... ;'iuTi K-nvSw; v v '•* JAN 28 1332 ‘ v^OfllCAL StwV *\*£ Division Section BSZ5Z5 r^6>4 H2.3 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/syllabusfornewteOOrobe_O SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY A. T. ROBERTSON, m.a., d.d., ll.d L.ITT.D. By PROFESSOR A. T. ROBERTSON Syllabus for New Testament Study The Minister and His Greek New Testament A Harmony of the Gospels for Students of the Life of Christ Types of Preachers in the New Testament Paul, the Interpreter of Christ Practical and Social Aspects of Christianity (Ex¬ position of James) A Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament Studies in Mark’s Gospel A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research A Translation of Luke’s Gospel John the Loyal: A Sketch of John the Baptist Epochs in the Life of Jesus Epochs in the Life of Paul The Pharisees and Jesus. The Stone (Princeton) Lec¬ tures for 1916. Luke the Historian in the Light of Research The Student’s Chronological New Testament The Glory of the Ministry The Divinity of Christ in the Gospel of John Paul’s Joy in Christ: Studies in Philippians Making Good in the Ministry: A Sketch of John Mark The New Citizenship Commentary on Matthew: The Bible for Home and School Keywords in the Teaching of Jesus Life and Letters of John A. Broadus The Teaching of Jesus Concerning God the Father Studies in the New Testament SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUB$Tof? AX A Guide for \ ' Lessons in the Class-Room^ oaiciAL BY A. T. ROBERTSON, m.a., D.D.j LL.D.j LITT.D. Professor of New Testament Interpretation in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Louisville, Kentucky NEW YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY SUNDAY SCHOOL BOARD OF THE SOUTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION Fifth Edition , Revised and Enlarged COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY A. T. ROBERTSON SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY. II PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE The immediate purpose of this Syllabus is to facilitate the work in the class in New Testament English in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. It is not de¬ signed for general use, though other institutions have adopted it. The book, revised throughout, serves the function of a broad outline of the New Testament his¬ tory with precise references to the text-books used for the daily lessons. The method pursued is the study of the sources of our knowledge as far as practicable with the aid of useful helps. The course follows the historical development of the events of the period and the inter¬ pretation of the New Testament books is based on his¬ torical exegesis. The whole of the New Testament era is covered in one session of eight months and the work is of necessity rapid, while comprehensive. This grasp of the whole period is essential for proper interpretation of any single portion. The more important books, with various critical standpoints, are mentioned from time to time. The rather full bibliographies are useful for future exhaustive study of special topics and for research work. They have been brought up to date. The plan and spirit of the course are due to John A. Broadus, who estab¬ lished it in 1859, the first course in the English New Testament in any theological seminary so far as I know. All ministers need a thorough grip upon the English New Testament whether they do or do not know the Greek. The knowledge of each reacts favorably upon the other. Neither takes the place of the other. Both are necessary to the real student of the New Testament. The student who enters this class ought to know at least vi PREFACE what is in the author’s Studies in the New Testament . In addition to the assignment for each lesson specific ref¬ erences for wider reading are given for the benefit of unusually well equipped men. It happens that this year 1923 marks the conclusion of thirty-five years of teaching in the Seminary and that I am sixty years old. This is the Fifth Edition of the Syllabus, while the Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament appears in the Sixth Edition and the Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Re¬ search in the Fourth Edition this year. Two new volumes, published this year, The Minister and His Greek New Testament and A Translation of Luke's Gospel, will make twenty-six volumes to my credit, alas, for the public. A. T. Robertson. Louisville, Ky., 1923. CHART OF INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT TIMES (Many of the dates are confessedly provisional, especially in the Apostolic history.) DATE B. C. 405 400 399 334 333 331 330 323 320 312 299 285-247 250 225 216 198 RULERS OF JUDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA Under Persia 536 B. C. to 331 B. C. Artaxerxes Mne- mon. Part of Book of Baruch. Book of Tobit possibly. Jonathan. End of Persian rule. Beginning of Greek rule over Judea. Alexander the Great. Death of High Priest Jaddua, last name men¬ tioned in O. T. (Neh. 12:11 f.) Ptolemaic rule over Jews. Simon I, The Just, High Priest. Ptolemy Phila- delphus. Traditional date of the so-called Great Synagogue and the fixing of canon of the O. T. Translation of the S'eptuagint be¬ gun. Probable date of Ecclesiasticus or the Wisdom of Son of Sirach. Appearance of Chasidim. Eleazer (287- 26). Beginning of Seleucid rule over Jews, under An- tiochus the Great. Jewish - Alexan¬ drian Philosophy. Aristobulus and Wisdom of Solo¬ mon here or little later. CONTEMPORARY EVENTS Retreat of the Ten Thousand (Xenophon). Death of Soc¬ rates. Roman Consuls begin. Plato. Aristotle. Battle of Grani- cus. Battle of Issus. Alexander con¬ quers Persian Em¬ pire. Alexander dies at Babylon. Ptolemaic Rule begins in Egypt. Seleucid Kings begin rule in Syria. Seleucid Era. Zeno. Epicurus. First Punic War. Second Punic War. Battle of Cannae (Hannibal). Vll Vlll CHART DATE RULERS OF JUDEA B. C 190 175 172 Antiochus Epi- phanes begins his efforts to Hellen- ize the Jews. HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA CONTEMPORARY EVENTS Jason, the Hellenizing High Priest. Antiochus the Great beaten by Romans at Mag¬ nesia. Romans gain foothold in the East. Menelaus, another Hel¬ lenizing High Priest. 167 166 165 161 160 153 146 143 142 135 130 108 105 104 Beginning of Maccabean Revolt under Mattathias. Judas Macca- baeus. Death of Judas at Eleasa. Jonathan Macca- baeus succeeds him. Death of Al- cimus (Hellen¬ izing High Priest). No High Priest for 7 years. Jonathan made High Priest and so combines polit¬ ical and reli¬ gious office. Rededication of the Temple. Book III, of Sybilline Oracles probably about this time. Book of Judith. Probably I. Es- dras. Probably also part of Book of Enoch. Simon Macca- baeus rules. John Hyrcanus rules. Political inde¬ pendence of the Jews. Aristobulus calls himself King of Judea. Alexander Jan- naeus reigns. Samaritan tem¬ ple destroyed. Destruction of Samaria. The Essenes. Revival of Hel¬ lenism. Clash with Phar¬ isees, and siding with S'adducees. Party strife. 100 Polybius. Third Punic War. Carthage and Corinth destroyed. Embassy to Rome. Terence. Gracchi. Cicero and Pom' pey born. Power of Marius. Birth of Julius Caesar. CHART IX DATE RULERS OF JUDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN JUDEA EVENTS T5 C. Book of Jubilees or Little Genesis Sylla. Lucretius. 86 and Psalms of Solomon. Catullus. Revival of Phar- isaism. 78 Salome -Alexan- Hyrcanus 74 dra rules. High Priest. Separation again between political and religious rule. Birth of Herod the Great. 69 AristobulusKing. H y rcanus Overthrow of High Priest still. Hyrcanus by Aristobulus. 66 Antipater takes side of Hyrcanus. Pompey sent to Asia. 65 Syria a Roman Province and so end of Seleucid kings. 63 Pompey re-in¬ states Hyrcanus. Pompey enters Temple. Catiline. Cicero. Roman rule of Judea really be- 60 gins. First Trium- virate (Pompey, Caesar, Crassus). 57 54 Rule by Councils. Crassus plunders Jerusalem. Rise of the Par- thians to power. 48 Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Defeat of Pom¬ pey at Pharsalia. Caesar with Cle¬ opatra in Egypt. Downfall of Re¬ public. 47 Hyrcanus ap¬ pointed Ethnarch 1 Maccabees and Caesar perpetual Dictator. II Maccabees both by Caesar, and An- belong to this cen- tipater his Prime tury. Minister (Procu- Probably also the 44 rator). so-called IV Mac¬ cabees. Assassination of Caesar. 42 Battle of Phi- lippi and victory of the Second Triumvirate (Oc¬ tavius, Antonius, Lcpidus) over Brutus and Cas- sius. X CHART DATE B. C. 41 40 37 35 31 27 25 20orl9 6 5 4 4 A. D. 4 6 7 9 12 14 15 16 RULERS OF JUDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA Herod appointee Tetrarch and rule taken away from Hyrcanus, Judea now a Roman Province. Parthians estab¬ lish Antigonus as King. Herod becomes King of Judea. Parthians cap¬ ture Jerusalem while Herod flees to Rome and is appointed King of Judea. Herod marries Mariamne. Hillel and Sham- Hyrcanus deposed and Ananelus made High Priest. Aristobulus High Priest. His drowning. Succeeded by Jesus and then Simon. mai, rival teachers of Rabbinism in Jerusalem. Scribism domi¬ nant in Palestine. Jewish Rabbi¬ nical Theology (Talmud A. D. 200-500). Rise of Hero- dians. Samaria rebuilt. Herod begins repairing the Tem¬ ple at Jerusalem. Birth of John the Baptist. BIRTH OF JE¬ SUS. Death of Herod the Great. Matthias. Arr.helaus Eth- Joseph. Joasar. narch of Judea. Eleasar. Archelaus de¬ posed and Judea again made Prov¬ ince of Rome. Coponius Procu¬ rator. Jesus. Ananus. Rise of Zealots. Visit of the Boy Jesus to Jerusa¬ lem. Ambivius Procu¬ rator. Annius Rufus Procurator. Valerius Gratus Procurator. Assumption of Moses. Ishmael. Simon. 1 CONTEMPORARY EVENTS Anthony loses a kingdom for Cleo¬ patra. Virgil. Tibullus. Battle of Actium and victory of Oc¬ tavius over An- tonius. Octavius be¬ comes Emperor (Augustus). Cornelius Nepos. Sallust. Horace. Livy. Ovid. Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Gali¬ lee and Perea. Philip Tetrarch of Iturea, Trachoni- tis, etc. Diodorus Siculus. Strabo. Death of Au¬ gustus. Tiberius be¬ comes full Em¬ peror (after two years co-reigning in the Provinces). CHART xi DATE 18 25 (or 26) 26 (or 27) 30 (or 29) Pass¬ over- Forty days later. 30 Pente¬ cost. 34 34- 36 35- 37 36 37 39 41 43 44 45 48 49 52 50-51 54 55-57 59-60 59 60 RULERS OF JUDEA Pontius Pilate (Procurator.) Recall of Pon¬ tius Pilate. Sue ceeded by Marcel- lus. Maruelus. Herod Agrippa I, given Judea also. Rules as King. Death of Agrippa I. and Judea a province again. Cuspius Fadus Procurator. Alexander. Cumanus. Felix. Festus succeeds Felix. HIGH PRIESTS Caiaphas. Jonathan. Theophilus. Simon. Matthias. Ellonaios. Joseph Ananus. Ishmael. Joseph. WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA John Baptist be¬ gins ministry. Baptism of Jesus. Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ. Ascension of Christ. Descent of the Holy Spirit. Death of Ste¬ phen. Conversion of Saul. Writings of Philo (born about B. C. 20). Death of James the Apostle. Im¬ portant date in ca¬ reer of Paul be¬ cause of visit to Jerusalem at time of famine and death of Herod (Acts 11:30). Epistle of James. Conference at Jerusalem. Epistles of Paul to the Thessaloni- ans (First group). CONTEMPORARY EVENTS Death of Philip the Tetrarch. Caligulus Em¬ peror. Herod Agrippa I, made King. Herod Antipas deposed as Tet¬ rarch. Claudius Em¬ peror. Rebellion Theudas. of Second group of Paul’s Epistles. 