seem useless to search any further among animals 
 
^ IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 57 
 
 to find one endowed with such extraordinary 
 attributes. 
 
 Let us now take a glance at our modem mon- 
 ster, as he stands complete and ready for work, 
 and see if we cannot discover something about 
 hira which might, with propriety, be called — in 
 the highly figurative language of this description 
 — a tail. 
 
 According to all the requirements, it should be 
 tall and strong, and set upright, and be propor- 
 tionate to the object with which it is compared, 
 viz., a cedar. Without these requirements, I 
 contend that it cannot be the one referred to. 
 
 From the general opinion of writers on this 
 subject, this appendage of the behemoth seems 
 to have been specially mentioned on account of 
 its possessing some strange peculiarity. The 
 reader, therefore, should not be astonished if he 
 should discover, for the first time, that our 
 modern monster of power possesses, indeed, an 
 exceptionally strange tail, which settetJi upright 
 like a cedar. 
 
 I have reference to the smokestack of our 
 large stationary engines. 
 
 As you will readily admit, the boiler is really 
 the main part, or rather bodyy of our monster; 
 as it is not only the largest part of it, but, more- 
 over, contains its vital power. 
 
 The head of this body is that end at which is 
 located the furnace, and the other extremity is 
 called the tail end^ and from this runs up the 
 smokestack. Therefore, it is also at the tail end 
 
58 A WONDERFUL: DISCOVERY 
 
 of the body of our . monster that stands his enor- 
 mous caudal appendage. From the position of 
 the latter arises the propriety of comparing it to 
 the tail of an ■ animal ; which comparison, none 
 will deny, is very natural and highly poetical. 
 This being understood, the reader will have no 
 further trouble in comprehending the propriety 
 of the figurative and poetical language; of the 
 original description, and : its : surprising applica- 
 tion to the caudal appendage of our iron monster. 
 It setteth uprigJii like a cedar^ according to the 
 very words of the. original. It is ./<a;//, rising up 
 from twenty to seventy -five feet,- or more, accord- 
 ing to circumstances. It is strongs being made 
 of heavy sheets of iron. It is large ^ varying 
 with the requirements of the boiler and engine; 
 and measures from two to twenty feet in circum- 
 ference. And, finally, it is inflexible^ being made 
 of iron. It is thus, in every respect, propor- 
 tionate to the cedar, to which the tail of the 
 behemoth is compared. 
 
 I would now ask, which of the two resembles 
 the most the object to which it is compared? Is it 
 the tail of the hippopotamus, which, as you have 
 seen, is insignificant, entirel}' out of proportion, 
 unworthy of notice in such a sublime description? 
 Or the lofty appendage of our steaming monster^ 
 which is majestic and ornamental, and not only 
 worthy of notice in such a description as this, 
 but really essential to; its completeness? I do 
 not fear that the verdict will be adverse to our 
 champion, as lie seems to be the. first and only 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 59 
 
 one who has furnished us a plausible solution 
 of the singular difficulties of this passage. 
 
 It might be interesting to notice here that the 
 very word stack (smokestack) signifies that which 
 is sei, or made to stand np^ corresponding exactly 
 with the meaning of the original Hebrew word 
 made use of here, viz., to set up; which, to say 
 the least, is a very singular coincideace. 
 
 This reference, to a tall smokestack, would indi- 
 cate that the stationary engine and boiler are 
 here meant, as the locomotive has, comparatively, 
 a small stack. 
 
 Another singular fact worthy of special notice, 
 and the very one which led me, after many 
 researches, to identify this mysterious appendage 
 as the one referred to here, was the ornamental 
 trimmings which often crown the top of these 
 smokestacks. They resemble large palm leaves, 
 and really, at a distance, lend to the whole the 
 appearance of a tall palm tree. I should not be 
 surprised if the comparison of Job applied to a 
 palm tree instead of a cedar. In reference to this, 
 it would seem as if some doubts already existed in 
 the days of the Septuagint, for, instead of cedar^ 
 tLey render cypress. 
 
 The palm tree has a straight, unbranching, 
 cylindric stem, terminating in a crown of leaves. 
 The great palm, a native of Asia and Africa, 
 attains to great height. It was undoubtedly 
 well known to Job, and would serve admirably 
 well as a comparison here. 
 
 As, of old, the palm leaves were a token of 
 
6o A WONDERFUL DISCOVKRY 
 
 victory and triumph, I will accept them in the 
 same sense, in this instance, for the victory and 
 triumph of my iron-clad monster over all other 
 competitors. He deserves, indeed, to be orna- 
 mented with them. 
 
 THR LIGAMENTS OF THE THIGHS OF THE BEHEMOTH. 
 
 It would be rather a hard task for me to prove 
 that the behemoth and leviathan referred to our 
 steam motor, if I were bound to accept, as in- 
 spired, some of our versions of this description. 
 The rendering, for instance, of the second hemi- 
 stich of the verse under consideration, would be 
 sufficient to deter me from further attempt ; but, 
 fortunatel}^, the original is at hand. 
 
 The Vulgate, and after it various translators 
 have rendered this passage : " Nervi testiculorum 
 ejus perplexi sunt." I cannot understand why 
 the primary meaning of the original words 
 should have been thus ignored. There certainly 
 exists no good reason for the above rendering. 
 Some have translated : "The sinews of his thighs 
 are knit together." This is by far preferable to 
 the ordinary English version. Yet I do not 
 consider it to be the meaning intended here. In 
 the first place, it does not seem probable that 
 the sinews of his thighs would be knit together^ 
 or wrapped together^ any more than t'he sinews 
 of any other part of his body. Even so, there 
 would be nothing very^ extraordinary about this. 
 In the second place, we have just been told, in 
 the previous verse, that his strength was in his 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 6l 
 
 loins, and his force within the encircling parts 
 of his belly. This would have been the place 
 to have spoken about his sinews^ if some pecu- 
 liarity of these had been intended as a proof of 
 his strength. 
 
 From the wording of this passage it seems 
 evident to me that it is the peculiar coupling of 
 his joiiits which is alluded to, and not the manner 
 in which his sinews are knit or wrapped together. 
 
 The Septuagint render it : " His sinews are 
 interwoven." By this rendering they leave out 
 the important word ihigh^, which is a serious omis- 
 sion. 
 
 Barnes supposes that the object of the descrip- 
 tion is to inspire 'a sense of the power of the 
 animal, or of his capacity to inspire terror or 
 dread ; and hence that the allusion here is to 
 those parts which were fitted to convey this 
 dread, or this sense of his power — to wit, his 
 strength. He therefore renders : " The sinews 
 of bis terror are wrapped together." He then 
 explains that by terror is meant tJiose parts 
 jilted to inspire terror^ viz.,' his thighs or 
 haunches^ as being formidable in their aspect, and 
 the seat of strength. 
 
 I must confess that I cannot see the propriety 
 of introducing here the word terror. The idea in- 
 tended to be conveyed by the original is more 
 likely to have been that of strength ; then, pos- 
 sibly, that of certain remarkable peculiarity in 
 the manner in which the various parts of his 
 limbs were united together. 
 
62 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Most of the trouble in this passage has ori- 
 ginated with the misinterpretation of the word 
 (l*jl) gid, rendered sinews. It signifies, accord- 
 ing to the root of the word, to bind^ to tie to- 
 getJicr^ to couple ; hence, a nej^vc^ a sinew ^ a ten- 
 don. 
 
 As the word occurs in the form of a noun in 
 the plural, it would mean, in the primary sense 
 of the Avord, parts serving to bind^ ties^ couplings^ 
 joints. The reference here, then, would be to 
 those parts which serve as a means -of uniting, 
 or coupling together, two movable parts, whether 
 these be bones, wood or metal. In anatomy 
 they are called ligaments ; in mechanics, coup- 
 lings ; in cabinet work, tenons. The proper word 
 here would be ligaments, or couplings. 
 
 The word ("^DS) pac/iad rendered thigh., has 
 as its primary meaning that of leaping., spring- 
 ing ; then thigh ; then trepidatioji. When the 
 word occurs in the plural or dual form, says 
 Geseuius, it means the thighs. 
 
 I take the primary meaning of this word, viz., 
 that of leaping, or that of moving up and down, 
 as indicating the exact parts referred to here, 
 but fi,guratively called his thighs. For, from 
 what we have already seen of the nature of this 
 monster, we cannot suppose this word is in- 
 tended to be taken literally, but raUier figura- 
 tively for some parts which are to it what the 
 thighs are to an animal, that is, its means of 
 propulsion. 
 
 In the steam engine you will recognize these 
 
IN THE KOOK OF JOB. ' 63 
 
 to be the movable connecting rods and pit- 
 mans. They are united the one to the other by- 
 means of various couplings,, straps and bolts, or 
 ratlier keys. These connecting rods are strong 
 and heavy, and made of solid iron. Their move- 
 ments are fourfold ; forward, up, down, and back- 
 ward, and resemble the motions of a boy's lower 
 limbs when propelling a velocipede, or like those 
 of the arm of a person turning a crank. 
 
 When propelling a fly-wheel, or the large 
 driving-wheels of a locomotive, they really appear 
 to be constantly leaping forward. The very mo- 
 tion of these parts, therefore, corresponds exactly 
 with the primary meaning of the Hebrew word 
 by which they are- designated These massive 
 bars of iron are to the steam engine what the 
 thighs are to an animal, viz., a means of pro- 
 pulsion. The steam from the boiler, entering the 
 steam chest and cylinder, forces to and fro the 
 piston and piston-rod to which is connected the 
 pitman, and to this the connecting rod, which 
 latter is made fast to a crank on the large driv- 
 ging-wheels of a locomotive ; or, in stationary en- 
 incs, to an eccentric on the shaft of a fly-wheel, 
 and by these means exerts its power, either in 
 propelling itself or in setting in motion ponder- 
 ous machinery. Poetically or figuratively speak- 
 ing, these parts may, therefore, be well called the 
 limbs or thighs of the steam engine, as they are 
 not only its movable parts but also its means 
 of propulsion. 
 
 What is meant by the word rendered sinews 
 
64 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 can now be well understood to refer to those 
 parts which seem to unite together these mas- 
 sive connecting rods and pitmans, yet allowing 
 each part its proper motion, the same as the liga- 
 ments do to which these are compared. The 
 manner in which these massive bars are con- 
 nected is clearly indicated by. the word (<51l?) 
 sharag, meaning to interweave^ to connect together. 
 
 The Arabic is still better, as it means to clap 
 together ; which is equal to our English expres- 
 sion to clamp together^ to conple together. 
 
 Therefore I render, *' the ligaments (or coup- 
 lings) of his thighs will be clamped together." 
 
 The difficulties of this verse have been recog- 
 nized by all ; but I hope to have succeeded in 
 demonstrating its true meaning and reference. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 65 
 
 HIS BONES ARE TUBES OF METAL AND BARS 
 OF IRON. 
 
 Verse 18. 
 
 vpv^^ 
 
 His bones are 
 
 Ossa "ejus 
 
 'P'5^^^ 
 
 tubes, channels 
 
 velut fistulae 
 
 ncnm 
 
 of copper, brass ; 
 
 aeris; 
 
 vbn^ 
 
 his solid bones are 
 
 cartilage illius 
 
 ^dVd 
 
 as hammered out bars 
 
 quasi laminae 
 
 :^ra 
 
 of iron. 
 
 ferreas. 
 
 " His bones arc as strong pieces of brass ; his bones are 
 like bars of iron." 
 
 Even the casual reader will notice that there 
 must be something wrong in the above English 
 rendering of this verse. Evidently all the bones 
 of this monster could not have been like pieces of 
 brass and at the same time like bars of iron ; for 
 there is too much difference in the appearance 
 and tensile strength of these metals. It would 
 seem more probable that the original referred to 
 dilBferent kinds of bones, and that these varied in 
 appearance and qualit3^ In fact, upon investiga- 
 tion, we find that the original, as well as the 
 Vulgate and French versions, make quite a dis- 
 tinction between these bones. 
 
 Another very important fact to wliich I would 
 call the reader's attention, is, that in nearly all 
 
66 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 translations these bones are made to appear as 
 though they were simply compared fo strong pieces 
 of brass, and to bars of iron, whilst in the origin 
 nal Hebrew there is absolutely no expression 
 which indicates any such comparison. Neither 
 can I admit that the words are necessarily under- 
 stood. As the case now stands, the addition or 
 omission of such an expression is of vast im- 
 portance ; for there is a great difference between 
 having bones of solid iron, and bones like iron, 
 or like brass. The Hebrew has, literally, " His 
 bones, tubes of brass; his solid bones, as ham- 
 mered out bars of iron." The prefix preposi- 
 tion (D) aiph is not before the word iron^ but 
 before hammered out. With the proper construc- 
 tion this second hemistich would read, " his solid 
 bones <2r^ bars of iron as if hammered out." 
 
 The Hebrew word (DVIJ,) atzam^ rendered bones 
 has, as primary meaning, that of to bi7id fast, to 
 tie up ; then a bone^ so called from its hardness 
 and strength. The original word has also the 
 meaning of to be numerous^ which has a singular 
 application here, as will be seen hereafter. The 
 Septuagint render by " a« ■r:'k£vpai. avrcrv^'' his ribs. The 
 Vulgate, "ossaejus," his bones. It would seem, 
 from the derivation of the word, that the parts 
 or bones here referred to, were so-called on ac- 
 count of being bound^ or -made fast ; or on ac- 
 count of their great number. Both meanings of 
 the word would apf>ly well to our iron monster. 
 
 The word (*p^0^) apJiikay^ rendered strong pieces^ 
 means, according to the root of the word, to hold^ 
 
IN THK BOOK OP^ JOH. 6j 
 
 io contain ; then a pipc^ a tnbe^ a channel^ from 
 the idea of holdings containing ; hence strongs 
 firm. Undoubtedly pipes, or tubes are here al- 
 luded to; tubes of brass. The Septuagint pass 
 over the word tubey but repeat the former, " ir^n>pot 
 xahiEiai^'' — ribs of brass. Prof Lee gives the 
 literal meaning as being " channels of copper," 
 and remarks, " This is applied apparently to the 
 hollow bones of the thighs, etc., which contain the 
 marrow." 
 
 Barnes, on this passage, says: "The circumstance 
 here adverted to was remarkable because the com- 
 mon residence of the animal was the water, and 
 the bones of aquatic animals are generally 
 hollow, and much less firm than those of land 
 animals. It should be observed here, that the 
 word rendered brass in the Scriptures most proba- 
 bly denotes copper. Brass is a compound metal, 
 composed of copper and zinc; and there is no 
 reason to suppose that the art of compounding 
 it was known at as early a period of the world 
 as the time of Job." This may be, but Barnes 
 forgets that it is the Lord who is here speaking. 
 
 Then again I do not admit that all the bones 
 of this monster are said to be solid. Neither are 
 ail those of the hippopotamus ; nor those of any 
 other animal which has been proposed as the one 
 alluded to here. 
 
 A French translation has : *' Ses os sont des 
 barres d'airain." Umbreit renders : " His bones 
 are tubes of brass." In these renderings you 
 will notice that these bones are not compared to 
 
68 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 brass, or copper, but they are properly said to be 
 of brass, and not like brass. The Septuagint have 
 taken the same view of the meaning of the origi- 
 nal. Thus I am not the only one who has con- 
 sidered this the proper meaning of the Hebrew. 
 
 Then again, Gesenius, Rosenmiiller and Noyes 
 also render tubes, instead of strong pieces of brass. 
 Schultcns has alvei, channels. 
 
 It appears then evident from the original, and 
 from the opinion and rendering of these learned 
 authors, that the so-called bones^ referred to in 
 the first part of this \erse, were tubular, and not 
 solid. Therefore it would be proper to render 
 " His hollow bones are tubes of brass." This 
 would establish the required distinction between 
 the two sets of bones mentioned in this verse ; 
 and give us, at the same time, a far better reading. 
 
 Such being the meaning of the original Hebrew, 
 the question might be asked — If these parts be 
 really and substantially tubes of brass, why are 
 they called bones f The answer is plain, and has 
 already been, suggested, viz. : that, throughout 
 this highly poetical description, the various parts 
 and attributes of this so-called behetnotk are 
 likened to corresponding parts in various animals. 
 
 Hoping to have settled the meaning that we 
 should attach to the important words of this verse, 
 and to have succeeded in doing so Is much from 
 the direct affirmative character of the expressions 
 themselves, as from^ the authorities quoted, who 
 could not have been biased in favor of my views ; 
 I would question whether the original words 
 
IN THE HOOK OI'' JOB. 69 
 
 :ould be, at all, applied to any known animal, 
 living or extinct. Even allowing the ordinary 
 English rendering, and others, could the hollow 
 bones of the hippopotamus, or of the elephant, be 
 properly compared to pieces of brass^ or tubes of 
 brass. If these bones were said to be like strong 
 •tubes of iro7i^ there might be some plausibility 
 for supposing that the comparison was intended 
 to prove the great strength of these bones ; for 
 the expression like iron is often made use of to 
 denote great strength. But to liken to tubes of 
 copper or brass the bones of a monster which is 
 represented as the most extraordinary and most 
 powerful on earth, is not saying . much for his 
 strength; nor does it come up to the idea one- 
 would have of the bones of such an animal. 
 Brass is not comparatively strong; neither is it 
 ever used as typical of great strength. It is even 
 said in this very description that brass is to him 
 as rotten wood (xli. 27). Therefore to compare 
 the bones of a powerful monster to tubes of brass 
 would not be saying much in his favor. 
 
 Moreover, has it been conclusively shown, by 
 the advocates of the hippoptamus, or of the ele- 
 phant, that these animals have indeed bones, 
 which, for strength, color, or other peculiarities, 
 resemble tubes of brass? Not only has it not 
 been conclusively or even plausibly shown, but 
 all of them touch very lightly on this verse, tak- 
 ing it for granted that it is intended to denote 
 the strength of the bones of this animal. 
 
 But when one examines minutely into the 
 
yo A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 i^eiieral flow of this description, he perceives 
 that such a comparison would be out of place. 
 And, finally^ when he resorts to the original for 
 a solution of these strange comparisons, he 
 discovers tliat there exists, in fact, no such a 
 comparison, but rather the no less perplexing 
 statement that these bones are really and sub- 
 stantially tubes of brass. As there occur no 
 prefix of comparison before any of the words of 
 this hemistich, I have a full right to claim that 
 it was not intended, and should not be substi- 
 tuted,especially if I can show that it has a very 
 plausible meaning and reference without it. 
 
 Let us now take a glance at our steam engine 
 and boiler, and see if there are any parts about it 
 which are tubes of brass, or of copper ; and which 
 might, in the language of this description, be 
 likened to his hollow bones. 
 
 Those who are well acquainted with the con- 
 struction of the steam boiler, are well aware that 
 there are connected with it a number of copper 
 and brass pipes which serve to convey steam, 
 water and even flames to and from its various 
 parts. Some of these pipes are quite large and 
 long ; others are small tubes. But the most 
 remarkable and numerous of these pipes occur 
 inside of the boiler itself, and are called flues. 
 /riiey vary in number according to the size or 
 requirements of the boiler; some having as many 
 as two hundred. They extend the entire length 
 of the boiler, and are made fast to the heads at 
 eacli end of it. 
 
IN THE BOOK OP" JOB. 71 
 
 These boilers are called tubular boilers. These 
 tubes serve, not only as a means of conducting 
 the heat of the furnace through the mass of 
 water to be vaporized, but also to strengthen the 
 heads at each end of the boiler. 
 
 In man}' upright boilers these tubes, instead 
 of extending longitudinally through the boiler, 
 are coiled inside; and a sectional view, of them, 
 thus coiled, resembles very much ribs of brass. 
 
 If we now compare the tubes and pipes of 
 brass and of copper of our modern creature of 
 power, with the hollow bones of the behemoth, 
 we will recognize that they are, in every respect, 
 what the original words of this description call 
 for, viz., tubes of copper^ or of brass. They are 
 not merely like tubes, but real tubes. Not 
 merely like copper or brass, but substantially 
 made of either. They can, very poetically, be 
 said to be the hollow bones of this monster ; for 
 like the bones of an animal they constitute an 
 essential part of his body, and serve to strengthen 
 it; being in fact a part of his frame work. 
 
 In certain types of upright boilers, as I have 
 just referred to, these tubes of copper, being 
 coiled within the boiler may, very appropriately, 
 be likened to the ribs of his body, thus even 
 agreeing with the rendering of the Scptuagint. 
 who translate, " His ribs are ribs of brass." 
 
 We have seen that the original word made 
 use of to designate these hollow bones, has also, 
 as its primary meaning, that of to bind fast ; 
 then also that of to be numerous, many. With 
 
72 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 our modern monster we can see the singular 
 application of these two definitions. For these 
 tubes, or flues, besides being generally very 
 numerous in certain types of boilers, are made 
 fast to each head of the boiler, and serve, in 
 great measure, to bind and strengthen them. 
 
 So well do the words of the original suit our 
 modem behemoth, that of it only does it seem 
 possible to say, " His hollow bones are tubes of 
 brass." 
 
 In most translations the second, part of this 
 verse is rendered : " His bones are like bars of 
 iron." In the original these bones are designated 
 by a word different from the first, and were it 
 not for the explanation which follows there would 
 be no ready means of ascertaining whether it was 
 intended for hollow or solid bones. Schultens 
 renders, his solid bones. This the context seems 
 to require, says Prof. Lee, " hence ~ the com- 
 parison ... as a bar of iron." The Vulgate ren- 
 ders, " cartilago illius," his gristle. But this does 
 not express the plurality of parts indicated by the 
 original word. 
 
 The Septuagint differ somewhat ; they have rachis 
 (pa;r'f), which means the spine ^ or back bone. 
 But it is evident that the original word could 
 not have been intended to refer to this, as the 
 word occurs in the plural form. Th^n the spine 
 of animals is not solid^ as it must be inferred that 
 these bones were, froiil the fact that they are said 
 to be bars of iron as if hammered out. 
 
 The most important, as well as the most singu- 
 
IN TIIH UOOK OI- JOl'.. 73 
 
 lar word in this passage, is, (^*Pp) nuUil^ a liavi- 
 ■mered bar; from the root (^^^) matal, meaning 
 to draw out, to make Long ; hence to forge, to 
 havimer. Adding to this the meaning of the 
 prefix prepositions (?) caph, which is, as, as if, 
 like; we have, as ij hammered out bars. 
 Thus the entire passage should read : " His solid 
 bones are bars of iron as if hammered out." I 
 consider it of importance to notice here, that the 
 preposition as, as if, does not occur before the 
 word iron, but is prefixed to the previous word, 
 thus, as ham^nered out ; so that the particle of 
 comparison does not apply directly to the word 
 iron, as though it were said, his bones are as 
 iron, or like iron. 'Therefore I consider that the 
 proper rendering here is : '' His solid bones un- 
 bars of iron as if hammered out." Taking this 
 view of it, it becomes evident that the original 
 :isserts that these so-called bones were indeed solid 
 bars of iron, and that this iron appeared as if 
 hammered out. 
 
 Moreover this interpretation is required in 
 order to establish a proper correspondence be- 
 tween the quality of these bones and that of his 
 hollow ones, which, as we have seen, are dis- 
 tinctly said to be of brass. 
 
 The Septuagint must have had the same view 
 of the meaning of the original, since they do not 
 express any comparison ; simply asserting that 
 these parts were of iron hammered out, or cast. 
 
 Rosenmtiller quoting the Arabic, gives here, 
 dp fcrro ; cusum et in longum exte?is?ini. 
 
74 A WONDERIUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Here then occurs the extraordinary statement 
 that the solid bones of the behemoth were bars 
 of iron ; and that these had the appearance of 
 having been forged^ hainmered out. The im- 
 portance of this passage becomes now more evi- 
 dent than ever, since we have now in our midst 
 a monster full of vigor and of .enormous power, 
 whose hollow bones are tubes of brass, and his 
 solid bones bars of iron hammered out. 
 
 As to the bones of the hippopotanius being 
 alluded to here, I would say that no. substantial 
 claim has, or can be put forth that they are in 
 au}^ way differently constructed or composed, or 
 in any way stronger than those of other animals 
 of liis size. Neither does it appear that there is 
 an}' thing sufficiently extraordinary about the 
 bones of the elephant to warrant their compari- 
 son to solid bars of iron hammered out. 
 
 Therefore, why should their bones, niore than 
 those of other animals, be compared to hollow or 
 solid metal? Moreover, are there in the hippo- 
 potamus bones so extraordinary for their solidity 
 and length, that they could be compared with 
 ])ropriety to solid bars of iron elongated, ham- 
 mered out ? Arid are there others so hollow and 
 thin that they can be compared to tubes of brass, 
 which are generally very thin in proportion to 
 their size? 
 
 The advocates of the hippopotamus are silent 
 (Ml these important poiltits. I would therefore con- 
 clude that, as this extraordinary verse calls for 
 something peculiar and wonderful, something far 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 75 
 
 beyond what is common to animals, that neither 
 the hippopotamus nor the elephant can lay any 
 substantial claims to it. 
 
 If we now look to our iron monster for a solu- 
 tion, it will not be difficult to find, among the 
 numerous bars of iron of all sizes which are con- 
 nected with the -engine and boiler, such as will 
 fulfill the requirements of this passage. 
 
 Among its numerous solid bars of iron are, 
 'first, the exterior ones, which form part of the 
 engine, such as the strong and ponderous con- 
 necting-rods and pitmans. They are made of 
 solid bars of iron, carefully forged and ham- 
 mered out. In large stationary engines they are 
 of enormous size and weight ; a single one of 
 them would outweigh the largest known hippo- 
 potamus. Then there are numerous iron rods 
 and bars of all sizes which form parts of the 
 engine or of its frame work. In a locomotive 
 most of these parts are double, besides a num- 
 ber of others not necessary in an ordinary sta-. 
 tionary engine. 
 
 Secondly, the interior ones, which are the mas- 
 sive cast iron bars which form the fire grate, 
 and are located inside the fire-box. 
 
 Either of these two sets of solid iron bars 
 answers the description. vSo that our modem 
 behemoth is not wanting in solid bones of iron 
 as if hammered out or cast. 
 
 But it seems to me that this description is 
 such a perfect one, that these solid bones, or 
 bars of iron, cannot refer promiscuously to either 
 
76 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 or all of these bars and rods, and that some 
 special ones are here intended. 
 
 As these are likened to the bones of this mon- 
 ster, and that the bones of animals, with the 
 exception of their horns, or tusks, are located 
 within the different parts of their body ; there- 
 fore in order that the comparison of these bars 
 of iron to bones, be complete and proper, it 
 seems to me necessary that they should be 
 looked for among the inner parts of the body of 
 our competitor ; the same as we have' seen that 
 his hollow bones were located inside of his body. I 
 therefore consider that the large cast-iron bars which 
 form the grate of the fire-box, may be those spe- 
 cially referred to here, as they are virtually inside 
 of a part of the body of our great monster. 
 
 If at this moment the inner construction of 
 the boiler was being shown to Job, then the nume- 
 rous tubes running through the entire length of 
 the boiler, and the large solid cast-iron grate-bars, 
 would be the first strange objects which would ex- 
 cite his admiration; therefore the description, in 
 this verse, in the order in which it occurs. 
 
 How grand and poetic this verse appears, 
 when we look upon its words as applying to our 
 wonderful steam motor. Indeed " His hollow bones 
 are tubes of brass ; his solid bones are bars of 
 iron as if hammered out." 
 
 Surely, those who hold to a literal interpreta- 
 lion and to the refere'hce of this description to 
 :iu animal (not yet known), will have some trouble 
 to get over the weighty assertions of this verse. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 77 
 
 IT IS THE GREATEST OF THE METHODS 
 OF POWER. 
 
 N^n 
 
 He, or it, is 
 
 Ipse est 
 
 n^^N"). 
 
 chief, greatest 
 
 principium 
 
 -»D-^^ 
 
 of the ways, methods 
 
 viarum 
 
 ^s 
 
 of power, might ; 
 
 Dei, 
 
 ib^i^n 
 
 the one making him 
 
 qui fecit eum 
 
 ^y 
 
 will apply unio him 
 
 applicabit 
 
 i:?Sn 
 
 his sword. 
 
 gladiumejus. 
 
 " He is the chief of the ways of God : he that made hi:u 
 can make his sword to approach unto him." 
 
 This verse is one of the most difficult to render, 
 and, as it now stands in our various translations, 
 is one of the hardest to understand. Yet I hope 
 to succeed in throwing some light upon its mean- 
 ing and reference. I expect that it will be re- 
 cognized to be one of the most extraordinary of 
 this great prophecy. As a general rule, those 
 verses which have perplexed expositors the most, 
 have furnished me with the strongest evidence 
 in support of my views. This one, I surmise, will 
 not be an exception. As the subject of this de- 
 scription was a hard one to ascertain, there 
 naturally arose a great deal of doubt as to the 
 
yS A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 proper rendering of the comprehensive ex.pres- 
 sions of the original. Morever, translators, doubt- 
 ful of the real meaning and reference of difficult 
 passages, often render them by non-committal ex- 
 pressions, which can never serve to solve a 
 difficult3^ 
 
 It is hard to understand what can be meant 
 here by saying that this supposed beast is the chiej 
 of the ways of God ; and that he that viade Jiim can 
 make his .swo7^d to approach unto him. Can it be 
 supposed that God, who is here represented as 
 speaking to Job, would say, " He is the chief of 
 the ways of God," instead of, "He is the chief 
 of my ways?" Or, that He would speak of His 
 own work as though it were that of some one 
 else? For, such is the inference which can be 
 drawn from the passage, " he that made him can 
 make his sword to approach unto him ; " or rather, 
 more literally, "the one making him will apply 
 his sword unto him." 
 
 Were it a created animal that was being alluded 
 to, this mode of expression would appear, to say 
 the least, very singular. But if we look upon this 
 description as referring to some powerful mechan- 
 ical device, the product of man's ingenuity, we 
 perceive at once the reason of this, otherwise sin- 
 gular, passage. 
 
 After a close investigation, I find tiiat the first 
 part of this verse is susceptible of two different 
 interpretations. First; " He is chief of the ways 
 of God ;" Second, " He is chief of the methods of 
 power." The only means there is of deciding 
 
IN THE BOOK OK JOB. 79 
 
 as to the proper one, is the requirements of the 
 context. The difficulty arises from the various 
 meanings of the word ('?N) el. Its primary mean- 
 ing is, strong^ niigJUy^ a mighty one ; th^n, strejigtk, 
 mighty power ; hence, God^ The Abnighty^ The 
 Mighty one. In Gen. xxxi. 29, we find (H^.'^^?'? ^*.) 
 yesh lei yadi^ i. e.^ it is in the power oi my hand. 
 P^z. xxxi. ii. (D^.1<3 *?{<) el goim^ the mighty one 
 among the nations. Is. ix. 5, pl^rl '^N) el gibbor, 
 the m.ighty hero. Concerning the meaning of this 
 word, Gesenius remarks: " Following the example 
 of most etymologists, we have above referred (p^) 
 el, to the root (p"^^) oul, but to speak more accur- 
 ately (p^) el., would seem rather to be a primitive 
 word, yet adapted 'in a certain measure to an 
 etymology from (p^^) oul ; so that to the mind of 
 the Hebrew it always presented the idea of strength 
 and power.^^ 
 
 From this you will perceive that the word ma\- 
 refer as well to strength., might., power., as to God. 
 In prose, when spoken of God pre-eminently, it 
 never stands alone, but alwa3^s either with an 
 attribute or another name of God. In the present 
 instance, were the two word.s ('^N'O'I^) darekay-el^ 
 separated from the balance of the phrase, it 
 would be very hard to decide whether it meant 
 the ways of God., or, the ways of power. 
 
 But as it stands we have an entire passage to 
 guide us in its meaning, and moreover a com- 
 plete description of the one of whom it is sup- 
 posed to be said, " He is the chief of the ways of 
 God." Therefore, it will be easier to ascertain 
 
So A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 the more probable and proper meaning of the 
 two. Taking the statement as it stands, " He is 
 //le chief of the ways of God," it seems abrupt, 
 isolated, not at all in keeping with what follows 
 in the same verse. Then, if we reflect on the 
 true import of these words, it assumes such pro- 
 portions that one begins to doubt whether such 
 language can be properly applied to any earthly 
 creature. 
 
 If we now examine carefully into the nature of 
 this creature we find it equally doubtful whether 
 it should, or not, be classed among animals. 
 Neither do we find it anywhere asserted that it 
 was a created being. Bven supposing that it was 
 an extraordinary animal, or even the most aston- 
 ishing piece of mechanism capable of being pro- 
 duced on earth, could it be said of either that 
 it was the chiefs or the greatest^ of the ways of 
 God ? Were it an angel or even a ^ man, we 
 might concede the propriety of such expressions, 
 since the latter could at least be looked upon as 
 the chief of the ways, or works of God on earth ; 
 for we are told that all things on earth were 
 made for man, and that he was to rule over all 
 the beasts of the field, and the fishes of the sea, 
 and the birds of the air. So that behemoth is 
 not, and cannot properly be said to be, the chief 
 of the ways of God, unless he be greater than 
 man. 
 
 I doubt even whether man himself can be said 
 to be, in the full and broad assertion of this 
 passage, the chiefs or greatest of the ways (works) 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 8 1 
 
 of God. Such are some of the grave objections 
 to our present reading of this passage, suggested 
 by the import of the words themselves and by 
 the context. 
 
 On the other hand, there are many reasons 
 why this passage should read, " He is the chief of 
 the wa3S of power T In reading this description 
 we notice that its whole tendency is - to show 
 that behemoth is the most powerful, heartless and 
 invulnerable of all creatures ; that he is made 
 without fear, and that on earth there is not his like. 
 Iron is to him as straw, and brass as rotten 
 wood. It would, therefore, be most natural to 
 say of such a monster, that he was the chief of 
 the ways of power, but not " chief of the ways of 
 God." Then, on the other hand, this powerful 
 creature does not appear, up to the present day. 
 to have been discovered among any of the animals 
 which God created, neither is it stated that he 
 was created. This lessens still more his claim to 
 being the chief of the ways of God. Moreover, 
 there has appeared, within our days, a monster of 
 power, with iron flanks and bones of solid metal ; 
 on earth there is not his like, neither has the deep 
 ever been lashed by such a fearless monster. 
 
 He bids fair to outrival all competitors and to 
 prove himself to be the long-sought-for behemoth. 
 Yet he is not a created being, endowed with intel- 
 ligence, perfect in all his parts. He is but a 
 manufactured monster, an engine of power. 
 Even of him it cannot be said, " He is the chief 
 of the ways of God." But we must acknowledge 
 
82 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 that nothing could be more appropriate than to 
 call him the " chief of the ways or methods of 
 power." In fact we will see that, under the head 
 of leviathan, lie is called "The King over all 
 conceptions of power." 
 
 Therefore I feel convinced that, in this instance, 
 the word (7i^) e/, is intended , to denote power ^ 
 physical strength. 
 
 In this passage I take the word (n^JJ^'N")) 7'eshith, 
 as meaning chiefs greatest^ most excellent^ a inaster- 
 piece. It has also the meaning of first in point 
 of time. The Vulgate renders by " Ipse est 
 principium viarum Dei." The Septuagint ; " Toz/re^rrw 
 ■apxri irTMctiaTog KvpLov^ Lit I " Tliis ouc is a mastcr- 
 piece of workmanship of the Lord." I take the 
 word (apxi ) to mean here, the first ^ in point of ex- 
 cellency, i. e., a masterpiece. So does the French 
 version, " C'est le chef-d'oeuvre du Dieu Fort." 
 As to the meaning of the expression, '* ways of 
 God," or " ways of power," we will find that the 
 word way or ways is of very comprehensive sig- 
 nification, meaning, a passage or road ; direction 
 of motion ; manner or method of doing, etc., etck 
 The latter meaning would be the most intelligible 
 in connection with the word power ; thus, "He is 
 a masterpiece of the methods of power." i. e., of 
 the methods of obtaining power. " In Scripture," 
 «sa3^s Webster, "the ways 'of God 'are his provi- 
 dential government or his works." 
 
 Prof. Lee, in his exposition of the meaning of this 
 passage, says, that in the sense of He is the head or 
 fij'st of the ways of God, it can fairly be applied 
 
IN THE LOOK OP JOP>. 83 
 
 neitlier to the hippopotamus, norto any other animal 
 or class of animals. " Bochart intimates," says 
 he " that, as others were created on the sixtli day, 
 bnt the hippopotamus, being an aquatic animal, 
 was produced on the fifth; it may hence be 
 termed first. But this does not necessarily 
 follow; for, first, if the "ways of God" are to be 
 referred to creation generally, surely th-e first of 
 these must have been the creation of the heavens 
 and the earth, not of a certain aquatic animal. 
 And, secondly, although the hippopotamus is an 
 aquatic animal occasionally — being amphibious — 
 it cannot hence be presumed that he must have 
 been created on the fifth day; or, which is the 
 same thing, that he' was produced by the waters, 
 rather than by the earth. 
 
 "The other instance adduced, viz : Numb. xxiv. 
 20, is equally inconclusive; for Amalek could 
 neither be the first of nations, in point of date, 
 nor yet one of the most noble of nations. For 
 first, Amalek was the son of Eliphaz (Gen. 
 xxxvi. 12). That nation could have been formed, 
 therefore, only during the sojourning of the 
 Israelites in Eg3''pt, and under circumstances by 
 no means favorable to the rapid increase of any 
 people. They must, therefore, have been greatly 
 inferior to Egypt, Babylon, and many other nations 
 then in existence ; and, for the same reason, 
 they could with no propriety be termed the first 
 in point of date. I conclude, therefore, that 
 (iTp'N"!) rcshith^ must here, i. e.. Numb. xxiv. 20, 
 be used in a sense totally different from that 
 
84 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 assumed by Bochart. Balaam, I think, must 
 have meant, that as Amalek was the first of the 
 nations who opposed the Israelites in their journey 
 ing through the desert^ their doom was, therefore^ 
 that they should perish forever," 
 
 This is sufficient to show that, in this instance^ 
 the expression, '"''he is the first,'''' cannot be in- 
 terpreted as referring to the time when the behe- 
 moth was created. Moreover, as I have shown, 
 it is not satisfactorily established that he was 
 ever created, or that such an animal was ever 
 known on earth. 
 
 Therefore, from the evident reference of this 
 description and from the context, I conclude that 
 our present rendering has no good authority to 
 rest on, whilst there are abundant reasons and 
 proof that it should read, *' He (or it) is chief of 
 the ways (methods) of power." 
 
 Hoping to have settled the meaning of the 
 word (7^) el, as meaning here, power, strength^ 
 now the expression, ways of power, will be readily 
 understood to refer to the methods, or, ways of 
 obtaining power. 
 
 As you have just noticed. Prof. Lee decides 
 that, this passage can fairly be applied neither 
 to the hippDpDtamus nor to any other animal in 
 the sense of " he is the head or first of the ways 
 .of God." 
 
 Moreover, if this passage was intended to refer 
 to the great power of an animal, as some suppose, 
 why was it not said that he was the most power- 
 ful of all animals, which would have been easily; 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 85 
 
 understood, and have helped to prove that the 
 behemoth was an animal. 
 
 As to the possibility of the hippopotamus being 
 referred to here, I would say, that he cannot be 
 shown to be the chief of the ways of power, not 
 even the chief of the animals of power. For it 
 is evident that animals have existed which were 
 far superior, in size and power, to any- now in 
 existence. 
 
 But let us see if any objections can be found 
 to the application of this passage to our own nion- 
 ster of power. 
 
 Jt is said, as I have just shown, that the behe- 
 moth is chief of the methods of power. This cm, 
 very naturally, be interpreted to mean that he 
 is the greatest of all contrivances of pozver. T!:.2 
 steam engine, as we all know, derives its power 
 from the expansive force of steam generated 
 from water, by the application of heat. 
 
 This force is capable of being accumulated 
 until it reaches an enormous degree of pressure; 
 in fact, it is limited only by the capacity of iron 
 or steel to withhold. Boilers and engines of 
 several hundred horse-power are very common. 
 
 Up to the present day no other force has been 
 discovered which for power, economy and safety 
 can compare with steam. It does outrival all 
 competitors on sea and on land, and bids fair 
 to remain the power of the nations. 
 
 An ordinary steam engine and toiler can accom- 
 plish more work, or generate more potential 
 energy in one day than a thousand hippopotami. 
 
86 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 All the animals of the forests could not equals 
 this day, the combined power of steam. In the 
 \va3' of strength there is no creature on earth 
 capable of competing with it. 
 
 Such being the facts concerning the power and 
 strength of our steam motor, can any valid objec- 
 tions be raised to its being called, " the chief of 
 the methods cf power," or, " the greatest of all 
 the contrivancec of power." 
 
 Certainly, no one will ^deny that, up to the 
 present, nothing has been known , to equal it. 
 Even should some other motor be found to 
 supersede it in some respects, are we sure that it 
 could fulfill all the requirements of this descrip- 
 tion. As matters stand, our great steam motor 
 can also be said to be " chief of the ways of 
 God " — viz : chief among His providential ways- 
 for the benefit and pleasure of man. 
 
 As to the second part of the verse, it is still 
 more difficult to understand than that which we 
 have just seen; and commentators do not throw 
 much light on its meaning. In the English ver- 
 sion it reads : " He that made him can make his 
 sword to approach unto him." Here again occurs^ 
 as you will notice, the expression to make^ i. e.y 
 he that inade him, but not he that created him. 
 In the original it is the same word to which I 
 called your attention in the explanation of the 
 first verse of this description. But who can form 
 an opinion of wlia^ is meant by saying : " He 
 that made him can make his sword to approach 
 unto him." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 87 
 
 A more literal rendering would be : " The one 
 making him will apply (approach) his sword.". 
 
 It is the Lord Himself who is here speaking ; 
 yet it would seem as though He were referring 
 to some one else as the maker of this behemoth, 
 and as the one who would apply this sword to 
 him. 
 
 Such ambiguity would certainly be objectionable 
 and highly improbable as the original utterances 
 of the Creator Himself, unless He referred, in- 
 deed, to some piece of mechanism and to the 
 maker thereof, who would furnish it, or cause to 
 approach unto it, some sort of destructive power, 
 here called, figuratively, a sword, the emblem of 
 death and destruction. And here, I believe, we 
 will find the solution to this problem. 
 
 It cannot be denied, that the Lord Himself 
 says here that, the. one that maketh this monster 
 will apply his sword, or will furnish him with 
 his sword. Neither will it be denied that, unless 
 He spoke here of a third person, and not of 
 Himself, such an abrupt change from the first 
 to the third person, would be 'entirely uncalled 
 for, ambiguous, and likely to lead to a misunder- 
 standing. 
 
 We would certainly expect the Lord to have 
 expressed Himself quite differently had He in- 
 tended to refer to the question of His creating and 
 destroying this monster. 
 
 We might suppose, for instance, that He would 
 have said: "I, who have created him, have made 
 his sword to approach unto him." But, singu- 
 
88 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 larly enough, the original is again in my favor, 
 as it clearly intimates here, that this monster of 
 power is to be furnished, in the future, with some 
 terrible destructive power; and that this will be 
 applied by the one that makes him ; not by the 
 one who had made^ or who had created him. 
 
 Up to the present it has been generally con- 
 sidered that this sword referred to some destruc- 
 tive means by which the Lord would destroy this 
 monster, notwithstanding his invulnerability. 
 Such are the views of Adam Clarke ; he says : 
 " No power of jnait or beast can overcome him. 
 God alone can overcome him, and God alone 
 could make his sword (of extinction) approach to 
 him." • 
 
 Although this is undoubtedly the true sense 
 in which the word sword has been used here, 
 viz., distress and destruction, yet it does not 
 appear to me that this power of destruction came 
 directly from God ; but rather that it was one 
 that pertained to the nature of this monster, his 
 own great destructive power; and, that the one 
 who would make him would cause this great 
 power to become the cause of his destruction. 
 
 Among those who look upon the word sword 
 as referring to some attribute of the behemoth 
 is Bochart, who renders this passage thus: "He 
 that niade him furnished him with a sword." 
 
 Prof Lee, indorsing the same views, has : 
 " His maker hath given him his weapon." Urn- 
 breit has : " His creator hath bestowed on him 
 his sword." These, and many others, such as 
 
IN THE DOOK OF JOB. 89 
 
 Scluiltens and Rosenmiiller, entertain tlie same 
 views. Therefore, it seems quite probable that 
 the expression his sivord refers to some great and 
 destructive power belonging to the behemoth. 
 Taking this for granted, it Avould appear, then, 
 that the one maJzing this monster will, in some 
 way or other, apply to him his dangerous and de- 
 structive power, or something that w-ill -be apt to 
 destroy him. Let us now see if the nature of 
 this destructive power cannot be ascertained from 
 what is said of the peculiarities of this monster 
 in other parts of this description. 
 
 We have seen, in the sixteenth verse of this 
 •chapter, that there was confined some very mys- 
 terious power within the encircling parts of the 
 belly of this monster. We have noticed some 
 similar force referred to (chap. xl. 16,) as confined 
 airy or vapor^ not allowed to escape through the 
 laps of his shields ; the latter being sealed 
 tightly for the very purpose of preventing this 
 mysterious force from escaping. Job is un- 
 doubtedly reminded of the terrible danger of this 
 same internal and mysterious power, when he is 
 told (chap. xli. 8) : " Place thy hand upon him ; 
 be mindful of the battling forces within^ .and thou 
 wilt venture no further." 
 
 Evidently the very nature of this mysterious 
 and destructive force is revealed to us in chap. 
 xli. 20, where we read : *' Out of his nostrils 
 will issue forth smolce as out of a boiling pot or 
 caldron." And what is the smoke that issues 
 from a boiling pot, if not Steam ? We are all 
 
5p A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 acquainted with its terribly destructive power, and 
 when we look upon this behemoth of Job as being 
 our own monster of power, we can fully realize, 
 without any further explanation, how well it can 
 be called Jiis smord of destruction. 
 
 We have further, in this same description 
 (chap. xli. 26), strong and convincing evidence 
 that this sword does refer to the destructive 
 power of steam ; and even how it becomes to be 
 the destruction of this monster. It reads: "From 
 dryness (lack of water) rendering him furious, 
 he will not have power to withhold." Here^ 
 then, is the whole secret revealed. 
 
 This monster's destruction will be caused by 
 a lack of water rendering him so furious, that 
 he cannot withhold, or endure, any longer. 
 
 The word (^"^H), which occurs in the above 
 verse, and which I render dryness^ may mean 
 either a sword or dryness^ as I will show here- 
 after ; yet strange, in both cases they evidently 
 refer to the same power of destruction. 
 
 Nothing can reveal to us so well the full force 
 and reference of this passage as its application 
 to the well-known peculiarities of our own mon- 
 ster of power. The statement that dryness^ or a 
 lack of water, renders him furious^ is evidence 
 that water is essential to the leviathan. And so 
 we find it to be with our iron monster. Water is. 
 his power — his very life. Without it he is left in 
 the greatest of distress, entirely helpless ; he 
 cannot even move a limb or utter the faintest 
 sound. Of all creatures he is weakened and di:i- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 9I 
 
 tressed the most for want of water. As soon as 
 he begins to get dry he loses all power over him- 
 self, and in a moment all the movable parts of his 
 body become rigid. But, whilst actively at work, 
 should his supply of water fail too suddenly, his 
 rage will become so great that, all of a sudden, 
 he will lose all control over himself, and, bursting 
 his body asunder, he will scatter it in all directions. 
 
 It is well known to any one familiar with the 
 management of a steam boiler that, if the water 
 in the boiler is allowed to run too low, it is liable 
 to be vaporized too suddenly, and the outlets not 
 being sufficiently large to allow it to escape, the 
 enormous pressure, thus suddenly generated, tears 
 it to pieces. Indeed, in this sense, one can realize 
 the full meaning and reference of the words of 
 the Lord when he said : " He that maketh him 
 will apply unto him his power of destruction,"' 
 viz., fire and water. 
 
 Man, who is the maker of this terrible engine 
 of power, has endowed it with such active and 
 dangerous forces that they often become the very 
 source of its destruction. In this light we can 
 also understand the reason why the Lord makes 
 here, that heretofore singular and unaccountable 
 allusion to another, besides himself, as the maker 
 of the behemoth. Undoubtedly the expression to 
 make is intended here in a more limited sense 
 than it is in the first verse of this description. 
 
 Here then, once more, our modern monster 
 helps to elucidate the meaning of an obscure 
 and almost incomprehensible passage. 
 
92 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Bochart, \vlio supposes that the teeth of the 
 hippopotamus are referred to by the word sivord^ 
 has the following rendering of this passage : " He 
 that made him furnished him with a sword." 
 This translation conveys quite different ideas 
 from what can be strictly inferred from the origi- 
 nal Hebrew. It is not "he that made him," but 
 " the one making him," which does not show an 
 action passed and accomplished at the time these 
 words were spoken. Then the verb to fiini^h 
 has here the full force of the future. Then 
 again the original does not read a sword^ but Jus 
 sword. 
 
 The original, therefore, cannot be quoted as a 
 proof that the behemoth 'vas then in existence, 
 or had existed before. From this comparison 
 with the original, Bochart's rendering is found 
 to be too liberal. If made to be literal it would 
 not agree with his views, that the teeth of the 
 hippopotamus are here meant by the word sivord. 
 It does not seem llkeiy that this word, which 
 occurs here in the singular number, would be 
 used, figL!.rai:iv';ily, for a great number of teeth. 
 Then again the teeth of the hippopotamus are 
 far from resembling swords. At least they do 
 not any more than the teeth of any other such 
 mo'nsters. Therefore there would be no special or 
 extraordinary reason for likening them 'to a sword, 
 or speaking of them as something wonderful. 
 
 That a comparison^ may be proper and natu- 
 ral, there should exist some striking analogy 
 between the things compared. It does not seem 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 93 
 
 proper to liken horns to a sword because they 
 are slightly curved or tapering; were they ex- 
 ceedingly sharp and their ends very penetrating, 
 there would be some propriety for the compari- 
 son. I might understand how the word sword 
 might be used, figuratively, for the horn of a 
 unicorn, or for the weapon of a sword-fish, but 
 not for the four unsightly teeth of a hippopota- 
 mus. At least I cannot accept it as such in this 
 instance ; if the word was in the plural the 
 learned quotations of Bochart might have more 
 force. 
 
