V^icalSe?^ 
 
 BR 149 .H8 1886 
 
 Hurst, J. F. 1834-1903. 
 
 Outline of church history 
 
OUTLINE 
 
 OP 
 
 CHURCH HISTORY, 
 
 BY JOHN F. HURST, D.D. 
 
 REVISED EDITION. 
 
 FEW YORK: 
 PHILLIPS & HUNT, 
 
 CIN-CINNATI: 
 CRANSTON c& ST OWE, 
 
fintered •ccording to Act of Congress, in tbe year 1876, by 
 
 NELSON & PHILLIPS, 
 ia the <^oe of the Librarian of Congress at Washlui^ton. 
 
PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. 
 
 In the present edition of the Outline of Church His- 
 tory, an effort has been made to adapt it more fully to 
 the needs of the student, of the teacher, and of the gen- 
 eral reader, than were the former editions of the work. 
 Some departments have been thoroughly changed. 
 Dates, so far as they can be definitely or approximately 
 known, have been assigned t.o the tables of the Church 
 Fathers. The chapter in the first edition treating of the 
 latest history of the Church has been canceled, and 
 another, bringing down the history to the present year, 
 has been substituted for it. The Survey of Missions 
 has been entirely re-written, giving the latest progress 
 in the foreign mission fields of the Church. An Index, 
 which was not thought necessary in the first issue of the 
 work, has been found, by the use of the volume, to be a 
 real want, and has been supplied in the new edition. 
 
 The first summary which we give below, the General 
 Periods of Church History, should be carefully commit- 
 ted to memory, to serve as a framework for the entire 
 structure of Church History. The student will then 
 have in mind a general survey of all the periods, in his- 
 torical order, with exact dates defining the general di- 
 visions. This synopsis is then to be elaborated by the 
 use of the second summary, or Topical Table ; and this, 
 
4 Preface to the New Edition. 
 
 again, by the body of the work ; and still further by 
 the use of the best standards of Church History, such 
 as Neander, Robertson, Gieseler, Schaff, Milman, and 
 Mosheim, (last edition, London, 1863.) Instead of giv- 
 ing questions, we prefer to leave them to be suggested 
 by the wisdom and care of the teacher, and by the 
 diligence of the student. Nothing but constant repeti- 
 tion can fix the general facts of ecclesiastical history in 
 the memory, and make them available for future service. 
 We earnestly advise the invariable use of maps in con- 
 nection with the History. It is one of the forms of 
 object-teaching which never fails to produce the most 
 gratifying results. The maps which we have given 
 should be kept before the eye as much as may be. The 
 student should draw on paper or the blackboard his 
 own maps, descriptive of countries, of scenes of the- 
 ological controversies, of the progress of evangelization, 
 and of all great religious movements. In drawing a 
 map, one should begin with a mere outline, and then fill 
 up with all the important topographical features of the 
 land. This will be an invaluable aid, both in accuracy 
 and interest, to the study of all the ecclesiastical periods. 
 To him who does it, it will be of more service than his 
 possession of the masterly productions of Keith John- 
 son, Petermann, Spruner, Wiltzsch, Menke, and, indeed, 
 of all the diagrams, plans, and maps produced by the 
 world's masters in cartography. One learns most, after 
 all, by what he does himself. 
 
 Drew Theoloqical Seminary, 
 
 Madison, N. J., May 15, 1879. 
 
I. 
 
 GENERAL PERIODS OP CHURCH HISTORY. 
 
 I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 
 
 A. 0.30-750. . 
 
 Ghaptek I. — Founding of the Church, and History of the Apostolic 
 Period, to Death of Apostle John. A. D. 30-101.. .Pages 11-13 
 
 Chapter II. — State of the Church during the Apostolic Period. 
 A. D. 30-101 13-16 
 
 Chapter III. — ^From the Close of the Apostolic Period to the End of 
 the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180 16-22 
 
 Chapter IV. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from 
 the Emperor Commodua to Constantino's Edict of Toleration. 
 A. D. 180-313 22-28 
 
 Chapter V. — The Church united with the State — From Constan- 
 tino's Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great A. D. 
 313-440 28-31 
 
 Chapter YI. — Age of Leo the Great — Supremacy of the Boman 
 Church in the West — Continuance of Controversies — Mohammed- 
 anism. A. D. 440-590 31-34 
 
 Chapter VII. — ^The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between 
 the Church in the East and West — Decline of the Eastern Church. 
 A. D. 590-750 34-39 
 
 XL THE MBDIiEYAL PERIOD. 
 
 A. D. 750-1517. 
 
 Chapter L — Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark 
 Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire — ^Hilde- 
 
 brand. A. D. 150-1198 39-42 
 
 Chapter n.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272 43>44 
 
 Chapter HI. — Reformatory Movements. A. D. 1170-1457. . 45-47 
 
6- Outline History of the Church. 
 
 Chaptee IY. — Latter Period of the Dark Ages— The Age of Inno- 
 cent and the Councils — Dawn of Reform in the Church. A. D 
 1198-1611 Pages 47-4» 
 
 IIL THE MODERN PERIOD. 
 
 A. D. 1517-1880. 
 
 Chapter L — ^The Reformation — Wars of the Papacy and Prot- 
 estantism — From Luther to the Peace of "Westphalia. A.D. 
 151 7-1648 49-58 
 
 Chapter II. — From the Peace of Westphalia to the Wesleyan Re- 
 vival — The Period of Religious Indifference and Awakening. 
 A. D. 1648-1139 58-61 
 
 Chapter III. — Skepticism and Reaction — The European Church 
 from the Wesleyan Revival to the Present Time. A. D. 
 1739-1880 61-69 
 
 Chapter IY. — The Church in the United States — Christianity in Con- 
 nection with Republican Institutions. A. D. 1607-1880 . . . 70-75 
 
 Chapter Y. — Most Recent Events in the History of the Church. 
 A. D. 1880 75-80 
 
 Chapter YL— General Survey of Missions. A. D. 1880 80-96 
 
 Chapter YIL—Religious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1880. . 96-101 
 
 II. 
 
 TOPICAL TABLE OF CHURCH HISTORY. 
 
 L THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 
 
 A. D. 30-7SO. 
 
 Chapter L — ^Founding of the Church, and History of the Apostolic 
 Period, to Death of Apostle John. B. C. 30-101.— 1. The Church 
 — ^Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Organization, and First Per- 
 secution ; 2. Missionary Journeys of Paul 11-13 
 
 Otapter n. — State of the Church during the Apostolic Period. 
 A. D. 30-101. — 1. Christian Life and Worship; 2. Propagation 
 
Outline History of the Church. 7 
 
 of the Gospel ; 3. Controversies ; 4. Heretical Sects ; 5. Apolo- 
 gies — Table of Apologists Pages 13-16 
 
 Chapter III.— From the Close of the Apostolic Period to the End of 
 the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180.— 1. Growth of the 
 Church and Persecution of Christians ; 2. The Collection of the 
 Canon; 3. Milder Measures — Renewal of Hostility; 4. Yisita- 
 tion of Martyrs* Graves — Intercommunion 16-22 
 
 Chapter IV. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from 
 the Emperor Commodus to Constantine's Edict of Toleration. 
 A. D. 180-313. — 1. Christianity and Saganism in Final Conflict; 
 
 2. Interpretation of the Scriptures — Theological Instruction; 
 
 3. The Decian Persecution; 4. Rise of Monasticism; 5. The Sa- 
 bellians; 6. The Lapsed. I. Table of Persecutions and Intervals 
 of Peace. II, Church Fathers, to the Council of Nice. III. Her- 
 esies and Sects of the First Three Centuries 22-28 
 
 Chapter V. — The Church United with the State— From Constantino's 
 Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great. A. D. 313-440. 
 — 1. Toleration of Christianity; 2. Rise of Arianism; 3. The 
 Nicene Council; 4. Spread of Christianity — The Empire and 
 Christianity; 6. Monasticism; 7. Julian and Jovian; 8. Arianism 
 — ^the Roman See; 9. Religious Life ; 10. Creeds; 11. Pelagian- 
 ism— Abuses 28-31 
 
 Chapter VI. — ^Age of Leo the Great — Supremacy of the Roman 
 Church in the "West — Continuance of Controversies — Moham- 
 medanism. A. D. 440-590. — 1. Leo the Great — Controversy on 
 the Nature of Christ; 2. Capture of Rome; 3. Downfall of the 
 Western Roman Empire; 4. Eastern Empire — The Franks; 
 5. Clerical Celibacy — Councils ; 6. Mohammedanism ; Roman 
 Emperors 31-34 
 
 Chapter VII. — ^The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between 
 the Church in the East and "West — Decline of the Eastern Church. 
 A. D. 590-750. — 1. Gregory the Great; 2. Monothelite Contro- 
 ▼ersy; 3. Spread of the Gospel 34r-39 
 
8 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 XL THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 
 
 A. D. 790-1517. 
 
 Chapteb I.— Beginning, Progres3, and Characteristics of the Dark 
 Ages — Conflicts between tlie Papacy and the Empire— Hilde- 
 brand. A. D. 750-1198.— I. The Middle Ages ; 2. Pepin; 3. Reign 
 of Charlemagne; 4. Controversies; 5. Alfred the Great; 6.Ruric 
 — Schism between East and West ; 7. Spread of the Gospel — Cor- 
 ruptions ; 8. Papal Pretensions ; 9. Norman Conquest ; 1 0. Hilde- 
 brand ; 11. Henry IV. ; 12. Wealth of the Church . . .Pages 39-42 
 
 Chapter H.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272.-1. Cause of the Cru- 
 sades ; 2. Order of Crusades ; 3. Benefits of the Crusades . . 43, 44 
 
 Chapter III. — Reformatory Movements. A. D. 1170-1457. — 1. Ar- 
 nold of Brescia : 2. The Waldenses; 3. The Cathari and Albi- 
 gcnses ; 4. Wicklif and the First English Reformers; 5. Huss and 
 his Followers ; 6. Moravian Brethren ; 7. The Mystics ; 8. Savo- 
 narola and his Politico-Religious Reform 45-47 
 
 Chapter IY. — Latter Period of the Dark Ages— The Age of Inno- 
 cent and the Councils — Dawn of Reform in the Church. A. D. 
 1198-1517. — 1. Mendicant Orders ; 2. Beginning of the Inquisi- 
 tion ; 3. Scholasticism ; 4. Thomists and Scotists ; 5. Climax of 
 the Papacy — Schism; 6. Councils. 47-49 
 
 m. THE MODERN PERIOD. 
 
 A.D. 1517-1875. 
 
 Chapter I. — ^The Reformation — ^Wars of the Papacy and Protestant- 
 ism — From Luther to the Peace of Westphalia. A. D. 1517- 
 1648. — 1. The Reformation — Causes — ^Luther; 2. German Re- 
 formers ; 3. Swiss Reformers ; 4. Extension of the Reformation ; 
 6. Order of Jesuits ; 6. The English Reformation ; 7. English Re- 
 formers; 8. The Puritans ; 9. Arminius — Synod of Dort; lO.Per- 
 eecution of the Huguenots ; 11. Self-Defense of Rome ; 12. Thirty 
 Tears' War 49-58 
 
 Chapter II. — From the Peace of Westphalia to the Wesleyan Reviv- 
 al — The Period of Religious Indifference and Awakening. A. D. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 9 
 
 1648-1139. — 1. Pietism; 2. English Deism; 3. Replies to the 
 Deists ; 4. Swedenborgianism ; 5. Missions to Foreign Countries ; 
 
 6. Moravianisra ; *l. Wesley and English Methodism 58-61 
 
 Chapter III. — Skepticism and Reaction — The European Churcli from 
 
 the "Wesleyan Revival to the Present Time. A. D. 1739-1880.— 
 1. German Rationalism ; 2. Replies to the Rationalists ; 3. State 
 Church of Prussia ; 4. The Irvingites ; 5. The Tractarian Move- 
 ment; 6. Evangelical Alliance ; 7. Later History of Roman Cath- 
 olicism; 8. The Old Catholics; 9. Franco-German War... 61-69 
 Chapteb IV. — The Church in the United States — Christianity in 
 Connection with Republican Institutions. A. D. 1607-1880. — 
 1. Religious Character of American Colonization; 2. Periods of 
 American Church History ; 3. The Virginia Colony — Protestant 
 Episcopal Church; 4. Reformed Episcopal Church; 5. The Puri- 
 tans in America — Congregationalism; 6. Reformed Church* 
 
 7. The Baptists ; 8. Grerraan Reformed Church ; 9. The Lutheran 
 Church; 10. The Presbyterians; 11. The Methodists in Amer- 
 ica — General Summary of Methodists in 1874; 12. Roman Cath- 
 olics 70-75 
 
 Chapter V. — More recent Events in the History of the Church. A. D. 
 1880. — 1. Union and Fraternity; 2. Roman Catholicism; 3. Ritu- 
 alism; 4. Premillennial Coming of Christ; 5. Church Trials; 6. Sun- 
 day-School Instruction ; 7. Bible Revision ; 8. Revivals ; 9. At- 
 tacks on and Defense of Evangelical Truth ; 10. Present Condi- 
 lion and Outlook of the Protestant Church in America 75-80 
 
 Chapter VI.— General Survey of Missions. A. D. 1880.— 1. Early 
 Protestant Missions ; 2. Great Societies ; 3. Zeal for Missions ; 
 4. Results; 5. Missions in Asia; 6. Christians in Turkey; 7. Af- 
 rican Missions ; 8. Europe and America ; 9. Missions to Jews ; 
 10. Statistics ; 11. Missionary Literature 80-96 
 
 Chapter VIL— Religious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1880.— L Gen- 
 eral Creeds ; II. General Statistics of Christianity ; III. Special 
 Statistics — America ; Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; Australia. IV. De- 
 nominational Statistics of the United States 96 101 
 
MAPS. 
 
 BovAK Empire, at the Founding op the Church. A. D. 
 
 1-101 17-20 
 
 Edeope, at the Time op Charlemagne. A. D. 771-814... 35-38 
 
 Europe, at the Time op the Beformation. A.D. 1517... 51-54 
 
 Europe, at the Present Time. A. D. 1875 63-66 
 
 Turkey. A. D. 1875 85-88 
 
 India. A.D. 1875 89-90 
 
 China AND Japan. A.D. 1875 91-92 
 
 South Apbioa. A.D. 1876 95 
 
OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE ANCIENT PERIOD. 
 A. D. 30-760. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 POUlTDrNQ OP THE CHURCH, AND HISTORY OP THE APOSTOLIC 
 
 PERIOD, TO THE DEATH OP THE APOSTLE JOHN. 
 
 A. D. 30-101. 
 
 1. The Church:— Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Or- 
 ganization, and First Persecution.— The Christian Church 
 is that body of believers who have been baptized in the 
 name of Christ, who fully accept his doctrines, and who strive 
 in good faith to live in harmony with them. The history 
 of the Church is the record of the career of God's people, 
 who have been in the main progressive, notwithstanding 
 occasional unfaithfulness, abnormal developments, and the 
 opposition of enemies. The Church, in its broadest sense, 
 consists of true believers of all ages ; but the Christian Church 
 was established by Christ himself, and consists only of his 
 followers. 
 
 Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost ; conversion a. d. 
 of 3,000 souls; daily increase of membership; the 30, 
 numbers soon became 5,000; the Gospel, however, confined 
 to Jerusalem. Great persecution at Jerusalem ; death of Ste- 
 phen, the first martyr ; dispersion of the disciples throughout 
 Judea, Samaria, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Syria. 
 
 Conversion of Saul of Tarsus on his way to persecute a. d. 
 the Christians in Damascus. Residence of three years 37, 
 in Arabia ; long intervals probably passed in Damascus. Con- 
 
12 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 secration of Barnabas and Paul by the Holy Ghost to be apoa- 
 ties to the Gentiles, or the nations. 
 
 2. Missionary Journeys of Paul.— (1.) First Missionary 
 Journey op Paul. — He visited Seleucia^ Island of Cyprus, 
 
 A. D. Perga, Antioch in Asia Minor, Iconium, Lystra, 
 45-46. Derbe, and returaed to Antioch in Syria by way 
 of Lystra, Iconium, Antioch in Asia Minor, Perga, Attalia. 
 He then attended the assembly at Jerusalem. 
 
 A. D. (3.) Second Missionary Journey op Paul. — He 
 49-53. went through Syria, Cilicia, Phrygia^ and Galatia. 
 In obedience to a Divine call, when at Alexandria Troas, he 
 crossed the JEgean Sea to Neapolis, whence he proceeded at 
 once to Philippi. He here met with his first success on the 
 continent of Europe. Conversion of Lydia. Paul then went 
 through Amphipolis and Apollonia to Thessalonica, Berea^ 
 and Athens. He preached on Mars' Hill, and then went to 
 Corinth, where he remained eighteen months. He afterward 
 proceeded to Ephesus, and returned to Jerusalem by way of 
 Caesarea. 
 
 A. D. (3.) Third Missionary Journey op PAtn.. — He 
 54-5 §• visited the Churches in Galatia, Phrygia, and Ephe- 
 sus, and journeyed through Macedonia and lUyricum. He 
 then went by way of Assos, Mitylene, Chios, Samos, Trogyl- 
 lium, Miletus, Coos, Rhodes, Patara, Cyprus, Tyre, Ptole- 
 mais, and Caesarea to Jerusalem. This was his fifth visit to 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Arrest in the temple, and appeal to Caesar. 
 
 A. D. Imprisonment in Caesarea. 
 58-60. Paul taken on board a ship bound for Rome, in the 
 custody of a centurion. The vessel to which he was trans- 
 ferred at Myra was wrecked at Malta, where he remained 
 three months. He afterward set sail again, and landed at 
 Puteoli, from which place he proceeded on foot toward Rome. 
 
 A. D. Paul remained a prisoner in Rome two years, after 
 61-63. which he was liberated. He then visited Crete, 
 Macedonia, Corinth, Nicopolis, and Dalmatia; was arrested 
 in Asia, and again brought to Rome a prisoner. 
 A. D. Burning of the city of Rome by the Emperor Nero. 
 64, Commencement of the first persecution of Christians 
 
Outline History of the Church. 13 
 
 by Nero ; it lasted four years, and probably extended to the 
 provinces. 
 
 A popular rumor charged Nero with the burning of Eome, in order that ho 
 might rebuild it with greater magnificence. To repress the current rumor, 
 the historian Tacitus declares that Nero took measures to have the Christians 
 accused of the crime. He persecuted them witli fearful violence. Many were 
 crucified ; many were clothed in skins of wild beasts, that they might be torn to 
 pieces by dogs; otliers, besmeared with combustible materials, were set up 
 in Nero's garden and burned, to give light for the chariot races, in which the 
 emperor took an active part us a common charioteer. Seneca, the last of the 
 Stoic philosophers, in one of his epistles, describes the persecution thus: "Im- 
 agine here a prison, crosses, and racks, and the hook, and a stake thrust through 
 the body and coming out at the mouth, and the limbs torn by chariots pulling 
 adverse ways, and that coat besmeared and interwoven with inflammable ma- 
 terials, nutriment for fire, and whatever else in addition to these that cruelty 
 has invented.'"— Epistle 14. 
 
 Beginning of the Jewish war, when the Christians in a. d. 
 Jerusalem withdrew to Pella. Destruction of Jerusa- 66, 
 salem under Titus; 1,100,000 Jews slain, and 90,000 a. d. 
 sold into captivity. TO, 
 
 The Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of A. D. 
 John the Evangelist to Patmos, where he wrote the 95-96, 
 Apocalypse. About this year John wrote his Gospel, a. d. 
 thus completing the scriptural canon. Death of John. 101, 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 state op the church during the AP08T0WC PERIOD. 
 A. D. 30-101. 
 
 1. Christian Life and Worship,— There were frequent 
 assemblies of Christians, both by day and night. Property 
 was held in common. There was great simplicity A. d. 
 of worship, and the Lord's Supper was adminis- 30-101, 
 tered at the close of the service. AgapcB, or feasts of love, 
 were celebrated at all the meetings. The Scriptures were 
 read and expounded, and psalms and hymns sung. There 
 being no churches, the private houses were the places ol 
 meeting. Each flock had its pastor and deacon. The first 
 day of the week was regarded as holy, in remembrance of 
 the resurrection ; the Jewish Sabbath still observed, but not 
 universally. Fasts occurred on Wednesdays and Fridays 
 every week, and annually before the paschal festival ; dura- 
 
i4 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 tion of fasts and mode of observing them varied in different 
 places. 
 
 2. Propagation of the Gospel. — There was remarkable zeal 
 in the dissemination of Christian truth. The example was set 
 by the apostles themselves, but each Christian considered it 
 his duty to desseminate the knowledge of Christianity when- 
 ever possible. The entire Church communicated the Gospel. 
 The principal Churches were at Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, anvl 
 Alexandria. But there were also vigorous societies at Ephe- 
 sus, Colosse, Laodicea, Thessalonica, Pliilippi, Corinth, 
 Smyrna, Sardis, and on the island of Crete. The Gospel was 
 confined to the middle and lower classes. The great commerce 
 in the Medilerranean, and the fine military roads throughout 
 the Roman Empire, were very favorable to the extension of 
 Christianity and the intercommunion of Christians. Letters, 
 sometimes personal, but often circular, were largely made 
 use of, and were of great influence in strengthening and unit- 
 ing the societies needing special care. Copies of the Script- 
 ures were circulated as widely as was possible in an age 
 prior to the invention of the art of printing. 
 
 3. Controversies.— From frequent allusions, even in Paul's 
 Epistles, we learn that the early Church, during the period 
 of its greatest simplicity and purity, was not without disturb- 
 ing members. Judaizing teachers, or " false apostles," were 
 the authors of the first controversies. Antioch was the scene 
 of the earliest disturbance, but dissension was produced in 
 other sections notwithstanding Paul's explicit declarations 
 and the decision of the Council at Jerusalem. Chief subjects 
 of debate: Necessity of imposing the Mosaic Law upon the 
 new converts from heathenism; doctrine of justification; 
 covenant of Abraham; use of meats offered to idols; apostle- 
 ship of Paul. 
 