1 Cor., 2 Cor., Gal., Rom. Date of Galatians uncer¬ tain. The Judaizers. Important date in career of Paul. Possibly Mark and Matthew by this time. Probably Gospel) of Luke during stay at Caesarea (58-60). Rebellious out¬ breaks of Jews against Rome. Nero Emperor. Burrhus. Seneca. CHART Xll DATE RULERS OF JUDEA HIGH PRIESTS WRITINGS AND EVENTS IN JUDEA CONTEMPORARY EVENTS 59-61 62 61-63 64 65 66 66-68 67 68 69 70 75 79 81 85 90 95 96 98 98-100 Albinus. Gessius Florus. People revolt against Rome. End of Jewish state. . Departure of Paul to Rome. Ananus. .. Third group of Paul’s Epistles, Philippians, Colos- sians, Ephesians and Philemon. Paul set free. The Gnostics. Matthias. Epistles of Peter, Jude, and that to the Hebrews, most probably between 64 and 69. . Josephus Gover¬ nor of Galilee. . Pastoral Epistles of Paul (Fourth Group). . Possible death of Simon Peter. . Paul’s second imprisonment and death. . _ Flight of Chris¬ tians to Pella. . Destruction of Temple and Jeru¬ salem by Titus. . End of Sanhed¬ rin. .. Rabbinic School at Jamnia. . Writings of Jo¬ sephus. . Possible date of Epistles of John. Possible date of Gospel of John. Probable date of Revelation of John. Death of John and close of Apos¬ tolic time. To¬ wards close of this century 2 (4) Es- dras and Apoca¬ lypse of Baruch were doubtless written and also parts of Enoch and Sybilline Ora¬ cles. Here also be¬ long Epistle of Clement of Rome, and so-called Epis¬ tle of Barnabas. Burning of Rome. Persecution of Christians. Romans driven from Jerusalem. Vespasian in Galilee and Judea. Death of Nero. Brief reigns of Galba, Otho, Vit- ellius. Vespasian Em¬ peror. Quintus Curtius. Epictetus. Pliny the Elder. Titus Emperor. Domitian Em¬ peror. Cerinthus. Ebionites, Martial. Juvenal. Persecution of Christians under Domitian. Tacitus. Nerva Emperor. Trajan Emperor. Plutarch. Quintilian. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE .......... y CHART OF INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT TIMES . . vii GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY .... 25 BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS ON THE NEW TESTAMENT . . 25 BIBLE DICTIONARIES ....... 26 IMPORTANT EDITIONS OF THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT . 27 CONCORDANCES ........ 27 BOOKS ON OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS .... 28 INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT ... 28 NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY AND TIMES .... 31 THEOLOGY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT .... 35 HERMENEUTICS, OR INTERPRETATION .... 36 EXTRA-CANONICAL EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE . . 37 PART I: THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY (400 B. C. to B. C. 6 or 5 ) . . . . 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY.43 THE OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA . 43 PHILO .. . 47 JOSEPHUS. 48 THE TALMUD ........ 49 THE TARGUMS. 52 HANDBOOKS ON THE INTERBIBLICAL PERIOD ... 52 LESSON I: IN THE PERSIAN PERIOD (B. C. 400- B. C. 331).53 LIST OF PERSIAN RULERS ...... 54 LIST OF HIGH PRIESTS DURING PERSIAN PERIOD OF THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY ...... 54 SPECIAL BOOKS ON PERSIAN PERIOD .... 55 LESSON II: IN THE GREEK PERIOD (B. C. 331-167) 55 Alexander and the Ptolemies (B. C. 331-198) . 55 SPECIAL BOOKS ON ALEXANDER THE GREAT ... 56 BOOKS ON THE PTOLEMAIC ERA. 57 xiii XIV CONTENTS PAGE PART I: THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY (Continued) BOOKS ON THE SEPTUAGINT ...... 57 Text .57 Concordance and Grammar ..... 57 Special Books ....... 58 LIST OF PTOLEMAIC KINGS .58 LESSON III: IN THE GREEK PERIOD (Cont’d), SELEUCID RULE.59 FURTHER BOOKS ON ECCLESIASTICUS .... 60 LIST OF THE SELEUCID KINGS ..... 61 LIST OF JEWISH HIGH PRIESTS DURING THE GREEK PERIOD TILL OFFICE PASSES TO THE MACCABEES ... 62 LESSON IV: FIRST LESSON IN THE MACCABEAN PERIOD (Beginning of the Maccabean Revolt, B. C- 167-166). 62 BOOKS ON MACCABEAN PERIOD ..... 65 LESSON V: SECOND LESSON ON THE MACCA¬ BEAN PERIOD (Judas Maccabseus B. C. 166-161) . 65 SEVEN CHIEF CAMPAIGNS BY JUDAS .... 66 SPECIAL BOOKS ON JUDAS MACCABEUS ... 66 LESSON VI: THIRD LESSON ON THE MACCA¬ BEAN PERIOD (Jonathan Maccabseus, Simon Mac- cabseus and John Hyrcanus, B. C. 161-106) ... 67 LESSON VII: FOURTH LESSON ON THE MACCA¬ BEAN PERIOD (Decline of the Maccabean Dynasty and Beginning of Roman Period, B. C. 106-47) . . 68 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE ROMAN PERIOD .... 70 LESSON VIII: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD . . 70 SPECIAL BOOKS ON HEROD ...... 71 JEWISH LITERATURE OF THE INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT TIMES . . . . . . • 72 LESSON IX: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD ( Continued ) 73 LESSON X: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD ( Continued ) 75 LESSON XI: THE JEWISH PARTIES ... 76 PHARISEES, SADDUCEES, SCRIBES, ESSENES, HERODIANS, ZEALOTS ......... 76 SPECIAL BOOKS ON JEWISH PARTIES .... 77 CONTENTS PART I: THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY (Continued) LESSON XII: THE JEWISH EXPECTATIONS CON¬ CERNING THE MESSIAH. BOOKS ON THE MESSIANIC HOPE OF THE JEWS AND ESCHATOLOGY ........ LESSON XIII: A GLIMPSE OF THE WORLD INTO WHICH JESUS WAS BORN. Literature Useful for the Purpose PART II: THE LIFE OF CHRIST (B. C. 6 or 5 to A. D. 29 or 30) .... BIBLIOGRAPHY OF IMPORTANT WORKS ON THE GOSPELS AND THE LIFE OF CHRIST . i: THE GOSPELS ........ 1. Introduction to the Four Gospels . 2. The Synoptic Problem ..... 3. The Authorship and Character of the Fourth Gospel ........ III COMMENTARIES ON THE GOSPELS .... 1. Series on Entire New Testament . (a) For English Readers ..... (b) For Greek Students ..... 2. Commentaries on Matthew .... (a) For English Students ..... (b) F"or Greek Students ..... 3. Commentaries on Mark ..... (a) For English Students ..... (b) For Greek Students ..... 4. Commentaries on Luke ..... (a) For English Students ..... (b) For Greek Students ..... 5. Commentaries on John ..... (a) For English Students ..... (b) For Greek Students ..... Ill: HARMONIES OF THE GOSPELS ..... IV : LIFE OF CHRIST ....... 1. Bibliographies and Criticism of Literature on the Life of Christ ..... 2. Introductory Problems ..... 3. Exhaustive Treatises on the Life of Christ . 4. Handbooks ....... 5. Very Radical Works ..... 6. lesus Treated as a Paranoiac 7. The Historicity of Jesus .... xv PAGE 78 78 81 81 89 89 89 89 91 95 99 99 99 100 102 102 102 103 103 104 105 105 105 106 106 107 108 109 109 110 111 112 113 114 114 XVI CONTENTS PAGE PART II: THE LIFE OF CHRIST (Continued) 8. The Jesus or Christ (Jesus or Paul) Contro¬ versy ...... 115 9. The Person of Christ ..... 116 10. Special Aspects ...... 120 11. The Miracles of Jesus ..... 122 12. The Parables of Jesus ..... 124 13. The Teaching of Jesus ..... 125 (a) Teaching as a Whole ..... 125 (b) The Father and the Holy Spirit . . . 127 (c) Christ’s Idea of Himself .... 127 (d) The Kingdom and Eschatology . . . 128 (e) Ethical and Social Problems . . . . 129 14. Lives of Christ for Children .... 130 15. Poems about Christ ..... 131 16. Romances ....... 131 17. Non-Scriptural Accounts of Jesus . . . 132 LESSON I: BEGINNINGS OF THE GOSPELS AND PREPARATION FOR THE BIRTH OF JESUS . 133 LESSON II: THE BIRTH OF JESUS . 135 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE VIRGIN BIRTH .... 136 OTHER BOOKS OF INTEREST ...... 136 LESSON III: THE LONG YEARS OF SILENCE . 137 SPECIAL BOOKS .138 LESSON IV: JOHN THE BAPTIST .... 138 SPECIAL BOOKS ON JOHN THE BAPTIST .... 139 LESSON V: CHRISTS BAPTISM AND TEMPTA¬ TION .141 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE TEMPTATION OF JESUS . . 142 LESSON VI: FROM BETHANY BEYOND JORDAN TO CAPERNAUM.143 BOOKS ON THE TWO-WINE CONTROVERSY . . . 145 LESSON VII: THE EARLY MINISTRY IN JUDEA AND SAMARIA.145 SPECIAL BOOKS ON SAMARITANS AND NICODEMUS . . 146 LESSON VIII: BEGINNING OF THE GALILEAN MINISTRY.146 SPECIAL BOOKS . ...... 148 LESSON IX: THE SABBATH CONTROVERSY . 148 BOOKS ON THE SABBATH QUESTION .... 149 BOOKS ON CHRIST AND THE OLD TESTAMENT . . . 149 CONTENTS PART II: THE LIFE OF CHRIST (Continued) LESSON X: THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE LORD’S PRAYER .... BOOKS ON THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT LESSON XI: GOING TO WORK WITH THE TWELVE. SPECIAL BOOKS ON JESUS’ ALLUSION TO JONAH LESSON XII: THE FIRST GREAT GROUP OF PARABLES . . . LESSON XIII: REMAINDER OF THE BUSY DAY AND CLOSE OF GALILEAN CAMPAIGN . SPECIAL BOOKS ON DEMONOLOGY ..... LESSON XIV: THE FIRST THREE WITHDRAW¬ ALS FROM GALILEE. LESSON XV: THE FOURTH RETIREMENT . LESSON XVI: THE CLOSE OF THE SEASON OF RETIREMENT. LESSON XVII: THE GREAT CONFLICT IN JERU¬ SALEM AT THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES LESSON XVIII: WITHDRAWAL FROM JERUSA¬ LEM INTO JUDEA AND RETURN TO FEAST OF DEDICATION. LESSON XIX: FROM BETHANY BEYOND JOR¬ DAN TO THE RAISING OF LAZARUS AT BETHANY NEAR JERUSALEM .... LESSON XX: THE LAST JOURNEY TO JERU¬ SALEM . LESSON XXI: SUNDAY AND MONDAY OF THE LAST WEEK. LESSON XXII: THE LAST DAY IN CHRIST’S PUBLIC MINISTRY. WESSON XXIII: FROM THE DISCOURSE ON THE MOUNT OF OLIVES TO THE LAST PASSOVER MEAL. LESSON XXIV: FROM THE LORD’S SUPPER TO THE AGONY IN THE GARDEN .... SPECIAL BOOKS ON CHRIST’S FAREWELL DISCOURSE AND THE INTERCESSORY PRAYER. xvii PAGE 149 151 152 154 155 155 156 158 158 159 161 162 163 164 165 167 168 169 171 172 CONTENTS xviii PAGE PART II: THE LIFE OF CHRIST (Continued) LESSON XXV: THE ARREST AND TRIAL OF JESUS.172 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE TRIAL OF JESUS . . . 174 LESSON XXVI: THE CRUCIFIXION ... 175 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE CRUCIFIXION .... 176 LESSON XXVII: THE RESURRECTION AND AS¬ CENSION .178 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE RESURRECTION AND ASCENSION . 180 PART III: THE ACTS AND THE EPIS¬ TLES (Probably A. D. 30 to A. D. go) . 185 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 : BOOKS ON THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD .... 185 L General History ...... 185 2. Culture of the Period ..... 185 3. Philosophy . ..186 4. History of Religion and Morality . . . 188 5. The History of Apostolic Christianity . . 192 II: SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF PETER.196 III: SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF THE APOSTLE JOHN.197 IV: THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF JAMES . . . 198 V: LIFE AND TEACHING OF LUKE .... 199 VI: LIFE AND TEACHING OF PAUL .... 199 1. Life and Work ...... 200 2. The Epistles of Paul Treated as a Whole . 202 3. The Teachings of Paul ..... 203 VII: SPECIAL BOOKS ON ACTS.205 1. Discussions ....... 205 2. Commentaries on the English Text . . 206 3. Commentaries on the Greek Text . . . 207 LESSON I: BEGINNINGS OF APOSTOLIC HIS¬ TORY (A. D. 29 or 30). 208 SPECIAL BOOKS ABOUT THE HOLY SPIRIT . . . 209 LESSON II: THE YEARS OF WAITING IN JERU¬ SALEM (A. D. 30-4).210 LESSON III: THE YOUTH OF SAUL OF TARSUS 210 CONTENTS xix PAGE PART III: THE ACTS AND THE EPIS¬ TLES (Continued) LESSON IV: THE SCATTERED DISCIPLES AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD.211 LESSON V: SAUL’S CONVERSION (About A. D. 35) 212 SPECIAL BOOKS ON SAUL’S CONVERSION .... 213 LESSON VI: THE YEARS OF TRANSITION (A. D. 36-46). 213 LESSON VII: THE EPISTLE OF JAMES (A. D. 49) 214 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON JAMES . . . . 215 1. On the English Text ..... 215 2. On the Greek Text ...... 