,' ^' -^ iFrnm tl|p Htbrary of l^qu^atliPb by Ijirn to \\\t ICtbrarji nf JPrlnrPtott Sli^nloijtral S>pmtnar^ ^ .©-81 A IVIANUAL Entire Geography OF SCRIPTURE, WITH NOTK'ES OK DISCOVERIES TO THE PRESENT TIME, AM) WITH THE ACCEPTED PRONCXCIATIOX. Prof. H. s/oSBORN, LL. D., Author of Palestine, Past and Present; Ancient EgyJ>t in the Li^ht of Modern Discoveries ; etc. iixi'ORD, Ohio: OXFORD MAP PUBLISHERS. COVVKK.HT, lS86. BY H. S. OSI'.fjRN. PREFACE. In this work the subject of Biblical geography has been carefully reviewed and all previous statements in regard to this subject thoroughly examined. This has been found necessary because in each of four most re- cently published works, either important discoveries have been entirely unnoticed, or the old views and er- rors copied and continued in the new work. In two recent publications many errors in direction and dis- tance have been made, especially in the Palestine geog- raphy although the survey of that region was complet- ed and published in 1880. A new edition of Smith's Biblical Dictionary appears with very many errors of the last mentioned class, and these, of long standing, are given a new run in other, but less authoritative, works. In the last edition ot The American Sunday School D nion"s Bible Dictionary, with which Dr. Schaffs name is connected as editor, no mention is made of several important geographic discoveries, such as that of the old Hittite Carchemish, important in both Assyrian and Biblical history, also the discoveries of Accad-Sepharvaim in Babylonia, Anab in Palestine. Tahi»aiihes in Egypt, ami Ur without any doubt in old C'luildea, especially as Oofah of northern Mesopotamia was not in Chaldea and has no just cdainisto be consid- ered Ur, as George Smith the Assyriologist says "there is not the slightest evidence that another Ur ever exis- ted than the Babylonian," Vhald. Gen. p. 2'J.L In this last edition there are also errors in levels and heights as well as in distances and directions, which detract greatly from the value of this otherwise excellent work — the Waters of Merom, p. 503, are not £70 //. he- low but 7 fi. nhoveWvi level of the Mediterranean, by the English Exploration Fund survey; Achzib is \\(^\._2ii »wi/es north of Accho but '> «*i-.; Hena of 2 Kings 18: is not 20 ms. {p. 375) but about 200 from the site of Bab- ylon, and so with Adoraim, Ajalon, Baalbec, Baal-meon, Bethlehem, etc. The directions of this work are fre- quently wrong; — Aroer north of the Anion (•ainu>t be " west of the Dead sea '" and the Aroer of .Tudah is not 11 miles soidh-wesi of Beer-slteba'' [p. 72) but 14 south-east ; Troas, also, is not in the " north-^'a.s?'e;v/ '" part of Asia Minor, nor Berea ''exist of the Olymjiian moiuitains." The statements in many other places need correction. The most recent work on Biblical history and geog- raphy, is by Dr. J. L. Hurlbut, Continental Publishing Company, Chicago; it has been handsomely gotten up and needs few important corrections; — it places Gezer under the same old error of 40 years ago, 8 miles east of Joppa, wliile the site discovered by Ganneau, where the okl Levitical boundarv stone still remained, is entirelv unnoticecl. Thi^ wtirk omits, entirely, the iiuiuutaiiis of Absirim, from both text and maps, it makes the distance between the Waters of Merom and Hasbeiya, on mount Hermon, 40 miles (it is about 2o) ; it is in error as to the length of the sea of Galilee, of the upper and lower Jor- dan and the distances of several towns. But it is most to be regretted that it has omitted all mention of the dis- oovories of the last six, or ten, years and simply repeat- ed the former guesses of the older geographies in rela- tion to those places mentioned above, and several others. It is very interesting to tind mention of the old cit}' of Balaam the prophet whom Balak, king of Moab, called to curse Israel just as they were about to cross the Jor- dan. A monolith stone, found on the Tigris" banks, but imw in the British Museum, tells how the Assyrian 8hal- maneser took the city " which the Hittites called Pethor'' and which appears to have been on the east of the Euphrates near Carchemish. Balaam was dwelling a- mong the Hittite.*, so the new geography tells us. The recent discovery of the remains of the old palace of Plia- raoh Hophra at Dejf'viuiefi 80 miles iu)ith-east t)f Cairo, in Egypt, settles the location of the Tahpanhes of the prophet Jeremiah (xliii.) and attests his historic accu- I'acy, especially as three clay cylinders of Nebuchadnez- zar have been found here, or not far off, and " the smash- ed, shattered and calcined ruins of • Pharaoh's house in Tahpanhes' tell the end of tlie story." We have attempted to avoid the ci-rors i-eferred to a- bove and give particular attention tn recent discovery and the careful re-adjustment of distainesin a^eirdanee with the best surveys. We have been aided by Dr. Kalopothekes of Athens, Dr. J. Lansing of Egypt, Dr.s. Blis=i and Merrill of Syria, and largely by Mr. Abd Eshooof Arn^enia who has tra- veled many hundreds of miles, under our direction and obtained information we could not get ourselves while we were in the East. Much of the information thus gained appears only upon our maps but important re- sults have been gained for this little work also. EXPLANATIONS, ktc. In the present work we have, of necessity, used ab- breviations, as follows: in the Palestine geography on- ly initial letters of the names of the tribes are used — no two names have the same initial — and thus we have indicated the tribe in which the place was located: for the points of compass we have used n. for north, e. east, s. south, w. we.st; the intermediate points as n.e. n.n.e. etc. are easily understood, only remembering that these directions are used as near appro.ximations. The following Arabic names occur with these meanings: — ai?i means a spring and is similar to the Hebrew word En, or Enon, the latter being plural ; heit means houxe the Beth of the Hebrew; lell is a amall hill, or mound, Jebel, a >nountain; Wady, a dry wnier course; Nahr, a river; R/ift means a hradland. <>r /iromontori/ ; Deir n Convent. The reader may rest assured that if a name is not f< uiid in thi.- Mai.uiil, it i> tliat of a place whose site is not yet known with any reasonable degree of probabil- ity. Thk pKlTI^(i^.R TAia.Ks aie a i-eii(sof 8)naps()f the lioniaii Empire, probably finished in the 4th century, A. D. 830— o40. Pound in manuscript and engraved by Muretus in 1598, the measurements are in Roman miles which were to the English as 1614 yards are to 1760, so that a Roman mile was nearly one-tenth shorter than an English mile. This will explain the reference to this work in our Manual. In our list, all modern names are printed in italics, and they are interesting because they indicate how- much the original name has changed. PRONUNCIATION. Remember: that in all the names in this list, "g" is sounded hard as in give &nd get, with only one exception. Geba is not jeeha, nor is Gennesaret, jen-nesaret, nor En- gedi, en-jeedi, nor Gerar to be pronounced jee-nw. The only exception to hard "g" is the word Bethphage, pronounced beth'-fa-;ee ; in fact, of the entire number*/ not less than 258 Biblical prope r names, having the letter " (/ '" in their com.posHion,in . Jer. 25: 24, Ezek. 27: 21, and in the New Testament in Gal.l: 17, 4: 25. ARAD, J., now tell Arad, 34 ms. a little w. of s. from 18 Jerusalem, and without inhabitants. Mentioned onlv in Numb. 21: 1, 23: 40, Josh. 12: 14, Judg. 1: 1(J. ARAM, s\gn\6cs ^hiffhla7ids and has reference, wher- ever it occurs, to some part of that high level land n.e. of the Jordan and toward the Tigris. -Aram also meant that part of Syria in which was Damascus: Padam-aram was the more recent Mesopotamia and also called Aram- naharaim. Beth-aram of Josh. 13: 27, is for Beth-ha- ram, see Beth-aram. AR'ARAT, the Scriptures no where speak of a Mt. Ararat, but of the mountains of Ararat. The name A- arat is found in the English biMe only in Gen. 8: 4, Jer. 51 : 27, but in the Hebrew it occurs in Isaiah 37: 38 although translated Armenia and so also in 2 Kings 19: 37. In the latter passage the event described took place in Armenia as we know from other history. Ararat is only another name for Armenia which was one of three ancient associated kingdoms as Jer. ol : 27 shows. No particular mountain was specified in Scripture, and that mountain now pointed out in Armenia, 500 ms. n. of Babylon, and called Mi. Massis by the Armenians, and Mt. Arai-at by travelers, seems first to have been an- nounced as the mount Ararat by one Rubruquis, a trav- eler, in about A. D. 1250, as Bochart says. This opin- ion seems to have been derived from St. Jerome. But more ancient writers, as Berosus and the Chaldee para- phrast Jonathan with other historians and early com- mentators, think that the high range, 50 ms. n. of Nin- eveh, is the true resting place of the Ark, in Armenia. Mt. Massis is 17,750 ft. above the sea and rises from a plain at the e. end of a range of many miles in length. The older claimant, of which we have just spoken, is called Mt. Kudvr, the meaning of this word being "Me (jrcai sfiij)." ARBA, or Hebron. 19 APvBAH, or Kirjath-arbah. AIICHI? is, perhaps,.at the place now called Ai7i Arik ]0 ms. n.n.w. of Jerusalem. It has a Greek church, but no ruins and is a very small place, of very few houses. AKEOP'AGUS, hiU of Mars, Acts 17:19. It was the place where the high coiirt of justice of the Athenians was held. It was on a rocky hill in the midst of Athens, Greece. On this hill there' still remain the seats cut in the rock where the members of the court sat in the open air and where the audience of the Apostle sat to hear him. AR'GOB, a small rocky region of Bashan e. of the sea of Galilee about 40 miles. It contains the ruins of many cities, butnotolder than the Christian era. Itis now call- ed The Lejnh Its history is given in Dent. 3: 4, 13, 14 and 1 Kings 4:13. It was afterward called Trachonitis, Luke 3: 1. ARAMATHE^A? supposed to be 10 ms. e. of Joppa at a little village called Raniieh, but this supposition is not probable. iVRME'NIA, see Ararat. Anciently it was associa- ted with Ararat; the Assyrian monuments show that the country into wliich the sons of Sennacherib escaped, see 2 Kings 19: 37, was Armenia, but called Ararat in the Hebrew. It is a high mountainous land beginning 50 ms. n. of Nineveh wiUi several high mountain rang- es, w. of the Caspian. In very ancient times, Jer. 51 : 27, there were three kingdoms and the entire district was, probably, called Togarmah. It was, as a whole, bounded w. by the upper Euphrates; e. by the lower part of the Caspian; s. bv hit. 36° 50^ and n. by lat. 41° 40^ AR'OER, R. Of the four cities called by this name two only are known. 1. The first mentioned, Numb. 32; 34, is 1 mile n. of the channel of the river Arnon. 20 it is only ruinf; now and Ai-\/ir hy nainf and on the liigli l)anl< of the wady Arnon, as the broad valley of the Ar- non is called, wliieli here is about ?> nis. wide. 2. A town in the south of Judah. now Ar'nra by name, 14 ms. s.e. from Bccr-sheba and about 20 ms. s. by w. from Hebron, where are only the ruins of this the city of 1 Sam. 30: 28 and 1 Chron'. 1] : 44, with .several wells. AK^PAD, or Arphad, the same as Arvad. AP/VAD, a small island 2 ms. off the coast of Syria and now called i2«/arf with about 2000 inhabitants and some ruins of an ancient town. The people are sailors and sponge fishers. The rocky ridge is about 880 yards by 550 in area. Mentioned only in Ezek. 27: 8, il. ASH^DOD, is in the N. T. called Azotus, Acts 8: 40. Now called Esdud, it is 8 ms. from the Mediterranean and just half way from Joppa to Gaza, or 21 nis., and 140 ft. above the sea. It has extensive ruins. Its his- tory is found in Josh. 15: 46, 47; 1 Sam. 5: and it is re- ferred to 22 times. ASHDOTH-PISGAH' ike sprim/s of Pis(/n/,. proba- bly the large springs found on the n.w. of the moun- tain, see Pisgah. ASH'ER, the most northern tribe and on the n.w. of Palestine, who.se district was bounded on the w. by the Mediterranean and which covered largely the western flank of Mt. Lebanon. Asher shared the coast with the Phenieians and at one time the district extended south to Mt. Carmel. This is also the name of a town, whose site is not known, its name is found in Josh. 17: 7. ASH^K ELON, or Askelon, on the sea-coast, 80 ms. be- low Joppa. It has many ruins and, it is said, 37 wells of sweet water. The little village of Jitra is outside of the ruins. King Herod the Great was liorn here. 21 ASH^TAPvOTH? or As^tarotli. a city e. of the Jor- claii, Deut. 1 : 4, probably at iell Ashier'ah in Bashan, 20 ins. e. of the sea of Galilee. It is, perhaps, the same as Ashteroth-kar'naim of Genesis 14: 5. ASIA, a district m the Nv. of that part of western Asia which is now called Asia Minor. It included Mysia, Lydia and 'Caria. The term Asia Minor was first used in the 4th century of the Christian era to signify all the land south of the Black Sea and west of Armenia. ASSH^UR, same as Assyria. AS'SOS, a Greek city of Mysia, 20 ms. s.e. from Troas. It is on the shore and has extensive ruins; it is 736 ms, n.w. from Jerusalem and is now icalled Bei- ran). AS'SUR, same us Assyria. ASSYRIA, an empire in Western Asia, founded by Asshur. In the earliest times it included all the region around Nineveh, hut it gradually increased in area un- til parts of Mesopotamia were added: Its chief river Was the Tigris. See the tnap for its surrotmdivgs. AT^AROTH, there are three towns by this name. 1. One is on the east side of the Dead Sea 15 ms. s.e. of the mouth of the Jordan and on the heights 8i miles e> from the shore. There remain nothing but ruins now called Aitnrus. Mentioned only in Numb. 32: 3, 34. 