 4. Heretical Sects.— Even during the first century of tlic 
 Christian Church there were certain sects who strove to ac- 
 commodate Christianity to Oriental and Pagan philosophy. 
 These continued in force about two centuries, and proved 
 a great tnal to the primitive Church. The most important 
 of them were the Gnostics. Gnosticisra was a combination 
 of Oriental and Platonic philosophy with Judaism, together 
 
Outline History of the Church. 15 
 
 with some Christian elements. Christ was not accepted as 
 divine, but only as an emanation of Deity, This heresy, 
 though it arose some time before John's death, did not cul- 
 minate until much later. Saturninus, one of the leading 
 Gnostics, held that creation was accomplished by seven 
 angels ; that the Saviour was man in appearance only ; that 
 celibacy and asceticism are obligatory; and that the Old 
 Testament is of minor value. Basilides claimed that the 
 world was created by an order of angels; that there are two 
 souls in man ; that Christ's soul did not suffer, only his body, 
 the outward man; and that the Old Testament should be 
 rejected. Carpocrates and his son Epiphunes maintained that 
 there is no difference between right and wrong ; and that Jesus 
 elevated himself to purity, not that he was pure originally. 
 
 Valentinus went from Alexandria to Rome, and founded a 
 Judaico-Gnostic school or sect. He held that God is a com- 
 pound being ; Jesus was a man, on whom Christ descende4 ; 
 the Holy Ghost is a divine attribute ; and there is no resurrec- 
 tion. Cerdon taught that there are two principles and two 
 Gods — one good and unknown, the father of Jesus, the other 
 the creator, evil and known ; Jesus was not born of Mary, 
 and was flesh in appearance only; the Old Testament and 
 resurrection should be rejected. Marcion believed in two 
 eternal principles — the one God, good and spiritual, the other 
 material and evil. The Ophites were an an ti- Jewish Gnostic 
 sect, without admixture of Christian doctrine. They continued 
 to the sixth century. 
 
 There were various sects in addition to the Gnostics. The 
 chief Judaizing sects were the Nazarenes, Nicolaitans, Ebion- 
 ites, and Cerinthians. The Montanists, from Montanus, who 
 believed that the Holy Spirit made special revelations to him, 
 pretended to an extraordinary degree of spiritual illumina- 
 tion and power; they were ascetical, encouraged celibacy, 
 and were pharisaical in their self -righteousness. For table of 
 heresies of the first three centuries, see pp. 37, 28. 
 
 5. Apologies. — The early Christian teachers adopted vig- 
 orous measures to meet the objections to Christianity, and to 
 reply to its foes. They wrote defenses, or, as they were 
 called, apologies. The first, was written in the second century. 
 
16 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 TABLE OP APOLOGISTS. 
 Quadra tiis. Athenagoras. 
 
 Aristides. Miltiades. 
 
 Justin Martvr, Theophilus, (of ^atiocli.) 
 
 Melito, (of Sardis.) Tatian. 
 
 Claudius ApoUinaris. Hermias. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PROM THE CLOSE OP THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD TO THE END OP 
 
 THE HEIGN OP THE ANTONINES. 
 
 A. D. 101-1 SO. 
 
 1. Growth of the Church and Persecntion of Christians. 
 
 — The third persecution, under the Emperor Trajan. He 
 A. D. enacted penal laws against the Christians. His was 
 107. the first legal decree of a Roman Emperor against 
 Christianity. 
 
 Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, aided in the persecution of the Chris- 
 tians, chiefly because they refused to assist in sacrificing to the gods, and In 
 other heathen practices ; but he found them to be so numerous that he was 
 appalled at the prosi)ect of suppressing their faith, and wrote a celebrated letter 
 to Trajan, asking for advice. He said that he had not discovered any wicked- 
 ness that the Christians were guilty of, nor any thing done by them contrary 
 to the laws; only that, rising early, they sang a hymn to Christ; that the v 
 condemned adultery, murder, and all such crimes; and that they acted in al) 
 things according to the laws. Trajan replied that the Christians should not be 
 sought for, but if any were brought before Pliny they should be punished. 
 The letter of Pliny Ls a remarkable testimony to the great numbers and pure 
 life of the Christians. 
 
 A, D. Martyrdom of Ignatius at Rome. He wrote epistles 
 
 115, from Smyrna to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, 
 Romans, and from Troas to the Smyrnseans, Philadelphians, 
 and to Polycarp. Trajan pronounced sentence on him. 
 A. D. Accession of Adrian to the throne. His reign is 
 
 117, regarded as the period of the fourth persecution. No 
 general persecution, however; though there were oppressive 
 measures at Rome. The pagan mobs frequently made attacks 
 on the Christians. Adrian ordered that they should not be 
 arrested on mere rumor. 
 
 2. The Collection of the Canon. — Great attention was paid 
 during the second century to the collecting of the sacred 
 books into a canon. Most of the books of the New Testa- 
 
lO Longitude rrom o Greenv.'ich, io 
 
 IN THE .ASa&SBOLID SEBIOU Ji.JO. 1 -101. 
 18?5. 
 
 PHILLIPS & HUNT, NEW YORK. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 21 
 
 meut were received in the Church as the rule of faith. Trans- 
 lations made, especially into Syriac and Latin. 
 
 3. Milder Measures.— Renewal of Hostility. a. d. 
 
 — Reign of Antoninus Pius, distinguished by mild 138-161. 
 measures toward the Christians. They were persecuted, 
 however, by subordinate officers and excited mobs. Public 
 calamities, such as earthquakes in Asia Minor, a famine, the 
 overflowing of the Tiber, and great fires in Rome, Antioch, and 
 Corinth, were attributed to them, and hence the popular fury 
 against them. Celsus wrote his book against the Christian 
 religion. The emperor issued an order confirmatory of Adrian's, 
 that no one should be persecuted for being a Christian unless 
 charged with some o£Fense. Polycarp visited Rome. 
 
 Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus to A. d. 
 the throne. Under Marcus Aurelius, "the philos- 161. 
 opher,""' the Christians were subject to severe persecution. 
 This may be called the fifth persecution. 
 
 Lardner's three reasons for the hostility of Marcus Aiirelins to Christianity : 
 1. The Christians not only refused to join" in the common worship of the heathen 
 deities, but were free in their reflections on the philosophers. 2. They outdid the 
 Stoics themselves in patience under all kinds of suffering. 3. The emperor 
 was a bigot in religion and philosophy. Still, Christiana were niade eligible to 
 public offices under certain restrictions. 
 
 Martyrdom of Justin Martyr. A. d. 165. 
 
 Martyrdom of Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. A. d. 167. 
 
 Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle, and was nearly ninety years 
 old. Every effort was made to make him renounce his faith. W^hile in the 
 amphitheater, expecting execution, the pro-consul, Quadratus, said, "Swear and 
 I will ri4ease thee — reproach Christ ! " But Polycarp replied, "Eighty and six 
 years do I serve him, and never hath be injuretl me; and how can I blaspheme 
 my King and Saviour ? " "I have wild beasts," said the persecutoi-. " Call 
 them." replied the hero ; " I cannot change from good to evil ; it is good to 
 change from sin to righteousness." " 1 ^viII cause thee to be devoured by fire," 
 continued Quadratus, " since thou despisest the beasts." Polycarp responded, 
 "Thou threatenest the fire which burneth but for a time and is then extin- 
 guished, for thou knowest not the fire of future judgment and of eternal pun- 
 ishment reserved for the wicked. But why tarriest thou? Bring what thou 
 wilt I" He died in the midst of the flames, thanking God for the honor of 
 sealing his faith by his blood. 
 
 4. Visitation of Martyrs' Graves.— Intercomimmioii.— 
 
 A custom arose among Christians to commemorate the death 
 of martyrs by meeting at their graves on the anniversaries of 
 their death, and holding Divine worship, celebrating the 
 Lord's Supper, and taking collections for the poor. 
 
 Many Christians in Asia Minor removed to Gaul, (France,) 
 and formed that remarkable bond of unity between the 
 2 
 
22 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 Church in these two countries. A fraternal letter of the Chris- 
 tians in France, written during a period of great persecution 
 to their brethren in Asia Minor, has come down to our times 
 through Eusebius. Some regard it as the work of Irenaeus. 
 
 During^ this persecution in France only Roman citizens were granted death by 
 the sword, while the rest were torn to pieces by wild beasts. The bodies were 
 mutilated and then burned, and the ashes thrown into the Ehone. A certain Sy m- 
 porian was beheaded for refusing to fall before the car of the idol Cybele. Ilia 
 mother cried as he went to execution, " My son, my son, be steadfast; look up 
 to Him who dwells in heaven. To-day thy life is not taken from thee but 
 raised to a better." * 
 
 A. D. Bardesanes, after writing in defense of Christianity, 
 170, went over to the Valentinians, and became the fore- 
 runner of Manichseism. Controversy concerning the time of 
 keeping Easter, or the paschal feast ; the Church in the West 
 contending that the observance should be on Sunday, or day 
 of resurrection, and the East that it should be on Friday, or 
 the passover. 
 Evidence of the practice of infant baptism in the Church. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PERIOD OP THE GROWTH OF THE PERSECUTED CHURCH, PROM 
 THE EMPEROR COMMODUS TO CONSTANTENE'S EDICT OP TOL- 
 ERATION. 
 
 A. D. 180-313. 
 
 1. Christianity and Paganism in Final Conflict.— This 
 
 was the closing period of the persecuted Church. The oppos- 
 ing forces were massed, and every effort made to frustrate 
 the new religion. Martyrdoms frequent, and of the most 
 cruel character. Forms of conflict of the Church : 1. With 
 Greek and Roman heathenism. 2. With civil power. 3. With 
 the popular faith. 4. With the philosophic culture of tho 
 times. But the progress of the Gospel was all the more rapid, 
 though less noticeable by the public. Diffusion of Christian- 
 ity through the whole Roman Empire, beyond its boundaries 
 in Asia, and far into the north of Europe, through the irrup- 
 tions of the German barbaric tribes into the Empire. 
 The Gospel preached in Ethiopia by Pantajnus. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 23 
 
 Commodus on the Roman throne. During his reign, A. d. 
 from A. D. 180-193, the persecution of the Christians 180. 
 was less intense, the emperor caring but little for the national, 
 or any other, religion. 
 
 Beginning of important differences between the Church in 
 the East and that in the West. Increase in the number of 
 Church officers, and in the ascendancy of the hierarchical aris- 
 tocracy. 
 
 Clement the head of the catechetical school in Alexandria. 
 
 Septimius Severus, emperor. Christians but little a. d. 
 persecuted during the first six years of his reign. 193. 
 Afterward, ^. D. 201, he instituted a general persecution, 
 which was especially severe. He forbade his subjects from 
 adopting either the Jewish or Christian religion. 
 
 Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas, the former a noble lady, the latter a 
 slave, but both sharing a common prison and death in the bonds of Christian 
 love. The aged father of Perpetua tried to dissuade her from her faith, but 
 neither he nor the love she bore her infant child could make her renounce it. 
 Pointing to a vessel that lay on the ground, she said to her father, " Can I call 
 this vessel what it is not ? " " No ! " he answered. " Neither," she replied, 
 " can I call myself any thing but a Christian." Her child was torn from her, 
 and she was cast into a dungeon, which, she said, " became a palace." When 
 Bhe and Felicitas were brought out into the amphitheater they were torn to 
 pieces by the wild beasts, but embraced each other in the *' mutual kiss of 
 Christian love " just before their spirits departed. 
 
 2. Interpretation of the Scriptures.— Theological In- 
 struction. — The earliest commentators on the Scriptures lived 
 during this period, and were Pantaenus and Clement of 
 Alexandria. Church of Carthage became very prominent; 
 Tertullian stood at the head of it. There arose at Alexandria 
 an important school of philosophy, which strove to separate 
 truth from error in the Gnostic system. It fell into error it- 
 self. Origen became the head of the catechetical school at 
 Alexandria. The allegorical mode of interpretation prevailed 
 there. Neoplatonism in opposition to Christianity. It spirit- 
 ualized Greek and Oriental mythology, and applied it to 
 Christianity ; it would substitute, however, intellectual intui- 
 tions for both Christianity and paganism. Ammonius Saccas 
 was one of its chief teachers. He is believed to have aban- 
 doned Christianity at last. Plotinus his greatest disciple. 
 
 Death of Severus ; Caracalla and Geta, brothers, a. d. 
 loint emperors; the latter put to death by the former. 211. 
 General toleration granted the Christians, but persecution in 
 
24 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 certain localities. Massacre at Alexandria. Heliogabnlus, 
 emperor in 218, attempted to establish the worship of the 
 Sim throughout tlie empire; offered no molestation to the 
 Christians in particular. Alexander Severus, emperor A. D. 
 222-335, favored Christianity, though the Christians were 
 persecuted by some of his officers in certain localities. He 
 placed a statue of Christ among his household gods. 
 
 Fasting became more common, and greater value attached 
 to it. First traces of churches, or distinct buildings, for 
 Christian worship. Church councils grew in importance — not 
 only bishops, but ministers, and even laymen, were members. 
 A. D. Maximinus, who murdered his predecessor, emperor. 
 235. He inaugurated a partial persecution, aimed chiefly at 
 the heads of the Church. Pontus and Cappadocia were the 
 principal scenes of the persecution. The emperor put to 
 death the bishops who had been friendly to his predecessor. 
 
 There was universal peace in the Church under Gordian, 
 emperor in 238. Succeeded by Philip the Arabian, 244. 
 Important travels and writings of Origen. 
 
 First traces of the Eoman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, Origen teaching, in 
 harmony with the views of Plato, that the souls of all good men will pass 
 through purgatorial fire. 
 
 3. The Decian Persecution. — Decius became emperor, and 
 commenced one of the two most barbarous of all the per- 
 secutions. It extended throughout the Roman Empire. 
 There was an imperial edict for the restoration of the State 
 religion, while torture, banishment, and confiscation were the 
 punishments inflicted on Christians. Bishops were put to 
 death, and among the number was Fabianus, Bishop of Rome. 
 Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Babylas, Bishop of Anti- 
 och, died in prison. The most cruel measures were adopted. 
 *'The sword, the fire, wild beasts, hooks of steel, the 
 wheel, red-hot iron chains, and whatever else would inflict 
 pain, were brought into requisition." A rebellion in Mace- 
 donia and a Gothic war diverted the attention of Decius 
 from the Christians. He died in battle against the Goths, 
 A. D. 251. 
 
 4. Rise of Monasticism.— Paul the Hermit, of Thebes, 
 and other Christians, withdrew to the deserts of Egypt and 
 
Outline History of the Church. 25 
 
 other retired places to avoid the persecution. Begiuiiing of 
 a great pestilence, which lasted fifteen years. 
 
 Decius was succeeded by Gallus, who in turn was suc- 
 ceeded by Valerian. The latter aimed to destroy Christianity 
 by putting to death its leaders. In the fourth year of hia 
 reign he issued an edict : " Let bishops, presbyters, and dea- 
 cons at once be put to death.'' The aged Cyprian suffered 
 martyrdom for refusing to sacrifice to idols. Many Christians 
 sent to the mines. 
 
 Gallienus, emperor. He restored to the Christians a. d. 
 their burial grounds and property, and protected them 259, 
 in their worship. Under him Christianity was first recognized 
 by the State as a lawful religion. He was succeeded by Au- 
 relian, a plebeian fire-worshiper, in 270. He was unfriendly to 
 Christianity, but recognized the favorable edict of his prede- 
 cessor. Murdered in 275. 
 
 5. The Sabellians. — They denied the personality of the 
 Son and Holy Ghost ; God is man's redeemer and sanctifier ; 
 divinity of the Father resides in the Son, who had no separate 
 existence before his appearance on earth. The sect existed 
 at Rome and Alexandria until the fourth century. 
 
 6. The Lapsed. — The Christians who did not withstand the 
 persecution were called by various names. Those who, to 
 save becoming martyrs, sacrificed at pagan altars, were called 
 " Sacrificati ; " those who burned incense in pagan worship, 
 " Thurificati ; " and those who obtained from tlie pagan 
 authorities a certificate, lihellum, " Libellatici. " There were 
 intense agitation and discussion among Christians as to tlie 
 proper mode of treating the lapsed. Some favored sever- 
 ity, others lenity. The Novatian schism at Rome grew out 
 of this question. Novatus was lax at Carthage, but was de- 
 feated within the Church. 
 
 Diocletian, emperor; Maxiraian taken as colleague. A. d. 
 The persecution under him was the last, most violent, 28'l. 
 and most wide-spread. He ordered that all Bibles should bo 
 burned, all Christian churches be pulled down, and all Chris- 
 tians be deprived of rank and honor. A Christian of noble 
 rank tore the proclamation to pieces, but was roasted for hia 
 act. All were tortured wlio refused to sacrifice to idols. Of 
 
26 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 all the Roman Empire, only Gaul, Britain, and Spain, which 
 were ruled by Constantius Chlorus, escaped persecution. 
 A. D. Constantius, emperor. Bom in Dacia, 274; his 
 306. father, Constantius Chlorus, (the Sallow,) and his 
 mother, Helena daughter of an innkeeper. He fought his 
 way to the throne by patience and bravery in the war& in 
 Egypt and Persia. Proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in 
 Britain. In 308 there were six emperors dividing the Roman 
 dominion. Finally the number was reduced to two, Con- 
 stantine in the East, and Licinius in the West. 
 
 When Constantine was engaged in war with a rival emperor, Maxentius, he is 
 said by the writers of the time to have seen the vision of a cross hung in the 
 sky, inscribed with the words, in the Greek language, "In this Conquer ! " 
 He gained the great victory of the Ked Rocks immediately afterward. The 
 incident of the vision led him to accept Christianity, and ever afterward he 
 carried the cross at the head of his tioops. 
 
 Table of Persecutions and Intervals of Peace. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 64-68. Persecution under Nera_ Martyrdom of Paul. 
 68-95. Interval of peace. 
 
 95-96. Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of John to 
 Patraos. 
 96-104. Interval of peace. 
 
 104-117. Persecution under Trajan. Martyrdom of Ignatius. 
 117-161. Interval of peace. '^ 
 
 161-180. Persecution under MarcusAurelius. Martyrdom of Poly- 
 carp. "" ^ 
 1 80-200. Interval of peace. 
 200-211. Persecution under Severus. 
 211-250. Interval of peace, "excepting 2.35-237, when there was a 
 
 partial persecution under Maximinus. 
 250-25.3. Persecution under Decius. 
 253-257. Interval of peace. 
 
 257-260 Persecution under Valerian, with intervals of peac«. 
 260-30? Interval of peace, excepting 262, persecution in the Ea»t 
 under Macrianus ; 275, persecution threatened under An- 
 relian. 
 303-313. Persecution under Diocletian, G-alerius, and Maximinus. 
 
 II. 
 Church Fathers, to the Council op Nice. 
 The term " Father " is applied to those early Christian 
 writers who were regarded in their day as authorities in doc- 
 trine and practice, and in whose writings we find the history. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 
 
 27 
 
 doctrines and traditions of the early Church. They are as 
 follows : 
 
 APOSTOLICAL FATHERS. 
 
 Barnabas, died about A. D. 57 Hermas, died about A. D. 150 
 Clemens, " 100 Polycarp, " 167 
 
 Ignatius, " 117 
 
 
 CHUUGH 
 
 FATHERS. 
 
 
 Dionysius, died about A. D. 100 
 
 / Tertullian, died about A. D 
 
 . 220 
 
 Ilermias, 
 
 150 
 
 Minutius Felix, " 
 
 225 
 
 / Justin Martyr, 
 
 167 
 
 Origen, 
 
 254 
 
 ^atian, 
 
 176 
 
 Cyprian, " 
 
 258 
 
 Hegesippus, 
 
 ' 180 
 
 ''' Dionysius of Alexandria," 
 
 265 
 
 Theophilus, 
 
 182 
 
 ; Gregory Thaumaturgus, " 
 
 270 
 
 ^Athenagoras, 
 
 ♦ 190 
 
 ^ Victorinus, " 
 
 303 
 
 ^ Irenajus, ' 
 
 * 202 
 
 Arnobius, " 
 
 326 
 
 / Hippolytus, < 
 , Clemens of Alexandn 
 
 * 210 
 
 Lactantius, " 
 
 330 
 
 a, 220 
 
 
 
 III. 
 
 Heresies and Sects op the First Three Centuries. 
 
 first century. 
 
 Judaizing. Gnostic^ (Asiatic.) 
 
 Nazarenes. Simouians, (Simon Magus.) 
 
 Ebionites. Menandrians. 
 
 Nicolaitans. Cerinthiana, 
 
 DocetaB. 
 
 SECOND CENTURY. 
 
 The Syrian GnosUca. 
 Saturninus. Tatian. 
 
 Bardesanes. Severus. 
 
 The Asiatic Gnostics. 
 
 Lucian, (or Lucan.) 
 
 Cerdo. 
 Marcion. 
 
 Egyptian, or Alexandrian Gnostics. 
 
 Valentinus. Ptolemaeus. 
 
 Basilides. Secundus. 
 
 Carpocrates. Marcus. 
 
 Heracleon. Colobarsus. 
 
 Sethians. 
 
 Lesser Gnostic Sects. 
 Cainitea. 
 
 Ophitet. 
 
28 Ojtline History of the Church. 
 
 Non-Oriental Heresies. 
 
 Praxeas, and Patripassians. Millenarii, or Chiliasta 
 
 Theodotus. Hermogenes. 
 
 Artemon. Montanus. 
 
 Prodicus. Elxai, or Elcesaitae, 
 Antitecti. Helcesaitae. 
 
 Alogians. 
 
 THIKD CENTURY. 
 
 Novatian, (Novatians.) Nepos. 
 
 Novatus. Paul of Samosata, (Paul* 
 
 Beryllus. ianists.) 
 
 Noetus. Manichaeans. 
 
 Sabellius, (Patripassian.) Hierax, (Hieracites.) 
 
 Schisins. 
 
 Felicissimua. Novatus. 
 
 Controversies. 
 
 On the Lapsed. On Heretical Baptism. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE CHURCH UNITED WITH THE STATE. — FROM CONSTANTINE'S 
 EDICT OP TOLERATION TO THE AGE OP LEO THE GREAT. 
 
 A. D. 313-440. 
 
 1. Toleration of Christianity. — Constantine and Licinius 
 published an edict in favor of the full toleration of Christians. 
 A.. D. In the following year the emperors engaged in war 
 31 3. with each other, when Licinius made peace on dis- 
 advantageous terms. He persecuted the Christians in tlie 
 East, and defended paganism. 
 
 2. Rise of Arianism. — Arius, the founder of Arianisni, 
 held that Christ was created, and was not of the same sub- 
 stance as the Father. He claimed that there was a time 
 when Christ did not exist. Excommunication of Arius. 
 Arianism at its height, and extended to the "West, in the 
 middle of the fourth century. 
 
 3. The Nicene Council. — This was the first general counciJ 
 
Outline History or the ('hurch. 2y 
 
 of the Church, and was convened by Constantine, Avho waa 
 present iu person. It was called chiefly to settle the a. d. 
 Arian controversy. The doctrines of Ai-ius were con- 325. 
 demned as heretical, principally through the influence of 
 Athanasius, a talented young deacon of Alexandria. 
 