215 LESSON VIII: PAUL’S FIRST MISSIONARY JOUR¬ NEY (A. D. 48-49) 216 LESSON IX: THE CONFERENCE AT JERUSA¬ LEM (A. D. 49).217 LESSON X: FROM ANTIOCH TO TROAS (A. D. 49) 218 LESSON XI: PAUL AT PHILIPPI, THESSALONICA AND BERCEA (A. D. 49 or 50).218 LESSON XII: PAUL AT ATHENS (A. D. 49 or 50 . 219 SPECIAL BOOKS ON ATHENS .219 LESSON XIII: PAUL AT CORINTH (A. D. 50-52) . 219 LESSON XIV: THE THESSALONIAN LETTERS AND RETURN TO ANTIOCH (A. D. 50 or 51) . 220 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON I AND II THESSALONIANS . 220 1. On the English Text ..... 220 2. On the Greek Text ...... 221 LESSON XV: PAUL AT EPHESUS (52-55 or 56) . 222 LESSON XVI: FIRST CORINTHIANS 1-7 (A. D. 55 or 56).. 223 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON I CORINTHIANS . . . 223 1. On the English Text ..... 223 2. On the Greek Text ...... 224 LESSON XVII: FIRST CORINTHIANS 8-16 . . 225 XX CONTENTS PAGE PART III: THE ACTS AND THE EPIS¬ TLES (Continued) LESSON XVIII: FROM EPHESUS TO MACEDONIA AND II CORINTHIANS 1-7 (A. D. 55 or 56) . . 225 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON II CORINTHIANS ALONE . 225 1. On the English Text ..... 226 2. On the Greek Text ...... 226 LESSON XIX: II CORINTHIANS 8-13 (A. D. 55 or 56). 226 LESSON XX: EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS (Probably A. D. 55 or 56) ...... 227 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON GALATIANS . . . 227 1. On the English Text ..... 227 2. On the Greek Text ...... 228 LESSON XXI: ROMANS 1-8 (A. D. 56 or 57) . . 229 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON ROMANS .... 229 1. On the English Text ..... 229 2. On the Greek Text ...... 230 LESSON XXII: ROMANS 9-16.231 LESSON XXIII: THE LAST JOURNEY TO JERU¬ SALEM (Spring of 56 or 57) ..... 231 LESSON XXIV: PAUL AT JERUSALEM THE LAST TIME (Pentecost of 56 or 57) ..... 231 LESSON XXV: PAUL A PRISONER AT C2ESAREA 56-58 or 57-59) ........ 232 LESSON XXVI: PAUL’S VOYAGE TO ROME (Au¬ tumn of 58 or 59 to Spring of 59 or 60) . . . 232 LESSON XXVII: PAUL IN ROME AND THE LET¬ TER TO THE PHILIPPIANS (A. D. 60-2 or 61-3) . 233 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON PHILIPPIANS . . . 234 1. On the English Text ..... 234 2. On the Greek Text ...... 234 LESSON XXVIII: PHILEMON AND COLOSSIANS (A. D. 62 or 63). 235 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON PHILEMON AND COLOSSIANS 235 1. On the English Text ..... 235 2. On the Greek Text ...... 236 LESSON XXIX: EPHESIANS (A. D. 62 or 63) . . 236 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON EPHESIANS . . . 237 1. On the English Text ..... 237 2. On the Greek Text .237 CONTENTS xxi PAGE PART Ills THE ACTS AND THE EPIS¬ TLES (Continued) LESSON XXX: RELEASE OF PAUL AND I TIM¬ OTHY (Probably 63 to 66 or 67) . . . . 238 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON PASTORAL EPISTLES . . 239 1. On the English Text ..... 239 2. On the Greek Text ...... 240 LESSON XXXI: THE LAST YEAR OF PAUL’S LIFE (Autumn of 67 till Summer of 68 ) .... 241 LESSON XXXII: I PETER (About A. D. 65) . . 242 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON EPISTLES OF PETER AND JUDE 1. On the English Text ..... 242 2. On the Greek Text ...... 242 LESSON XXXIII: JUDE AND II PETER (About A.D. 66-67). 244 LESSON XXXIV: HEBREWS 1-7 (About A. D. 69) . 244 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON HEBREWS .... 244 1. On the Greek Text ...... 245 LESSON XXXV: HEBREWS 8-13 .... 246 LESSON XXXVI: THE EPISTLES OF JOHN (Per¬ haps A. D. 85-90). 247 SPECIAL COMMENTARIES ON THE EPISTLES OF JOHN . 247 1. On the English Text ..... 247 2. On the Greek Text ..... 248 PART IV: THE REVELATION OF JOHN (Probably about A. D. 95 ) . . 251 SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE REVELATION . . . .251 1. On the English Text ..... 251 2. On the Greek Text ..... 253 LESSON I: REVELATION 1-3.254 LESSON II: REVELATION 4-11.257 LESSON III: REVELATION 12: 1-19: 10 . 260 I : PRETERIST THEORIES ...... 260 Objections ........ 261 II: FUTURIST THEORIES ...... 263 III: HISTORICAL THEORIES ...... 264 Objections ........ 265 Two Great Difficulties ..... 2 66 LESSON IV: REVELATION 19: 11-22:21 . 271 i: DIFFERENT THEORIES ABOUT THE MILLENNIUM . 271 II: TIME OF BEGINNING.274 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS ON THE NEW TESTAMENT Briggs —Theological Encyclopaedia. Bruckner— Theologischer Jahresbericht: Das Neue Testament (published annually). Jones, M.—The New Testament in the Twentieth Cen¬ tury (1914). Moffatt— An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament (1911. Third Ed., 1920). Schaff —Theological Propaedeutic (1893). Schuerer— History of the Jewish People in Time of Christ (has exhaustive lists at beginning of chapters). Thayer— Books and Their Use (1903). Vincent— Student’s New Testament Handbook (1893). Votaw and Bradley —Books for New Testament Study (1901). Votaw— Books for New Testament Study (Biblical World for October, 1905, and May, 1911). Weidner— Theological Encyclopaedia (1889). Windisch — Englisch - Amerikanische Literatur zum Neuen Testament in den Jahren 1914 bis 1920 (Zeitschrift fur die neut. Wiss. 1921 Heft 1-3). Windisch— Literature on the New Testament, 1914-1920 (Continental Europe). Harvard Theol. Review, April, 1922. 25 26 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY BIBLE DICTIONARIES Buckland —Universal Bible Dictionary (1914). Cheyne —Encyclopaedia Biblica. Four volumes (1899- 1903). Davis —A Dictionary of the Bible. One volume (second edition 1903). Easton —Illustrated Bible Dictionary. One volume (1893). Guthe —Kurzes Bibelworterbuch. One volume (1903). Hastings —A Dictionary of the Bible. Five volumes (1898-1904). Hastings —A Dictionary of the Bible. One volume (1909). Hastings —A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. Two volumes (1906-1908). Hastings —Dictionary of the Apostolic Church. Two volumes (1916-1918). Hastings —Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Twelve volumes (1908-1922). Hauck —Realencyklopadie fur protestantische Theologie und Kirche. 3 Aufl. Twenty-two volumes (1896- 1909). Jackson— New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Re¬ ligious Knowledge. Thirteen volumes (1908-1913). Jacobus— A Standard Bible Dictionary. One volume (1909). New ed. in press. Mathews and Smith —A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics (1921). Orr —International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Five volumes (1915). Smith —A Dictionary of the Bible. Four volumes (1888). Revised A—J, 1893. Smith —A Dictionary of the Bible. One volume (1902, reprint). Singer —The Jewish Encyclopaedia. Twelve volumes (1901-6). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 The Temple Bible Dictionary. One volume (1910). Wright— Illustrated Bible Treasury (1896). IMPORTANT EDITIONS OF THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT Besides standard versions of the whole Bible (the King James’ or Authorized Version, the 1911 Bible, which is the Authorized Version slightly altered, the Canterbury Revision, the American Standard Version) and special editions of the English Bible (like the Cross Reference Bible, the Scofield Reference Bible, the Variorum Teach¬ ers’ Bible, the Temple Bible, the Century Bible, the Bible for Home and School, Messages of the Bible, the Modern Reader’s Bible), there are excellent translations of the New Testament (like the Bible Union Version, Moffatt’s Historical New Testament and also his New Translation of the New Testament and his Parallel New Testament, Weymouth’s Modern Speech New Testament, the Twen¬ tieth Century New Testament, Robertson’s Student’s Chronological New Testament, Goodspeed’s American Vernacular, etc.) Of interest also is The New Testa¬ ment in Braid Scots by W. W. Smith (1901) and Courtney’s The Literary Man’s New Testament (1914). CONCORDANCES Cruden —Complete Concordance (1885). Gillespie —Englishman’s Greek Concordance (1885). Hatch and Redpath —Concordance to the Septuagint. Six volumes (1892-6). Supplement on Proper Names (1900). Hazard —Complete Concordance to the American Stand¬ ard Bible (1922). Moulton and Geden —Concordance to the Greek Testa¬ ment (1897). Strong —Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible (1894). Strong —Student’s Concordance and Revised Version (1882). 28 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Thoms —Concordance to the Revised Version of the New Testament (1883). Young —Analytical Concordance to the Bible. Seventh edition (1893). Walker —Comprehensive Concordance to the Bible (1894). BOOKS ON OLD TESTAMENT QUOTATIONS Bartlet and Others —New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (1905). Boehl —Alttestamentliche Citate im Neuen Testament (1878). Dittmar —Vetus Testamentum in Novo (1899). Gough —New Testament Quotations (compared with Hebrew and LXX, 1855). Huhn —-Die Alttestamentliche Citate, etc. (1900). Johnson —The Quotations of the New Testament from the Old (1896). McNeile —Our Lord’s Use of the Old Testament (Cam¬ bridge Biblical Essays, 1909). McFarland —Jesus and the Prophets (1905). Scott— New Testament Quotations. Taylor, C. — The Gospel in the Law (1869). Toy —Quotations in the New Testament (1884). Turpie —The Old Testament in the New (1868). Vollmer —Die Alttestamentlichen Citate bei Paulus (1895). introduction to the new testament Allen and Grensted —Introduction to the Books of the New Testament (1913). Bacon —The Making of the New Testament. Bacon— -An Introduction to the New Testament (1900). Balmforth —The New Testament in the Light of the Higher Criticism (1904). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 Barth —Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1908). 5 Aufl. (1920.) Belzer —Einleitung in das Neue Testament. Second edi¬ tion (1902). Bleek —Einleitung in das Neue Testament. 4 Aufl. (1886). Clemen —Die Enstehung des Neuen Testament (1906). 2 Aufl. (1919). Cobern —The New Archaeological Discoveries and Their Bearing on the New Testament. Fifth edition (1921). Conybeare —History of the New Testament Criticism (1910). Cruttwell —Literary History of Early Christianity (1893). Davidson, S.—Introduction to the New Testament. Third edition (1894). Dods— Introduction to the New Testament (1894). Feine— Einleitung in das Neue Testament. 2 Aufl. (1918). Gardner, P.—A Historic View of the New Testament (1901). Gloag —Introduction to the New Testament. Four volumes (1879). Godet —Introduction to the New Testament. (Part I., 1894; Part II., Div. i., 1899). Goodspeed— The Story of the New Testament (1915). Gregory, C. R.—Einleitung in das Neue Testament 1909). Harnack —History of Early Christian Literature until Eusebius (1897). Heinrici —Der literarische Charickter d. Neut. Schriften (1908). Holtzman, H. J.—Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen Einleitung in das Neue Testament. 3 Aufl. (1892). Jacquier —Histoire des Livres du Nouveau Testament. Four tomes (1903-8). 30 SYLLABUS FOE NEW TESTAMENT STUDY w Jacquier —Etudes de Critique et de Philologie du Nouveau Testament (1920). Jones, M.