2. The second is that of Josh. 16: 2, 7 which has, im- probably been supposed to be at a place called Atara, i>l ms. n. by w. from Bethel, for from Josh. l6: 2 this site appeal's ofl'the line therein described as also does the' the site of the ruins at DariaJi, as proposed by Conder, one m. s.w. of the lower Beth-horon, but Archi at Arik 3 ms. n.e. from lower Beth-horon, is very probably the true site of this town anciently called Archi-ataroth, as Luz was called Bethel, Josh. 1'^ 13. This may be the 22 Ataroth-a^dar, oraddar, of Josh. 16: 5, but the third At- aroth, that of the 7th verse, is not known. ATHENS, in Greece, is 5 ms. n.e. of the Saronic gulf on the \v. side of the jEgean sea, nearly 600 ms. n.w. of Jerusalem, on the plain of Attica. Within the city were four noted hills one of which was Areopagus {see AreopaffUfs) . Several hundred years before the Christ- ian era it contained about 10,000 houses and many tem- ples. One writer says that it was easier to find a god in Rome than a man, and the same could have been said of Athens more truly. This was about the time of the Apostle Paul's visit, when, as it wa.s said, there were here 30,000 sculptures of gods and heroes. AT^ROTH-SHO'PHAN' this is the form in which the word should appear in Numb. o2: 35. It is the same as Ataroth and in the region e. of the Dead Sea, but its exact site is not known. ATTALI'A, ^yron. At-ta-ly'ah, a sea-port town of Pamphylia. In later times it was called Satalia, now it is called Adalia, pron. ada'le-a, population 8000; the houses vise around the port as seats do in an amphithe- atre, it is pleasantly situated and open toward the south. A'VA ? probably the same as Hit on the Euphrates and supposed to be the same as Ahava and Ivah of 2 Kings 17: 24. A^VEN in Ezekiel 30: 17 is the same as ON in E- gypt. ivhich see. AZE^KAH? J. near Shocoh in the valley of Elah, 17 Tus. w. by s. from Jerusalem. AZ'MAVETH, see Beth-aznuiveth. AZO'TUS, see Ashdod. AZZAH, the same •Gaza. 25 BA^ALAH, another name for Kirjath-jearini which see. BA^ALAH, J. same as Balah and Bilhah, now Deir el Belah, 8 ms. s.w. from Gaza and one mile from the Mediterranean. BA^ALAH, MOUNT? perhaps near Jabneel, 25 ms. w. of Jerusalem. BA^ALE of J. is the same as Kirjath-jearim. BA'AL-MEON, also called Beth-baal-meon and Beth-meon, now Mo'in, 11 ms. s.s.w. of Heshbon, and has extensive ruins. BA^AL-PEOR? not a 2^lace, hut a worshij) upon the heights of Pisgah at Beth-jieor which see. BABYLON, the ancient capital of Babylonia and Chaldea; it was built on both sides of the Euphrates river which is GOO feet wide at this place and 18 ft. deep. It is about -540 ms. e. by n. from Jerusalem. The modern town, i/^Ww^, occupies apart of the ruined site, which was 276 ms. s. of Nineveh. BAHU'KIM? was not far e. from Jerusalem, but the exact place is not known. BA^LAH, same as Ba'alah. BA^.SHAN, a district covering the general country from Mt. Hermon to Mt. Gilead and eastward to that region which we have described as Argob. It is re- ferred to 60 times. BE^ALOTH, was on the extreme s. of J. now called Kurnub, 53 ms. s. by w. from Jerusalem. BEE^ROTH, now el Bireh, 8i ms. n. of Jerusalem; it is now inhabited and is 2820 ft. above the Mediter- ranean; it is first mentioned in Josh. 9: 17. The Bee- 24 r(^th of Deuteronomy 10: (J is not known, as to its site, BE'ER-SHEBA, is 45 ms. s. by w. from Jerusalem and 27 ms. s.w. of Hebron. It means well of the oath and was named by Abraliam. see Gen. 21 : 31. it is men- tioned 84 times. It is not inhabited but there are two large wells there which are used at the present time; the site is 788 ft. above the sea. BEN^E-BERAK. D. now Urn Ihrah, 4i ms. e. of Joppa and mentioned only in Josh. 19: 45. BENJAMIN, tribe of, between E. and J. and bor- dering on the Jordan.. BEK'ACHAH, valley of, now wady Bereikut, 8 ms. s.s.w. of Jerusalem; mentioned only in 2 Chrou. 20: 26. BERE'A, a city of Macedonia, 45 ms. w. of Thessa- lonica and 22 ms. w. of the gulf of Salonica, the same distance n. of Mt. Olympus ('.t,754 ft. high) and 5 ms. e. of the Bermian Mts. A letter to the author, from A- thens, dated April, 1884. states that it is a flourisliing village, population about 8000. BETHAB'ARA? house of the ford, was very pr^e-rem, J., proba- bly the Frank moiaitain, 4 uis. s.e. of Jerusalem. Neh. 3: 14, Jer. 6: 1, are the only refej-ences. BETH-H .VRAN, or Beth-aran, see Beth-aram. BETH-HO'GLAH, or Hoglah, B., now Ain Hajlah between Jericho and the Jordan. Only three times mentioned. BETH-HO^RON, Levitical city in E., there were two of this name, the Upper and the Lower, 1| m. a- part — the lower guarded the pass down the valley to the coast of the Mediterranean. Mentioned 14 times. The Upper was 10 and the Lower \\\ ms. n.w. of Je- rusalem. BETH-JESaMOTH? and Jesh'imoth, home of wastes, in Moab, about a mile e. of Jordan and one m. n. of the Dead Sea. BETH'LEHEM, J. no^\ Beit Lahm, or house of bread 4^ ms. s. of Jerusalem, on a ridge 2550 ft. above the sea. First mentioned in Gen. 25: 19, last mentioned in John 7: 42. The oldest Christian church in the world is to be foimd here, built A. D. 330, over the reputed place of our Saviors's birth. Population at present is about 5000. It is mentioned 40 times in the Old Testament and 8 times in the New. Another Bethlehem was in Z. and its site is nearly 7 ms. w. by n. from Nazareth, 70 ms. a little w. of n. from Jerusalem, 038 ft. above the sea, it is only a very small place, now also called Beit Lalini] its only reference is in Josh. 19: 15. BETH-MA'ACHAH, sameas Abel, and so called onlv twice. 27 BETH-ME'ON, same as Baal-nieon. referred to only in Jer. 48 : 23, BETH-NIMa^AH, now Nimrhi, about 4J ms. e. of Jordan, and about 10 ms. n. of the Dead Sea, it is the same as Nimrali ; Nimrin is the plural, which see. On- ly ruins are to be seen, and a large stream passes near the place. Isaiah 15: 6. The supposed location s. of the Dead Sea is improbable. BETH-PE'OR, a place on Pisgah, Deut. 3: 29, 4: 46, 34: 6, Josh. 13: 20, are the only passages in which the name occurs. BETH'-PHA-GE? hou.se of fu/^, it was near Beth- any. Dr. Barclay thought that he had found its site on the rocky s.w. spur of Olivet, a few hundred yards s. of the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. It is shown on Osborn's map of Jerusalem. BETH-EEHOB, see Rehob. BETH-SAaDA? house off ishinq, M., 2 ms. n. of the upper end of the sea of Galilee and juste, of the Jordan. It was called .julias in honor of a daughter of the Em- peror Augustus and to distinguish it from a western Bethsaida which many think was immediately across the river from .julias, but in Galilee, according to John 12: 21. But this seems at variance with 3Iark H: 45 — 48, for the place of the miracle was ouly two or three ms. or less from where they would land for the western Bethsaida if that place was only just across the river but Mark 6: 53 shows that it was in the region of Gen- nesaret. Its site is only probably known as on the n. limits of the plain of Gennesaret. BETH-SHE^\N, or Beth-shan, I. A village of about 50 houses and many fine ruins about 3 ms. in circuit. Assigned to M. but in the territory of I. Its history is given, in part, in 1 Sam. 31 : 10 — 12, but the place is 28 mentioned elsewhere seven times. It is exactly 3 ms. from the Jordan and 15 ms. s. by w. from the"^ sea of Galilee. Now called Bcisan, formerly scythopolis. BETH-SHF/MESn, Levitical city in J., now Ain Shems, probably the same as Ir-shemesh (Josh. 19: 41) but not mount Heres of Judges 1 : 35. It is now only ruins 14^ ms. a little s. of w. from Jerusalem. It is spo- ken of in 1 Sam. 6 : 9. Two other places are called by the same name, one being in N. and the other in I. but their exact sites are unknoAvn. On in Egypt is also called by this name, see ON. BETH-TAP'PUAH, J., but once mentioned, Josh. 15: 53. Now Tuffnit, a little village U ms. w. of He- bron, 2655 ft. above the sea. _ BETH^-ZUPv, J., novf Beit Sin; on]x ruins, 4 ms n. a little w. from Hebron and mentioned four times, first in Josh. 15: 58, further history in 2 Chron. 11:7, BITHYN^A, named only in Acts 16: 7 and 1 Pet- er 1:1. It was a district bordering upon the Black sea and formerly an independent kingdom, but its king be- queathed it to the Romans about 74 B. C. and after- ward it was enlarged by Augu.stus until it reached the Euxine, or Black sea. It had Paphlagonia on the e. of the river Parthenius (now Barfan, long. 32° 17' )\ Phry- gia and Mysia on the s. and the Thracian Bospborus with the Propontis and Mysia on the w. Chalcedon and Nice were among its cities. It was 300 ms. long and 75 ms. wide and it was 400 ms. n.n.w. from Jeru- salem. BO'ZEZ? one of two rocks spoken of in 1 Sam. 14: 4, 5, which Dr Robinson thought that he identified in Warly Siiweinef, between Geba and Michmash. BOZ'RAH, there were two cities of this name. 1. Bozrah of Edom, now Biiseirah, some 20 ms. s. of the Modern Donkey-riding in Costume. 29 Dead Sea and half way "between it and Petra. It con- tains about 50 hoi;^es with some ruins. First mentioned in Gen. 36: 33. 2. The other Bozrah is that of Moab, and it has been suppo-sed to be identilied with the mod- ern Bttzrah, 60 ms. s of Damascus l)Ut this place is too far otf from Moab ajid the supposition i.s doubtfuh CA^BUL, now a small hamlet called Kabul, 9 ms. s. e. of Accho and 74 ms. i). of Jerusalem. CAIN ? the site is supposed to be at some ruins call- ed Yitkin, 3 ms. s. e. of Hebron. There are no inhabi- tants and the place i.s mentioned only in Josh. 15 : 57. CA^LAH? one of the earliest Assyrian cities found- ed by Asshur, not by Nimrod, as one Bib. Diet, mis- takes,* see Gen. 10; 11. It is mentioned but once and its remains are those at the present N'utnnd'lQ ms. a lit- tle e. of s. from Nineveh, where arc ruins of ^^'daces, temples and walls. CA'LEBofl Sam. 30: 14 was a district including Hebron and Debir with the springs of Jcsh. 15; 13; in chapters 14 and 16 we have its history. CAL'NEH? of Gen. 10; 10 seems, according to the Talmud, to have been called, afterward, nopher and is now called Niffei\ a very ancient ruin 50 ms. s.e. of Bab- ylon. It was founded by Nimrod, and probably the same as Calneh of Amos 6: 2 and Calno of Isaiah 10: 9 and possibly the Canneli of Ezek. 27: 23. CAL'VARY? is never spoken of as mount Calvary in Scripture, it was simply a place, but not certainly known although believed to be at The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, see the Panorama of Jerusalem on Os- '^ Schaff's Bible Diet., ]>. 15'J, Amer. S. S. Uiiion. 30 born and Coleman's map, last edition. CAN A of GALILEE? some say, with tradition, was at kefr Kciina which means rillage of Caita. Others- suppose that it was at the place called Kainn elJflU \yhich means Cana of Galilee, where ruins are to he found. The former is 3| ms. n.e., and the latter 8 ms. n., of Nazareth. CA'NAAN, land of, mentioned 82 times in the 0. T. Pron. ];a')W)i or ka'na-an. It was the name by which the land of Israel was known before the Israelites took possession of it. First mentioned in Gen. 11: 31 and ever after used as associated with the Canaanites; once it refers to the Philistines, Zeph. 2: 5; twice used as an opprobrium, Hosea 12: 7, Ezek. 16: 3, in the former passage translated 'merchant' but meaning Canaan. The land was on the west of Jordan, Num.34: 9 — 12, In the N.T.. the region of Tyre and Sidon was called Canaan, Matt. 15: 21. Its extent was from near Ha- inath to about the south end of the Dead Sea, the for- mer place being about 113 ms. n, of Damascus, or in total length about 250 miles. CAN%EH, see Calneh. CAPER'NAITM? somewhere upon the n.w. shore of the sea of Galilee, but its exact location is not settled. There are several reasons for placing it at Khan Mhi- yeh on the n. side of tlie plain of Gennesaret. But some place it at tell Hum. It seems certain that it was at one, or the other jilace. CAPADO'CTA, wasoneof the largest and. except- ing Pontus, the most easterly province of Asia Minor. It was on high table land, w. of Armenia, n. of Syria, 440 ms. n. of Jerusalem. CARCHE'MISH, or Charchemish —{meaning not known), a Hittite city of great importance, on the Eu- plivales river, discovered Ijy consul Skene and George Smith, about 1876, at a place 16 ms. s. of the hii-ge Tur- kish town Bir on the w. side of the river. Prof. Sach- uu says that the true present name is Dj^rahis not Dje- 'rabolos. The ruins are remarkable and extensive and will soon be more thoroughly examined. See 2 Chron. 35: 20. It was 380 ms. n. by e. from Jerusalem and a- bout 850 ms. a little n. of w. from Nineveh. Its iden- tification with CIROESIUM, orMABBOGH-HIERAPOLIS,by Kawlinson and Maspero, is doubted. CAK''MEL, the name of both a mountain range and a town. The mountain is from 60 to 70 ms. n.w. of Je- rusalem, 12 ms. long, measured from the Mediterranean sea-shore. It is very fruitful and its highest point is 11 ms. inland, whei-e it is 1810 ft. above the sea. The town is in J., 26 ms. s. of Jerusalem, now Kurmel ♦J ms. s, from Hebron, has ruins and a strong ancient castle. CE^DRON, in the N. T., but always Kidron in the O. T., it is a brook valley just e. of the walls of Jerusa- lem. The valley is always dry except after heavy rains. It is referred to 11 times, but never as Kedron as some write it. It occurs, in the N. T., only in John 18: 1. CEN^CHREA, was the eastern harbor of Corinth and 5 ms. e. from the city, the remains of which are called Kenkris. It is 820 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem, 140 ms. due w. from Ephesus. Pronounced sen'kre-a. CESARE^A (never spelled Ca^sarea in Scripture), now Kaisariijch, on the sea-coast, only ruins remain, 58 ms. n.n.w. of Jerusalem. Formerly the most cele- brated Roman city in Palestine. CESARE'A PHILIP'PI, now Banlas, 11 ms. n. of the waters of Merom, 24 ms. n. of the sea of Galilee. Called by the Greeks paneas because of the existence 32 of a temple erected to the pagan god Pan, hence the present name. There are ruins here and about 50 houses and a remarkable castle. Never written Caesa- rea Philippi in Scripture. CHALDE'A, a country anciently situated on both sides of the Euphrates and extending to the Persian Gulf. With some variations of boundary it lasted from 2300 to 1300 B, C. The Assyrian empire then came in- to superior power from 1270 B. C. to G25 B. C; then the Babylonian which included the ancient Chaldean. The fovu'th kingdom, in this region, began ab the last mentioned date and was the Medo-Persian. UR and BABYLON were cities of Chaldea; the name is usual- ly written without the diphthong. CHA'NAAN, same as CANAAN which see. CHEPHIRAH? B., pron. ke-fi'rah, probably the little village called Kefireh, 4§ nis. w. by s. of Gibeon, 8 ms. w.n.w. from Jerusalem. Only a small ruin, 2510 ft. above the sea. CHERITH? a brook, pron. Wriih, most probably the present wady Kelt, w. of Jericho; Jerusalem is 10 ms. s.w. of its western part. CHE8ALON? pron. kes'alou, now Kesln, 10 ms.duc w. from Jerusalem. CHESULLOTH? pron. keaul'loth, also Chisloth-ta- bor, pron. Ixh'lofh, the place was in I., 60 ms. n. of Je- rusalem, now Ikml. a small village 3 ms. w. of Mt. Ta- bor. CHEZIB, same as Achzib. CHINNERETH? or Chinneroth, pron. kin'ne-reth. an ancient city mentioned only in the O. T. and prob- ably near tire "site of the present Tiberias. The lake was formerly called bv this name; called, also, Cinne- roth in 1 Kings 15: 20. 