 That the teeth of the hippopotamus should 
 be likened by historians to a hook, or to some 
 curved instrument for reaping or tearing to 
 pieces — for such is the primary meaning of 
 («/'-'/) arpe^ which he quotes — ma}^ be very 
 natural and proper, but it is no conclusive evi- 
 donce that the Hebrew word is to be taken here 
 as referring to the teeth of that animal. More- 
 over, as I have shown, Bochart cannot, with any 
 pretension to accurac}', place such a construction 
 as he has upon the original Hebrew. Even then 
 if we simply add to his own rendering the words 
 his tcetli^ instead of his sivord — as he claims this 
 to be the meaning of the latter — we will at once 
 notice the weakness of his version. It would 
 then read : " He that made him furnished him 
 with his teeth." And what an improbable and un- 
 called-for explanation, specially when we consider 
 that the Lord Himself is speaking. For this 
 would make it appear as though the Lord wished 
 
94 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Job to distinctly understand that He had endowed 
 this monster with teeth, or that, indeed, another 
 had done so. 
 
 Even if, in this instance, we give Bochart the 
 benefit (?) of the literal translation, his views will 
 not appear as favorably. For then the passage 
 would read: "The one making him will apply 
 (or approach) his teeth." This would be not 
 only improbable as coming from the Lord Him- 
 self, but out of place in such a sublime descrip- 
 tion as this. Neither can we understand how it 
 could be said of the hippopotamus that, the one 
 making him, will apply unto him the power of his 
 own destruction. Yet such is the case with the 
 steam engine. 
 
 The word sivord, taken in the sense of a power 
 of destruction, applies in a very striking manner 
 to the terribly destructive powers of steam. That 
 we may duly appreciate this, we have but to read 
 the daily accounts of the terrible accidents which 
 happen from the explosion of the pent-up forces 
 of steam. We will then fully realize that these 
 almost unlimited forces must be classed among 
 our greatest powers of destruction. Yea, the 
 makers of the behemoth and leviathan furnish 
 them with their own most terrible powers of 
 destruction. And these ambitious and fearless 
 monsters, too anxious to outdo their competitors, 
 often inflate themselves to such an extent that 
 they burst their iroits bands asunder and carry 
 devastation on all sides. What a monster ! And 
 what a terrible sword he carries at his side I 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 95 
 
 Thus we may easily recognize how fully he 
 answers this description, and fulfills, not only tjie 
 requirements of the original text, but the very 
 poetical sentiments which pervade this whole 
 description. In him only can we recognize the 
 beauty of the original, when it says : " Ke is a 
 masterpiece of the methods of power ; he that 
 maketh him will apply unto him his_ sword of 
 destruction,^^ 
 
96 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 THEY WILI. BRING TO HTM THE \VEAI,TII OP 
 THE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 ■V- _ T : 
 
 Verse 20. 
 
 For, the wealth, produce 
 
 of the mountains 
 
 they w:!! bring forth to him 
 
 and all the beasts, animals 
 
 of the fields 
 
 will wear away, skip away 
 
 at that time, there. 
 
 Ilerbas 
 
 monies 
 
 ferunt huic ; 
 
 omncs bestiac 
 
 agri 
 
 ludcut 
 
 ibi. 
 
 " Surely the mowntains bring him forth food, where all the 
 beasts of the field play." 
 
 - You will notice in the above renderings of the 
 Vulgate and English versions that there is, evi- 
 dently, a want of relation between the ideas ex- 
 pressed in the two members of the verse. For, 
 what could be meant by saying that, " where all 
 the beasts of the field play, surely the moun- 
 tains "bring him forth food." Such is iudeed 
 their meaning. This inverting of the order of 
 the two passages renders their discordance more 
 pfominent. It would seem that if the idea were 
 that this monster grased on the mountains among 
 other wild beasts, that this fact would have been 
 expressed quite differently. What could the play- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 97 
 
 ing oi field animals have to do with the produc- 
 tion of his food by the mountains. Then again 
 it is remarkable that it is not said that the be- 
 hemoth goes on these mountains in search of his 
 food, but that these bring food to him. 
 
 Neither is it said that these mountains are the 
 grazing fields of these beasts, but, very strangely, 
 that it is there they all play; which not only seems 
 improbable but entirely foreign to the subiect 
 matter. 
 
 There would seem to be something strange 
 also about this monster's food, as it is said to be 
 a special product of the mountains ; for it may 
 be supposed that, were it grass, there would have 
 been no necessity . for mentioning any special 
 locality ; in fact more grass and shrubbery grow 
 in the plains and valleys than on the mountains. 
 Then, why this second allusion to this creature's 
 food when, in the first verse of this description, 
 we were told that he consumed fodder as well as 
 cattle do ? 
 
 Such are a few of the difficulties met with in 
 this verse, when we endeavor to fathom its mean- 
 ing from our present translations. 
 
 Undoubtedly a different interpretation of the 
 original is necessary in order to throw the re- 
 quired light on this passage. 
 
 The word ('^''2) bhoul., rendered food^ is not 
 generally made use of in that sense, but rather 
 in that of produce^ increase ; from the root ('?5J) 
 yabJial, meaning to flow, to overflow. 
 
 But I am of the opinion that the proper mean- 
 
g8 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 ing of the word here will be found in Job, 
 chapter xx. 28 ; where it is said : " The increase 
 [7^y), of his house departs;" meaning //le wealth 
 laid up in his house. 
 
 Prof. Lee. takes almost the same view of the 
 word, and says in reference to it: "The truth 
 seems to be, that abundance^ excess^ or the like, 
 is the idea prevailing in this word." 
 
 The Vulgate renders herba^ but nowhere else 
 do I find it interpreted in that restricted sense. 
 
 The word (^^^^) nasa^ rendered to brings means 
 primarily to take up, to lift up; then to bring. 
 As it is in the third person plural, future, we 
 should render they will take up, or bring (I*?) to 
 hi7n. In this sense, which is undoubtedly the 
 proper one, the word mountains cannot be the 
 subject of this verb, as all versions make it ap- 
 pear. For the original word does not mean to 
 bring forth, in the sense of to produce, but to 
 take up to, to bring to any one, etc. 
 
 From this meaning of the words it becomes evi- 
 dent that the word mountains, is in the genitive, 
 which gives us, "They will bring to him the 
 wealth, or, produce, of the mountains." 
 
 Although, as you will notice, it is not directly 
 stated in what this wealth, or abundance of the 
 mountains consisted, yet the fact cannot be denied 
 that, whatever it was, it had- to be taken up, or 
 brought forth to him. And, as the verb here does 
 not indicate the actioH Qi producing, but that of 
 carrying or bringing from one place to another, 
 it must be inferred that this action of bringing 
 
IN THK 150UK C)J' JUH. 99 
 
 forth these products to this monster, must have been 
 performed by men. 
 
 Another important inference which can be drawn 
 from the above meaning of the words is, that the 
 original does not refer, exclusively, to the pro- 
 ducts which grow on the surface of the moun- 
 tains, but may also refer to such as have to be 
 excavated from them, and here called the wealth 
 of the mountains. 
 
 If we reflect but a moment, we cannot help re- 
 cognizing here a direct reference, not only to the 
 products of the fields, but also to the vast wealth 
 which has been for centuries, and is yet this day, 
 excavated from the mountains and mountainous 
 countries, in the shape of iron, coal, granite, gold, 
 silver and the like, which may, indeed, be very 
 appropriately called the wealth of the mountains. 
 Now if we apply to these products the meaning 
 of the root of the word by which they are here 
 designated, viz., to flow ; we find it to apply to 
 them in a no less wonderful manner, since geo- 
 logists inform us that there is abundant proof that 
 at one time during the earth's formation, all these 
 were in a molten condition, many of them vir- 
 tually flowing from the craters and fissures of the 
 mountains. 
 
 From this it would appear that the behemoth 
 was a domestic animal, or some powerful machine 
 to which the people carried these materials and 
 products of the mountains, either for exportation, 
 or for this monster's own use. 
 
 A proof that the original was not understood, 
 
lOO A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 and that there was great difficulty in applying it to 
 such an animal as this description was supposed 
 to refer, may be readily seen from the various 
 comments and renderings we have of this passage. 
 
 An old French version renders it thus : " Bt 
 les montagnes lui rapportent leur revenu." The 
 writer, as you notice, does not seem to have under- 
 stood the original word {^^^) bhoul^ to mean only 
 herbes or g?'ass^ but any product or revenue of the 
 mountains. 
 
 Prof. Lee goes to great length to show that the 
 above word has been misunderstood ; he says : 
 " Nothing can be more blind than the account 
 given of this second word in the dictionaries. 
 
 * Proventus terrae,' says Gesenius, * a rad. ^^ 
 ut HNIDn, proventus, a J<13.' But here neither the 
 forms nor the sense are analogous. Winer gives 
 ' Proventus ex Chald. (Talm.) linguae usu ; ' 
 and ends with * Alii ; proventus arboris, h. e. lig- 
 num, quod magis placet.' Under '^^J, Gesenius 
 gives ^Jluxiiy maxime, copiose at cum quodam 
 impetu ; Arab . . . copiose fluxit, pluit,' etc. But 
 no Arabian author gives fluxit for the sense of 
 this word, as far, at least, as I can discover." 
 
 Contrary to Prof. Lee's views, I find \h2X fluxit 
 would agree very well here in the sense of the 
 flowing wealth of the mountains, as I have shown. 
 , The Septuagint, in their rendering' of this pas- 
 sage, differ widely from all others. They have : 
 
 " Ett'cX^wv 8t ETv'opor uKpoTOfMov, eTTolijae ;^a/3//0V7V TtrpaTcoaiv ev to rapTapu," 
 
 which I translate : *' And ascending, (or going be- 
 yond) the rugged mountains, he causeth joy to the 
 
IN THE HOOK OF JOB. lOI 
 
 quadrupeds in the wilderness." This extraordi- 
 nary difference between the Hebrew and Septuagint 
 can only be explained on the ground that the latter 
 found, in the original, something hard to under- 
 stand or rather contrary to their views of the re- 
 ference of this description. Had it been evident 
 that the meaning was, "Surely the mountains 
 bring him forth food," there could have been no 
 reason for them to object to it. But if they found, 
 as I do, that it meant that men would bring forth 
 the wealth of the mountains to him, or for him, 
 it is easy to understand that they would prefer 
 rendering by some non-committal phrase ; as they 
 had already viewed him as a wild monster, (%to.) 
 
 That the hippopotamus is referred to here, is 
 out of the question. It is well known to be, 
 essentially, an aquatic animal, and cannot wan- 
 der far from water. No historian has ever repre- 
 sented this animal as being in the habit of climb- 
 ing high mountains, or as going far into the in- 
 terior of countries in quest of food. Neither is he 
 known to graze among wild beasts of the forest, 
 for he never herds together with other animals. 
 Adam Clarke and many others agree that he is 
 seldom found far from the rivers where he has 
 his chief residence. 
 
 Then, the people of those countries do not take 
 the trouble to bring to him the products of the 
 mountains, as is evidently the case with the mon- 
 ster referred to here. 
 
 Prof. Lee (page 250) remarks :" Again, certain 
 parts of the description given in this place cannot 
 
I02 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERV 
 
 apply to the hippopotamus ; e. g. v. 20. 77/ 
 moitulams bear provisions for him ; for this obviou - 
 reasou, that it is never found grazing on the raoun 
 tains at all. All that is said of the hippopotamus 
 is, that it is often seen grazing on the banks of 
 the Nile, or other rivers, but surely these cannot 
 be termed the mountains on which all the wild 
 beast do gambol and play. By this latter descrip- 
 tion one would suppose were meant those moun- 
 tainous districts which are far removed from the 
 natural haunts of the hippopotamus, but in which 
 the wild horse, the onager, etc., are found. I con- 
 clude, therefore, that the hippopotamus is not ex- 
 clusively spoken of in this description." 
 
 By the above comparisons and quotation I have 
 not only shown the weakness of such various ren- 
 derings and pointed out their wide departure from 
 the original Hebrew version, but I hope to have 
 also established the fact, contended for by many 
 learned writers on the subject, that this verse can- 
 not apply to the hippopotamus. 
 
 There now remains for me but to show that 
 the words of the original text apply, with preci- 
 sion, to our great and modern creature of power, 
 the steam engine. 
 
 According to the original, then, it would seem as 
 though men would bring forth to this monster, 
 or for him, the wealth or the produce of the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Now, could this bb said of any known animal 
 with as much propriety as of our modern steam 
 monster? Behold the enormous quantity of iron, 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOH. IO3 
 
 coal, marble, gold, silver, etc., which is being daily 
 brought forth to him from the mountains, andby 
 him rendered most available. It can also be said 
 with great propriety, that it is for him — the steam 
 engine — that much of this precious wealth of the 
 mountains is excavated, such as the coal it con- 
 sumes, and the iron and copper which is needed 
 for its own construction. In this sen.se also it 
 can be said that, indeed, the mountains furnish, 
 or bring forth its food, viz., coal, which is really 
 the food which our monster consumes, and which 
 is brought from the mountains both for him and 
 by him. I believe that the hoisting up of coal 
 from the coal--"its of England was one of the first 
 practical purposes- to which steam was applied. 
 
 In the sense of " they will bring forth to him 
 the produce of the mountains," this passage suits 
 our powerful monster, in a pre-eminent degree. 
 Witness in all fertile countries, where our steam 
 railroads have penetrated, how the inhabitants 
 bring forth to him their overflowing products of 
 all kinds. What an enormous quantity of wheat 
 and corn ; what a variety of vegetables and fruits 
 are daily brought to him to be carried to the great 
 markets of the world. Indeed, he is the common 
 carrier of the nations. 
 
 From these facts we cannot help concluding that 
 nothing has yet been discovered which so fully 
 and minutely fills every requisite, and elucidates 
 every dark passage of this wonderful description, 
 as our modern steam motor. 
 
 Let us now pass over to the investigation of th' 
 
I04 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 second hemisticli of this verse, which, I presume, 
 will also reveal some wonderful truth in connection 
 with our fiery monster. 
 
 Most of our English versions read : " Where all 
 the beasts of the field play," which is also the 
 rendering of the Vulgate, as can be seen at the 
 head of this verse. I cannot hejp expressing my 
 surprise at the strange turn which translators and 
 expositors have given to this part of the verse ; for 
 its construction, in the original, is simple, and the 
 meaning of each word is easily understood. Had 
 it been translated verbatim, it certainly would 
 have been more applicable to a terrible wild beast 
 than the versions we ha\e before us. 
 
 To prove this, I will translate each word in its 
 natural rotation, just as it occurs in the Hebrew ; 
 and give the meaning of each word precisely as 
 found in the lexicons. 
 
 It reads : " And all the beasts of the field will 
 wear away (or, skip away) at that time (or, there)." 
 
 Certainly the meaning is plain enough ; and, 
 moreover, there is nothing in the context which 
 demands any different construction to be placed 
 upon these words. Those who look upon the 
 behemoth as a powerful and terrible wild beast 
 might, with more propriety, have interpreted this 
 to mean, that all the beasts of the field would wear 
 away there, or from there, viz., from- the moun- 
 tains, than to have twisted it to mean, " where all 
 the beasts of the field Y^<^(y-" 
 
 It is evident that the difficulty was with the 
 word (pn^) sachak^ to play, to gmnbol; which evi- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOH. 105 
 
 dently should have been (pH^) shachak^ to wear 
 away, or to wear out, as a garment. The same 
 word occurs in Job xiv. 19 : " Waters (Ipri^) 
 shachakou, wear away the stones." In the present 
 hemistich it occurs in the third person plural, 
 future tense, they will wear away. The meaning 
 of (D?') sham, is, there, then, at that time. I 
 take the latter to be its meaning here^ Thus it 
 will read : " And all the beasts of the field will 
 wear away at that time, or, there." 
 
 This frees the verse from the many objections 
 raised to our numerous and various translations of 
 it. Moreover, it discloses two distinct ideas. 
 
 First, that the wealth or produce of the moun- 
 tains will be brought forth unto him. 
 
 Second, that at^the time of his appearance the 
 wild beasts of the fields and of the forests would 
 gradually wear away. 
 
 This rendering would also have the merit of 
 agreeing with the nature and capacities of the 
 monster which I contend is referred to here. 
 
 I am confident that no one will dispute this ; 
 whilst, on the contrary, many of our most learned 
 authors cannot agree as to its reference to the 
 hippopotamus, or to any other animal. 
 
 On the other hand, the striking application of 
 this passage to the results which follow every- 
 where the introduction of steam power or the 
 locomotive, is so evident that it scarcely needs to 
 be pointed out. 
 
 Many still remember the great opposition that 
 was at first made to the introduction of locomo- 
 
I06 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 tives and railroads on this very plea, viz., that it 
 would frighten all the animals from the fields. 
 And here we have it plainly foretold that in the 
 days of the so-called behemoth the animals of the 
 fields would wear away and disappear. The appli- 
 cation of this passage may also be very appro- 
 priately referred to domestic animals. For in 
 these days, when everything is done by steam, all 
 animals of burden, such as the horse, the mule, 
 etc., gradually wear away from the roads and 
 places where steam power is introduced to do the 
 work which was once done by them. 
 
 Moreover, steam, in its great mission of spread- 
 ing civilization and causing wild but fertile coun- 
 tries to be cleared, cultivated and inhabited, does 
 thereby cause the wild beasts to disappear from 
 them. Even his very presence is sufficiently 
 terrible to cause the most ferocious and powerful 
 animals to flee in terror from before him. The 
 mere utterance of his voice causes the lion to 
 tremble. None of them dare stand before him at 
 his approach. 
 
 As a prophecy, this passage is certainly being 
 rapidly fulfilled in our days, when, through the 
 rapid spreading of the nations and their civilization, 
 the wild beasts of the forests and of the moun 
 tains are rapidly wearing away from their haunts. 
 
 How applicable, then, to our days, as well as to 
 our famous monster, these words of Job : ".Surely 
 they will bring forth*^ unto him the wealth of the 
 mountains ; and, at that time, the beasts of the 
 field will wear away." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 107 
 
 HE IS PLACED UNDER SHELTER AND COVERED 
 WITH CLAY. 
 
 ■nnn 
 
 Under, beueath 
 
 Sub. 
 
 ^'"im 
 
 light shelters, sheds, 
 
 umbra 
 
 ^5^"' 
 
 he will rest, lie down, 
 
 dorniit, 
 
 (ST : 
 
 within a covering made 
 
 in secrete , 
 
 njR 
 
 of a fibrous reed 
 
 calami et in 
 
 : n-pi 
 
 and clay, — mud. 
 
 locis humentibus 
 
 " He Heth under the shady trees, in the covert of the reed 
 and fens." 
 
 It certainly does not seem, at first sight, as 
 though this verse, as it reads in most of our 
 translations, could ever be interpreted to suit any 
 of the known peculiarities of our steam engine 
 and boiler. For it neither sleeps nor lies down, 
 as made to appear in the above rendering of the 
 Latin and English. Neither is it to be found 
 hidden in the midst of reeds and fens. 
 
 Those who looked upon the hippopotamus as 
 the one alluded to in this description, found in 
 this, strong evidence in favor of their views ; 
 although the word (Dv^^V) Isaalini, rendered shady 
 trees^ shades ; has caused some difference of opinion 
 to arise among many learned authors as to what 
 might be its real meaning. Some translate lotus^ 
 
Io8 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 or wild lotus, such as Gesenius, Noyes, Prof. Lee 
 and Schulteus. Bochait, Rosenmiiller and others 
 render it by shades. The Vulgate, uinbra, shade. 
 The Septuagint are still different from all these, 
 they read " vko iravroSaKa devSpa Koifiarac." He slecps uudcr 
 all kinds of trees. As this seems to be the only 
 instance in the Scriptureswhere this word occurs, it 
 becomes difficult to ascertain its precise meaning. 
 
 According to Schulteus and Gesenius, it is 
 derived from the obsolete word (7^'^} tsaal, to be 
 thin., slender ; in Arabic it is applied, to the wild 
 lotus. Some consider it of little importance 
 whether it be rendered the lotus., or shades, though 
 they suppose that the probable derivation of the 
 word favors the former. 
 
 Contrary to the latter opinion I would say that 
 the true meaning and reference of the word 
 becomes now of great importance, especially since 
 a modern and most peculiar creature in liis habits 
 is contending for the honors so long bestowed on 
 the wild monsters of the Nile. 
 
 In reference, then, to the word (p^^^) tsaal, it is 
 well to notice that its true meaning is not known, 
 and its reference to the lotus, or to reeds, or 
 shades, is doubtful. It seems reasonable to sup- 
 pose that if the lotus, or common marshy reeds, 
 had been meant, no such doubtful word would 
 have been used. 
 
 Prof. Lee, objecting to those who translate by 
 shade, or shadows, says, " Besides, to say in the 
 very next verse that the shadows cover him with 
 their shade, would be to speak in a very extra- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. IO9 
 
 ordinary way, and certainly very unlike the style 
 of this book. One would suppose that (7ny^y^)l) 
 arebha-nachal^ ivillows of tJie torrent^ would here^ 
 in one way or the other, supply a sense not un- 
 like that of the preceding parallel ; certainly 
 shadows will not suit this place." 
 
 So this learned author is also puzzled as to 
 the nature of the things which formed a covering 
 for this wonderful creature. 
 
 Neither does Adam Clarke appear to have been 
 certain of the meaning of this passage, for he 
 dismisses the entire verse with th^se few words, 
 '* This and the following verses refer to certain 
 habits of the behemoth with which we are and 
 must be unacquainted." 
 
 Certainly this is not saying much in favor of 
 the views entertained on this passage by others 
 before him. Undoubtedly this verse, as well as 
 the following' one, is very difficult to understand 
 and still more so to render literally. 
 
 Regardless of what creature may be here 
 alluded to, it seems evident that the first mem- 
 ber of this verse refers to some sort of a shelter- 
 ing underneath which he dwells, and that the 
 things constituting this shelter were thin^ slender. 
 Then the second member seems to indicate that, 
 moreover, there was anotlier sort of covering, 
 inside of which he was ; and that this later 
 covering was of clay^ or mud^ and also of reeds. 
 
 This creature, then, would seem to rest under 
 two different coverings. Th .s fact, although not 
 distinctly alluded to by any commentator, can 
 
no A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Still be easily detected in their explanations and 
 renderings of this verse. For instance you will 
 notice it in our English versions. They say, 
 first, that "he lieth under the shady trees;" then, 
 that he is " in the covert of the reed and fens." 
 It seems to me doubtful that just such a condi- 
 tion of large shady trees, and reeds and fens 
 exists, especially in reference to the restiug-place 
 of the hippopotamus. I doubt that the reed sup- 
 posed to be here referred to, viz., the cane, grows 
 under large shady trees, and that these grow in 
 the fens on the banks of the Nile ; for this verse 
 requires this peculiar interpretation, if the hippo- 
 potamus, or some such animal, be here alluded to. 
 
 The dif&culty with this word rendered shady 
 trees ^ is, that it seems to be an adjective in the plu- 
 ral meaning thin^ slender ; and that the noun which 
 it should serve to qualify is not expressed. Accord- 
 ing to the general drift of this verse,^ the word 
 would seem to refer to something which con- 
 stituted some sort of a covering spread over and 
 above this monster. Such a connection of ideas 
 would suggest, in our days, thin strips of timber^ 
 slender boards, shingles and the like ; such as are 
 generally adapted to the construction or covering 
 of a place or shelter, as a shed^ for instance. 
 
 Even the word shed would seem to answer 
 very well here, as it denotes a slight building — 
 according to Webster's definition. This would be 
 in harmony with theN:ontext which indicates that 
 this word refers to some sort of a sheltering place 
 for this monster. 
 
IN THK HOOK OK JOIi. Ill 
 
 Geseiiius, in his lexicon, gives to the root ('7^^y) 
 tsaal the meaning of to be thin, sleiidcr, and as 
 being of kindred meaning with (\Ti) tsanan, to 
 be sharp; being the same as (P^) q-anan, to cover 
 to protect. Hence (H^V) tsannah, a shield. Owx sli^n 
 wooden shingles would suit each of the above 
 meanings. The}' are thin and sJiarp at one end ; 
 they serve as 2, covering diud. protection. Moreover, 
 a roof of shingles has much the appearance of a 
 large shield made of small thin pieces united to- 
 gether. 
 
 Instead of " He lieth under the shady trees," 
 we should read, "He will lie down, or, he will 
 rest." Prof Lee renders "Beneath the wild lotus 
 doth he couch." 
 
 The Vulgate has : "He sleepeth under the 
 shade." If this was the meaning intended, I can- 
 not see why such a simple thing should be noticed 
 at all ; for it certainly could not be accounted as 
 an extraordinary thing in this creature to lie down 
 to sleep in the shade, when animals, in general, 
 naturally seek a shady place to rest. 
 
 From the extraordinary and peculiar things we 
 have already seen mentioned in this description 
 concerning the habits of the behemoth, we would 
 also expect that the resting-place of this singular 
 creature would be different from all others. Un- 
 doubtedly it is on this very account that Job's at- 
 tention is called to it. 
 
 Strange to say, the rendering and application 
 which I propose, fulfill these expectations, and 
 also all the requirements of the case ; for, accord- 
 
112 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 ing to the above, this passage would mean, "He 
 will rest under light shelters, or, under slender 
 sheltering places." This would certainly be a 
 strange and unexpected sort of a lair for a wild 
 creature of the forests, or a monster of the deep ; 
 yet, as we will see, not so improbable in reference 
 to the construction of the sheltering place of our 
 own monster of power, the stationary engine and 
 boiler. It does not consist of whole trees or 
 branches, but according to the evident meaning 
 of the words of our prophet, of thin or slender 
 pieces, thin strips of timber, thin boards and 
 shingles. 
 
 Under a sheltering formed of these he actually 
 rests. When one views this passage as referring 
 to a stationary engine and boiler, that is, one set 
 up to remain in a certain locality, he at once 
 understands why special mention is here made of 
 this resting place. As Job is about to give us 
 a description of the various purposes to which 
 this creature of power will be applied, he begins 
 very ingenously by describing him as he appeared 
 under those various circumstances. 
 
 Here, for instance , it is the stationary engine 
 and boiler, and he represents it as resting under 
 a shelter of thin boards and shingles. This fact 
 will be fully confirmed by what follows in the sec- 
 ond member of this verse, and it will be found to 
 be no less astonishing than what we have just 
 been told. ^ 
 
 According to our English translations the bal- 
 ance of this verse reads : ** In the covert of the 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. II3 
 
 reed and fens," The first objection I have to this 
 translation is the use of the definite article the^ 
 before covert and rcrd. These words are not thus 
 specially designated in the original, neither does 
 there appear to be an^^ necessit}^ for it. The sec- 
 ond objection is to the word 7'ecd. The original 
 cannot, in this instance, have the meaning of a 
 rccd. 
 
 If so, it would have been in the plural form. 
 The word rendered fens is also in the singular. 
 Prof. Lee renders the latter by mire. The Sep- 
 tuagint have, "among the papyrus and the reed 
 and the cane." 
 
 Let us now refer to the original Hebrew. The 
 expression ("nilD!!!) besether^ rendered i7i the covert^ 
 means /"/z, or, witJiin a covering ; the latter seems 
 to be the meaning intended here. 
 
 As to the word (H^p) kaneh^ I am satisfied that it 
 is not intended to refer here to cane stalks, but to 
 reeds in general, and more probably to fibrous reeds, 
 or to a texture or covering made of such fibres, and 
 which closely enveloped this monster's body. 
 
 From the original wording of this passage it 
 would seem as though this fibrous covering was 
 mixed with clay, (nV3) soft clay^ rendered so 
 by the addition of water. By cutting off (d) beth^ 
 as a prefix preposition, we would have (Hif) tsaJi^ 
 which means white^ reddish zuhite, dry. As in 
 this form it is an adjective, the entire expression 
 would mean, and in something white or dry. So 
 that this second covering ivithin which this mon- 
 ster was, would seem to have been made of fibrous 
 
114 '-^ WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 reeds, or of the fibres of reeds, mixed with clay 
 or with something white. 
 
 What will our late inventors think of this ? 
 Here, evidently, is described some of our lately 
 invented jjrocesses for covering boilers so as to 
 prevent too great a radiation of heat and waste of 
 fuel. Job describes this covering as being made 
 of fibrous reeds and clay, the very essential parts 
 of most of our late inventions, which contain jute, 
 hemp, manilla and other like fibrous substances, 
 mixed with cla}^ and other non-conductors of • 
 heat ; some of which are perfectl}^ white, such as 
 a composition of magnesia which was lately shown 
 to me. Moreover, the clay, which we find men- 
 tioned in this passage as part of its covering, 
 may also refer to the bricks and mortar with 
 which most of our stationary boilers are covered. 
 
 Here, then, we cannot help recognizing our 
 stationary steam boiler, set up and resting under 
 suitable coverings, or sheds, and imbedded in clay 
 and mortar. 
 
 I notice that the Vulgate, instead of mire and 
 fens^ has in locis humentibiis^ as if this monster 
 rested in places where there was water. This 
 view would be also quite applicable to our steam 
 engine which requires an enormous quantity of 
 water, and, in fact, cannot exist where there is 
 no water. Saw-mills and factories, .where large 
 engines are used, are generally located on the 
 banks of rivers, or where a plentiful supply of 
 fresh water can be had. The}' are also located 
 in the midst of large forests of valuable timber 
 
IN TH1-; JiOOK OK JOJJ. II5 
 
 for the purpose of sawing them and making them 
 available for building and other purposes. 
 
 In connection with this fact, the rendering of 
 the Septuagint is very remarkable, as it reads : 
 *' He rests under tree?^ of different kinds." 
 
 It must be admitted that, up to the present 
 day, nothing has been discovered which solves 
 so well the intricacies of this description as our 
 modern monster, as he is actually set to rest 
 under sheltering places, and imbedded under a 
 thick covering of cla}^ or mortar. 
 
 This verse has caused me a great deal of vex- 
 atious labor, as it has to many others before me ; 
 yet I will consider myself well repaid if I have 
 succeeded in satisfying the reader that I have 
 brought out its true meaning, which I consider 
 to be the following: 
 
 " He will rest beneath light shelters, and with- 
 in a covering of fibrous reeds and clay." 
 
ii6 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 HIS SHELTERING PLACE WILL BE COVERED 
 AND INCLOSED. 
 
 Verse 22. 
 
 mp\ 
 
 They will cover, protect 
 
 Protetrunt 
 
 D^NV 
 
 sleuder shadings 
 
 umbra:^ 
 
 "^^ 
 
 his shelter ; 
 
 umbram ejus ; 
 
 )nto' 
 
 they will inclose him roundabout 
 
 circumdabuut eum 
 
 -o-);r 
 
 trees, willows 
 
 sal ices 
 
 :^™ 
 
 of the valley, brook. 
 
 torrentis. 
 
 "The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the 
 willows of the brook compass him about." 
 
 Taking this verse as it reads in most transla- 
 tions, it would seem to be but a useless and even 
 more complicated repetition of the ideas already 
 expressed in the previous verse, viz., that " he 
 lieth under the shady trees." Then, again, in the 
 second member of this verse, it is said that " the 
 willows of the brook compass him about ;" whilst, 
 to the contrary, in the previous verse it is said 
 that he is " in the covert of the reed and fens." 
 There is evidently something wrong with our 
 ordinary interpretations of these passages. More- 
 over, if we compare the English translation of the 
 first part of this verse with the original Hebrew, 
 we will find that it is not, strictly, a literal render- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 17 
 
 ing. To be such it would have to read, " The 
 shades will cover his shadow." Such is also the 
 rendering of the Vulgate. 
 
 But what this means is difficult to fathom. 
 Undoubtedly the whole trouble has been caused 
 b}^ the wrong interpretation of the word {^^^) 
 tsaal^ rendered shades^ shady trees. 
 
 If the interpretation I gave of this word in the 
 previous verse, viz., a shelter^ or thin slabs of ivood^ 
 thin boards or shingles^ is the proper one, it cer- 
 tainly should solve the difficulties of this passage 
 also ; although it is much more complicated by a 
 play on the word. Moreover, in this instance, it 
 is important to notice that these thin coverings 
 are not said to cover this monster, but rather to 
 cover that which shelters him. The difficulty 
 here is, that both the things out of which this 
 shelter or shade is made, and the shelter itself, are 
 designated by the same word. 
 
 The only rendering which would seem to solve 
 all the difficulties of this passage would be the 
 following : " Thin shadings will cover his shelter." 
 
 Undoubtedly reference is here made to some thin 
 strips of wood, like shingles, for instance, which 
 covered this monster's shelter or shed ; the latter 
 being also constructed of thin boards, or slender 
 pieces of timber, as explained in the previous 
 verse. 
 
 This seems to be such a direct reference to the 
 covering of the roof of a shed with shingles, or 
 thin strips of wood, that no one can avoid recog- 
 nizing it. Moreover, it answers every requirement 
 
Il8 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of this passage and also of the previous oues ; in 
 fact, it seems to be the only plausible solution of 
 the difficulties met with in these two verses. 
 There would be no sense in saying " the shady 
 trees cover his shady tree," nor in rendering, " the 
 shadows cover his shadow." And to render it as 
 many do, viz., "The shady trees cover him with 
 their shadow," is not a correct version of the 
 original. Then, again, how could this close cover- 
 ing of shady trees be made to harmonize with 
 what is said in the second member of this verse, 
 where it is distinctly stated that " the willows of 
 the brook (or of the valley) will compass him 
 round about." 
 
 In reading over carefully these two verses, the 
 reader will perceive that a condition of things, 
 analogous to the one described in our translations, 
 is not easily conceived, nor likely to be possible. 
 First, this monster would have to be resting under 
 shady trees ; then, in a covert of reeds and fens ; 
 then again, these same shady trees would have to 
 cover him with their shadow ; finally, the willows 
 of the brook would compass him round about. 
 
 Could it be possible that such circumlocution 
 would be made use of to .describe the well-known 
 and unimportant fact that the hippopotamus hides 
 in marshy reeds and wallows in the mire like a 
 hog? I am convinced that no such' reference is 
 intended here. 
 
 But how natural itnd proper every word seems 
 when applied to the resting-place of our monster 
 of power. Let us take him as he appears, for 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. II9 
 
 instance, on the banks of some large stream, in 
 the midst of a large forest, where he is running 
 a saw-mill. There, unlike all other monsters, he 
 is actuallj^ at rest under a covert architecturally 
 constructed of thin strips of timber and boards, 
 the roof of which is also covered with thin boards 
 or shingles ; the . whole structure being inclosed 
 round about with heavy planks from the trees of 
 the valley ; whilst the boiler itself is imbedded in 
 a covering of bricks and mortar. Round about 
 him on all sides are also the tall trees of the 
 valley. This fulfills all the requirements of the 
 case, and I am satisfied that no valid objection 
 can be raised to this interpretation or application 
 of the original ; whilst of the hippopotamus I 
 would say that, as he can stay out of the water 
 but a short time, he cannot enjoy very long a 
 sheltering place under the shady trees of the 
 valley ; neither could the mud-holes in which he 
 wallows be properly called a sheltering place. As 
 to wild beasts, which inhabit thickets and dense 
 forests, they could not be referred to her^, as .all 
 admit that the behemoth is amphibious. 
 
 Strange to say, there is not a word, in this long 
 and minute description, describing how this won- 
 derful creature reared its young, whilst the author 
 is particular to mention it in his description of 
 the ostrich. What a puzzle it would have been 
 had Job said : " He breedeth not, neither hath he 
 any mate ; yet his posterity will be numerous, 
 and overrun the whole earth." It was well for 
 Job, and for us, that he did not mention this 
 
I20 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 fact, nor the astonishing one that his leviathan 
 would run on wheels ; for, surely, his wonderful 
 work would have been consigned to oblivion as 
 chimerical. In this we cannot help recognizing 
 the work of Divine wisdom. It seems impossible 
 that such things as these could have been written, 
 in those da3's, without having been first dictated 
 word for word. 
 
 Every verse of this wonderful description has 
 been so artfully worded that the behemoth has 
 remained a mystery up to the present day. 
 
 Undoubtedly it was so intended from the 
 beginning. 
 
 I would now offer the following as the meaning 
 of this difficult passage: "Thin shadings will 
 cover his sheltering place ; the willows of the 
 valley will inclose him round about." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 121 
 
 HE WILL ABSORB WITH EASE THE WATERS 
 OF A FLOOD. 
 
 Vers© 23- 
 
 n 
 
 Behold, surely 
 
 Ecce 
 
 pcX 
 
 he will absorb, contend with 
 
 absorbebit 
 
 "inj 
 
 a river, torrent 
 
 fluvium. 
 
 ^'\Dn[ N*? 
 
 and will not fret ; 
 
 et non mirabitur ; 
 
 ri:2y 
 
 He will trust, not fear. 
 
 Et habet fiduciam 
 
 nu79 
 
 though should rush forth 
 
 quod influat 
 
 m 
 
 a river, Jordan 
 
 Jordanis 
 
 in»3-'?N 
 
 over its mouth, its border. 
 
 in OS ejus. 
 
 "Behold, he drinketh up a river and hasteth not ; he 
 trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth." 
 
 The peculiar construction of this verse, and 
 the variety of meanings which can be attributed 
 to several of its most important words, seem to 
 huve been the chief cause of its having been so 
 variously rendered by translators. Then the un- 
 certainty of the species to which this monster 
 belonged, and of the precise locality he inhabited, 
 rendered it almost impossible to comprehend the 
 true meaning of the original. But now that new 
 ideas concerning the nature of this creature are 
 brought to bear on this difficult problem, it be- 
 comes comparatively an easy task to unravel the 
 meaning of these difficult passages. 
 
4 
 122 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Still, it often occurs that Divine wisdom has 
 so peculiarly worded these verses that they may 
 be understood to refer to several widely different, 
 yet quite appropriate, characteristics of this mon- 
 ster. For instance, the first part of this verse 
 may mean, ** Surely, he will contend with a rapid 
 torrent without making great- haste, or great 
 efforts." Again it may as well mean : " Behold, 
 he will absorb, without much inconvenience, an 
 overflowing river." Both of these versions would 
 agree well with the known capacities of our 
 modem steam power. 
 
 Steam is capable of navigating against the 
 strongest currents, and without great efforts. 
 Again, by means of our steam pumping engine, 
 the waters of an overflowing stream are soon 
 swallowed up ; and the quantity of water he thus 
 absorbs is of no inconvenience to him. 
 
 The idea expressed in the Vulgate is this : 
 "Behold, he will absorb a river, and will not 
 make much of it." The Septuagint render : 
 " Should there come a flood he would not fret." 
 
 Umbreit has : " Lo, the stream overfloweth ; he 
 trembleth not," and explains by saying that, 
 "the sense is, the animal is amphibious." 
 
 Bochart, Schultens and others give to it the 
 meaning of, "The stream overfloweth and he feareth 
 UQt." This and other similar renderings, are not 
 strictly in accordance with the Hebrew, nor with 
 the Vulgate ; for in ' both of these the word riz/er 
 is obviously in the objective and not in the 
 nominative case. In other words, it is not said 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 23 
 
 that the river contends with him, or absorbs him ; 
 but that it is behemoth that contends with, a 
 river, or absorbs it. And the only reason why 
 some translators have objected to such a reading 
 is because, as Barnes saj^s, "it is impossible to make 
 good sense of the phrase he opprcsscth a river; 
 nor does the word used properly admit of the 
 translation he drinketh up.'''' Had Barnes thought 
 of our powerful steam-pumping engine, how soon 
 he would have realized the propriety of saying 
 that he could oppose or press against a raging 
 torrent, or drink up the waters of an overflowing 
 stream. Behold here in New Orleans, when the 
 great Mississippi overflows its borders, it is the 
 steam-pumping engine that drinks up the over- 
 flowing waters and forces them back into the lake. 
 It seems to me beyond doubt that most trans- 
 lators understood the original to refer to over- 
 flowing streams of water, and to the capacity of 
 this creature to absorb these waters, but the 
 trouble was how to make it agree with the capa- 
 cities of any kuown animal. Undoubtedly it must 
 have seemed a folly to them to endeavor to dis- 
 cover any animal that was capable of drinking 
 so much water without inconvenience to himself, or 
 that would make it a pleasing pastime to fonr 
 back^ or drink up a river that was overflowing 
 its borders. Even a thousand elephants with the 
 power they have of absorbing a large quantity 
 of water with their trunks, and then forcing it 
 out, would not be equal to the task. Yet, such 
 an action on their part, would be a fair illustra- 
 
124 -^ WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 tration of the idea intended to be conveyed here 
 of the actual doings of the behemoth. 
 
 Prof. Lee, commenting on this passage, con- 
 cludes by giving the following as its probable 
 meaning: ''He trusteth that he can maintain his 
 rapid course, even in opposition to the swelling 
 stream of the Jordan." This is certainly a strong 
 corroboration of my views of the possible double 
 ('ittente of this passage, as I have explained. 
 
 I would also venture to say that there can be 
 found in this same passage a meaning quite 
 different from either of the above. The whole 
 point rests upon the meaning attributed to the 
 Hebrew word (pt^-T) asliak. Albert Barnes re- 
 ferring to this word, say : " It usually means to 
 oppress, to treat with violence and injustice; and 
 to defraud, or extort." It is in the latter sense 
 that I will now apply it. And, we have as the 
 result, " Behold, he will defraud a swift torrent, 
 or river, without much exertion." 
 
 Taken in this sense, it would appear that this 
 monster would have occasion to come in contact 
 with, or to place himself in opposition to, the 
 rivers and that he would defraud them of some- 
 thing that belonged to them ; and that he would 
 do this zvithoiit 7nuch exertion. 
 
 From these last words it would appear as though 
 it was a matter of speed between himself and the 
 rivers, and that he would thus get some advan- 
 tage over them. How would this agree with our 
 various systems of railroads which have virtually 
 defrauded the rivers out of their ancient rights 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 1 25 
 
 of common carriers of the nations ?" The}' have 
 defrauded them of their freight and of their pas- 
 sengers, and wilJwut nmch excriio)i. The}"- can 
 compete with advantage against the swiftest tor- 
 rents, and yet not make great haste. 
 
 In fact the great advantage that railroads have, 
 over river routes, is their speed. 
 
 There is certainly no other monster in exist- 
 ence which could fulfill so completely the various 
 meanings which, as I have shown, can be attri- 
 buted to this passage. Of no animal could it be 
 said, with equal propriety, " He drinketh ' up a 
 river and hasteth not." Supposing that these 
 expressions be poetical or figurative, they would 
 nevertheless mean- that the behemoth drinks an 
 enormous amount of water, and without haste or 
 inconvenience to himself. Even so, could this 
 be more applicable to the hippopotamus than to 
 our monster of power? 
 
 Behold the capacity of one of our large steam- 
 pumping engines both for the quantity of water 
 it consumes per day, and the amount it can absorb 
 by pumping, and 3^ou will readily notice the 
 beauty and propriety of saying, " he drinketh 
 up a river," or, that ' he can absorb an overflow- 
 ing river without much exertion, or inconvenience." 
 
 Our monster of power drinks up a vast amount 
 of water per day ; yet, in the very words of this 
 passage, " he hasteth not" in drinking; for, as every 
 one knows, the water is admitted only gradually 
 into the boiler to supply the amount being vapor- 
 ized. In this sense how astonishing the foresight 
 
126 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of the prophet in saying that^in drinking "he 
 hasteth not," but absorbs the water gradually. 
 How well a good engineer will appreciate this, 
 he who is constantly on the alert lest his raging 
 monster drink too much, or, still worse, too little. 
 It is the same with the steam pump, it absorbs 
 the water gradually, and hasteth not to swallow 
 it all at once. 
 
 The second part of this verse has been as 
 variously rendered as the first, and has caused 
 as much vexation to the student. 
 
 The ordinary English version reads : "He trust- 
 eth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth." 
 Umbreit renders : " He is of good courage though 
 the Jordan reacheth to his mouth." 
 
 The Septuagint express the idea thus, " He is 
 confident that the Jordan would fail before his 
 mouth." Undoubtedly the meaning intended to 
 be conveyed by the verb irpooKpovu is that- the Jor- 
 dan would dash in vain into his mouth, for he 
 would swallow the waters as fast as they came. 
 This is a continuation of the idea expressed by 
 the Septuagint in the first part of the verse, viz.; 
 " Should an inundation occur he would not fret," 
 for he would cause the overflowing water to fail 
 before his mouth. In other words, his capacity 
 (his mouth) for absorbing an overflowing stream 
 would be so great that the waters of a -flood would 
 not inconvenience him in the least. 
 
 Such are the Septitagint's views of the mean- 
 ing of this verse ; and I consider them better 
 than those expressed by any other version or 
 
IX THK BOOK OF JOl'.. 127 
 
 commentary. Yet they are not a literal render- 
 ing of the original, especially of the first part, of 
 the verse, although the idea of its referring to 
 an overflowing river, or to an inn7tdation^ is the 
 correct one. A further proof of this will be seen 
 in the verse which will follow, where the means, 
 which this monster makes use of to dispose of 
 these overflowing waters, are clearly indicated. 
 
 The more I read over the second member of 
 this verse the more I am inclined to believe that 
 the original word to trusty should be pointed so 
 as to read in Hiphil — he will cause to trust, — 
 Most commentators have looked on the expression, 
 his mouth, as referring exclusively to the mouth 
 of the behemoth, whilst it might, and probably 
 has been intended for the tnoiitli or rather the bor- 
 der of the Jordan, or of -any large river. Thus' 
 we might render : " He will cause to trust though 
 a river should rush forth over its border." The 
 idea being that, should a river burst forth over 
 it borders, or swell even up to its very border, 
 this monster, on account of his great capacity for 
 absorbing a large quantity of water, would cause 
 the people to trust, or to have confidence that 
 they would not be entirely overwhelmed. 
 
 The original word rendered Jordan means, pri- 
 marily, a river, or any river, as well as the river 
 Jordan. It is often poetically used for any large 
 river. Such are the views of Gesenius, Bochart, 
 and others. Undoubtedly here, it may be intended 
 i;for any river which may overflow its borders. 
 Taking the word ynoiith as referring to the bor- 
 
128 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 der of a river, it would settle a great many con- 
 jectures and difficulties caused by tlie ordinary 
 rendering of the word, and even render easier 
 the application of this passage to an amphibious 
 animal who could have no fear of a river over- 
 flowing its borders ; but who could not be ex- 
 pected to keep his mouth open for the waters to 
 flow into it. I fail to see how, at all events, an 
 overflowing stream could be supposed to have any 
 more tendency towards an animal's mouth than 
 towards any other part of its body. Against those 
 who suppose that the hippopotamus is here meant, 
 I would say that this monster is certainly not 
 found in the Jordan, nor in any large river. 
 Neither would it be singular or wonderful in such 
 an amphibious creature not to be alarmed at an 
 overflowing stream, when he could not fear being 
 harmed by it. JM either is it the habit of the hip- 
 popotamus to amuse himself by absorbing the 
 Waters of an overflowing river; even so, he cer- 
 tainly could not swallow much without great in- 
 convenience to himself; whilst the monster here 
 referred to is said to absorb the waters of an 
 overflowing river without much exertion or in- 
 convenience. 
 
 Viewing this passage as referring to the ca- 
 pacity of a large steam-pumping engine, it be- 
 comes qiiite intelligible how -it could 'be said of 
 it that he causeth the people to trust, though a 
 river should burst ov'fer its border ; for it can ab- 
 sorb such a vast quantity of water that in a short * 
 time it would reduce the flood which, otherwise, 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 129 
 
 miglit have proved very disastrous to the people, 
 especially in low grounds where the water might 
 be apt to remain for a long time unless pumped 
 out. 
 
 Such is the actual condition of many large 
 cities built in swampy lands which have been re- 
 claimed from the waters by a system of levees or 
 embankments. When there is danger of the 
 waters rushing over these, the only trust of thc 
 inhabitants is in their steam-draining machines, 
 which could soon force the water back over the 
 embankments. 
 
 In this sense we can appreciate the full beauty 
 and meaning of the words of Job when he said : 
 ** Behold, he will, absorb an overflowing river 
 without much exertion ; he will cause the people 
 to trust, though a Jordan should rush forth over 
 its border." 
 
I30 
 
 A WONDERFUI, DISCOVERY 
 
 HE WILTv GATHER THE OVERFLOWING WATERS 
 THROUGH HIS NOSE. 
 
 Verse 2-4. 
 
 vp;j;i 
 
 In his fountains, (eyes) 
 
 In oculis ejus 
 
 linp; 
 
 he will gather it up 
 
 capiet eum 
 
 D^tr'i^lm 
 
 with traps, or, snares 
 
 quasi hamo 
 
 "^P^* 
 
 "Dp^l and wil/t a perforated 
 
 et perforabit in 
 
 '^^ 
 
 nose, or, nozzle. 
 
 fudibus nares ejus 
 
 *' He taketh it with his eyes ; his nose pierceth through 
 snares." 
 
 Although these last lines are written in a 
 plain modern tongue, yet I doubt very much that 
 the reader can feel satisfied that *he understands 
 to what they refer. 
 
 Does the pronoun z'l refer here to the Jordan 
 mentioned in the previous verse? If so, then 
 this passage means that the behemoth taketh the 
 Jordan 7m'^/i his eyes ; which is absurd. If the 
 pronoun refers to the overflowing waters of the 
 Jordan, then how can the behemoth be said to 
 take it with his eyes ? 
 
 Evidently the original word rendered eyes must 
 have here some other Mgnification. The Vulgate 
 has : " He will take him in his eyes as if with a 
 hook." Maybe the expression in his eyes is here 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I3I 
 
 meant for in his presejice^ before his eyes. Even 
 so, to what can the personal pronoun he refer its ? 
 Naturally it should refer to behemoth, as it has 
 in the nine preceding verses. But the inference 
 to be drawn from the Vulgate is, that it refers 
 to a hunter endeavoring to capture the behemoth 
 with a hook. But this is not warranted by the 
 context, nor by anything which precedes this 
 verse. Such a monster could not be captured 
 by one man with a hook, and before his very 
 eyes. Moreover, in the original the word rendered 
 hook is in the plural. 
 
 The Septuagint render : " He will take him in 
 his eye." By this rendering they seem to have 
 considered that the' expression (DVpi^?) bemokc' 
 shim^ with traps ^ snares^ etc., belonged to the second 
 member of the verse. Such is the view taken of it 
 by most English versions. Yet, its correctness will 
 depend on the meaning which may be attributed 
 to the balance of the verse, which is most dilEcult 
 to understand as it now appears in theHebrew. 
 