 4. Spread of Christianity. — Constantine sole emperor; 
 laws against paganism ; all Christians protected in their rights. 
 One lialf of the Eoman Empire in favor of Christianity. 
 Many heatlien temples converted into churches. About one 
 thousand bishops in the Eastern Church, and eight hundred 
 in the Western. Great increase in religious ceremonies. Con- 
 stantinople made the imperial residence. The clergy ex- 
 empted from share in civil burdens. Arius restored as 
 presbyter to Alexandria by Constantine. 
 
 5. The Empire and Christianity.— Death of Con- a. d. 
 stantine; was baptized shortly before his death; 337. 
 buried in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople. 
 Constantine 11. and Constans, emperors in the West ; Con- 
 stantius emperor in the East. Athanasius restored by Con- 
 stans. Union between Church and State more intimate. 
 The emperors convened and presided over the councils ; con- 
 firmed their decrees; enacted ecclesiastical laws themselves; 
 decided concerning heresies and controversies; appointed 
 bishops ; inflicted ecclesiastical punishment. 
 
 6. Monasticism. — Great increase of monasticism, though it 
 spread much sooner and more rapidly in the East than the 
 West. The monks divided into anchorites and coenobites. 
 Nuns in Egypt. Death of Anthony, (the Great,) a celebrated 
 promoter of monasticism. 
 
 7. Julian and Jovian. — Coronation of Julian the a. d. 
 Apostate. He renounced the Christian faith; openly 301. 
 endeavored to establish paganism ; wrote against Christian- 
 ity ; forbade Christians to teach the liberal arts and science^ , 
 commanded the Christian sects to be tolerant of each other; 
 took away the immunities from Christians. Succeeded by 
 Jovian. Universal toleration under Valentinian I. in the 
 West. Heathen superstition generally renounced by the 
 educated classes. Adherents of the ancient faith now for the 
 first time styled Pagani^ or Pagans. 
 
30 Outline History of tke Church. 
 
 8. Arianism.— The Roman See.— Reign of Theodosius I. 
 the Great, A. D. 379-395. Decline and fall of Arianism. 
 A. D. The tenets maintained among barbarians — Vandals, 
 379. Goths, Lombards — until middle of seventh century. 
 Choral singing introduced by Ambrose. Latin translation 
 of the Scriptures improved. Extension of the power of the 
 Roman See. Doctrine of purgatory taught at beginning of 
 fifth century, Augustine thinking Origen's view of the 
 purification of souls by fire between death and the judgment 
 in all probability correct. Extensive conversion of the Gauls ; 
 great spread of the Gospel in Germany. 
 
 9. Religious Life. — During this period the religious life of 
 the Christians was, for the most part, pure and fervent. The 
 effect of the persecutions had been salutary in promoting in- 
 trospection and zeal, but the transition of Christianity to a 
 State religion was calculated to give to religion, later, more of 
 an external and secular character. The heresies caused the 
 withdrawal of many who were cold and wayward. 
 
 As a specimen of the conversions of the tinae, we give a Church Father's 
 personal experience, in his own exi)ressive language: " It appeared to me ex- 
 tremely hard to be born again to a new life, and to become another man, stiU 
 keeping the same body. How can one at once get rid of rooted and hardened 
 habits, wliich arise either from nature itself, or from long custom ? . . . I often 
 held converse thus with myself; but when the life-gi\ing water had washed 
 away the sins of my past life, and my cleansed heart had received light from on 
 high and the heavenly Spirit, I was amazed how my doubts vanished away; 
 all was open, all was clear, and I found ea-<y what appeared to me impossible: 
 namely, to acknowledge that whatsoever is born according to the flesh, and Uvea 
 in~crime, is of the earth ; and that whatsoever is enlivened by the Holy Spirit 
 Cometh from God." — Cypkian's Narrative of my Experience, 
 
 10. Creeds. — The Apostles' Creed was the baptismal creed 
 in the Roman and Italian Churches. The Nicene Creed was 
 adopted by the universal Church, and was introduced, with 
 the service of the eucharist, in the fifth and sixth centuries. 
 Each Church possessed, and many exercised, the right of 
 imposing its own liturgy by tlie adding of new rites aiid 
 prayers. Tl)e present eucharistic service in the Church of 
 England resembles the ancient Galilean. 
 
 In the fourth century there were four forms of administering the communion, 
 though thure was agreement in the main. 1. One form was common to the 
 Churches in Judsea, Syria, Asia Minor, Mace<lonia, Greece. 2. Another In 
 Egypt and Ethiopia. 3. A third in Ejthesus, and afterward in Fran 'e, Spain, 
 and probably Britain. 4. A fourth in Koine, Ital)', and Africa. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 31 
 
 Death of Theodosius, and final division of the empire. A. d. 
 Honorius emperor in the West, and Arcadius in the 395. 
 East. 
 
 11. Pelagianism.— Abuses.— Controversy between Pelagius 
 and Augustine. Pelagius denied the doctrine of original sin, 
 the total corruption of the human nature, irresistible grace, 
 and absolute decrees of election. Opposed by Augustine, who 
 contended for all these. Pelagius taught his views at Rome. 
 His system condemned by the Synods of Mylene and Car- 
 thage. Semi-Pelagianism in Gaul. Period of violent contro- 
 versy, pompous ceremonial, rising secular power, and growing 
 corruption of the Church. General religious decline. In- 
 creasing wealth in the Church. Only a few heathen temples 
 remained ; the heathen excluded from posts of honor. 
 
 Eome plundered by Alaric the Goth. Southern A. D. 
 Italy conquered by him. 410, 
 
 For six days the streets of Rome ran with the blood of its citizens. Rich booty 
 was borne southward by Alaric's advancing troops. He died before passing 
 over into Sicily at Cozenza, in Calabria. A river was turned aside to make a 
 place in its bed for his grave, and when he was buried the water went into its 
 formei channel, and the prisoners who had buried him were slain, that no one 
 might find out where the conqueror of Rome was buried. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 AGE OF LEO THE GREAT. — SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH 
 IN THE WEST. — CONTINUANCE OF CONTROVERSIES. — MOHAM- 
 MEDANISM. 
 
 A. D. 440-590. 
 
 ^ 1. Leo the Great.— Controversy on the Natures of Christ. 
 — Reign of Leo the Great, Bishop of Rome. He A. d. 
 
 was distinguished for his extension of the power 440-461, 
 of the Romish See, opposition to the claims of the patriarch 
 of Constantinople, and successful defense of the orthodox 
 faith against heretics and schismatics. Controversy on the 
 union of the two natures in Christ. The Monophysites, or 
 Eutychians, held tJiat there was only one nature in- Christ. 
 Monophysitism condemned at the Council of Clialcedon. 
 
 2. Capture of Rome. — Rome captured by the Van- A. d. 
 dais under Genseric. The Vandals and Moors pillaged 465. 
 
32 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 the city without mercy. Its finest Avorks of art destroyed , 
 its bronzes and silver and gold articles melted down. Treas- 
 ure and captives carried over the sea to Carthage. 
 
 3. Downfall of the Western Roman Empire.— Irruptions 
 of the barbarians in the West very prejudicial to learning and 
 the safety of the Christian missionaries. Various parts of 
 central and eastern Europe overspread by the Sclavi. Great 
 vices among the clergy. The oligarchy of the patriarchate 
 of Rome gradually gave way to the monarchy of the Bishop 
 Df Rome. Beginning of the application of the title " Pope '* 
 to the Bishop of Rome. 
 
 4. Eastern Empire.— The Franks. — Justinian I. Emperor 
 in the East. Reign, A. D. 527-565. Great power and suc- 
 cess of the Eastern empire. Justinian destroyed the remnants 
 of paganism in his empire. The Franks subdued the Alle- 
 mani, Bavarians, and Thuringians. Establishment of mo- 
 nastic rules and institutes by Benedict of Nursia. 
 
 A. D. Rome taken by Belisarius. The city remained in 
 535. the power of the Greeks until 541. 
 
 5. Clerical Celibacy.— Councils. — Celibacy of the clergy 
 supported by edicts of Justinian in 530, 536, and 541. Both 
 East and West held councils, those in the East being on 
 points of theological controversy, and those in the West on 
 matters of ecclesiastical discipline. The Scots christiauxzed 
 by Columba, of Ireland. 
 
 6. Mohammedanism. — Mohammed born at Mecca, Arabia, 
 in 569 or 570. 1. He declared himself a prophet, 609 ; 
 2. Fled to Medina, 622 ; 3. Founded a new religion, based 
 on the Koran, (collected by Abu Bekr in 635,) which he 
 wrote ; 4. Conquered all Arabia ; died from poison, 632. lie 
 was succeeded by Caliphs, who carried their victories over 
 vast regions, until Egypt, Syria, Persia, North Africa, Asia 
 Minor, Northern India, all Spain, and the south of Franci 
 were under their dominion. Charles Martel arrestca the f)rGg- 
 ress of the Mohammedans in western Europe by a victory al 
 Tours, France, A. D. 732. According to the monkish legends, 
 three hundred thousand Moslems were killed. While the 
 number slain was greatly exaggerated, the victory was yet com- 
 plete and perpetual. Mohammedanism still prevails in the 
 
Outline Histoky of the Church. 
 
 33 
 
 aorthem half of Africa, Turkey in Europe, Arabia, Persia, 
 ihe Holy Laiid, and Asia Minor. 
 
 Six chief doctrines : 1. The one God. 2. Angels and archang-els. 3. The Koran. 
 
 4. The positive prophetical character of Mohammed and his successors. 
 
 5. Resurrection and the general judgment. 6 God's absolute predetermination 
 of good and evil. The four great duties are : 1, Prayer. 2. Almseiving. 
 8. Fasting. 4. Pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. 5. Polygamy. 6. Prohibi- 
 tion to eat swine-meat. The ethical element is wanting in the Mohammedan 
 
 system. 
 
 EoMAN Emperors. 
 From the beginning of the Christian era to the fall of the 
 Roman empire : 
 
 First Century. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Augustus B. c. 13-14 
 
 Tiberius 14 
 
 Caligula 37 
 
 Claudius 41 
 
 Neio 54 
 
 Galba 68 
 
 Otho 69 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Yitellius 69 
 
 Vespasian 69 
 
 Titus 79 
 
 Domitian 81 
 
 Nerva 96 
 
 Trajan 98 
 
 Second Century. 
 
 Trajan 98 
 
 Adrian 117 
 
 Antoninus Pius 138 
 
 Marcus Aurelius and L.Verus 161 
 
 Commodus 180 
 
 Pertinax 193 
 
 Severus 193 
 
 Third Century. 
 
 Caracalla and Geta 211 
 
 Macrinus 217 
 
 Heliogabalus 218 
 
 Alexander Severus 222 
 
 Maximinus 235 
 
 Gordian and his son 237 
 
 Balbinus and Pupienus 238 
 
 Gordian the Younger 238 
 
 Philip the Arabian 244 
 
 Decius "249 
 
 Gallus and his son 251 
 
 ^mUianus 253 
 
 Valerian and his son 253 
 
 Gallienus 260 
 
 Claudius II 268 
 
 Quintillus 270 
 
 Aurelian 270 
 
 Interregnum of nine months. 275 
 
 Tacitus 275 
 
 Florianus 276 
 
 Probus 276 
 
 Cams 282 
 
 Carinus and Numerianus. ... 283 
 
 Diocletian 284 
 
 Maximianus as colleague. . . . 286 
 
 Fourth Century. 
 
 Constantius and Galerius 305 
 
 Constantine the Great 306 
 
 Constantine the Great, as sole 
 
 Emperor 323 
 
 Constantine II., Constans, and 
 
 Constantius II 337 
 
 Julian the Apostate 361 
 
 Jovianus 363 
 
34 
 
 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 Western Empire. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Valentinian 364 
 
 Gratian 367 
 
 Valentinian II 375 
 
 Honorius 395 
 
 Eastern Empire. 
 
 Valens 364 I Arcadius . . 
 
 Theodosius 379 | 
 
 Last Emperors of Rome. 
 
 395 
 
 Honoriua 395 
 
 Valentinian III 425 
 
 Maximus 455 
 
 Avitus 456 
 
 Majoriaraus 457 
 
 Libius Severus 461 
 
 Antliemius 467 
 
 Olybius 472 
 
 Glycerins 473 
 
 Julius Nepos 474 
 
 Romulus Augustulus. . . 475, 476 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE AGE OP GREGORY THE GREAT — CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE 
 CHURCH IN THE EAST AND WEST — DECLINE OP THE EAST- 
 ERN CHURCH. 
 
 A. D. 590-750. 
 
 The countries of the West became a religious and political 
 unity, while disintegration prevailed in the East, largely 
 through the intrusion of Mohammedanism. In Europe the 
 unity greatly promoted by the conversion of the Britons anc» 
 the Germans. Growth of the worship of images and saint* 
 in the West. 
 
 1. Gregory the Great. — Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome, 
 A. D. 590-604. He called himself the " Servant of the serv- 
 A. D. ants of our Lord." He magnified the pretensions of 
 590. the Roman See; revised the ritual; established the 
 mass; promoted monastic life and institutions; patronized 
 church music and ceremonial observances; cultivated theo- 
 logical literature, strict clerical discipline, and almsgiv- 
 ing ; discouraged the liberal sciences ; and established 
 purgatory as a positive doctrine. Gregory sent monks into 
 Britain for the re-conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. He was 
 incited to do so by the beauty of some English boys, whom he 
 had seen in the Roman slave market. The mission conducted 
 by the monk Augustine, first Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
to Lonjilutlc L-3ni O GroeiL^idj.. lo 
 
 r. JCaimhxtbz. ileL. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 39 
 
 2. Monothelite Controversy.— The Hlonotlielite controver- 
 sy arose from Heraclius asserting that ttere were in Christ but 
 one will and one mode of operation. The Duothelites held to 
 two wills in Christ, because of his two natures. Growth of 
 papal power in the West. Theodore, Bishop of Rome, as- 
 sumed the title of Sovereign Pontiff. Ecclesiastical power 
 predominated in the West, and civil in the East. 
 
 3. Spread of the Gospel. — Complete conversion a. d. 
 of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Chilian preached 67§. 
 among the Franks, and Willibrord among the Dutch and 
 Frisians. Winfrid preached in Thuringia and Hesse. He was 
 consecrated archbishop of Rome under the name of Boniface. 
 Beginning of the violent controversy on the use of images, 
 which distracted the Church one hundred and twenty years, 
 until A. D. 843. 
 
 Saxon translation of John's Gospel by the Vener- a. i». 
 able Bede. Death of Bede. Birth of Alcuin, the T34. 
 teacher of Charlemagne. Masses for the dead, the sick, 
 and fine weather. Pilgrimages in high repute. Ecclesiasti- 
 cal authority predominated over secular. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. 
 A. D. 750-151T. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BEGINNING, PROGRESS, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DARK 
 AGES.— CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRK 
 — HILDEBRAND. 
 
 A. D. 750-1198. 
 
 1. The Middle Ages. — This is about the time when a. d. 
 the Middle Ages commenced, though the transition had 750, 
 been going on nearly two centuries. They continued to the 
 Reformation. The three leading achievements of this period 
 were the full establishment of the papacy, the development 
 of mona'jtic orders, and, in the sphere of science, the growth 
 
4:0 Outline History of the Chubch. 
 
 of scholasticism. The important political events marking th< 
 beginning of the mediaeval period are : 
 
 1. The end of the Greek Exarchate in Italy, 752. 
 
 2. Destruction of the King-dora of the Lombards, 774. 
 
 3. Organization of the E/anli Empire under Pepin, and its alliance 
 with the papacy. 
 
 4. Rise of the new Germanic Church. 
 
 5. Division of the Mohammedan Caliphate, 750. 
 
 6. Decline of the Greek Empire. 
 
 7. Development of the new Roman Empire of the "West. 
 
 2. Pepin. — Reign of Pepin, king of the Franks, 752-768. 
 He was the first of the Carlovingian dynasty of France which 
 A. D. succeeded the Merovingian. He g?.ve to the pope cer- 
 752. tain territory lying between Ancona and the Po, stretch- 
 ing to the Apennines. This was the beginning of the tempo- 
 ral sovereignty of the papacy. At Pepin's death the southern 
 part of his 'kingdom was inherited by his son Carloman, and 
 the northern by Charles, or Charlemagne — Charles the Great. 
 
 3. Reign of Charlemagne. — Charlemagne, first as partic- 
 ipant in the general government, and finally as the emperor 
 A. D. of the West. He reigned A. D. 768-814. He propa- 
 "768, gated Christianity among the Franks by force. Alcuin, 
 his friend and adviser, commended milder measures, but to no 
 purpose. He was sole emperor of the Franks A. D. 771. 
 Carried on wars against the Saxons, Bohemians, and Huns. 
 Gave increased grants of land to the papacy ; was, neverthe- 
 less, acknow^ledged by the pope as supreme. Great patron 
 of learning ; founded the University of Paris ; had the best 
 books of theology, philosophy, and literature read to him; 
 was himself a very diligent student, with Alcuin as teacher. 
 He organized a revision and correction of the Latin version 
 of the Scriptures. 
 
 4. Controversies. — Rise of the Adoptian Controversy in 
 Spain, that Christ is not the true Son of God, but, according 
 A. D. to his human nature. Son of God only by adoption. 
 ysy. This view w^as an accommodation to the prejudices of 
 the Mohammedan inhabitants of Spain. Forgery of the false 
 Isidorean decretals, granting important concessions to the 
 papacy. The Aristotelian philosophy in high favor in the 
 East. The establishment of transubstantiation— that the bre.ad 
 
Outline History of the Church. 41 
 
 aud wine at the Lord's Supper became really the body and 
 tilood of Christ. 
 
 5. Alfred the Great.— Birth of Alfred the Great, a. d. 
 king of England. He reigned A. D. 871-901. After §48. 
 defeating his great rivals, the Danes, he held undisturbed 
 dominion. lie fortified his country, developed the talents of 
 his people, encouraged learning, established the University of 
 Oxford, and became the author of a number of works. He 
 translated the Psalms into Saxon, and published the works of 
 Orosius, Bede, Boethius, and the Pastoral of Gregory. The 
 arst pre-Norman period of English Church history begins with 
 the mission of Augustine, and closes with the death of Alcuin 
 at Tours, in France, 59G-801. The second extends from Al- 
 cuin to Dunstau, 804-928. The third covers the time from 
 928-1066, or from Dunstan to the Norman conquest. 
 
 6. Ruric— Schism between the East and the West. — Found- 
 ing of the Russian monarchy by Ruric. Formal begin- A. D. 
 ning of the schism between the Church in the East and S62. 
 that in the West, 867. Chief grounds of failure of attempts 
 at reconciliation : 1. Claim of Rome to be the final court of 
 appeals. 2. Which Church should rule in East lUyria and in 
 Bulgaria. 3. Doctrines and rites, jilioque controversy, celib- 
 acy, images. Final separation of the Eastern Church from 
 the Western, A. D. 1054. 
 
 7. Rapid Spread of the Gospel.— Corruptions.— The Hun- 
 garians, Bulgarians, Bohemians, Moravians, Wends and Scan- 
 dinavians, evangelized. Increasing superstition in southern 
 Europe. Great assumptions of power over the kings by the 
 pope ; in part successful. Worship of saints very extravagant. 
 Great corruption of the papacy. The papal chair obtained 
 by the most corrupt means. Continued struggles between 
 llic See of Rome and the emperors. 
 
 8. Papal Pretensions. — Great increase of papal a. d. 
 pi'erogatives after beginning of tenth century. Mon- 900. 
 asteries exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and placed 
 directly under the papacy. Power of the bishops declared 
 to be derived from the pope alone. The pope claimed the 
 prerogative to convene general councils. Appeals were taken 
 from the councils to him. Learning at a low ebb 
 
 3 
 
42 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 A. D. Grants of Charlemagne to the pope confirmed by the 
 963. emperor Otho. 
 
 A. D. End of the Carlovingian, and foundation of tlie 
 987, Capetian, dynasty. 
 
 A, D. 9. Norman Conquest. — William of Normandy con- 
 
 1066. quered England and founded a new dynasty. Harold, 
 the last of the Saxon kings, defeated at Hastings. William 
 refused to do homage to the pope for his dominions. 
 A. D. 10. Hildebrand.— Reign of Pope Gregory VH., 
 
 1073. (Hildebrand,) 1073-1085. He had controlled five 
 popes before becoming one himself ; so soon as his plana 
 were ripe he was elected by acclamation. He aimed to es- 
 tablish a universal papal theocracy; endeavored to reform 
 the clergy; and claimed absolute dominion over all the States 
 of Christendom, as successor of St. Peter and vicar of Christ 
 on earth. 
 
 11. Henry IV. — The emperor Henry IV., of Germany, re- 
 fused to submit to Pope Gregory VII., and caused his depo- 
 sition. The pope excommunicated him, and absolved the 
 latter's subjects from allegiance. Henry then did penance, 
 and submitted to the demands of Gregory, but afterward 
 united with the Lombards in a war against him. Gregory 
 again excommunicated Henry, and the latter set up another 
 pope under the title of Clement HI. Henry besieged Rome 
 three years, and gained possession. Rome recovered to 
 Gregory by Robert Guiscan. Death of Gregory at Salerno. 
 The dispute between the emperors and the popes continued 
 loner after the death of the immediate contestants. It was 
 the beginning of a movement which really culminated in the 
 Reformation of the sixteenth century. 
 
 A. D. 12. Wealth and Territory of the Church.— Pro- 
 It 34. test of Arnold of Brescia against the papal enormities. 
 Immense wealth of the Church ; its territories supposed to be 
 about half of the empire. Beginning of the great struggle 
 between the rival factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 
 The fundamental doctrines conceded generally in the Church ; 
 also, in addition thereto, papal authority, efficacy of ijidul- 
 gences, transubstantiation, inexpediency of reading the Script- 
 ures in *^e- language of the people. 
 
Outline Histoky of the Church. 43 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CRUSADB8. 
 A. D. 1096-1272. 
 
 1. Cause of the Crusades. — Owing to the oppressions of 
 the Christians in Palestine, and especially of pilgrims thither, 
 by the Mohammedan masters of the country, Western Europe 
 began to agitate a crusade for the rescue of the land from 
 their possession. They were inaugurated by Peter the Her- 
 mit, of Amiens, France, who received a commission from the 
 pope to preach in favor of them. He was heard with profound 
 attention, and multitudes gathered about him. His persoa was 
 regarded with sacred awe, and even the hairs of his head were 
 gathered up as precious mementos. 
 