33 CHI-OS, an island in the ^^gean sea, 4 ins. oif the ooa.st of Asia Minor, its length n. and s. is 32 ms., its greatest width, 18 ms. and its area 508 sq. ms. GHORA^ZIN, now Keraseh, 2 ms. off the n. shore of the sea of Galilee, 80 ms. n. of Jerusale7n. There are some ruins but no inhabitants; pron. kora'zin. CILI^CIA, a s.e. province of Asia Minor, having Cappadocia on the n., Syria on the e., the Mediterra- nean on the s. and Pamphylia on the w. Tarsus was its capital. CINNEROTH, see Chinneroth. CLAU'DA, a small island in the Mediterranean, 7 ms. long by 4 wide, 22 s. of Crete, with a high mount- ain in its s. part; now called Ghaudo. CNIDUS. pron. niW^As, once a Greek city with a fine harbor, at the extreme s.w. corner of Asia Minor, on Cape C'rio, but now in many ruins. GOLOS'SE, a city of Phrygia on the river Lycus, a branch of the Meander, now uninhabited ruins. Near- ly 4U0 ms. n.w. of Jerusalem. CO'OS, pron. ko^os, an island 21 ms. long from n.e. to S.W., it is in the .egean sea, 53 ms. n.w. of Rhodes, now called Stanchio [pron.sian'keo). COR'INTH, the splendid capital of Achaia, 46 ms. w. of Athens, Cenchrea was its e. sea-port. It is now desolate except that the little miserable village Gortho occupies a part of its ancient site. CRETE, now Candia, an island in the Mediterranean s. of Thrace, 160 ms. long by about 35 wide, midway be- tween Svria and Italy. Mt. Ida, in the middle, is o- ver 7000 ft. high. CUSH, the name of a district, at the beginning of biblical history, near the head of the Persian Gulf, but 34 afterward, in the migration of the Cushite family, the name was applied to s.e. and to s. Arabia and gradual- ly to western Arabia not long beftjre the time of Solo- mon. After that time the Cushites had spread them- selves not only in Arabia but as it appears from the mon- uments, had crossed the Red Sea at the straits of Bab el Mandeb and settled in Abyssinia in that part called, af- terward, by the Greek geographers, Ethiopia. "Wher- ever Ethiopia occurs in our English translation of the Scriptures, it is Cush in the Hebrew. The Cushites were a dark race and were so described on the monu- ments, but were distinct from the negroes. In Gen. 2: 13, Cush is at the head of the Persian Gulf. In Num. 12:1 the -'ethiopian" was an Arabian Cushite, in 2 Ks. 19: 9 it refers to the land now known as Ethiopia but in the Hebrew it is always "Cush." CUTH, or Cuthah, found only in 2 Kings 17: 24, 30. Rassam has discovered (1879) bricks in a ruin 15 ms. n. e. of the ruins of Babylon with the name of Cuth inscri- bed upon them and this place is, therefore, supposed to be the site. CY'PRUS, an island, in the eastern Mediterranean, 140 ms. long, 69 ms. w. of the Syrian coast and about 50 ms. s. of Cilicia, in its widest part it is 50 ms.; it is 230 ms. n.w. of Jerusalem and 350 ms. due e. of Crete. CYRE'NE, the capital of a small province, and for- merly the chief city of Libya in northern Africa, in the region now called Barca on the e. of Tripoli. It is now de"solate, on a plateau 1800 ft. above the sea and 400 ms. a little n. of w. of Jerusalem. DAB'ERATH, Z. and I., now Drburieh, near the w. foot of Mt. Tabor. Mentioned only in Josh. 19: 12 and perhaps the same as Dabereh of Josh. 21: 28. 35 DALMANU'THA? of Mark 8: 10, was on the w. ()f the sea of Tiberias; from coDiparison with Matt. 15: 39, it must have been near Magdala and some rums and springs called ain el Bark/eh. are supposed to be at the place. DALMA^TIA, a mountainous district e. of the Ad- riatic sea, in Illyria, see 2 Tim. 4: 10. D\MAS'CUS the most ancient city of Syria, mcn- tiohed'llrst in Gen. 14: 15 and in such a way as to render it probable that it was in existence 1900 years B C. It is watered bv the Abana which runs through the eity. The Mt Hermon range is on the w. and the great Syrn\n desert on the e. It is^l35 ms. n.n.e. from Jerusalem, on a plain which is more than 2200 ft. above the Mediterra- nean Parts of the city are built upon buried rums. 1 he population in 1884 was supposed to be about 200,000. DAN was the name, at iirst, of only a tribe-district on the Mediterranean w.of Judah: afterward an addition- al district in the n. of Palestine s. of Mt. Hermon was so called and also a city ,now tell el Kad,/, anciently called Laish, see Judg. 18. The city was 108 ms. n. of Jeru- salem. DAN'NAH' J. probably at the modern village Idh- na, as Conder thinks —not at Domeh as a recejit Bible Dictionary places it. Idhna is 8 ms. n.n.w. of Hebron- and 21 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. DE^BIR? of Josh. 10: 38, 39, is probably to be placed nt Dhohrriyeh 11 ms. s.w. of Hebron; it is 2150 ft. above the sea and an inhabited village with many ancient cis- terns. On the n.e.. 6^ ms. off, are many springs which are thought to be those referred to in Judg. 1 : 15. DECAP'OLIS, a name meaning "ten cities,"' whose locations are not all certainly known, but their gene- ral reo-ion was e. and s. of the sea of Tiberias, as far as 36 Damascus on the n. and Beth-shoan on the >.. inoUuling tliese cities. DER'BE? a city of Lycaonia, about 35 ms. s. of e. of Lystra, iis some suppose, but its site has not been iden- titied satisfactorily. DI'BON, now Dhiban, 13 ms. e. of the Dead Sea and 3 ms. n. of the river Arnon. It has extensive ruins and no inhabitants. The so-called Moabite stone contain- ing an inscription engraved 900 years B. C, was found here in 1 868. DOR, a royal city of the Canaanites. now Tantura, 7 ms. north of Cesarea on the sea-coast, GO ms. n. by w. of Jerusalem. DOTHAN, now idl Doilnm, 42 ms. n. of Jerusalem, 5 ms. s.w. of Je?im on the s. of a beautiful i)l:iin but with only a few ruins on a hill. DU^MAH, now Domeh, only ruins. 9.} ms. s.w. of He- bron on an elevation 2190 ft. above the Mediterranean and 21 ms. s.w. from Jerusalem. E^BAL, one of two mountains, 27 ms. n. of Jerusa- lem and very near to each other at their ba.'^es. Mt. Gerizim was the other mountain on the s. and its top was If m. distant from that of Ebal. Ebal is 3077 ft. and Gerizim 2849 ft. above the sea. The valley between them is about 1900 ft. above the sea and in this valley is the town of Shechem which is | of a mile in length. ED^REI, the chief city of Bashan, 20 ms. e. of the n. end of the sea of Tiberias. Now Edhra with many ru- ins, a population of 500, but with no spring or stream and in a rocky region of difficult access. ECBAT'ANA, is the same as Ach^metha which' name occurs only in Ezra 6: 2, but in the margin call- 87 €<"l EobatHna. It was ni Media, 190 ms. nearly s, of the Caspian sea and 280 ras. n.e. of Babylon. Now called Hatnadmi. There is another Ecbatana, only rums, 90 ms. s.w. from the Caspian, but not of present interest. Bamadan has about 30,000 in population and trade.s largely in leather. EG^LON, now Ajlan„ only ruins, on a hill 15J ms, e. by n. of Gaza, 34 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. EGYPT, in biblical times, was chiefly that region now known as Lower Egypt and it was that narrow .strip each side of the Nite, except at the Delta. We must refer the reader to the map. It was called the land of Hamand R^ihab, Ps. 89: 105: Isaiah 51. In the Hebrew Scriptures it is called Mizraim which is similar to the Arabic name Misr. Its length n. and s. is about 550 ms., but the habitable land is only about 12 ms. wide, all beyond being sand waste and desolate mountains. SeeOsbonis Ancient Egypt in the Light of Modern Discoveries: Robert Clarke cSj- Co., Cincinnati, _0. The name occurs G13 times in the Scriptures of which number 24 are in the New Test^unent. EK^RON, J., now AMr, a wretched village of mud hovels, 200 ft. above the Mediterranean which is 8 ms. distant. It is 24 ms. w. by n. from Jerusalem and over- hangs a beautiful plain of 6 or 6 .square ms. on the s. EL AH, valley of, now umdy es Smut, or acacia valley, about 1 (3 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. Tlie acacia, or terebinth tree, is still found here. E^LAM, a province of Persia of which Susa was cap- ital, the latter was the "Shushan the Palace" of Daniel and Nehemiah. The ruins are now found 220 ms. e. of Babylon, 155 ms. n. of the Persian Gulf. ELEA'LEH, P., e. of Jordan, now el A\tl, 1 m. n.e. of Heshbon, mentioned 5 times, but not important. 3"g E'LIM? this was the second haltfncr place- of the Is:- raelites after crossing the Red Sea and has been iden- tified, most probably, with icady (iharandel, where are still remaining a few palms and perhaps- the best water between C-Jiiro and Mt. Sinai, ELf'LASAR? very probably at Lurm, 108 ms. s.e. of Babylon, 15 ms. e.froin Erech in ancient Chaldea. On- ly a mound with ruins^but the inscriptions show that it was a more ancient city than Babylon. See Gen. 14: 1- !-•, as the only places in which it is mentioned. EM'MAUS? it seems probable that this village was- at the place now called 'Amwa», 22 ms. w. of Jerusalem, since the Sinaitic manu.-icript reads 160 instead of 60 fur- longs fron% Jerusalem, in Luke 24 •- 1 3. This is both the proper distance and the name, if this be not accepted the place is not known. EN'DOR, fqjring of Dor. in I., but possessed by M., now Endar, on the n. side of a high hill and 58 ms. n. of Jerusalem. The hill is a spur of the hill of Moreh. EN-GAN'NIM, or Anem, now Jenin, it is s, of the plain of esdraelon; it is a large village, supposed to have 3000 inhabitants, with a tine spring, 45 ms. n. of Jerusalem. EN-GE'DI, J. on the w. shore of the Dead Sea, 21 ms. s. of the n. end. Now Am Jidi/, fountain ofihehid, it was first called Hazezon tamar, Gen. 14: 7. The spring is a little less than I mile from the shore and a- ])out 662 ft. above the Dead Sea surface, but 630 ft. be- low the Mediterranean Sea level. The ancient town or village, was probably n.w, and e. of the spring, but nuist have been built upon terraces. E'NON? .y,ri)i(/s, some have supposed the site to be n.e .'of Shechem and 7 ms. n. of a village now called .S'rt- Hm the latter being 3 ms. e. of Shechem. Three ms. S.-W-. of fhis ?\ip-posccl siYe of Eiioii aTe seveval >-pTings in 51 valley. These coiiK-idonoes have led some to place Eiion here. But Ixdh the words Salim and that tor .sjn-ings, are among the most common. There is anoth- er Salim, or name'of similar form, in the wmly of that name, 3 to 4 ms. n.e. of Jerusalem and very much water flowing from t)ne large spring and several others, 2 ms. ii.e. at aiti Farak. Therefore a.s that immense spring supply (as Dr. Barclay describes it) suggests the word ■"springs, or Enon, and the name suggests the *Salim of -John, it has been located at this place with tar greater probability, for the former place wa-s in tSamaria and the latter "in Judea. Now from John 8: 22, 23, it ap- pears that both Jesus and John were baptizing in Ju- dea and their proximity to each other gave occasion to the remarks recorded in the 25th verse. Then it ap> pears that Jesus left Judea for Galilee, chap. 4:1, with the intention of getting out of the neighborhood of John and the appearance of rivalry. On the way to Galilee he comes to Jacob's well near Sychar in Sama- ria. Now if the first supposed site i.s the location of E- non Jesus was nearer John than before. But the im- probability of this site arises from the fact that it sup- poses thatJohn left Judea and went baptizing among the Samaritans, with whom, we are told by the Evan- gelist, the Jews had no dealings. It is almost cer- tain, therefore, that Enon was not at the site first de- scribed. EN-RO'GEL? near Jerusalem, perhaps at the well of Job, in the valley of Hinnom, 1000 yards s. of the temple wall. EN-SHEM'ESH'?_foM«!'fli« of the sun, is perhaps that spring now called The Aj)Ofitles spring, about 2 ms. e. of Jerusalem. EPH'ESUS, was one of thte two most important cit- 40 ies of Asia Minor, Smyrna being the other. It was nes- ted for its magnificent temple of Diana, and was situa- ted in a plain near the sea, nearly surrounded by moun- tains and 35 ms. s.s.e. of Smyrna. E'PHRAIM, a tribe-district in the midst of Palest- ine. Its boundaries are given in Josh. IB. E'RECH, an ancient city built by Nimrod, Gen. 10: 10, and whose site seems to have been discovered at a ru- in covered mound, 95 ms. s.e. from Babylon, now called Warka. The monuments prove that it was a city of early Babylonian learning and it seems to have been an old city in the time of Abram, but it is now entirely des- olate. ESH^'COL, valley of.? not positively known, but very probably it was the valley leading down from Hebron toward the south. ESHTEMQ'A, now Semiia, a village of 200 inhabi- tants.- 26 ms. s.s.w. of Jerusalem, with ruins. It is the same as Eshtemoh. E'TAM? the name of both a town and a rock, the former supposed to be 7 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem and the rock at the rock caveni at Belt Atab, 9 ms. \\. by s. of Jerusalem. ETHKKPIA, called Cush in the Hebrew. It is a country s. of Egypt, bordering on the Red Sea, includ- ing Nubia and the districts surrounding the "White and Blue Niles, which are branches of the Nile. But more anciently the word had no reference to this part of the world, as we have shown under -Cush." EUPHRA'TES, is the largest river in Western A- sia, its whole length being 1780 ms. It rises in Arme- nia, overflows its banks every spring, is navigable for large ships for 70 ms. from its mouth and for small steamers to Eir, 1197 nft;.; it empties into the Persian Sea of Galilee, looking Nort^]-East. 41 Gulf after being joined by the Tigris at a point nearly 100 ms. from the Gulf. The increment of land about the mouth, has been found to be about one mile in 30 years, which is said to be double that of any other. FAIK HAVENS, a harbor on the middle of the s. shore of the island of Crete. It is called, yet, by the same name. Acts 27: 8. GA^ASH, a hill where Joshua was buried. It is probably that hill s. of Tibneh where are tombs and just n. of which was Timnath-serah. Josh. 2-1: 30. GABA, same as Geba. GAD, a tribe-district e. of Jordan, s. of the sea of Tiberias and on the Jordan. In Josh. 13: 25-28, we have the boundaries. GAD^ARENES, country of; probably the same as Gergesenes : it surrounded a city called Gadara, 6 ms. s. of the sea of Tiberias and it extends to that sea. GALA^TIA, the central province of Asia Minor, but its boundaries changed several times. It is high table land. It is sufficiently defined upon the map. GAL^ILEE sea of, same as, Tiberias, sea of and Gen- nesaret, lake of. GATH ? "wme press"; supposed to be at tell es sa/i, 23^ ms. w. by s. from Jerusalem, now a village with ruins, on n. the side of a hill 695 ft. above the sea. GATH-HE^PHER, Z., also called Gittah-h., 2^ ms. n. n. e. of Nazareth. It is now a small village on a hill and called el Meshed. GA^ZA, nearly 50 ms. s. w. from Jerusalem; it has nearly 18,000 inhabitants (1884) ; it is 2 ms. from the Mediterranean and 180 ft. above it. Now called Ghuzzeh. 42 GE'BA? or Gaba, "« hiir, Levitical city of B. Now Jeba, a deserted village 5 ins. n. from Jerusalriii and upon a hill. GE'BAL, now Jebeil, 17 ms. \^.n.e.^)f Beyi'oiif\ a vil- lage of several hundred inhabitants nesir the shore of the Mediterranean with many ruins and some hewn stones each 20 ft. long. GE'DOR? now Jedur, Vih, ms. s.w. from Jerusalem, on a ridge 2990 ft. above the sea, uninhabited, but with many ruins. GENNES'APvET, land of, w. of sea of Tiberias, a small plain, well watered and rich, formerly, extending about 3 ms. along the shore and, in one part, 2 ms. w. of the lake. GENNESAEET, lake of, same as Tiberias, sea of, which refer to. GE^RAR? the site of the ancient town is not posi- tivel}' known, but the uninhabited ruins called U)>iviel Jerrar, \ mile e. of the Wady Ghuzzeh and (1 ms. s. of Gaza, more probably, the ancient site. GER^GESA and Gergesenes, perhaps sanu' as Ga- darenes which see. GER'IZIM, Mt., s. of 8hechem, 2849 ft. above the Mediterranean and about 950 ft. above Shechem. See Ebal. GETHSEM'ANE -tiil press', according to tradition it is e. of the Kidron about 100 yds. and at the foot of Mt. of Olives. This tradition can be traced back to about 400 A D. A wall was built around it in 1847. GEZER, now Tell d Jczcr, 18 ms. w. by n. from Je- rusalem. There are ruins here and the boundary stt)ne witli ancient Hebrew letters, giving the name and 43 bouiularies of the Levitical city, establishes beyond doubt the site. GIB'EAH? J., 11 ins. s.w. of Jerusalem. GIB'EAH? B., 12 ms. n. of Jeruaalem. GIB'E AH of Saul, now Tuleil el Fid, 3 ms. n. of Je- rusalem. The word means "a hill" and hence may easily be confounded with a common name as when it simply designates a hill as in 1 Sam. 7: 1. GIB'EON, now el Jib, 4 ms. n. of Jerusalem, a small village with a large spring and pool at its e. base, which may be the pool mentioned in 2 Sam. 2 : 13 and Jer. 41 : 12. Same as Helkath-hazzurim, see 2 Sam. 2: 16. GILBO'A, Mt. e. of the plain of Jezreel, about 10 ms. long and 1917 ft. above the Mediterranean, 51 ms. n. from Jerusalem. GIL'EAD, the name of a mountain and a district e. of Jordan, 50 ms. n.e. from Jerusalem. GILGAL? now Jiljulia, on the plain of Jordan, 15 ms. n.e. by e. from Jerusalem, 3 ms. w. of the Jordan. Another place of the same name is due n. of Jerusalem 17 ms., now Jiljilirh. The first is referred to in Josh. 4: 19, 20, the second, in 2 Kings 2; 1, 4: 38. That of Josh. 12: 23 is not known. GIMZO, now Jhnzu, 18 ms. w. from Jerusalem, 2 ms. s.e. of Lydda on the jtlain of Sharon. GITTAH-HE^PHER, same as Gath-he'pher. GOLAN? a city of refuge, its site is not known, but its district was e. of the sea of Tiberias. GOL'GOTHA, same as Calvary. GOMORRAH? site not known, but there is a name of a waJii (valley) on s.w. side of the Dead Sea, which seems to point to that region. See Sodom. 