 The following French version is far more lucid, 
 and more in keeping with the subject, than any 
 of the above. It reads : " II I'engloutit en le 
 voyant ;" He swallows it at sight. Meaning that 
 behemoth swallows the overflowing water at sight. 
 This is just what we might expect after what we 
 have been told in the previous verse, viz., that he 
 would cause the people to trust though a river 
 should flow over its border. 
 
 The circumstances here would go to prove that 
 , the reason of the people trusting in him was his 
 
132 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 capacity to relieve tliem of these overflowing 
 waters, which, says the French version, he swal- 
 lows at sight. Yet this is only giving a fair idea 
 of the drift of this passage, and not its literal 
 meaning. The author, as you will notice, finds 
 no allusion here to the means whereby the behe- 
 moth is captured. Neither do I. Those who are 
 of a contrary opinion have to do violence to the 
 text in order to carry out their views. For 
 instance, a marginal reading, quoted by many 
 authors, has: "Will any take him in his sight ?''^ 
 The original will not bear this construction. It 
 has not the interrogative form so clearly indicated 
 in at least half-a-dozen places in the balance of 
 this description. 
 
 Commenting on the above, Barnes says : " From 
 this marginal reading it is evident that our trans- 
 lators were much perplexed with this passage. 
 Expositors have been also much embarrassed in 
 regard to its meaning, and have differed much in 
 their exposition." 
 
 Bochart, in order to make it agree with his 
 hippopotamus, gives it also the interrogative form^ 
 viewing it in the sense of a denial of the pos- 
 sibility of capturing this monster by ordinary 
 means. I will show, in the next few pages, that 
 the original needs no such forced construction to 
 make it agree with our rdodem monster; al- 
 though I must concede that this verse is an 
 exceptionally difficult one, both on account of its 
 construction and of its brevity. It even seems 
 defective in its second member. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 133 
 
 In order to arrive at a correct understanding 
 of this verse, it is necessary to examine closely 
 into the various meanings of each word of the 
 original. This the reader can do by referring to 
 the beginning of this verse, where, as usual, I 
 have given, opposite each Hebrew word, its corre- 
 sponding meaning in English. 
 
 The first word, rendered eyes, according to its 
 "oot, means, primarily, to flow, to flow out ; hence 
 fou7itai7i ; then eye. In the sense oi fountains, 
 they may refer to certain receptacles into >vhich 
 the overflowing water, mentioned in the previous 
 verse, was gathered and then allowed to flow out 
 like a continuous fountain stream ; hence their 
 name of fountains.' These receptacles might refer 
 to the buckets of a draining- wheel, by means of 
 which the water is gathered up and then allowed 
 to flow out as from so many fountains. Then 
 again, they may refer to some large round open- 
 ings through which the water continuously flowed 
 out, resembling, in this, large flowing wells or 
 fountains. This idea, which seems most likely to 
 be the one intended here, would answer very well 
 to the draining-pipes of our large steam pumping 
 engines, through which (pipes) a tremendous and 
 continuous stream of water is caused to flow by 
 means of direct-acting pumps or turbine-wheels. 
 No better expression could have been made use 
 of by our great Seer to express the vision of a 
 great volume of water issuing with great force 
 out of pipes, strikingly resembling, indeed, large 
 fountains springing out of the earth. 
 
134 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 And these lie called his fountains ; indicating 
 by this expression that he knew that this behe- 
 moth was the cause of what he saw, and that these 
 fountains, or draining-pipes, formed a part of his 
 apparatus. 
 
 Another cause of annoyance and difficulty to 
 the translator and exegetist, has been the doubt- 
 ful meaning and reference of the expression 
 (D*^plD5) bemokeshim^ rendered, in^ or, with snares, 
 traps^ etc. These have generally been considered 
 as referring to the means employed to capture 
 this monster, as we have already seen. I can 
 find no such allusion here, but, to the contrary, 
 a direct reference to some means made use of by 
 this monster himself (the steam-pumping engine) , 
 to e7isnare or entrap the water which he forced 
 through his fountains, or draining pipes. 
 
 It is quite evident to me that the well-known 
 principle of a suction pump is here referred to ; 
 and that these snares^ or, traps ^ refer to the valves 
 or water-traps of a pump. Such valves are lo- 
 cated within the cavity of a vessel, and are made 
 of plates of metal or of leather. They open up- 
 ward to admit the water, and close downward to 
 prevent its return ; and, indeed, constitute, in 
 this, a regular trap^ by means of which the water 
 is caught and not allowed to escape, except in 
 the direction intended. 
 
 Undoubtedly, few would ever dream of finding, 
 in this difficult passage, so wonderful and accu- 
 rate a description of the construction and action 
 of a pump. Yet, it must be. conceded that this 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 135 
 
 intrepretation suits exactly all the requirements 
 of the. case ; besides being a perfectly literal ren- 
 dering of the original. 
 
 In it we also find a natural continuation of the 
 subject alluded to in the previous verse, which 
 is the capacity of this monster for absorbing a 
 large quantity of water. Here are described the 
 means by which he accomplishes this great feat, 
 viz.: " He will gather it up in his fountains by 
 means of traps." The reader will also take no- 
 tice that the verb here is in the future, thereby 
 indicating that this action had not already oc- 
 curred, but would at some future time. 
 
 The second part of this verse is as difficult, if 
 not more so, than the first, and has been as var- 
 iously rendered. When closely studied, the en- 
 tire verse seems to be but one sentence, and can- 
 not be easily divided into two proportionate hemi- 
 stiches. To remedy this apparent defect some 
 translators have included in the second hemistich 
 the word snare ^ trap ; and render, " his nose 
 pierceth through snares." 
 
 Albert Barnes has, " When taken in snares, 
 who can pierce 'his nose ?" The late Revised 
 Version of Oxford has rendered the whole thus : 
 " Shall any one take him when he is on the 
 watch, or pierce through his nose with a snare ?" 
 As you will notice, in order to make sense out 
 of this passage, they have been force to give it 
 an interrogative turn, and to introduce at the 
 same time the possessive pronoun, his (his nose), 
 whilst it does not occur in the original. If we 
 
136 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 accept the remainiug words of this verse (J pK"3p^^) 
 in the form they stand, it is hard to make any 
 sense out of them. 
 
 According to their generally accepted meaning 
 we would have, literally, " He will hollow out, or 
 perforate, or pierce through a nose." But an- 
 other difficulty arises here, which gives us rea- 
 sons to doubt of the correctness of the present 
 form of the word (^j7?) yinkav. It is not the 
 regular form of the fut. of (^p^) iiakav ; it should 
 be (Dp!) yikkov. Moveover, from the intimate re- 
 lation of this last word to the preceding one, as 
 indicated by the hyphen, in the Hebrew, the or- 
 der of the words should not be reversed so as to 
 read, " his nose pierceth through," as many have 
 rendered. I am of the opinion that, originally, 
 the present word (Dp-?!) yinekav^ read (Dp^.l) 
 ounekev^ meaning and a pipe^ or something per- 
 forated^ hollowed out. 
 
 The entire expression would then mean — and 
 a pipe-nose ; or, and a hollowed out nose. I con- 
 sider that the reference here is to a perforated 
 nozzle. 
 
 It seems quite evident to me that the reading 
 which I have proposed in this case was the 
 original one, and that the whole trouble is due 
 to the error of some scribe, or most probably to 
 the ^ difficulty of distinguishing, in an old and 
 obliterated manuscript, jDCtween the slight differ- 
 ence there is between a yodh^ and a vave. 
 
 Then again, under such circumstances, the diffi- 
 culty of understanding what could be meant by 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I37 
 
 a hollowed out nose, might have had some in- 
 fluence in determining the copyist in his choice. 
 
 I consider that this hollow or perforated nozzle, 
 or nose, is nothing less than what is called the 
 suction-basket, or perforated brass tube coupled on 
 to the end of the suction hose, or pipes, of our 
 steam pumping engines. Some of these nozzles 
 resemble much, indeed, in their appearance, as 
 well as in their noisy gurgling action in sucking 
 up the water, the snout of some aquatic monster 
 who is quenching his thirst. 
 
 According to the above, this remarkable and 
 dif&cult verse would now read : " He will gather 
 it up (the water) in his fountains, by means of 
 traps (valves), and with a perforated nozzle." 
 
 As novel and extraordinary as are the dis- 
 closures of the above rendering, yet I am satisfied 
 that the reader will find in it none of the objec- 
 tionable features which are so prominent in the 
 various versions which have been proposed up to 
 the present day. 
 
 It agrees perfectly with the meaning and re- 
 ference which I have shown the previous verses to 
 have. It is strictly literal, and needs neither the 
 addition nor the transposition of a single word 
 to render it perfectly intelligible. 
 
 Neither have I found it necessary to resort to 
 the supposition of Bochart, and others, that this 
 verse should be read interrogatively ; by this 
 means they give it a tone of denial in order to 
 make it agree with their views. Then again the 
 evident reference of this verse to the construction 
 
138 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of the pump of the steam draining machine, so 
 clearly alluded to in the previous verse, has 
 enabled us to detect an evident clerical error in 
 the original text, as explained in the previous 
 page. 
 
 According to the views of all those who have 
 preceded me in the dif&cult task of unravelling 
 this great mystery, this verse would end the de- 
 scription of the behemoth, taken as referring to 
 some wild animal. 
 
 But, as I have already stated, the behemoth, 
 viewed as our modem fiery monster, discloses the 
 astonishing fact that he is a twin brother of the 
 leviathan and of the same fiery nature, only that 
 he is deprived of the use of limbs and caused to 
 be stationary; whilst his brother, the leviathan 
 can propel himself, and is known for his great speed 
 on sea and on land. Both are endowed with the 
 same peculiar power and strength. Indeed they 
 are masterpieces of strength and beauty, and kings 
 over all conceptions of power, (xl. 19; xli. 34.) 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 139 
 
 LEVIATHAN. 
 
 WHEN MADE TO PULL, HE IS COUPLED WITH 
 A LINK. 
 
 Ctiapter 3cll. v. 1. 
 
 
 : i;!!^^'^ 
 
 Thou wilt extend, lengthen out, 
 
 leviathan 
 
 with a hook 
 
 or with a snare, noose, which 
 
 thou shalt cause to press down, 
 
 his tongue. 
 
 An extrahere poteria 
 
 leviathan 
 
 hamo, 
 
 et fune 
 
 ligabis 
 
 linguam ejus ? 
 
 * ' Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook ? or his 
 tongue with a cord which thou lettest down ?" 
 
 Generally this verse is made the beginning 
 of a new chapter. The reason for this seems to 
 have been the supposition that the word leviathan^ 
 which occurs in this verse, referred to some animal 
 entirely different from the behemoth ; for such is 
 * the universal opinion of commentators up to the 
 present day. As I have already stated in the 
 previous chapter, I hope to be able to establish 
 conclusively, from the separate meaning and ap- 
 plication of each verse, as well as from the con- 
 cordance of both chapters, that the so-called 
 behemoth and leviathan are the one and the 
 same power, described under its two main fea- 
 
I40 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 tures, viz., the stationary steam engine, and tlie 
 self-propelling steam engine, the latter including 
 the marine engine. 
 
 In the original manuscripts this description 
 was not divided into two parts. The division of 
 the Bible into chapters and verses, as is well 
 known, is the work of a much later hand. Even 
 at the present day the above verse, in the Hebrew 
 editions, is numbered the twenty-fifth of the 
 fortieth chapter. 
 
 The chief difficulty in this verse, and the one 
 which, undoubtedly, caused it to be misunder- 
 stood and wrongly applied, is the word leviathan. 
 
 It is not a proper noun, nor the name of any 
 animal known to the present day. It has puzzled 
 the most learned scholars, and the best they 
 could do, after pages of comment, was to leave 
 the original word as they found it, and incorpo- 
 rate it whole into their various translations. 
 The Septuagint, however, render it by the word 
 dragon., which I find to be far more appropriate, 
 as it means, in almost every language, a fiery 
 monster., a fiery fiiying serpent. Up to the present 
 day such a monster has been considered fabulous. 
 But just at this moment, and under the light of 
 the present discovery, it becomes somewhat in- 
 teresting to know where the ancients could have 
 obtained their idea of a monster so much resem- 
 bling one which h^ but recently made its ap- 
 pearance in our midst. Indeed, our steam engine 
 is a veritable fiery monster., and our lightning 
 trains and locomotives real ^fiery-flying serpents. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 141 
 
 Might not the idea of these so-called fabulous 
 monsters have been derived from visions a^d 
 prophecies dating back to the origin of mankind, 
 yet referring to things of onr days ? Might it 
 not have been derived from this vision of Job? 
 
 To say the least, it is very significant to find 
 the wise Septuagint designating this leviathan 
 as the dragon^ or fiery monster of ancient tradi- 
 tion. Undoubtedl}'-, had these learned men known 
 or ever heard of an animal called leviathan^ they 
 would have retained the name. 
 
 In reference to this leviathan Adam Clarke 
 says : " We come now to a subject not less per- 
 plexing than that one which we have just passed, 
 and a subject on-v/hich learned men are less 
 agreed than on the preceding." 
 
 Albert Barnes's opinion is, that "the whole 
 description here is of an animal that lived in the 
 water;" and adds: "Much has been written re- 
 specting this animal, and the opinions which have 
 been entertained have been very various." 
 
 Schultens enumerates the following classes of 
 opinions in regard to the animal intended here : 
 
 I. The opinion that the word leviathan is to 
 be retained, without attempting to explain it — 
 implying that there was uncertainty as to the 
 meaning. Under this head he refers to the 
 Chaldee and the Vulgate, to Aquila and Symma- 
 chus, where the word is retained, and to the Sep- 
 tuagint, where the word ('W^oi"-") dragon is used, 
 and also to the Syriac and Arabic, where the same 
 word occurs. 
 
142 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 2. The fable of the Jews, who mention a serpent 
 so large that it encompassed the whole earth. 
 A belief of the existence of such a marine serpent 
 or monster still prevails among the Nestorians. 
 
 3. The opinion that the whale is intended. 
 
 4. The opinion that a large fish called mular or 
 musar, which is found in the Mediterranean, is 
 denoted. This is the opinion of Grotius. 
 
 c^. The opinion that the crocodile of the Nile is 
 denoted. 
 
 Others have understood the whole, description 
 as allegorical, representing monsters of iniquity ; 
 and among these, some have regarded it as de- 
 scriptive of the devil ! Bochart comes to the con- 
 clusion that the crocodile of the Nile is denoted ; 
 and in this opinion critics have generally, since 
 his time, acquiesced. 
 
 Prof. Lee is of the opinion that in this place 
 the description rather suits the wliale^ and more 
 particularly one of the dolphin tribe ; although 
 he believes that a sea-monster is the one generally 
 alluded to by the sacred writer. 
 
 Such are the views of some of our most learned 
 writers concerning the nature of the animal sup- 
 posed to be referred to under the name of levia- 
 than. Yet, strange to say, none seem to have 
 been able to point out to us that any such animals 
 were ever called leviathan^ by any « ancient or 
 modern writer. We are, therefore, left in doubt, 
 up to this day, as toHhe true meaniug and refer- 
 ence of the word. 
 
 After many tedious researches, I have come to 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I43 
 
 the conclusion that, the solution of this problem 
 lies indicated in the word itself^ and that it is 
 intended to denote, not so much the name which 
 this monster may bear, as some of its most promi- 
 nent peculiarities. Such we have already found 
 to be the case with the word be-chemoth^ the 
 etymology of this word agreeing perfectly with 
 the subsequent description of this monster full 
 of raging flames and internal commotions. It 
 was designedly left to be found out, in after cen- 
 turies, to what it referred. I now presume it to 
 have been thus intended with the much-soUght- 
 for meaning of the word leviathaii. 
 
 This word is evidently a compound one, com- 
 posed of (*!'?) levi^ from the root' (ni"?) lavah^ to 
 fold^ to wreath^ to Join ojie^s self to ajiother ; and 
 (jri) tan^ from the root (pri) tana7i^ meaning to 
 stretch out^ to extend \ hence ([11) tan^ jackal^ so- 
 called from its swift running, extending itself; 
 hence also (P^H) tannin^ supposed to be a great 
 serpent^ a ^sea-vionster^ so called from its supposed 
 length ; in reality, none other than this same 
 monster of Job. The ending ([-) a«, may also 
 be taken as an adjective, denoting of what a thing 
 is made. In this case it would mean, one made 
 up of folds, or made up of parts linked together, 
 joined the one to the other. 
 
 From this we may safely conclude that the 
 monster referred to here, must have had the ap- 
 pearance of an enormous serpent, stretched out, 
 exceedingly long; and formed, as it were, of 
 various large folds or parts, all joined or linked 
 
144 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 the one to the other. Most exegetists have con- 
 ceded this, but could find nothing better to suit 
 it, and the context, than the crocodile ; a creature 
 which must be acknowledged to be too insignifi- 
 cant to bear such a name^ and too loathsome to 
 deserve such praise as we will find here bestowed 
 upon the leviathan. 
 
 In connection with the above meaning of the 
 roots of the word leviathaii^ I would call the at- 
 tention of the reader to some further observations 
 on the root (pr*) tanan. We have seen that it indi- 
 cates something that is stretched out^ extended ; 
 and, by trope, something that runs swiftly- Ac- 
 cording to the Syriac and Chaldee it may be 
 understood also of something that smokes, some- 
 thing similar to an oven or furnace. Now^ if I 
 be permitted to unite all these various meanings 
 of the word, they would represent a monster 
 made up of parts or folds linked the one to the 
 other, or extending out like an enormous ser- 
 pent, running swiftly, or smoking like an oven. 
 
 Have we anything in our days, which might 
 answer these singular meanings of this word, and 
 also suit the context? 
 
 I unhesitatingly answer — Yes ; and that it is our 
 modern train of coaches and locomotive. Indeed 
 it is formed of various parts or folds, called 
 coaches or cars. They are, all joined or linked 
 the one to the other, forming a long extended 
 body^ which when viewed from a distance ^ much 
 resembles a huge serpent-like monster as it glides 
 rapidly and tortuously through the forests and 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 145 
 
 the vallej'S of the mountains. It nuis siuijtly^ 
 and a volume of smoke^ as from a huge furnace, 
 pours forth from its throat. 
 
 In a word, it fulfills each and every meaning of 
 which our most learned scholars have found the 
 word leviathan to be susceptible. 
 
 If then, this supposed new monster, leviathan^ 
 be our self-propelling steam locomotive, and if 
 my interpretation of behemoth be the true one, 
 then these two monsters must be found to be 
 identical in their nature, and in many of their 
 essential parts ; for, the stationary steam engine 
 and boiler does not differ much, in its essential 
 characteristics, from the locomotive or self-pro- 
 pelling steam engines. 
 
 Now, if we peruse for a moment this descrip- 
 tion of the leviathan, we find him represented to 
 be as powerful and as invulnerable as his pre- 
 decessor, behemoth. He also (leviathan) is con- 
 structed of iron, as we will find indicated by the 
 nature of his shields, or the plates covering his 
 body, which are said to be iveldcd or hajnmered 
 together He also is full of raging flames and 
 coals of fire. The motive power of each is plainly 
 indicated to be in the centre of his belly. Finally, 
 most writers consider that both behemoth and 
 leviathan were amphibious monsters, which is 
 indeed the case with our modern monster of 
 power for he perambulates with as much ease 
 through the sea as he does over the land. 
 
 Another strong point in favor of the oneness 
 of the main features of these monsters, is the 
 
146 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 fact that, none of the described parts or attributes 
 of the one. are shown to differ from the same 
 parts in the other For instance, neither the 
 limbs, nor the tail, nor the bod}^ nor the food, 
 nor the eyes of the one are shown to differ from 
 those of the other. Surely, the contrary of this 
 would be expected, were two monsters of differ- 
 ent species being separately described. 
 
 The leviathan of Job was ^ undoubtedly^ an am- 
 phibious monster ; and so is our modern, self- 
 propelling, fiery monster As a tiig-boat he cer- 
 tainly fulfills also the various meanings which 
 we have seen the word to have. 
 
 He is made fast to a long train of barges, 
 each barge made fast to the other, forming, as 
 it were, a long extended body moving around 
 the bend and curves of the stream like a huge 
 serpent. 
 
 As a steamship, we will find him fulfilling also 
 all the requirements of the sea monster of Job, 
 as described in the latter part of this chapter, 
 and in many other parts of the Bible. 
 
 According to all the versions which I have seen, 
 the verse under consideration is made to appear as 
 though the present Hebrew text read in the in- 
 terogative, which is certainly not the case. This, 
 in itself, will be found to be a serious question, 
 since it gives to the words of Job « a meaning 
 directly opposed to that which they reall}' have. 
 
 There is certainly lYo good reason nor authority 
 for the assumption that such was the meaning- 
 intended. Evidentl}^, nothing ever suggested the 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 147 
 
 idea that this passage should be given a nega- 
 tive tone, be3'ond the apparent difficult}^ of making 
 its meaning agree with that of subsequent pas- 
 sages ; this difficulty arising from the now evident 
 fact, at least to me, that this whole description 
 has been wrongly applied. Therefore, instead of 
 rendering this passage :" Canst thou draw out 
 leviathan with an hook?" We should read: 
 " Thou wilt draw out leviathan by means of a 
 hook, etc." This naturall}?^ seems to contradict 
 the repeated assertions, made in various parts of 
 this description, that this monster could not be 
 captured by such means, not even by harpoons 
 or spears. 
 
 Consequently the supposition that this verse 
 was originally intended to have a tone of denial, 
 which was readily imparted to it by giving it 
 the force of an interrogation — Canst thou draw ? 
 
 I consider that the expression to draiv out^ is 
 to be understood here in the sense of to extend^ 
 to lengthen out. 
 
 We find that the word is used in this sense 
 in Isa. xviii. 2, 7, ^^PP *1-3 — a people di-awn out^ 
 extended. So Gesenius, in lexicon. 
 
 The correctness of this view seems to be con- 
 firmed by the subsequent description of the 
 manner in which this is to be accomplished ; 
 viz., by means of a hook, or by means of a snare 
 or gin, which his tongue will cause to drop, or 
 press down. We will see, directly, to what this 
 tongue and snare refer. 
 
 According to the above, the original would 
 
148 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 mean : " Thou wilt extend leviathan by means 
 of a hook, or by means of a snare which thou 
 wilt cause his tongue to press down (or to drop, 
 to sink.)" 
 
 We have seen that one of the meanings of 
 the word leviathan is, one extended^ drawn out. 
 Here, then, would be described the very means 
 by which this monster is made to extend, or 
 lengthen out. 
 
 Any one who is in the least, acquainted with 
 our locomotives, will at once recognize, in the 
 above, a most perfect description of the manner 
 in which the engine is made fast to cars and 
 coaches in order to draw or pull them along, and 
 forming, by this very means, a lengthening out 
 or extension, as it were, of his bod}^, thus assum- 
 ing the appearance of a monster snake. 
 
 In many instances our primitive locomotives 
 and coaches were made fast to one another by 
 veritable hooks. Even our latest improvements 
 in coupling cars consist of strong and thick bars 
 of iron having a notch at the end, somewhat 
 similar to a hook, by means of which the one 
 holds fast to the other. But this is not all; our 
 great Seer most minutely describes here the 
 well-known process of coupling cars by means 
 of a link and pin. He describes the combination 
 of a hollow drawhead and pin as, a snare or 
 ketch., which the tougue is made to press dozufi^ 
 or cause to drop. ^ 
 
 Undoubtedly, this tongue is the iron link which 
 protrudes from the open mouth of one of the 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I49 
 
 drawheads ; and, from this very circumstance, is 
 here poetically called, his tongue ; the iron pin 
 being that part of the snare which is pressed down 
 by this tongue, or link. 
 
 When two cars are brought together, the pro- 
 truding link in the draw-head of the one, enters 
 the opening of that of the other, causing thereby 
 the heavy iron pin to drop. As it 'does so, it 
 passes through the link and makes it fast. 
 Could anything be found to fulfill so completely 
 the words of this passage? 
 
 Who can understand how Job could have seen 
 and examined, so minutely, such minor details 
 as those of coupling cars, three thousand years 
 before railroads came into existence on this globe ? 
 I dare say that many who do not believe in Job, 
 nor in the Lord who then spoke to him, would 
 be at a loss to give us as minute and perfect a 
 description of our methods of coupling cars, al- 
 though the}' live within sight of the great levia- 
 than. 
 
 Let us now examine into the claims which some 
 known animals might have to the well-defined 
 characteristics of this leviathan. As to the ele- 
 phant being referred to here under the name of 
 leviathan, all will agree that the claim is unten- 
 able, as this so-called leviathan is evidently 
 amphibious, and one that can move with great 
 rapidity both on sea and land ; whilst the con- 
 trary is the predominant characteristic of the 
 elephant. 
 
 Many eminent writers have labored much to 
 
150 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 prove that the crocodile is here referred to. 
 But how could his well-known peculiarities be 
 reconciled with the strange and extraordinary 
 things related of the leviathan. 
 
 In the first place, according to this verse, this 
 monster must have a tongue which can be made 
 to protrude suiticiently to be caught in some sort 
 of a snare, which will press through this tongue 
 and hold it fast. Now it is well known that the 
 crocodile has no such tongue. 
 
 On this passage Prof. Lee remarks-: " Bochart 
 finds a real difficulty here, because writers are 
 unanimous in declaring that the crocodile has no 
 such tongue as can be thus dealt with ; but that 
 the tongue he has is made fast to his lower jaw." 
 
 It is also worthy of notice that, no ancient or 
 modern naturalist, ever pointed out the crocodile 
 — or any otlier 'animal — as being the leviathan. 
 The crocodile was always called a crocodile by 
 all historians. Neither have we an instance in 
 which the Lord makes mention of an animal b}-- 
 any othei' name than that which was conventional 
 among the people He addressed. Had the Lord 
 here referred to a crocodile, undoubtedly He would 
 have called him by his well-known name, the 
 same as he did when He spoke of the horse, the 
 ostrich and other animals to which He refers in 
 previous verses of this same" book. It would not 
 necessaril}^ follow from this that, if the Lord had 
 here intended to refer to our modern steam engine. 
 He would have called it by the name which we 
 have, but recently, given it. For, in such an in- 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. I51 
 
 Stance as this, He would not have been referring" 
 to an animal, nor to anything which then existed 
 and had a name already well known in those 
 days. 
 
 Then, the name s/eam engine, or, locomotive^ 
 would have been as much of a mystery to the 
 people of those days (if not more), than the name of 
 leviathan, which, as I have shown, has, in reality, 
 the same characteristic meaning, viz.; a monster 
 having a long extended body, formed of various 
 parts linked together. We will see in Psl. Ixxiv. 
 14, that the Lord is said to give food to the 
 leviathan for those who inhabit desert places. 
 Surely this could not apply to the crocodile ; yet 
 it does, most strikingly, to our railroads. 
 
 It is said of the leviathan (ch. xli. 21) that 
 "his inhaling vivifieth coals of fire, and a flame 
 goeth out of his mouth." Nothing of the kind 
 can be attributed to the breath of au}^ animal, 
 and much less to that of a sleepy and slimy 
 crocodile. A creature's breath was never known 
 to possess the capacity of kindling coals of fire. 
 But the inhaling of the steam engine — the draft 
 of air — does vivify the coals of fire, and a flame 
 does, very often, leap forth from its throat. 
 
 Again it is evident that neither the crocodile, 
 nor any other animal, can be made to extend, or 
 lengthen out, in the peculiar manner indicated in 
 this first verse of Job, viz. : by a hook or by 
 means of a snare that entraps his tongue. Yet 
 all this is very natural to our modern leviathan. 
 
 As to the hippopotamus, his friends abandor. 
 
152 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 him here, as he is not found to possess the 
 peculiar powers nor the great qualities ascribed 
 to this monster. 
 
 To those who suppose that a whale may be 
 here referred to, I would say that it seems less 
 probable than either of the former. There is 
 nothing in a whale's breath that can Jzindle coals 
 of fire. Neither has it anything in the shape of 
 scales or flakes which can at all compare with 
 those which are said to cover the body of the 
 leviathan. Whales surely do not " laugh at the 
 shaking of a spear." And their eyes are far from 
 being "like the eyelids of the morning" (chap, 
 xli. 18, 29). 
 
 I presume that the reader is aware that we 
 have had two enormous monsters of immense 
 power, which have born the very name of levia- 
 than.^ and which have possessed, to the very 
 letter, their respective share of the attributes 
 which Job claims for his leviathan. 
 
 One of these was the Great Eastern, which at 
 first bore the name of Leviathan. The other, 
 one of the most powerful locomotives ever built 
 for our southern roads. Thus, in reality, I am 
 referring to monsters already well known among 
 us by the name of Leviathan ; which is more 
 than commentators have been able to show in 
 support of their views. 
 
 This singular and extraordinary verse has now 
 an interesting signific'^tion for us, as we have 
 good reasons for supposing that Job referred to 
 nir modern fiery flying monster when he said : 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 53 
 
 "Thou wilt exteud leviathan with a hook, or 
 with a snare which thou wilt cause his tongue 
 to press down." 
 
 We will notice throughout this description that 
 the name leviathan is applied, either to a long 
 train of coaches and locomotive — as in this in- 
 stance — or to the. locomotive b}^ itself; or to a 
 steamboat; the context alone pointing out in 
 what capacit}^ he is being considered, or what 
 parts are being described. 
 
154 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVKRY 
 
 HIS CHEEKS WIEL BE PERFORATED WITH 
 A STAFF. 
 
 D^^nn 
 
 Wilt thou place 
 
 Numquid pones 
 
 (D;|n* 
 
 a ring, caldron, cord 
 
 circulum 
 
 13K3 
 
 in his nose, 
 
 in nari bus ejus, 
 
 ninrjT 
 
 or with a hook, staff 
 
 aut armilla 
 
 Dpn 
 
 -wilt thou pierce through 
 
 perforabis 
 
 I'D'?. 
 
 his cheeks ? 
 
 maxillam ejus? 
 
 " Canst thou put a hook in his nose? Or bore his jaw 
 through with a thorn ? ' ' 
 
 To those who look upon this description as 
 referring to some ferocious wild monster, this 
 verse does not present any great difficulties, on 
 account of the various meanings which may be 
 attributed to some of its words. From my point 
 of view of its reference, I am only puzzled as to 
 a choice between the mau}^ and appropriate ap- 
 plications which I find these same words to have. 
 
 If the interrogative tone of this verse is to be 
 Qonsidered as equivalent to a denial, then our 
 translations would lead us to understand that it 
 would be impossible to put a hook or a ring 
 through this monster's nose, as is" often done with 
 unruly beasts ; or that it would be frivolous to 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 55 
 
 attempt to put a thorn through his jaws or gills, 
 as is commonly practiced with small fishes. ' 
 
 If this were the only meaning of the oiiginal, 
 then it could not refer to a locomotive, for a ring 
 or a hook can be, and is often, attached to many 
 parts of the locomotive, especially at its ver}^ 
 nose. Then, again, it would be hard to under- 
 stand in what sense it could be said that its 
 jaws or gills could not be bored through with a 
 thorn ; for it could not be properly predicated of 
 a locomotive, nor of a steamship, for neither of 
 them have anything like jaws or gills. 
 
 The word agernon ma}^ mean a ring^ caldron 
 or a boiling kettle^ a reed, a rope or a cord made 
 of reeds or rushes. The word rendered tJiorn, 
 also means a hook or a staff, or a ring. Some 
 suppose that by hook, is here meant a bit, or 
 curved iron. The word rendered jaws, has also 
 the meaning of cheeks ; some render gills. Now 
 if the original words of this verse were ever in- 
 tended to have a negative sense, I would prefer 
 rendering thus: "Wilt thou place a rope-halter 
 over its nose? or force a bit through its jaws?" 
 In this sense it would mean that this monster 
 could not be stopped or held with a halter made of 
 mere reeds or rushes ; nor could he be guided 
 by means of a bit and curb, as domestic animals 
 are. 
 
 In its application to our powerful and iron- 
 headed monster, this would be eminently ironi- 
 cal; for who would think of trying to hold him 
 with a rope which he held in his hands, or of 
 
156 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 trying to guide him with a bit and bridle, like 
 a horse. 
 
 In order to strengthen their views, man}^ writers 
 have gone to great length to inform us how the 
 hippopotamus and the crocodile are caught. But 
 all their arguments fall to the ground when one 
 seriously considers the meaning and reference 
 they attribute to this verse themselves ; for they 
 assure us that it is here meant that this monster 
 must be one through whose nose we cannot put 
 a ring or a cord to hold him ; nor even can we 
 cause a hook to penetrate his jaws. 
 
 Now the fact is that all this can be easilj'^ 
 practiced with either the hippopotamus or the 
 crocodile, the very one which they wish us to 
 accept as this leviathan. The crocodile, specially, 
 is often caught with baited hooks, as almost any 
 such monsters can be. But would it not be ri- 
 diculous and absurd to try to capture a locomo- 
 tive or a steamship with a baited hook, be the 
 bait ever so tempting, and Uie hook ever so sharp? 
 Then, where is the one who would hold the line, 
 if he were caught? Thus, in this sense, this pas- 
 sage has a far more probable and poetic applica- 
 tion to our unruly monster, than to a compara- 
 tively insignificant crocodile. 
 
 I believe that it is on record that some wild 
 Indian tribes, wishing to assert their exclusive 
 rights to some western territory, through which 
 a railroad passed, decided to capture this fiery 
 monster by lassoing him. Mounting their best 
 ponies they laid in wait along the road. It was 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I57 
 
 not long before they got an opportunity to try 
 their skill. Indeed a brave succeeded in fastening 
 his lasso to some part of the locomotive. But 
 imagine the result. His pony, to which was 
 made fast one end of the rope, acquired, all at 
 once, a speed which he had never developed be- 
 fore, and which he never equaled afterwards. 
 His prodigious bounces through the prairie soon 
 unsaddled his master who was but too glad to be 
 able to join his brave warriors in their precipitate 
 flight to their distant huts. They never wanted to 
 try again "to put a halter over his nose." 
 
 Indeed, it is onl}^ in comparing the behemoth 
 and leviathan to our terrible engine of power, 
 that we can fully realize the beauty and poetry 
 of Job's description. 
 
 Although, in the above light, this verse would 
 apply remarkably well to our locomotive, yet I 
 am not satisfied that it is the meaning intended 
 here. Neither can I look upon it as having an 
 exclusivel}' negative character; but rather an 
 affirmative force, equivalent to a negative question, 
 as "Wilt thou not place a ring in his nostrils?" 
 . Neither can I see any good reason for sup- 
 posing, as some do, that the leviathan is being 
 considered here as a sea monster. This idea can 
 only be inferred from the renderings of those 
 who suppose that such a creature was here meant ; 
 but not from any direct assertion of the original 
 words, nor from those of the previous or sub- 
 sequent verses. In fact the latter, when pro- 
 perly understood, clearly establish the contrary. 
 
1^6 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 We have seeu, in the previous verse, that the 
 Lord began the description of the leviathan by 
 calling Job's attention to the fact that this mon- 
 ster had a body that was capable of being ex- 
 tended and lengthened out. He shows him that 
 this body was formed of various parts all linked 
 and coupled the one to the other, as the very 
 name He gave him, indicated. Even the manner 
 of coupling these various parts is most minutely 
 described. All of which has been shown to refer, 
 most conclusively, to a locomotive and train of 
 coaches. Should we not now expect, as a most 
 natural continuation of this subject, that, before 
 asking Job whether he could put a hook in his 
 nose, He would explain to him some other pecu- 
 liarities of this singular creature, such, for in- 
 stance, as his fierce and dangerous nature ? For, 
 were he tame, this would not be a dangerous 
 undertaking. 
 
 . It is this idea which leads me to believe that, 
 if this verse were properly understood, we would 
 be apt to find in it a reference to some other 
 natural and striking peculiarities of this coupled 
 dragon. It is evident that his nose and cheeks 
 are here spoken of; but so far it has been difii- 
 ■cult to ascertain in what connection. 
 
 To me the word agerno7i^ would seem to con- 
 tain the solution of the problem. Its primary 
 n\eaning is a boiling caldron. This is one of 
 the essential parts oi: pur own monster. Then 
 we will see that this word is made use of in this 
 sense in the twentieth verse of this same chap- 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 1 59 
 
 ter, where it is said of this monster, "out of his 
 nostrils will issue forth smoke, as out of a boil- 
 iii!^ pot or aildro7iy 
 
 Taking the word in this sense, and the verse 
 as having the force of a negative question, we 
 would have this singular revelation, viz.: "Wilt 
 thou not place a boiling caldron in his nose?" 
 
 Referring to the locomotive, we are astonished 
 to discover how well the word nose applies to 
 that elongated part of the boiler which extends 
 to the front of the engine. And when we ex- 
 amine closely into the nature of this nose; we 
 find, indeed, that some one has placed a boiling 
 caldron in it ; in fact that his nose is a boiling 
 caldron. This dis.covery must' have been as 
 great a surprise to the good man Job as the un- 
 -expected revelations of this verse will, undoubt- 
 edly, be to the reader. 
 
 The same words of this passage disclose also 
 another ver}- appropriate meaning ; it is that 
 which is also given to them by the Septuagint 
 and the Vulgate, and which I believe to be the 
 true one, viz., "Wilt thou place a ring in his 
 nostrils ? " 
 
 The nostrils of an animal are the organs 
 through which he breathes. Now if we examine 
 our' engine closely, we will find on each side of 
 his head, or rather on each side of his huge nose- 
 shaped boiler, two large cylinders, resembling 
 much, indeed, from their position and functions, 
 the nostrils of an animal. To these are connected 
 the steam-chests. Upon further investigation we 
 
l6o A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 find that it is through these double sets of organs 
 that he emits, alternately, his vaporous breath 
 (steam), just as an animal does in forcing his 
 breath from his chest through his nostrils. So 
 that these C3^1inders and their steam-chests re- 
 semble, indeed, in purpose and action, the nostrils 
 and the chest of a living monster. Therefore 
 the propriety, in the highly poetical style of this 
 description, in speaking of these mechanical organs 
 as the nostrils of this monster. 
 
 A further observation reveals to us the fact 
 that, inside of these mechanical nostrils is a large 
 circular plate of iron, called a p'iston. Around 
 the periphery of this piston is one or more expan- 
 sive and self-adjusting rings, serving to form an 
 air-tight, yet movable, partition inside each cylin- 
 der. And this, I conclude, is the ring which is 
 mentioned in this verse as being placed in his 
 nostrils. It is possible that the original word is 
 intended to refer to the very piston itself, as it 
 is mainly a ring. Here, then, we have a good 
 opportunily of judging of the perfect knowledge 
 which the revealer of this description possessed 
 of the construction of the most important parts 
 of the engine. - 
 
 As to the second member of this verse, we 
 find, as I have already mentioned, that the word 
 (flln) chocha means, primarily, a riiig^<\\v^\\ a hook, 
 a thorn. I consider that the word is here intended 
 in the sense of a crdok, or shepherd's staff; that 
 is, that it was something which resembled, in 
 shape, a long staff, and terminated at one end 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. l6l 
 
 with a ring or hook. Any hook, says Webster, 
 is a crook. The word (*n'7) lecJii means, primarily, 
 the check ; and it is in this sense I take it here. 
 As the verb which occurs here means to pierce 
 through^ we would have, as the meaning of this 
 verse, " Wilt thou not place a ring in his nostrils, 
 or pierce through his cheeks with a staff?" 
 
 We have just seen, in the first part of this 
 verse, that the piston and its packing-rings were 
 referred to. Xow, to the centre of this piston 
 we will find that there is made fast a long and 
 smooth iron rod, which passes through one end 
 of the cylinder, and terminates at its exterior 
 end with a suitable connection, answering the 
 purpose of a hook' or ring, and by which it is 
 made fast to other parts of the machinery. In 
 this piston-rod I recognize the ver}^ instrument 
 mentioned in this passage as a staff, and which 
 is said to perforate, or pierce through, the cheeks 
 of the leviathan. If this be it, then the cheeks^ 
 here alluded to, must be the round and convex 
 heads of the cylinders through which this rod 
 passes ; and by its rapid and continuous in-and- 
 out motion, seems, indeed, as though it were per- 
 forating or piercing through these cheeks. Hence, 
 also, the very appropriate and poetical application 
 of these words of Job. 
 
 We have here, then, revealed to us the piston 
 and its packing-rings ; the cylinders and their 
 perforated heads ; and the piston-rod with itsper- 
 forated knob at the end, which gives it the 
 appearance of a staff, to whicli it is here likened. 
 
iiJt2 
 
 A VVONDERFUL DISCOVKK.V 
 
 HIS VOICE IvS IMPERATIVE AND TERRIBI.E. 
 
 ^^")^'l 
 
 Will he multiply 
 
 NumquiJ multi 
 
 l''?^ 
 
 unto thee 
 
 plicabit ad te 
 
 D^ji^rjn 
 
 supplications, 
 
 preces, 
 
 ■^^VOkV 
 
 or will he utter (speak) 
 
 aut loquetur 
 
 ^'5*"^ 
 
 unto thee 
 
 tibi 
 
 : niD-) 
 
 soft toue^? 
 
 mollia ? 
 
 "Will he make many supplications unto thee? Will he 
 •speak soft words unto thee?" 
 
 All versions seem to agree iu their translations 
 of this verse. But many expositors vary in their 
 application of its meaning. 
 
 Barnes says : " The idea is that the animal 
 here referred to would not tamely submit to his 
 captor, nor plead for his life in tones of tender 
 and plaintive supplication." 
 
 In reference to this view of it, I would say 
 that there is nothing mentioned in this verse, 
 nor in any other, that would go to prove that 
 this monster was ev^ captured. On the contrary, 
 he is represented everywhere as unconquerable 
 and invulnerable. We have just seen that, in 
 one sense of the passage, ane cannot put a haltei 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 63 
 
 over his nose, nor fasten anything to his jaw. 
 Subsequent passages, as you will notice, are still 
 more emphatic in this declaration. We read in 
 the ninth and tenth verses of the present chapter 
 that ''one shall be cast down even at the sight 
 ot" him;" and that "none is so brave that dare 
 stir him up." 
 
 The opinion of Prof. Lee is that the dolohinus 
 orca communis, or common grampus, is the 
 animal more particularly had in view, and that 
 allusion is here made to the well-know cries of 
 this animal when captured. Here, again, I would 
 insist that no such inference can be drawn from 
 the passage before us. The dolphin, according 
 to Prof. Lee's own account, cries and carries on 
 )yiost pileoHsly when he or his mate is captured. 
 These are surely soft and pleading tones, whilst 
 the interrogative character of this verse indicates 
 that exactly the contrary will be the case with 
 the leviathan ; he will not use many supplica- 
 tions toward thee, nor will his utterances be soft 
 or plaintive. Moreover, the dolphin can be, and 
 is, caught by hooks and cords, whilst we are told 
 that the leviathan cannot be taken by such 
 means. 
 
 Adam Clarke, recognizing the difficulty there 
 was in appl3'ing the full force of these passages 
 to au}^ known animal, prudenth' remarks that 
 there are several allusions in these verses to 
 matters of which one could know but very little. 
 
 It seems to me that the most natural and only 
 inference to be drawn, both from the negative 
 
164 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 character of this verse and from the words them- 
 selves, is that this monster will not often repeat his 
 warnings or supplications, nor will he make use 
 of soft tones in doing so ; in other words, his 
 warnings will be few and uttered in terrific tones. 
 These cannot be taken in any other sense than 
 warnings of danger to those who would not heed 
 his presence or his approach. Isaiah informs ns 
 (chap, xxvii. i) that this leviathan was a "swift- 
 fleeing serpent, turning himself rapidly, and con- 
 tinually in motion." Undoubtedly . it is from 
 these facts that this monster has neither time 
 nor disposition to stop and argue with you to 
 please get out of his \vay ; a few terrific utter- 
 ances is all the warning yon vv^ill get ; then, woe 
 to him who does not heed them. And, from this, 
 what could one surmise would happen ? Why, 
 evidently that this fiery monster, in his precipi- 
 tate flight from one place to another, would 
 ci-ush and trample under him all that did not 
 get out of his way after a few sharp and terrific 
 warnings. 
 
 And how would this beautiful passage agree 
 with the well-known peculiarities of our steam- 
 ing monster, the locomotive, and its terrific powers 
 of utterance made specially to give warnings of 
 his approach ? When he is at full rage on his 
 way, does he stop to make niau}^ stipplications 
 to you /o please get out of his path ? A terrific 
 and imperative blast '^of his breath is the only 
 warning he gives, as he rushes on with light- 
 ning speed, crushing and tearing to pieces those 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 165 
 
 who have not heeded his voice. He is a heart- 
 less monster, with iron ribs and flanks. His 
 blood is a boiling steam ; his food, coals of fire. 
 His breath of life, a devouring flame. His eye, 
 a stream of light. His mane, thick clouds of 
 smoke and sparks of fire. The earth and the sea 
 tremble at his approach, and the very heavens 
 murmur at the terrific utterance of , his voice. 
 From before him flee in dismay the wild beasts 
 of the forests. Yea, the hippopotamus and the 
 crocodile are terrified at his presence and hasten 
 away as he boldly invades their ancient domains 
 and chases them from their marsh}^ lairs in the 
 midst of the reeds and fens. 
 
 Behold, our leviathan looks upon all these mon- 
 sters as small birds. Indeed he often carries them 
 about in a cage for the pleasure of the children 
 on his way. He fills his coils with the largest 
 of them with as much ease and indifference as 
 a huge serpent when feeding on the small lizards 
 and frogs of a pond. 
 
 My conclusion is obvious. None of the mon- 
 sters proposed up to this day can ever fulfill, as 
 completely, the requisites of this and other pass- 
 ages of this sublime description, as our modern 
 monster of power. 
 
 Stand before him and see if he will stop to 
 make repeated supplications unto thee, in soft 
 and pleading tones. 
 
i66 
 
 A WONDKKt'UL DlbCOVKKY 
 
 HE IS TREACHEROUS AND NOT TO BE 
 RELIED ON. 
 
 Verse 4. 
 
 ^"??*0 
 
 Will he make 
 
 Nunquid feriet 
 
 n'^3 
 
 a covenant (agreement) 
 
 pactum 
 
 W 
 
 with thee 
 
 tecum, 
 
 i:;npri 
 
 that thou inayest take him 
 
 et accipies eum 
 
 ny^^. 
 
 for a servant 
 
 servum 
 
 : D'?ir 
 
 for ever, or, everlasting ? 
 
 sempiternum ? 
 
 ' ' Will he make a covenant with thee ? Wilt thou take 
 
 him for a servant forever ? " 
 
 .The true reference of the above verse could 
 not have been understood by those writers who 
 believed that a whale or a crocodile was here 
 meant. 
 
 Barnes and others suppose this verse to mean 
 that the animal referred to could not be reduced 
 to service, that is, could not be tamed or ren- 
 dered reliable, or reduced to domestic use, such 
 for instance as the crocodile and the. hippopota- 
 mlis. As to the latter, it is a well-known fact 
 that, if taken when young, it can be tamed and 
 rendered quite docile, as has been repeatedl}^ 
 noticed in our travelling menageries, although he 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 167 
 
 cannot be made very serviceable for dgmestic pur- 
 poses. 
 
 But let us examine more closely into the con- 
 struction of this verse and see if it be not pos- 
 sible to render its meaning somewhat more intelli- 
 gible, for there seems to me to be a discrepancy 
 somewhere. 
 
 The question as it stands, " Will lie make a 
 covenant with thee ? " cannot be considered as 
 adding to or detracting from his power. If it means 
 anything it is that he is'Jcapable of making a 
 covenant. And, surely, it could not be supposed 
 that he could, any more than other monsters of 
 the same nature. Then, again, one is at a loss 
 to know what kind of a covenant can be meant. 
 
 To explain these difficulties and to make sense 
 of this first hemistich, I find that it is necessary 
 to connect it closely with the second, instead of 
 dividing it as usual. Thus, the agreement or 
 convenant with this monster seems incapable of 
 making or keeping, would refer to the binding 
 of himself as a trustworthy servant at all times. 
 
 In writing the two hemistiches of this verse 
 into one sentence, we would have the following : 
 " Will he make a covenant with thee that thou 
 mayest take him for a servant forever?" Thus 
 the whole verse becomes quite intelligible, 
 and at once we can clearly see that this covenant 
 refers to the possibility or impossibility of so 
 binding this monster that he should become a 
 trustworthy servant at all times, or, forever. 
 
 Taking this passage in its negative sense, it 
 
1 68 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 evidently means that this monster will not bind 
 himself (or, that one cannot bind him) to serve 
 him faithfnlly forever. 
 
 It must also be inferred from this, that this levia- 
 than is of a dangerous and treacherous nature, thai 
 he cannot be relied on at all times as a faithful 
 servant. From this very fact arises, undoubtedly, 
 the impossibility of his making a covenant to 
 serve faithfully forever. Then again it clearly 
 indicates that he will be made a servant of, 
 but not such that be can be relied on at all 
 times. If he could not be made a servant 
 of at alf wh}^ should it be said that he cannot 
 be taken for a servant forever, coiiti7iually ; for 
 the latter certainly implies that he could be taken 
 for a servant for a ti'me^ but not forever. What 
 a mysterious creature. No wonder that he has 
 remained so long unknown. Let us see if this 
 verse also, could not apply to our powerful ser- 
 vant, the steam engine. It is well known that 
 he cannot be trusted at all times, nor forever. 
 He becomes very treacherous when the fireman 
 excites him up to his full rage. At times, with- 
 out the least warning, he will burst the strongest 
 bonds and scatter death and devastation around 
 him. He is indeed a most useful servant, but 
 he must be continually watched. He cannot be 
 trusted out of the hands of his keepers. 
 
 Because he has an iron constitution one must 
 not suppose that he wall make of him a servant 
 everlasting, " servum sempiternum;" for in a short 
 time the strength of his iron shields will weaken, 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 169 
 
 yet not so with his treacherous rage always in- 
 creasing and alwa3's threatening to tear his flanks 
 to pieces. 
 
 Job undoubtedly understood by visions, what 
 we have learned by experience, viz., that this 
 powerful servant, although seemingly indestructi- 
 ble, soon goes to. destruction and sometimes m a 
 terrible manner, and therefore is, indeed, neither 
 a reliable servant nor one that can last forever. 
 