 2. Order of the Crusades.— 1. First Crusade, A. D. 1096- 
 1099. — Conducted by Walter the Penniless and Peter the 
 Hermit; six armies engaged in the enterprise, 600,000 people 
 in all. After the death of the first Crusaders there appeared 
 the real warriors, under such leaders as Godfrey of Bouillon, 
 Hugh the Great, Robert of Normandy, Tancred, Raymond of 
 Toulouse. Capture of Jerusalem, July, 1098. Godfrey of 
 Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. 
 
 2. Second Crusade, A. D. 1147-1149.— Edessa captured by the 
 Mohammedans, and Jerusalem threatened. Europe aroused 
 by the eloquence of St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux. Two 
 armies, consisting of 1,200,000 men, led by Louis Vll., King 
 of France, and Conrad HI., emperor of Germany. Failure; 
 return of the fragments to Europe, after utter inability to 
 reduce Damascus, 
 
 3. Third Crusade, A. D. 1189-1192.— Kingdom of Jerusalem 
 terminated, in 1187, by the capture of the city by Salad in, 
 the aspirant to universal Mohammedan supremacy. Crusade 
 under Frederic Barbarossa, of Germany; Philip Augustus, 
 king of France ; and Richard Coeur de Lion, of England. 
 
44 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 Disunion among the Crusaders, but a treaty made with Sal- 
 adin exempting the Christian pilgrims from taxes. 
 
 4. Fourth Crusade^ A. D. 1203. — Determined upon by Pope 
 Innocent III. Christendom not in a condition to organize 
 one. The beginnings of an army met at Venice, but never 
 went to Palestine. Baldwin, Count of Flanders, leader. 
 Some writers claim as the fourtn Crusade an expedition or- 
 ganized in 1217 by Andrew II., of Hungaiy, who, supported 
 by the kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, took a fortress and 
 gome forts on Mount Tabor, and returned home in 1218. 
 
 5. T?ie Boy Crusade, A. D. 1212.— Conducted by Stephen 
 of Vendome, a shepherd boy. He was followed by 30,000 
 children of about twelve years of age. They set sail from 
 Marseilles for Palestine in seven ships ; two wrecked ; the re- 
 raainder reached Egypt, where the children were sold as 
 slaves. 
 
 6. Fifth Crusade, A. D. 1228, 1229.— Commenced by Fred- 
 erick II., emperor of Germany. Terminated in ten years by a 
 treaty between him and the Sultan of Egypt, when Palestine 
 was ceded to the emperor, who returned to Germany. 
 
 7. Sixth Crusade, A. D. 1248. — Palestine invaded by Turks 
 in 1244; Jerusalem captured and pillaged. Crusade con- 
 ducted by Louis IX., (St. Louis,) of France. Taken prisoner 
 by the Sultan of Egypt, but ransomed, and restored to lib- 
 erty in 1250. 
 
 8. Seventh Crusade, A. D. 1270-1272.— First undertaken by 
 St. Louis, of France, but after his death, in Tunis, conducted 
 by Edward I., of England. Failure; return of Edward to 
 England. The country in possession of the Mohammedans. 
 
 3. Benefits ot the Crusades.— Union of the conflicting 
 nations of Europe for a common good; the equalization of 
 the social classes ; development of maritime commerce ; inter- 
 change of Eastern and Western thought ; introduction of 
 Eastern arts and sciences into Europe; growth of populai 
 liberty in Europe ; organizations, such as the Knights of St 
 Tohu, for the care of the wounded and sick. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 45 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 BEPORMATORY MOVEMENTS. 
 A. D. 1170-1457. 
 
 1 Arnold of Brescia. — One of the earliest attempts at re- 
 form was the protest of Arnold, of Brescia, in 1134, against 
 the corruptions of the papacy. There was a deep-seated 
 conviction in the most serious circles throughout the twelfth 
 century, which continued until its development in the Refor- 
 mation, that reform was necessary. 
 
 2. The Waldenses. — They arose from Peter Waldo, A. D. 
 1170, a citizen of Lyons, who taught that the Church had 
 become corrupt; that the Gospel must be preached in sim- 
 plicity and power; and that the Bible is its own best inter- 
 preter, and the only infallible rule of life and doctrine. At 
 first his followers were monks, but they developed into a 
 distinct and pure community, which has continued in the 
 Valleys of Piedmont to the present time. 
 
 There is at present great activity in the Waldensian Church, owing to the 
 freedom of Protestant efforts in Italy. There are sixteen Churches, or general 
 congregations, connected with the oraranization — ten in Italy, six in Switzerland, 
 and a, strong colony in Kosario, a South American center of extreme Romanism. 
 These local societies support an orphanage, two hospitals, a large number of 
 private schools, four higher schools and colleges, and a theological seminary. 
 This last is situated in Florence, and has nineteen students. There are three 
 journals and one theological magazine published by the Waldenses. In 1855 
 the legislative body of the denomination organized a missionary force, a kind of 
 flying artillery, for working in Italy alone. These missionaries have now de- 
 veloped into great strength, and combine many elements of the Methodist itin- 
 erancy. The number of missicnaries exceeds that of the regular pastors. The 
 Waldensian day-schools in Italy are attended by 1,700 scholars, and there are 
 thirty-eight Sunday-schools^, with 1.142 scholars. About each of the sixteen 
 Churches there is a group of smaller ones, which might be called preaching 
 places, or small societies. For example, the Waldenses have actually in Italy 
 thirty-eight societies, two of these being in Eome. The total membership is 
 from 20,000 to 8u,000, with 50 ordained ministers.— Cf. Annitaire de VEglise 
 Evangdique Vaudois, pour 1874. 
 
 3. The Cathari and Albigenses, organizations of similar 
 character, were likewise persecuted. The former held opin- 
 ions of Manichaean tendency, and members were found in 
 every European country. The Lateran Council of 1179 de- 
 clared against them. The Albigenses were free from Mani- 
 chaean sympatliies. They became very strong, particularly 
 
46 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 among the laboring classes; but were excommunicated by 
 the papal officers^ and violently treated. 
 
 4. Wiclif and the First Englisli Reformers.— Birth of 
 John Wiclif, of Oxford, England, A. D. 1324. He made his 
 first great effort at reform in the Church in his work on the 
 " Last Age of the Church," which, with his many other writings 
 against prevalent abuses, had great influence in preparing the 
 way for the Reformation. He began his translation of the 
 Bible into English in 1380; died 1384. Other English re- 
 formers: Cranraer, Colet, Latimer, Hooper, Ridley. 
 
 5. Huss and his Followers. — Birth of John Huss, of 
 Bohemia, A. D. 1378. He adopted the teachings contained 
 in Wiclif's writings, which Jerome Faulfisch, (Jerome of 
 Prague,) who had just returned from Oxford, had brought 
 with him. Huss preached boldly against the corruptions and 
 errors of the Romish Church. First imprisoned, and after- 
 ward summoned to the Council of Constance. Condemned at 
 this place, and, together with his writings, burned at the stake 
 in 1415. Jerome was burned the following year. The Hussite 
 war arose in Bohemia in consequence of the harsh treatment 
 of the sympathizers with the views of Huss by the Roman 
 Catholic authorities. 
 
 6. Moravian Brethren. — Formation of the Church of the 
 Bohemian (and Moravian) Brethren, A. D. 1457, from the 
 remnant of the Hussites, or followers of Huss, who, since his 
 death, had assumed somewhat of a political character. The 
 Bohemian Brethren were afterward revived in the eighteenth 
 century by Zinzendorf, and now exist as the Moravian Church. 
 
 7. The Mystics. — About the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury a class of men called Mystics began to have great influ- 
 ence in the Church. They opposed the subtle speculations 
 of controversial writers, and laid great stress on the emotional 
 nature and special communications of the Holy Spirit. The 
 leaders were John Tauler, (died, 1361,) Henry Suso, (died, 
 1465,) John Ruysbroek, (died, 1381,) Gerard Groot, (died, 
 1384,) Radewin, (died, 1400,) Thomas a Kempis, (died, 1471.) 
 
 8. Savonarola and his Politico-Religious Reform.— 
 Jerome Savonarola preached in Florence against the abuses 
 of Romanism, A. D. 1480-1497. His error was in combining 
 
Outline Histoey of the Church. 47 
 
 political measures with religious reform. He effected the 
 downfall of the Medici, the ruling princely family ; suffered 
 martyrdom in Florence in 1498. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 LATTER PERIOD OF THE DARK AGES. — THE AGE OF INNOCENT 
 AND THE COUNCILS. — DAWN OP REFORM IN THE CHURCH. 
 
 A. D. 1198-1517. 
 
 1. Mendicant Orders. — During this period monasticism 
 reached its climax. For example, in France, the Abbacy of 
 Clugny consisted of a separate Benedictine congregation, and 
 grew to great proportions, standing in that country alone at 
 the head of two thousand monasteries. The Carmelites in 
 Italy were very numerous, and exerted great influence. The 
 older Orders became secular and corrupt, and a number of 
 mendicant Orders were established, not only as a reaction 
 against the failure of the wealthy organizations to meet the 
 spiritual exigencies of the times, but as a relief to the general 
 dissoluteness of the Church. They were encouraged by the 
 papacy, which, in turn, was strengthened by the Orders. Dur- 
 ing the thirteenth century there was a rapid increase of them, 
 and this diminished their power and significance. By the 
 Council of Lyons they were reduced from twenty-three to 
 four: Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Hermits of 
 Augustine. The Beguins and Beghards were condemned and 
 persecuted. A few of the communities still exist in Belgium 
 alone. 
 
 2. Beginnings of the Inquisition. — The first in- a. d. 
 quisitorial measure adopted by the Roman Catholics 1229, 
 was at the fourth Lateran Council (1215), against a revival of 
 the Albigenses. But the Synod of Toulouse (1229) was the 
 first body to organize a regular Inquisition. All so-called 
 heretics were hunted out with cruel persistence, and any 
 Romanist who spared one was deprived of both office and 
 property. Courad of Marburg, the first Grand Inquisitor of 
 
4:8 Outline History of the Church. • 
 
 Germany, was slain by a German noble. Great contest be- 
 tween the pope and the house of Hohenstaufen ; terminated 
 in favor of the pope. 
 
 3. Scholasticism.— Scholasticism arose in the schools con- 
 nected with the cathedrals and monasteries, and consisted in 
 the application of dialectics to Christian theology. The 
 Schoolmen held that theology could be developed by specu« 
 lation, and that Christian truth could be made clear and 
 forcible by logical analysis. The mediaeval universities were 
 the centers of the scholastic disputations. The Schoolmen 
 fell into two great divisions — the orthodox and skeptical. 
 The writings of Aristotle underlay the whole scholastic sys- 
 tem. The interpretation of the Scriptures was neglected ia 
 the Church during the supremacy of scholastic controversy. 
 
 4. Thomists and Scotists. — Thomas Aquinas teaching at 
 Paris. Controversy between Thomists (from Thomas Aquinas) 
 A. D. and Scotists, (from Duns Scotus,) the former adopt- 
 1252. ing, in philosophy, the system of Aristotle, and, in 
 theology, the views of Augustine on sin and grace ; the latter, 
 the Platonic philosophy and the semi-Pelagian theology. The 
 Thomists denied the immaculate conception of the Virgin 
 Mary, while the Scotists assumed it. 
 
 A. D. Development of educational interests in England. 
 
 1257. Founding of the University of Cambridge. 
 
 5. Climax of the Papacy.— Schism. — The papal dominion 
 at its utmost height. In the midst of the temporal prosperity 
 
 A. D. of Roman Catholicism the influence of France over 
 1270. the papacy became supreme, Clement V., before his 
 election, having formed a secret compact with Philip the Fair, 
 of France. He removed the seat of the papacy to Avignon, 
 A. D. France. The great schism in the papacy lasted nearly 
 1308. seventy years, from 1309 to 1377, when Gregoi-y XI. 
 removed the papal court again to Rome. There were rival 
 popes at Rome and Avignon. This whole period was marked 
 by great dissoluteness. The Romanists call it their Baby- 
 lonian Captivity. 
 
 A. D. End of the Eastern, or Greek, empire. Const untl- 
 
 1453. nople captured by the Turks under Mohar\med 11. 
 The Christians granted religious freedom. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 49 
 
 6. Councils. — During the fifteenth century a large nunibei 
 of Church councils were held, some favoring a reform in the 
 Church, and others bearing on the papal schism. Two of the 
 most important were those at Constance, 1414, 1415 ; and at 
 Basle, 1431-1437. Fruitless results of all the councils and of 
 every attempt at reform in the Romish Church. The papacy 
 remained purely temporal and corrupt, and the incumbents 
 were more heathen than Christian in their morals and schemes. 
 
 Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. a. d. 
 He professed to be animated by a desire to projDa- 1492. 
 gate the Christian faith. Conquest of Granada, the last Mo- 
 hammedan stronghold in Spain, by King Ferdinand. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE MODERN PERIOD. 
 A. D. 1517-1880. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE REFORMATION. — WARS OF THE PAPACY AND PROTESTANT- 
 ISM. — FROM LUTHER TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA. 
 
 A. D. 1517-1648. 
 
 1. The Reformation.— Causes.— Luther.— There were vari- 
 ous causes contributing to the growth of the spirit of religious 
 reform : Rise of Humanism, or the study of classical science, 
 (Reuchlin, Colet, Erasmus, More ;) invention of the art of 
 printing ; discovery of America ; growth of the desire for 
 popular liberty ; increase of intelligence among the masses. 
 
 Inauguration of the German Reformation by the a. d. 
 publication of Luther's ninety five theses. 1517. 
 
 2. German Reformers. — 1. Luther.— K&rtm Luther waa 
 born atEisleben, Germany, 1483; studied at Erfurt, 1501-4; 
 taught at Wittenberg, 1508 ; visited Rome, 1511 ; published 
 nis theses, 1517 ; burnt the pope's bull against him. 1520 ; sum- 
 mcn«>d for defense to the Diet at Worms, 1521 ; published his 
 
50 Outline History of the Cpiurch. 
 
 translation of the New Testament, 1523; married Catharine 
 von Bora, 1535 ; published a complete and thoroughly re- 
 vised translation of the entire Bible in 1542; died at the 
 place of his birth, 1546. 
 
 2. Melanchthon. — Philip Melanchthon, the greatest theo- 
 logian of the Reformation and coadjutor of Luther, bom 
 1497 ; taught at Tubingen University, 1514 ; called to Witten- 
 berg, 1|?^18; published his "Loci Theologici,'' 1521; issued 
 commentaries on the Nevi^ Testament and parts of the Old ; 
 framed the Augsburg Confession, which gave a doctrinal 
 basis to the Reformation, 1530 ; was long the trusted friend 
 of Luther; died, 1560. 
 
 3. Eramivs. — Erasmus, of Rotterdam, born in 1467. In his 
 satirical work, "Praise of Folly," he held up the abuses of 
 Romanism to contempt, and contributed greatly to the prep- 
 aration for the work of Luther. He revived the critical 
 study of the Bible, especially the New Testament, for the 
 first time since the patristic period. He often vacillated 
 between Rome and Wittenberg ; general influence was favor- 
 able to the Reformation. Died 1536. 
 
 4. Princes, — Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony; his 
 successor, John the Steadfast; and Philip of Hesse. The 
 number of knights and other noblemen who joined the Prot- 
 estant cause rapidly increased. Many of them were personal 
 friends of the reformatory theologians. 
 
 3. Swiss Reformers. — 1. Zwingli. — Ulric Zwingli, born in 
 1484, preached against the worship of the Virgin Mary at 
 Einsiedeln, 1516 ; died, 1530. Bullinger was his successor. 
 
 2. Calvin. — John Calvin, born in France, 1509 ; fled because 
 of his Protestant principles to Basle, 1534 ; published his " Insti- 
 tutes," 1536 ; lived in Geneva, 1536-1538 ; then banished, and 
 resided in Strasburg, 1538-1541; returned to Geneva, 1541, 
 and lived there until his death, 1564. Theodore Beza, bom 
 1519, died 1601, was his successor in extending and building 
 up the Swiss Reformation. 
 
 3. Farel. — William Farel, born, 1489; native of the French 
 Alps ; pioneer of the Reformation in Dauphin6 and Switzer- 
 land ; a most intrepid assailant of the Roman Catholic 
 Church ; died, 1565. 
 
JUJirumhols. del/. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 55 
 
 4. Extension of the Reformation.— Rapid spread of the 
 Keformation in the German countries, Switzerland, Holland, 
 Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, Northern Italy, Poland, 
 Hungary, and Transylvania. Persecution of the Protestants 
 every-where, but most violent in Holland, France, and Italy. 
 There were attempts at reform in Spain and Portugal, but of a 
 transient character. 
 
 Coronation of Charles V., Emperor of Germany, the a. d. 
 great opponent of the Reformation. Pope Leo X. 1520. 
 allied himself with him for the suppression of Protestantism. 
 
 Formation at Nuremberg of the Catholic or Holy a. d. 
 Alliance, a league between the emperor and the Ro- 153§. 
 man Catholic princes against the Protestants for eleven years. 
 
 5. Order of Jesuits.— Organization of the Society a. d. 
 of Jesus, (Jesuits.) Ignatius Loyola, the first chief 1540. 
 of the Order. Its object was to support and promote the 
 Roman Catholic religion by dividing and counteracting the 
 growing Protestantism, and, by indefatigable missionary la- 
 bors, to gain great territorial advantages. Francis Xavier, 
 the greatest Jesuit missionary. The ethical creed of the 
 Order: 1. The end sanctifies the means; 2. Probabilism ; 
 3. Mental reservations ; 4. Distinction between philosophical 
 and theological sins. 
 
 Council of Trent, 1545-1563. The object of this a. d. 
 council was to counteract the Reformation. 1545. 
 
 Defeat of the Protestants at Miihlberg, and termination of 
 the Schmalkaldic War, which had been entered upon A. d. 
 by Luther's followers shortly after his death. Tedi- 1547. 
 ous controversies in the Protestant Church of Germany and 
 Switzerland succeeding the Reformation, and inducing a period 
 of great religious decline. Among them were the Adiaphor- 
 istic, Synergistic, and Crvpto-Calvinistic controversies. 
 
 6. The English Reformation. — Its commencement was 
 connected with political affairs. Henry VIH., of England, 
 became involved in difliculty with the pope, Clement VII., 
 because of the latter's hesitation in declaring the king's mar- 
 riage with Catharine of Arragon illegal. This was the begin- 
 ning of the alienation of the royal family from the papacy. 
 During Henry's reign Roman Catholicism lost its main hold 
 
56 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 on England ; tlie pope's supremacy was rejected ; monasteries 
 suppressed ; the Bible circulated in the language of the 
 people ; a religious formulary adopted. Some Romish prac- 
 tices and doctrines were, however, retained even at his death, 
 such as the seven sacraments, the corporeal presence in the 
 eucharist, denial of the cup to the laity, auricular confession, 
 celibacy of the clergy, and nearly the whole ceremonial of 
 the mass. Yet these were, in doctrine, eliminated from the 
 English Church. 
 
 7. English Reformers. — Ridley and Latimer, English re- 
 formers, burnt at the stake at Oxford during the reign of 
 
 A. D. Queen Mary, the successor of Edward VI., mMio had 
 1555. followed Henry VIIL Cranmer suffered martyrdom 
 in 1556. Mary persecuted the Protestants with great violence. 
 John Rogers, burned at Smithfield, was the first victim ; then 
 came Bishops Hooper and Ferrar, Dr. Rowland Taylor, 
 Laurence Saunders, and others. Many leading reformers, 
 at least one thousand, were exiled, some going to Stras- 
 burg, others to Zurich, Geneva, and Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 Among them were Bishops Poinet, Barlow, Scory, Coverdale, 
 and Bale. 
 
 Under the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) Protestant- 
 ism became established in England, though efforts were still 
 made to reinstate Roman Catholicism. 
 
 8. The Puritans.— The English Puritans, probably derived 
 from Puritani, or Cathari, of the third century, dissented 
 from certain forms and doctrines of the Church of England ; 
 some inclined to the opinions of Luther, others to those of 
 Calvin. They objected to many things in the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer ; to kneeling at the sacrament ; to the cross in the 
 baptismal service ; to sponsors, and to lay baptism ; to bow 
 ing at the name of Jesus ; to the episcopacy, and forms of 
 prayer. The English Puritans are represented in :wr day 
 chiefly by the Independents, or Congregationalists. Landing 
 of the Mayflower, with the first pilgrim colonists, one hun- 
 dred and two in number, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. 
 By 1648 there were 21,000 inhabitants, chiefly Puritan, in New 
 England. 
 
 During the former half of ^he ce^pnteenth century the Crown 
 
Outline IIistoky of the Chukch. 57 
 
 and Parliament of England were in perpetual conflict; At last 
 the Presbyterians, and then the Independents, under Crom- 
 well, gained possession of the realm. 
 
 9. Arminius.— Synod of Dort.— James Arminius, born 15G0. 
 He went in 1582 to Geneva, where he was instructed by Theo- 
 dore Beza ; preacher at Amsterdam, 1588 ; professor at Ley- 
 den, 1603; died, 1609. He rigidly opposed the predes- 
 tinarian views of the Calvinists. He was falsely accused 
 of Arianism and Pelagianism. He was an earnest defender 
 of religious toleration ; in fact, " the Arminians of Hol- 
 land were the real fathers of religious toleration on the 
 Continent; they were the first society of Protestants, who, 
 when in possession of power, granted the same liberty of 
 conscience for others which they claimed for themselves." 
 Public conference between Arminius and Gomarus, 1609. 
 After the death of the former his opinions spread rapidly. 
 Uitenbogaard and Episcopius at the head of the Arminians. 
 Arminian tenets began to prevail in England. Synod of 
 Dort, in Holland, 1618, 1619. Its decrees strictly Calvinistic. 
 Toleration w^as refused the Remonstrants until the death of 
 Maurice, 1630. Its resolutions were adopted in portions of 
 the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, 
 but not by the Anglican Church. The provinces of Fries- 
 land, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland, and Groningen rejected 
 its decisions. 
 
 10. Persecution of the Huguenots.— Massacre of a. d. 
 French Protestants (Huguenots) on St. Bartholomew's 1572, 
 Night, at Paris; 70,000 people killed. Great rejoicings and 
 public thanksgiving at Rome. Issue of the Edict of Nantes, 
 1598, securing to the French Protestants the free exercise of 
 their religion. 
 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. The French Re- 
 formers were then greatly persecuted; many put to death; 
 multitudes driven into exile; churches destroyed. 
 