44 GO'SHEN ? J., supposed to bo now Sekiyeh, 40 ms. s. of Jerusalem. GO'SHEN? the exact limits, of this district in Egypt, are not known, but it was some where in those parts on the e. of the Delta where the name appears on the map. GO^ZAN, a district in Mesopotamia 300 ms.n.w. from Babylon, watered bj' the modern Khabour, a branch of the Euphrates. It is called Habor in 2 Kings 17: 6. GKEAT SEA, now called the Mediterranean Sea. GEEECE, called also Grecia and Achaia. See map. HA^BOK, see Gozan, 1 Chron. 5: "in, this means, probably "the river of Gozan". HA^DID? same as Adithaim and Adida, now Ha- ditheh, 14 ms. s.e. from Joppa, 18 nis. n.w. of Jeru- salem. HA^I, see Ai. HALAH, its site has probably been discovered at a place called ''the castle" near the K/uihoiir, 300 ms. n. w. of Babylon. 2 Kings 17: 6. HALHUL, J., now HaUnd, a village with ruins 13 ms. s. of Jerusalem. HAM? supposed to be at Ar, Gen. 14: 5 is the only reference. HA^MATH, foi-ircss, one of the oldest cities in Syria, Gen. 10: 18, wherein Hamathite means inhabi- tant of Hamath. Its importance was signified by Amos (6: 2) who calls it "the great"'. Now called HamaJt, 245 ms. n. b_y e. from Jerusalem, on the rivt-r Orontcs. Its population is 44,000. The "entrance in Lebanon, 5 miles South of Beyrout, from nature, by the author. 45 of Hamath" is the pass through the mountains of Leb- smon on the south. HAiFMATH? ivarm sjirings, N., s. of the city of Tiberias and on the shore of the sea of that name, at the warm springs, 69 ms. n. of Jerusalem. HAMMON, Josh. 19: 28, 1 Chron. 6: 76 the only references. This place has been mentioned as identi- fied with an Ain Hanvd, 10 ms. s. of Tyre. The latter is a spring s. of Wady Zerka but there is no other evi- dence of iinportance; one mile from the sea coast. It has been associated, without sufficient reason, with UMMAH. Josh. 19: 30, HAPvA of 1 Chron. 5: 2G, is probably the same as Haran. HA'KAN of Gen. 11: 31, 32 and eight other places are very probably the present Harrnn about 430 ms. zi.w. from Babylon, on a small stream running s. to the Euphrates 70 ms. distant. It contains the traditional tomb of Terah and is a small village. Same as Char'- ran of Acts 7: 2. HA-TvETH? J., the name of a forest, and probably a city near to the forest. The place called Kharas, 15 ms. s. of Jerusalem, may be the site of the city. HAKOD, a fountain, but called a well, Judg. 7: 1, on the n. side of Gilboa, 51 ms. n, of Jerusalem, now ain Jalnd. HARO'SHETH of the Gentiles, is with great prob> ability to be located near the modern Harithiyeh, now a little mud village, 9 ms. almost due s.e. from Haifa, near the n.e. base of Mt. Carmel. It is | m. e. of the river Kishon. Judg. 4; 2, 13, 16, are the only refer- ences. 46 HAURAN, now a Jistrift with some ruined cities 25 to 30 ms. e. of the sea of Tiberias, but it is probable that the only mentions (Ezek. 47: 16, 18) had reference to a city by that name, now unknown. HAZAK-AD'DAR, called Adar in Josh. 15: 3, it is probable that its site is at aui el Kudeiraf, between 60 and 70 ms. s.w. of the Dead Sea. HAZE^ROTH was the second named station after leaviui;- Sinai. It has been identified, probably, at ain Hudherah, about 45 ms. n.e. of Sinai. HAZEZON-TAMAR, afterward called En-gedi, which see. In Gen. 14: 7 it is in the Hebrew, Haza- zon-tamar and in 2 Chron. 20: 2, in the Hebrew, it is Hazezon-tamar^ust the the reverse of the order found in our English translation. It is probable that the lat- ter is the only correct form, as the Masoreth Hebrew asserts, see Purver Crii. Trans, of (J. and A. T. folio, 2 vols., London, 1764- HAZOR? there were four of this name, none of them certainly known. One was given to N. and supposed to be just s. of Mt. Hermon. That mentioned in Neb, 11 : 33 is supposed to be 11 ms. n. of Jerusalem. HE'BRON, 18 ms. s. of Jerusalem, now el Khalih contains about 10,000 inhabitants, and is about 3000 ft. above the sea. Here is the cave of Machpelah, cover- ed by a large building and near it was the plain of Mamre. The city is built, chiefly, in a valley, and contains the pool whore, as tradition says, the event stated in 2 Sam. 4: 12, took place. HEL'BON, a Syiian city, now Helbioi, in a wild glen, high up in the Anti-Lebanon mountains, 124 ms. e. by. n. of Jerusalem, 11 ms. n. by w. from Damascus. HELKATH-HAZ'ZURIM, see Gibeon. 47 HENA? 2 Kings 18: 34, 19: 13, Is. 37: 13 are the only references for this place which is supposed to be located at a little place now Anah on the s. bank of the Euphrates river, 200 ms. n,w. from Babylon, HERES, sun, see Ir-shemesh. HERMON, MT., now Jebel cs Sheikh, 117 ms. n. of Jerusalem, 9050 ft. high in its highest peak, but the range of Mt. Hernion runs nearly 30 ms. a little e. of n. from that peak. By the Sidonians it was called Si- rion, by the Amoritcs, Shenir and 1)V the Hebrews Sion, see Deut. 3: 9, 4: 48. The Hermonites, Ps. 42: 6, were probably the five or six peaks of the Mt. Hermon range. HESH^BON, originally a city of the Moabites, 15 nis. e. of the n. end of the Dead Sea. Now only ruins on a hill with an enormous cistern, 37 ms. e. of Jerusa- lem and called Hesban. HID^DEKEL, now called The Tigris, a river of western Asia, running, part way, parallel with the Eu- phrates. Its sources are in Armenia, its whole course, imtil its union with the Euphrates, is 114G ms., after that it unites with the Euphrates and this union con- tinues 100 ms. to the Persian Gulf. It is navigable 600 ms. for small vessels drawing from three to four ft. of water. On its eastern bank is the city of Nineveh. Its name in the ancient Zend language was Teger, meaning '-stream", whence it became Tigris. HIERAP'OLIS, a city of Phrygia, stood on a high blufl" with a high mountain behind it. It is about 90 ms. e. of Ephesus, having the Mediterranean equi- distant on the w. and on the s. and 560 ms. n.n.w. of Jerusalem. It has extensive ruins and many hot springs which deposit lime and give it a white appear- 48 ance and hence its name the Cotton Castle, or in the Turkish Pambouk Kalessi. Its name in Scripture is only in Coles. 4: 13. HIN^NOM, a valley on the s. and w. of Jerusalem. Josh. 15: 8. HOR, Mt., midway between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, on the e. border of the long valley Arabah so called now, between the Dead Sea on the n. and Red Sea on the s. Mt. Hor has two peaks, the highest 4800 ft. The eastern one has the traditional tomb of Aaron and is 4360 ft. above the Mediterranean Sea. The word Hor means "mountain". Another Hor. Numb. 34: 7, was either Lebanon, or a high peak of that range, but not known. HOREB, Mt., perhaps the district of mountains of which Sinai was the particular mountain from which the Law was given. Jebel ]\Iiisa the supposed Mt. Si- nai is 7375 ft. above the Mediterranean. HUK'KOK, N., 3 ms. n.w. from the sea of Tiberias. Now Vakuk, 76 ms. n. of Jerusalem. It is also spelled Hukok, 1 Chron. 6: 75. In Josh. 21: 31, Helkath seems to be the same as Hukok of 1 Chron. 6: 75. ICO^NIUM, a city in Lycaonia, 300 ms. s.e. from Constantinople and about 120 ms. inland from the Med- iterranean, now Ko7iieh, pop. about 40,000. There are ruins above the town, and the walls, which are two to three ms. in circumference, are built out of materials of ancient edifices. IDUME'A, a Greek name for Edoni. I JON? N., now a ruin called Dibbin, 109 ms. n. of Jerusalem. The only inentions are in 1 Kings 15: 20, 2 Kings 15: 29, 2 Chron. 16: 4. 49 I LL Y KI CU M. \\n» a Roman province on the e. coast of the Adriatic. Epirus was on the s., but B. C. 11 it had Dalniatia on the n. (now it has n.e. Itah*). INDIA, mentioned only in Esther 1: 1, 8: 9, but this was not the India of the present day, but only the hind around the Indus, perhaps that now called the Punjab with, perhap>', the Seinde on the s. around the mouths of the Indus. .SVe any school map of Hindos- tan, on the n.w. IRON'' N., only in Josh. 19: 38. now Varim, per- haps, 10 ms. w. of the waters of Merom, 90 ms. n of Jerusalem and 2490 ft. above the Mediterranean. IR-SHEMESH, same as Beth-shemesh. ISSACHAR, a tribe-district including all the rich plain of Ezdraelon n. and e. of Mt. Carmel. ITALY, the same now known by that name. Men- tioned onlj' four times, Acts 18: 2, 27: 1, 6, Heb. 13: 24. ITURE'A, now Jedur, .see map No. 5 just under Damascus. A large part is a fine plain, well watered, 100 ms. n.e. of Jerusalem. It derived its name from Jetur, son of Ishmael, Gen. 25: 15. IV AH, same as Avah. 2 Kings 18: 34. JAA^ZER, see Jazer. JABBOK, river, rises 25 ms. n.e. of the Dead Sea, flows easterly at first around in a great circle to the w. See Map No. 3. It is about 75 to 80 ms. long, now called the Zerka, or blue, is perennial near the Jordan. Its mouth is 40 ms. n.e. from Jerusalem. JABESH-GILEAD: generally supposed to be at .•)0 a place now call ed Deir 4i) ms, n.e. of the Dead Sea, on the s. side of Wady Yabes, 51 nis. n. n.e. from Jerusalem. JABNEH, or Jabneel, J., now a village Yebna, I'S nis. due s. from Jaffa, 4 ms. from the Mediterranean, 80 ms. w. by n. from Jerusalem. JACOB'S WELL, n.e. of Mt.Gerizim, near itsba.se, 27 ms. n. from Jerusalem, and 1] ms. e. of Shechem. It is about 80 ft. deep but seems to have been filled partly up with stones. JA'HAZ? also, in the EnglLsh, Jahaza, Jahazah and Jahzah, but these variations are to be found only in our English translation — Jahzah is correct. It was near theArnon river 11 or 12 ms. e. of the Dead Sea, but the locality not certain. Ruins have been found on the southern heights of Arnon valley which may be the ancient site. JANO^HAH? now Vamtu. about 8 ms. s.e. of Shec- hem, where there are buried ruins, 25 ms. n. from Je- rusalem. JAPHIA, Z., now Yafa, a small village, \l ms. s.w. of Nazareth, (30 ms. from Jerusalem. JA'PHO, see JOPPA. JAR^MUTH, J., now Yarmuk, 15 ms. w. by s. from Jerusalem, only ruins on a hill-crest, 1463 ft. above the Mediterranean. JAT^TIR, now Aftir, 13 ms. s.s.w from Hebron, 32 ms. s.s.w. from Jerusalem. Ruins on a hill, 2040 ft. above the Mediterranean. JAVAN, a title for the Greek people and country. JA'ZER? ruins near the river Jabbok, 40 ms. n.e. from Jerusalem, supposed to be at the ruins of Sir, 19 ms. n. bv w. from Hesbbon. 51 JEARIM Mt., this is the mountain range upon the n. side of which Chesalon is built. Josh. 15: 10. JEBUS, the ancient name of a town which occupied the site of Jerusalem before the latter was built. Judg. 19: 10, 11. JE'GAR-SAHADU'THA, means "Me heap" or pile of "testimon}','' see Gen. 81 : -47. JEHO'SHAPHAT, valley of, supposed to be juste. of Jerusalem, but there is no authority for this. It is . a misinterpretation of Joel 3: 2 — 12. The Kidron was so called, wrongly, about the fourth century A. D. The word means Je/iOfa/i judgeth. JE^HUD, a village, now called Ythmliyeh, 8 ms. e. of Joppa, 27 ms. w. of Jerusalem, about 800 popula- tion. JERICHO, ma- er Riha. pop. about 200, 15 ms. e. of Jerusalem, 8 ms. n. of the Dead Sea. The ancient Jer- icho was farther w. nearer the fountain es Sultan — the N. T. Jericho was a mile or more, southward. JERUSALEM, now el Khuds -'fheHoli/;' Pop. about 25,000 (1884). Circumference three miles; height above the Mediterranean about 2600 ft. in the highest part; walls entirely surround it with four gates perma- nently open. The modern city is built over ruins. Distance from the Mediterranean is 35 miles. Mt. Zion is on the southern part of city where also is Da- vid's tomb, so called, just out of the south gate called the gate of Mt. Zion. The valley of Kidron is on the e., the Pool of Siloam is on the s.e. For other places see the map No. 6, in which Mt. Zion is that hill be- tween Hinnom and the words "FIRST WALL." JESHI^MON was a term meaning "waste land" and 52 very probably had no reference to aiiv special Waste land, Numb. 21 : 20, 1 Sam. 23: 19, 2Vetc. JEZREEL, now Zn-in, 52 ms. n. of Jerusalem, a lit- tle village on a hill in the great plain of P^sdraelon which is the Greek form for Jezreel, used only in the A]iocrypha. The village is 402 ft. above the Mediter- ranean iind consists of about 15 to 20 houses with many ancient cisterns. The valley of Jezreel is that valley extending eastward from the village, down to Beth- shean, see map No. 3, and to the Jordan 14 ms. e. of Jezreel. The Jordan at this point is 700 ft. below the Mediterranean, 1102 ft. below the village. JTPH'THAH-EL, a valley, but named after a town, now Jefaf, but only ruins, 1363 ft. above the Mediter- ranean, 14 ms. w. of the sea of Tiberias and 70 ms. n. of Jerusalem. Just s. is Xh.'i valley plain of Bnttnuf, 9 ms. e. and w. and 2 ms. wide. Josh. 19: 14, 27. JOK^NEAM, Z., now tell Koimon a hill at thee, end of Mt. Carmel. 59 ms. n. of Jerusalem. Tn 1 Kings 4: 12 Jokneam .should read Jokm;>an a- it is in the He- brew. JOPPA, D., on the Mediterranean sea-sliore, but llC. ft. above the water, 35 ms. w. by n. from Jerusalem. A very old city and in existence before the Exodus. Now called Ycifd with a jiop. of probably 18,000. Con- sul, llllson wrote the author that such mas considered the pop. m 1884, f^nd Mr. Hall, lonq resident of the place, under date of Aug., 1886, says that for fear of Turkish- conscription the nuwber is "■trenietidousii/ underrated,' but acknowledr/ed to be at least 17 ,(>()() and ra})idl i/ increas- in(j. The member in Scha.fr s Herzog, addenda, p. 2012 is at least 9,000 too small. JORDAN, river, rises in Lebanon. I'uns. it' nieasui-ed on a straiirht line, not more than 1 3t') miles from its liiu'li- est source w. of Mt. Ht^rnion to the Dead Sea. Runs through two hikes, tlie waters of Merom and the sea of Tiberias, and deseends 8000 ft. from its source to tlie Dead Sea; is from 45 to 180 ft. wide and has 27 impor- tant rapids between the sea of Tiberias and the Dead Sea and overflows its hanks in the spring. Although it is not quite (55 ms. from the sea of Tiberias to the Dead Sea, its crooked course runs about 200 ms. in that dis- tance, in a direction almost due south. JUDAH, a tidbc-district hounded, as- on the Tribe map No. 3, and as described in Josh. 15. JUDE^A, a province in N. T. times. It seems to have been so named, first, after the return of the Jews from captivity. The word first occurs (in Hebrew) in Dan. 5: 13, and the "Province of 5udea'" occurs in Ezra 5: 8. According to Josephus, Judea comprised the tribe districts of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and part of Dan fi-om Jordan to the Mediterranean. THE HILL COUNTKY of Judea was that hi-h range of mountains running n. and s. on which Jerusalem stood. THE WILDERNESS OF JUDEA was that barren country e. and s.e. of Jerusalem to the Dead Sea. JUT'TAH, J., now Juitah, an inhabited village, 3747 ft. above the Mediterranean, bl ms. s. of Hebron and 24 ms. s. of Jerusalem. KA'DESH, also called Kadesh-barnea, identified with Ain fTdrfis about 40 ms, s. of Beer'sheba, discov- ered by Rylands, 1842, visited by Dr. Trumbull and fully described by him in his wt>"rk "Kadesh-barnea," as an extensive hill-encircled region, large enough for the camping ground of a host, it has many springs. KAN AH, reeds, A., now Kona, 7 ms. s.e. of Tyre, 54 on a ridge 1050 ft. above the Mediterranean 08 ms. ri, of Jerusalem. KANAH, river, now tvady Kanah 50 riis. n. of Jeru- .saleni, forming the boundary between M. and E. KE^DESH, N., now a small village, Kadc.