—The New Testament in the Twentieth Cen¬ tury (1914). Julicher —An Introduction to the New Testament (1904). Kerr —Introduction to New Testament Study (1892). Knopf —Einfiihrung in das Neue Testament (1919). Knowling —Literary Criticism of the New Testament (1908). McClymont —The New Testament and Its Writers (1893). McClymont —History and Results of New Testament Criticism (1913). Milligan —The New Testament Documents. Their Origin and Early History (1913). Moffatt —The Historical New Testament (1901). Moffatt— -An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament (1911 and 1920). Moffatt— The Approach to the New Testament (1921). Nash— Higher Criticism of the New Testament (1903). Peake— Critical Introduction to the New Testament (1910). Ramsay —The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trust¬ worthiness of the New Testament (1915). Ramsay— The First Christian Century (1911). Robertson, J. A. —The Hidden Romance of the New Testament (1920). Salmon— Introduction to the New Testament (1892). Soden, H. von —The History of Early Christian Litera¬ ture (1906). Strong, A. H. — Popular Lectures on the Books of the New Testament (1914). Symes— The Evolution of the New Testament (1921). Weiss, B.—A Manual of Introduction to the New Testa¬ ment. Two volumes (1889). Dritte Aufl. (Berlin, 1897). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 31 Wrede— The Origin of the New Testament (1909). Zahn —An Introduction to the New Testament. Three volumes (1909). (The above list includes only the more important of the comparatively recent books and does not include books on special problems like the synoptic question—only the New Testament as a whole—and does not include books on the canon, the geography of Palestine and customs of the people, New Testament Archaeology, which are treated in the class in Biblical Introduction. New Testament Criticism, like Old Testament Criticism is formally taught in the class in Biblical Introduction. For books on the language of the New Testament and the text of the New Testament, students are referred to my Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research and the books on New Testament Textual Criticism.) NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY AND TIMES (Books Covering Aspects of the Whole Period.) Abbott— Society and Politics in Ancient Rome (1909). Adam— Religious Teachers of Greece (1908). Angus —Environment of Early Christianity (1915). Arnold— The Roman System of Provincial Administra¬ tion (1906). Bentwich— Hellenism (1919). Bergmann— Jiidische Apologetik im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1908). Botsford— Ancient History. Botsford— History of Greece. Botsford— History of Rome. Bousset— Die Religion des Judenthums im neutestament¬ lichen Zeitalter. 2 Aufl. (1906). Breasted— Ancient Times: A History of the Ancient World (1918). 32 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Breed —Preparation of the World for Christ. Second edition (1893). Buchler —Types of Palestinian Piety (1922). Bury —History of the Roman Empire from B. C. 28 to A. D. 180 (1893). Case —The Evolution of Early Christianity (1914). Clemen —Primitive Christianity and Its Non-Jewish Sources (1912). Cornill —History of the People of Israel (1898). Deissmann —Light From the Ancient East (1910). Dewick —Primitive Christian Eschatology (1912). Dill —Roman Society From Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1905). Dollinger —The Gentile and the Jew. Two volumes (1906). Edersheim —History of the Jewish Nation (1885). Edersheim —Sketches of Jewish Social Life (1876). Ewald— History of Israel. Eight volumes (1876-86). Farrar —Early Days of Christianity (1882). Farrer— Paganism and Christianity (1891). Felten— Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte. Two vol¬ umes (1910). Ferrero— The Greatness and Decline of Rome. Five volumes (1907-9). Ferrero— Characters and Events of Roman History (1909). Fisher —Beginnings of Christianity. Second edition (1911). Foakes —Jackson and Kirsopp Lake—The Beginnings of Christianity (1921- ). Friedlander —Die religiosen Bewegungen innerhalb des Judentums in Zeitalter Jesu (1905). Friedlander —Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire. Three volumes (1909-10). Glover —Conflict of Religions within the Roman Empire (1911). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 3S Glover —Progress in Religion to the Christian Era (1922). Grant —The Peasantry of Palestine (1907). Gratz —Geschichte der Juden. 5 Aufl. (1906). Hall —Historical Setting of the Early Gospel (1912). Hardy —Christianity and the Roman Government (1894). Harnack —Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Two volumes (1908). Hausrath —History of New Testament Times. Four volumes (1878-95). Herford —Pharisaism (1912). Hollmann —The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (1909). Holtzmann, O. — Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte (1895). 2 Aufl. (1906). Inge —Society in Rome Under the Caesars (1894). Jeremias —Babylonisch im Neuen Testament (1904). Kaerst— Geschichte des hellenistischen Zeitalters. Two volumes (1901-9). Kruger —Hellenismus und Judentum im neutestament- lichen Zeitalter (1908). Latimer— Judea From Cyrus to Titus (1899). Ledrain —Histoire d’lsrael (1892). Livingston— The Legacy of Greece (1922). Mackie —Bible Manners and Customs (1898). Maclear— Class Book of New Testament History (1890). Mahaffy— Survey of Greek Civilization (1896). Mahaffy —The Silver Age of the Greek World (1906). Mathews —The History of New Testament Times in Palestine. Second edition (1910). Mommsen —History of Rome. Five volumes (1894). Mommsen —The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian. Two volumes (1909). Monroe —Source Book of the History of Education for the Greeks and Romans (1902). 34 > SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Morrison —-The Jews Under Roman Rule. Fourth edi¬ tion (1899). Orr —Neglected Factors in the Study of the Early Prog¬ ress of Christianity (1899). Ottley —Short History of the Hebrews in the Roman Period (1900). Oesterley and Box —The Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (1907). Pfleiderer —Primitive Christianity: Its Writings and Teachings in Their Historical Connections. Three volumes (1906-10). Pressense —The Ancient World and Christianity. Radin —The Jews among the Greeks and the Romans (1915). Rall —New Testament History (1914). Ramsay, W. M.—The Church in the Roman Empire (1893). Ramsay, W. M.—Roads and Travel in the New Testa¬ ment (article in Hastings D. B., Volume V.) Ramsay— The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trust¬ worthiness of the New Testament (1915). Reitzenstein —Die hellenistichen Mysterienreligionen. Riggs —History of the Jewish People in the Maccabean and Roman Periods (1900). Robertson, A. T. — Studies in the New Testament (1915). Schurer— The Jewish People in the Time of Christ. Five volumes (1891). Schwalm —La vie privee du peuple juif a l’epoque de Jesus Christ (1910). Smith, George Adam —Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Fourteenth edition, two volumes (1908). Stapfer —Palestine in the Time of Christ. Third edition (1885). Stobart —The Glory That Was Greece (1911). Stobart —The Grandeur That Was Rome (1912). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 35 Strack und Billerbeck —Kommentar zum Neuen Tes¬ tament aus Talmud und Midrasch (1922). Streatfield —Preparing the Way (1919). Trumbull —Studies in Oriental Social Life (1907). Tucker —Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul (1910). Uhlhorn —Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism (1879). Wade —New Testament History (1922). Wendland —Die hellenistisch-romische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum. 3 Aufl. (1912). Wenley —Preparation for Christianity in the Ancient World (1898). Wernle —Beginnings of Christianity. Two volumes (1903-4). theology of the new testament (Merely a Few of the Leading Books on the Whole Field.) Alexander— System of Biblical Theology (1888). Bernard— Progress of Doctrine in the New Testament (1867). Beyschlag —Theology of the New Testament. Two volumes (1895). Bovon —Theologie du Nouveau Testament. Two vol¬ umes (1893-4). Bruce— The Kingdom of God (1893). Cone— The Gospel and Its Earliest Interpretations. Sec¬ ond edition (1894). Estes —Theology of New Testament (1900). Fairbairn —Studies in Religion and Theology (1910). Feine —Theologie des Neuen Testaments (1910). 3 Aufl. (1919). Fletcher —Psychology of the New Testament. Gould —Biblical Theology of the New Testament (1900). 36 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Holtzmann, H. J.—Lehrbuch der Neutestamentlichen Theologie. Two volumes (1897). Nairne —The Faith of the New Testament (1920). Schlatter— Theologie des Neuen Testaments. Two volumes (1909-10). Stevens —The Theology of the New Testament (1899). Weinel —Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments. Die Religion Jesu und der Urchristentums. 3 Aufl. (1921). Weiss, B.—Biblical Theology of the New Testament. Two volumes (1888-9). 6 Aufl. (1895). Weiss, B.—The Religion of the New Testament (1904). Wernle- —Beginnings of Christianity. Two volumes (1903-4). Wibrich —Juden und Griechen. HERMENEUTICS, OR INTERPRETATION Barnes —A Companion to Biblical Studies (1916). Briggs —A General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture (1899). Carpenter —The Bible in the Nineteenth Century (1903). Cave— Introduction to Theology and Its Literature (1896). Clarke —The Use of the Scriptures in Theology (1905). Clemen —Religionsgeschichtliche Erklarung des Neuen Testaments (1909). Dods —The Bible: Its Origin and Nature (1905). Eysinga —Die hollandische radikale Kritik des Neuen Testaments (1912). Farrar —The History of Interpretation (1886). Farrar— The Messages of the Books (1885). Gilbert —A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible (1908). Gunkel —Zum religionsgeschichtlichen Verstandnis des Neuen Testaments (1903). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 Heffern —Apology and Polemic in the New Testament (1922). Immer —Hermeneutics of the New Testament. Third edition (1890). Lockhart —Principles of Interpretation (1900). Machlachlan —The New Testament in the Light of Modern Knowledge. Milligan —The Expository Value of the Revised Ver¬ sion (1916). Moulton, J. H.—From Egyptian Rubbish Heaps (1916). Moulton, R. G.—Literary Interpretation of the Bible (1899). Nash —History of the Higher Criticism of the New Testament (1903). Peake —The Bible in the Twentieth Century (1910). Sanday —The Oracles of God. Third edition (1891). Selwyn —The Oracles of the New Testament (1911). Scott, E. F. — The Apologetic of the New Testament (1907). Scott, E. F. — New Testament Study (1922). Selleck— The New Appreciation of the Bible (1907). Smith, H. P.—Biblical Interpretation (1922). Stoddard— The New Testament in Life and Literature (1914). Strong— Popular Lectures on the Books of the New Testament (1914). Terry— Biblical Hermeneutics. Third edition (1890). Torrey —How to Study the Bible (1905). Turner— New Testament Study (1921). Schweitzer— The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1910). Willett and Campbell— The Teachings of the Books (1899). EXTRA-CANONICAL EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE Abbott —Light on the Gospel from an Ancient Poet (1912). 