 The Gunpowder Plot in London, 1605, designed to pro- 
 mote the interests of the Catholics. 
 
 Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, the first English a. d. 
 town in North America, by the London Company. 1607 
 The Dutch on Manhattan Island, (New York,) 1613. 
 
58 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 11. Self-Defense of Home. — Among the measures used by 
 Rome at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the 
 seventeenth centuries were the following: The Inquisition; 
 prohibition and expurgation of books of Protestant pro- 
 clivity ; missionaries, Jesuits, and congregations ; political in- 
 trigues. The outbreak of the long-suppressed social and 
 political conflicts between Romanism and Protestantism was 
 at hand. 
 
 12. Thirty Years' War.— This was the first general European 
 war. It arose chiefly from the conflicts between the Protest- 
 
 A. D. ants and Catholics concerning the territorial 
 
 1618-1648. distribution of the German empire. Parties: 
 1. Catholics : The Emperor of Germany, The League, Spain, 
 Belgium, Italy, and Poland. 2. Protestants: The Protestant 
 States of Germany, Holland, England, Denmark, and Sweden. 
 Gustavus Adolphus, the leader of the Protestant forces, fell at 
 the battle of Liitzen, 1631. In 1632 the Protestants were re- 
 inforced by France, thus converting the war from a religious 
 to a political one. By the Peace of Westphalia (1648) a large 
 measure of power was transferred from the empero£ of Ger- 
 many to national diets; the Peace of Augsburg (155ji) and that 
 of Passau (1555) were confirmed ; twenty-four Protestants were 
 admitted to the imperial chamber; Calvinists and Lutherans 
 were placed on an equal footing; the equilibrium of Europe was 
 effected by the destruction of the predominance of Austria; 
 and complete religious liberty was granted the Protestants. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO THE WESLEYAN REVI- 
 VAL. — THE PERIOD OP RELIGIOUS INDIFFERENCE AND 
 AWAKENING. 
 
 A. D. 1648-1739. 
 
 At the close of the Thirty Years* War there was moral 
 and material prostration throughout Germany. Poverty pre- 
 vailed on all sides ; desperation was the chief sentiment of 
 the popular mind. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 69 
 
 1. Pietism. — The first great movement in Protestant Ger- 
 many that indicated religious revival was inaugurated by 
 Spener, (born in 1635,) the founder of Pietism. He establiahed 
 the popular interpretation of the Scriptures, lay preaching, 
 Bible classes, and smaller circles of religious people for edifi- 
 cation — eccleaioloB in ecdesia. A. H. Francke, founder of the 
 Oiphan House at Halle, and Professor in tlie new University 
 of the same city, was his successor. 
 
 2. English Deism.— Death of Thomas Hobbes, a. d. 
 the most voluminous writer of the English Deistical 1679. 
 school. He argued that might constitutes right, and that 
 Christianity is a fable. Other Deists : Lord Herbert, (died, 
 1648;) Charles Blount, (died, 1697;) Earl of Shaftesbury, 
 (died, 1713;) Toland, (died, 1722;) WoUaston, (died, 1724;) 
 Collins, (died, 1729;) Mandeville, (died, 1733;) Woolston, 
 (died, 1733;) Tindal, (died, 1733;) Morgan, (died, 1743;) 
 Chubb, (died, 1747;) Lord Bolingbroke, (died, 1751;) Hume, 
 (died, 1766;) Gibbon, (died, 1794.) 
 
 3. Replies to the Deists.— Important replies to the De- 
 ists were written by Stillingfleet, Baxter, Cudworth, Taylor, 
 Bentley, Sherlock, Chandler, Stackhouse, Waterland, Leland, 
 Conybeare, Bishop Butler, Paley, Leslie, and Bishop 
 Watson, ("Apology for the Bible.") Many of the replies, 
 however, were very feeble, contained serious concessions, 
 and were actually injurious to the cause they were designed 
 to promote. Bishop Butler's was by far the best, and its 
 service was of incalculable magnitude. 
 
 The English Revolution. William and Mary on a. d. 
 the English throne. 16§8. 
 
 4. Swedenborgianism. — Birth of Swedenborg, (1688,) 
 founder of the New Jerusalem Church, or Swedenborgians. 
 The first period of his life was occupied in scientific pursuits, 
 and was in the employ of the Swedish Government as super- 
 intendent of mines. Relinquishing these studies, he engaged 
 solely in religious speculations. He professed to have inter- 
 course with the spiritual world, and gave minute descriptions 
 of it; distinguished between the Divine Word and Scripture, 
 the spirit and the letter ; he claimed that the epistles of Paul, 
 Peter, James, and John lack the Divine sense. 
 
OUij.iNE History of the Chukch. 
 
 5. Missions to Foreign Countries.— The Dutch, who had 
 »n extensive commerce in the East Indies, established missions 
 
 A. D. in Ceylon and Java. The Danes founded a mission 
 1697, on the coast of Tranquebar, in the East Indies. The 
 Roman Catholics hoped, by inaugurating missions, to regain 
 the teriitorial control which they had lost in Europe by Prot- 
 estantism ; they sent missionaries to all the lands formerly 
 occupied by the Eastern Church, and to China, Japan, Africa, 
 and South America. 
 
 6. Moravianism.— Founding of the Moravian Church, oi 
 United Brethren, by Count Zinzendorf, born in Saxony, 1700. 
 
 A. D. He traveled through Europe and in America to bind 
 1722. together dispersed Christians. He died in 1760. The 
 Moravians established missions early in various lands : in 
 Greenland in 1722, and, in ten years, others in Africa and the 
 East and West Indies. 
 
 7. Wesley, and English Methodism.— General religious 
 decline in England. French frivolity and native Deism 
 prevailed in the upper classes ; the lower were vicious and 
 neglected. The clergy were ungodly. Reform took place 
 
 A. D. through the Wesley an movement. Organization of 
 1739. the British Wesleyan Church. Birth of John Wes- 
 ley, the founder of Methodism, at Epworth, England, in 1703. 
 He began his studies at Oxford in 1729, and became a Fellow 
 there ; labored among the poor and neglected, and was at the 
 head of a small society of pious young men, called, in con- 
 temjDt, the "Holy Club," of which his brother Charles and 
 George Whitefield were members. He went to Georgia as a mis- 
 sionary in 1735, and returned in two years to England ; was 
 converted through the influence of Jacob Bohler, a Moravian, 
 in 1738,. and founded the first Methodist society in the fol- 
 lowing year. The societies multiplied rapidly, though the 
 use of the churches of the Establishment was denied John 
 Wesley, Whitefield, and their coadjutors. John Wesley died 
 in 1791. While both the brothers wrote many hymns, Charlef 
 Wesley's chief contribution to the growth of Methodism lay 
 in this department. He was born 1708, and died 1788. 
 George Wliitefield, born 1714, died 1770. John Fletcher, 
 born 1729, died 1785. The last was the leadinio: contro- 
 
OuTi.iNE History of the Church. 61 
 
 rersial writer in early Methodist history. Joseph Benson, 
 preacher and commentator, born 1748, died 1821. Adam 
 Chirke, the chief commentator and linguist of Methodism, 
 bom 1762, died 1832. Richard Watson, born 1781, and died 
 in 1833. He was the author of the doctrinal standard of 
 Methodism, the " Theological Institutes." 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 BKEPTICISM AND REACTION. — THE EUROPEAN CHURCH PROM 
 THE WESLEYAN REVIVAL TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 A. D. 1739-1880. 
 
 The latest period of the history of the European Church 
 has been distinguished by remarkable movements. The 
 skepticism of Germany, French atheism, Dutch pantheism, 
 and English deism, affected every class of society and each 
 department of thought and life. The French Revolution of 
 1789, violent as it was, was the means by which feudalism 
 was first swept away from Europe. Though the immediate 
 effect was the production of the centralized Napoleonic su- 
 premacy, the remote result was the increase of popular liberty 
 _n the various countries. The old doctrine of the divine right 
 of kings fully lost its hold. The last series of wars began 
 with the Crimean War — one of the greatest blunders and most 
 unnecessary conflicts in modern history — and terminated with 
 the late war between Germany and France, and the fall of 
 the French Empire. 
 
 1. German Rationalism.— Rationalism is a. d. 
 
 that tendency of thought which makes the 1750-1 §00. 
 reason the sole umpire in all matters of faith. The philoso- 
 phy of Leibnitz and Wolf, strengthened by that of Descartes 
 and Spinoza, gave German Rationalism its first philosophical 
 basis. It was strengthened and endowed with a grosser type 
 of unbelief by the Frenchmen Bayle, Montesquieu, Baron 
 d' Hoi bach, Rousseau, and Voltaire. The court of Frederick 
 the Great of Prussia exerted a skeptical influence upon the 
 whole of Europe. Semler, born 1721, died 1791, became 
 
()i Outline History of the Church. 
 
 Professor of Theology in Halle in 1751. He was the real 
 founder of German Rationalism in its relation to theology. 
 Other promoters of Rationalism were Ernesti, Baumgart(;n, 
 Morus, Eichhorn, and Bahrdt. It continued in full force until 
 Schleiermacher, (born 1768, died 1834,) who marked the 
 transition from the old infidelity to moderate orthodoxy. 
 Neander, the Church historian, was the initial character of 
 the new evangelical period. Strauss and the Tubingen school 
 have been the agents of a revival of Rationalism in Germany. 
 Strauss' Life of Jesus, published in 1835, was an attempt to 
 dissolve the whole career of Christ into myth. His latest 
 work, ''The Old and the New Faith," is the boldest skep- 
 tical production of his life. He died in 1874. The incon- 
 sistent and gloomy creed of Strauss, as expressed by him 
 in his latest production, is well described as follows by the 
 Rev. B. P. Bowne :— 
 
 1. 1 believe there is no God. 2. I believe there is no soul. 3. I believe that 
 i-eligiun springs from selfish fear. 4. 1 believe that such a religion can develop 
 the loftiest and most unselfish lives. 5. I believe in the cosmos, whiclj is at 
 once a product of blind necessity and also free; wliich is notiiing but matter, 
 yet has aims, plans, reason; which seeks to transcend itself, and actually suc- 
 ceeds. 6. I believe that man is a, jtroduct of necessity, and that he ought to 
 rule the nature which governs him. 1 believe that he cannot do otherwise than 
 he does, but that he ought to do otherwise. I believe that the cnsmos is a 
 machine, and that man ought to resign himself with loving trust and sub- 
 mission to it. 7. I believe that art is more than an equivalent for the Bible. 
 8. I believe that all who are not satisfied with these teachings are low in the 
 mental and moral scale. 9. 1 believe that cause and effect are one ; as, 
 other^\^se, I should be under the disagreeable necessity of believing in God. 
 
 The German Protestant Association, headed by Schcnkcl 
 of Heidelberg, is a new organization of skeptics within the 
 German Church. Their only good service is a persistent 
 efi'ort to divorce Church and State in the German empire. 
 The tendencies of German Rationalism are at present mate- 
 rialistic, and, as before, pantheistic. 
 
 2. Replies to the Rationalists. — The chief Continental re- 
 plies are by Neander, Tholuck, Nitzsch, Ullmann, Riggenbach, 
 Van Oosterzee, Dorncr, Lange, Presseus6, and others. Some 
 of their works have been translated into English. These re- 
 plies to the rationalistic writers constitute the strongest apol 
 ogetical literature of the Church since the fourth century, 
 and are of invaluable worth to Christian theology. The main 
 point of attack and defense is the Gospel history. 
 
±0 J^on^Hu-de O ^ronu iO Greenwick 
 
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 Ku-Bi's Outline o£ Church. History 
 MAP N?4. 
 
 EUItOPE 
 
 >At tlxo Preeeut Time 
 
 1875. 
 
 PHILLIPS & HUNT, NEW YORK. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ben0i; , 
 
 F^xp.o 
 
Outline Histoky of the Church. cT 
 
 German War of Liberation from the suprem- a. d, 
 
 Acy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Battle of Water- 1$13-1$15. 
 loo, and restoration of Louis XVIIL to the French throne. 
 
 3. State Church of Prussia.— The Evangelical a. d. 
 Union established in Prussia. This is the Protest- 1817. 
 ant State Church of that country, and consists of an accom- 
 modation, or union, of the Reformed, or Calvinistic, with the 
 Lutheran bodies, which had hitherto existed separately. 
 
 4. The Irvingites. — A sect founded by Edward a. d. 
 Irving, (born 1793, died 1834,) of Scotland. He 1832. 
 preached in the Caledonian Chapel in London ; founded his 
 Society (the Irvingites) in 1832. He was a preacher of rare 
 gifts; believed in special endowments of the Spirit, such as 
 the gift of tongues; and contended for the renewal of the 
 supposed apostolic offices in the Church. There is a feeble 
 body of Irvingites in Germany. 
 
 5. The Tractarian Movement— Between 1833 and a. d. 
 1841 there was published at Oxford, England, a series 1§33. 
 of tracts, which gave rise to the Tractarian movement, or 
 High-Church party, in the later history of the Churcli of 
 England. It culminated in Tract No. 90, by J. H. Newman, 
 who subsequently became a pervert to Romanism. Pusey, 
 Keble, and Newman were the Tractarian leaders. The double 
 effect of the movement has been to cause many members of 
 the Established Church either to become Roman Catholics, 
 or, remaining in their own fold, to become extreme ritualists. 
 
 The secessions to Rome in 1850-51 were over one hundred 
 clergymen; in 1852 there were over two hundred clergy, and 
 as many laity. The present distinctions in the Church of 
 England may be defined as follows : High-Church, (ritualistic, 
 Puseyito) ; Low-Church, (Evangelical and active) ; First Broad- 
 Church, (moderately rationalistic); Second Broad-Church, (re- 
 jecting authority, thoroughly rationalistic.) 
 
 6. Evangelical Alliance. — Formation of the Evan- a. d. 
 gelical Alliance in London. All Evangelical Churches 1840. 
 represented in it. The last general session held in Basle, 
 Switzerland, September, 1879. The following is the doctri- 
 nal basis of the Society: — 
 
 1. The Divine inspiration, authority, and sufficiency of the 
 
68 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 Holy Scriptures. 2. Rigli* and duty of private judgment in 
 interpretation of the holy Scriptures. 3. Unity of the God- 
 head, and trinity of the persons therein. 4. Depravity oi 
 human nature in consequence of the Fall. 5. Incarnation ot 
 the Son of God ; his work of atonement for sinners and man- 
 kind, and his mediatorial intercession and reign. 6. Justifi- 
 cation of sinners by faith alone. 7. Work of the Holy Spirit 
 in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner. 8. Immor- 
 tality of the soul, resurrection of the body, judgment of the 
 world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness 
 of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked. 
 9. Divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obli- 
 gation and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the 
 Lord's Supper. 
 
 7. Later History of Roman Catholicism. — Declaration by 
 Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. 
 
 A. D. The controversy on this subject began in the Romish 
 1§54. Church in 1140, and it has not yet ceased. The Jan- 
 seuist Bishops united in a protest ngainst the dogma, in 1856. 
 
 A. D. The Vatican Council at Rome. It was managed 
 1§69. by the Jesuits. The infallibility of the Pope w^as 
 declared a permanent dogma of Roman Catholicism. This 
 was resisted by some of the principal members of the Coun- 
 cil, but to no pui-pose. 
 
 8. The Old Catholics. — Opposition in Germany to the de- 
 crees of the Vatican Council took sliape in the formation of the 
 Old Catholic Church in 1871. Dollinger, Huber, and Fried- 
 rich, of Munich, stand at the head of the movement. It is a 
 strong protest against the extreme measures and retrogressive 
 spirit of Rome, and has already attained the magnitude of a 
 schism. The Old Catholics have increased with great rapid- 
 ity. There are at present about twenty thousand families of 
 this faith already in Germany, which, reckoned at four mi-m- 
 bers to a family, would give a population of eighty thousand. 
 There are about seventy priests. In Bonn University there are 
 Old Catholic professors engaged in teaching theology. In 
 Switzerland the Old Catholics have organized under the name 
 of the Swiss Catholic Christian Church, and have submitted 
 their constitution to the approval of the Government. It 
 
Outline History of the Church. 09 
 
 provides for a National Synod to meet annnally, and to be coni' 
 posed of the bisliops, the members of the Synodal Council, all 
 the Old Catholic priests, and lay delegates. The Synodal 
 Council is to consist of nine members, and is to have execu- 
 tive functions. The Synod is charged with the election of 
 bishops 
 
 The following is a summarj' of tlie principles of the Old Catholics : Repudiation 
 ofdoctiines of Immaculate Conception and Papal Infallibility; modified confes- 
 sional, with repudiation of priestly power to forgive sins; fiiitli, not works, the 
 means of salvation ; the Holy Scrii)tures as the primary rule of faith; rejection 
 of the Apocrypha; requirement of preaching in the vulgar tongue; untena- 
 bility of merit of saints transferable to others; baptism and the Lord's Supper 
 are the chief sacraments ; invocation of the saints not a duty; and indulgences 
 can only refer to penalties inflicted by the Church itself. 
 
 Father Hyacintlie does not contend for a separation from 
 Roman Catholicism, but for purification of the main body in 
 all its members. His auditors have been formally excommu- 
 nicated by Pius IX. He is now preaching in Paris. Owing 
 to his unwillingness to break with Rome, his influence will 
 hardly be appreciable. 
 
 9. Franco - German War. — The war between a. d. 
 France and Germany resulted in the defeat of France, 1870. 
 and the revival of the German Empire, with William I., king 
 of Prussia, as emperor of Germany. The French troops being 
 withdrawn from Rome for duty at home, the army of Victor 
 Emanuel entered the city. Rome became, in 1871, the capital 
 of Italy, and is now open to all Protestant confessions. The 
 Scotch Free Church, the British Wesleyan, the American 
 Methodist Episcopal, and others, have already erected chapels 
 and commenced services within the walls. The Bible is free. 
 
 The following statement of Rev. Mateo Prochet, of the Waldensian Church, \vill 
 show very clearly the activity of the Protestant world in prosecuting missionary 
 work in Italy, and particularly in Rome: There are seven distinct missions at 
 work, in Italy, namely: 1. The Metiiodist Episcopal, from the United States 
 of America. 2. The" American Baptists. 3. The English Baptists. 4. The 
 English Wesleyan Metliodists, divided into two districts. North and South. 
 5. A portion of the Free Churches, united in an organization called " Chiesa 
 Libera," presided over by a cmninittee, whose foremen are Messrs. M'Dougall 
 (Scotch) and Gavazzi. 6. The Free Churches which would not unite with Ga- 
 vazzi and his friends, and which form a kind of confederation chiefly, if not 
 solely, supported through the instrumentality of Count Guicciardini. of Flor- 
 ence. 7. The ancient Italian Cliurch, known by the name of " Chiesa Valdese," 
 or Waldensian Church. The total membershii) of the Mission Churches at 
 work in Italy is 4,882, of which number 2,175 belong to the Waldensians. 
 They employ one hundred missionary agents as pastors, evangelists, and school- 
 teachers. 
 
70 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE CHUKCH IN THE UNITED STATES. — CHRISTIANITY IN CON- 
 NECTION WITH REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 A. D. 1607-1880. 
 
 1. Religious Character of American Colonization. — The 
 
 discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, was 
 the beginning of an important era in the development of 
 ecclesiastical and religious life. The new land was regarded 
 by the defeated and oppressed adherents of various faiths in 
 Europe as their only possible home. Not the love of adven- 
 ture or gold was the prime cause of the colonization of this 
 country, but the love of religious liberty and obedience to 
 the conscience. The most of the colonists were religious 
 people. The charter of the first colony, Virginia, provided 
 that this colony should have a religious character. The Cava- 
 liers came to Virginia and, with the Huguenots and German 
 Protestants, the Carolinas; the Puritans to Massachusetts; 
 the Baptists to Rhode Island; the Swedes to Delaware and 
 New Jersey ; the Roman Catholics to Maryland ; and perse- 
 cuted Bohemians and Huguenots to New York. 
 
 The New World furnished a new sphere of development for the Christian 
 Church. The whole period from 1492 to 1776 was only the planting ot 
 the seed for the future and real growth. The Ancient Churchy from the 
 time of Constantine, was subject to the State. The Meilhevnl Church was 
 ever contending with the empire for supremacy. Tiie Modern Earopfftn 
 Church is a union of Church and State. The American Church was to be- 
 come free from the State, and its history down to the American Revolution is 
 a history of its preparation for this decisive change, and for the new era in the 
 general progress of Christianity. The New World was from tlie beginning a 
 refuge for Protestantism, though its eailiest colonization was under Roman 
 Catholic ntispices. The Antilles, Central and South America, and Florida, be- 
 came subiect to Spain and Portugal; Acadia, (Nova Scotia.) Canada, the north- 
 ern lake region, and the Mississippi Valley, were under French sway more than a 
 century ; but the temperate zone, the heart of the northern continent, was kept 
 in reserve for England, Holland, the German emigrants, and the persecuted 
 Huguenots. The Spaniards came in armed bands, for conquest ; the English 
 In families, to found Churches and States.— Smith, JOhronological Tables of 
 Church HUtory; Pakkman, Jesuits in America ; Pioneers of France vt, the 
 New World. 
 
 2. Periods of American Chnrch History,— There are five 
 periods in the history of the American Church : A. D. 
 
 First Period, 1607-1660, a time of exten- 1607-1875. 
 Bive revival and religious progress. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 71 
 
 Second Period, 1660-1720, time of trial; war with "Kin« 
 Philip;" disputes with the English Government; witchcraft; 
 general religious decline. 
 
 Third Period, 1720-1750, the season of powerful awaken- 
 ings. The great revival under the preaching of Edwards began 
 in New England in 1734. It spread throughout the colonies 
 through the labors of Whitefield, the Tennents, Blair, Davies, 
 and others. 
 
 Fourth Period, 1750-1783, powerful political agitation* 
 culmination of conflict with England; religious prostration; 
 freedom from British rule. During the Eevolutionary War 
 all the Churches suffered more or less, and for twenty-five 
 years thereafter the progress of religion was slow, hindered 
 also by the importation of French infidelity. 
 f-Ti? Fifth Period, 1878-1875, from the establishment of inde- 
 pendence from England to the close of the civil war in 1865, 
 and the sixth session of the Evangelical Alliance in 1873. Great 
 revivals began with the nineteenth century, and since 1815 
 the growth of the Church has kept pace with the population. 
 Separation of Church and State in America did not take place 
 with the founding of the Government, but was left to the 
 legislation of the several States, the bond not fully severed 
 iu the statute books of some of them until the present cen- 
 tury. Massachusetts, in 1833, was the last to declare perfect 
 separation of Church and State. 
 