% with many ruins, on a ridge 1587 ft. above the Mediterran- ean and 1580 ft. above the waters of Merom, from which it is distant 4 ms. n.w. KEILAH, at the ruins called KUa, 8 ms. n.w. of Hebron and 17 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem ; just ?> nis. s. of the Cave of Adullam, and 1520 ft. above the Mediter- ranean. KE'NATH, afterward called Nobah by whom it was conquered, Numb. 32: 42. now Kutiawat 98 ms. n.n.e. from Jerusalem, 60 ms. e. of the middle of the sea of Galilee and 55 ms. s. by e. from Damascus. KE'RIOTH? J., 12 ms. due s. from Hebron, 30 ms. from Jerusalem, now Kureitein, 14 ms. w. of Dead Sea. Another Keriothl was in INIoab, very j)rohably near Mt. Attarus, on the n.e. part of the Dead Sea, altho' some suppose it to be 50 ms. e. by s. of the sea of Tibe- rias, 6 ms. e. of the supposed Bozrah and now Kureh/eh, but this region was never called Moab. KIB'BROTH-HATTA'AVAH? Palmer seems to have found ancient remains at a place called Erwris I'l Ebcirig, n.e. of Mt. Sinai, wliere there seems to have been an immense encampment and burial {daces. Here is the supposed site. IvlDKON. see (Vdron. Kill OF MOAB, also called Kir-har'esetb. Kir-ba'- vesli, and Kir-heres, now Kerak, near the s.e. part ot the Dead Sea, a place once of great strength near the head of a rocky valley. KIRIATHA'IM, R., or Kirjatha'im, meaning the double city 8 uis. otf the n.o. coast of the Dead Sea, 32 rns. e. by s. from Jerusalem and about 12 ms. s. from the n. end of the sea. KIRJATH-ARBA, same as Hebron. KIE^JATH-JE^ARIM, now a small village called Kuriet el Enab, 7i ms. w. from Jerusalem. Called also Baalah or Baale or Kirjath-baal. Jo.sh. 1-5: 9, 2 Sam. H: 2. KI^SHON, a river, at the n. base of Mt Carmel. The part near the Mediterranean is perennial, fed by springs on Mt. Carmel. Now Nahr el Mukuita; its mouth is 71 ms. from Jerusalem. It drains the valley, of Esdraelon, see Jezreel. LA^CHISH, now ruins of UmLakis/oi ms. s.w. from Jerusalem, 10.^ ms. e. of the Mediterranean on the w. slope of a hill and 360 ft. above the Mediterranean. But there are reasons to believe that the original city was at Tell el Hesy just 3 ms. dues. e. where many ruins exist. LAVISH, or Leshem, same as Dan, Judg. 18: 7. The Laish of Isaiah 10:30, is not the same, and is un- known. LAODICE^A, now Eski-hissar, " old castle,'' a little village surrounded by the ancient ruins — situated in AsiaMinor, in Phrygia, 80 ms. e. of Ephesus, 46 s.e. of Philadelphia, 554 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem. r)() LASEA, ii town on the s. coast of Crete, equi-distant from e. to w., and nearly on the most southern point ; 2 m.s. e. of Fair Havens; 40 ms. almost due e. from Claudus. Act. 27: 8. LA'SHA ? Callirrfioe was its Greek name, meaninij " warm springs,'" 12 ms. s.e. of the mouth of the Jordan, 4 ms. e. of the Dead Sea, in the valley of the river Zerka via'ui, 28 ms. e.s.e. from Jerusalem. LASHARON of Josh. 12,: 18, supposed to be at Sarona, 5 ms. n.e. by e. from Mt. Tabor. LEBANON, Mt., this is a double range beginning at about Mt. Hermon oh the s., 117 ms.n. from Jerusa- lem, the west range running 200 ms. north hy east, and the eastern about 80 ms. to the n.n.e. The highest ele- vation is <) ms. n. of the Cedars, at Jebel Thnanai,, 10,- 5"39 ft. above the Mediterranean. The eastern range was called "Lebanon toward the sun rising," Josh. 18: ;■), now Anti-Lebanon, the s. end of which is Mt. Her- mon, see map Nos. 3, 5. LEBCyNAH, nowc? Luhbcni. IHA ms. due n. of Jeru- salem, on the e. side of a hill. 1 S.")() ft. above the Mediter- ranean. LESBOS, see Mitylene. LE'SHEM, the most ancient name of Dan, same as Laish, see Josh. IS): 47 and Judg. 18: 29. LOWER BETH-HORON, see Bcth-horon. LIB'YA was the name of that part of n. Africa, next to Egvpt on the w.. see map No. 7, the mime occurs only'Tn Ezek. 80: 5, :W: '-,, Acts 2: 10. LYCAO'NIA, ii province of Asia Minor, bounded n. by Galatia, e. by Cappadocia, s. by Cilicia, and w. by Pisidia and PhVygia. Chief towns, Iconium, Derbe, Lvstra. Maj) No! 7. 57 LY'CIA, a dis^trict in Asia Minor, next w. of Pam- phylia and on the Mediterranean. Map No. 7. LYDDA, now Ludd, 22 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem, lOi nis. s.e. from Joppa, 165 ft. above the Mediterranean and upon the phiin. LYSTRA? supposed to have been at Bin-bir-Kilissi, ''the thousand and one churches,'' on the eastern de- clivity of a lofty mountain, 420 ms. n.n.w. from Jeru- salem', and 100"ms. n. of the Mediterranean in the province of Lycaonia. MACEDONIA, a kingdom lying n. of Greece, bounded, in the time of the" N. T., n. by the Has^mus Mts. or the modern Balkan, on the e. by Thrace and .Egean Sea, s. by Achaia (Greece), w. by Epirus and Illyricum, and 'including part of those districts now' called Albania and Roumelia. MACHPE^LAH, cave of, see Hebron. MA^DIAN in Acts 7 : 29, is for Midian. MAG'DALA, now el Mejdel on the w. shore of the sea of Tiberias, now a little village. Matt. 15: 39. MAHANA'IM? probably at Mahneh, 21 ms. e. of Jordan, and 24 s.e. of the sea of Tiberias, 66 ms. n.e. of Jerusalem. MANAS'SEH, two tribe-districts, one w. and the other e. of Jordan, see map No. 3. MAON, J., now only ruins at Main on a conical hill, 8 ms. s.s.e. of Hebron, 25 ms. a little w. of s. from Jeru- salem, 2887 ft. above Mediterranean. The hill is about 100 feet above the immediately surrounding land. MARE^SHAH, J., now a ruin called el Mer'ash, 23 ms. s.w. from Jerusalem. 58 MAKS' HILL, or Areopagus:, a rockj- height in Athens. The most ancient court of the Athenians was held here. See Areopagus. MED^EBA, 13^ ms. e. tifthe n. end of the Dead Sea now only ruins, with an imn^.ense ancient cistern for water. MEDIA, was hounded on the n.e. by the Caspian Sea; n. by the Araxes river; e. by Parthia and Hyr- cania; on the s. by Persia and Susiana; on the w. by Assj'ria and Armenia. Its greatest length was 550 ms. n. and s. and width about 250 ms. e. and w. It is now included in Persia. It was exceed inglj' mountainous and wooded and was 700 ms. e.n.e. from Jerusalem. MEGID^DO? most probably at the ruin el Lejjiin, near the n.e. base of Mt. Carmel on the s.w. edge of the great plain of Ezdraelon 553 ft. above the Mediter- ranean and 56 ras. a little w. of n. of Jerusalem. MEL^ITA, now Malta, an island in the Mediterra- nean, GO ms. s. of Sicily, 155 ms. from the nearest point of Italy and 185 from nearest point in Africa. Greatest width 12 and length 20 ms. ; circumference 60 ms.; it is farther distant from the main land than is any other island in the Mediterranean. On the s. coast it is almost impossible to land because of the steep rocks. The bay called St. Paul's bay is on the n. coast of the island. MEMPHIS, in Hebrew, -Noph ; about 10 ms. s. of Cairo, 10 ms. s.e. from the great pyramids — a little vil- lage 71//^ i?a/u'«c/i occupies a small part of the ancient site which is \h m. w. of the Nile. ME^ROM, waters of, now lake Huleh, 10 ms. n. of the sea of Tiberias and 90 ms. n. of Jerusalem ; 3.1 ms. long 59 and 3 wide, 7 ft. above the Mediterranean and 10 to 11 ft. deep. MESOPOTAMIA, a district called also Asslmr and in great degree bounded by the two great rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris. See Map No. 1. First mention Gen. 24: 10. This name was given by the Greeks, but the more ancient name was Aram-naha- ra^im meaning "Syria of the two rivers," Gen. 24: 10. Pliny bounded it n.by the Taurus mts., making length 800 ms. and breadth, irregularly, 3(30 ms. MICHMASH, now Mukmas, 1990 ft. above the Med- iterranean, 7 ms. n. of Jerusalem, now a village with ruins, on n. bank of a deep torrent bed and not far off are the rocky cliffs of Bozez and Seneh, though not cer- tainly located. 1 Sam. 14: 4. MIG^DAL-EL, supposed to be at Mejdel, 3 ms. n- from Tiberias city. MIG'DAL-GAD, J., now Mejdel, a village of 1500 pop. with ancient ruins, 100 ft. above the Mediterranean from which it is 2 ms. distant and about the same dis- tance from Ascalon. Josh. 15: 37. MIG'DOL, associated with the Exodus, is not known as to its site. The word means " Tower.'" MILE'TUS, a city of Asia Minor, in Caria, and 30 ms. s.s.w. from Ephesus, on the sea-shore, about 600 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem, some ruins of an enormous theater and of a church, remain. In 2 Tim. 4: 20 it is written Miletum. MITYLE^NE, was the chief town of the island of an- cient Lesbos and on its e. coast. Pop. now, 6,000, with ruins, its present name is Castro, 55 ms. n.w. of Smyrna, MIZPAH?or Mizpeh, means watch tower. There 60 are 6 of this name, only one probablj' known, now Kchii Samwill, 3.^ ms. n. of Jerusalem. The land of Mizpeli Was probably at the w. base of Mt. Hermon. See Map No. 3. Ramath-mizpeh and Ramoth-gilead were the same; and were probably s. of Mt. Gilead. See Map No. 3. First mention in Gen. 31 : 49, of Gilead. Josh. 18: 26 was Neby Sannvill, mentioned 84 times. Josh. 11 : 3, 8 was at base of Hermon. MOAB, a district on the s. of the Arnon and e. of the Dead Sea, but in a wider sense it was between the Jab- bok and the Arnon. It was a great high land from 2000 to 3000 ft. above the Mediterranean ; a tine pas- ture land sloping gradually into a plain on the n. and into the desert of Syria on the east. See Numb. 21; 12 — 28 for its limits. MOL^ADAH? J., tiow tell el MiVh, 1210 ft. above the Mediterranean only ruins of a fortified town, 2 wells, one with water at the depth of 40 ft.; 13 ms. e. ot Beer-sheba,40 ms. s.s.w. from Jerusalem. MO'REH, a hill, 7iow Jebcl ed Dvhy, also called " Little Hermon," but never in Scripture. It is an ir- regular ridge, 12 ms. long, its highest point is 1(590 ft. above the Mediterranean, and there is at this point a tomb from which the hill takes its modern name. On the s. was Gilboa and on the n., Mt. Tabor. It is 57 ms. n. from Jerusalem and runs from n.w. to s.e. the n. w. end being the highest. MORI'AH, MT. the part of Jerusalem upon which Solomon built the teuiple. See map. MY^RA, an ancient port of Lycia, on s.w. coast of Asia Minor, about 1\ ms. from the mouth of the river Andriacus, with magnificent ruins on a hill called at present Mee-ra. Hill of Samaria, drawn from nature, by the author. 61 MYSIA, [pron. nnzli'ya in three syllables), a district on the n.w. part of Asia Minor, boi'dering on the Eux- ine, or Black sea, on the north, the Hellespont and the sea of Marmora on the n. and w., Lydia on the s. and Bithynia on the east. NICOPOLIS? most probably it was in Epirus and now called old Prevesa (pron. pray'vesa), 4J ms. n. of Prevesa, The latter is a fortified town of 7000 jjop. on the n. side of the entrance to the gulf of Arta. The gulf is upon the w. coast of Greece. It is about 180 ms. n.w. by w. from Athens. NIMRIM? see Beth-nimrah. Some have supposed that it was near the s. end of the Dead Sea, now Nemei- rah, 49 nis. from Jerusalem, but it seems improbable. The other locality is to be preferred since the latter name means "leopard"' and the former refers to waters for which see Is. 15: 6. NINEVEH, the capital and greatest city of Assyria, founded by Asshur, Gen. 10; 10, on the e.bank of the river Tigris, 280 ms. a little w. of n. from Babylon nearly 550 ms. n.w. from the Persian Gulf, 500 ms.'n.e. from Jerusalem, 400 ms. e. of the n. end of the Medi- terranean. The modern city of Mosul is on the oppo- site bank. NO-A'MON, at)/ of Anion, a city called Thebes, in upper Egypt, on both sides of the Nile. It covered about 5 ms. by 3 ms. according to ancient historians, and at present contains the most magnificent ruins in the world. See Osborn's EgyjA, pp. 139-154. NOB? B., perhaps at el Isaxviyeh \\ m. n.e. of Jerus- alem. Keferred to in 1 Sam. 22: 19 and five other places. n2 NCrBAH, see Kenatli. NOPH, another name for Memphis, Is. 19: IS. OLIVES, Mt. of, and Olivet, e. of Jerusalem 1 m., now Jebel et Tur, Mt. of ihe Simtniit." It is more defi- nitely a ridge of several summits cei'tainly fonr, but as you look at the three direetly opposite Jerusalem, the middle hill has the village of Tur upon it and it is the highest, being 2665 above the Mediterranean, while the base of the Mosque, in the temple area, is 2440. Hence the latter can be overlooked from the former. The n. end of the Dead Sea can also be seen from this part of Olivet. ON, a city of lower Egypt, called also Beth-shemesh, or house of the sun, and hence, by the Greeks, Heliopo- lis. It was the seat of worship of the Egyptian god Ra, or the Sim, and was once full of obelisks which were symbols of the rays of the sun ; now only one remains which, save one other, is the oldest in Egypt, having stood 4000 years. The ruins are about 6 ms. n. of Cairo. See Aven. Ezek. 30: 7. O^NO, B., built by the sons of Benjamin but came into the district of D. afterward. Now 'Ana. 5 ms. a little w. of n. from Lydda, 27 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem; 1 Chron. 8: 12 and three other places. OPHIR? perhaps on the Arabian coast, but also sup- posed to refer to India Gold abounds on the Malabar coast and in northern India, But the word Ophir is the name of a son of Joklan, Gen. 10: 29, whose de- scendants have certainly been traced to s. e. and s. Arabia. OPH'RAH, B.. now ef Taiyibeh, 4 ms.n.e. of Bethel; perhaps the same as Ephraim of John 11: 54. 