 Another very poetic idea may be inferred from 
 the words of Job, viz., " Has he made a covenant 
 with thee that thou shouldest bind him to serve 
 continually, forever? Wilt thou not allow him 
 to rest or to gambol and roam about at leisure 
 for a while?" This, not altogether improbable 
 meaning of this passage, would indicate the exact 
 nature of our modern monster, who is often made 
 to work night and day without rest, as though 
 be had made an agreement to do so. Then, on 
 account of his nature, he certainly cannot be al- 
 lowed to skip or roam about at leisure ; although 
 we have, recently, heard of some rujiazvay engines. 
 
 In all truth, then, can it be said of our modern 
 leviathan that, although he is a ver}' good ser- 
 vant, yet we cannot so bind hiui^ either b}^ agree- 
 7nent or by force, that he may be alwa^^s, and at 
 all times, a faithful and trust-worthy servant. 
 
A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 HE CANNOT BE HANDLED AS A PLAYTHING. 
 
 Voree 6. 
 
 iJi'iirpni 
 
 Wilt thou play with him 
 as a little bird, 
 or wilt thou bind him 
 to thy maidens ? 
 
 Numquid illudes 
 ei quasi avi, 
 aut ligabis eum 
 ancillis tuis ? 
 
 ' ' Wilt thou play with him as a bird ? Or wilt thou bind 
 him for thy maidens? " 
 
 It is easil}^ seen that tlie interrogative tone 
 of this verse is intended to be taken in a nega- 
 tive sense, implying that this leviathan cannot 
 be handled carelessly as a plaything; nor en- 
 trusted to weak and unskilled hands. 
 
 The Septuagint add the word sparrozv^ in the 
 second member of the verse, making it read: 
 "Wilt thou bind him as a sparrow for a babe."^ 
 I look upon the expression to bind as meaning 
 here, first to iame^ extending its reference to any 
 animal which can be tamed to such an extent 
 that it can be entrusted to children to play with. 
 
 Many dangerous creatures can be^ bound, al- 
 though they cannot be made a safe plaything 
 for children. Therefbre I do not understand the 
 above to mean that this powerful monster could 
 not be bound at all; but rather that he could 
 
IN THE BOOK OK JOB. I7I 
 
 not be tamed or placed sufficiently under con- 
 trol to be entrusted to children as a plaything. 
 We have seen in the previous verse that he 
 could be bound as a servant. 
 
 Secondly, this binding of him for, or to, the 
 maidens, ma}^ be taken in the sense of harnessing 
 liim. as one would harness a gentle horse for 
 children to sport with. Or as a plaything wadr 
 fast to a child. 
 
 To bind horses to a chariot, is a wcll-kiiovvii 
 Biblical expression. In the thirty-third verse of 
 the present chapter the Septuagint express the 
 the idea that this leviathan was made to be 
 sported with b}^ the angels. Then certainly he 
 would have to be bound in some way. By angels 
 may be meant messengers of God here on earth. 
 As the writer is describing the most terrible and 
 most powerful monster on earth, one that is called 
 the " king over all conceptions of power," as will 
 be seen in the last verse, we can appreciate the 
 poetry and irony of the question put to Job, whether 
 he thought that such a monster could be played 
 with, as a child would with a small bird; or if he 
 could be safel}' harnessed for the sport of children. 
 
 The French version expresses here the very 
 genius of the original, it has : " T'en jouras-tu 
 comme d'un petit oiseau? et I'attacheras-tu pour 
 tes jeunes filles ? " 
 
 Barnes sees great force in the words of Job, on 
 the supposition that the crocodile is intended. 
 
 " Nothing," says he, " could be more incongru- 
 ous than the idea of securing so rough and un* 
 
172 A WONDERT-UL DISCOVERY 
 
 sightly a monster for the amusement of tender 
 and delicate females." 
 
 Had the above learned author suspected that 
 a full-fledged steam locomotive, weighing from 
 sixty to seventy thousand pounds, and carrying 
 within his flanks a most terribly explosive force, 
 was intended, would he not have seen a greater 
 force in the above question ? And especially when 
 the handling of intricate and ponderous machinery 
 is included ; which is a thing so peculiarl}^ foreign 
 to the inclination and capacit}^ of females. Indeed, 
 this verse can apply to no monster more danger- 
 ous or more untamable than our modern steam 
 dragon which, at times, neither iron nor steel can 
 hold. What a pretty bird one of our fiery loco- 
 motives would make for a cage ; and then he 
 utters such soft notes. I fear, indeed, that Job's 
 maidens would not fancy him for a pet. 
 
 I have already expressed the opinion, at the 
 beginning of this work, that the Lord does not, 
 in this description, address himself exclusively to 
 Job, but, through him, to all mankind ; and this 
 seems to be clearl}^ established here, from the 
 fact that Job had lost all his sons and daughters 
 at the time the Lord thus addressed him, saying : 
 " Wilt thou bind him for thy maidens?" 
 
 These words would then be intended in the 
 sense of, " Will man bind him for his ^maidens ? " 
 Taken in this light, it does not become necessary 
 to suppose, as some ^^^riters do, that this monster 
 must have existed during the days of Job and in 
 his immediate neighborhood. 
 
IN THE BOOK Ol'" JOU. 
 
 SPECULATORS WILL FEAST UPON HIM. 
 
 Verse Q 
 
 
 They will feast 
 
 upon him 
 
 companies of friends, partners ; 
 
 They will divide, or, share him, 
 
 among 
 
 speculators, — traders (Cauaanites) 
 
 Concidenl 
 eum 
 amici ? 
 divident 
 ilium 
 negotiatores ? 
 
 " Shall thy companions make a banquet of him ? Sliall 
 they part him among the merchants ? ' ' 
 
 This is considered one of the vexed passages, 
 a veritable " pons asinornm." Yet this does not 
 arise from any great difficulty in ascertaining 
 the meaning of the original words, but rather 
 from the difficulty which translators and com- 
 mentators have had to battle against, in making 
 these words agree with their own ideas. There 
 have been various renderings and speculations 
 concerning the true meaning of this verse, and 
 no two seem to agree. 
 
 The Vulgate, the Septuagint and our English 
 versions differ widely in their renderings. The 
 Vulgate has : " Will friends carve him ? Will 
 merchants divide him?" The vSeptuagint have: 
 
1/4 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 '' Do tlie people feed upon hiin ? Will the na- 
 tions of the Phenicians share him ? " 
 
 Several French translations render : " Des amis 
 se regaleront ils de sa chair ? Sera-t-il partage 
 entre les marchands ? " 
 
 Prof. Lee has the following : " Will the com- 
 panies bargain over him ? Will they divide him 
 among the merchants ? " 
 
 Pie explains by saying that the Hebrew word 
 meaning io bargain is often taken in the sense 
 of digging ; and as bargains were usually ratified 
 b}^ slaughtering and feasting upon animals — 
 hiring, bargaining, and the like, have become part 
 of its significations. 
 
 Umbreit has seized the idea of the original far 
 better than the above ; he renders it : "Do part- 
 ners in trade purchase hiift ? Is he divided among 
 the Canaanites ? " 
 
 He explains by saying that, althotigh (H'lD) 
 karah, is usually taken to signify feasting, yet it 
 is here used with greater propriety to mean to 
 buy, as in Dent. ii. 6 ; Hos. iii. 2, and that the 
 expression Canaan if es is here put for merchants 
 in general. 
 
 Barnes, in explanation of this passage, says : 
 "The word rendered thy companions means pro- 
 perh- those joined or associated together for any 
 purpose, whether for friendship or for business. 
 It ma}- refer here either to those associated for 
 the purpose of fishiiig or feasting. 
 
 Further on the same writer says : " The ma- 
 jority of versions incline to the idea that it refers 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 1 75 
 
 to a feast, and means that those associated for 
 eating do not make a part of their entertainment 
 of him." 
 
 Is it not to be looked upon as very singular 
 that, according to the above statement, the ma- 
 jority of versions entertain the idea that the 
 monster referred to, could not be eaten ? The 
 original Hebrew does not convey, di-rectly, this 
 idea ; but the interrogative turn given to it by 
 most versions — and of which it is susceptible — 
 leads us to understand that, in one sense, it could 
 not be shared or divided among friends as a thing 
 to be eaten ; or so parted that it might be retailed 
 out to customers. 
 
 From my view.? of the reference of this pro- 
 phetic description, I am far from objecting to the 
 above interpretations ; for, indeed, my leviathan 
 cannot be cut up and feasted upon b}- friends 
 associated for a banquet ; neither can butchers 
 divide him for their customers ; for his bod}- is 
 formed of iron plates welded together, and his bones 
 are bars of iron. So that, in this sense, those who 
 suppose that this monster could be carved out, or 
 used for food, are very much mistaken. 
 
 Taking this leviathan as referring to a locomo- 
 tive, one can appreciate the full force and poetry 
 of the question, whether people would think that 
 they could feast on such a monster, or divide 
 and retail him among the merchants. Still I 
 look upon this verse as having a far more extra- 
 ordinary meaning hidden within it, and that it 
 is its primary meaning. 
 
176 A WONDERFUL DLSCOVERY 
 
 In the first place the original does not read 
 interrogativel}^, but in a plain affirmative tone. 
 
 Second. I consider, that the word rendered com- 
 panions, friends^ should be translated paj'tners, 
 companies. 
 
 Third. That the word rendered to cut, to make 
 a hanquei, to feed upon, etc., means here to share, 
 to divide. 
 
 Fourth. That the name Canaanite is a well- 
 known synonyme for traders, speculators, and 
 should be so rendered. 
 
 By referring to the original Hebrew quoted at 
 the beginning, you will notice that it does not 
 read thy companions, but simply companions, or 
 rather partners, companies. Neither is it there 
 stated that merchants, or speculators, will divide 
 him among themselves ; but that the above-men- 
 tioned partners, or companies, will divide him 
 among the merchants, or traders. 
 
 " Therefore the primary meaning of this verse 
 is, " Companies, (or partners) will feast upon him; 
 they will divide (or share) him among the 
 traders (speculators)." 
 
 How is this for our modern Railroad Compa- 
 nies ; and our Railroad Stock Speculators ? They 
 feast on our great leviathan ; yea, they grow fat 
 on him, yet they do not eat him. Partners and 
 circles of friends purchase him and sJiare kim 
 out among traders and speculators, yet they do 
 not cut liijn up. Are*^ not these the very ideas 
 claimed to be conveyed by the original, and which 
 have so puzzled our learned exponents ? 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 177 
 
 What a foresight ! Over three thousand years 
 ago, our railroad magnates and their partners, 
 and our stock speculators, were seen feasting on 
 the leviathan. It strikes me that this must be 
 the fulfillment of the old traditional feast of the 
 Jews. It was to occur in the latter daj's, when 
 the children of Israel were to feast on the levia- 
 than and share him among themselves. -Decidedh^, 
 they form, this day, a majority of the Canaanites, 
 here referred to. It would seem as though their 
 old and incomprehensible tradition was now be- 
 ing visibly fulfilled before our eyes. 
 
 I cannot close this chapter without a few re- 
 marks on the peculiar rendering of the Septua- 
 gint. As you will- notice, they were far from 
 considering that the Lord here addressed bis 
 remarks to Job individually, or to his friends, 
 but rather to men in general, or to nations at 
 large. They render, ''Do the people feast upon 
 him ? "and not, " Shall thy companions make a feast 
 of him ? " Their rendering of the second hem- 
 stich is as remarkable as the first. They say : 
 " Will the nations of the Phenicians share him ? " 
 
 It would seem from this that they understood, 
 either by tradition or by some ancient manu- 
 scripts, that this creature of great power would 
 be known among all nations, and not only by a 
 few tribes that might inhabit a certain country 
 where some such ferocious beast might be found. 
 By " nations of the Phenicians," must here be 
 meant not only the Phenicians of those days, but 
 the trading nations in general. I would conclude 
 
1 78 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 that the Septuagiut understood, to a great extent, 
 to what this description referred. Their render- 
 ings of other verses, which follow, most conclu- 
 sively prove this. 
 
 I will leave to others the task of applying the 
 plain original words of this verse to any animal, 
 with as much force and truth as it applies to our 
 modern steam engine, our railroad companies and 
 speculators. 
 
 This beautiful and prophetic Hebrew verse 
 deserves a prominent place in the palaces of our 
 Railroad Companies, and specially in the escut- 
 cheon of our Railroad Magnates. And Job should 
 have a monument in this great land of the levi- 
 athans and Canaanites. 
 
 In our days we can fully appreciate what Job 
 meant when he said : 
 
 ' ' Companies will feast upon him ; 
 They will share him among speculators." 
 
 V 
 
IX THK BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 79 
 
 THE LEVIATHAN'S BODY IS FILLED WITH 
 BOOTHS. 
 
 K'jwn 
 
 Wilt thou not fill 
 
 Nuniquid implebis 
 
 niDC^a 
 
 nl3p3 with booths 
 
 sageuas 
 
 ^^^:; 
 
 his skin. 
 
 pelle ejus, 
 
 '^p"^^"^ 
 
 and with a cabin 
 
 et gurgustium 
 
 ^ °y? 
 
 D^JIII of fishermen 
 
 piscium 
 
 : Wif) 
 
 his head ? 
 
 capita illius ? 
 
 Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons ? 
 Or his head with fish-spears ? ' ' 
 
 I AM not astonished at the various and con- 
 flicting renderings we have of this verse. In- 
 deed, I must say that, after having spent much 
 time on it myself, and taken ever^^ conceivable 
 view of it and of the various possible meanings 
 of each word, I am forced to the conclusion that 
 there is something wrong with our present He- 
 brew text. According to most of our English 
 versions, it reads : 
 
 "Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? 
 Or his head with fish-spears ? 
 
 As you will notice, it is not the dody of this 
 monster which seems to be here in question, nor 
 his shields, but /it's skin. It would appear also as 
 
l8o A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 though it were the intention of the writer to have 
 us consider this as something separate from the 
 main body, even as separate from the head, to which 
 he refers afterwards. I could not agree to the sup- 
 position that here a part is put for the whole ; 
 for, in an exceptional case as this, there would be 
 great danger of leading the reader into error. If 
 the entire animal had been meant, the use of the 
 word body^ would have answered all purposes. 
 
 In reading over this verse, it occurs to me that, 
 if the original had been intended to convey the 
 idea that this monster was invulnerable, and 
 that, consequently, not a single spear could be 
 made to penetrate his body, that it would not be 
 asked if his skin could be filled with them. 
 Then, this would seem to imply that, although 
 one might put two or three spears in his body, 
 yet it could not be literally filled with them. 
 There could be no sense in this ; for if one spear, 
 or harpoon, could be made to penetrate his shield, 
 logically speaking, a great number could be made 
 to do the same. Yet there is no doubt but that 
 the original means " Canst thou fill his skin ?" 
 But with what ? Some render the original word 
 by barbed irons;, spears ; others by arrows. The 
 Vulgate by nefs. The Septuagint seem to think 
 that it refers to a whole fleet of small vessels ; 
 and that it is the skin of this monster's tail that 
 is here referred to. Undoubtedly the word (Hl^t}') 
 souccoih^ rendered spmrs^ has not a very intelligi- 
 ble meaning in the connection and in the form 
 in which it now stands. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. l8l 
 
 I am also puzzled to understand the reason 
 why it should be asked, in the second henisti'ch, 
 whether this monster's head could be equally 
 filled, not with barbed irons or pointed irons, as 
 the other part of his body, but with a different 
 kind of instrument, rendered here fish-spears. 
 
 Can it be supposed that it was necessary and 
 customary, in those days, to have twd kinds of 
 spears to kill such monsters. One to be used 
 specially in penetrating the body, and the other 
 to serve exclusively to penetrate the head ? , This 
 is very doubtful. Although it may be claimed 
 to be but a parallelism between the two members 
 of this verse, yet I look upon the latter as being 
 a forced rendering' for the very purpose of mak- 
 ing it appear as a parallel to the former ; for 
 there is no good authority for rendering ('7K'?V) 
 tslatsal^ by spears or harpoons. Nowhere in the 
 Bible has it been used in the sense of a weapon 
 or instrument of destruction. Although, we may 
 admit, some of the derivatives of ('^'?V) tsalal^ 
 have been used to denote certain musical instru- 
 ments, such as cymbals, etc., from the fact that 
 one of the roots of the word means to tinkle, to 
 ring ; denoting, in this instance, the very nattire 
 of a musical instrument, but not applicable to an 
 instrument of destruction ; the latter generally 
 deriving its name from a root denoting, not only 
 its nature but also some of its most prominent 
 peculiarities as a weapon, such as that of being 
 sharps pointed., etc. I have never seen a fish-spear 
 that might be said to ring, to tink/e. And I do 
 
1 82 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 not believe that the rude instruments of primi- 
 tive ages, generally made of flint, wood or rough 
 pieces of metal, had much ring or tinkle to them. 
 Moreover, as the word is in the singular number 
 the proper rendering would be a spear of fishes ; 
 which, of itself condemns that interpretation of 
 the word. 
 
 The Vulgate has, with far more propriety, 
 rendered cabm ; deriving this meaning from ('?V) 
 isel^ meaning shade; hence a shelter^ a cabin. Yet 
 who will explain to us the strange meaning of 
 the Latin version of this passage? It has : "Wilt 
 thou fill nets with his skin ? and the cabin of 
 fishes with his head ? " From the negative tone 
 given to this verse by its being in the interrog- 
 ative, it must be inferred to mean, that it would 
 be impossible to put his hide in fishermen's nets, 
 or his head in a cabin made to keep fishes. 
 But, again, what sense would there be in this ? 
 Did the ancients ever make it a practice to fill 
 their nets with the skins of fishes ? And was it 
 customary with fishermen in those days to cut 
 off the heads of the fishes they caught and put 
 them (the heads) into cabins ? Evidently the 
 original words were never intended to be taken 
 in this sense. Yet, it appears to me, from my 
 point of view of the reference of this description, 
 that the Vulgate's rendering contains valuable 
 suggestions as to the proper meaning of this 
 difficult passage, as" I will explain hereafter. 
 Commentators, in general, suppose that reference 
 is had here to the thickness and impenetrability 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 1 83 
 
 of this monster's hide, which neither sharp-pointed 
 irons nor spears could penetrate. Bnt, this fact is 
 asserted so often throughout this description, and 
 in such various and unequivocal terms, that I 
 cannot see the use nor the probability of its be- 
 ing referred to here in such a doubtful phrase- 
 ology. 
 
 Might not some of the difficulty 'have been 
 caused by changing the originally affirmative tone 
 of this verse into the interrogative, giving it, 
 thereby, a negative character which it should not 
 have ? This could have been skilfully accom- 
 plished b\' the simple addition of the present 
 prefix (H) he. to the original fut. Kal (N'T'DH) 
 thiila^ thou wilt ftlL Thus, instead of " wilt thou 
 fill?" it might have read originally "Thou wilt 
 fill his skin with pointed irons (iron bolts), and 
 his head with fish-spears." In this light, then, 
 this passage would mean that, man zuill Jill this 
 monster's hide with pointed irons, or iron bolts. 
 
 Although this is exactly the contrary to what 
 might be expected in reference to a terrible and 
 invulnerable monster, yet, strange to say, it is ex- 
 actly what occurs to our modern leviathan. 
 
 The numerous plates of iron or of steel, which 
 really constitute its hide, or its exterior envelope, 
 are filled with sharp-headed iron bolts. And, 
 in one sense, it is really not its body, which is 
 so filled, for it is hollow, but really its hide, its 
 skin^ as the Hebrew text has it. 
 
 As to the second part of this verse, which 
 states that his head v^\\\ be filled with fish-spears. 
 
l84 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 it might be supposed to be intended to refer to 
 that apparently tremendous head of the iocorao- 
 tive, the smoke-stack, which, up to very recently 
 with us, was ver>^ large at the top, and was, in 
 many instances, ornamented with numerous thin 
 metallic blades, really, in appearance and shape, 
 like so many \'ibrating spear-heads. By exaijjin- 
 ing that class of locomotives, one will readily 
 notice the striking application of this view of the 
 reference of this desc^ption. 
 
 The reason which might have prompted some 
 ingenious writer to alter the meaning of tftis verse, 
 in some primitive manuscript, might be this. 
 It was naturally supposed that this entire descrip- 
 tion referred to some invulnerable monster, as it 
 does most evidenth-. ConsequentU-, it must have 
 been a surprise to find here one verse which would 
 pointedl}' contradict all the others, by asserting 
 that his skin would be filled with pointed irons, 
 and his head with fish spears. 
 
 Of course, the evident mistake (?) was prompt!}- 
 and, as it se^ms, ingeniously corrected. 
 
 Again, sometimes an interrogation may have 
 an affirmative force, equivalent to a negative 
 question as : " Canst thon not fill his skin . . . ?" 
 This view would be preferable here. But, thauks 
 to the presence of the leviathan himself. I hope 
 we will be enabled to unravel also 'this deep 
 myster\-. which has worried so man}-. 
 
 The supposition, thSt this verse might have, 
 originally, read in the affirmative, although it 
 <eems to <r,]\-e =;ome of its difficulties, and a{>- 
 
plici very ell to our iron 5teed, whose skin and 
 'r,t2,^ ire inieci t.Vj ziUk siiarp iron bolts, and 
 long r>d5 like spears, yet it does no: seem to 
 remove all doubts as to the correctness of the 
 meaning attributed to some of its expressions. 
 For insiance, as I ha\-e already remarked, it seems 
 donbiful that the. word <iTOC*i i>7.v/^:»M, has been 
 correctly transcribed from the original manu- 
 
 I am of the opinion that there has been a 
 serious transposition of letters here, and that 
 instead of T^^\ sotucotk, rendered spears, futs ; 
 we should read iiTODi souccoUi, booths, anerts. 
 
 In Gesenius' Heb. Grammar (p. 19 we hnd, in 
 reference to the diSerence formerly existing be- 
 tween the letters sin^ and samekh, that, " At a 
 later period this distinction was lost, and hence 
 the Syrians employed only samekh for both, and 
 the Arabians only sin. They also began to be 
 interchanged even in the later Hebrew." 
 
 Taking samekh as having been the original 
 letter at the beginning of the above word. then, 
 according to Gesenius. it is possible that an 
 Arabian scribe, not understanding to what this 
 description referred, and consequently not being 
 able to make the proper distinction between the 
 words, introduced the letter sin, instead of the 
 original sanu-kh. 
 
 Taking the word as meaning booths, coverts. 
 we trould have as the meaning of this passage. 
 *• Wilt thou fill his skin with booths ? " or, with 
 the force of an affirmative, " Wilt thou not fill 
 
1 86 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 his skill with booths?" Here applies, in favor 
 of my interpretation of the word, the singular 
 rendering of the Vulgate, which has nets; an ex- 
 pression chosen, nndoubtedl}^ for its being tjie 
 nearest to the original import of the word, and 
 as more suitable than booths or lairs, in con- 
 nection with what was supposed to be meant 
 here, viz., the entrapping or slaying of an enor- 
 mous sea monster. Then, as to the difficulties in 
 the second member of this verse, the rendering of 
 the Vulgate, although it is quite different from 
 all others, is more likely to have given us the 
 propel meaning of the word ('^K'jV) tslatsal, viz., 
 cabin. But here instead of a cabin of fishes, I 
 would read a cabin of fishermen, as being pro- 
 bably the original reading. This would give us 
 as the meaning of this entire verse: "Wilt thou 
 not fill his skin with booths, and his head with 
 a cabin of fishermen." 
 
 Can the reader ever imagine to what this might 
 be intended to refer? It seems even more pro- 
 blematical than any version which has been pro- 
 posed for the solution of these difiiculties. Indeed, 
 it seems the height of absurdity to ask, if the 
 skin, or body, of a monster serpent can be filled 
 with booths or coverts. And if a fisherman's 
 cabin could be placed over his head. 
 
 But viewing this in its possible app^lication to 
 our long, extended and snake-like passenger train, 
 can the reader find abbut it anything like booths 
 or births with which it is filled, according to the 
 requirements of the words of Job ? 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 187 
 
 At the head of this monster serpent, can he 
 perceive a cabin, like that which often runs^ up 
 through the deck of a ship, or which is set up 
 on the deck of a fisherman's vessel, something 
 like a pilot house? If so, then it is possible that 
 these seemingly unintelligible words of Job, have 
 a far more real and wonderful application for us 
 than would appear at first sight. 
 
 But who could have dreamt that, in this difficult 
 verse, was hidden and sealed, thirty-five centuries 
 ago, such a wonderful revelation for our days. 
 
 Yes, undoubtedly, here we have before us most 
 positive evidence that this description applies 
 directly to our modern passenger train and palace 
 sleeping co^ioh^s, 'filled ivith booths aiid berths for 
 its passengers. 
 
 A train of empty coaches is as a long empty 
 shell; or but a skin, as it were, with no life or 
 body in it ; which readily accounts for the strange 
 expression which Job makes use of in saying, 
 that it was the skin of this serpent-like monster 
 which was filled with booths, but not, in reality, 
 his body. 
 
 As to the cabin which seems to have been 
 somewhere about the head of this monster, it is 
 easily recognized as being the engineer's cabin, 
 which is indeed somewhat like the cabin of a 
 small ship, or like a pilot house, and situated at 
 the head of the train, close to the engine. How 
 singular and suggestive to find here also the very 
 name by which this shelter is called in our days, 
 viz., a cabin. 
 
l88 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Once more comes to our assistance, in reveal- 
 ing the mysteries and beauties of this passage, 
 our steaming and bright-eyed monster with his 
 long and serpent-like body. There he goes, 
 literally filled with booths and berths, and with 
 travellers whinn he picks up on his way. There 
 stands at his head that identical cabin pointed 
 out to Job and to us by the Lord Himself. 
 
 I cannot pass without notice the extraordinary 
 rendering of this verse b}^ the Septuagint. They 
 
 have l " nav 6e nTiovrov aweWov ov /ly iveyiiudi j3vp6av filav uvpdg avroVf 
 
 evTz'/Mioiq aUeuv KE(^akijv avrov," which I render I "All that is 
 navigable united together, cannot carry one skin 
 (fold) of his tail, nor his head in all the fisher- 
 men's boats." 
 
 This could not have been intended as a trans- 
 lation of the present Hebrew verse, but probably 
 as a gloss. Possibly, they have been guided, 
 in this, by other manuscripts or traditions. For 
 I must say that, from my views of the reference 
 of this description, it is a most remarkable pas- 
 sage. I cannot see how they could have ex- 
 pressed themselves in such an appropriate and 
 forcible manner without having some knowledge 
 of the true nature of the leviathan. 
 
 Taking the leviathan as referring more specially 
 here to a locomotive with a full train of coaches 
 all linked together, he would appear as a mon- 
 ster fiery-flying serpent. His head would be the 
 locomotive, and the lortg-extended train, his tail. 
 Now by " one skin of his tail " the Septuagint 
 might have intended to refer to any of these 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 189 
 
 ponderous coaches (folds), which, true enough, all 
 the small fishing smacks of those days could not 
 have carried, much less could they have carried 
 his head, viz., the locomotive itself. 
 
 To me the Septuagint seems to have seized 
 an essential fact in this case, viz., that it was not 
 strictly the body of this monster which was here 
 meant, but some other part, 'vhich they render 
 "the skin of his tail," or the covering of what 
 formed his long tail ; which suits very well the 
 hollow and shell-like construction of our railroad 
 coaches, and the idea contained in the words of 
 Job. Again, they seem to have read fishermen 
 instead of fishes ; the very reading which I have 
 suggested. 
 
 Either of the interpretations which I have 
 proposed for the elucidation of this verse, applies 
 very well to our newly discovered leviathan, al- 
 though I give preference to the latter. Con- 
 sequently I render : " Wilt thou not fill his skin 
 with booths, and his head with a cabin of fisher- 
 
190 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 THE CONTENDING FORCES THAT ARE 
 WITHIN HIM. 
 
 -D^ty 
 
 Place 
 
 
 Pone 
 
 ^'"IK 
 
 upon him 
 
 
 super eum 
 
 ^p 
 
 thy hand ; 
 
 
 mauum tuam ; 
 
 ^?? 
 
 remember 
 
 
 memento 
 
 nbn'7p 
 
 the conflict ; 
 
 no further 
 
 belli ; nee 
 
 tlpin-'?N 
 
 thou wilt add questions. 
 
 ultra addas loqui 
 
 " Lay thine hand upon him, remember the battle, do no 
 more." 
 
 This verse has none of the difficulties of pre- 
 vious ones. Neither are the original expressions 
 as equivocal as some which have so sorely tried 
 the patience and erudition of our best scholars. 
 Yet it does not seem to have been any better 
 understood than the rest. 
 
 It would be quite significant to say, under 
 these circumstances, that they seem to be "on 
 the wrong track." Hence the man}' difficulties 
 they meet with in their application of even the 
 simplest passages. 
 
 Most commentators ^ave found grave difficulties 
 here, as it did not seem reasonable that the Lord 
 would command Job to place his hand on any 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB, I9I 
 
 of the ferocious monsters to vvhicli tliey sup- 
 posed allusion was here made. 
 
 They have also had some trouble with the 
 expression (f]Dir)"'?N) al-tosaph^ which they render, 
 do no more, thou ivilt not do it again, go no 
 furtJiey. The rendering of the Vulgate would 
 be more likely to have expressed its true mean- 
 ing, which I also consider to be, that, b}' placing 
 one's hand upon this monster, he will acquire 
 full knowledge of his nature, and will add no 
 further questions. 
 
 The passage which has been rendered in almost 
 all versions by remember the battle, or bezvare 
 of the conflict, has been generally understood of 
 a battle which would be likely to take place" if 
 any one was so daring as to place his hand upon 
 this monster. I am not of this opinion, but am 
 convinced that this command to Job to place his 
 hand upon him, was simply that he might 
 acquire, thereby, the knowledge of the strange 
 and peculiar nature of this creature, or of some- 
 thing which could not be readily noticed other- 
 wise. Undoubtedl}' Job felt most anxious to 
 know all about this terrible looking monster ; 
 and the Lord answers this sentiment by saying 
 to him : Place thy hand upon him . . . and you 
 will add no further questions.'' 
 
 Had it been an evidently wild and ferocious 
 monster which was here alluded to — as all sup- 
 pose — this warning would not have been neces- 
 sary. Neither can we imagine that Job would 
 have been advised to place his hawd on such a 
 
192 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 creature, that he might find out its dangerous 
 character. 
 
 From the original words themselves, it seems 
 to me quite evident that what Job is told to re- 
 member, or to beware of, lies in some peculiar 
 conflict of forces, or internal emotions, not notice- 
 able to the sight, but which would be readily called 
 to mind by the very touch of him. Hence I con- 
 sider the meaning of this verse to be : " Place thy 
 hand upon him, be mindful of the terrible conflict, 
 and you will add no further questions." 
 
 I can well understand that the meaning of 
 this verse was not very plain to those who looked 
 upon the leviathan as a wild and ferocious 
 animal, or a monster sea serpent, for Job is here, 
 evidently, commanded to place his hand upon 
 him, which would seem to be a dangerous pro- 
 ceeding. Although it must be inferred, from this 
 command, that the act was quite practicable, and 
 that this monster could be captured in some way, 
 and even so securely bound that one could place 
 his hand upon his back. But what could this be 
 intended to prove ? Certainly not the strength of 
 this monster, nor the impenetrability of his shield. 
 
 It is plain that Job was not told to beware 
 of any of the exterior parts of this creature, 
 such as his mouth, his claws or his tail ; but 
 rather to beware of some terrible and danger- 
 ous conflict or battling of some kind ; and that 
 after he had placed his», hand upon him, he would 
 fully realize the nature of this conflict, and would 
 ask no further questions. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 193. 
 
 As to the probable correctness of these views, 
 I would refer to the extraordinary and, surely, 
 impartial rendering of this verse by tjie Septuagint. 
 
 That the reader may judge for himself, I will 
 quote the original Greek version, it reads : 
 
 " 'ETTUdTjaeig 6e avrd ^£ijO«, uvT/aOetg noXefiov tov yivo/iivev ev arofiari avrov^ 
 
 Km fivnert yiveadu," which meaus : " Place thy hand upon 
 him, be mindful of the conflict which begins in his 
 mouth, and thou wilt not begin again." ' This is a 
 still more wonderful statement than that which we 
 find in the Hebrew. They say that this conflict, 
 of which one must beware, begins in this monster's 
 mouth. Evidently it is this contest which can 
 be felt by placing one's hand upon his back; 
 and it would seem to be of such a nature that, 
 if you try this operation once you will not ven- 
 ture to do it again. What could this have 
 meant to those who looked upon the leviathan 
 as a monster of the deep, or as a cold, slimy 
 crocodile ? As they cannot explain it they pass 
 it unnoticed. 
 
 In his notes on this (Hebrew) passage, Barnes 
 says : " The meaning of the passage evidently 
 is — Endeavor to seize him by laying the hand 
 on him, and you will soon desist from the fear- 
 ful conflict, and will not renew it." But this, 
 evidently, cannot be the true meaning, since we 
 are told that one cannot grapple on to him 
 neither with iron hooks nor spears, (xli. 27, 29). 
 
 How then could Job be advised to grapple on 
 to him with his bare hands. And if this mon- 
 ster were an animal, securely bound, then what 
 
 »3 
 
194 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 danger could there be to any one if he placed 
 his hand on his back ? Yet one is told to be- 
 ware, and that he who did it once would not 
 repeat it again. 
 
 Prof. Lee explains this passage thus : " Lay 
 on him, i.e. concerning him, thy hand to thy 
 mouth, in token of silence and astonishment." 
 In explanation he says: "It cannot be meant, 
 surely, that the hand is to be laid on this terrific 
 animal; yet Rosenmiiller has here: 'Injice ei 
 volant hiarn.^ i.e.^ si injicere ei ausus fueris, re- 
 cordari, etc' Bochart, 'Cum ipso tactu com- 
 pereris cutem esse illi contra omnem ictum in- 
 victam.' But surely, there could be no necessity 
 for touching the animal in order to ascertain 
 this, in the one case ; nor for putting the man in 
 mind, in the other, that the contest would be 
 a very unequal one. This would be just as 
 much as to say : ' If you cannot believe my 
 statement, make the trial for yourself,' when in 
 fact, the whole argument proceeds on the as- 
 sumption, that enough is known to need no such 
 experiment ; and to this the subsequent context 
 bears its testimony. 
 
 " On my view the general sense would be : 
 The character of this animal, or class of ani- 
 mals, is such as to excite the deepest dread and 
 astonishment, even in its contemplation ; much 
 more upon the supposition of its being en- 
 countered single-handed. Forbear then, even to 
 think of such a project." 
 
 So, Prof. Lee sees a real difiiculty here, and 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 195 
 
 cannot admit that an}^ one could have been earn- 
 estl}^ advised to lay his hand on this terrible 
 animal. 
 
 Such a conclusion is certainly very natural 
 for any one who supposes that the leviathan re- 
 presents a dangerous wild animal. Yet I pro- 
 pose to overcome all these great difficulties without 
 doing quite as much violence to the Hebrew text 
 as the Professor has done ; for I cannot admit 
 that it can be constructed into '' Lay thy hand 
 on thy mouth concerning him." His argument 
 is, otherwise, greatly in my favor, at least in so 
 far as it goes to show that Job could not have 
 been requested to place his hand on a dangerous 
 wild monster; and that there is no evident 
 necessity for such an act in the way of proving 
 either his strength on his impenetrability. 
 
 From the manner in which the Lord addressed 
 Job, it might be inferred that this creature was 
 present before them. Yet it does not appear that 
 any one has seriousl}' entertained this opinion ; still 
 it is quite probable that the Lord fully revealed 
 this monster to Job at the moment He was ad- 
 dressing him ; no contrary inference could be 
 drawn from an 3^ passage in this* description. 
 
 Who has not dreams or visions in which he 
 sees and feels the objects before him with all 
 their peculiar attributes, just as though these 
 were, in reality, before him at the moment. We 
 may therefore readily understand the possibility 
 of Job fully realizing the peculiar nature of this 
 monster even by some such means. Although 
 
196 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 it does not appear that it was during his sleep 
 that he heard and saw these things, yet his con- 
 dition, at the moment, might have been such that 
 he fully realized the nature of all that he saw, 
 the same as though it were, in reality, all present 
 before him. 
 
 Again this vision must have occurred at Job's 
 own residence, and in the very presence of 
 the friends who had called on him. There- 
 fore, even had this monster been a crocodile, it 
 must have been present only in vision, unless 
 we suppose that Job and his friends were, at 
 that moment, in the marshes of some river, and 
 in the very midst of these dangerous creatures ; 
 which would not only be very doubtful, but, really, 
 a preposterous supposition. It being evidently a 
 vision. Job might have been made to see a 
 monster of our country as well as one of Southern 
 Africa. 
 
 Having thus given the pro and con of the 
 most difficult points in this verse, and shown, as 
 far as possible, the merits and weakness of several 
 versions and comments, I will now undertake to 
 show that there is no animal known to which 
 the extraordinary circumstances described in this 
 verse, could apply better than to our modern 
 locomotive. 
 
 Supposing, to illustrate, that a live locomotive, 
 or steam boiler, stood before you, and that you 
 were told, in the very words of this verse, " Place 
 thy hand upon him, be mindful of the internal 
 conflict, or battling forces," would you be puzzled 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. I97 
 
 to understand to what the meaning of this inter- 
 nal conflict, referred ? 
 
 As every one knows, the boiler of a steam 
 engine is always kept partially filled with boil- 
 ing water which is heated by a raging fire in 
 the furnace. 
 
 Consequently the iron boiler gets to be very 
 hot, and as the fire increases the water boils with 
 greater fury, till the constantly increasing pres- 
 sure, bound up within its iron flanks, becomes a 
 terrible source of danger. Now place your hand 
 on this hot iron boiler and see how quickly you 
 will realize the importance and propriety of the 
 warning given to Job ; indeed one will not be 
 apt to try it again, nor ask any further questions, 
 for he will know the whole secret. On the other 
 hand, when one realizes the terrible co7tflict of 
 forces taking place within this monster's iron- 
 bound body, he will not be likely to venture too 
 close to him unnecessarily. 
 
 Let us now try this same application in the 
 solution of that extraordinary version of the 
 Septuagint. They render: "Place thine hand 
 upon him, be mindful of the conflict which begins 
 in his mouth, and thou wilt not begin again." 
 The food of the steam engine is coals of fire. 
 Naturally, in a highly figurative description like 
 this, the mouth of this monster, may be con- 
 sidered to be intended for that part through 
 which it receives this food. With the steam 
 engine, this would be the fire-box. Now the 
 Septuagint say that this conflict — of which Job 
 
198 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 is here warned — begins in this monster's mouth. 
 This is precisely the case with our monster. 
 
 Inside of it a terrible conflict is raging be- 
 tween two opposed elements, fire and water. 
 This conflict virtually begins in the month, or 
 furnace, of the boiler ; for there, is lighted . the 
 fire which is the very beginning of this contest. 
 
 I am really puzzled to know how the Septua- 
 gint discovered this important fact; for nothing 
 of the kind now appears in the Hebrew text. 
 
 This verse is certainly another powerful link 
 in the already strong chain of evidences in favor 
 of my views. If the reader is not convinced, I 
 would say to him as the Lord said unto Job : 
 " Place thy hand upon him, be mindful of the 
 internal conflict, and you will add no further 
 questions." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 199 
 
 WHEN HIS STRENGTH FAILS HE IS SCATTERED 
 TO ATOMS. 
 
 in'7nin-(n 
 
 Behold, his hope, confidence 
 being deceived, made false, 
 shall noi at once 
 his mighty form, looks 
 be spread out, cast down ? 
 
 I Ecce, spes ejus 
 frustrabitur eum, 
 et 
 
 videutibus cunctis 
 pnecipitabitur. 
 
 "Behold, the hope of him is in vain; shall not one be 
 cast down even at the sight of him ? " 
 
 We have seen, in the previous verse, that one 
 is admonished to be careful in laying his hands 
 upon the leviathan, and to beware because of 
 the terrible raging force bound up within him. 
 
 From an attentive and laborious ^tudy of the 
 verse under consideration, I am convinced that 
 it has an immediate reference to the effects of 
 these powerful pent-up forces. 
 
 One will not fail to notice this, when he 
 once understands the true meaning and reference 
 of the original quoted above. 
 
 The literal translation of it has caused me no 
 little vexation on account of the conflicting views 
 met with among high authorities. 
 
200 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 All the commentaries I have read, look upon 
 the expression (lJl'7Dif1) tochaletto^ as referring 
 to the hope or confidence of the one who would 
 dare lay hold onto the leviathan, whilst it evi- 
 dently refers to the hope or confidence of the 
 leviathan itself. Otherwise to what could the 
 words (ViJ'^D"'?^) el-tnarav, refer, as the}^ evidently 
 mean, his 7nighty forni^ or looks f Certainly this 
 could not refer to Job who, at that moment, must 
 have been quite weak and emaciated from his 
 long sufferings. Then the personal pronDuns are 
 not in the second person, which would have been 
 the case had the Lord intended these words to 
 apply to the same one whom he addresses in the 
 previous verse. 
 
 The Vulgate comes the nearest to the original, 
 it has : " Behold, his hope will deceive him, and, 
 in the sight of all, he will be cast down." 
 
 It does not seem quite evident of whom is 
 here predicated the action of being deceived, and 
 cast down. One might as well infer, from the 
 above, that it was the monster who would be 
 overthrown at the sight of Job, as that it would 
 be Job himself, or some one else. 
 
 The last words of the previous verse would 
 appear to settle the question, as far as Job was 
 concerned. 
 
 It would seem that after once placing his hand 
 upon this monster's back, he would ask no further 
 questions. Hence we must infer that he would 
 not run the risk of a contest with him. 
 
 Barnes supposes that the meaning is, that the 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 20I 
 
 appearance of this mouster will be so formidable 
 that the courage of any one attacking him would 
 be daunted, and his resolution fail. 
 
 As to its reference to an}' one who would 
 attack him, I cannot see that there has been 
 a question of anj^ such third person in the pre- 
 vious verses, nor of anj^ such attack. Yet as the 
 words of this passage clearl}' indicate that the 
 one alluded to has already been spoken of it 
 seems most natural that we should suppose that 
 it was the leviathan himself. Indeed the refer- 
 ence to his great confidence, and his mighty 
 form, can leave no doubt that it is he that is 
 meant. 
 
 Thus the idea would be that, this monster's 
 confidence in his great strength, or in that of 
 his shields, being deceived, he will be cast down 
 or rather spread asunder. This last meaning 
 of the original M^ord is very significant here, as 
 it would indicate that the power that would cause 
 him to spread asunder, must be located within 
 himself. 
 
 And here would be also a strong indication 
 that this destructive power is the very conflict 
 of which Job is warned in the previous verse. 
 
 If we start out with the supposition that the 
 leviathan refers to some wild animal, we will surely 
 be at a loss to understand the reason for such a 
 strange statement. According to the original, this 
 casting down^ or spreadmg asunder, seems accounted 
 as something wonderful and strange of this mon- 
 ster, something not in the common order of things ; 
 
202 A WONDERFUlv DISCOVERY 
 
 for one's attention is called to it abruptly by the 
 exclamation — Behold ! as if something extraor- 
 dinary and worthy of special attention, was to take 
 place. Then follows the statement of what will 
 happen all at once^ if his confidence or strength 
 should have deceived him. 
 
 Let us now apply these, apparently, strange 
 assertions to the no less strange capacities of our 
 modern dragon, which has been here personified 
 for the purpose of adding to the poetry ' of this 
 description. His power, which is steam, lies in 
 the centre of his body. And his hope^ or the con- 
 fidence he has in his strength, is based entirely on 
 the thickness and quality of the material of which 
 his body (the boiler) is made. Some boilers are 
 made to stand an enormous pressure. 
 
 But should the boiler, through defective work- 
 manship, or for want of tensile strength in the 
 materials employed in its construction, be incapa- 
 ble of holding the enormous pressure for which it 
 was intended, at once a terrific explosion takes place, 
 and the powerful and majestic form of this mon- 
 ster is demolished and scattered over the ground. 
 
 Could the poetic words of Job find their fulfil- 
 ment in anything grander and more appropriate 
 than this ? It is in unison with all that has pre- 
 ceded. It fulfills every letter of the text, and 
 brings out its full force and beauty without doing 
 violence to a single word. 
 
 How poetic the idea and the expression, " Be- 
 hold! his confidence being deceived." Here he is 
 represented as one who relies with confidence on 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 205 
 
 his armor, the strength of which has been guar- 
 anteed to him by its makers. But, behold, they 
 have deceived him. He was guaranteed an armor 
 that would stand his greatest exertions ; and full 
 of confidence he starts to accomplish his task. 
 But, lo ! His deceptive armor gives way. His 
 massive bones of iron are broken and twisted like 
 straws. His bauds of brass become like rotten 
 wood. His formidable bod\^ is spread asunder ; 
 and his head, and his limbs, and his ribs, and 
 his mighty form are scattered over the ground. 
 
 Alas, at times, his ambition is also too great ; 
 he presumes too much on his strength and capa- 
 city, and in his mighty rage to distance all com- 
 petitors, either on sea or on land, he bursts the 
 sinews of his strength and turns his proud and 
 defiant form into a ridiculous mass of fragments. 
 
 Here the query of the Septuagint is quite apro- 
 pos. They ask : " Hast thou not seen him? Art 
 thou not astonished at all that is related of him? '^ 
 
 To both of these questions we are now in a 
 position to answer : Yes, we have seen him, and 
 we are greatly astonished at all that Job relates of 
 him ; and we now understand to what he referred 
 when he said : " Behold, his confidence being 
 deceived, shall not at once his mighty form be 
 spread asunder?" 
 
204 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 WHO WIIvI. VKNTURE TO STAND BEFORE HIM 
 
 Verse lO 
 
 npN-N'? 
 
 None so bold 
 
 Non quasi 
 
 ^3 
 
 that 
 
 crudelis 
 
 ^^7^! 
 
 he will stir up this oue 
 
 suscitabo eum ; 
 
 ^Dl 
 
 and none who 
 
 Quis 
 
 N*\4 
 
 then 
 
 enim 
 
 v-0':' 
 
 in front (before his face) 
 
 vultui meo 
 
 '*^m 
 
 will place himself 
 
 resistere potest ? 
 
 ' * None so fierce that dare stir him up ; 
 Who then is able to stand before me ?" 
 
 There exists a great difference between the 
 various renderings of the first part of this verse. 
 The Vulgate, as you notice above, is quite dif- 
 ferent from the English version. And the Sep- 
 tuagint differ widely from both. It is evident that 
 the latter did not confine themselves to our present 
 Hebrew text. They render: *' I have not feared 
 that he might be made ready against me ; who 
 indeed can oppose himself to me ?" Not a word 
 of this first hemistich occurs in the original. I 
 cannot see how these seventy great scholars could 
 have agreed on such a rendering. 
 
 Instead of " none so fierce," I would prefer 
 translating " none so bold ;" for it is not so much 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 205 
 
 fierceness which is here required, as boldness. 
 Barnes renders : " None is so courageous that he 
 dare arouse him ; and who then is he that can 
 stand before me?" His opinion is that no one 
 would have courage enough to rouse and provoke 
 him. Of the second hemistich he says : " The 
 meaning of this is plain. It is : If one of my 
 creatures is so formidable that man dare not attack 
 it, how can he contend with the great Creator? 
 This may perhaps be designed as a reproof of 
 Job. He had expressed a desire to carry his cause 
 before God. How could he presume to contend 
 with God?" 
 
 I cannot take this view of the above passage. 
 Neither can I see why the Lord would intend, 
 here, to reprimand his holy servant Job ; when, 
 in a subsequent chapter, he praises him for having 
 spoken right of him. Neither can I find the 
 required similarity which should exist between 
 the two parallel cases which, according to the 
 above views, would be here intended. 
 
 On one hand, it is a righteous and greatly 
 afflicted man who, in the sincerity of his heart 
 and in the full conviction of his innocence, ex- 
 presses the wish that he could be allowed to plead 
 his case before his Creator, wishing, by the 
 expression of this sentiment, to prove to his 
 friends that he was not guilty of their accusa- 
 tions, and did not fear being condemned by his 
 Creator, if he could only carry his case before 
 Him. Now, is it probable that this righteous 
 and afflicted servant of God would, in this case, 
 
2o6 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 be likened to "a fierce and bold man, who, never- 
 theless, wonld not have the courage to stand in 
 the presence of a wild monster, who would be 
 likely to devour him ? Is there any similarity 
 between these two cases ? Surely Job's sincerity 
 cannot be taken for presumption, as in the case 
 of the fierce and bold man. Neither is it evident 
 that Job wished to contend with the Lord, or op- 
 pose himself to Him, as must be inferred to be 
 the case in this supposed comparison of him to one 
 who would dare stand boldly in front of such a 
 monster as this. 
 
 On the other hand, would not God be compar- 
 ing Himself here to a terrible monster, who would 
 be likely to tear such a man to pieces ? 
 
 These few reflections are, of themselves, suffi- 
 cient to cause us to condemn the interpretations 
 which have been given of this passage, and also 
 the present reading of the original, which has 
 ^iven rise to them. 
 
 The cause of all the trouble which translators 
 and exegetists have had with this verse can easily 
 be traced to the Hebrew word i^'^^) lephanay^ ren- 
 dered before me. I am convinced that this word is 
 simply the adjective ^}Sf7) liphiay., meaning /;y;;//, 
 in front ; or that the original manuscript must 
 have read (^^^?'?) lephanav^ before him.^ in front of 
 him ; and not before me. 
 
 In searching for evidence to confirm my views, 
 I have just found Umbreit's commentary, in which 
 I read the following important remarks on this 
 passage. It has : " Instead of (^^7''?) leplianay^ 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 207 
 
 before nie^ several codd. read (V^t)'?) lephaiiav, before 
 him ; which, if referred to the leviathan, though 
 it may seem to be an improvement, in realit}- 
 enfeebles the sense." 
 
 I leave it to the reader to judge whether, in the 
 present light of the question, it does tend to enfeeble 
 the sense. It is remarkable, and important to me, 
 to find that some manuscripts confirm my views. 
 I hope that the other corrections which I have pro- 
 posed may be equally sustained by evidence from 
 other ancient readings. Unfortunatehr, I have 
 none to consult. 
 
 According to the above explanations, this verse 
 would have the following meaning : " None so bold 
 that he will stir up this one ; and 7i07ie who will 
 then place himself before his face." 
 