 3. The Virginia Colony.— Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 — The founding of the Virginia Colony on James River by 
 Captain John Smith and other members of the Established 
 Church of England in 1607. The Rev. Robert Hunt is Said 
 to have preached the first sermon in English on the American 
 continent. The colony divided into eleven parishes in 1619. 
 The Church of England form of worship prevailed in the col- 
 onies south of New England. 
 
 First General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 of the United States in Philadelphia, representing seven 
 States, 1785. Prayer Book, published 1786, omitted the Ni- 
 cene and Athanasian Creeds, the descent into hell of the credo^ 
 absolution, and baptismal regeneration, and made bishops 
 amenable to the lower clergy. The objections of the English 
 
72 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 bishops led to a restoration of nearly all the expunged parts, 
 except the Athanasian Creed and absolution in visitation of 
 the sick. By special act of Parliament the English bishops 
 were enabled to ordain William White, Samuel Provost, and 
 Dr. Griffith, February 4, 1787. Ratification of the Thirty- 
 nine Articles, 1833. 
 
 4. Reformed Episcopal Cliurch. — Secession of Bishop Cum- 
 mins from the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1873, and organ- 
 ization in Kew York, Dec. 2, 1873, of the Reformed Episcopal 
 Church, under his leadership. Subsequent ordination by him of 
 Dr. Cheney to the Episcopacy. Reformed Episcopal Cliurches 
 have been established in various parts of our own country and 
 the British dominions. This Church had, early in 1875, fifty 
 ministers, forty churches, and four thousand communicants. 
 
 The principles of the Keformed Episcupal Chnrch are : Belief in the Bible as 
 rule of faith and practice ; in the Apostles' and Niccne Creeds ; in the two sac- 
 raments of baptism and Lord's supper; in the Thii-ty-niiie Articles of the 
 Church of England; in the retention of tlie Episcopacy, not as necessary, but as 
 ancient and desirable; in a Book of Common Prayer free from all Romanizing 
 elements; in extemporaneous prayer; in the non -regenerative power of bap- 
 tism ; and in tb'j non-observance of saints' days. 
 
 5. The Puritans in America. — Congregationalism. — 
 
 Landing of the Puritan pilgrims by the Mayflower at Ply- 
 mouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Though coming from England 
 originally, they had sailed last from Holland. Another col- 
 ony and Church in 1629 at Salem; in 1630 another Church 
 at Charlestown ; colonies from Massachusetts Bay in Connec- 
 ticut in 1635; adoption of the Cambridge Platform in 1648. 
 The Congregational Church took its rise from the Puritan 
 colonists. During the last century it was confined chiefly to 
 New England. In 1776 there were about seven hundred 
 Congregational Churches, and five hundred and seventy-five 
 pastors. The history of American Congregationalism is one 
 of great honor. It has taken a prominent part in all public 
 movements, and its development has been identical with that 
 of the country, to whose prosperity it has materially con- 
 tributed. 
 
 6. Reformed Church. — Until recently, called the Reformed 
 Protestant Dutch Church, First settlement in New Neth- 
 erlands of members of this Church from Holland in 1623. 
 Arrival of the first preacher, Jonas Michaelius, in 1628. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 73 
 
 Great embaiTassment of the organization for many yean: 
 because of the use of the Dutch language in worship, and 
 connection of the Church in this country with the parent 
 Church in Holland. Independent organization effected in 
 1771, through the agency of Rev. Dr. J. H. Livingston. Se- 
 cession in 1832 of Churches on the score of laxity in do(;trine 
 and discipline. The seceders took the name of the True Re- 
 formed Dutch Church, and now number less than twenty 
 congregations. Confession of Dort and the Heidelberg Cate- 
 chism, the symbolical books of the Reformed Church. Dis- 
 tinguished for its intelligence, interest in education, and 
 missionary zeal. 
 
 7. The Baptists.— Founding of the first Baptist Church in 
 America by Roger Williams, at Providence, Rhode Island, 
 in 1639. Early progress very slow, because of the Baptists 
 being persecuted both North and South. They enjoyed no 
 freedom except in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Dela- 
 ware. The American Revolution marked the beginning of 
 great progress, which has been general and steady ever since. 
 Minor Baptist Churches : Anti-Mission ; Free-Will ; Seventh- 
 Day ; Church of God, or Winebrennarians ; Disciples of Christ, 
 or Campbellites ; Tunkers; Mennonites. 
 
 Tho Baptists were early distino^nished for their advocacy of freedom of con- 
 science. In the code of laws established by them in Rhode Island we read, for 
 the first time since Chi-istianity ascended the throne of the Ciesars, the dcclara- 
 tion that conscience should be free, a.id men should not be punishwl for wor 
 shiping God in the way they were persuaded he requires. — Judge Stoky. 
 
 8. German Reformed Church. — Organization of this 
 Church, 1741. First missionaries sent out by the Church in 
 Holland ; and the German Reformed Church remained in con- 
 nection with the Dutch Church until 1792. It was made up, 
 in the early part of its history, of emigrants from the Pala- 
 tinate and Switzerland. The centennial year, 1841, was cel- 
 sbrated with great enthusiasm. It is mainly distinguished 
 from the Reformed (Dutch) and the French Reformed Churches 
 by its use of the German language. 
 
 9. The Lutheran Church. — The first Lutherans in this 
 country were in New York; the first pastor, Rev. Jtcob 
 Fabricius, 1669; the first church a log hut, 1671. The 
 second settlement on the Delaware, 1676. Rev. H. M. Muh- 
 
74 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 lenberg arrived from Germany in 1742. lie became the leader 
 of the Lutherans in this country. First Synod, 1748. The 
 Lutherans are now most numerous in Pennsylvania and Ohio, 
 and are very vigorous. Their theology is progressive, and is 
 shaped by the evangelical theological standards of German 
 Lutheranism. The Lutherans are divided into, 1. The strict, 
 old Lutherans; 2. The moderate Lutherans of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Synod ; and, 3. The Evangelical Lutherans of Gettys- 
 burgh, (Schmucker.) 
 
 10. The Presbyterians.— From 1660 to 1685 three thou- 
 sand persons of Presbyterian faith were transported, as slaves, 
 during the persecutions in Scotland, to the American col- 
 onies. By 1688 many Presbyterian immigrants, especially in 
 Eastern Pennsylvania. Rev. Francis M'Kenzie the first Presby- 
 terian minister in America. The Presbytery of Philadelphia 
 organized in 1706. First General Assembly (John Rodgers, 
 Moderator) of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, 
 1789. There were then 188 Presbyterian ministers, and 419 
 Churches. An attempt to unite all Presbyterians failed. 
 Division of the Presbyterian Church in 1838. In St. Louis, 
 Missouri, 1866, attempt made to initiate the re-union of the 
 Presbyterian Church, (Old and New School.) Consummation 
 of the re-union in 1870. 
 
 11. The Methodists in America.— The first Methodist So- 
 ciety established in New York by Barbara Heck, Philip 
 Embury, and Captain "Webb, 1766; Methodist church built 
 in John-street, 1768 ; Richard Boardman and Joseph Pil- 
 more arrived from England, 1769. Boardman labored in 
 New York, Pilmore in Philadelphia, and Strawbridge in 
 Maryland. Wesley sent out to America Francis Asbuiy and 
 Richard Wright, 1771. First Conference held in Philadelphia 
 July 4, 1773; 10 preachers, and 1,160 members in the whole 
 American Methodist Church. In 1774 there were 17 preach- 
 ers and 1,073 members. Division of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church of the United States in 1844 into the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, on 
 question of slavery. Centenary of American Methodism cele- 
 brated in 1866 throughout the Church. Contributions amount- 
 ing to nearly $3,000,000 were made, chiefly for education. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 75 
 
 12. The Roman Catholics.— Tlie colony of Maiyland guar- 
 anteed to Lord Baltimore (Caecilius Calvert) by special char- 
 ter. The first Roman Catholic emigration thither in 1633. 
 Settlement of two hundred immigrants at St. Mary's, 1634. 
 In Louisiana there was great Catholic progress, chiefly owing 
 to immigration from France. Spread of Roman Catholicism 
 up the Mississippi. In 1775 there was a total Roman Catholic 
 population in the colonies of 24,500. Rapid growth of Ro- 
 man Catholicism after the Revolution, owing chiefly to immi- 
 gration and Jesuit missions. Episcopal see of Baltimore 
 founded, 1789. Multiplication of religious orders, commenc- 
 ing in 1790. Beginning of Roman Catholic opposition to 
 Bible in public schools in 1840. After close of Civil War 
 very zealous proselytism among the freed men of the South, 
 American Roman Catholics represented very fully in the Vati- 
 can Council, whose extreme measures received their support. 
 The Roman Catholics of the United States reflect the temper 
 and methods of European Ultramontanism. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MOST RECENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 
 A. D. 1880. 
 
 The distinguishing features of the later religious move- 
 ments are: 1. Disposition toward the unity of the various 
 Evangelical bodies ; 2. Opposition to Roman Catholicism by 
 Protestants of all lands ; 3. Labois for the evangelization of 
 the masses ; 4. Missionary activity. 
 
 1. TJnioii and Fraternity. — The plan made in 1872 for 
 bringing all Presbyterian bodies into federal relation has been 
 in part carried out. The four Presbyterian Churches of Canada 
 have been merged into one organization. The English Pres- 
 byterians have united, and the number of Scotch Presbyte- 
 rian bodies has been diminished. The World's Conference of 
 Presbyterians met in Edinburgh in 1877, and was very success- 
 ful. Advances have been made by the Northern and South- 
 ern Presbyterians for union in one organization. Fraternal 
 
76 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 intercourse has been opened between the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for tho 
 first time since the separation of 1844. A Commission, ap- 
 pointed by the Baltimore General Conference of the Method- 
 ist Episcopal Church, in 1876, met at Cape May in the same 
 year, and adopted a plan for further fraternal relations. A 
 Commission was also appointed by the Baltimore General Con- 
 ference for fraternal relations of all Methodist bodies. The 
 union of three Methodist bodies in Canada has been consum- 
 mated, forming the "Methodist Church of Canada," with a 
 membership of over one hundred thousand persons. In May, 
 1878, the Methodist and Methodist Protestant Churches, non- 
 Episcopal bodies, united, making a membership of about 
 one liundred and ten thousand persons. The Pan-Anglican 
 Conference of Bishops of the Church of England and the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church met in Lambeth, in 1878. 
 
 2. Roman Catholicism. — Bitter antagonism of the Prussian 
 Government to the unpatriotic attitude of the Roman Cath- 
 olic population, under the leadership of the bishops. The 
 chief manifestation of the antagonism was the Government's 
 adoption of the "Falk Laws," which leave to the governor- 
 general of a province the duty of deciding upon the qualifi- 
 cations of all persons appointed by the bishops. All bishops 
 must swear fidelity to the Government, under penalty of fine 
 and imprisonment. Pope Pius IX. died in 1878, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Leo XIII. The English people have advanced in 
 Anti- Roman Catholic sentiment, owing largely to the expos- 
 ures by Gladstone of the uniformly unuational character of 
 Romanism. In the soutliern part of the United States the Ro- 
 man Catholics have made rapid progress among the Freedmen. 
 
 3. Ritualism. — In England Parliament has passed a Public 
 Worship Regulation Act, directed against ritualistic encroach- 
 ments. It provides against: 1. Alterations in, or additions 
 to, the fabric, ornaments, or furniture of a church, without 
 permission of the authorities thereof ; 2. Use of any unlawful 
 ornament by the minister ; 3. Neglect to observe the direc- 
 tions of the Prayer Book in performance of the rites and cere- 
 monies ordered by it. Revs. T. P. Dale and Arthur Tooth 
 were suspended for violation of the law. Violent controversy 
 
Outline History of the Church. 77 
 
 Arose in consequence of Tooth's suspension, and the effect has 
 been a strong ritualistic party in favor of disestablishment. 
 
 4. Pre millennial Coming of Christ. — In 1878 a conven- 
 tion was held in New York of those who believe in the premil- 
 lennial and personal coming of Christ. Men from the Epis- 
 copal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, and other Churches 
 participated in the proceedings, and read papers on various 
 aspects of the subject. It was declared, by formal resolu- 
 tion, that the second coming of Christ is imminent ; that it 
 is not necessary tliat the whole world should be converted to 
 Christ before his return, because the Scriptures nowhere de- 
 clare such a doctrine. The tone of the religious press was 
 opposed to the doctrines of the convention. In the Presby- 
 terian Church it has been seriously suggested that those Pres- 
 byterians who participated had violated the Standards con- 
 cerning the Second Advent, and should be arraigned therefor. 
 
 5. Church Trials. — Several leading preachers in the Scotch 
 Church have been tried for propagating skeptical opinions. 
 The Rev. F. Ferguson was found guilty by his Presbytery, 
 but was pardoned by the Synod. Professor Robertson Smith 
 was convicted by the Assembly on some of tlie specifications, 
 and cleared on others. Some Free Churchmen claim tlie re- 
 sult as favorable to rationalistic sentiment. The Scotch Church 
 has, through a committee, adopted a " Declaratory Senti- 
 ment,'' softening some parts of the Westminster Confession. 
 There were two heresy cases, on appeal, before the Presbyte- 
 rian General Assembly during 1878, (Rev. Mr. See and Rev. Mr. 
 Miller.) In the case of Mr. See, it was decided that a minis- 
 ter of the Church may not permit a woman to teacli from his 
 pulpit. Mr. Miller was suspended for holding the heresies 
 that Christ, though God, does not constitute a second person 
 in the Trinity, and that in his human nature he inherited the 
 corruption of Adam's nature. 
 
 6. Sunday-School Instruction. — The First National Sun- 
 day-School Convention was held in New York, October, 1832; 
 the second in Philadelphia, 1833; the third in Philadelphia, 
 1859; tlie fourth in Newark, N. J., 1869; the fifth in Indian- 
 apolis, 1872; the sixth in Baltimore, 1875; the seventh in At- 
 lanta, Ga., in 1878. The Rev. Dr. D. P. Kidder was the first 
 
78 Outline History of the Churcu. 
 
 one to recommend, in 1847, tlie formation of Normal Sunday- 
 schools. In 1872 the Rev. Drs. J. H. Vincent and Edward 
 Eggleston, and B. F. Jacobs, Esq., agreed upon a system of 
 Uniform Lessons, and the National Sunday-School Convention 
 of Indianapolis (1872) favored this project, and appointed a 
 Committee to sehct a seven years' series of National Uniform 
 Lessons. Thus began the National, and, finally, the Interna- 
 tional, System of Sunday-School Instruction. The Chautauqua 
 Sunday-School Assembly, which originated with Lewis Mil- 
 ler, Esq., and Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent, is a congress of Sun- 
 day-school workers, both clerical and lay, who go over every 
 department of religious instruction and affiliated topics. The 
 Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle — an outgrowth of 
 the Assembly — lays down a prescribed course of graded study, 
 on which examinations are held, and for which, after comple- 
 tion, diplomas are awarded. It has its own text -books. 
 Quite an important literature has grown up around this im- 
 portant movement, but the greatest value of the remarkable 
 agency consists in the impulse toward a deep knowledge of 
 religious truth and thorough literary culture which it is im- 
 parting to many thousands throughout the land who have not 
 had the advantages of collegiate instruction. For details of 
 the new development of Sunday-school instruction, we refer 
 our readers to Gilbert's '* The Lesson System : the Story of 
 its Origin and Inauguration." New York. 1879. 
 
 7. Bible Revision. — The Anglo-American Bible Revision 
 is the first international and interdenominational effort in the 
 history of the translation of tlie Bible. It began in the Con- 
 vocation of Canterbury, May 6, 1870, by the appointment of 
 a committee of biblical scholars of the Church of England, 
 with power to revise the Authorized Version of 1611, and to 
 associate with them representative biblical scholars of other 
 denominations. The American Committee was organized in 
 1872. Both committees are divided into two corapaniep, one 
 for revision of the Old Testament, and the other for tiie New. 
 The English Committee consists of fifty-two members; the 
 American, of twenty-seven. The ol)ject of the revision is to 
 adapt King James' version to the present state of the English 
 language, without changing the idiom and the vocabulary. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 79 
 
 Hence, not a new version, but a revision of the received ver- 
 sion, is aimed .-it. The principles of revision are : To alter as 
 little as is consistent with faithfulness tlie text of the author- 
 ized version; to limit, as far as possible, the expression of such 
 alterations to the language of the authorized or earlier versions; 
 each company to go twice over the portion to be revised l)y 
 them, once provisionally, the second time finally ; when tlie 
 text adopted ditfer? from that irom which the authorized ver- 
 sion was made, the alterati(»n is to be indicated in the margin ; 
 the headings of chapters, pages, paragraphs, italics, and punc- 
 tuation are to be revised. It is supposed that in ten years 
 from the beginning the work of revision will be completed. 
 The Rev. Dr. Philip Schaflf, President of the American Com- 
 mittee, has been the chief agent in organizing the American 
 Committee, and in promoting harmonious co-operation be- 
 tween the English and American Comunttees. The members 
 of the Committee have published a volume, "Anglo-American 
 Bible Revision," for private circulation, in which the most 
 important questions involved in the new version are discussed 
 in brief. 
 
 8. Revivals. — An extensive revival in Great Britain began 
 in 1874, through the labors of Moody and Sankey, (Americans.) 
 The churches were too small to accommodate the throngs, and 
 services were held in the open air. All denominations shared 
 in the good results. The two evangelists returned to Ameri- 
 ca, and in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and 
 other cities, there was the same marked benefit from their 
 labors. 
 
 9. Attacks on and Defense of Evangelical Truth.— 
 The Rev. Joseph Cook has delivered lectures for several suc- 
 cessive winters, in Boston, on current theological and scientific 
 topics, in defense of evangelical truth. They have been ex- 
 tensively published and widely read, and have produced a 
 great effect in confirming Christian conviction in the entire 
 religious population of the country. The bold skepticism of 
 Robert IngersoU— a revival of the gross infidelity of Paine 
 —has produced no appreciable effect on the American mind. 
 
 10. Present Condition and Outlook of the Protestant 
 Church in America.— The Protestant Church in America is 
 
80 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 at present veryvigorous and aggressive. While certain sec- 
 tions indicate some sympathy with the rationalistic tendencies 
 of the Continent and the Broad-Church platitudes of England, 
 no form of infidelity has ever taken a firm hold on any large 
 branch of the Church in this country. Every department of 
 ecclesiastical life is full of promise. The Sunday-school, as 
 we have seen, has developed to a remarkable degree within 
 the last few years, while the literature of religious instruction 
 has advanced rapidly, and yet healthily. Missions, foreign and 
 domestic, are vigorously supported by the Churches. Educa- 
 tion of the masses, not to mention higher instruction, has 
 kept pace with the increase of wealth and population. The 
 benevolent spirit of the people, never more severely taxed 
 than in the last few years, has responded in an unprecedentec 
 way to the demands of the times. God is leading the Ameri 
 can Church, and he has greater things to give his trusting 
 children in the coming century than our most active faith has 
 yet dared to anticipate. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GENERAL SURVEY OF MISSIONS. 
 A. D. 1880. 
 
 This chapter, which takes the place of the briefer one in 
 the first edition, has been prepared especially for this work, 
 in compliance with the author's request, by Mr. H. K. Carroll, 
 of the editorial staflf of "The Indejjendent," (New York,) 
 who has made every thing relating to modern missions a 
 subject of careful study: — 
 
 1. Early Protestant Missions. — The Protestants of Hol- 
 land began to take an interest in foreign missions as early as 
 1613, when a seminary to train foreign missionaries was estab- 
 lished at Ley den ; and they sent missionaries to Ceylon in 1636, 
 and subsequently to Africa, Java, and elsewhere. The Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel (Anglican) was formed in 
 1701, for the especial benefit of the American Colonies. Danish 
 missionaries were sent to India in 1706, and to Greenland in 
 1721, iind the Moravians began missions in Africa, Ceylon, and 
 
Outline History of the Church. 81 
 
 other countries in the decade following 1732. Thus a beirin- 
 ning had been made long before the rise of the chief missionary 
 societies, but it was not until near the close of the eighteenth 
 and the opening of the present century that Protestantism en- 
 tered earnestly upon its great work of converting the heathen 
 world. We do not here speak of Home Missions, or Bible 
 Societies, or of the various other agencies which have been 
 employed in missionary work. 
 
 2. Rise of Great Societies.— The (English) Baptist Mis- 
 sionary Society was organized in 1792 ; the London Mission- 
 ary Society, in 1795; the Church Missionary Society, (Low 
 Church, Anglican,) in 1799; the (English) Wesleyan Society, 
 in 1800 ; and the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
 eign Missions, in 1810, at Boston. Since 1810 many other and 
 strong societies have sprung up, and nearly every denomina- 
 tion, however small, hjis missionaries in some foreign field. 
 
 3. Increase of Zeal for Missions.— In the past fifty years 
 there has been great increase of interest in Foreign Missions, 
 and vast successes have been achieved. Before 1830 there 
 were only about eighteen or twenty societies in Europe and 
 America ; now we can readily name seventy-five societies en- 
 gaged in active work. The aggregate of funds intrusted 
 annually to these various societies has increased enormously. 
 For example, the receipts of the Church Missionary Society — 
 the greatest of all the societies — were in 1830 only $150,310, 
 while in 1878 they were about $1,000,000. In the aggregate, 
 millions of dollars are expended annually on Foreign Missions, 
 showing that the Churches have their heart in the great work 
 of converting the world, and are willing to make sacrifices 
 for the cause. An army of noble men and women, many of 
 whom equal Paul in devoted ness, in abundance of labors, 
 and in contempt of perils and deprivations, are spread over 
 the habitable globe, lifting people up out of heathenism and 
 barbarism and ignorance, creating written languages, translat- 
 ing the Scriptures, and helping in a multitude of ways to 
 advance civilization, commerce, good government, society, 
 religion. The chief departments of missionary work are 
 chapel, street, and itinerant preaching; the establishment of 
 chapels and preaching places; the organization of schools oi 
 
 5 
 
82 Outline Histoey of the Chuech. 
 
 various grades ; zenana work by women among women and 
 children ; the making of translations of the Scriptures ; the is- 
 suing of religious publications; and the opening of hospitals. 
 