63 PADAN-ARAM, very probably this isonly the He- brew name for the Greek Mesopotamia, PALESTINE, at first this word was applied only to the country of the Philistines, but in the time ot Josephus and" by some Greek and Koman writers it be- came to be applied to all the land of the Jews. The utmost extent, in area, of Palestine, as actually occupied by ancient Israelites, did not exceed 8400 square miles. Prom Dan to Beer-sheba was not only the usual ex- pression for the extent of country, but it was the actual habitable area and, w. ot Jordan, it was 140 ms. n. and s. with an average of 40 ms. e. and w., equal to 5600 square ms. Adding an easterly' extent of 20 ms. with the same n. and s. distance, on the e. of the Jordan, the area would be increased by 2800, total 8400, and this is the utmost. The 12 to 13,000 sq. ms. given to Pales- tine by various authors are not sustained by either the English exploration survey, or by Biblical history. While the power of Solomon was extended at one time probably to the Euphrates, the desert was not inhab- ited. The name Palestina occurs but three times, Exod. 15: 4, Is. 14: 29, 31, but in Joel 3: 4itis Palestine— in all cases alluding to the region of the Philistines only — 1 Sam. 13: 19 gives the name used by the Isi-aelites for the country, namely. Land of Israel. In the middle ages it became known as " The Holy Land.'" For the name Canaan, see Canaan. In Zech. 2 : 12, it is called "the holy land." PAMPHYL'IA, a Roman province in Asia Minor, bounded e. by Cilicia, n. by Pisidia, w. by Lycia, and s. by the Mediterranean. Perga appears to have been the capital and Attalia its chief sea-port. PA'PHOS, a town in the w. port of Cyprus. There were two towns bearing this name; old Paphos situated 64 on a height | in. from the sea: and new Paphos on the sea-shore, 10 nis. n.w. of the old town. The apostle vis- ited the new town, pop. at present 1000. PA^RAH, B., 5J n.e. from Jerusalem and about li m, farther up than the junction of the Wadies Farah and Swreinit, but on umdy Farah at a ruin called Farah. PAaiAN, desert of now called Badiei et Tih, "desert of the luandering." a great table-land lying be- tween Egypt and the gulf of Arabah. It is n. of the region of Horeb and Mt. Sinai, bounded n. by Pales- tine, w. by the isthmus of Suez and part of the gulf of Suez, s. by a great sand belt separating it from the mountainous region of the Sinaitic peninsula and e. by the long valley w. of Edom, called The Arabah. See Map No. 4. This Arabah valley is supposed to be the Wilderness of Zin, w. of which, some 40 to 50 ms., wa.s Kadesh now called Kudes, or Gadis, by some, see Ka- desh-barnea. PAPvTHIANS, occurs in Acts 2: 9. Parthia was originally a province of Media on its e. side. It became united to the Persian empire under Cyrus, B. C. 5r)0, but became independent B. C. 256. The Parthians spoke the Persian langua<;;e hence Persia is frequentlj" used for Parthia in Scripture, They were the tinest bowmen in the world and conquered the Romans at Carrhiv, the ancient Haran. They were conquered by Artaxerxes A. D. 220 and united to Persia. PAS-DAM'MIM? also Ephes-dammim. it was in the valley of Elah, now Damiim. V?>\ ms. w.s.m'. from Jerusalem. Conder has omitted this yilace on his Atlas maps entirely. It is on Smith & Grove's Atlas as above and Van de Vekle thouglit lie idmtilied it, l)ut it is doubtful. 65 PAT'AKA, a sea-poi-t town on the s.w, shore of Lycirt, opposite Rhodes. Now in ruins but retains its imcient name. Patarus was the son of ApoHo, hence the name Patara where this god was worshiped. PATMOS, a bare rocky island in the ^Egean Sea, 32 nis. w. of Asia Minor; now Patino [pron. Pa-iee'no). It is about 4 nis. across e. and w., 7 ms. n. and s., of somewhat semicircular form, the concave side being on the east. PENFEL, or Penu^el, face of God. Dr. Merrill thinks that he has identitied this place with a double hill, upon the Jabbok river, called Tulul edh Dhahab, ''hill of gold," some 3 or 4 ms. e. of the Jordan. Suc- coth he places 2 or 3 ms. n.w., at a hill called Tell Deir Alia. There are good reasons for these locations. PE^OR? supposed to be upon Pisgah; the name is found only in Numb. 23 : 28. PER'GA, capitol of Pamphylia, on the river Cestrus, about 7^ ms. from the Mediterranean, now called K'rayer, .Vets Kl: 13. PHILISTIA, the hiiid of tlie Piiilistiues s.w. of Palestine, see map No. 3. 67 PIIRYGIA, a central district of Asia Minor, in the N. T. times, but very irregularly Vxninded, see map No. 7. It was on high table-land and at one time sur- rounded and touched by all the other provinces, with exception of Fontus. PI-BE^SETH, or Pib'eseth, a city of lower Egypt, now called icAl Basia, 38 ms. n.n.e. of Cairo, near the Tanitic branch of the Nile. It is entirelj^ in ruins but fragments of red granite, attest the existence of the beautiful temple erected to the goddess Basht who was worshiped at this place. PLSGAH? an elevation, probably just w. of Nebo, commanding an extensive view, with springs, at the n.w. base, which are supposed to be Ashdoth-pisgah, which see. PISID'IA, a district of Asia Minor, n. of Pamphy- lia and s. of Phrygia, see map No. 7. PITHOM, this was discovered in 1883, by Navillc, on the line of the ancient canal, a few ms. w. of Ismai- lia. It was a temple city dedicated to the god Tum, the sj'llable Pi means "city," or "place", and it was in the district of Succoth, hence called Pithom in Succoth, 48 ms. n.w. from the Red Sea, at Suez. PONTUS, a n.e. province of Asia Minor, ui)on the Black Sea. see map No. 7. PTOLEMAaS, same as Accho. PUTE'OLI, now a sea-port of Campania, situated in a small bay, 7 ms. s.w. from Naples, )iow Pozzaoli hay (pron. pot-soo-oMee), 114 ms. s.e. of Rome. RAAM'SES or Rameses (pron. raj--am^-seez, or ra- mee^-seez), the site is not certainly known, but it was probably both a city and a district. Gen. 47: 11, Exod. .68 1; 11. Some Lhink that Scui, or Tanis, was the site, as on map No. 4. EABBATH-AMMON, see Rabbali. RABBATH-MOAB, see Ar. KABBAH, the chief city of the Ammonites, now Amman, 22 ms. e. of Jordan. I'.l ms. s.e. fif Bamoth-iiil- eacl, 28 ms n.e. of the Dead Sea and 2755 ft. alxive the Mediterranean. The ruins are veiy fine and although not inhabited, the Arabs bring their flocks in great numbers, to eniov the shade and water, and the proph- ecy of Ezek. 25: 4, 5, is literally fulfilled. RACHEL'S TOMB, about 4 ms. s. of Jerusalem. RAMAH, heig]ii>i now er Ram, 5 ms. n. of Jerusa- lem ; a little village with few ruins. Josh. 18: 25, Judg. 4 : 5, etc. RAMATHAIM-ZOPHIM? supposed to be at Sob or Soha, (1 ms. w. of Jerusalem and called so only in 1 Sam. 1:1. The meaning is "■the donhle heiqhiii of the wafchmeny RAMATH-MIZPEH? :;7 ms. e. n.e. of Jerusalem, Map No. 8. But while it certainly was in this region, the precise situation is not known. See Mizpah. RAMOTH-GILEAD? a Levitical city of G. 25 ms. e. of Jin-dan, that is, if it is supposed to be at es Salt. 18 ms. s. of the Jabbok. It is 2740 ft. above the Mediter- ranean. Its site is not certainly known. RED SEA, both of the northern gulfs of the Red Sea, the gulf of Suez and the gulf of Akabah. were called the Red Sea, in the time of Moses. See map No. 4. The p. gulf /.s correcthi written Akabah although it apears sonietifnes «.>■ "Akaba''. REHOB? D., Dr. Robinson thought that it was at the old castle Htaiin, 7 nis. w.s,w. of Tell el Kady, 9^ if« m cr O ill, ij'iJLii J lliil: 69 ms. 11. of the water^^ of Meroni. This castle is not h^id clown on the Palestine Explor. Fund map, either the larire or small. It is on a height just n. of the village Hunin, but it was the Castelhim JSTovuin of the Cru- saders. KE HO BOTH, a well, 17 nis. s.w. fwni Beer-sheha. There are ruins there and an ancient well at the head of a large valley. Gen. 26: 22. EEMMON-metho'ar,. Josh. 19: 13, the word nieth- oar i.s not part of the name, but means "has its going out" (at Neah). Same as Kimmon No. 2, see Eimmoii. KEPHAIM, valley of, perhaps is the little valley el Wrnl about 4 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. PvEUBEN, a tribe-district e. of the Jordan, by the Dead Si-a. It was, and is now, an excellent grazing ground for cattle. See map No. o. RE'ZEPH? thiscitv of 2 Kings 19: 12 was, very probably, at Rasapha,"20 ms. s. of the Euphrates, about 80 ms. n.n.e. from Tadmor, or Palmyra, but little is known of it. It is on the n. border of the desert. See map No. 2. PvHEGIUM, a city on the s.w. coast of Italy, oppo- site Sicily, now a jjrosperous town called Eheggio with 10,000 inhabitants. PvHODES, an island in the Mediterranean, 13 ms. off the s.w. coast of Asia Minor, pop. 35,000. It is 46 ms. long, 18 ms. wide. The city of the same name is on the n.e. extremity. PvIBLAH of Numb. 34: 11, may well be located at Rihleh on the river Orontes, 11 ms. n.e. of the great fountain Ain el Asi. It is here that the events of 2 Kings 23: 33 and 25: 6, took place, see also Jer. 39: 5. 70 RIMMON? (1.) of Josh. 15: 'il, 10: 7, 1 Chron. 4: ;52, is at Unun er Rumantin, 85 ins. s.s.w. of Jerusalem, on a conical hill, 1580 ft. above the Mediterranean. ('2.)_"Another of the .same name 1 Chron. ti : 77, was a Levitical city of Z. now, probably, called Rimi ma-neli, (J m.s. due n. of Nazareth. (;?.) Another of Judtr. 20: 45, 21: 18, was 10 ms. n.n.e. of Jerusalem, now a vil- lage called Rummoii. Kimmt)n means "pomegranate.' RIVER OF EGYPT, although this name is, in .00(I. See map No. 7. SAL'AMIS is on the e. coast of the island of Cyprus, its ruins are now called Famu'/tisfa. ^laj) No. 7. SALCAH and Salchab, on the e. of Rashan, now Sidkhad. 5() ms. e. of Jordan, on the s. part of Jebel llmiran. SALIM. was near KNON which see. 8ALM()'NE, a promontory on the eastern extrennty of Crete, now Cape ShU ro. Sec Map No. 7. S.VLT 8E.\, the modern name is the Dead Sea. and with the Arab>. llahr Lni, or Loi'x Sea. It is about 17 ms. e. of Jerusalem; 40 ms. K>ng n. and s. and about *.» 71 ms. wide. Its surface is 1292 fc-et below that of the Mediterranean and its greatest depth is 1310 ft. It is extremely salt sind bitter and no fish have as yet been found in it. SAMARIA, is the name of both a district audacity in that district. The kingdom of Samaria included all .the territory of all the tribes n. of B. and J., but in our Savior's time, it included only that part s. of Galilee. See Map No. 5. The exact boundaries of Samaria are not known, but it seems that Samaria was cut off, at one time, from the Mediterranean shore, Judea claim- ing that part. The n. boundary included En-gannim, now Jcmn, and ran along the ilt. Carmel range, to- ward the north-west. The s. boundary, probably, ran along the valley of Dc'ir Ballui n. of Lebonah, eastward and just n. oi Akrabeh which was probably the Akra- batta of Josephus (B.J., Bk. 111. 5.) at whose toparchy Samaria ended. The city was on a hill 34 ms. n. ot Jerusalem, 1454 ft. above the Mediterranean, 5 ms. n. w. of Shechem, and now a little village. SAMOS, an island in the ^Egean Sea, 27 ms. long, 10 ms. wide, about 1.} ms. fronv the coast of Lydia. The ancient capital, Samos, was on the s. coast of the island. The pop. is 3(3.000 (1880). It is 3 ms. from the coast. SAMOTHRACIA, an island on the r..e. coast of the ^Egean Sea, 23 ms. from the main land, 14 ms. long, 7^ ms. wide, its central mountain peak is 5245 ft. above the sea. Now called Sanwthraki, area 30 sq. ms. pop. 1500. SAPH'IR? probably now es Sawnp'r, 7 ms. from the Mediterranean coast, in Palestine, 31 ms., a little s. of w., from Jerusalem, dh ms. n.e. from Ascalon. Mich. 1: 11 is the onlv reference. 72 SAR^DliS. the capital of Lydia in Asia Minor, on a site of great beauty, 48 lus. due e. from ancient Smyr- na. Now called Sarf, with extensive ruins. Its site is now unhealthy and few inhabit it. 8ARP:P'TA, this is the N. T. name for the (). T. name Zarephath which see. SEIR, LAND OF, and Mt. Seir. There were, very probably, 8 distinct places called Seir. 1. Land of, and Mt. Seir. Gen. 14: 6. This was an elevated land ex- tending from the Dead Sea to the Red Sea and on the e. of that long valley between these two seas, called now The Arabah. Its chief mountain is Mt. Hor, 4800 ft. high (see Mt. Hor), 2. Josh. 11 : 17, is the tirst pas- sage which seems to refer to a Seir at the s. of Pales- tine. 8, Josh. 15: 10, refers to a Mt. Seir between Ches- alon and Jerusalem, which is not known. SELAH, or Sela, called now Petra, both namc'^ mean ''rock"; mentioned twice, 2 Kings 14: 7 (Selah), Is. 16: 1 (Sela). It is a city in Edom, excavated in the rocks, with palaces, dwellings, tombs and amphi- theater and to be approached only from thee., through a rocky detile IJ ms. in length, called the Sik, i. e. f/ie Cleff, its sides being from 100 to 300 ft. in height. Boz- rah of Edom, was 32 ms. n., Gen. 36: 33. SELEUCIxV, the sea-port of Antioch in Syria, from which it is 16 ms. distant. It is now a small village with ruins and has a large inner harbor with a narrow entrance from the Mediterranean. See Map No. 7. SENEH? a rock so called in 1 Sam. 14: 4. It was one of two rocks supposed to be in iradi/ Suirri/iif, i)\ ms. n. of Jerusalem, and which Jonathan climbed as recorded in tiie Scripture above referred to. SEPHARVA'ni. tliis town of 2 Kings 17: 24 and 5 other places, was discovered in IcSHl l)y Rassain, 6 73 ms. e. of the Euphrates on the ancient royal canal connecting the Tigris and the Euphrates at some large ruins called Abx Hubba, the site of the original AC- CAD afterward called Sippara and, in the Hebrew dual form. Sepharvaim, as there was a double town. Large number of tablets have been found there, and cylinders of all shapes and sizes. "SHAALAB'BIN, D., also Shai^Fbim, now Sdb!t, 1\ ms. s. e. of Lydda and 15 ms. w;n.w. from Jerusa- lem, now only ruins, 797 ft. above the Mediterranean. SHARON, also Saron, plain of, lies along the Med- iterranean coast, about 30 ms. in length and from 8 to 15 ms. wide. In Josh. 12: 18 it is called Lasharon, •'La"" being the Hebrew article "the." 8HECHEM, a town in the valley between the moun- tains Ebal and Gerizim, now Nabloxs, and supposed to be 2200 ft. above the Mediterranean. Pop. iji 1880 about 10,000. It is 30 ms. n. of Jerusalem. SHILO'AH, .same as Siloam. SHILOH, now Seilun, E.; only ruins, 19.} ms. n. of Jerusalem. In a little valley, not quite a mile n.e., is the spring of Shiloh. The first reference is in Josh. 18: 1, but there are 31 more. SHINAR. the Land of, was all that country sur- rounding Babvlon. Erech, Calneh, and Accad. Gen. 10: 10. "^ SHIT'TIM, same as Abel-shittim. SHO'CHO, also Sho^choh, and Shoco, see Socoh. SHU^NEM, I., now Solum, a little village on the s. w. side of Jebel Duhy, or little Hermon, 443 ft. above the Mediterranean. It has a fine spring, and is 25.7 nis. s.e. of the Convent of Elijah, which is near the w. end of Mt. Carmel, see 2 Kincs 4: 8 — 37. 74 SHUK, means a ivnll and it is probable that the dis- coveries in Egypt have revealed the origin of the name, since they show that a long wall was built between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea by the Egyptians be- fore the Exodus, probably 2000 years before' Christ. It is probable that this gave rise to the name. Gen. 17: 7, 20: 1, 25: 18, Exod. 15: 22, 1 Sam. 15: 7, 27: 8, are all the references. kSHUSHAN, a city known to the Greeks as Susa, in the province of Elam anciently called Susiana. It has been identified with the modem Sus, or Shus/i. See map No. 2. There are many and large ruins, but the whole region is a gloomy wilderness. SICHEM, same as Shechem. SIDDIM? vale of, some place it on the s. of the Dead Sea, but others on the n. The meaning of Siddim is not certainly known. The location of this vale, or plain, depends upon that of Sodom and Gomor- rah, which see. SIDON, see Zidon. SILO'AM, or Shik/ah, a pool, 500 yards s. of the present walls of Jerusalem and 297 ft. below the foot of the wall, at a point due s., 280 yards beyond the pool, the valley is yet 29 ft. below tlie pool. ' The pool is walled in and partly hewn out of solid rock. Steps lead down to the water which tlows out into gardens below. The village of Siloam is e. of the pool and across the valley. It is built upon the sides of the hill among rock-hewn ancient tombs in some of wliit'h tlic people live. Map No. «). SIMEON is the most soutiiern tribe-district, see the Map No. 3. Josh. 19: 9, it was included in the inher- itance of Judah, Josh. 19: 1. SIN, wilderness of, extends 25 ms. along the c. shore of the gulf of Suez, now the phiin of el Markka. It i;4 an undulatinsj plain of great desolation. See map No. 4. SI'NAI, the mountain in the peninsula of Sinai, al- most central between the two gulfs of Suez and Aka- bah, upon which the law was given. It is probable that it was a particular part of the general range call^ ed Horeb. The present Jrbel Musa is 7375 ft. above the sea and this is considered the Sinai of Exodus. It is separated, by little valleys, from all the other moun- tains. SION, is one of the names of Mt. Hermon, Deut, 4: 18. It is also another name for Zion which see. SI^KAH, a well, no\\ ain Sireh, about a mile n.w. of Hebron. SIR'ION, a Sidonian name for Mt. Hermon, Deut. 8: 9. SITNAH, the name of a well, mentioned only in Gen. 26: 21, between Rehoboth and Beer-sheba in a small valley now called S/mtiw./i cr Ruhcibeh, 17 ms. s.w. of Beer-.sheba. SMYRNA, a city on the w. coast of Asia Minor, the new city is 2^ ms. s. of the ancient, and has a pop. of 180,000. It is supposed to have been founded by the ancient Hittites. SOCOH, a city in the lower, or s. country of J., l(i ms. s.w. of Jerusalem, now enh Shuweikeh and in the valley of Elah. The valley is broad and suited to the battle described in 1 Sam. 17. Tliere was another city of the same mime, 10 ms. s.w. of Hebron. Both are only ruins, the former about 1300 ft. above the Mediterranean, the latter 2137 ft. See Shocho. SODOM? it is still a doubtful question, whether So- dom and Gomorrah were at the s. or at the n. end of the Dead Sea. Tradition places them on the ?., but some think that the history suggests the n. end. As yet no traces have been found, nor can the site of the little town of Zoar be settled. SOREK? valley of, is supposed to be the same as the present wady Surar, 16 ms. due w. of Jerusalem, on the n. side of which is a village called Siurik which name is similar to the Biblical Sorek. See Judu-. 