 No one will deu}^ that this agrees better with the 
 context, and with the subject under consideration, 
 than any reading which has been proposed. As 
 to its application to a locomotive, it is so astonish- 
 ingly natural that one cannot help recognizing it. 
 It is a government law that all steam boilers shall 
 be tested, and that none shall carr};^ more pressure 
 than allowed, which is generally a great deal 
 less than its full capacity. Now to run a boiler 
 to its full capacity, that is, beyond the limit of 
 safety, or to excite it to a foaming rage, is an 
 act that the bravest engineer would not be bold 
 enough to do. And this is what is here meant 
 by the words, " None is so bold that he will stir 
 him up," viz., cause him to rage, or push him to 
 that point when he becomes furious and danger- 
 
208 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 ous. Now comes in the propriety of the idea 
 expressed in the second part of the verse. 
 
 Here is a raging monster stirred up to full 
 speed, " Who is so bold that he will place him- 
 self before his face ? " Any one can appreciate 
 the full force of these words, if he will place 
 himself in front of a locomotive coming at full 
 speed ; he will soon realize that he dare not stand 
 firm before his face. In this verse I find also a full 
 confirmation of the opinion I expressed at the 
 beginning, viz., that the leviathan referred more 
 specially to a locomotive, or self-propelling engine. 
 
 Unless the reference here were to something 
 moving forward very swiftly, there could be no 
 such danger in simply standing before him. For 
 one can stand without much fear or danger be- 
 fore a stationary engine ; but the case would be 
 quite different for one who would attempt to face 
 our lightning express, or Cannon-Bail trains. 
 
 Were it a wild monster, there would be as much 
 danger in standing near him as, before his face. 
 
 Here, with this leviathan, the danger seems to 
 be in standing directly in front of him. This 
 again would point out our locomotive as the one 
 alluded to, as the only danger is in placing one- 
 self before his face. 
 
 This verse will now be found to have quite a 
 different meaning from that heretofore attributed 
 to it ; and I am confident that it will, henceforth, 
 be recognized to be: " There is none so bold that 
 he will stir up this one to rage ; and none who 
 will then place himself before his face." 
 
IN" THii BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 209 
 
 NONE BUT THE LIKE OF HIMSELF CAN COM- 
 PETE WITH HIM. 
 
 'P 
 
 Who 
 
 Quis ante 
 
 (iJiJ^:onpn 
 
 hath preceded this one 
 
 dedit mihi 
 
 
 and will remain in safety .endure ? 
 
 ut reddam ei ? 
 
 nnn 
 
 iinder 
 
 omnia quae 
 
 awn-'i'D 
 
 the whole heavens 
 
 sub coelo sunt 
 
 Nin-»'? 
 
 (^'71'?) non^ unless himself. 
 
 mea sunt. 
 
 ' ' Who hath prevented me that I should repay him ? 
 Whatsoever is under the whole heaven is mine. ' ' 
 
 This is another of the vexed passages. As it 
 now reads in the Hebrew its difficulties are so 
 great that I have no hesitancy in saying that 
 the original has been tampered with ; and this 
 for the evident purpose of making it harmonize 
 with sentiments expressed in the previous verse 
 and which, as we have seen, were entirely foreign 
 to the subject. In both instances the whole 
 trouble has been caused by the personal pro- 
 noun of the first person being wrongly put for 
 that of the second person. 
 
 Here instead of '(^JOnpH) hikeddimani, who 
 hath prevented me^ we should read (UDHpn) 
 hikeddimennou, who hath prevented him. I am 
 
2IO A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 satisfied that those who may have access to 
 ancient manuscripts will find this reading corro- 
 borated. The proper meaning of the word here 
 is not to preve7it^ but to precede^ to go before. 
 Consequently the ineaning is, who will precede 
 this one, or, who will go before him. The word 
 may also be taken in the sense of to compete^ 
 to oppose oneself to another. 
 
 In many of our versions words have been here 
 substituted which are not warranted by the ori- 
 ginal. The " ut reddam ei " of the Vulgate, 
 rendered, "that I should repay him," is far from 
 the idea conveyed by the original expressian, 
 which means to remain in safety.^ to endure^ to 
 contirme. I consider that this word read, origin- 
 ally (D'pC'n) veyishlam. 
 
 According to this the meaning of this passage 
 would be very plain and appropriate, viz., who 
 will precede this one, and will continue in- safety ? 
 or, who will attempt to run before him, and will 
 endure ? 
 
 In another sense of the word we may render : 
 " Who will stand up in competition before him 
 and endure ? " This may apply as well to the 
 unequalled capacity of the leviathan for work as 
 to its unsurpassable swiftness in flight. 
 
 In the previous verse we were told that no 
 one would be so bold as to stand firm before him 
 at his approach. Here the same idea of his 
 rapidity in flight is not only continued, but is 
 intensified : " None can successfully oppose him- 
 self in front of him." Could this sweeping as- 
 
I\ THl- BOOK OF JOB. 211 
 
 sertion be made of the hippopotamus, or of a 
 crocodile ? I fear for their laurels when pitted 
 against our great leviathan. 
 
 As to the views of others concerning this verse 
 and its difficulties, as it now reads, I would here 
 quote Barnes ; he says : ''As this verse is here 
 rendered, its meaning, and the reason why it is 
 introduced, are not very apparent. 
 
 " It almost looks, indeed, as if it were an inter- 
 polation, or had been introduced from some other 
 place, and torn from its proper connections . . . 
 But perhaps the true idea of the passage may 
 be arrived at by adverting to the meaning of 
 the word rendered ' prevented ' — (D"'!^) quadam. It 
 properly means in Piel, to go before ; to precede, 
 to anticipate . . . Then it means to rush upon 
 suddenly, to seize, to go to meet any one . . . 
 If some idea of this kind be supposed to be con- 
 ve3'ed by the word here, it will probably express 
 the true meaning. " Who is able to seize upon mc 
 suddenly, or when I am off guard, to anticipate my 
 watchfulness and power of resistance ...?'' 
 
 All this is very well, especially as it is an ex- 
 cellent proof of how difficult the present reading 
 of the Hebrew is, since it looks as if it were an 
 interpolation. Bmt I hope I have succeeded in 
 throwing some light upon this dark passage, 
 and in establishing its true meaning which, con- 
 trary to the opinion of the above learned expo- 
 nent, refers to the incapacity of any competitor 
 to stand successfully before the leviathan, and 
 not to man's opposition to God. 
 
212 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Of all the versions that I have seen, the Sept. 
 are decidedly the nearest to the Hebrew, as far 
 as the first part of this verse is concerned. But 
 they also seem to have read me^ instead of Iiiju. 
 They render : " Who will oppose me^ and will 
 endure? " To oppose^ and to endure^ is exactly 
 the meaning which I contend that the Hebrew 
 words have respectively, and not that of giving, 
 and repaying; as a revised version has: "Who 
 has first given me, that I should repay ? " 
 
 As to the second hfemistich, none seem to have 
 been able to confine themselves to the words of 
 the original, and make any sense of it. It is a 
 very difficult passage, and unless the first is per- 
 fectly well understood, there remains very little 
 chance to render this one properly, on account 
 of its great brevity. 
 
 The first part of this verse, as we have seen. 
 is in the interrogative — " Who will precede this 
 one, and continue in safety ? " Now the second 
 will be found to contain the answer. 
 
 The Vulgate renders it : " All things under the 
 heavens are mine." The Septuagint have : " If 
 every thing under the heavens is mine." All 
 modern versions are worded after these. 
 
 I cannot find in the Hebrew any word cor- 
 responding to the " Omnia quse . . . sunt " of the 
 Vulgate — all things that are. 
 
 The original has simply, " under the whole 
 heavens," as you will notice by referring to the 
 beginning. Consequently their is no authority for 
 the addition, in our versions, of the words, " what- 
 
IN TIIF, 1500K OF JOB. 213 
 
 This leaves very little chance to make 
 aii}^ sense out of this passage with the remaining 
 expression (NIH v) li-lwu^ if we accept it to mean 
 is mine. 
 
 No other explanation can suit this than that 
 (v) li^ is an abbreviation or shortening of ^^'^) 
 loulay meaning, tmless^ if^ if not. Or that it read, 
 originally, i^h) lo^ no^ none, then the meaning 
 Vv'ould be — none but himself. 
 
 This would give to this entire verse the follow- 
 ing plausible and extraordinary meaning : " Who, 
 under the whole heaven, will precede this one and 
 continue in safety, unless himself?" 
 . Or in the sense of «f?, nojie^ we may render 
 " Who will precede this one, and continue in 
 safety ? Under the whole heaven none but him- 
 self." According to this, then, none can be pitted 
 — in the race — against a leviathan and endure, 
 none under the whole heaven, unless it be another 
 leviathan. 
 
 This is certainly quite a different meaning from 
 that which has been universally attributed to this 
 verse up to this day. But who will not now 
 recognize that the former is very unsatisfactory, 
 not at all in keeping with either the context or 
 the general drift, of this description ? 
 
 On the other hand the full power and beauty 
 of this verse can be easily appreciated when in- 
 terpreted of the great speed of our engines and 
 express trains, and of their unsurpassable endur- 
 ance on a long run. How true, indeed, to say 
 of our swift-fleeing monster that none, under the 
 
214 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 whole heaven, can stand before him, or, compete 
 with him successfully, unless it be one like unto 
 himself. 
 
 There is nothing that can compete with a 
 railroad, unless it be another railroad. Or with 
 a steamship, unless it be another steamship. 
 
 From this it would seem that we could pre- 
 dicate that nothing will ever supersede steam. 
 
 Although great thing are expected of electricity, 
 yet, so far, steam is its generator. 
 
 This verse will now be found to be far more 
 interesting to us than expected as, evidently, its 
 meaning is : " Who will precede this one and 
 remain in safety ? Under the whole heaven none 
 unless himself." 
 
 Here, once more, the well-known capacities of 
 our fiery steed help us to unravel the almost 
 obliterated inscriptions of an ancient parchment, 
 and enable us to restore to its primitive beauty 
 an old and much abused masterpiece. 
 
IN THE BOOK Of JOB. 
 
 ^^5 
 
 HE IS A MAvSTERPlECE OF BEAUTY AND 
 STRENGTH. 
 
 Verse 12. 
 
 t2^'nnN*-N*'7 
 
 I will not pass in silence 
 
 Non parcam 
 
 ^'35 
 
 his members, parts, 
 
 ei 
 
 ns-n 
 
 nor the matter of 
 
 et verbis 
 
 niiiDi 
 
 his powers, mighty forces, 
 
 potentibus 
 
 ro"! 
 
 nor the beauty 
 
 et ad deprecandnm 
 
 : i?"^lir 
 
 of his equipment. 
 
 compositis. 
 
 " I will not conceal his parts, nor his power, nor his 
 comely proportions." 
 
 The true meaning and reference of this verse 
 arc not so easily arrived at as one might suppose. 
 The difficulties met with are almost as great as 
 those in the two previous ones. Therefore I can- 
 not wonder at its various renderings. 
 
 The Vulgate, as you see above, has passed over 
 the word (V^'15) baddav, which I consider to refer 
 here to the liinbs^ or members of the leviathan, 
 or possibly to the various parts of his structure, 
 as the root (15) bad^ would indicate. 
 
 That this is the proper meaning of the word, 
 seems to be indicated also by the verses which 
 immediately follow, which are descriptive of 
 various parts of the leviathan, such as his cover- 
 
2l6 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 ing, the doors of his facings, the strength of his 
 shields, etc. The Vulgate is so different from 
 all other versions that one would be inclined to 
 believe that it had followed some entirely differ- 
 ent manuscript ; it has : " I will not spare him, 
 nor his powerful utterances framed for the pur- 
 pose of entreaty." This, as strange as it may 
 appear, would agree remarkably well with the 
 powerful utterances of our locomotives, and with 
 the very purpose for which they are uttered, which 
 is, to give warning of their approach and to en- 
 treat passers-by to keep out of their way. 
 
 With the exception of the Vulgate and the 
 Sept., most versions omit the important word 
 pD"!) dabar. It means, primarily, ^a word, an 
 utterance ; then, the cause ^ mode or reason of a 
 thing. 
 
 In the sense of utterance, it would mean here, 
 in connection with the word powers, which im- 
 mediately follows it, the utterance of great powers, 
 or forces^ This would certainly apply, in a very 
 direct manner, to the noise made by the escaping 
 forces of steam. 
 
 At this very instant a powerful locomotive is 
 passing within a few yards of the spot where I 
 am reviewing these notes ; and as if to impress 
 deeply upon my mind the sense and great force 
 of these words, he is puffiing with all his might ; 
 belching forth repeated utterances of those might}' 
 forces so securely bound up within his iron 
 flanks, and to which (forces) Job evidently refers 
 here. 
 
IN THl". noOK OF JOK. 21/ 
 
 We have already been informed, in verse third, 
 that his utterances are terrible and imperative. 
 This was in reference to the loud and thrilling 
 warnings which an engine gives of its approach. 
 Whilst in this verse, Ike utterances of his powers^ 
 would seem to refer more directly to the con- 
 tinual manifestations of these forces by the con- 
 stant puffing of an engine as it moves on, and 
 which is caused by the escaping of the ex- 
 hausted steam after each stroke of the piston 
 upon which it has exerted its power. It is there- 
 fore most truly the utterance of his powers^ or forces^ 
 or, the noise which is made b}- the rushing forth 
 of steam as it escapes from the cylinders through 
 the smokestack. Undoubtedly Job could have 
 constructed a steam engine had he had the means 
 at hand, so perfectly and poetically has he de- 
 scribed even its most secret workings. 
 
 Although the above meaning of the words is 
 quite applicable to the well-known capacities of 
 our monster for terrific utterances, yet the word 
 dabar may be taken as meaning here, the matter^ 
 cause or reason of a thing. Then the sense 
 would be, the matter^ or cause of the mighty forces ; 
 that is : "I will not pass in silence his mem- 
 bers, nor the matter of his mighty forces. ..." 
 
 This would al^o be a most wonderful and 
 direct reference to the mighty forces of steam, 
 which are pent up within the flanks of our mon- 
 ster, and which are of such vital importance that 
 indeed, according to the word of this verse, they 
 cannot be passed over in silence. 
 
2lS A WONDKRFUL DLSCOVERY 
 
 We may also infer from these words that these 
 mighty forces will be alluded to in some of the 
 verses which will follow. 
 
 Let us now see what the Septuagint thought 
 of this difficult verse. They render it : "I will 
 not be silent concerning him, nor be merciful con- 
 cerning his powerful voice, equal in strength to 
 himself." This is not a strictly literal rendering 
 of the original Hebrew. That part, referring to 
 the beauty of his equipment, has also been omitted. 
 But what they say concerning the voice of this 
 monster is certainly very extraordinary. As you 
 have noticed, they look upon his voice as being 
 equal in strength to himself; that is, that this 
 monster's voice is of the same power, or strength,, 
 as that which causes him to move or to act. 
 The question arises — How could this be said of 
 an animal? 
 
 It often happens that very powerful creatures 
 have but a very faint voice, and none of them 
 have such a voice that it could be said to be 
 equal in strength to their own great muscular 
 power ; for the power of the voice depends on 
 quite a different set of muscles from that of the 
 body and limbs. The only explanation would 
 seem to be that the Septuagint perceived, in the 
 original, some indication that the force which im- 
 parted the strength to this monster's voice was 
 of the same nature and equal in strength to 
 that which constituted his power. If so, it is 
 reasonable to suppose that they became aware 
 that this description could not refer to a ferocious 
 
IN THK mJOK OK JOB. 219 
 
 animal, but to some mecliiiiiical contrivance ; and 
 that the force which gave power to it also fur- 
 nished the power for its voice ; consequently the 
 extraordinary rendering which they have left us. 
 
 Be this as it may, the words of the Sept.^ 
 could find no better elucidation, nor application, 
 than in the well-known facts concerning our 
 steam monster, whose voice is produced by ex- 
 actly the same force that gives him his power 
 to move ; and the greater that force is, the more 
 powerful are his utterances; so that, indeed, the 
 strength of his voice is equal to his power, and 
 similar to it in its nalurc. 
 
 As to "the beauty of his equipment," referred 
 to in the last part of this verse, it must be con- 
 ceded that this could not apply to the crocodile ; 
 for there is surely no beauty nor grace in his 
 form, nor in his rough and slimy skin, nor in 
 his mi.serably short and crooked limbs. 
 
 Albert Barnes himself, in explanation of the fifth 
 verse where it is asked : " Wilt thou bind him 
 for thy maidens ?" says : " There is great force 
 in this question, on the supposition that the 
 crocodile is intended. Nothing could be more 
 incongruous than the idea of securing so rough 
 and tinsigJitly a monster for the amusement of 
 tender and delicate females." 
 
 In reference to the same passage Prof. Lee 
 remarks: " But how this can appl}- either to the 
 crocodile, or the whale, it is be3'ond ni}' powers 
 of vision to see. No animals, perhaps, are more 
 ill-favored in form than these." 
 
'2 20 A WONDERFUL DLSCOVERY. 
 
 So that, here again, our learned exponents are 
 at a great loss to account for this beauty of the 
 entire equipment of the leviathan. 
 
 They have made him, all along, such a horri- 
 ble and ferocious wild monster that they cannot 
 now make this great beauty of all his parts har- 
 monize with their views. 
 
 But now let us take a glance at our bright- 
 eyed and smooth-skinned monster. 
 
 Behold how comely in all his parts ; how 
 beautiful in all his proportions. How gracefully 
 his whole armor fits ; not a wrinkle ; nothing 
 loose, nor shaky. 
 
 He is a masterpiece of workmanship ; beautiful 
 to look at in the completeness of his equipment. 
 His powerful limbs are skilfully wrought, and 
 graceful in all their movements. He fairly shines 
 with glory and pride. Yea, he is a fiery steed 
 of great power and beauty. 
 
 This was found to be a very difficult verse when 
 forced to apply to any known animal ; but, when 
 viewed in its possible reference to our modern mas- 
 terpiece of beauty and strength, it becomes easy 
 of application and quite proper and intelligible. 
 
 We have already recognized, in this descrip- 
 tion, our modern leviathan by his bones and by 
 various parts of his body, which we have, as it 
 were, exhumed one by one. 
 
 We have now succeeded in identifying him by 
 the beaut}^ of his equipment. 
 
 This is more than can be said of any of his 
 competitors. 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 22i 
 
 HIS SHIELDS CANNOT BE TORN ASUNDER. 
 
 n'jr^D 
 
 Who can strip off, uncover 
 
 Quis revelabit 
 
 ' '}^ 
 
 the facings 
 
 faciem 
 
 itj'Va^ 
 
 of his covering, jacket ? 
 
 indumenti ejus ? 
 
 '?q;^2 
 
 Between the double lap 
 
 et in medium 
 
 ijpi 
 
 of his binding 
 
 oris ejus 
 
 : N1J» »p 
 
 who can penetrate ? 
 
 quis intrabit ? 
 
 " Who can discover the face of his garment? or who can 
 come to him with his double bridle? " 
 
 The first part of this verse is easily under- 
 stood ; and the same meaning has generally been 
 ascribed to it by all commentators, although many 
 are doubtful as to what animal it may refer. 
 
 I would call special attention to the fact that 
 the word rendered /ace is literally in the plural, 
 and consequently should be rendered faces. But 
 if we are to look upon this expression as refer- 
 ring to the entire covering of this monster, I 
 would prefer rendering it by facings^ as the word 
 faces could not convey the proper meaning. 
 
 Moreover, as we will see hereafter, the body of 
 this leviathan is said to be covered with shields 
 closely fastened together ; and I am convinced 
 
222 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 that here reference is had to these same shields 
 mider the name oi facings^ because they served 
 to face the entire body. We will see in the next 
 verse that these separate shields, or facings, had 
 doors or rather heads^ and these heads were so 
 tightly fastened that they could not be opened. 
 
 Consequently I render *' Who can strip off the 
 facings of his covering ? " It is here clearly 
 intimated that these facings formed his covering. 
 And to indicate their tenacity and close union 
 together, it is asked, "Who can strip them off?" 
 inferring that those parts, which formed the hide 
 of this creature, could not be as easily stripped 
 off as the scales or hide of ordinar^^ monsters. 
 
 It does not seem to me possible to apply this 
 passage to the crocodile, as many do; for, in- 
 deed, his skin is very easily stripped from him, 
 as is the skin of most animals. It is a wonder 
 that some ingenious commentator did not think 
 of applying this description to some monster 
 turtle ; this verse, at least, would have suited it 
 remarkably well on account of this creature's 
 back being formed, as it were, of numerous pieces, 
 or small shields, closely united the one to the 
 other, so much so indeed, that they cannot be 
 stripped off like the hide of an}^ other animal. 
 It also possesses many other requisites of this 
 description; it is amphibious; its jaws are terri- 
 ble; you cannot place your hand on its back 
 without danger; merchants part them among 
 themselves ; he cares very little for arrows and 
 sling stones, and cannot be tamed for maidens 
 
IN THE I500K OF JOB. 223 
 
 to play with, specially those luouster sea-turtles, 
 which weigh several hundred pounds. 
 
 I believe that such a turtle could show as good 
 a title to the name of leviathan as the crocodile 
 or hippopotamus. 
 
 As to the application of this passage to the 
 body or boiler of the locomotive, I must say, that 
 it is so self-evident that it liardly requires any 
 further demonstration on my part. Ever3^one 
 knows that the covering of the boiler is formed 
 of numerous iron plates of uniform size, all riv- 
 etted and welded together ; and that its general 
 aspect is that of a piece of work made of various 
 squares like a checker board, only its shape is 
 tubular. These various squares or plates are un- 
 doubtedly the facings of which Job tells us that 
 the covering of this monster was made. It is 
 only in this light that we can fully appreciate 
 the weight and propriety of his question, "Who 
 can strip off the facings of his covering ? " for 
 it is indeed no easy task to strip off these iron 
 plates one by one, as they are most firmly riv- 
 etted and welded together ; and the labor, at 
 times, costs nearly as much as the iron is worth 
 
 As to the second part of this verse, I cannot 
 say of it what I have said of the first, for both 
 commentators and translators differ widely. The 
 Revised English version has, "Who shall come 
 within his double bridle ? " The Vulgate has, 
 " Who will enter in the middle of his mouth ?" 
 
 Prof. Lee renders ; " Who can approach and 
 place a surcingle in his nose ? " 
 
224 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Gesenius and others suppose the meaning to 
 be, "Into the doubling of his jaws, who can 
 enter ? " 
 
 The Septuagint render ; " Between the doubling 
 of his shield who can penetrate ? " 
 
 Here are five different versions of the same 
 passage, and the one quoted at the head of this 
 chapter makes six, and no two of them are alike, 
 yet they have all been derived from the same 
 original Hebrew words. Which is right ? 
 
 I naturally hesitate at the task of deciding 
 among so many learned authors. Yet I will 
 venture to say, that it seems to me, that the 
 Septuagint have caught the correct idea, and have 
 rendered the meaning of each word of the origi- 
 nal most faithfully. 
 
 Some might object to their rendering of the 
 word (fP*?) resen^ by shield, yet I expect to be 
 able to show that it is the correct idea, although 
 not the primary meaning of the word. 
 
 .My own word for word translation of the pas- 
 sage is this, " Between the double lap of his 
 binding who can penetrate?" 
 
 I have shown, in my explanation of the first 
 part of this verse, that the body of this extraor- 
 dinary monster must have been formed of sepa- 
 rate plates, or facings, all rivetted and welded 
 together. If so, these plates must have lapped 
 the one over the other, forming a seam, and in 
 many places, where it became necessary to " break 
 joints," these plates must have formed a double 
 lap ; and this is what I consider that Job refers 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 225 
 
 to by — the double lap of his binding ; or " the 
 doubling of his shield" — as the Septuagint ex- 
 press it. 
 
 Anyone acquainted with the construction of a 
 .'^team boiler knows that the rivetted seams, or 
 laps, of the boiler plates become almost insepar- 
 able, and really constitute, on account of their 
 double thickness, a stronger and more rigid bind- 
 ing, throughout the different parts of the entire 
 surface, than if the boiler was made of one piece. 
 
 With these facts before us we can now fully 
 comprehend the important bearing of these words, 
 " Who can strip off the facing of his covering ? 
 Who can penetrate between the double laps of 
 his binding?" 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 A WONDERFUI, DISCOVERY 
 
 THE DOORS OF HIS ARMOR ARE FUEL OF 
 TERRIBLE TEETH. 
 
 
 Vers© 1-4 
 
 
 
 V"?^ 
 
 The doors 
 
 
 Portas 
 
 ' ^'iP. 
 
 of his facings, (shields), 
 
 
 vultus ejus 
 
 ^0i?'? 
 
 who can force open ? 
 
 
 quis aperiet ? 
 
 iTi??P 
 
 The circuits 
 
 
 Per gyrum 
 
 V2^ 
 
 ©f his teeth (iron bolts) 
 
 
 dentium ejus 
 
 tno^N 
 
 are formidable. 
 
 face? 
 
 formido. 
 
 Who can 
 
 open the doors of his 
 
 His teeth are 
 
 terrible roundabout. ' ' 
 
 We liave just seen to what the word facings re- 
 ferred. The same word must, undoubtedly, have 
 the same meaning in this verse. As I have shown, 
 these facings, or shields, represent the numerous 
 iron plates which form the circular envelope of the 
 steam boiler, which is tubular in form. Now, ac- 
 cording to the present verse, we are led to under- 
 stand that this circular envelope, or tube, formed 
 of numerous facings, had doors. To what can this 
 refer ? 
 
 I must admit that the solution of this new 
 problem puzzled me for some time. 
 
 All the translations and commentaries that I 
 
IN THIC BOOK OI" JOB. 22/ 
 
 consulted onl}'' served to complicate this seem- 
 ingly hopeless case. 
 
 Finally I found it to be — as it generally turns 
 out when we once know how — the simplest thing 
 in the world. 
 
 In the previous verse reference is had only 
 to the construction of the tubular envelope of the 
 boiler. Nothing is said of the two heads which 
 are necessary to close up the ends of this huge 
 tube. Now I find that it is these very heads to 
 which Job refers under the appellation of doors. 
 Indeed what are doors, if not certain devices for 
 closing an opening. In this instance they are 
 large circular plates of malleable, or cast iron, 
 which are made to fit closely into each end of the 
 boiler, and the encircling iron plates, or facings^ 
 are firmly secured to these heads by means of 
 one or two rows of sharp-headed bolts, the heads 
 of which appear ver3^ prominently above the iron 
 plates. The lap or seam of each iron plate is 
 also encircled with these botts, so that the entire 
 boiler is covered with furrows of iron bolts. 
 And this is what is meant by " the circuits of 
 his teeth are formidable;" and they present in- 
 deed a formidable appearance. 
 
 The Hebrew word rendered teeth, carries with it, 
 as its primary meaning, the idea of something sharpy 
 pomted ; hence teeth^ and, in this instance, used 
 figuratively for the sharp heads of iron bolts. 
 
 Consequently I translate, verbatim : " The doors 
 of his facings who can force open ? The circuits 
 of his teeth are formidable." 
 
228 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 It might be supposed that if the expression 
 doors was intended to refer to the heads of' a 
 boiler, that the Lord would have so expressed 
 it. But, probably, the reason for not making 
 use of the word heads^ instead of doors, was 
 because the reader in after days would have 
 naturally inferred that this monster had several 
 heads, which would have greatly complicated the 
 case, and given a most fabulous appearance to 
 the whole description. 
 
 Moreover, one can readily perceive that this 
 description was never intended to be literal ; 
 and that the different parts of the engine and 
 boiler are purposely described in terms applicable 
 also to the various parts of some powerful mon- 
 ster. Therefore, words of double meaning are 
 generally used, it being left to the ingenuity of 
 the reader to make the proper application in its 
 proper time. 
 
 In this verse the expression " the doors of his 
 face," has been taken to refer to the jaws of a 
 monster, or to its mouth, from its resemblance 
 to a door. 
 
 This interpretation of the word must be admitted 
 to be even less plausible than the one which I 
 have proposed. It is more likely that \{ jazvs had 
 been here meant they would have been so named. 
 
 In reference to it, Barnes says : " The idea is, 
 that no one would dare to force open his mouth. 
 This agrees better with the crocodile than almost 
 any other animal. It would not apply to the 
 whale. The crocodile is armed with a more 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 229 
 
 formidable set of teeth than almost any other 
 animal." 
 
 Prof Lee, however, is of contrary opinion, he 
 says that this monster appears "as if armed 
 in this part (his teeth) with encircling spears. 
 The crocodile, it is true, has teeth and a mouth, 
 which will very well suit this description. But 
 this is also true of the whale, and particularly 
 of that genus, which seems to be described here. 
 Of the whale, one genus has teeth only in the 
 lower jaw, another, in both upper and lower." 
 
 But does all this seem to explain satisfactorily 
 the mystery of the doors of his faces^ {or facings) 
 which cannot be forced open? Who cares about 
 forcing open the jaws of a crocodile, or of a 
 whale? The jaws of an animal are made to open 
 and shut ; but it does not appear to be the case 
 with the doors of the leviathan. The}^ appear 
 to be closed b}^ most formidable circuits of teeth, 
 (iron bolts) that they may not be opened. And 
 to no creature does this apply so well as to our 
 modern steam dragon, as I have alreadey ex- 
 plained. 
 
 Therefore, I translate the entire verse: "Who 
 will force open the doors of his facings? The 
 circuits of his teeth are formidable." 
 
230 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 HIS STRENGTH DEPENDS ON THE EXCELLENCE 
 OF HIS SHIELDS. 
 
 Verse 15. 
 
 mi<i 
 
 His excellence. 
 
 glory, 
 
 Corpus illius 
 
 '\^'m 
 
 channels, or, courses 
 
 quasi scuta 
 
 ^'m 
 
 of shields 
 
 
 fusilia 
 
 niJiD 
 
 closed, shut up 
 
 
 compactum 
 
 Dnin 
 
 with a seal 
 
 
 squamis se 
 
 •^"^S 
 
 tightly. 
 
 
 prementibus. 
 
 "His scales are his pride, shut up together as with a 
 close seal . ' ' 
 
 Various have been the conjectures concerning 
 the tme meaning and reference of this verse. 
 In consequence we are confronted with a nun;- 
 ber of versions differing widely the one from the 
 other. 
 
 The Vulgate, quoted above, has : " His body 
 is like molten shields shut up tightly with scales 
 pressing one upon another." 
 
 Umbreit has : " His back is of furrowed scales, 
 shut up as with a close seal." I can see no 
 good reason for supposing that (^ll^JiJ gavali 
 means here his hody^ or his hac/c^ as rendered in 
 the above quotations. Its primary meaning is 
 certainly that of pride, glory, excellence. This 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 23 T 
 
 being evidently dependent on his armor of closely 
 pressed shields. Neither can I admit that there 
 is in the original any word which could be so 
 construed as to show that only an idea of 
 similitude, between this monster's scales and 
 molten shields was, intended to be expressed. I 
 claim they are represented as being indeed shields, 
 or, courses of shields, and not like shields. 
 
 The supposition that the particle of similitude 
 (D) caph, should be supplied here, cannot hold 
 good when its presence or omission is of such 
 vast importance as it is in this instance. The 
 late Revised English Version has: " //2> strong 
 scales are his pride, shut up together as with a 
 close seal." The marginal reading has — courses 
 of scales ; channels of shields, as explanatory of 
 strong scales. 
 
 I consider these marginal readings as giving 
 the correct meaning of the Hebrew. 
 
 But I cannot admit that the adverb as^ should 
 be supplemented here. The original clearly 
 affirms that these courses of shields are closed 
 and sealed tightly ; which fact will be recognized 
 as being of great weight in my favor. 
 
 The primary meaning of the word rendered 
 scales, is tubes, according to Gesenius' Lex. But 
 I am of the opinion that it should be channels^ 
 taken from the idea of a concave surface, as a 
 I'alley w\\\q\\ the word also means; then tubes as 
 being made of many valleys, or concave surfaces. 
 In this instance it means that the parts which 
 constituted this monster's strength, or excellence, 
 
232 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 were numerous shields (plates) like clianuels, or 
 like many courses of shields. 
 
 If these shields were bent in the form of a 
 channel ; and were, as stated, all united together, 
 with their convex surfaces outward, they would 
 indeed, form a tube. From all this we must 
 necessarily infer that the leviathan's body was 
 tubular in shape, and covered with courses of 
 shields all united and sealed tightly. 
 
 Is not this a most direct reference to the form 
 and construction of our steam boiler ? But this 
 is not all. The word ("^1-20) sagour rendered closed, 
 shut up with a seal, nia3^ have here a far more im- 
 portant meaning, v\z., fastened with bolts. 
 
 Gesenius, in his lexicon, referring to the same 
 expression made use of in the book of Joshua 
 vi. I, says: '* It seems to refer to the gates of 
 Jericho being fastened with bolts'''' . . . etc. Here, 
 then, it may also be intended to indicate that 
 these courses of shields were fastened to one another 
 with bolts. This would complete the evidence 
 of the nature of these shields, and, consequently, 
 of that of this monster. 
 
 In addition to the above meaning of the words, 
 it is an actual fact that the various courses 
 of shields, or iron plates of our boilers, are liter- 
 ally sealed (calked) and pressed down with an 
 instrument called a calker. Nothing could illus- 
 trate any better the idea conveyed here by the 
 original word, than this close calking of the plates 
 of our steam boilers. 
 
 Barnes, in his notes on this passage, says. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 233 
 
 among other things, that, " there can be no doubt 
 that there is reference to the scales of the 
 animal, as having a resemblance to strong shields 
 laid close to each other. But there is consider- 
 able variety of opinion as to its meaning . . . 
 The obvious meaning is, that the pride or glory 
 of the animal, that on which his safety depended, 
 and which was the most remarkable thing about 
 him, was his scales^ which were laid together like 
 firm and compact shields, so that nothing could 
 penetrate them." 
 
 All commentators have remarked that there 
 must have been something very singular about 
 the covering of the leviathan's body. His shields 
 are so minutely described that it is a wonder to 
 me that some of our modern revisers were not 
 struck with their wonderful similarity to the iron 
 shields of our great steam boilers. 
 
 The following is the meaning of this verse : 
 " His excellence depends on courses of shields 
 closed up tightl}^ with a seal." 
 
 What a comprehensive sentence ; and what un- 
 expected things it reveals to us. The wonder in- 
 creases when we reflect that this was written 
 centuries ago, when the language did not possess 
 the technical expressions necessary to fully 
 describe the yet undreamed-of discoveries of our 
 days. 
 
 Here I can see plainly foretold to us that the 
 excellence, or strength, of our modern monster, 
 would depend on numerous courses of curved 
 shields ; and that these shields would be actually 
 
2 34 ^ WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 fastened the one to the other ; or, that the seams 
 or laps of these shields would be closed up and 
 pressed tightly together by means of an instru- 
 ment here called a seal, and which seems to point 
 out most directly to the steel calker used by 
 machinists in our days for the very purpose of 
 pressing tightly the edge of one plate upon the 
 other. From these direct and most forcible expres- 
 sions of the original arises also the unavoidable 
 inference that these shields must have been of the 
 nature of iron. 
 
 It is probably not generally known ^ that one 
 of our latest inventions, in the manufacture of 
 boilers, is a steam riveter which, by means of 
 suitable dies, presses down firmly the head of a 
 bolt as it is passed through the plates which it 
 is intended to fasten together, rendering at the 
 same time the seams of these plates air-tight. 
 Now it is possible that even this late improve- 
 ment is referred to here in the Hebrew word 
 rendered sealed tightly, and by some, pressed with 
 a seal, or a die. 
 
 This being the case, I think that we might as 
 well consider out of the race the numerous con- 
 testants with which we started; such as the ele- 
 phant, the hippopotamus, the crocodile and the 
 whale. For I do not believe that any of them could 
 stand having their skin perforated with hot iron 
 bolts and pressed tightly by a steam die, as is 
 literally the case with our fearless iron-skinned 
 monster. 
 
 In all truth we can say of our modern levia- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 235 
 
 than : " His excellence drpnids on courses of 
 shields closed np tightly with a seal." 
 
 We may also render; " His strength is the ex- 
 cellence of his shields ..." 
 
 What will unbelievers answers to this ? I am 
 anxious to hear from one, well-known, who not 
 long ago expressed himself in about these terms : 
 " Show me, for instance, in the Bible, a prophecy 
 referring to our wonderful discovery of steam, 
 a7id I li-ill believe i''' 
 
236 
 
 A WONDERFUIv DISCOVKRY 
 
 NOT A BREATH OF AIR IS ALLOWED TO ESCAPE 
 THROUGH HIS SHIELD. 
 
 Verse 16, 
 
 -THN 
 
 One 
 
 Una 
 
 "inj<? 
 
 upon another 
 
 uni 
 
 iW> 
 
 they will drive, join 
 
 conjungitur, 
 
 nni 
 
 and a hissing, or, breath 
 
 et ne spiraculum 
 
 iiy-i<i 
 
 shall not cry out, or come 
 
 quidem incedit 
 
 ' om'ji 
 
 between them. 
 
 per eas. 
 
 ' ' One is so near to another, that no air can come be- 
 tween them." 
 
 At first sigHt, this verse does not disclose the 
 difficulties or the importance which it is found 
 to reveal after a closer investigation. 
 
 The old English version, as well as the late 
 revised one, has ; " One is so near to another ; " 
 which, I claim, is not a strict literal rendering, 
 or the exact sense intended to be conveyed by 
 the original words. 
 
 By adhering closely to the construction of this 
 sentence, it would read ; "One upon another they 
 will join." Or, according to the Chaldee (^p^) 
 ne/eask, which means /o smite^ to knock ; and which 
 is kindred to the Hebrew word (tJ^4?) ?iagas, to 
 drive^ to tcrge^ and which differs from the pres- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 237 
 
 ent but in the pointing, we would have " One 
 upon another they will smite, or knock," which, 
 with the proper English construction would read : 
 "They will drive, or smite one upon another." 
 Gesenius says that the primary idea of the He- 
 brew here, is that of impinging. Thus the idea, 
 that these shields, referred to in the previous 
 \'erse, would be Joinrd^ driven, or hammered down 
 the one upon the other by some one, is clearly 
 enunciated. 
 
 Moreover the verb being in the third person 
 plural, fut., this passage could not be properly 
 rendered, " One is so near," nor, "One will be 
 joined unto another." Decidedly the pronoun (T) 
 thevy must be here expressed ; and is to be un- 
 derstood of persons who zuill join, or hammer to- 
 getJier these strong shields the one upon the 
 other. 
 
 The construction of this passage is somewhat 
 similar to that of the twentieth verse, fortieth 
 chapter. " The produce of the mountains they 
 will hrijig forth unto him ; " clearly indicating, 
 here also, that the people were to perform this 
 act. It was natural that the idea, that the shields 
 of this monster were to be actually driven or 
 hammered together by somebody, should not suit 
 the views of those who supposed that a wild 
 animal was here meant, and that this form of 
 expression was supposed to have been intended 
 to denote simply the fact that one shield, or scale, 
 lapped tightly over the other. But now that 
 another powerful competitor is in the field, a 
 
238 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 serious reflection and investigation of the real im- 
 port of the words reveal a more probable and 
 quite different state of things. 
 
 I am confident that it will now be quite ob- 
 vious to the unprejudiced student that, direct 
 reference is here had to shields being made fast 
 one upon another by being joined, or hammered 
 tightly together, and that the future tense of the 
 verb clearl}^ indicates that the action of driving 
 or hammering these shields tightly one upon an- 
 other, had not, at that time, been accomplished ; 
 but that it would be at some future time, and by 
 some persons who would do so. This being the 
 case, no further proof is required to establish 
 the nature of the so-called leviathan, and to throw 
 all other competitors in the shade. 
 
 How this close union between these shields 
 was accomplished, has also been described in the 
 previous verse, where we have seen that they 
 were "closed up tightly with a seal;" and that 
 his excellence, or strength, depended on this 
 close union of these parts. All of which is as- 
 tonishingly true of the iron shields covering the 
 body (boiler) of our modern monster ; and is far 
 more easily understood, from this view of its ref- 
 erence, than from any which has yet been pro- 
 posed of any animal known to this day. 
 
 As to the second member of this verse, it will 
 be found to be no less extraordinary in its reve- 
 lation than the first, although more easily com- 
 preher^ded and applied. It is generally rendered, 
 ^'that no air can come between them," the shields. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 239 
 
 The original more properl}^ means that, not a 
 k/ss, or breathy will be allowed to come or pass 
 between them. This is well expressed by the 
 Vnlp^ate, " Ne spiracnlnm quidem." 
 
 From the wording of this entire verse it wonld 
 appear an rssential^ as well as a remarkable thing, 
 in the leviathan, that his shields shonld be so 
 sealed and so closely nnited that the least hiss, 
 or breath of air, should not escape from between 
 them. It seems self evident that this hiss of air 
 was more likely to escape from betiveen the laps 
 of these shields than simply to come or enter 
 through them, as some suppose. Surel}' we cannot 
 imagine that such a hiss of air could enter be- 
 tween the compact shields of this monster, or 
 be aj; all noticeable if it did ; nor have any con- 
 sequence worth while noticing if air did, occa- 
 sionally, pass between them. Then again it would 
 be more natural to suppose that a breath, or a 
 particle of vapor, would be more likely to endeavor 
 to escape fro7}i ivithin this fiery monster's body, 
 than to enter it. In this case it would seem 
 plausible that the escaping vapor from between 
 such tightly pressed shields would have a hiss- 
 ing sound, and be noticeable, specially when he 
 was in great rage. Moreover we have authority 
 for the supposition that such was indeed the case, 
 and that there was within this monster's body a 
 raging force which was, seemingly, confined in it 
 and not allowed to escape. This I have fully 
 demonstrated under the sixteenth verse of the 
 preceding chapter. 
 
240 A WONDHRFUI. DISCOVERY 
 
 If we reflect for a moment, we will certainly 
 ask ourselves, what kind of a monster is this, 
 which seems to be full of air or vapor, and that 
 his strong shields should be closely pressed and 
 sealed for the evident purpose of confining it se- 
 curely within its bod\'? Air is not supposed to 
 pass through the hide or scales of the most 
 vulnerable creature ; why then should it be men- 
 tioned here as something possible and to be 
 avoided with this strongly shielded leviathan ? 
 Surely there can be no allusion here to the croco- 
 dile, whose skin is porous, and whose scales cover 
 but a part of his body. But why this evidently 
 great force of air, vapor, or conflicting forces (v. 8.), 
 confined within the body of the leviathan ? 
 
 The answer is dif&cult, and the problean is 
 hard to solve, especially w^ien we try to apply it 
 to any of the wild animals which are claimed to 
 be referred to in this description. Yet, the prob- 
 lem becomes simple and easy, when one looks to 
 our iron-shielded monster for a solution. His 
 shields are indeed hammered the one upon the 
 other. They are also rivetted and sealed tightly, 
 and all this for the very purpose of preventing 
 the least hiss of air or vapor from escaping from 
 between them. It is also worthy of remark that, 
 until recently, steam boilers, before leaving the 
 hands of the makers, were always tested with 
 compressed air, and when the least hiss of air 
 was heard escaping from between the seams of 
 the plates, the opening was at once hammered 
 down and sealed, and thus, according to the 
 
IN THE BOOK (»F JOB. 24 1 
 
 Strictest construction of the original words of this 
 verse, "They will drive, or join one upon another, 
 that a hiss of air shall not escape from between 
 them." 
 
 That this is the true meaning of this passage, 
 will also be confirmed by what is said in the next 
 verse, where it will be seen that these shields did 
 not merely overlap each other like the scales of a 
 fish, but that they held fast to one another, and 
 were actually caught together. 
 
 In reference to these same shields we have seen, 
 'ji verse thirteenth, that it is said that they cannot 
 be stripped off, and that nothing can penetrate 
 between the double binding, or double rivetting 
 of the one to the other. 
 
 No one could ask for more conclusive evidence 
 of the nature of these shields ; and at no time, 
 since the days of Job, has any one been in a better 
 position to judge of their true reference, than wv. 
 are this day. 
 
 i6 
 
242 
 
 A WONDERFUI DISCOVERY 
 
 HIS SHIEI^DS ARE WELDED TOGETHER. 
 
 Verse IT. 
 
 'C^'^ 
 
 A man 
 
 Una 
 
 )n'ni<2 
 
 to his brother 
 
 alteri 
 
 ip5T 
 
 they will adhere, cleave fast, 
 
 adhaerebit, 
 
 US'?;!* 
 
 they will be caught together 
 
 et tenentes se 
 
 ^?'?^ 
 
 and they will not 
 
 nequaquam 
 
 nniDiT 
 
 be separated. 
 
 separabuntur. 
 
 " They are joined one to another, they .stick together that 
 thev cannot be sundered." 
 
 As yoii have noticed above, the literal rendering 
 of the first part of this verse is, "A man to his 
 brother shall adhere." A singular Hebraism to 
 denote a strong relation or union between two or 
 more parts. The Vulgate has : " One to the 
 other shall adhere." Another version has: " Each 
 is attached to its fellow." I would again call 
 the attention of the reader to the singular fact 
 that in this verse, as in almost all others, the 
 verbs do not denote that the action to which they 
 refer was an accomplished thing, but rather some- 
 thing which was yet to be. Every verb in this 
 verse indicates a future action. 
 
 It is not said that the shields of this monster 
 adhere^ and are caught together^ but that " they 
 
IX TIIK IK)OK OF JOB. 243 
 
 will adhere, they will be caught together, and 
 they will not be separated." 
 
 Taking this statement as it stands, we are 
 forced to conclude that this creature was not 
 then in existence, but yet to come. 
 
 And as we have no record of any new species of 
 animals, such as this, having been created since 
 the deluge, we are left to search for this fiery 
 and iron-shielded monster among the possible me- 
 chanical contrivances of great power which may 
 have appeared on earth since those days. In 
 fact we will see hereafter that Job distinctly 
 speaks of a nation which would be skilled in 
 raising up the leviathan^ (chap. iii. 8.) What 
 could have been meant by these words, if not 
 that some skilled nation would, some day, bring 
 forth this monster of power, would raise him up 
 and cause him to become a most extraordinary 
 one. 
 
 Why should Job say that it would be a skilful 
 nation, if not to indicate that this nation, in order 
 to be able to bring forth this leviathan, would 
 have to be very skilful in the arts and sciences ? 
 Would it require a skilful nation to capture an 
 alligator or a hippopotamus ? 
 
 These creatures are generally found in wild 
 marshy places, and are hunted and trapped b}' 
 the most illiterate and savage people. Job does 
 not say, a nation skilled in catching or killing 
 him, for he has already intimated that this is 
 impossible, but he says a nation skilful in raising 
 him up. 
 
244 A WONDERFUL discovp:ry 
 
 Taking this word in the sense of hatching or 
 bringing forth^ we can claim the honor of raising 
 thousands of leviathans every year. 
 
 It seems evident from the full and minute 
 description given of this monster's shields that 
 they must have constituted one of the principal 
 and most wonderful features of his body. Here 
 we are told that they will cleave fast to one 
 other, and be caught together, so much so that 
 they cannot be torn asunder. Moreover yoii will 
 find in the original that the word rendered, will 
 cleave fast ; has, as a noun, a still more wonderful 
 meaning to us, that of a soldering or welding of 
 metals. Therefore we may understand this pas- 
 sage to mean, one to its felloiu shall be welded ; 
 and such I consider its real import to be. 
 
 According to this the evidence in favor of my 
 views would be complete. These shield are of 
 iron, they are fastened together with iron bolts 
 (teeth). They are sealed tightly that no vapor 
 may escape from between them ; they are even 
 welded together that they may not be sundered. 
 
 Could one ask for better evidence? 
 
 It is minute and circumstantial, not presump- 
 tive. Moreover, just such a monster as the above 
 is before the bar this very day, clad in all the 
 raiments of behemoth and leviathan, and the im- 
 partial judge can decide whether the}- really 
 belong to him or not. But who will now pre- 
 sume to take them away from him? He holds 
 them fast and will not let them go ; and I will 
 defend his rightful claim to them. 
 
IN 
 
 ^HE HOOK OF JOB. 
 
 245 
 
 HIS SNEEZINGS WILL BE LIT UP WITH" 
 BRIGHTNESS 
 
 vnz'^iDH^^ 
 
 His sneezings, or, belchings 
 
 Sternutatio 
 
 ^ ^^r^ 
 
 will cause to shine 
 
 ^ejus 
 
 
 a light, 
 
 splendor ignis, 
 
 v:;j;i 
 
 and his eyes wil/ be 
 
 et oculi ejus 
 
 ''ti:;m 
 
 as the eyelashes 
 
 ut palpebrae 
 
 nw' 
 
 of the morning. 
 
 diluciili. 
 
 "By his ueesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are 
 like the eyelids of the morning." 
 
 The first member of this verse seems to me 
 susceptible of two different renderings, on account 
 of the possibility of the root of the word having 
 been either ('?'?<7) halal^ to shine ; or (ilT]) chalal^ 
 to pierce^ to pollute. Either of these meanings will 
 be found to agree with the facts in the case here 
 alluded to. 
 
 Taking the word in the sense of to shine., we 
 would have : " His sneezings will cause a light 
 to shine," or, according to the Septuagint, " In 
 his sneezings light shineth forth." We will here- 
 after notice that the latter rendering contains the 
 true idea; for it is not these sneezings which 
 cause this light to shine. 
 
246 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Taken in the sense of to pollute^ to obscure^ it 
 would mean : " His sneezings will obscure the 
 light." The first would indicate that, when he 
 expelled his breath, or the vapors confined in his 
 body, it caused a light to shine. Many suppose 
 that this refers to the crocodile when he sneezes. 
 But, really, such a supposition is ridiculous. 
 Where is there any good authority to support 
 such an assertion ? 
 
 Who has ever seen a light produced by the 
 sneezing of a crocodile? And those who may 
 have heard him make some strange noise, are 
 they sure that it might be called sneezing? 
 Were they close enough to see the light? 
 
 Prof. Lee, in reference to the supposed light 
 emitted luJien the crocodile sneezes, says that he 
 can find but one account from Aristotle, in which 
 the crocodile is said to sneeze, but not one tell- 
 ing us that this gives out a light, or anything 
 like it. 
 
 • Barnes, in explanation, says : " Amphibious ani- 
 mals, the longer they hold their breath under 
 water, respire so much the more violently when 
 they emerge, and the breath is expelled suddenly 
 and with violence." All this may be of animals 
 in general. But is it so in particular, and in a 
 remarkable degree, of any animal which has been 
 shown to fulfill all the requisites of this descrip- 
 tion ? Barnes does not assert that the breath 
 of any of these amphibious animals emits light, 
 which seems to be the very thing accounted as 
 wonderful and strange in the leviathan. Then 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 247 
 
 would a mere pbospliorescence be alluded to here 
 in such glowiug terms ? It must certain]}' be in- 
 tended to refer to something extraordinar}-, in the 
 way of light, a great emission of light every time 
 he exhales, or belches. 
 