38 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Bardenhewer —Patrologie. Third edition (1910). Bartlet and Other Writers —The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (1905). Cruttwell —A Literary History of Early Christianity. Two volumes (1893). Donahoo— Apocryphal and Legendary Life of Christ (1903). Funk —Patres Apostolici. Second edition (1901). Gebhardt, Harnack and Zahn —Patrum Apostoli- corum Opera. Fifth Edition (1906). Giles —Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. Two vol¬ umes (1852). Goodspeed —Index Patristicus (1907). Grenfell and Hunt —Logia of Jesus (1897). Grenfell and Hunt —New Sayings of Jesus (1904). Griffenhoofe —The Unwritten Sayings of Christ (1903). Handmann— Das Hebraer Evangelium (1888). Harnack —Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur bis Eusebius. Two volumes (1893-1904). Harnack und Fleming— Ein jiidisch-christliches Psalm- enbuch aus dem ersten Jahnhundert (1910). Harris— The Newly-Recovered Gospel of St. Peter (1893). Harris— The Odes and Psalms of Solomon (1909). Hase —New Testament Parallels in Buddhistic Literature (1907). Hennecke —Handbuch zu den Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen (1904). Hill— The Earliest Life of Christ Ever Compiled from the Four Gospels, Being the Diatessaron of Tatian (1894). Hone— Apocryphal New Testament (1820). Horder —Newly Found Words of Jesus (1905). Klein —Die alteste Christliche Kateschismus und die jiidische Propaganda-Literatur (1909). Knopf —Das nachapostolische Zeitalter (1905). GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 Kruger —History of Early Christian Literature in the First Three Centuries (1897). Lightfoot —The Apostolic Fathers. Three volumes (1885-90). Lock and Sanday —Two Lectures on the Sayings of Jesus (1897). Nicholson —The Gospel According to the Hebrews. Orr —The New Testament Apocryphal Writings (1904). Pick —The Extra-Canonical Life of Christ (1903). Pick —Paralipomena: Remains of Gospels and Sayings of Christ (1908). Pick —Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas (1909). Porter —Messages of the Apocalyptical Writers. Preuschen —Antilegomena: Die Reste der ausserkanon- ischer Evangelien und urchristlichen Ueberliefer- ungen. 2 Aufl. (1905). Resch —Aussercanonische Paralleltexte zu den Evange¬ lien (1893). Resch— Agrapha. 2 Aufl. (1906). Ropes —Die Spriiche Jesu die in den kanonischen Evan¬ gelien nicht iiberliefert sind (1896). Schaff, P. — The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Third edition (1890). Schlecht— Doctrina XII Apostolorum (1901). Swete— The Apocryphal Gospel of St. Peter (1893). Swete— Patristic Study (1902). Taylor, C.—The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal Gospels (1899). Taylor, C.—The Oxyrhynchus Sayings of Tesus Found in 1903 (1905). Walker —English Translation of the Apocrypha of the New Testament (Volume VIII Ante Nicene Fathers). White, Evelyn —The Sayings of Jesus from Oxyrhyn¬ chus (1922). Zahn —Tatian’s Diatessaron (1881). PART I: THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY (400 B. C. to B, C. 6 or 5) PART I: THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY (400 B. C. to B. C. 6 or 5.) The text-books used in connection with this part of the Syllabus are Josephus, the Apocrypha of the Old Testa¬ ment, and the Pseudepigrapha. The picture is drawn from the original sources. Free use of the best books on the period is advised, and such books are pointed out at the proper place. Copious lectures are given with each lesson, showing the inner development of the history. A knowledge of ancient history is assumed in this study of the interbiblical history of the Jews. One is supposed to have some acquaintance with the outstanding features in the history of Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Greece and Rome as well as of the Old Testament. A selected bibli¬ ography is given. BIBLIOGRAPHY THE OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA Andre —Les Apocryphes de Tancien Testament (1903). Andrews —Apocryphal Books of the Old and New Testa¬ ments (1908). Bagster and Sons— The Apocrypha. Including III and IV Maccabees. Ball —Ecclestiastical or Deutero-canonical Books of the Old Testament (1892). Bensley and James —Fourth Esdras (1895). Berrymann —Judische Apocalyptik im neutestament- lichen Zeitalter (1908). 43 44 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Bissell —The Apocrypha of the Old Testament (Lange Comm.) (1890). Bonwetsch— Das slavishe Henochbuch (1896). Bousset —Die jiidische Apocalyptik (1903). Bousset —Die Religion des Judentums im neutestament- lichen Zeitalter (1903). Box—The Ezra-Apocalypse (1912). Burkitt —Jewish and Christian Apocalypses (1914). Butt weiser— Outline of the Neo-Hebraic Apocalyptic Literature (1901). Charles —Eschatology (1899). Charles —The Book of Enoch. Second edition (1912). Charles —The Apocalypse of Baruch (1896). Charles —The Assumption of Moses (1897). Charles —The Ascension of Isaiah (1900). Charles —The Book of Jubilees (1902). Charles —The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (1908). Charles —Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Two volumes (1913). Charles— Religious Development Between the Old and the New Testaments (1914). Charles — A Critical History of the Doctrine of the Future Life in Israel, in Judaism and in Christianity. Chowlson —Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Judenthums (1910). Churton— The Uncanonical and Apocryphal Books. Churton and Others —The Apocryphal Books. With brief commentary (1880). Cook —The Fathers of Jesus (1886). Conrad— Die religiosen und sittlichen Anschauungen der alttestamentlichen Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen (1907). Daubney —The Use of the Apocrypha in the Christian Church (1900). Daubney —The Three Additions to Daniel (1906). Danziger —Jewish Forerunners of Jesus (1904). THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 45 Deane —The Book of Wisdom (1881). Deane —Pseudepigrapha (1891). Duff— I and II Esdras. Fairweather and Black —The First Book of Macca¬ bees (1897). Fairweather —I and II Maccabees. Fritzsche und Grimm —Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des A. T. Three volumes (1851-9). Geffcken —Die Oracula sibyllina (1902). Geffcken —Komposition und Entstehungszeit der Orac¬ ula sibyllina (1902). Goodrick —The Book of Wisdom (1913). Gregg —The Wisdom of Solomon. Gressmann —Israelitische judische Eschatologie (1905). Harris —Odes and Psalms of Solomon (1910). Hart— Ecclesiasticus in Greek (1909). Harwell— The Principal Versions of Baruch (1915). Hollmann —The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (1909). Holscher— Kanonisch und Apokryph (1905). Holtzmann— Die judische Schriftgelehrsamkeit zur Zeit Jesu (1901). Hughes— Ethics of Jewish Apocryphal Literature (1910). Issaverdens —The Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament. Kabisch— Das Vierte Buch Ezra (1889). Kautzsch —Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des A. T. Two volumes (1900). Keil— Kommentar fiber die Bucher der Makkabaer (1875). Martin— Le Livre d’Henoch (1907). Montefiore —The Wisdom of Solomon (1887). Montefiore —Aspects of Judaism (1895). Moore —Judaism at the Beginning of the Christian Era (1916). 46 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Morfill and Charles —The Book of the Secrets of Enoch (1896). Nelson’s Sons —Old Testament Apocrypha. Revised English Version (1895). Oesterley —Ecclesiasticus (1912). Oesterley —The Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (1907). Oesterley —The Books of the Apocrypha (1914). Oesterley —Doctrinal Teaching of the Apocrypha (1914). Oxford University Press —The Apocrypha. Revised (1896). Philippi —Das Buch Henoch (1868). Ryle and James —Psalms of the Pharisees (1891). Sayce —Tobit and the Babylonian Apocryphal Writings. Schechter —Studies in Judaism (1908). Schmidt —Ecclesiasticus. Schodde— Book of Jubilees. Sedgwick —The Story of the Apocrypha. Smend —Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach. Two volumes (1906). Snell— The Value of the Apocrypha. Stevenson— Wisdom and the Jewish Apocryphal Writ¬ ings (1903). Swete —Greek Text of the Apocrypha. Old Testament in Greek. Three volumes (1895-1907). Swete— An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Revised edition by Ottley (1914). Terry— The Sibylline Oracles (1899). Thackeray —The Septuagint and Jewish Worship (1921). Thomson— -Books which Influenced Our Lord. Vaganay— Le Probleme eschat. dans le IV Livre d’Esdras (1907). Violet —Die Ezra-Apokalypse. Teil I (1910). Viteau and Martin— Les Psaumes de Salomon (1910). Voltz —Judische Eschatologie. THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 47 Volkmar— Einleitung in die Apokryphen. Wace— Apocrypha. With Commentary. Two volumes (1888). Wahl— Clavis librorum veteris testamenti apocryphorum philologica (1853). Westcott— Introduction to the Four Gospels (1875). Winter und Wunsche— Die judische Literatur seit Abschluss des Canon. Zockler— Apokryphen. Singer— The Tewish Encyclopaedia. Twelve volumes (1901-6). PHILO Aall— Der Logos (1899). Bentwich— Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria (1910). Brehier— Les idees philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie (1908). Bucher— Philonische studien. Cohn— Einteilung und Chronologie der Schriften Philos. Cohn and Wendland— Philonis Alexandrini Opera quae supersunt. Greek text (1896). Conybeare— Philo about the Contemplative Life (1895). Delaunay— Philo d’Alexandrie. Second edition (1870). Drummond— Philo Judaeus: or, The Jewish-Alexandrian Philosophy in Its Development and Completion. Two volumes (1888). Frankel —Ueber den Einfluss der palastinenischen Exe- gese auf die Alexandrinische Hermeneutik. Gfrorer— Philo und die Alexandrinische Theosophie (1831). Guthrie— The Message of Philo-Tudaeus of Alexandria (1909). Guyot— Les reminiscences de Philon ches Plotin (1906). Herriot— Philon le Juif (1898). James— Biblical Antiquities of Philo (1917). Kennedy— Philo’s Contribution to Religion (1919). 48 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Kruger —Philo und Josephus als Apologeten des Juden- tums (1906). Nairne —The Alexandrine Gospel (1917). Paris (Mangey) —Edition of Philo’s Works in the Greek Text (1852). Reville— Le Logos d’apres Philon (1877). Ritter —Philo und die Halacha (1879). Ryle —Philo and Holy Scripture. Siegfried- —Philo von Alexandria (1875). Tauchnitz —Edition of the Greek Text. Windisch —Die Frommigheit Philos und ihre Bedeutung ffir das Christentum (1909). Yonge —Philo Judaeus. Complete works. Four volumes in Bohn Library 1854-5. One volume Macmillan, same date. See also various works on Greek philosophy and the articles on Philo in dictionaries, cyclopaedias and quar¬ terlies, in particular Singer, The Jewish Encyclopaedia. JOSEPHUS Bentwich —Josephus (1914). Berendts —Die Zeugnisse von Christentum im Slavischen de Bello Judaico des Josephus (1906). Bloch— Die Quellen des Flavius Josephus (1879). Boettger— Topographisch-historisches Lexicon zu den Schriften des Flavius Josephus (1879). Destinon —Die Chronologie des Josephus (1880). Destinon —Die Quellen des Josephus (1882). Duschak —Josephus und die Tradition (1864). Holscher —Die Quellen des Josephus (1904). Krenkel —Josephus und Lukas (1894). Kruger —Philo und Josephus als Apologeten des Juden- tums (1906). Laqueur —Der judische Historiker Flavius Josephus (1920). THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 49 Margoliouth —Whiston’s Translation of Josephus. Edited with notes (1906). Muller —Des Flavius Josephus Schrift gegen den Apion (1877). Niese —Flavii Josephi Opera cum apparatu critico. Greek text. Seven volumes (1887-95). Niese —Flavii Josephi Opera. Editio Minor. Six vol¬ umes. Nussbaum —Observationen in Flavius Josephus (1875). Olitzki —Flavius Josephus und die Halacha (1885). Schlatter —Die hebraischen Namen bei Josephus (1913). Schmidt, W.—De Flavii Josephi elocutione (1894). Shilleto —Whiston’s Translation Revised. Five vol¬ umes (1889-90). Traill —J osephus. Whiston —Standard Translation. THE TALMUD Abrahams —Studies in Pharisaism (1917). Abelson —Jewish Mysticism (1912). Abelson— The Immanence of God in Rabbinic Litera¬ ture (1912). Baeck— Das Wesen des Judenthums (1905). 