16:14. SPAIN, anciently it was the whole peninsula inclu- sive of Portugal. Rom. 15: 25, 28. SUCCOTH ? a place in the valley of Jordan in the tribe-district of G. e. of Jordan. Perhaps at a trll Da- rain since the Talmud calls Succoth, Darala, and Dr. Merrill has discovered the latter place 1 mile n. of the Jabbok. The other place bearing the same name, Suc- coth, was in Egypt and is probably that district around Pithom, discovered (1888) by Naville, just 10 ms. w. of Lake Timsah at a place called tell Mashuta on the ancient canal. The region around Pithom was Suc- coth. See Pithom. SY'CHAR? this was thought to be the same as Shechem, but it is probably the N. T. name for the modern village 'At^knr, a little more than half a mile n. e. of Jacob's well: there are remains of ancient tombs at Askar. See Osborn's Inrc/e or smaller map of PalesHne. John 4 : 5. SY^CHEM, same as Shechem, Acts 7:16. SYE'NE, a frontier city of Egypt bordering on Ethiopia, and upon the e. side of the Nile, now As- souan, or Aswan, nearly 500 ms. e. of the Alediterra- nean. SYR^ACUSE, a city in the e. of Sicily, now called SyracHsa. Anciently it had a poji. of 200,000. but in Gilboa and Tabor, from recent survey. 1871, onlv '20,000. The principal ruins are upon the main hmd, the modern city being built upon an island near the shore. SYRIA, may be called a continuance of Palestine \>n the n. In its most extended sense it not only in- cluded the Lebanon mountains, but all Damascus and northward to the Taurus mountains and eastward across the Euphrates to the Tigris. The latter part was called 'sSvria of the two rivers," or Mesopotamia. TA'ANACH and Tanach, now Ta'anak, on the s.w. side of the plain of Esdraelon, 6 ms. n.w. of Jeniv, or ancient En-gannim, 51 J ms. n. of Jerusalem. TA^BOR, a mountain on the n.e. edge of the plain of Esdraelon, 11 ms. a little s. of w. of the s. end of the sea Tiberias, 1843 ft. above the Mediterranean, or a- bout 1500 ft. above the plain and 61^ ms. n. of Jeru- salem. It appears like a cone with a flattened top, when viewed from the west. TADMOR, this name is found only in 1 Kings 9: 18, 2 Chron 8:4. It is supposed to be the same as Palmy- ra 120 ms. n.e. of Damascus and 60 ms. from the Eu- phrates. There are many ruins of temples, tombs and palaces found there. Porter says that the ancient name of Thadmor is still retained. TAHAP^ANES. of Jer. 2: If. is the same as Tab'- panhes and Tehaphnehes and jjrobably the same as Hanes of Is. 30: 4. The ruins of this city have been recently examined and the ancient name identified with a 'large series of mounds at tell Defenneh, 78ms.e n.e. of Cairo, upon the most eastern branch, or near the ancient Pelusian arm of the Nile. In 1886 Mr. Petrie discuvered the palace described by Jer. 43, to which 78 in about 585 B. C, during the reign of Hoplini. king of Egypt, the daughters of Zedekiah fled and in which they were received by tliat Pharaoh. Tt has for years been called '■Hhe ensile of the Jew's daiighier" and i.-^ visible from a great distance, TANTS, of Ezek. 30: U is same as Zoan. TAP'PUAH, J., now Tufiih, a village ^ ms. w n. w. from Hebron, 19 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. It is the ssime as Beth-tappuah. TARSHISH? supposed to be Tartessus, an ancient city between the mouths of the Guadalquiver,in south- ern Spain. But this is uncertain. The place is not known. TAB'EKAH, see Kibroth-hattaavah, it was either the same station, or the one one ]ireceding. Numb. 11 : 1—3, Deut. 9: 22. TAESUS, was the capital of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, on a plain. It was 12 ms. from the mouth of the river Cydnus. In the healthy winter season it has 3(),0()() pop., in the unhealthy season only 7000. It has numerous ruins and was once a splendid city. TAVERNS, THE THREE, this place wns uponthc Apjtian way, 'M ms. s.e. of Rome and 15 ms. inland from the Mediterranean, which facts we learn from the an- cient maps, but the name does not remain. TEKO'A, and Teko'ah, J., was a city on the Ix.rder of a wilderness of the same name, 10 ms. s. of Jerusa- lem, now Te/i'na, on a broad hill-top. with extensive ruins, 2788 ft. above the Mediterranean. 2 Sam. 14: 2, 4, 9 etc. TEMAN? this place is associated with Edom, Boz- rah and the Red S-a. in Jer. 49: 7, 20 etc.. and Euse- hius and .Icrome m'utinn a Tcuian 1 ■"> ms. from I'rtra. 79 But Dr. Trumbull thinks it was s.w. of the lower part of the Dead Sea. THAR^SHISH is another and more accurate spel- ling of Tarshish, 1 King.s 10: 22, 22: 48. THE'BEZ, now Tttbas, 9 uis. n.e. of Shechem, a handsome village, without a spring, and on the e. slope of a hill, 1227 ft. above the Mediterranean. THESiS ALONl'C A, a harbor city of Macedonia, on a hill ri.sing from the sea; now S(donica, on a gulf of the same name, population 80,000, including 30,000 Jews. It is 190 ms. n.n.w. of Athens and 930 ins. n.w. of Jerusalem. THYATI'RA, a city of Western Asia Minor, about 46 ms. n.e. from Smyrna, now called Ak Hhsa, or the irhite castle, from a white rocky hill where a fortress <.>nce stood. It was celebrated from the time of Homer (II. iv.l41) for the dyeing trade. Pop. 15,000 two thirds of winch are Cliristians. TIBERIAS, a city of about 4000 pop. on the w. shore of the sea of Galilee, and 4^ ms. from its s. end. It was built between A. D. 16 and 22. by Herod, in In )nor of Tiberius, and was a new city in the time of our Savior and is mentioned only once, John 6: 23. Sea of Tiberias and sea of Galilee, are the same. TIMNAH, or Timnath, 17 ms. a little s. of w. from Jerusalem, and 800 ft. above the Mediterranean. Per- haps the same as Tim'nathah. It is now called Tibneh. TKMNATH-SE^RAH? and Timnath-he^res very probably at the modern Krfr Haris, 9 ms. s.w. of Shec- hem. Jew and Samaritan point to this as the place of Joshua's burial. It is upon a small hill. 1585 ft. above the Mediterranean and 23 ms. n. of Jerusalem. TIR'ZAH? perhaps at Telluzah, 6 ms. due e. from 80 Samaria, 34 ms. n. of JcM-iisalein, 8 nis. n. of Jit. Ebal. But some think it more probably to be place at Td-asir 12 ms. n.e. of Samaria; the latter has many ancient caves and tombs and is probably the rii^ht ]»hu-e, it is 995 ft. above the Mediterranean. TOGAK'MAH, see Armenia. TO'PHEL, a city on the e. of the long valley be- tween the Dead and Red seas, called the valley of the Arabah. The place is now called Tiifileh, a village of flOO bouses, a little s.e. of the Dead Sea, with springs and fruit trees. TRACHONI^TIS, a district mentioned in the N. T., n.e. of the Jordan, and one which included the Le- yaA which is a rough, volcanic part of Trachonitis, call- ed anciently Argob, see map Mo. 3, and for Trachonitis see map No. ">. TRO^AS, a city of Mysia, on the n.w. coast of Asia Minor. 6 ms. s. of the entrance to the Hellespont; it is an utter ruin, now called Eski Stamboiil, ovoid Cotistdu- f inople. TROGYLLIUM, a town and cape on the western coast of Asia Minor, s.w. of Ephesus, on the coast op- posite the island Samos, see Map No. 7. TYRE, or Tyrus, now Sui\ on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, 102 ms. n. by w. . of Jerusalem. Pop. about 5000. The city stands out into the sea, and is connected, by a uai-row neck of land, with the main shore. UPPER BETH-IK ) RON, see Beth-horon. ULA'I, a large stream near Svisa, called by the (ireeks Eulieus. About 20 ms. above Susa it divides and the eastern branch is most probably the IJlai of Dan. H: 2, Id, see map No. 2. 81 UE. of the Chaldees, is not at Oorfali, as some sup- pose, for that city is not in Chaldca. It is at a ruin called Miif//i('ir which means pitch, from the amount of tliat material found there. It is about () ms. s.w. of the Euphrates, see map No. 2. The name has been repeat- edly found in the ruins. It is 125 ms. n.w. of the Per- sian t;;ulf. An old teuiple, in ruins, is to be found still remaining, which was old in the timeof Abram. VALLEY OF SALT? perhaps this was at the s- end of the Dead Sea. VALLEY of Jezreel, see Jezreel. VALLEY of Achor, see Achor. VALLEY of Berachah, see Berachah. VALLEY of Elah, see Elah. VALLEY of Sorek, see Sorek. WILDERNESS of Judea, see Judea. ZABULON, only in Matt. 4: 18. lo, for Zebuluu. ZANOAH? probably at Zanaa which is a |>lace of ruins only, 14 ms. w.s.w of .Jerusalem and 18');] ft. above the Mediterranean. ZA'PHON? G., e. of Jordan, now a ruin called Amaieh, about 4 ms. s.e. of the sea of Galilee, see Josh. 13: 27, this is supposed to be the site. ZAPED see Zered. ZAR'EPHATH, same as Sarepta of the N. T., a town of Plienicia on the sea-shore, 7 ms. s. of Sidon. Only ruius are found and no inhabitants, now called !^Hrnfnul. ZA'RETH-SHAHAR? a city in R. about 1 .^ ms. e. of the D -ad Sea, near the mouth of the Zerka Main, is 82 a place called Zara or Sara, a mere liea]) of stones, which may mark the ancient town site. ZEBaiLUN, a tribe-district reaching from Mt. Carmel to the sea of Galilee. See Map No. :>. The houndaries are given in Josh. 19: 10, 16. See Zahulon. ZE'DAD, now Sudud, about 70 ms. ii.e. of Damas- cus. It is still a large village, but with few ruins. Numb. 34: 8, Ezek. 47: 15. ZEL^ZAH? this place has been supposed to be identified with the village of Beit Jnla. '?> ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. 1. Sam. 10: 2. ZEMARAaM? of Josh. 18: 22, is probably in the Jordan valley at e.s- Sumrah, 3h ms. n. of Jei-icho, where are some ruins. ZERED, valley of. it })rol)ably separated Moab from Edom. It empties into the s.e. corner of the Dead Sea. Now called the jSV)7 Garahi and it comes down from the s.e., for some 40 ms., from the highlands e. of the Dead Sea. Se»' both maps Nos.'Sand ">. ZIDON of the (). T., is Sidor. of the N. T. It was a city on tlie coast of the Mediterranean, 21 ms. n. by e. of Tyre, 122 ms. ii. from Jerusalem, now called Saida, ])op." 10,000. ZIN? wilderness of, probably the long \alley between the Dead and the Red Seas, sec Numb, lo: 21, 84: 8, Josh. 15: 1. Ma)) No. 4. It isabout 110 ms. long and from 5 to 15 ms. wide, a region of waste land, of ter- rible heat in the summer and of great drought. ZION, literally it was the largest southern liill of Jerusalem, but someti'iies tin- word wa> used to mean the whole city. See Sion. ZIOR? ))robably it is to be found at Sinir, a ruin on i\ hill 4.' ins. ii.ii.e. from Hcliron. l:i iiis. s. tVdiii Jfrusa- leiu. Josh. 15: 54. ZIPH, now fell Zij>h. '■^}, iiis. s.s.c. of Hebron, and only ruins, 2882 ft. above the AtediteiTanean, 21 iiis. s. from Jerusalem. The " wood of Zipii " may mean the eity near Ziph, as the word "wood" is "Khoresh," in the Hebrew, and the remains of a town very nearly of that name, Koreisa, are still here and it appears that a forest may once have been in existence near at hand. Josh. 15: 55, 1 Sam. 28: and 2<;. ZIZ? clitf of, this is supposed to be at a .' a}-rived safely. * / do not think I can suggest any improvement * •■' I value them \v\<\ 1111,111 v etc." C. H. \\"iiei:i.ki;. FROM DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND. Knom Kr. Rkv. C. Stiwrt Ros.s, D. D. =•' I am glad to hnd tliat a map of I'alesiinc of such excellence as yours is published. =•■ '■' 1 ordered one from the home country some months ago for use in my Bible class-room, but ]U-efer yours '■'■ '■'■ 1 think snme can be disposed of easily here. '■• '■■ FROM ATHENS, GREECE. From Dr. Kalopothekes, Editor ok The Star of the East. "It is considered here [in Athens] the most beautiful, and accu- rate map of Palestine which, up to this time, has been published in cither (lermany, or America." A Newly Corrected Edition 1886 III Ttie Beautiful Map or Western Asia, Edited by Prof. H. S. OSBORN, LL. D. IT INCl.t'DKS Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, Etc. WITH ALL Syria, Palestine aqd Nortl^erq Coast of Egypt. From new material and the most recent and accurate surveys, after e.xaminations and per- sonal visitations, by the Editor and his assistants. No Map yet published meets the wants of those who would see the land as it really is, so well as does this ma]). It ])resents the ])opulation, trades, ancient names, heights, mountain passes, etc., all the Biblical names of all the countries except of Palestine, for although the map is six feet wide, and four feet high, the correct idea of scale shows Palestine proper must be only about eight inches long. It has A NEW FEATURE which former editions had not, namely : very accurate and colored lines of the Five journeys of St. Paul, which are all he ever made in Asia Minor. On the-new map of Greece and Italy (published in September) these colored lines are continued. To those who have this Western Asia Map, the new will be sent (when published in Septem- ber) for $3. We get these maps in these sizes as the most convenient for handling. These mai)S are at the same time the fullest of imi)ortant material, the most recent, and the most accurate of any similar maps publislicd in any part of the land. This edition of W'kstkrn Asia has I. The '^w^ travels of the A])ostles in Red, Oreen, Blue, Yellow and Brown, neatly colored lines, on accurate courses of travel as thoroughly correct as is possible. 2. It has the only established sites of Ur of Chaldees — Carchemlsh — Ararat Mts. , the true courses of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, from actual surveys. 3. It has the table of Journeys and references, upon the face of the map, for ready and conven- ient reference. 