 4. Some Results of Missions. — The Gospel was first 
 preached in Madagascar by missionaries of the London Mis- 
 sionary Society in 1818. Their labors, joined chiefly to those 
 of the Church and Friends' Societies, have resulted in the 
 overthrow of idolatry. The Queen and her Government ac- 
 cept Cijristianity ; and from the capital, by contributions of 
 converted Malagasy natives, missionaries have been sent to 
 unconverted tribes in distant parts of the island. In 1820 
 the American Board began a mission in the Sandwich Islands, 
 and in less than half a century of earnest, persistent work a 
 nation was redeemed from barbarism. Where there used to 
 be only savages there are now Christians, who not only sup- 
 port their own Churches, but send, missionaries to other isl- 
 ands. Wesleyan missionaries introduced Christianity into the 
 Fiji Islands in 1835. The Fijians were a most savage and 
 degraded people, whose horrible cannibalistic feasts made 
 their very name a terror. Christianity, as preached by the 
 missionaries of the Wesleyan, London, and one or two other 
 societies, have effected a wonderful change among these can- 
 nibals. They have given up their old practices, and become 
 a Christian nation. Churches and schools succeed the hwes 
 or temples ; family worship is general ; marriage is sacred ; the 
 Sabbath is observed ; and law and order reign. Many thou- 
 sands are communicants in the churches, and devoted Fijians 
 go to distant islands as missionaries and teachers. Some of 
 them have recently fallen victims to the cannibals of New 
 Britain. Before 1813 there were no native Christians in Poly- 
 nesia. Now there are no less than 340,000, of whom 68,000 
 are communicants. 
 
 5. Missions in Asia. — India, with its population of two 
 hundred and fifty millions, has been a hard but well-worked 
 field. From the time of Carey to the present. Protestantism 
 has put forth its best eff'orts in India, and for many years with- 
 out much encouragement. All the leading societies, with 
 many others, are represented in that country, and large expend- 
 itures are made annually on missions, schools, nnd hospitals. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 83 
 
 In 1875 there were over 600 ordained foreign missionaries, 
 68,689 communicants, and 266,391 native Christians. In 1878 
 Indian missions entered upon a new epoch. No less than 
 60,000 Hindus in that one year, convinced by the generous 
 aid given the famine sufferers that Christianity is a religion 
 of love and truth, renounced heathenism, and asked for in- 
 struction in the religion of Christ. Many subsequently passed 
 the necessary examination, and were baptized. The Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel, tlie Church Missionary So- 
 ciety, the American Baptist Mission to the Telugus, the Arcot 
 Mission of the American Reformed (Dutch) Church, have 
 shared chiefly in this large accession. The movement did 
 not cease with the close of the year. Dr. Morrison, the first 
 Protestant missionary to China, was sent out by the London 
 Society in 1807. In China, as in India, missions have gained 
 somewhat slowly, but many societies are engaged in the sea- 
 board provinces. The China Inland Mission is opening sta- 
 tions in remote and interior provinces, and the annual gains 
 are increasing. In Japan, missionaries are multiplying year- 
 ly, and are meeting with remarkable success. Burmah is the 
 field chiefly of the American Baptist Union. It is the field 
 to which Judson and Rice went when shut out of India. No 
 greater missionary triumphs have been achieved than in this 
 kingdom, where the Baptists alone have 20,723 members, in 
 438 Churches, with 430 native preachers, and many prosperous 
 schools. The missions in Siam, in Formosa, in Persia, and in 
 Asia Minor, have also achieved good results. 
 
 The territory of Western Asia has become a very important 
 field. Its religious systems are : I.Mohammedanism; 2. Semi- 
 Paganism, (Druze, Nusairy, Yezidee ;) and, 3. Nominal Chris- 
 tianity, or the Oriental Churches. This last group consists of 
 six classes: 1. The Monophysite sects, (Armenians, Jacobites, 
 Copts, Abyssinians ; ) 2. The Nestorians; 3. The Orthodox 
 Greeks; 4. The Maronites; 5. The Oriental Papal sects, 
 (Papal Greek, Papal Armenian, Papal Syrian, Papal Nestorian, 
 Papal Coptic, and Papal Abyssinian;) and, 6. The Latins, (a 
 small body, attached to the French and Italian monasteries.) 
 These sects, (the Oriental Churches,) exclusive of the Greeks 
 of Russia and Greece, number 9,586,000 members. 
 
84r Outline Kistory of the Church. 
 
 6. The Christians in Turkey. — The oppression of the Bul- 
 garian Christians in Turkey by their Moslem rulers has cul- 
 minated in a successful revolt. The Bulgarians are of the 
 Ugro Finnish race, who became Slaves by absorption among 
 the latter. They came from the East, appeared in Armenia, 
 then on the Volga, then on the Lower Danube, and invaded 
 the Greek Empire about the middle of the sixth century. 
 They crossed the Danube A. D. 670, and established a king- 
 dom extending from the Danube to the south of the Balkans. 
 Tliey were converted to Christianity about A. D. 850. The 
 kingdom (capital at Tirnova) was conquered by the Turks in 
 1390, and absorbed in the Turkish empire. Nearly five cent- 
 uries they remained submissive. In 1838 and 1848 they made 
 unsuccessful revolts. In May, 1875, they again revolted, and 
 Russia, later, came to their relief. The war between Russia 
 and Turkey during 1877-78 was one of great bitterness. The 
 Turks had the sympathy of tlie British Government, but the 
 opposition of the real conscience of the civilized world. Rus- 
 sia was victorious, and her armies rested within sight of the 
 Bosphorus. The Berlin Treaty, w^hich was a revision of that 
 of San Stefano, secured the substantial fruits of the war 
 to the Russians and the now delivered Christians of Turkey. 
 Bulgaria was diyided into two parts — Bulgaria, and Eastern 
 Roumelia. A Council of Notables has elected Alexander of 
 Battenberg, Prince of Bulgaria. Both Bulgaria and Eastern 
 Roumelia are practically under Russian influence. Their en- 
 tire population is about 5,500,000, with a territory of 74,400 
 square miles, an extent equal to that of the States of Ohio 
 and Indiana. American missions, establislied by the Ameri- 
 can Board and the Methodist Episcopal Church, have had 
 great influence in bringing about this great deliverance of the 
 Christians in Turkey. Robert College, on the Bosphorus, 
 founded by an American, has contributed largely to the spread 
 of Christian light throughout the Turkish Empire. 
 
 7. African Missions. — On the Western Coast of Africa the 
 Moravians were the first in the field, in 1736. In Liberia the 
 Methodists have an Annual Conference, and there are impor- 
 tant Anglican missions along the Niger. Upward of a dozen 
 societies are at work, the results being several thousand con- 
 
1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. American Presbyterian MissionMy Society. 
 Missionary Society. 5. American Son them Presbyterian Missionary Society. 6. Ameri 
 Society. 8. American Baptist Missionary Society. 9. English Church Missionary Societ 
 Society. 12. Irish Presbyterian Missionary Society. 13. Bishop Gobat's Mission. 14. Jeru; 
 
American United Presbyterian Missionary Society. 4. American Eeformed Presbyterian 
 Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society. 7. American Protestant Episcopal Missionary 
 10. Scotch Established Church Missionary Society. 11. Scotch Free Church Missionary 
 a Verein. 15. Kaiserswerth De-aconesses. 18. Independent Missions. 
 
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 "iiXLDrvzis.^' 
 
 1. American Board (Congrogalional.) 2. xVmerican Presbyterian M. S. 3. American E v 
 M. U. 4 American Methodist Episcopal M. S. 5. American United Presbyterian M. 8. 6. At 
 !can Free Baptist M. S. 7. American Lutheran M. S. 8. American Reformed (Dutch) M. > 
 9. American Missionary Association. 10. English Society for the Propagation of the Gospe 
 11. English London M. S. 12. English Church M. S. 13. English Baptist M. S. 14. Englis 
 Wesleyan M. S. 15. English Presbyterian M. S. 16. Scotch Established Church M. 8. 17. Scotc 
 United Presbj-terian M.S. 18. Scotch Free Church M. S. 19. Irish Presbyterian Church M. 
 20. Welsh Calvlnistic Methodist M. S. 21. Leipsic M. S. 22. Basle M. S. 23. Hermannsburg: 
 M. S. 24. Gossner's M. S. 25. Danish M. 3. 2« Moravian M. 8. 27. Rhine M. S. 28. Datcl 
 ^endiri- M. 8. 
 
CHINA 
 
 AND 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 , 100 SqO 300 41)0 
 
 jr O N G Oil A ^^'•-v/^'^''^ 
 
 1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. American Presbyterian M. 8. 8. American United 
 Presbyterian M. S. 4. American Southern Presbyterian M. S. 5. American Methodist Episcopal 
 vl. 8. 6. American Southern Methodist M 8. 7. American Reformed (Dutch) M. 8. 8. American 
 3apti8t M. TJ. 9. American Southern Baptist M. 8. 10. American Seventh-Day Baptist M. 8. 
 1. American Protestant Episcopal M. 8. 12. English London M. 8. 18. English Church M. 8. 
 4. English "Wesleyan M. S. 15. English Baptist M. 8. 16. English Presbyterian M. 8. 17. En- 
 rlish United Methodist M. 8. 18. English Methodist New Connection M. S. 19. English China 
 nland M. 8, 20. Scotch United Presbyterian M. 8. 21. Irish Presbyterian M. 8. 22. Baak» 
 vl. 8. 28. Rhine M. 8. 24. Beriin M. 8. 
 
Outline IIistory of the Church. 93 
 
 verts, and 200 schools, with more than 30,000 scholars. The 
 first mission in South Africa was also of Moravian origin. Four- 
 teen or more societies are now laboring there. There are many 
 schools, and about 250,000 communicants, including natives. 
 The American United Presbyterian Church has important mis- 
 sions in Egypt. The greatest mission enterprises are those 
 recently begun in Central Africa. The Free Church of Scot- 
 land has founded Livingstonia, on Lake Nyassa; the Church 
 of Scotland, Blantyre Station, on the Shire River, south-east 
 of Livingstonia ; the Church Missionary Society, a mission in 
 Uganda, on Lake Nyanza; and the London Society, a station 
 at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika. The Nyanza, the Tanganyika, 
 and the Nyassa missions required no less than $50,000 each 
 for a beginning, and the necessary goods were transported a 
 great difitance by hundreds of porters. The distance from 
 Zanzibar to Lake Nyanza is not less than eight hundred miles, 
 and among the things which were carried on this long journey 
 was a steamboat for use on the lake. The English Baptist 
 Society has projected a mission for the Upper Congo; a 
 French mission is soon to be established among the Basutos 
 on the Upper Zambesi; and the Cardiff Livingstone Mission 
 (undenominational) is to push into the interior along the 
 Congo. The influence of the missions already established 
 has greatly checked the slave trade. 
 
 8. Europe and America. — American and British Societies 
 carry on missionary work in nearly every Catholic country in 
 Europe, and in Greece and Turkey. The American Method- 
 ist and Baptist Churches have very successful missions in 
 Scandinavia and Germany. Tlie American Board began a 
 mission in Constantinople in 1831. The work has gradually 
 grown, through various vicissitudes and persecutions, until 
 it has spread over both European and Asiatic Turkey. The 
 communicants number between 5,000 and 6,000. British So- 
 cieties have important missions in British America, in Guiana, 
 and in the West Indies; while American Societies are work- 
 ing in various countries of South America and in Mexico, 
 where there are several thousand converts. 
 
 9. Missions to Jews. — Several British and Continental 
 Societies, organized especially for missions among the Jews, 
 
94 
 
 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 are carrying on their work, chiefly by schools, with some suc- 
 cess, and a few missionary societies have special Jewish mis- 
 sions. Not much is done among the Jews of the United 
 States, but in Great Britain, in nearly every country of 
 Europe, in Egypt, Palestine, Persia, and elsewhere, efforts are 
 made for their conversion. It is not known how many con- 
 verted Jews there are. Some say 40,000 ; but there are many 
 in the ministry of various denominations. 
 
 10. Statistics. — The latest, fullest, and most accurate sta- 
 tistics, compiled (at the close of 1879) by Mr. W. H. Larrabee, 
 Plainfield, N. J., show that there are now upward of 575,486 
 members in connection with foreign missions among the hea- 
 then and in Catholic countries. Of this number 147,059 are 
 in Asia and the Malay Archipelago ; 153,183 are in Africa and 
 Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelles; 74,026 are in the 
 South Sea, Sandwich, New Guinea, New Hebrides Islands, and 
 among the aborigines of Australia and New Zealand; 129,010 
 are in America and Greenland; and 73,208 are in Europe. 
 The total among savages, heathen, and Mohammedan races is 
 374, 968. The following tables represent the number of native 
 Christians in the principal heathen countries : — 
 
 Communicants. 
 
 India 8T,854 
 
 China. 16,237 
 
 Ceylon 7,490 
 
 Burmah 20,811 
 
 Persia 1,221 
 
 Japan 2,006 
 
 Sumatra 2,420 
 
 Turkish Empire. 9,132 
 
 South Africa 57,840 
 
 Communicant*. 
 
 Madagascar 68,317 
 
 West Africa 25,636 
 
 South Sea Islands 55,378 
 
 Sandwich Islands 14,976 
 
 The New Hebrides 1,820 
 
 Ll Australia and New Zea- 
 land 2,512 
 
 In America, Indians, etc., 
 
 (about) 17,142 
 
 11. Missionary Literature. — Missionary literature is very 
 extensive, and large libraries of it are collected without diffi- 
 culty. Nearly all the leading societies have histories of their 
 operations, and there are many general works, while the books 
 on particular missions and countries would make a large cata- 
 logue. For minute statistics, see Boyse, " Statistics of Prot- 
 estant Missionary Societies," (London, 1874.) This author has 
 added to his work a very excellent Missionary Bibliography, 
 (pp. 173-184.) See also "Conference on Foreign Missions," 
 .John F. Shaw & Co., (London, 1879 ;) Newcomb's "Cyclopaedia 
 
OiTiJNi-: Ili^sroRY OF rriK Church. 
 
 95 
 
 Deliigoa B. 
 
 ^^■^^"^"^Zulus, 
 
 
 
 
 C.Agulhaa 
 
 
 €OUTH 
 AFRICA 
 
 100 goo 300 400 
 ~" Miles ' 
 
 1. American Board (Con<?regationr.l.) 2. English Church M.S. 8. English Society for the 
 Pn.piigation of the Gospel. 4. English Wesleyan M. 8. 5. English London M. S. 6. English 
 Moravian M. S. 7. Scotch Free Church M «. 8. Scotch United rresbytcrian M.S. 9. Berliij 
 M.S. 10. PvhineM. S. 11. Herniannsburgh M.S. 12. French Evangelical M. 8. 18. Nor- 
 wegian M. B 14. Holland Reformed of Natal M. 8. 
 
96 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 of Missions," though twenty-three years old, is still of value; 
 and Dr. R. Grilndemann's "Missions- Atlas" (Gotha, 1871) is 
 almost indispensable for its maps and information about mis- 
 sions. The best recent papers, from any source, on the general 
 subject of missions, are to be found in the " Proceedings of the 
 Sixth General Conference of the Evangelical Alliance," (New 
 York, 1874,) pp. 583-650. The work of Rev. Dr. J. M. Reid, 
 " Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church," (New York, 1879,) two volumes, is one of the 
 most important contributions made by any author to the 
 literature of missions. For the Missionary Maps which we 
 here use we are indebted to the courtesy of the Messrs. Har- 
 per & Brothers for permission to reduce the maps which they 
 have issued in their "Dictionary of Religious Knowledge," 
 (New York, 1875,) edited by Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 RELIGIOUS STATISTICS OP THE WORLD — A. D. 1880. 
 By Prof. A. J. SCHEM. 
 
 The tables of Religious Statistics published in the former 
 editions of the Outline of Church History have been found to 
 need so many emendations and fundamental changes that the 
 author has requested Professor A. J. Scliem to furnish an en- 
 tirely new series. The following chapter, therefore, has been 
 prepared by him. Professor Schem has made the study of ec- 
 clesiastical statistics a specialty ; is recognized, both in Europe 
 and America, as the leading authority on this intricate and 
 difficult subject : and has laid down the results of his re- 
 searches in the "American Ecclesiastical Year Book," (New 
 York, I860;) "The American Ecclesiastical Almanac, "(1868;) 
 "The American Ecclesiastical and Educational Almanac," 
 (1869;) "Statistical Tables," (fourth edition, April, 1876;) 
 "The National American Almanac," (1864;) "The American 
 Year Book and National Register," (1869;) the successive 
 volumes of the "American Annual Cycloi)aedia," and of the 
 "Methodist Quarterly Review," and in numerous articles Id 
 other religious periodicals. 
 
Outline History of the Church. 
 
 97 
 
 I. 
 
 GENERAL CREEDS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The population of the world is religiously distributed very nearly 
 in the following proportions : 
 
 1. Christianity 418,000,000 
 
 2. Buddhism 400,000,000 
 
 3. Mohammedanism 215,000,000 
 
 4. Brahmanlsm 175,000,000 
 
 5. Judaism 7,000,000 
 
 6. All other forms of relig- 
 
 ious belief 174,000,000 
 
 In Europe, America, Australia, and most of the Polynesian Islands, 
 Christianity is the prevailing creed of every State. In Africa, the 
 independent Christian States are Abyssinia, Liberia, Madagascar, and 
 the Orange Free State, while Cliristianity also prevails in the Euro- 
 pean colonies. The largest empire in Asia — Russia — is also a Chris- 
 tian country. India, tiie third country in point of extent, is under 
 the rule of a Christian government, and so is a large portion of Far- 
 ther India. 
 
 The Mohammedan countries in Asia are Turkey, Arabia, Persia, 
 Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and the Khanates of Central Asia; in 
 Africa — Morocco, the dependencies of Turke}', (Egypt, Tunis, Tripoli.) 
 and a number of inferior States. But none of the Mohammedan 
 countries contains so large a Mohammedan population as British India, 
 where the number of Mohammedans amoiuit to 47,000,000. 
 
 Buddhism is the prevail ng rehgion in Farther India, in China, and 
 in Japan. In China, Buddhism and the religion of the Tao-sze have 
 to a large extent coalesced v/ith tiie system of Confucius, and it is, 
 therefore, said that these three religions have become one. An accu- 
 rate statistical classification of the religions of China cannot, con- 
 sequently, be made. Tlie Buddhists, however, have the largest num- 
 ber of temples. In a like manner Buddhism and Shintoism have 
 gradually become thoroughly molded togetlier in Japan. Buddhism 
 is still the popular religion of Japan, but of late tlie government has 
 made efforts to restore the predominance of Shintoism. British India 
 ha?, according to tlie last official census, about 9,300,000 Buddhists. 
 
 Brahmanism is the prevailing religion in Britisli India, and is con- 
 fined to British India, and the islands of Bali and Lombok. 
 
 Judaism is represented throughout the civilized world. The fol- 
 lowing table gives the number of Jews in the different countries of 
 the world, eith.er as given in an official census, (marked *,) or, where 
 no religious census is taken, according to careful estimate: 
 
98 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 STATISTICS OF JUDAISM. 
 
 ♦Austro-Hungary 1,375,900 
 
 Belgium 3,000 
 
 ♦Denmark 4,200 
 
 ♦France 49,400 
 
 ♦Germany 521,600 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland . . . 46,000 
 
 ♦Greece 2,600 
 
 ♦Italy 35,400 
 
 ♦Netherlands 68,000 
 
 Portugal. 3,000 
 
 ♦Roumania 400,000 
 
 ♦Russia in Europe, (including 
 
 Finland) 2,763,800 
 
 ♦Servla 2,000 
 
 Spain 2,000 
 
 ♦Sweden and Norway 1,900 
 
 Switzerland 7,000 
 
 Turkey in Europe, (including 
 Roumelia, Bulgaria, Bos- 
 nia, and Herzegovina) 75,000 
 
 Total Europe 5,360,800 
 
 Asiatic Russia 38,000 
 
 Asiatic Turkey 52,000 
 
 Asiatic Eastern Asia 500,000 
 
 Total Asia 590,000 
 
 Total Europe 5,360,800 
 
 Total Asia 590,000 
 
 Total AMca 600,000 
 
 Total America 500,000 
 
 Australia and Polynesia 10,000 
 
 Grand Total 7,060,800 
 
 II. 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICS OP CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 It is common to divide the Christian Churches into three groups : 
 
 1. The Roman Catholic Church. — This Church is apparently one or- 
 ganization, and the recognition of the Pope as the head of the entire 
 Church is an article of faith. The so-called Jansenisls of Holland, 
 (about 5,000,) and the Old Catholics of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 
 Prance, and other countries, (about 200,000,) claim to belong to the 
 Roman Catholic Church, but are not recognized by the Pope. 
 
 2. The Eastern or Oriental Churches. — Tliis group embraces the fol- 
 lowing denominations : The Greek Church, the Armenian Church, the 
 Nestorians, the Jacobites, the Christians of St. Thomas, the Copts, 
 and the Abyssinians. All of them recognize the first (Ecumenical 
 Council of Nice, and have bishops for whom they claim an apostolic 
 succession. 
 
 3. The Protestant Churches. — All the Churches not belonging to c^ne 
 of the two preceding groups are generally comprised under the col- 
 lective name of Protestants. There are parties in some of the de- 
 nominations classed under this head which protest against the appli- 
 cation of this name to them. A laige portion of the Church of En- 
 gland and the Protestant Episcojjal Church of tlie United States would 
 
Outline History of the Church. 99 
 
 prefer to be classed with the Churches of the second group as Epis- 
 copal Cliurches, rather than with the Churches of the third group. 
 If tlie division into three groups, as given above, is accepted, the 
 population connected with each of these groups may be estimated 
 about as follows : 
 
 Total Population. 
 CouNTKlKS. (All Creeds, Christian Protest- Roman Eastern 
 
 and Pagan.) ants. Catholics. Churches. 
 
 America 93,657,000 41,858,000 48,538,000 10,000 
 
 Europe 312,398,000 75,911,000 152,382,000 70,880,000 
 
 Asia 831,000,000 2,753,000 7,328,000 9,241,000 
 
 AJrica 205,220,000 1,092,000 2,153,000 3,200,000 
 
 Australia and Polynesia... 4,776,000 2,296,000 702,000 
 
 Total 1,447,049,000 123,910,000 211,103,000 83,331,000 
 
 III. 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 1. America. 
 
 ConNTaiKS. Total Protest- Roman Eastern 
 
 ^ Population. ants. Catholics. Churches. 
 
 United States 46,321,000 38,621,000 6,500,000 10,000 
 
 Mexico 9,276,000 10,000 9,260,000 
 
 Central American Republics 2,462,000 2,000 2,460,000 
 
 Columbia 3,050,000 10,000 2,940,000 
 
 Venezuela 1,784,000 3,000 1,780,000 
 
 Ecuador 1,066,000 946,000 
 
 Peru 3,000,009 2,000 2,690,000 
 
 Bolivia 2,000,000 2,000,000 
 
 Cliili 2,334,000 20,000 2,270,000 
 
 Brazil 11,108,000 50,000 10,000,000 
 
 Argentine Republic 1,812,000 20,000 1,720,000 ...! 
 