2 Aufl. (1922). Barclay— The Talmud (1878). Bennett— The Mishna as Illustrating the Gospel (1912). Bergmann —Jiidische Apologetik im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1908). Bernfeld —Das Talmud: seine Bedeutung und seine Geschichte. Bishoff —Jesus und die Rabbinen (1905). Bohl —Forschungen nach einer Volksbibel zur Zeit Jesu. Bousset —Die Religion des Judentums in neutestament¬ lichen Zeitalter (1903). 50 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Bousset —Jesu Predigt in ihren Gegensatz zum Juden- tum (1892). Braunschweiger-— Die Lehrer der Mischnah (1890). Brody —Anthologia Hebraica (1922). Buchler —Das galilaische ’Am-ha-’Aretz (1906). Buxtorf —Lexicon Chaldaicum Talmudicum et Rabbini- cum (1640). Cook —The Fathers of Jesus (1886). Danziger —Jewish Forerunners of Jesus (1904). Delitzsch —Hillel and Jesus (1867). Delitzsch —Talmudische Studien. Duschak—D ie Moral der Evangelien und des Talmud (1877). Friebig —Talmud und Theologie (1903). Friedlander —Rabbinic Philosophy and Ethics (1912). Friedlander —Die religiosen Bewegungen innerhalb des Judentums im Zeitalter Jesu (1905). Geiger —Das Judenthum und seine Geschichte. Goldschmidt— Der Babylonische Talmud (1897). Halper —Post-Biblical Hebrew Literature (1921). Hamburger— Real-Encyclopadie fur Bibel und Talmud (1883). Herford— Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (1903). Herford— Pharisaism (1912). Hershon— -The Treasures of the Talmud. Kohler— Grundriss einer systematischen Theologie des Judentums auf geschichtliche Grundlage (1910). Laible— Jesus Christus im Talmud (1900). Lightfoot, J.—Horse Hebraicse et Talmudicse in 4 Evan- gelia (1663-1678). Mielzinier— Introduction to the Talmud. Second edi¬ tion (1903). Montefiore— Aspects of Judaism (1895). Montefiore —The Religious Teaching of Jesus (1910). Montefiore —Judaism and St. Paul (1915). Nicolas —Les doctrines religieuses des Juifs pendant les deux siecles anterieures a l’ere chretienne (1860). THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 51 Oesterley —Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (1907). Peters —Wit and Wisdom of the Talmud (1900). Pick —What is the Talmud? (1887). Pick —Jesus and the Talmud (1913). Pick —The Cabala: Its Influence on Christianity and Judaism (1913). Rabbinowicz —Kritische Uebersicht der Gesammt und Einzelausgabe des Babylonischen Talmuds seit 1484. Twenty-six volumes (1880-6). Ragsport —Tales and Maxims from the Talmud (1910). Raphall —The Mishna. Reizenstein, Jenmi —Rabbinic Wisdom (1921). Robertson, A. T.—The Pharisees and Jesus (1920). Robinson —The Evangelists and the Mishna (1859). Rodkinson —English Translation of the Babylonian Tal¬ mud (1898). Schechter— Studies in Judaism (1908). Schechter —Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology (1909). Schottgen —Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae (1733). Schwab— Le Talmud de Jerusalem (1871). Stapfer —Les idees religieuses en Palestine a l’epoque de Jesus Christ (1878). Strack— Einleitung in den Talmud. 4 Aufl. (1908). Strack— Jesus, die Haretiker und die Christen nach den altesten Aufgaben (1910). Strack und Billerbeck — Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch (1922). Surenhusius —Mishnah. Taylor, C.—Sayings of the Jewish Fathers (1897). Ap¬ pendix (1900). Thein— Der Talmud. Tauchuma— Midrash. Weber— Die Lehre des Talmud (1880). Weber —Judische Theologie auf Grund des Talmud und 52 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY verwandter Schriften gemeinfasslich dargestellt. 2 Aufl. (1897). Wetstein— Novum Testamentum Graecum. Wunsche— Der Jerusalemische Talmud. Wunsche —Bibliotheca Rabbinica. See in particular: Singer— The Jewish Encyclopaedia. THE TARGUMS For the various Targums (Jerusalem, Jonathan, Joseph, Onkelos) see Berliner —Targum Onkelos. Duschak —-Der Moral der Evangelien und des Talmud. Frankel —Targum der Propheten. Singer —Onkelos und seine Verhaltnis zur Halacha. Singer —The Jewish Encyclopaedia. HANDBOOKS ON THE INTERBIBLICAL PERIOD Bevan —Jerusalem Under the High Priests (1904). Cheyne —-Religious Life After the Exile. Conder —The Hebrew Tragedy (1900). Fairweather— From the Exile to the Advent (1895). Fairweather —The Background of the Gospels (1909). Garner —-Connection of Sacred History (1880). Grant —Between the Testaments (1908). Gregg —Between the Testaments (1908). Hunter —After the Exile. Two volumes (1890). Huntington —Palestine and Its Transformation (1911). Kent —Makers and Teachers of Judaism (1911). Kruger —Hellenismus und Judentum im neutestament- lichen Zeitalter (1908). Latimer— -Judea from Cyrus to Titus (1899). Maclear— Class Book of New Testament History (1890). Madden— Coins of the Jews (1881). THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 53 Mathews —A History of New Testament Times in Palestine. Second edition (1910). Morrison —The Jews Under Roman Rule. Fourth edi¬ tion (1899). Ottley —A Short History of the Hebrews to the Roman Period (1901). Paulus —Les Juifs avant le Messie (1905). Prideaux —Connection Between the Old and the New Testaments. Two volumes (1858). Rae —Connection Between the Old and the New Testa¬ ments (1904). Raphall —Post-Biblical History of the Hebrews (1886). Redford —Four Centuries of Silence (1885). Riggs —History of the Jewish People in the Maccabean and the Roman Periods (1900). Schlatter —Israels Geschichte von Alexander dem Grosse bis Hadrian (1901). Schurer —The Jewish People in the Time of Christ. Five volumes (1891). Skinner —Historical Connection Between the Old and the New Testaments. Smith, George Adam —Jerusalem from the Earliest Times to A. D. 70. Two volumes (1908). Toy —Judaism and Christianity (1890). Waddy-Moss —From Malachi to Matthew (1899). Wise —History of the Hebrew Second Commonwealth (1880). LESSON I: IN THE PERSIAN PERIOD (B. C. 400-B. C. 331.) 1. Periods of the Interbiblical History: (a) Persian Period, B. C. 536 to B. C. 331; beginning of Interbiblical History uncertain, about B. C. 400. (b) Greek Period, B. C. 331 to B. C. 167. 54 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY (c) Maccabean Period, B. C. 167 to B. C. 63. (d) Roman Period, B. C. 63 to B. C. 5, when Jesus was born. The Roman rule continued till A. D. 70, when the nation of the Jews perished with the destruction of Jerusalem. For a full treatment of the sources of our knowledge of the Interbiblical History and the literature thereon see Schurer —History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus, Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 1-166. 2. The Jews still under Persian Rule, down to B. C. 331. Read Josephus’ Antiquities, Book XI., chapter vii. General contents of each of the four works of Jose¬ phus (War, Antiquities, Life, Against Apion). Note especially sketch of his own life. Name the books in the Apocrypha. Read the Book of Tobit (Apocrypha). See further on Tobit, Schurer —History of the Jew¬ ish People, Div. II., Vol. III., pp. 37-44. LIST OF PERSIAN RULERS Cyrus, B. C. 536-529. Cambyses, B. C. 529-522. Darius Hystaspis, B. C. 522-486. Xerxes, B. C. 486-465. Artaxerxes, B. C. 465-425. Xerxes II., B. C., 425. Darius Nothus, B. C. 425-405. Artaxerxes Mnemon, B. C. 405-359. Ochus, B. C. 359-338. Arses, B. C. 338-336. Darius, B. C. 336-331. LIST OF HIGH PRIESTS DURING PERSIAN PERIOD OF THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY Eliashib (time of Nehemiah, B. C. 445). Exact years not known. A Sanballat in time of Nehemiah. THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 55 Joiada. Exact years not known. Jonathan, B. C. 405-359. Jaddua, B. C. 359-331. Latest name in Old Testament (Neh. 12: Ilf.). Close of Old Testament canon and history. A Sanballat in Josephus in time of Jaddua. SPECIAL BOOKS ON PERSIAN PERIOD Benjamin —Persia (Story of Nations Series, 1888). Budge —Babylonian Life and History (1888). Cox—The Greeks and the Persians (1876). Kent —The Babylonian, Persian and Greek Periods (1899). Ragozin— Media (Story of the Nations Series, 1887). Ragozin —Chaldsea (Story of the Nations Series, 1886). Stave— Ueber den Einfluss des Parsismus auf den Judenthum. Cf. also Goodspeed— History of Ancient World; Meyer— Ancient History; Rawlinson —Ancient Mon¬ archies; Sayce —Ancient Empires. LESSON II: IN THE GREEK PERIOD (B. C. 331-167) Alexander and the Ptolemies (B. C. 331-198) 1. Three divisions: (a) The reign of Alexander over the Jews B. C. 331-323. Alexander was recognized B. C. 336 as king by the Congress at Corinth. Reigned in all twelve years and eight months. (b) Under the Ptolemies, B. C. 320-198. Interval of three years after the death of Alexander before Ptolemy Soter conquered Jerusalem. (c) Under the Seleucid Kings, B. C. 198-167. Seleu- 56 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY cid line from Seleucus Nicator. Seleucid Era began in Syria, B. C. 312. 2. The Jews under Alexander: Josephus, Antiquities, Book XI., ch. viii. Cf. Dan. 8 and 11: 2-4. 3. The Jews under the Ptolemies: Origin of the Septuagint—Josephus, Antiquities, Book XII., ch. i., 1-iii, 2 (skipping sections 8-10 in ch. ii.) For further study consult Wheeler’s Alexander the Great and some Bible dictionary on the subject of the Septuagint and Schurer— History, etc., Div. II., Vol. III., pp. 159-195. SPECIAL BOOKS ON ALEXANDER THE GREAT Arrian —Anabasis of Alexander. Church— A Young Macedonian in the Service of Alex¬ ander. Curteis —Rise of the Macedonian Empire (1879). Curtius —Life of Alexander. Droysen— Geschichte Alexanders des Grosses (1880). Droysen— Geschichte des Hellenismus. Second edition (1870). Hogarth— -Philip and Alexander (1897). Mahaffy-— The Story of Alexander’s Empire (1899). Mahaffy-— Progress of Hellenism in Alexander’s Em¬ pire (1905). Mahaffy —Greek Life and Thought from Alexander to the Roman Conquest (1887). Muller— Scriptores rerum Alexandri Magni (1877). Plutarch— Sketch of Alexander in his “Lives.” Schreiber— Studien uber das Bildness des Grossen Alex¬ anders. Wallis-Bridge —Life and Exploits of Alexander (1896). Wendland— Die hellenistisch-Romische Kultur. 3 Aufl. (1912). THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 57 Wheeler— Alexander the Great (1900). Williams —Life of Alexander the Great. See also Botsford— -History of Greece; Bury— History of Greece; Gulick —Life of the Ancient Greeks; Grote, Myers, etc. BOOKS ON THE PTOLEMAIC ERA Bouche-Leclerq— Histoire des Lagides. Four volumes (1903-7). Hultsch— Die ptolemaischen Miinz-und Rechnungs- wiiste. Mahaffy —The Empire of the Ptolemies (1895). Mahaffy— History of Egypt Under Ptolemaic Dynasty (1899). Meyer— Das Heerwesen der Ptolemaer und Romer in Aegypten (1900). Milne— History of Egypt Under Roman Rule (1890). Steiner— Der Fiskus der Ptolemaer (1913). Strack— Die Dynastie der Ptolemaer (1897). See the various histories of Egypt: Breasted— History of the Ancient Egyptians; Petrie— History of Egypt, etc. BOOKS ON THE SEPTUAGINT Text Swete— The Old Testament in Greek. Three volumes. Second edition (1899). The fuller Cambridge edition of the Greek text is now appearing. Concordance and Grammar Hatch and Redpath (1896). Helbing— Grammatik der Septuaginta. Laut-und Wort- lehre (1907). 