4. It has a tal)le of di.stances from various im- l)ortant places, and lines of travel, and 5. All these routes, distances, etc., are given from the best and most accurate authorities, and not from mere guess, all of them having been traveled over by the Editor, or some of his as- sistants. COIvIiVIENDATIONS. Editorial of Sunday School Times, Philadelphia, Pa., JNhirch 10, 1883. Among the wall maps of Biblical lands, which have been pre- pared on this side of the Atlantic, the series edited by Professor Osborn.of Oxford, Ohio, and the late Professor Coleman, of Princton, has taken a commanding place. The large wall map of Palestine is, for English readers, the best map, in its own field, for class study in College and Sunday-School alike ; and the same statement may with truth be made regardint; the mai) of Western Asia, Asia Minor, etc., of which a new and currccled ediuon was recently issued. * •■■ '•■ Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, now Pres'tof Middlebtiry College, V ^xxnovw, and for Forty Years resident in and about Constantinople, says : I have examined the map with great interest. It is a great improvement upon every map of that region that I have ever examined. It contains neither too much nor too little.- 1 have tested it by selecting all the names I could recall and others seeing how many of them I could find on the map. The result was satisfactory in almost every case. '■' The map is admired by all who have seen it, and if it ■■hould be patronizod according to its desert, you will ha\e adeL]uate compensation for the vast labor and care bestowed. Dr. C. H. Whhelkr, President Armenia College, ilarpoot, Turkey, who has aided us in locating some places, especially mission stations, writes us as to the last map, "/ do not think I can improve it." We have had very important aid from an Armenian Engineer, and Missionary, who has undertaken several very impor- tant surveys for us, we mean "Deacon Moses" of Ceog Tapa, Armenia, and whose last drawings reached us in time to make the map more accurate, and to add several places. Dr. Owen Street, of Lowell, Mass., who has paid critical attenti(m to the Cleography of the Kast, and is a member of the Amek. Geog. Soc, says, of the map, "It is a wonder of combined learning and industry. How many questions it answers, for which one might search through Encyclopedias in vain. Here are the treasures of a life time ; the result of study enthusiastically pursued for many years, all garnered into a space so convenient as to leave nothing to be desired. '■■ * '■' It is a great work." So also from Dr. Ho\v.\Rn Crosby, formerly Chancellor of New York University ; the late Pkoi-kssor A. ('■^^ oi . of I'riiicetcui, and many other able Geographers. ANCIENT EGYPT, In the Light of Modern Discoveries, BV H. S. OSBORN, LL. D., Author of '-Palcstinf, Pnxi nnd Present" : etc. ^ Illustrated. 12mo. With Map. 225pp. Price, $1.25. This work is, perhaps, the most comprehen- sive, accurate, and recent epitome of any work in the Enghsh language, on the subject of which it treats. The author has had in view the put- ting of the whole subject into the hands of those who wish to be introduced to the true state and advance of Egyptology in a critical, but popular light. It embraces the discoveries of the past twenty years, wherein those discoveries have been \erified by the monuments, both in scul])- tiire and in papyrus, and these verified discover- ies are used for historic purposes. The recent discoveries of Naville (1883) ; those of Brugsch- Bey, Maspero, and others ; and the theories of Piazzi Smith, Proctor (1883), etc., are brought together under the light of comparative opinions, and the reader is placed in possession of the authorities, and, in a very small compass, of the entire subject of this wonderful history and people. The following notices, among many not given, will sufficiently introduce the work: [From The Boston Daily Globe.] It is a deal" and complete view of ancient Egyptian history, as effected by the earliest Scriptures and by all discoveries to the present date, and embraces all that is most important and known in Egyptian politics, literature and art. Its matter is attractively, as well as critically and accurately, presented. It is certainly the best work to concisely give necessary information that its subject has produced for a long while. '•' '■' * It is a good illustration of what may be done in reducing knowledge to the fewest and simplest forms that will truthfully express it. [Front The Bookseller and Stationer, Chieago. /Us.] Itis very highly commended by scholars. [From The Keystone, Philadelphia, Penn.] o * t- Throughout, this volume is most plessant and instruc- tive. It is certainly the most recent, comprehensive, and accurate epitome of all of the results of Egyptian aechaeological discovery, and it gives us pleasure to invite attention to its attractions and merit. [From The Brooklyn Eagle, JV. ]'.] ■•■■ .\ good epitome of the whole subject, * * * his facts are ably condenseil. ■'■' '■■ the work is a small one, yet complete, and the maps and illustrations add increased interest to the letter press. [From The Toronto Globe, Ca)ta(/a.] The researches of Prof. Campbell, of Montreal, receive a consid- erable share of attention in its pages. * * ■■' It is a readable resume of « hat is known about the times of the Pharaohs. [From Good Literature. New York.] To those who have an interest in Egyptian history and archasol- ogy, and who would be glad to be informed as to the latest discov- eries and conclusions of savants, but who do not care to spend the time or money necessary to master the great works of Wilkin- son, Lenormant, and others, w§ can safely recommend Prof. ()s- born's book as an intelligent and carefully arranged summary «f the world's present knowledge of Egypt. It is written in a style adapted to the popular needs, is accurate, comprehensive, and em- bodies the very latest researches and theories. Maps of Egypt and Ethiopia, and several cuts, accompany the te.xt. [From The Cleveland Leader] Prof. Osborn, who is the author of "Palestine : Past and Present," among other books, has long been a student of Egyptian history and archaeology. He has also visited Egypt repeatedly, and writes from his own observation, as well as from extensive acquain- tance with the works of others. Although not written from a theological stand-point, the work will be found valuable in its bearing upon the .Scriptures. [/•>[);« The Cineinnati Herald and Fresl'yter.\ No reader of Scripture, nor student, will lose time by reading this work. It shows, incontestibly, the true historic value and .-cientitic interest of that land. * •■• ■■■ It is written from a truly scientific and unbiased standpoint. * •■' ■■• Dr. Osborn has been, for over thirty years, a student of Egy.jtology. [Froju The Western L'hristian Adiuicate.] '■■■ ••■ =■= The reader is, therefore, in this small wurk, placed in very full possession of the history of Egypt, and also of a review of the important actual discoveries of late years, to the most recent, under Naville, of the double city of Pithom and Succoth. An excellent map of Egypt and Ethiopia accompanies the bo..k. [From 'The Cincinnati Commercial Gazette. ■■' The style in which the author treats it, makes the sub- ject doubly interesting. Dr. Osborn has done his work most care- fully. It is easy to note that nothing has been accepted until after the must thorough analysis. [Frtuii \. J'., The Xatinii.\ The recent discoveiies in Egypt, which have materially changed the conception of its history, held over ten years ago, are scattered over so many volumes that it would be almost impossible for any one but the specialist to keep himself informed of the pro- gress of things in this department; it is therefore a praiseworthy attempt that Dr. Osborn has made to present the new material in small compass and in popular form, and in some respects he has succeeded very well. He gives clear and correct accounts of the probable origin of the Egyptian people, of the historical chronology of the history, the monuments, and the social life List and Prices of OXFORD MAPS. Edited by Prof. H. S. OSBORN, LL. D. 1. Larger Palestinr and r.\kTS of Svkia, 9^^ feet by 6 feet, $10 00 If we pay Express to your place, add 50 This is the $15 00 reduced to 10 50 2. Smaller P.alestine and i'arts ok Syria, 4^4 feet by 3 feet, _ 3 00 Reduced from $5 00 and post-paid. 3. " Western Asia," including entire Asia Minor, Ar- menia, Syria, Palestine, etc., as described in » circulars. 6 feet by 4 feet, 8 inches, 500 This map is reduced from $7 00; add 50 cents and we will pre-pay E.xpress. 4. Lower Egypt and Sinai, Landscape Map, with Palestine in small space to show the relations, 600 T'his is the newly corrected Edition with the track of the Israelites, and the newly discovered sites by Brugsch- Bey, and the Biblical names of Egypt and Sinai in large letters. Size, East and West, nearly 6 feet. North and South, 4 feet. This is not a fully topographical map, but pictorial in parts representing .some parts from nature. 5. Greece and Lower It.ai.y, uniform size with Western Asia, No 3, up and down, 3 feet wide, is an exact ciiniiiiuaiice of Western Asia, being exactly the same si;;ilc. Numbers j and 5 make a complete map covering all the grounds of the New Testa- ment. Price, post-paid, 300 (1. Chart '>f the Patriarchs — era of earliest times; to illustrate several of the above maps. Size 4 feet by 2,. 200 7. P'.NTIRE Tr.wels of St. Pail. This map just issued 1885 , comprises Lower Italy, all CJreece, Macedo- nia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine and northern shores of Egypt and Africa, with various Geo- graphic Lists, distances, etc., correcting various errors copied from one map into another for twenty years. Size, 6 feet by 4^^ feet, 600 Self-Acting Spring Roller, for Nos. i, 3, 4 and 7, $300, for the others $1 50 apiece. Oxford St.\n», very light and strong, to hold any map and move it to any position, 3 00 P'uU descriptive circulars, sent on application, for each article. .Ai.L of these maps are from original material gathered from personal surveys, either of the Editors, or their assistants, and from coast surveys, Russian, French and English. No important discovery is allowed to pass without entry. These maps are always the best in the United States at the time of sending from O.xford, Ohio. " The \kv.\ hest this side of the Atlantic." — S. S. Times, Philadelphia, March 10, 18 reaches its destination ci-actly as pro»iised a.nA in good condition, or we send another. We have sent from Oxford over 3300 maps to England. Ireland, India, Tnrkey, Egypt, (Greece, Liberia, Canada, and United States and Territories, besides what our agents in other places have sent out, and we have never learned that one map was lost to a buyer and only four to us, these from Railroad accident and flimd. Address for circulars and [)hoto-engravings and commendations, Oxford Map Publishers, BOX 74, OXFORD, OHIO. or, PROF. H. S. OSBORN, L L. T>., V.n\ 74, OXFORD, OHIO. CHART OF THE BOOKSOFTHEBIBLE. SECOND EDITION. For HiiiiJCAL KXPosri'ioN. and ])ri\:ilc and public lectures, and short talks on Scripture. there has been no work of ecpial service, pub- lished in this country. It is especially interest- ing in the hands of teachers and the i)astor. Beautiful, accuratk, AirkAcruK. See the full circulars. No work presents with such fullness the recent discoveries in Egypt, Assyria, Nineveh and Babylon in their bearing u\Hm Scripture. Thk Chart may hk made to occupy verv small s]xice if mounted on the self-a(-ting spring roller, as by a slight touch it ma\- be made to run up to the ceiling, or top of the Stand, out of the way, if a stand is used. ()\ rHK Oxi'ord Stand it may be |)laced, lifted and carried, to any place in the room or on the ])latform. CON4 MEND AXIOMS. Among many others tlie fullowing is from Dii. Kdwakd W. (liLMAN, Corresponding Secretary of the American Bible Society; New York : " It is a reinarkabU (•xhibition of condensation and as a covipendiuni of information it offers to a lecturer or teacher a means of conveying^ to the mind, by a single glance of the eye, impressions and ideas luhich it ivoiild never gain by the ear." Rev. John McEwen, Secretary of the Sabbath School Associa- tion of Canada ; Toronto ; ■' ■:.■ * * Prof. Osborn has laid all thorough going students of the Bible under a lasting debt of gratitude not only in S. S. work, but in theological seminaries — the bird's eye view of the history and progress of the delivery of truth, in which the cen- turies of time and the localizing power of Geography are woven into a unity of thought, continuity of purpose, and comprehen- siveness of aim, — indicate patient labor and painstaking grooping of details, and all new in conception. '■' '•' '•' Rev. PkciI'. Alkkeij L. Riggs, Prin. of Santec Normal Train- ing School, says '■ * •■■ '■■■ The Chart is really wonderful. =•' '■' ''■■ " [Spoken of in Its aid in Bible study and the interest ex- cited among the students.] It is a splendid ])uhlication and can not fail to be highly useful. J.^MES W. WhIGH.X.M, Moderator Gen. Assembly. Ireland. The Ch.irl is ;it Hermon Scho.il a very valuable help in the study of the Bible. K. C. MoODV, for Northtield, Mass. D. L. Moodv, The evangelist. It certainly is a great work. — Rev. Wilms J. Bekchei; D.D. . .\uburn Theological Seminary, N. Y. It strikes the eye at once as a bright and beautiful work of art, =■■■ •'■= '•■ the different colors adapted for the Assyrian, Egyptian and Hittite notes all .scive a pleasing effect beside the instruction which they convey as in a flash by their situation upon the Chart. The rapid trend of the early centuries as related to the Books of the Bible away to right is striking '■■■ '■■- '■■■ The portraits from the old sculptures are dfine with wonderful expression. Rev. O. Street, D. D. Lowell, Ma.ss. of the Lowell Hebrew Club. I)k. F, N. Pehivikt, author of the S. S. Notes, writes of the Chart. I had occasion to study up some of the Bible Hi.stoi-y included ill it. ill iireparing tn teach a Normal class, and I tdiiiul the t'hart most ingenious and excellent. I took it to my class, and showed it to the scholars. ''■' •■' '■' I will lecommeiid it in my "Library Corner" =■■ ••■ New York Onsi;K\iiK, N. Y. City, Presbyterian ; The Chart evinces a great amount of labor and pains-taking * ••' * and will prove an important aid to a comprehensive knowl- edge of the Hible. CONGKEGATION Ai.isr, Boston : Embodies an immense amount of learning, furnishing material for prolonged study, and serving purposes of ready reference. It is the fruit of great labor and will repay careful examination. I'he Stand.^rd, Chicago, Baptist : The student, with this Chart before him gains information at a glance, for which he might be obliged to search through volumes not easily, if at all, accessible. The work would be a valuable ac- quisition in any minister's library, in the Christian family, or in the Sunday .School. The Christian Evangelist. St. I.cui's: The results are so valuable that we belii-.% c that the Chart will soon be regarded indispensible to the Bible stiulent. whether lay or ministerial. The Interior, Chicago: This Chart form is admirably adapted to teaching. It is also a convenient form for reference. We would like to see it hung up in all our Sabbath School rooms, in the studies of pastors, and in the homes of Christians who want to interest their children in the word ..f Cod. LiiHERAX Orsekvek. Hhiladelphi.i : An important work. * * '■■ Fully meets all the promises of previous announcements. '■'■ ■■'• I'hese notes and representa- tions are based on the best authorities and the latest discoveries in Egypt, Assyria, Chaldea and Palestine. '■'■ ■■' For students of the Bible and of ancient history, and for Bible classes in Sunday Schools, it affords an admirable method and series of object lessons for study and informati