 And here, who will not, at once, be struck with 
 the remarkable application of these sneezings 
 and luminous vapors, to the numerous violent 
 belchings and puffings of a steam locomotive ? 
 Our monster emits at each stroke of the piston, 
 a volume of the vapors confined within him. 
 These, at times, carry with them, flashes of light 
 which are magnified by being diffused through 
 the volume of white vapor which ascends. Under 
 these circumstances his sneezings assume the ap- 
 pearance of a luminous cloud bursting forth from 
 his throat. Are the supposed sneezings of the 
 cr< codile comparable to this ? Are they worthy 
 of such poetic language ? 
 
 I have stated that this passage might also have 
 the meaning of — " His sneezings will obscure the 
 li^ht." This would seem to imply a contradic- 
 tion. It is, evidently, the reverse of its unani- 
 mously adopted meaning. Nevertheless I con- 
 tend that both renderings are quite applicable t<^ 
 my leviathan. 
 
 Who, indeed, does not witness ever}' day the 
 clouds of thick and black smoke which he pours 
 forth, as by violent sneezings, from his smoke 
 stack, and which literally obscure the light ? Could 
 anything be more literally true, and more poeti- 
 cally expressed ? Yes, our locomotive sneezes ter- 
 
248 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 rifically, and yet none of us knew it before. But 
 Job knew it and heard it 3500 years ago. 
 
 Having thus explained the meaning and re- 
 ference of this passage, I would now propose a 
 change in the construction which has, generally, 
 been adopted in our translations. The expression, 
 "His sneezings," has been taken to be the subject 
 of the verb to shine ; the former is in the plural, 
 whilst the latter is in the singular. I consider 
 that the word light is here intended as the subject 
 of the verb, consequently I render: " A light will 
 cause his sneezings to shine." 
 
 In explanation of this, I would call attention 
 to the fact just referred to above, and which can 
 be often and readily witnessed during the day, 
 but more distinctly when it is dark, that under 
 certain circumstances, whilst a locomotive is puff- 
 ing hard, all at once a volume of light pervades 
 the whole mass of vapors around his head, form- 
 ing a beautiful luminous cloud above. This is, 
 undoubtedly, the fact adverted to here. This 
 being the case, you will notice that it is not the 
 puffing nor the vapors which are the cause of 
 this light shining, but that it is a lights or a 
 Jiame, entering the throat of the stack, which causes 
 these vaporous sneezings to shine. Now if we 
 revert to the original Hebrew, we will find, singu- 
 larly enough, that the facts in this case with our 
 locomotive have lead us to correct a mistake in 
 our tran.slations ; and this is not the only instance 
 of the kind. 
 
 Let us now see what can be meant by the 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 249 
 
 second member of this verse, which is rendered : 
 " His eyes are like the ej^elids of the morning." 
 
 Snrely the friends of the crocodile, and of "id 
 omne genus," will rejoice to see my iron-shielded 
 monster evidently cornered here, for he has no eyes. 
 
 So far he has not been found wanting in any- 
 thing called for by these twenty-seven consecutive 
 verses ; and this is certainly more than can be said 
 of any or of all of his opponents put together. 
 
 I am confident that I will find in him eyes 
 that will answer for all that is called for in this 
 passage. We are not told that he can see with 
 these eyes, but simply that " his eyes are like 
 the eyelids of the morning." As much could be 
 said, in a figurative sense, of any inanimate thing 
 having about its head large globes emitting rays 
 of light like the rising sun. 
 
 And it is undoubtedly in this figurative sense — 
 which has been the one made use of throughout 
 this description — that we are to view these eyes 
 of the leviathan ; they are not like the eyes of 
 any other creature, but they are h'ke the eyelids 
 of the morning. 
 
 If we can ascertain to what the eyelids of the 
 morning refer, we will then have an idea of the 
 appearance of these eyes of the leviathan. 
 
 In reference to this, Barnes sa3^s : " The ' eye- 
 lids of the morning ' is a beautiful poetic phrase 
 quite common in Hebrew poetry." 
 
 Gesenius says that " the poetic allusion is 
 specially to the eyelashes, as a figure to represent 
 the first rays of dawn." 
 
250 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Then these eyelids^ or rather, eyelashes, repre- 
 sent the rays of the morning sun. So that the 
 peculiarity of these eyes was, that they emitted 
 rays of light similar to the rays that precede the 
 rising of the sun. 
 
 Certainl}' nothing like this can be claimed for 
 the dim light of the eyes of the crocodile. 
 
 But let us behold in the distance, during a 
 dark night, the approaching engine. 
 
 His tremendous head-lights flash lightnings on 
 all sides. The earth fairly shines before him as 
 it does before the rising sun. His path is fast 
 lit up in advance by the flashing rays of these 
 searching ej'es whose quivering lids seem to ex- 
 pand as they approach, spreading awe and terror 
 among the beasts of the forests and of the fields, 
 even inspiring man with a sense of dread at his 
 fearless and majestic looks. 
 
 Yes, indeed, our leviathan has a most beautiful 
 eye, and flashes of light proceed from it like unto 
 the rays of the rising sun. 
 
 This is surely a strange exhumation of a won- 
 derful and long-lost mastodon. We have found his 
 eyes with their full primitive brightness, and have 
 just discovered that he sneezes terrifically. Here, 
 indeed, is what the great Seer, Job, said of him : 
 " A light will cause his sneezings to shine and 
 his eyes will be as the eyelashes of the morning." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 251 
 
 SPARKS OF FIRE LEAP FORTH FROM 
 HIS MOUTH. 
 
 V56 
 
 From his mouth 
 
 
 De ore ejus 
 
 nn^sb 
 
 flames, or, flaming torches 
 
 
 lampades 
 
 iD^n^. 
 
 ■will leap forth, 
 
 
 procedunt, 
 
 nr}'^ 
 
 sparks 
 
 
 sicut tedae 
 
 m 
 
 of fire, or, glowing sparks 
 
 
 ignis 
 
 J 1D|?Dn» 
 
 will slip themselves away. 
 
 
 acoensae. 
 
 "Out of hi 
 
 3 mouth go burning lamps, 
 
 and sparks of fire 
 
 leap out. ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 The reading of the Vulgate, a.s you notice above, 
 would lead us to suppose that the original did 
 not refer to real flames, and sparks of fire ; but 
 that all this was spoken of figuratively, and that 
 really it was only something resembling flames 
 and glowing sparks which was emitted from the 
 mouth of this monster. Therefore, I would call 
 your attention to the fact that the particle of 
 similitude O) caph^ as^ does not appear in the 
 original ; neither can I grant that it necessarily 
 requires to be supplied. 
 
 I accept the statement as it stands, and render : 
 " Out of his mouth will leap forth flaming torches, 
 and glowing sparks will slip themselves away." 
 
252 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 As you will notice, these flaming torches and 
 glowing sparks are not said to proceed from this 
 creature's nostrils, but from his mouth. Con- 
 sequently, the argument of those who suppose 
 that certain animals are here referred to, because 
 from their nostrils proceeds at times a hot and 
 inflamed breath, cannot hold good. For it is 
 distinctly mentioned that these flames and sparks 
 of fire come from his mouth. Very few animals 
 breathe through their mouth. But the leviathan 
 seems to do so with a terror. 
 
 I consider the word mouth as being here only 
 a poetic expression, and may refer to any aper- 
 ture serving the purposes of a mouth, either to 
 inhale or exhale. 
 
 In this sense we often say " the mouth of a gun." 
 This case is almost identical with the one referred 
 to in this verse, viz., a large opening through 
 which pour forth fire and smoke ; the smoke-stack. 
 
 To those who might object to taking the word 
 mouth in a poetic or figurative sense, and then 
 to giving a literal meaning to the words rendered 
 flames and sparks of fire, I would say that the 
 original word has the meaning of mouthy aperture^ 
 orifice^ or large opening. All of which can be 
 applied to animate as well as to inanimate things. 
 Umbreit renders, jaws ; others, his throat. The 
 writings of our greatest authors are filled with 
 poetic and figurative expressions. Yet one would 
 be considered demented who would insist on in- 
 terpreting their entire works either literally or 
 figuratively. " In medio stat virtus." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 255 
 
 The plan of this description seems to be this. 
 To various parts and peculiarities of a compli- 
 cated piece of mechanism, are given, in a poetic 
 way, the names common to some similar parts 
 or attributes found in animals. Its bars of iron, 
 which constitute its frame-work, are represented 
 as the bones which constitute the main structure 
 of an animal, therefore it is said "its bones are 
 bars of iron." Its numerous iron shields are 
 likened to the impenetrable scales of some aquatic 
 monster. A tubular boiler, which is its vital 
 part, iDecomes its body. 
 
 It has a large flue, or opening, through which 
 it pours forth smoke, flames and glowing sparks 
 of fire, as described here, and this opening is 
 likened to the mouth of a dragon. It pours out 
 of its mouth real flames and sparks of fire; but 
 as there is nothing in animals to which these 
 can be likened, they are plainly mentioned as 
 being real^ and not like sparks, or like anything 
 else. His head-lis^hts can be likened to the eyes 
 of a monster, and you find them represented as 
 such. He possesses a terribly destructive power, 
 and this we find designated by a sword, the 
 recogized emblem of destruction. His body is 
 filled with boiling water ; but as there is nothing 
 in animals to which it could be intelligibly 
 likened, it is indicated by the vapors of a boiling 
 pot issuing from his nostrils, as we will see in 
 the next verse. He, at times, has a very long 
 and extended tail, . made up of various parts 
 linked the one to the other. On account of this 
 
254 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 be is likened to an enormous serpent. As he is 
 full of fire and runs swiftly, he is very appropri- 
 atel}' called a fiery flying serpent. Yea, it is he, 
 the linked monster of Job. 
 
 It is evident that it was the intention of the 
 Lord who revealed this, to leave it to our in- 
 genuity to find out, in its proper time, to what 
 it all referred. You have already seized the mean- 
 ing and reference of this beautiful verse. 
 
 Indeed, how often have you not witnessed the 
 flaming torches and glowiiig sparks of fire leap- 
 ing forth from the throat of the engine as he 
 speeds on like a flaming meteor, or monster dragon, 
 emitting " unquenchable fire " from his throat, 
 and hot vapors from his angry nostrils. 
 
 The reader can fully realize how strikingly 
 the following words of Job apply to our own 
 fiery monster : "Out of his mouth will leap forth 
 flaming torches, and glowing sparks will slip 
 themselves away." 
 
 "You will notice how accurately are described, 
 in the last part of this verse, the escaping sparks 
 from au engine. The}?- are represented as silently 
 and hurriedly slipping themselves away from their 
 place of confinement. Can those who, so far, 
 may have doubted of the reference of this de- 
 scription, refuse here to acknowledge this irrefuta- 
 ble evidence of the nature of this monster ? Can 
 their imagination furnish another monster that 
 can fulfill, so literall}'-, the extraordinary things 
 here alluded to ? 
 
 Yet, it is so strange, so unexpected, and so 
 
IN THE HOOK OF JOH. 255 
 
 incomprehensible to some, that a steam locomo- 
 tive should have been described in the Bible so 
 long ago, that the}- zvill not see these flaming 
 sparksy although they blow in their eyes e\ery day 
 from the very throat of the leviathan himself 
 
 But, such men, though, can see clearly just 
 such flaming and glowing sparks escaping from 
 the mouth of a crocodile, or from that of some 
 fiery antediluvian mastodon which, unluckily, 
 was never seen, except in their own imagination, 
 where it was born. 
 
 Let no one lose sight of the original, and grasp 
 at a shadow. '■ 
 
R56 
 
 A WONDERFUJ^ DISCOVERY 
 
 HOT VAPORS WIIX IvSSUE FORTH FROM HIS 
 NOSTRUMS. 
 
 Verse 20. 
 
 '7n^o 
 
 From his nostrils 
 
 
 De naribus ejus 
 
 N?' 
 
 will go forth 
 
 
 procedit 
 
 m 
 
 smoke 
 
 
 fumus 
 
 IHD 
 
 as /rovt a kettle 
 
 
 sicut oUae 
 
 msj 
 
 boilinj^ 
 
 
 succensae 
 
 •I^AN*"! 
 
 or a heated caldron. 
 
 
 atque ferventis. 
 
 ut of his 
 dron." 
 
 nostrils goeth smoke, 
 
 as out of a seething po 
 
 This is, undoubtedly, one of the most extraor- 
 dinary and important verses of this description. 
 The fact cannot be avoided that the generation of 
 steam by means of a heated caldron, is alluded 
 to. Another singular fact is, that the Septuagint 
 clearly state that the fire was made with anthra 
 cite, (coal). 
 
 There is no essential difference between the 
 various renderings of this verse. All agree that, 
 from the nostrils of the leviathan went forth smoke 
 similar to that which issues from a boiling kettle, 
 or caldron. 
 
 The Vulgate renders: "Out of his nostrils goes 
 forth smoke as of a kettle heated and boiling." 
 
 A Revised English version has: "From his 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 257 
 
 nostrils goes forth smoke, like a kettle with kindled 
 reeds." 
 
 There is but one word in this verse which, on 
 account of its ambiguity, has caused translators 
 and commentators to differ. It is (p^ij?) agemon^ 
 which means a heated caldron^ and also a reed, etc., 
 as explained in a previous verse. On account of 
 the different meanings of this word, this verse is 
 susceptible of being rendered : " From his nostrils 
 will go forth smoke as from a boiling pot ablaze 
 with reeds, or, as from a boiling pot or heated 
 caldron." 
 
 Still its most literal rendering, 'as well as its 
 most appropriate meaning, would appear to be the 
 following : " From his nostrils will go forth smoke 
 as from a boiling kettle and reed ;" that is, a boil- 
 ing kettle having to it a hollow reed or spout. 
 
 The idea intended to be conveyed here would 
 seem to be that, steam would issiie from the nos- 
 trils of this monster as from the spout of a boiling 
 kettle. 
 
 We have seen in the previous verse that the 
 word mouth was made use of, in a figurative sense, 
 to denote a large opening through which escaped 
 flames and sparks of fire ; and that this aperture 
 corresponded exactly to the one in the smoke-stack 
 of an engine, through which often escapes flaming 
 torches, and a volume of glowing sparks. 
 
 Now we are told that this monster had nostrils. 
 
 Undoubtedly here, as in the previous verse, these 
 nostrils must be taken in a figurative sense, and 
 as referring to certain apertures which seemed to 
 
^5^ A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 answer the purpose of nostrils, viz., openings 
 through which one's breath can escape. 
 
 There are mainly two such nostrils, or openings, 
 in a locomotive, viz., the two pipes which carry 
 off the exhaust steam from the steam cylinders. 
 This exhaust takes place after each stroke of the 
 piston. Consequently, when an engine is work- 
 ing, a continual exhaling of steam takes place 
 through these exhaust pipes. Nothing could be 
 more appropriately called the nostrils of an engine, 
 when the purpose they answer is taken into con- 
 sideration. Taking the two steam chests as the 
 lungs of this creature, we have a continual breath- 
 ing or inhaling and exhaling of vapor taking- 
 place through these mechanical lungs ; and the 
 exhaust vapor escaping through its natural out- 
 lets, just as it occurs in the animal system. 
 
 Here then we find, very unexpectedly, a beauti- 
 ful and very appropriate comparison of these arti- 
 ficial parts of the engine, to the breathing organs 
 of a living creature. 
 
 But this is not all. Job informs us also that 
 through these nostrils will escape smoke as from a 
 kettle heated and boilings or, as from the spout of 
 a boiling kettle. Is not this a most direct and 
 astonishing reference to steam. What is the smoke 
 which issues from a kettle heated and boilings if 
 not steam f 
 
 Here also we find a direct allusion to a steam 
 boiler. Really this was all that was wanting to 
 confirm the views I have entertained all along, 
 that this description referred to our modern iron- 
 clad steam monster. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 259 
 
 Some may insist that these vapors are only 
 likened to those which issue from a boiling kettle. 
 Therefore it may be well to call the reader's atten- 
 tion to the fact that, there exists, in the original, 
 no such comparison ; but the plain statement that 
 smoke came from the leviathan's nostrils as from 
 the spout of a boiling kettle. Not only can we 
 infer from this that it was steam, but also, that it 
 issued from this monster's nostrils through some 
 pipes resembling the spout of a kettle. Very likely 
 an allusion is here made to the exhaust pipes. 
 
 We can now full}^ realize that the power which, 
 was said to be located inside of this monster's 
 flank (chap. xl. i6) must, indeed, have been steam ; 
 that same destructive power which is represented 
 by a sword, and which is to be applied to it by 
 the one who makes him. Evidently it is also the 
 same force which spreads him asimder when his 
 confidence is deceived, as we have seen under verse 
 the ninth. 
 
 There is but one thing more required to com- 
 plete the evidence. It is the proof that this steam 
 was not the exhaled vapors from the body of an 
 animal, but was generated by fire. 
 
 And this proof will be found in the next verse, 
 where there is most positive evidence of a glow- 
 ing fire of coals being constantly kept up by 
 drafts of air. 
 
 The Septuagint, in their rendering of the verse 
 under consideration, give furnace instead boiling 
 caldron; and what is more extraordinary, add, 
 that the fire was made of anthracite, (coal). 
 
26o A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 They render the entire verse as follows : " From 
 his nostrils pours forth smoke of a furnace heated 
 with a fire of coals." Another singular fact in 
 this rendering is, that they do not say that this 
 smoke was like the smoke of a furnace, but they 
 directly assert that the smoke, which came from 
 the nostrils of this monster, was actually the 
 smoke from a furnace or caldron heated with coals. 
 
 This confirms me in my opinion that the writers 
 of the Septuagint were fully aware that this de- 
 scription applied to some mechanical contrivance, 
 and not to any living animal. Otherwise they 
 would not have asserted here that the smoke 
 from a furnace, heated with a fire of coals, passed 
 through his nostrils. Surely this is an important 
 and astonishing verse. 
 
 No more conclusive evidence in favor of my 
 views could be expected. Now when we behold 
 our raging steed approaching with distended nos- 
 trils and angry breath, we will realize the full 
 force and reference of these words of Job ; " Out 
 of his nostrils will issue forth smoke as out of 
 a pot or caldron." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 261 
 
 HIS INHAI.INGS GIVE LIFE TO BURNING COALS. 
 
 Versd 21. 
 
 itro4 
 
 His inhaling (breath) 
 
 Halitus ejus 
 
 °'"?.™ 
 
 burning coals 
 
 prunas 
 
 ^rp_r) 
 
 will vivify, will kindle ; 
 
 ardere facit ; 
 
 Dn'^i 
 
 and a flame 
 
 et flamma 
 
 V3P 
 
 from his mouth 
 
 de ore ejus 
 
 :Nr 
 
 will leap out. 
 
 egreditur. 
 
 "His breath kindleth coals, and a flame goes out of 
 his mouth." 
 
 With the exception of the Septuagint, most 
 versions render the first word of this verse by 
 Az's breath. But it has also the meaning of in- 
 haling ; and there are many reasons, as will be 
 seen hereafter, for supposing that this is the 
 sense in which it is intended here. I consider 
 also that the word rendered to kindle^ has a 
 more appropriate meaning in this instance, which 
 is to vivify^ to enliven. 
 
 There is quite a difference between kindling a 
 fire^ and vivifying or enlivening it with the breath 
 after it is kindled. In the first instance it is 
 an impossibility. No one's breath can ki7idle or 
 set fire to coals. But it is possible to add life 
 to, or vivify coals already kindled, b}' blowing on 
 
262 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY. 
 
 them. Evidently this is the distinction to be 
 made here. Therefore I render : " His inhaling 
 will vivify burning coals." 
 
 As to the supposed reference of this passage 
 to an animal, I would say that I am not aware 
 that any of our great scientific investigators or 
 naturalists have, as yet, discovered any animal 
 whose breath had the power of causing coals to 
 glow with flames. 
 
 It is well understood that the air exhaled from 
 the lungs of any living creature, has lost its 
 oxygen, the very principle of life of the fire, and 
 consequently could not, as here interpreted, set 
 coals on fire. 
 
 What kind of a creature, then, is this ? And 
 why should it have any occasion to set coals on 
 fire? Surely it must be a fiery dragon; even a 
 flame leaps from his mouth. 
 
 Commentators, in general, are very reticent 
 about the meaning and reference of this impor- 
 tant passage. All that Barnes ventures to say 
 about it is : " It seems to be a flame, and to set 
 on fire all around it." 
 
 Prof Lee supposes that the expression here 
 may be intended to convey an idea of the fiery 
 character of his disposition. But the reader will at 
 once notice that this does not explain the appear- 
 ance here of these coals of fire. It is not only to 
 be inferred from the words of this passage that 
 now and then a flame escapes from his mouth, 
 but it must be noticed and accounted for that his 
 actual breathy or mhali7igy " kindleth coals." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 263 
 
 There are very few wild animals that will not 
 flee from fire. But it would seem that this one 
 even consumed coals of fire. 
 
 The Septuagint goes still further than this, 
 for it says that its very soul, its very life is burn- 
 ing coals '11 'iv,<,/ ar-nvavUpantr." 
 
 Really, this creature would seem to be the 
 ancient Chimera whose breathing was unquench- 
 able fire. 
 
 The reader will take particular notice that the 
 direct meaning of the original cannot be explained 
 away, in this instance, by saying that probably it 
 means that his breath was like coals of fire ; for 
 the original is most emphatic and clear, and can 
 leave no doubt that, by some means or other, the 
 monster here referred to, made use of his inhalings 
 to vivify burning coals of fire. 
 
 It is useless for commentators to try to tone 
 this passage down to suit their views of its 
 reference. They can afford no satisfactory ex- 
 planation when they apply it to any known animal. 
 
 To the well-known saying that, where there is 
 so much smoke there must be some fire ; I would 
 add, that, where there is so much fire and raging 
 flames there cannot be much animal life. 
 
 This extraordinary passage suits, in a most 
 remarkable manner, the habits of our American 
 leviathan — the locomotive. 
 
 Its inhalings are the drafts of air which, in 
 passing through the furnace, vivify its burning 
 coals. This draft is as essential to it as it is to 
 our common fire-places. The draft of the loco- 
 
264 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 motive was an ingenious discovery. It is caused 
 by the exhausted steam from the cylinders being 
 made to rush through the centre of the smoke- 
 stack, and thus, carrying with it, not only a 
 volume of air and smoke, but often the very 
 flames from the furnace. And this latter fact is 
 undoubtedly what is adverted to in the second 
 member of this verse, " a flame issues forth from 
 its mouth." 
 
 They who suppose that this entire description 
 should apply, literally, to some animal, will find 
 in this, and in the two preceding verses, a fair 
 field for displaying their knowledge and talent, 
 by discovery or pointing out to us an}' animal, 
 known to have existed upon this earth, to which 
 these verses can be applied literally. 
 
 On the other hand they will soon discover 
 that, so far, its most direct and literal application 
 is to our modern iron monster, full of flames 
 and coals of fire which he indeed keeps ablaze b}- 
 the inhaling of his breath. 
 
 Let those who will not believe deny, if possi- 
 ble, the fact that, our locomotive fulfills, in a most 
 literal and poetic sense, all the requirements of 
 the above verses. I will repeat them here : 
 
 " Out of his mouth will leap forth flaming 
 torches, and glowing sparks wall scatter themselves 
 along." 
 
 " From his nostrils will issue forth smoke as 
 from a boiling pot or caldron." 
 
 "His inhaling will vivify burning coals, and 
 a flame will leap forth from his mouth." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 2b- 
 
 DESOI.ATE PLACES WILE REJOICE AT HIS 
 PRESENCE. 
 
 Verse 22. 
 
 iiNi^;3 
 
 Within his ueck 
 
 
 In coUo ejus 
 
 i^^: 
 
 will abide 
 
 
 morabitur 
 
 ^^ 
 
 might, or strength, 
 
 
 fortitudo 
 
 VJ£)'71 
 
 and at his presence 
 
 
 et faciem ejus 
 
 Pin 
 
 shall rejoice, dance 
 
 with joy 
 
 praecedit 
 
 : HDjii 
 
 a desolation, want. 
 
 
 egestas. 
 
 "In his neck remaineth strength, and sorrow is turned 
 into joy before him." 
 
 It is only in its application to the steam engine 
 that we can realize the full force and the rich 
 conception of genius contained in this verse. I 
 find its true meaning to be this : *' Might will abide 
 within his neck, and a desolation shall dance with 
 joy at his presence." 
 
 Could the ideas contained in this verse be more 
 poetically expressed. Might and power are re- 
 presented as having established their dwelling 
 within his neck. That is to say, that he alone, 
 among all other contrivances of power, possesses 
 the greatest and most practical principles of 
 power ; they naturally dwell within him. 
 
 To what an eminent degree this is true of the 
 
266 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Steam engine, can only be fully appreciated when 
 we liave had, (i) an opportunity of realizing what 
 a tremendous power steam can exert. (2) When 
 we have calculated the enormous amount of work 
 it has accomplished within its brief career; and 
 the herculean tasks it performs each day. 
 
 It is estimated that, in the United States, the 
 force equivalent to the working steam engines is 
 seven millions five hundred thousand horse-power. 
 In England, seven millions horse-power. In Ger- 
 many, four and a half millions. In France, over 
 three millions. In Austria, a million and a half. 
 To this must be added the motive power of the 
 locomotives, which is estimated to be three mill- 
 ions horse-power. This alone gives us the enor- 
 mous total of twenty-six millions horse-power. 
 
 It is estimated that the number of locomotives, 
 in all the world, is one hundred and five thous- 
 and. And all these figures are constantly in- 
 creasing. Was there ever a creature on earth, 
 whose power and importance could be at all com- 
 pared with those of steam ? Indeed of him alone 
 could it have been said, "He is king over all 
 conceptions of power," and, "might hath its dwell- 
 ing within his neck." 
 
 The second member of this verse, which is 
 rendered, "Sorrow is turned into joy before him;" 
 has suffered a great deal at the hands of com- 
 mentators. It may be rendered, " Desolation fleeth 
 at his presence, or, a desolate place rejoiceth, or 
 danceth with joy, at his presence." 
 
 How grand and sublime this divine conception 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 267 
 
 appears, when its birth is traced to the powerful 
 influence of our fleet-footed giant in changing a 
 wilderness into a place of rejoicing abundance. 
 Is there want or distress in a desolated place — 
 there the engine, with giant strides, carries abun- 
 dance of provisions and help, and virtually causes 
 those who were in want and distress to dance 
 and rejoice at his presence. He causes the very 
 deserts and rocks to be inhabited ; and wild and 
 distant lands to rejoice and bloom with vegetation. 
 
 Villages and large cities spring up, as if by 
 enchantment, from each of his footsteps. His 
 arms are extended to all nations alike ; and he 
 causes want and distress to flee from before him. 
 
 The reader can well understand how difficult it 
 was for expositors to reconcile these wonderful 
 attributes with their preconceived notions of the 
 reference of this description to a most terrible 
 and ferocious wild monster, for he would be more 
 likely to spread terror and devastation wherever 
 he passed, than to cause rejoicings at his presence. 
 
 Consequently most writers looked upon the word 
 rendered to flee^ to dance ^ as meaning to flee or to 
 dance through fear, instead of ivant fleetJi fro7)i 
 before Jiini^ or, a desolation rejoice th at his presence. 
 The latter is the meaning which I consider is 
 intended in this instance. It is the meaning given 
 to it in old English versions, but not followed in 
 the last Revised Edition, which has, "Terror 
 danceth before him." 
 
 The Vulgate has, " Want goeth before his 
 face." Barnes says, "The sense is, that 'terror 
 
268 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 dances before him' ... as if terror played or 
 pranced along wherever he came." This could 
 be easily construed to apply to the terror which 
 the locomotive inspires in all wild animals, but 
 it is certainly not the meaning of the original. 
 
 All can now recognize the propriety and beautj" 
 of this passage, when applied to our monster of 
 power, and to his great capacities for causing a 
 desolate place to rejoice, and want to flee at his 
 presence. 
 
 To what other can these words be applied with 
 more propriety? 
 
 Indeed, "Might hath its dwelling within his 
 neck, and a desolation shall dance with joy at his 
 presence." 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 269 
 
 HIS MEMBERS ARE SEPARABLE. 
 
 Verse 23. 
 
 '^^9 
 
 The detachable, or separable parts 
 
 Membra 
 
 "'l^^rl 
 
 of his body, flesh 
 
 caruium ejus 
 
 ipDl 
 
 are joined, connected together; 
 
 cohaerentia sibi ; 
 
 piv; 
 
 it will cleave fast, be cast 
 
 mittet contra 
 
 V?^ 
 
 upon him ; 
 
 eum fulmiua, 
 
 -'75 
 
 nothing 
 
 et ad locum 
 
 : DID^ 
 
 will be loose, or, shaky. 
 
 alium non ferentu 
 
 "The flakes of his flesh are joined together; they are 
 firm in themselves ; they cannot be moved." 
 
 This verse has proved a puzzle to all those 
 who have labored to apply it either to the croco- 
 dile or to the whale. 
 
 If the original were to be understood as alluding 
 to the flakes of his flesh, as the above rendering 
 has it, these flakes would then have to be con- 
 sidered as the scales or shields of this monster's 
 body. But, evidently, these cannot be meant, as 
 in that sense, this verse would become an exact 
 repetition of what has already been said, in verse 
 seventeenth, concerning these shields, viz., " One 
 will cleave fast unto another, the}^ will be united 
 together that they cannot be sundered." In view 
 
270 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of this, it is to be presumed that''' the words of 
 this verse could not have been intended to refer 
 to the scales or shields of the leviathan, but to 
 other parts adhering to his flesh. By the word 
 flesh may be understood the exterior covering 
 of his body ; or it may be intended to indicate 
 that it was not his internal parts which were here 
 meant, but some exterior ones, those made fast 
 to his flesh. 
 
 Albert Barnes, in reference to the first word 
 of this verse, says : " The Hebrew word here 
 used means anything fallmg^ or peiidulons^ and 
 the reference here is, probably, to the pendulous 
 parts of the flesh of the animal ; the flabby parts ; 
 the dew-laps. In animals commonly those parts 
 about the neck and belly are soft, pendulous, and 
 contribute little to their strength. The meaning 
 here is, that in the leviathan, instead of being thus 
 flabby and pendulous, they were compact aud 
 firm. This is strikingly true of the crocodile." 
 . I cannot admit this to be the correct meaning 
 of the word in this instance. Neither can this 
 passage be properly applied to the crocodile. 
 
 If the word under consideration (P^"^) refers 
 to the pendulous and flabby parts of the levia- 
 than's flesh, then there is an evident contradic- 
 tion between the two members of this verse, as 
 now applied ; for in the second hemistich it is 
 said that all is made fast to him, so much so 
 that nothing will be loose nor shaky. 
 
 In the face of this, how could those parts be 
 said to be pendulous and flabby ? 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 27 1 
 
 If they are said to be such, how can they, 
 according to the above author's own words, be 
 intended to mean that " they were compact and 
 firm"? And how can he apply these words to 
 the crocodile, when he admits that there is no part 
 of his flesh which exhibits any of these character- 
 istics ? 
 
 If this passage refers to the flesh or skin of 
 an animal, it is diflicult to understand how it 
 can be said that nothing about it can move or 
 shake. In the other sense of these words, I can 
 repeat with Prof. Lee : "Is it not absurb to say 
 that the lax and pendulous flesh of an}'- animal 
 is hard and immovable, as our text here mani- 
 festly does?" 
 
 The only inference to be drawn from this is 
 that the original words have not been given their 
 intended meaning. 
 
 Some render " the flakes of his flesh." Others 
 " the muscles of his flesh." The Vulgate has : 
 " the members of his flesh." The Septuagint 
 render it : " the fleshy parts of his bod3^" 
 
 It seems to me as though the self-evident 
 meaning of this passage had been purposely 
 ignored. Why should not these so-called pendu- 
 lous and movable parts refer to his limbs, to 
 those parts which move when he is in action, 
 the members of his flesh, as the Vulgate has 
 rendered it ? 
 
 Some of these limbs might have had a pendu- 
 lous appearance, as though they were merely 
 hung or fastened to his sides. The}^ might have 
 
272 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 been formed of two or more parts connected by 
 suitable joints, as tbe original words indicate. 
 Yet they were so perfectly made and adjusted 
 that nothing was shaky or loose about them. 
 
 This would certainly solve the problem with- 
 out any glaring contradictions. 
 
 But, possibly, it is because the friends of the 
 crocodile did not dare to expose his miserable 
 crooked paws, that they did not take this, at 
 least, plausible view of the reference of this pas- 
 sage. 
 
 Yet I am not satisfied that the word (P^'^) 
 mappal is intended here in the sense of pendulous, 
 flabby ; as most exponents of this passage have 
 rendered it. I find in it a more wonderful dis- 
 closure in its primary meaning of something 
 falling, falling off, or away ; that is something 
 separable, detachable ; ior such is, indeed, the real 
 meaning of the word. No where else do I find 
 it used in the sense of pendulous, or flabby. 
 
 In its connection and form, the word would 
 refer, here, to parts or members of this monster's 
 body which were, evidently, detachable, removable. 
 
 Now the reference of these detachable parts, or 
 members, to what is properly called the engine^ 
 seems so evident to me, that I believe it will not 
 require much explanation to cause it all to be 
 fully understood and appreciated. 
 
 In fact what is the e?igine, but a combination 
 of separable and detachable parts. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the steam engine is a com- 
 pound machine, composed of different parts, spe- 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 273 
 
 cially of a boiler and an engine. Taken separately, 
 the engine refers to a set of suitable and detachable 
 mechanical devices, all connected together, and set 
 in motion by the pressure of steam from the 
 boiler. 
 
 Engines are of various kinds, and differently 
 applied. Those made for stationary boilers, are 
 often located far from the boiler itself. The 
 engine of a movable steam machine, is generall}- 
 made fast^ or cast to the boiler. Such is the case 
 with the locomotive ; and undoubtedly, this is 
 what is here meant by, " it will be made fast 
 (or cast) upon him." All its parts are securely 
 fastened together; and such is said to be the 
 case with those of the leviathan. They are also 
 made fast to the exterior parts of the boiler, and 
 become thereby, really "the members of his flesh,'' 
 as rendered by the Vulgate. By means of these 
 mechanical devices the locomotive propels him- 
 self; consequently they are to him .as his limbs^ 
 his members. None of these are allowed to be- 
 come loose or shaky^ and Job reminds us of this 
 fact, when he says: "Nothing will be loose (or 
 shaky)." 
 
 If we trace the meaning of the primary or 
 kindred roots ('?5) phal, and (N'75) phala^ we will 
 find that the word mappal may also have here the 
 meaning of wonderful y marvellous ; this might re- 
 fer to some parts of this monster's body, in the 
 sense of (nlN'700) wondrous and marvellous works. 
 And as the meaning of the word rendered fleshy is 
 also beauty ; we may very appropriately render this 
 
2 74 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 passage by, " The marvellous parts of liis beauty- 
 are connected together." This would seem to 
 answer exactly to the promise made in the twelfth 
 verse, viz., " I will not pass in silence his mem- 
 bers . . . nor the beauty of his equipment^ 
 
 Then again this marvellous beauty^ as a distinct 
 thing from the body of this monster, may be ex- 
 actly that which is referred to in the second 
 hemistich, by: " It will be made fast upon him," 
 which would account for the verb being in the 
 singular. This would give to this verse another 
 unexpected meaning ; and one which would suit, 
 to an eminent degree, the wonderful and mai'vel- 
 lous beauty and perfection of an engine, considered 
 separately from the boiler. Its numerous and in- 
 tricate parts are masterpieces of beauty and work- 
 manship. 
 
 Nothing about it is allowed to 'be loose or 
 shaky. Here will be appreciated the force of 
 the rendering of the French version : " Tout est 
 massif en lui, rien n'y branle " — all about him 
 is solid, nothing is shaky. 
 
 I am at a loss to understand how the Vulgate 
 arrived at its extraordinary rendering of the second 
 member of this verse. 
 
 Instead of " it (or, all) will be made fast upon 
 him; nothing will be loose." It has, "He will 
 send lightnings against him, and they, (his mem- 
 bers) will not be carried to another place." This 
 is as much as to say that, even the thunderbolts 
 from above could not kill him, nor move his 
 members from their place. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 275 
 
 This is a conception not inferior to any in 
 ^his description, and quite applicable to our pon- 
 derous iron monster, who fears nothing, not even 
 the thunderbolts from above ; and whose strong 
 members and sinews even the lightning could 
 not paral3-ze. 
 
 But, undoubtedly, the true meaning of this most 
 extraordinary verse is : " The separable parts of 
 his flesh are connected together ; all will be made 
 fast to him ; nothing will be shaky." 
 
 What a wonderful verse this proves to be, 
 when we come to realize that here is, evidently, 
 mentioned the fact that the various parts of the 
 engine are detachable ; and consequently, re- 
 movable from the main bod}^ of the locomotive. 
 Can au}^ one convince himself that it is possible 
 that such a description ma}' refer to some U7i- 
 kuozvn animal ? 
 
 Surely, the serious student will not find any 
 thing doubtful concerning this great prophecy, 
 nor its reference. What a mar\^ellous thing for 
 us, who are prone to ask for evidence, to behold 
 now before our own eyes, the most tangible and 
 most astounding fulfilment of one of the oldest 
 and most complete prophecies in the world. There 
 is nothing at all comparable to it in the whole 
 Bible. 
 
276 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 HE HAS NEITHER HEART NOR EEEUNGS. 
 
 Verse 24. 
 
 1!!':' 
 
 His heart 
 
 Cor eju3 
 
 p^v: 
 
 will be indurated | 
 
 indurabitur 
 
 pg-itDD 
 
 similar to a stoue, 
 
 tanquam lapis. 
 
 pi^'!! 
 
 and will be firm , 
 
 et stringetur 
 
 n'7p 
 
 as a piece 
 
 quasi malleatoris 
 
 : n^nnn 
 
 of the lower rocks. 
 
 incus. 
 
 " His heart is as firm as a stone ; yea, as hard as a piece 
 of the nether millstone." 
 
 At first sight, it would seem as though the 
 leviathan was here represented as having a heart. 
 But it soon becomes evident that the word heart 
 must be intended here in a figurative sense to 
 denote his nature, or the quality of his natural 
 attributes, and not a physical and sensitive heart. 
 Had the real fleshy heart of an animal been in- 
 tended, it would not have been so positively as- 
 serted and repeated that it was indurated simi- 
 lar to a stone, yea, even as firm and as solid as 
 the lower rocks. We may admit, that to say 
 one's heart is as hard as a stone, is to mean, 
 generally, that one has no feelings ; yet not im- 
 plying that he has no heart at all. But in an 
 exceptional case as this, and when it is so em- 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 277 
 
 phatically maintained that his heart is as hard 
 and as solid as the lower rocks or the nether 
 millstone, it must be inferred that, whatever ma}^ 
 be intended, must have neither feelings nor sensi- 
 tiveness ; in fact must be made of something very 
 hard and solid. 
 
 In connection with the locomotive, this com- 
 parison to rocks and st07ies is quite significant, 
 when we reflect on the nature of iron ores, out 
 of which our monster's heart and hide are made. 
 Then it would be well to remark that this mon- 
 ster's heart is not said to have been so at that 
 time, but that it would be made so at some future 
 time. Vulgate, indurabitur . . . . et stringetur. 
 One can easily perceive how well the above can 
 be said of a locomotive. He has no heart what- 
 ever ; neither has he any feelings. He will crush 
 to pieces anything that may be in his way. He 
 takes pity on no one, for he has no more feelings 
 than a stone. All your prayers, supplications 
 and kindness, would be of no avail ; they would 
 not be any more apt to make an impression on 
 him than they would be likely to make on a 
 millstone or an anvil. If you thought of chas- 
 '.ising him, all the blows that you might strike 
 on his back, would have no more effect than if 
 struck on a rock. Such I consider to be the 
 meaning and reference of this verse. 
 
 As to the word rendered the nether millstone^ 
 I am of the opinion that it is intended to denote 
 rather the lower strata of rocks, as they are the 
 most immovable and, generally, the most firm and 
 
278 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 compact. The V'ulgate and the Septuagint render 
 anvil. 
 
 As to the meaning of this passage Albert 
 Barnes says: "Bochart remarks that the word 
 Jieart here is not to be regarded as denoting the 
 courage of the animal, as it sometimes does, but 
 the heart literally. There is peculiar firmness 
 or strength needed in the hearts of all animals, 
 to enable them to propel the blood through the 
 arteries of the body ; and in an animal of the 
 size of a crocodile, it is easy to see that the heart 
 must be capable of exerting vast force. But there 
 is no reason to suppose that the af&rmation here 
 is made on the supposition that there is need of 
 extraordinary strength in the heart to propel 
 the blood. The presumption therefore is, that 
 the statement here is based on what had been 
 seen of the remarkable compactness and firmness 
 of the heart of the animal here referred to. Pro- 
 bably there was nothing so peculiar in the heart 
 of the crocodile that this description would be 
 applicable to that animal alone, but it is such 
 doubtless as would apply to the heart of any 
 animal of extraordinary size and strength," 
 
 All that I can conclude from the above remarks 
 is, that the writer admits that there is nothing 
 so peculiar in the heart of the crocodile that it 
 could be claimed to be the one alluded to in the 
 words of this verse. 
 
 But what is very peculiar of our modern levia- 
 than is, that his heart, figuratively speaking, is as 
 indurated as a stone, and that he has no mor<.^ 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 279 
 
 feelings than an anvil, or a piece of the lower 
 rocks ; which is exactly the requirements of the 
 text. 
 
 A heart that is as hard as a stone, and as firm 
 and solid as an anvil, can have none of the essen- 
 tial requisites of a heart, in its literal acceptation ; 
 it is, consequently, equivalent to having no such 
 heart at all. 
 
 This monster, then, must have had no heart, 
 no feelings. Such is the peculiarity of our 
 wonderful dragon. 
 
 Here then I would render : *' His heart will 
 be indurated similar to a stone, and will be firm 
 as a piece of the lower roeks." 
 
28o 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 WHEN GOING AT FULI. RAGE HE MAY MISS 
 HIS TRACK. 
 
 Verse 25. 
 
 int^*p 
 
 At his boiling up, raging 
 
 Cum sublatus fuerit 
 
 niji; 
 
 they will fear 
 
 timebunt 
 
 °''?*^ 
 
 the most courageous, 
 
 angeli, 
 
 D''-l!lt£^P 
 
 /<?^/ from breakings, (accidents) 
 
 et territi 
 
 |T - : • 
 
 they lose themselves, miss their 
 way. 
 
 purgabuntur. 
 
 "When he raiseth up himself, the mighty are afraid, by 
 reason of breakings they purify themselves." 
 
 It would puzzle the most learned to tell us 
 wliat is meant by either the Latin or English 
 versions quoted above. "When he will have 
 been raised up," says the Vulgate, "the angels 
 will fear, and, terrified, they will be purified." 
 
 Does this mean that this leviathan will, some 
 day, attempt to scale the high heavens, and thereby 
 create a great consternation among the angels ? 
 Surely Bochart could not claim such high honors 
 for /lis crocodile. Neither could Prof. Lee ever 
 dream of seeing his whale taking wings unto it- 
 self and claiming a place among the feathered 
 tribe of the heavens, or the angels of the Most 
 High. 
 
IN THE HOOK OF JOH. 2S1 
 
 But how about the steam eng-ine ? Would au}^ 
 one be surprised to see it, in the near future, 
 taking wings unto itself and creating a commo- 
 tion in the heavens as well as among the great 
 ones of the earth ? Here again, our leviathan has 
 the advantage over all his competitors. 
 
 I do not see, however, that any such inference 
 can be drawn from the Hebrew text before us. 
 
 The Septuagint have another strange rendering 
 here, which is : " When turning (or revolving) 
 himself, he will cause terror among the quadru- 
 peds treading upon the earth.'' 
 
 The novel idea expressed here, that the levia- 
 than would turn or revolve himself^ must have 
 appeared verj'- singular to many readers. It 
 would seem, also, that the Septuagint understood 
 that, when this monster would turn himself 
 violently, it would frighten all the wild beasts 
 of the earth. 
 
 Although this is not the exact idea contained 
 in the present Hebrew text, yet it is very singu- 
 lar that it should apply, in such a striking man- 
 ner, to the locomotive, which indeed, turns and 
 revolves rapidly ; in other words, propels itself ; 
 and, in so doing, frightens all the wild beasts 
 treading along its path. From what could the 
 Septuagint have obtained this idea ? The very 
 word locomotive has been given to the railroad 
 steam engine to indicate that it has the power to 
 propel itself from place to place. And it would 
 seem that the Septuagint understood it so of the 
 leviathan. He was to roll on, or turn himself. 
 
282 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Nowhere else do we find it stated by what 
 means this creature propelled itself. 
 
 As to its terrifying the beasts of the forests, 
 many, undoubtedly, still remember that when it 
 was first proposed to build railroads through the 
 country and the cities, that great objections were 
 raised on the very grounds that they would 
 terrify all the animals out of the forests. 
 
 Behold, also, our modern leviathan rolling on 
 wheels and propelling himself^ and on his path 
 terrifying the beasts both of the earth and of 
 the sea ; and in this, fulfilling also the words of 
 the Septuagint. 
 
 Let us see, now, if the Hebrew has not also 
 locked up, in the intricate wording of this verse, 
 some astonishing revelations which it has been 
 unwilling to disclose up to the present. 
 
 Unless the original lock has been tampered 
 with, I believe that the key which has already 
 proved successful in thirty-four consecutive verses, 
 will not fail to give us, in this instance also, a 
 solution to the difficulties we meet with. 
 
 The first word of this verse (iHti^D) rendered : 
 " When he raiseth up himself," or " at his rising," 
 is rendered by the Septuagint : " The turning; 
 of himself." But this is certainly not the mean- 
 ing of the Hebrew word under consideration. 
 Its primary meaning is a lifting iip^ a rising up^ 
 exaltation ; then, a boiling tip as of waters. 
 
 Consequently we may render: ""^ From his lifting 
 up or rising up violently ; ox from his furious boil- 
 ing the most courageous will fear. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 283 
 
 All df which applies with astonishing preci- 
 sion to a locomotive when heated up and boiling 
 violently, or when at the height of its rage, or 
 going at the top of its speed. 
 
 Prof. Lee supposes that this refers to the rismg 
 up of the whale as she comes up to the surface 
 of the water to attack her pursuers. 
 
 Albert Barnes supposes that it refers to the 
 rousing up of this monster either for an attack 
 or in self-defence. It must be admitted that 
 neither of these interpretations would suit the 
 primary meaning of the word as well as the 
 boiling up of the heated waters of our own fiery 
 monster. His becoming fierce and exalted by 
 the rising up of his internal pressure. 
 
 The expression (1"T1-3J) yagourou, rendered here : 
 " The}'' will fear ;" has such a variety of meanings 
 that it has puzzled the most learned to select the 
 proper one. In fact each word of this verse is a 
 deep study in itself. 
 
 The primary meaning of the above word is : 
 to turn aside from the luay ; then to fcar^ from 
 the primary idea of turning out of the way. 
 Kindred with these are the expressions to go off. 
 to turn aside ^ or, away ; to depart. 
 
 I consider though, that the proper meaning of the 
 word here is, to fear, to tremble. As the word stands 
 now in the Hebrew text, we would have to render it : 
 they ivill fear^ or they will turn aside from the way ; 
 meaning that, at the exaltations, or fierce ragings 
 of this monster, the most courageous will fear, or 
 would be inclined to turn aside from the way. 
 
284 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 The Septuagint seem to have been of the opinion 
 that this turning from the way^ did not refer to 
 the action of those who would be frightened at his 
 raging, but to the very action of the leviathan it- 
 self, either in turning himself over, or in turning 
 off from his way. 
 
 Hither of these views will suit our locomotive, 
 which often turns over, or off of its track ; but it 
 will not suit the text. 
 
 Adam Clarke says of this verse : " No version, 
 either ancient or modern, appears to have under- 
 stood this verse ; nor is its true sense known." 
 
 The conclusion of this great commentator, is 
 much in my favor, as no one would seem to have 
 succeeded in making any sense of this verse in 
 their endeavors to appl}^ it to animals. 
 
 I give to (D*^*N) ailim^ the meaning of tJie most 
 courageous^ as others have. 
 
 This part of the verse would, then, mean : "At 
 his boiling up ; or, when at the height of his 
 rage, the most courageous will fear." 
 
 The meaning and reference of this does not need 
 much explanation in our days, when we have in 
 our midst a fier}^ steed which travels at the terrible 
 rate of fifty or sixty miles an hour, and whose an- 
 ticipations are to reach a hundred. Then, indeed, 
 will there be cause for fear and trembling at his 
 violent boiling and at his fierce rage. 
 
 Most versions render the second part of this 
 verse thus : " By reason of breakings they purify 
 themselves." The meaning of this passage has 
 never been satisfactorily explained. The word 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 285 
 
 p5^) shebher^ means a break iiig^ a break iuf^ down, 
 fracture^ destruction ; and in the form it appears 
 here means, from breakhigs ; or, f7'om fractures. 
 
 The primary meaning of (NtpH) chata^ is to miss ; 
 then to jnake a false step^ to tiiiss one's way, to 
 lose one^s self ; then to purify one^s self 
 
 The strictest literal rendering of these words 
 would be : " They will purif}^ themselves from 
 breakings, or, against breakings, or fracture." I 
 consider the meaning of this to be: "They will 
 guard themselves against accidents." 
 
 In the sense of missing one^s way^ or losing oner's 
 self we might consider this whole verse to have 
 been intended to mean : '' When at the height of 
 his rage, the most courageous, will fear, lest, from 
 accidents (breakings) they should lose themselves 
 or, should miss their way." Here I must express, 
 my doubts that the verb, in this last sentence, was 
 originally in the plural. Without the suffix it 
 would make this passage apply to the locomotive 
 itself, which would, indeed, be more likel}-, in case 
 of breakings or accidents, to be the one that would 
 lose himself, or miss his way — his track. 
 
 I am satisfied that the most skeptical will be 
 astonished at this wonderfully true description of 
 the dangers and fears experienced so often in 
 our days, when our fearless monster, raising 
 himself up to full speed, dashes along at a fright- 
 ful rate over deep precipices and sharp curves, 
 causing the most courageous passengers to fear lest, 
 in his precipitate flight, some accident should 
 happen, and they be hurled to destruction. 
 