58 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Thackeray —A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek. Vol. I. (1909). Special Books Churton— The Influence of the Septuagint upon the Progress of Christianity (1861). Deissmann— Bible Studies (1901). Hatch— Essays in Biblical Greek (1892). Kennedy —Sources of New Testament Greek (1895). Ottley —Handbook to the Septuagint (1920). Swete— Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Second edition (1914). LIST OF PTOLEMAIC KINGS (EGYPTIAN CAPITAL AT ALEXANDRIA) Ptolemy Soter, B. C. 323-285. Ptolemy Philadelphus, 285-247 (translation of the LXX begun). Ptolemy Euergetes I., B. C. 247-222. Ptolemy Philopator, B. C. 222-205. Ptolemy Epiphanes, B. C. 205-181. Ptolemy Philometor, B. C. 181-146. Ptolemy Euergetes II., B. C. 170-116 (jointly with Physcon, or Ptolemy Philometor, till B. C. 146). Ptolemy Lathyrus, B. C. 116-107. Ptolemies Alexander and Cleopatra, B. C. 107-80. Ptolemy Auletes, B. C. 80-51 (exiled for three years). Ptolemies Dionysius and Cleopatra, B. C. 51-30. (Death of Antony and Cleopatra. Under Roman domination.) LESSON III: IN THE GREEK PERIOD (Cont.) : SELEUCID RULE 1. The Jews under the Greek (Seleucid) Kings of An¬ tioch (B. C. 198-167): THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 59 Jos., Ant., Book XII., ch. iii., 3—ch. iv., 5, 10 and 11 . Important dates here: Antiochus the Great was beaten by Ptolemy Philopator at Raphia (near Gaza) in B. C. 217. Antiochus takes Jerusalem B. C. 203. Scopas, general of Ptolemy Epiphanes, got back Judea in B. C. 199, but Antiochus the Great defeated Scopas at Panium in B. C. 198, and recovered Jerusalem and Judea, for some time a football between Egypt and Syria. One hundred and twenty-two years of Ptolemaic rule are now over. The Romans conquered Antiochus the Great in B. C. 190, near Magnesia (close to Ephesus). Downfall of Hannibal came also. Antiochus lost all of Asia Minor west of the Taurus Mountains. The Romans thus gained a foothold in Asia. III. Macca¬ bees, of uncertain date, either first century A. D. or B. C., is a rhetorical account of a visit of Ptolemy Philopator to Jerusalem and of his persecution of the Jews of Alexandria. The book has no histo¬ rical value, but is worth looking at as a story simply. 2. Wisdom of the Son of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus). Read, besides Prologue, especially chapters 1, 2, 24-26, 38 and 39, 44-51. Observe teachings as to women, physicians, scribes, immortality, Messiah ( ?). Your estimate of the book. Sayings that strike you. 3. Date of the Original and of the Translation. (a) Original work was after Simon the High Priest, the Son of Onias (ch. 50: 1). Two men of this title, both sons of an Onias (Simon I. and Simon II.). One of them died B. C. 287 and the other 198. The newly-discovered Hebrew text is fairly good Biblical Hebrew, reenforc¬ ing argument for early date, if a genuine orig¬ inal text. An enormous Ecclesiasticus litera¬ ture has appeared since the discovery of this Hebrew text. See list in Presbyterian and Re- 60 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY formed Review for July, 1900, in article by Robert Dick Wilson. It was written after one of these dates (287 or 198), and most likely the first one. How long after the first it was writ¬ ten is not known. (b) Original work was before the Maccabean strug¬ gle, B. C. 167. It does not mention the Macca¬ bees in the list of worthies (chs. 44-50), and stops with Simon; so between 287 and 167 B. C. (c) Translator into Greek says in the Prologue that he came to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of Ptolemy Euergetes. Here again we are in doubt, for two Ptolemies had this name. But only the second (170-116) reigned that long, in conjunction with Philometor. However, it is possible that the translator means to say in his own thirty-eighth year under (epi) Euer¬ getes. Either is possible. Still the second Ptolemy has the best of the argument. Cf. 1 Macc. 13:42; 14:27, for similar use of epi. If so, then he made this trip 132 B. C. He stayed there some time and translated the book about B. C. 130. But it was originally written in Hebrew by his grandfather, Jesus. Possibly the original work was written between B. C. 250 and 170. But, whether written during the Ptolemaic or the Seleucid period, it is a picture of Jewish life and doctrine in Palestine. See further Schurer —History, etc., Div. II., Vol. III., pp. 23-32. FURTHER BOOKS ON ECCLESIASTICUS Cowley and Neubauer — -The Original Hebrew of a Portion of Ecclesiasticus. Genung —The Hebrew Literature of Wisdom (1906). THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 61 Hart —Ecclesiasticus in Greek (1909). Kent— The Wise Men of Israel and their Proverbs. Oesterley— The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach or Ecclesiasticus (1912). Root— The Profit of the Many. Sanders— Messages of the Sages (1915). Schecter and Taylor —The Wisdom of Ben-Sira. LIST OF THE SELEUCID KINGS (SYRIAN CAPITAL AT ANTIOCH) Seleucus Nicator, 312-280. Antiochus Soter, 280-261. Antiochus Theos, 261-246. Seleucus Callinicus, 246-226. Seleucus Ceraunus, 226-223. * Antiochus the Great, 223-187. Cf. Hannibal and the Scipios. Seleucus Philopator, 187-175. Antiochus Epiphanes, 175-164. Antiochus Eupator, 164-162. Demetrius Soter, 162-150. Alexander Balas, 150-145. Demetrius Nicator, 145-138, first reign. Antiochus Sidetes VI., 138-128, Tryphon as guard¬ ian. Demetrius Nicator, 128-125, second reign. Seleucus V. succeeded to the throne, but was murdered directly. Antiochus Grypus, 125-113. Antiochus Cyzicenus, 113-95. During 111-96 Antiochus Grypus wrested part of Syria away from Cyzicenus. Antiochus Eusebes, 95-83, throne not secure. Tigranes, 83-69. * Two lines of descent, hence from Antiochus’s sons that are very confusing. 62 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY Antiochus Asiaticus, 69-65. Pompey then makes Syria a Roman province. Cf. Bevan— The House of Seleucus (two volumes, 1902). Bouche-Leclerq —Histoire des Seleucidse (1913). Gardner —The Seleucid Kings of Syria (1878). LIST OF JEWISH HIGH PRIESTS DURING THE GREEK PERIOD TILL OFFICE PASSES TO THE MACCABEES Onias I., B. C. 331-299. Simon I., the Just, B. C. 299-287. Time of the so- called Great Synagogue. Eleazar, B. C. 287-266. (Reputed translation of the LXX. begun.) Manasseh, B. C. 266-240. Onias II., B. C. 240-227. Simon II., B. C. 226-198. Onias III., B. C. 198-175. Jason, B. C. 175-172. Menelaus, B. C. 172-162. Alcimus, B. C. 162-160. Vacant for seven years, till 153, when Jonathan Macca- bseus was made High Priest by Alexander Balas. See further on Jewish priesthood and temple worship, Schurer —History, etc., Div. II., Vol. I., pp. 207-305. LESSON IV: FIRST LESSON IN THE MACCABEAN PERIOD (Beginning of the Maccabean Revolt, B. C. 167-166) I. Macc., chs. i., ii.; II. Macc. chs. iv.-vii.; Josephus, Ant., Book XII., ch. v., 5. Cf. Dan. viii., 20-26; and ch. xi. The first part of the lesson is really in the Seleucid era, but is preparatory to the uprising. Four lessons on THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 63 this Period. Josephus and the two Maccabean books here overlap and supplement each other. Group the events around the following outline. There were undoubtedly four expeditions of Antiochus Epiphanes against Egypt, though it is difficult to divide accurately the accounts in Josephus and I. and II. Macc. But a working hypothesis is presented in the Outline. 1. Antiochus Epiphanes and his efforts to Hellenize the Jews. Maneuvers of Jason and Menelaus. B. C. 175-172. I. Macc. i., 1-15; II. Macc. iv. 2. Antiochus going against Egypt and defeating the Egyptians at Pelusium. B. C. 171. I. Macc. i., 16- 18. 3. In B. C. 170 he makes a second expedition against Egypt. Outcome and why. Effect on Jerusalem. I. Macc. i., 19-28; II. Macc. v., 1-23. II. Macc. con¬ fuses to some extent the events of the second and fourth expeditions. 4. In B. C. 169 Antiochus makes a third expedition against Egypt. Reason for failure. Cf. Livy xiv., 11; Polybius xxix., 10 and 11. The Jews in Alex¬ andria forced Antiochus Epiphanes to retire from Alexandria. They had heard of his conduct at Jeru¬ salem the year before and were ready to help drive him away from Alexandria. 5. In B. C. 168 he makes his fourth expedition against Egypt. Reason for failure, and his subsequent con¬ duct towards Jerusalem. I. Macc. i., 29-64; II. Macc. v., 24-26; Dan. viii., 20-26, and ix., 27; xi., 21-45 ; cf. Livy xlv., 12. 6. Mission of Athenseus to Jerusalem to carry out the decree of Antiochus, and the way he was received. Eleazar, the mother and her seven sons. II. Macc. vi. and vii. 7. Behavior of the Samaritans in this crisis. Jos., Ant., Book XII., ch. v., 5. HOUSE OF HASMONEANS (MACCABEES) 64 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY x U a M H ' X X O to M- u it q _ N ^ CO W vo rH w X o • X X X g o X to ~ -s- -X X ►H a w in o 1—1 u w K vo r*H 1 E /1 < 1 -H a H -X- H H X § u M Y“H VO in • •<"d Q _ ^ w ^ 3 « aJ u o aJ o« Svn' to >t s w o H Ph x w H a o U < Q am . H ■*£ ir> H ro C /2 •U X . X rq x -Wvo O f - 1 m gu <; • -upq- X K2 a o U 2*ri _|lO ►3 to P—»i—i X -o C/2 . X o c /2 w S o . O' o • X'O < X w >4 »3 a, 5 X'-' < • •-»w N—✓ oo x w q „4 z^ X X w hJ < W U 3 PQ a " M OV O M- H M rr 4 ►H “ < to . PO X . ocq £« < < r d X CQ "g«o h° z < ' , d « . 3° - *o K^ x' 0 a o Xrj Q Z W X - X ON W ►4 . <-73 gpq ■ x oo CM X w t 4 H X (4 X O w a H . _x« w ffiOv CM W X § X t-H X X X, >• wU g • Xn X m 3u Sb _ o H w »=-* • XT3 C X X lo S« ►4 to u J? . 3« - ^ *o l-t P$ < X W geo THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 65 8. Behavior of Mattathias and his five sons, and the cleavage between the Asideans and the Apostates. B. C. 167 and 166. I. Macc. ii.; II. Macc. v., 27. For further discussion see Schurer— History of Jew¬ ish People, Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 169-218; Div. II., Vol. I., pp. 1-56. BOOKS ON MACCABEAN PERIOD Bost— L’epoque des Machabees (1862). Curtiss— The Name Maccabee (1876). De Saulcy— Histoire des Machabees, ou princes de la dynastie asmoneenne (1880). Fairweather— The Maccabees (1903). Henderson— The Age of the Maccabees (1907). Jost— History of the Jew from the Maccabees to th° Present Day (1848). Niese— Die beiden Makkabaer-bucher (1901). Riggs— -The Maccabean and Roman Periods (1900). Rossmann— Die Makkabaische Erhebung (1860). Streane— The Age of the Maccabees (1898). From this point throughout till the close of the first century A. D., Schurer’s five volumes on the History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ can be consulted with great profit for the history, ideas and cus¬ toms of the Jews. See also the various books on Jewish history and the handbooks on the Interbiblical Period. LESSON V: SECOND LESSON ON THE MACCABEAN PERIOD (Judas Maccabseus B. C. 166-161) I. Macc. iii., 1—ix., 22. Same subject treated in II. Macc. viii.-xv., and Jos., Ant., Bk. XII., chs. vii.-xi., to which reference can be made if desired. 66 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY SEVEN CHIEF CAMPAIGNS BY JUDAS 1. Against Apollonius. I. Macc. iii., 10-12, verses 1-9 opening eulogy on Judas. Place of battle not known. B. C. 166. 2. Against Seron. I. Macc. iii., 13-37. Battle of Beth- horon. B. C. 166. 3. Against the three generals of Lysias, viz., Ptolemy, Nicanor and Gorgias. I. Macc. iii., 38—iv., 25. Battle of Emmaus. B. C. 165. 4. Against Lysias himself. I. Macc. iv., 26-61. Battle of Bethsura. B. C. 164. 5. Against neighboring enemies, viz., Idumeans, Am¬ monites, Galileans, Gileadites (numerous battles, Bosor, Raphon, Carnain, Ephron, etc.), Idumeans again, Philistines, the tower in Jerusalem. I. Macc. v., 1—vi., 27. B. C. 163. Merely glance at head¬ ings in this section. 6. Against the young King Antiochus. Defeat of Judas at Bsethzacharias (near Bethsura). I. Macc. vi., 28—vii, 4. B. C. 162. 