 Paraguay 294,000 294,000 
 
 Uruguay 440,000 3,000 435,000 
 
 Hayti 550,000 10,000 540,000 
 
 San Domingo 250,000 1,000 249,000 
 
 British North America— (Dominion of 
 Canada, Newfoundland, Bermudas, 
 
 British Honduras) 3,973,000 2,132,000 1,600,000 
 
 Other British Possessions— (West In- 
 dies, Guiana, Falkland Islands).... 1,312,000 
 
 Danish Possessions 38,000 
 
 French Possessions 373,000 
 
 Spanish Possessions 2,080,000 
 
 Dutch Possessions 110,000 
 
 Patagonia .' 24,(m 
 
 900,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 370,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,010,000 
 
 56,000 
 
 49,000 
 
 Total. 93,657,000 41,858,000 48,538,000 10,000 
 
100 
 
 Outline History of the Church. 
 
 2. Europe. 
 
 States. 
 
 Austro-Hungary (including Lichtenstein).. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Denmark (including dependencies) 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland (including Malta, 
 
 Gibraltar, and Heligoland) 
 
 Greece 
 
 Italy (including Monaco and San Marino). . 
 
 Netherlands (including Luxemburg) 
 
 Portugal (including Azores) 
 
 Roumania 
 
 Russia (including Finland) 
 
 Servia 
 
 Spain (including Andorra) 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey, (including Roumelia, Bulgaria, 
 
 Bosnia, and Herzegovina) 
 
 3,725,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 2,037',000 
 
 592,000 
 
 26,820,000 
 
 27,654,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 2,406,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 4,622,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 10,000 
 6,289,000 
 1,&49,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 Roman 
 
 Catholics. 
 
 Eastern 
 Churches. 
 
 28,975,000 3,200,000 
 
 5,300,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 36,174,000 
 
 15,371,000 
 
 6,809,000 
 
 12,000 1,442,000 
 
 27,629,000 
 
 1,644,000 
 
 4,317,000 
 
 120,000 4,800,000 
 
 7,904,000 57,114,000 
 
 5,000 1,637,000 
 
 16,535,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,134,000 
 
 320,000 3,107,000 
 
 180,000 580,000 
 
 Total 75,911,000 152,382,000 70,880,000 
 
 3. Asia. 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Persia 
 
 China 
 
 Japan 
 
 Anam 
 
 Burmah 
 
 Siam 
 
 British Possessions (including Missions in 
 
 neighboring countries) 
 
 French Possessions 
 
 Spanish Possessions 
 
 Portuguese Possessions 
 
 Dutch Possessions 
 
 Total. 
 
 4. Africa. 
 British Possessions (including Missions ic 
 
 neighboring native States) 
 
 French Possessions 
 
 Portuguese Possessions 
 
 Spanish Possessions 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Abyssinia (inc. Mission among the Gallas.) 
 
 Liberia 
 
 Morocco 
 
 14,000 
 10,000 
 
 3,000 
 50,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,600,000 
 
 170,000 
 
 51,000 
 260,000 
 
 10,000 
 483,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 480,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 1,264,000 
 300,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 5,941,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 2,753,000 7,328,000 9,241,000 
 
 (00,000 
 
 182,000 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 370,000 
 1,204,000 
 
 
 
 320,000 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 28,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 
Outline Histoky of the Chukch. 101 
 
 Statks. 
 
 Tunis and Tripolis. 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 Orange Free State. 
 
 Total - 
 
 British Possessions 2,781,000 
 
 French Possessions 
 
 Spanish Possessions 
 
 Hawaii Island 
 
 Other Islands 
 
 Protest- 
 
 Roman 
 
 Ensfem 
 
 ants. 
 
 Catholics. 
 
 18,000 
 
 Church.^ 
 
 300,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 1,092,000 
 
 2,153,000 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 DLYNESIA. 
 
 Total 
 
 Protest- 
 
 Roman 
 
 Population. 
 
 ants. 
 
 Catholics. 
 
 2,781,000 
 
 2,072,000 
 
 617,000 
 
 97,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 39,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 
 7,000 
 
 57,000 
 
 34,000 
 
 23,000 
 
 1,80.5,000 
 
 172,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,776,000 2,296,000 702,000 
 
 IV. 
 
 DENOMINATIONAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Rerised for New Edition of " Outlii 
 
 Denominations. Members. 
 
 Adventists 30,000 
 
 " Seventh Day 14,141 
 
 Baptists, Regular 2,102,034 
 
 of Church History." 
 
 A. Protestants. (Adult Members.) 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Methodist Colored Church. . . 
 
 " Cong'l & Independ't 
 
 " Primitive 
 
 " Free 
 
 " American Wesleyan 
 
 Moravian 
 
 New Jerusalem 
 
 Presbyterian Church 
 
 " " (South).. 
 
 75,686 
 40,000 
 
 2,000 
 40,000 
 60,000 
 
 7,446 
 57,000 
 40,000 
 30,000 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 " Other Free 
 
 " Six Principles 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 •' German, (Tunkers). 
 
 " Seventh Day. 
 
 Christian Connection 
 
 Christian Union 
 
 Church of God 
 
 Congiegationalists 375,654 
 
 Disciples, (Campbellites) 350,000 
 
 Evangelical Association 107,732 
 
 " Synod of the West. 40,000 
 
 Friends 70,000 
 
 Lutherans 694,426 
 
 Mennonites 50,000 
 
 M. E. Church, (North) 1,696,837 
 
 M. E. Church, (South) 795,099 
 
 Methodist Protestant Church. 113,405 
 '• African Episcopal.. 214,808 
 " African Epis'l Zion 190,900 
 
 B. Roman Catholics. 
 Total Roman Catholic Population < 
 
 Jews, (Total Population) .... 500,000 | Mormons, (Total Population). 
 
 " United.. 
 
 " Cumberland. 
 
 '• Reformed Synod, 
 
 " General Synod. . . 
 
 " Ass. Ref. Syn. of South 
 Protestant Episcopal 
 
 " " Reformed 
 
 Reformed Church, (Dutch) . . 
 
 " " (German). 
 
 Shakers 
 
 United Brethren in Christ. . . 
 
 Unitarians 
 
 Universalists 
 
 Members. 
 
 112,300 
 
 12,550 
 
 3,210 
 
 10,682 
 
 25,000 
 
 16,236 
 
 19,000 
 
 574,486 
 
 116,755 
 
 80,692 
 
 104,974 
 
 10,093 
 
 5,700 
 
 6,740 
 
 324,995 
 
 10,000 
 
 80,288 
 
 147,788 
 
 6,000 
 
 154,796 
 
 30,905 
 
 37,965 
 
 Total 9,088,323 
 
 ,143,222 
 90,00() 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Adoptian Controversy, the Page 40 
 
 Africa, missions in 84 
 
 Alaric plunders Rome. . 31 
 
 Albigenses, the, excommnnication of. 45 
 Alcuin, teacher of Charlemagne, birth 
 
 of. 39 
 
 Alexandria, school of, Clement at the 
 
 head of the. 23 
 
 Alfred the Great, birth of 41 
 
 reign of 41 
 
 Alliance between Charles V., and Pope 
 Leo X., for suppression of Prot- 
 estantism 55 
 
 America, Missions in S5 
 
 American Church History, the four 
 
 periods of 70 
 
 American Colonization, religious char- 
 acter of 70 
 
 its freedom from State Church- 
 ism 70 
 
 Anglo-Saxons, conversion of the 39 
 
 Anti-Roman Catholicism, increase of 
 
 amon? Protestants 76 
 
 Antoninus Pius, mild reign of 21 
 
 Apologists, list of . , 16 
 
 Aquinas, Thomas, teachings of 4S 
 
 Arcadins, Emperor in the East 31 
 
 Arianism, rise of 2S 
 
 decline and fall of 30 
 
 Armlnius, James, birth, acts, and 
 
 death of 57 
 
 Ai-nold of Brescia, protests against 
 
 papal encro.achments 42, 45 
 
 Aurelius, Mmpcus, persecutions under 21 
 Baptists — their first Church organized 
 
 at Providence, R. 1 73 
 
 Bardesanes, apostasy of 22 
 
 Basilides, his theory of cicaticn. ... 15 
 Bede, translates John's Gospel into 
 
 Saxon 39 
 
 death of. 39 
 
 Bible Revision, notice of 78 
 
 Buddhism, where prevalent 94 
 
 Calamities, public, attributed to Chris- 
 tians 21 
 
 Canon of Scripture, collection of 16 
 
 Carpocrates, his denial of Christ's orig- 
 inal purity 15 
 
 Carthage, Cliurch of. prominent, 23 
 
 Cathari, the, Lateran Councils declare 
 
 against 45 
 
 Celsus, notice of 21 
 
 Cerdori, teaching of 15 
 
 Charlemagne, reign of. 40 
 
 Chautauqua S. S. Assembly, origin 
 
 and aims of 78 
 
 Chilian, preaching of, among the 
 
 Franks : 89 
 
 Christ Controversy on the natuivsof. 81 
 Christ, premiliennial cuiiiing of 77 
 
 Christianity and Paganism, conflict 
 
 between Pago 22 
 
 Christianity and the Empire. 29 
 
 Christianity, general statistics of 98 
 
 Roman Catholic, Eastern, Prot 
 
 estant 38 
 
 Christianity, special statistics of 99 
 
 denominational statistics of.. . . . 101 
 
 Christianity, toleration of 23 
 
 spread of. 29 
 
 Christianity, where prevalent 97 
 
 Christians, character of the religious 
 
 life of 80 
 
 Christians, the early, life and worship 
 
 of. 13 
 
 Church buildings for worship, first 
 
 traces of. 22 
 
 Church Councils, ordinary ministers 
 
 and laymen members of. 24 
 
 Church Fathers, tables of, to Council 
 
 of Nice , 26 
 
 Church, the, definition of the term ... 11 
 established by Christ himself ... 11 
 history of, what constitutes the.. 11 
 
 increase of. 11 
 
 persecutions of, at Jerusalem ... 11 
 spiritual endowment of, at Pen- 
 tecost 11 
 
 Clement at the head of the school in 
 
 Alexandria 23 
 
 Clergy, celibacy of the, supported by 
 
 Jitstinian 32 
 
 Columba christianizes the Scots 32 
 
 Congregational Church, origin of 72 
 
 Constantinople captured by the Turks 48 
 Constantins, Chiorus, father of the 
 
 Emperor 26 
 
 Constantius, Emperor 26 
 
 reported vision of 26 
 
 death of 29 
 
 Controversies in the Church, early ex- 
 istence of 14 
 
 Cook, Rev. Joseph, lectures of, noticed 79 
 Councils durinsr the fifteenth century 49 
 Creeds, (general religious) of the 
 
 world 97 
 
 Creeds, the Apostles' and Nicene 80 
 
 Crimean War, the. a great blunder... 61 
 
 Crusades, cause of the 43 
 
 order of the several 48 
 
 benefits of the 44 
 
 Cyprian, religious experience of 80 
 
 Decius, Emperor, severe persecutions 
 
 under 24 
 
 death of 24 
 
 Deists, English, notice of leading 59 
 
 authors of the, replies to 59 
 
 Dort, Syn»>d of 57 
 
 Easter, controversy re-pecting time 
 
 of ket'i.ing 22 
 
Index. 
 
 103 
 
 EJastern empire, termination of. Page 48 
 English Church history, pre-Norman 
 
 periods of 41 
 
 Europe, missions in 85 
 
 Evangelical Alliance, the, doctrinal 
 
 basis of 6T 
 
 Evangelical ti'uth, attacks on, and de- 
 fense of 79 
 
 Fabiann.s, Bishop of Rome, martyrdom 
 
 of 24 
 
 Fasts, when and how kept 13 
 
 Felicitaa, martyrdom of 13 
 
 Ferguson, Rev. F., trial of, for skep- 
 ticism 77 
 
 France, fraternal letter from, to Chris- 
 tians in Asia Minor 22 
 
 persecutions in, incidents of. 22 
 
 Fraternity, increase of the spirit of, 
 
 among Protestant Churches... 75 
 Frencii Revolution, some remote re- 
 sults of . . 61 
 
 Gallieiiu.s, Emperor, protects Chris- 
 tians 25 
 
 Gauls, extensi ve conversion of the. . . 39 
 
 Genseric conquers Rome 31 
 
 German Empire, revival of the 69 
 
 German Reformed Church, organiza- 
 tion of 73 
 
 Gnosticism, what 14 
 
 Gordian, Emperor, peaceful reign of. 24 
 
 Gospel, the, rapid spread of. 41 
 
 zeal in promulgating 14 
 
 Gregory the (Jreat, popedom of. 34 
 
 Guelphs and Ghibelliiies, struggle be- 
 tween the 42 
 
 Heliogabalus, Emperor 24 
 
 Henry IV. of Germany, quarrel of, 
 
 with Pope Gregory VII 42 
 
 Heresies and sects of the first three 
 
 centuries 27 
 
 Hildebrand, (Pope Gregory VII.,) 
 
 reign of 42 
 
 Holy Alliance, form.ation nf a, at 
 
 Nun-mberg 55 
 
 Honorius, Emperor in the West 31 
 
 Huguenots, persecution of the 57 
 
 Huss, John, birth, acts, and martyr- 
 
 doni of. 46 
 
 Hussite war, the, in Bohemia, cause of 46 
 Ignatius, writings and martyrdom of. 16 
 
 Inquisition, thi-. begiiming of 47 
 
 Irving, Edward, sketch of. 67 
 
 iTA'ingites, the, sect of 67 
 
 Jerusalem, the destruction of 13 
 
 Jesuits, the, organization, objects, and 
 
 creed of 55 
 
 Jewish War. the beginning of 13 
 
 Jews, how scattered and classified. .. 94 
 
 Jews, mission to the 85 
 
 John, the apostle, banisliment of, to 
 
 Patmos 13 
 
 death of. 13 
 
 Jovian succeeds Julian 29 
 
 Julian the Ajtostate, coronation of... 29 
 
 Justinian 1., Emperor, reign of 32 
 
 destroys the remnants of Pagan- 
 ism.... 32 
 
 Leo the Great, reign of. Page 18 
 
 Lord's Supper, the, when observed.. 13 
 
 Love-feasts, when celebrated 13 
 
 Loyola, Ignatius, founds the Order of 
 
 Jesus 55 
 
 Lydla, conversion of 21 
 
 Lyons, Council of, reduces the mendi- 
 cant orders to four 47 
 
 Lutheran Church, first organization. 73 
 
 Marcion, belief of 15 
 
 Martyr, Justin, m.artyrdom of 21 
 
 Martyrs' graves, visitation of 21 
 
 Ma.ximinus, Emperor, inaugurates a 
 
 partial persecution 24 
 
 Mendicant orders, immense growth of 47 
 reduced by the Council of Lyons 
 
 to four 47 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, sketch 
 
 of the 74 
 
 Middle Ages, beginning, duration, and 
 
 chief events of the so-called 39 
 
 Miller, Rev. Mr.,(Presb. Church,) sus- 
 pension of 77 
 
 Missionary liteiature 86 
 
 Missionary Societies, rise of the great 81 
 
 Missions, early P/otestant 80 
 
 Missions, Foreign — Dutch, Danish, 
 
 Romish 60 
 
 Missions in Asia 82 
 
 Missions, increase of zeal for, during 
 
 fifty years 81 
 
 large increase of money and la- 
 borers 81 
 
 Missions, some results of 82 
 
 Mohammed, birth and death of o2 
 
 Mohammedanism present position of 3:i 
 Mohammedanism, where prevalent. . 97 
 Mohammedans, power of the, arrested 
 
 byMartel ,32 
 
 Monasticism, rise of 24 
 
 great increase of 29 
 
 Monastic rules, establishment of 32 
 
 Monothelite Controversy, the 39 
 
 Montanists, opinions of the 15 
 
 Moravian Church, the, formation of. . 46 
 
 Mystics, the, account of 46 
 
 Nantes, Edict of 57 
 
 Neoplatonism. what 23 
 
 Nicene Council, the 28 
 
 Norman Conquest, of Ensland 42 
 
 Old Catholic Church, the 6S 
 
 Ophites, the, notice of 15 
 
 Oi-dination of Bishops White, Provost, 
 
 Grillith 72 
 
 Origen, head of school at Alexandria 23 
 Pagans, adherents of the ancient f.iith 
 
 first so ciilled 29 
 
 Papacy, at its height, in 1270 44 
 
 great schism in, 1309-1377 48 
 
 Papal encro.aehments, protested 
 
 against by Arnold of Brescia.. 42 
 
 Papal pretensions, incre.ase of, 41 
 
 Paul, first m'ssionary journey of. 12 
 
 second missionary journey of.. . . 12 
 third mission.ary journey of. ,. . 12 
 his arrest at Jerusalem, and ap- 
 peal to Ca;sar '2 
 
104 
 
 Index. 
 
 Paul at Mars' If ill Papre 12 
 
 at Corinth 12 
 
 im prison men t of, at Cesarea, and 
 
 voyage to Kotne 12 
 
 a prisoner at Koine two years. . . 12 
 I'aul, Heruiit of Tliehes, withdraws 
 
 to the deserts of Egypt 24 
 
 Pelagianism, teaciiingsof 31 
 
 condemned 31 
 
 Pel.'igius opposed by Augustine 31 
 
 Pepin, King of the Franks, reign of. 40 
 
 Perpetua, martyrdom of 23 
 
 Persecution of the Church, at Jerusa- 
 lem 11 
 
 under Nero 12 
 
 under Domitian 18 
 
 under Trajan 16 
 
 under Marcus Aurelius 21 
 
 under Commodns 23 
 
 under Septimus Severus 23 
 
 under Decius 24 
 
 under Diocletian 25 
 
 Persecutions, tables of 26 
 
 Pietism, founded by Spener 59 
 
 Polycarp, martyrdom of 21 
 
 Pope, Bishop of Home beginning to be 
 
 so called 82 
 
 Prttyer, book of, published, 17S6 71 
 
 Presbyterian Ciiurch, sketch of the.. 74 
 
 Priestly aristocracy, incre.ase of 23 
 
 Protestant Church", outlook of the 79 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, first 
 
 convention of. 71 
 
 Prussia, State Church of 67 
 
 Purgatory, doctrine of, taught at be- 
 ginning of fifth century 30 
 
 first traces of doctrine of. 24 
 
 Puritan pilgrims, landing of 72 
 
 Puritans, the English, views of 56 
 
 Katioiialism, German, definition of.. . 61 
 
 some leaders of 62 
 
 Eatiourtlists, authors of replies to... 62 
 
 Keformation, causes leading to the. . . 49 
 
 Keformation, tiie, rapid spread of. . . 55 
 
 the English, cause and results of. 56 
 
 Reformed Church, history of 72 
 
 lieformed Episcopal Church, organ- 
 ized 1873 72 
 
 doctrinal beliefs of the 72 
 
 Reformers, English, some leading 50 
 
 Reformei-s, German, sketches of the . . 49 
 
 Swiss, sketches of the 50 
 
 Revivals, labors of Moody and Sankey 79 
 
 Ritualism, decisions against 76 
 
 Roman Catholicism, later history of. 6S 
 lioman Catholic Church in America, 
 
 sketch of 75 
 
 Roman Emperors, tables of, by cent- 
 uries as 
 
 Roman See, extension of the power of 30 
 
 Rome, Conquest of, by Belisarius 32 
 
 Rome, Conquest of, by Genseric 31 
 
 Rome, measures of defense and e.\ten- 
 
 sion 58 
 
 Rome, plundered by Alaric 81 
 
 Euric, founding of Russian monarchy 
 
 by 41 
 
 I Sabellians, the, beliefs of Page 25 
 
 Saturniniis, belief of 15 
 
 Savonarola, Jerome, influence and 
 
 martyrdom of 46 
 
 Saul of Tarsus, conversion of 11 
 
 Schism, till, between the Eastern and 
 
 " Western Ch urches 41 
 
 Schmalkaldic War, the, termination of 55 
 Scholasticism, rise and dogmas )1 . 48 
 
 Scotists, who and what 43 
 
 Scots, the, (Christianized by Columba 32 
 
 Scotus, Duns, teachings of. 48 
 
 Scriptures, Latin translation of the, 
 
 improved 80 
 
 Sects, heretical, found in first century 
 
 of Christian era 14 
 
 Judaizing 15 
 
 See, Rev. Mr., (Presbyterian Church,) 
 
 trial of 77 
 
 Semler, the real founder of German 
 
 Rationalism CI 
 
 Severus, Alexander, Emperor, favors 
 
 Christianity 24 
 
 Singing, choral, introduced by Am- 
 brose 30 
 
 Smith, Prof. Robertson, trial of. 77 
 
 Spener, the founder of Pietism 59 
 
 Statistics, missionary 86 
 
 Stephen, martyrdom of 11 
 
 Sunday-School Conventions 77 
 
 Swedenborg, Emanuel, notice of. 59 
 
 Tertullian, head of the Carthagenian 
 
 Church 23 
 
 Theodore, Bishop of Rome, assumes 
 
 the title of Sovereign PontiflF. . 39 
 
 Theodosius the Great 30 
 
 death of. 81 
 
 Thirty Years' War, the 58 
 
 Thouiists, who and what 48 
 
 Iractarian movement, the, in En- 
 gland 67 
 
 Trent, Council of, noticed 55 
 
 Turkey, Christians in. 84 
 
 Turks, the, capture Constantinople, 
 
 145:3 48 
 
 Valentinus, teaching of 15 
 
 Valentinian 1., universal toleration 
 
 under 29 
 
 Valerian, Emperor, aims to destroy 
 
 Christianity 25 
 
 Virginiii, Colony of. founded 1607 71 
 
 Form of worship. Church of En- 
 gland 71 
 
 Waldenses, the, origin, doctrines, and 
 
 successes of 45 
 
 Wesley, John, sketch of 60 
 
 Western Roman Empire, downfall of. 82 
 Westminster Confession, softening of 
 
 the, by Scotch Church 77 
 
 Wiclif, John, birth, doings, and death 
 
 of. 46 
 
 Winfred, preaching of in Thuringia 
 
 and Hesse S9 
 
 consecrated Archbishop of Rome 39 
 Willibrord, preaches to the Dutch 
 
 and Frisians 39 
 
 Zinzendorf. Count, sketch of 60 
 
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 Outline of church history. 
 
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