286 A WONDERFUl. DISCOVERY 
 
 Here, then, is a most astonishing and direct re- 
 ference to our modern lightning passenger trains. 
 Otherwise who could those be who would here 
 have occasion to fear accidents, and the loss of 
 themselves, or the missing of the w^ay ? 
 
 One can hardly realize the possibility of such 
 modern and daily occurrences being found so fully 
 and vividly described in a book written so many 
 centuries ago. And, what is no less astonishing, is 
 the fact that the}- should have remained concealed 
 so long after they had been fulfilled. 
 
 No animal that has been proposed, up to this 
 da}^, has been found to possess all the require- 
 ments of this wonderful description. Our iron- 
 shielded monster seems to stand alone as legiti- 
 mate heir to the God-given name of Leviathan, 
 
 How modern these words of Job now sound. 
 " When at his full speed the most courageous 
 will fear lest, from accidents, they should miss 
 their way." 
 
 May I not claim, in this instance, to have un- 
 done another Gordian knot, and to have added 
 another powerful link to an already strong and 
 unbroken chain of evidences ? 
 
IN THK liOOiv Ob JOU. 
 
 HIS WANT OF WATER WILL CAUSE HIS 
 DESTRUCTION. 
 
 Vers© lit*. 
 
 ^nmr2 
 
 Wheu it exalteth him, 
 
 Cum apprehenderit 
 
 T)n 
 
 O'^Hl dryness, 
 
 eum gladius. 
 
 '1^ 
 
 he will not have 
 
 non poterit 
 
 Dipn 
 
 power to resist ; 
 
 subsislere, 
 
 ri*;in 
 
 (ni.3n) the curved vault 
 
 neque hasta 
 
 >»DD 
 
 ( J7DD) being caused to break up. 
 
 neque 
 
 ^"^P'^'1 
 
 and also the armor. 
 
 thorax. 
 
 "The sword of him that layeth at him cannot hold ; the 
 spear, the dart, nor the habergeon." 
 
 The diffictilties of this verse surpass aiiythiug 
 I have met with in this description. 
 
 Its true sense does not seem to have been 
 known. Translators have passed over many im- 
 portant words ; and commentators have dismissed 
 it with but a few remarks. 
 
 Its construction is so different from the pre- 
 ceding verses that one would be justified in 
 supposing that some of its words had been acci- 
 dentally transposed. 
 
 The word (^in) rendered szvord, has proved a 
 great stumbling-block to all translators. None 
 of them seem to have suspected that this word 
 
288 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 might liave been intended in a different sense. 
 I look upon it as having here the meaning 
 of (^in) chore bh^ dryjiess^ a want of water. 
 
 The verb to be dry^ to be dried up^ is composed of 
 the same radical letters, and denotes, according to 
 Gesenius, merely the absence, or failure, of water. 
 It is used in this sense in Genesis chap. viii. 13. Ps. 
 cvi. 9. The word occurring here is the same one 
 met with in chap. xl. 19, and rendered, his swo7'd ; 
 and interpreted of this monster's own power of 
 destruction. 
 
 Whether we render it here by dryness^ or swordy 
 or power of destruction, it brings us, singularly 
 enough, to the one and the same thing as being 
 this terrible power, viz., fire and water, or their 
 results — steam. Thus we can render this passage : 
 " When dryness, or the sword, or destruction 
 causeth him to increase, or causeth him to be- 
 come exalted, furious, he will not have power to 
 withhold." 
 
 • This meaning of the word sword^ will be seen to 
 solve the difficulties which all have experienced 
 with the expression {'\T\'^'W'0) massigehou^ which 
 answers here as well, whether we derive it from 
 sag ah ^ or chagah. 
 
 Taking this word (D"!!!) as referring to a state 
 of dryness^ the meaning then would be that the 
 leviathan will become dry^ or that there will be 
 within him a want of water which will cause 
 him to increase^ either in power or in fury ; or, 
 will cause him to become exalted. It is plain 
 that this condition, according to the words before 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOB. 289 
 
 lis, will bring upon him insufficiency of strength 
 to withhold. That i.s, this increase of his destruc- 
 tive power — his sword ; or this state of great fury 
 and excitement within him, for want of water, will 
 be the cause that he will not have strength to con- 
 tain himself. Consequently he will go to destruc- 
 tion. How this is accomplished is described in 
 the second part of the verse. 
 
 This also divulges to us the true meaning of 
 the expression iQ^j^r^ ^'^3) heli tliakoimi^ viz., want of 
 resistance ; want of power to withhold. By some 
 writers, this want of power., is supposed to apply 
 to the sword ; by others, to the leviathan. The 
 Vulgate expresses the true sense of the original ; 
 it renders : " When the sword will have taken 
 hold of him, he will not be able to subsist." 
 Yet the balance of the verse was not understood. 
 
 The reader will remember that I have already 
 explained that, the expression his sword, which 
 the maker of the behemoth was to apply unto 
 him, referred to the terribly destructive power of 
 steam, which man, in fact, applies to the steam 
 engine which he has made. Here we find the 
 leviathan threatened with destruction by the 
 same power. Bj^ a slight variation of the point- 
 ing of the same word sword., or even by giving to 
 it another of its accepted meanings, viz., dryness, 
 we are confronted with the fact that here is 
 revealed to us, under another form, the nature 
 of this power of destruction, or rather the cause 
 of its becoming such, viz., a want of water, dry- 
 ness. For it is evident that the true sense of 
 
 >9 
 
290 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 the original is : " When dryness will have taken 
 hold of him, he will not be able to withhold." 
 It certainly cannot mean, literally, that when 
 some one strikes at him with a sword he will not 
 be able to subsist, since we are repeatedly told 
 that his shields are impenetrable, and that neither 
 arrows, nor spears, nor javelins can wound him. 
 We cannot but conclude, then, that this M^ord sword, 
 must be taken figuratively for some terrible 
 power of destruction, or literally as meaning dry- 
 ness, lack of water. In the sense of the former, 
 I have already shown its direct application to 
 steam. Now, in the latter sense, we are forced 
 to conclude that, the cause of this monster's 
 dcvStruction is water or the lack of it; or that 
 this terrible power is accumulated at the expense 
 of water, and that when there is not a sufficiency 
 of it, this monster becomes furious ; rages terri- 
 bly; becomes exalted, or increases, {sagali), or 
 rises up in some unaccountable manner ; for the 
 original words [sagah, or shagah) have all these 
 significations. It appears also rather problemati- 
 cal, at first sight, that the very power given to 
 this monster by its maker, should become such a 
 terrible source of destruction to him ; or, that a 
 mere want of water should cause him to become 
 so exalted and furious, that he would destroy 
 himself. 
 
 It seems evident that the Lord did not intend 
 that, the true meaning and reference of this great 
 enigma should be discovered, by man, before its 
 proper time. 
 
IN THK ROOK OK JOIJ. 29I 
 
 But, let US see ; have we not a veiy singular mon- 
 ster in our midst that does the ven* same thing ? 
 His name is well known. He lives on fire and 
 water ; and the more he can consume of both, the 
 greater his power. 
 
 But should his burning flames preponderate 
 over his supply of water, his natural violent rage 
 increases (sagah) and rises up so suddenly that 
 he is not able to withhold any longer, and at once 
 he tears himself to pieces. What more is there 
 required to fulfill the words of Job ? Nothing 
 but the name. Yet I can see this also, plainly 
 inscribed on his shields. 
 
 Yes, evidently, the very cause of the explosion 
 of a steam boiler is here referred to. 
 
 As every one knows, the less water there is 
 in a kettle, the more fiercely it boils, and conse- 
 quently the greater the volume of steam generated. 
 If this kettle be air-tight, as is the case with the 
 steam boiler, this sudden generation or increase 
 of steam will cause it to explode, on account of 
 the w^ant of sufficient strength in the materials 
 to withhold. No other monster has been found 
 to furnish a more satisfactory explanation of the 
 difficulties of this passage. 
 
 If we now compare this extraordinary revela- 
 tion concerning the destruction of the leviathan 
 with what is said of the destruction of the behe- 
 moth (chap. xl. 19), we will find, very unexpectedl3^ 
 that these two wonderful monsters come to grief 
 in precisely the same manner, and fr»m the same 
 identical cause. 
 
292 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 I hardly need any better evidence to prove my 
 assertion that these two monsters refer to the same 
 power, steam ; and that they differ only in the 
 application of the same principle ; and that what 
 is here referred to, in either of these verses, is the 
 well-known explosion or bursting of the boiler 
 by a too great or too sudden generation of steam. 
 
 It would be hard to find on earth two such 
 monsters who would be apt, in general, to meet 
 their doom from precisely the same extraordinary 
 cause, unless they were of the same species or 
 nature, and exposed to the same defects and 
 dangers. The boiler of our stationary engine 
 and that of our locomotive, seem to be the only 
 twin monsters which are apt to perform this ex- 
 traordinary feat of bursting or disembowelling 
 themselves. 
 
 As unexpected as the disclosures of this passage 
 may be, they will still be equalled, if not surpassed, 
 by more astonishing revelations concealed in the 
 second member of this verse. The first word of 
 it is, iri^JfT) <:^^;2///z, rendered spear ^ lance ; it seems 
 to me to have been written so by mistake of some 
 scribe, or through an alteration in some manu- 
 script by one who did not understand its true 
 reference. 
 
 I consider that the original read (ril^H) chauonth^ 
 which means a vaults a cell^ from the root (H^ll) 
 chanali^ to bend, to incline, and refers here to some 
 curved or arched structure connected with this 
 monster. 
 
 The Septuagint and Vulgate have passed over 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 293 
 
 the word {^0i2) massa. Umbrcit renders it ai'rozvs. 
 I am at a loss to understand how they can attribute 
 such a meaning to this word. Gesenius, it is true, 
 gives dart^ arnnv^ as some of its possible mean- 
 ings, but his only authority is this verj- passage, 
 where the meaning of the word has been doubtful. 
 If such had been the recognized meaning of this 
 word it would certainly have been made use of in 
 the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth verses, where 
 it is supposed that arrows and darts are meant. 
 
 Job, himself, speaking oi arroivs (chap. vi. 4), 
 makes use of the word (fVO) (^li^tsats which is 
 the word almost exclusively made use of through- 
 out the Scriptures when reference is had to an 
 arrow. Nowhere do I find {V^'O) massa to have 
 been used in that sense. Its doubtful meaning, 
 or probably the difficulty the}- experienced in 
 applying its proper meaning, would seem to have 
 been the reason why the Septuagint and Vulgate 
 passed it over. 
 
 This word was certainly never intended to 
 mean here darts^ arrows. It is a verb, and should 
 have been pointed (I^Dp) moussa from root (J^PJ) 
 nasa^ meaning to break up^ to tear away. In this 
 sense it applies to the above curved vault, it being 
 caused to break up^ to tear away from want of water, 
 as indicated in the first part of the verse. 
 
 Another mistranslation, which I cannot account 
 for, is the meaning of lance., and javelin, given to 
 the word (HpC') shiryah, nowhere else has it been 
 taken in that sense. 
 
 Its proper meaning is a coat of mail, armor. 
 
294 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Deriving its name either from being bright and 
 glittering, or from being made of chains twisted 
 together; or from hard and tough metal, (^-y^^). 
 
 Both the Septuagint and Vulgate give it the 
 meaning of breast-plate. French, cuirasse. 
 
 Undoubtedly here it refers to some hard sub- 
 stance with which the body of this monster is 
 covered, and which serves to protect it, the same 
 as a breast-plate is made use of to cover and 
 protect the body of the wearer. 
 
 From the above interpretation of the meaning 
 of these words, we would have : " The curved 
 vault being caused to break up, and also the 
 armor." 
 
 The meaning then, of the entire verse would 
 be this : " When dryness exalteth him, he will 
 not have strength to withhold ; the curved vault 
 being caused to break up, and also the armor." 
 
 The more I ponder over this wonderful revela- 
 tion, the more I am dumbfounded and astonished. 
 I can scarcely believe my own senses ; like one 
 who is amazed at the unexpected discovery of a 
 great and valuable treasure. Yes, I have no doubt 
 that, to the reflecting mind, this will prove a 
 great treasure. 
 
 Job foresaw the complete structure of the steam 
 engine. We have seen that he understood its 
 principles of life and motion. Its enormous power, 
 great beauty and vast influence, were clearly re- 
 vealed to him. And here, finally, is made known, 
 in a few concise word, his complete knowledge of 
 one of its most terrible causes of destruction. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 295 
 
 The aiJi'ed vault here spoken of will be easily 
 recognized by an engineer, as referring to the 
 arched form of the croivu-slicct forming the top 
 of the fire-box of the boiler, and which is the 
 first thing to melt^ or to break up^ when the water 
 becomes too low to protect it. 
 
 As to the armor here mentioned it may refer 
 either to the iron plates of the boiler itself, or 
 to the jacket which surrounds it. All of this is, 
 indeed, torn aivay in an instant when the fury 
 of our monster gets too great, either from his 
 allowance of water failing him or from being 
 pushed too hard in an unequal contest. Then 
 his powerful and majestic form becomes an object 
 of horror and disgust to all who see him. Where, 
 under the sun, can another be found which can 
 be compared with this singular monster? 
 
 He is as unequalled in his glory and power as 
 he is in the terrors of his destruction and down- 
 fall. Surel}' none other on earth this day can 
 answer so well this sublime and astonishing de- 
 scription. None other can fulfill so completely the 
 many wonderful things which are here enumerated. 
 In the breaking up or melting of this curved or 
 arched vault^ we have also an irrefutable proof 
 that this monster was made of iron which was 
 exposed to a strong heat; for the expression, to 
 breaks or to virlt, (HDp) could not apply here if 
 this monster was of flesh and blood. 
 
296 
 
 A VVONDERFUI. DISCOVERY 
 
 NEITHER IRON NOR BRASS CAN RESIST HIM. 
 
 Vers© 27 
 
 3OT 
 
 He will esteem 
 
 Reputabit euini 
 
 pn'7 
 
 as straw, chaff 
 
 quasi paleas 
 
 "'ns 
 
 iron, (a thing of iron), 
 
 ferrum, 
 
 m 
 
 and as wood 
 
 et quasi lignum 
 
 n?i^i 
 
 rotten, or, hollow 
 
 putridum 
 
 nnm 
 
 brass, (a thing of brass). 
 
 aes. 
 
 He esteemeth iron as straw, and brass as rotten wood. 
 
 We have seen, in the previous verse, that when 
 the leviathan's supply of water failed him, his 
 great capacity to contain himself failed him also. 
 ■ I consider that it is under these circtimstances 
 that occurs what we are told in this verse, viz.. that 
 things made -of the most solid iron seem to be to 
 him as straw or wickerwork ; and those parts abotit 
 him which were made of brass, were broken and 
 destroyed with as much ease as if the}' were of 
 rotten wood. In chap. xli. 17, under the descrip- 
 tion of the behemoth, we were told that some of 
 his bones were tubes of brass ^ and others solid bars 
 of iron. Undoubtedly these are here, in part, re- 
 ferred to. His bones, or his frame-work and his 
 movable parts which are solid bars of iron, become 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JO». 297 
 
 to him, under such circumstances, as mere straws 
 or bands of straw. And his other parts, which 
 are tubes of brass, become as hollow wood which 
 is rotten and without strength. 
 
 One who has witnessed the explosion of a loco- 
 motive, or of a steam boiler, will be able 16 realize 
 how poetic and true these expressions are. Indeed, 
 the monster has torn asunder his heavy iron 
 plates and his steel jacket, as completely as 
 though they had been of rotten paper. His 
 numerous and ponderous iron bars, he has twisted 
 in every conceivable shape, as if lie had been 
 playing with straws. His pipes of brass and 
 his heavy tubes of copper he has broken like 
 pipe-stems, and has smashed and destroyed them 
 as completely as though they had been of hollow 
 rotten wood. In the outburst of his rage he 
 has buried his head deep in the mire, and twisted 
 all his limbs out of joint. 
 
 He has torn his body to shreds, disfigured his 
 whole form beyond recognition, and scattered his 
 bones and his entrails over the plain. And, as 
 if to take revenge on those who excite him to 
 destruction, he often scalds them with the raging- 
 vapors of his body, and chars their remains with 
 the burning coals of his mouth. Such is, indeed, 
 the power and fury of our modern leviathan 
 when excited beyond measure. 
 
 Taking this verse in its generally accepted 
 meaning, that " Iron is to him as straw, and 
 brass as rotten wood," we may find that it has 
 a very wide application in connection with our 
 
298 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 powerful steam machines. If we glance into our 
 modern machine shops, where behemoth is at 
 work, we will find him actually turning huge 
 pieces of iron into ringlets like straw. 
 
 Enormous casting of brass he grinds and 
 chips with as much ease as if they were of 
 rotten wood. In fact, the crumblings of a brass 
 casting in the turning lathe do resemble the 
 crumblings of rotten wood. 
 
 So that either way we look at this verse, we 
 find that it has a meaning perfectly agreeable 
 to facts know to us in connection with the powers 
 of steam. 
 
 Indeed Job could not have described the 
 astonishing powers of our herculean monster au}^ 
 better than when he said : " He will esteem iron 
 as straw, and brass as rotten wood." 
 
 If this leviathan were a wild animal, would it 
 not appear somewhat singular that he should be 
 represented as having so much to do with iron, 
 and brass, and coals of fire, instead of the trees 
 of the forests and wild monsters like himself, 
 which he would be more apt to encounter than 
 iron or brass ? 
 
IN THK BOOK UI- Jul'.. 
 
 299 
 
 FEAR IS rXKN(nVX TO HIM. 
 
 Varse HH. 
 
 -^^ ! He will not 
 
 l^nnD* I make this one flee 
 Dt!*p"0 the sou of the bow ; 
 
 J^'pS I as chaff, motes 
 i7"1D3nj are turned unto him, 
 
 "ODJSJ stones of 
 
 J t*7p ' the sling (missiles). 
 
 Non 
 
 fugabit eum 
 vir Sagittarius, 
 in stipulam 
 versi sunt ei 
 lapides 
 fundse. 
 
 " The arrow cannot make him flee ; sling-stones are turned 
 with him into stubble." 
 
 This verse, and also the one following it, 
 evidently refer to the fearless nature of the 
 leviathan ; and, from the wording of these verses, 
 it would appear as though he was to be some- 
 what associated with warriors and materials of 
 war. 
 
 Our English versions unanimously render the 
 first member of this verse by : " The arrow can- 
 not make him flee." This in not quite the 
 literal meaning of the Hebrew, nor is it the sense 
 intended to be conveyed by the original expres- 
 sions, which are : " The son of the bow will not 
 make this one flee." 
 
 It seems to me quite evident that the expres- 
 sion //ir sou of the bozu, does not refer here, to 
 
300 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 an arroiu^ but rather to archers^ warriors, the true 
 sons of the bow. 
 
 In Lamentations iii. 13 ; arrows are more pro- 
 perly denoted as " sons of the quiver." 
 
 The Vulgate has the proper rendering : " Vir 
 Sagittarius " — the archer. 
 
 The word son, is an expression often made 
 use of in Oriental languages, to denote any one 
 thing produced by, or emanating from, another. 
 For instance a spark from the fire is called son 
 of the fire. An arrow is called son of the quiver, 
 etc. 
 
 It may be in this sense that we are to under- 
 stand the expression "the sons of God" which 
 occurs in the first chapter of the book of Job, 
 verse 6 ; that is, in the sense that these sons of 
 God referred to most worthy beings emanating 
 from the hands of God ; beings created by Him. 
 
 The words father and another, have the same 
 latitude of meaning in the poetic language of 
 the Orientals. 
 
 Might we not derive from this an idea why 
 Christ is called the Son of God? Not that God 
 was Christ's progenitor, but that Christ came 
 from God the same as a spark comes from the 
 fire. 
 
 A spark is of the same substance as the fire 
 from which it emanates ; yet, upon assuming 
 an individuality of its own, is called a son of 
 that fire, possessed of the same nature and facul- 
 ties as the source from which it came. 
 
 The Septuagint, in their rendering of this part 
 
IN THE HOOK OF JOB. 301 
 
 of the verse, are quite different from any other ; 
 they have : " The bow of brass will not wound 
 him/' 
 
 They ina\- have meant by this, that the strongest 
 bow, even one of brass, could not wound him. 
 But the original does not refer here to his invul- 
 nerability, but to his fearless nature. 
 
 The sense, undoubtedly, is, that he would not 
 flee or tremble at the sight of a whole army of 
 archers. 
 
 The clatter of arms and the sight of a multi- 
 tude of warriors would cause any animal to flee, 
 but it 4s not the case with this one. He has 
 neither heart nor feelings. Fear is unknown to 
 him. 
 
 All this suits, to an eminent degree, our iron- 
 clad monster. He has become of late quite a 
 helpmate in warfare. He is not easily wounded, 
 and charges with boldness and great rapidity. 
 He rests without fear in the midst of a great 
 conflict. The clatter of arms dQ,**not cause him 
 to flee. During late wars he has even been con- 
 verted into an iron-clad battery. Surely then, 
 arrows would not have made much impression 
 on him. 
 
 The second part of this verse rendered : " Sling- 
 stones are turned with him unto stubble," has 
 been understood by commentators in general, as 
 referring to the invulnerability of the leviathan. 
 
 I am satisfied that it has not that meaning ; 
 it would be but a useless repetition of what has 
 so often been referred to in various ways. 
 
302 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 The original, rendered verbatim, reads : " As 
 chaff, are turned unto him, stones of the sling." 
 These stones of the slings are undoubtedly in- 
 tended here to denote missiles^ or war materials 
 ot" that kind. 
 
 It is not said here, as in the previous verse, 
 that he esteems as chaff these things. Nor is 
 the expression the same as the one made use of 
 in the verse following, where it is said that he 
 esteems darts as chaff. But here an entirely 
 different expression is made use of. It is said 
 that these stones of the sling, or missiles, are 
 turned unto him^ as chaff. In other word, that 
 these things are turned over to him the same as 
 the most ordinary and harmless things are. 
 
 It is easy to perceive that this passage could not 
 have been understood in this sense \^y those who 
 supposed that some wild animal was here referred to. 
 Consequently, they rendered to suit their views. 
 
 But with me the case is different, for I have 
 discoved a strange monster to which apply, in a 
 singular manner, all these hard sa3dngs. Yes, 
 even modern sling-stones, or missiles of war, as 
 well as war implement, are turned over unto our 
 leviathan in great quantities, especiall}^ in war 
 times. And he thinks no more of them than if 
 he were loaded with the most ordinary and harm- 
 less things. Their enormous weight is nothing 
 to him. The explosive nature of the ammunition 
 that he carries within his coils has no terror for 
 him. He beholds them with the same indiffer- 
 ence that he does his ordinary chaff. 
 
IN THK HOOK OF JOB. 303 
 
 Here, then, is a clear reference to the utility 
 of our railroads in war times. 
 
 After this the reader need not be surprised as 
 to what may come next. 
 
 This verse should then read : " The archer 
 will not make this one flee. Missiles of ivar will 
 be turned unto him as chaff." 
 
 Our leviathan is, indeed, a strange monster. 
 He can fill his coils with sharp and pointed instru- 
 ments without the least inconvenience to himself. 
 He can always increase his capacity to suit the 
 occasion. Should any of his members become 
 damaged, another will soon replace it ; for, as we 
 have seen in a previous verse, his members are 
 detachable. Behold, even his head can be parted 
 from his serpent-like body, and united to it ai^ain 
 at will. 
 
 He has been often seen without a spark of life, 
 and then, at once, made alive again by the en- 
 chanting rod of his keeper. Should he die for- 
 ever, the whole world would mourn his loss. 
 Great cities would be turned into darkness. Others 
 would vanish from their places ; and many people 
 would perish from distress. That this might not 
 happen, his creator has endowed him with an iron 
 constitution, and protected his body with impene- 
 trable shields. Yea, he has given him bones of 
 iron and steel, and has made his race to last for 
 
3^4 
 
 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 HE REJOICETH AT THE POKING OF THE 
 FIREMAN. 
 
 Verse 29. 
 
 {^■pp I As chaflF 
 
 ^DtJ^nj they are esteemed 
 
 nnin l the strokes of a club, or hammer 
 
 pnj^*^*) ! and he will laugh, rejoice 
 
 
 at the shaking, poking 
 of the fireman. 
 
 Quasi stipuluni 
 
 aestimabit 
 
 malleum, 
 
 et deridebit 
 
 vibrantem 
 
 hastem. 
 
 " Darts are counted as stubble ; he laugheth at the shak- 
 ing of a spear. ' ' 
 
 The meaning generally attributed to this verse 
 seems to be but a repetition of the idea ex- 
 pressed in former ones, viz., that darts and spears 
 are as chaff to him. 
 
 I consider as more probable that the word 
 (nniri) thotharh^ rendered clubs ^ darts ^ has the mean- 
 ing of hammer, sledge. The Septuagint and 
 Vulgate both give it that meaning. 
 
 But I consider that this word is the subject, 
 and not the object of the verb to esteem. And 
 as the verb is in the plural so should be its 
 subject; therefore I look upon this word as mean- 
 ing the strokes of a ha?nmer. This gives us, as 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 305 
 
 the meaning of this passage : " The strokes of 
 a hammer are esteemed as chaff." 
 
 The Vulgate has: "As stubble will he esteem 
 the hammer.'' I cannot see in what sen.se (i 
 hammer can be said to be as stubble to him. 
 unless, as I have just shown, the original be in- 
 tended for the strokes of a hamnier. 
 
 The Septuagint have : " Hammers are esteemed 
 as stubble." 
 
 This version does not render this passage any 
 more intelligible than the one quoted above. But 
 we may suppose that hammerings^ or the strokes 
 of a hamvicr are here meant, and, from what we 
 have already seen of the nature of this monster, 
 that it ma}^ refer to a machine constructed of iron, 
 or the like, which would be likely to be repeatedlj- 
 struck with heavy hammers and sledges during 
 the process of its construction. In this sense we 
 may conclude that the leviathan is, at times, struck 
 with a hammer ; but, on account of his nature, 
 that these strokes are as nothing (chaff) to him. 
 
 If we but glance at our huge locomotive, when \\\ 
 process of construction, we will at once realize how 
 applicable to him are these singular expressions. 
 
 His limbs are rolled and pressed, and fashioned 
 with heavy sledges. The iron plates which form 
 his body are being rivetted and welded with the 
 repeated strokes of heavy hammers. The clatter- 
 ing noise of the repeated blows he is receiving 
 from all sides is almost deafening, yet from the 
 sounds he emits, one might think that he is re- 
 joicing, and laughing the louder, the heavier the 
 
306 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 blows he receives, as though scorning the efforts 
 of those who are beating him. 
 
 When his masters are through with him, 
 every inch on his back bears the marks 
 of the blows he has sustained. Yet, strange to 
 say, he gives evidence of being stronger than 
 ever, and by his wonderful feats of valor soon 
 becomes the admiration of all. 
 
 His shields are passed through the fire as if to 
 prepare them for the great heat to which he is 
 to be exposed. And his body is reared up and 
 strengthened b}^ blows, that he may be able to 
 withstand the terrible shocks which await him on 
 his way. 
 
 Where is there to be found, among wild animals, 
 one which can boast, with as much propriety, that 
 the blows of a hammer are as chaff to him. 
 
 The balance of this verse is no less astonish- 
 ing and true than what we have just seen ; but 
 it has not received full justice at the hands of 
 our translators. 
 
 Most versions render it : " He laugheth at the 
 shaking of a spear." 
 
 The vulgate has : " He will laugh him to scorn 
 who shaketh the spear." 
 
 The original is susceptible of a variety of 
 meanings. Besides the above we might render: 
 "He will rejoice at the- raging of war, or, at a 
 conflagration." 
 
 I consider that tabs (PT^) kidon rendered spear ^ 
 javelin ; is a derivative of (11?) kadad^ meaning 
 to beal^ to pound ^ hence to strike fire ; and in this 
 
IN THK HOOK OF JOB. 307 
 
 instance to one ivho beats or pokes the fire ; viz., a 
 fireman. Therefore I render : " He will rejoice at 
 the shaking (or, poking) of the fireman." 
 
 This is also the meaning given to this passage 
 
 by the SeptUagint : " Kara^eXa 6e aeiafiov nvp<l>opov." Hc 
 
 rejoiceth at the shaking of the fire-bearer. 
 
 Could anything be more unexpected than the 
 finding of such strange and conclusive evidence of 
 the nature of the leviathan ? 
 
 We have seen in verse 21, that /n's inhaling 
 is said to vivify the coals of fire. And here, un- 
 doubtedly, it is at the poking of this same fire by 
 the fireman, that he is said to rejoice. 
 
 I would have felt it hazardous for the success of 
 my w;ork, to have ventured to assert, at the begin- 
 ning, that Job even made mention of a fireman 
 poking the fire which was inside of this monster. 
 Luckily my views are fully corroborated by the 
 Septuagint, as shown above. 
 
 The reader will fully realize the propriety and 
 poetry there is in saying of our intrepid and fleet- 
 footed monster, who seeks no better than to show 
 his great power and lightning speed, that he re- 
 joiceth at the increasing courage he feels in- 
 stilled into his blood at each touch of the life- 
 giving rod of the fireman. 
 
 This singular verse will now become interesting 
 to those who have charge of Job's great leviathan. 
 From all that I can see, it was originally intended 
 to read : " The strokes of a hammer (or, of a club) 
 will be esteemed as chaff; and he will rejoice at 
 the poking of the fireman." 
 
368 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY. 
 
 In reference to this same leviathan we find a 
 singular passage in Job, chap. iii. 8, where he 
 calls down dire imprecations upon the night of 
 his birth. It reads: "Let them curse it who 
 curse the day, them who are ready to raise up 
 a leviathan." 
 
 The Septuagint render : " They who are on 
 the eve of subjugating the leviathan." 
 
 Prof. Lee has : " Let them who curse the day 
 stigmatize it, who are ready to stir up the levia- 
 than." 
 
 As to the word (DH^flJ^) athidim^ rendered, 
 they who are ready ; it has also the meaning of 
 they who are prepared^ destined^ practiced^ skilful^ 
 either in bringing forth or handling the levia- 
 than. Therefore we may look upon this passage 
 as referring to some nation that was either des- 
 tined to bring forth this leviathan, or that would 
 be skilful in handling him or stirring him up. 
 
 As to the difi&culties of this verse, -and the 
 doubtful meaning of these " cursers of day," 
 Barnes, in his notes on this passage, says : 
 " This entire verse is exceedingly difi&cult, and 
 many different expositions have been given of 
 it. The practice of cursing the day, or cursing 
 the sun, is said by Herodotus to have prevailed 
 among the people of Africa, whom he calls the 
 Atlantes, living in the vicinity of Mount Atlas. 
 " Of all mankind," says he, " of whom we have 
 any knowledge, the Atlantes alone have no 
 distinction of names ; the body of the people 
 are termed Atlantes, but their individuals liave 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 309 
 
 no appropriate appellation. When the sun is at 
 the highest they heap on it reproaches and execra- 
 tions, because their country and themselves are 
 parched by its rays." Still, Barnes supposes that 
 reference is had here to diviners who were sup- 
 posed to have power to render a day of ill omen. 
 
 But I doubt very much that Job intended to 
 refer here to any such people ; but rather that 
 he calls on all those who, like himself, on account 
 of overwhelming grief and distress, curse the very 
 day of their birth. Then, in the second membet 
 of the verse, he calls on even them who (H) would 
 be destined to bring forth, or to manage with skill, 
 this terrible leviathan. 
 
 Therefore I would render : " Let them who 
 curse their own day, curse it ; even them who 
 are destined to bring forth the leviathan." 
 
 In this light, this astonishing and difficult verse, 
 may refer either to England or America ; as both 
 countries have been very prominent and success- 
 ful in bringing forth and developing our numer- 
 ous and wonderful appliances of steam, and both 
 very skilful in handling and stirrhig up to full 
 speed our modern leviathan. This is another of 
 those difficult passages which find a natural anci 
 astonishing solution when viewed as referring to 
 our modern engine of power. 
 
310 
 
 A WONDKKFUl. DISCO VMKY 
 
 HE WILL SPREAD HIMvSELF A BED OVER 
 MARSHY PLACES. 
 
 Verse 30. 
 
 vnrrn 
 
 His underparts 
 
 
 Sub ipso 
 
 nnn 
 
 notched stakes, 
 
 hewed timbers 
 
 erunt radii 
 
 ■.■.^T 
 
 of the artificer ; 
 
 i^^^) 
 
 solis ; 
 
 "^Sn^ 
 
 He will spread 
 
 
 et sternet sibi 
 
 PT? 
 
 a trench, or, an 
 
 embankment 
 
 aurum 
 
 to»D-''?i 
 
 upon the mire. 
 
 
 quasi lutum. 
 
 Sharp stones are under him ; he spreadeth sharp pointed 
 things upon the mire." 
 
 This verse, like many others, has proved a 
 vexation, to all who labored to fathom its mys- 
 teries. Its true meaning seems to have re- 
 mained a deep secret up to the present day. 
 
 I have not found a commentator who seemed 
 to be satisfied that he had succeeded in elucida- 
 ting its difficulties. Undoubtedly, had they pos- 
 sessed the key to this description, they would 
 have left us quite a different version from the 
 one we have at present. 
 
 The principal cause of the trouble has been, as 
 in many other instances, the various and widely 
 different interpretations of which the orginal words 
 are susceptible. \ 
 
IN THK BOOK Oh JOH. 3 I 1 
 
 The Vulgate is so different from all other ver- 
 sions, that one would be inclined to believe that 
 it had obtained its ideas from an entirely differ- 
 ent source from the one we now have at hand. 
 
 It renders : " The rays of the sun will be 
 beneath him ; and he will spread under himself 
 gold as clay." This is about as difficult to 
 understand as the original itself The Septua- 
 gint have also a singular reading, which is : 
 " His bed is of sharp stones, and all the gold 
 of the sea is beneath him as the mire the most 
 vile." 
 
 It is evident that these seventy enlightened 
 scholars were as much at sea, concerning the 
 meaning of this verse, as most of those of our own 
 days. Albert Barnes renders as follows : " Under 
 him are sharp potsherds ; he spreadetli out his 
 rough parts upon the mire." 
 
 The late Revised Version of Oxford has : 
 ** His underparts are like sharp potsherds. He 
 spreadeth as it were a threshing wain upon the 
 mire." This is by far the most literal rendering 
 of any of the above. Still, the reference of the 
 second hemistich is not easily perceived. 
 
 B}^ explaining the difficulties of each word of 
 this verse separatel}^, the reader will have an 
 idea of the perplexities which translators often 
 meet with. 
 
 The first word, as seen at the beginning, means, 
 his MJidrrneath parts. It is the same word which 
 occurs in the twenty-fourth verse designating 
 somctliing loii\ bniratli ; aiid which, according to 
 
312 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 the requirements of that verse, I rendered the 
 lower rocks, the nether stones. 
 
 In both instances it is an adjective without 
 the noun or the name of the thing or things 
 which it is intended to qualify. This often occurs 
 when the name of the object is not known, or 
 when it is left to be inferred from the context. 
 It would seem, in this instance — and this can 
 apply to this entire description — that the writer 
 did not intend to specify things so clearly that 
 any one could comprehend them before the time 
 of their fulfilment. Such is found to be the 
 case with most prophecies. 
 
 Here, then, this word is evidently intended to 
 refer to things which were underneath this mon- 
 ster, literally, his underneath parts. 
 
 Some translators, supposing that the bed of 
 this monster was intended, translated accordingly. 
 Others render, under him^ which is not literally 
 correct, as the pronominal suffix, in the Hebrew, 
 is • in the possessive and not in the objective 
 case. Then again the adjective is in the plural ; 
 so that it cannot be literally rendered otherwise 
 than by his underneath parts^ or his underparts. 
 What these underparts are, is obscurely indicated 
 by the two words which follow, (C^'^n nTin). Un- 
 fortunately the former, in its present form, seems 
 to be also an adjective in the plural, meaning 
 something sharps hewed., cut i?ito. I consider that 
 the reference here is to notched timbers. This 
 word seems to be intended to qualify the one 
 following it — (C'^n). But when we consider how 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOIJ. 313 
 
 many different meanings may be given to this 
 word by simply varying its pointing — which, 
 after all, must be admitted to be often very 
 arbitrary — we will find ourselves in a dilemma 
 from which we cannot ver}' easily extricate our- 
 selves. 
 
 The word, as it now appears, means a sherd, 
 potsherd, i. e.^ a fragment of an earthen vessel. 
 The same letters pointed thus i^')^) charash, 
 mean to cut, to grave, to make. Then (^^'"^0) 
 cha7'ash, a?i artificer, craftsman. Then (S^'"}n) 
 cheresh, artificial work ; {^^^) chorash, a cuttmg 
 instrument ; (t5^")n) choresh, a thicket ; and Chaldee 
 (^"^D) charash, to be entangled, interwoven, etc.. 
 Thus the original might have have been pointed 
 by the Masorites so as to have had any of the 
 above meanings ; as, in many instances, they 
 must have been guided by their own ideas of 
 the meaning of a word. In the first instance it 
 might be rendered, " His underparts are sharp 
 pieces of a potsherd." But it is evident that 
 this cannot be literally true of any animal. A 
 potsherd is only a fragfnent of earthenware. 
 
 According to this, the meaning would be that, 
 the underneath parts of this monster were sharp 
 pieces of a fragment. Take notice that the ori- 
 ginal does not say that these parts were like, or 
 similar to fragments, although so rendered b}'- 
 many. 
 
 Taken in the sense of (t^^^) '^/z^^^-y^, which I 
 consider to be the word intended here, and mean- 
 ing artificer, craftsman, we have the following 
 
314 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 plausible meaning : " His underparts are sharp 
 (or notched) stakes of the artificer." Or we may 
 render : " The parts which are underneath him are 
 sharp stakes, or notched timbers of the craftsman." 
 
 In this verse it would seem that what is intended 
 is not certain members of this monster's body, 
 but parts which were independent of him, and 
 which were notched^ cut into ; the handy work of 
 man. Most likely this is an allusion to some 
 sort of frame-work, of which the timbers were 
 cut and notched to fit into each other. This was 
 located underneath him and formed something 
 upon which he rested as though it had formed 
 his bed. In fact such is the sense attributed to 
 these words by the Septuagint ; that is, they looked 
 upon these sharp things as forming the bed upon 
 which the leviathan rested. 
 
 A glance at our locomotive, as he glides along 
 on his iron-bound bed, will soon reveal to us the 
 possibility of these artificially wrought works 
 referring to the construction of the railroad track. 
 It is a fine and substantial piece of workman- 
 ship, formed of timbers cut and notched to suit ; 
 and of elongated and narrow steel bands or rails, 
 also the work of the artificer, as the text requires. 
 
 All this is substantially united and braced 
 together, or interzvoven^ as implied in the Chaldee 
 sense of the word ip^TS) char ash. This forms, 
 really — as the Septuagint have it — the bed of 
 this monster, that upon which he rests and rolls. 
 
 Thus this passage, which has puzzled so many, 
 would be to us another very unexpected revelation. 
 
IN THK BOOK OF JOI;. 315 
 
 Yet, a very appropriate meaiiing, ai.d one 
 which is as likely to have been intended as the 
 above, may be derived from the same words of 
 this passage. 
 
 Taking the word (nnn) ckaddouday, as referring 
 to sharp-pointed stakes, or to timbers skilfully 
 wrought, or cut, (the work of the artificer) we 
 would have: "His uuderparts are sharp-pointed 
 stakes, or, timbers skilfully wrought." 
 
 Here then, would be our modern trestle works, 
 made of long sharp spiles, or timbers skilfully 
 wrought, and united together with cross beams 
 and braces, and upon which rest the rails of 
 the track. 
 
 This meaning is no less extraordinary than 
 the first; and, as I have just said, just as likely 
 to have been intended. In fact it would agree 
 better with the Septuagint, who liken these sharp 
 tkiiio-s, to long, sharp obelisks. These were tall, 
 square pillars, gradually tapering as they rose, 
 and erected in honor of distinguished personages. 
 A row of such pillars with braces between them, 
 and iron rails above, would correspond very well 
 to man}^ of our high railroad bridges. But tlie 
 original Hebrew would seem to favor the idea of 
 long pointed stakes, or, pieces of hewn or notched 
 timbers, rather than that of high square pillars. 
 
 This passage, then, can refer either to a rail- 
 road track, as a piece of artificial work, or to the 
 skilfully wrought timbers of our trestle works. 
 
 Both are essential to the onward progress 
 of a locomotive, and really constitute, as the text 
 
3l6 ' A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY. 
 
 requires, his underparts. Both are closely related, 
 in nature and purpose, to all we have discovered 
 of this wonderful monster. 
 
 As to the second member of this verse, I sur- 
 mise that it will be no less surprising to the reader 
 than the first. The word ("^5"^) raphad, means, 
 to spread, in the sense of one spreading his bed. 
 It means also to pave a road, to spi'ead a road 
 with something. 
 
 The Latin word used here by the Vulgate has 
 also this meaning. The next word, — the one 
 on which has been wrecked the whole meaning 
 of this passage — is (p'}^) charouts, which means, 
 primarily, something cut down, or, cut into ; from 
 which a ditch, a trench; also a furrow, an em- 
 bankinent, from being elevated and cut down or 
 dug out on each side. This word has also been 
 taken here, by some translators, to refer to a 
 threshing sledge. In ancient times these sledges 
 were constructed in various ways. 
 
 The one which might have been referred to 
 here was made like a low truck, such as is often 
 used for carrying heavy stones, and had, instead 
 of wheels, heavy rollers of wood or stone. This 
 they rolled over the straw with oxen. 
 
 I cannot see how this meaning of the word 
 could find a place here, unless it is meant that, 
 what was spread underneath the leviathan re- 
 sembled a truck or a threshing sledge, and that 
 it rolled " over marshy places." 
 
 Although quite applicable to our railroad trucks, 
 I cannot admit that the original word has been 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 317 
 
 intended in that sense here, although it may in 
 the sense of a sledging machine^ or what we 
 noV7 call a spile-driver. 
 
 This would give also two very unexpected and 
 quite plausible meanings to this second part of 
 the verse. 
 
 The first would be : " He will spread a trench 
 (or an embankment) upon the mire." And the 
 second : " He will spread it ivith a sledge upon 
 the mire," meaning that the interwoven work, 
 or trestle work, mentioned in the first part of 
 the verse, would be extended and constructed 
 over marshy places by means of some sort of a 
 sledge, or spile-driver, which would sledge down 
 the sharp spiles in marshy places, that the levia- 
 than might pass over in safety. 
 
 What will our modern railroad engineers say 
 to this? I say modern^ because it is now quite 
 evident that Job knew all about railroads and 
 railroad bridges long before they did. He be- 
 held and admired, centuries ago, the marvels of 
 engineering and skill of the nineteenth century. 
 He knew, long before us, that a boiling caldron 
 would be made to run to and fro, and to lash 
 the sea like a huge monster. 
 
 He evidently saw the engine spreading its own 
 bed or embankment over marshy places ; and ex- 
 tending his way over rivers by means of long 
 and sharp spiles driven down by our modem 
 steam sledging machines. Or a Brooklyn bridge 
 spread over immense pillars resembling the obe- 
 lisks of old. 
 
3l8 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 It is also singular and worthy of remark how 
 often, in this description, we meet with the very- 
 technical expressions made use of in our days by 
 railroad engineers. 
 
 For instance, in one sense of the present verse, 
 Job speaks of the locomotive spreadi7ig its own 
 bed. The space which lies between the rails and 
 upon which rest the cross-ties, is called this day 
 the bed of the road ; it is generally spread with 
 gravel or sand carried along the road by the 
 engine itself. 
 
 It is amusing to see to what length some 
 commentators have gone to show how this verse 
 could apply either to the whale or to the croco- 
 dile. It is an interesting study to compare their 
 various works. 
 
 I fancy that our iron-shielded monster is 
 destined to crash into many of these valuable 
 works ; to explode a number of old theories, and 
 to tread under his iron hoofs all the wild mon- 
 sters which will dare to dispute his claims to 
 the championship, and to the name of leviathan. 
 He seems destined also to avenge the name of 
 the great prophet. Job. 
 
 I would now offer the following as the literal 
 meaning of this extraordinary verse. 
 
 " His underparts are hewed timbers of the 
 craftsman. He will spread an embankment upon 
 the mire." 
 
IN THU BOOK. OF jOik 
 
 319 
 
 HE WIIX CAUSE THE SEA TO BOH.. 
 
 Verso 31. 
 
 rrnT 
 
 He will cause to be 
 
 Fervescere faciei 
 
 "^'i?D 
 
 as a boiling pot 
 
 quasi ollam 
 
 njp^ivp 
 
 the deep places ; 
 
 profundam 
 
 °! 
 
 the sea 
 
 mare, 
 
 
 he will render 
 
 as boiling ointment 
 
 et ponet 
 
 [bulliunt. 
 quasi cum unguenta 
 
 " He maketh the deep sea to boil like a pot, he maketh 
 the sea like a pot of ointment." 
 
 So far, everything that has been said of the 
 leviathan has corresponded, in an extraordinary 
 manner, with the locomotive, or self-propelling 
 steam engine. 
 
 But now, in this verse, it is evident that the 
 allusion is to some powerful sea monster. 
 
 He is represented as ploughing up the deep 
 places and lashing the waters, even of the great 
 seas, with such terrible force that they foam and 
 boil up as though they were a kettle of boiling 
 oil. 
 
 It is evident al.so from the wording of the 
 original, that two different bodies of water are 
 here meant. This must be inferred from the 
 difference of the words made use of, and from 
 
320 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 the reasonable supposition that, had a similar 
 body of water been intended in both instances/ 
 the same word would have been repeated. 
 
 Consequently this difference should be in- 
 dicated in our translations. The deep^ and the 
 sea^ are synomymous expressions, denoting with 
 us the same thing. It would therefore be better 
 to render this passage : ' He maketh the deep 
 places^ or the deep rivers to boil like a pot." 
 It is evident to me that the idea intended to be 
 conveyed by these deep places is, that this crea- 
 ture could not easily move about in shallow water 
 nor in low raar&hy places. If so, neither the croco- 
 dile nor the hippopotamus could have been meant 
 here. Neither are they sea monsters. Neither 
 do they amuse themselves in lashing the sea in 
 the extraordinary manner above described. 
 
 It must also be inferred that the monster here 
 meant, felt as much at home in the midst of the 
 sea as he did in the deep rivers of fresh water, 
 which is not the case with the two creatures 
 above mentioned. Some deep sea monster could 
 make out a better claim here. But, again, these 
 terrible monsters of the deep do not inhabit fresh 
 water streams. Even so, all that has been said 
 of the leviathan should also be found to apply 
 to such a monster; and none have been found 
 possessing all the required attributes. Even 
 the powerful champions of the crocodile and of 
 the whale have had a hard task to reduce the 
 armor of the leviathan to fit their favorites. 
 
 It might be well to quote here, — although I 
 
IX THE BOOK OF JOB. 321 
 
 will refer to it more fully at the end of this 
 chapter — the extraordinar\^ passage which occurs 
 in Psl. civ. 26: "There the ships go to and fro; 
 and leviathan, that one which thou hast formed 
 to sport therein." This leviathan, then, must 
 have been formed to sport also in the high seas 
 where the ships go to and fro. It is evident 
 also that it can no longer be understood of a 
 locomotive. For a locomotive does not run in 
 rivers or the sea. 
 
 Now it will be remembered that, at the begin- 
 ning of this forty-first chapter, I claimed that the 
 only difference between the behemoth and the 
 leviathan was, that the former was intended to 
 refer more particularly to the stationary steam 
 engine, whilst the latter referred to the locomo- 
 tive, or, to the self-propelling engine on sea or on 
 land. 
 
 In the verse under consideration, it is still the 
 self-propelling steam engine which is had in view, 
 but under a new form and in a new capacit3\ 
 
 It is here our self-propelling marine engine, or 
 steam as applied to steamships and steamboats. 
 
 To what monster of the deep could the words 
 of this verse apply with more force and pro- 
 priety than to those tremendous and exceedingly 
 powerful engines which propel our monster ships 
 through the deep seas ? 
 
 With its terrible revolving fins, this creature 
 of destiny lashes the briny deep into billows 
 of raging foam till it seems, indeed, like a kettle 
 of boiling oil. 
 
322 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 He makes of the sea a place of promenade. 
 
 A deep river he causes to swell and boil as 
 though it were " a pot of boiling water. This is 
 easily understood of the huge swells and great 
 agitation of the water caused b}' the paddle wheels. 
 
 Our steamships and steamboats abhor shallow 
 water and marshy places. Therefore is the 
 leviathan spoken of as sporting only in deep 
 places. 
 
 It is also a singular fact that the largest and 
 most powerful steamship ever built was called 
 the Leviathan, I have reference to the one which 
 was afterwards named The Great Eastern. 
 
 Our modern monster of power is, therefore, also 
 amphibious, and fulfills to the letter the words 
 of this verse ; viz., " He will cause deep places to 
 become as a boiling pot ; he will make the sea to 
 appear like boiling ointment." 
 
IN' THl', BOOK Ol' JOI!. 
 
 323 
 
 HlC LKAVKS A FOAMING PATH BEHIND HIM. 
 
 
 Verae 32. 
 
 
 
 vnnK 
 
 His hinder part (or 
 
 parts) 
 
 Post cum 
 
 ■^'iJ? 
 
 will cause to shine 
 
 
 lucebit 
 
 2'r\; 
 
 a path. 
 
 
 semita. 
 
 DCTT! 
 
 One will think 
 
 
 ^listimabit 
 
 Dinri 
 
 the deep sea 
 
 
 abyssum 
 
 : ny;^'? 
 
 as if growing gray. 
 
 
 quasi senescentem 
 
 " He maketh a path to shine after him ; one would think 
 the deep to be hoary." 
 
 This verse is uot difficult to understand. With 
 the exception of the Septuagint, all agree in their 
 rendeiings. 
 
 Some commentators, however, differ as to the 
 proper application of the word rendered sea. 
 Those who look upon the crocodile as being al- 
 luded to, suppose that it refers to some large 
 river, or to the Nile. 
 
 Prof. Lee, referring to Bochart, in loco, sa3's 
 that "he has not been able to show that (DlUri) 
 lehoiii, has ever been applied to anj^ river, much 
 less the Nile." 
 