7. Against Demetrius’ generals, viz., Bacchides, Nicanor and Bacchides again. Battles of Capharsalama, Adora (Bethhoron), and Eleasa (near Ashdod). Intrigues of Alcimus, the High Priest. Judas’ ap¬ peal to the Romans. His death. B. C. 161. I. Macc. vii., 5—ix., 22. See further Schurer— History, etc., Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 219-233. SPECIAL BOOKS ON JUDAS MACCABEUS Conder— Judas Maccabseus and the Jewish War of In¬ dependence (1894). Church —Judas, the Hammer, A romance. Curtiss —The Name Maccabee (1877). Longfellow —Judas Maccabseus. THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 67 Ludlow —Deborah—A Tale of the Times of Judas Mac¬ cabseus (1900). Weiss —Judas Maccabseus. LESSON VI: THIRD LESSON ON THE MACCABEAN PERIOD (Jonathan Maccabseus, Simon Maccabseus, and John Hyrcanus, B. C. 161-106) 1. Jonathan Maccabseus, B. C. 161-143. I. Macc. ix., 23—xii., 53. (a) Jonathan succeeding to the rule and struggle with Bacchides. I. Macc. ix., 23-57. (b) Apostate Hellenizers appeal to Bacchides, and the truce with Jonathan. I. Macc. ix., 58-73. (c) Overtures to Jonathan by contesting Syrian Kings, Alexander Balas and Demetrius Soter, and his policy. Made High Priest. I. Macc. x., 1-47. (d) Jonathan keeping on good terms with Alexander and then with young Demetrius Nicator, know¬ ing whose side to take, like a politician. Merely note this point in I. Macc. x., 48—xi., 37 without careful reading. (e) Jonathan again changing sides from Demetrius to young Antiochus, useful to both, and why Tryphon seizes Jonathan. Merely note this fact in I. Macc. xi., 38—xii., 53 without care¬ ful reading. 2. Simon Maccabseus, B. C. 143-135. I. Macc., chs. xiii.- xvi. (a) Simon’s effort to rescue Jonathan. I. Macc. xiii., 1-32. (b) Simon taking sides with Demetrius, and peace at last. B. C. 142. Year 1 of Jewish Independ¬ ence. I. Macc. xiii., 33-42. 68 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY (c) Simon at last takes the tower in Jerusalem. I. Macc. xiii., 43-53. (d) Demetrius’ eastern campaign and rising of Anti- ochus VI against him, and Antiochus’ insult to Simon’s offer to help. Only note this fact in I. Macc. xiv., 1—xvi., 10. (e) Ignoble death of Simon. I. Macc. xvi., 11-22. 3. John Hyrcanus (John Hyrcanus I.), B. C. 135-106. Jos., Ant., Book XIII., chs. viii.-x. Chief points: (a) Ousting Ptolemy from Dagon, near Jericho. Jos. • • • -f Vlll., 1. (b) Hyrcanus besieged in Jerusalem and outcome. Jos. viii., 2 and 3. (c) Conduct of Hyrcanus in Jerusalem and towards the Parthians. Jos. viii., 4. (d) Hyrcanus attacking Samaritans (destroying their temple) and Idumeans. Jos. ix., 1 and 2. (e) Taking advantage of Syrian troubles, and Jews growing rich. Merely note this fact in Jos. ix., 3—x., 4. (f) Hyrcanus deserting the Pharisees for the Sad- ducees. Jos. x., 5-7. Cf. Werner- —Johann Hyrkan (1877), and see further Schurer —History, etc., Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 234-290. LESSON VII: FOURTH LESSON ON THE MACCABEAN PERIOD (Decline of the Maccabean Dynasty and Beginning of Roman Period, B. C. 106-47) Jos., Ant., Book XIII., ch. xi., 1— Book XIV., ch. viii., 5. 1. John Hyrcanus’ two sons (Aristobulus and Alexander lannseus) and their wife (Salome Alexandra). B. C. 106-69. (a) Aristobulus’ brief and revolutionary reign (calls THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 69 himself King), B. C. 106. Jos., Book XIII., ch. xi. (b) Alexander Jannaeus succeeds to rule and wife of his brother, and extends rule widely. Dealing with Pharisees and general character. B. C. 105-78. Merely note these facts in Jos., Book XIII. , chs. xii.-xv. (c) Reign of Salome Alexandra and her alliance with the Pharisees, B. C. 78-69. Merely note this fact in Josephus, Book XIII., ch. xvi. 2. Alexander Jannaeus’ two sons, Hyrcanus (John Hyr- canus II.) and Aristobulus (Aristobulus II.) B. C. 69-63. .(a) Character of the two sons and their compromise. Jos., Book XIII., ch. xvi., 1-2; Book XIV., ch. i., 1-2. '(b) Antipater on the scene, and his schemes. Jos., Book XIV., ch. i., 3—ch. ii., 2. (c) Pompey steps in and captures Jerusalem and set¬ tles things. Josephus, Book XIV., ch. ii., 3— ch. iv., 5. 3. Under the Romans. What Gabinius, Crassus and Caesar did to the Jews, B. C. 63-47. The First Tri¬ umvirate (Pompey, Caesar, Crassus). (a) Gabinius making a sort of aristocratic rule for the Jews, and Antipater watching his chances, B. C. 57. Merely note this fact in Jos., Book XIV. , chs. v. and vi. (b) Crassus plundering Jerusalem, B. C. 54. Tos., Book XIV., ch. vii. (c) Caesar siding against Hyrcanus, and Antipater, gaining Caesar’s favor in Egypt, saves the day for Hyrcanus. Antipater given office under Hyrcanus, sort of Prime Minister (Procura¬ tor), who was called Ethnarch as well as High Priest, B. C. 47. Battle of Pharsalia, B. C. 48. Jos., Book XIV., ch. viii. 70 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY See further, Schurer —History, etc., Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 291-382. SPECIAL BOOKS ON THE ROMAN PERIOD Arnold —History of the Later Roman Commonwealth. New edition (1906). Botsford —History of Rome. Bury —-Student’s Roman Empire. Capes —The Early Empire (1877). Champagny —Rome et la Judee. 2 vols. (1862). Ferrero —Greatness and Decline of Rome. Five volumes (1907). Ferrero —Characters and Events of Roman History (1908). Ferrero —The Women of the Caesars. Firth —Augustus Caesar (1903). Fowler —Julius Caesar. Gardthausen —Augustus und seine Zeit (1904). Jones —The Story of the Roman Empire (1908). Long —Decline of the Roman Republic (1874). Mahaffy— The Greek World Under Roman Sway. Merivale —The Fall of the Roman Republic (1853). Merivale —The Roman Triumvirates (1878). Milne— The History of Egypt Under Roman Rule (1898). Morrison —The Jews Under Roman Rule (1890). Ottley— Short History of the Hebrews in the Roman Period (1900). Scott —Portraitures of Julius Caesar (1903). SCHNECKENBURGER- Augustus ( 1903 ) . Seech —Kaiser Augustus (1902). LESSON VIII: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD Three lessons on Herod; born B. C. 74 and died B. C. 4. Son of Antipater, the Idumean. First lesson, The Early THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 71 Years of Herod, B. C. 47-37. Jos., Ant., Bk. XIV., chs. ix., xi.,—xvi. (skipping x.). 1. Herod as governor of Galilee. Jos. XIV., ix. 2. Antipater helping Caesar, whose death (B. C. 44) puts Herod on Cassius’ side against the Second Trium¬ virate (Octavius, Antonius, Lepidus). Merely note this fact in Jos. XIV., xi. 3. Herod driving out Antigonus and betrothing Mari- amne. Jos. XIV., xii., 1. 4. After battle of Philippi (B. C. 42) Antony gets the East, whereupon Herod gets his favor and takes the rule away from Hyrcanus. Herod Tetrarch and Judea now a Roman Province. B. C. 41. Jos. XIV., xii., 2 and xiii., 1 and 2. 5. Parthians come and establish Antigonus, and Herod’s flight. Jos. XIV., xiii., 3-10. 6. Herod’s effort to regain his rule and surprising success in Rome. Even appointed King in B. C. 40. Jos. XIV., xiv. 7. Winning his crown by B. C. 37. Merely note this fact in Jos. XIV., xv. and xvi. Final downfall of the Hasmonean House. Look over the Book of Wisdom of Solomon as prepara¬ tion for lectures on Jewish Alexandrian Philosophy. See further on Herod, Schurer —History, etc., Div. I., Vol. I., pp. 383-399. SPECIAL BOOKS ON HEROD Amelie Rives —Herod and Mariamne (Lippincott, Sept., 1888). Farrar —The Herods (1900). Ferguson —The Family of the Herods (1902). Stephen Phillips —Herod (1900). Vickers —The History of Herod (1885). 72 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY JEWISH LITERATURE OF THE INTERBIBLICAL AND NEW TESTAMENT TIMES (Outside of the New Testament) Two centuries of literary activity, Jerusalem and Alex¬ andria. In two languages, Hebrew (or Aramaic) and Greek. Some has doubtless perished, much that remains is insipid, marking a distinct decline from the great prophetical times closing with Malachi. See chart for probable or possible dates of these books, a very uncertain matter in most cases. 1. Histories: I., II. and III. Maccabees belong to this time. I. Macc. is a noble book. II. and III. Macc. are florid and fanciful. Josephus comes at the close of the New Testament times. 2. Romances: Tobit and Judith. Apocryphal additions to the Old Testament: To Esther in the Septuagint, not in Hebrew. To Daniel there are added in the Septuagint the Prayer of Azarias and the Song of the Three Children, Susannah, Bel and the Dragon. The Septuagint gives the Prayer of Manassas and the Epistle of Jeremias as genuine works, but both are doubtless spurious. I. Esdras, though used by Josephus as a genuine work, cannot be so maintained. It is a reworking of Ezra and II. Chron. before the time of Christ. 3. Philosophical works: Wisdom of the son of Sirach, Aristobulus, Wisdom of Solomon, IV. Maccabees, Philo. 4. Apocalyptic writings: Book of Enoch (parts of, cer¬ tainly), Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Sybilline Oracles, Apocalypse of Baruch, Assumption of Moses, Ascension of Isaiah, Psalter of Solomon, Book of Jubilees, II. Esdras, Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs (parts of, certainly). These last THE INTERBIBLICAL HISTORY 73 and some of the others are called pseudepigraphic works, written under the name of some worthy of older times. See previous bibliography for the Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. In particular, for Palestinian Jewish Literature see Schurer —History, etc., Div. II., Vol. III., pp. 1-155, and for Grseco-Jewish Literature pp. 157-320. LESSON IX: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD ( Continued ) Second lesson, Herod’s Prosperous Reign B. C. 37- 19. Jos., Ant., Book XV. 1. Herod’s dealing with the Sanhedrin. Ch. i. 2. Fate of Antigonus and Hyrcanus. Ch. i., 2—ii., 4. 3. Herod and his mother-in-law, Alexandra, struggle against each other for the favor of Cleopatra and Antony. Death of Mariamne’s brother, Aristobulus. Plots and counterplots. Joseph’s charge and jeal¬ ousies and hatred (Salome and Cyprus, Alexandra and Mariamne). Merely sketch ch. ii., 5—iii., 9. 4. Cleopatra’s influence over Antony and Herod. Merely note this point in ch. iv. 5. Issue between Antony and Octavius, and battle of Actium, B. C. 31; Herod not allowed to help An¬ tony. Merely note this point in ch. v. 6. Winning Octavius’ favor and losing Mariamne’s love. Death of Hyrcanus, Mariamne, Alexandra and sons of Baba. Merely sketch chs. vi. and vii. 7. Herod as a builder of cities, and theaters even in Jeru¬ salem. Trophies to Augustus (cf. Antiochus Epiphanes). The Hellenizing influence of Herod. Simply note this point in chs. viii. and ix. 8. Herod educating his sons by Mariamne (Alexander and Aristobulus) in Rome. Currying favor of HERODIAN FAMILY (Only through N. T. Times) Antipas. 74 SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY 03 & Pi Ph u a w H < Cl, k-H H & < u m rt- ro *0 O 03 15 G G 4-k ll O a S 02 O 5 02 > • H P ;B 43 CM u rj- r 5 ^ G • £ °2 m3 • I °- $Ji W ■*-“ Pi < 4 _, O o w h w u H *£3 Ph . c n ~ £ U +-» a; < 3 - eu g H . hj ^ w Ph °’G) • a C3 aJ H tj- co • S3 W a3 CJ -M < *s W rt- H g a} < o ^ Jh QJ m S3 o »! aco Sm-, - < o M - < £ bo G G P +-i . O Ph J p, , 2 CP 02 K^O 03 •• CU 03l~2O r °2i| “ S GP u •£ 2 -i-> . 2 G S SSffig ffip tfi G . -§«* h-i 03 • S m . -M gj '.-Pi t “< ■*-"> Ph O •• 9- Vh'O^ 03 ■‘G 12 W G J3 2 G V ^ - "2'H’GhG rt 3 c ° PO _g P3K 2 1,3 « M-H 3 W °G WjOhhH^ W |g ^ es^G 4H D|_]H an C/2 ^ H w rt _r G . •etJ-O ; . 1) G u > m 0 P ■5 4) hG H _5« CM ‘-M T *‘ G . <*'<3 «5^ C^* w • •' Q 20 ' O PiM W u w a - o G < w 02 G J G pq O - H 03 HH PP < _ O u ■*£ tj ‘ > 2* 9 ’2- «^,H w .2 o rt G £CJ -« O w 0 W bo G ffi CM r—t C/5 •*-> O < w a ■ < HH Pi < W' z> w Pi p X M G [S ^ PM CM -»a < G “ tn 01 02 <* G Pi P CO U •• hh irj - £