 The Septuagint have : '' The unknown ex 
 pause of the deep is as a captive to him ; he 
 converteth the deep into a place of promenade." 
 
324 A WONDERFUIv DISCOVERY 
 
 This is another of those singular passages we 
 meet with in this Greek Version. Where they got 
 their ideas from will probably never be known 
 to us. 
 
 It is singular that seventy of the best scholars 
 of those days should here all agree to this ren- 
 dering of the Hebrew. It would appear more 
 probable that they followed some old tradition or 
 manuscript, with which we are unacquainted. 
 
 Nevertheless it is worthy of a place among 
 the original ones. 
 
 We must concede that it agrees well with the 
 character of this description, and suits, in a re- 
 markable manner, the views I have advanced. 
 Steam has, indeed, conquered the sea and its ter- 
 rors ; and has made, of its vast expanse, a sporting- 
 ground. 
 
 It is evident that the Septuagint looked upon 
 the leviathan as the master of the deep, and not 
 as a crocodile or any other such insignificant 
 creature of the mire. 
 
 Upon closer study of this verse, I find that 
 there is expressed in it an idea which does not 
 seem to have been noticed, and which has some 
 value under the present circumstances. 
 
 The first word of this verse which has been 
 rendered, "after him," is not an adjective, but a 
 substantive and should be rendered, 'his hinder 
 parts. The original word is far more frequently 
 used in the plural. With suffixes — as in the 
 present case — the plural form is always used. 
 (Gesenius, lex.) 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 325 
 
 Consequentl}' we should read : " His hinder 
 parts will cause a path to shine." We have seen 
 described in the previous verse the action of the 
 paddle-wheels of a steamboat, as they lash the 
 waters into foaming billows. 
 
 In a certain class of boats and ships, these 
 wheels are located on each side ; and I presume 
 it is to this class of boats that the description 
 of the previous verse refers. 
 
 But here it would appear that these parts which 
 caused his path to shine, were located at the rear, 
 and not at the sides of the one alluded to. 
 
 I can see, then, in the first word of this verse, 
 a direct allusion to our stern-wheel ships and 
 steamboats. 
 
 Most of our steamships of to-day are built 
 with screw propellers, and many of our Missis- 
 sippi boats — on account of the narrow and shallow 
 stream they navigate — are obliged to place their 
 propelling wheel in the rear. 
 
 Really it would seem as though the holy man 
 Job was not of the past, but of the present. Or 
 as though he had been transported in spirit to 
 these localities. He seems to have seen our 
 overflows, and steam drainage machines (chap, 
 xl. 23, 24.) He has just described our trestle- 
 works and road-beds laid through our numerous 
 marshy places. 
 
 And now he sees and describes either those 
 unique stern-wheel boats, or our modern steam- 
 ships with screw propellers. 
 
 The literal rendering of this verse is : " His 
 
326 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 hinder parts will cause a path to shine ; one will 
 think the deep to be growing gray." 
 
 The reference of this description to the well- 
 know action of a powerful steamer, cannot be 
 mistaken. Who has not often admired the spark- 
 ling path of hoary foam which our swift steamers 
 leave after them, as they pass through the briny 
 deep ? They cause Neptune to boil and foam 
 with such rage that, indeed, one would think that 
 his locks had turned gray with fright; whilst 
 his whole face frowns with dee!p furrows and 
 huge wrinkles, at the rapid advance of this new 
 Monarch of the deep. And well he may, for 
 Leviathan has come to conquer his domains and 
 all his tributaries, and to banish for ever the 
 terrors of his name. 
 
IN THE BOOK OK lOB. 
 
 327 
 
 UPON EARTH THERE IS NOTHING LIKE HIM. 
 
 r^ 
 
 There is none, or, nothing, 
 
 Non est potestas 
 
 '^PX'^y. 
 
 upon the dust, earth 
 
 super terram 
 
 i7ii^D 
 
 like him. 
 
 quiE comparetur e- 
 
 "^^^^6 
 
 he that is made — constructed 
 
 qui factus est 
 
 nn-*'?3'? 
 
 that he can fear nothing. 
 
 ut nullum timeret 
 
 "Upon earth there is not his like, who is made without 
 fear. ' ' 
 
 This will be found to be a very important 
 verse. Although it docs not appear, at first 
 sight, to contain any extraordinar}' disclosures, 
 yet the broad assertion that, " upon eartli there 
 is not his like," would seem to exclude the 
 possibility of there being then on earth, or of 
 having been up to that time, any animal or 
 mechanical device at all like this leviathan. 
 
 The Vulgate has inserted tlie word potestas^ — 
 power ; giving to the first member of this verse 
 the following meaning : " There is not upon 
 earth a poiver which can be compared to him." 
 
 Although this rendering is strongl}' in my 
 favor, yet I prefer the original, which I render : 
 "There is nothing upon the dust (or, upon 
 the whole earth) like him; he that is so con 
 structed that he can fear nothint::. 
 
328 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 As will be observed, the original does uot limit 
 its comparsion to a power, nor to an animal. It em- 
 phatically asserts that, " There is nothing upon 
 the dnst (or, upon the whole earth,) like him.'" 
 
 The italicized words are not expressed in the 
 original, although usually included in the idea 
 conveyed by the word Jiothing or not. We could 
 as well render, there was 7iothing.^ or, there will 
 be nothing., if the context required it. 
 
 Therefore it cannot be argued that the com- 
 parison is intended only with such monsters as 
 were then in existence. 
 
 Moreover it is well to bear in mind that it 
 has never been definitely decided, up to the 
 present day, to what animal or animals the 
 wonderful attributes of behemoth and leviathan 
 could apply. 
 
 Then again the word animal or, beast does 
 not occur once in any of the forty-four verses 
 of this description. At times it would seem 
 "most essential and natural that either of the 
 above names should appear, yet, as if for some 
 mysterious reason, they do not. For instance in 
 the present verse, how natural to have said (if 
 this description referred to an animal), "There is 
 no animal upon earth like this one." 
 
 Yet this would not have settled the question 
 according to the views of some of our expositors. 
 
 For they who favor the whale, try to make a 
 point of this by arguing that it is here meant 
 that, there is no animal on land at all comparable 
 to this creature of the sea. 
 
IN THK HOOK OF JOB. 329 
 
 Prof. Lee says : " The distinction intended is, 
 that, as this is a water animal, no snch other 
 can be found on land. But this cannot be said 
 of the crocodile, which is amphibious." 
 
 To this I would answer that the Professor is 
 evidently arguing from a very gratuitous assump- 
 tion. 
 
 Nowhere is it stated that the leviathan here 
 described, is an animal. Neither is it at all 
 distinctl}' asserted that the leviathan is to be 
 found exclusively in the water, or on the land. 
 
 On the contrar}-, the most learned exegetists 
 have decided that the one here meant must have 
 been amphibious. 
 
 Moreover, to assert that it is intended, in this 
 verse, to establish a distinction between this water 
 animal and all land animals, is, to say the least, 
 very improbable. 
 
 The natural distinction itself, between these 
 two species of creatures, is so great that it almost 
 entireh' precludes the necessity of affirming any 
 such distinction ; and especially in a case where, 
 as claimed here b}^ Prof. Lee, reference is had 
 exclnsively to some water animal. Surel}^ no 
 one would expect to find anything like a whale 
 upon land. 
 
 Then again is it not absurb to sa}- that what 
 is meant here, is, that there can be found on land 
 no other such water animal as this ? 
 
 As it has seemed evident to the best scholars 
 who have made a serious study of this descrip- 
 tion, that an amphibious monster is here alluded 
 
330 A WONDERFUL DLSCOVERY 
 
 to, then the expression upon the dust^ upon the 
 earth, would have to be accepted as referring to 
 the whole world, land and water That is, the 
 leviathan on land has not its equal or its like 
 among all the creatures of the earth. And, as 
 a sea monster, his like or his equal, cannot be 
 found among all the animals of the deep. 
 
 This would give to the original words their 
 broadest and fiillest sense, viz., that there is 
 nothing on the face of the whole earth which 
 can be compared to this one. 
 
 Naturally, in a comparison between the levia- 
 than and the animals of the earth or of the sea, 
 we would be limited to the points of excellence 
 claimed for him in the description given. This 
 is what I have aimed to do in comparing the 
 extraordinary attributes of the so-called leviathan 
 with the well-known capacities of our modern 
 creature of power. 
 
 If the latter has filled the description, even 
 better than anything else which has been pro- 
 posed, then the probability of having discovered 
 the long-sought-for leviathan will become a 
 matter of study and discussion for those who 
 feel interested in such an extraordinary claim. 
 
 With the majority will rest the final decision. 
 
 But, unless they discover some yet unheard-of 
 iron-ribbed and fiery flying serpent, I am confident 
 our modern leviathan will have no cause to fear, 
 any more than he fears now an elephant or a croco- 
 dile with which he often sports on the way. 
 
 It would appear then, from the wording of 
 
IN THE BOOK. Ol- JOB. 33 ^ 
 
 this passage, that the leviathan could have had 
 uo rivals, neither upon land nor in the sea. 
 This is certainly claiming a great deal more for 
 this one than can be claimed for any monster 
 of which we have any knowledge. 
 
 It could not apply to any species of whale for 
 they all have enemies which worry them and 
 even cause their death. 
 
 Then there is no species of whale which is 
 so unlike any other that it can be said that, 
 there is Jiothiuir like hint. 
 
 Moreover a whale is not amphibious. For 
 similar reasons this verse could nut apply to the 
 elephant. 
 
 Neither can this verse apply to the crocodile, 
 for he has not only his equal on land, but also 
 animals which are by far his superiors in many 
 respects. 
 
 Undoubtedly many a mastodon would have 
 thought little of him as a rival. 
 
 The only points in which he seems to answer 
 the description of the leviathan are, his impene- 
 trable scales and his amphibious nature. Yet 
 in these respects he does not excel even an 
 ordinary large sea turtle. 
 
 Then again, the crocodile is not a creature of 
 the sea. Neither can it be claimed that he has 
 not, in some way, his like or his equal in the 
 sea, for he wonld make a very poor show in a 
 contest with a shark or a sword-fish ; either of 
 these would soon destroy his so-called impene- 
 trable shield. They also excel him in i)oint of 
 
332 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 fierceness and swiftness of motion, two of the 
 great attributes of the leviathan, as we have 
 already seen. 
 
 From the extraordinary assertions made con- 
 cerning the qualities of this leviathan, we are led 
 to infer that there could be none so swift and 
 so enduring as he ; none so heartless, nor so 
 fiery; none possessed of such a perfect shield ; 
 none so powerful. In fact it is said that, among 
 all the creatures that trod the dust there is none 
 like him. 
 
 These last words, as I have shown, cannot be 
 limited, in their application, either to certain 
 times or to certain creatures. The^^ are most broad 
 in their signification. All times and creatures are 
 present before God. And when He says that, 
 " There is nothing like him," or, " nothing simi- 
 lar to him, among all the creatures that tread the 
 dust " or live upon the earth, then this monster 
 must have been radically different from all the 
 created animals that were then, or consequentl}^, 
 ever have been since.' 
 
 We have this daj^ in our midst just such a 
 monster in our fiery iron-clad dragon. It far 
 surpasses, by its unlimited power and capacity, 
 by its great speed and endurance, by its peculiar 
 nature and construction, and b}' its vast import- 
 ance to .mankind, any animal which was then in 
 existence, or any power which, to our knowledge, 
 has appeared on this earth up to the present 
 time. 
 
 Not only does it seem evident that it is the 
 
IN THE ROOK OF JOB. 333 
 
 one alluded to, but it is clearly to be inferred from 
 these words of the Lord to Job, " There is uof/iiN^r 
 like him," that no such a contrivance of power 
 existed on this earth at that time. Moreover, in 
 the last verse, it is also clearly indicated that no 
 other " conception of power," will ever supersede it. 
 
 From the few remaining words of this verse 
 there are still important conclusions to be drawn. 
 I find the passage to mean : " He that is so con- 
 structed that he can fear nothing." 
 
 The Vulgate has : " He who is made that he 
 may fear nothing." 
 
 It will be remembered that, in verse twent}-- 
 fourth, it is said that, " His heart is as firm as 
 a stone," which I then interpreted as meaning 
 that this monster had no heart at all, no feel- 
 ings. 
 
 The present verse would seem to corroborate 
 these views, for it plainly indicates that the 
 leviathan is made in such a way that he can 
 fear nothing. 
 
 A creature that cannot fear anything, or is 
 made without the sense of fear, must have very 
 blunted feelings, or, most probably, none at all. 
 I do not know where such a monster could be 
 found, unless it be indeed one with iron sinews. 
 
 The most ferocious and wild animals fear 
 thunder and lightning. They all fear a blazing 
 fire. All animals seem to have an innate knowl- 
 edge and fear of their enemies. I am satisfied 
 that all animals can be put to flight by one means 
 or another. Yet this strangest of all monsters — 
 
334 -^ WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 the leviathan — fears neither arrows nor spears, 
 neither fire nor water. He seems to rejoice at 
 the blows of a sledge-hammer, and at the poking 
 of a fireman. 
 
 And the Vnlgate tells us (verse 23) that even 
 were the lightnings to strike him, not one of his 
 limbs would move. 
 
 But this is not all. Possibly the reader has 
 uot taken notice that the leviathan is not said 
 to have been created without fear, but that he is 
 thus made^ constructed. 
 
 It is the same word made use of, in the first 
 verse of the description of behemoth. 
 
 In both instances the word has been rendered 
 almost unanimously by the verb to make, and 
 not to create. 
 
 The primary idea of the M^ord, says Gesenius, 
 lies probably m.^ forming., shaping., cutting. Latin, 
 facere. Then to construct., to build. 
 
 This Hebrew word is not at all the same as 
 the one made use of to denote creation. Neither 
 can these words be used indiscriminately. 
 Numerous instances throughout the Bible attest 
 the truth of this. The word (^?'^^) bara is the 
 one used to denote creation; and it might be 
 said to be sacred in its application to the crea- 
 tions of God, as it is the one made use of in 
 Genesis, chap. i. i. 
 
 This description of the behemoth and levia- 
 than is such an extraordinary one, that I am 
 .satisfied no one will, henceforth, look upon'it as 
 -a production from Job's own mind, but rather as 
 
i\ riiK iJooK oi- joK. 335 
 
 inspired throughout. In fact the book itself tells 
 us that it was the Lord himself who spoke these 
 words to Job. 
 
 Taking this for grauted, then it was the Ivord 
 himself who made u.se of the expression to niakt'^ 
 instead of to create. 
 
 Had it been a subsequent writer wlu) had 
 penned these Hebrew characters, according to his 
 own ideas of an ancient tradition, he would most 
 undoubtedly have looked upon such a wonderful 
 monster as a direct creation of God, — as all others 
 have — and, consequently, he would not have 
 dared to make use of any expression which 
 might have cast a doubt upon the origin of his 
 description and of the creature itself. Therefore 
 it is probable that he would have made use of 
 the word to creat4\ instead of, to ynake. to construct. 
 
 What has seemed doubtful in the eyes of 
 those who looked upon these monsters as created 
 wild animals, becomes, when viewed in this new 
 light, positive evidence in favor of the direct in- 
 spiration of this wonderful description. 
 
 The leviathan then, according to the strict 
 meaning of the original words, is not said to 
 have been created in such a manner that he can 
 fear nothing, but that he is constructed., or, built 
 in such a manner that he can fear nothing. 
 
 Nothing could point out more clearly than this 
 that the leviathan is not an animal, but a power- 
 ful motor and mechanical contrivance, which, of 
 course, being constructed of iron or other such, 
 materials, cannot possess the sense of fear. 
 
336 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY. 
 
 It might be asked, how then it is that in 
 chap. xl. I. The Lord says : *' Behold, now, 
 behemoth which / have made to be with thee." 
 
 To this I would answer that, in the same sense 
 as intended here, the General claims to have won 
 the victory, and the manufacturer to have made 
 his goods, although each of these has but planned 
 and provided the means for the result intended. 
 
 In the hands of the Great Architect of the 
 universe we are, in things material, as his me- 
 chanics, his tools. He owns the whole earth. He 
 has provided all the materials which are necessary 
 to accomplish the end he has in view, and He 
 claims the results as his and of his oivn make. 
 
 In all our improvements and discoveries, we 
 are but utilizing the materials and developing the 
 faculties which God has given us. 
 
 Behold, then, in this sense, behemoth and levia- 
 than which the Lord, indeed, has provided for us. 
 
 That we might not forget this. He had it 
 written, from the beginning, in His book. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 
 
 337 
 
 HK TvS KING 
 OVHR ALL CO^XMvPTIONS OF POWER. 
 
 Versa 34. 
 
 r^N* 
 
 This one 
 
 Omne 
 
 nnr7D 
 
 all that is great, high, 
 
 sublime 
 
 \nNn' 
 
 he will oversee, see to ; 
 
 videt; 
 
 nVh 
 
 He 
 
 Ipse est 
 
 -t'D-'7j;^'?p 
 
 is king over all 
 
 rex super 
 
 *JD 
 
 children, progeny, conceptions 
 
 universes filios 
 
 :}TO 
 
 of fierceness, power, pride. 
 
 superbiae. 
 
 " He beholdeth all high things; he is king over all the 
 children of pride." 
 
 ThIvS is the last verse of this most extraordi- 
 nary description and prophecy. 
 
 It will be found to equal, in its sublime con- 
 ception and poetic beauty, any of those which 
 have preceded it. 
 
 A few elucidations only will be necessary, 
 that the proper application of the orii^inal words 
 may be more fully understood. M(jst versions 
 render: "He beholdeth all high thin.irs." The 
 Vulgate and Septuagint have : ** He belioldcth 
 all that is sublime." How this could apply to a 
 whale, or to a crocodile, will undoubtedly prove 
 a mystery to the unprejudiced reader. Yet most 
 
33S A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of our great writers on the subject labor hard 
 to prove that it does. They have tried to ex- 
 plain away the difficulties of this passage by 
 saying that the whale, or the crocodile, looks 
 down with contempt upon all that is high and 
 great; that he considers every thing as inferior 
 to himself. 
 
 I am, indeed, at a loss to understand how our 
 learned scholars ever arrived at such a conclusion. 
 
 In the first place, it is not quite evident that 
 this is the primary meaning of the original words ; 
 nor is there anything in the context that tends 
 to show that they should be taken in this sense, 
 viz. ; to look down upon all that is high, or great. 
 Moreover, it must be admitted that, whatever may 
 be meant here by all that is high, or great, iiiMSt 
 be taken in a very broad sense, and cannot be 
 restricted to one or two objects to be seen in some 
 one locality ; or to a few things which might be 
 visible to an inferior animal or class of animals. 
 
 As to what these great things are, may be sur- 
 mised from what we find indicated in the second 
 member of this verse, where this leviathan is said 
 to be " king over all conceptions of power." In 
 this sense it would be natural to suppose that this 
 monster was well adapted to see to all such great 
 thing as required great power, great strength, and 
 that, naturally, as king over all conceptions of 
 power, he may be said to look up to all that is 
 high, great, or difficult to accomplish ; or that he 
 is present and oversees all great undertakings. 
 l^Vom this would appear the propriety of his uaine. 
 
IN TIIK liOOK Ol'^ JOH. 339 
 
 Moreover the fact, that the leviathan is here 
 personified, must not be lost sight of; and that 
 consequently, in the high poetry of the language, 
 he is said to see^ to oversee^ instead of being rep- 
 resented as actually dohig or p87'forming the hard 
 work himself. So that really, the sense is that, 
 this monster accomplishes all great things^ great 
 tasks, great undertakings. 
 
 If we wish to accept this passage in the sense 
 of to look down upon all that is great, or difficult, 
 we would have no trouble in finding a very suit- 
 able application of these words to our king of 
 power, who seems to scorn the greatest and most 
 difficult undertakings. They are indeed, to him, 
 as nothing. 
 
 In the second place, even if the original had the 
 meaning which our expositors attribute to it, there 
 is not the faintest ground for asserting that a 
 crocodile, or a whale, looks down with pride and 
 contempt upon all that is high or great. 
 
 All that a crocodile has the opportunity of 
 looking down upon is, the mud and mire which 
 are beneath him. 
 
 This is far from being all that is high o^ great. 
 Neither can these words apply to a whale; for 
 all that it can look down upon is, the depth 
 beneath it. This is not to see all that is high, 
 but just the reverse. 
 
 Moreover it requires intelligence to look down 
 upon anything with contempt. The crocodile, 
 especially, does not seem to have much of this 
 to spare. 
 
340 A WONDERFUL DIvSCOVERY 
 
 You will soon perceive that it is only in tlie 
 application of the original words to the steam 
 engine in its various capacities, that we can un- 
 derstand their true meaning, and realize their 
 sublime beauty. Verbatim it reads : " This one 
 will see (or oversee) all that is great." Now, 
 in fact, does not the steam engine, although in 
 its infancy, visit almost all parts of the world ; 
 attend to all great expositions ; come face to face 
 with the greatest rulers of the earth, and mount 
 up to the top of the 'highest mountains, or even 
 bore through them if they prevent him from 
 seeing other wonders beyond ? 
 
 As I have shown, the same words have also 
 the meaning of, to oversee^ to siiperintend all that 
 is high^ all that is great^ difficult. And here 
 behold again our king of power. At the sound 
 of his voice all gather around him to their work. 
 He oversees, as it were, all great and difficult 
 undertakings, for he himself manages the drill, 
 the saw, and the sledge. He superintends the 
 most herculean tasks. He sees to the erection of 
 our greatest monuments. He is proud of his 
 ability and strength, and never fails to be called 
 upon in all that is great and difficult. 
 
 Yea, he laughs at the feeble efforts of both 
 men and beasts. The greater the task he has 
 to accomplish the prouder he feels. 
 
 His self-reliance is as enduring as the strength 
 and thickness of his shields. 
 
 These, indeed, are qualities worthy of a levia-i 
 than, and of an inspired pen. 
 
IN THH BOOK OK JOB. 34 1 
 
 The second part of this verse is not as easily 
 understood as the first. 
 
 Most versions follow the Vulgate which ren- 
 ders it : " He himself is king over all children 
 of pride." 
 
 I believe that the expres.sion ckildreii of pride 
 should be taken in the widest acceptation of the 
 term, and not restricted to Ike children of pride. 
 In the latter sense it would have to be taken 
 as intended to refer to some special nation, or 
 class of people already mentioned, or well-known. 
 This does not seem to be the case. Then again, in 
 strict conformity to the wording of the original, 
 we would have to suppose, in this case, that this 
 monster was not a beast or thing of power, but 
 actually a king who ruled over the children 
 of pride. This is, evidently, preposterous. 
 
 Consequentl}' the inference, that this descrip- 
 tion is not intended to be taken literally. 
 
 But who are these children of pride f The 
 Chaldee supposes that the offspring of fishes is 
 here alluded to, as the leviathan was looked upon 
 as a terrible sea monster. 
 
 Some suppose tliat by the children af pride 
 are meant the Egyptians, as the crocodile was 
 one of their principal divinities. 
 
 But even admitting that the crocodile was one 
 of their divinities, is it certain that Job alludes 
 here to a crocodile! 
 
 Can it be shown that a crocodile, or any of 
 the Egyptian divinities or kings, ever bore the 
 name of leviathan ? 
 
342 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 The reader has noticed that throughout this 
 description the leviathan has been constantly 
 represented as the most formidable and fearless, 
 the most powerful and invulnerable of all mon- 
 sters, either on land or on sea. Would it not 
 then be more natural to suppose that, if he is to 
 be made a king — figuratively speaking — he should 
 be proclaimed such over that class to which he 
 belongs ; the same as it is said of the lion that 
 he is the king of beasts^ but not of birds, nor of 
 the fishes of the sea ? 
 
 By children of pride ^ then, would be more espe- 
 cially meant, all those of his class over which 
 he predominates by his great superiorit}'^ in 
 strength and power. In fact the original words 
 (fD&J^ *!??) have also the meaning of sons of 
 strength. 
 
 We have seen that the leviathan is of a most 
 fiery and imperious nature ; that he is proud 
 of his enormous strength, and that he seems 
 conscious that " might has made its dwelling 
 place within his neck." His self-confidence and 
 stubbornness are so great that "he fears nothing,'' 
 not even the lightnings nor the thunderbolts 
 from heaven. 
 
 Surely such a one is well entitled to the name 
 of king over all the progeny of the fiery, and 
 proud, and strong-necked ones of his class, and 
 even of any other that may tread the dust. 
 
 If it be our fearless, and powerful, and fiery 
 monster, which is here referred to, — and I hope 
 to have conclusively established this fact from 
 
IN THE HOOK or JOB. 343 
 
 the beginning — then these children of py-idr^ 
 over which this monster is said to be king, must 
 refer to onr various modes of developing power. 
 
 The meaning, then, of this passage would be, 
 that the steam engine, as a motive power, pre- 
 dominates, or, is king over all other conceptions 
 of power. 
 
 What a grand and sublime denouement to 
 this ever-famous description; its hero is finall}' 
 crowned and proclaimed king over all those of 
 his race. 
 
 " Non est potestas suj)tr terram 
 quae compararetur ei." (Vulgate.) 
 
 Job is not the onl}' one among the sacred 
 writers who makes mention of the Icxiathan. 
 We find it also referred to in Isaia, and in the 
 Psalms ; and I can see no good reason for suppos- 
 ing that these inspired writes had any other mon- 
 ster in view than the one described in the 
 book of Job ; otherwise, I could not understand 
 why they should describe him as the leviathan. 
 Many writers are of contrary opinion, but I 
 can easily perceive that it is because they did 
 not understand the true reference of the original 
 one mentioned in Job. If my views be correct 
 they will undoubtedly help to throw light on 
 the great and unsolved difficulties we meet with 
 in these new passages, and possibly reveal to us 
 that certain prf>phecics, made in connection with 
 this leviathan, refer to these very days instead, 
 as heretofore supposed, to those of Pharaoh. 
 
344 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 In Ps. Ixxiv. 14, is found, according to most 
 versions, the following passage : " Thou breakest 
 the heads of the leviathan in pieces, thou gavest 
 him to be meat to the people inhabiting the 
 wilderness." This passage, as it now appears in 
 the Hebrew, is, undoubtedly, a most difficult one 
 to understand. 
 
 Nowhere in Job have we found it mentioned 
 that the leviathan had more heads than one. 
 Commentators, therefore, have been greatly per- 
 plexed with this, apparently, insurmountable 
 difficulty, which could not be solved by any of 
 their expressed views concerning the identity of 
 the one mentioned in Job. 
 
 What must we now infer from these words 
 of the Psalmist? According to the views I have 
 already expressed, this leviathan is the same one 
 mentioned in Job ; and, a"^. I hope to have shown, 
 none other than our own fier}'' monster. Literally, 
 this one has no heads. Consequently I look 
 upon the word heads as being intended here in 
 a figurative sense, the same as the numerous 
 expressions met with in this description. 
 
 As to the word rendered thou breakest in pieces ; 
 it has, primarily, the meaning of to shatter, to 
 break., or divide in many sections., yet not so as 
 to separate entirely the parts thus broken. 
 
 This peculiarity of the word is of vast im- 
 portance to us in this instance, as will be soon 
 perceived. Thus, I render this passage : '' Thou 
 breakest (or, dividest) in many sections the heads 
 of the leviathan." 
 
IN THK BOOK OK JOl!. 345 
 
 In this sense, these heads iiuiy be easily un- 
 derstood of our various branches and S3'stems of 
 railways which are, in one sense, broken into 
 many sections or, divided the one from the other, 
 yet not entirely separated. Railroad companies 
 arc j^encrally interested in centering together at 
 various points, thus forming, as it were, a united 
 system of railways, yet broken up into many 
 sections. Thus, indeed, the leviathan may be said 
 to have many heads. 
 
 Again, these various companies may well be 
 said to be so many heads of the same fiery mon- 
 ster, as he is the chief motor among them all. 
 That these heads of the leviathan may refer to 
 various railroad companies, seems to gain strength 
 also from the words of Job, chap. xl. 6 : " Com- 
 panies will feast upon him." 
 
 We might take also another view of the applica- 
 tion of the words, " Thou dashest in pieces the 
 heads of the leviathan," by supposing that the 
 writer actually saw, in vision, two leviathans 
 dashing one another's heads in pieces. 
 
 This fact is, at least, quite pos.sible, and would 
 be here an astonishing forecast of an almost 
 daily occurrence on our railroads, viz., a collision, 
 where two powerful and almost indestructible 
 locomotives dash one another's heads in pieces. 
 Although this would seem, at first sight, to he 
 the most natural interpretation of the original, 
 yet this meaning would not agree as well with 
 the sentiments expres.sed in the balance of the 
 verse, which seem to demand that this monster 
 
34^ A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 of power should, indeed, branch off into various 
 directions, in order to fulfill his great mission 
 of supplying food to people inhabiting unproduc- 
 tive and desert places ; a mission which he could 
 not accomplish were the Lord bent upon dashing 
 his head in pieces. 
 
 As to the second hemistich of the above verse ^ 
 it has equally puzzled the most learned exegetists. 
 Some suppose that here allusion is had to Pharaoh 
 compared with the leviathan, viz., the crocodile. 
 Others suppose that some enormous sea mon- 
 ster having the form of a sea-serpent is here 
 meant. But I cannot see the slightest reason 
 for these suppositions. 
 
 I do not know that Pharaoh's name has ever 
 been mentioned in connection with the leviathan^ 
 altltough it has been with that of other monsters. 
 Then, if this leviathan referred to a marine mon- 
 ster or serpent, how could his dead carcass be 
 said to have been intended to be meat to the 
 people inhabiting the wilderness ; for a wilder- 
 ness is generally understood to be a region un- 
 cultivated* and uninhabited by human beings? 
 If it be claimed that the people of a dry and 
 sandy desert are here meant, then this leviathan 
 cannot be a sea monster, for there are few rivers 
 and fewer seas to be found in the midst of a dry 
 and sandy desert. 
 
 Moreover how could such a terrible and invul- 
 nerable monster, as Job represents this leviathan 
 to be, ever be captured by the weak and primi- 
 tive implements of a wild people ? 
 
IK THK HOOK Ol- JOH. 347 
 
 On the other liand, it cannot be supposed that 
 the Lord here intended, as sonic claim, that these 
 people should live on the dead carcass of a huj^e 
 serpent, whose remains nu'o-/,/ hp cast ashore. 
 Finally I would ask, when and where did the 
 Lord ever break in pieces the heads of the croco- 
 dile or of some sea monster and give his body " to 
 be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness "? 
 
 The people supposed to be alluded to here could 
 not have been the Jews. They never would 
 have eaten the flesh of such a monster even 
 alive, much less after he had been thus muti- 
 lated and cast ashore. 
 
 It is evident that, to this day, no interpreta- 
 tion of the leviathan has solved the difficulties 
 of this passage. 
 
 Now, if we refer to the original Hebrew, we will 
 find that the strictest and most plausible version 
 of it, is : " Thou givest this one food for the 
 people of desert places, (dr}^ places)," which is 
 quite a different thing from, " thou gavest him 
 to be meat to the people of the wilderness." 
 
 My rendering would, undoubtedly, have seemed 
 an absurdity to those who saw nothing in the 
 leviathan but a crocodile, or a huge sea-serpcni. 
 But, taking it as referring to our modern monster 
 of power, and our vast systems of railways, we 
 can at once realize the propriety and beauty of the 
 original; for, indeed, our railroads carr}^ an abund- 
 ance of food and a variety of products to people 
 who inhabit dry and unproductive lands, or places 
 where various commodities of life cannot be had. 
 
348 A WONDERFUIv DISCOVERY 
 
 By this means the abundance, of fertile countries 
 is transported rapidly and economically into 
 others less favored. Therefore, in all truth it can 
 be said of our monster of power that, the Lord 
 Himself furnishes him food for the people of 
 desert or impoverished places. 
 
 It is important that we should take notice that 
 the author of these Psalms expresses, in the 
 above verse, the very same idea which Job does 
 in chap. xli. 22, viz., " Distress fleeth at his 
 presence," which means that wherever the rail- 
 roads penetrate, the distress or wants of those 
 localities is at once relieved, yea, it ^vtM flees away. 
 
 All will agree that the above words of Job, 
 when viewed in their possible application to our 
 great common carrier, and to the rapidity of our 
 steam transit, reveal a beauty and poetry un- 
 excelled ; but that this suddenly fades when the 
 words are forced to apply to anything else. 
 
 Again, in chap. xli. 10, we find this same idea 
 of food^ provisions^ etc., being brought to this 
 monster, thus expressed : " Indeed, they will bring 
 forth unto him the produce of the mountains." 
 
 From all this I would conclude that, the levia- 
 than of the Psalmist and that of Job, are identical ; 
 and that my views concerning the nature of this 
 monster must be correct, since the same inter- 
 pretation solves so readily the new difficulties 
 we meet with in this passage, and agrees so per- 
 fectly with the requirements of the original text. 
 
 Again, in Ps. civ. 26, we read : " There the 
 ships go to and fro, and leviathan that one which 
 thou hast formed to sport therein." 
 
IN THK HOOK OK ]on. 349 
 
 The idea expressed here by the Psalmist is, 
 that the Lord had formed or so devised this mon- 
 ster that it could sport in the sea. 
 
 The primary meaning of ("*V*j yatsar^ is not lo 
 create^ but to forrn^ to fashion^ and it is to be 
 taken here iu this sense. If any other meaning 
 was intended here it would be most probably 
 that of to restrain^ to confine^ from the root ("^VI*) 
 atsar. And the idea would be that, although 
 this monster was a most dangerous one, yet the 
 Lord had provided that he should be so restrained 
 and confined that men might sport (13) with him 
 in safety. 
 
 No one will deny that this passage agrees, in 
 a wonderful manner, with the various purposes 
 of pleasure and sport to which the steam engine 
 of our days is adapted ; and with the progress 
 which has been made iti so restraining and 
 securely confining its dangerous forces, that men 
 now sjoort with him in safety. 
 
 Here the inspired writer would seem to refer 
 to a steamship, or a steam yacht built for pleasure ; 
 whilst, in the previous quotation, he refers to our 
 railroads. 
 
 This, and the previous verse of the Psalmist, 
 prove that this monster must have been one capa- 
 ble of living and sporting freely in mid-ocean, and 
 that, consequeutl}^, he could not have been, exclu- 
 sively, a river animal, such as the crocodile. 
 
 In reference to this same leviuthan, another 
 very Startling passage, both to nie a-nd to the wiiole 
 world, is found in the book of Isaia, chap, xxvii. i. 
 
350 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 That which renders this passage of peculiar 
 interest to us is, its evident association with pro- 
 phecies of extraordinary events which are to 
 happen at, or about, the time when something 
 unexpected will take place concerning this same 
 leviathan. 
 
 If the latter be our modern engine of power, 
 then we may expect to witness the fulfilment of 
 some of these prophecies. 
 
 The passage above referred to is a very diffi- 
 cult one, consequently it has been variously ren- 
 dered and interpreted. 
 
 In most English versions it reads as follows : 
 " In that day the Lord, with his sore and great 
 and strong sword, shall punish leviathan the 
 swift serpent, and leviathan the crooked serpent ; 
 and he shall slay the dragon that is in the 
 sea." 
 
 Now, instead of " zvith his sore and great and 
 strong sword," (l^")!!?) ; I consider that we should 
 render here, ^^ in his un3delding and great and 
 strong sword." The prefix heth having both 
 meanings. And that instead of " leviathan the 
 crooked serpent," we should read, " leviathan a 
 serpent turning (or revolving) rapidly ; " for such 
 is also the meaning of the word, according to our 
 best lexicons. 
 
 It is also evident that the expression to punish^ 
 does not render the meaning intended here by 
 the Hebrew word. In the original the word ("IpB) 
 pakad^ rendered to punish, means primarily, to 
 light iLpon^ or, to strike against a thing, in the 
 
IN THK BOOK. OF jOH. 35! 
 
 same sense in which we often say Ac lit upon 
 it, or, he struck it, for he discovered it. Then it 
 means to visit, to review. Tlien to visit ivith 
 punishment. 
 
 I am satisfied that here the original word should 
 be taken in its favorable sense, viz., to visit, to 
 review a second time ; or to liQht upon., to strike 
 ai^ainst a thing in the sense of discoverin^r it. 
 
 As to the preposition (pV.) al it should be ren- 
 dered here, concerning, and not upon. 
 
 So far, then, this would reveal to us that the 
 Lord, instead of punishing or killing this levia- 
 than, will, on the contrary, cause a review to be 
 made concirnijig this monster ; or, will cause 
 some one to strike against him or discover him 
 as if by chance ; and this discovery is to be 
 n.iade in, or, by 7neans of a something here 
 (figuratively) called, " His unyielding and great 
 and strong sword." 
 
 Before explaining the meaning and reference 
 of this great sword, it will first be necessary 
 to elucidate the balance of this verse, as evi- 
 dently an error has crept in which, if unex- 
 plained, would cast a doubt on the correctness 
 of the meaning which I have attributed to that 
 which precedes it. I refer to the expression P^^lll) 
 veharag, rendered : " And he shall .slay." The 
 entire passage is translated almost universally, as 
 follows : " And he shall slay the dragon that is 
 in the sea." According to the present Hebrew 
 editions it reads : (: D.J^ "ItTN* pinnTIX T\Xy) veharag 
 ath-hattannin asher havyam. After a tedious in- 
 
352 A WONDERFUL DISCO VHRV. 
 
 vestigation of this and other passages, I am 
 thoroughly convinced that the word'(pi'!l) tannin 
 means a fiery monster^ or one giving- forth smoke 
 repeatedly, hem (Jfl) //2« furnace, and " p1^) ?26^z/r, 
 fire ; or ([jr') tanan, Syriac and Chaldaic — to 
 smoke ; hence oven, furnace. 
 
 Undoubtedly reference is had here to*' a mon- 
 ster full of fire and repeatedly emitting smoke 
 like a furnace, and that it goes (or is) in the 
 sea. It seems evident that the steamship is here 
 meant. In this light, then, it would be very 
 doubtful that the Prophet Isaia ever intended to 
 say that the Lord would slay [TSTX) the steam- 
 ship. 
 
 Let us therefore leave out, for a moment, the 
 doubtful word P'^H) harag, to slay. 
 
 Then this entire verse would read : '^ In that 
 day the Lord, in his unyielding and great and 
 strong sword, shall make a review (or cause a 
 review to be made) concerning leviathan, a ser- 
 pent passing through swiftly, and concerning 
 leviathan, a serpent turning rapidly .... this 
 same one is the fiery monster that is in the 
 sea." No one will deny that, so far, this is a 
 most literal translation ; and that leviathan must 
 be a fiery monster that goes on land as well as 
 in the sea ; the same as described in the book 
 of Job. This swift, fiery and self-turning levia- 
 than, says Isaia, is the very same fiery monster 
 that is in the sea. This is just what our modem 
 monster of power is. As a locomotive, with a 
 train of coaches, it is as a huge serpent passing 
 
IN THE I300K OF JOB. 353 
 
 throngh swiftly and turning itself rapidly. As 
 a marine engine, it perambulates through the 
 sea with ease and rapidity, a veritable fiery 
 monster, smoking like a furnace. 
 
 To complete the elucidation of this difficult 
 verse there remain now but two points to solve : 
 
 1. The meaning of the Hebrew word (-3'!1«7) 
 harag. 
 
 2. The meaning of that great and wonderful 
 sivord of God. 
 
 As to the word {T\T\) harag., rendered to slay^ 
 I am thoroughly convinced that it originally 
 read {T\T\) cJiarag, and that the letter (H) chetli 
 was mistaken for the letter (n) he. This change 
 might be due to the difficulty of distinguishing — 
 in an old and partially obliterated manuscript — 
 between these two letters, as the one naturally 
 differs but very little from the other. 
 
 Taking {^^) diarag^ as the original word it 
 would then mean io leap, to be m constant 
 motion or trepidation. Applied to the leviathan 
 this would indicate that he leaps continually, in 
 other words that he is continually in motion, 
 running without ever seeming to stop. 
 
 Assuredly this is most wonderfully true of 
 our steam locomotive which runs hundreds of 
 miles without stopping; in fact, the onl}' limit to 
 its course, is that of supplies. 
 
 When at full speed the up and down motion 
 
 of its ponderous connecting rods gives it, indeed, 
 
 the appearance of a moiister continually leaping 
 
 forward. 
 23 
 
354 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 We have seen that Job, in his description of 
 the behemoth, (chap. xl. 17,) calls these very same 
 connecting rods, his leaping pm^ts^ or, his thighs. 
 It is in fact by means of these, in connection 
 with the steam-chest, that the steam engine 
 propels itself, or sets ponderous machinery in 
 motion. 
 
 There remains now but one more secret con- 
 cerning the reference of this passage ; it is the 
 secret of the meaning of that mighty sword, which 
 the prophet says, is the unyielding, and great, and 
 strong sword of God. To what can it refer? 
 
 It is not the sword of the leviathan, but that 
 of God. 
 
 Most commentators pass it over in silence, as 
 if fearing to venture an opinion. 
 
 A few reflections, however, may help us to 
 solve this problem also. 
 
 In the first place, it seems reasonable to sup- 
 pose that this sword is to be understood in a 
 figurative sense ; for to assert that God has, 
 literally, such a sword, and that he employs it in 
 slaying the monsters of the deep, would be the 
 height of absurdity. 
 
 Among the many things which might be figura- 
 tively called the sword of God^ I believe that the 
 most unyielding (or unchangeable) and greatest, 
 and strongest is. The Word of God, or The 
 Holy Bible. Indeed St. Paul, in his Epistle 
 to the Ephesians (vi. 17,) says: "The sword of 
 the Spirit, which is the word of God." 
 
 Furthermore, in this sense, we can recognize 
 
IN Till', i'.ooK. or JOB. 355 
 
 the force of the expressions that this sword or 
 WORD of God, is unyielding, or rather unchange- 
 able, and great, and strong. Now if I be correct 
 in asserting that the Holy Bible is the sword 
 above mentioned, then it would have to be in 
 this great book that the Lord, in that day, 
 would cause " a review to be made " concerning 
 the nature of this leviathan. 
 
 And what is this review which you have now 
 before you ? May it not be the very fulfillment of 
 this extraordinary prophecy ? 
 
 Most assuredly this is an astonishing and un- 
 expected revelation to me, for it finds me en- 
 deavoring to do the very thing that this prophecy 
 foretells shall be done. 
 
 I notice also that the prophet foretells that, at 
 about that time a great irumpef shall be blown, 
 and that many who were ready to perish, shall 
 be converted to the true faith and shall worship 
 the Lord in His Holy Church, (Isa. xxvii. 13). 
 
 Undoubtedly many will now read with astonish- 
 ment this important and difiicult verse. On my 
 part I must acknowledge that, had I not seen a 
 locomotive and train of coaches I could never 
 have made any sense out of the original words. 
 The thought naturally occurs to us here, how 
 could Isaia pen such a correct description of our 
 modern locomotive, and at the same time observe 
 that the same monster could travel through the 
 sea, unless he wrote each word under direct in- 
 spiration, or saw in a vision, and completely un- 
 derstood, the working of our modern engines. 
 
356 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 Isaia is even more lucid than Job, for he 
 plainly tells us here that this swift-fleeing leviathan 
 is the same' fiery monster that is in the sea. 
 Job, speaking of the leviathan, says, (chap. xli. 
 31,32): *' He malieth the deep to boil like a 
 pot . . . ; He maketli a path to shine after him." 
 
 Undoubtedly we have now the solution of Job's 
 mysterious crooked serpent^ chap. xxvi. 13, for Isaia 
 makes use of the same words in describing the 
 leviathan, viz., (D'lS ^^)) nachash barach^ a swift 
 fleeing serpent ^ one passing through swiftly^ like 
 a bolt. 
 
 Thus these most wonderful prophecies are made 
 clear to us, and I feel confident that we now 
 understand v/hat the prophet Isaia referred to 
 when he said : " In that day the Lord, in his 
 unyielding, and great, and strong s-word, shall 
 cause a review to be made concerning leviathan, a 
 serpent passing through swiftly, and concerning 
 leviathan, a serpent turning rapidly and continually 
 in motion ; this is the same fiery monster that is 
 in the sea." 
 
 AD MAjOREM DEI GLORIAM. 
 
IN THE COOK OF J015. 357 
 
 LITERAL TRANSLATION 
 
 OP 
 
 THE HEBREW VERSES 
 
 CONCERNING 
 
 BEHEMOTH AND LEVIATHAN. 
 
 JOB.— CHAP. XI.. 
 
 V. 15. Behold now one with great heat, 
 Which I Made to be with thee ; 
 He will consume fodder as well as cattle do. 
 
 V. 16. Behold also, his strength depends on his loins ; 
 And his power is within 
 The encircling parts of his belly. 
 
 V. 17. His tail will set upright lilce a cedar ; 
 The ligaments of his thighs 
 Will be clamped together. 
 
 V. 18. His hollow bones are tubes of brass ; 
 His solid bones are bars of iron 
 As if hammered out. 
 
 V. 19. He is a masterpiece of the methods of power ; 
 He that maketh him will apply unto hhn 
 His sword of dcslntdion. 
 
 V. 20. Surely they will bring forth unto him 
 The products of the mountains. 
 And then the beasts of the field will wear away, 
 
 V. 21 . He will re.st beneath light shelters 
 And within a covering 
 Oi fibrous reeds and clay. 
 
358 • A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 V. 22. Thin shadings will cover his shelter ; 
 Willows of the valley 
 Will enclose him roundabout. 
 
 V. 23. Behold, he will absorb a river and will not fret 
 He will trust though a Jordan 
 Should rush forth over its border. 
 
 V. 24. He will gather it up in his fountains 
 By means of traps, 
 And with a perforated nozzle. 
 
 LEVIATHAN. 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 V. I, Thou wilt extend leviathan with a hook, 
 Or with a snare which thou wilt cause 
 His tongue to press down. 
 
 V. 2. Wilt thou not place a ring in his nostrils, 
 
 And pierce through his cheeks with a staff? 
 
 V. 3. Will he make repeated supplications unto thee-? 
 Or will he utter soft tone's unto thee ? 
 
 V. 4. Will he make a covenant with thee, 
 
 That thou mayest take him for a servant for ever ? 
 
 V. 5. Wilt thou play with him as with a bird ? 
 
 Or wilt thou make him fast to thy maidens ? 
 
 V. 6. Companies will feast upon him ; 
 
 They will share him among speculators. 
 
 V. 7. Wilt thou not fill his skin with booths, 
 
 And his head with a cabin of fishermen ? 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 359 
 
 V. 8. Place thy hand upon him ; 
 
 Be mindful of the battling forces, 
 And thou wilt add no further questions. 
 
 V. 9. Behold, his confidence being deceived, 
 Will not at once his mighty form 
 Be spread asunder. 
 
 V. 10. There is none so bold that he will stir him up ; 
 And none who will then place 
 Himself before his face. 
 
 V. 1 1 . Who will precede this one 
 And continue on in safety ? 
 Under the whole heaven none, unles'; himself. 
 
 V. 12. I will not pass in silence his members, 
 Nor the matter of his great powers, 
 Nor the beauty of his equipment. 
 
 V. 13. Who can strip off the facings of his covering? 
 Who can penetrate between 
 The double lap of his binding ? 
 
 V. 14. Who can force open the doors of his facings ? 
 The circuits of his teeth are formidable. 
 
 V. 15. His strength depends on courses of shields 
 Closed up tightly with a seal. 
 
 V. 16. They will join one upon another, that a 
 
 Hiss of air shall not escape from between them. 
 
 V. 17. One will cleave fast to another ; 
 They will be caught together 
 That they cannot be sundered. 
 
 V. 18. A light will cause hissneezingsto shine, 
 And his eyes will be as the eyelashes 
 Of the morning. 
 
360 A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 V. 19. Out of his mouth will leap forth 
 
 Flaming torches, and glowing sparks 
 Will slip themselves away. 
 
 V. 20, From his nostrils will issue forth smoke 
 As from a boiling pot or caldron. 
 
 V. 21, His inhaling will vivify burning coals ; 
 
 And a flame will leap forth from his mouth . 
 
 V. 22. Might will abide within his neck, 
 And a desolate place 
 Will dance with joy at his presence. 
 
 V. 23. The separable parts of his flesh 
 Are connected together, 
 All will be made fast upon him, 
 Nothmg will be shaky. 
 
 V. 24. His heart will be indurated 
 
 Similar to a stone, and will be made firm 
 As a piece of the lower rocks. 
 
 V. 25. When at his full rage the most courageous 
 Will fear, lest, from accidents 
 They should miss their way. 
 
 V. 26. From dryness rendering him furious, 
 He will not have power to withhold ; 
 The curved vault being caused to break up, 
 And also the armor. 
 
 V. 27. He will esteem iron as straw, 
 And brass as rotten wood. 
 
 V. 28. The archer will not make this one flee ; 
 
 Missiles of war will be turned uuLo him as chalT. 
 
IN THE BOOK OF JOB. 361 
 
 V. 29. The strokes of a hammer will be esteemed aschafif ; 
 And he will rejoice at the poking of the fireman. 
 
 V. 30. His underparts are hewed timbers 
 Of the craftsman ; 
 He will spread an embankment upon the mire. 
 
 V. 31. He will cause ^^^^ places 
 
 To become as a boiling pot ; 
 He will make the sea to appear 
 lyike boiling ointment. 
 
 V. y.. His hinderparts will cause a path to shine ; 
 One will think the deep to be growing gray. 
 
 V. 33. There is nothing upon earth comparable to him, 
 
 He that is so constructed that he can fear nothing. 
 
 V. 34. He will oversee all that is great ; 
 He is indeed King 
 Over all conceptions of power. 
 
 PSALMS — CHAP. LXXIV. 14. 
 
 Thou dividest into many sections 
 The heads of leviathan ; 
 Thou givest him food 
 For the people of desert places. 
 
 CHAP. CIV. 26. 
 
 There the ships go to and Iro, and leviathan 
 That one which thou hast formed 
 To sport therein. 
 
36a A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY 
 
 ISAIA — CHAP. XXVII. I. 
 
 In that day the L,ord, in his unyielding, 
 and great, and strong sword, shall cause 
 a review to be made concerning leviathan, 
 a serpent passing through swiftly ; and 
 concerning leviathan, a serpent turning 
 rapidly and continually in motion ; 
 this is the same fiery monster that is 
 in the sea. 
 
 Finis. 
 
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